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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70790

Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy

Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy The Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy (ICM) is a monarchist political party in Iraq formerly led by the late Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein. Al-Hussein was related to the Hashemite royal family which ruled Iraq until 1958. He had succeeded in establishing himself as a claimant in the international press and (in the politics of Iraq). Prince Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein was the only Iraqi royal campaigning in Iraq for the return of a monarchy based on a constitutional monarchy. Some critics asserted he was not even in line to the throne according to the constitution of the old Iraqi monarchy (The Iraqi Constitution as amended in November 1943). According to this constitution, the heir to the monarchy would be Prince Ra'ad (born 1936), Lord Chamberlain of Jordan, and the heir apparent Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad, a former Jordanian diplomat who was active within the United Nations. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

iraki xangbidhanik rajtontro iraki xangbidhanik rajtontro (icm) hoise purbote proyat sworif aali binn aal-huseinor netritwot irakor ek rajtontrobadi rajnoitik doll. aal-husein 1958 sonoloike iraak xaxon koraa hasemite rajporiyalor xoite xomporkito aasil. teu antohrastriyo xongbad madhyom aaru (irakor rajneetit) nijoke dabidari hisape protistha korat xofol hoisil. rajkumar sworif aali binn aal-husein aasil xangbidhanik rajtontror uporot aadharito rajtontro ghurai onaar baabe irakot obhijan soluwa ekmatro iraki rajokiyo byokti. kisuman xomalusoke drirhotare koy je puroni iraki rajproxaxonor xongbidhan (1943 sonor novemborot xongxudhito iraki xongbidhan) onuxori teu xinghaxonor xaritu nasil. ei xongbidhan onuxori, rajproxaxonor uttoradhikari hoh 'bob rajkumar raad (jonmo 1936), jordanor lord chamberline, aaru uttoradhikari prakton jordanian kutnitibid jaid binn raad, ji united nesyonsor bhitorot xokriyo aasil.

iraqi sangbidhanik rajtantra iraqi sangbidhanik rajtantra (aaee. shee. emm) irake ekti rajtantrabadi rajnaitik doll jaa purbe prayat sharif allie binn all-hussener netritte chhilo. all-hussen hashemite rajporibarer saathe somporkito chhilen, jaaraa 1958 saal porjonto iraq shasson korechilo. tini antorjatik sangbadpatra ebong (iraqer rajnitite) nijeke ekjon dabidar hisabe protisthito korte sofol hoyechilen. juboraj sharif allie binn all-hussen chhilen ekmatro iraqi rajakiya jini sangbidhanik rajtantrer vittite rajtantrer prottabortoner jonno irake procharona chaliyechilen. kichhu somalochok daabi korechilen jey tini purano iraqi rajtantrer sangbidhan (1943 saaler novembore sangshodhito iraqi sangbidhan) onusare singhasaner lineo chhilen naa. eyi sangbidhan onusare, rajtantrer uttoradhikari hoben juboraj raad (jonmo 1936), jordaner lord chamberline ebong uttoradhikari apat juboraj jaid binn raad, ekjon praktan jordanian kutnitik jini jatisangher modhye sakriya chhilen.

iraqi bandhaaraniy rajashahi iraqi bandhaaraniy rajashahi (aaee. see. aema.) aee iraqma aek rajvi raajkeey paksh chhe, jenu netrutva agau divangat sharif allie biin all-hussain dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. all-hussain hushmite shaahee parivaar saathe sambandhit hataa, jene 1958 sudhee iraq parr shaasan karyoo hatoo. teo aantarrashtriy presa aneey (iraqna rajkaranma) potaane daavedaar tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa safal rahyaa hataa. rajkumar sharif allie biin all-hussain ekmatra iraqi shaahee hataa jemane bandhaaraniy rajashahi parr aadharit rajashahina punaragaman maate iraqma zumbesh chalaavi hatee. ketlaak tikakaroae bhaarpurvak janaavyu hatoo keey teo junaa iraqi rajashahina bandhaaran (november 1943maan sudharela iraqi bandhaaran) anusaar sinhasanni harolmaan pann nahota. aaa bandhaaran anusaar, rajashahina vaarasdaar rajkumar raad (janm 1936), jordanano swami chamberlain aneey vaarasdaar rajkumar zeid biin raad hashe, jeey bhutpurv jordnian rajdwari hataa, jeo sanyukt rashtroma sakreey hataa.

iraqi samvaidhaanik rajshahi iraqi samvaidhaanik rajshahi (aaee. see. aim.) iraq mein ack rajtantravadi raajneetik dall haye jiska netritva poorv mein swargiya sharif allie binn all-hussain ney kiya thaa. all-hussain hasimite shaahi parivaar seey sambandhit thaa jisane 1958 taka iraq parr shasson kiya thaa. vaha antarrashtriya press aur (iraq kii rajneeti mein) khud koo ack davedar key roop mein sthaapit karane mein safal rhaa thaa. rajkumar sharif allie binn all-hussain ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi parr adharit rajshahi kii vaapsee key liye iraq mein abhiyaan chalaane vaale ekmatra iraqi shaahi they. kuchh alochakon ney kahaa kii vaha puraane iraqi rajshahi (navambar 1943 mein sanshodhit iraqi samvidhaan) key samvidhaan key anusaar simhaasan key liye bhee naheen they. iss samvidhaan key anusaar, rajshahi kaa uttaradhikari rajkumar raad (janm 1936), jorden key swami chamberlain aur uttaradhikari spasht rajkumar zid binn raad honge, joe ack poorv jordnian rajanyik they joe sanyukt rashtron key bheetar sakriya they.

iraqi saamvidhaanika rajaprabhutva iraq saamvidhaanika rajaprabhutvavu (aii. sii. emm) irakna rajaprabhutvavadi rajakiya pakshavaagiddu, idannu hinde diwangata shareef allie binn all-husain munnadesiddaru. all-husain 1958ravarege iraq annu aalida hashemite rajamanetanakke sambandhisiddanu. aata antaaraashtriya madhyamagalalli mattu (irakna raajakeeyadalli) tannannu taanu hakkudaaranaagi sthapisikolluvalli yashasviyagiddanu. rajakumara shareef allie binn all-husain avaru saamvidhaanika rajaprabhutvada aadhaarada mele rajaprabhutvada maraluvikegaagi iraaknalli prachara maadida ekaika iraqi rajamanetanadavaragiddaru. kelavu vimarshakaru avaru haleya iraqi rajaprabhutvada samvidhaanada prakara (november 1943 ralli tiddupadi maadalaada iraqi samvidhaana) simhaasanada saalinalli illa endu pratipaadisidaru. ee samvidhaanada prakara, rajaprabhutvada uttaradhikariyu jordanna lard chamberlain rajakumara raad (1936ralli janisidaru) mattu united nationsionalli sakriyaraagidda maaji jordanian rajatantrikarada prince jhaid binn raad avara uttaradhikaariyaagiruttaar.

iraakhi bharanaghadanaaparamaaya rajavaazhcha iraakhile munkaala shareef alii biinn alle hussain nayikkunna oru rajavaazhcha rashtreeya partyanu iraakhi bharanaghadanaa rajavaazhcha (aii. sii. emm). 1958 vare iraakh bharichirunna hashimite raajakudumbavumaayi bandhappettirunna alle-hussain anthaaraashtra maadhyamangalilum (iraakhinte raashtreeyathilum) avakaashavaadiyaayi svayam sthaapikkunnathil vijayichu. bharanaghadanaaparamaaya raajavaazhchaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru raajavaazhchayude thirichuvaravinaayi iraakhil pracharanam nadatthiya eaka iraakhi rajaavaayirunnu shareef alii biinn alle hussain rajakumaran. pazhaya iraakhi raajavaazhchayude bharanaghadana (1943 novemberil bhedagathi cheytha iraakhi bharanaghadana) anusarichu addeham simhaasanathin polum nirathilallennu chila vimarshakar vaadichu. eee bharanaghadana anusarichu, raajavaazhchayude anantharaavakaashikal jordaanile prabhu chamberline rajakumaran raad (jananam 1936), ikyaraashtrasabhayil sajeevamaayirunna muun jordanian nayathanthranjanaaya prathyaksha rajakumaran seed biinn raad ennivar aayirikkum.

iraqi ghatanatmak rajeshahi iraqchi ghatanatmak rajeshahi (aay. see. emm.) haah irakmadhil eka rajeshahivadi rajkiy paksh aahe jyache netrutva purvi divangat sharif allie biin all-hussen karat hote. all-hussen haah 1958 paryant irakvar rajya rajya hashemite rajgharanyashi sambandhit hota. aantarrashtriy prasarmadhyamandhye aanee (iraqchya rajkaranat) dawa karnara mhanoon swatahla sthapit karnyat too yashasvi jhaala hota. ghatanatmak rajeshahivar aadharit rajeshahi parat midavi yasathi irakmadhye moheem chalavanara rajkumar sharif allie biin all-hussen haah ekmev iraqi shahee hota. kahee tikakaranni thampane sangitale qee junya iraqi rajeshahichya (november 1943 madhye sudharit iraqchya sanvidhananusar) sanvidhananusar too sinhasanachya rangetahi navhata. yaa sanvidhananusar, rajtantracha varasdar rajkumar raad (janm 1936), jordencha laurd chamberlain aanee varasdar prince zaid biin raad, joou sanyukt rashtranmadhye sakriy asalela jordencha majee mutsaddi hota.

iraki sanwaidhanik rajtantra iraki sanwaidhanik rajtantra (icm) irakko ek rajatantrawadi rajnitik dall how june pahile swargiya sarif alie binn all-husenko netritwama thiyo. all-hussen sann 1958 samma irakma shasson garne hushmite shahi pariwarsanga sambandhit thie. uni antarrashtriya press rar (irakko rajnitima) afulai dawikartako rupma sthapit garna safal bhaeka thie. rajkumar sarif alie binn all-hussen irakma sanwaidhanik rajatantrama adharit rajatantrako firtika lagi abhiyan chalaune ek matra iraki shahi thie. kehi alochakharule purano iraki rajatantrako sanvidhan (november 1943 maa sanshodhit iraki sanvidhan) anusar uni sinhasanko rekhama pani thienan bhani jode die. yass sanwidhananusar rajatantrako uttaradhikari rajkumar raad (janma 1936), jordenka leard chamberlain, rar uttaradhikari spashta rajkumar zaid binn raad, jo sanyukta rashtrama sakriya jordenka purva kutnitigya thie.

iraqi sambidhanika rajatantra iraqi sambidhanika rajatantra (aai. sii. emm.) heuchhi irakar eka rajatantrabadi rajanaitika dala, jahara netrutwa purbaru swargata sarif allie binn all-hussen neithile. all-hussen hashemite raaj paribara sahita jadita thile, jie 1958 masiha parjyanta irakaku shasson karithile. shay antarjatija press ebong (iraq rajaneetire) nijaku jane dabidara bhabare pratisthita karibare saphala hoithile. sambidhanika rajatantra upare aadharita rajtantrara pratyabartana paain iraakare abhijana chalaithiba ekamatra iraqi rajputra sarif allie binn all-hussen thile. keteka samalochaka drudhatara saha kahithile je puruna iraqi rajatantra (navember (navember sanshodhita iraqi sambidhana) rahr sambidhana anujai shay singhasana paain madhya dhadire nathile. ehi sambidhana anujai, rajtantrara uttaradhikari hebe prince raada (janma 1936), jordanara lord chamberlain, ebong uttaradhikari, spust prince zeid binn raada, jane purbatana jordan kutaneetigya jie milita jatisanghare sakriya thile.

iraqi sanvidhanak rajtantar iraak dee sanvidhanak rajtantar (aaee. see. aimm.) iraak witch ikk rajtantarvadi rajneetak party haii jiss dee agvai pahilan marhoom sharif allie binn all-hussain qarr rahey sunn. all-hussain hashimai shaahi parivaar naal sabandhat see jiss neey 1958 takk iraak utte shasan keeta see. uh antarashtari presses atey (iraak dee rajneeti witch) aapne aap noon ikk daavedaar vajon sathapat curran witch safal riha see. sanvidhanak rajtantar utte adharat rajtantar dee vaapsee laee iraak witch rajkumar sharif allie binn all-hussain iklauta iraqi shaahi muhim see. kujh aalochakan neey zor dey keey kiha kii uh purani iraqi rajtantar (navambar 1943 witch sodhe gaye iraqi sanvidhan) dey sanvidhan anusar gaddi dey qataar witch vee naheen see. iss sanvidhan dey anusar, rajtantar daa vaaras rajkumar raad (janam 1936), jarden daa lard chamberlain atey vaaras prince zaid binn raad, ikk sabka jarden dey diplomat joe sanyukat rashter dey ander sargaram sunn, honge.

iraakeesamvidhaanikasaamraaj iraak-deshasya samvaidhaanikaraajatantram (aii. sii. emm.) iraak-deshasya ekaha rajatantriya-raajanaitik-dalah asti yasya netrutvam poorvam swargeeyah shareef-allie-binn-all-hussain ityanena krutam aasit. all-hussain 1958 paryantam iraak-deshasya shasanam kurwatah hashemat-rajaparivarena saha sambaddha aasit. saha antarashtriya-press-madhye tathaa (iraak-deshasya rajanityam) swayam davadata iti pratishtaapayitum saphalah aasit. rajakumaraha shareef allie binn all-hussen ityeshah iraak-deshe samvaidhaanika-rajatantrasya aadhaaren rajatantrasya punaragamanartham ekaikah iraki-raajavamsheeyah aasit. kechan vimarshakah pratipaadayan yat saha puratanam iraki-rajatantrasya samvidhaanasya (1943 november-maase samshodhitam iraki-samvidhaanam) anusaaram simhaasanasya panktau api naseet iti. asya samvidhaanasya anusaaram, rajatantradhikarasya uttaraadhikaari jordan-deshasya lard chamberlain rajakumaraha raad (janma 1936), uttaraadhikaari purvajordaaniyan rajadwakta, jed binn raad, yah samyuktaraashtrasanghasya antah sakriyah aasit cha bhavishyati.

eeraakkiya arasiyalamaippu mudiyatchi eeraakkiya arasiyalamaippu mudiyatchi (icm) enbathu eeraakkil oru mudiyatchi arasiyal katchiyaagum, idhu munbu maraintha shareep alii pinn all-huusain thalaimaiyil irunththathu. all-huusain 1958 varai eeraakkai aatchi seitha hashimite arasa kudumbaththudan thodarpudaiyavar. avar sarvadesa paththirigaigalilum (eeraakkin arasiyalilum) thannai oru urimai koorubavaraaga nilainiruththuvathil vettri pettraar. arasiyalamaippu mudiyaatchiyin adippadaiyil oru mudiyaatchiyai thirumbap peruvatharkaaka eeraakkil prachaaram seitha oray eeraakki arasar ilavarasar shareep alii pinn all-huusain aavaar. sila vimarsagargal pazhaiya eeraakki mudiyaatchiyin arasiyalamaippin (navambar 1943 ill thirutthappatta eeraakki arasiyalamaippu) puddy avar ariyanaikku varisaiyil kooda illai endru valiyuruththinar. inththa arasiyalamaippin puddy, mudiyaatchiyin vaarisaana ilavarasar raath (1936 ill piranthaar), jordanin lard samberline mattrum aikkiya naadugal sabaiyil theeviramaaga irunththa munnaal jordanian thoothar ilavarasar jeeth pinn raath aagiyoarin vaarisugal aavar.

iraqi raajyaangabaddhamaina racharikam iraq rajyanga racharikam (ii. sii. emm) anedi gatamlo divangata sharif allie binn all-hussen netrutvamloni iraq looni raacharika raajakeeya party. 1958 varaku iraaknu paalinchina hashemite raaja kutumbaaniki all-hussen sambandhinchinavaadu. athanu antarjaateeya patrikalalo mariyu (iraq rajakeeyaalalo) tananu taanu hakkudaarugaa sthaapinchukovadamlo vijayam saadhinchaadu. raajyaangabaddhamaina racharikam aadhaaramgaa racharikam tirigi raavadaaniki iraaklo pracharam chesina ekaika iraqi yuvaraju sharif allie binn all-hussen. paatha iraqi racharikam (november (november savarinchina iraqi rajyangam) rajyangam prakaram ayana simhaasanaaniki kooda anugunamgaa laerani kondaru vimarsakulu nokki chepparu. eee rajyangam prakaram, raacharikaaniki varasudu yuvaraju raadh raadh janminchaaru), jordan yokka lard chamberline, mariyu united nations loe churukuga unna maajee jordanian doutyavetta ayina prins zeed binn raadh varasudu.

iraqi aayeeni baadshahat iraqi aayeeni baadshahat (aayee see ayem) iraaq mein eek baadshahat pasand seyasi jamaat hay jiss kii qayadat pehley marhum shareef alee bunn alhaseen kirr rahay thay. alhaseen kaa taaluq hasheemi shaahi khaandaan say thaa jiss nay 1958 takk iraaq parr hukumat kii. wah beenn alaqwami prais aur (iraaq kii seyasat mein) khood kuu dawedar kay toor parr qayem karnay mein kamiyab rehaa thaa. shahzadah shareef alee bunn alhaseen waahid iraqi shaahi thay jinhon nay aayeeni baadshahat parr mubni baadshahat kii wapsi kay liye iraaq mein muham chalayi. kachh naqdin nay zoor day kirr kahaa kahh wah praani iraqi baadshahat (nomber 1943 mein tarmim shadah iraqi aayeen) kay aayeen kay mutabiq takht kay liye bhee tayaar nahein thay. iss aayeen kay mutabiq baadshahat kaa waaris shahzadah raad (paidaish 1936)yee juu ardan kaa laard chamberlain aur waaris zahir shahzadah zeed bunn raad juu aqwam muthadah mein srgarm saabiq jardeen sifarat kaar thaa hoga.

000843df4a55584dfa33824d3644e204553f0814a6d13076f1cb88d307ec8d5b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55147872

Margarita Lecuona

Margarita Lecuona Cuban singer and composer Margarita Lecuona (1910–1981) was a Cuban singer and composer who is remembered for composing afro songs such as "Babalú" and "Tabú". Biography. Born in Havana on 18 April 1910, Lecuona was the daughter of Eugenio Lecuona, the Cuban consul in New York. She attended the Colegio Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes and the Colegio Sepúlveda in Havana before embarking on her secondary education at the Instituto de La Habana which she left after her first two years. She studied singing under Julia Lucignani and the piano under Eulalia Santana before attending the Escuela de Guitarra de Pro-Arte Musical to study the guitar under Clara Romero de Nicola. She studied dance at the Escuela de Ballet under the ballet master Nikolai Yavorsky, performing in a number of his works. In 1930, while still studying, she wrote "Soñadora" which she sang playing the guitar. After performing in a number of stage productions, in 1942, she first created a duo with Olga Luque and then a group called the Lecuona Cuban Girls, performing on stage and on the radio. Among her many compositions in the early 1940s were "Tabú" and "Babalú". "Tabú" gained popularity when sung by Arthur Lyman and Les Baxter while "Babalú" proved successful with the singer Desi Arnaz. She went on to marry the Argentine actor Pepe Armil in 1947 and moved to Buenos Aires where she settled in 1957. From there she travelled to Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil and Mexico, performing on radio as well as on the stage. In 1969, she joined her family in the United States. She died in New Jersey in 1981. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

margarita lekuuna margarita lekuuna (1910-1981) egoraki cuban gayika aaru xurkar aasil jaak "babalu" aaru "taabu" ror dore aafru geet rosona korar baabe smoron koraa hoy. jiwani. 1910 sonor 18 aprilot habhanat jonmogrohon koraa lekuuna neworkor cuban konsal eugenio 'lekuunar konya aasil. prothom dubosoror pisot teu eri juwa institut di laa habanat madhyomik xikhya aarombho korar aagote teu hawanar collegio "newstera senura di laas marchides aaru collegio" sepulbedat odhyoyon korisil. clara rumeru di nikular odhinot gitter odhyoyon koriboloi escuwela di gitara di pro "-art xongitot uposthito huwar aagote teu julia lusigonanir odhinot gaan aaru eulalia xantanar odhinot piyanu xikichil. teu ballet master nikulai iyaworskir odhinot escuwela di balletot nrityo odhyoyon korisil, teur keibakhonu kormot poriwexon korisil. 1930 sonot odhyoyon kori thokar xomoyote teu "cho 'nadura" likhisil jitu teu gitter bojai gaisil. keibatau moncho projujonat poriwexon korar pisot, 1942 sonot, teu prothome uloga lukor xoite etaa juti aaru taar pisot lekuuna cuban garls naamor etaa doll sristi korisil, jiye moncho aaru readyo 'too poriwexon korisil. 1940-ror doxokor aarombhonite teur bohutu rosonar bhitorot aasil "taabu" aaru "babalu". "aarthar laimen aaru lex bexatare guwa "taabu" ye jonopriyota laabh korisil, aanhate gayok dexi aarnajor xoite "babalu" xofol promanito hoisil. 1947 sonot teu argentine obhineta pepe aarmilor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy aaru 1957 sonot teu byunus eyarsoloi yaay zo 'too teu boxoti sthapon kore. taar poraa teu chili, uruguwe, bolibhiya, peru, brajil aaru maxiculoi bhromon kore, readyo' ror logote monchot poriwexon kore. 1969 sonot teu aamerikat thoka teur poriyalot jugdan kore. 1981 sonot niu jarsit tekhetor mrityu hoy.

margarita lekuona margarita lekuona (1910-1981) chhilen ekjon cuban gayika ebong surkar jini "babalu" ebong "tabu"-err moto afro gaan rachona korar jonno smaraniya hoye thaken. jeeboni. 1910 saaler 18ee april havana jonmogrohonkari lekuona neu iyarke cuber consul eugenio lequonar konna chhilen. tini institute deey laa habana madhyomik shikkha shuru korar agey havanar collegio newstra senora deey laas mercedes ebong collegio sepulbeda jog diyechilen jaa tini taar prothom dui bochor porey chhede diyechilen. tini julia lucignanir adhine gaan ebong eulalia santanar adhine piano shikhechilen, porey clara romero dii nicolar adhine gitter shekhar jonno esquela dii guiterra dii proo-art musical-ayee jog diyechilen. tini byale muster nikolai iavorskyr adhine esquela dii byalete nrityo adhyayan korechilen, taanr besh koyekti kaaje abhinoy korechilen. 1930 saale, padashona korar somoy, tini "sonadora" likhechilen jaa tini gitter bajiye geyechilen. besh koyekti moncho projojonai abhinoy korar porr, 1942 saale, tini prothome olga luker saathe ekti jutee toiri corren ebong tarpor monche ebong radiote lekuona cuban garles naame ekti doll toiri corren. 1940-err doshoker godar dike taanr onek rachonar modhye chhilo "tabu" ebong "babalu". "arthar lyman ebong leesa baxter gaoa "tabu" janapriyata orjon korey, onnodike "babalu" gayak deshi arnaz-err saathe sofol promanito hoy. tini 1947 saale argentine abhineta pepe armilke biye corren ebong buenos airsey choley zaan jekhane tini 1957 saale bosoti sthapon corren. sekhan theke tini chilly, urugue, bolivia, peru, brazil ebong mexico bhromon corren, radior pashapashi moncheo abhinoy corren. 1969 saale tini markin juktorashtre taanr poribarer sange jog deena. 1981 saale neu jarsite tini maaraa zaan.

margarita lekuonaa margarita lekunaa (1910-1981) cuban gaayak aneey sangeetkaar hataa, jaimne "babalu" aneey "taabu" jevaa aafro geeto compose karvaa maate yaad karvaamaa aave chhe. jivancharitra. 18 april april roj havanama janmela, lekunaa newyorkma cuban consul yujeneeo lekunaa nee putri hatee. teneeae institute dii laa habanama teneenu maadhyameek shikshan sharoo kartaa pahelaa havanama kolegiyo neuestra senora dii laas mercedes aneey kolegiyo sepulvedama haajari aapee hatee, jeey teneeae tenaa pratham beey varsh pachhi chhodi deedhi hatee. teneeae clara romero dii nikola hethal gitaarno abhyaas karvaa maate escuela dii gitaar dii proo-aart musicalma haajari aaptaa pahelaa julia lucignani hethal gaayan aneey yulalia santaana hethal piyaanono abhyaas karyo hato. teneeae bele master nikolai yavorsky hethal escuela dii belemaa nrutyano abhyaas karyo, aneey temnee sankhyaabandh kruteeoma pradarshan karyoo. karyoo, jyaare teo abhyaas curry rahyaa hataa, tyaare temane "sanadora" lakhyu hatoo, jeey temane gitaar vagaadtaa gaayu hatoo. hatoo sankhyaabandh stage productionsmaa pradarshan karyaa pachhi, temane pahelaa olga luke saathe jodee banaavi aneey pachhi stage parr aneey rediyo parr pradarshan karatee lekuonaa cuban gearls naamnee jooth banaavi. banaavi daaykaani sharuaatmaa temnee ghanee rachnaaomaa "taabu" aneey "babalu" hataa. "taabu" aee lokpriyataa melvee jyaare arther limen aneey leesa baxter dwara gaavaama aavyu jyaare "babalu" gaayak desee arnaz saathe safal saabit thayu. teneeae teneeae argentine abhineta pepe armil saathe lagna karyaa aneey aneey buenos aermaa sthaayi thaee. tyaanthi teneeae cheelee, uruguae, bolivia, peru, brazil aneey meksikonee musafari curry, rediyo parr temaj munch parr pradarshan karyoo. karyoo, teo united statesma temnaa parivaarmaa jodaya hataa. tenee tenee nyu jarsimaa mrutyu paamee hatee.

margarita lekuona margarita lekuona (1910-1981) ack cuba kii gayika aur sangeetkaar theen jinhen "babalu" aur "tabu" jaise african geeton kii rachana key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye. jeevani. 18 aprail 1910 koo hawana mein paida hui, lekuona newyork mein cuba key vanijya doot eugenio lekuona kii betty theen. unhone sansthaan dey laa habana mein apani maadhyamik shiksha shuru karane seey pahale hawana mein kolegio neustra senora dey laas mercedez aur kolegio sepulveda mein bhaag liya, jise unhone apane pahale dou varshon key baad chhod diyaa. unhone clara romero dee nikola key tahat gitar kaa adhyayan karane key liye esquela dee gitarra dee pro-art sangeet mein bhaag lene seey pahale julia lucignani key tahat gaayan aur yulalia santana key tahat piano kaa adhyayan kiya. unhone baile master nikolai yavorsky key tahat esquela dee baile mein nritya kaa adhyayan kiya, aur unake kaee karyon mein pradarshan kiya. 1930 mein, adhyayan karate hue, unhone "sanadora" likhaa jise unhone gitar bajaate hue gaaya. kaee munch prastutiyon mein pradarshan karane key baad, 1942 mein, unhone pahale olga look key saath ack jodee banaai aur phir leukona cuba girls naamak ack samooh banaaya, joe munch parr aur radio parr pradarshan curr rhaa thaa. 1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein unaki kaee rachanaon mein "tabu" aur "babalu" shamil they. "tabu" ney lokpriyata taba hassil kii jaba arther lyman aur less baxter dwara gaaya gayaa, jabaki "babalu" gaayak desi arnaaz key saath safal saabit huaa. unhone 1947 mein argentine key abhineta pepe armil seey shaadi kii aur buenos air mein rahane lageen jahan way 1957 mein buss gaeen. vahaan seey unhone radio key saath-saath munch parr pradarshan karate hue chilly, urugue, bolivia, peru, brazil aur maxico kii yatra kii. 1969 mein, vaha sanyukt raajya america mein apane parivaar mein shamil hoe gaeen. 1981 mein nyu jersey mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.

margarita lecuona margarita lekuna (1910-1981) cuban gayaki mattu samyojakaraagiddaru, avaru "baabalu" mattu "taabu" nantaha afro haadugalannu samyojisiddakkagi nenapisikolluttaare. jivanacharitre. 1910rahra april 18randu havaanaadalli janisida lecuona, newyorkna cuban consul eugenio lecuonara magalaagiddalu. aake tanna modala eradu varshagala nantara bittuhoda instituto deey laa habaanaadalli tanna madhyamika shikshanavannu praarambhisuva modalu havaanaadallina collegio neustra senora deey laas mercedes mattu collegio sepulvedaadalli vyasanga maadidaru. clara romero dii nikola avara adiyalli guitar adhyayana maadalu escula dii guitar dii pro-art sangeetakke haajaraaguva modalu avaru julia lukignani avara adiyalli haadugaarike mattu eulalia santana avara adiyalli pianovannu adhyayana maadidaru. avaru byale master nikolai yavorsky adiyalli escula dii ballenalli nrutyavannu adhyayana maadidaru, avara halavaaru krutigalalli pradarshana niididaru. 1930ralli, innoo adhyayana maduttiruvaga, avaru "sanadora" annu baredaru, adannu avaru guitar nudisutta haadidaru. halavaaru rangabhoomi nirmanagalalli pradarshana needida nantara, 1942 ralli, avaru modalu olga look mattu nantara lecuna cuban gurles emba gumpinondige vedikeyalli mattu rediyodalli pradarshana niididaru. 1940rahra dashakada aarambhadalli aakeya aneka samyojanegalalli "taabu" mattu "baabalu" seriddavu. "orther lyman mattu less boxter hadidaga "taabu" janapriyate galisitu, aadare "baabalu" gayaka desi arnaz avarondige yashasviyaayitu. avaru 1947 ralli argenteenaada nata pepe armil avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu 1957 ralli nelesida buvenos airsge teralidaru. allinda avaru chilly, uruguye, bolivia, peru, brazil mattu meksikokke prayanisi, rediyodalli mattu vedikeyalli pradarshana niididaru. 1969ralli, aake united statesnalli tanna kutumbavannu seridaru. avaru 1981ralli nyoo jarsiyalli nidhanaraadaru.

maargaritta lekuvona babalu", "tabu" thudangiya afro ganangal rachichathiloode oormmikkappedunna oru cuban gaayikayum samgeethasamvidhaayakayumaayirunu maargaritta lecuona (1910-1981). jeevacharitram. 1910 epril 18 nuu havanayil janicha lekuvona newyorkkile cuban koonsal eugenio lekuvonayude makalaayirunnu. aadyathe rund varshathinu sesham upekshicha instityootto dii laa habanayil secondary vidyaabhyaasam aarambhikkunnathin munbu avar havanayile collegio newstra senora dii laas mersidus, collegio sepulveda ennivayil chernnu. clara romero dii nikkolayude keezhil gitaar padikkunnathinaayi eskuvela dii gitaara dii proo-art musicalil pankedukkunnathinu munbu juuliya lucignaniyude keezhil paadunnathum eulalia santhanayude keezhil pianoy padichu. baale maasttar nikkolaay yavorskyude keezhil eskuvela dii baaleyil nritham padicha avar addehathinte niravadhi kruthikalil prakadanam nadatthi. 1930-ll, padikkumbol thanne, avar "sanadora" ezhuthi, athu avar gitaar vaayikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi steju productionukalil abhinayicha sesham, 1942-ll, avar aadyam oolga lukkinoppam oru jodiyum pinneedu lekuvona cuban gales enna group srishtichu, stejilum radioyilum prakadanam nadatthi. 1940 kalude thudakkathil avarude niravadhi rachanakalil "tabu", "babalu" ennivayundaayirunnu. "arther laiman less baakstarum aalapichappol "tabu" janapreeti nediyappol "babalu" deshee arnas enna gayakanodoppam vijayakaramaayirunnu. 1947ll arjanteeniyan nadan pepe aarmiline vivaham kazhicha avar 1957ll buvenos airsilekku thamasam maarukayum avide sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. avide ninnu chili, uruguve, bolivia, peru, brazeel, meksikoo ennividangalilekku sanjarichu radioyilum vediyilum prakadanam nadatthi. 1969ll avar amerikkayile kudumbathodoppam chernnu. 1981ll nyoojezhsiyil vachu avar marichu.

margarita lekuona margarita lekuona (1910-1981) hii kyubachi gayika aanee sangitkar hotee, jine 'babalu' aanee 'tabu' yasarkhi afro ganee rachali hotee. charitra. 18 april 1910 roji havanah yethe janmaleli lekuona hii newyorkmadheel kyubachya vanijyadut eugenio lekuona yanchi mulgi hotee. tine tichya pahilya done varshannantar sodoon dilelya institute day laa habanah yethe madhyamik shikshan suru karnyapurvi tine havnah yetheel collegio newstra senora dii laas mercedees aanee collegio sepulvedamadhye shikshan ghetale. clara romero dii nikola yanchya margdarshanakhali gitarcha abhyas karnyasathi escuela dii gitarra dii pro-aart musicalmadhye upasthit rahnyapurvi tine julia lucignani yanchya margdarshanakhali gayan aanee eulalia santana yanchya margdarshanakhali piano shikala. tine bele master nikolai yvorsky yanchya margdarshanakhali esquela dii ballemadhye nrutyacha abhyas keela aanee tyachya anek kamanmadhye sadarikaran kele. 1930 madhye, abhyas karat asatana, tine 'sanadora' lihile jeey tine gitar vajavat gayale. anek rangbhumivaril nirmitimadhye sadarikaran kelyanantar, 1942 madhye, tine pratham olga look aanee nantar lekuona cuban gearls navachya gatasah eka jodee tayar kelee, jee manchavar aanee rediovar sadarikaran karat hotee. 1940 chya dashakachya suruvatila tichya anek rachnanmadhye 'tabu' aanee 'babalu' yancha samavesh hota. "arther lyman aanee leesa baxter yanni gayalyavar 'tabu' laa lokpriyata midali, tarr desi arnaz yaa gayakane gayalelya 'babalu' laa yash midale. pudhe tine 1947 madhye argentinachya abhineta pepe armilshi lagn kele aanee buenos aayarsmadhe sthayik jhaali jithe tee 1957 madhye sthayik jhaali. tethoon tine chiilii, urugue, bolivia, peru, brazil aanee mexico yethe pravas keela, rediovar tasech manchavar sadarikaran kele. 1969 madhye tee americet tichya kutumbat sameel jhaali. 1981 madhye nyu jarsimadhye tyanche nidhan jhaale.

margarita lekuona margarita lekuona (1910-1981) jane cuban gajika ebong sangeetakara thile jie "babalu" ebong "tabu" pari afro geeta rachna paain smaraniah. jeebani. 1910 masiha april 18 tarikhare habhanare janmagrahana karithiba lekuona nyujarkare thiba cuban consul yujenio lekuonanka jhia thile. shay institute dii laa habanare madhyamika sikhya arambha kariba purbaru habhanara collegio nyustra senora dii laas mercedes ebong collegio sepulbeda ray joga deithile jaahaa shay taanka pratham dui barsha parey chadithile. clara romero dii nikolanka adheenare gitara adhyajana kariba paain esquela dii guitarra dii pro-art myujikalare jogadeba purbaru shay julia lusigananeenka adheenare geeta gaiba ebong yulalia santananka adheenare piano adhyajana karithile. shay taanka aneka karjyare pradarshan curry, byale master nikolai jabhorskinka adheenare esquela dii byalere nrutya adhyajana karithile. 1930 masihare, adhyajana karuthiba samajare, shay "sanadora" lekhithile, jaahaaku shay gitara bajai gaithile. aneka mancha nirmanare abhinai kariba parey, 1942 ray, shay prathame olaga look ebong taa 'parey lekuona cuban balika namaka eka dala sahita mancha ebong rediore pradarshan karithile. 1940 dashkar prarambhare tankara aneka rachna madhyare thila "tabu" ebong "babalu". "arther lyman ebong less byakstaranka dwara gaana karajiba parey "tabu" lokaprijata hassel karithibabele gajaka deshi arnajnka dwara "babalu" saphala pramanita hoithila. shay 1947 ray argentiner abhineta pepe aarmilanku bibaha karithile ebong buenos airsku jaithile jeunthare shay 1957 ray sthajee bhabare basabasa karithile. setharu shay chilly, urugue, balibhiaa, peru, brazil ebong mexico jatra karithile, rediore tatha manchare pradarshan karithile . 1969 masihare shay aamerikare thiba taanka paribara sahita joga deithile. 1981 masihare nyu jarsire tankara dehant hoithila.

margarita lekuona margarita lekuona (1910-1981) ikk kiooban gaika atey sangeetkar see jiss noon "babalu" atey "tabu" varge afro geetan dee rachna laee yaad keeta jaanda haii. jeevani. 18 aprail 1910 noon havana witch paida hoee, lekuona newyork witch kiooban consul eugenio lekuona dee dhee see. uss neey institute dee laa habana witch aapni secondary sikkhiaa shuru curran toon pahilan havana witch collegio newstra senora dee laas mercedes atey collegio sepulveda witch padahi keeti, joe uss neey aapne pahile doou saalan baad chhadd ditti see. uss neey kalara romero dee nikola dey adheen gitar daa adhiaen curran laee escula dee guitarra dee pro-aart sangeet witch shamal honn toon pahilan julia lucignani dey adheen gaaun atey yulia santana dey adheen piano dee padahi keeti. uss neey baile maastar nikolai yavorsky dey adheen escula dee baile witch naach dee padahi keeti, uss deeaan kaee rachnavan witch pardarshan keeta. sann 1930 witch, padahi karde hoye, uss neey "sonadora" likhiaa jiss noon uss neey gitar vajaa keey gaaiaa. kaee stage productionan witch pardarshan curran toon baad, 1942 witch, usne pahilan olga look atey firr lekuona kiooban gerals namak ikk samooh naal ikk jodee banayi, joe stage atey radio utte pardarshan qarr rahee see. 1940 dey dahake dey arambh witch uss deeaan bahut saariaan rachnavan witch "tabu" atey "bablu" sunn. "tabu" neey prasidhi prapat keeti jadon arther lyman atey lais backster duaara gaaiaa giaa jadon kii "babalu" gaeek desi arnaaz naal safal saabat hoiaa. uss neey 1947 witch argentine adakar pepe armil naal viaah karwa liaa atey uh buenos airs chalee gaee jitthe uh 1957 witch settle hoow gaee. utthon usne chilly, uruguay, bolivia, peru, braazeel atey mexico dee yaatra keeti, radio dey naal-naal stage utte vee pardarshan keeta. sann 1969 witch uh sanyukat raaj amrica witch aapne parivaar naal shamal hoow gaee. uss dee maut sann 1981 witch nioo jarsi witch hoee.

margarita lekuonaa margarita lekuonaa (1910-1981) ekaa cuban gayika, sangeeta-rachanakara cha aasit yaa "baabalu", "taabu" ityadinam aafro-gitanam rachanartham smrutaa asti. jeevanacharitram. 1910 april 18 dinaanke havana-nagare janma praapnot, lekuonaa nyuyaark-nagarasya cuban-consul-ityasya yujeniyo lekuonaa ityasya putree aasit. saa instituto dey laa habana ityatra madhyamikashiksham aarabhy, yat saa prathamavarshadvayaanantaram parityaktaa, tatah poorvam havana-nagarasya kolegiyo newstra senora dey laas mercedes, kolegiyo sepulveda cha ityatra abhyanayt. clara romero dee nikolaa ityasya adheene gitaar-adhyayanartham esquela dee gitara dee pro-art musical ityasmin bhaagam graheetum poorvam saa julia lucignani ityasya adheene gayanam, eulalia santana ityasya adheene piano cha abhyanayt. saa byaale-guruhu nikolaay yavorsky ityasya adheene essuyelaa-day-byaale ityasmin nrutyam abhyanayt, tasya anekeshu krutishu pradarshanm krutavatee. 1930 tame varshe, adhyayanakaale saa "sanadora" iti likhat, yat saa gitaar-vaadanam gitaa. 1942 tame varshe anekeshu mancha-nirmaaneshu pradarshanm krutvaa saa prathame olga-luke ityanena saha yugalam, tatah lekuonaa-cuban-gearls iti samooham cha nirmitavatee, manche radio-madhye cha pradarshanm karoti. 1940 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe tasyaah anekaasu rachanaasu "taabu", "baabalu" cha aasan. "aarthar laiman tathaa laes baxter ityetabhyam gaayite "taabu" iti geetam lokapriyatam avaapnot, tathaa cha "baabalu" iti geetam deshee arnaaj iti gayakena saha safalam abhavat. saa 1947 tame varshe argentine-deshasya abhinetreem pepe armil ityenam parineetavatee, buenos-air-nagaram prati gatavatee, yatra saa 1957 tame varshe sthitaa abhavat. tatah saa chile, urugue, bolivia, peru, brazil, meksiko-deshaan agruhnaat, radio-madhye tathaa manche cha pradarshanm krutavatee. 1969 tame varshe saa samyuktarajyamerika-deshe svaparivaarena saha militavatee. saa 1981 tame varshe nyoo-jersey-nagare mrutavatee.

margarita leguona margarita leguna (1910-1981) oru cuba paadagar mattrum isaiyamaippaalar aavaar, avar "paapalu" mattrum "dabu" poantra appro paadalkalai isaiyamaiththatharkaaka ninaivukoorappadugiraar. suyasaridhai. 1910 aepral 18 andru havanavil pirantha leguwana, newyoarkil ulla cuba thootharaga adhigaari eugenio leguanaavin magal aavaar. avar thanathu muthal irandu aandugalukkup piragu vittuch sendra instituto dii laa habaanaavil thanathu idainilaik kalviyaith thodanguvatharku munbu havanavil ulla golejio neustra chenora dii losses mercedes mattrum golejio sebulveda aagiyavattril payintraar. clara romaro dii nikkoalaavin keezh kittar padippatharkaaga escuvela dii kittar dii puroa-ard isaiyil kalanthukolvatharku munbu juulia lucignaniyin keezh paaduvathaiyum, eulalia saandaanaavin keezh piyaanoavaiyum padiththaar. avar paalae maastar nikkoalai yavorskyin keezh escuvela dii paalaevil nadanam payintraar, avarathu pala padaippugalil nigazhththinaar. 1930 aam aandil, innum padikkumpoathu, avar "sonatora" endru ezhuthinaar, adhai avar kittar vaasiththaar. pala maedaith thayaarippukalil nadiththa piragu, 1942 aam aandil, avar muthalil oolkaa lukkudan oru jodiyai uruvaakkinaar, pinnar leguwana cuban penkal endru azhaikkappadum oru kuzhuvai uruvaakki, maedaiyilum vaanoliyilum nigazhththinaar. 1940 kalin murpaguthiyil avarathu pala paadalkalil "dabu" mattrum "paapalu" aagiyavai adangkum. "aarthar lyman mattrum less baxter aakiyoaraal paadappattapoathu "dabu" pirabalamadainthathu, athae neraththil paadagar thaesi arnazudden "paapalu" vetrtrikaramaaka niroopikkappattathu. avar 1947 aam aandil argentina nadigar pepp armilai mananthaar, maelum 1957 aam aandil avar kudiyaeriya buenos ayarsukku kudipeyarnthaar. angkirunthu avar siilii, uruguyae, polivia, peru, brazil mattrum mexico aagiya idangkalukkuch sendru vaanoliyilum maedaiyilum nigazhththinaar. 1969 aam aandil, avar americavil thanathu kudumbaththudan saernthaar. avar 1981 ill neu jersiyil iranthaar.

margarita lekuana margarita lekuna (1910-1981) cuban gayani mariyu swarakarta, ayana "babalu" mariyu "taabu" vanti afro paatalanu swaraparichinanduku gurthundipoyaru. jeevita charitra. 1910 april 18naa havanalo janminchina lecuna, newyorklo cuban consul ayina eugenio lecuna kumarte. aame thana modati rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata vadilivesina instituto dii laa habanalo thana madhyamika vidyanu praarambhinchadaaniki mundu havaanaaloni collegio newstra senora dii laas mercedes mariyu collegio sepulvedaaku haajarayindi. clara romaro dii nikola aadhvaryamlo guitar adhyayanam cheyadaaniki escula dii guitar dii proo-art sangeethaaniki hajarayye mundu aame julia lukigney aadhvaryamlo padatam mariyu eulia santana aadhvaryamlo piano neerchukundi. aame ballet master nikolai yavorsky aadhvaryamlo escula dii ballet vadda nrutyaanni abhyasinchi, athani aneka rachanalalo pradarsana ichindi. ichindi, inca chaduvutunnappudu, aame "sonadora" anie rasindi, daanini aame guitar vaayistuu paadindi. paadindi aneka rangasthala nirmaanaalalo pradarsana icchina taruvaata, aame modata olgaa luke thoo oka dvayam srushtinchindi, aapai lecuna cuban gurles anae samuuhaanni srushtinchindi, vedikapai mariyu radiolo pradarsana ichindi. 1940la praarambhamlo aame chesina aneka rachanalalo "taabu" mariyu "babalu" unnaayi. "orther lyman mariyu less baxter padinappudu "taabu" prajaadarana pondindi, ayithe "babalu" gayakudu deshee arnaz thoo vijayavantamaindi. aame aame argentine natudu pepe aarmilnu vivaham chesukuni, chesukuni sthirapadina buvenos airs kuu vellindi. akkada nundi aame rediyotho paatu vedikapai pradarsanalu istuu chilly, uruguy, bolivia, peruu, brazil mariyu meksikolaku prayaaninchindi. prayaaninchindi aame united stateslo thana kutumbamlo cheraaru. aame aame newjerseylo maraninchindi.

margareta leona margareta leona (1910-1981) eek cuba kii gulukarah aur mausiqar thein jinhein "babalo" aur "tabiyo" jeesay afriqi gaaney tartib deenay kay liye yaad kiyaa jaataa hay. sawanah umri. 18 apreel 1910 kuu hawana mein paida honay waali leona neoyork mein cuba kay qonsal ugenio leona kii betty thein. iss nay insity teuto ddee laa habana mein apnee saanvi taleem sharoo karnay say pehley hawana mein collegio neostra sinora ddee laas mercedes aur collegio seepolveed mein taleem haasil kii jasay iss nay apnay pehley duu saalon kay baad chhod diyaa. iss nay klara romiro ddee necola kay tahat gataar kaa mutalah karnay kay liye escoila ddee gutarra ddee pru aart musical mein sharkat karnay say pehley joliya losigni kay tahat gaana aur yuliya santana kay tahat pyano kii taleem haasil kii. iss nay belay maaster nekolai yawarsaki kay tahat escola ddee belay mein raqs kii taleem haasil kii aur inn kay mutadid kaamon mein perform kiyaa. 1930 mein jabb wah ubhee padh rahee thein inhon nay "sonadora" likhaa jasay inhon nay gataar bajatay hoay gaaya. kayee stage productions mein perform karnay kay baad 1942 mein iss nay pehley aulga lock kay saath eek jodee banayi aur phir eek grop jasay leona cubin garlaz kahaa jaataa hay stage aur redio parr perform karti hay. 1940 kii dahayi kay awail mein inn kii behat see compositions mein "taboo" aur "babalo" shaamil thay. "tubb" nay iss waqat maqboliyat haasil kii jabb aarthar limeen aur lees backster nay gaaya jabkah "babalo" gulukaar desi arnaaz kay saath kamiyab saabat hawaa. iss nay 1947 mein argentine kay adakaar peep aarmal say shaadi kii aur beunce airz chalee gayein jehaan wah 1957 mein aabaad hoyein. wahaan say inhon nay chalee arogoye bolivia peero brazeel aur mexico kaa safar kiyaa redio kay saath saath stage parr bhee perform kiyaa. 1969 mein wah america mein apnay khaandaan mein shaamil how gayein. wah 1981 mein neo jarsi mein inteqal kirr gayein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16705894

Dental anesthesiology

Dental anesthesiology Branch of dentistry Dental anesthesiology is the specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental procedures. In the United States, a dentist anesthesiologist is a dentist who has successfully completed an accredited postdoctoral anesthesiology residency program of three or more years duration, in accordance with the Commission on Dental Accreditation's standards or meets the eligibility requirements for examination by the American Dental Board of Anesthesiology. United States and Canada. Dental Anesthesiology is a recognized specialty of dentistry in both the United States and Canada. The American Dental Board of Anesthesiology (ADBA) examines and certifies dentists who complete an accredited program of anesthesiology training in the United States or Canada. Dentists may then apply for board certification through the ADBA which requires ongoing and continual post-graduate education for maintenance. The American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists is the only organization that represents dentists with three or more years of anesthesiology training. Dental Anesthesiology was the first specialty of dentistry to be recognized by both the American Board of Dental Specialties and the National Commission on Recognition of Dental Specialties and Certifying Boards. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

donto anesthesiyo "lojee aamerika juktorastrot, donto anesthesiyo "lojee hoise dontosikitxar bixexotwo ji donto prokriyar xubidhar baabe xadharon anaesthesia, nirax aaru bix byowosthaponar unnot byoboharor xoite kaam kore. donto sikitsok anesthesiyo "logist hoise ejon donto sikitsok jiye donto anesthesiyo" loji residency karzoxusir baabe donto swikritir mandondor xoite komisonor xoite xongoti raakhi tini baa totudhik bosoror swikritiprapto posted "cortel anesthesiyo" loji residency karzoxusi xofolotare xompurno korise, aaru/baa aamerikan dentel bob "rd owo anesthesiyo" lojir dwara porikhyar baabe jugyotar proyujoniyota puron kore. aamerika aaru kanada. dentel anesthesiyo "lojee hoise aamerika juktorastro aaru kanada duyutate dontosikitxar ek swikrito bixexotwo. aamerikan dentel bob "rd owo anesthesiyo" lojiye aamerika juktorastro baa kanadat anesthesiyo "lojee proxikhyonor swikritiprapto karzoxusi xompurno koraa donto sikitsokxokolok porikhya aaru promanpotro diye. taar pisot dontosikitxokxokole edbar joriyote bob "rd promanpotror baabe aabedon koribo paare jaar baabe rokhyonabexonor baabe soli thoka aaru obirot snatokuttor xikhyar proyujon hoy. aamerikan cho 'saiti owo dentist anesthesiyo "logist hoise ekmatro xongstha jiye tini baa totudhik bosoror anesthesiyo" loji proxikhyonor xoite donto sikitsokxokolok protinidhitwo kore. dentel anesthesiyo "lojee aasil dentstirir prothom bixexotwo jaak aamerikan bob" rd owo dentel specialitis duyutai swikriti disil. HTTP:// dentals specialties.donto bixexotwo aaru promanpotro porixodor swikritir uporot xongothon aaru rastriyo aayug.

dental anaesthesiology markin juktorashtre, dental anaesthesiology holl dentistry biseshotto jaa dental poddhotir subidharthe sadharan anaesthesia, sedeshana ebong byatha byabosthaponar unnoto byaboharer saathe somporkito. ekjon dentist anaesthesiologist hollen ekjon dentist jini dental anaesthesiology residency programer jonno dental accreditation standarder saathe kamishaner saathe sommotite tinn baa totodhik bochorer swikrito postdoctoral anaesthesiology residency programa safalbhabe somponno korechen ebong/athoba american dental board off anaesthesiology dwara porikkhar jonno jogyatar prayojaniyata puron korechen. markin juktorashtro ebong kanada. dental anaesthesiology markin juktorashtro ebong kanada ubhoy deshei dantachikitsar ekti swikrito biseshotto. american dental board off anaesthesiology porikkha korey ebong pratyayita korey jaaraa markin juktorashtro baa kanada anaesthesiology proshikkhoner ekti swikrito programa sampurna korey. erpor dantachikitsakra adber madhyome board shangsapatrer jonno abedon korte paren jaar rokkhonabekkhoner jonno chalman ebong kromagoto snatakottar shikkhar prayojan hoy. american society off dentist anaesthesiologist holl ekmatro sangostha jaa tinn baa totodhik bochorer anaesthesiology proshikkhoner saathe dontochikitsokder protinidhitto korey. dental anaesthesiology chhilo dentistry prothom biseshotto jaa american board off dental specialities ubhoy dwara swikrito hoyechilo. HTTP:// dental specialities.dental specialty ebong pratyaya boardgulir swikriti somporkito sangostha ebong jatiya kamishana.

dant anaesthesiology united statesma, dental anaesthesiology aee dant chikitsani visheshta chhe jeey dant prakriyaone saral banaavvaa maate saamanya anaesthesia, sedation aneey pidaa vyavsthaapannaa adhyatan upyog saathe kaama karey chhe. dant chikitsak anaesthesiologist aee dant chikitsak chhe jene dant anaesthesiology residency kaarykramo maate dant maanyata pramaanpatranaa dhorano parr commission saathe trana keey tethee vadhu varshnaa samaygaalaano maanyata praapt postdoctoral anaesthesiology residency prograam safaltapurvak purn karyo chhe, aneey/athavaa american dental booard off anaesthesiology dwara pariksha maateni paatrata jaruriyaatone purn karey chhe. united states aneey keneda. dental anaesthesiology aee united states aneey keneda bannemaa dant chikitsani maanyata praapt visheshta chhe. american dental booard off anaesthesiology united states athavaa kenedama anaesthesiology taalimno maanyata praapt kaarykram purn karnara dantchikitsakoni tapaas karey chhe aneey pramanit karey chhe. dantchikitsako pachhi edba dwara booard pramanpatra maate arji curry shake chhe, jemaa jaalvani maate chaalu aneey satat anusnatak shikshanni jaroor padey chhe. american sosayati off dentist anaesthesiologists ekmatra aevee sanstha chhe jeey trana keey tethee vadhu varshnee anaesthesiology taaleem saathe dantchikitsakonu pratinidhitva karey chhe. dental anaesthesiology aee dant chikitsani pratham visheshta hatee jene american booard off dental specialities dwara maanyata aapvama aavee hatee. HTTP:// dant visheshtao.dant visheshtao aneey pramanit boardnee maanyata parr sangathan aneey raashtriy aayog.

dunt anaesthesiology sanyukt raajya america mein, dunt anaesthesiology dunt chikitsa kii visheshta haye joe dunt prakriyaon koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye samanya anaesthesia, shaamak aur dard prabandhan key unnat upayog seey sambandhit haye. ack dunt chikitsak anaesthesiologist ack dunt chikitsak hotaa haye jisane dunt anaesthesiology nivaas karyakramon key liye dunt maanyata key manakon parr commission key anusaar teen yaa adhik varshon kii avadhi kaa ack maanyata praapt postdoctoral anaesthesiology nivaas karyakram safaltapurvak puuraa kiya haye, aur/yaa americi dunt board off anaesthesiology dwara pariksha key liye paatrata aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kartaa haye. sanyukt raajya america aur kanada. dunt anaesthesiology sanyukt raajya america aur kanada donon mein dunt chikitsa kii ack maanyata praapt visheshta haye. american dental board off anaesthesiology una dunt chikitsakon kii jaanch aur pramanan kartaa haye joe sanyukt raajya yaa kanada mein anaesthesiology prashikshan key ack maanyata praapt karyakram koo puuraa karate hain. dunt chikitsak taba edba key madhyam seey board pramanan key liye aavedan curr sakate hain jisake rakharkhaav key liye nirantar aur nirantar snatkottar shiksha kii aavashyakta hoti haye. dha american society off dentist anaesthesiologist ekmatra aisaa sangathan haye joe teen yaa adhik varshon key anaesthesiology prashikshan key saath dunt chikitsakon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. dunt chikitsa anaesthesiology dunt chikitsa kii pahali visheshta thee jise donon americi dunt chikitsa visheshagya mandal dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. HTTP:// dunt chikitsa visheshagyataaen.dunt visheshtaon aur pramanan boardon kii maanyata parr sangathan aur rashtriya aayog.

danta arivalike united statesnalli, danta arivalike shaastravu danta chikitseya visheshateyaagiddu, idu danta vidhaanagalannu sugamagolisalu saamaanya arivalike, nidrajanaka mattu novu nirvahaneya sudhaarita balakeyondige vyavaharisuttade. dantavaidya arivalike tagna endare danta arivalike residency karyakramagaligagi danta maanyateya manadandagala aayogada prakara mooru athawa hecchina varshagala avadhiya maanyate padeda post doctoral arivalike residency kaaryakramavannu yashasviyagi poornagolisida dantavaidyaru, mattu/athawa arivalike shaastrada american danta mandaliya pariksheya arhata avashyakategalannu puraisuttaare. united states mattu kenada. danta arivalike shaastravu united states mattu kenada eradaralloo dantavaidyashaastrada maanyate padeda visheshateyagide. american dental board off anaesthesiology united states athawa kenadaadalli arivalike tarabetiya maanyate padeda kaaryakramavannu poornagolisida dantavaidyarannu parikshisuttade mattu pramanikarisuttade. dantavaidyaru nantara adba moolaka mandaliya pramanikaranakkagi arji sallisabahudu, idu nirvahanegaagi nadeyuttiruva mattu nirantara snatakottara shikshanada agatyaviruttade. american society off dentist anaesthesiologists mooru athawa adakkinta hecchu varshagala arivalike tarabetiyannu hondiruva dantavaidyarannu pratinidhisuva ekaika samstheyaagide. danta arivalike shaastravu dantavaidyashaastrada modala visheshateyaagiddu, idannu american board off dental specialitigalu gurutisive. HTTP:// dantavaidyakiya visheshategalu.danta visheshategala mattu pramanikarana mandaligala maanyategaagi rashtriya aayoga mattu sangha.

dant bhool-chikitsa united statesmadhye, dantvaidhyashastra heey dantchikitseche vaishishtya aahe jeey dantchikitse sulabh karnyasathi samanya bhool, shamak aanee vedna vyavasthapanachya pragat vaparashi sambandhit aahe. dantvaidhya anaesthesiologist haah eka dantvaidhya aahe jyane dantvaidhyakiy anaesthesiology nivasi karyakramansathi dantvaidhyakiy manyataprapt mankannusar teen kinwa adhik varshanchya kalavadhicha manyataprapt postdoctoral anaesthesiology nivasi karyakram yashasviritya purn keela aahe aanee/kinwa american dantvaidhyakiy anaesthesiology mandaladvare tapasanisathi patratechya aavashyakta purn kelya aahet. america aanee canada. dant nishchetanashastra heey united states aanee canada yaa donhi deshanmadhye dantchikitseche eka manyataprapt vaishishtya aahe. american dental board auph anaesthesiology, united states kinwa canadamadhye anaesthesiology prashikshanacha manyataprapt karyakram purn karananya dantvaidhyanchi tapasani aanee pramanit karate. tyanantar dantvaidhya aii. dii. bii. aii. chya madhyamatoon mandalachya pramanpatrasathi arj karoo shakatat, jyasathi dekhbhalisathi satat aanee satat padvyuttar shikshan aavashyak aahe. american society auph denthesist anaesthesiologist hii ekmev sanstha aahe jee teen kinwa adhik varshanchya anaesthesiology prashikshanasah dantvaidhyanche pratinidhitva karate. dantvaidhyashastra heey dantvaidhyakshastrache pahile vaishishtya hote jyala american dantvaidhyak visheshatva mandalane manyata dilee hotee. dantvaidhyakiy vaishishtye.dantvaidhyakiy visheshatanchya aanee pramanit mandalanchya manyatevaril rashtriy aayog.

danta anaesthesiology sanyukta rajya americama, danta anaesthesiology danta chikitsako visheshta how jasle danta prakriyaharu sahaj banauna samanya anaesthesia, sedation rar dukhai wyawasthapanko unnat prayogsanga sambandhit chha. danta chikitsak anaesthesiologist ek danta chikitsak how jasle danta anaesthesiology residency karyakramharuka lagi danta manyata pramanikaranko mapdandharu, rar/wa american dentle board aff anaesthesiologydwara parikshanka lagi yogyata awashyaktaharu pura garne ayogsanga sahamat bhaera tean wa badhi warshako awadhiko manyata prapta postductoral anaesthesiology residency karyakram safalatapurwak pura gareko chha. sanyukta rajya america rar canada. danta anaesthesiology sanyukta rajya america rar canada duwaima danta chikitsako manyata prapta visheshta how. american dentle board aff anaesthesiologylay sanyukta rajya america wa canadama anaesthesiology prashikshanko manyata prapta karyakram pura garne danta chikitsakharuko jaanch rar pramanit gardacha. tyasapachhi danta chikitsakharule edabie marfat board pramanikaranka lagi avedan dina sakchhan jaslai marmatka lagi nirantar rar nirantar snatakottar shiksha awashyak pardachha. american society aff dentist anaesthesiologist ek matra sanstha how jasle tean wa badhi warshako anaesthesiology prashikshanka sath danta chikitsakharuko pratinidhitwa gardacha. danta anaesthesiology danta chikitsako pahilo visheshta thiyo jaslai duwai american board aff dentle specialityle manyata dieko thiyo. HTTP:// danta wisheshtaharu.danta wisheshtaharu rar pramanikaran boardharuko manyata sambandhi rashtriya ayog.

danta nischetaka bigyana juktarastrare, danta nischetaka bigyana heuchhi danta chikitsara eka biseshatwa jaahaa danta prakrijaku sugama kariba paain sadharana nischetaka, shamaka ebong jantrana parichalanara unnat byabahara sahita jadita . jane danta chikitsaka nischetaka heuchhanti jane danta chikitsaka jie danta nischetaka residency karjyakram paain danta manyata manaka upare commission anujai tini kimba adhika barshar abadhi paain eka manyataprapta postdoctoral nischetaka residency karjyakram saphalatara saha samapta karichanti, ebong/kimba americae danta chikitsaka board off nischetaka bigyana dwara parikhya paain jogyata abashyakata purana karanti . america ebong kanada. dental anaesthesiology heuchhi ubhaja america ebong kanadare danta chikitsara eka sweekrutiprapta biseshatwa . americae dental board off anaesthesiology parikhya kare ebong pramanita kare jeunmane juktarastra america kimba kanadare anaesthesiology prashikhyanara eka manyataprapta karjyakram samapta karanti . ehapare danta chikitsakamane aii. dii. bii. aii. jariaare board certification paain abedan kariparibe, jahara rakhyanabekhyana paain nirantara ebong nirantara snatakottara sikhya aabasyaka. daanta chikitsaka nishchetakamananka americae samaj heuchhi ekamatra sanstha jaahaa tini kimba adhika barshar nischetaka bigyana talim sahita daanta chikitsakamananku pratinidhitwa kare . dental anaesthesiology heuchhi dentistrira pratham biseshatwa jaahaa ubhaja americae board off dental specialty dwara sweekrutiprapta . HTTP:// danta bisheshagya.daanta biseshatwa ebong sartiphajing boardgudikar swekruti upare aarr. jii. ebong jatiah aajoga.

dandan dee anaesthesiology sanyukat raaj witch, dandan dee anaesthesiology dandan dee dawai dee visheshta haii joe dandan deeaan prakiriaavan noon suvidhajanak banaun laee general anasthesia, sedation atey darad parbandhan dee unnat varton naal sambandhit haii. dandan dey doctor anasthesiologist ikk dandan daa doctor hunda haii jiss neey dandan dey anaesthesiology residency programan laee dandan dee maanta dey miaaran dey commission dey anusar, tinn jaan vaddh saalan dee miaad daa ikk maanta prapat post-doctoral anaesthesiology residency program safaltapurvak poora keeta haii, atey/jaan amriki dandan dey board aaf anaesthesiology duaara jaanch laee yogta deeaan zaruratan noon poora karda haii. sanyukat raaj amrica atey canada. dandan dee anaesthesiology sanyukat raaj atey canada dovan witch dandan dee dawai dee ikk maanta prapat visheshta haii. american dentle board aaf anaesthesiology uhanan dandan dey doctor dee jaanch atey pramanit karda haii joe sanyukat raaj jaan canada witch anaesthesiology sikhlai dey maanta prapat program noon poora karde hunn. firr dandan dey doctor adba raahin board pramanikaran laee arzi dey sakde hunn jiss laee rakkh-rakhaa laee chall rahee atey nirantar post-graduate sikkhiaa dee zaroorat hundi haii. dandan dey doctor anasthesiologistan dee amriki suciety iklauti sanstha haii joe dandan dey doctor dee numaindagi kardi haii jiss noon tinn jaan vaddh saalan dee anaesthesiology dee sikhlai ditti jaandi haii. dandan dee anaesthesiology dandan dee pahili visheshta see jiss noon amriki board aaf dentle specialities duaara maanta ditti gaee see. dandan deeaan visheshtavan (HTTP:// Dentals Spacialities)dandan deeaan visheshtavan atey pramanit boardan dee maanta baare rashtari commission atey sangathan.

danta-sandnyaaharan-shaastram samyuktarajyamerikadesha danta-sandnyaaharan-shaastram dantachikitsaayaah visheshataa asti yat danta-prakriyaam sugamm kartum samanya-sandnyaaharanasy, nidraajanak-chikitsayaha, vedana-vyavasthaapanasya cha unnata-upayogena saha vyavaharati. dantachikitsak-anaesthesiologist iti ekaha dantachikitsakah asti yah danta-enesthisiyolaaji-niwaas-karyakramanam krute danta-manyata-maanakebhyah ayogasya anusaaram, trivarshaat adhikakaalaparyantam manyatapraptam postdoctoral-enesthisiyolaaji-niwaas-karyakramam safalatayaa samaapayat, tathaa/athavaa american-dental-board-aaf-enesthisiyolaaji-dwara pareekshayaha krute arhataa-aavashyakataam poorayati. samyuktarajyamerika, kenada cha. danta-sandnyaaharan-shaastram samyuktarajyamerika-kenada-deshayoho dantachikitsaayaah manyataprapta-visheshataa asti. american dental board aaf anaesthesiology ityeshaa samyuktarajyamerika-deshe athavaa kenada-deshe anaesthesiology-prashikshanasy manyatapraptam kaaryam poorayan dantachikitsakan pareekshayati pramaanayati cha. tatah dantavaidyah e. dee. bee. e. dwara board-pramananartham aavedanam kartum shaknuvanti, yasya nirvaahaartham nirantaram cha snaatakottar-shikshayaha aavashyakataa bhavati. american-society aaf dentist-anaesthesiologist iti ekamaatram samsthaa asti yaa dantachikitsakanam pratinidhitvam karoti yatra varshatrayam vaa adhikakalam anaesthesiology-prashikshanm bhavati. danta-sandnyaaharan-shaastram dantachikitsaayaah prathamam vishesham aasit yat american board aaf dental specialities ityanena manyata praaptam. HTTP:// dantavisheshataa.aar. jii. tathaa dantavisheshataa-pramanan-mandalanam cha manyata-vishaye rashtriya-ayogah.

bull mayakkaviyal americavil, bull mayakkaviyal enbathu bull maruththuvaththin sirappu aagum, idhu bull nadaimuraigalai elithaakka podhu mayakka marunthu, mayakkam mattrum valii maelaanmaiyin maempatta payanpaattaik kaiyaalgiradhu. bull maruthuvar mayakkaviyal nipunar enbathu oru bull maruthuvar aavaar, avar moontru allathu adharku maerpatta aandugal kaalaththirku angkeekaaram pettra mudugalai mayakkaviyal vathividath thittatthai vetrtrikaramaaka muditthullaar, bull mayakkaviyal vathividath thittangalukkaana bull angkeekaaraththin tharanilaikal kuriththa aanaiyaththin puddy, mattrum/allathu america bull vaariyam moolam parisoathanaikkaana thaguthith thevaikalaip poorthi seikiraar mayakkaviyal. america mattrum kanada. bull mayakkaviyal enbathu america mattrum kanada aagiya iru naadugalilum angkeekarikkappatta bull maruththuvaththin sirappu aagum. america bull vaariyam mayakkaviyal america allathu kanadaavil mayakkaviyal payirchiyin angkeekaaram pettra thittatthai niraivu seiyum bull maruththuvargalai parisoathiththu saantralikkirathu. bull maruththuvargal pinnar nirvaagaththin moolam vaariya saantrithazhukku vinnapikkalaam, idharku paraamarippukkaaga thodarchchiyaana mattrum thodarchchiyaana mudugalai kalvi thaevaippadukirathu. american society off dentist anaesthesiologists enbathu moontru allathu adharku maerpatta aandugal mayakkaviyal payirchiyudan bull maruththuvargalaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththum oray amaippaagum. bull mayakkaviyal enbathu america bull nibunaththuva vaariyatthaal angkeekarikkappatta bull maruththuvaththin muthal sirappu aagum. HTTP:// bull sirappu.bull sirappu mattrum saantralikkum vaariyangkalin angkeekaaraththirkaana thaesiya aanaiyam.

dantaala anaestheology united stateslo, dantaala anaestheology anedi dantha chikitsa yokka pratyekata, idhi dantha vidhaanaalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki saadhaarana anaesthesia, mattumandu mariyu noppi nirvahana yokka adhunaatana upayogamtho vyavaharistundi. dantavaidyudu anaesthesiologist anedi dantavaidyudu, athanu dantha anaestheology residency prograamla kosam dantha gurtimpu pramaanaala commissionku anugunamgaa moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva samvatsaraala vyavadhi gala gurtimpu pondina post doctoral anaestheology residency prograamnu vijayavantamgaa puurti chesadu mariyu/ledhaa american dental board off anaestheology dwara pareeksha kosam arhata avasaralanu teerchagaladu. united states mariyu kenada. dental anaestheology anedi united states mariyu kenada rendintiloonuu dentistreeki gurtimpu pondina pratyekata. american dental board off anaestheology united states ledhaa kenadaalo anaestheology sikshana yokka gurtimpu pondina karyakramanni puurti chesina dantavaidyulanu pareekshinchi dhruveekaristundi. dantavaidyulu appudu adba dwara boardu dhruvikarana kosam darakhaastu chesukovacchu, dheeniki nirvahana kosam konasagutunna mariyu nirantara post-graduate vidya avasaram. american society off dentist anaestheologists anedi moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva samvatsaraala anaestheology shikshanhato dantavaidyulaku praatinidhyam vahinche ekaika samstha. dental anaestheology anedi american board off dental specialities rendintiche gurtinchabadina dentistry yokka modati pratyekata. HTTP:// dantaala pratyaekatalu.dantha pratyaekatalu mariyu dhruvikarana bordula gurtimpupai jaateeya commission.

daanaton kii anisthezology riyasathaye muthadah mein dental anisthesiology daanaton kii tabb kii khaasiyat hay juu daanaton kay tariqah kaar kuu aasaan bananay kay liye general anisthezia sedition aur dard kay intezam kay jadeed istemaal say mutaliq hay. daanaton kay doctor anisthezologist eek daanaton kaa doctor hotaa hay jiss nay daanaton kay anisthezology rehaishi programon kay liye daanaton kii manzori kay mayaraat kay commission kay mutabiq teen yaa iss say ziyadah saal kii madat kaa eek tasleem shadah post doctorate anisthezology rehaishi prograam kamiyabi kay saath makmal kiyaa hay aur/yaa american dental board aaf anisthezology kay zariah imtehan kay liye ahlit kii zaruriyat kuu poraa kartaa hay. riyasathaye muthadah aur canada. dental anisthesiology riyasathaye muthadah aur canada donon mein daanaton kii mualijah kii eek tasleem shadah khususiyat hay. american dental board aaf anisthesiology inn daanaton kay doctoron kaa muainah aur tasdiq kartaa hay juu riyasathaye muthadah yaa canada mein anisthesiology kii tarbiyat kaa eek tasleem shadah prograam makmal kartay haine. iss kay baad daanaton kay doctor adba kay zariye board certification kay liye darkhwast day saktay haine jiss kii deekh bhaal kay liye jaari aur muslisil post graduate taleem kii zarurat hoti hay. american society aaf dentist anisthesiologist waahid tanzim hay juu teen yaa iss say ziyadah saal kii anisthesiology kii tarbiyat kay saath daanaton kay doctoron kii numaindagi karti hay. dental anisthesiology daanaton kii pehli khaasiyat thee jasay american board aaf dental specialities nay tasleem kiyaa thaa. HTTP:// dental specialities.aar jee aur daanaton kii khususiyat aur tasdiq bordon kay aiteraf parr qomi commission.

000849e5fed547c08fc90420bdf69d4e0581611ac6e74343c7f1d4b37ed34084

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42091504

Mahimaganj Union

Mahimaganj Union Mahimaganj () is a union parishad under Gobindaganj Upazila, Gaibandha District, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. It is located east of Gobindaganj. There is a sugar mill named Rangpur Sugar Mills Limited. There is a railway station. There are many primary schools, high schools, madrashas and colleges in Mahimaganj. Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasha is one of the largest madrasha institution in North Bengal which is situated in Mahimaganj. Geography. Mahimaganj Union has a total area of . The Bangali River is the union's approximate eastern boundary (across which lies Saghata Upazila). Demographics. According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Mahimaganj Union had 9,252 households and a population of 36,791. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 44.4%, compared to the national average of 51.8%. Organization. Sugar mills Prodhan Group. Rice mills Oil mills Sports organizations. Cultural Organizations: Administration. Mahimaganj Union is divided into 11 mauzas: Balua, Baman Hazra, Bochadaha, Jagadishpur, Jibanpur, Jirai, Khurda Gopalpur, Kumiradanga, Pantair, Panthamari, and Sreepatipur. Transport. The Mahimaganj Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. Education. M A Motalib technical & BM College, Mahimaganj Degree College, founded in 1972 and Mahimaganj Women's College, founded in 1999 are the major college in the union. According to Banglapedia, Rangpur Sugar Mills KG High School, founded in 1962, is a notable secondary school. The madrasa education system includes one kamil madrasa, Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasa, founded in 1937. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mahimaganj union mahimaganj () hoise bangladexor gaibondho jilaar govindaganj mohkumar rongopur bibhagor odhinot thoka ekhon union porixod. ee govindogonjor pubo dixot owosthito. rongopur cheni mils limited naamor etaa cheni koll aase. iyat etaa rey "lo steson aase. mahimagonjot bohutu prathomik bidyaloy, uscho bidyaloy, madrasa aaru mohabidyaloy aase. mahimaganj alia kaamil madrasa hoise uttor bongor onyotomo brihot madraxa protisthan ji mahimagonjot owosthito. bhugul. mahimaganj unionor muth eleka hoise. bangali nodee hoise xonghor anumanik pubo xeema (jaar uporot xagata mohkuma owosthito). jonogathoni. 2011 sonor bangladexor lukpiyol onuxori, mahimaganj xonghot 9,252taa poriyal aaru jonoxongkhya 36,791 john aasil. xakhyorotar haar (7 bosor aaru taar odhik boyoxor) aasil 44.4%, rastriyo gorh 51.8% ror tulnat. xongothon. cheni kolxomuh prodhan gutt. dhaan kolxomuh tel kolxomuh krira xongothonxomuh. xangoskritik xongothonxomuhoh proxaxon. mahimaganj xonghok 11taa moujat bibhokto koraa hoiseh baluwa, baamon hajora, busadaha, jogodixpur, jibonpur, jirai, khurda gopalpur, kumiradonga, pantamori, pantamori aaru sripotipur. poribohon. mahimaganj rey "lowe steson hoise rajyo sorkari bangladex rey" lower dwara porisalito rastriyo pothot rey "lo prodan koraa mukhyo rey" lowe steson. xikhya. 1972 sonot protistha huwa mahimaganj degree kolej, aaru 1999 sonot protistha huwa mahimaganj mohila mohabidyaloy hoise ei xonghor prodhan mohabidyaloy. banglapidiyar mote, 1962 sonot protistha huwa rangpur cheni kolor keji haiskul ekhon ullekhjugyo madhyomik bidyaloy. madras xikhya byowosthat 1937 sonot protistha huwa mahimaganj alia kaamil madras naamor ekhon kaamil madras aase.

mahimaganj union mahimganj () bangladesher gaibandha jelara govindaganj jelara ontorgoto ekti union porishod. etty govindaganj shohorer purbe abosthito. rangpur sugar mills limited naame ekti chinny qala royeche. ekti rail steshana royeche. mahimaganje onek prathomik vidyalaya, uchcho vidyalaya, madrasa ebong college royeche. mahimaganj alia kamil madrasa uttorbonger brihottomo madrasa protisthangulir modhye ekti jaa mahimaganje abosthito. bhugol. mahimaganj unioner moat ayton holl bangali nodee holl unioner anumanik purbo seemana (jaar upor diye saghata mahkuma abosthito). jonosongkha. 2011 saaler bangladesher jonogonona anujayi, mahimganj unione 9,252tii poribar ebong jonosongkha 36,791 john. sakkhorotar haar (7 bochor oo taar beshi vayasi) chhilo 44.4%, jaa jatiya garh 51.8%-err tulna. sangathan. chinny qala utpadon group. dhaan qala teela qala krida sangathan. sangoskritik sangathanah proshashon. mahimaganj union 11tii mouja bivoktoh balua, bamon hajra, bochadaha, jagadishpur, jeebonpur, jirai, khurda gopalpur, kumiradanga, pantire, panthamari ebong sripatipur. poribohon. rajyo porichalito bangladesh railpoth dwara porichalito jatiya rutey train sorborahokari prodhan rail steshana holl mahimganj rail steshana. shikkha. 1972 saale protisthito ekti motalib technical anned bii. emm college, mahimaganj degree college ebong 1999 saale protisthito mahimaganj mohila college holl unioner prodhan college. banglapidiar motey, 1962 saale protisthito rangpur chinny qala keji uchcho vidyalaya ekti ullekhjoggo madhyomik vidyalaya. 1937 saale protisthito ekti kamil madrasa, mahimaganj alia kamil madrasar antarbhukta royeche madrasar shikkha byabasthai.

mahimaganj union mahimaganj () aee bangladeshna rangpur vibhagma gaibandha jeellana gobindganj taluka hethalnu aek sangh parishad chhe. teey gobindganjni purvamaa stheet chhe. tyaan rangpur sugar mills limited naamnee aek khaand mill chhe. tyaan aek railway station chhe. mahimaganjma ghanee praathmeek shaalao, uchch shaalao, madareshao aneey collego chhe. mahimaganj aaliya kaamil madarsa uttar bangaalni sauthee motee madaresa sansthaomani aek chhe jeey mahimaganjma stheet chhe. bhugol. mahimaganj sanghano coole vistaar chhe. bangaali nadee aee sanghnee andaje purv sarhad chhe (jenee paar sagata taluka aavelu chhe). vastee vishhayak. 2011nee bangladeshni vastee ganatari anusaar, mahimaganj sanghamaa 9,252 parivaaro aneey 36,791nee vastee hatee. saksharta darr (7 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarno) 44.4% hato, jyaare raashtriy sarerash 51.8% hatee. sanstha. khaandnee meelo utpaadan jooth. chokhaani meelo teela meelo ramatgamat sansthao. saanskrutik sansthaoh vaheevat. mahimaganj sangh 11 mauzaoma vahenchaayelo chheh balua, baaman hazra, bochdaha, jagdishpur, jivanpur, jirai, khoord gopalpur, kumiradanga, panter, panthmari aneey sripatipur. parivahan. mahimaganj railway station aee mukhya railway station chhe jeey raajy sanchaalit bangladesh railway dwara sanchaalit raashtriy margo parr traino puurii paade chhe. shikshan. aema. aee. motellib technical anned bm college, 1972maan sthapaayeli mahimaganj degree college aneey 1999maan sthapaayeli mahimaganj maheela college aaa sanghnee mukhya college chhe. banglapedia anusaar, 1962maan sthapaayeli rangpur sugar mills kejee haai school aek nondhpaatra maadhyameek shaala chhe. madaresa shikshan vyavsthaamaa 1937maan sthapaayel aek kaamil madaresa, mahimaganj aaliya kaamil madaresaano samaavesh thaay chhe.

mahimaganj union mahimaganj () bangladesh key gabinda zile key rangpur mandal key gobindganj upa-mandal key antargat ack sangh parishad haye. yeh gobindganj key poorv mein sthit haye. rangpur cheeni mill limitted naamak ack cheeni mill haye. ack railway station haye. mahimganj mein kaee praathamik vidyalaya, uchch vidyalaya, madarse aur college hain. mahimaganj aliya kamil madarsa uttar bangal kii sabse badee madarsa sansthaon mein seey ack haye joe mahimaganj mein sthit haye. bhugol. mahimaganj sangh kaa kull kshetrafal haye. bangali nadee sangh kii anumaanit purvi seema haye (jisake paar saghata taluka sthit haye). jansankhyiki. 2011 kii bangladesh janganana key anusaar, mahimaganj sangh mein 9,252 ghar they aur 36,791 kii aabaadi thee. saksharta darr (ayu 7 aur usase adhik) 44.4% thee, jabaki rashtriya ausat 51.8% thaa. sangathan. cheeni mill utpaadan samooh. chawal mill tail mill khel sangathan. saanskritik sangathanah prashaasan. mahimaganj sangh koo 11 maujon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih balua, baaman hajra, bochadaaha, jagdishpur, jibanpur, jirai, khurd gopalpur, kumiradanga, pantair, panthamari aur sripatipur. parivahan. mahimaganj railway station raajya dwara sanchaalit bangladesh railway dwara sanchaalit rashtriya maargon parr trains pradaan karane vaalaa mukhya railway station haye. shiksha. aim. aeye. motellib takniki aur bee. aim. college, 1972 mein sthaapit mahimaganj degree college aur 1999 mein sthaapit mahimaganj mahila college sangh key pramukh college hain. banglapedia key anusaar, 1962 mein sthaapit rangpur cheeni mill kilogram uchch vidyalaya ack ullekhaniya maadhyamik vidyalaya haye. madarsa shiksha pranali mein ack kamil madarsa, mahamaganj aliya kamil madarsa shamil haye, jisaki sthaapana 1937 mein hui thee.

mahimganj okkoota mahimganj () baanglaadeshada rangpur vibhagada gaibandha jilleya gobindganj upakhandada adiyalliruva ondu okkoota parishattu. idu gobindganj naa poorvadallide. rangpur sakkare karkhane limited emba hesarina sakkare giraniyu ide. ondu railu nildaanavide. mahimaganjnalli aneka praathamika shalegalu, proudhashaalegalu, madarasaagalu mattu kaalejugalive. mahimganj alia kaamil madarasa uttara bangaalada atidodda madarasa samsthegalalli ondaagide, idu mahimaganjnallide. bhougolika. mahimganj okkootavu ottu vistirnavannu hondide. bangali nadiyu okkootada andaju purva gadiyagide (idara addalaagi sagata taallooku ide). janasankhyaashaastra. 2011rahra baanglaadeshada janaganatiya prakara, mahimganj okkootavu 9,252 kutumbagalannu mattu 36,791 janasankhyeyannu hondittu. saaksharateya pramanavu (7 varsha mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina) rashtriya sarasari <aii. dii. 1> ge holisidare <aii. dii. 2> aagittu. samsthe. sakkare kaarkhaanegalu utpaadaka gumpu. akki giranigalu taila giranigalu creeda samsthegalu. saamskrutika samsthegaluh aadalita. mahimganj okkootavannu 11 moujaagalaagi vingadisalaagideh baluwa, baman hazra, bochadaha, jagadishpur, jibanpur, jiray, khurda gopalpur, kumiradanga, pantire, pantamari mattu sripatipur. saarige. mahimganj railu nildaanavu sarkari svaamyada bangladesh railveyinda nirvahisalpaduva rashtriya maargagalalli railugalannu odagisuva pramukha railu nildaanavaagide. sikshana. emm. aa. motalib technical & bii. emm. kaaleju, 1972ralli sthaapaneyaada mahimaganj padavi kaaleju mattu 1999ralli sthaapaneyaada mahimaganj mahila kaalejugalu okkootada pramukha kaalejugalaagive. banglapediyada prakara, 1962ralli sthaapaneyaada rangpur sakkare kaarkhaanegala keey. zii. proudhashaaleyu ondu gamanarha madhyamika shaaleyaagide. madarasa sikshana vyavastheyu 1937ralli sthaapaneyaada ondu kaamil madarasa, mahamganj alia kaamil madarasavannu olagondide.

mahimaganj union mahimaganj () heey bangladeshchya raibandha jilhyatil govindganj upajilha, rangpur vibhagantargat asalele eka sangh parishad aahe. heey gobindganjchya purvela aahe. rangpur sakhar karkhane limited navache eka sakhar karkhane aahe. eka railway sthanak aahe. mahimganjmadhye anek prathamik shaala, madhyamik shaala, madarse aanee mahavidhyalaye aahet. mahimganj alia kamil madarsa hii uttar bangalmadhil sarvat mothya madarsha sansthanpaiki eka aahe jee mahimganjmadhye aahe. bhoogol. mahimaganj sangharajyache ekoon kshetrafal aahe. bangali nadee hii sangharajyachi andaje purvekadil seema aahe (jyachya palikade sagata taluka aahe). loksankhyashastra. 2011 chya bangladeshchya jangananenusar, mahimaganj sangharajyat 9,252 ghare aanee 36,791 loksankhya hotee. saksharta darr (vay 7 aanee tyahoon adhik) 44.4% hota, tarr rashtriy sarasari 51.8% hotee. sanghatana. sakhar karkhane utpadan gut. tandalachya giranya teel karkhane creeda sanghatana. sanskrutik sanghatanah prashasana. mahimaganj sangh 11 mauzanmadhye vibhagalela aaheh balua, baman hajra, bochadaha, jagdishpur, jivanpur, jirai, khurd gopalpur, kumiradanga, pantire, panthamari aanee sripatipur. vahtook. mahimaganj railway sthanak heey rajya sanchalit bangladesh relvedvare chalavalya chalavalya rashtriy marganvar gadya puravnare mukhya railway sthanak aahe. shikshan. emm. aii. motalib technical andd bm college, 1972 madhye sthapan jhalele mahimaganj padvi mahavidhyalay aanee 1999 madhye sthapan jhalele mahimaganj mahila mahavidhyalay heey sanghatil pramukh mahavidhyalay aahet. banglapediyachya matey, 1962 madhye sthapan jhaleli rangpur sakhar karkhanyanchi kilo hyschool hii eka ullekhaneey madhyamik shaala aahe. madarsa shikshan vyavasthemadhye 1937 madhye sthapan jhalelya mahamaganj alia kamil madarsa yaa kamil madarshacha samavesh aahe.

mahimaganj union mahimaganj () bangaladeshko gaibandha jillako gobindaganj upajillama raheko rangapur dibhijanantargatko euta sangha parishad how. yo gobindaganjko purvama awasthit chha. tyahan rangapur chiny mill limited namak chiny mill chha. tyahan euta railway station chha. mahimaganjma dherai prathamik vidyalaya, uccha vidyalaya, madarasa rar collegeharu chhan. mahimaganj alia kamil madarasa uttari bengalko sabaibhanda thulo madarasa sanstha how june mahimaganjma awasthit chha. bhugol. mahimaganj unionko kull kshetrafal chha. bengali nadi sanghako anumanit purvi sima how (jasko chheuma sagata taluka chha). janasankhyiki. sann 2011 ko bangaladesh janaganaanusar, mahimaganj sanghama 9,252 gharpariwar rar 36,791 janasankhya thiyo. saksharta darr (umera 7 rar mathiko) 44.4% thiyo, rashtriya ausat 51.8% ko tulanama. sangathan. chiny milharu utpadan samuha. dhaan milharu tel milharu khelkud sangathanharu. sanskritik sangathanharuh prashasana. mahimaganj union 11 wata maujama vibhajit chhah balua, baman hazra, bochadaha, jagadishpur, jibanpur, jirai, khurda gopalpur, kumirdanga, pantera, pantamari rar sripatipur. yatayat. rajyadwara sanchalit bangaladesh railwaydwara sanchalit rashtriya margharuma railharu pradan garne mukhya railway station mahimaganj railway station how. shiksha. motalib prawidhik rar biem college, 1972 maa sthapit mahimaganj degree college rar 1999 maa sthapit mahimaganj mahila college unionka pramukh collegeharu hun. bengalapediaka anusar sann 1962 maa sthapana bhaeko rangapur chiny mill keji hai schol euta ullekhaniya madhyamik vidyalaya how. madarasa shiksha pranalima euta kamil madarasa, mahamaganj alia kamil madarasa, sann 1937 maa sthapana bhaeko samawesh chha.

mahimaganj sangha mahimganj () heuchhi banladeshara gaibandha zillah, rangapura divijanara gobindaganj upajillara eka sangha parishad. ehaa gobindaganjara purba digare abasthita. rangapura chini karkhana limited naamare eka chini karkhana achhi. ethaare eka rela station rahichhi. mahimaganjare aneka prathamika bidyalaja, uccha bidyalaja, madrasa ebong college rahichhi. mahimaganj alia kamil madrasa heuchhi uttara bangara sarbabruhat madrasa anusthana madhyaru gotie jaahaa mahimaganj thaare abasthita. bhugol. mahimaganj sanghara mote khetraphala heuchhi bangali nadee heuchhi sanghara aanumanika purba seema (jahara parare sagata upajillara sthana rahichhi). janasankhyika. 2011 banladesh janganana anujai, mahimganj unionara 9,252tii paribara ebong janasankhya 36,791 thila. sakhyarata haara (7 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika) thila 44.4%, jetebele kii jatiah harahari 51.8% thila. sangathana. chini karkhana utpadana gosthi. chaula karkhana taila karkhana krida sangathana. sanskrutika sangathanah prashasana. mahimganj sangha 11tii moujare bibhaktah balua, bammon hazra, bochadaha, jagdishpur, jibanpur, jirai, khurda gopalpur, kumiradanga, panteyara, pantamari ebong sripatipur. paribahana. rajya-parichalita banladesh relpath dwara parichalita jatiah maargare train pradan karuthiba mukhya rela station heuchhi mahimaganj rela station. sikhya. motaliba baishajika ebong bii. emm. college, 1972 masihare pratisthita mahimaganj degree college ebong 1999 masihare pratisthita mahimaganj mahila college heuchhi sanghara pramukh college. bangalapedia anujai, 1962 masihare sthapita rangapura chini mill keji haiskul eka ullekhaneeah madhyamika bidyalaja. madrasa sikhya byabasthare 1937 masihare pratisthita eka kamil madrasa, mahimaganj alia kamil madrasa antarbhukta.

mehmaganj union mehmaganj () gobindganj upp-zilha, gaibandha zilha, rangpur division, bangladesh dey adheen ikk union parishad haii. ih gobindganj dey purab witch sathit haii. itthe rangpur khand mill limted naam dee ikk khand mill haii. itthe ikk railway station haii. mehmaganj witch bahut saare primary school, hyee school, madrasse atey kaalaj hunn. mehmaganj aaliaa kamil madrassa uttri bangal dee sabh toon vaddi madrassa sanstha haii joe mahinganj witch sathit haii. bhugol. mehmaganj union daa kull khetarfal haii. bangali nadee union dee lagbhag purbi sarhadd haii (jiss dey paar saghata upp-zilha haii). jansankhiaa. bangladesh dee 2011 dee mardamshumari dey anusar, mehmaganj union witch 9,252 gharr sunn atey aabadi 36,791 see. sakharta darr (7 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar) 44.4% see, jadon kii rashtari ausat 51.8% see. sangathan. khand millan prodhan group. chawal millan tail millan khed sangathan. sabheyacharak sangathanao parshasana. mehmaganj union noon 11 maujan witch vandiaa giaa haiyav balua, bummon hazra, bochdaha, jagdishpur, jiwanpur, jirai, khurda gopalpur, kumirdanga, pantair, panthamari atey sripatipur. aavajai. mehmaganj railway station mukkh railway station haii joe raaj duaara sanchalit bangladesh railway duaara sanchalit rashtari maargan 'teey rail gaddiaan pardan karda haii. sikkhiaa. sann 1972 witch sathapit ikk motalib takniki atey bee. aimm. kaalaj, mehmaganj digri kaalaj atey sann 1999 witch sathapit mehmaganj mahila kaalaj union dey pramukh kaalaj hunn. banglapedia dey anusar, 1962 witch sathapit rangpur khand mills kilogram hyee school ikk prasidh secondary school haii. madrassa sikkhiaa pranali witch ikk kamil madrassa, mehmaganj aaliaa kamil madrassa shamal haii, jiss dee sathapana 1937 witch keeti gaee see.

mahimaaganj-sanghah mahimaaganj () iti banglaadeshasya gaibandha-mandalasya gobindaganj-upamandalasya antargatam sanghaparisadah asti. ayam gobindaganjasya poorvadishi sthitah asti. rangapur-shakkar-girani-limited iti ekaha shakkar-girani asti. tatra ekam relasthanakam asti. mahimaaganj-nagare bahavah praathamik-vidyaalayaah, uccha-vidyaalayaah, madrasaha, mahaavidyaalayaah cha santi. mahimaganj-alia kaamil-madrasa uttarabangasy bruhattameshu madrasa-samsthaasu anyatama asti, yaa mahimaganj-nagare asti. bhoogolah. mahimaganj-sanghasya kulakshetram asti. bangali-nadee asya sanghasya purvasima asti (yasya upari sagataa-upa-mandalam vartate). janasaamkhyikee. 2011 tamavarshasya bangladesh-janaganananusaram, maheemaganj-sanghe 9,252 gruhaani, 36,791 janasankhyaa cha aasan. saksharata-daraha (7 varshaani tathaa tadadhikah) 44.4% aasit, rashtriya-madhyasya 51.8% ityasya apekshayaa. samsthaa. shakkar-milaha utpaadanasamooh. tandula-girani taila-girani creedaa-samsthah. saamskrutikasamsthah prashaasanam. mahimaganj-sanghah 11 maujaa-madhye vibhaktah asti-baluva, baaman-hajraa, bochadaha, jagdishpur, jibanpur, jiraay, khurda-gopalpur, kumiradangaa, paanter, pantamaari, shreepatipurah cha. parivahanam. mahimaaganj-relasthanakam rajya-sanchaalite bangladesh-relmargadvara sanchaaliteshu rashtriya-maargeshu rail-yaanaani pradadati mukhyam relasthanakam asti. shikshate. motalib-technical & bii. emm. mahaavidyaalayaha, 1972 tame varshe sthaapitah mahimaaganj-degree-mahaavidyaalayaha, 1999 tame varshe sthaapitah mahimaaganj-mahilaa-mahaavidyaalayaha cha asya sanghasya pramukhah mahaavidyaalayaah santi. bangla-pedia ityasya matena 1962 tame varshe sthaapitah rangapur-shakkar-mills-key. jii. ucchavidyaalayaha ekaha ullekhaneeyah maadhyamikavidyaalayah asti. madrasa-shiksha-vyavasthaayaam 1937 tame varshe sthaapitam ekam kaamil-madrasa, mahimaaganj-alia-kaamil-madrasa, antarbhavati.

magimaganjch union mahimaganjch () enbathu vangaalathaesaththin kaipanta maavattaththil ulla koopindaganjch thunaikkandaththin keezh ulla oru union parishat aagum. idhu koopindaganjukku kizhakkae amainthullathu. rangpur sarkkarai aalaikal limited endra peyaril oru sarkkarai aalai ullathu. oru rayil nilaiyam ullathu. magimaganjchil pala thodakkap palligal, uyarnilaip palligal, matharasaakkal mattrum kalloorigal ullana. magimaganjch alia kaamil madarasa enbathu vada vangaalaththin migapperiya madarasa niruvanangalil ontraakum, idhu magimaganjchil amainthullathu. puviyiyal. magimaganjch union moththa parappalavaik kondullathu. vangkaala nadhi enbathu ontriyaththin thoraayamaana kilakku ellaiyaagum (idhan kurukkae sagada taluka amainthullathu). makkalthogai. 2011 vangaalathaesa makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, magimaganjch ontriyaththil 9,252 kudumbangal mattrum 36,791 makkal thogai irunththathu. kalviyarivu vigitham (7 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpattavargal) thaesiya saraasariyaana 51.8% udan oppidumpoathu 44.4% aaga irunththathu. amaippu. sarkkarai aalaikal purathaan kuzhu. arisi aalaikal ennei aalaikal vilayaattu amaippugal. kalaachaara amaippukal nirvaagam. magimaganjch union 11 mavusaakkalaagap prikkappattullathu paluva, pamaan hasra, bosadaha, jagatheeshpur, jibanpur, jiroy, gurda gopalpur, kumiradanga, pander, bandamari mattrum sripathipur. poakkuvaraththu. arasu nadaththum vangaalathaesa rayilveyaal iyakkappadum thaesiya vazhiththadangkalil rayilgalai vazhangkum mukiya rayil nilaiyamaaga mahimaganjch rayil nilaiyam ullathu. kalvi. kalvi niruvapatta mahimaganjch pattappadippuk kalluri, kalluri niruvapatta mahimaganjch magalir kalluri aagiyavai sangaththin mukiya kalloorigalaagum. vangaalapeediyaavin koottruppadi, 1962 aam aandil niruvapatta rangpur sarkkarai aalaikal kiloo uyarnilaip palli oru kurippidatthakka maelnilaip palliyaagum. madarasa kalvi muraiyil 1937 aam aandil niruvapatta oru kaamil madarasa, magimaganjch alia kaamil madarasa aagiyavai adangkum.

mahimganj union mahimganj () anedi bangladesh looni rangpur divisionloni gaibandha jillaalooni gobindaganj upa jilla paridhilooni oka union parishat. idhi gobindaganj kuu thoorpuna undhi. rangpur shugarh mills limited anae chakkera millu undhi. oka railway station undhi. maheemaganjlo aneka praathamika paatasaalalu, unnata paatasaalalu, madarasaalu mariyu kalaasaalalu unnaayi. mahimganj alia kaamil madrasa uttara bengaalloni atipedda madrasa samsthalalo okati, idhi mahimganj loe undhi. bhougolikam. mahimganj union mottam vaisaalyam. bengali nadhi union yokka sumaru thoorpu sarihaddu (dheeniki addamgaa sagata upa jilla undhi). janabha. 2011 bangladesh janabha lekkala prakaram, mahimganj unionlo 9,252 gruhalu mariyu 36,791 mandhi janabha unnaaru. aksharaasyata raetu (vayassu 7 mariyu anthakante ekkuva) 44.4%, jaateeya sagatu 51.8% thoo poliste. samstha. chakkera millulu utpatti samuuham. vari millulu chamuru millulu creeda samsthalu. saamskrutika samsthaluh paripalana. mahimganj union 11 moujaluga vibhajinchabadindih baluwa, baman hazra, bochadaha, jagadishpur, jibanpur, jiray, khurda gopalpur, kumiradamgaa, pantire, pantamari mariyu sripatipur. ravana. prabhutva bangladesh railway nirvahinche jaateeya margallo raillanu andinche pradhana railway station mahimganj railway station. vidya. emm. eah. motalib technical & bii. emm. kalaasaala, kalaasaala sthaapinchabadina mahimganj degree kalaasaala mariyu mariyu sthaapinchabadina mahimganj mahilaa kalaasaala unionlo pradhana kalaasaalalu. benglapidia prakaram, prakaram sthaapinchabadina rangpur shugarh mills kejee haiskool oka mukhyamaina madhyamika paatasaala. madrasa vidya vyavasthalo vyavasthalo sthaapinchabadina oka kaamil madrasa, mahamganj alia kaamil madrasa unnaayi.

mahima gunj union mahima gunj () banglah desh kay zalaa gibandha kay goband gunj tehseel kay tahat eek union pareshad hay. yaha goband gunj kay mashriq mein waaqa hay. rung poor shogar milz lameted naami eek shogar mill hay. eek railway station hay. mahima gunj mein behat say primery school hayee school madarse aur college haine. mahima gunj aaliyah kaamil madarse shamali bangaal kay sabb say baday madarse kay idaaron mein say eek hay juu mahima gunj mein waaqa hay. geografiya. mahima gunj union kaa kill raqbah hay. daryaae bangali union kii taqriba mashriqi sarhad hay (jiss kay paar saghata tehseel waaqa hay). aabadi. banglah desh kii 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq mahima gunj union mein 9,252 gahar aur 36,791 kii aabadi thee. sharah khwandagi (amar 7 aur iss say ziyadah) 44.4% thee jabkah qomi ausat 51.8% thee. tanzim. cheeni kii milain prodhan grop. chawal kii milon teel kii milon kheelon kii tanzimein. saqafati tanzimein: intezamiya. mahima gunj union kuu 11 mojon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay: balwa bummon hazah bochdaha jagdesh poor jewan poor jeerayi kharda gopal poor kamiradanga pantier panthamari aur saripati poor. nql woo hamal. mahima gunj railway station markazi railway station hay juu sarkaari banglah desh railway kay zeer intezam qomi raaston parr trainein farahim kartaa hay. taleem. ayem eek motalib technical aind bee ayem college mahima gunj digri college juu 1972 mein qayem hawaa aur mahima gunj weeman college juu 1999 mein qayem hawaa union kaa badaa college hay. banglah pediya kay mutabiq rung poor shogar milz clogram hayee school jiss kii bunyaad 1962 mein rakhee gayee thee eek qaabil zakar saanvi school hay. madarse kay taleemi nazaam mein eek kaamil madarsa mahima gunj aaliyah kaamil madarsa shaamil hay jiss kii bunyaad 1937 mein rakhee gayee thee.

00084a82c7b0c07c44ab7cfe77baa601ce180b698538223cb844d53d9b9e7497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34370814

Sultanköy

Sultanköy Sultanköy is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Marmara Ereğlisi, Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,538 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town ("belde"). Geography. Sultanköy is a coastal town in Rumeli (Thrace, the European part of Turkey) to the northeast of Marmara Ereğlisi. It is on the state highway D.110 which connects Istanbul to Tekirdağ. The distance to Marmara Ereğlisi is and to Tekirdağ is . History. Although there was a settlement named "Parolionthos" around the present town in the ancient age, Sultanköy was founded in the 16th century by the Turkmen people from Iran and was named as "Sultanşah". Later the suffix -şah was replaced by -köy. The settlement suffered during the wars in the last years of the Ottoman Empire. It was occupied by the Russians in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), by the Bulgarians in the First Balkan War and by the Greeks after the First World War. In 1999 it was declared a seat of township. Economy. The industrial site to the north and east of the town is a major source of revenue for the town residents. There is also a natural gas power plant in the town. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sultanokuy sultanokuy hoise tarkir tekirda prodexor ekhon sohor. bhugul. sultanokuy hoise tekirda prodexor marmareregisi jilaar ekhon upokuliyo sohor. ee marmarerelisir uttor-pubot rumelit (thress, tarkir europiyo ongxo) owosthito. ee rajyik ghaipoth d.110 too aase ji ̃stanbul-koo tekirdaag-ror xoite xongzug kore. marmarerelisir durotwo aaru tekirdagor durotwo. 2011 sonor tothyo onuxori sultanokuyor jonoxongkhya hoise 2708 john. itihax. jodiu prasin kaalot bortomanor sohoror sariufale "perulionthos" naamor etaa boxoti aasil, sultanokuy 16 xotikat iranor turkman lukoxokole protistha korisil aaru iyak "sultansa" buli naamkoron koraa hoisil. pisoloi-shha proityoytu-koo 'yere xoloni koraa hoisil. automan xamrajyor xexor bosorburot juddhor xomoyot ei boxotir khyoti hoisil. rusu-turkey juddhot (1877-1878) rasiyanxokole, prothom balkan juddhot bulgarianxokole aaru prothom biswojudhor pisot greekxokole iyak dokhol korisil. 1999 sonot iyak nogoror aaxon hisape ghuxona koraa hoisil. orthoniti. sohorkhonor uttor aaru pubo dixot thoka oudyugik sthantu sohoror baxindaxokolor baabe rajhor ek prodhan utxo. sohorkhonot etaa prakritik ges bidyut prokolpou aase.

sultanko sultanko turosker tekirdagh prodesher ekti shohor. bhugol. sultanko tekirdagh prodesher marmereglichi jelara ekti upokuliyo shohor. etty marmarereglycyr uttor-purbe rumelite (thress, turosker europea ongsho) abosthito. etty rajyo mahasadak d.110-ayee abosthito jaa sthasthonbulke takirdager saathe sangjukto korey. marmarereglycy theke tekirdager durotto. 2011 saaler hisabe sultankir jonosongkha holl 2708 john. itihas. jodio prachinkale bortoman shahartir charpashe "paroleonthos" naame ekti bosoti chhilo, tobey sultanko 16 shotoke iraner turkey jonogon dwara protisthito hoyechilo ebong err namkaran koraa hoyechilo "sultanshah". porey pratyaya-shho-keey-coy dwara protisthapito koraa hoy. automan samrajyer shesh bochorgulite juddher somoy eyi bosoti khotigrosto hoyechilo. etty rashiya-turkey juddhe (1877-1878), prothom balkan juddhe bulgarianra ebong prothom bishwojuddher porey greekder dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo. 1999 saale etike shohorer ekti asson hisabe ghoshana koraa hoy. arthaniti. shohorer uttor oo purbo dike abosthito shilp elakati shohorer basindader jonno rajaswer ekti prodhan utso. shohore ekti prakritik gyasa bidyut kendrao royeche.

sultankoy sultankoy turkeena tekirdagh praantmaa aavelu aek nagar chhe. bhugol. sultankoy aee tekirdagh praantnaa mermarereglycy jeellama aavelu aek dariyakanthanu shaher chhe. teey marmarereglisina uttarpurvmaa rumeli (thress, turkeeno european bhaag) maan stheet chhe. teey raajy dhorimaarg d.110 parr chhe jeey istanbulne tekirdagh saathe jode chhe. mermeraglycinu antar chhe aneey tekirdagnu chhe. 2011 sudhimaa sultankini vastee 2708 chhe. itihas. praachin yugmaa haalnaa shahernee aaspaas "paroleonthos" naamnee vasaahat hatee, tema chhataa sultanakoyni sthaapnaa sthaapnaa sadimaa irannaa turkman loko dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tenu naam "sultanshah" rakhvama aavyu hatoo. paachhalthi pratyay-shhaa-koee dwara badalvama aavyo hato. ottoman samrajyna chhella varshomaa yuddh darmiyan aaa vasaahatne nuksan thayu hatoo. teey russia-turkey yuddh (1877-1878) maan rasheeyno dwara, pratham balkan yuddhmaa bulgariano dwara aneey pratham vishva yuddh pachhi grico dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo tene nagarnee bethak jaaher karvaamaa aavee hatee. arthtantra. shahernaa uttar aneey purvamaa aavelu audhyogik sthal shahernaa rahevasio maate aavakno mukhya srot chhe. shaherma aek natural gases power plant pann chhe.

sultanki sultankoy turkey key tekirdagh praant kaa ack shahar haye. bhugol. sultankoy tekirdagh praant key mermeraglycy jile kaa ack tateey shahar haye. yeh mermarereglycy key uttar-poorv mein rumeli (thress, turkey kaa europeeya hissa) mein sthit haye. yeh raajya rajmarg d.110 parr haye joe <unk>stanbul koo tekirdağ seey jodata haye. mermeraglycy kii doori haye aur tekirdagh kii doori haye. 2011 taka sultanki jansankhya 2708 haye. itihas. haalaanki pracheen kaal mein vartamaan shahar key aspas "paroleanthos" naamak ack basti thee, lekin sultankoy kii sthaapana 16 veen shatabdi mein iran key turk logon dwara kii gaee thee aur iska naam "sultanshah" rakhaa gayaa thaa. baad mein pratyay-shhaa koo-koya dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. ottoman samrajya key antim varshon mein yuddhon key dauran iss basti koo nuksan uthaana padaa. yeh roose-turkey yuddh (1877-1878) mein rusiyon dwara, pahale balcon yuddh mein bulgarian aur pratham vishva yuddh key baad yoonaniyon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. 1999 mein ise nagar palika kaa ack kendra ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. arthavyavastha. shahar key uttar aur poorv mein audyogik sthal shahar key nivaasiyon key liye rajaswa kaa ack pramukh srot haye. shahar mein ack praakritik gais bijli sanyantra bhee haye.

sultan sultankoy embudu turkey tekirda praantyadalliruva ondu pattanavagide. bhougolika. sultankoy embudu tekirda praantyada marmararelisi jilleya karavali pattanavagide. idu marmararelisiya eeshaanyadalliruva rumeliyalli (thrace, turkey european bhaaga) nelegondide. idu raajya heddaari <aii. dii. 1> nallide, idu istanbul annu tekirdagnondige samparkisuttade. marmaraarelisige mattu tekirdage iruva antara. 2011rahra velege sultankoyna janasankhyeyu 2708 aagide. itihaasa. praachina kaaladalli prastuta pattanada suttaloo "paroleanthos" emba vasaahatu iddaroo, sultankoyiyannu 16neey shatamaanadalli iranna turkmen janaru sthaapisidaru mattu idannu "sultansa" endu hesarisalaayitu. nantara-shh emba pratyayavannu-koyininda badalaayisalaayitu. ottoman saamraajyada koneya varsagalalli yuddhagala samayadalli ee vasaahatu haanigolagaayitu. idannu russo-turkish yuddhadalli (1877-1878) rashyannaru, modala balkan yuddhadalli balgeriyannaru mattu modala mahayuddhada nantara greekaru aakramisikondaru. 1999ralli idannu pattana pradeshada sthaanavendu ghooshisalaayitu. aarthikate. pattanada uttara mattu poorvadalliruva kaigarika pradeshavu pattanada nivasigalige aadaayada pramukha moolavaagide. pattanadalli naisargika anila vidyut sthaavaravu ide.

sultankoy sultankoy heey turkeechya tekirdagh prantatil eka shahar aahe. bhoogol. sultankoy heey tekirdagh prantachya mermeraglycy jilhyatil eka kinarpattivaril shahar aahe. heey mermarereglycya ishanyes rumeli (thress, turkeycha european bhag) yethe sthit aahe. heey rajya mahamarg d.110 varr aahe jeey istanbullah tekirdagshi jodate. mermerareglycyche antar aahe aanee tekirdagche aahe. 2011 paryant sultankoychi loksankhya 2708 aahe. itihas. pracheen kalat sadhyachya shaharachya aaspas jaree 'paroleonthos' navachi vasahat hotee, taree sultankoychi sthapana 16 vya shatkat iranmadhil turkmen lokanni kelee hotee aanee tyala 'sultanshah' asey naav denyat aale hote. nantar pratyay-саh chee jaaga-köy neey ghetali. ottoman samrajyachya shevatchya varshanmadhye yuddhandarmyan yaa vasahatila fatka basala. russia-turkey yuddhat (1877-1878) russiananni, pahilya balkan yuddhat bulgariananni aanee pahilya mahayuddhanantar greek lokanni tyavar kabja keela hota. 1999 madhye heey shaharache kendra mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. arthvyavastha. shaharachya uttar aanee purvela asalele audhyogik thikan heey shaharatil rahivashansathi mahasulache pramukh srot aahe. shaharat eka naisargik vayoo urja prakalp dekhil aahe.

sultanko sultankoya tarkiko tekirdag prantako euta sahar how. bhugol. sultankoya tekirdag prantako mermarereglycy jillako euta tatiya sahar how. yo mermarereglycyko uttarpurvama rumeli (thress, tarkiko europeli bhag) maa awasthit chha. yo rajya rajmarg d.110 maa chha jasle ̃stanbul lai tekirdaag sanga jodchha. mermarereglycyko duri chha rar tekirdagko duri chha. sann 2011 ko tathyankaanusar sultanko janasankhya 2708 chha. itihas. yadyapi prachin yugma wartaman sahar waripari "paroleonthos" namak basti thiyo, sultankoya 16 aun shatabdima iranka turkmen manisharule sthapana gareka thie rar yasalai "sultanah" naam diieko thiyo. pachhi pratyaya-aaaаh lai-köy dwara pratisthapit gariyo. ottoman samrajyako antim warshaharuma yuddhako samayama bastile kshati behoreko thiyo. yo ruso-turkey yuddha (1877-1878) maa rusiharule, pahilo balcon yudhama bulgarialiharule rar pahilo vishwayuddhapachhi grikharule kabja gareka thie. sann 1999 maa yasalai tounshipko sitt ghoshana garieko thiyo. arthatantra. saharko uttar rar purvama raheko audyogik sthal saharka basindaharuka lagi rajaswako pramukh srota how. saharma prakritik gyas pawar plant pani chha.

sultankoah sultankoah heuchhi turkeera tekirdag pradeshar eka sahara. bhugol. sultankoah heuchhi tekirada pradeshar maramarereglycy jillara eka upakulabarti sahara . ehaa marmareregalisira uttara-purbare rumeli (thress, turkeera europeah ansha) ray abasthita . ehaa rajya rajpath d.110 ray achhi jaahaa <unk>bulaku tekirdagh sahita sanjoga kare . marmareregalisi ebong tekirdagra durata heuchhi. 2011 masiha suddha sultancore janasankhya 2708 atte. itihas. jadio pracheen kaalare barttamanara sahara charipakhare "paroleonthos" namaka eka basati thila, sultankoah 16shaa shatabdire iranara turkman lokanka dwara sthapita hoithila ebong ehara naama "sultansa" rakhajaithila. parey-саh pratyajaku-köy dwara pratisthapita karajaithila. automan samrajyara shesh barshagudikare juddha samajare ehi basati khyatigrasta hoithila. ehaa russo-turkey juddhare (1877-1878) ruseemananka dwara, pratham balcan juddhare balgereejamananka dwara ebong pratham biswajudha parey greekmananka dwara adhikruta hoithila. 1999 masihare ehaaku eka tounship aasana bhabe ghoshana karajaithila. arthabyabastha. saharar uttara ebong purbare thiba shilpa sthalati saharar basindanka paain rajaswara eka pramukh utsa . saharare eka prakrutika gas bidyuta kendra madhya rahichhi.

sultankoi sultankoy turki dey takirdagh soobe daa ikk shehar haii. bhugol. sultankoy takirdagh soobe dey mermarereglycy zilhe daa ikk tattvarti shehar haii. ih mermarereglycy dey uttar-purab witch rumeli (thrace, turki daa european hissa) witch sathit haii. ih raaj maarag d.110 utte haii joe İstanbul noon tekirdaag naal jodada haii. mermarereglycy dee doori haii atey tekirdagh dee doori haii. saal 2011 takk sultankoi dee aabadi 2708 haii. itihaas. halanki prachin qaal witch maujuda shehar dey aale-duaale "paroleonthos" naam dee ikk basti see, parr sultankoi dee sathapana 16 veen sadee witch iraan dey turki lokan duaara keeti gaee see atey isda naam "sultanah" rakkhiaa giaa see. baad witch pichhetar-сah noon-köy naal badal ditta giaa see. ottoman samraj dey aakhri saalan witch yuddhan dauran basti noon nuksan pahunchiaa. iss utte roos-turki yuddh (1877-1878) witch roos dey lokan neey kabza qarr liaa see, pahile balkan yuddh witch bulgarianan neey atey pahile vishav yuddh toon baad yoonaniaan neey kabza qarr liaa see. sann 1999 witch iss noon township dee seet ailaniaa giaa see. arthvivastha. shehar dey uttar atey purab vall daa udyogik sathaan shehar dey vasnikan laee malia daa ikk pramukh sarot haii. shehar witch ikk kudrati gais bijli plant vee haii.

sultaankoy sultan-key turkideshasya tekiradaa-prantasya ekam nagaram asti. bhoogolah. sultan-key iti tekirdaag-prantasya mermarereglisi-mandale sthitah tateeyah nagarah asti. ayam mermarereglycy ityasya eeshaanye rumeli (thress, turkee-deshasya yuropiyabhagaha) ityatra sthitah asti. idam rajyarajamarge d.110 asti yat istanbul-nagaram tekirdaag-ityanena saha yojayati. mermarereglisi-nagaram prati dooram asti, tekirdaag-nagaram prati cha asti. 2011 tame varshe sultaankoy-nagarasya janasankhyaa 2708 asti. itihaasah. yadyapi prachine kaale vartamaananagarasy paritah "peroleonthos" iti namakam vasantam aasit, tathaapi sultan-key ityasya sthapana 16 shataabdyaam iraan-deshasya turkamen-janaihi abhavat, tasya naam "sultan-shaah" iti aasit. pashchat-shhaa iti pratyayasy sthaane-koy iti pratyayah pratisthaapitah. ottoman-samrajyasya antimavarsheshu yuddhakaale asya vasatihi peeditah aasit. ruso-turkee-yuddhe (1877-1878), prathama-balcon-yuddhe bulgarian-janaah, prathama-vishvayuddhasya anantaram greek-janaah cha etat aakramayan. 1999 tame varshe idam nagarasya kendram iti ghoshitam. arthavyavasthaa. nagarasya uttarapoorvayoh audyogikakshetram nagaravasinam krute pramukhah raajaswasrotah asti. asmin nagare praakrutika-vaayoo-vidyut-kendram api asti.

sultankoi sultankoi enbathu turkeyil ulla degirdha maagaanaththil ulla oru nagaram aagum. puviyiyal. sultankoi enbathu degirdha maagaanaththin mermeraclesy maavattaththil ulla oru kadaloara nagaramaagum. idhu mermeraclesiyin vadakizhakkil rumeliyil (thurukkiyatthin iroappiya pakuthi) amainthullathu. idhu maanila nedunjaalaiyil ullathu d.110 idhu ̃stanbul aii tekirdağ udan inaikkirathu. mermeraclesicu ulla thooram mattrum degirdhaakku ullathu. ullathu aandu nilavarappadi sultankain makkal thogai 2708 aagum. varalaaru. pandaiya kaalaththil tharpoothaiya nagaraththaich suttri "paroleonthos" endra kudiyaettram irunththapoathilum, sultankoi 16 aam noottraandil eeraanaich saerntha turkiya makkalaal niruvappattathu mattrum "sultana" endru peyaridappattathu. pinnar-shhaa endra pinnottu-koai moolam maattrappattathu. oottoamaan paerarasin kadaisi aandugalil poarkalin poathu inththa kudiyaettram paathikkappattathu. idhu uruso-turkkiyap poaril (1877-1878) rashyarkalaalum, muthal balcon poaril palkaeriyarkalaalum, muthal ulagap poarukkup piragu kiraekkarkalaalum aakkiramikkappattathu. 1999 aam aandil idhu nagaraththin irukkaiyaaka arivikkappattathu. porulaathaaram. nagarin vadakku mattrum kilakkil ulla thozhilthurai thalam nagaravaasigalukku mukiya varuvaai aathaaramaaka ullathu. inththa nagaraththil oru iyarkai erivaayu minn nilaiyamum ullathu.

sultan koyy sultan koyy anedi turkeylooni tekirda provinceloni oka pattanam. bhougolikam. sultan koyy anedi tekirda provinceloni marmarereglisi jillaalooni oka teerapraanta pattanam. idhi marmarereglisiki eshaanyamlo rumeli (thrace, turkey yokka european bhaagam) loe undhi. idhi istaanbulnu tekirdagto kalipe rashtra rahadari d.110 loe undhi. marmareregliseeki dhooram mariyu tekirdagku dhooram. 2011 natiki sultan koyy janabha 2708. charitra. praacheena kaalamlo prastuta pattanam chuttoo "paroleanthos" anae sthaavaram unnappatikee, sultan koyy 16va sataabdamloo iraanku chendina turkmen prajalu sthaapinchaaru mariyu dheeniki "sultansa" anie paeru pettaru. taruvaata-shh anae pratyayam-koyy dwara bharti cheyabadindi. ottoman saamrajyam chivari samvatsaraallo jarigina yuddhaala samayamlo eee sthaavaram debbatindi. dheenini russia-turkish yuddhamlo (1877-1878) rashyanlu, modati balcon yuddhamlo bulgarianlu mariyu modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata greekulu aakramincharu. 1999loe dheenini pattana sthaanamgaa prakatinchaaru. aardhika vyavastha. pattanaaniki uttara, thoorpu vaipuna unna paarisraamika pradaesam pattana nivaasitulaku pradhana aadaaya vanarugaa undhi. pattanamlo sahaja vayuvu vidyut kendram kooda undhi.

sultanki sultanki tarki kay subah tekardagh kaa eek qasbah hay. geografiya. sultanki subah tekardagh kay zalaa marmararelisi kaa eek saahili qasbah hay. yaha marmararelisi kay shamaal mashriq mein romili (threes tarki kaa europi hasah) mein waaqa hay. yaha riyasati shahrah d.110 parr hay juu <unk>satanabal kuu tekardag say jodti hay. marmararelisi kaa faaslah hay aur tekeerdag kaa hay. sultanki kii aabadi 2011 takk 2708 hay. tareekh. agarcha qadeem door mein maujudah shehar kay ard gird "parolionthos" kay naam say eek bastee thee sultanki kii bunyaad 16 wein sadee mein airaan kay turk logon nay rakhee thee aur iss kaa naam "sultan" rakhaa gayaa thaa. baad mein lahqah-саh kuu-köy say tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. sultanat usmaniah kay aakhri saalon mein jangon kay doraan iss bastee kuu nqsan uthana padaa. iss parr roos-tarki jung (1877-1878) mein rosiyon ney pehli balkin jung mein balghariyon nay aur pehli jung azeem kay baad yunaniyon nay qabzah kirr liyaa thaa. 1999 mein asay town ship kii nashast qaraar diyaa gayaa. maeshat. shehar kay shamaal aur mashriq mein waaqa sanaati maqaam shehar kay baashindon kay liye aamadni kaa eek badaa zariah hay. shehar mein eek qadarti gees pawar plant bhee hay.

00084b5d11b4c162651499ee9215770dff62f4e83ea4ae0269f508d3e96fac61

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55312840

Glass (2019 film)

Glass (2019 film) 2019 film by M. Night Shyamalan Glass is a 2019 superhero film written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan, who also produced with Jason Blum, Marc Bienstock, and Ashwin Rajan. The film is a crossover and sequel to Shyamalan's previous films "Unbreakable" (2000) and "Split" (2016) and the third and final installment in the "Unbreakable" trilogy. Bruce Willis, Samuel L. Jackson, Spencer Treat Clark, and Charlayne Woodard reprise their "Unbreakable" roles, while James McAvoy and Anya Taylor-Joy return as their "Split" characters, with Sarah Paulson, Adam David Thompson, and Luke Kirby joining the cast. The film sees David Dunn / The Overseer as he and Kevin Wendell Crumb / The Horde are captured and placed in a psychiatric facility with Elijah Price / Mr. Glass, where they contemplate the authenticity of their superhuman powers. Despite interest in a sequel to "Unbreakable", the Walt Disney Studios' Touchstone Pictures opted not to finance a sequel. Shyamalan set out to write "Split" using a character he had written for "Unbreakable" but pulled from its script due to balance issues. He realized the opportunity he had to create a trilogy of works, and instead used the ending of "Split" to establish "Glass" with the "Unbreakable" narrative. This necessitated securing the rights to use both Willis' and Jackson's "Unbreakable" characters from Disney, with the promise of including the studio in the film along with Universal Pictures. "Split" was a financial and critical success, and by April 2017 Shyamalan announced that he started the production process for "Glass". The film had its world premiere in select Alamo Drafthouse Cinema theaters on January 12, 2019, and was released in the United States on January 18 by Universal Pictures. "Glass" received mixed reviews from critics, who found the film "disappointing" and "underwhelming" due to the story, particularly the third act, but praised the performances of the cast; many deemed it the weakest in the trilogy. The film was a financial success, grossing $247 million worldwide against a $20 million production budget. Plot. David Dunn / The Overseer and his son Joseph track down the Horde to an abandoned factory where he has four cheerleaders hostage to feed to the Beast, a superhuman personality the Horde all worship. Dunn rescues the cheerleaders and has a brief confrontation with the Beast until they are captured by Dr. Ellie Staple. They are taken to Raven Hill Memorial where a sedated Elijah Price / Mr. Glass, whom Dunn previously fought over a decade ago, is being held. David and Kevin are placed in separate rooms that contain unique security measures based on their weaknesses of water and light flashes, respectively. Staple explains that she believes that they suffer from delusions of grandeur and do not have superpowers. Mrs. Price, Elijah's mother; Joseph Dunn; and Casey Cooke, a victim who survived The Horde's captivity, all try and fail to convince Staple that superhumans are real. As part of her final evaluation, Staple brings the three men to a room where she challenges them with explanations for their seemingly superhuman abilities that are not supernatural. David and several of Kevin's personalities become confused and distraught, while Elijah remains catatonic. That night, Elijah escapes from his room and conducts research on The Overseer and The Horde. He visits Kevin and says he has been feigning his sedated state and plans to escape the institute, but he requires the help of The Beast to do so. The next morning, Staple sees surveillance footage of Elijah outside his room and performs a prefrontal lobotomy-type procedure on him. When he is alone with his caretaker, Elijah kills the man, revealing the procedure was unsuccessful because Elijah had sabotaged the surgical laser. He frees Kevin and then manipulates David into using his strength to break out of his room by relating a plan for The Beast to reveal himself to the world at the opening of the Osaka Tower, a new skyscraper in Philadelphia, while Elijah destroys a chemical lab in the building, potentially killing thousands. Mrs. Price, Casey, and Joseph arrive at Raven Hill just as Elijah, Kevin, and David escape. Staple, also witnessing the fight, decides to call the authorities to move in on the superhumans. David and The Beast fight in the Raven Hill parking lot for a while before Elijah tells The Beast that David's weakness is water, at which point Joseph reveals that Kevin's father died in the train wreck that Elijah caused. The Beast thanks Elijah for contributing to his creation by making it so that Kevin was raised solely by his abusive mother before mortally wounding him for manipulating the situation that led to Kevin's abuse. He throws David into a water storage tank, but David is able to break through the side, drenching the surrounding area. Casey manages to bring Kevin's dormant original personality into the "light", at which point a sniper fatally shoots him, and Kevin dies in Casey's arms. While a SWAT officer drowns David in a flooded pothole, Staple reveals she is part of a clandestine organization that has been suppressing the existence of superhumans for millennia by tracking and killing those with superhuman abilities, as they see such individuals as a threat to the stability of the world order. In the aftermath, Staple deletes the surveillance footage of the confrontation and makes plans to move on to investigate the next case of suspected superhumans. However, when she overhears a group of comic book nerds discussing the tropes of a super-genius mastermind, she realizes Elijah must have had a secret plan and discovers he arranged for the Raven Hill surveillance footage of the fight to be live-streamed to a private website, leaving her and her organization defeated. Mrs. Price, Joseph, and Casey each receive a copy of the footage and release it to the public, finally exposing the existence of superhumans. Cast. M. Night Shyamalan reprises his cameo role of Jai, the security guard at Dr. Fletcher's apartment building, from "Split", who recognizes David Dunn and asks him if he used to work at the football stadium, indicating that Jai was the drug dealer David confronted at the stadium in "Unbreakable" (a part also played by Shyamalan). Shannon Destiny Ryan, Diana Silvers, Nina Wisner, and Kyli Zion portrayed the kidnapped cheerleaders at the start of the film. Rosemary Howard and Bryan McElroy portrayed Kevin's parents, Penelope and Clarence, with Howard reprising her role from "Split". Production. Development. After the release of M. Night Shyamalan's "Unbreakable" (2000), rumors of possible sequels began circulating in different interviews and on film fansites. At the time, Bruce Willis, who played David Dunn / The Overseer, was quoted as saying he hoped there would be an "Unbreakable" trilogy, but, in December 2000, Shyamalan denied rumors he had written "Unbreakable" as the first installment of a trilogy. In August 2001, he stated that, because of successful DVD sales, he had approached Touchstone Pictures about an "Unbreakable" sequel, but the studio originally declined because of the film's disappointing box office performance. In September 2008, Shyamalan and star Samuel L. Jackson, who played Elijah Price / Mr. Glass, stated discussions about making a sequel had been largely abandoned in light of the disappointing box office returns. Jackson indicated he was still interested in a sequel, but Shyamalan remained noncommittal. In February 2010, Willis said Shyamalan was "still thinking about doing the fight movie between me and Sam" and stated that, as long as Jackson was able to participate, he would be "up for it". Shyamalan worked on various unrelated films after "Unbreakable" before releasing "Split" (2016), which introduces the split-personality character Kevin Wendell Crumb / The Horde, played by James McAvoy. Crumb had been included in the initial script of "Unbreakable", but Shyamalan felt the character created balancing issues and removed him from the story (Shyamalan has said "a bunch" of the scenes in "Split" were originally written for "Unbreakable"). In the final scene of "Split", Willis' Dunn is seen learning about the escape of The Horde and thereby realizing that other superhumans exist, as predicted by Jackson's Mr. Glass. "Unbreakable" was produced and owned by Touchstone Pictures, a label of the Walt Disney Studios, while "Split" was produced through Universal Pictures, so Shyamalan had to obtain permission from Disney to use the character of Dunn in "Split". He met with Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey and came to a gentlemen's agreement, whereby Bailey agreed to allow the use of the character in the film without a fee, and Shyamalan promised that Disney would be involved in a sequel, if it was developed. "Split" was met with critical and financial success. In January 2017, Shyamalan stated that, although he hoped a third "Unbreakable" film would be made and he already had an outline prepared, "I don't know what's going to happen when I go off in my room, a week after this film opens, to write the script." The next month, he affirmed his next film would be the third work in the trilogy. He finished the script by April, at which point he announced the new film would be called "Glass" and have a target release date of January 18, 2019. Universal was selected to distribute the film in the United States, while Disney distributed the film internationally through its Buena Vista International label. Shyamalan has been asked numerous times if there will be a sequel to "Glass". In January 2019, he officially confirmed that no sequels are currently planned, adding that he has no interest in building a cinematic universe. Casting. The cast of "Glass" includes returning actors from each of the previous films in the trilogy (Willis, Jackson, Spencer Treat Clark, and Charlayne Woodard all reprise their respective roles from "Unbreakable", and McAvoy and Anya Taylor-Joy reprise their roles from "Split"), while Sarah Paulson plays a new character. In November 2017, Adam David Thompson joined the cast in a then-undisclosed role. Filming. As with "The Visit" (2015) and "Split", Shyamalan funded the film himself. Principal photography began on October 2, 2017, in Philadelphia, following a week of rehearsals, with plans for a thirty-nine-day shoot. On October 31, it was reported that Shyamalan would be filming at Allentown State Hospital for a few weeks. On December 12, Shyamalan revealed that four scenes would be shot in January 2018, stating he would have to travel for their filming. Post-production. Deleted footage from "Unbreakable" was edited into the film as flashbacks to Elijah and Joseph's childhood. Music. West Dylan Thordson returned to score the film after his collaboration with Shyamalan on "Split". He used themes from James Newton Howard's score for "Unbreakable", as well as from his own score for "Split", in composing the music for "Glass". The score is distributed digitally by Back Lot Music. Release. Marketing. On April 25, 2018, the film was featured at CinemaCon, with Shyamalan in attendance. He presented footage from the film, along with the first official image featuring Willis, Jackson, and McAvoy in character. He also expressed his intention for the film, saying, "The worlds of "Unbreakable" and "Split" finally collide in "Glass". What if these real life superheroes and super-villains are somehow locked up together? What could go wrong?" Despite being preceded by hyper-realistic films about superheroes and villains, such as "The Dark Knight" (2008), Shyamalan personally considered "Glass" to be the "first truly grounded comic book movie". On July 12, the first official photographs from production were released publicly, including shots of Samuel L. Jackson, Sarah Paulson, and James McAvoy. A week later, the film was promoted at San Diego Comic-Con, with Shyamalan, Willis, Jackson, Taylor-Joy, and Paulson attending a panel where the film's first trailer premiered. The studio spent a total of $80 million promoting the film. Theatrical. The first screenings of "Glass" occurred on January 12, 2019, at 25 Alamo Drafthouse Cinema locations, where it played during a triple-feature event that included and was preceded by "Unbreakable" and "Spilt". It was theatrically released on January 18, in the United States and Canada by Universal Pictures, and in international territories by Buena Vista International, a sub-division of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Home media. The film was released by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in the U.S., and Buena Vista Home Entertainment internationally, on digital on April 2, 2019, and on DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on April 16. Reception. Box office. "Glass" grossed $111 million in the United States and Canada and $135.9 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $247 million, against a production budget of $20 million. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the film made a net profit of $68 million when factoring together all expenses and revenues. In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to make $50–75 million from 3,841 theaters over its four-day MLK Day opening weekend. It made $15.9 million on its first day, including $3.7 million from Thursday night previews, and went on to gross $40.3 million in its opening weekend and $46.5 million over the four days, marking the third-best total for Martin Luther King Jr. weekend (behind "American Sniper" and "Ride Along") and of Shyamalan's career. In its second weekend, the film fell 53% to $18.9 million (a steeper drop than "Split"'s 35%), but it retained the top spot at the box office. The film again finished its third weekend on top, grossing $9.5 million, before finally being dethroned in its fourth weekend, when it finished fifth with a gross of $6.3 million. Internationally, the film was expected to gross $45–50 million in its first weekend, for a total of global opening of $105–120 million. It ended up making $48.5 million from international markets, with a global opening of $89.1 million. It finished first in most markets; its highest-grossing countries were Russia ($5.2 million), Mexico ($4.5 million, the best-ever for a Shyamalan film), the United Kingdom ($4.3 million), France ($3.4 million), and South Korea ($2.8 million). Critical response. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads: ""Glass" displays a few glimmers of M. Night Shyamalan at his twisty world-building best, but ultimately disappoints as the conclusion to the writer-director's long-gestating trilogy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from "Split"'s "B+", but up from "Unbreakable"'s "C", while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 70% and a "definite recommend" of 49%. David Ehrlich of "IndieWire" gave the film a "C−" and called it the biggest disappointment of Shyamalan's career: "The trouble with "Glass" isn't that its creator sees his own reflection at every turn, or that he goes so far out of his way to contort the film into a clear parable for the many stages of his turbulent career; the trouble with "Glass" is that its mildly intriguing meta-textual narrative is so much richer and more compelling than the asinine story that Shyamalan tells on its surface." Writing for "Rolling Stone", David Fear gave the film three out of five stars: ""Glass" is not the flaming flop some folks have already suggested it is, nor is it the movie you want in terms of tying ambitious, highfalutin' notions together about how we process our pulp mythos. In a world in which all movies are now either genocide or ice cream, it's a grand gesture characterized by a sense of ambivalence about what you've just seen – which may in and of itself be a sign of failure". Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" wrote: "It's good to see Shyamalan back (to a degree) in form, to the extent that he's recovered his basic mojo as a yarn spinner. But "Glass" occupies us without haunting us; it's more busy than it is stirring or exciting. Maybe that's because revisiting this material feels a touch opportunistic, and maybe it's because the deluge of comic-book movies that now threatens to engulf us on a daily basis has leeched what's left of the mystery out of comics." Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said the film had "a distinctive look and some pretty cool moments, and a half-decent twist or two" but that it was mostly "an underwhelming, half-baked, slightly sour, and even off-putting finale." John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter thought it was "a mixed bag" as a trilogy-closer, saying it does a good job of tying the narrative strands together, but that it tries too hard and fails to provide "something uniquely brainy" to the superhero genre. Joshua Rivera of "GQ" magazine stated: "The timeline is barely comprehensible, with twists so openly telegraphed they'd have saved the "Titanic"." David Sims of "The Atlantic" compared the film to "Batman Returns" (1992) and "Incredibles 2" (2018): "I appreciate the sheer brashness of Shyamalan's storytelling, which swirls the mythmaking inherent in characters such as David with the emotional scars borne by orphaned characters such as Superman." The cast were praised, in particular McAvoy, who "once again [was] top notch" and "lit up the screen with his eerie physicality every time he appears." Later, Shyamalan admitted that he cried at the negative reviews for "Glass":“Honestly, I was feeling like, ‘Will they never let me be different without throwing me on the garbage pile? The feeling of worthlessness rushed me, and to be honest, it doesn’t ever really leave. But anyway, the film went on, right? It became number one in every country in the world, and it represents my beliefs.” Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

glaax (2019 sonor solositro) glaax hoise 2019 sonor ekhon suparhiru sobi, jitu em. night shyamolon, jijone jeson blaam, mark biyenstok aaru oswin rajonor xoiteu projujona korisil. sobikhon hoise shyamolonor purbor sobi "unbreakable" (2000) aaru "split" (2016) ror etaa krocho "bhaar aaru uttorangxo aaru" unbreakable "trilojir tritiyo aaru suranto kisti. bruch uilix, xamuel el. jackchon, spenchar treat clerk, aaru charlen woodarde teulukor "obischedyo" soritrobur punor prodorxon kore, aanhate james mekabhoy aaru oh 'neya tailor-joy teulukor "bibhokto" soritro hisape ghuri aahe, sarah polson, edaam debhid thomposon, aaru luk kirbi kastot jugdan kore. solositrokhonot david donn/odhyokhyok dekha yaay kiyonu teu aaru kebhin wendel crumb/hoarde bondi hoi elija mulyo/mirr xoite ek manoxik sikitsa xubidhat rokha hoy. kaach, zo 'too teuluke teulukor otimanobiyo xoktir xotyotar bixoye chinta kore. unbreakable" ror etaa xikwelor proti aagroh thokar swotweu, walt dijnee studio 'ror toustun pikchare etak bittiyo xahajyo nokorar xiddhanto loisil. shyamlane "obischedyo" ror baabe likha etaa soritro byobohar kori "bibhajon" likhiboloi ulaisil kintu bharxamyor xomosyar baabe iyar sitror poraa aatori goisil. teu upolobdhi korisil je teu etaa triloji sristi korar xujug paisil, aaru "bibhajon" ror xomapti byobohar kori sobikhonok "obischedyo" aakhyanor bhitorot sthapon korisil. iyar baabe dijoneer uilix aaru jeksonor "obischedyo" soritro duyuta byobohar korar odhikar xurokhito korar proyujon hoisil, zo "too xarbojonin sobir logote solositror bhitorot studio" tu ontorbhukto korar protisruti diya hoisil. "split" ek bittiyo aaru xomaluchonamulok xofolota aasil, aaru 2017 sonor aprilor bhitorot shyamlane ghuxona korisil je teu "" kaach "" ror baabe utpadon prokriya aarombho korisil. 2019 sonor 12 januaryt nirbasito alamu drafhoux chinema theaterot sobikhonor biswo primiyar hoisil aaru 18 januaryt aamerika juktorastrot xarbojonin sobir dwara mukti diya hoisil. "glaxe" xomalusokxokolor poraa misrito xomaluchona laabh korisil, jiye kahinitur baabe sobikhonok "hotaxajonok" aaru "hotaxajonok" buli bisarisil, bixexkoi tritiyotu obhinoy, kintu obhinetaxokolor obhinoyor proxongxa korisil; bohute iyak trilojir ataitkoi durbol buli gonyo korisil. solositrokhon ek bittiyo xofolota aasil, 20 nijut dollar projujona bajetor biporite biswojuri 247 nijut dollar uparjon korisil. plot. david donn/odhyokhyo aaru teur putro juchefe doltuk etaa porityokto karkhanaloi loi yaay zo 'too teur usorot jontutur khadyo khaboloi sarijon searleader aase, ejon otimanob byoktitwo, ji hoise xokolure upaxona koraa doll. donn-e searleaderxokolok uddhar kore aaru jontutur xoite ek xongkhipto xonghat kore jetiyaloike teulukok dodd.-ror dwara bondi koraa nohoy. eli staple. multu etaa ogyat gupon xongothonor ongxo ji teuluk otimanob buli biswax koraxokolok biswax korat bixexogyo je teuluk iyar poriworte prolubhon. teulukok reven paharor smritixoudholoi loi juwa hoy zo 'too ek niraxoniyo elija mulyo/mii. ek doxokor aagote purbote juji thoka kaach onusthito koraa hoise. debhid aaru kebhin prithok kuthat rokha hoy zo 'too krome paanee aaru puhoror prokaxor durbolotar uporot aadharito kori ononyo xurokhya byowostha thaake. prodhantuwe byakhya kore je teu biswax kore je teuluk bhobyotar bibhromor dwara akranto aaru teulukor kunu mohaxokti naai. srimoti. mulyo, eliyar maatri; juchef donn; aaru kesi kuk, ji luktur bonditwor poraa baasi goisil, xokoluwe otimanowxokol bastob buli prodhantuwe biswax koriboloi chesta kore aaru bifol hoy. teur suranto mulyayonor ongxo hisape, prodhantuwe tinijon lukok etaa kuthaloi loi aahe zo 'too teu otimanobiyo nohoy buli onubhob huwa otimanobiyo xamorthyor baabe byakhyar xoite teulukok proityahban jonay. david aaru kebhinor keibajonu byoktitwo bibhranto aaru bisolito hoi pore, aanhate elija kettonik hoi thaake. xei nixa, eliyahe nijor kuthar poraa polayon kore aaru odhyokhyo aaru dolor uporot gowexona kore. teu kebhinok xakhyat kore aaru koy je teu nijor niraxajonok owosthar proti aakorxito hoi aase aaru protisthanor poraa polayon korar porikolpona korise, kintu ene koriboloi teuk jontutur xohayor proyujon. pisdina ratipuwa, prodhantuwe teur kuthar bahirot elijar nirikhyon phutej dekhe aaru teur uporot prefrontal lubutomi-type prokriya xompadon kore. jetiya teu nijor suwasitar xoite okole thaake, tetiya eliyahe xei byoktik hotya kore, prokriyatu prokax koraa bifol hoisil kaaron eliyahe ostrupsaror lejartu dhongxo korisil. teu kebhinok mukto kore aaru taar pisot debhidok teur xokti byobohar kori teur kuthar poraa ulai jaboloi byobohar kore aaru philadelphiat etaa notun gogonsumbi ottalika, usaka tawaror mukoli korute jontutuwe nijoke prithibir aagot prokax korar porikolpona xomporke ullekh kore, aanhate eliyahe ottalikat etaa raxayonik porikhyagar dhongxo kore, jaar folot xombhobotoh haajar haajar lukor mrityu hoy. srimoti. elia, kebhin aaru david polayon korar loge loge mulyo, kesi aaru juchef reven paharot uposthito hoy. prodhan, logote jujor xakhyi hoi, otimanobxokolor uporot aagbarhi jaboloi kortripokhyok aahban korar xiddhanto loy. eliyahe jontutuk koy je debhidor durbolota hoise paanee, xei xomoyot jusephe prokax kore je eliyahe sristi koraa trainor dhongxostupot kebhinor deutakor mrityu hoisil buli kuwar aagote david aaru jontutuwe kichu xomoyor baabe reven paharor parking lotot juj disil. jontutuwe eliak teur sristir baabe orihona juguwar baabe dhonyobad jonay jaate kebhinor opobyoboharor folot huwa poristhititur xoite khaap khuwar baabe kebhinok moronuttorbhabe aahot korar aagote kebhinok kewol teur opobyobohar koraa matriye dangor korisil. teu debhidok etaa paanee xongrokhyon tengkot pelai diye, kintu daviday kaxor maajere paar hoi sariufalor oncholkhini bhijai dibo paare. kesiye kebhinor xupto mool byoktitwok "puhor" loi onaar byowostha kore, xei xomoyot ejon snipere teuk maratmokbhabe gulee kore, aaru kesir bahut kebhinor mrityu hoy. jetiya ejon swaat bixoya debhidok plabito gaatot dubo diye, tetiya prodhantuwe prokax kore je teu etaa gupon xongsthar ongxo ji haajar bosor dhori otimanob khyomota thoka lukoxokolok onuxoron kori aaru hotya kori otimanobxokolor ostitwok domon kori aahise, kiyonu teuluke ene byoktixokolok biswo byowosthar sthirotar baabe bhabuki hisape dekhe. iyar pisot, multuwe xonghorxor nirikhyon footagetu mosi pelay aaru xondehjukto otimanobxokolor poroborti gusoror todonto koriboloi aagbarhi juwar porikolpona kore. obosye, jetiya taai egoraki xupor-jiniyas mastormindor tropxomuhor bixoye alusona koraa komik bukor etaa gutor kotha xunisil, tetiya taai upolobdhi korisil je eliyahor nischoy etaa gupon porikolpona aasil aaru teu bisari paisil je teu jujor reven pahariya nirikhyon footagetu etaa byoktigoto websiteloi live-stream korar byowostha korisil, jaar folot taai aaru taair xongothon porajito hoisil. srimoti. mulyo, juchef, aaru kesi protyekei footager etaa protilipi laabh kore aaru iyak jonoxadharonor aagot mukoli kore, owoxexot otimanobxokolor ostitwo mukoli kore. cust. em. nixa shyamlane joyor teur otithi soritrot punor obhinoy kore, daahr nirapottarokhyi. flaseror apartment building, "split" ror poraa, jiye david donok chini paay aaru teuk xudhisil je teu football stadiumot kaam korisil neki, ji ingito diye je joy drugs dilor david aasil jiye stadiumot "obischedyo" (shyamolaneu khelaa etaa ongxo) mukhamukhi hoisil. swenon destiny rian, diana silvers, ninaa wijonar aaru kaili jiyone sobikhonor aarombhonite opohoron koraa searleaderxokolok sitrito korisil. ror 'jomeri haward aaru bryan meseloroye kebhinor pitri-maatri, penel' poo aaru clarenceor sitrogrohon korisil, aaru hawarde "split" ror poraa teur bhumika punor obhinoy korisil. utpadon. unnoyon. muktir pisot em. night shyamolonor "obischedyo" (2000), xombhabyo xikwelor urabatori bibhinno xakhyatkarot aaru solositro onuragixokolor maajot prosarito hoh 'boloi aarombho korisil. xei xomoyot, david donn/odhyokhyor soritrot obhinoy koraa bruch uilise koichil je teu aaxa korisil je etaa "obischedyo" triloji hoh 'bob, kintu 2000 sonor disemborot shyamlane etaa trilojir prothom kisti hisape "obischedyo" buli likhaar urabatorok oswikar korisil. 2001 sonor aagosto maahot teu koichil je xofol di. bhi. di. bikrir baabe teu etaa "obischedyo" xikwelor bixoye toustun pikcharor usoroloi goisil, kintu sobikhonor hotaxajonok boxes ofis prodorxonor baabe studio "tuwe mulotoh oswikar korisil. 2008 sonor septembor maahot shyamolon aaru staar xamuel el. jackchon, ji elija price/mii. ror bhumika paalon korisil. glaxe koichil je boxes ofisot hotaxajonok laabhor protidorxonor poriprekhyitot etaa xiquel nirmanor bixoye huwa alusonaxomuh bohulangxe porityag koraa hoisil. jeksone ingito disil je teu etiyau etaa xikwelor proti aagrohi aasil, kintu shyamolon okritogyo hoi thakil. 2010 sonor februaryt uilixoi koichil je shyamlane "etiyau mur aaru semor maajot jujor chinemakhon korar kotha bhabisil" aaru koichil je jetiyaloike jeksone ongxogrohon koriboloi xokhyom hoh 'bob, teu "iyar baabe xaju" hoh' bob. shyamlane "split" (2016) mukti diyar aagote "obischedyo" ror pisot bibhinno xomporkito solositrot kaam korisil, ji james mekabhoye obhinoy koraa split-personelti soritro kebhin wendel crumb/dyo hoarder porisoy disil. obischedyo" ror prarombhik sitronatyot tukura ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, kintu shyamlane onubhob korisil je soritrotuwe bharxamyor xomosyar sristi korisil aaru teuk kahinir poraa aatorai disil (shyamlane koiche je "bibhajon" ror drishyoburor etaa guscho mulotoh "obischedyo" ror baabe likha hoisil). bibhajon" ror suranto drishyot, uilix 'donok dolor polayonor bixoye xika aaru iyar folot jeksonor mii. ror dwara purbanuman korar dore aan otimanobxokolor ostitwo aase buli upolobdhi koraa dekha yaay. kaas. "obischedyo" toustun pikcharor dwara prostut aaru malikanadhin aasil, walt dijoni studio 'ror etaa label, aanhate "split" xarbojonin sobir joriyote prostut koraa hoisil, xeyehe shyamlane "split" too donor soritrotu byobohar koriboloi dijoneer poraa onumoti lo' bob logaa hoisil. teu walt disony studio 'ror xobhapoti chenn bailyr xoite xakhyat korisil aaru ek bhodrolukor suktit uponeet hoisil, jaar joriyote beiliye solositrokhonot soritrotu binaa masulot byobohar koriboloi onumoti diboloi xonmot hoisil, aaru shyamlane protisruti disil je jodi iyak bikoxito koraa hoy tente disony etaa xiquelot jorito hoh' bob. "bibhajon" xomaluchonamulok aaru bittiyo xofolotar xoite porigonito hoisil. 2017 sonor januaryt shyamlane koichil je jodiu teu aaxa korisil je tritiyokhon "obischedyo" solositro nirman koraa hoh 'bob aaru teu itimodhye etaa rupangkon prostut korisil, "moi najanu je jetiya moi mur kuthaloi jaam, ei sobikhon khular exoptah pisot, sitronatyo likhiboloi."poroborti maahot teu nischito korisil je teur poroborti sobikhon ei trilojir tritiyokhon kaam hoh 'bob. teu april maahor bhitorot sitronatyotu xompurno korisil, xei xomoyot teu ghuxona korisil je notun sobikhonok "glaax" buli kuwa hoh 'bob aaru iyar muktir tarikh 18 january, 2019. aamerikat sobikhon bitoron koriboloi xarbojoninbhabe nirbasito koraa hoisil, aanhate disoniye iyar buena bhista antohrastriyo labelor joriyote solositrokhon antohrastriyo porzayot bitoron korisil. shyamolonok bohubar xudha hoise je "glaax" ror etaa xiquel hoh "bob neki. 2019 sonor januaryt teu anusthanikbhabe nischito korisil je bortoman kunu xikwelor porikolpona koraa huwa naai, logote teu koy je chinema jogot nirmanor proti teur kunu aagroh naai. custing. glaax" ror kastot trilojir protitu purbor solositror poraa ghuri ohaa obhinetaxokol ontorbhukto aase (uilix, jackchon, spenchar treat clerk, aaru charlen udorde xokoluwe "obischedyo" ror poraa niz niz soritro punor obhinoy kore, aaru mekabhoy aaru oh 'naa tailor-jaaye "split" ror poraa teulukor soritro punor obhinoy kore), aanhate sarah polsone etaa notun soritrot obhinoy kore. 2017 sonor novembor maahot edaam david thomposone tetiyar ek ogyat bhumikat obhinoy korisil. sitrogrohon koraa. dyo vigit" (2015) aaru "split" ror dore shyamlane nijei sobikhonor baabe puji jugan dhorisil. 2017 sonor 2 octoborot philadelphiat ek xoptahor mohorar pisot, teix-noo 'dinor swutingor porikolponar xoite prodhan photography aarombho hoisil. 31 octoborot, khobor puwa goisil je shyamlane keixoptahmanor baabe altentown rajyik sikitsaloyot sitrogrohon koribo. 12 disemborot shyamlane prokax korisil je sarita drishyo 2018 sonor januaryt swut koraa hoh 'bob, teu koichil je teu teulukor sitrogrohonor baabe bhromon koribo lagibo. post production. obischedyo" ror poraa mosi peluwa footagetu eliah aaru jusephor xoixowor flaswobek hisape sobikhonot xompadona koraa hoisil. xongit. split" too shyamolonor xoite xohojugita korar pisot west dealan thordsone sobikhonor xongit porisalona koriboloi ubhoti aahisil. teu "obischedyo" ror baabe james newton howardor scorer thimxomuhor logote "split" ror baabe nijor scorer thimxomuh "glaax" ror baabe xongit rosona korat byobohar korisil. scoretu bek lott xongitor dwara digitalvawe bitoron koraa hoy. mukti. biponon. 2018 sonor 25 aprilot swyamalonor uposthitire sobikhon chinemakonot prodorxito hoisil. teu sobikhonor phutej uposthapon korisil, logote uilix, jackchon aaru mekabhoyor soritro thoka prothom sorkari sobiu uposthapon korisil. teu sobikhonor baabe nijor obhiprayou prokax kori koy, "" obischedyo "aaru" bibhajon "ror prithibi owoxexot" kaach "too xonghorxito hoy. jodi ei bastob jiwanor suparhir "aaru supar-villenburok kunu dhorone ekeloge aabodho kori rokha hoy tente ki hoh" bob? ki bhul hoh "bob paare?"suparhiu aaru kholonayokor bixoye oti-bastobbadi solositroxomuhor aagoloike thokar swotweu, jene" "dyo dark night" "(2008), shyamlane byoktigotobhabe" "glaax" "koo" "prothom prokrito kaamik book chinema" "buli gonyo korisil. 12 julyte projujonar prothom sorkari photographxomuh rajohuwabhabe mukoli koraa hoisil, zo "too semuwel el-ror swotburu ontorbhukto aasil. jackchon, sarah polson aaru james mekabhoy. exoptahor pisot, sobikhonor prosar chaan daigu komik-konot koraa hoisil, shyamolon, uilix, jackchon, tailor-joy aaru polsone ekhon panelot ongxogrohon korisil zo 'too sobikhonor prothom trailer primiyar koraa hoisil. studio "tuwe sobikhonor prosarot muth 80 nijut dollar byoy korisil. natokiyo. glaax" ror prothom prodorxon 12 january, 2019-too 25taa alamu drafhoux chinema sthanot hoisil, zo 'too ee tripol-fisar eventor xomoyot khelaa hoisil zo' too ontorbhukto aasil aaru iyar purbe aasil. obischedyo" aaru "spilt" ror dwara. 18 januaryt aamerika juktorastro aaru kanadat xarbojonin sobir dwara aaru walt dijnee studio 'sor solsitroxomuhor etaa upo-bibhag buyena bhista internationalor dwara antohrastriyo oncholxomuhot iyak theaterot mukti diya hoisil. ghoruwa xongbad madhyom. ei sobikhon eu. e. too xarbojonin sobir griho binudonor dwara mukti diya hoisil.ess.aaru antohrastriyobhabe 2 april, 2019-too digitalot aaru 16 aprilot dibhidi, blue-rey, aaru ultra aisodi blue-rey-too ghoruwa monuronjonor byowostha koribo. obhyorthona. boxes ofis. "glaax"-e aamerika juktorastro aaru kanadat 11.1 kuti dollar aaru onyanyo oncholot $1.00 kuti aay korisil, biswobyapi muth 247 nijut dollar baabe, 20 nijut dollar utpadon bajetor biporite. "deadline hollywod"-e gonona korisil je xokolu byoy aaru raajoh ekeloge bibesona kori sobikhone 68 nijut dollar nitt laabh korisil. aamerika juktorastro aaru kanadat, solositrokhone iyar saridiniya em. el. key. diboxor udwudhoni xoptahantot 3,841 khon theater poraa $<aai. di. 1> million uparjon korar prokolpo koraa hoisil. iyar prothom dintut 15.9 nijut dollar uparjon korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil brihospotibaror nixar purbodorxonor poraa 37 laakh dollar, aaru iyar aarombhoni xoptahantot 40.3 nijut dollar aaru saridinor bhitorot 46.5 nijut dollar uparjon korisil, jaar folot martin luthar king juniyoror baabe tritiyo shrestho muth aay hoisil. xoptahanto ("aamerikan sniper" aaru "raid aggard" ror pisot) aaru shyamolonor keriyar. dwitiyo xoptahantot sobikhon 53 xotangxo hraax paai 18.9 nijut dolarot ("split" ror 35 xotangxotkoi odhik hraax) porisil, kintu ee boxes ofisot xirxo sthan bojai rakhisil. sobikhon punor iyar tritiyo xoptahantot xirxot xex korisil, 9.5 nijut dollar uparjon korisil, owoxexot iyar soturtho xoptahantot xinghaxonsyut huwar aagote, jetiya ee 6.3 nijut dollar uparjonor xoite ponchom sthanot xomapto hoisil. antohrastriyo porzayot, solositrokhone iyar prothom xoptahantot muth $105-120 millionor biswobyapi aarombhonir baabe $45-50 million uparjon koribo buli aaxa koraa hoisil. ee antohrastriyo bojaror poraa $48.5 nijut uparjon korisil, biswobyapi $89.1 nijut mukoli korisil. ee besibhag bojarot prothom sthan laabh korisil; iyar xorbadhik uparjonkari dexxomuh aasil rasiya (5.2 nijut dollar), maxico (4.5 nijut dollar, shyamolon solositror baabe xorbosrestho), juktorajyo (4.3 nijut dollar), france (3.4 nijut dollar), aaru dokhyin kuria (2.8 nijut dollar). xomaluchonamulok protikriya. ribhiu aggregator rayton tomet 'ror uporot, solositrokhone reviewor uporot bhitti kori onumudonor rating raakhe, jaar gorh rating hoise. websitetur xomaluchonamulok xonmotitut kuwa hoiseh "kaach" e em-ror keitaman jholok dekhuway. raati shyamolon teur twisti biswo-nirmanor shrestho, kintu owoxexot lekhok-porisalokor digholiya-prosarmulok trilojir upoxonghar hisape hotax kore."metacritikor uporot, sobikhonor ujon 100ror bhitorot 43 goraki gorh nombor aase, 53 goraki xomalusokor uporot bhitti kori, ji" "misrito baa gorh xomaluchona" "xusay. chinemask "rey porikhya koraa dorxokxokole sobikhonok" split "cho" bi + "ror poraa hraax paai" e + "ror poraa ef skeloloi gorh grade" bi "disil, kintu" owonomito "cho" chi "ror poraa uporoloi, aanhate postrekot thoka dorxoke iyak xamogrikbhabe 70 xotangxo itibasok sko" ror aaru 49 xotangxor "nischito poramorxo" disil. induar" ror david ehorolise sobikhonok "chi-" disil aaru iyak shyamolonor karrier ataitkoi dangor hotaxa buli obhihito korisiloh "kasor xoite xomosyatu eitu nohoy je iyar sristikortai protitu poribortonot nijor protipholon dekhe, baa teu sobikhonok teur oxanto karrier bohutu porzayor baabe ek sposto dristanto hisape rupantorit koriboloi teur pothor poraa imaan duroloi yaay;" kaach "ror xoite xomosyatu hoh 'lo je iyar mridubhabe koutuholi metaa-texsual akhyantu imaan xomridho aaru odhik aakorxoniyo je shyamlane iyar pristhot kuwa asenine kahineetkoi."" "rolling stone" "ror baabe likhi debhidor bhoyoi sobikhonok pasor bhitorot tinita taroka disiloh" "kaach" "hoise flaming flop nohoy, kisuman luke itimodhye eitu buli poramorxo dise, baa eitu aapuni bisara solositrotuwu nohoy, aami aamar palpo mith" koo kenedore prokriya koru xei bixoye ussabhilaxi, uscho-falutin dharona ekeloge bandhi rokhar khetrot. ene ek prithibit zo 'too xokolu solositro etiya hoy gonohoitya baa aaiskrim, ee hoise ek bixal ongobhongi jaar boixistyo hoise aapuni eimatro ji dekhise xei bixoye dwondwobudh-jitu nijei bifolotar lokhyon hoh' bob paare. boisitryo" ror owen gleebermane likhisiloh "shyamolonok punor (ek degreeloi) rupot dekha bhaal, ji porimane teu xutar spinner hisape nijor moulik muju punoruddhar korise. kintu "kaas" ee aamak aakorxito nokorakoi aamar uporot aarup kore; ee uttejonapurno baa uttejonapurnotkoi odhik byosto. hoyotu iyar kaaron hoh 'bob paare je ei xamogritu punorikhyon koratuwe ek sporxo xubidhabadi onubhob kore, aaru hoyotu iyar kaaron hoh' bob paare je etiya doinik bhittit aamak aawori rokhar bhabuki diya komik-book chinemar prolahe commixor poraa rohosyor ki baaki aase taak nirax korise."sikagu chaan-times" ror rechard rupare koichil je sobikhonor "ek swotontro rup aaru kisuman xundor muhurto, aaru aadha-xalin much baa dutaa" aasil kintu ee besibhagei "ek odhorom, aadha-backed, olop tenga, aanoki off-pooting finale" aasil."holywodor protibedokar john defore bhabisil je eitu etaa triloji-ghonistho hisape" "etaa misrito begg" ", ee koichil je ee aakhyanor rekhabur ekeloge bandhi rokhar ek bhaal kaam kore, kintu ee oti kothur chesta kore aaru suparhiru dharatuk" "ononyobhabe buddhire kiba" "prodan korat byortho hoy. jikyu" alusonir jusuwa ribharai koichiloh "xomoixusitu ekebare budhgomyo nohoy, mustu imaan mukolibhabe telegraph korar xoite teuluke" tytanic "ror poraa rokhya korisil." dyo aatlantik" ror david sime sobikhonok "bateman returns" (1992) aaru "obiswasyo 2" (2018)-ror xoite tulona korisiloh "moi shyamolonor kahini kuwar nirom drirhotar proxongxa koru, ji debhidor dore soritrot ontornihito pouranik kahineek xupormenor dore onath soritroi bohon koraa abegik daagor xoite ghurai diye."obhinetaxokolor proxongxa koraa hoisil, bixexkoi mekabhoy, ji" "aakou ebaar [aasil] xirxo storor" "aaru" "protibar teu uposthito huwar loge loge teur bhoyanok xaririkotare pordak alukito korisil." pisot shyamlane swikar korisil je teu "kaach" ror netibasok xomaluchonaburot kandisiloh "xosa kotha koo 'boloi go' ley, moi onubhob kori aasilu, 'teuluke muk aworjonar stupot pelai nidiboloi ketiyau beleg hoh' boloi nidibo neki? mulyohinotar onubhobe muk drut kori tulisil, aaru xosa koo 'boloi go' ley, ee xosakoiye ketiyau eri nayay. kintu tothapiu sobikhon soli thakil, nohoyone baaru? ee biswor protikhon dexot ek nombor hoi porisil, aaru ee mur biswaxok protinidhitwo korisil."

glasses (2019 cholochchitro) glasses 2019 saaler ekti superhero cholochchitro jaa emm dwara likhito ebong porichalito. night shyamalan, jini jesson blum, marqa beanstock ebong assuin rajoner satheo prajojana korechilen. eyi cholochchitroti shyamalaner ager chhobi "unbreakable" (2000) ebong "split" (2016)-err ekti crossover ebong sequel ebong "unbreakable" trilogyr tritiya ebong chudanta kisti. bruce uilis, samuel ell. jackson, spencer treat clerk ebong charlen uddard taader "abichcheddo" bhumikagulike punorabritti korechen, onnodike james mcavoy ebong onno konao telor-ananda taader "bivokto" choritro hisabe firey esechen, saaraa polson, adam david thompson ebong looke kirbi custe jog diyechen. cholochchitroti david donn/adhyakkhake dekhe jokhon seey ebong kevin wendell crumb/doll dhora porey ebong eliza mulya/mih soho ekti mansik kendre rakha hoy. cutch, jekhane taaraa taader atimanaviya shaktir satyata niye chinta korey. unbreakable"-err sequele agroho thaka sotteo, walt disney studior touchstone pictures ekti arthayan naa korar siddhanta neyo. shyamalan "abichcheddo" choritrer jonno lekha ekti choritro byabohar korey "bivokto" lekhar jonno berr hohn kintu bharsamyo samasyar karone err chitronatto theke sorey asen. tini upolobdhi korechilen jey taanr kaajer ekti trayi toiri korar sujog chhilo ebong "abichcheddo" akhyan hisabe cholochchitrotike protisthito korte "bibhajan"-err samapti byabohar korechilen. err foley disney theke uilis ebong jacksoner "abichcheddo" choritro ubhayi byabohar korar adhikar surokkhito koraa prayojan hoyechilo, sorbojonin chhobir pashapashi cholochchitrer modhye studio antarbhukta korar protishruti soho. "split" ekti arthik ebong samalochanamulak safalya chhilo, ebong 2017 saaler apriler modhye shyamalan ghoshana korechilen jey tini "" glasses ""-err jonno utpadon prokriya shuru korechen. cholochchitrotir bishwa premiere hoyechilo nirbachito alamo drafthouse cinema prekkhagrihe 12 januari, 2019-ayee ebong 18 januari markin juktorashtre sarbojonin chhobi dwara mukti paay. "glasses" somalochokder kachh theke mishra porjalochona peyechilo, jaaraa golper karone cholochchitrotike "hotashajonok" ebong "hotashajonok" boley money korechilo, biseshoto tritiya kaajti, tobey abhinetader abhinoyer proshongsha korechilo; oneke etike trayir modhye sabcheye durbal boley money korechilo. cholochchitroti ekti arthik safalya chhilo, jaa bishwobyapi 2 kotee 20 lokkho markin dollar utpadon bajeter biporite 2 kotee 47 lokkho markin dollar aay korechilo. plot. david donn/adhyakkha ebong taanr putro josepha ekti porityokto karkhana sainyadalke anusaran corren jekhane taanr charjan cheerleader royeche jaaraa poshutike khawanor jonno jimmi, ekti atimanaviya byaktitto jaa samasta upasonar doll. donn cheerleaderder uddhar korey ebong poshur saathe ekti sangkhipto sangharsha korey jotokkhon naa taaraa daah dwara bondee hoy. elly stepple. prodhan holl ekti ajana gopon sangathaner ongsho jaa taader biswas koray jey taaraa atimanaviya jey taaraa borong bibhrantikar. taader reven hill memoriale niye yawa hoy jekhane ekti shanto eliah mulya/mii. glasses, jaar saathe eka doshok agey ladai hoyechilo, taa onusthito hachche. david ebong kevinke prithak kokkhogulite rakha hoy jekhane jothakrome taader joll ebong halka flasher durbolotar upor vitti korey ananya nirapatta byabostha royeche. prodhan byakhya korey jey tini biswas corren jey taaraa jankjomker bibhramer shicker ebong taader konao porashokti nei. misses. mulya, eliahar maa; josepha donn; ebong kessy cook, ekjon bhuktobhogi jini doler bonditto theke benche giechilen, sobai prodhan vishaytike bojhanor chesta korey ebong byartho hoy jey atimanabra asol. taar chudanta mulyayaner ongsho hisabe, prodhan tinjanke ekti ghore niye aase jekhane seey taader apatodrishtite atimanaviya dokkhotar jonno byakhya diye taader challenge korey jaa atiprakrito noy. david ebong keviner besh koyekjon byaktitto bibhranto ebong bicholito hoye porey, onnodike eliah catatonic roye yaay. seii raate, eliah taar ghor theke paliye yaay ebong adhyakkha oo doler upor gobeshona korey. seey keviner kachhe yaay ebong boley jey seey taar bishanna abosthar vaan korche ebong institute theke palanor parikalpana korche, kintu taar jonno poshur sahajyo prayojan. porer deane sokale, prodhan taar ghorer baire eliahar nazardari footage dekhe ebong taar upor ekti prefrontal lobotomy-type poddhoti sampadan korey. jokhon seey taar tottabodhayker saathe ekaa thaake, tokhon eliah loktike hotya korey, prokriyati prakash korey byartho hoyechilo kaaron eliah ostropocharer lezarti dhongso korechilo. seey kevinke mukto korey ebong tarpor devidke taar shakti byabohar korey taar ghor theke beriye aasaar jonno ekti parikalpana bornona korey jey jantuti philadelphier ekti notun akashchumbi bhobon osaka tower udwodhone nijeke bishwer kachhe prakash korbe, jokhon eliza buildinger ekti rasayanik lyaba dhongso korey deyo, sombhabbo hazar hazar manushke hotya korey. misses. eliah, kevin ebong david palanor somoy daam, keshi ebong josepha raven pahade pouchai. prodhan, ladaiyer sakkhi, kortripokkhoke atimanabder upor choley yawar jonno ahoban korar siddhanta neyo. eliah poshutike boley jey devider durbolota holl joll, seii somoy josepha prakash corren jey, eliah jey train dhongso korey diyechilen, taate keviner baba maaraa giechilen, taar agey david ebong jantuti pahader gaadi parkingyer jaiga kichukkhan ladai korey. keviner apobyoboharer dike porichalito poristhiti porichalona korar jonno taake marattokbhabe ahoto korar agey kevinke cable taar abomanonakor maa dwara utthapito korar jonno taar srishtite abodan rakhar jonno jantuti eliahke dhonnobad jaanaay. seey devidke ekti joll sanrakkhan tanke feley deyo, kintu david parshoborti elakati dubiye diye pashti venge felte sokkhom hoy. kessy keviner supto asol byaktittoke "alo"-teey aante sokkhom hoy, jey somoye ekti sniper taake marattokbhabe gully korey ebong kevin kesir bahute maaraa yaay. ekjon soat officer jokhon devidke ekti plabito gorte dubiye deyo, tokhon prodhanoto prakash korey jey seey ekti gopon sangathaner ongsho jaa sahasrabda dhorey atimanaviya dokkho byaktider anusaran korey ebong hotya korey atimanabder ostittoke domon korey asche, kaaron taaraa eyi dharaner byaktider bishwa byabosthar sthitishilotar jonno humki hisabe dekhe. err porey, prodhanoto sangharsher nazardari footage muche deyo ebong sandehabhajan atimanabder poroborti mamler todonter jonno egiye yawar parikalpana korey. zaihok, jokhon seey ekti comic boiyer ekodol nordke ekjon oti-protibhadhor masterminder trop niye alochona korte shune, tokhon seey bujhte paare jey eliaher aboshyoi ekti gopon parikalpana chhilo ebong seey abishkar korey jey seey ladaiyer reven hill nazardari footager jonno byabostha korechilo ekti byaktigato website sarasari-stream koraa, taake ebong taar sangathanke porajito korey. misses. mulya, josepha ebong kessy protteke footager ekti anulipi paay ebong jonosadharoner kachhe etty prakash korey, abosheshe atimanabder astitto prakash korey. cust. emm. night shyamalan joy-err choritre taanr cameo bhumikar punorabritti korechen, jini daah-err nirapatta rakkhi. flatcher apartment bilding, "bivokto" theke, jey david donke chinte paare ebong taake jigyasa korey jey seey football stadiume kaaj koroto kina, ingito korey jey joy madok byabasayi devider mukhomukhi hoyechilo "abichcheddo" stadiume (ekti ongshou shyamalan khelechilo). shannon destiny rayan, diana sylverse, nina wizner ebong kylie zion cholochchitrer shurute apohrito cheerleaderder chitrito korechen. rosemary haward ebong bryan messelroy keviner baba-maa, penelope ebong clarenske chitrito korechilen, ebong haward "split" theke taar bhumikake punorabritti korechilen. utpadon. unnayan. mukti pawar porr emm. night shyamalaner "abichcheddo" (2000), sombhabbo sequeler gujab bivinno sakkhatkare ebong cholochchitro bhoktoder modhye chhoriye padte shuru korey. seii somoye, david donn/adhyakkher bhumikai abhinoy koraa bruce williske uddhrito korey bolla hoyechilo jey tini aasha korechilen jey ekti "abichcheddo" trayi hobey, kintu 2000 saaler decembere shyamalan gujab aswikar korechilen jey tini ekti trayir prothom kisti hisabe "abichcheddo" likhechilen. 2001 saaler auguste tini bollen jey, sofol dvd bikrir karone tini ekti "abichcheddo" sequel somporke touchstone chhobir kachhe giechilen, kintu cholochchitrotir hotashajonok boxes offices performancer karone studioti mulat prottakhyan korechilo. septembara 2008 saale, shyamalan ebong stara samuel ell. jackson, jini eliza price/mii. khelechen. glasses boleche jey, boxes office hotashajonok prottabortoner aloke ekti sequel toirir alochanaguli mulat porityokto hoyechilo. jackson ingito diyechilen jey tini ekhono ekti sequale agrahi chhilen, kintu shyamalan abichal chhilen. 2010 saaler februaryte uilis bollen, shyamalan "ekhono amar ebong syamer modhye ladaiyer cholochchitro korar kotha bhabchen" ebong bollen jey, jotokkhon jackson ongsho nitey sokkhom hoben, totokkhon tini "err jonno prostuto" thakben. shyamalan "split" (2016) mukti pawar agey "abichcheddo"-err porey bivinno samparkahin chhobite kaaj korechilen, jaa james macoy dwara abhineet split-personality choritro kevin wendell crumb/dya hoarder porichoy deyo. abichcheddo"-err prathomik scripte chhoto tukro ongsho antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, kintu shyamalan onubhob korechilen jey choritroti bharsamyopurno samasya toiri koreche ebong taake golpo theke sariye diyeche (shyamalan bolechen jey "bivokto"-err drishyogulir ekti guchcho mulat "abichcheddo"-err jonno lekha hoyechilo). bivokto"-err chudanta drishye, uilis 'donke doler palanor bishoye jaante dekha yaay ebong err foley jacksoner mih dwara purbabhas deoa anyanno atimanabder astitto upolobdhi korte dekha yaay. glasses. "abichcheddo" touchstone pictures dwara nirmito ebong malikanadhin chhilo, walt disney studior ekti lebel, jokhon "" split "" sorbojonin chhobir madhyome toiri koraa hoyechilo, taai shyamalanke "" split ""-ayee dunner choritroti byabohar korar jonno disneyr kachh theke anumati nitey hoyechilo. tini walt disney studior sabhapati seena bayley-rawr sange dekha corren ebong bhadralokder ekti chuktite asen, jaar madhyome bayley konao ortho chharai chhobite choritrotir byaboharer anumati ditey raji hohn ebong shyamalan protishruti deena jey jodi etty toiri koraa hoy tobey disney ekti sequale jorito thakbe. "bibhajan" samalochanamulak ebong arthik safalyer saathe milit hoyechilo. 2017 saaler januaryte shyamalan bolechilen jey, jodio tini aasha korechilen jey ekti tritiya "abichcheddo" cholochchitro toiri hobey ebong itimadhye taanr ekti ruprekha prostuto chhilo, "aami jaani naa jokhon aami amar ghore jaai, eyi cholochchitroti kholar eka saptaha porey, script lekhar jonno."porer maase, tini nischito corren jey taanr poroborti cholochchitroti hobey eyi trayir tritiya kaaj. tini apriler modhye chitronatto shesh corren, jey somoye tini ghoshana corren jey notun cholochchitrotike "glasses" bolla hobey ebong 18ee januari, 2019-err ekti lakkhya muktir tarikh royeche. markin juktorashtre cholochchitroti bitoron korar jonno sarbojoninbhabe nirbachito hoyechilo, ebong disney taar buena vista antorjatik lebeler madhyome cholochchitroti antorjatikbhabe bitoron korechilo. shyamalanke asankhyabar jigyasa koraa hoyeche jey "glasses"-err sequel hobey kina. 2019 saaler januaryte, tini anusthanikbhabe nischito corren jey bortomane konao sequeler parikalpana koraa hoyney, jog korey jey ekti cinematic mahabishwa toirite taanr konao agroho nei. custing. glasses"-err custer modhye royeche trayitir purboborti protiti cholochchitrer firey assa abhinetara (uilis, jackson, spencer treat clerk ebong charlen uddard sokolei "abichcheddo" theke taader niz niz bhumikar punorabritti korey ebong macoy ebong onno konao telor-joy "split" theke taader bhumikar punorabritti korey), jekhane sarah polson ekti notun choritro abhinoy corren. 2017 saaler novembore, adam david thompson takhankar aprokashito bhumikai abhinayshilpider saathe jog deena. chitrogrohon. dya vigit" (2015) ebong "split"-err moto shyamalan nijei cholochchitrotir arthayan korechilen. 2017 saaler 2raa octobor philadelphia eka saptaher mahadar porr prodhan photography shuru hoy, jekhane ekti 39 diner shyutingyer parikalpana koraa hoy. 31shhey octobor, jaanaa yaay jey shyamalan koyek saptaher jonno altown steta hospitale chitrogrohon korben. 12ee december shyamalan prakash corren jey, 2018 saaler januaryte charti drishyer shooting hobey, ebong bollen jey, taader chitrogrohoner jonno taanke bhromon korte hobey. poosta pradakashana. abichcheddo" theke muche fela footageti eliah ebong josepher shoishober flashback hisabe chhobite sampadana koraa hoyechilo. sangeet. oyesta dialon thordson shyamalaner sange 'split "-ayee kaaj korar porr cholochchitrotir soor korte firey asen. tini james neuton hawarder score theke "abichcheddo"-err jonno thim byabohar korechilen, pashapashi "split"-err jonno taanr nijer score theke "glasses"-err jonno sangeet rachona korechilen. byaka lott sangiter madhyome scorety digitalvabe bitoron koraa hoy. mukti. bipanan. 2018 saaler 25shhey april shyamalan uposthitir sange cholochchitroti cinemacone prodorshito hoy. tini uilis, jackson ebong choritrer mcavoyer prothom official chitro soho cholochchitrotir footage uposthapon korechilen. tini eyi cholochchitrer jonno taanr abhiprayo prakash korey bollen, "abichcheddo" ebong "bivokto" jogoto abosheshe "kacher" sange sangharsha korey. eyi bastob jeeboner superhero ebong super-villenra jodi konovabe eksange atke thaake? qee bhul hotey paare?"superhero ebong khalnayakder somporke oti-bastobbadi cholochchitro, jemon" "dya darka night" "(2008), shyamalan byaktigatabhabe" "glasses" "keey" "prothom satyikarer vitti koraa comic boi cholochchitro" "hisabe bibechona korechilen. 12ee julai, prajojana theke prothom anusthanik photographguli prokashye mukti paay, jaar modhye samuel ell-err shotoo royeche. jackson, sarah polson ebong james mcavoy. eka saptaha porey, cholochchitroti shaan diago comic-conn-ayee procharito hoyechilo, jekhane shyamalan, uilis, jackson, telor-joy ebong polson ekti panelle uposthito chhilen jekhane cholochchitrer prothom trailerty premiere hoyechilo. studioti cholochchitrotir prochare moat 8 kotee dollar byoy koreche. theater. glasses"-err prothom prodorshon 12ee januari, 2019-ayee 25tii alamo drafthouse cinema sthane hoyechilo, jekhane etty ekti triple-fitcher eventer somoy khela hoyechilo jaa antarbhukta chhilo ebong err agey chhilo. abichcheddo" ebong "chhitiye". etty 18ee januari markin juktorashtro ebong kanada sarbojonin chhobi dwara ebong antorjatik anchalgulite walt disney studio moshana pictureser ekti upo-bibhag buena vista international dwara prekkhagrihe mukti paay. home midia. cholochchitroti eu. ayee-teey universal pictures home entertainment dwara mukti paay.esha., ebong antorjatikbhabe home binodan dekhte paben, 2raa april, 2019-ayee digital ebong 16ee april dvd, blue-reey ebong ultra eichdi blue-reey-teey. abhyarthana. boxes offices. "glasses" markin juktorashtro ebong kanada 11 kotee 10 lokkho dollar ebong anyanno anchale 2 kotee 20 lokkho dollar utpadon bajeter biporite bishwobyapi moat 247 million dollar aay korey. "holywooder samayseema" hiseb korey samasta kharach ebong rajaswake eksange bibechona korey cholochchitroti 68 million markin dollar nitt munafa orjon korey. markin juktorashtro ebong kanada, cholochchitroti taar chaar diner emm. ell. keey-err udwodhoni saptahante 3,841tii prekkhagriho theke $1 million dollar aay korbe boley dharona koraa hoyechilo. etty prothom diney 15.9 million dollar aay korey, jaar modhye brihospotibar raater prakdarshan theke 37 lokkho dollar, ebong err udwodhoni saptahante 40.3 million dollar ebong chaar diney 46.5 million dollar aay korey, jaa martin luther king junior jonno tritiya sera moat. saptahante ("american sniper" ebong "raida angle"-err pichhone) ebong shyamlaner karmajiban. dwitiya saptahante, cholochchitroti 53 shotangsho komey 18.9 million markin dollare ("bivokto"-err 35 shotangsher tulna ekti teebro poton) neme yaay, kintu etty boxes office sheersho sthan dhorey rakhe. cholochchitroti abar taar tritiya saptahante shirshe shesh korey, 9.5 million dollar aay korey, abosheshe taar choturtho saptahante singhasanchyuta howar agey, jokhon etty 63 lokkho dollar aay korey pancham sthane shesh korey. antorjatikbhabe, cholochchitroti prothom saptahante $1 million dollar aay korbe boley aasha koraa hoyechilo, jaa bishwobyapi $2 million dollar jonno. etty antorjatik bazar theke $48.5 million dollar aay korey, bishwobyapi $89.1 million dollar suchona korey. etty beshirbhag bajare prothom sthan adhikar korey; err sorbochcho aykari deshguli chhilo rashiya (5 kotee 20 lokkho dollar), mexico (4 kotee 50 lokkho dollar, ekti shyamalan cholochchitrer jonno sorbokaler sera), juktorajyo (4 kotee 30 lokkho dollar), france (4 kotee 40 lokkho dollar) ebong dakkhin koria (28 lokkho dollar). samalochanamulak protikriya. porjalochona sangrahak pocha tometor upor, cholochchitroti porjalochonar upor vitti korey ekti onumodoner retting dharon korey, jaar garh retting holl websiter samalochanamulak oikomottoti padeh "glasses" emm-err koyekti jholok prodorshon korey. night shyamalan taanr twisty bishwa-buildinger sera, tobey shesh porjonto lekhok-porichaloker deergho-uposthapona trayir uposonghar hisabe hotash korey."metacritiker upor, 53 john somalochoker upor vitti korey cholochchitrotir ozon 100-err modhye 43-err garh score royeche, jaa" "mishra baa garh porjalochona" "nirdesh korey. cinema score dwara jorip koraa dorshokra cholochchitrotike "split" esha "bii +" theke "onbreakable" esha "shee" theke niche, ekti ayee + theke eff scaley "bii" err garh grade diyechen, jekhane posttracker dorshokra etike samogrikbhabe 70 shotangsho itibachak score ebong 49 shotangsher "nirdishto superish" diyechen. induer"-err david erlich cholochchitrotike ekti "shee-" diyechen ebong etike shyamlaner kormojiboner sabcheye borh hatasha boley abhihito korechenoh "glasses"-err samasyati emon noy jey err srashta protiti moder modhye taar nijaswa protipholon dekhen, baa tini taar ashanta kormojiboner onek porjaigulir jonno cholochchitrotike ekti sposhto dristanto hisabe rupantarita korar jonno etodur zaan; "glasses"-err samasyati holl jey err halka kautuhaloddipak metaa-textual akhyanti asenine golper cheye eto samriddha ebong arow akarshaniya jey shyamlan taar pristhe boley."" "rolling stone" "-err jonno lekhar somoy devider bhoy cholochchitrotike pancher modhye tinn taaraa diyechilah" "glasses" "jolonto flop noy jaa kichhu looka itimadhye poramorsho diyeche jey etty, baa etty seii cholochchitro noy jaa upney amader palp pouranik kahiniguli kibhabe prokriya corren seey somporke uchchabhilashi, uchchomaner dharonaguli eksathe bandhar khettre chaan. emon eka bishwe jekhane samasta cholochchitro ekhon hoy ganahatya baa icecream, etty ekti durdanto angabhangi jaa upney jaa dekhechen seey somporke dwandwer anubhuti dwara chinnito koraa hoy-jaa nijei byarthotar lakkhan hotey paare. boichitro"-err oyena gleiberman likhechenoh "shyamalanke forme firey (kichuta) dekha vall, jey poriman tini ekti suta spinner hisabe taar moulik mojo punoruddhar korechen. kintu "cutch" amaderke nadachada naa korey amader dokhol korey; etty alodan baa uttejonapurno howar cheye beshi byasto. hoyto err kaaron eyi upadanti punarbibechana koraa ekti sporsho subidhabadi money hoy, ebong sombhoboto etty comic-book cholochchitrer bonna jaa ekhon amader daeenandin vittite grass korar humki deyo taa comic theke rahasyer aboshistangshoke faans korey diyeche."shikago shaan-timeser" richarda roper bollen jey cholochchitrotir "" ekti swatantra chehara ebong kichhu sundar muhurta, ebong ekti ordho-shaleen modd baa duti "" chhilo tobey etty beshirbhag "" ekti odhoirjo, ordho-baked, samanno tock, ebong emonki off-pooting final. "holywooder john defore reporter bhebechilen jey etty ekti trayi-ghonistho hisabe" "ekti mishra byag" ", tini bolechilen jey etty akhyan strandgulike eksathe bendhe rakhar ekti vall kaaj korey, tobey etty khub kathor chesta korey ebong superhero gharanar" "ananyabhabe buddhiman kichhu" "pradan korte byartho hoy. jikiu" magaziner joshua rivera bolechilenoh "timelinety khub komoi bodhgamya, modd eto kholakhulibhabe telegraph koraa jey taaraa" titanic "keey banchiye rakhto." dya atlantik"-err david sims cholochchitrotike "battman returns" (1992) ebong "abiswasya 2" (2018)-err saathe tulna korechenoh "aami shyamalaner golpo bolar nikhunt dridhota proshongsha corry, jaa devider moto choritrogulite antarnihito pouranik kahinike supermaner moto anath choritrogulir dwara bohon koraa abeggoto khotogulir saathe ghuriye deyo."abhinetader proshongsha koraa hoyechilo, bishesh korey mcavoy, jini" "arow ekbar [shirshosthaniyo] chhilen" "ebong" "protibar uposthito howar somoy taanr bhayankar sharirikata diye pordai alokito hoyechilen." porey shyamalan sweekar corren jey, tini "glasses"-err netibachak porjalochonai kandchilenh "satyi bolte, amar money hachchilo, 'aborjonar stuper upor feley naa diye taaraa kii amake kokhono alada hotey debe naa? mulyohinotar anubhuti amake tadatadi korey, ebong satyi kotha bolte, etty sottii kokhono choley yaay naa. kintu jaai hoke, cinemata choley geela, taai naa? etty bishwer protiti deshe eka nambar hoye othe ebong etty amar biswaser protinidhitto korey."

glass (2019 film) glass aee 2019nee superheero film chhe jeey aema. dwara lakhaayeli aneey nirdeshit chhe. night shyamalan, jemane jayson blum, marqa binstock aneey ashwin raajan saathe pann nirmaan karyoo hatoo. aaa film shyamalanni agaauni filmo 'unbreakable' (2000) aneey 'split' (2016) nee crossover aneey sikwal chhe aneey 'unbreakable' triologyno trijo aneey anteem hapto chhe. bruce villis, semual aela. jackson, spensor treat clark aneey charlein woodard temnee "atoot" bhoomikaonu punraavartan karey chhe, jyaare james mcvoy aneey ania taylor-joy temnaa "vibhajit" paatro tareeke paachha aave chhe, jemaa sarah polson, edam david thompson aneey luke kirbi castma jodaay chhe. aaa filmmaan david dunn/nirikshakne jovama aave chhe kaaran keey teey aneey cavin wendell crumb/dhaa hordene pakadvama aave chhe aneey elijah price/mr saathe mansik suvidhama mukvaamaa aave chhe. kaach, jyaan teo temnee atimanav shaktioni pramaniktanu chintan karey chhe. unbreakable" nee sikwalma rus hovaa chhataa, volta disney studiyonaa touchstone chitroae tene naanaa naa aapvaanu pasand karyoo. shyamalan "atoot" maate lakhela paatrano upyog kareene "vibhajit" lakhvaa maate nikalyaa hataa parantu santulannaa muddaaone kaarane tenee scriptmathi khenchee leedha hataa. temane kruteeoni trayee banaavvaani takno ahesas karyo aneey "avibhajya" kathaama filmne sthaapit karvaa maate "vibhajan" naa antano upyog karyo. aanaathi disonymathi villis aneey jaiksonna "atoot" paatro banneno upyog karvaanaa adheekaro suraksheet karvaa jaroori banyaa, jemaa saarvtrik chitroni saathe filmmaan studiyone saamel karvaanu vachan aapvama aavyu hatoo. "vibhajan" aek nanakiy aneey nirnayak safalataa hatee, aneey april 2017 sudhimaa shyaamalaane jaaherat curry keey tene "" kaach "" maate utpaadan prakriyaa sharoo curry chhe ". aaa filmnun 12 january, 2019naa roj pasandaginaa alaamo drafthouse cinema theateroma vishva premiere thayu hatoo aneey 18 januaryna roj united statesma saarvtrik chitro dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "glass" neey vivechako tarafthi mishra sameekshao malee, jemane vaartane kaarane filmne "nirashajanak" aneey "nirashajanak" ganaavi, khaas kareene trija abhinayne kaarane, parantu kalakarona pradarshanni prashansa curry; ghanaa lokoae tene trayimaa sauthee nabalee ganaavi. aaa filmne nanakiy safalataa malee hatee, jene 2 carode dollarnaa utpaadan budget saame vishvbharma 24.7 carode dollarni kamaani curry hatee. plooat. david dunn/nirikshak aneey teno putra joseph tolaane aek tyajee devaayela karkhanama laee jaay chhe jyaan tenee paase chaar cheerleaders chhe jeey pashune khavdavva maate bandhak chhe, aek atimanav vyaktitva jeey tolaa badhaani pujaa karey chhe. dunn cheerleadersne bachaave chhe aneey jyaan sudhee teo doow. dwara pakadvama naa aave tyaan sudhee pashu saathe sankshipt mukabalo karey chhe. aelee staple. mukhya aek agnaat goopt sansthaano bhaag chhe jeey aevaa lokone samjavvama nishnaat chhe jeo maane chhe keey teo atimanav chhe keey teo tenaa badale bhramana chhe. temne reven hill memorialma laee javama aave chhe jyaan shaant elijah keemat/aema. aar. kaach, jeey agau aek daaykaa pahelaa ladyo hato, teey rakhvama aavee rahyo chhe. david aneey keveenne alag-alag oradaoma mukvaamaa aave chhe jemaa anukrame temnee paanini nabalaio aneey prakashni chamakna aadhare ananya suraksha pagalaa hoya chhe. mukhya samjaave chhe keey teo maane chhe keey teo bhavyatana bhramanathi pidaay chhe aneey temnee paase mahasattao nathee. shrimati. keemat, eleani maataa; joseph dunn; aneey kesee cookie, jeey tolaani kedmathi bachee gayo hato, badhaa prayaas karey chhe aneey mukhya manavone vaastavik maane chhe. teneena anteem mulyankanna bhagroope, mukhya trana purushone aek roomma laave chhe jyaan tenee temne temnee dekheeti reete alaukik kshamatao maate spashtata saathe padkaar aape chhe jeey alaukik nathee. david aneey keveenna ghanaa vyaktitva munjhavanma aneey vichaleet thaee jaay chhe, jyaare elijah ketatonik rahe chhe. teey raatre, elia tenaa oradamathi bhaagi jaay chhe aneey nirikshak aneey tolaa parr sanshodhan karey chhe. teey keveenni mulakat leey chhe aneey kahe chhe keey teey tenee shaant avasthaano dhhong curry rahyo chhe aneey sansthaathi chhataki javaani yojnaa dharaave chhe, parantu tene aavu karvaa maate pashuni madadni jaroor chhe. beejee savaare, mukhya elijana oradani bahaarnaa surveillance footage juae chhe aneey tenaa parr prefrontal lobotomy-prakaarnee prakriyaa karey chhe. jyaare teey tenee sambhaal rakhnar saathe aekalo hoya chhe, tyaare elijah teey maanasne maaree naakhe chhe, prakriyaa jaaher karvaamaa nishfal rahee hatee kaaran keey elijah cergical lesarne todyu hatoo. teey keveenne mukt karey chhe aneey pachhi devidne tenee shaktino upyog kareene tenaa oradamathi bahaar nikalvaa maate aek yojnaa saathe sambandhit karey chhe, jemaa teey pashu filadelfiyama aek navee gaganchumbi imarat osaka towernaa udghaatan samaye potaane vishva samaksh jaaher karey chhe, jyaare elijah buildingma aek rasayanik prayogshaalaano naash karey chhe, jemaa sambhavitpane hajaaro loko maarya jaay chhe. shrimati. keemat, cases aneey joseph elia, cavin aneey devidnaa bhaagi javaani saathe jaj reven tekri parr pahonche chhe. mukhya, ladaaina sakshi pann, superhuman parr javaa maate adheekarione bolaavvaanu nakki karey chhe. david aneey pashu kagadola tekrini parkingma thodaa samay maate ladata hataa teey pahelaa eliah pashune kahe chhe keey devidnee nabalai paanee chhe, teey samaye joseph janaave chhe keey keveenna pitaa trainna bhangarma mrutyu pamya hataa jeey eliah pedaa karyaa hataa. pashuae tenee rachnaamaa yogdaan aapvaa badal eliyahno aabhaar maanyo jethee keveenne tenee apmanjanak maataa dwara uchhervama aavyo hato aneey teey pahelaa keveenna durvyavhaar taraf doree gayelee paristhitine hairfare karvaa badal tene jeevalen reete ghaayal karyo hato. teey devidne paanini taankimaa fenki deey chhe, parantu david aaspasna vistaarne khaalee kareene baajune todee shake chhe. kesee keveenna nishkreey mool vyaktitvane "prakaash" maan laavvaani vyavastha karey chhe, jeey samaye aek sniper tene jeevalen reete golee maare chhe, aneey keseennaa haathmaa cavin mrutyu paame chhe. jyaare aek swaat adheekari devidne purnaa khaadama dooby jaay chhe, tyaare mukhya baabat aee chhe keey teey aek goopt sansthaano bhaag chhe jeey hajaaro varshothi atimanav kshamatao dharaavtaa lokone shodhine aneey maareene atimanavonu astitva dabaavi rahee chhe, kaaran keey teo aavee vyaktione vishva vyavsthaani sthirtaa maate khataro tareeke juae chhe. tenaa pachhi, mukhya reete athadamanna surveillance footagene kaadhee naakhe chhe aneey shankaspad superhumansna aagaami kesanee tapaas karvaa maate aagad vadhvani yojnaa banaave chhe. jooe keey, jyaare tenee aek super-genious mastermindna tropsnee charcha kartaa comic book nardnaa juthane saambhale chhe, tyaare teneene khabar padey chhe keey elijah paase aek goopt yojnaa hovi joiae aneey tene khabar padey chhe keey tene ladaaina kagadana tekrini dekhrekhnaa footageni vyavastha curry hatee, jene khangi website parr jivant prasaarit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jenaathi tenee aneey teneeni sanstha haaree gaee hatee. shrimati. keemat, joseph aneey kesee darek footageni aek nakal melve chhe aneey tene jaaher janata samaksh rajoo karey chhe, aakhare superhumanna astitvane ujagar karey chhe. cast karoo. aema. night shyamalan jayani tenee nankadi bhoomikane punraavartit karey chhe, jeey doow. flatchernu apartment building, "split" maanthi, jeey david dunne odakhe chhe aneey tene puchhe chhe keey shun teey football stadium kaama karato hato, jeey soochave chhe keey jaya drugg dealer hato jeno saamno stadium "unbreakable" (aek bhaag pann shyamalan dwara bhajavvama aavyo hato) maan karvaamaa aavyo hato. shenan destiny raayan, dyna silverse, neenaa visioner aneey kylie zione filmnee sharuaatmaa apaharan karaayela cheerleadersne chitrit karyaa hataa. rosemary hovarda aneey bryan meseloye keveenna matapita, panelope aneey clarencene chitrit karyaa hataa, jemaa howarde "split" maanthi teneeni bhoomikane punraavartit curry hatee. utpaadan. vikaas. aema. nee rajuaat pachhi. night shyamalanni "unbreakable" (2000), sambhaveet sikvalnee afavaao viveedh interviewmaa aneey film chaahako parr farvaa laagee. teey samaye, david dunn/overseerni bhoomika bhajavnar bruce veelisne tankvama aavyu hatoo keey temne aashaa hatee keey aek "atoot" trayee hashe, parantu december 2000maan, shyaamalaane afavaaone nakaari kaadhee hatee keey temane trayinaa pratham haptaa tareeke "atoot" lakhyu hatoo. august 2001maan, temane janaavyu hatoo keey, safal dvd vechaanne kaarane, temane "atoot" sikwal vishe touchstone picturesno sampark karyo hato, parantu filmna nirashajanak booaks offices pradarshanne kaarane studio mulroope incar karyo hato. september 2008maan, shyamalan aneey staar semual aela. jaikson, jeey elijah price/mister bhajavta hataa. glasse janaavyu hatoo keey, booaks offices parr nirashajanak valtarnaa prakashma sikwal banaavvaa visheni charchaao motaabhaage tyajee devaamaa aavee hatee. jekasne sanket aapyo hato keey tene haju pann sikwalma rus hato, parantu shyamalan biin-pratibaddh rahyo. februari 2010maan, vilise kahyoo hatoo keey shyamalan "hajee pann maaree aneey same vachcheni ladaaini film karvaa vishe vichaaree rahyo hato" aneey kahyoo hatoo keey, jyaan sudhee jaikson bhaag levaa saksham hashe, tyaan sudhee teey "tenaa maate taiyar" raheshe. shyaamalaane 'split' (2016) rajoo kartaa pahelaa 'unbreakable' pachhi viveedh asambandhit filmo parr kaama karyoo hatoo, jeey james mcvoy dwara bhajavvama aavela split-personality paatra cavin wendell crumb/dhaa hordeno parichay aape chhe. unbreakable" nee praarambhik scriptma tukado saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato, parantu shyamalanne laagyu keey paatra santulan muddaao banaave chhe aneey tene vartamathi door karey chhe (shyamalanae kahyoo chhe keey "split" maan "aek tolu" mulroope "unbreakable" maate lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo). split" naa anteem drashyamaa, villis 'dunn tolaanaa bhaagi javaa vishe sheekhta jovaa maley chhe aneey teey reete jacksonna shree dwara aagaahi karvaamaa aavee chhe tema anya superhuman astitvamaa chhe teey anoobhave chhe. kaach. "unbreakable" noon nirmaan aneey maliki touchstone pictures dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey volta disney studiyonaa lablenu hatoo, jyaare "split" saarvtrik chitro dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo, tethee shyaamalaane "split" maan dunna paatrano upyog karvaa maate disney pasethi parvangi levee puddy hatee. teo volta disney studiyonaa pramukh siina beleene malyaa aneey aek sajjanna karaar parr aavyaa, jemaa bayley phii vinaa filmmaan paatrana upyogni manjuri aapvaa maate sammat thayaa, aneey shyaamalaane vachan aapyu keey jooe teey vikasavvama aave too disney sikwalma saamel thashe. "vibhajan" neey nirnayak aneey nanakiy safalataa malee hatee. january 2017maan, shyaamalaane janaavyu hatoo keey, jooe keey temne aashaa hatee keey triji "atoot" film banavvama aavashe aneey temane pahelethee jaj aek ruprekha taiyar curry hatee, "maney khabar nathee keey jyaare huun maaraa roomma jaaun chhu tyaare shun thavaanu chhe, aaa film kholyana aek athvadiya pachhi, script lakhvaa maate."aavtaa maheene, temane pushti curry keey temnee aagaami film trayimaa triji film hashe. temane april sudhimaa patkathaa purn curry, teey samaye temane jaaherat curry keey navee filmne "glass" kahevama aavashe aneey tenee lakshya prakaashan taarikh 18 january, 2019 chhe. universalne united statesma filmnun vitaran karvaa maate pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaare disney tenaa byunaa vista aantarrashtriy label dwara aantarrashtriy stare filmnun vitaran karyoo hatoo. shyamalanne ghanee vakhat puchhvama aavyu chhe keey shun "glass" nee sikwal hashe. january 2019maan, temane sattavaar reete pushti curry hatee keey haalmaa koee sikvalnu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu nathee, temane umeryu hatoo keey temne cinematic brahmaandnaa nirmanma koee rus nathee. casting. glass" naa kalakaroma triologyma agaauni darek filmmathi parat fartaa abhinetaono samaavesh thaay chhe (villis, jaikson, spensor treat clark aneey charlen woodard badhaa "unbreakable" maanthi temnee sambandhit bhoomikao punraavartit karey chhe, aneey mcvoy aneey ania taylor-joy "split" maanthi temnee bhoomikao punraavartit karey chhe), jyaare sarah polson aek navoo paatra bhajve chhe. november 2017maan, edam david thompson teey samaye jaaher naa thayelee bhoomikama castma jodaya hataa. filmankan. dhaa visit" (2015) aneey "split" nee jaim, shyaamalaane pote film maate bhandol purun paadyu hatoo. mukhya photography 2 october, 2017naa roj filadelfiyama sharoo thaee, rehearsalna aek athvadiya pachhi, tris-nava divasnaa shootingni yojnaa saathe. 31 octobernaa roj, aevu janavama aavyu hatoo keey shyamalan thodaa athvadiya maate oltown state hospitalma filmankan karashe. 12 decembernaa roj shyaamalaane khulaso karyo keey chaar drashyo january 2018maan shhoot karvaamaa aavashe, jemaa tene kahyoo hatoo keey tene temnaa filmankan maate musafari karvee padashe. poosta production. unbreakable" maanthi kaadhee nakhela footagene eliah aneey josephna baadpanni flashback tareeke filmmaan sampadit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. sangeet. vesta dylane thordson "split" parr shyamalan saathe sahyog karyaa pachhi filmne sqora karvaa maate parat faryaa. temane james neuton hovardnaa "unbreakable" skornaa theemsno upyog karyo hato, temaj "split" maate potaana skormathi, "glass" maate sangeet rachvaamaa. skorne beeka looat sangeet dwara digital reete vitareet karvaamaa aave chhe. mukt karoo. marqetina. 25 april, 2018naa roj, aaa film cinemecon khaate darshavvama aavee hatee, jemaa shyamalan haajar hataa. temane villis, jaikson aneey mcvoyne patramaa darshaavati pratham sattavaar chhabi saathe filmna footage rajoo karyaa hataa. temane film maate potaano irado pann vyakt karyo hato aneey kahyoo hatoo keey, "atoot" aneey "vibhajit" nee dunia aakhare "kaach" maan athadaay chhe. jooe aaa vaastavik jeevannaa superheero aneey super-veelan koik reete eksaathe bundh thaee jaay too shun? shun khotu thaee shake chhe?"superheero aneey khalnayako visheni atee-vaastavik filmo, jaim keey" "dhaa darqa night" "(2008), shyamalanne vyaktigat reete" "glass" "neey" "pratham saacha arthamaa aadharit comic book film" "manvama aave chhe". 12 julyna roj, utpadanna pratham sattavaar photographs jaaherma jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa semual aelnaa shotano samaavesh thaay chhe. jackson, sarah polson aneey james mcvoy. aek athvadiya pachhi, filmne seena diyego comic-qoona khaate prachaar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa shyamalan, villis, jaikson, taylor-joy aneey polson aek panelma haajari aapee hatee jyaan filmna pratham trailernu premiere thayu hatoo. studio filmna prachaar maate coole 80 million dollar kharchya hataa. theatre. glass" noon pratham pradarshan 12 january, 2019naa roj 25 alaamo drafthouse cinema sthaano parr thayu hatoo, jyaan teey triple-feature event darmiyan ramvaamaa aavyu hatoo jemaa saamel hatoo aneey teey pahelaa hatoo. unbreakable" aneey "spilt" dwara. teey 18 januaryna roj united states aneey kenedama saarvtrik chitro dwara aneey aantarrashtriy pradeshomaa buaenaa vista international dwara, volta disney studiyo motion picturesnaa petaa-vibhag dwara theatrema rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. ghar media. aaa film yuu. aesa. maan saarvtrik chitro hooma entertainment dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa., aneey aantarrashtriy stare ghar manoranjan maate 2 april, 2019naa roj digital parr aneey 16 aprilnaa roj dvd, blue-reey aneey ultra aechadee blue-reey parr. swaagat. booaks offices. "glass" aee united states aneey kenedama $11.1 carode aneey anya pradeshomaa $1.00 carode aneey vishvbharma coole $247 karodnee kamaani curry hatee, jyaare utpaadan budget $20 million hatoo. "deadline hollywood" aee ganatari curry hatee keey jyaare tamaam kharch aneey aavakne eksaathe dhyanma rakheene film $68 millionno chokkho nafo karyo hato. united states aneey kenedama, aaa film tenaa chaar divasnaa aema. aela. keey. divasnaa sharuaatnaa saptaahnaa ante 3,841 theateromathi $50-75 millionni kamaani karashe tevu anumaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tene tenaa pratham divase $15.9 laakhnee kamaani curry, jemaa guruvaarnee raatnaa purvavlokanmathi $37 laakhno samaavesh thaay chhe, aneey tenaa sharuaatnaa saptaahnaa ante $40.3 laakh aneey chaar divasma $46.5 laakhnee kamaani curry, jeey martin luther king juniyar maate trija-shreshth koolne chinhit karey chhe. saptaahnaa ante ("american sniper" aneey "savaari saathe" paachhal) aneey shyamalanni karkirdi. tenaa beeja saptaahnaa ante, film 53 takaa ghateene 18.9 carode dollar ('split' naa 35 takaa karataa vadhu ghataado) parr aavee gaee, parantu tene booaks offices parr tochnu sthaan jaalvi raakhyu. filmae tenaa chothaa saptaahnaa ante $9.5 laakhnee kamaani kareene pharii tenaa trija saptaahnaa ante toach parr samaapt karyoo, jyaare teey $63 laakhnee kamaani saathe paanchmaa sthaane rahee. aantarrashtriy stare, aaa film tenaa pratham saptaahnaa ante $45-50 millionni kamaani karey tevee apeksha hatee, jeey coole $105-120 millionni vaishvik sharuaat hatee. tene aantarrashtriy bajaromathi $48.5 millionni kamaani curry hatee, jemaa vaishvik stare $89.1 millionni sharuaat thaee hatee. teey motabhagna bajaroma pratham sthaane rahyu; tenaa sauthee vadhu kamaani karnara deshomaa russia ($5.2 laakh), meksiko ($4.5 laakh, shyamalan film maate atyaar sudhinaa shreshth), united kingdom ($4.3 laakh), france ($3.4 laakh) aneey dakshin koreeya ($2.8 laakh) hataa. nirnayak pratisaad. samiksha aggregator suddy gayelaa tametaa parr, film samikshaona aadhare sarerash rating saathe manjuri rating dharaave chhe. websiteni nirnayak sarvasanmati vaanche chheh "kaach" m nee ketalik zalak pradarshit karey chhe. night shyamalan tenaa twisty worled-building bestamaa, parantu aakhare lekhak-digdarshakni laambi-graysting triologyna nishkarsh tareeke nirash karey chhe."metacritic parr, 53 vivechakonaa aadhare, film 100 maanthi 43 noow sarerash sqora dharaave chhe, jeey" "mishra athavaa sarerash sameekshao" "darshaave chhe". cinemacor dwara sarvekshan karaayela prexakoae filmne "split" s "b +" thee neeche, parantu "unbreakable" s "c" thee neeche, a + thee f scale parr "b" noow sarerash grade aapyo, jyaare postrack parr lokoae tene 70 takaa noow ekandar sakaratmak sqora aapyo aneey 49 takaani "chokkas bhalaaman" curry. indivire" naa david airliche filmne "see-" aapee aneey tene shyamalanni karkidrini sauthee motee nirasha ganaavih "kaach" saatheni mushkeli aee nathee keey tenaa nirmata darek valaank parr potaanu pratibimb juae chhe, athavaa teey potaani tofani karkidrina ghanaa tabakkao maate filmne spasht drashtantma parivartit karvaa maate potaani reete door jaay chhe; "kaach" saatheni mushkeli aee chhe keey tenee hadvee rasprad metaa-taxt kathaa aetali samruddh aneey vadhu aakarshak chhe keey shyamalan tenee sapaati parr kahe chhe."" "rolling stone" "maate lakhata, devidnaa darthi filmne panchmathi trana taaraa malyaah" "glass" aee flaming phlopa nathee, ketlaak lokoae pahelethee jaj soochavyu chhe keey teey chhe, naa too teey mahatvakankshi, uchch-faluteenni kalpanaaone eksaathe bandhvani drashtiae tame ichcho chho keey aapane aapana palp pauranik kathaaone kevee reete prakriyaa kareeae chhiae ". aek aevee duniyama jemaa havey badhee filmo narsamhar athavaa iscream chhe, teey aek bhavya haavbhaav chhe jeey tame hamanaa jaj jeey joyu chhe tenaa vishe dhvidhama chhe-jeey pote jaj nishfaltani nishani hoi shake chhe. variety" naa owen glibbermayne lakhyu "shyamalanne (aek degree sudhee) formmaa jovu saaru chhe, teey hudd sudhee keey tene yarn spinner tareeke tenaa mulbhoot mojone punahpraapt karyo chhe. parantu "kaach" aapanne traas aapyaa vinaa aapanne gheree leey chhe; teey halaavvaa athavaa uttejak karataa vadhu vyast chhe. kadaach tenu kaaran aee chhe keey aaa saamagrini pharii mulakat levee aek sparsha takvaadi laage chhe, aneey kadaach teey etalaa maate chhe kaaran keey comic-book moviesnaa puur keey jeey havey aapanne dainik dhorane gheree levaano khataro chhe, teey comixmanthi jeey rahasy baakee chhe tene bahaar kaadhe chhe."" "shikago sunn-times" "naa richard ropare kahyoo keey aaa filmmaan" "aek vishisht dekhaav aneey ketalik sunder kshano, aneey adadho-yogya valaank athavaa beey" "hataa, parantu teey mote bhaage" "aek nirashajanak, adadho-shekelo, sahej khaato, aneey bundh-mook anteem pann hato"."hollywoodna reporter john defore vichaaryu keey teey trayee-najiknaa tareeke" "mishra bagg" "hatee, aema kaheene keey teey varnaatmak strandne eksaathe baandhvaanu saaru kaama karey chhe, parantu teey khoob jaj sakhat prayaas karey chhe aneey superheero shaileene" "ananya reete buddhishali kaneek" "pradaan karvaamaa nishfal jaay chhe". jee. kyu" megezeenna joshua rivra janaavyu hatoo keh "samayrekha bhagye jaj samjee shakaay tevee chhe, twist saathe etalaa khulleaam telegraph kareene keey teoae" titanic "neey bachaavi leedhu hota." dhaa atlantic" naa david simse filmnee sarkhaamani "bateman returns" (1992) aneey "avishvasneey 2" (2018) saathe kareeh "huun shyamalanni vaarta kahevani teevra kathortaani prashansa karoo chhu, jeey david jevaa patroma rahelee pauranik kathaane superman jevaa anath paatro dwara uthavvama aavela bhavnatmak nishan saathe ferave chhe."kalaakaaroni prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee, khaas kareene mcvoy, jeo" pharii aekvaar [tochnaa] hataa "aneey" jyaare pann teo dekhaay chhe tyaare temnee bhayanak shaaririktaa saathe screenne prakashit karey chhe." pachhithi, shyaamalaane sveekaaryu keey teey "kaach" maate nakaaraatmak sameekshao parr radyoh "pramanikpane, maney aevu laagtu hatoo keey, 'shun teo maney kacharaana dhagla parr fenkya vinaa kyaarey alag nahee thavaa deshe? nakaamaani laagani maney dhasee gaee, aneey saachu kahoo too, teey kharekhar kyaarey chhodati nathee. pann tema chhataa, film aagad vadhee, kharoo neey? teey vishvanaa darek deshmaa number vana bunny gayoo chhe aneey teey maaree manyataonu pratinidhitva karey chhe."

glass (2019 film) glass 2019 kii ack superheiro film haye jise aim. dwara likhaa aur nirdeshit kiya gayaa haye. night shyamalan, jinhone jayson blum, maark beanstock aur ashwin rajan key saath bhee nirmaan kiya. yeh film shyamalan kii pichhali filmon "unbreakable" (2000) aur "split" (2016) kii agali kadee haye aur "unbreakable" trayi kii teesari aur antim kist haye. broose vilis, saimuel ell. jackson, spensor treat clark aur charlen woodard apani "atoot" bhoomikaon koo dohrate hain, jabaki james mcvy aur annie teller-joy apane "vibhajit" paatron key roop mein lautate hain, jisamen saaraa paulson, addam david thompson aur luke kirbi kalakaron mein shamil hotey hain. film mein david dunn/paryavekshak koo dekhaa gayaa haye kyonki vaha aur cavin wendell crumb/bheed koo pakad liya gayaa haye aur ack manorog suvidha mein rakhaa gayaa haye jisamen elija moolya/shree haye. kaanch, jahan way apani atimaanav shaktiyon kii pramanikta parr vichaar karate hain. unbreakable" kii agali kadee mein ruchi key bavjood, walt disney studio key touchstone pictures ney ack koo vittaposhit naheen karane kaa vikalp chunaa. shyamalan ney ack charitra kaa upayog karke "vibhajan" likhane key liye nickle padey jise unhone "atoot" key liye likhaa thaa, lekin santulan key muddon key kaaran isaki patkatha seey hutt gaye. unhone iss avsar koo mahsoos kiya kii unhein karyon kii ack trayi banaane kaa avsar milaa, aur "vibhajan" key anta kaa upayog film koo "atoot" kathaa key roop mein sthaapit karane key liye kiya. isake kaaran disney seey vilis aur jackson key "atoot" paatron donon kaa upayog karane key adhikaar praapt karane kii aavashyakta thee, jisamen saarvbhaumik chitron key saath film key bheetar studio koo shamil karane kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa. "vibhajan" ack vittiya aur mahatvapurna safalata thee, aur aprail 2017 taka shyamalan ney ghoshana kii kii unhone "" kaanch "" key liye utpaadan prakriya shuru curr dee haye. film kaa vishva premiere 12 janwari, 2019 koo chuninda alamo drafthouse cinema cinemagharon mein huaa thaa aur ise 18 janwari koo sanyukt raajya america mein saarvbhaumik chitron dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. "glass" koo alochakon seey mishrit sameeksha millie, jinhone kahani key kaaran film koo "nirashajanak" aur "nirashajanak" paaya, vishesh roop seey teesare abhinay key kaaran, lekin kalakaron key pradarshan kii prashansa kii; kaee logon ney ise trayi mein sabse kamjor maanaa. film ack vittiya safalata thee, jisane 2 karod dollar key utpaadan bajat key mukabale duniya bhar mein 24.7 karod dollar kii kamai kii. plot. david dunn/paryavekshak aur uska betaa joseph bheed koo ack parityakt karkhane mein leey jaate hain jahan unake paas janwar koo khilaane key liye chaar cheerleader bandhak hotey hain, ack atimaanav vyaktitva joe sabhi kii pooja kartaa haye. dunn cheerleaders koo bachaata haye aur janwar key saath ack sankshipt takraav kartaa haye jaba taka kii way dow dwara pakad naheen liye jaate. ellie staple. mukhya ack agyaat gupt sangathan kaa hissa haye joe una logon koo yeh samajhaane mein mahir haye joe maanate hain kii way atimaanav hain kii way isake bajaay bhram hain. unhein revain pahaadi smaarak mein leey jaaya jaataa haye jahan ack shaant eliah moolya/shree. glass, jise pahale ack dashak pahale ladaa gayaa thaa, rakhaa jaa rhaa haye. david aur cavin koo alag-alag kamaron mein rakhaa jaataa haye jisamen kramshah paani aur prakaash kii kamjoriyon key aadhar parr advitiya suraksha upaay hotey hain. mukhya baat yeh bataati haye kii unakaa maanana haye kii way bhavyata key bhram seey peedit hain aur unake paas mahashaktiyan naheen hain. shrimati. keemat, elijah kii maan; joseph dunn; aur ack peedit, joe bheed kii kaid seey butch gayaa, sabhi mukhya roop seey yeh samajhaane kii koshish karate hain aur asafal rahate hain kii superhuman vaastavik hain. apane antim mulyankan key hisse key roop mein, mukhya teen purushon koo ack kamare mein laataa haye jahan vaha unhein unaki alaukik kshamataon key liye spashteekaran key saath chunauti detee haye joe alaukik naheen hain. david aur cavin key kaee vyaktitva bhramit aur vichalit hoe jaate hain, jabaki elijah catatonic bunny rahati haye. usa raat, eliah apane kamare seey bhaag jaataa haye aur paryavekshak aur bheed parr shodh kartaa haye. vaha cavin kaa daura kartaa haye aur kahata haye kii vaha apani behosh avastha kaa naatak curr rhaa haye aur sansthaan seey bachane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye, lekin usey aisaa karane key liye janwar kii madad kii aavashyakta haye. agali subah, mukhya roop seey usake kamare key baahar elijah kii nigrani footage dikhaai detee haye aur usa parr ack prefrontal lobotomy-prakaar kii prakriya kartaa haye. jaba vaha apane karyavahak key saath akela hotaa haye, tou eliah usa vyakti koo maar detaa haye, yeh khulasa karate hue kii prakriya asafal rahee kyonki eliah ney cergical lazer koo toda diyaa thaa. vaha cavin koo mukt kartaa haye aur phir david koo apane kamare seey baahar nikalane key liye apani taakat kaa upayog karane key liye ack yojana key baare mein bataata haye kii janwar philadelphia mein ack naee gaganchumbi imarat osaka tower key udghaatan parr khud koo duniya key saamane prakat karega, jabaki elija imarat mein ack rasayanik prayogshala koo nasht curr detaa haye, jisase sambhaavit roop seey hajaaron loga maare jaa sakate hain. shrimati. keemat, cases, aur joseph eliah, cavin aur david key bhaagne key saath hii reven pahaadi parr pahunchate hain. mukhya, ladaai kaa gawah bhee, adhikaariyon koo superhuman parr aage badhane key liye bulaane kaa faisala kartaa haye. david aur janwar kuchh samay key liye kaue pahaadi parking sthal mein ladate hain, isase pahale kii eliah janwar koo bataata haye kii david kii kamjori paani haye, jiss bindu parr joseph ney khulasa kiya kii cavin key pitaa kii train key malabe mein mrityu hoe gaee joe eliah ney paida kiya thaa. janwar ney apani rachana mein yogdan dene key liye elijah koo dhanyavaad diyaa taaki cavin koo poori tarah seey usaki apmaanjanak maan dwara paalaa gayaa, isase pahale kii vaha usa sthiti mein herfer karane key liye usey maar diyaa jaae jisake kaaran cavin key saath durvyavahar huaa. vaha david koo ack paani key bhandaran tank mein fenk detaa haye, lekin david aspas key kshetra koo khaali karate hue kinare koo todane mein saksham hotaa haye. kessy cavin key supt mool vyaktitva koo "prakaash" mein laane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye, jiss bindu parr ack sniper usey ghaatak roop seey goli maar detaa haye, aur kessy kii baahon mein cavin marr jaataa haye. jabaki ack swat adhikaari david koo baadh key gaddhe mein dubata haye, mukhya roop seey pataa chalata haye kii vaha ack gupt sangathan kaa hissa haye joe sahasraabdiyon seey atimanavi kshamataon vaale logon koo track karke aur markar atimanavon key astitva koo dabaa rhaa haye, kyonki way aise vyaktiyon koo vishva vyavastha kii sthirata key liye khatare key roop mein dekhate hain. isake baad, mukhya roop seey takraav key nigrani footage koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye aur sandigdh superhuman key agale mamle kii jaanch karane key liye aage badhane kii yojana banaata haye. haalaanki, jaba vaha ack super-genius mastermind key trop parr charcha karane vaale comic book key ack samooh koo sunati haye, tou usey pataa chalata haye kii elijah key paas ack gupt yojana honey chaahiye thee aur usey pataa chalata haye kii usane ladaai key kauve pahaadi nigrani footage kii vyavastha kii thee, jise ack niji website parr live-stream kiya gayaa thaa, jisase vaha aur uska sangathan haar gaye. shrimati. keemat, joseph aur cassie pratyek koo footage kii ack prati praapt hoti haye aur ise janata key liye jaari kiya jaataa haye, joe antatah superhuman key astitva koo ujagar kartaa haye. cast. aim. night shyamalan ney jaya kii apani cameo bhoomika koo dohraya, joe dow. fletcher kaa apartment building, "split" seey, joe david dunn koo pahachaantaa haye aur usase poochata haye kii kyaa vaha football stadium mein kaam kartaa thaa, yeh darshaata haye kii jaya drugg dealer david thaa jiska stadium mein "atoot" (ack hissa jise shyamalan ney bhee khela thaa) mein saamana kiya. film kii shuruat mein shannon destiny raayan, dyna silver, neena visioner aur kylie zian ney apahrit cheerleaders koo chitrit kiya. rosemary howard aur bryan messelroy ney cavin key maataa-pitaa, penelope aur clarence koo chitrit kiya, jisamen howard ney "split" seey apani bhoomika koo dohraya. utpaadan. vikas. aim key jaari honey key baad. night shyamalan kii "atoot" (2000), sambhaavit seekwal kii afavaahen vibhinn sakshatkaron aur film prashansakon parr prasaarit honey lageen. usa samay, david dunn/paryavekshak kii bhoomika nibhaane vaale broose vilis koo yeh kahate hue uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa kii unhein ummeed thee kii ack "atoot" trayi hogi, lekin disambar 2000 mein, shyamalan ney afvaahon seey incar kiya kii unhone ack trayi kii pahali kist key roop mein "atoot" likhaa thaa. agast 2001 mein, unhone kahaa kii safal dvd bikri key kaaran, unhone ack "atoot" agali kadee key baare mein touchstone pictures seey sampark kiya thaa, lekin studio ney mool roop seey film key nirashajanak boxes offices pradarshan key kaaran incar curr diyaa. sitambar 2008 mein, shyamalan aur starr saimuel ell. jackson, jinhone elijah price/mister khela. glass ney kahaa kii boxes offices parr nirashajanak vaapsee key aalok mein ack seekwal banaane key baare mein charchaon koo kaafee hudd taka chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. jackson ney sanket diyaa kii vaha abhee bhee ack seekwal mein ruchi rakhate they, lekin shyamalan gair-pratibaddh rahey. farwari 2010 mein, vilis ney kahaa kii shyamalan abhee bhee merey aur saim key beach ladaai kii film karane key baare mein soch rhaa thaa aur kahaa kii jaba taka jackson bhaag lene mein saksham hoga, vaha isake liye taiyar rahega. shyamalan ney "split" (2016) koo release karane seey pahale "atoot" key baad vibhinn asambandhit filmon parr kaam kiya, joe james mcvy dwara nibhaae gaye vibhajit-vyaktitva charitra cavin wendell crumb/dha horde kaa parichay detaa haye. atoot" kii praarambhik patkatha mein tukadon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, lekin shyamalan ney mahsoos kiya kii charitra ney santulan banaane key mudde paida kiye aur usey kahani seey hataa diyaa (shyamalan ney kahaa haye kii "vibhajit" mein drishyon kaa ack guchcha mool roop seey "atoot" key liye likhaa gayaa thaa). vibhajan" key antim drishya mein, vilis dunn koo bheed key bachane key baare mein seekhate hue dekhaa jaataa haye aur iss tarah yeh mahsoos kiya jaataa haye kii anya superhuman maujood hain, jaisa kii jackson key mister dwara bhavishyavani kii gaee thee. kaanch. "unbreakable" kaa nirmaan aur swaamitva touchstone pictures dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii walt disney studio kaa ack label thaa, jabaki "split" kaa nirmaan saarvbhaumik chitron key madhyam seey kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye shyamalan koo "split" mein dunn key charitra kaa upayog karane key liye disney seey anumati lenny padee. vaha walt disney studio key adhyaksh seane bellie seey mille aur ack sajjanon key samjhaute parr aae, jisake tahat bellie binaa kissy shulk key film mein charitra key upayog kii anumati dene key liye sahmat hoe gaye, aur shyamalan ney vaadaa kiya kii aggar ise vikasit kiya gayaa tou disney ack seekwal mein shamil hogi. "vibhajan" koo mahatvapurna aur vittiya safalata millie. janwari 2017 mein, shyamalan ney kahaa kii, halanki unhein ummeed thee kii ack teesari "atoot" film banaai jaayegi aur unhone pahale seey hii ack ruprekha taiyar curr lii thee, "mujhe naheen pataa kii jaba main apane kamare mein jaaoonga tou kyaa honey vaalaa haye, iss film key khulane key ack saptah baad, patkatha likhane key liye."agale maheene, unhone pushti kii kii unaki agali film trayi mein teesari film hogi. unhone aprail taka patkatha poori curr lii, jiss samay unhone ghoshana kii kii naee film koo "glass" kahaa jaayega aur 18 janwari, 2019 kii lakshit release kii tarikh hogi. universal koo sanyukt raajya america mein film vitarit karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, jabaki disney ney film koo apane buena vista antarrashtriya label key madhyam seey antarrashtriya star parr vitarit kiya. shyamalan seey kaee baar poochha gayaa haye kii kyaa "glass" kii agali kadee hogi. janwari 2019 mein, unhone aadhikarik taur parr pushti kii kii vartamaan mein koee seekwal kii yojana naheen haye, yeh kahate hue kii unhein cinemai brahmand key nirmaan mein koee ruchi naheen haye. casting. glass" key kalakaron mein trayi mein pichhali filmon mein seey pratyek seey lautane vaale abhineta shamil hain (vilis, jackson, spensor treat clark, aur charlen woodard sabhi "atoot" seey apani-apani bhoomikaon koo dohrate hain, aur mcvy aur annie teller-joy "split" seey apani bhoomikaon koo dohrate hain), jabaki saaraa paulson ack nayaa charitra nibhaati hain. navambar 2017 mein, addam david thompson ack tatkalin-agyaat bhoomika mein kalakaron mein shamil hoe gaye. filmancan. dha visit" (2015) aur "split" key saath, shyamalan ney khud film kaa vittaposhan kiya. principle photography 2 octuber, 2017 koo philadelphia mein shuru hui, rehearsal key ack saptah key baad, untees dinon kii shooting kii yojana key saath. 31 octuber koo, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii shyamalan kuchh hafton key liye sabhi raajya aspatal mein filmancan karenge. 12 disambar koo, shyamalan ney khulasa kiya kii chaar drishyon koo janwari 2018 mein shoot kiya jaayega, yeh kahate hue kii unhein unake filmancan key liye yatra karni hogi. post production. unbreakable" seey hataae gaye footage koo film mein elijah aur joseph key bachpan key flashback key roop mein sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. sangeet. west dylan thordson ney "split" parr shyamalan key saath sahyog key baad film koo score karane key liye vaapsee kii. unhone "atoot" key liye james neuton howard key score key saath-saath "split" key liye apane swayam key score seey vishayon kaa upayog kiya, "glass" key liye sangeet kii rachana mein. score koo back lott sangeet dwara digital roop seey vitarit kiya jaataa haye. riha karein. vipanan. 25 aprail, 2018 koo, film koo cinemacan mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen shyamalan upasthit they. unhone film key footage key saath-saath pahali aadhikarik chhavi prastut kii, jisamen vilis, jackson aur mcvy charitra mein they. unhone film key liye apani mansha bhee vyakt karate hue kahaa, "atoot" aur "vibhajit" kii duniya aakhirkaar "kaanch" mein takra jaati haye. aggar yeye vaastavik jeevan key superheiro aur super-khalnayak kissy tarah ack saath bund hoe jaaen tou kyaa hoga? kyaa galat hoe sakata haye?"superheiro aur khalnayak key baare mein atee-yathaarthvaadi filmon seey pahale honey key bavjood, jaise kii" "dha dark night" "(2008), shyamalan koo vyaktigat roop seey" "glass" "koo pahali sahee mayane mein adharit comic book film maanaa jaataa haye. 12 julaai koo, production kii pahali aadhikarik tasveeren saarvajanik roop seey jaari kii gaeen, jinamen saimuel ell key shott bhee shamil they. jackson, saaraa paulson aur james mcvy. ack saptah baad, film kaa prachaar saine diago comic-conn mein kiya gayaa, jisamen shyamalan, vilis, jackson, teller-joy aur paulson ack panel mein shamil hue jahan film kaa pahala trailer pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. studio ney film key prachaar parr kull 8 karod dollar kharch kiye. naatya. glass" kii pahali screening 12 janwari, 2019 koo 25 alamo drafthouse cinema sthaanon parr hui, jahaan yeh ack triple-feature karyakram key dauran khela gayaa thaa jisamen shamil thaa aur isase pahale thaa. atoot" aur "foot". yeh 18 janwari koo sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein saarvbhaumik chitron dwara aur antarrashtriya kshetron mein bwena vista international dwara, walt disney studio motion pictures key ack upa-prabhaag dwara cinemagharon mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. gharelu media. film koo yuu. aiss. mein universal pictures home entertainment dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa.aiss.aur antarrashtriya star parr ghar manoranjan key liye 2 aprail, 2019 koo digital parr aur 16 aprail koo dvd, blue-ray aur ultra hd blue-ray parr. swaagat. boxes offices. "glass" ney sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein 11.1 karod dollar aur anya kshetron mein $1.00 karod kii kamai kii, joe duniya bhar mein kull $2.00 karod key utpaadan bajat key mukabale $2.00 karod kii kull kamai thee. "hollywood kii samay seema" ney ganana kii kii film ney sabhi kharchon aur rajaswa koo ack saath jodkar 68 million dollar kaa shuddh laabh kamaaya. sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein, film koo apane chaar divasiya aim. ell. key. divas key shuruati saptahant mein 3,841 cinemagharon seey $50-75 million kamaane kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. isane apane pahale dinn 15.9 laakh dollar kamaaye, jisamen guruwar kii raat key purvavlokan seey 37 laakh dollar shamil they, aur apane shuruati saptahant mein 40.3 laakh dollar aur chaar dinon mein 46.5 laakh dollar kii kamai kii, joe martin luther king junier key liye teesara sarvshreshth kull thaa. saptahant ("americi sniper" aur "ryde vid" key peechhe) aur shyamalan key currier kaa. apane dusare saptahant mein, film 53 pratishat girkar 18.9 laakh dollar ("vibhajan" key 35 pratishat kii tulanaa mein ack tej girawat) parr aaa gaee, lekin isane boxes offices parr sheersh sthaan barkarar rakhaa. film ney phir seey apane teesare saptahant koo sheersh parr samaapt kiya, 9.5 laakh dollar kii kamai kii, anta mein apane chauthe saptahant mein pada seey hatane seey pahale, jaba yeh $6.3 laakh kii kamai key saath paanchven sthaan parr rahee. antarrashtriya star parr, film key apane pahale saptahant mein $45-50 million kii kull vaishvik shuruat key liye $105-120 million kii kamai karane kii ummeed thee. isane antarrashtriya baajaron seey $48.5 laakh kii kamai kii, jisamen vaishvik star parr $89.1 laakh kii shuruat hui. yeh adhikansh baajaron mein pahale sthaan parr rhaa; isake sabse adhik kamai karane vaale desh roose ($5.2 laakh), mexico ($4.5 laakh, ack shyamalan film key liye abb taka kaa sabse achchha), united kingdam ($4.3 laakh), france ($3.4 laakh), aur dakshin koria ($2.8 laakh) they. aalochanatmak pratikriya. sameeksha aggregator sadey hue tamatar parr, film sameekshaon key aadhar parr ack anumodan rating rakhti haye, jisaki ausat rating haye. website kii mahatvapurna sarvasammati mein likhaa haih "kaanch" aim kii kuchh jhalakiyan pradarshit kartaa haye. raat shyamalan apane twisty vishva-nirmaan key sarvshreshth pradarshan mein, lekin antatah lekhak-nirdeshak kii lambi-gasht vaali trayi key nishkarsh key roop mein nirash kartaa haye."metacritic parr, film kaa bhaarit ausat score 100 mein seey 43 haye, joe 53 alochakon parr adharit haye, joe" "mishrit yaa ausat sameekshaon" "kaa sanket detaa haye. cinema score dwara sarvekshan kiye gaye darshakon ney film koo "aeye + seey aff paimaane parr" bee "kaa ausat grade diyaa, joe" split "aiss" bee + "seey neeche thaa, lekin" unbreakable "aiss" see "seey oopar thaa, jabaki postrack parr logon ney ise 70 pratishat kaa samagr sakaratmak score diyaa aur 49 pratishat kii" nishchit sifarish "kii. indure" key david erlich ney film koo "see-" diyaa aur ise shyamalan key currier kii sabse badee nirasha kahaah "kaanch key saath pareshani yeh naheen haye kii isake nirmaata harr modd parr apana pratibimb dekhate hain, yaa vaha apane ashant currier key kaee charanon key liye film koo ack spasht drishtaant mein badalane key liye apane tareeke seey bahut door jaate hain;" kaanch "key saath pareshani yeh haye kii isaki halki dilchasp metaa-text kathaa itani samriddh aur adhik sammohak haye kii shyamalan apani satah parr bataati haye."" "rolling stone" "key liye likhate hue, david darr ney film koo paanch mein seey teen sitaare diyeh" "glass" "vaha flaming flop naheen haye joe kuchh logon ney pahale hii sujhaav diyaa haye kii yeh haye, naa hii yeh vaha film haye jise aap mahatvakankshi, uchch-falutin dhaaranaon koo ack saath baandhane key sandarbh mein chaahte hain kii humm apane palp mithakon koo kaise sansaadhit karate hain. ack aisee duniya mein jisamen abb sabhi filmein yaa tou narsamhar yaa icecream hain, yeh ack bhavya bhaav haye joe aapane abhee-abhee joe dekhaa haye usake baare mein dwidha bhaav kii visheshta haye-joe apane aap mein viphalata kaa sanket hoe sakata haye. vividhata" key owen glieberman ney likhaah "shyamalan koo vaapas (ack degree taka) form mein dekhana achchha haye, iss hudd taka kii unhone ack dhaage key spinner key roop mein apane buniyaadi mojo koo vaapas paa liya haye. lekin "kaanch" hamein pareshan kiye binaa pakad letaa haye; yeh halchal yaa romanchak seey adhik vyast haye. shayed aisaa isaliye haye kyonki iss samagri parr phir seey vichaar karna ack sparsh avasarvaadi mahsoos kartaa haye, aur shayed aisaa isaliye haye kyonki comic-book filmon kii baadh joe abb hamein dainik aadhar parr gherne kii dhamki detee haye, ney comics seey rahasya koo chhod diyaa haye."shikago sunn-times" key richard roper ney kahaa kii film mein "ack vishisht roop aur kuchh bahut achche kshan they, aur ack aadhaa-shaleen modd yaa dou" lekin yeh jyaadaatar "ack nirashajanak, aadhaa-pakey hue, thode khatte, aur yahaan taka kii off-putt finale bhee thaa."hollywood reporter key johnn defore ney socha kii yeh ack trayi-karibi key roop mein" "ack mishrit bagg" "thaa, yeh kahate hue kii yeh kathaa strand koo ack saath baandhane kaa achchha kaam kartaa haye, lekin yeh bahut mehnat kartaa haye aur superheiro shally koo" "kuchh vishisht roop seey buddhiman" "pradaan karane mein whiffle rahata haye. gq" patrika key joshua rivera ney kahaah "samayrekha mushkil seey samajh mein aatee haye, modd key saath itna khule taur parr taar likhaa jaataa haye kii way" titanic "koo bachaa lete." dha atlantic" key david sims ney film kii tulanaa "batman returns" (1992) aur "avishvasaniya 2" (2018) seey keeh "main shyamalan kii kahani kahane kii sarasar tej bhavna kii sarahana kartaa huun, joe david jaise paatron mein nihit mithak nirmaan koo superman jaise anath paatron dwara paida kiye gaye bhaavnaatmak nishaanon key saath ghumaata haye."kalakaron kii prashansa kii gaee, vishesh roop seey mcvy, joe" ack baar phir [sheersh sthaan parr] they "aur" harr baar jaba way dikhaai dete hain tou apani bhayaanak shaaririktaa key saath screen koo rotion karate hain." baad mein, shyamalan ney sweekaar kiya kii vaha "kaanch" key liye nakaratmak sameekshaon parr roeh "imandari seey, mujhe aisaa lugg rhaa thaa, 'kyaa way mujhe kachare key dher parr fenke binaa kabhi alag naheen honey denge? bekaar kii bhavna ney mujhe pareshan curr diyaa, aur imandari seey kahein tou yeh vaastav mein kabhi naheen chhodati haye. lekin vaise bhee, film chalati rahee, haye naa? yeh duniya key harr desh mein number ack bunn gayaa, aur yeh merey vishvaason kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye."

glass (2019rahra chalanachitra) glass 2019rahra superhero chalanachitravagiddu, idannu emm. ratri shyamalan, jasson blum, maark beinstock mattu ashwin rajan avarondige saha nirmisidaru. ee chitravu shyamalan avara hindina chalanachitragalaada "unbreakable" (2000) mattu "split" (2016) mattu "unbreakable" trayamna moorane mattu antima kantugala uttarabhaagavaagide. bruce vilis, samuel ell. jackson, spensor treat clark mattu charlane woodard tamma "muriyada" patragalannu punaraavartisuttaare, aadare james macoy mattu yaavude taylor-joy tamma "split" patragalagi maraluttaare, saaraa palson, aadam david thampson mattu luke kirbi patravargakke seruttaare. david dunn/melvichaaraka mattu kevin vendell crumb/dha haard annu serehididu elijah bele/emm. aarr. nondige manovaidyakiya soulabhyadalli irisalaagiruvudannu chalanachitravu noduttade. gaaju, allie avaru tamma atimanusha shaktigala vishvaasaarhateyannu pariganisuttaare. muriyada" chitrada uttarabhaagadalli aasaktiya horataagiyoo, walt disney studiyoda touchstone pictures wandakke hanakasu odagisadiralu nirdharisitu. shyamalan avaru "muriyalaagada" patrakkagi bareda patravannu balasikondu "split" bareyalu horataru aadare samatolanada samasyegalindaagi adara scriptninda horabandaru. avaru krutigala trikonavannu rachisuva avakaashavannu aritukondaru mattu "vibhajane" yaya antyavannu balasikondu chalanachitravannu "muriyada" niroopaneyolage sthaapisidaru. idu disniyinda villis mattu jaxon "muriyalaagada" patragaleradannoo balasuva hakkugalannu bhadrapadisuva agatyavannu untumaaditu, saarvatrika chitragalondige chitradolage studiyovannu serisuva bharavaseyondige. "split" aarthikavaagi mattu nirnayakavagi yashasviyaayitu, mattu april 2017 rahra hottige shyamalan avaru "" glass "" gaagi utpadana prakriyeyannu prarambhisiddare endu ghoshisidaru ". ee chalanachitravu aayda alamo draft house chitramandiragalalli 2019rahra janavari 12randu vishwa prathama pradarshanavannu hondittu mattu janavari 18randu saarvatrika chitragalinda united statesnalli bidugadeyaayitu. "glass" chitravu vimarshakarinda mishra vimarshegalannu padeyitu, avaru katheyindaagi, visheshavaagi moorane abhinayadindaagi chalanachitravannu "nirashaadaayaka" mattu "durbala" endu kandukondaru, aadare patravargada abhinayavannu shlaghisidaru; anekaru idannu trikonadalli durbalavendu pariganisidaru. ee chalanachitravu aarthikavaagi yashasviyaayitu, $20 dasalaksha nirmaana budgetna viruddha vishvaadyanta $247 dashalakshavannu galisitu. kathaavastuvu. david dunn/melvichaaraka mattu avana maga joseph avaru aaa gumpannu ondu parityakta karkhanege karedoyyuttaare, allie avaru naalku chirlidargalannu mrugakke ahaaravaagi niiduttaare, idu ellah aaradhakara gumpugala atimanusha vyaktitvavagide. dunn chirlidargalannu rakshisuttaane mattu avaru daa. avarinda serehidiyuvavarege mrugadondige sankshipta mukhamukhiyannu hondiruttaane. ellie staple. pradhaanavaadudu, taavu atindriya vyaktigalendu nambuvavarannu taavu bhrameyendu manavarike maduvalli parinati hondiruva agnaata rahasya samstheya ondu bhagavagide. avarannu raven hill smarakakke karedoyyalaaguttade, allie ondu shaantavaada elijah bele/mii. ee hinde ondu dashakada hinde horadida gaajannu idalaaguttide. david mattu kevin annu pratyeka kotadigalalli irisalaaguttade, avu kramavagi avugala neerina daurbalyagalu mattu belakina holapina aadhaarada mele vishishta bhadrata kramagalannu hondiruttave. avaru bhavyateya bhramegalinda balaluttiddaare mattu avarige mahashaktigalilla endu avaru nambuttaare endu pradhana vivarisuttade. srimati. bele, elijala taayi; joseph dunn; mattu kesi cook, gumpu sereyalli badukulida balipashu, ellaroo sooparhyoomangalu nijavendu mukhyavaada manavarike maadalu prayatnisuttaare mattu viphalaraaguttaare. aakeya antima moulyamaapanada bhagavagi, pradhaanavaadavu mooru purusharannu ondu koonege taruttade, allie avaru alaukikavallada avara aloukika saamarthyagalige vivaranegalondige savaalu haakuttaare. david mattu kevin avara halavaaru vyaktitvagalu gondalakkolagaguttave mattu vichalitagolluttave, aadare elijah catatonic aagi ulididdaare. aaa ratri, eleeyanu tanna kotadiyinda tappisikondu melvichaaraka mattu tandada mele samshoodhane nadesuttaane. avanu kevinge bheti needi, tanna nidraaheenateya sthitiyannu torisuttiddaane mattu samstheyinda tappisikollalu yojisuttiddaane, aadare haage maadalu aatanige praniya sahaaya beku endu heluttaane. marudina beligge, mukhyavaadudendare elijah avara kooneya horage kangavalu drushyavaligalannu noduttade mattu avana mele purva mumbhagada lobotamy-reetiya kaaryavidhaanavannu maaduttade. avanu tanna ustuvaari jote obbane iddaaga, elijah aaa vyaktiyannu kolluttaane, elijah shastrachikitsa laser annu haalumaadida kaarana kaaryavidhaanavu viphalavaayitu endu bahirangapadisuttaane. avanu kevin annu bidugade maaduttaane mattu nantara philadelfiyaadalli hosa gaganachumbi kattadavaada osaka gopurada tereyuvikeyalli tannannu taanu jagattige bahirangapadisuva yojaneyannu vivarisuva moolaka tanna kotadiyinda horabaralu tanna shaktiyannu balasikondu david annu kushalateyinda nirvahisuttaane, aadare elijah kattadadallina rasayanika prayogaalayavannu naashapadisuttaane, saaviraaru janarannu kolluttaane. srimati. bele, kesi, mattu joseph elia, kevin mattu david tappisikolluvanteye raven bettakke agamisuttare. ee horatakke saakshiyaagiruva pradhana vyaktiyu, adhikaarigalannu kareyalu nirdharisuttaane mattu aaa maanavaatita vyaktigala mele krama kaigolluttaane. david mattu mrugavu raven bettada parking sthaladalli swalpa samayadavarege horaduttave, modalu elijah, davidna daurbalyave neeru endu mrugakke heluttaane, aaa samayadalli joseph, elijah untumaadida railu dhvamsadalli kevin tande nidhanaraadaru endu bahirangapadisuttaane. kevin nindanege kaaranavaada paristhitiyannu kushalateyinda nirvahisiddakkagi avanannu maranantikavagi gayagolisuva modalu avana nindane maaduva taayiyinda maatra kevin belesalpattante adannu maaduva moolaka tanna srushtige koduge niididdakkaagi mrugavu elizakke dhanyavaadagalannu heluttade. avanu david annu neerina shekharana tankge eseyuttaane, aadare david pakkavannu bhedisalu saadhyavaaguttade, suttamuttalina pradeshavannu mulugisuttade. kesi kevin avara supta moola vyaktitvavannu "belaku" ge taralu nirvahisuttaane, aaa samayadalli sniper avanannu maranantikavagi gundu haarisuttaane mattu kesi avara tolugalalli kevin saayuttaane. obba swat adhikariyu davidnannu pravaahada gundigalalli mulugisidaaga, pradhaanavaadaddu taanu sahasramaanagalinda maanavaatita samarthyagalannu hondiruvavarannu pattehachchuva mattu kolluva moolaka maanavaatitara astitvavannu nigrahisuttiruva ondu rahasya samstheya bhagavagide endu bahirangapadisuttade, ekendare antaha vyaktigalu vishwa vevastheya sthiratege bedarikeyendu avaru noduttaare. idara nantara, mukhamukhiya kangavalu tunukannu mukhyavaadavu alisihaakuttade mattu shankita maanavaatitara mundina prakaranavannu tanikhe maadalu yojisuttade. aadaagyoo, obba suuper-genious master mindna tropgalannu charchisuva kaamik pustakada murkhara gumpannu avalu kelidaaga, elijah rahasya yojaneyannu hondirabeku endu avalu aritukondalu mattu avanu horaatada raven hill kangavalu tunukannu live stream maadalu vyavasthe maadiddaane endu kandukolluttaane. srimati. bele, joseph mattu kesi ibbaroo tunukina nakalannu sweekarisuttaare mattu adannu saarvajanikarige bidugade maaduttaare, antimavagi supermumangala astitvavannu bahirangapadisuttaare. patradhari. emm. nait shyamalan, jaii emba tanna atithi patravannu punaraavartisuttaane, daa. fletchern apartment kattadavu, "split" ninda, david dannannu gurutisuttade mattu avanu football kridaanganadalli kelasa maaduttiddaaneye endu keluttade, idu jaii maadakavastu vyapari david endu soochisuttade, idannu kridaanganadalli "muriyada" (shyamalan saha aadida bhaaga) nalli edurisalaagide. chitrada aarambhadalli shannon destiny rayan, diana sylverse, nina vissar mattu kaili jhiyan avaru apaharanagonda chirlidargalannu chithrisiddaare. rosemary hovard mattu bryan messelroy avaru kevin avara poshakaru, penelope mattu clarence annu chithrisidaru, hovard "split" ninda tanna patravannu punaraavartisidaru. utpaadane. abhivruddhi. bidugadeyaada nantara emm. nait shyamalan avara "muriyalaagada" (2000), sambhaavya seekvelgala vadantigalu vividha sandarshanagalalli mattu chalanachitra abhimanigala mele prasaravagalu praarambhisidavu. aaa samayadalli, david dunn/melvichaarakanaagi natisida bruce vilis, "muriyada" trayanti iruttade endu avaru aashisidaru endu ullekhisalaagide, aadare, december 2000 ralli, shyamalan avaru "muriyada" vadantigalannu trayamna modala kantu endu nirakarisidaru. 2001rahra augustinalli, yashasvi dvd maratadindagi, avaru "muriyalaagada" uttarabhaagavannu kuritu touchstone chitragalannu samparkisiddaru, aadare chitrada nirashaadaayaka gallapettigeya pradarshanadindaagi studio moolatah nirakarisitu endu avaru helidaru. september 2008 ralli, shyamalan mattu starr samuel ell. jackson, elijah price/mister aadidaru. boxes officenalli nirashaadaayakavaada aadaayavannu kanda hinneleyalli, seakwell tayaarisuva charchegalannu bahumattige kaibidalaayitu endu glass helide. jackson avaru innoo uttarabhaagadalli asakti hondiddaru endu soochisidaru, aadare shyamalan avaru baddharagiralilla. phebravari 2010ralli, villis, shyamalan "nanna mattu samm naduvina fait chalanachitravannu maaduva bagge innoo yochisuttiddaane" endu helidaru mattu jackson bhagavahisalu saadhyavaaguvavarege, avaru "adakke siddharagiruttare" endu helidaru. split" (2016) annu bidugade maaduva modalu "muriyada" nantara shyamalan vividha sambandhavillada chalanachitragalalli kelasa maadidaru, idu james mcavoy nirvahisida split-personality patravada kevin vendell crumb/dhii haard annu parichayisuttade. muriyada" chitrada arambhika kathaavastuvinalli chikka chikka tunukugalannu serisalaagittu, aadare aaa patravu samatolanada samasyegalannu srushtiside mattu avanannu katheyinda tegeduhaakide endu shyamalan bhavisidaru ("vibhajita" drashyagala ondu gumpannu moolatah "muriyada" chitrakkagi bareyalaagide endu shyamalan heliddaare). split" naa antima drashyadalli, wills 'dunn avaru gumpu tappisikolluva bagge kaliyuvudannu mattu aaa moolaka jaxon shree uhisidante itara sooparhyoomangalu astitvadallive endu aritukolluvudannu kaanabahudu. gaaju. "muriyalaagada" chitravannu walt disney studiyoda label touchstone pictures nirmisitu mattu odetanadallittu, aadare "split" annu saarvatrika chitragala moolaka nirmisalaayitu, aaddarinda shyamalan "split" nalli dunna patravannu balasalu disniyinda anumatiyannu padeyabekayitu. avaru walt disney studiyoda adhyaksha seane byliyannu bhetiyaadaru mattu sajjanar oppandakke bandaru, aaa moolaka bayley chalanachitradalli patravannu shulkavillade balasalu wappikondaru, mattu adannu abhivraddhipadisidare disney uttarabhaagavannu olagondiruttade endu shyamalan bharavase niididaru. "vibhajane" vimarshaatmaka mattu arthika yashassannu kanditu. janavari 2017ralli, shyamalan avaru moorane "muriyalaagada" chalanachitravannu nirmisalaaguvudu endu aashisiddaru mattu eegaagale ondu rooparekheyannu siddhapadisiddaru, "naanu nanna koonege hodaaga enaguttade endu nanage tilidilla, ee chalanachitravu tereda ondu vaarada nantara, script bareyalu."mundina tingalu, avaru tamma mundina chitravu ee trikonada moorane chitravagalide endu drudhapadisidaru. avaru april velege script annu poornagolisidaru, aaa samayadalli avaru hosa chalanachitravannu "glass" endu kareyuvudaagi ghoshisidaru mattu janavari 18,2019 rahra guri bidugade dinankavannu hondiddaare. united statesnalli chalanachitravannu vitarisalu saarvatrikavaagi ayke maadalaayitu, aadare disney adara buvena vista antararashtriya label moolaka chalanachitravannu antararashtriya mattadalli vitarisidaru. glass" naa uttarabhaagavideye endu shyamalanrannu halavaaru baari kelalaagide. 2019rahra janavariyalli, prastuta yaavude seekvelgalannu yojisalagilla endu avaru adhikrutavaagi drudhapadisidaru, cinema brahmaandavannu nirmisuvalli avarige yaavude aasaktiyilla endu helidaru. casting. glass" naa patravargavu ee trikonada hindina pratiyondu chalanachitragalinda hindiruguva natarannu olagondiruttade (vilis, jackson, spensor treat clark, mattu charlane woodard ellaroo "muriyada" tamma patragalannu punaraavartisuttaare, mattu macoy mattu yaavude taylor-joy tamma patragalannu "split" ninda punaraavartisuttaare), aadare saaraa palson hosa patravannu nirvahisuttaare. november 2017 ralli, aadam david thampson aagina-bahirangapadisada patradalli patravargavannu seridaru. chitrikarana. bheti" (2015) mattu "vibhajane" yante, shyamalan swatah chitrakke hana niididaru. ondu vaarada purvaabhyaasada nantara, moovattombattu dinagala chitrikaranada yojanegalondige, pradhana chayagrahanavu 2017rahra october 2randu philadelfiyaadalli praarambhavaayitu. october 31randu, shyamalan kelavu vaaragala kaala alentown state aaspatreyalli chitrikarana maadaliddaare endu varadiyagittu. december 12randu, shyamalan avaru naalku drashyagalannu 2018rahra janavariyalli chitrikarisalaguvudu endu bahirangapadisidaru, avara chitrikaranakkagi avaru prayanisabekaguttade endu helidaru. post production. muriyada" drushyavaliyinda alisalaada tunukannu elijah mattu joseph avara baalyada flashbackgalagi chalanachitrakke sampaadisalaayitu. sangeeta. split" nalli shyamalan avarondige sahayogada nantara west dylan thardson chalanachitrakke sangeeta needalu maralidaru. avaru james neuton howardna "muriyada" sangeetada thimgalannu balasidaru, jotege "split" gaagi tamma swanta sangeetada thimgalannu balasi, "glass" gaagi sangeetavannu samyojisidaru. byaak lott sangeetada moolaka ankagalannu digital roopadalli vitarisalaaguttade. bidugade. marketing. 2018rahra april 25randu, shyamalanravara upasthitiyondige chalanachitravu cinemakannalli pradarshanagonditu. avaru chitrada tunukannu prastutapadisidaru, jotege villis, jackson mattu mcavoy patravannu olagonda modala adhikruta chitravannu prastutapadisidaru. muriyalaagada" mattu "vibhajane" yaya lokagalu antimavagi "gaajinalli" dikki hodeyuttave endu avaru chalanachitrakkagi tamma uddeshavannu vyaktapadisidaru. ee nija jeevanada suuper hirogalu mattu suuper-khalanayakarannu hegaadaroo ottige bandhisidare enaguttade? enu tappagabahudu?"sooparheerogalu mattu khalanayakara bagge hyper-realistic chalanachitragalu muncheye iddaroo, udaaharanege" "dhii dark nait" "(2008), shyamalan vaiyaktikavagi" "glass" "annu" "modala nijavaada aadhaarita kaamik pustaka chalanachitra" "endu pariganisiddaare". julai 12randu, nirmaanada modala adhikruta chayachitragalannu saarvajanikavaagi bidugade maadalaayitu, idaralli samuel ell avara drashyagaloo serive. jackson, saaraa palson mattu james macoy. ondu vaarada nantara, syaan diago kaamik-qaan nalli chalanachitrada prachaaravannu maadalaayitu, shyamalan, vilis, jackson, taylor-joy mattu palson avaru chitrada modala trailer annu pradarshisida panelnalli bhagavahisiddaru. studiyovu chalanachitrada prachaarakkaagi ottu $80 dashalakshavannu kharchu maaditu. rangabhoomi. glass" naa modala pradarshanavu janavari 12,2019 randu, 25 alamo draft house cinema stalagalalli nadeyitu, allie idu mooru-vaishishtyagala kaaryakramadalli aadalpattitu mattu adakkoo modalu muriyalaagada" mattu "chellaapilliyaagi". idu janavari 18randu united states mattu kenadaadalli saarvatrika chitragalinda mattu antararashtriya pradeshagalalli walt disney studios chalanachitragala upavibhaagavaada buena vista internationalninda chitramandiragalalli bidugadeyaayitu. home media. ee chalanachitravannu yuu. esnalli universal pictures home entertainment bidugade maaditu.ess., mattu antararashtriya mattadalli, april 2,2019 randu digitalnalli mattu april 16 randu dvd, blue-ray mattu ultra echdi blue-reyalli. svaagata. boxes offices. "glass" yuu united states mattu kenadaadalli $111 million mattu itara pradeshagalalli $1 million galisitu, ottu vishvaadyanta $247 million galisitu, idu $20 million utpadana budgetna viruddhavaagittu. "deadline hollywood" lekka hakidaga, ellah vechchagalu mattu aadaayagalannu ottugudisidaaga chalanachitravu $68 dasalaksha nivvala laabhavannu galisitu. united states mattu kenadaadalli, chalanachitravu tanna naalku dinagala ml keey dinada arambhika vaaraantyadalli 3,841 chitramandiragalinda $1 million galisuva niriksheyide. idu tanna modala dinadandu $15.9 million galisitu, idaralli guruvaarada ratri purvavikshaneyinda $3.7 million galisitu, mattu adara arambhika vaaraantyadalli $40.3 million galisitu mattu naalku dinagalli $46.5 million galisitu, idu martin luther king juniyarge moorane atyuttama mottavaagide. vaaraantyadalli ("american sniper" mattu "raid vith" naa hinde) mattu shyamalan avara vrattijeevana. eradane vaaraantyadalli, chitravu shekada 53rashtu kusidu $18.9 dasalakshakke talupitu (idu "split" naa shekada 35kkinta hecchu kusita), aadare idu gallapettigeyalli agra sthaanavannu ulisikonditu. chalanachitravu tanna moorane vaaraantyadalli $9.5 million galisi, antimavagi adara nalkane vaaraantyadalli $6.3 million galikeyondige aidane sthana galisitu. antaaraashtriya mattadalli, chalanachitravu tanna modala vaaraantyadalli $45-50 million galisuva niriksheyittu, ottu jagatika arambhika $105-120 million galisitu. idu antaaraashtriya maarukattegalinda $48.5 dasalaksha galisi, jagatikavagi $89.1 dashalakshavannu galisitu. idu hecchina marukattegalalli modala sthana galisitu; adara athi hecchu galike maadida deshagalu russia ($5.2 million), mexico ($4.5 million, shyamalan chalanachitrakke atyuttama), united kingdom ($4.3 million), france ($3.4 million), mattu daksina koria ($2.8 million). vimarshaatmaka pratikriye. vimarshe sangrahaka koleta tometogala mele, chalanachitravu vimarshegala aadhaarada mele anumodaneya rating annu hondiddu, sarasari rating annu hondide. jaalataanada vimarshaatmaka ommatavu heege heluttadeh "gaaju" yuu emm naa kelavu minuguvikeyannu pradarshisuttade. tanna twisty vishwa-nirmaanada atyuttama pradarshanadalli nait shyamalan, aadare antimavagi barahagara-nirdesakara deergha-nirupana trikonada tirmaanavaagi nirashegolisuttane."metacritic nalli, 53 vimarshakara aadhaarada mele, chalanachitravu 100 ralli 43 rahra sarasari score annu hondide, idu" "mishra athawa sarasari vimarshegalannu" "soochisuttade". cinemascore samiksheyalli bhagavahisida prekshakaru chitrakke "split" s "bii +" ninda kelagilidu, "bii +" ninda eff pramaanadalli "bii" naa sarasari grade niididaru, aadare "unbreakable" s "sii" ninda melakke, post trachnalliddavaru ottare shekada 70 rashtu sakaaraatmaka score mattu shekada 49 rashtu "nirdishta shipharasu" niididaru. induer" naa david earlich ee chitrakke "sii-" niididaru mattu idannu shyamalanra vrattijeevanada atidodda nirashe endu karedaruh "gaajinondigina tondare endare adara srushtikartanu prati tiruvinalloo tannade aada pratibimbavannu noduttaane, athawa avanu tanna praksubdha vrattijeevanada aneka hantagalige chitravannu spashtavaada drashtaantavaagi rupisalu tanna maargadinda tumba doora hoguttaane;" gaajina "ondigina tondare endare adara soumyavaada kutuhalakari meta-textuval niroopaneyu shyamalanra melmaiyalli heluva assainine katheginta hecchu shrimantavagide mattu hecchu balashaaliyaagide."" "rolling stone" "gaagi bareyuvaaga, david bhayavu chitrakke aidu nakshatragalalli mooru nakshatragalannu needituh" "glass" "embudu flaming flop alla endu kelavaru eegaagale soochisiddaare, athawa idu mahatvakanksheya, hyphalutine kalpanegalannu naavu hege prakriyegolisutteve embudara bagge neevu bayasuva chalanachitravalla namma tirulu puraanagalu". eega ellah chalanachitragalu naramedha athawa ais cream aagiruva jagattinalli, neevu eega nodida vishayagala bagge dvandvada bhavadinda niroopisalpattiruva ondu bhavyavaada sangneyagide-idu vaiphalyada sanketavagirabahudu. vaividhya" dha oven gleiberman barediddaareh "shyamalan avaru noolu spinner aagi tamma moola mojovannu marali padeyuva mattige (ondu mattakke) formnalli noduvudu olleyadu. aadare "gaaju" nammannu kaadade aavarisikondide; adhu alugaadisuvudakkinta athawa romaanchanakaariyaagiruvudki hecchu kaaryaniratavaagide. bahushah ee vishayavannu maruparishilisuvudarinda avakaashavaadada anubhavavaguttade, mattu bahushah idu kaamik-pustaka chalanachitragala pravahadindagi agirabahudu, adhu eega pratidinavoo nammannu aavarisuva apaayavannuntumaaduttade, idu kaamiksninda ulidiruva rahasyavannu maremachide."chikago sunn-times" naa richard roper, ee chalanachitravu "vishishta nota mattu kelavu tampaada kshanagalannu mattu ardha-sabhya tiruvu athawa eradu" "annu hondide, aadare idu hechchaagi" "durbala, ardha-beyisida, swalpa huli, mattu off-putting finale" "endu helidaru"."hollywood varadigaarana zaan defore idu trayam-hattirada vyaktiyagi" "mishra cheela" "endu bhavisidaru, idu niroopaneya elegalannu ottige kattuva uttama kelasavannu maaduttade, aadare idu tumba kashtapattu prayatnisuttade mattu superhero prakarakke" "ananyavaada buddhivantikeyannu" "odagisuvalli viphalavagide endu helidaru". gqu" niyatakaalikeya joshuwa rivera heege helidaru "timeline ashtenu arthavaguvudilla, twistgalu eshtu bahirangavagi telegrap madalpattive endare avaru" titanic "annu ulisabahudittu." dhii atlantic" naa david sims ee chalanachitravannu "batman returns" (1992) mattu "nambalaagada 2" (2018) ge holisiddaareh "shyamalanra kathaahandarada sampoorna aadambaravannu naanu prashamsisuttene, idu davidnantaha patragalalli antargatavagiruva puraanavannu sooparmyaanantaha anatha patragalu hotta bhavanatmaka gayagalondige tirugisuttade."patravargavannu, visheshavaagi mcavoy avarannu prashamsisalaayitu, avaru" "mattomme [agrasthana] padedaru" "mattu" "avaru kanisikondagalella tamma vilaksana daihikateyinda paradeyannu belagisidaru"." nantara, shyamalan avaru "gaajina" nakaaraatmaka vimarshegala bagge aluttiddaru endu oppikondaruh "pramanikavagi, naanu bhavisuttidde, 'avaru nannannu kasada rashiya mele eseyade nannannu endigoo bhinnavagiralu biduvudillave? nishprayojakateya bhavaneyu nannannu dhaavisitu, mattu pramanikavagi helabekendare, adhu nijavagiyoo endigoo biduvudilla. aadare hegaadaroo, chitra munduvariyitu, surry? idu vishvada pratiyondu deshadallu number one aayitu mattu idu nanna nambikegalannu pratinidhisuttade."

glass (2019 chalachithram) emm rachana samvidaanavum nirvahichu 2019ll purathirangiya superheiro chithramaanu glass. jayson blum, maarkk beanstock, ashwin rajan ennivarodoppam nirmmicha naitt shyaamalan. shyaamalante muun chithrangalaaya "unbreakable" (2000), "splitt" (2016) ennivayude thudarchayum "unbreakable" thrayam enna chithratthile moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum chithravumaanu eee chithram. broose villis, saamuval ell. jaaksan, spensor treat clark, charline woodard ennivar avarude "thakarkkaanaavaatha" veshangal aavarthikkunnu, athesamayam jaims mccavoyum anya tailor-joiyum avarude "splitt" kathaapaathrangalaayi madangiyethunnu, saaraa polson, aadam david thompson, luke kirbi ennivar abhinethaakkalil cherunnu. david dunn/melnottakkaaran, kevin wendell crumb/hoard ennivare pidikoodukayum oru manoroga kendratthil elijah prais/mii. glass, avide avar avarude amanushika shakthikalude aadhikaarikathayekkurichu chinthikkunnu. unbreakable" enna chithratthinte thudarchayil thaalparyam undaayirunnittum walt disney studiyoyude touchston chithrangal onninu dhanasahayam nalkaruthennu theerumaanichu. thakarkkaanaavaatha" enna peril thaan ezhuthiya oru kathaapaathram upayogichu "splitt" ezhuthaan shyaamalan purappettuvenkilum balance prasnangal kaaranam athinte thirakkadhayil ninnu pinmari. oru thrayam srishtikkaanulla avasaram addeham manassilakkukayum "vibhajanam" avasaanippichu "thakarkkaanaavaatha" aakhyanathinullil sinima sthaapikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu. ithu disneyil ninnulla villis, jaaksan ennivarude "thakarkkaanaavaatha" kathaapaathrangal upayogikkaanulla avakasham urappaakkendathund, saarvathrika chithrangalkoppam studiyoyum ulppeduthumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. "splitt" saambathikavum vimarsanaathmakavumaaya vijayamayirunnu, 2017 eprilode thaan "" glass ""-nte nirmmaana prakriya aarambhichathayi shyaamalan prakhyaapichu ". 2019 januvari 12 nuu thiranjeduttha alamo drafthouse sinima theaterukalil loka premiier nadatthiya eee chithram januvari 18 nuu amerikkayil yoonivezhsal pikchezhs vazhi puratthirangi. "glass" enna chithrathinu niroopakaril ninnu sammishra prathikaranangal labhichu, avar katha kaaranam chithram "nirashaajanakavum" "niraashaajanakavumaanennu kandethi, prathyekichu moonnaamathe abhinayam, ennaal abhinethaakkalude prakadanatthe prashamsichu; palarum ithine thrayam ettavum durbalamaayi kanakkakki". 20 dasalaksham dollar nirmmaana bajattil ninnu lokamembaadum 247 dasalaksham dollar nediya eee chithram saambathika vijayamayirunnu. plott. melnottakkaranaaya david dunn/addehathinte makan josaf oru upekshikkappetta factoryilekku koottatthe kandethunnu, avide mrugathe poshippikkaan naalu cheerleedarmaare bandikalaakkunnu, oru manushyaateeta vyakthithvamaaya aaa koottam ellaavarum aaradhikkunnu. dunn cheerleedarmaare rakshikkukayum mrugathe doow. pidikoodunnathuvare avarumaayi hrasvamaaya ettumuttal nadathukayum cheiyunnu. ellie steppil. thangal amaanushikaraanennu vishwasikkunnavare avar marichu vyaamohamaanennu bodhyappeduthunnathil vaidagdhyamulla oru anjjaatha rahasya samghadanayude bhagamaanu pradhana ghadakam. avare raavan hill smaarakathilekku kondupookunnu, avide oru mayakkamunarnna eliah vila/mii. oru pathittaand munbu munbu poraadiya glass kaivasham vachirikkunnu. david, kevin enniva yathaakramam vellathinteyum laitt flashukaludeyum daurbalyangale adisthaanamaakki savisheshamaaya suraksha nadapadikal ulkkollunna prathyeka murikalilaanu sthaapichittullathu. avar mahathwathinte vyaamohangalaal kashtappedunnuvennum avarkk mahashakthikalillennum thaan vishwasikkunnuvennu steppil vishadeekarikkunnu. srimati. vila, eleeyayude amma; joseph dunn; koottatthinte thadaviloode athijeevicha irayaaya kesi cook, ellaavarum soopparhumaanukal yadhaarthamaanennu pradhanamaayi bodhyappedutthaan sramikkukayum paraajayappedukayum cheiyunnu. avalude anthima vilayiruthalinte bhaagamaayi, staappil moonnu purushanmareyum oru muriyilekku konduvarunnu, avide avar amaanushikamallaatha avarude amanushika kazhivukalkk vishadeekaranangal nalki avare velluvilikkunnu. david kevinte niravadhi vyakthithvangalum aashayakkuzhappathilakukayum aswastharaakukayum cheyyumbol elea ippozhum kalapam niranjavalaayi thudarunnu. aaa ratri, elea thante muriyil ninnu rakshappedukayum melnottakkaraneyum koottattheyum kurichu gaveshanam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. addeham kevine sandarshikkukayum thante mayakkaavasthayekkurich nadikkunnuvennum instittyoottil ninnu rakshappedaan padhathiyidunnuvennum parayunnu, pakshe angane cheiyunnathinu thanikk mrugathinte sahayam aavasyamaanennu parayunnu. pittennu raavile, steppil thante muriyil ninnu eleeyayude nireekshana drishyangal kaanukayum prefrondal lobotamy-type nadapadikramam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. thante kaavalkkaranodoppam thanichaayirikkumbol, elea aale kollukayum, sasthrakriya lazer nasippichathinaal nadapadikramam paraajayappettuvenn velippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. avan kevine mochippikkukayum thudarnnu philadelphiyayile oru puthiya ambarachumbiyaaya osakka gopuratthinte udghaadanathil mrugathinu svayam lokathinu munnil velippeduthaanulla oru padhathi vivarichukondu thante shakti upayogichu muriyil ninnu purathukadakkaan david kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam elijah kettidatthile oru kemikkal laab nasippikkukayum aayirakkanakkin aalukale kollukayum cheiyunnu. srimati. eliyaa, kevin, david ennivar rakshappedunnathupole thanne prais, kesi, joseph ennivar raavan kunninte aduthethunnu. poraattatthinu saakshiyaya pradhana manushyan, soopparhumaanukalkkethire neengaan adhikaarikale vilikkaan theerumaanikkunnu. daaveedinte balaheenata vellamaanennu elea mrugathodu parayunnathinumumbu raven hill parking sthalathu david mrugavum kurachu neram tharkkichu, aaa samayat elea varuthiya train thakarchayil kevinte pithaav marichuvennu joseph velippeduthunnu. kevinte durupayogathilekku nayicha sahacharyam kaikaaryam cheythathinu maarakamaayi murivelppikkunnathinu munbu kevinte adikshepithayaaya amma maathram avane valarthunnathinayi thante srishtiyilekku sambhavana nalkiyathinu mrugam eleeyaykku nandi parayunnu. avan davidine oru jalasambharana tankilekk eriyunnu, pakshe davidinu vashathukoodi kadannupokaan kazhiyum, chuttumulla pradesham nanaykkunnu. kevinte urangikkidakkunna yadhaartha vyakthithvathe "velichathilekku" konduvaraan casic kazhiyum, aaa samayat oru snipper avane maarakamaayi vedivaykkukayum kevin kesiyude kaikalil vachu marikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru swaatt officer davidine vellappokkathil mungimarichappol, manushyaateeta kazhivukalullavare tracuchaith kollunnathiloode sahasraabdangalaayi sooparhyoomaanukalude nilanilpp adichamarthunna oru rahasya samghadanayude bhaagamaanenn staappil velippeduthunnu, kaaranam atharam vyakthikale lokakramathinte sthirathaykku bheeshaniyaayi avar kaanunnu. athinusesham, ettumuttalinte nireekshana drishyangal neekkam cheyyukayum soopparhumaanukalaanennu samshayikkunna adutha cases anweshikkaan padhathiyidukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru suuppar-genious maastarmaindinte tropukalekkurichu charcha cheiyunna oru koottam comic book mandanmaar kelkkumbol, eleeyaykku oru rahasya padhathi undaayirikkumennu aval manassilakkukayum pooraattatthinte raavan hill nireekshana drishyangal thalsamayam sampreshanam cheyyaan addeham krameekarichathaayi kandethukayum cheiyunnu. srimati. prais, joseph, kesi ennivarkku oororutharkkum foottejinte oru pakarpp labikkukayum athu pothujanagalkk munnil vidukayum oduvil soopparhumaanukalude nilanilpp thurannukaattukayum cheiyunnu. kaast. emm. doow. jayile security gardaya jayy enna thante athidhivesham naitt shyaamalan aavarthikkunnu. splitt" ennathil ninnulla fletcherinte appaartment kettidam, david dunnine thirichariyukayum football stadiyathil jolie cheyyaarundo ennu chodikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu jayy mayakkumarunnu vyaapaariyaanennu soochippikkunnu, david stadiyathil "thakarkkaanaavaatha" (shyamalan kalicha oru bhagam). shaannan desttini rayan, diana silvezhs, nina wisner, kaili siyoon ennivar chithratthinte thudakkathil thattikkondupoya cheerleadermaare avatharippichu. rosemary howard bryan meslo kevinte maathaapithaakkalaaya penelopineyum clarencineyum avatharippichu, howard "splitt" enna chithratthile avalude vesham aavarthichu. uthppaadanam. vikasanam. emm. release cheythathinu sesham. naitt shyaamalante "unbreakable" (2000), thudarchakalekkurichulla kimvadanthikal vividha abhimukhangalilum sinima aaraadhakarude saittukalilum pracharikkaan thudangi. akkaalat, david dunn/melnottakkaaranaayi abhinayicha broose villis, oru "thakarkkaanaavaatha" thrayam undaakumenn pratheekshichathaayi udharichirunnuvenkilum 2000 desemberil shyaamalan oru thrayam enna aadya thavana "thakarkkaanaavaatha" ennu ezhuthiyuvenna abhyoohangal nishedhichu. 2001 augustil, vijayakaramaya dvd vilppana kaaranam, oru "thakarkkaanaavaatha" thudarchayekkurichu touchston pikchezhsine sameepichathayi addeham prasthaavichu, ennaal chithratthinte nirashaajanakamaaya boxes oafees prakadanam kaaranam studiyo aadyam nirasichu. 2008 septambaril shyamalan staar saamuval ell. elijah prais/misttar aayi abhinayicha jaaksan. boxes oafees thirichuvaravu niraashaajanakamaayathinaal oru thudarcha nirmmikkunnathinekkur charchakal valia thothil upekshikkappettathayi glass paranju. thanikk ippozhum oru thudarchayil thaalpparyamundennu jaaksan soochippichuvenkilum shyaamalan vittuveezhchayillathe thudarnnu. 2010 februvariyil, shyaamalan "njaanum samum thammilulla poratta sinima cheiyunnathinekkurichu ippozhum chinthikkunnu" ennu paranja villis, jaxoninu pankedukkaan kazhiyunnidatholam kaalam thaan athinu thayyaaraayirikkumenn paranju. jaims mccavoy avatharippicha kevin wendell crumb/dhii hoard enna splitt-pezhsanaalitti kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunna 'splitt' (2016) purathirakkunnathinu munbu 'unbreakable' enna chithrathinu sesham shyaamalan bandhamillaattha vividha chithrangalil pravarthichu. thakarkkaanaavaatha" enna chithratthinte prarambha thirakkadhayil crumb ulppeduthiyittundile aaa kathaapaathram santulita prasnangal srishtikkukayum kathayil ninnu thanne neekkam cheyyukayum cheythathayi shyaamalan thonni ("pilarppilulla" oru koottam ramgangal yadhaarthathil "thakarkkaanaavaatha" ramgangalkku ezhuthiyathaanennu shyaamalan paranju). splitt" enna avasana ramgathil, villisinte dunn koottatthinte rakshappedalinekkurichu padikkunnathum athuvazhi jaaksante emm. aarr pravachichathupole mattu soopparhumaanukal nilavilundennu manassilakkunnathum kaanam. glass. "walt disney studiyoyude lebalaaya touchston pikchezhs aanu 'unbreakable' nirmmikkukayum udamasthathayilundaakkuyum cheythath, athesamayam 'splitt' saarvathrika chithrangaliloode nirmikkappettu, athinaal 'splittil' dunn enna kathaapaathram upayogikkaan shyaamalan disneyil ninnu anumathi nedendivannu. walt disney studiyos president seane beyliyumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthiya addeham maanyanmaarude oru karaarilethi, athil bailey oru feesillaathe chithratthile kathaapaathrathe upayogikkaan sammathichu, athu vikasippichaal disney oru thudarchayil earppedumennu shyaamalan vaagdaanam cheythu. "vibhajanam" vimarsanaathmakavum saambathikavumaaya vijayam nedi. 2017 januvariyil shyaamalan paranju, oru moonnaamathe "thakarkkaanaavaatha" chithram nirmmikkumenn pratheekshichirunnuvena ithinakam thanne oru rooparekha thayyaaraakkiyittunde, "eee chithram aarambhich orazhcha kazhinju njaan ente muriyil skript ezhuthaan pookumbool enthu sambhavikkumennu enikkariyilla."adutha maasam, thante adutha chithram thrayam moonnaamathe varkk aayirikkumenn addeham sthireekarichu. epril maasathode addeham thirakkatha poortthiyaakki, aaa samayat puthiya chithrathinu "glass" ennu peridumennum 2019 januvari 18 nuu release theeyathiyundennum addeham prakhyaapichu. amerikkayil chithram vitharanam cheyyaan yoonivezhsaline thiranjedutthu, athesamayam disney athinte beuna vistta internaashanal label vazhi anthaaraashtra thalatthil chithram vitharanam cheythu. glass' enna chithratthinte thudarchayundo ennu shyaamalanodu niravadhi thavana chodichittundu. 2019 januvariyil, nilavil thudarchakalonnum aasoothranam cheythittillenn addeham audyogikamaayi sthireekarichu, oru sinima prapancham nirmikkunnathil thanikk thaalpparyamillennum koottichertthu. casting. glass" enna chithratthile abhinethaakkalil thrayam (villis, jaaksan, spensor treat clark, charline woodard ennivarellaam "unbreakable" enna chithratthile avarude veshangal aavarthikkunnu, koodaathe mccavoyum anya tailor-joiyum "splitt" enna chithratthile avarude veshangal aavarthikkunnu) enna chithratthile oro muun chithrangalil ninnum madangivarunna abhinethaakkal ulppedunnu, athesamayam saaraa polson oru puthiya kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunnu. 2017 novemberil, aadam david thompson annathe velippeduthaatha oru veshathil abhinethaakkalil chernnu. chithreekaranam. dhaa visitt" (2015), "splitt" ennivayeppole shyaamalan thanneyaanu chithrathinu panam nalkiyathu. muppathombathu divasathe thithreekaranatthinulla padhathikalumaayi, oraazhchathe rehersalukalkku sesham 2017 october 2 nuu filadelfiyayil pradhana photography aarambhichu. october october shyaamalan eathaanum aazhchakal alandaun stettu ashupathriyil thithreekarikkumennu report cheyyappettu. 2018 januvariyil naalu ramgangal thithreekarikkumennu desember januvari shyaamalan velippeduthi, avayude thithreekaranatthinaayi yaatra cheyyendivarumennu paranju. poost production. unbreakable" ennathil ninnu illaathaakkiya drishyangal eliayudeyum josafinteyum kuttikkaalatthe flashbaakkukalaayi chithrathilekku edittu cheythu. samgeetham. splitt" enna chithrathinu shyaamalanumaayulla sahakaranathin sesham vestt dylan thordson chithrathinu samgeetham nalkaan madangi. jaims nyoottan hovaardinte "unbreakable" enna skoril ninnulla prameyangalum "splitt" enna thante swantham skoril ninnulla prameyangalum addeham "glass" enna samgeethathinu samgeetham nalki. back lottu samgeethathiloodeyaanu score digitalaayi vitharanam cheiyunnathu. mochanam. maarkkatting. 2018 epril epril shyaamalan pankeduttha chithram sinimaakkanil pradharshippichu. villis, jaaksan, mccavoy ennivare avatharippikkunna aadya audyogika chithrathodoppam chithratthil ninnulla foottejukalum addeham avatharippichu. thakarkkaanaavaatha" lokavum "pilarnna" lokavum oduvil "glass" ll koottiyidikkunnu ennu paranjukondu addeham chithrathinaayulla thante uddeshyam prakadippichu. eee yadhaartha jeevithathile superherokalum suuppar villanmaarum enganeyengilum orumichu poottiyaal enthucheyyum? enthaanu thettu sambhavikkaan saadhyatha?"superherokaleyum villanmareyum kurichulla hyper realistic sinimakalkku munbu" "dhii dark naitt" "(2008) polullava undaayirunnittum, shyaamalan vyakthiparamayi" "glass" "neey" "yadhaarthathil adisthaanamaakkiyulla aadyathe comic book sinima" "aayi kanakkakki". juulai 12 nuu, nirmmaanatthil ninnulla aadyathe audyogika photographukal saamuval ell enna chithratthinte shottukal ulppede parasyamaayi puratthirakki. jaaksan, saaraa polson, jaims mccavoy. oraazhchaykk sesham, shyaamalan, villis, jaaksan, tailor-joy, polson ennivar chithratthinte aadya trailer pradharshippicha panalil pankedutthukondu saan diego comic-konil chithram promot cheyyappettu. studiyo motham 80 dasalaksham dollar chithratthinte prachaaranatthinaayi chelavazhichu. naadakavedi. 2019 januvari januvari 25 alamo drafthouse sinima lokkeshanukalil "glass"-nte aadya pradarshanam nadannu, avide athu oru triple-feature evantil avatharippichu, athil munpullathum ulppettirunnu. thakarkkaanaavaatha", "" "chornnolicha". januvari 18 nuu amerikkayilum canadayilum saarvathrika chithrangalum anthaaraashtra pradeshangalil walt disney studiyo moshan pikchezhsinte upavibhagamaaya byoona vistta internaashanalum theaterukalil release cheythu. hoome media. yuu. esile yoonivezhsal pikchezhs hoome entertainmentaanu chithram purathirakkiyathu.ezz.2019 epril epril digitalilum, 2019 epril epril dvd, blue-reey, ultra echdi blue-reey ennivayilum anthaaraashtra thalatthil hoome entertainmentum labhyamakum. sweekaranam. boxes oafees. "20 dasalaksham dollar nirmmaana bajattil ninnu lokamembaadumulla motham 247 dasalaksham dollarinu amerikkayilum canadayilum 111 dasalaksham dollar mattu pradeshangalil 135.9 dasalaksham dollar 'glass' nedi. "deadline hollywood" kanakkukoottunnath ellah chelavukalum varumaanavum orumichu kanakkakkiyaal chithram 68 dasalaksham dollar attaadaayam nedi ennaanu. amerikkayilum canadayilum, chithram athinte naalu divasathe emm. ell. keey. day ooppaning vaaraanthyathil 3,841 theaterukalil ninnu $1 dasalaksham sambaadikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. vyaazhazhcha ratri previewkalil ninnulla 37 laksham dollar ulppede aadya divasam 15.9 laksham dollar sambaadicha eee chithram aadya vaaraanthyathil 40.3 laksham dollar naalu divasathinullil 46.5 laksham dollar nedi, ithu martin luther king jooniyarinte moonnaamathe mikacha motham aayi adayaalappeduthi. vaaraanthyavum ("american snipper", "raidu vithu" ennivaykku pinnilum) shyaamalante currier. randaam vaaraanthyathil chithram 53 sathamaanam idinju 18.9 dasalaksham dollarilethiyengilum boxes offeesil onnaam sthaanam nilanirtthi. chithram veendum moonnaam vaaraanthyathil 9.5 laksham dollar nedi, oduvil naalam vaaraanthyathil 63 laksham dollar kalakshan nedi anchaam sthaanathethiyappol sthaanabhrashtanaayi. anthaaraashtra thalatthil, chithram aadya vaaraanthyathil motham $I. D. 1> milyan dollar nedumennu pratheekshichirunnu. anthaaraashtra vipanikalil ninnu $48.5 dasalaksham sambaadicha ithu aagolathalathil $89.1 dasalaksham nedi. russia (5.2 dasalaksham dollar), meksikoo (4.5 laksham dollar, oru shyaamalan chithrathinu ekkaalatheyum mikacha), yunaittad kingdom (4.3 laksham dollar), france (4.3 laksham dollar), dakshina korea (2.8 laksham dollar) ennivayaayirunnu ettavum kooduthal varumanam nediya rajyangal. vimarsanaathmakamaaya prathikaranam. review aggregator cheenja tomattokalil, avalokanangale adisthaanamaakki, sharashari rating ulla chithrathinu amgeekaara rating undu. websaittinte vimarsanaathmaka samavayam iprakaaramaanu "glass" emm-nte kurachu thilakkangal pradarshippikkunnu. ratri shyaamalan thante ettavum mikacha lokanirmmaanathil, pakshe aathyanthikamayi ezhuthukaaran-samvidaayakante deerghakaalathe thrayam avasaanippikkunnathil niraashappeduthunnu."metaakrittikkine sambandhichidatholam, 53 niroopakare adisthaanamaakki chithrathinu 100 ll 43 enna sharashari score undu, ithu" "sammishramo sharashari avalokanangalo" "soochippikkunnu". sinimascore nadatthiya sarveyil prekshakar chithrathinu 'splitt' s 'bii +' ll ninnu thaazhekku eiii + muthal eph skailil 'bii' enna sharashari grade nalki, ennaal 'unbreakable' s 'sii' yill ninnu mukalilekku, poost trackilullavar chithrathinu mothatthil 70 sathamaanam positteev score 49 sathamaanam 'nischitha shupaarsha' yum nalki. indiyooyarile" david erlich chithrathinu oru "sii-" nalkukayum athine shyaamalante kariyarile ettavum valia nirasha ennu vilikkukayum cheythu "" glass "-nte prashnam athinte srashtaavu oro ghattathilum swantham prathiphalanam kaanunnu ennatho allengil thante prakshubdhamaaya kariyarinte pala gattangalkkum oru vyakthamaaya upamayayi sinimaye roopappeduthunnathinu addeham thante vazhikk valare akale pookunnu ennatho allah;" glass "-nte prashnam athinte cheruthaayi kandumuttunna kauthukakaramaaya-vaachaka vivaranam shyaamalan athinte uparithalathil parayunna asinin kathayekkaal valare sambannavum kooduthal aakarshakavumaan ennathaanu."rolling stoninu" vendi ezhuthiya david bhayam chithrathinu anchil moonnu nakshathrangal nalkki "" glass "" ennathu chila aalukal ithinakam soochippicha thilangunna paraajayamalla, allengil njangalude pulp puraanangale engane prosess cheiyunnu ennathinekkurichulla abhilaashavum uyarnna moolyavumulla ashayangal orumichu bandhippikkunnathinte kaaryatthil ningal aagrahikkunna sinimayalla ithu ". ellah sinimakalum ippol vamshahathyayo iscream allengil iscream aaya oru lokath, ningal ippol kanda kaaryangalekkurichulla avyakthathayude savisheshathayaanu ithu-athu paraajayatthinte adayaalamaayirikkaam. vaividhyam" enna kruthiyile ooven gleaberman ezhuthi "shyaamalan oru nool spinner enna nilayil thante adisthaana mojo veendeduthathinte paridhivare (oru paridhivare) fomilake madangiyethunnathu nallathaanu. ennaal "glass" namme vettayaadaathe namme pidichedukkunnu; athu elakkimarikkunnathinekkum aaveshakarathekkaalum thirakkullathaanu. orupakshe eee metteeriyal veendum sandarshikkunnathu oru sparsana avasaravaadamaanennu thonnunnathukondayirikkam, orupakshe athu ippol dainamdina adisthaanathil namme vizhungumennu bheeshanippeduthunna comic-book sinimakalude vellapokkam komiksukalil ninnu rahasyathil avasheshikkunnath chortthiyathukondaakam."" "chikkago sann-timesy" "nte richard ropper paranju, chithrathinu" "oru vyathirikthamaya roopavum chila rasakaramaaya nimishangalum, araa manyamaaya twistoo rando" "undengilum ithu kooduthalum" "oru nirashaajanakavum, pakuthi bake cheythathum, alppam pulichathum, oof-putting finale polum"."hollywood reporterude joonn defore oru thrayam-aduthu enna nilayil ithu" "oru mixed bagg" "aanennu karuthi, aakhyaana izhakale orumichu bandhippikkunnathil ithu oru nalla jolie cheiyunnuvennum ennaal ithu valare kadinamaayi sramikkukayum superheiro vibhaagathin" "savisheshamaaya budhiparamaaya enthengilum" "nalkunnathil paraajayappedukayum cheiyunnuvennum paranju". jikyu" maasikayile joshuva rivera prasthaavichu "timeline manassilakkaan prayaasamaan, twisttukal parasyamaayi telegraph cheythathinaal avar" titanic "samrakshikkumaayirunnu." dhii atlaantik" enna chithratthile david sims eee chithrathe "baatmaan retains" (1992), "invisibles 2" (2018) ennivayumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu "superman polulla anatha kathaapaathrangal vahikkunna vaikaarika paadukal kondu david polulla kathapaathrangalil antharleenamaaya kettukadhakale chuzhattikkunna shyaamalante kathaparachilinte thikanja dheerathaye njaan abhinandikkunnu."abhinethaakkale prashamsichu, prathyekichu mcwoy," "orikkalkkoodi mikacha [aayirunnu]" "koodaathe" "oro thavanayum prathyakshappedumbol thante bhayanakamaaya shaareerikatha kondu screenine prakaashippichu"." pinneedu, "glass" enna chithrathinu labhicha negatteevu avalokanangalil thaan karanjathaayi shyaamalan sammathichu "sathyasandhamaayi, 'enne maalinyakkoombaarathil eriyaathe avar enne orikkalum vyathyasthanakaan anuvadikkille? ardhashoonyathayude vikaaram enne thidukkathil kondupoyi, sathyasandhamaayi paranjaal, athu orikkalum upekshikkilla. pakshe, enthaayaalum sinima thudarnnu, alle? athu lokathile ellah raajyangalilum onnaam sthaanathethi, athu ente vishwaasangale prathinidheekarikkunnu."

glass (2019 chitrapat) glass haah 2019 salcha emm. yanni lihilela aanee digdarshit kelela superhero chitrapat aahe. nite shyamalan, jyane jasson blum, marqa beinstock aanee ashwin rajan yanchyasobat nirmiti kelee. haah chitrapat shyamalanchya 'unbreakable' (2000) aanee 'split' (2016) yaa aadhichya chitrapatancha aanee 'unbreakable' yaa trayitil tisra aanee shevatcha bhag aahe. broos vilis, samuel ell. jackson, spensor treat clark aanee charleen woodard tyanchya 'atoot' bhoomikanchi punaravrutti karatat, tarr james mcavoy aanee enia teller-joy tyanchi 'vibhajit' patre mhanoon parat yetat, jyat saara paulson, addam david thompson aanee luke kirbi kalakaranmadhye sameel hotat. yaa chitrapatat david dunn/paryavekshak disato, jevha too aanee kevin wendell crumb/jamav pakadala jaato aanee elijah price/misters manochikitsak suvidhet thewala jaato. kaach, jithe teey tyanchya atimanavi shaktinchya pramaniktecha vichar karatat. unbreakable' chya sequelmadhye rus asoonahi, walt disney studiochya touchstone picturesne tyasathi paise naan denyacha nirnay ghetala. shyamalanane 'atoot' sathee lihilelya patracha vapar karoon 'vibhajan' lihinyas suruvat kelee parantu samtol samasyanmule tyane tyachya patkathetun maghar ghetali. tyala kamanchi trayi tayar karanyachi sandhee midali aanee 'vibhajan' chya samapticha vapar karoon chitrapat 'atoot' kathanakachya aat sthapit keela. yamule disneymadhil 'villis' aanee 'jackson' chee 'akhand' patre vaparnyache adhikar surakshit karane aavashyak jhaale, jyat chitrapatatil studiocha samavesh sarvatrik chitransah karnyache aashvasan denyat aale. "split' laa aarthik aanee gambhir yash midale aanee april 2017 paryant shyamalanane jaheer kele qee tyane 'glass' sathee utpadan prakriya suru kelee aahe. yaa chitrapatacha jaagtik premiere 12 janewari 2019 roji nivadak alamo drafthouse chitrapatgruhanmadhye jhaala hota aanee 18 janewari roji americet universal picturesdware pradarshit karnyat aala hota. "glass' laa samikshakankadun sammishra pratisad midala, jyanna kathemule, visheshtah tisya krutimule chitrapat 'nirashajanak' aanee 'nirashajanak' vatala, parantu kalakaranchya abhinayache kautuk kele; anekanni tyala trayitil sarvat kamkuvat manale. 2 kotee dollarschya nirmitichya andajpatrakachya tulanet jagbharat 247 kotee dollarschee kamai karoon haah chitrapat aarthikdrushtya yashasvi tharala. plot. david dunn/paryavekshak aanee tyacha mulga joseph eka parityakt karkhanyat yaa tolicha shodh ghetat, jithe chaar cheerleaders yaa pashoola, eka atimanavi vyaktimatva, jyachi serve lock pooja karatat, tyala khayala denyasathi olis thevatat. dunn cheerleaderschi sutka karato aanee dow. yanni tyanna pakadale jaiparyant tyaa pranyashi tyacha sankshipt sangharsh hoto. ellie stepple. mukhya mhanje eka adnyat gupt sansthecha bhag aahe jee jyanna vatate qee teey atireki aahet, tyanna tyaeivaji teey bhramatmak aahet asey patvoon denyat parangat aahe. tyanna kavalyachya tekadichya smarkavar nele jaate, jithe shant elijachi kimmat/shree. eka dashakanpurvi jyachyashi purvi ladhai jhaali hotee, too kaach pakadala jaat aahe. david aanee kevin yanna vegvegalya kholyanmadhye thewale jaate jyat anukrame tyanchya panyachya aanee prakashachya prakashachya kamkuvatpanavar aadharit adviteey suraksha upay asatat. stepple spasht karate qee tyancha assa vishvas aahe qee teey bhavyatechya bhramanni grast aahet aanee tyanchyakade mahasatta naheet. shrimati. kimmat, eliyachi aaee; joseph dunn; aanee keshi cook, eka balee joou tolichya bandivasatun vachala, heey serve superhuman vastavik aahet heey mukhyapane patvoon denyacha prayatna karatat aanee ayashasvi hotat. tichya antim mulyankanacha eka bhag mhanoon, mukhya teen purushanna eka kholeet aanate jithe tee tyanchya alaukik nasalelya alaukik kshamata asalelya spashtikaranasaha tyanna aavhan dete. david aanee kevinchi anek vyaktimatve gondhaloon jaatat aanee aswasth hotat, tarr elijah utkatatene grast rahato. tyaa ratri, elia tyachya kholitoon paloon jaato aanee paryavekshak aanee jamavavar sanshodhan karato. too kevinla bhet deto aanee mhanato qee too tyachya shant avasthechi phani kadhat aahe aanee sansthetun paloon jaanyachi yojana aakhat aahe, parantu asey karnyasathi tyala tyaa pashuchya madatichi aavashyakta aahe. dusya divashi sakali, mukhya vyakti tyachya kholibaher elijache palat thevanyache drushya pahato aanee tyachyavar prefrontal lobotomy-prakarchi prakriya karato. jevha too tyachya kaljivahkashi ekta asato, tevha elia tyaa vyaktila thaar marto, aanee ughad karato qee prakriya ayashasvi jhaali kaaran alijane shastrakriyechya lesarchi todafod kelee hotee. too kevinla mukt karato aanee nantar philadelphiyamadhil osaka tower yaa naveen gaganchumbi imaratichya udghatanaveli pranyala jagasamor swatahla prakat karanyachi yojana sangtana tyachya kholitoon baher padnyasathi tyachya samarthyacha vapar karnyasathi devidla hatalato, tarr elijah imaratitil rasayanik prayogshala nasht karato, jyamule sambhavyatah hajaro lock mrutyumukhi padatat. shrimati. elia, kevin aanee david paloon jatanach kimmat, keshi aanee joseph kagadi tekadivar pohochatat. mukhya, ladhaiche sakshidar dekhil, adhikanyanna atimanvanvar chalanyasathi bolavanyache tharavatat. david aanee prani kavalyachya tekadichya parkingmadhye kahee kaal bhandatat, tyaadhi elia pashoola sangato qee devidchi kamjori paanee aahe, tyaa velee joseph ughad karato qee kevinche vadil eliyamule jhalelya railwaychya durghatanet maran pavale. kevinchya srushtimadhye yogdan dilyabaddal prani eliyache aabhar manato jenekarun kevinla keval tyachya apmanaspad aaeene vadhavale aanee kevinchya atyacharas karanibhoot tharalelya paristhitimadhye ferfar kelyabaddal tyala pranghatkaritya jakhami kele. too devidla panyachya sathavanukit takto, parantu david bajoo olandun aajubajucha parisar bhijavu shakato. keseenche supt mool vyaktimatva prakashat aananyat kessin yashasvi hoto, jyaa kshani eka sniper tyala golya ghaloon thaar marto aanee kessin keseenchya bahunmadhye maran pavto. eka swat adhikari devidla purachya khaddyat budavato, tarr mukhya mhanje tee eka gupt sansthecha bhag asalyache ughad karate jee hajaro varshanpasun atimanav kshamata asalelyancha magova gheuun tyanchi hatya karoon atimanavanche astitva dadapun takat aahe, kaaran asha vyaktinna teey jaagtik vyavasthechya sthiratesathi dhoka mhanoon pahatat. tyanantar, mukhya bhag sangharshache palat thevanyache footage hatavato aanee sanshayit superhumanchya pudhil prakaranacha tapas karnyasathi pudhe jaanyachi yojana banavato. tathapi, jevha tee eka atee-pratibhavan mastermindchya prasanganvar charcha karananya vinodi pustakanchya murkhanchya gatala aikate, tevha teela kalate qee elijachi eka gupt yojana asavi aanee tyala kalate qee tyane ladhaichya kavalyachya tekadivaril palat thevanyachya drushyanchi vyavastha kelee hotee, eka khajgi sanketsthalavar thet prasarit karnyasathi, jyamule ticha aanee tichya sansthecha parabhav jhaala. shrimati. price, joseph aanee keshi yaa pratyekala footagechi eka prat milate aanee tee lokansamor sodatat, jyamule shevati superhumanche astitva ughad hote. cast. emm. nite shyamalanane jaya yaa tyachya chhotya bhoomikechi punaravrutti kelee aahe, joou dow. flatcherchi sadnika, 'split' pasoon, joou david dunla olakhato aanee tyala vicharato qee too football stadiummadhye kaam karayacha qaa, jeey darshavate qee jaya haah drugg dealer hota jyacha samna devidne stadiummadhye 'unbreakable' madhye keela hota (eka bhag dekhil shyamalanane khelala hota). chitrapatachya suruvatila shannon destiny rayan, dyna sylverse, neena wizner aanee kaili zion yanni apaharan kelelya cheerleaderschi bhoomika sakarli. rosemary howard aanee bryan messelroy yanni kevinche aaee-vadil, penelope aanee clarence yanchi bhoomika sakarli, aanee howardney 'split' madheel tichya bhoomikechi punaravrutti kelee. utpadan. vikas. emm. chya prakashanantar. nite shyamalancha 'unbreakable' (2000), sambhavya sequelchya afava vegvegalya mulakhatinmadhye aanee chitrapat chahatyanchya sanketsthalanvar pasaru lagalya. tyaveli, david dunn/paryavekshak yanchi bhoomika sakarnanya broos vilisane mhatale hote qee, tyala aasha hotee qee eka 'atoot' trayi asel, parantu december 2000 madhye shyamalanane 'atoot' yaa teen chitrapatancha pahila bhag mhanoon lihilelya afavanche khandan kele. august 2001 madhye, tyanni sangitale qee, yashasvi dii. vhee. dii. vikrimule, tyanni eka 'akhand' uttarbhagabaddal touchstone pictureshee sampark sadhala hota, parantu chitrapatachya nirashajanak tikitbari kamgirimule studione suruvatila nakar deela. september 2008 madhye shyamalan aanee starr samuel ell. jyaksanane elijah price/misterchi bhoomika sakarli. glass' neey mhatale qee, tikitbarivar nirashajanak kamgirichya prakashat, pudhcha bhag banavnyababatchi charcha mothya pramanat sodoon denyat aalee hotee. jacksonne soochit kele qee tyala ajunahi eka uttarbhagat rus aahe, parantu shyamalan thaam rahila. februwari 2010 madhye, vilisane sangitale qee shyamalan ajunahi "mea aanee samm yanchyatil ladhaicha chitrapat karnyacha vichar karat aahe" aanee sangitale qee, joparyant jackson sahbhagi houu shakel toparyant too "tyasathi tayar" asel. shyamalanane 'split' (2016) pradarshit karnyapurvi 'unbreakable' nantar vividh asambandhit chitrapatanvar kaam kele, jyat james mcvoyne sakarlelya kevin wendell crumb/daad horde yaa vibhajit-vyaktimatva patrachi olakh karoon dilee. atoot' chya suruvatichya patkathemadhye tukada samavisht karnyat aala hota, parantu shyamalanla vatale qee yaa patrane samtol sadhanyache prashna nirman kele aanee tyala kathetoon kadhoon takale (shyamalanane mhatale aahe qee 'vibhajan' madheel drushyancha eka samooh moolatah 'atoot' sathee lihila gela hota). split' chya antim drushyat, vilis 'dunn haah jamav sutnyabaddal shiktana aanee jacksonchya shree. yanni andaj vartavalyapramane itar superhuman astitvat aahet heey lakshat ghetana disato. kaach. "unbreakable' chee nirmiti aanee malki touchstone pictures yaa walt disney studiochya labelne kelee hotee, tarr 'split' hii sarvatrik chitrandware tayar kelee gelee hotee, tyamule shyamalanla 'split' madhye dunche patra vaparnyasathi disnikadoon parvanagi ghyavi lagali. too walt disney studioche adhyaksh seane bellie yanna bhetala aanee eka sajjananchya kararavar aala, jyamadhye beline chitrapatatil patracha vapar shulkashivay karnyas parvanagi denyas sahmati darshavali aanee shyamalanane vachan dile qee jarr teey vikasit kele gele tarr disneyla sequelmadhye sameel kele jaeel. "vibhajan' heey gambhir aanee aarthik yash midale. janewari 2017 madhye shyamalanane sangitale qee, jaree tyala aasha hotee qee tisra 'akhand' chitrapat tayar hoil aanee tyane aadhich eka ruparesha tayar kelee hotee, "haah chitrapat ughadalyanantar eka aathvadyanantar, jevha mea majhya kholeet patkatha lihinyasathi jaato tevha kaay honar aahe heey mallah mahit nahee."pudhchya mahinyat, tyane nishchit kele qee tyacha pudhcha chitrapat yaa trayitil tisra chitrapat asel. eprilparyant tyanni patkatha purn kelee, tyaa velee tyanni jaheer kele qee naveen chitrapatala 'glass' mhatale jaeel aanee 18 janewari 2019 chee uddishtit pradarshit tarikh asel. americet chitrapat vitarit karnyasathi universalchi nivad karnyat aalee, tarr disney tyachya beuna vista aantarrashtriy lebaldware aantarrashtriy staravar chitrapatache vitaran kele. shyamalanla 'glass' chaa pudhcha bhag yeil qaa asey anek vela vicharale gele aahe. janewari 2019 madhye, tyane adhikrutpane pushti kelee qee sadhya konatyahi sequelche niyojan kelele nahee, aanee chitrapatsrushtiche vishva tayar karnyat tyala swarasya nahee. casting. glass' chya kalakaranmadhye yaa trayitil mageel pratyek chitrapatatil paratanaya kalakarancha samavesh aahe (villis, jackson, spensor treat clark aanee charleen woodard heey serve 'unbreakable' madheel tyanchya sambandhit bhoomikanchi punaravrutti karatat aanee mcvoy aanee enia teller-joy 'split' madheel tyanchya bhoomikanchi punaravrutti karatat), tarr saara paulson eka naveen patra sakarte. november 2017 madhye, addam david thompson tatkalin adnyat bhoomiket kalakaranmadhye sameel jhaale. chitrikaran. daad vigit' (2015) aanee 'split' pramanech shyamalanane swatah yaa chitrapatasathi nidhi deela. eka aathvadyachya saravanantar, 29 divasanchya chitrikaranasathichya yojnansah, filadelfiyamadhye 2 aktoobar 2017 roji mukhya chhayachitranala suruvat jhaali. 31 aktoobar roji, shyamalan kahee aathvadyansathi allentown steet hospitalmadhye chitrikaran karnar asalyachi batami aalee. 12 december roji shyamalanane khulasa keela qee chaar drushyanche chitrikaran janewari 2018 madhye kele jaeel, tyanni sangitale qee tyanna tyanchya chitrikaranasathi pravas karava lagel. poost production. unbreakable' madhoon hatvilele drushyapat alia aanee josefchya balpanichya flashback mhanoon chitrapatat sampadit karnyat aale. sangeet. split' yaa chitrapatasathi shyamalansobat kaam kelyanantar west dylan thordson yaa chitrapatala sangeet denyasathi paratala. tyane james neuton howardchya 'unbreakable' yaa ganyatil ganyanchya sankalpana, tasech 'split' yaa ganyatil tyachya swatachya ganyatil ganyancha vapar 'glass' yaa ganyasathi sangeet rachanyat keela. back lott sangitadvare sangeet digital paddhatine vitarit kele jaate. mukt qaraa. vipanan. 25 april 2018 roji haah chitrapat cinemackenmadhye pradarshit karnyat aala hota, jyat shyamalan upasthit hote. tyane yaa chitrapatatil drushye sadar kelee, jyat villis, jackson aanee mcvoy yanchya patratil pahilya adhikrut pratimesah. akhand' aanee 'vibhajan' chey jug shevati 'kaach' madhye dhadakte, asey mhanat tyanni yaa chitrapatasathi aapala hetu dekhil vyakt keela. jarr heey vastavik jivanatil superhero aanee super-khalnayak kasetari ekatra bandist kele gele tarr kaay? kaay chook houu shakate?"superhero aanee khalnaykambaddalche 'daad darqa nite' (2008) sarkhe atishay-vastavadi chitrapat aadhi aale asale taree, shyamalanane swatah 'glass' haah" "pahila kharokharach aadharit vinodi pustak chitrapat" "manla". 12 julai roji, nirmitichi pahili adhikrut chhayachitre sarvajanikaritya prasiddha karnyat aalee, jyat samuel ell. chya chhayachitrancha samavesh hota. jackson, saara paulson aanee james mcvoy. eka aathvadyanantar, yaa chitrapatachi jahirat sann diego comic-conn yethe karnyat aalee, jyamadhye shyamalan, vilis, jackson, teller-joy aanee paulson eka panelmadhye upasthit hote, jithe chitrapatacha pahila trailer pradarshit jhaala hota. studione chitrapatachya pracharasathi ekoon 8 kotee dollars kharch kele. natyamay. glass' chey pahile pradarshan 12 janewari 2019 roji 25 alamo drafthouse chitrapatanchya thikani jhaale, jithe teey tiheri-vaishishtyapurn karyakramat khelale gele jyat samavisht hote aanee tyapurvi hote tutanyayogya" aanee "futalele". haah chitrapat 18 janewari roji america aanee canadamadhye sarvatrik chitrandware aanee aantarrashtriy pradeshanmadhye walt disney studio motion picturescha up-vibhag asalelya buena vista internationaldware chitrapatgruhat pradarshit karnyat aala. gharguti madhyame. haah chitrapat yuu. aii. madheel universal pictures hoome entertainmentdware pradarshit karnyat aala.ess., aanee aantarrashtriy staravar ghar manoranjan, 2 april 2019 roji digitalvar aanee 16 april roji dvd, blue-reey aanee ultra echadi blue-rever. swagat. tikitbarivar. "glass' neey america aanee canadamadhye 11.1 kotee dollars aanee itar pradeshanmadhye $1.00 kotee dollarschee kamai kelee, ekoon jaagtik kamai $247 dashalaksh, tarr nirmiti andajpatrak $2 kotee hote. "deadline hollywood' neey serve kharch aanee mahasool ektrit karoon yaa chitrapatane 68 dashalaksh dollarscha nivval napha kamavala. america aanee canadamadhye, haah chitrapat tyachya chaar divasanchya emm. ell. keey. divasachya pahilya saptahantat 3,841 chitrapatgruhanmadhun $1 dashalakshapeksha qamee kamai karel assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota. tyane tyachya pahilya divashi $15.9 lakhanchi kamai kelee, jyat guruwari ratrichya purvavalokanatun $37 lakhancha samavesh hota aanee tyachya pahilya saptahantat $40.3 laakh aanee chaar divasant $46.5 lakhanchi kamai kelee, jee martin luther king juniorsathi tisari sarvottam ekoon kamai hotee. saptahant ('american sniper' aanee 'ryde with' chya mage) aanee shyamalanchya karkirdichi. dusya aathvadyachya shevati haah chitrapat 53 takkyanni ghasarun 18.9 laakh dollarsver ('split' chya 35 takkyanpeksha jaast ghat) pohochala, parantu tyane tikitbarivar avval sthan kayam rakhale. chitrapatane punha tisra saptahant sampavoon, 9.5 laakh dollarschee kamai kelee, aanee shevati chauthya saptahantat padchyut honyapurvi, jevha too 63 laakh dollarschya kamaisah pachvya sthanavar rahila. aantarrashtriy staravar, yaa chitrapatane tyachya pahilya aathvadyachya shevati $45-50 dashalakshachi kamai karane apekshit hote, ekoon $105-120 dashalaksh jaagtik prarambhasathi. jaagtik staravar 89.1 kotee dollarchya suruvatisaha, aantarrashtriy bajarpethetun tyane 48.5 kotee dollarchi kamai kelee. too bahutansh bajarpethanmadhye pratham kramankavar rahila; russia ($25 laakh), mexico ($45 laakh, shyamalan chitrapatasathi aataparyantcha sarvottam), united kingdam ($43 laakh), france ($34 laakh) aanee dakshin koria ($28 laakh) heey tyache sarvadhik kamai karnare desh hote. gambhir pratisad. punaravalokan ektrit karananya sadalelya tomatonvar, yaa chitrapatala punaravalokananchya aadhare, sarasari moolyankan asalelya, 'raar' chey manyata moolyankan aahe. sanketsthalache gambhir ekmat asey aaheh 'kaach' heey 'emm' chey kahee zagmage dakhavate. ratra shyamalan tyachya valatya jaagtik-ubharanitil sarvottam kamgirimadhye, parantu shevati lekhak-digdarshakachya dirghkal chalana trayicha nishkarsh mhanoon nirash karato."metacriticover, 53 samikshakanchya aadhare, yaa chitrapatala 100 paiki 43 sarasari guna midale aahet, jeey" "mishra kinwa sarasari punaravalokne" "darshavtat". cinemascorene kelelya sarvekshanat prekshakanna chitrapatala 'aii +' teey 'eff' yaa pramanat 'bii +' chee sarasari shreni dilee, jee 'split' chya 'bii +' peksha qamee hotee, parantu 'unbreakable' chya 'see' peksha jaast hotee, tarr postrackvaril prekshakanni chitrapatala ekoon 70 takke sakaratmak guna aanee 49 takke 'nishchit shifaras' dilee. indivire' chya david erlichne yaa chitrapatala 'see-' dile aanee tyala shyamalanchya karkirditil sarvat mothee nirasha mhatleh 'kaach' chee adchan ashee nahee qee tyacha nirmata pratyek valanavar tyache swatache pratibimb pahato, kinwa too tyachya ashant karkirdichya anek tappyansathi chitrapatache spasht udaharan mhanoon rupantar karnyasathi tyachya margapasoon door jaato; 'kaach' chee adchan ashee aahe qee tyache saumyapane bhetalele manoranjak-majkoor kathan shyamalan tyachya prushthbhagavar sangana assin kathapeksha itake samruddha aanee adhik aakarshak aahe."'rolling stone' sathee lihitana, david fearne chitrapatala pachpaiki teen taare dileh 'glass' haah kahee lokanni aadhich suchavalela jwalant flop nahee, kinwa aapan aaplya palp mithkanvar kashee prakriya karato yabaddal mahatvakankshi, uchch-vishvasachya kalpananna ekatra jodanyachya drushtine tumhala havah asalela chitrapat nahee. jyaa jagaat aata serve chitrapat ektar narsamhar kinwa iscream aahet, tyaa jagaat tumhi nuktech jeey pahile aahe tyabaddal dvidha manahsthiti darshavinari hii eka bhavya havbhav aahe-jee kadachit aanee swatach apayashachi chinhe asoo shakatat. vividhata' chya owen gliebermanne lihileh 'shyamalanla parat (kahee pramanat) formmadhye pahane changle aahe, jyaa pramanat tyane soot firkipatu mhanoon tyacha moolbhut mojo parat midavala aahe. pann 'kaach' aaplyala tras naan deta vyapato; too halavanara kinwa romanchak asanyapeksha adhik vyast asato. kadachit yache kaaran asey qee yaa sahityachi punha bhet ghene eka sparsh sandhisadhu vatate aanee kadachit yache kaaran asey qee aata aaplyala darroj grasanyacha dhoka asalelya vinodi pustakanchya chitrapatanchya mahapurane comixmadhun jeey rahasy urale aahe teey baher kadhale aahe."shikago sunn-times" chey richard roper mhanale qee, yaa chitrapatat "eka vishisht swaroop aanee kahee sunder mast kshan aanee eka kinwa done ardh-chhan valane" aahet, parantu too bahutek "eka nirashajanak, ardh-bhajalela, kinchit aambat aanee agadi auph-putt antim chitrapat hota."holywoodchya patrakar johnn deforela vatale qee trayi-jawalcha mhanoon hii eka mishra pishavi aahe, teey mhanale qee heey kathatmak dhage ekatra bandhanyache changle kaam karate, parantu teey khoop kathor prayatna karate aanee superhero shailila" "advitiyapane kahitari buddhiman" "pradan karnyat ayashasvi hote". jikyu" masikachya joshua rivera yanni mhatleh "kalkram kvachitach samajanyasarkha aahe, valane itaki ughadpane tarankit kelee aahet qee tyanni" titanic "vachavale asate." daad atlantic' chya david sims yanni yaa chitrapatachi tulana 'batman returns' (1992) aanee 'avishvasaniy 2' (2018) shhee keleeh 'mea shyamalanchya katha sanganyachya nivval betalpanache kautuk karato, joou devidsarkhya patranmadhye antarbhut asalelya mithakanna supermansarkhya anath patranni nirman kelelya bhavnik jakhmansah firvato."kalakaranchi, visheshtah mcvoychi prashansa jhaali, jeey" "punha ekada [avval] hote" "aanee" "pratyek velee jevha teey disatat tevha tyanchya vilakshan shaririktene padadyala ujalate"." nantar, shyamalanane kabool kele qee too 'glass' chya nakaratmak samikshanvar radlah "pramanikpane, mallah asey vatat hote, 'teey mallah kachyachya dhigaonyavar taklyashivay kadhihi vegale houu denar naheet qaa? nirupyogipanachya bhavnene mallah ghaeet takale aanee pramanikpane sangayache tarr, too kharokhar kadhich sodat nahee. pann tarihi chitrapat chalala, barobar? too jagatil pratyek deshat pratham kramankavar aala aanee majhya vishvasanche pratinidhitva karato."

glass (2019 chalchitra) glass sann 2019 ko superhiro film how june emdwara likhit rar nirdeshit chha. night shyamlan, jasle jayson blum, mark beanstok rar ashwin rajansanga pani nirman gare. yo film shyamlanko aghillo filmharu "unbreakable" (2000) rar "split" (2016) ko krasaobhar rar sequel how rar "unbreakable" trayiko tesro rar antim kista how. bruce willis, samuel ell. jackson, spencer treat clark, rar charlen woodardle afno "atut" bhumikaharu dohoiyaunchan, jabki james mcabhoy rar annie taylor-joya uniharuko "vibhajit" patraharuko rupma farkanchhan, sara palson, adom devid thompson, rar look kirbi castma samel hunchhan. filmma devid dunn/paryawekshaklai dekhcha jab uni rar kewin wendell crumb/hordelai kaid garinchha rar eliza mulya/misterko sath manorog suwidhama rakhieko chha. gillas, jahaan tiniharule afno atimanawa shaktiharuko pramaniktako barema vichar garchhan. unbreakable" ko sequelma chasoko bawajud, walt disney studioko touchstone picturesle eklai vittaposhan nagarne nirnaya garyo. shyamlanle "atut" kaa lagi lekheko charitra prayog garera "split" lekhna thale tara santulanka samasyaharuka karan yasako scriptbata pachhi hate. unle kamharuko trayi sirjana garne awasar mahasus gare, rar "vibhajan" ko antyalai "atut" kathabhitra film sthapit garna prayog gare. yasale vishwawyapi chitraharusangai chalchitrabhitra studio samawesh garne pratigyaka sath disnibata willis rar jacksonka "atut" patraharu duwai prayog garne adhikarharu surakshit garna awashyak banayo. "split" ek wittiya rar alochanatmak safalta thiyo, rar april 2017 samma shyamlanle ghoshana gare kii unle "" gillas "" kaa lagi utpadan prakriya suru gare. yass chalchitrako vishwa premiere janawari 12,2019 maa chayan garieka alamo drafthouse cinema thietarharuma bhaeko thiyo, rar sanyukta rajya americama janawari 18 maa universal picturesdwara rilij garieko thiyo. "glass" ley alochakharubata mishrit samiksha prapta gyoa, jasle katha, vishesh gari tesro abhinayaka karan filmlai "nirashajanak" rar "nirashajanak" pae, tara kalakarharuko pradarshanko prashansa gare; dheraile yasalai trayima sabaibhanda kamjor mane. 2 karod dollarko nirman bajetko tulanama vishwawyapi rupma 247 karod dollar kamaera film arthik rupma safal bhayo. plut. devid dunn/paryawekshak rar unka chhora josephle euta parityag garieko karkhanama bhidlai patta lagaunchhan jahaan unisanga chaar chiarliderharu chhan june janawarlai khanka lagi bandhak chhan, ek atimanawa wyaktitwa how jaslai sabai pujchhan. dunle cheerleaderharulai bachaunchha rar dah dwara kabja nagaresamma janawarsanga chhoto takarao hunchha. alie staple. staple ek agyat gopya sansthako hissa how jasle afuharu atimanawa how bhanne vishwas garneharulai afuharu bhramma chhan bhanera vishwas garaunama visheshagyata rakhchha. tiniharulai rebhen hill memorialma lagincha jahaan ek shanta aliah mulya/shree. glass, jaslai pahile ek dashak bhanda pahile ladeko thiyo, rakhieko chha. devid rar kebhinlai chhuttai kothama rakhieko chha jasma kramashah pani rar prakashko chamakko kamajoriharuko adharma adwitiya suraksha upayaharu chhan. staplele key bataaunchhin bhane uni vishwas garchhin kii tiniharu bhawyatako bhramabata pidit chhan rar tiniharusanga mahashaktiharu chhainan. shrimati. mulya, aliahki amah; josef dunn; rar kessy cook, ek pidit jo bhidko banditwabata bancheka thie, sabaile suparhumanharu wastawik hun bhanera mukhyalai vishwas dilaune prayas rar asafal hunchhan. unko antim mulyangkanko bhagko rupma, staplele tinn purushharulai euta kothama lyaunchha jahaan unle uniharulai uniharuko alaukik nabhaeko alaukik kshamataharuko lagi spashtikaranko sath chunauti dinchhin. devid rar kewinka dherai wyaktitwaharu bhramit rar wichlit hunchhan, jabki aliah catatonic rahanchhan. tyas raat, alia afno kothabata bhagchhan rar paryawekshak rar bhidma anusandhan garchhan. usale kebhinlai bhetchha rar bhancha kii usale afno shanta awasthako natak gariraheko chha rar sansthanbata bhagne yojana banaeko chha, tara usalai tyaso garna janawarko maddat chahinchha. bholipalta bihan, staplele afno kotha bahira aliahko nigarani footage dekhcha rar usamathi prefrontal lobotomy-prakarko prakriya pradarshan gardacha. jab uni afno herchahkartasanga eklai hunchhan, aliale wyaktilai marchha, prakriya asafal bhaeko khulasa gardacha kinbhane aliale cergical lejarlai todfod gareko thiyo. usale kebhinlai mukta garchha rar tyasapachhi filadelfiako nayan gaganchumbi bhawan osaka tawarko udghatanma janawarle afulai sansarma prakat garne yojanako barema bataera afno shakti prayog garera afno kothabata bahira niscan devidlai herfer gardacha, jabki aliale bhawanma raheko rasayanik prayogshalalai nashta gardacha, sambhawit rupma hajaraunko jyan linchha. shrimati. alia, kewin rar devid bhageko bela nai mulya, kessy rar josef rebhen pahadma pugchhan. mukhya, ladainko sakshi pani, suparhumanharuma zahn adhikariharulai bolaune nirnaya gardacha. daud rar janawarharu rebhen hill parkingma kehi samayaka lagi jhagada garchhan, tyasapachhi aliale janawarlai daudko kamajori pani how bhanera bataunchha, tyas binduma josephle kebhinka bubako mrityu aliale nimtyaeko rail durghatanama bhaeko khulasa gardacha. kebhinko durwyawahar nimtyaune sthitima herfer garekoma pranghatak rupma ghaite hunuaghi kebhinlai kewal unko apamanjanak amale hurkaunu aghi yasalai banaera afno srishtima yogdan puryaunubhaekoma janawarle aliahlai dhanyawad dinchha. usale devidlai pani bhandaran tankyma fyaankdachha, tara devid chheuchhauko kshetralai bhijaundai chheumabata parr garna saksham hunchha. kesile kebhinko nishkriya maulik wyaktitwalai "prakash" maa lyauna prabandha gardacha, jasma ek sniperle usalai ghatak rupma goli hanchha, rar kebhinko hatma kebhin marchha. ek swat officerle devidlai badhiko khadalma dubaunda, staplele khulasa garchha kii uni ek gopya sangathanko hissa hun jasle sahasrabdidekhi atimanavi kshamataharu bhaeka manisharulai track garera rar mardai atimanwaharuko astitwalai dabaundai aeko chha, kinki uniharule tyasta wyaktiharulai vishwa wyawasthako sthirataka lagi khatarako rupma herchhan. tyasapachhiko, staplele takarawko nigarani footage metaunchha rar sandigdha suparhumanharuko arko mamilako anusandhan garna agadi badhne yojana banaunchha. yadyapi, jab unle ek super-genious mastermindko trapharubare chhalfal garne hasya pustakko nordharuko samuha sunchhin, unle eliyahasanga gopya yojana bhaeko mahasus garchhin rar unle ladainko rebhen hill nigarani futejlai pratyaksha prasaran garne wyawastha gareko patta lagaaunchhin. shrimati. mulya, josef, rar kessy pratyekle footageko pratilipi prapta garchhan rar yasalai janatama jaari garchhan, antatah suparhumanharuko astitwa ujagar garchhan. cast. emm. night shyamlanle dah. maa suraksha gard jayako afno cameo bhumikalai dohoiyaunchan. flatcherko apartment bhawan, "split" batt, jasle devid danlai chinchha rar usalai sodhcha kii usale football stadiumma kaam garne gardathyo kii bhanera, yasale sanket gardacha kii jaya drugs dealer thiyo devidle stadiumma "atut" (shyamlanle pani kheleko bhag) maa samana gareko thiyo. sanon destiny ryon, dyna silverse, neena wisner rar kylie jionle filmko suruma apharan garieka cheerleaderharuko bhumika nibhaeka thie. rosemary haward rar bryan meseloyle kebhinka amababu, penelope rar clarenceko chitran gare, hawardle "split" batt unko bhumika दोहोऱ्याए।. utpadan. vikas. rilijpachhi emm. night shyamlanko "unbreakable" (2000), sambhawit sikwelharuko afawahaharu vibhinna antarwarta rar chalchitra fanciteharuma circulate huna thalyo. tyas samayama, devid dunn/paryawekshakko bhumika nirvaha garne bruce wilislai uddhrit gardai unle tyahan "atut" trayi hune asha wyakta gare, tara december 2000 maa, shyamlanle afule trayiko pahilo kistako rupma "atut" lekheka afawahaharulai aswikar gare. august 2001 maa, unle bhane kii, safal dividi bikrika karan, unle "atut" sikwelko barema touchstone picturessanga samparka gareka thie, tara studiole suruma filmko nirashajanak bucks office pradarshanka karan aswikar gyoa. september 2008 maa, shyamlan rar starr samuel ell. jackson, jasle eliza price/misterko bhumika khele. glassle bhane kii sequel banaune chhalfalharu nirashajanak bucks office returnko prakashma dherai hadasamma tyagieko thiyo. jacksonle sanket gare kii uni ajhai pani sequelma ruchi rakhchhan, tara shyamlan gaira pratibadha rahe. february 2010 maa, willisle shyamlanle "mahm rar sambichko ladain chalchitra garne bare ajhai sochdai thie" rar jabasamma jacksonle bhag lyne saksham chhan, uni "yasaka lagi tayar" hunechhan bhani bhane. shyamlanle "split" (2016) rilij garnuaghi "unbreakable" pachhi vibhinna asambandhit chalchitraharuma kaam gare, jasle james mcowaydwara abhinit split-personality charitra kewin wendell crumb/da hordeko parichaya garaunchha. unbreakable" ko prarambhik scriptma crumb samawesh garieko thiyo, tara shyamlanle charitrale santulanka muddaharu sirjana gareko rar unlai kathabata hataeko mahasus gare (shyamlanle bhane kii "split" maa drishyaharuko "ek guchcha" muel rupma "unbreakable" kaa lagi lekhieko thiyo). split" ko antim drishyama, willis dunle bhidbata bhagne barema sikdai rar yasari jacksonka misterle bhavishyavani gareanusar anya suparhumanharu awasthit chhan bhanne mahasus gareko dekhinchha. gillas. "unbreakable" touchstone picturesdwara nirman rar swamitwama thiyo, walt disney studioko lebel, jabki "split" vishwawyapi taswirharu marfat nirman garieko thiyo, tyasaile shyamlanle "split" maa dunko charitra prayog garna disnibata anumati linuparyo. unle walt disney studioca adhyaksha sayne belisanga bhet gare rar sajjanharuko samjhautama ae, jasma belile kunai shulk bina chalchitrama charitrako prayog garna anumati dina sahamat bhae, rar shyamlanle disnilai sequelma sanlagna garne wacha gare, yadi yo wiksit bhayo bhane. "vibhajan" ley alochanatmak rar arthik safaltako sath bhet garyo. janawari 2017 maa, shyamlanle bhane kii, yadyapi unle tesro "atut" film banne asha gare rar unle pahile nai ruparekha tayar garisakeka thie, "malai thaha chhaina jab mahm mero kothama jandaichhu, yo film kholeko ek hapta pachhi, script lekhna."arko mahina, unle afno arko film trayiko tesro kaam hune pushti gare. unle aprilsammama patakatha samapta gare, jasma unle nayan filmlai "glass" bhanine rar janawari 18,2019 ko laxit rilij miti bhaeko ghoshana gare. yunibharsallai sanyukta rajya americama film witaran garna chayan garieko thiyo, jabki disneyle yasako buena bhista antarrashtriya lebel marfat antarrashtriya rupma film witaran gare. shyamlanlai 'glass' ko sequel hunechha kii bhanera dherai patak sodhieko chha. janawari 2019 maa, unle adhikarik rupma pushti gare kii hall kunai sikwelko yojana chhaina, unlai cinemai brahmand nirmanma kunai ruchi chhaina. casting. glass" ko castma trayima aghillo chalchitraharu madhye pratyekbata farkeka abhinetaharu samawesh chhan (willis, jackson, spencer treat clark, rar charlen woodard sabaile "unbreakable" batt aaa-afno bhumikalai dohoiyaunchan, rar mccobhoy rar anya taylor-joyale "split" batt afno bhumikalai dohoiyaunchan), jabki sara palsonle nayan charitra khelchhin. november 2017 maa, adom devid thompson tatkalin agyat bhumikama castma samel bhae. chalchitra. da bhijit" (2015) rar "split" ko rupma, shyamlanle afai filmlai vittaposhan gare. principle fotography october 2,2017 maa filadelfiama suru bhayo, ek haptako rehearsal pachhi, unatis dinko sutingko yojanaka sath. october 31 maa shyamlanle kehi haptaka lagi alentauna state aspatalma chhayangkan garne khabar aeko thiyo. december 12 maa shyamlanle janawari 2018 maa charawata drishyaharu chhayangkan garine khulasa gare, unle uniharuko chhayangkanka lagi yatra garnuparnecha bhani bhane. post prodoxon. unbreakable" batt metieko futejlai aliah rar josefko balyakalko flasbacka rupma chalchitrama sampadan garieko thiyo. sangit. west dylan thordsonle "split" maa shyamalansanga sahakarya garepachhi filmko score garna farke. unle james neuton hawardko scorebata "unbreakable" kaa lagi vishayavastuharu prayog gare, sathai "split" kaa lagi afnai scorebata "glass" kaa lagi sangit rachana gare. score back lutt sangitdwara digital rupma witaran garinchha. mukta garnuhos. marketing. april 25,2018 maa, chalchitra cinemakanma chitrit garieko thiyo, jasma shyamlan upasthit thie. unle chalchitrako footage prastut gare, sathai pahilo adhikarik chhawi jasma willis, jackson rar mcabhoyko charitra raheko thiyo. unle filmka lagi afno iccha pani wyakta gardai bhane, "" atut "rar" vibhajit "ko sansar antatah" gillas "maa thokkinchha. yadi yee wastawik jiwanka superhiro rar super-khalanayakharu kunai naha kunai rupma eksath banda bhae key hunchha? key galat huna sakchha?"superhiro rar khalanayakharubareka ati-yatharthawadi chalchitraharu, jastai" "da dark night" "(2008), pahile bhae tapani shyamlanle wyaktigat rupma" "glass" "lai" "pahilo sanchchai adharit hasya pustak chalchitra" "maneka thie. july 12 maa, utpadanko pahilo adhikarik photoharu sarvajanik rupma jaari gariyo, jasma samuel elko satharu samawesh thie. jackson, sara palson rar james macowoy. ek hapta pachhi, chalchitrako prachar saan diyego kamik-kanma garieko thiyo, jasma shyamlan, willis, jackson, taylor-joya rar palson panelma upasthit thie jahaan filmko pahilo trailer premiere bhaeko thiyo. studiole filmko pracharma kull 8 karod dollar kharcha gareko chha. theater. glass" ko pahilo screening janawari 12,2019 maa 25 alamo drafthouse cinema sthanharuma bhaeko thiyo, jahaan yo triple-fitcher karyakramma khelieko thiyo jasma samawesh thiyo rar pahile thiyo. atut" rar "spielt" dwara. yo janawari 18 maa sanyukta rajya america rar canadama universal picturesdwara rar antarrashtriya kshetraharuma buena bhista internationaldwara, walt disney studio motion picturesko upa-vibhajandwara thieterma rilij garieko thiyo. griha midia. yo film yuema universal pictures home intertainmentdwara rilij garieko thiyo.ess., rar antarrashtriya rupma ghar manoranjanko drishya, april 2,2019 maa digitalma, rar april 16 maa dividi, blue-rey, rar ultra hd blue-rema. swagat. bucks office. "glass" ley sanyukta rajya america rar canadama 11 karod 10 lakh dollar rar anya kshetraharuma $1 karod 70 lakh kamaeko thiyo, $2 karodko utpadan bajetko tulanama vishwawyapi kull $247 lakhko lagi. "deadline holywood" ley ganana garyo kii filmle sabai kharcha rar rajaswalai eksath factor garda $68 millionko shudha nafa kamaeko thiyo. sanyukta rajya america rar canadama, filmle yasako chaar dinko mlke dinko udghatan saptahantama 3,841 thietarharubata $50-75 million kamaune anuman garieko thiyo. yasale afno pahilo dinma $15.9 lakh kamaeko thiyo, jasma bihibar ratko purwawalokanbata $37 lakh pani samawesh thiyo, rar yasako udghatan saptahantama $40.3 lakh rar chaar dinma $46.5 lakh kamaeko thiyo, jasle martin luther king juniyarka lagi tesro-utkrishta kull chinha lagayo. saptahanta ("americi sniper" rar "ryde und und" ko pachhadi) rar shyamlanko kariyarko. yasako dosro saptahantama, film 53 pratishat ghatera 18.9 lakh dollar ("split" ko 35 pratishat bhanda badhi girawat) bhayo, tara yasale bucks officema shirsha sthan kayam rakhyo. filmle feri afno tesro saptahanta shirshama samapta garyo, $9.5 lakh kamaeko, antatah yasako chautho saptahantama padachyut hunu aghi, jab yo $63 lakhko kull kamaiko sath panchaun sthanma rahyo. antarrashtriya rupma, chalchitrale yasako pahilo saptahantama $45-50 million kamaune apeksha garieko thiyo, $105-120 millionko kull vishwawyapi udghatanka lagi. yasale antarrashtriya bajarbata $48.5 karod kamaeko thiyo, vishwawyapi rupma $89.1 karodko suruwat bhaeko thiyo. yo dheraijaso bajarharuma pahilo sthanma rahyo; yasako sabaibhanda dherai kamaune deshharu roos ($5 karod 20 lakh), meksiko ($45 lakh, shyamlan filmka lagi sabaibhanda ramro), united kingdom ($43 lakh), france ($34 lakh), rar dakshin korea ($28 lakh) thie. alochanatmak pratikriya. samiksha aggregator sadeko tamatarma, chalchitrale samikshako adharma anumodan mulyankan gardacha, jasko ausat mulyankan chha. websiteko alochanatmak sahamatima lekhieko chhah "gillas" ley emka kehi jhalakharu dekhaunchha. raat shyamlan afno twisty vishwa-nirmanko utkrishta, tara antatah lekhak-nirdeshakko lamo-kathan trayiko nishkarshako rupma nirash gardacha."metacriticma, 53 alochakharuko adharma, chalchitrako 100 madhye 43 ko bharit ausat score chha, jasle" "mishrit wa ausat samikshaharu" "sanket gardacha. cinemascoredwara garieko sarwekshanma darshakharule filmlai "split" s "b +" batt tall, tara "unbreakable" s "c" batt mathi, a + dekhi f mapanma "b" ko ausat grade die, jabki posttrackma raheka darshakharule yasalai samagrama 70 pratishatko sakaratmak score rar 49 pratishatko "nishchit sifaris" die. indivire" kaa devid erlichle filmlai "see-" die rar yasalai shyamlanko kariyarko sabaibhanda thulo nirasha bhaneh "gilasko samasya yo hoina kii yasako nirmatale harek modma afnai pratibimba dekhchan, wa uni afno ashanta carrierka dherai charanharuka lagi filmlai spashta drishtantama rupantaran garna afno batobata tadha janchhan;" glass "sanga samasya yo how kii yasako halka rupma bheteko chakhalagdo-path katha shyamlanle yasako satahama bataune asainin katha bhanda dherai samridha rar badhi badhyakari chha."" "rolling stone" "kaa lagi lekhdai, devid darle filmlai paanch madhye tean tara diyoh" "glass" "kehi manisharule pahile nai sujhaeka jwalanta flup hoina, naha tata yo mahatwakankshi, uccha falutin dharanaharulai baandhne sandarbhama tapainle chahanu bhaeko chalchitra how. yasto sansarma jahaan sabai chalchitraharu yaa tata narasanhar wa aiskrim hun, yo euta bhawya hawabhaw how june tapainle bharkharai dekheko barema dwidhako bhawanale visheshta dinchha-june afaima asafaltako sanket huna sakchha. vividhata" kaa owen glibermanle lekheka chhanh "shyamlanlai farmama (ek degreema) firta dekhnu ramro chha, yass hadasamma kii unle dhago spinnerko rupma afno adharbhut mojo punah prapta gareka chhan. tara "gillas" ley hamilai sataena; yo halchal wa romanchak bhanda badhi wyasta chha. sayed yasako karan yo samagriko punah awalokan garnu ek sparsha awasarwadi mahasus hunchha, rar sayed yo kinbhane kamik-book chalchitraharuko jalpralaya jasle ab hamilai dainik adharma sametne khatara dinchha yasale kamikharubata rahasyabata key baanki chha bhanera bahira nikalchha."sikago sunn-times" kaa richard roperle bhane kii film "" ek wishishta roop rar kehi sunder sunder kshanharu, rar adha-ramro mode wa dui "" thiyo tara yo prayaha "" ek adhuro, adha-pakaeko, alik khatta, rar yahansamma kii aff-putt final pani thiyo. "holywood reporterka john deforele yo trayi-najikko rupma" "ek mishrit jhola" "how bhanne soche, yasale kathatmak strandharu sangai baandhne ramro kaam gardacha, tara yasale dherai kada prayas gardacha rar superhiro vidhalai" "adwitiya rupma dimagko kura" "pradan garna asafal hunchha. jikyu" patrikaka joshua ribherale bhaneh "samayarekha bujhna gahro chha, modharu yati khula rupma telegraph garieko chha kii uniharule" tytainic "lai bachaeka thie." da atlantic" kaa devid simsle filmlai "batman returns" (1992) rar "awishwasaniya 2" (2018) sanga tulana gareh "mahm shyamlanko katha kathanko sarasar kathoratako kadar gardachhu, jasle devid jasta patraharuma nihit mithaklai superman jasta anath patraharule wahan gareka bhawanatmak dagharusanga ghumaunchha."kalakarharuko prashansa gariyo, vishesh gari mcabhoy, jasle" "ek patak feri [thie] shirsha sthan" "rar" "pratyek patak uni dekha parda afno bhayanak shaririktale screenlai ujyalo parchhan." pachhi, shyamlanle swikar gare kii uni "glass" kaa lagi nakaratmak samikshaharuma roeh "imandaripurwak, mahm yasto mahasus gardai thie, 'key tiniharule malai fohorko dagama fyaanke bina kahilyai farak huna dindainan? mulyahintako bhawanale malai hatar gyoa, rar imandaripurwak bhannuparda, yo wastawma kahilyai chhoddaina. tara jey bhae pani, film jaari rahyo, haina? yo sansarko harek deshma number ek banyo, rar yasale mero vishwaslai pratinidhitwa gardacha."

glass (2019 chalachitra) glass heuchhi 2019 masihar eka superhero chalachitra jaahaa emm. night shyamalan, jie jasson blum, marck bianstock ebong ashwin rajanka saha madhya prajojana karithile. ehi chalachitrati shyamalananka purba chalachitra 'unbreakable "(2000) ebong' split" (2016) rahr eka crusover ebong sequel ebong 'unbreakable "trajira truteeja tatha shesh kisti . bruce willis, samuel ell. jackson, spencer treat clark ebong charlen udard semanankara "atuta" bhumikaku doharaichhanti, jetebele james makabhaja ebong ania taylor-ananda semanankara "split" charitra bhabare pheruchanti, saaraa pulsion, adam devida thumpson ebong look kirbi kalakaranka sahita joga deichhanti . ehi chalachitrare devida donne/tatwabadharakanku dekhibaku milichi, jetebele shay ebong kebhin wendell kramba/dala dharapadichhanti ebong eliza mulya/mea. catch, jeunthare semane semanankara atimanabiah shaktira satyata bishajare chinta karanti . unbreakable' rahr parabarti bhaga prati agraha satwe, walt disney studiora touchstone pictures gotie paain artha pradan nakaribaku nishpatti neithile. shyamalan "atuta" paain lekhithiba eka charitraku byabahara curry "split" lekhiba paain baharithile, kintu santulana samasya hetu ehara scriptru ohari jaithile. shay anubhaba karithile je tanku eka trai rachna srusti karibara sujoga milichi, ebong "bibhajan" rahr samaptiku "atuta" barnana madhyare chalachitraku pratisthita karibaku byabahara karithile . ehaa dwara biswabyapee chitragudika sahita chalachitra madhyare studioku antarbhukta karibara pratishruti sahita dijaneeru ubhaja willis ebong jyaksanka "atuta" charitra byabahara karibara adhikara surakhita kariba aabasyaka hoithila . "split" eka arthika ebong gurutwapurna saphalata thila, ebong april 2017 suddha shyamalan ghoshana karithile je shay "" catch "" paain utpadana prakriya arambha karichanti. januari 12,2019 ray manoneet alamo drafthouse cinema thietarare ehi chalachitrara biswa premiyara hoithila ebong januari 18 ray juktarastrare sarbajaneena chitra dwara muktilabha karithila . "glass" samalochakamananka thaaru mishrit samikhya paithila, jeunmane kahani, bisesh curry truteeja abhinai karanaru chalachitratiku "nirashajanaka" ebong "apratirodhya" bolly bibechana karithile, kintu kalakaramananka pradarshanaku prashansa karithile; aneka ehaaku trajira sabutharu durbala bolly bibechana karithile . ehi chalachitrati eka arthika saphalata thila, $20 nijuta utpadana budget tulanare biswabyapee $247 nijuta aaja karithila . plut. devida donne/tatwabadharaka ebong taanka pua joseph eka parityakta karakhanaku dalatiku khojanti jeunthare tanku pashu khaibaku chaari john cheerleader panabandi achanti, eka atimanabiah byaktitwa jaahaa samaste pooja karanti . donn cheer lidarmananku uddhara karanti ebong dodd. nka dwara bandi naheba parjyanta pashu sahita eka sankhipta sangharsha karanti . elie staple. mukhya heuchhi eka agyata gupta sangathanara ansha jaahaa nijaku atimanabiah bolly biswasa karuthiba lokanku ehaa paribarte bhramatmaka bolly biswasa karaibare bisheshagya. semananku reven hill smarakeeku niajaithila jeunthare eka shant eliza mulya/mea. catch, jaahaa purbaru eka dashandhi purbaru ladhithila, taaha dharajauchhi . devida ebong kebhinanku alga kothareere rakhajae jeunthire jathakrame jala ebong aloka jhalakibara durbalata aadhaarare ananya surakhya byabastha rahichhi. staple barnana karanti je shay biswasa karanti je semane bhabyatara bhramare peedita ebong semanankara kaunasi mahashakti naahin . srimati. mulya, elijahanka maaa; joseph donne; ebong kesi cook, jane shikara jie kii dalatira bandeetwaru banchithile, samaste superhumanamane bastaba bolly mukhyaku bujhaibaku chesta karanti ebong biphal huanti . tankara chudanta mulyankana ansha bhabare, staple tini jananku eka kothareeku aanithae jeunthare shay semanankara atimanabiah khyamata paain byakhya sahita semananku challenge karanti jaahaa alaukika nuhen . devida ebong kebhinnka aneka byaktitwa dwandwa ebong bichalita hoijaithanti, jetebele kii eliah abyabasthita rahithanti. sehi raatire, eliah taanka kothareeru palajana curry tatwabadharaka ebong dala upare gabeshana karanti . shay kebhinanku bhetichanti ebong kahichanti je shay taanka nidraheena abastha dekhauchhanti ebong anusthanaru palaibaku yojana karuchanti, kintu epari kariba paain shay pashur sahajya aabasyaka karanti . pardin sakale, staple taanka kothari bahare elijanka nazardari footages dekhanti ebong taanka upare eka prefrontal lobotomy-type prakriya karanti . jetebele shay taanka tatwabadharakanka saha ekutia thaanti, eliah sehi byaktinku hatya karanti, prakash karanti je prakrijati biphal hoithila kaaran eliah sergical lejaraku nust karideithile . shay kebhinanku mukta karanti ebong taa 'parey devidanku taanka shaktiku byabahara curry taanka kothareeru baharaku bahariba paain eka yojana barnana curry pashuku philadelaphiare eka nutan gaganachumbi kotha oshaka tawarara udaghatanare biswa sammukhare nijaku prakash karibaku nirdesh dianti, jetebele eliza bildingre eka rasajanika parikhyagaraku nust karanti, sambhabya bhabare hazar hazar lokanku hatya karanti . srimati. eliah, kevina ebong devida palajana kariba samajare mulya, kesi ebong joseph reven pahadare pahanchanti . mukhya, madhya ladheira sakhi, suparahyumananka upare jibaku kartupakhyanku dakibaku nishpatti nianti . daud ebong pashuti kapurush pahad parking sthanare kichhi samai paain ladhei karanti, ehaa purbaru eliah pashuku kuhanti je devidanka durbalata heuchhi paani, sehi samajare joseph prakash karanti je elijahanka dwara ghatithiba train bhagnabaseshare kebhinnka pita mrutyubarana karithile. pashuti elijaku dhanyabada janaithila je shay ehaaku tiari curry taanka srustire yogdan karithile, jahadwara kevinra durbyabaharara kaaran hoithiba paristhitiku nijantrana curry tanku pranaghatee bhabe ahata kariba purbaru kevinra lalanapalana kebala taanka apamanajanaka maaa karithile. shay devidanku eka jala bhandara tyankire phingi dianti, kintu devida parswaku bhangi pariparswika anchalaku bhijaibare sakhyama huanti . kesi kebhinnka supta moola byaktitwaku "aloka" ku aanibare saphala huanti, jeun samajare jane sniper tanku maratmaka bhabare guli karanti, ebong kebhin kesinka baahure mrutyubarana karanti . jane swata adhikari eka banya garttare devidanku budai deithiba bele, steppel prakash karanti je shay eka gupta sangathanara ansha jaahaa sahasrabda dhari atimanabiah khyamata thiba lokanku track curry ebong hatya curry atimanabeejamananka astitwaku daman kariasuchhi, kaaran semane ehipari byaktibisheshanku biswa byabasthara sthirata paain eka bipada bhabare dekhanti . parabarti samajare, staple sangharshara nazardari phutejku hataithae ebong sandigdha suparahyumananka parabarti mamlar tadanta paain aagaku badhiba paain yojana karithae. tebe, jetebele shay jane ati-pratibhashali mastermindnka trop bishajare alochana karuthiba eka kamika book nardanka gostheeku sunanti, shay hrudajangama karanti je elijankara eka gupta yojana thiba ebong shay abishkara karanti je shay ladheira kaven hill sarbhilensa footage paain byabastha karithile eka gharoi websitere live streaming, jaahaa tanku ebong taanka sangathanaku parasta karithila . srimati. prices, joseph ebong kesi pratyeka footager eka kapi grahan karanti ebong ehaaku janasadharananka paain chhadidianti, sheshare suparahyumananka astitwaku unmochita karanti . cast. emm. night shyamalan taanka cameo bhumikare jaiah, dodd. flatchernka apartment building, "split" ru, jie devida dananku chinhithae ebong tanku pacharuchhi je shay football stadijamare kaama karuthile kii, ehaa suchita kare je jaai drugs dealer devida stadijamre "atuta" ray sammukheen hoithile (eka ansha madhya shyamalan khelithile) . chalachitrara prarambhare shannon destiny rayan, dayana silverse, nina wijanar ebong kylie jion apahruta chijaralidarnku chitrana karithile. rosemary haward ebong bryan messelrai kebhinnka pitamata, penelope ebong clarencenku chitrana karithile, ebong haward "split" ru taanka bhumikaku punarabrutti karithile. utpadana. bikash. muktilabha parey emm. night shyamalananka "atuta" (2000), sambhabya parabarti bhagara gujab bibhinna sakhyatakara ebong chalachitra prashansakanka saitare prasarita hebaku lagila . sehi samajare, devida donne/tatwabadharaka bhumikare abhinai karithiba bruce wilisnku uddhruta curry kuhajaichhi je shay aasha karithile je eka "atuta" trajirangi heba, kintu december 2000 ray, shyamalan eka trajira pratham kisti bhabare "atuta" lekhithiba gujabaku asweekara karithile. august 2001 ray, shay kahithile je, saphala dividi bikrai hetu, shay eka "atuta" sequel bishajare touchstone picture nikataku jaithile, kintu chalachitrara nirashajanaka bucks offices pradarshan hetu studio prathame pratyakhyana karithila . september 2008 ray, shyamalan ebong starr samuel ell. jackson, jie eliza prices/mea. glass kahichanti je bucks officere nirashajanaka pratyabartanaku drustire rakhi eka sequel nirmana bishajare alochana mukhyatah parityaga karajaithila. jackson ingita deithile je shay ebebi eka siquelare agrahi thile, kintu shyamalan nirbandhare rahithile. februari 2010 ray, willis kahithile je shyamalan "moe ebong samnka madhyare ladhei chalachitra kariba bishajare chinta karuchanti" ebong kahithile je, jetedina parjyanta jackson anshagrahana karibaku sakhyama hebe, shay "ethipain prastuta" rahibe. split "(2016) muktilabha kariba purbaru' unbreakable" parey shyamalan bibhinna asampurna chalachitrare kaama karithile, jaahaa james makabhajanka dwara abhineet split-personality charitra kevina wendell kramba/daa hordeku prabartana karithila. atuta" rahr prarambhika scriptre khandaku antarbhukta karajaithila, kintu shyamalan anubhaba karithile je charitrati santulana samasya srusti karichhi ebong tanku kahaniru hatai deichi (shyamalan kahichanti je "bibhajan" ray "eka guchha" drushya moolatah "atuta" paain lekhajaithila) . split" rahr shesh drushyare, willis 'donn dalatira palajana bishajare shikhiba ebong ehipari jyaksanka mea. nka purbanumana anujai anya superhuman bidyamana thiba anubhaba karuthiba dekhibaku milichi. catch. "unbreakable" rahr nirmana ebong malikana touchstone pictures dwara karajaithila, jaahaa walt disney studiora eka lebel, jetebele "split" sarbajaneena chitra madhyamare nirmita hoithila, tenu shyamalananku "split" ray donn charitra byabahara karibaku disninkatharu anumathi nebaku padithila . shay walt disney studiora sabhapati sinh beilinku bhetithile ebong eka bhadralokanka rajinamare pahanchithile, jeunthire bayley bina kaunasi dejare chalachitrare charitrara byabaharaku anumathi debaku raaji hoithile, ebong shyamalan pratishruti deithile je jadi ehaa bikashita hue tebe disney eka siquelare jadita hebe. "bibhajan" samalochanamoolaka ebong arthika saphalata saha sakhyata karithila . januari 2017 ray, shyamalan kahithile je jadio shay aasha karithile je eka truteeja "atuta" chalachitra nirmita heba ebong shay purbaru eka ruparekha prastuta karisarithile, "mun jaane naahin jetebele mun moe kothareeku jibi, ehi chalachitra kholibara eka saptaha parey, script lekhiba paain."asanta maasare, shay nischita karithile je tankara parabarti chalachitra trajira truteeja karjya heba . shay april suddha script samapta karithile, sehi samajare shay ghoshana karithile je nutan chalachitrara naama "glass" heba ebong ehara lakhya muktilabha tarikh januari 18,2019 ray achhi. juktarastrare chalachitrati bitarana karibaku yunibharsal chayan karajaithila, jetebele disney ehara buena bhista antarjatija lebel madhyamare antarjatija starare chalachitra bitarana karithile . glass "rahr parabarti bhaga heba kii bolly shyamalananku aneka thara pacharajaichi. januari 2019 ray, shay aanusthanika bhabare nischita karithile je bartamana kaunasi sequel yojana karajai naahin, ebong eka cinema jagata nirmanare tankara kaunasi agraha naahin. casting. glass" rahr kalakaramane trajira purba chalachitraru pratyabartana karuthiba abhinetanku antarbhukta karanti (willis, jackson, spencer treat clark, ebong charlen udard samaste "atuta" ru niz niz bhumikaku punarabrutti karanti, ebong mkabhaja ebong anya tailor-jaiah "split" ru semanankara bhumikaku punarabrutti karanti), jetebele saaraa pulsion eka nutan charitrare abhinai karanti . navember 2017 ray, adam devida thumpson eka tatkaleena agyata bhumikare abhinajare joga deithile. suting. daa vigit" (2015) ebong "split" bhali, shyamalan nije ehi chalachitra paain artha jogai deithile. october 2,2017 ray, philadelaphiare, eka saptaha rehearsal parey, 39 dinara suting yojana sahita mukhya photography arambha hoithila . october 31 ray, khabara asithila je shyamalan kichhi saptaha paain alentauna rajya daktarakhanare suting karibe. december 12 ray, shyamalan prakash karithile je januari 2018 ray charoti drushya suting karajiba, shay kahichanti je shay semanankara suting paain jatra karibaku padiba . post prodoxon. unbreakable" ru delete hoithiba phutejku eliah ebong josephanka piladinara flassback bhabare chalachitrare sampadana karajaithila . sangeeta. split "ray shyamalananka sahjog parey westa dylan thordson ehi chalachitrara sangeeta rachna paain pherithile. shay james neuton hawardnka skoraru "unbreakable" paain bishajabastu byabahara karithile, ebong "split" paain niz skoraru, "glass" paain sangeeta rachna karithile. back lutt sangeeta dwara score digital bhabare bunton karajae . mukti. marketing. 2018 masiha april 25 tarikhare, chalachitrati cinemakanare pradarshita hoithila, jeunthire shyamalan upasthita thile. shay ehi chalachitrara footages sahita pratham official phato upasthapana karithile jeunthire charitrare willis, jackson ebong myakabhajanku darshajaithila. shay ehi chalachitra paain nijara uddeshya madhya byakta curry kahithile, "abichhedya" ebong "bibhajita" dunia sheshare "catch" ray dhakka die . jadi ehi bastaba jeebner superhero ebong super-bhilenmane kaunasi prakare ekathi banda curry rakhajae tebe qa "naa heba? qa "naa bhul hoipare?"superhero ebong khalanajakanka bishajare ati-bastababadi chalachitra purbaru, jepariki" "daa dark night" "(2008), shyamalan byaktigata bhabare" "glass" "ku pratham prakrutare grounded kamika book chalachitra bolly bibechana karithile. july 12 ray, pradaksanaru pratham official photograph sarbasadharanare muktilabha karithila, jeunthire samuel ell rahr shut antarbhukta . jackson, saaraa pulsion ebong james myakabhaja. eka saptaha parey, chalachitrati shaan digo kamika-kanare prachara karajaithila, jeunthire shyamalan, willis, jackson, taylor-jae ebong pulsion eka pyanelare joga deithile jeunthare chalachitrara pratham trailer premiyara hoithila . ehi chalachitrara prachara paain studio mote 80 nijuta dollar kharcha karithila. natakiah. glass" rahr pratham screening januari 12,2019 ray 25 alamo drafthouse cinema sthanare ghatithila, jeunthare ehaa eka tini-fitcher event samajare khelajaithila jaahaa purbaru antarbhukta thila . abichhedya" ebong "spilt" dwara. ehaa januari 18 ray thietarare muktilabha karithila, juktarastra america ebong kanadare sarbajaneena chitra dwara, ebong antarjatija anchalare walt disney studiora eka upa-bibhaga buena bhista international dwara. home midia. ehi chalachitrati jayu. aii. ray sarbajaneena chitra home manoranjan dwara muktilabha karithila .ess., ebong antarjatija starare home manoranjan, april 2,2019 ray digital ray, ebong april 16 ray dividi, blue-ray, ebong ultra echdi blue-ray ray. swagata. bucks officere. "glass" juktarastra america ebong kanadare $11.1 koti ebong anya anchalare $1.00 koti aaja karithila, $2 koti utpadana budget tulanare, $247 nijutara mote biswabyapee mote paain. "deadline hollywood" ganana kallah je samasta kharcha ebong rajaswaku ekathi curry chalachitrati $68 nijutara nitt laabh arjan karithila. juktarastra america ebong kanadare, chalachitrati ehara chaari dinia emm. ell. kee. day 'rahr udaghatani saptahantare 3,841 tii thietararu $<aai. dii. 1> nijuta aaja kariba bolly akalana karajaithila. ehaa ehara pratham dinare $15.9 nijuta aaja karithila, jeunthire gurubara ratira purbaruparu $37 lakhya antarbhukta thila, ebong ehara prarambhika saptahantare $40.3 nijuta ebong chaari dinare $46.5 nijuta aaja karithila, jaahaa martin luther kinga junijaranka paain truteeja sarbashrestha motaku chinhita karithila . saptahanta ("americae sniper" ebong "ryde waad" pachare) ebong shyamalanka kyariyara. ehara dwiteeja saptahantare, chalachitrati 53 pratishata hrass paai 18.9 nijuta dalaarare pahanchithila ("split" rahr 35 pratishata tulanare eka adhika hrass), kintu ehaa bucks officere shirsha sthana bajaiah rakhithila. chaturtha saptahantare $63 lakhya aaja curry pancham sthanare rahi, sheshare singhasanaru hataideba purbaru, $9.5 lakhya aaja curry, chalachitrati puni thare ehara truteeja saptahanta sheershare samapta karithila. antarjatija starare, chalachitrati ehara pratham saptahantare $45-50 nijuta aaja kariba bolly aasha karajauthila, mote $105-120 nijuta paain. ehaa antarjatija bajaararu $48.5 nijuta aaja karithila, jaahaa biswa starare $89.1 nijuta kholila . ehaa adhikansha bajaarare pratham sthanare rahithila; ehara sarbadhika aajakaree desagudika helah rushia ($52 lakhya), mexico ($45 lakhya, eka shyamalan chalachitra paain sarbashrestha), juktarajya ($43 lakhya), frances ($34 lakhya), ebong dakhina korea ($28 lakhya). samalochanamoolaka pratikrija. samikhya sangrahaka sadi jaithiba tomato upare, chalachitrati samikhya aadhaarare eka anumodana reting dhaaran kare, jahara harahari reting heuchhi websiter samalochanamoolaka sahamatire kuhajaichhih "catch" emm rahr kichhi jhalaka pradarshan kare . ratri shyamalan taanka bichalita biswa-nirmanare sarbottama, kintu sheshare lekhaka-nirdeshakanka dirgha-upasthapita trajira samapti bhabare nirash kare ."metacritic upare, 53 john samalochakanka upare aadharita, chalachitratira 100 ru 43 rahr ojana harahari score achhi, jaahaa" "mishrit kimba harahari samikhya" "ku suchita kare . cinema score dwara karajaithiba janmat sangrahare darshakamane chalachitratiku 'aii + ru aif' skelare harahari 'bii' grade pradan karithile, jaahaa 'split' rahr 'bii +' ru comm thila, kintu 'unbreakable' rahr 'sii' ru adhika thila, jetebele kii postatrakare thiba darshakamane ehaaku samagrika sakaratmaka score 70 pratishata ebong 49 pratishata 'nirdista suparish' deithile. indibhajara" rahr devida erlich chalachitraku eka "sii-" pradan karithile ebong ehaaku shyamalananka carriara sabutharu budd nirasha bolly kahithileh "catch" rahr asubidha ehaa nuhen je ehara nirmata pratyeka modare nijara pratiphalana dekhanti, kimba shay taanka ashanta carrier aneka parjyaja paain chalachitraku eka spust drustantare parinata karibaku niz bataru ete doora jaanti; "catch" rahr asubidha heuchhi ehara samanya bhabare miluthiba kautuhalara-pathya barnana shyamalan ehara prusthare kahithiba aswabhabika kahani apekhya ete samruddha ebong adhika aakarshaneeah ."" "roling stone" "paain lekhiba samajare, devida bhaja chalachitraku pancharu tini taaraa deithilah" "glass" "jwalanta flop nuhen jaahaa kichhi lock purbaru paramarsha deichhanti je ehaa nuhen, kimba ehaa sehi chalachitra nuhen jaahaa apana ammer lugapathara pouranika kathagudiku kipari prakrijakarana karanti shay bishajare uchchabhilashee, uccha-falutin dharanaku ekathi kariba drustiru chahunchhanti . eka duniaare jeunthare samasta chalachitra bartamana narasanghara kimba iscream atte, ehaa eka bhabya angabhangi jaahaa apana jaahaa dekhichhanti shay bishajare dwandwara bhabana dwara chinhita-jaahaa niz bhitare ebong biphalatara eka sanketa hoipare . bhariati" rahr owena glieberman lekhichhantih "shyamalananku pharmare (kichhi matrare) feriba bhal, je parjyanta shay jane suutaa spinner bhabare tankara moulika mojo punaruddhara karichanti. kintu "catch" aamaku hairana nakari dhari rakhichhi; ehaa uttejanapurna kimba romanchkar heba apekhya adhika byasta . huet ehara kaaran heuchhi ehi bishajabastu upare punarbara nazar pakaiba eka sparsha sujogabadi anubhaba kare, ebong bodhahue ehara kaaran heuchhi kamika-book chalachitrara banya jaahaa bartamana dainika bhittire aamaku grass karibaku dhamaka deuchhi, commics ru rahasyaru qa 'naa baaki achhi taaha lick karichhi ."" "chikago sunn-timeser" "richard roper kahichanti je chalachitratira" "eka swatantra roop ebong kichhi sunder sunder muhurta, ebong eka adhaa-shaleen mode kimba duiti" "thila, kintu ehaa mukhyatah eka" "eka adhuka, adhaa-bekad, samanya khataa, ebong epariki off-puting final ."hollywood reporter zohn defer bhabile je ehaa eka trajira nikatatar bhabare eka mishrit bagg", "kahichanti je ehaa barnanatmaka strandaku ekathi bandhiba paain eka bhal kaama kare, kintu ehaa bahuta kathina chesta kare ebong superhero saileeku" "ananya bhabare buddhishali" "pradan karibare biphal hue . gku" patrikara joshua ribhera kahichantih "samajarekhaku bujhiba sambhaba nuhen, ebong ete kholakholi telegraphere modagudika sahita semane" titanic "ku banchai parithante." daa atlantic" rahr devida sims ehi chalachitraku "batman returns" (1992) ebong "abiswasaneeja 2" (2018) sahita tulana karithileh "mun shyamalanka kahani kahibara sampurna uddhatataku prashansa kare, jaahaa devidanka pari charitrare antarnihita pouranika kathaku superman pari anath charitra dwara janmita bhabapraban khyata sahita ghunchaithae ."kalakaramananku prashansa karajaithila, bisesh curry mkabhaja, jie" "puni thare [shirsha sthana] thile" "ebong" "pratyeka thara shay upasthita heba samajare taanka bhajankara sharirikata sahita paradaku alokita karithile." parey, shyamalan sweekara karithile je shay "glass" rahr nakaratmaka samikhya upare kanduthileh "satha kahibaku gale, mun anubhaba karuthili, 'semane mote abarjana stupare phingi bina kebe bhinna hebaku debe naahin kii? mulyahinatara anubhaba mote tartar karithila, ebong satha kahibaku gale, ehaa prakrutare kadapi chadinathae . kintu jaahaa heu, chalachitrati chalila, nuhen kii? ehaa biswara pratyeka deshare eka nambara hoiparichhi, ebong ehaa more biswasaku pratinidhitwa kare ."

glass (2019 film) glass 2019 dee ikk superhero film haii joe aim duaara likhi atey nirdeshit keeti gaee haii. night shyamalan, jiss neey jaisan balam, maarak beinstock atey ashwin raajan naal vee nirman keeta. ih film shyamalan deeaan pichliaan filman "unbreakable" (2000) atey "split" (2016) dee ikk crossover atey seekaval haii atey "unbreakable" tikkadi dee tiji atey aakhri kishat haii. broos villis, semual ail. jackson, spencer treat clark atey charlen woodard aapniaan "attal" bhumikavan noon duhraunde hunn, jadon kii james mcvoy atey enia teller-joye aapne "vande hoye" patran vajon waps aaunde hunn, jiss witch sarah palson, aidam david thomson atey look kirbi kalakar witch shamal hunde hunn. film david dunn/supervisor noon vekhadi haii kiunki uh atey kevin wendell karamb/bheed noon fadd liaa jaanda haii atey alija price/shriman naal ikk mnovigiaanak sahulat witch rakkhiaa jaanda haii. shishe, jitthe uh aapniaan atie-manukkhi shaktiaan dee pramanikta baare sochde hunn. attutt" dey seekaval witch dilchaspi dey bavjood, walt disney studios deeaan touchstone tasviran neey ikk noon vitt naa denh daa faisla keeta. shyamalan neey ikk paatar dee varton karke "split" likhan laee nikliaa joe usne "attutt" laee likhiaa see parr santulan dey muddiaan caarn iss dee script toon pichhe hutt giaa. uss neey iss mauke noon mahisus keeta kii uss noon kamman dee ikk tikkadi banaun dee zaroorat haii, atey film noon "attutt" birtant dey ander sathapat curran laee "vandd" dey ant dee varton keeti. iss laee disney toon villis atey jackson dey "attutt" patran dovan dee varton curran dey adhikaran noon surakhiat curran dee zaroorat see, jiss witch film dey ander studio noon sarav viaapak tasviran dey naal shamal curran daa vaada keeta giaa see. "split" ikk vitti atey aalochnatmak safalta see, atey aprail 2017 takk shyamalan neey ailaan keeta kii usne "" shishe "" laee utpadan prakiriaa shuru qarr ditti haii. film daa vishav premiere 12 janwari, 2019 noon chonven alamo drafthouse cinema theatran witch hoiaa see atey 18 janwari noon sanyukat raaj witch universal pictures duaara rileez keeta giaa see. "glass" noon aalochakan toon mishrat samikhiaavan miliaan, jinhan neey kahani, khaas karke teeje acting caarn film noon "nirashajanak" atey "ghatt prabhavshali" paaiaa, parr kalakaran dey pardarshan dee parshansa keeti; bahut saare lokan neey iss noon tikkadi witch sabh toon kamzor manniaa. ih film ikk vitti safalta see, jiss neey 2 croad dallar dey utpadan buzzet dey mukabale dunia bharr witch 247 croad dallar dee kamai keeti. plaat. david dunn/supervisor atey uss daa puttar joseph bheed noon ikk chhadd ditti gaee factory witch labhde hunn jitthe uss dey chaar cheerleader janwar noon khuaun laee bndhak hunn, ikk atie-manukkhi shakhsiat jiss dee saare lock pooja karde hunn. dunn cheerleaderan noon bachaunda haii atey janwar naal sankhep takraa karda haii jadon takk uh daa. duaara fadey naheen jaande. ellie staple. mukkh ikk anjaan gupat sangathan daa hissa haii joe uhanan lokan noon yakeen divaun witch muharat rakkhda haii joe mannade hunn kii uh atimanvi hunn kii uh iss dee bajaae bharam hunn. uhanan noon kauve pahadi smark witch lijaiaa jaanda haii jitthe ikk sedated alia keemat/shriman hunda haii. kacch, jiss naal pahilan ikk dahake pahilan ladai hoee see, noon rakkhiaa jaa riha haii. david atey kevin noon vakkh-vakkh kamriaan witch rakkhiaa giaa haii jiss witch kramvaar paanee atey roshni deeaan kamzoriaan dey adhaar teey vilakkhan surakhiaa upaa hunde hunn. staple dassdi haii kii uh mannadi haii kii uh shaan dey bharam toon peedat hunn atey unhan cole koee mahan shaktiaan naheen hunn. shriman jee. price, aliyah dee maan; joseph dunn; atey ikk peedat, cassie kukk, joe bheed dee gulami vicchon bach giaa, saare iss gall noon yakeen divaun dee koshish karde hunn atey asfal rahinde hunn kii superhuman asli hunn. aapne antam mulankan dey hisse vajon, staple tinnan aadmiaan noon ikk kamre witch liaundi haii jitthe uh unhan noon unhan deeaan alaukik yogtavan laee spashtatavan naal chunhauti dindi haii joe alaukik naheen hunn. david atey kevin deeaan kaee shakhsiatan ulajhan witch pae jandiaan hunn atey preshan hoow jandiaan hunn, jadon kii alijah catatonic rahinda haii. uss raat, aliyah aapne kamre toon bhajj jaanda haii atey nigran atey bheed utte khoj karda haii. uh kevin noon milann jaanda haii atey kahinda haii kii uh aapni behoshi dee sathiti daa natak qarr riha haii atey sanstha toon bhajjan dee yojna bnaa riha haii, parr uss noon ajiha curran laee janwar dee madad dee zaroorat haii. agli sware, staple aapne kamre dey bahr alijah dee nigrani footage vekhda haii atey uss utte ikk prefrontal lobotomy-kisam dee prakiriaa karda haii. jadon uh aapni dekhbhal curran vaale naal ikalla hunda haii, taan alijah uss aadmi noon maar dinda haii, ih khulasa karde hoye kii prakiriaa asfal rahee kiunki alijah neey cergical lazer noon todd ditta see. uh kevin noon aazaad karda haii atey firr david noon aapne kamre vicchon bahr nikalan laee aapni taakat dee varton curran laee ikk yojna naal jodada haii jiss witch janwar neey fildelfia witch ikk naveen gumbad vaali imaarat osaka tower dey udghatan 'teey aapne aap noon dunia dey sahmane pragat keeta, jadon kii alijah imaarat witch ikk rasayanak prayogshala noon nasht qarr dinda haii, jiss witch sambhavat taur' teey hazaran lokan dee maut hoow sakadi haii. shriman jee. mull, cassie atey josaf reven pahadi utte pahunchade hunn jiven hii aliyah, kevin atey david bhajjde hunn. mukkh, ladai daa gawah vee, adhikariaan noon superhumans utte jaanh laee bulaun daa faisla karda haii. david atey janwar kujh samein laee kaue pahadi parking witch ladade hunn iss toon pahilan kii alijah janwar noon dasse kii david dee kamzori paanee haii, jiss samein joseph neey khulasa keeta kii kevin dey pitaa dee rail gaddi dey malbe witch maut hoow gaee joe alijah neey keeti see. janwar neey alijah daa uss dee rachna witch yogdan paunh laee dhanvad keeta taan joe kevin noon puurii tarahan uss dee badsaluki curran vaali maan duaara paliaa giaa see, iss toon pahilan kii kevin dee durvivhar dee sathiti witch heraferi curran laee uss noon maar ditta giaa see. uh david noon paanee dee bhandaran taink witch sutt dinda haii, parr david aale duaale dey khetar noon bhijj keey paase noon todan dey yog hoow jaanda haii. cassie kevin dee susat asli shakhsiat noon "chaanan" witch liaun daa parbandh karda haii, jiss samein ikk sniper uss noon goli maar dinda haii, atey kessy deeaan baahan witch kevin dee maut hoow jaandi haii. jadon kii ikk swaat adhikari david noon ikk hadah vaale toye witch dubo dinda haii, staple neey khulasa keeta kii uh ikk gupat sangathan daa hissa haii joe hazaran saalan toon atimanvi yogtavan vaale lokan noon track karke atey maar keey atimanviaan dee hond noon dabaa riha haii, kiunki uh ajihe viaktiaan noon vishav vivastha dee sathirta laee khatre vajon dekhde hunn. iss toon baad, mukkh takraa dee nigrani footage noon hataa dinda haii atey shakki superhumans dey agle mamle dee jaanch curran laee agge vadhan dee yojna banaunda haii. halanki, jadon uh ikk super-genius mastermind dey tropan baare charcha curran vaale kamik book dey nastikan dey ikk samooh noon sunadi haii, taan uss noon ahsas hunda haii kii alijah dee ikk gupat yojna honee chahidi haii atey uss noon pataa chalda haii kii uss neey ladai dee kauve pahadi nigrani footage daa parbandh keeta see-ikk nijji website teey live-stream keeta giaa, jiss naal uss noon atey uss dey sangathan noon haar daa sahmana karna piaa. shriman jee. price, josaf atey cassie harek noon footage dee ikk kaapi mildi haii atey iss noon janata laee jaari karde hunn, ant witch superhumans dee hond daa pardafash karde hunn. cast. aim. night shyamalan neey jaii dee aapni chhoti bhumika noon duhraiaa, joe daa. flatcher dee apartment building, "split" toon, joe david dunn noon pachandi haii atey uss toon puchhdi haii kii qee uh football stadium witch kamm karda see, ih darsaunda haii kii jaii drugg dealer see jiss daa sahmana david neey stadium witch "attutt" (ikk hissa vee khediaa shyamalan duaara) witch keeta see. film dee shuruat witch shannon destiny riaan, dyna silvers, neena visioner atey callie zion neey agwa keete gaye cheerleaderan noon darsaiaa. rosemary haward atey bryne mesroy neey kevin dey maapiaan, penelope atey clarence noon darsaiaa, jiss witch haward neey "split" toon aapni bhumika noon duhraiaa. utpadan. vikas. jaari honn toon baad m. night shyamalan dee "attal" (2000), sambhavit seekaval deeaan afvahan vakkh-vakkh interviewaan atey film parshanskan deeaan saitan 'teey prasarit honn laggiaan. uss samein, david dunn/supervisor dee bhumika nibhaun vaale broos villis dey havale naal kiha giaa see kii uss noon umeed see kii ikk "attal" tikkadi hovegi, parr dasambar 2000 witch, shyamalan neey afvahan toon inkaar keeta kii uss neey ikk tikkadi dee pahili kishat vajon "attal" likhiaa see. agast 2001 witch, uhanan neey kiha kii, safal dee. vee. dee. vikri dey caarn, uhanan neey ikk "attutt" seekaval baare touchstone tasviran naal samparak keeta see, parr studio neey asal witch film dey boxes offices dey nirashajanak pardarshan caarn inkaar qarr ditta see. satambar 2008 witch, shyamalan atey starr semual ail. jackson, jiss neey alija price/shriman dee bhumika nibhai. glace neey kiha kii boxes offices 'teey nirashajanak return dey maddenazar seekaval banaun baare vichaar vatandre noon vadde paddhar' teey chhadd ditta giaa see. jackson neey sanket ditta kii uh ajey vee ikk seekaval witch dilchaspi rakkhda see, parr shyamalan asangat riha. farvari 2010 witch, villis neey kiha kii shyamalan ajey vee merey atey saim darmiaan ladai dee film curran baare soch riha see atey kiha kii, jadon takk jackson hissa lainn dey yog haii, uh iss laee tiaar rahega. shyamalan neey "split" (2016) noon rileez curran toon pahilan "attutt" toon baad vakkh-vakkh asambandhit filman witch kamm keeta, jiss witch james mcvoy duaara nibhaye gaye split-personality charittar kevin wendell crumb/dii haard dee shuruat keeti gaee. attutt" dee shuruati script witch tukde noon shamal keeta giaa see, parr shyamalan neey mahisus keeta kii paatar neey santulan dey mudde paida keete atey uss noon kahani toon hataa ditta (shyamalan neey kiha haii kii "vandd" witch drishan daa ikk samooh asal witch "attutt" laee likhiaa giaa see). split" dey antam drish witch, villis 'dunn noon bheed dey bhajjan baare sikhhde hoye atey iss tarahan ih mahisus karde hoye dekhiaa jaanda haii kii jackson dey shriman duaara bhavikhbani keete anusar horr superhuman maujood hunn. kacch. "attutt" daa nirman atey malkiat touchstone pictures duaara keeti gaee see, joe kii walt disney studios daa ikk label see, jadon kii "split" noon sarav viaapak tasviran raahin tiaar keeta giaa see, iss laee shyamalan noon "split" witch dunn dey charittar dee varton curran laee disney toon aagiaa lainee paee see. uh walt disney studio dey pardhan seen bellie naal miliaa atey ikk sajjnan dey samjhaute 'teey pahunchiaa, jiss witch bellie binan kise fees dey film witch charittar dee varton dee aagiaa denh laee sehmat hoow giaa, atey shyamalan neey vaada keeta kii jey iss noon vikast keeta giaa taan disney ikk sequal witch shamal hovegi. "vandd" noon aalochnatmak atey vitti safalta millie. janwari 2017 witch, shyamalan neey kiha kii, halanki uss noon umeed see kii ikk tiji "attal" film banayi javegi atey uss neey pahilan hii ikk roop rekha tiaar qarr laee see, "mainoon naheen pataa kii jadon main aapne kamre witch jaanda haan, iss film dey khulhan dey ikk hafte baad, script likhan laee qee honn vaala haii."agle maheene, unhan neey pushti keeti kii unhan dee agli film iss tikkadi witch tiji film hovegi. unhan neey aprail takk script puurii qarr laee, jiss samein unhan neey ailaan keeta kii naveen film noon "glass" kiha javega atey 18 janwari, 2019 dee tichagat rileez mitee hovegi. sanyukat raaj witch film noon vandann laee universal dee chonh keeti gaee see, jadon kii disney neey film noon iss dey buena vista antarashtari label raahin antarashtari paddhar 'teey vandiaa see. shyamalan noon kaee vaar puchhiaa giaa haii kii qee "glass" daa seekaval hovega. janwari 2019 witch, unhan neey adhikarat taur 'teey pushti keeti kii iss vele koee seekaval dee yojna naheen haii, ih kahinde hoye kii unhan noon ikk cinemai brahmand banaun witch koee dilchaspi naheen haii. casting. glass" dee cast witch tikkadi witch pichli filman vicchon harek toon waps aaunn vaale adakar shamal hunn (villis, jackson, spencer treat clark, atey charlen woodard saare "attutt" toon aapniaan-aapniaan bhumikavan noon duhraunde hunn, atey mcvoy atey enia teller-joye "split" toon aapniaan bhumikavan noon duhraunde hunn), jadon kii sarah palson ikk navaan kirdaar nibhaundi haii. navambar 2017 witch, aadam david thomson ikk udon dee ann-pragat bhumika witch kalakaran witch shamal hoow gaye. filmkari. jiven kii "dii visit" (2015) atey "split" dey naal, shyamalan neey khud film noon fund ditta. principle photography 2 aktubar, 2017 noon fildelfia witch, ikk hafte dee rehearsal toon baad, 39 dinan dee shooting dee yojna dey naal shuru hoee. 31 aktubar noon, ih dassiaa giaa see kii shyamalan kujh haftiaan laee alentown state hospital witch shooting karega. 12 dasambar noon, shyamalan neey khulasa keeta kii chaar drishan dee shooting janwari 2018 witch keeti javegi, ih kahinde hoye kii unhan noon unhan dee shooting laee yaatra curney pavegi. post production. attutt" toon hatai gaee footage noon film witch alijah atey joseph dey bachpan dey flashback vajon sampadit keeta giaa see. sangeet. split" utte shyamalan naal sahiyog curran toon baad pachmi dylan thordson neey film daa sangeet tiaar curran laee vaapsee keeti. uss neey "unbreakable" laee james neuton haward dey score dey naal-naal "split" laee aapne khud dey score dey theeman dee varton keeti, "glass" laee sangeet tiaar curran witch. sangeet noon baek laat sangeet duaara digital taur utte vandiaa jaanda haii. chhadd dio. marketing. 25 aprail, 2018 noon, film noon cinemacan witch pradarshit keeta giaa see, jiss witch shyamalan neey hazri bharee see. unhan neey film dee footage pesh keeti, jiss witch villis, jackson atey mcvoy dee pahili adhikarat tasveer vee see. unhan neey film laee aapni ichha vee pragat keeti atey kiha kii "attutt" atey "vandann" dee dunia ant witch "shishe" witch takra jaandi haii. jey ih asal zindagi dey superhero atey super-villen kise tarahan ikkathe bnd hoow jaande hunn taan qee hovega? qee galat hoow sakda haii?"superhero atey khalnaikan baare atie-yatharathvadi filman toon pahilan, jiven kii" "dha dark night" "(2008), shayamalan neey nijji taur 'teey" "glass" "noon pahili sachmuch adharat kamik book film manniaa. 12 julai noon, utpadan deeaan pahiliaan adhikarat tasviran jantak taur 'teey jaari keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, jinhan witch semual ail dey shaat vee shamal sunn. jackson, sarah palson atey james mcvoy. ikk hafte baad, film daa prachar sainn digo kamik-qaan witch keeta giaa, jiss witch shyamalan, villis, jackson, teller-joye atey palson ikk panel witch shamal hoye jitthe film daa pahila trailer premiere keeta giaa see. studio neey film dey prachar laee kull 8 croad dallar kharach keete. theatre. glass" dee pahili screening 12 janwari, 2019 noon 25 alamo drafthouse cinema sathanan 'teey hoee see, jitthe ih ikk triple-feature event dauran khedi gaee see jiss witch shamal see atey iss toon pahilan see. attutt" atey "full" duaara. ih 18 janwari noon sanyukat raaj atey canada witch universal pictures duaara atey antarashtari khetran witch buena vista international duaara rileez keeti gaee see, joe kii walt disney studios motion pictures dee ikk upp-division haii. gharelu media ih film yuu. aiss. witch universal pictures home entertainment duaara jaari keeti gaee see.aiss., atey antarashtari paddhar utte gharelu manoranjan, 2 aprail, 2019 noon digital utte, atey 16 aprail noon dvd, blue-reye atey ultra hd blue-reey utte. suagat. boxes offices 'teey. "glass" neey sanyukat raaj atey canada witch 11.1 croad dallar atey horr khetran witch $1.00 croad dee kamai keeti, kull vishwaviaapi kull kamai $247 million laee, jadon kii utpadan buzzet $2.00 croad see. "deadline hollywod" neey saare kharchiaan atey maaliye noon ikkatha karde hoye film neey 68 million dallar daa shudh munafa kamaiaa. sanyukat raaj atey canada witch, film noon aapne chaar dinan dey aimm. aill. keey. daye dey shuruati hafte dey ant witch 3,841 cinemagharan toon $50-75 million dee kamai curran daa anuman lagaiaa giaa see. iss neey aapne pahile dinn 15.9 lakkh dallar dee kamai keeti, jiss witch veervar raat dey purvadarshan toon 37 lakkh dallar shamal sunn, atey iss dey shuruati hafte dey ant witch 40.3 lakkh dallar atey chaar dinan witch 46.5 lakkh dallar dee kamai keeti, joe martin luther king junier laee teeja sarbottam kull see. shanivar ("amriki sniper" atey "ryde along" dey pichhe) atey shyamalan dey crear daa. aapne dooje hafte dey ant witch, film 53 pratishat digg keey 18.9 million dallar ("split" dey 35 pratishat naalon ikk tez girawat) 'teey aaa gaee, parr iss neey boxes offices' teey choti daa sathaan barkarar rakkhiaa. film neey aapne chauthe hafte dey ant witch 63 lakkh dallar dee kull kamai naal panjven sathaan utte rahinn toon pahilan, 9.5 lakkh dallar dee kamai karde hoye, firr toon aapna teeja hafte daa ant keeta. antarashtari paddhar utte, film dey aapne pahile hafte dey ant witch $45-50 million dee kamai curran dee umeed see, kull $105-120 million dee vishwaviaapi shuruat laee. iss neey antarashtari bazaran toon $48.5 million dee kamai keeti, jiss witch $89.1 million dee vishwaviaapi shuruat hoee. ih ziaadaatar bazaran witch pahile sathaan utte rahee; iss dey sabh toon vaddh kamai curran vaale desh roos ($52 lakkh), mexico ($45 lakkh, ikk shyamalan film laee sabh toon vadhiaa), united kingdom ($43 lakkh), france ($34 lakkh), atey dakkhni koria ($28 lakkh) sunn. aalochnatmak pratikiriaa. samikhiaa aggregator sadde hoye tamataran utte, film dee samikhiaa dey adhaar utte ikk pravangi rating haii, jiss dee ausat rating haii. website dee aalochnatmak sehmati witch likhiaa haiyav "kacch" m deeaan kujh jhalkan pradarshit karda haii. raat dey shyamalan neey aapne vadde vishav-nirman dey sarbottam pardarshan witch, parr aakharkar lekhak-nirdeshak dee lambe samein takk challan vaali tikkadi dey sitte vajon nirash keeta."metacritic utte, film daa bharit ausat score 100 vicchon 43 haii, joe 53 aalochakan dey adhaar utte haii, joe" "mishrat jaan ausat samikhiaavan" "noon darsaunda haii. cinemascore duaara karvaae gaye sarvekhan witch darshakan neey film noon aii + toon eff paimane utte "bee" daa ausat grade ditta, joe "split" aiss "bee +" toon ghatt haii, parr "attutt" aiss "see" toon uppar haii, jadon kii postrack utte darshakan neey iss noon 70 pratishat daa samuccha skaratmak ank ditta atey 49 pratishat dee "nishchit sifarash" keeti. indivire" dey david erlich neey film noon ikk "see-" ditta atey iss noon shyamalan dey crear dee sabh toon vaddi nirasha dassiaao "" shishe naal samassiaa ih naheen haii kii iss daa sirjanhar harr modd 'teey aapna pratibimb vekhda haii, jaan ih kii uh aapne ashant carrier dey kaee padavan laee film noon ikk sapshat drishtant witch badlan laee aapne tarike toon bahut door jaanda haii; "shishe" naal samassiaa ih haii kii iss dee thodhi jihi dilchsap-pathak birtant asynine kahani naalon bahut ameer atey vadhere aakarshak haii joe shyamalan iss dee satah' teey dassdi haii."rolling stone" laee likhan toon baad, david darr neey film noon panj vicchon tinn starr ditteau "" glass "uh baldi hoee flaap naheen haii joe kujh lokan neey pahilan hii sujhaa ditta haii kii ih haii, naa hii ih uh film haii joe tusin abhilashi, ucch-fluiting deeaan dharnavan noon ikkathe curran dey mamle witch chahunde hoow kii aseen aapne mijh mithan noon kiven prakiriaa karde haan. ikk ajihi dunia witch jitthe saariaan filman hunn jaan taan nasalkushi jaan aaees kareem hunn, ih ikk shandar ishara haii joe tusin joe kujh dekhiaa haii uss baare dubidha dee bhavna duaara darsaiaa giaa haii-joe aapne aap witch asafalta daa sanket hoow sakda haii. variality" dey owen glyberman neey likhiaao "shyamalan noon (ikk digri takk) farm witch waps vekhna changa haii, iss hadd takk kii usne ikk dhaage dey spinner vajon aapne mudhle mojo noon mudd prapat qarr liaa haii. parr "shishe" neey saanoon binan kise darr dey aapne kabze witch lae liaa haii; ih hilaun jaan dilchsap naalon vadhere rujhiaa hoiaa haii. shayed iss laee kii iss samaggari noon mudd vekhna ikk maukaprast ahsas haii, atey shayed iss laee haii kiunki kamik-book filman dee hadah joe hunn saanoon rozana adhaar 'teey gheran dee dhamki dindi haii, neey comics toon rahass noon chhadd ditta haii."shikago sunn-times" dey richard roper neey kiha kii film witch "ikk vilakkhan dikkh atey kujh bahut hii vadhiaa pall, atey ikk addha-vadhiaa modd jaan doou" parr ih ziaadaatar "ikk ghatt prabhavshali, addha-pakaae hoye, thode khatte, atey ithon takk kii aaf-putt curran vaala final vee see."hollywod dey reporter dey jauhan defore neey sochiaa kii ih ikk tikkadi-nede dey roop witch ikk mishrat baig see, ih kahinde hoye kii ih birtantak taaran noon ikkathe bnnhn daa changa kamm karda haii, parr ih bahut mihnat karda haii atey superhero shaili noon" "vilakkhan taur 'teey budhiman" "pardan curran witch asfal rahinda haii. jikioo" magazine dey joshua rivera neey kihaau "timeline mushkil naal samjhan yog haii, modd dey naal inne khulleh taur 'teey telegraph keete gaye hunn kii uh" titanic "noon bacha lainde." dha atlantic" dey david simz neey film dee tulna "batman returns" (1992) atey "investibles 2" (2018) naal kitia "main shyamalan dee kahani sunaun dee behadd tikkhi bhavna dee kadar karda haan, joe david varge patran witch andruni mithihas noon superman varge anath patran duaara paida keete gaye bhavnatmak zakham naal ghummaiaa haii."kalakaran dee parshansa keeti gaee, khaas karke mcvoy, joe" ikk vaar firr [ucch padhri] sunn "atey" harr vaar jadon uh dikhai dinde hunn taan aapni bhiaanak sarirakta naal screen noon raushan karde hunn." baad witch, shyamalan neey manniaa kii uh "shishe" laee nakaratmak samikhiaavan 'teey roiaa "imandari naal, main mahisus qarr riha see,' qee uh mainoon koode dey dher 'teey sutte binan kadey vee vakkhra naheen honn denge? bekaar dee bhavna neey mainoon jaldi naal hilla ditta, atey imandari naal kahaan taan ih asal witch kadey naheen chaddadi. parr firr vee, film challdi rahee, theek haii? ih dunia dey harr desh witch number ikk bann giaa haii atey ih merey vishvasan noon darsaunda haii."

glass (2019 chalacchitram) glass iti 2019 tame varshe emm ityanena likhitam nirdeshitam cha soopar heero-chalacchitram asti. raatri shyaamalan, yah jaasan blum, maark beenstock, ashwin raajan ityetaih saha api nirmaati sma. etat chalacchitram shyaamalan ityasya poorvachalacchitreshu "unbreakable" (2000) tathaa "split" (2016) ityetayoho uttarabhagah, tathaa cha "unbreakable" trayamsham truteeyam antimam cha bhaagam asti. broos vilis, samuel ell. jaaksan, spencer treat clark, charlen woodard cha swasyaah "atutaani" paatraani punaraavartayanti, yadaa james maikavoy tathaa anyaa teller-jaay cha swasyaah "vibhaajitaah" paatraroopen punaraavartante, saara palson, aadam david thompson, luke kirbi cha paatradhaaribhih saha. chalacchitram david dunn/paryavekshakam pashyati yatah saha, kevin vendel kramb/da hoarde cha gruheetaah, aliza prais/mii. aar. ityanena saha manovaidyakeeya-suvidhaayaam sthaapitaah santi. kaachah, yatra te svamaanava-shaktteh pramanikatam chintayanti. unbreakable" ityasya uttarabhage ruchihi satsu api walt disney studios ityasya touchston pictures iteedam vittam naa daatum aarabhat. shyaamalan "avicchedya" iti krute likhitasya paatrasya upayogena "split" iti lekhitum prasthitavaan, parantu santulanaa samasyanam karanat tasya lipihi apasaaritah. saha krutau trayam nirmaatum avasaram avaapnot iti avabodhat, tathaa cha "vibhaajanam" iti samaaptim upayujya "atutam" iti kathayam chalacchitram sthapitavan. anena disney-chalacchitraat vilis-jackson-ityetayoho "atuta" paatrayoh upayogasya adhikaran surakshitam karaneeyam abhavat, yatra chalacchitrasya studio-samsthaam saarvajaneena-chitraihi saha yojayitum pratijnaam krutam. "split" vitteeyam vimarshaatmakam cha safalam aasit, 2017 april-maasaparyantam shyaamalan ityanena "glass" ityasya utpadanaprakriya arabdha iti ghoshitam. 2019 janavaree 12 dinaanke, chayneshu alaamo-draft-house-chalacchitra-prekshaagruheshu asya chalacchitrasya vishva-prathamapradarshanam abhavat, amerikaadeshe janavaree 18 dinaanke universal-pictures ityanena pradarshitam. "glass" iti chalacchitram vimarshakaih mishrasamiksham praapnot, ye kathayaha karanat "nirashajanakam", "nirashajanakam" cha iti manyante, visheshatah truteeyam abhinayam, parantu paatravargasya abhinayasy prashamsaam kurvanti; aneke cha trayee-madhye etat durbalatamm iti manyante sma. chalacchitram vitteeyaroopen safalam abhavat, $20 dashalakshasy nirmaana-aayavyayasya viruddham vishvavyaapeeroopena $247 dashalaxam arjitam. plut. david dunn/paryavekshakah tasya putrah joseph cha samooham parityaktasya karakhanam prati anvishyanti yatra tasya pashum aahartum chatwaarah cheerleeder-bandhakaah santi, ekaha atimaanav-vyaktitvah, yah samoohah sarve poojate. dunn, cheerleeder-ityetaan rakshayati, pashuvena saha kinchitkalam yaavat te daa. ityanena gruheetaah naa bhavanti taavat sangharsham karoti. elee staple. staple iti ajnaatasya guptasamsthaayaah bhaagah asti, yat tebhyah, ye taan atimanavan iti manyante, tebhyah, te pratyutare bhramakaah iti pratyoohayitum visheshadnyah asti. te raaven-parvata-smarakam prati netum arhanti yatra ekam shaantam elijaa-moolyam/shree. poorvam dashakaat poorvam yuddham krutasya glass ityasya ayojanam prachalati. david tathaa kevin ityetau pruthak pruthak prakoshteshu sthaapitaah santi yatra kramashah jalasya, prakashasya cha durbalatanam aadhaaren vishishtaah surakshaa-upayaha santi. staple ityeshaa kathayati yat saa manyante yat te bhavyataayaah bhramanen peeditaah santi, teshaam mahasattaha naa santi iti. shrimati. prais, eliyaa ityasyaah maataa; joseph dunn; tathaa kesee kuk, yah janasamoohasy bandeet jeevanam yaapayat, sarve atyuchchamaanavah vaastavikah iti mukhyam manayitum prayatante tathaa cha asaphalau bhavanti. tasyaah antimamoolyaankanam bhagarupena, staple iteedam trayanam purushaanaam prakoshtam prati aanayati yatra saa teshaam alaukikaani naa iti pratiyamananam atimaanaveey-kshamatanam spashteekaranaih taan chunauteem dadati. david tathaa kevin ityasya aneke vyaktitvaani bhramitaah, vyathitaah cha bhavanti, yadaa kii eliyaa apabhramsha-manovruttim cha dhaarayati. tasmin raatrau elia swagruhaat palaayanam krutvaa paryawekshakaroopen janasamoohasy cha vishaye gaveshanam karoti. saha kevin-nagaram gatvaa vadati yat saha swa-nidraavasthaayaah bhaasam akarot, samsthaayaah palayanasya yojanam cha karoti, parantu tadartham saha pashunah sahayyam apekshate. aparasmin dine praatahkaale, staple ityeshah elija ityasya nirikshanam drushyate, tasya prakoshtasya bahihi, tasya upari prefrontal lobotomy-prakarasya prakriya karoti. yadaa saha swakaaryakartru-saha ekaki bhavati tadaa eliah ityeshah tam purusham hatvaa, prakriya asaphalam iti prakatayati yatah eliah ityeshah shalyakriyayaha lazer-yantram vikshaapayat. saha kevin ityenam muktavaan, tatah david ityenam swasya shakttim upayujya swasya prakoshtaat bahihi prasthitum, fildelfia-nagare nutanasya gaganachumbeeh osaka-gopurasya udghaatane pashavah vishvam prati swasya prakasham kartum yojanayaha vishaye vivrutya, tathaa cha elijaa bhavanasya rasayanika-prayogashalam nashvarya, sambhawatah sahasraan janaah mrutaah. shrimati. elia, kevin, david cha palaayanam kurvan eva, moolyam, kesee, joseph cha raaven-parvatam prati aagacchanti. pradhanah, yuddhasya sakshi api, atimanavanam viruddham aagantum adhikaarinah aahvayitum nirdhaarayati. daavid-mrugayoho, raaven-parvata-parking-sthale kinchitkalam yaavat yuddham bhavati, tatah poorvam elia-varyaha pashum avadat yat daavid-ityasya durbalataam jalam iti, tasmin samaye joseph-varyaha prakatayati yat kevin-ityasya pitaa rail-yanasya bhagnaavasthaayaam mrutah, yasya kaaranah elia aasit iti. kevin ityasya nirmaate krutena, tasya srushtau yogadam dattaya, tena kevalam tasya apashabdayuktayaa mataya eva kevin ityasya palanartham, kevin ityasya apakrutyaam karanat paristhitim vyavartanaat saha pranaghatakena vranitah iti, mrugah, eliah ityasmai dhanyavaadam adadat. saha david-ityenam jalasanchay-tyaank madhye visarjayati, parantu david-ityasau paarshvam bhedayitum shaknoti, tathaa cha paritah kshetram nikshaalayati. kesee kevin ityasya suptam mool-vyaktitvam "prakasham" madhye aanayitum vyavasthate, tasmin samaye ekaha snipper tam maaritam chaalayati, kesee ityasya bahunaha kevin mriyati. yadaa ekaha swaat-adhikaarinah david-vartehe garte nimajjate, tadaa staple-ityeshaa prakaashayati yat saa gupta-sanghatanasy bhaagah asti, yaa sahasraabdaihi atimaanav-kshamatayuktan anusrutya, marayitva cha atimanavanam astitvam damanam kurvatee asti, yatah te etaadrushaah vyaktihi vishvavyavasthaayaaha sthirataayaah krute apaayakarah iti manyante. tadanantaram, staple-pakshah, sangharshasya nireekshan-drushyaan nishkaasayati, shankitaanaam suparahyuman-ityeteshaam agrimasya prakaranasya anveshanaartham agre gantum yojanam cha karoti. parantu, yadaa saa ekaa ati-pratibhaasampannasy mukhya-sootradhaarasy kathanam vishaye charchaam kurvataam hasya-pustaka-nurse-samuhasya shabdam shrutavatee, tadaa saa janeet yat elijaa ityasya gupta-yojanaa aasit iti, tathaa cha saha yuddhasya reven-hill-cervillance-drushyasya tatsamay-prasaaranam nijee-jaalapute kartum vyavasthaam krutavaan iti dnyaatavatee, yena saa tasyaah samsthaayaah cha parajita abhavat. shrimati. prais, joseph, kesee cha pratyekam drushyasya pratilipim praapya, antatah suparahyuman-janaanaam astitvam udghaatayan, janaan prati samarpayanti. cast. emm. raatri shyaamalan ityayam daa. varyasya surakshaa-raxakasya jai iti swasya atithi-paatram punaraavartayati. fletcher ityasya apartment-bhavanam, "split" ityatah, yah david-dunn ityenam chinvati, saha football-kreedaagruhe karyam karoti vaa iti prucchati, yat jai iti maadakadravyaani-vyaapaarih aasit iti soochayati, david iti kreedaagruhe "unbreakable" ityasmin (shyaamalan ityanena api abhineetah bhaagah) sammukheekrutah aasit iti. chalacchitrasya aarambhe shaannan destiny rayaan, diana silverse, ninaa wisner, kailee zion cha apahrutaanaam cheerleeder-ityeteshaam paatram niravahan. rosemary haward tathaa bryan meselraay ityeshaa kevin ityasya matapitrunam penelope tathaa clarence ityetayoho paatram niravahan, howard ityeshaa "split" iti chalachchitre swapaatram punaraavartayat. utpaadanam. vikaasah. vimochanaanantaram emm. nait shyaamalan ityasya "abaadhitam" (2000) iti sambhaavyasya uttarabhagasya kimvadanteeh vibhinneshu sakshatkareshu tathaa chalacchitrasya prashamsakamandaleshu prasaaritum aarabdhaani. tasmin samaye, david dunn/paryavekshakasya paatram nirvahantee broos vilis ityeshaa uktavatee yat saha "atutam" trayam bhavishyati iti asham krutavaan, parantu 2000 december-maase shyaamalan ityayam "atutam" iti trayam prathamabhaagaroopen likhitasya vadan-vaartaam niraakarot. 2001 august-maase saha avadat yat, dee. vee. dee. ityasya safalavikrayasya karanat, saha "atutasya" uttarabhagasya vishaye touchston-pictures ityetam prati aprucchat, parantu chalacchitrasya nirashajanakasya baaks-aafis pradarshanasy karanat studio moolatah niraakrutavaan iti. 2008 september-maase shyaamalan tathaa starr syaamuyel ell. jackson, yah elijaa prais/mii. iti paatram niravahat. glass ityanena kathitam yat, baaks-aafis-madhye nirashajanakam pratiphalam praaptam iti karanat, uttarabhagasya nirmaanavishaye charchaah bahudhaa parityaktaah iti. jackson ityeshah soochitavaan yat saha adyaapi uttarabhage ruchim adadaati, parantu shyaamalan anabhidnyah eva aasit. 2010 februvari-maase, vilis-varyaha avadat yat shyaamalan-varyaha "adyaapi mama tathaa syaam-ityasya madhye yuddha-chalacchitram kartum chintayati" iti, tathaa cha yaavat jackson-varyaha bhaagam graheetum shaknoti, yaavat saha "tadartham sajjaha" bhavishyati iti avadat. shyaamalan ityayam "split" (2016) ityasya vimochanaat poorvam "unbreakable" ityasya anantaram vividhaani asambadhachalachchitreshu karyam krutavaan, yasmin james maikavoy ityanena abhineetasy split-personality-paatrasya kevin vendel kramb/da hoarde ityasya parichayah krutah. avicchinnam" iti praarambhikalekhe laghu-khandah antarbhavati sma, parantu shyaamalan-varyaha anubhavat yat paatram santulanam samasyam srushtavaan, kathayaha cha tasya nishkasanam krutavaan iti (shyaamalan-varyaha avadat yat "vibhaajane" drushyaanaam samoohah moolatah "avicchinnasya" krute likhitah aasit iti). split" ityasya antimadrushye, vilis-dunn ityeshah samuhasya palayanasya vishaye dnyaatum, tathaa cha anyaan atimanavanam astitvam graheetum drushyate, yathaa jackson-ityasya shree-varyena poorvaanumekhitam. kaachah. "unbreakable" ityasya nirmanam, svaamitvam cha walt disney studios ityasya teblekah, touchston pictures ityanena krutam, yadaa "split" iti saarwatrikachitraih nirmitam aasit, ataha shyaamalan ityeshah "split" ityasmin dunn ityasya paatrasya upayogaay disney-samsthayaa anumatim praaptum baadhyah abhavat. saha walt disney studios ityasya adhyakshen seen belly ityanena saha militavaan, tathaa bhadralokanam sandhim praapnot, yasmin belly chalacchitrasya paatrasya upayogasya anumatim vinaa shulkam daatum angeekrutavatee, shyaamalan cha pratijnaam krutavaan yat disney uttarabhage bhaagam graheeshyati, yadi tatt vikasitam jaatam. "split" iti vimarshaatmakam vitteeyam cha saafalyam praapnot. 2017 janavaree-maase shyaamalan-varyaha avadat yat, yadyapi saha truteeyam "atutam" chalacchitram nirmaatum aasham krutavaan, tasya poorvamev ruparekham siddham aasit, "aham naa jaanaami yat yadaa aham mama prakoshtam prati gacchaami, asya chalacchitrasya udghaatanaat ekasaptahabhyantare, chitrakathaam likhitum kim bhavishyati."agrime maase, saha drudeekrutavaan yat tasya agrimam chalacchitram trayee-madhye truteeyam krutihi bhavishyati iti. saha april-maasaparyantam chitrakathaam samaptavan, tasmin samaye saha nootanam chalacchitram "glass" iti namna ghoshitavaan, tasya nirgamasya dinaankah janavaree 18,2019 iti laxyitam asti iti cha. samyuktarajyamerikadesha chalacchitrasya vitaranaartham universal iti chitah, disney ityayam tasya byunaa vistaa-antarashtriya-label-dwara chalacchitrasya antarashtriya-vitaranam akarot. shyaamalan ityenam bahuvaaram prushtam asti yat "glass" ityasya uttarabhagah bhavishyati vaa iti. 2019 janavaree-maase, saha aadhikaarikaroopen drudeekrutavaan yat samprati sequel ityasya yojanam naa krutam asti iti, chalachchitravishvasya nirmanasya vishaye tasya ruchihi naasti iti api. casting. glass" ityasya paatravargah trayee-madhye poorva-chalacchitrayoho pratyekaat pratyaawartit-abhinetaah antarbhavati (vilis, jaaksan, spencer treat clark, charlen woodard cha sarve "unbreakable" iti swa-swa-paatraani punaraavartayanti, tathaa cha maikavoy tathaa anya-teller-jaay cha "split" iti patrat swa-paatraani punaraavartayanti), yadaa saara palson ityeshaa nootan-paatram abhyanayt. 2017 tame varshe november-maase, aadam-david-thompson ityeshah, tatsamayasya aprakatita-bhumikaayaam paatradhaaribhih saha sammilitah. chalacchitram nirmayate. yathaa "da visit" (2015) tathaa "split" ityasmin, shyamalan ityayam svayameva chalacchitrasya vittaposhanam akarot. 2017 october 2 dinaanke philadelphia-nagare, ekasaptahabhyantare abhyasasya anantaram, pradhaan-chaayaachitranam aarabdham, yatra 39 dinaani yaavat chitragrahanasya yojanaa aasit. october 31 dinaanke shyaamalan ityeshah katipayaani saptaahaani yaavat aalantaun-rajya-chikitsaalaye chitreekaranam akarot iti soochitam. december 12 dinaanke shyaamalan ityeshah, 2018 janavareemaase chatwaarah drushyaani chitranam bhavishyati iti prakatitavaan, teshaam chitrikaranartham saha yatram karishyati iti avadat. utpaadanottaram. unbreakable" ityatah nishkaasitaah drushyaani, alija-joseph-varyasya baalyam prati drushyaroopena chalacchitram sampaaditaah. sangeetam. split" ityasmin shyaamalan ityanena saha sahayogat param, vest-dailan-thardson ityayam chalacchitrasya sangitanirdharanartham pratyagatavan. saha james newton howard ityasya "unbreakable" ityasya sangeetasy vishayavastuh, tathaa cha "split" ityasya swasyaah sangeetasy vishayavastuh cha "glass" ityasya sangeetasy rachanayam upayujyate sma. byaak-laat-sangitadvara ankah digitalirupena vitaryate. mukttam karotu. vipananam karotu. 2018 april 25 dinaanke, shyaamalan ityanena saha, etat chalacchitram cinemaakan ityatra pradarshitam. saha chalacchitrasya drushyaani, prathamasya aadhikarikachitram cha prastuteet yasmin vilis, jaaksan, maikavoy cha paatraani aasan. saha chalacchitrasya krute swasya icchaam api prakatitavaan, "" avicchedyasya "" vibhaajanam "cha vishvam ante" glass "ityanena saha sankramati iti. yadi ete vaastavikajeevanasya soopar-heero, soopar-vilan cha kasmit api ekatre bandhitaah bhavanti tarhi kim bhavishyati? kim dosham bhavitum arhati?"da dark nait" (2008) ityadinam suparaheero-khalanayakanam vishaye ati-yathaarthavaadee-chalachchitraih poorvam api shyaamalan-varyaha vyaktigataroopen "glass" iteedam "prathamam satyameva aadharitam haasyapustaka-chalacchitram" iti manyat. julai 12 dinaanke, nirmanasya prathamam adhikarikam chaayaachitram saarvajanikaroopena prakaashitam, yasmin syaamuyel-ell ityasya drushyaani api aasan. jackson, saara palson, james maikavoy cha. ekasaptahabhyantare, asya chalacchitrasya prachaarah syaan-diyego-kaamik-kaan ityatra abhavat, shyaamalan, vilis, jaaksan, teller-jaay, palson cha ekasmin pyanal madhye upasthitau aasan yatra chalacchitrasya prathama-trailer prathamapradarshitam abhavat. studio ityanena chalacchitrasya pracharartham aahaty $80 dashalaxam vyayata. naatake. glass" ityasya prathamam pradarshanm 2019 janavaree 12 dinaanke 25 alaamo draft house chalacchitrasthaaneshu abhavat, yatra trigunavisheshataa-kaaryakrame tatt pradarshitam, yasmin poorvam cha aasit. avicchinnam" tathaa "spilt" iti. janavaree 18 dinaanke amerikaadeshe, kenada-deshe cha universal pictures-dwara, antarashtriyapradeshu walt disney studios moshan pictures-ityasya upawibhaagen byunaa vistaa international-dwara cha etat naatakaroopen pradarshitam. gruhamaadhyamaah. etat chalacchitram yu. e. madhye universal pictures home entertainment ityanena pradarshitam.ess., tathaa cha antarashtriyarupena gruha-manoranjanam drushye, 2019 april 2 dinaanke digital-madhye, api cha 16 april dinaanke dee. vee. dee., bloo-rey, ultra-echa. dee. bloo-rey ityatra cha. sweekaranam. baaks-aafis madhye. "glass" chalacchitram samyuktarajyamerikadesha, kenada-deshe cha 11.1 koti $dhanam, anyeshu pradesheshu $1.00 koti $dhanam, 20 dashalax $dhanasya utpaadana-aayavyayikasya viruddham, vishvavyaapee-kulam $247 dashalaxam, cha arjitavaan. "dead-lain hollywood" iti gananayam chalacchitram sarwebhyah vyayaan rajaswan cha yojayitvaa $68 dashalakshasy shuddhalabham praapnot. samyuktarajyamerika-kenada-deshe cha, etat chalacchitram tasya chaturnadivaseeye emm. ell. key.-divasasya udghatana-saptahante 3,841 chitragruhaat $<aii. dii. 1> dashalaxam arjayati iti anumitam aasit. prathamadine $15.9 laksham, guruvaasare raatrau poorvaavalokanaat $37 laksham, tathaa cha tasya aarambhike saptahante $40.3 laksham, tathaa cha chaturna dineshu $46.5 laksham, cha arjitavaan, yena martin luther king junier ityasya krute truteeyam sarvottamam kulam ankitam. saptaahaantasy ("american sniper" tathaa "raid athead" ityetayoho prushthe) tathaa shyaamalan ityasya vruttijeevanasya cha. dwiteeyasaptaahe etat chalacchitram 53 pratishatam nyooneekrutvaa 18.9 dashalax-daalar-paryantam ("split" ityasya 35 pratishatasya apekshayaa teevram nyunikaranam) abhavat, parantu baaks-aafis-madhye shirshasthanam dhaarayat. chaturthasaptaahe simhasanat apasaritat poorvam, yadaa $63 laksham uparjya panchame sthaane samaapitam, tadaa etat chalacchitram punah trutiyasaptaahaabhyantare $9.5 laksham upaarjayan shirshasthane samaapitam. antarashtriyarupena, chalacchitram prathamasaptaahe $45-50 dashalaxam aghoshayet iti apekshitam aasit, yasya kularupena $105-120 dashalaxam vaishvikapraarambhaha abhavat. antarashtriyavipananat $48.5 million yaavat dhanam arjayat, vaishvikaroopena $89.1 million yaavat udghaatayat. adhikaamshavipananeshu etat prathamasthaane samaapyat; asya sarvaadhikam dhanaarjanam kurwantah deshaah aasan-rashyaa ($5.2 laksh), meksiko ($4.5 laksh, shyaamalan-chalacchitrasya krute sarvottamam), unated kingdam ($4.3 laksh), france ($3.4 laksh), dakshinakoriya ($2.8 laksh) cha. vimarshaatmakapratikriyaa. samiksha-samucchaye krushita-tametau ityasmin, sameekshayaha aadhaaren chalacchitrasya anumodana-maanaamkanam bhavati, yasya madhya-maanaamkanam - jaalaputasy vimarshaatmak-sarvasammati vaachayati yat "glass" iti "emm" ityasya katipayaani drushyaani pradarshayati. raatrau shyaamalan ityayam swasya utkeern-vishvanirmaanasya uttame, parantu antatah lekhak-nirdeshakasya deergha-kathana-trayam samaapayati iti niraashah bhavati."metacritic-vishaye, asya chalacchitrasya bhaarit-madhya-score 100 madhye 43 asti, yat 53 vimarshakebhyah aadhrutya," mishra-madhyam-samiksham "soochayati. cinemacor ityanena sameekshiteh prekshakaah chalacchitraaya e + taha ef-shrenyaa "bee" ityasya madhya-grade dattavantah, "split" ess "bee +" taha nyunikrutam, parantu "unbreakable" ess "see" taha upari, yadaa postrack ityatra vidyamaanaah 70 pratishatam samagram sakaratmakam score, 49 pratishatam "nishchitam anushamsam" cha dattavantah. indeeveer" ityasya david erlich ityayam chalacchitram "sii-" iti krutvaa shyaamalan ityasya vruttau bruhattamam nirasham krutavaan, "glass" ityasya samasyaa etaavat naasti yat tasya nirmata pratyekam parivartanam swakeeyam pratibimbam pashyati, athavaa saha swasya ashaantasya vruttau aneka-charananam krute chalacchitram spashta-drushtaante parivartayitum etaavat dooram gacchati iti; "glass" ityasya samasyaa eshaa asti yat tasya laghutaram militam rochak-paathya-kathaa shyaamalan ityasya prushthe kathite asainya-kathayaha apekshayaa ateeva samruddham, adhikam sammohakam cha asti."rolling stone" ityasya lekhanartham, david-bhayam chalacchitraaya pancha-madhye tri-nakshatrai dattavaan-"glass" iti jwaalayukta-flaap naa asti iti kechan janaah poorvamev soochitavantah, naa tu mahattvaakaankshaayuktam, uccha-prashamsaayuktam cha chalacchitram, yat vayam asmakam palp-mithos ityetaan katham samskarayaama iti vishaye kalpanam yojayitum icchaamah. yatra adhunaa sarve chalacchitraani narasamhaararoopen vaa aiskreem-rupena vaa santi, tatra bhavantah sadyah pashyan-tasya vishaye dwidhaa bhaawen darshitam bhavyam bhaavam bhavati-yat swayam cha viphalataayaah sanketah bhavet. variety" ityasya oven glieberman varyaha likhati yat "shyaamalan punah (ekaparyantam) roopam adrushat yat uttamm asti, yaavat saha tamna-spinararoopen swasya mool-mojo punah praptavan. parantu "kaachah" asman naa vyaakulayati, uta uttejitasya uttejakasya vaa apekshayaa vyastah bhavati. sambhawatah tasya karanam etat syaat yat asya vishayavastunah punahsameekshanen avasaravaadah anubhooyate, sambhawatah tasya karanam bhavati yat idaaneem pratidinam asman graheetum pravahamananam hasya-pustaka-chalacchitraanaam jalapralayah, hasya-sahityat rahasyasy avashishtam sraavam krutavaan iti."chikaago sunn-tams" ityasya richard roper ityeshah avadat yat asya chalachchitre "vishishtam roopam, kechan sundaraani kshanaani, ardha-uttamm twist athavaa dwau cha" iti, parantu praayah "alpa-abhibhootam, ardha-beck, alpam kshaarayuktam, api cha apoorvaa-antimam cha aasit iti."hollywood-reportersya jaan defore ityeshah trayee-nikatawarteeroopen etat" mishra-sanchayah "iti avadat, kathavastunam panktim yojayitum etat uttamm karyam karoti, parantu etat atishraddhaa prayatate, soopar heero-prakaaraay" vishishtam buddhi-yukttam kimapi "daatum asaphalam iti. jikyu" patrikaayaah joshuvaa riveraa avadat yat "kaalakramah praayah bodhagamyah asti, yatra etaavat spashtatayaa taar-chitranam krutam asti yat te" tatanic "iti padam rakshitavantah." da atlaantik" ityasya david sims ityayam chalacchitrasya tulanam "batman returns" (1992) tathaa "avishvasaneeyaani 2" (2018) ityetaih saha krutavaanh "shyaamalan ityasya kathavastunam teevra-katorataam aham prashamsaami, yat david ityadinam paatreshu antarnihitam mithyakathaam, suparmyan ityadinam anaathapaatraih udabhawitaih bhaavanaatmak-vranaihi saha paribhramayati."paatravargah prashamsitaah, visheshatah maikavoy, yah" punah ekavaaram [aasit] unnata-sthaanam "," yadaa cha saha drushyate tadaa swasya vilakshan-shaareerik-kshamatayaa paradaam prakaashayati sma." pashchat shyaamalan ityeshah swyakarot yat saha "glass" ityasya nakaratmaka-sameekshaasu vilaapam akarot iti, "satyameva, aham iva bhaavam aasit, 'kim te kadaapi kshauma-stoope naa visarjya mama bhinnatam naa anumanyanti? mulyahinatayaha bhaawah mahyam tvarayat, satyasandhatayaa kathaneeyam yat tatt kadaapi naa nishkasyate. parantu tathaapi chalacchitram prachalati, naa? vishvasya pratyekasmin deshe prathamastham praapnot, mama vishvaasasya pratinidhitvam cha karoti.iti.

kannadi (2019 thiraippadam) classes enbathu 2019 aam aandu emm. iyakki iyakkappatta oru suuppar hiiroo thiraippatamaagum. jayson plum, maark beanstock mattrum ashwin rajan aakiyoarudan inainthu thayaariththa nite shyamalan. inththa padam shyamalan munththaiya thiraippatankalaana "udaikka mudiyaatha" (2000) mattrum "pilavu" (2016) mattrum "udaikka mudiyaatha" muththoguppin moontraavathu mattrum iruthi thavanaiyin thodarchchiyaagum. broose willis, saamuvel ell. jackson, spensor treat clark mattrum charlane woodard aagiyoar thangal "udaikka mudiyaatha" paaththirangkalai meendum seikiraargal, athae neraththil james megavoy mattrum ania dailor-joy aagiyoar thangal "pilavu" kathaapaaththiranggalaagath thirumbukiraarkal, saaraa balson, aadam davit thamson mattrum luke kirbi aagiyoar nadikarkaludan saerugiraargal. davit dunn/maerpaarvaiyaalar mattrum kevin ventel crump/thii haard pidipattu elijah vilai/emm. aarr udan oru mananala vasathiyil vaikkappaduvathai padam paarkkirathu. kannadi, angku avarkal thangal manithanaeyamattra sakthigalin nambagaththanmaiyai sinthikkiraarkal. udaikka mudiyaatha" padaththin thodarchchiyil aarvam irunththapoathilum, walt disney studiovin duchstone padangkal ondrukku nidhiyalikka vaendaam endru mudivu seithana. shyamalan "udaikka mudiyaatha" kathaapaaththiraththirkaaga ezhuthiya oru kathaapaaththiraththaip payanpaduththi "pilavu" ezhuthath thodangkinaar, aanaal samanilai sikkalkal kaaranamaaga adhan scriptilirunthu vilaginaar. avar oru mutthirai padaippugalai uruvaakka vaendiya vaaippai unarnthaar, maelum "pilavupatta" mudivaip payanpaduththi padaththai "udaikka mudiyaatha" kadhaikkul niruvik kondaar. idhu disneyil irunthu willis mattrum jackson "udaikka mudiyaatha" kathaapaaththirangal irandaiyum payanpaduththuvatharkaana urimaigalaip pera vaendiya avasiyaththai aerpaduththiyathu, ulagalaaviya padangkaludan padaththirkul studiovaich saerkkum vaakkuruthiyudan. "pilavu" oru nidhi mattrum vimarsana vetrtriyaaka irunththathu, maelum aepral 2017 kkul shyamalan "" kannadi "" kkaana urpaththi seyalmuraiyaith thodangiyathaaga arivitthaar ". inththa padam janavari 12,2019 andru thernthedukkappatta alamo trafthows chinima thiraiyarangukalil adhan ulaga premiyaraik kondirundhadhu, maelum janavari 18 andru americavil ulagalaaviya padangkalaal veliyidappattathu. "classes" vimarsagargalidamirunthu kalavaiyana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu, avarkal kadhai kaaranamaaga "" aemaattramadainththathu "" mattrum "" kuraivaaga irunththathu "," kurippaaga moontraavathu seyal, aanaal nadigargalin nadippaip paaraattinar; palar adhai muththoguppil palaveenamaaga karudhinar ". inththa padam oru nidhi vetrtriyaip pettrathu, ulagalavil $207 million vasooliththathu, $20 million thayaarippu patjettukku ethiraaga. sathi. davit dunn/maerpaarvaiyaalar mattrum avarathu magan josaph aagiyoar oru kaividappatta tholirchaalaikku koottaththaik kandupidikkindranar, angku avar naanku siyarleedargalai pinaik kaithigalaaga vaiththirukiraar, oru manithanaeyamattra aalumai, anaitthu valipaattu koottamum. siyarleedargalai kaappaattri, avarkal doctor pidipadum varai mirugaththudan oru surukkamaana moathalai aerpaduththukiraar. elii stable. pirathaanamaanathu oru ariyappadaatha iragasiya amaippin oru paguthiyaagum, idhu avarkal manithanaeyamattravarkal endru nambubavargalai avarkal maaraaga maayai endru namba vaippathil nibunaththuvam pettravarkal. avai raven malai ninaividaththirku alaiththuch sellappadugindrana, angku oru mayakkamadaintha elijah vilai/thiru. oru thasaapthaththirku munbu munbu sandaiyitta kannadi, nadaththappadukirathu. davit mattrum kevin thanithani araikalil vaikkappadugindrana, avai muraiyae neer mattrum olii olirum palaveenangkalin adippadaiyil thaniththuvamaana paathukaappu nadavadikkaigalaik kondullana. avarkal pirammaandamaana maayaikalaal paathikkappadukiraarkal endrum avarkalukku vallarasugal illai endrum avar nambukiraar endru pirathaanamaaka vilakkukiraar. thirumathi. vilai, elijaavin thaai; josaph dunn; mattrum casey cook, oru paathikkappattavar, koottaththin siraippidikkappatta nilaiyil irunthu thappinar, anaivarum superhoomangal unmaiyaanavargal enbathai pirathaanamaaka namba vaika muyarchikkiraarkal. avarathu iruthi mathippeettin oru paguthiyaaga, pirathaanamaanathu moontru aangalaiyum oru araikku kondu varukirathu, angku iyarkaikku appaarpattathaagath thoandrum avarkalin manithanaeyamattra thirankalukkaana vilakkangkaludan avarkalai sawal seikiraar. davit mattrum kevin aalumaigal palar kuzhappamadaindhu kuzhappamadaigiraargal, athae neraththil elijah catatonic aagiraar. andru iravu, elijah thanathu araiyilirunthu thappiththu, maerpaarvaiyaalar mattrum koottam kuritthu aaraaichi nadaththukiraar. avar kevin-aich santhiththu, avar thanathu mayakkamadaintha nilaiyai kaattik kondathaagavum, niruvanaththilirunthu thappikka thittamittathaagavum koorukiraar, aanaal avvaaru seiya avarukku mirugaththin udhavi thaevaippadukirathu. marunaal kaalaiyil, elijaavin kankaanippu kaatchigalai avarathu araikku veliyae pirathaanamaaka paarkkiraar, maelum avar meethu muun munaiya lopotomy-vagai seyalmuraiyai seikiraar. avar thanathu paraamarippaalarudan thaniyaaga irukkumpoathu, elijah antha manithanaik kolgiraar, elijah aruvai sigichchai laesarai naasamaakkiyathaal seyalmurai thoalviyadainthathaaga velippaduthukiraar. avar kevin-aii viduviththu, pinnar davittai thanathu araiyai vittu veliyaera thanathu valimaiyaip payanpaduththi kaiyaalugiraar, piladelpiyaavil ulla oru puthiya vaanalaviya koopuramaana oosaagaa gopuraththin thirappil mirugam thannai ulagirku velippaduththuvatharkaana oru thittatthai thodarpupaduththuvathan moolam, elijah kattidaththil oru irasaayana aaivagaththai aliththu, aayirakkanakkaanavargalaik kollum. thirumathi. vilai, casey mattrum josaph aagiyoar elijah, kevin mattrum davit thappikkum poathu raven malaikku varukiraargal. pirathaanamaana, sandaiyaik kaanum, superhooman meethu sella athikaarigalai alaikka mudivu seikirathu. davitin palaveenam thanneer endru elijah mirugaththidam solvatharku munbu davit mattrum mirugam raven malai vaagana niruththumidaththil sirithu neram sandaiyidugindrana, antha neraththil elijah aerpaduththiya rayil idipaadil kevin thanthai iranthuvittaar enbathai josaph velippaduthukiraar. kevin thushprayoagaththirku vazhivaguththa soozhnilaiyai kaiyaaliyatharkaaga kevin thanathu dushprayogath taayaal mattumae valarkkappaduvatharku munbu adhai uruvaakkuvathan moolam thanathu padaippukku pankaliththatharkaaka mirugam elijavukku nandri koorukirathu. avar davit-aii oru neer saemippu thottiyil veesukiraar, aanaal davit pakkatthai udaiththu, suttriyulla paguthiyai agattrivida mudiyum. casey kevin seyalattra asal aalumaiyai "velichchaththil" kondu vara nirvagikkirathu, antha neraththil oru sniper avarai kodooramaaga sudugiraar, maelum casey kaikalil kevin iranthuvidukiraar. oru swat adhigaari vellaththil moozhgiya kuzhiyil davit moozhkumpoathu, avar oru ragasiya amaippin oru paguthiyaaga iruppathai pirathaanamaaka velippaduthukiraar, idhu manithanaeyamattra thirankalaik kondavargalaik kankaanitthu kolvathan moolam aayirakkanakkaana aandugalaaka manithanaeyamattravarkalin iruppai adakki varukirathu, aenenil avarkal aththagaiya nabarkalai ulaga ozhungkin sthirathanmaikku achchuruththalaagap paarkkiraarkal. athanpiragu, pirathaanamaaka moathalin kankaanippu kaatchigalai neekki, santhegaththirkidamaana manithanaeyavaathikalin aduththa valakkai visaarikka thittamittullathu. iruppinum, oru suuppar-genious sooththirathaari pattriya vivaathangkalaip pattri oru kaamik puththaga nerts kuzhuvai aval kaetkumpoathu, elijah oru ragasiyath thittatthai vaiththiruka vaendum enbathai aval unarkiraal, maelum sandaiyin kaagam malai kankaanippu kaatchigalai oru thaniyar valaiththalaththirku neradiyaaga oliparappa aerpaadu seithiruppathaik kandupiditthaal, ithanaal avalum avaludaiya amaippum thoarkadikkappattana. thirumathi. vilai, josaph mattrum casey ovvoruvarum kaatchiyin nagalaip pettru adhai podhumakkalukku veliyidugiraargal, iruthiyaaka manithanaeyamattravarkalin iruppai velippaduththukiraarkal. cast. emm. doctor. ill paathukaappuk kaavalaraaga irukkum jaine sirappu paaththiraththai iravu shyamalan meendum seikiraar. fletcherin adukumadi kattidam, "pilavupatta", avar davit dannai angkeekariththu, avar kaalpandhu maithaanaththil vaelai seiwara endru ketkiraar, idhu jaey thaan poathaipporul vyaapaari davit endru kaattukirathu, avar "udaikka mudiyaatha" maithaanaththil ethirkondaar (oru paguthiyai shyamalanum vilaiyaadinaar). shannon desty rian, diana sylverse, nina visinar mattrum kylie jion aagiyoar padaththin thodakkaththil kadatthappatta siyarleedargalai siththariththanar. rosemary hovard mattrum praiyan mesroy aagiyoar kevin pettroar, benelobe mattrum clarence aagiyoarai siththariththanar, hovard thanathu paaththiraththai "pilavu" enbathilirunthu meendum siththariththaar. urpaththi. valarchi. emm veliyaana piragu. iravu shyamalan "udaikka mudiyaathathu" (2000), saathiyamaana thodarchchigal pattriya vathanththigal vevvaeru nerkaanalkalilum thiraippada rasigargalilum parappath thodangkina. antha neraththil, davit dunn/maerpaarvaiyaalaraaka nadiththa broose willis, oru "udaikka mudiyaatha" muthoguppu irukkum endru avar nambuvathaaga maerkoal kaattappattaar, aanaal, disambar 2000 ill, shyamalan oru muththoguppin muthal thavanaiyaaga "udaikka mudiyaathathu" endru ezhuthiya vathanththigalai marutthaar. august 2001 ill, vetrtrikaramaana dvd virpanaiyin kaaranamaaga, avar oru "udaikka mudiyaatha" thodarchchiyaip pattri duchstone padangkalai anugiyathaagak koorinaar, aanaal padaththin aemaattramalikkum backs aapis seyalthiran kaaranamaaga studio muthalil niraagariththathu. septumber 2008 ill, shyamalan mattrum starr saamuvel ell. jackson, elijah price/thiru. classes, oru thodarchchiyai uruvaakkuvathu kuriththa vivaathangkal aemaattramalikkum backs aapis varuvaaikalin velichchaththil perumpaalum kaividappattadhaaga koorinaar. jackson avar innum oru thodarchchiyil aarvamaaga iruppathaagak kaattinaar, aanaal shyamalan uruthiyalikkavillai. pipravari 2010 ill, willis shyamalan "enakkum saamukkum idaiyilaana sandaip padaththaich seivathaip pattri innum yoasikkiraar" endrum, jackson pankerka mudiyum varai, avar "atharkuth thayaaraaga iruppaar" endrum koorinaar. shyamalan "pilavu" (2016) veliyiduvatharku munbu "udaikkappadaatha" palvaeru thodarpillaatha padangkalil paniyaattrinaar, idhu james mccavoy nadiththa pilavu-aalumai kathaapaaththiramaana kevin ventel crump/thii hardevai arimugappaduththukirathu. udaikka mudiyaatha" endra aaramba scriptil thundugal serkkappattirunthana, aanaal shyamalan antha kathaapaaththiram samanilaipaduththum sikkalkalai uruvaakki kadhaiyilirundhu avarai agattriyathaaka unarnthaar (shyamalan "pilavupatta" kaatchigalin oru kotthu "muthalil" udaikka mudiyaatha "kkaaga ezhuthappattathaaka kooriyullaar). pilavu" endra iruthik kaatchiyil, willis 'dunn koottaththin thappikkum thanmaiyaip pattri kattruk kolvathaik kanalaam, idhan moolam jackson thiru kaniththapadi mattra manithanaeyamikkavarkal iruppathai unarkiraargal. kannadi. "udaikka mudiyaatha" "walt disney studiovin lablana duchstone bixers moolam thayaarikkappattu sonthamaanathu, athae neraththil" "pilavu" "ulagalaaviya padangkal moolam thayaarikkappattathu, enavae shyamalan dunnin kathaapaaththiraththai" "pilavupatta" "muraiyil payanpaduththa disniyidamirunthu anumathi pera vaendiyirunththathu". avar walt disney studiovin thalaivar chiin peyliyai santhiththu oru gentleman oppanththaththirku vanthaar, adhan moolam bailey padaththil kathaapaaththiraththaip payanpaduththa oru kattanam illaamal anumathikka oppukkondaar, maelum disney oru thodarchchiyil eedupaduthappaduvaar endru shyamalan uruthiyaliththaar, adhu uruvaakkappattathu. "pilavu" vimarsana reethiyaagavum nidhi reethiyaagavum vettri pettrathu. janavari 2017 ill, shyamalan, moontraavathu "udaikka mudiyaatha" padam thayaarikkappadum endru avar nambinaalum, aerkanavae oru avutline tayar seithirunthaalum, "inththa padam thirantha oru vaaraththirkup piragu, naan enn araikkuch sellumpoathu enna nadakkum endru enakkuth theriyavillai, script ezhutha."aduththa maatham, avar thanathu aduththa padam muththoguppil moontraavathu padamaaga irukkum endru uruthippaduthinaar. aepral maathaththirkul avar thiraikkathaiyai muditthaar, antha neraththil avar puthiya padam "kannadi" endru azhaikkappadum endrum, janavari 18,2019 ilakku veliyeettu thaethi irukkum endrum arivitthaar. americavil padaththai viniyoagikka universal thaernthedukkappattathu, athae neraththil disney adhan punaa vista sarvadesa lable moolam sarvadesa alavil viniyoagiththathu. classes" padaththin thodarchiyaa endru shyamalanidam pala murai kaetkappattullathu. janavari 2019 ill, avar tharpoothu endha thodarchchigalum thittamidappadavillai enbathai athikaarappoorvamaaga uruthippaduthinaar, maelum oru chinima pirabanjaththai uruvaakkuvathil avarukku aarvam illai endrum koorinaar. casting. kannadi" padaththil nadiththavargal, munththaiya thiraippatankalil irunthu thirumbiya nadigargal (willis, jackson, spensor treat clark, charlane woodard), anaivarum "udaikka mudiyaatha" padaththil irunthu thangal paaththirangkalai meendum seikiraargal, maelum mccavoy mattrum ania dailor-joy aagiyoar "pilavu" endra padaththil irunthu thangal paaththirangkalai meendum seikiraargal), athae neraththil saaraa balson oru puthiya kathaapaaththiraththil nadikkiraar. navambar 2017 ill, aadam davit thamson appoathaiya veliyidappadaatha paaththiraththil nadikarkaludan saernthaar. padappidippu. varugai" (2015) mattrum "pilavu" poalavae, shyamalanum padaththirku nidhiyaliththaar. october 2,2017 andru piladelpiyaavil oru vaara oththigaiyaith thodarnthu, muppaththonpathu naall padappidippukkaana thittangaludan muthanmai pugaippadam eduththal thodangiyathu. october 31 andru, shyamalan oru sila vaarangkalukku anaitthu down maanila maruthuvamanaiyil padappidippu nadaththuvaar endru therivikkappattathu. disambar 12 andru, shyamalan naanku kaatchigalai janavari 2018 ill padamaakkappoavathaaga velippaduththinaar, avarkalin padappidippukkaaga avar payanam seiya vaendum endru koorinaar. poast protection. udaikka mudiyaatha" padaththilirunthu neekkapatta kaatchigal elijah mattrum josappin kuzhandhaip paruvaththirku flashbakeugalaaga padaththil thiruththappattana. isai. vest dylan thartson shyamalanudan inainthu "pilavu" endra thiraippataththil isaiyamaikka thirumbinaar. avar james neuton hovertin "udaikka mudiyaatha" isaikkaana karupporulgalaiyum, "pilavu" isaikkaana thanathu sontha isaik karupporulaiyum "kannadi" isai amaippathil payanpaduththinaar. pinnoakkiya isai moolam digital muraiyil score viniyoagikkappadugirathu. viduthalai. santhaippaduththal. aepral 25,2018 andru, shyamalan kalandhu kondu, padam chinimaakaanil idampettrathu. willis, jackson mattrum mccavoy aagiyoarin kathaapaaththiranggalaik konda muthal athikaarappoorva padaththudan, avar padaththin kaatchigalaiyum valangkinaar. udaikka mudiyaatha" mattrum "pilavupatta" ulagangkal iruthiyaaka "kannaadiyil" moathukintrana endru koori, padaththirkaana thanathu nokkaththaiyum avar velippaduththinaar. inththa nija vaazhkkai suuppar heeroakkalum suuppar villangalum eppadiyaavathu ontraaka puuttappattaal enna aagum? enna thavaru nadakkalaam?"suuppar heeroakkal mattrum villangalaip pattriya hiper-yathaarththamaana thiraippatankal munnathaaka irunththapoathilum," "thii dark nite" "(2008) poantravai, shyamalan thanipatta muraiyil" "classes" "aii" "muthal unmaiyana adiththala kaamik puththaga thiraippatamaaga" "karuthinaar". juulai 12 andru, saamuvel ell inn kaatchigal udpada thayaarippilirunthu muthal athikaarappoorva pugaippadangkal pagirangkamaaga veliyidappattana. jackson, saaraa balson mattrum james mccavoy. oru vaaraththirkup piragu, padaththin muthal trailer thiraiyidappatta oru kuzhuvil shyamalan, willis, jackson, dailor-joy mattrum balson kalandhu kondu, chaan tigo kaamik-kaanil padam vilambarappaduththappattathu. studio moththam $80 million selavittathu padaththin vilambaram. naadagam. kannadi" yinn muthal thiraiyidal janavari 12,2019 andru, 25 alamo trafthows chinima idangkalil nadanthathu, angku adhu moontru amsa nigazhvin poathu vilaiyaadappattathu, athil adangkum mattrum adharku munbu irunththathu. udaikka mudiyaathathu" mattrum "sitharal" moolam. idhu janavari 18 andru thiraiyarangukalil veliyidappattathu, america mattrum kanadaavil ulagalaaviya padangkalaalum, sarvadesa pirathaesangkalil walt disney studios thiraippatankalin thunaip pirivaana buena vista internationaludanum veliyidappattathu. veettu uudagam. inththa padam yuu. aee. will universal bixers hoam entertainment moolam veliyidappattathu.ess.sarvadesa alavil aepral 2,2019 andru digital mattrum aepral 16 andru dvd, blue-raey mattrum ultra echti blue-raey aagiyavattril pozhuthupoakku. varavaerpu. backs aapis. "classes" america mattrum kanadaavil $111 milliyanaiyum, pira piraanthiyangkalil $135.9 milliyanaiyum vasooliththathu, moththa ulagalaaviya moththamaaga $247 milliyanaaga irunththathu, idhu oru urpaththi varavu selavuth thittamaana $20 milliyanukku ethiraaga irunththathu. "kaalakkedu hollywood" kanakkidappattathu, anaitthu selavugal mattrum varuvaayai ontraagak karuththil kondu padam 68 million dollar nigara laapaththai eettiyathu. america mattrum kanadaavil, padam adhan naanku naall emm. ell. kae naall thodakka vaara iruthiyil 3,841 thiraiyarangukalil irunthu $50-75 million sambaathikkum endru thittamidappattathu. viyaalakkizhamai iravu munnoattangkalil irunthu $3.7 million udpada adhan muthal naalil $15.9 million sambaathiththathu, maelum adhan thodakka vaara iruthiyil $40.3 million mattrum naanku naatkalil $46.5 million vasooliththathu, idhu martin luther king juuniyar moontraavathu sirantha mothaththaik kurikkirathu. vaara iruthi ("america sniper" mattrum "raid vith" aagiyavattrirku pinnaal) mattrum shyamalan vaazhkkai. irandaavathu vaara iruthiyil, padam 53 sathaveetham sarinthu 18.9 million daalaraaga ("pilavu" 35 sathaveethaththai vida oru sengkuththaana veelchchi) irunththathu, aanaal adhu backs aapisil muthalidaththaith thakka vaitthuk kondadhu. padam meendum adhan moontraavathu vaara iruthiyil $9.5 million vasoolithu, iruthiyaaka adhan naankaavathu vaara iruthiyil $6.3 million vasooludan ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu. sarvadesa alavil, padam adhan muthal vaara iruthiyil $45-50 million vasoolikkum endru ethirpaarkkappattathu, moththa ulagalaaviya thodakkaththirku $105-120 million. idhu sarvadesa santhaigalil irunthu $48.5 million sambaathiththathu, ulagalaaviya thodakkatthudan $89.1 million. perumpaalaana santhaigalil idhu muthalidaththaip pidiththathu; adhan adhiga vasool seitha naadugal russia ($5.2 million), mexico ($4.5 million, oru shyamalan padaththirku idhuvarai illaatha sirantha), aikkiya raachchiyam ($4.3 million), brance ($3.4 million), mattrum thenn koria ($2.8 million) aagum. vimarsana reethiyaana pathil. mathippaaivu thirattiyil azhugiya damodavil, padam mathippuraikalin adippadaiyil opputhalin mathippeettaik kondullathu, sarasari mathippeettil ullathu. valaiththalaththin vimarsana orumittha karutthu pinvarumaaru "kannadi" oru sila mimingalin oliyaik kaattukirathu. iravu shyamalan thanathu tiruppamaana ulaga-kattumaana sirantha, aanaal iruthiyil ezhuththaalar-iyakkunarin neenda-paesum muththoguppin mudivaaga aemaattramadaikiraar."metta cridicle, 53 vimarsagargalin adippadaiyil, 100 kku 43 endra sarasari mathippen konda padam," "kalappu allathu sarasari mathippuraigalaik" "kurikkirathu". chinima scorall nadatthappatta karutthukkanippil paarvaiyaalarkal padaththirku oru sarasari tharamaana 'pii' yaii 'pii +' lirunthu 'pii +' aagak kuraitthu, aanaal 'udaikka mudiyaatha' kazhilirundhu 'chii' aagak kuraitthu, ottumoththa nermaraiyaana mathippen 70 sathaveethamum, oru 'thittavattamaana parindurai' 49 sathaveethamum aliththanar. indiuyar" thiraippataththin davit erlich, padaththirku oru "chii-" koduththathudan, adhai shyamalan vaazhkkaiyin migapperiya aemaattram endru alaiththaar "kannaadiyudan ulla sikkal ennaventraal, adhan padaippaalar ovvoru thiruppaththilum thanathu sontha pirathipalippaip paarkkiraar, allathu avar thanathu kondhalippaana vaazhkkaiyin pala kattangalukku oru thelivaana uvamaiyaaka thiraippataththai varaiyarukka thanathu vazhiyai vittu vegu tholaivil selkiraar;" kannadi "udan ulla sikkal ennaventraal, adhan laesaana suvarasyamaana metta-textwal kadhai shyamalan adhan maerparappil sollum asenine kadhaiyai vida migavum panakkaaramaanathu mattrum migavum kattaayamaanathu."" "urulum cull" "endru ezhuthiyathil, davit payam padaththirku ainthu natchaththiranggalil moontru natchaththiranggalaik koduthathu" "kannadi" "enbathu flaming flop alla endru silar aerkanavae parinthuraiththullanar, allathu idhu latchiyamaana, uyar falutin karutthukkalai inaikkum vagaiyil neengkal virumbum thiraippatamalla engkal koozh puraanangkalai naangkal evvaaru seyalaakkukiroam enbathu pattri". ippoathu anaitthu thiraippatankalum inappadukolai allathu iscream endru azhaikkappadum ulagil, neengkal ippoathu paarththathaip pattriya oru thelivaana unarvaal idhu vagaippaduththappadukirathu-idhu thoalviyin arikuriyaaga irukkalaam. virusity" inn ovan cleaberman ezhuthinaar "shyamalanai meendum (oru alavirku) vadivaththil paarppathu nallathu, avar oru nool suzharpanthu veechchaalaraaga thanathu adippadai mojovai meetteduthullaar. aanaal "kannadi" nammaith thontharavu seiyaamal nammaik kavarnthullathu; adhu kilari allathu urchaakamaaka iruppathai vida migavum pisiyaaga irukkirathu. oruvaelai inththa vishayathai marupariseelanai seivathu oru thoduthal santharppavaathamaaga unaruvathaal irukkalaam, oruvaelai adhu kaamik-puuk thiraippatankalin vellam ippoathu thinasari adippadaiyil nammaich soozhnthuvidum endru achuruththuvathaal comixil irunthu marmam ennavaaga ullathu enbathaik kasakkivittathu."" "sikago suunn-times" "inn richard ropper, padam" "oru thaniththuvamaana thoattraththaiyum, sila azhagaana kulirchiyaana tharunangalaiyum, arai-ozhukkamaana thiruppam allathu irandaiyum kondirundhadhu" "endru koorinaar, aanaal idhu perumpaalum" "oru kuraivaana, arai vaekavaiththa, sattrae pulippu, mattrum off-booting iruthi"."hollywood nirubar john defer idhu oru muthoguppu-nerukkamaaga" "oru kalappu paii" "endru ninaitthaar, idhu kadhai izhaigalai ontraaka inaikkum oru nalla vaelaiyaich seikirathu, aanaal idhu migavum kadinamaaga muyarchikkirathu mattrum suuppar hiiroo vagaikku" "thaniththuvamaana moolai" "ontrai vazhangkath thavarivittathu endru koorinaar". jigyu" paththirigaiyin joshuva rivara koorinaar "kaalavarisai purinthukolla mudiyaathathu, thiruppankal migavum velippadaiyaaga thanthi moolam avarkal" titanic "aii kaappaattriyiruppaarkal." adlandic" thiraippataththin davit sims, inthap padaththai "bademan returns" (1992) mattrum "nambamudiyaatha 2" (2018) aagiyavattrudan opitar "shyamalan kathaisollalin kadumaiyaana pirakaasaththai naan paaraattukiraen, idhu davit poantra kathaapaaththiranggalil ullaarntha puraanatthai suzhattrukirathu."nadigargal paaraattappattanar, kurippaaga megavoy, avar" "meendum oru murai [irunthaar] sirantha nilai" "mattrum" "avar thoandrum ovvoru muraiyum thanathu visithiramaana udalthanmaiyudan thiraiyai olirach seithaar"." pinnar, shyamalan "kannadi" kkaana ethirmaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaik kettu azhuthathaaka oppukkondar "nermaiyaaga, naan unarnththaen, 'avarkal ennai orupoathum kuppai kuviyalin meethu veesaamal viththiyaasamaaga irukka vidamaattaargalaa? payanattra unarvu ennaith thuraththiyathu, unmaiyaich solvathaanaal, adhu unmaiyil orupoathum veliyaeraathu. aanaal eppadiyum, padam thodarnthathu, illaiyaa? idhu ulagin ovvoru naattilum muthalidaththaip pidiththathu, maelum idhu enathu nambikkaikalai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu."

glass (2019 chitram) glass anedi 2019loe emm. rachinchi darsakatvam vahinchina suupar heero chitram. jasson blum, maark beinstock mariyu ashwin rajan latho kalisi kooda nirminchina nait shyamalan. eee chitram shyamalan yokka munupati chitraalaina "unbreakable" (2000) mariyu "split" (2016) kii konasagimpu mariyu "unbreakable" trayam yokka moodava mariyu chivari vidata. broose villis, shamyul ell. jackson, spensor treat clark, mariyu charlane woodard vaari "vidadeeyaraani" paatralanu tirigi poeshistaaru, ayithe james makavoy mariyu enea taylor-joy vaari "split" paatralugaa tirigi vastaaru, saaraa palson, aadam david thampson mariyu luke kirbi taaraaganamlo chaerataaru. eee chitramlo david dunn/paryaveekshakudu mariyu kevin vendell crumb/dhi haardnu bandhinchi, elijah dhara/mistertho manasika sadupaayamlo unchaaru. gaaju, ikkada vaaru tama atimaanava saktula praamaanikatanu pariseelistaaru. vidadeeyaraani" chitraaniki konasagimpuga aasakti unnappatikee, walt disney studiola touchstone pictures okadaaniki aardhika sahayam cheyakudadani enchukunnaayi. shyamalan "vidadeeyaraani" kosam raasina paatranu upayoginchi "split" vraayadaaniki bayaludaeraadu, conny samatulya samasyala kaaranamgaa daani script nundi vaidoligadu. athanu rachanala trayam srushtinche avakaasaanni grahinchaadu, mariyu "vidadeeyaraani" kathanamlo chitraanni sthaapinchadaaniki "vibhajana" mugimpunu upayoginchaadu. deenivalla disney nundi villis mariyu jackson yokka "vidadeeyaraani" paatralanu upayoginche hakkulanu pondadam avasaram ayyindi, universal chitraalato paatu studioni kooda cherchutamani vaagdaanam chesaaru. "split" aardhikamgaa mariyu vimarsanaatmakamgaa vijayavantamaindi, mariyu april 2017 natiki shyamalan "" glass "" kosam utpatti prakriyanu praarambhinchinatlu prakatinchaaru ". eee chitram 2019 janavari 12naa empika chesina alamo draft house cinema theatres prapancha premiyarnu kaligi undhi mariyu janavari 18naa universal pictures dwara united stateslo vidudalaindi. "glass" vimarsakula nundi mishrama sameekshalanu andukundi, vaaru katha kaaranamgaa, mukhyamgaa moodava natana kaaranamgaa eee chitraanni "niraasaparichindi" mariyu "nirutsaahaparichindi" anie bhaavinchaaru, conny taaraaganam yokka pradarsanalanu prasamsimchaaru; chaalaa mandhi dheenini trayam loe balaheenamainadigaa bhaavinchaaru. eee chitram aardhikamgaa vijayam saadhinchindi, $20 millionla nirmaana budjetku vyatiraekamgaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa $247 millionlu vasoolu chesindi. plaatlu. david dunn/paryaveekshakudu mariyu athani kumarudu joseph aaa samuuhaanni oka vidichipettabadina karmaagaaraaniki cheravestaaru, akkada athanu aaa mrugam, oka atimaanava vyaktitvam, andaruu aaraadhinche jantuvunu tinipinchadaaniki naluguru cheerleedarlanu bandeegaa unchaadu. dunn cheerleedarlanu rakshistaadu mariyu vaaru doctor chetha bandhinchabade varaku mrugam thoo kluptamgaa gharshanaku digutadu. ellie pradhaanamainadi. pradhaanamainadi teliyani rahasya samsthalo bhaagam, idhi vaaru atindriya maanavulani nammevaarini vaaru bhramalu anie oppinchadamlo pratyekata kaligi untaaru. vaarini raven hill memorial kuu teesukuvelataaru, akkada oka sedated elijah dhara/mii. gatamlo oka dasaabdam kritam pooraadina gaaju, nirvahinchabadutondi. david mariyu kevinlanu ververu gadulalo unchutaaru, ivi varusaga neeti mariyu kaanti flashla balaheenatala aadhaaramgaa pratyaekamaina bhadrata charyalanu kaligi untaayi. vaaru goppatanapu bhramalatho baadhapadutunnaarani, vaariki suupar powers levani aame nammutundani pradhaanamainavi vivaristaayi. srimati. dhara, elijah talli; joseph dunn; mariyu gumpu chera nundi bayatapadina baadhitudu, casey cook, andaruu suupar humanlu nijamani pradhanamainavigaa oppinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru mariyu viphalamavutaaru. aame tudi moolyaankanamlo bhaagamgaa, pradhaanamainadi mugguru purushulanu oka gadiki teesukuvastundi, akkada aame vaari ateendriyamgaa kanipinchani atimaanava saamardhyaalaku vivaranalatoe vaarini savaalu chestundi. david mariyu aneka mandhi kevin vyaktitvaalu gandaragolaniki gurai, kalata chendutaayi, ayithe elijah catatanicga untundi. aaa raatri, elijah thana gadhi nundi tappinchukuni, paryaveekshakudipai, samuuhampai parisoedhana chestaadu. athanu kevin nuu sandarsinchi, athanu thana mattumandu sthithini chuuputunnaadani mariyu institute nundi tappinchukovaalani yochistunnadani, conny alaa cheyadaaniki ataniki mrugam sahayam avasaramani chebutaadu. marusati roeju udayam, pradhaanamaina elijah yokka nigha footageni athani gadhi velupala chustundi mariyu atanipai prefrontal lobotomy-rakam prakriyanu nirvahistundi. athanu thana samrakshakuditho ontarigaa unnappudu, elijah aaa vyaktini champutaadu, elijah shastrachikitsa laejarnu naasanam chesinanduna prakriya viphalamaindani velladistaadu. athanu kevin nuu vidipinchi, philadelphialoni kotta aakaasaharmyam ayina osaakaa tower praarambhamlo tananu taanu prapanchaaniki bahirgatam chesukovalane pranaalikanu vivarinchadam dwara thana gadhi nundi bayataku raavadaaniki thana balaanni upayoginchi davidnu taarumaaru chestaadu, ayithe elijah bhavanamloni rasayana prayogasaalanu naasanam chestaadu, vaelaadi mandini champestaadu. srimati. elijah, kevin, david tappinchukunnatle dhara, casey, joseph raven kondaku cherukuntaaru. pradhaanamaina, poraataanni kooda chustunna, suuparhumanlapai munduku saagadaaniki adhikaarulanu pilavaalani nirnayinchukuntundi. david mariyu mrugam raven hill parking sthalamlo kontakaalam pooraadataaniki mundu elijah david yokka balaheenata neeru anie mrugam chebutundi, aaa samayamlo elijah kaliginchina railu sidhilamlo kevin tandri maraninchaadani joseph velladistaadu. kevin durviniyogaaniki daariteesina paristhitini taarumaaru chesinanduku atanni pranantakamga gayapariche mundu athani durviniyoga talli matrame kevin nuu penchela thana srushtiki sahakarinchinanduku mrugam elizaku krutagnatalu telipindi. athanu davidnu neeti nilva tankloki visurutaadu, conny david pakka vaipu nundi virigipoyi, chuttupakkala praantaanni munchiveyagalugutaadu. kesi kevin yokka nidraanamaina asalu vyaktitvaanni "kaanti" loki teesukuraavadaaniki nirvahistundi, aaa samayamlo oka snipper atanni pranantakamga kalchivestadu, mariyu kesi chetullo kevin maranistaadu. oka swath adhikari varada guntalalo davidnu munchivestundagaa, aame oka rahasya samsthalo bhagamani pradhaanamainadi, idhi sahasrabdaluga maanavaatiita saamardhyalu unnavaarini track cheyadam mariyu champadam dwara maanavaatiitula unikini anachivestunnatlu, vaaru atuvanti vyaktulanu prapancha kramam yokka sthirathvaaniki muppuga chuustaaru. aaa taruvaata, pradhaanamaina gharshana yokka nigha footageni tolaginchi, anumaanita maanavaatiitula tadupari kesunu daryaaptu cheyadaaniki pranaalikalu vestundi. ayithe, oka suupar-genius master mind yokka traplanu charchistunna comic book nerds samuuhaanni aame vinnapudu, elijah rahasya pranaalika kaligi undaalani grahinchi, athanu poraatam yokka raven hill nigha footageni pratyaksha prasaram cheyadaaniki erpaatu chesinatlu telusukuntaadu. srimati. dhara, joseph, mariyu casey prati okkaroo footage yokka kaapeeni andukuntaaru mariyu daanini prajalaku vidudala chestaaru, chivaraku superhumanla unikini bahirgatam chestaaru. taaraaganam. emm. nait shyamalan thana atidhi paatra ayina jaii, security gaard daa. fletcher yokka apartment bhavanam, "split" nundi, athanu david dunnu gurtinchi, athanu football stadiumlo panichesewada anie adugutaadu, idhi jaii anae maadakadravyaala vyapari david stadiumlo "vidadeeyaraani" (oka bhaganni kooda shyamalan poeshinchaadu) loe edurkonnadani suuchistumdi. shannon destiny ryaan, diana sylverse, nina visinnar mariyu kaili jion eee chitram praarambhamlo kidnap cheyabadina cheerleedarlanu chitreekarinchaaru. rosemary howard mariyu bryan messelroy kevin yokka tallidandrulu, penelope mariyu clarensenu chitreekarinchaaru, howard "split" nundi aame paatranu punaraavrutam chesaaru. utpatti. abhivruddhi. vidudala tarvaata m. nait shyamalan yokka "vidadeeyaraanidi" (2000), saadhyamayye sequevels gurinchi pukaarlu vividha interviewlalo mariyu chalanachitra abhimaanulalo vyaapti chendadam praarambhinchaayi. aaa samayamlo, david dunn/paryaveekshakudigaa natinchina broose villis, oka "vidadeeyaraani" trayam untundani athanu aasinchinatlu paerkonnaadu, conny, december 2000loe, shyamalan taanu "vidadeeyaraani" anie raasina pukaarlanu khandinchaadu. 2001 augustulo, vijayavantamaina dii. vii. dii. ammakaala kaaranamgaa, athanu "vidadeeyaraani" seakwell gurinchi touchstone chitraalanu sampradinchaadani, conny chitram yokka niraasaparichina baxafies paniteeru kaaranamgaa studio modata tirogaminchindani ayana paerkonnaaru. september 2008loe, shyamalan mariyu starr shamyul ell. jackson, elijah prais/mister gaa aadadu. glass, baxafies vadda niraasaparichina rabadi kaaranamgaa seakwell nirmaanam gurinchi charchalu chaalaavaraku raddu cheyabaddaayani perkondi. jackson tanaku ippatikee seakwell meeda aasakti undani suuchimchaadu, conny shyamalan maatram kattubadi laedu. fibravari 2010loe, villis matladutu, shyamalan "naaku, saamku madhya fait movie cheyadam gurinchi inca alochistunna" anie, jackson paalgonagaliginanta kaalam, athanu "daaniki siddhamgaa" untaanani paerkonnaadu. split" (2016) nuu vidudala cheyadaaniki mundu "vidadeeyaraani" tarvaata shyamalan vividha sambandham laeni chitraalalo panicheesaaru, idhi james mcavoy pooshinchina split-personality paatra kevin vendell crumb/dhi hardenu parichayam chesindi. vidadeeyaraani" yokka prarambha script loe mukkalu cherchabaddaayi, conny aaa paatra samatulya samasyalanu srushtinchindani mariyu katha nundi atanni tolaginchindani shyamalan bhaavinchaadu ("split" looni sanniveshaala samuuham modata "vidadeeyaraani" kosam vraayabadindani shyamalan chepparu). split" yokka chivari sannivesamlo, villis 'dunn gumpu nundi tappinchukovadam gurinchi neerchukoevadam mariyu tadwara jackson yokka mister anchanaa vesinatlugaa itara suuparhyoomanlu unnaarani grahinchadam kanipistundi. gaaju. "vidadeeyaraani" chitraanni walt disney studiola label ayina touchstone pictures nirminchi, yajamanyamlo unchaaru, ayithe "split" saarvatrika chitraala dwara utpatti cheyabadindi, kabatti shyamalan "split" loe dunn paatranu upayoginchadaaniki disney nundi anumati pondavalasi vachindi. athanu walt disney studios president seen baeleeni kalusukuni, oka peddamanushula oppandaaniki vacchaadu, dheenilo baelii eee chitramlo paatranu rusumu lekunda upayoginchadaaniki angeekarinchaadu, mariyu adhi abhivruddhi cheyabadithe disney seakwello paalgontaanani shyamalan vaagdaanam chesaadu. "vibhajana" vimarsanaatmaka mariyu aardhika vijayanni saadhinchindi. janavari 2017loe, shyamalan matladutu, moodava "vidadeeyaraani" chitram roopondinchabadutundani taanu aasinchinappatikii, appatike oka roopurekhalanu siddham chesukunnappatiki, "neenu naa gadiloki vellinappudu emi jarugutundo naaku teliyadu, eee chitram terichina oka vaaram taruvaata, script raayadaaniki."vachhe nelaloo, athanu thana tadupari chitram trayam loe moodava pani anie dhruvikarinchaadu. april natiki ayana scriptnu puurti chesaaru, aaa samayamlo ayana kotta chitraanni "glass" anie pilustaarani mariyu 2019 janavari 18naa lakshya vidudala teedeeni kaligi untaarani prakatinchaaru. eee chitraanni united stateslo pampinhee cheyadaaniki universal empika cheyabadindi, ayithe disney eee chitraanni daani bunaa vista antarjaateeya label dwara antarjaateeyamgaa pampinhee chesindi. glass" kii seakwell untundaa anie shyamalan nuu chalasarlu adigaru. 2019 janavarilo, prastutam sequevels pranaalika cheyaledani ayana adhikarikamga dhruveekarinchaaru, cinema viswaanni nirminchadamlo tanaku aasakti ledani telipaaru. casting. glass" taaraaganamlo trayam looni munupati chitraala nundi tirigi vachhe natulu (villis, jackson, spensor treat clark, mariyu charlane woodard andaruu "vidadeeyaraani" nundi tama paatralanu tirigi poeshistaaru, mariyu mcavoy mariyu ennaa taylor-joy vaari paatralanu "split" nundi tirigi poeshistaaru), saaraa palson kotta paatranu pooshistunnaaru. november 2017loe, aadam david thampson appati-bahirgatam cheyani paatralo taaraaganamlo cheraaru. chitreekarana. dhi vigit" (2015) mariyu "split" vanti vishayaala prakaram, shyamalan swayamgaa eee chitraaniki nidhulu samakuurchaaru. pradhana chayachitrana 2017 aktobaru 2naa philadelphialo praarambhamaindi, oka vaaram rehearsals taruvaata, muppai-tommidi rojula shooting pranaalikatoe. october 31naa, shyamalan konni vaaraala paatu anni pattana prabhutva aasupatrilo chitreekarana chestaarani nivedinchabadindi. december 12naa, shyamalan naalugu sannivesaalanu 2018 janavarilo chithreekarinchanunnatlu velladinchaadu, vaati chitreekarana kosam taanu prayaaninchaalsi untundani paerkonnaadu. post production. vidadeeyaraani" nundi tolaginchina footageni elijah mariyu joseph balyam taaluuku flashback gaa chitramloki savarinchaaru. sangeetam. west dylan thardson shyaamaalantho kalisi "split" loe kalisi panichesina taruvaata eee chitraaniki sangeetam andinchadaaniki tirigi vacchaadu. athanu james neuton howard yokka score nundi "vidadeeyaraanidi" kosam theemlanu upayoginchaadu, alaage "split" kosam thana sonta score nundi, "glass" kosam sangeetaanni compose chesaadu. byaak lott sangeetam dwara score digitalga pampinhee cheyabadutundi. vidudala. marketing. 2018 april 25naa eee chitram shyamalan haajarutho cinemacnlo pradarsinchabadindi. athanu eee chitram nundi footageni, villis, jackson mariyu makavoy paatranu kaligi unna modati adhikaarika chithramtho paatu samarpinchaadu. vidadeeyaraani" mariyu "vidipoyina" prapanchaalu chivaraku "gaajulo" dheekontaayani ayana eee chitram kosam thana uddesaanni vyaktam chesaaru. eee nija jeevita suuparheeroolu mariyu suupar-pratinaayakulu edho okavidhamgaa kalisi unte elaa? emi tappu jaragavacchu?"superheros mariyu pratinaayakula gurinchi hyper-realistic sinimaalu mundu unnappatikee," "dhi dark nait" "(2008) vantivi, shyamalan vyaktigatamgaa" "glass" "nuu" "modati nijamaina comic book movie" "gaa bhaavinchaaru". juulai 12naa, utpatti nundi modati adhikaarika chaayaachitraalu bahirangamgaa vidudala cheyabaddaayi, veetilo shamyul ell yokka shotlu kooda unnaayi. jackson, saaraa palson mariyu james mcavoy. oka vaaram taruvaata, eee chitram shaan diago comic-cohn loe pracharam cheyabadindi, shyamalan, villis, jackson, taylor-joy mariyu palson oka panelku hajarayyaru, akkada chitram yokka modati trailarnu pradarsinchaaru. studio eee chitraanni prothsahinchadaaniki mottam $80 millionlu kharchu chesindi. theatrical. glass" yokka modati pradarsanalu janavari 12,2019naa, 25 alamo draft house cinema pradaesaalaloo jarigaayi, ikkada idhi moodu-feature eeventlo pradarsinchabadindi, indulo idhi mundu kooda undhi vidadeeyaraani" mariyu "chindatam" dwara. idhi janavari 18naa united states mariyu kenadaalo universal pictures dwara mariyu antarjaateeya bhoobhagalalo walt disney studios chalana chitraala upavibhaagamaina buena vista international dwara theatres vidudalaindi. home media. eee chitraanni universal pictures home entertainment dwara yuu. ess loe vidudala chesaaru.ess., mariyu antarjaateeyamgaa home entertainmentnu april 2,2019naa digital, mariyu april 16naa dvd, blue-rae, mariyu ultra hechdi blue-raeloe veekshinchandi. reception. baaks office. "glass" samyukta rashtraalu mariyu kenadaalo $111 millionlu mariyu itara bhoobhagalalo $1 millionlu vasoolu chesindi, mottam prapanchavyaaptamgaa $247 millionla sthuulamgaa, utpatti budget $20 millionlaku vyatiraekamgaa. "deadline hollywood" lekkala prakaram eee chitram anni kharchulu mariyu aadaayaalanu kalipi $68 millionla nikara labhanni aarjinchindi. united states mariyu kenadaalo, eee chitram daani naalugu rojula ml kae roeju prarambha vaaraantamlo 3,841 theatres nundi $50-75 millionlu sampaadistundani anchanaa veyabadindi. idhi modati rojuna $15.9 millionlu sampaadinchindi, indulo guruvaram raatri previewla nundi $3.7 millionlu unnaayi, mariyu daani prarambha vaaraantamlo $40.3 millionlu mariyu naalugu rojullo $46.5 millionlu vasoolu chesindi, idhi martin luther king juuniyarku moodava uttama mottamgaa gurtinchabadindi. vaaraantam ("american snipper" mariyu "raid vith" venuka) mariyu shyamalan kereer. rendava vaaraantamlo, eee chitram 53 saatam padipoyi 18.9 million dollarlaku ("split" yokka 35 saatam kante ekkuva padipoyindi), conny idhi baxafies vadda agrasthanaanni nilupukundi. eee chitram mallii moodava vaaraantamlo agrasthaanamlo nilichindi, 9.5 million dollarlu vasoolu chesindi, chivaraku daani nalgava vaaraantamlo $6.3 millionla vasoollatho aidava sthaanamlo nilichindi. antarjaateeyamgaa, eee chitram modati vaaraantamlo $45-50 millionlu vasoolu chestundani, mottam $105-120 millionla prapancha praarambhaaniki anchanaa veyabadindi. idhi antarjaateeya marketla nundi $48.5 millionlu sampaadinchi, prapanchavyaaptamgaa $89.1 millionlu praarambhinchindi. idhi chaalaa marketlalo modati sthaanamlo nilichindi; daani atyadhika vasoollu saadhinchina deshaalu russia ($5.2 millionlu), mexico ($4.5 millionlu, oka shyamalan chitraaniki atyuttamamainavi), united kingdom ($4.3 millionlu), france ($3.4 millionlu), mariyu dakshina korea ($2.8 millionlu). vimarsanaatmaka pratispandana. sameeksha aggregator kullina tamotalapai, sameekshala aadhaaramgaa eee chitram sagatu rating thoo aamodam ratingnu kaligi undhi. website yokka vimarsanaatmaka ekaabhipraayam ilaa undih "gaaju" m yokka konni merupuni pradarsistundi. raatri shyamalan thana twisty prapancha nirmaanamloo uttamamgaa, conny chivariki rachayita-darsakudu yokka sudeergha-kathana trayam mugimpugaa niraasaparichindi."metacritic aadhaaramgaa, eee chitram 53 vimarsakula aadhaaramgaa 100kii 43 sagatu skorunu kaligi undhi, idhi" "mishrama ledhaa sagatu sameekshalanu" "suuchistumdi". cinema score nirvahinchina sameekshalo prekshakulu eee chitraaniki "split" luu "bii +" nundi "unbreakable" luu "sii" nundi taggutuu, eah + nundi eff scalepy "bii" sagatu grade icchaaru, ayithe post track vadda unnavaaru dheeniki mottam meeda 70 saatam saanukuula skorunu mariyu 49 saatam "khachitamaina sifaarsu" icchaaru. induir" yokka david earlich eee chitraaniki "sii-" icchi, daanini shyamalan kereerlo atipedda niraasa anie pilicharu "gaajuto samasya emitante daani srushtikarta prati malupulo thana sonta pratibimbam chustadu, ledhaa athanu thana allakallolamaina kereerlo aneka dasalaku spashtamaina upamanamga chitraanni roopondinchadaaniki thana maargam nundi chaalaa dhooram veltaadu;" gaaju "thoo samasya emitante, daani telikapati chamatkaaramaina meta-textuval kathanam shyamalan daani uparitalampai cheppe asinen katha kante chaalaa dhanikamainadi mariyu marinta balavantapudi."" "rolling stone" "kosam vraastuu, david bhayam chitraaniki aidu nakshatraalaku moodu nakshatraalanu ichindih" "glass" "anedi mandutunna flap kaadu anie kontamandi ippatike suuchimchaaru, ledhaa idhi pratishtaatmakamaina, hyphalutine bhaavanalanu katte paramgaa meeru korukune chitram kaadu". ippudu anni sinimaalu maranahomam ledhaa ice cream ayina prapanchamlo, idhi meeru ippude chusina daani gurinchi sandigdhata yokka bhaavamtho vargeekarinchabadina goppa sangna-idhi vaiphalyaaniki sanketam kaavacchu. vaividhyam" yokka oven glieberman ilaa vraasaadu "shyamalan tirigi (oka degreeki) roopamlo undatam manchidi, athanu noolu spinnerga thana praathamika mojonu tirigi pondaadu. conny "gaaju" manalni ventadakunda aakramistundi; adhi kadilinche ledhaa uttejakaramaina daanikante ekkuva bijeegaa untundi. bahusha eee amsaanni tirigi sandarsinchadam oka sparsha avakasavadamga anipinchadam valla kaavacchu, mariyu bahusha idhi comic-book sinimaala varada ippudu rojuvaareegaa manalni chuttumutte pramaadam kaliginchadam valla comics nundi rahasyam migili unnadaanni leak chesindi."chikago sunn-times" kii chendina richard roper matladutu, eee chitram "vilakshanhamaina roopaanni mariyu konni andamaina kshanaalanu kaligi undhi, mariyu sagam-manchi malupu ledhaa rendu" "conny idhi ekkuvagaa" "takkuva utsaahamgaa, sagam-kaalchina, koddigaa pullaga, mariyu mugimpunu kooda tagginchedi"."hollywood reporter zaan defore idhi trayam-sannihitamgaa" "mishrama sanchi" "anie bhaavinchaaru, idhi kathana tantuvulanu kalisi katte manchi pani chestundi, conny idhi chaalaa kashtapadi prayatnistundi mariyu suupar heero sailiki" "pratyaekamaina medadu" "nii andinchadamlo viphalamavutundi". jique" patrikaku chendina joshuva rivera ilaa perkonnaduh "kalakramam ardham chesukolenidi, malupulu chaalaa bahirangamgaa telegrap cheyabaddaayi, vaaru" titanic "nuu rakshinchi undevaaru." dhi atlantic" yokka david sims eee chitraanni "batman returns" (1992) mariyu "nammasakyam kaanivi 2" (2018) thoo polcharu "shyamalan katha cheppe teerunu neenu mechukuntunnaanu, idhi david vanti paatralalo antarleenamgaa unna puraanaalanu superman vanti anaadha paatralu bharinche bhavodvega macchalatho tipputundi."taaraaganam prasamsimchabadimdi, mukhyamgaa mcavoy," "marosari [agrasthaanamlo] unnadu" "mariyu" "athanu kanipinchina pratisaaree thana vintha saariirakatatoe terapai veliginchaadu"." taruvaata, shyamalan "gaaju" kosam pratikuula sameekshalapai arichaadani angeekarinchaduh "nijaayiteegaa, neenu bhaavinchaanu, 'nannu chettha kuppapai padeyakunda vaaru nannu eppuduu bhinnamgaa undanistara? panikiraani bhavana nannu kadilinchindi, nijaayiteegaa cheppalante, adhi nijamgaa eppatikee vadilipettadu. conny emainappatiki, cinema konasaagindi, sariyainada? idhi prapanchamlooni prati desamlo number vann ayindi, mariyu idhi naa nammakalanu suuchistumdi."

glaas (2019 film) glaas 2019 kii eek spir herow film hay jiss kii tehreer aur hidayat kaaree ayem nay kii hay. night shiyamalan jinhon nay jaisan blum maark beenn stock aur ashwan raajan kay saath bhee prodios kiyaa. yaha film shiyamalan kii pachli filmon "inn breakable" (2000) aur "splate" (2016) kaa eek karaas auvar aur sequil hay aur "inn breakable" taree kii teesri aur aakhri qast hay. brose walees simoil eel. jaikson spincer trait clark aur charleen vodard apnay "attoot" kirdaron kuu dohratay haine jabkah jaims mikaway aur ainee tylor-joye apnay "taqsim shadah" kirdaron kay toor parr waps aatay haine jiss mein saarah paalsan addam dude thamson aur leok karbi cast mein shaamil hotay haine. film mein dude dunn/nigraan kuu dekha gayaa hay jabb wah aur cune vendal karamb/hujum kuu pakda jaataa hay aur ailiyah price/mister kay saath nafsiyati sahulat mein rakhaa jaataa hay. sheesha jehaan wah apnee ghair insani taaqaton kii sadaqat parr ghoor kartay haine. inn breakable" kay sequil mein dilchaspi kay bawajood walt dazni studios kii touch stone pakcharz nay iss kay liye maali aanat naha karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa. shiyamilan nay eek kirdaar kaa istemaal kartay hoay "taqsim" likhnay kay liye nikal padaa jasay iss nay "attoot" kay liye likhaa thaa leakin tawazan kay masail kii wajah say iss kay script say dastbardar how gayaa. inhon nay iss moqaa kaa ahsaas kiyaa kahh inhein kaamon kii eek taree takhliq karnay kaa moqaa milaa aur "taqsim" kay ikhtatam kuu film kuu "attoot" bayaniye kay andar qayem karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa. iss kay liye dazni say walas aur jackson kay "attoot" kirdaron donon kuu istemaal karnay kay haqoq haasil karnay kii zarurat thee jiss mein studio kuu aalamgir tasavir kay saath film mein shaamil karnay kaa waadah kiyaa gayaa thaa. "splate" eek maali aur tanqidi kamiyabi thee aur apreel 2017 takk shiyamalan nay aalaan kiyaa kahh iss nay "glaas" kay liye paidawar kaa amal sharoo kirr diyaa hay. iss film kaa aalimi premier 12 januri 2019 kuu muntakhib alamo draft house cinema cenma gharoon mein hawaa thaa aur asay 18 januri kuu america mein universal pakcharz kay zariye release kiyaa gayaa thaa. "glaas" kuu naqdin kii taraf say milay jalay jaizay milay jinhon nay film kuu kahaani kii wajah say "mayus kunn" aur "mayus kunn" payaa khaas toor parr teesra aikat leakin cast kii karkardgi kii tareef kii vovo behat say logon nay asay taree mein sabb say kamzor samjha. yaha film eek maali kamiyabi thee jiss nay 2 karod ddaalar kay production bujjet kay muqabilay mein duniya bhar mein 247 karod ddaalar kamaye. plaat. dude dunn/nigraan aur iss kaa betaa jozaf iss hujum kuu eek turk shadah factory mein lay jaatay haine jehaan iss kay paas chaar cheer leader haine juu janwar kuu khaana khilanay kay liye yarghumal haine eek intehayi insani shaqsiyat jiss kii tamaam loag poja kartay haine. dunn chairleaders kuu bachata hay aur janwar kay saath mukhtasir tasadam kartaa hay jabb takk kahh wah doctor kay haathon pakday naha jayein. ailee steple. steple eek namalum khafiya tanzim kaa hasah hay juu inn logon kuu qayel karnay mein maharat rakhti hay juu yaha maantay haine kahh wah intehayi insani haine kahh wah iss kay bajaye fareeb haine. inhein reun hull memorial lay jayaa jaataa hay jehaan eek khamush ailiyah qeemat/mister hoti hay. glaas jiss say pehley eek dahayi pehley ladayi hoyee thee munaqid kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. dude aur cune kuu alg alg kamaron mein rakhaa jaataa hay jinn mein baltarteeb paani aur roshni kii chamak kii kamzooriyon kii bunyaad parr manfard hifazati iqdamat hotay haine. steple wazahat kartaa hay kahh wah maanti hay kahh wah shaan woo shokat kay fareeb kaa shikaar haine aur inn kay paas spir pawarz nahein haine. mohtarmah. qeemat ailiyah kii maan vovo jozaf dunn vovo aur kisay kick eek shikaar juu hujum kii qaid say bach gayaa sabb iss baath kuu qayel karnay kii koshish kartay haine aur nakaam rehtay haine kahh spir human haqeeqi haine. apnee hatmi tashkhis kay hasay kay toor parr steple teenon mardon kuu eek kamray mein laataa hay jehaan wah inhein inn kii bazahir ghair insani salahiyaton kii wazahat kay saath challenge karti hay juu mafuq alfitrat nahein haine. dude aur cune kii kayee shaqsiyat aljhan mein parh jaati haine aur preshan how jaati haine jabkah ailiyah abb bhee bay hayayi kaa shikaar rehta hay. iss raat ailiyah apnay kamray say faraar how jaataa hay aur nigraan aur hujum parr tehqeeq kartaa hay. wah cune say milta hay aur kehta hay kahh wah apnee bay hosh haalat kaa dikhawa kirr rehaa hay aur insity teut say faraar honay kaa aradah rakhta hay leakin asay aisa karnay kay liye janwar kii madad darkaar hay. agli sabah steple apnay kamray kay baahir ailiyah kii nigrani kii fotage dekhta hay aur iss parr paree frontal lobotomy qasm kaa tariqah kaar anjaam deeta hay. jabb wah apnay nigraan kay saath akeela hotaa hay tuu ailiyah iss shaqs kuu maar daalta hay yaha zahir kartay hoay kahh tariqah kaar nakaam rehaa keunkah ailiyah nay jarahi leaser kuu sabutaz kiyaa thaa. wah cune kuu aazaad kartaa hay aur phir dude kuu fladelfia mein eek nayee fluck boose emarat ausaka tower kay iftatah parr khood kuu duniya kay saamney zahir karnay kay liye eek mansubay kaa hawalah day kirr apnay kamray say baahir nikalnay kay liye apnee taaqat kaa istemaal karnay mein heera phairi kartaa hay jabkah ailiyah emarat mein mojud eek kimiyayi leeb kuu tabaah kirr deeta hay jiss say mamkanah toor parr hazaaron afraad halaak how jaatay haine. mohtarmah. qeemat kisay aur jozaf ailiyah cune aur dude kay faraar hotay hyee reun hull parr pahunchtay haine. steeple juu ladayi kaa gawah bhee hay hakaam kuu spir humanz parr jaanay kay liye bulanay kaa faislah kartaa hay. dude aur janwar koyan hull parking mein thodi deer kay liye ladtay rahay iss say pehley kahh ailiyah janwar kuu bataye kahh dude kii kamzori paani hay iss waqat jozaf nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh cune kay waalid train kay malbay mein marr gayey juu ailiyah nay paida kiyaa thaa. janwar ailiyah kaa shakriyah adaa kartaa hay kahh iss nay asay banaa kirr apnee takhliq mein hasah daala taakah cune kii prorish sarf iss kii badsaloki karnay waali maan nay kii thee iss say pehley kahh asay iss surathaal mein heera phairi karnay parr mahlak toor parr zakhmi kiyaa jiss kii wajah say cune kay saath badsaloki hoyee. wah dude kuu paani kay zakhiray kay tenk mein phaink deeta hay leakin dude iss taraf say todnay kay qaabil hotaa hay jiss say aas paas kaa elaqah nikhra jaataa hay. keesi cune kii ghair faal asl shaqsiyat kuu "roshni" mein laanay kaa intezam kartaa hay jiss waqat eek sniper asay golee maar kirr halaak kirr deeta hay aur kiseen kisay kii baanhon mein marr jaataa hay. jabb kahh eek sawaat afsar dude kuu sailaab zadah garhay mein dob deeta hay iss kaa inkshaf hotaa hay kahh wah eek khafiya tanzim kaa hasah hay juu hazaaron saalon say spir human salahiyaton waalay logon kaa saraag lagaa kirr aur inhein maar kirr spir human kay wajood kuu dabaa rahee hay keunkah wah aisey afraad kuu aalimi nazaam kay istehkaam kay liye khatrah samajhte haine. iss kay natijay mein steple tasadam kii nigrani kii fotage kuu hazaf kirr deeta hay aur mushtabah spir humanz kay aglay kees kii tehqiqat kay liye aagay badhnay kaa mansubah banata hay. tahim jabb wah mazahiya kitaabon kay nadarz kay eek grop kuu eek spir jainas maaster mind kay trop parr baath kartay hoay sunti hay tuu asay ahsaas hotaa hay kahh ailiyah kaa koyee khafiya mansubah thaa aur asay patah chalta hay kahh iss nay ladayi kii reun hull cervelence fotage kaa intezam kiyaa thaa jasay braah raast nashar kiyaa jaaye. eek najee waib saait parr iss nay asay aur iss kii tanzim kuu shakast day dee. mohtarmah. price jozaf aur kisay harr eek kuu fotage kii eek kaapi milti hay aur asay awaam kay saamney jaari kartay haine jiss say aakhir kaar spir humanz kay wajood kuu bay nqab kiyaa jaataa hay. cast karein. ayem. night shiyamilan jay kay apnay chemio kirdaar kuu dohrata hay juu doctor kay hifazati muhafiz haine. fleature kay apartment kii emaarat "taqsim" say juu dude dunn kuu pehchanta hay aur iss say poochta hay kahh kiyaa wah fitt baal steadium mein kaam kartaa thaa iss say zahir hotaa hay kahh jay wah manshiyaat farosh thaa jiss kaa saamna dude nay steadium mein "attoot" (eek hasah bhee shimalan nay adaa kiyaa) mein kiyaa thaa. film kay aaghaz mein sheenan desty riyaan diyaana slorz neena wazner aur keeli zewan nay aghwa shadah chairleaders kii tasveer kashee kii. rozmeeri howard aur brain misleroe nay cune kay waldeen panelope aur clarence kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa jiss mein howard nay "splate" say apnay kirdaar kuu dohraya. paidawar. tarqi. ayem kii release kay baad. night shiyamalan kii "attoot" (2000)yee mamkanah sequil kii afwahein mukhtalif interviews aur film kay madahon kii sights parr gardash karnay lagein. iss waqat brose walees jiss nay dude dunn/nigraan kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa thaa kay hawalay say kahaa gayaa thaa kahh inhein ameed hay kahh eek "attoot" taree hogi leakin dasambar 2000 mein shiyamilan nay inn afwahon kii tardid kii kahh inhon nay "attoot" kuu taree kii pehli qast kay toor parr likhaa thaa. agast 2001 mein inhon nay kahaa kahh kamiyab ddee wee ddee seils kii wajah say inhon nay eek "attoot" sequil kay baaray mein touch stone pakcharz say raabtah kiyaa thaa leakin film kii mayus kunn baaks aafs karkardgi kii wajah say studio nay asl mein ankaar kirr diyaa. satambar 2008 mein shiyamalan aur staar simoil eel. jaikson jiss nay ailiyah price/mister kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. glaas nay kahaa kahh baaks aafs parr mayus kunn wapsi kii roshni mein sequil bananay kay baaray mein honay waali baath cheet kuu bury hadd takk turk kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. jackson nay asharah kiyaa kahh wah abb bhee eek sequil mein dilchaspi rakhtay haine leakin shiyamalan ghair parazam rahay. faroori 2010 mein waleems nay kahaa kahh shiyamalan "abb bhee miray aur seem kay darmiyan faait film karnay kay baaray mein soch rehaa hay" aur kahaa kahh jabb takk jackson hasah leenay kay qaabil hogaa wah "iss kay liye tayaar" hoga. shiyamilan nay "spult" (2016) kuu release karnay say pehley "inn break aibal" kay baad mukhtalif ghair mutaliqah filmon mein kaam kiyaa jiss mein taqsim shadah shaqsiyat kay kirdaar cune vendal karamb/dee haard kaa taaruf karaya gayaa jasay jaims mikaway nay adaa kiyaa. attoot" kay ibtadayi script mein takday takday kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin shiyamilan nay mahsus kiyaa kahh kirdaar nay tawazan paida karnay waalay masail paida kiye aur asay kahaani say hataa diyaa (shiyamilan nay kahaa hay kahh "taqsim" mein "eek grop" kay munazir asl mein "attoot" kay liye likhay gayey thay). taqsim" kay aakhri manzar mein walas dunn kuu hujum kay faraar kay baaray mein seekhte hoay aur iss tarah yaha mahsus kartay hoay dekha jaataa hay kahh dosray spir human mojud haine jaisa kahh jackson kay mister nay paish goyee kii thee. glaas. "inn breakable" touch stone pakcharz kay zariah tayaar aur malkiyat thee juu walt dazni studios kaa eek leebal thaa jabkah "" splate "aalamgir tasavir kay zariye tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa iss liye shiyamalan kuu" "splate" mein dunn kay kirdaar kuu istemaal karnay kay liye dazni say ajazat leena padee. iss nay walt dazni studios kay sadr seen baili say mulaqat kii aur eek muahidah kiyaa jiss kay tahat baili nay film mein kirdaar kuu baghair kasee fees kay istemaal karnay kii ajazat deenay parr ittefaq kiyaa aur shiyamilan nay waadah kiyaa kahh agar asay tayaar kiyaa gayaa tuu dazni sequil mein shaamil hogi. "taqsim" kuu tanqidi aur maali kamiyabi haasil hoyee. januri 2017 mein shiyamilan nay kahaa kahh agarcha inhein ameed thee kahh teesri "attoot" film banayi jaaye gee aur inhon nay pehley hyee eek khaakah tayaar kirr liyaa thaa "majhay nahein malum kahh jabb mein apnay kamray mein iss film kay khilnay kay eek haftay baad script likhnay kay liye jaa rehaa hoan tuu kiyaa honay waala hay."aglay mahinay inhon nay tasdiq kii kahh inn kii agli film taree mein teesri kaam hogi. inhon nay apreel takk script makmal kirr liyaa jiss waqat inhon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh nayee film kuu "glaas" kahaa jaaye gaa aur iss kii target release kii tareekh 18 januri 2019 hogi. universal kuu film kuu america mein taqsim karnay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa jabkah dazni nay film kuu beenn alaqwami satah parr iss kay bonaa wista international leebal kay zariye taqsim kiyaa. shiyamilan say kayee baar poocha gayaa hay kahh kiyaa "glaas" kaa sequil hoga. januri 2019 mein inhon nay bazabtah toor parr tasdiq kii kahh phee alhaal kasee sequil kaa mansubah nahein hay inhon nay mazeed kahaa kahh inhein cinema kii kainaat kii tameer mein koyee dilchaspi nahein hay. casting. glaas" kii cast mein taree mein pachli filmon mein say harr eek kay waps aaney waalay adakaar shaamil haine (waleems jaikson spencer trait clark aur charleen vodard sabhi "inn breakable" say apnay apnay kirdaron kuu dohratay haine aur mikaway aur ainee teller-joye "splate" say apnay kirdaron kuu dohratay haine)yee jabkah saarah paalsan eek neeya kirdaar adaa karti haine. nomber 2017 mein addam dude thamson iss waqat kay ghair zahir kirdaar mein cast mein shaamil hoay. film bundi. dee wizt" (2015) aur "splate" kii tarah shiyamilan nay khood film kii maali aanat kii. principle foto girafi 2 aktobar 2017 kuu fladelfia mein sharoo hoyee eek haftay kii rehearsal kay baad antees dunn kii shoting kay mansubon kay saath. 31 aktobar cow yaha atlaa milly kahh shiyamalan chand hafton kay liye eline town steat hospital mein film bundi karein gay. 12 dasambar cow shiyamilan nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh chaar munazir januri 2018 mein shoat kiye jayein gay yaha kehtay hoay kahh inhein inn kii film bundi kay liye safar karnaa paray gaa. post production. inn breakable" say hazaf shadah fotage kuu ailiyah aur jozaf kay bachpan kay fleesh beek kay toor parr film mein tarmim kiyaa gayaa thaa. mausiqi. vest dylan thordson nay "splate" parr shiyamalan kay saath taawan kay baad film kuu score karnay kay liye wapsi kii. inhon nay "inn breakable" kay liye jaims neuton howard kay score kay theemz kay saath saath "splate" kay liye apnay score say "glaas" kay liye mausiqi tartib deenay mein istemaal kiyaa. score beek laat music kay zariye degital toor parr taqsim kiyaa jaataa hay. rehayi. marketing. 25 apreel 2018 kuu yaha film cinemakin mein paish kii gayee jiss mein shiyamalan nay sharkat kii. inhon nay film kii fotage paish kii iss kay saath pehli sarkaari tasveer bhee paish kii jiss mein kirdaar mein waleems jackson aur mikaway thay. inhon nay film kay liye apnay araday kaa bhee izhaar kartay hoay kahaa kahh "attoot" aur "taqsim" kii duniya aakhir kaar "sheeshe" say takra jaati hay. agar yaha haqeeqi zindagi kay spir herow aur spir walan kasee tarah eek saath bund how jayein tuu kiyaa hoga? kiyaa ghalat how saktaa hay?"spir heroz aur walanz kay baaray mein intehayi haqeeqat pasandanah filmon say pehley honay kay bawajood jeesay kahh" "dee daark night" "(2008)yee shiyamalan nay zaati toor parr" "glaas" "kuu" "pehli haqeeqi maanon mein mubni mazahiya kitaab kii film" "samjha. 12 jolayi cow production kii pehli sarkaari tasavir awami toor parr jaari kii gayein jinn mein samoel eel kay shots bhee shaamil thay. jaikson saarah paalsan aur jaims mikaway. eek haftay baad film kii tashheer saan diago kaamak kaan mein kii gayee jiss mein shiyamalan wals jaikson teller joye aur paalsan nay eek pinal mein sharkat kii jehaan film kay pehley trailer kaa premier hawaa. studio nay film kii tashheer parr kill 8 karod ddaalar kharch kiye. theater. glaas" kii pehli screening 12 januri 2019 kuu 25 alamo draft house cinema maqamat parr hoyee jehaan yaha eek triple fatcher avent kay doraan chalayi gayee jiss mein shaamil thaa aur iss say pehley bhee kiyaa gayaa thaa. attoot" aur "phail" kay zariye. asay theater mein 18 januri cow riyasathaye muthadah aur canada mein universal pakcharz kay zariye aur beenn alaqwami elaqon mein beuna wista international kay zariye juu kahh walt dazni studios motion pakcharz kaa eek zeeli devision hay release kiyaa gayaa. hoam mediya. yaha film yuu aiss mein universal pakcharz hoam entertainment kay zariye release kii gayee thee.aiss.yee aur beenn alaqwami satah parr gharilo tafrih kay liye 2 apreel 2019 kuu degital parr aur 16 apreel kuu ddee wee ddee blue ray aur ultra aich ddee blue ray parr. isteqbaliya. baaks aafs. "glaas" nay riyasathaye muthadah aur canada mein 11 karod 10 laakh ddaalar aur deegar elaqon mein 2 karod 20 laakh ddaalar kay production bujjet kay muqabilay mein duniya bhar mein kill 247 millin ddaalar kii kamayi kii. "deed line haali wode" nay hasaab lagaya kahh film nay tamaam ikhrajat aur aamadni kuu yakja kartay hoay 68 millin ddaalar kaa khaalis munafa kamaya. riyasathaye muthadah aur canada mein iss film kay apnay chaar rozah ayem eel kay day iftatahi haftay kay aakhir mein 3,841 theaters say $1 millin kamanay kaa takhmina lagaya gayaa thaa. iss nay apnay pehley dunn 15.9 millin ddaalar kamaye jiss mein jamaraat kii raat kay paish nizaron say 37 laakh ddaalar shaamil haine aur apnay ibtadayi haftay kay aakhir mein 40.3 millin ddaalar aur chaar dunon mein 46.5 millin ddaalar kii kamayi kii juu maartan lothar king juniyar kay liye teesra behtareen kill hay. haftay kay aakhir mein ("american sniper" aur "ryde wad" kay peeche) aur shiyamalan kay carrier kaa. apnay dosray haftay kay aakhir mein film 53 faisad girr kirr 18.9 millin ddaalar ("spult" kay 35 faisad say ziyadah grawat) parr aaa gayee leakin iss nay baaks aafs parr sarfehrist maqaam barqarar rakhaa. film nay apnay teesre haftay kay aakhir mein phir say 9.5 millin ddaalar kii kamayi kii iss say pehley kahh aakhir kaar apnay choothay haftay kay aakhir mein takht say hataa diyaa gayaa jabb yaha 63 laakh ddaalar kii kamayi kay saath panchwen number parr rahee. beenn alaqwami satah parr film say toqaa kii jaarahi thee kahh iss nay apnay pehley haftay kay aakhir mein $45-50 millin kamaye jiss kii kill aalimi iftatahi $105-120 millin thee. iss nay beenn alaqwami mandiyon say $48.5 millin kamaye jiss kii aalimi satah parr iftatahi raqam $89.1 millin thee. yaha ziyadah tarr bazaron mein pehley number parr rahee. iss kay sabb say ziyadah kamayi karnay waalay mamalik roos (5.2 karod ddaalar)yee mexico (4.5 karod daalar shiyamalan film kay liye abb takk kaa sabb say behtareen)yee bartaniah (4.4 karod ddaalar)yee france (4.4 karod ddaalar)yee aur janubi koriya (28 laakh ddaalar) thay. tanqidi radamil. review aggregator saray hoay timater parr film jaizon kii bunyaad parr manzori kii darjah bundi rakhti hay jiss kii ausat darjah bundi hay. waib saait kay tanqidi ittefaq raaye mein likhaa hay: "glaas" ayem kii chand jhalkian dikhata hay. night shiyamilan apnee moad daar duniya kii tameer kay behtareen andaaz mein leakin balaakhir masnaf-hidayat kaar kii taweel madti taree kay ikhtatam kay toor parr mayus kartaa hay."meeta creatic parr film kaa wazan ausat score 100 mein say 43 hay juu 53 naqdin parr mubni hay juu" "makhlut yaa ausat jaizon" "kii nishandahi kartaa hay. cinema score kay zariye sarway kiye gayey saamayin nay film kuu aey + say aif paimanay parr "bee" kaa ausat grade diyaa juu "spult" aiss "bee +" say kumm hay leakin "inn break aibal" aiss "see" say oopar hay jabkah post track parr mojud logon nay asay majmuyi toor parr 70 faisad kaa masbat score aur 49 faisad kii "qatyi sfarish" dee. indivire" kay dude airlech nay film kuu "see-" diyaa aur asay shiyamalan kay carrier kii sabb say bury mayusi qaraar diyaa: "sheeshe" kay saath preshani yaha nahein hay kahh iss kaa khaaliq harr moad parr apnaa akaasi dekhta hay yaa yaha kahh wah apnay hungamah khaiz carrier kay kayee marahil kay liye film kuu eek waazah tamsil mein tabdil karnay kay liye apnay raastay say behat aagay badh jaataa hay. "sheeshe" kay saath preshani yaha hay kahh iss kii halki see dilchasp textival bayaniah iss ghair mamuli kahaani say behat ziyadah ameer aur ziyadah majbur hay juu shiyamalan iss kii satah parr biyaan kartaa hay."" "roling stone" "kay liye likhtay huay dude drawnay film kuu paanch mein say teen sataray diye:" "glaas" "wah aatish gair flaap nahein hay juu kachh logon nay pehley hyee tajweez kiyaa hay kahh yaha hay aur naha hyee yaha wah film hay juu aap chahtay haine kahh humm apnay goday kay afsanon kuu kiss tarah amal mein laatay haine iss kay baaray mein mahtawakankashi aalee falton tasvaraat kuu eek saath jodnay kay lahaaz say. eek aisi duniya mein jehaan abb tamaam filmein yaa tuu nasal kashee yaa aais cream haine yaha eek azeem alshaan asharah hay jiss kii khususiyat aap nay ubhee juu dekha hay iss kay baaray mein duu took kaa ahsaas hay-juu apnay aap mein nakami kii alaamat how sakti hay. waraiti" kay aween glaberman nay likhaa: "shiyamalan kuu (eek hadd takk) faarm mein waps deekh kirr achhaa lagtaa hay iss hadd takk kahh iss nay dhagay kay spinner kay toor parr apnay bunyadi moju kuu bahaal kirr liyaa hay. leakin "shishah" hamein preshan kiye baghair humm parr qabzah kirr leeta hay vovo yaha halchal yaa dilchasp say ziyadah masruf hay. shayed iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh iss mawaad parr nazar saani karnaa eek moqaa pasandanah ahsaas hotaa hay aur shayed iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh mazahiya kitaabon parr mubni filmon kay sailaab nay juu abb hamein rozanah kii bunyaad parr apnee lapet mein leenay kaa khatrah hay kaamaks say juu kachh bachaa hay asay nikaal diyaa hay."" "shikago sunn times" "kay richard ruper nay kahaa kahh film mein" "eek makhsus shakal aur kachh khubsurat thanday lamhaat aur eek aadha achhaa moad yaa duu" "thay leakin yaha ziyadah tarr" "eek kumm kashash aadha pakaa hawaa thoda saa khataa aur yahaan takk kahh aaf putting final bhee thaa."haali wode kay reporter kay jaan dofer nay socha kahh yaha eek taree kay qareeb honay kii haisiyat say" "eek makhlut beeg" "thaa yaha kehtay hoay kahh yaha bayaniye kay taaron kuu eek saath jodnay kaa achhaa kaam kartaa hay leakin yaha kahh yaha behat ziyadah koshish kartaa hay aur spir herow sanaf kuu" "kachh manfard toor parr zaheen" "farahim karnay mein nakaam rehta hay. jee kiyo" megzin kii joshwa revera nay kahaa: "tyme line bamashkal samajh mein aatee hay moad kay saath atnay khalay aam teeli graaf kiye jaatay kahh wah" titanic "kuu bachaa leetay." atlantik" kay dude samz nay film kaa mawaznah "bait meen returns" (1992) aur "naqabil yaqeen 2" (2018) say kiyaa: "mein shiyamalan kii kahaani sunanay kii sarasar bay dalee kii tareef kartaa hoan juu dude jeesay kirdaron mein mojud afsanon kuu spir meen jeesay yateem kirdaron kay jazbati daagon say ghamati hay."cast kii tareef kii gayee khaas toor parr mikaway juu" "eek baar phir [thay] aalee darjay kay" "aur" "harr baar jabb wah zahir hotay haine tuu apnee khufnaak jasmani salahiyat say screen kuu roshan kartay haine." baad mein shiyamilan nay aiteraf kiyaa kahh wah "glaas" kay manfi jaizon parr ruu paray: "imandari say mein mahsus kirr rehaa thaa 'kiyaa wah majhay kachray kay daheer parr daalay baghair kabhi mukhtalif nahein honay dain gay? bay maanee honay kaa ahsaas majhay jaldi say bhadkata hay aur sach kahoon tuu yaha waaqee kabhi nahein chhoday gaa. leakin waisay bhee film jaari rahee theek hay? yaha duniya kay harr milk mein number eek bunn gayaa aur yaha miray aqayed kii numaindagi kartaa hay.”

00084bf134606e5e44b8339a561435e0c4af891c136cf0d6424f849810a06ea8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27063083

Culinary Arts Academy Switzerland

Culinary Arts Academy Switzerland School in Switzerland, devoted to culinary studies Culinary Arts Academy Switzerland is a culinary school located in Switzerland and a member school of Swiss Education Group. Bachelor students are based at the Le Bouveret campus in French-speaking Switzerland, on the shores of Lake Geneva. Master's students, as well as the Chocolate and Pastry Specialisation students, are based at the city campus of Lucerne, in German-speaking Switzerland. Le Bouveret campus also houses the Mosimann Collection, a collection of culinary memorabilia provided by Chef Anton Mosimann, OBE. Academic Programmes. For Undergraduate students, a dual bachelor's degree in Culinary Arts is offered in partnership with University of Derby, U.K. The programme also includes 2 internships, allowing students to gain a year's work experience during their studies. Postgraduate students can undertake a Master of International Business in Culinary Management. This is a professional master's and includes 2 internships and 2 one-week field trips to the Ritz Escoffier School in Paris. For Chocolate and Pastry students, an Advanced Professional Diploma in Swiss Pastry and Chocolate Arts is available. History. Culinary Arts Academy was founded in 1991 and the following year, Domino Carlton Tivoli International Hotel Management Career Centre, as the school was first known, welcomed its first students to its campus in Lucerne's Carlton-Tivoli Hotel building overlooking the shores of Lake Lucerne. In this location, the school grew and developed in its first years, establishing initial relationships with both Johnson & Wales University and Lynn University. In 1996, DCT International Hotel & Business Management School was formed when a group of the original Swiss founders formed a partnership to take over from its original investors. DCT also expanded its programme offerings, adding courses specialising in European Gourmet Cuisine and in European Pastry and Chocolate to the initial Diploma and Postgraduate Diploma programmes in Hotel & Tourism Management, as well as establishing partnerships with Florida International University and the University of Massachusetts - Amherst. In 2003, DCT moved its campus out of the 100-year-old Carlton-Tivoli Hotel building and further along the shores of Lake Lucerne to the village of Vitznau. In this setting, DCT continued to develop and grow, including the addition of an MBA in Hospitality Management program and the new Master Gourmet Culinary Arts course, plus an expanded relationship with Lynn University and its Switzerland Program. In 2011, Swiss Education Group acquired DCT University Center. DCT University Center was renamed to Culinary Arts Academy Switzerland and its two campuses are shared with another Swiss Education Groups school, César Ritz Colleges Switzerland. In 2012, the campus moved to downtown Lucerne – back to the centre of the city where the school was founded more than two decades earlier. The César Ritz Colleges/Culinary Arts Academy campus is now housed in modern facilities in Lucerne near Löwenplatz, bordering the city's historical and central shopping districts. Partnerships & Accreditations. Industry Partnerships include: "Ritz Paris" "Ritz Escoffier Culinary School" "Mane" "Alessi" Academic Partnerships include: "University of Derby (at Undergraduate level)" "THE-ICE – The International Centre of Excellence in Tourism and Hospitality Education" "EduQua – the Swiss national quality assurance body" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rondhon kolaa academy swizerland rondhon kolaa academy swizerland hoise swizerlandot owosthito ekhon rondhon bidyaloy aaru suis xikhya gutor etaa xodosyo bidyaloy. snatok saatro-satrixokol geneva hrodor paarot thoka france bhaxi swizerlandor ley bouverate campsot owosthito. snatkuttoror saatro-satrixokolor logote socklet aaru pestri bixexotwor saatro-satrixokol german bhaxi swizerlandor luchern sohoror xibirot owosthito. ley bouverate campsot musimen xongrohou aase, jitu seph anton musimen, oh 'bii-ror dwara prodan koraa rondhonxomprodayor smritisinhor xongroho. xoikhyik karzoxusixomuh. snatok saatro-satrixokolor baabe, rondhon kolar dwoito snatok degree biswobidyaloyor darbir ongxidaritwot aagborhuwa hoy.key. ei karzoxusit 2taa internswiporu ontorbhukto aase, jaar folot xikhyarthixokole teulukor odhyoyonor xomoyot ebosoror kormo obhigyota laabh koribo paare. snatokuttor xikhyarthixokole rondhon byowosthaponar khetrot antohrastriyo byowoxayot snatokuttor degree laabh koribo paare. eitu etaa pesadari snatokuttor aaru iyat perisor ritz escofier skuloloi 2taa internswip aaru 2taa ek xoptahor field trip ontorbhukto aase. socklet aaru pestrir saatro-satrixokolor baabe, suis pestri aaru socklet artsot ek unnot pesadari dipluma upolobdho. itihax. rondhon kolaa academy 1991 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru poroborti bosor, dominu carlton tibhuli antohrastriyo hotel byowosthapona keriyar center, jaak bidyaloikhone prothome jonaa goisil, iyar prothom saatro-satrixokolok lucharno hrodor paarot thoka lucharnor carlton-tibhuli hotel bhowonot iyar kempasoloi aadoroni jonaisil. ei sthanot, jonoson endo wels biswobidyaloy aaru linn biswobidyaloy duyutare xoite prarombhik xomporko sthapon kori bidyaloitu iyar prothom bosorburot briddhi aaru bikoxito hoisil. 1996 sonot, di. ti. ti. antohrastriyo hotel endo bijnes management skool gothon koraa hoisil jetiya mool suis protisthapokxokolor etaa dole iyar mool biniyugkarixokolor poraa dayitwo lo "boloi ongxidaritwo gothon korisil. di. ti. ti.-ye iyar karzoxusir prodanxomuhou xomproxaron korisil, europiyo xuswadu rondhonxoili aaru europiyo pestri aaru sokoletor bixexogyo pathyokromxomuh hotel aaru porjoton byowosthaponar prarombhik dipluma aaru snatokuttor dipluma karzoxusixomuhot jug diyar logote fluorida antohrastriyo biswobidyaloy aaru mesasusets biswobidyaloy-emharstor xoite ongxidaritwo sthapon korisil. 2003 sonot di. chi. ti.-ye 100 bosor puroni carlton-tibhuli hotel bhowonor poraa aaru lucharno hrodor paarot bhitjonau gaonloi iyar xibir sthanantor korisil. ei poriwexot, di. chi. ti.-ror bikax aaru bikax obyahot aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil aatithyo byowosthapona karzoxusit em. bi. e. jug diya aaru notun master gourmet rondhon kolaa pathyokrom, logote linn biswobidyaloy aaru iyar swizerland karzoxusir xoite ek xomproxarito xomporko. 2011 sonot suis edukexon groope [1] di. ti. ti. biswobidyaloy kendro odhigrohon kore. di. ti. ti. biswobidyaloy kendror naam xoloni kori rondhon kolaa academy swizerland koraa hoisil aaru iyar dutaa kempas aan etaa suis xikhya gutt skool, sejar ritz kolej swizerlandor xoite bhag koraa hoise. 2012 sonot, campustu luchernor kendriyo kendroloi sthanantorito hoisil-punor sohorkhonor majbhagoloi zo 'too bidyaloitu dui doxokotkoiu odhik aagote protistha koraa hoisil. sijar ritz kolej/rondhon kolaa academyr xibirtu etiya sohorkhonor oitihaxik aaru kendriyo bojar koraa jilaar ximantoborti lowenplatzor usoror lucharnot aadhunik xubidhaxomuhot sthapon koraa hoise. ongxidaritwo aaru swikriti. udyugor ongxidaritwor bhitorot aaseh "ritz peris" "ritz escofier rondhon bidyaloy" "maan" "elesi" xoikhyik ongxidaritwor bhitorot aaseh "darbi biswobidyaloy (snatok porzayot)" "dyo-aais-porjoton aaru aatithyo xikhyar utkorxotar antohrastriyo kendro" "eduka-suis rastriyo gunogoto mandondor nischoyota xongstha"

suizerland randhan colla academy randhan colla academy suizerland suizerlande abosthito ekti randhan vidyalaya ebong suis shikkha gosthir ekti sadasya vidyalaya. snatok shikkharthira geneva hroder teere farasibhashi suizerlander leey bouvet campuse abosthito. masterser chhatroder pashapashi chocolate ebong pastry biseshoggo chhatrora jarmanbhashi suizerlander lucern shohorer campuse abosthito. leey bouverate campuse mojiman sangrahao royeche, jaa shafe anton mojiman, obi dwara prodotto randhansampradayer smritichinhogulir ekti sangraha. academic programa. snatok shikkharthider jonno, darby vishwavidyalaya, eu-err saathe angshidaritte randhan shilpe dwaito snatok degree deoa hoy.keey. eyi kormosuchite 2tii internshipo royeche, jaa shikkharthider taader adhyayaner somoy eka bochorer kaajer obhiggota orjon korte deyo. snatakottar shikkharthira randhan byabosthaponay antorjatik byabosai snatakottar korte paare. etty ekti peshadar masters ebong err modhye 2tii internship ebong 2tii eka saptaher field tripa royeche pyariser ritz escophier schoole. chocolate ebong pastry shikkharthider jonno, suis pastry ebong chocolate artsey ekti unnoto peshadar diploma upolobdho. itihas. randhan colla academy 1991 saale protisthito hoy ebong porer bochor, domino carlton tivoli antorjatik hotel management carrier center, jaa schoolti prothom porichito chhilo, lucern hroder upokulke upekkha korey lucerner carlton-tivoli hotel bhobone taar prothom shikkharthider swagoto jaanaay. eyi sthane, vidyalayati taar prothom bochorgulite briddhi paay ebong bikash laav korey, johnson anned oyelasa vishwavidyalaya ebong lynne vishwavidyalaya ubhoyer sathei prathomik somporko sthapon korey. 1996 saale, dii. tii. tii international hotel anned bijnes management school gothito hoy jokhon mool suis protisthatader ekti doll taar mool biniyogkarider kachh theke dayitto neoar jonno ekti angshidaritto gathon korey. dii. shee. tii taar programa offergulio prosarito korey, europea suswadu randhanshaili ebong europea pastry ebong chocolater biseshoggo courseguli hotel oo porjoton byabosthaponar prathomik diploma ebong snatakottar diploma programgulite jukto korey, pashapashi florida antorjatik vishwavidyalaya ebong massachusets bishwobidyaloyer saathe angshidaritto sthapon korey-amherst. 2003 saale, dii. shee. tii taar campusty 100 bochorer purno carlton-tivoli hotel bhobon theke ebong lucern hroder teere vitznau grame sthanantorito korey. eyi poribeshe, dii. shee. tii. atitheyata byabosthapona programe ekti emm. bii. ayee jog ebong notun muster gurmet randhan shilp course, pashapashi lynne vishwavidyalaya ebong err suizerland programer saathe ekti prosarito somporko soho bikash ebong briddhi abyahoto rakhe. 2011 saale, suis edukeshana group [1] dii. tii. tii vishwavidyalaya kendra adhigrahan korey. dii. shee. tii vishwavidyalaya kendrer naam poriborton korey randhan colla academy suizerland koraa hoy ebong err duti campus suizerlander sijara ritz college naame arekti suis shikkha gosthir saathe bhag koraa hoy. 2012 saale, campusty lucern shohorer kendrosthole sthanantorito hoy-shohorer kendre firey jekhane schoolti dui doshokero beshi agey protisthito hoyechilo. sijara ritz college/randhan colla academyr campus ekhon shohorer oitihasik ebong kendriya kenakatar jelara simantabarti loenplatzer kachhe lucerne adhunik subidhagulite abosthito. angshidaritto oo swikriti. shilp angshidaritter modhye royeche "ritz parris" "ritz escoffere randhan vidyalaya" "maan" "alessi" academic angshidaritter modhye royeche "darby vishwavidyalaya (snatok porjaye)" "dya-aise-porjoton oo atitheyata shikkhar khettre antorjatik utkorsho kendra" "" "eduka-suis jatiya gunoman nischitkaran sangostha" ""

raandhan qalaa akaadmee switzerland raandhan qalaa akaadmee switzerland aee switzerlandma stheet aek raandhan shaala chhe aneey swis shikshan juthnee sabhy shaala chhe. snaatak vidhyarthio geneva talaavnaa keenare french bolata switzerlandma leey boovet campusemaa stheet chhe. maastarnaa vidhyarthio, temaj chocolate aneey pastry specialisation vidhyarthio, german bolata switzerlandma lucernnaa ciity campusemaa stheet chhe. leey baveret campusemaa mossiman sangrah pann chhe, jeey shafe antone mossiman, obee dwara pradaan karaayel raandhan smrutichinhono sangrah chhe. shaikshanik kaarykramo. snaatak vidhyarthio maate, derby university, yuu. aesa. saathe bhagidarima raandhan kalaamaa bevadi snatakni degree aapvama aave chhe.keey. aaa karykrama 2 internshipno pann samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey vidhyarthione temnaa abhyaas darmiyan aek varshno kaary anoobhav melavani manjuri aape chhe. anusnatak vidhyarthio raandhan vyavsthaapanmaa aantarrashtriy vyavsayma master curry shake chhe. aaa aek vyaavsaayik master chhe aneey temaa 2 internship aneey pereesmaa ritz escoffier schoolma 2 aek saptaahnee filled tripsno samaavesh thaay chhe. chocolate aneey pastryna vidhyarthio maate, swis pastry aneey chocolate artsma adhyatan vyaavsaayik diploma uplabdh chhe. itihas. raandhan qalaa akaadameeni sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey pachhinaa varshe, domino carlton tivoli aantarrashtriy hotel management karkirdi kendra, jeey shaala pratham vakhat jaaniti hatee, tene tenaa pratham vidhyarthione leukerna carlton-tivoli hotel buildingma tenaa campusemaa aavkarya hataa, jeey lukern talaavnaa keenarethi dekhaay chhe. aaa sthale, shaala tenaa pratham varshomaa vikasi aneey vikasi, johnson anned wells university aneey lyne university banne saathe praarambhik sambandho sthaapit karyaa. karyaa, dii. see. tii. international hotel anned business management schoolni rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee jyaare mool swis sthaapakona juthe tenaa mool rokaankaaro pasethi sattaa sambhaalvaa maate bhagidarini rachnaa curry hatee. dii. see. tii. aee tenaa kaarykramni rajuaatne pann vistrut curry, european swaadisht randhankala aneey european pastry aneey chocolatema visheshta dharaavtaa abhyaskramone hottle aneey pravaasan vyavsthaapanmaa praarambhik diploma aneey anusnatak diploma karykramoma umeryaa, temaj florida aantarrashtriy university aneey university off mesatusates-amherst saathe bhagidari sthaapit curry. curry, dii. see. tii. aee 100 varsh juunii carlton-tivoli hottle buildingmathi tenaa campusne bahaar kaadhine lucern talaavnaa keenare vitznau gaammaan khasedyu hatoo. aaa settingma, dii. see. tii. aee vikaas aneey vikaas karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, jemaa aatithya vyavsthaapan karykrama aema. bii. aee. noow umero aneey navaa master gaurmet raandhan qalaa abhyaskram, upraant lyne university aneey tenaa switzerland kaarykram saathe vistrut sambandhno samaavesh thaay chhe. chhe, swis aejucation group [1] aee dii. see. tii. university center hastgat karyoo. dii. see. tii. university centernu naam badaline raandhan qalaa akaadmee switzerland rakhvama aavyu hatoo aneey tenaa beey campus anya swis shikshan juthoni shaala, cessor ritz collego saathe vahenchvaamaa aavyaa chhe. 2012 maan, campus downtown leucernma khasedvama aavyu-shahernaa kendramaa jyaan shaalaani sthaapnaa beey daaykaathi vadhu samay pahelaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. seasure ritz collego/raandhan qalaa akaadameenu parisar havey shahernaa aitihasik aneey kendreey khareedi jeellaoni sarahade aavela lovenplatz najik leucernma aadhunik suvidhaoma aavelu chhe. bhagidari aneey maanyata. udhyog bhagidarima nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh "ritz paris" "ritz escoffier raandhan shaala" "maana" "" "elesi" "" shaikshanik bhagidarima nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh "derby university (snaatak stare)" "dhaa-aais-pravaasan aneey aatithya shikshanma shreshthataanu aantarrashtriy kendra" "eduka-swis raashtriy gunvattaa khaatari sanstha"

paak kalaa akadami switzerland paak kalaa akadami switzerland mein sthit ack paak vidyalaya haye aur swiss shiksha samooh kaa ack sadasya vidyalaya haye. snaatak chhaatr francisi bhashi switzerland mein leey bowett parisar mein sthit hain, joe geneva jheel key tata parr sthit haye. master key chhaatr, saath hii chocolet aur pastery visheshagyata key chhaatr, german bhashi switzerland mein lucern key shahar parisar mein sthit hain. lii baveret parisar mein moziman sangrah bhee haye, joe shafe anton moziman, oh. bee. ee. dwara pradaan kii gaee paak smriti kaa ack sangrah haye. shaikshanik karyakram. snaatak chhatron key liye, derby vishvavidyalaya, yuu. key. key saath saajhedaari mein paak kalaa mein dohri snaatak kii degree kii peshkash kii jaati haye.key. iss karyakram mein 2 internship bhee shamil hain, jisase chhaatr apani padhaai key dauran ack saal kaa kaary anubhav praapt curr sakate hain. snatkottar chhaatr paak prabandhan mein antarrashtriya vyavasaay mein master curr sakate hain. yeh ack peshevar master haye aur isamen 2 internship aur peris mein ritz escoffier school mein 2 ack saptah kii feeled trip shamil hain. chocolet aur pastery key chhatron key liye, swiss pastery aur chocolet arts mein ack unnat peshevar diploma upalabdh haye. itihas. paak kalaa akadami kii sthaapana 1991 mein hui thee aur agale varsh, domin carlton tivoli antarrashtriya hotal prabandhan carrier kendra, jaisa kii school koo pahali baar jaanaa jaataa thaa, ney lucern key carlton-tivoli hotal bhawan mein apane pahale chhatron kaa swaagat kiya, joe lucern jheel key taton koo dekhta haye. iss sthaan parr, school ney apane pahale varshon mein vikas kiya aur johnson aind wells vishvavidyalaya aur linn vishvavidyalaya donon key saath praarambhik sambandh sthaapit kiye. 1996 mein, dee. see. tii. international hotal aind business management school kaa gathan taba kiya gayaa thaa jaba mool swiss sansthapakon key ack samooh ney apane mool niveshakon seey adhigrahan karane key liye ack saajhedaari kaa gathan kiya thaa. dee. see. tii. ney apane karyakram prastaavon kaa bhee vistaar kiya, jisamen europeeya swaadisht vyanjanon mein visheshagyata vaale pathyakramon aur europeeya pastery aur chocolet koo hotal aur paryatan prabandhan mein praarambhik diploma aur snatkottar diploma karyakramon mein jodaa gayaa, saath hii saath florida antarrashtriya vishvavidyalaya aur massachusets vishvavidyalaya-amherst key saath saajhedaari sthaapit kii gaee. 2003 mein, dee. see. tii. ney apane parisar koo 100 saal puraane carlton-tivoli hotal bhawan seey baahar nikaal diyaa aur aage lucern jheel key taton key saath vitzanaau gaanv mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. iss parivesh mein, dee. see. tii. ney vikas aur vikas jaari rakhaa, jisamen aatithya prabandhan karyakram mein ack aim. bee. aeye. aur nae master swaadisht paak kalaa pathyakram key saath-saath linn vishvavidyalaya aur isake switzerland karyakram key saath ack vistaarit sambandh shamil haye. 2011 mein, swiss shiksha samooh [1] ney dee. see. tii. vishvavidyalaya kendra kaa adhigrahan kiya. dee. see. tii. vishvavidyalaya kendra kaa naam badalkar paak kalaa akadami switzerland curr diyaa gayaa aur isake dou parisaron koo ack anya swiss shiksha samooh school, seasure ritz colleges key saath saajha kiya gayaa haye. 2012 mein, parisar shahar key kendra mein vaapas chalaa gayaa-shahar key kendra mein jahaan school kii sthaapana dou dashak seey adhik samay pahale kii gaee thee. seasure ritz college/paak kalaa akadami parisar abb shahar key aitihaasik aur kendriya kharidari jilon kii seema seey lagey lavenplatz key paas lucern mein aadhunik suvidhaon mein sthit haye. saajhedaari aur maanyata. udyog saajhedaari mein shamil hainh "ritz peris" "ritz escoffier paak vidyalaya" "maan" "" "alasi" "" shaikshanik saajhedaari mein shamil hainh "derby vishvavidyalaya (snaatak star parr)" "dha-aais-paryatan aur aatithya shiksha mein utkrishtata kaa antarrashtriya kendra" "educa-swiss rashtriya gunavatta ashvasana nikaay"

sweeden pakakalegala academy sweetzerlandna pakakalegala academy switzerlandnalliruwa ondu pakashaleyagide mattu idu swiss sikshana gumpina sadasya shaaleyaagide. geneeva sarovarada tiradalliruva french maatanaaduva switzerlandna leey beauveret campassionalli snaataka vidyaarthigalu nelesiddaare. snatakottara vidyaarthigalu, haageye chocolate mattu pastery vishesha vidyaarthigalu german maatanaaduva switzerlandna lucern nagarada campassionalli nelesiddaare. leey beauveret campassionalli mosiman sangrahavoo ide, idu obena cheff anton mosiman odagisida pakashaleya smaraneeya vastugala sangrahavaagide. shaikshanika kaaryakramagalu. padavipurva vidyaarthigalige, durby vishvavidyaalaya, yuu. ess. sahabhagitvadalli pakakaleyalli eradu padavigalannu nidalaaguttade.keey. ee kaaryakramavu 2 internshipgalannu saha olagondide, idu vidyaarthigalige tamma adhyayanada samayadalli ondu varshada kelasada anubhavavannu padeyalu anuvu maadikoduttade. snatakottara vidyaarthigalu pakashastra nirvahaneyalli antararashtriya vevahaaradalli snatakottara padavi padeyabahudu. idu vruttipara snatakottara padavi mattu idaralli 2 internshipgalu mattu parisna ritz escophier shaalege 2 ondu vaarada kshetra pravaasagalu serive. chocolate mattu pastery vidyaarthigalige, swiss pastery mattu chocolate artsnelli sudhaarita vruttipara diploma labhyavide. itihaasa. pakakaleya academy 1991ralli sthaapaneyaayitu mattu mundina varsha, domino carlton tivoli international hotel management vrattijeevana kendravu, shaleyu modalu tilidiruvante, tanna modala vidyarthigalannu lucern sarovarada karavaliya meliruva lucerne carlton-tivoli hotel kattadadalliruva tanna campasge svaagatisitu. ee sthaladalli, shaleyu tanna modala varsagalalli beleyitu mattu abhivruddhi honditu, johnson & wales vishvavidyaalaya mattu linn vishvavidyaalayagaleradarondi arambhika sambandhagalannu sthaapisitu. 1996ralli, moola swiss samsthaapakara ondu gumpu adara moola hoodikedaararinda swadhinapadisikollalu paaludaarikeyannu rachisidaaga dii. sii. tii. international hotel & bisiness management school annu rachisalaayitu. dii. sii. tii. tanna kaaryakramada kodugegalannu vistarisitu, european gourmet pakapaddhati mattu european pastery mattu chaakoletnalli parinati hondiruva korsgalannu hotel mattu pravasodyama nirvahaneya arambhika diploma mattu snatakottara diploma kaaryakramagalige serisitu, jotege florida antararashtriya vishvavidyaalaya mattu mastusets vishvavidyaalayadondige paaludaarikeyannu sthaapisitu-amherst. 2003ralli, dii. sii. tii. yuu tanna campus annu 100 varshagalashtu haleyadaada carlton-tivoli hotel kattadadinda mattu lucerne sarovarada tiradalli whitznou gramakke sthalaantarisitu. ee sanniveshadalli, dii. sii. tii. yuu atithya nirvahanaa kaaryakramadalli emm. bii. aa. mattu hosa master gourmet pakakaleya course, jotege linn vishvavidyaalaya mattu adara switzerland kaaryakramadondigina vistruta sambandhavannu serisuvudu seridante abhivruddhi mattu belavanigeyannu munduvarisitu. 2011ralli, swiss ejucation group [1] dii. sii. tii. university center annu swadhinapadisikonditu. dii. sii. tii. vishvavidyaalaya kendravannu pakakaleya academy endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu mattu adara eradu campasgalannu mattondu swiss sikshana gumpugala shaale, cessor ritz kaalejugala switzerlendnondige hanchikollalaagide. 2012ralli, campus lucerne nagarada madhyabhaagakke sthalaantaragonditu-eradu dasakagala hinde shaaleyannu sthaapisida nagarada madhyabhaagakke maralitu. seaser ritz kaalejugalu/pakakaleya academy campus eega nagarada aitihaasika mattu kendra shopping jillegala gadiyalliruva lovenplatz baliya lucerneyalli aadhunika soulabhyagalalli nelegondide. paludarikegalu mattu maanyategalu. kaigarika paludarikegalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh "ritz paris" "ritz escophier pakashale" "" "manu" "" "alessi" shaikshanika paludarikegalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh "durby vishvavidyaalaya (padavipurva mattadalli)" "dhii-ais-pravasodyama mattu atithya sikshanadalli shreshthateya antararashtriya kendra" "edukwa-swiss rashtriya gunamattada bharavase samsthe"

pakakala akadami switzerland pakakala akadami switzerland hii switzerlandmadhil eka pakakala shaala aahe aanee swees shikshan gatachi sadasya shaala aahe. padviche vidyarthi geneva talavachya kinanyavar french bhashik switzerlandmadhil leey buvet campusemadhye aahet. padvyuttar padviche vidyarthi, tasech chocolate aanee pastery visheshateche vidyarthi, german bhashik switzerlandmadhil leusernchya shahar parisarat sthit aahet. leey beauverate campusemadhye mossiman sangrah dekhil aahe, joou shafe anton mossiman, oo. bii. eae. yanni pradan kelelya pakkalechya smaraneey vastooncha sangrah aahe. shaikshanik karyakram. padvipurv vidyarthyansathi, derby vidyapith, yuu. ess. chya bhagidarit pakakaletil duheri padvi dilee jaate.keey. yaa karyakramat 2 internship dekhil samavisht aahet, jyamule vidyarthyanna tyanchya abhyasadarmyan eka varshacha kamacha anubhav miloo shakato. padvyuttar vidyarthi pakakala vyavasthapanat aantarrashtriy vyavasayat padvyuttar padvi gheu shakatat. heey vyavsayik padvyuttar aahe aanee tyat 2 internship aanee parismadhil ritz escoffier shalechya 2 eka aathvadyachya maidani sahali samavisht aahet. chocolate aanee pasterychya vidyarthyansathi, swis pastery aanee chocolate artsmadhye pragat vyavsayik padavika upalabdh aahe. itihas. pakakala akadamichi sthapana 1991 madhye jhaali aanee pudhchya varshi, domino carlton tivoli aantarrashtriy hottel vyavasthapan karkird kendra, jeey pahilyanda olakhale jaat hote, tyane tyachya pahilya vidyarthyanche leusernchya carlton-tivoli hotelchya imaratitil tyachya parisarat swagat kele, jeey lake leusernchya kinanyapasun door aahe. yaa thikani, johnson andd wells vidyapith aanee lyne vidyapith yaa donhinshi prarambhik sambandh prasthapit karoon, shalechi tyachya pahilya varshanmadhye vaadh jhaali aanee vikas jhaala. 1996 madhye, dii. see. tii. international hottel andd business management schoolchi sthapana jhaali jevha mool swis sansthapakanchya eka gatane tyachya mool guntavanukdarankadun taba ghenyasathi bhagidari kelee. dii. see. tii. neey tyachya karyakramachya prastavancha vistar keela, hottel aanee paryatan vyavasthapanatil prarambhik padavika aanee padvyuttar padavika karyakramanmadhye european swadisht pakakruti aanee european pastery aanee chocolatemadheel vishesh abhyaskram jodale, tasech florida aantarrashtriy vidyapith aanee massatusates vidyapith-emherstshee bhagidari sthapan kelee. 2003 madhye, dii. see. tii. neey 100 varshe junya carlton-tivoli hottel imaratitoon aanee pudhe lake leusernchya kinanyavar whitznau gavat aapala parisar halavala. yaa vatavaranat, dii. see. tii. neey aatithya vyavasthapan karyakramat emm. bii. aii. chee bharr aanee naveen master gormet pakakala abhyaskram, tasech lyne vidyapith aanee tyachya switzerland karyakramashi vistarit sambandh yasah vikas aanee vaadh suruch thewali. 2011 madhye, swis education groupne [1] dii. see. tii. vidyapith kendra vikat ghetale. dii. see. tii. vidyapith kendrache naav badaloon pakakala akadami switzerland asey karnyat aale aanee tyache done parisar dusya swees shikshan gut shaala, cessor ritz mahavidhyalaye switzerlands samayik kele gele aahet. 2012 madhye, parisar shaharachya madhyabhagi parat gela-jithe done dashakanhun adhik kalapurvi shalechi sthapana jhaali hotee. cessor ritz mahavidhyalaye/pakakala akadami parisar aata shaharachya aitihasik aanee madhyavarti kharedi jilhyanchya simevar asalelya lovenplatzajavalachya leucernmadhil aadhunik suvidhanmadhye aahe. bhagidari aanee manyata. udyog bhagidarimadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh "ritz parris" "ritz escoffier pakakala shaala" "maan" "alessi" shaikshanik bhagidarimadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh "derby vidyapith (padvi staravar)" "daad-aais-paryatan aanee aatithya shikshanatil utkrushtateche aantarrashtriy kendra" "eduka-swis rashtriy gunavatta hummy sanstha"

paak kala ekedemy swizerland paak kala ekedemy swizerland swizerlandma awasthit ek paak vidyalaya how rar swis shiksha samuhako sadasya vidyalaya how. snatak vidyarthiharu jenebha talko kinarma francelli bhashi swizerlandko ley bubheta campusema adharit chhan. masterka vidyarthiharu, sathai chakalet rar pastery visheshagyataka vidyarthiharu, german bhashi swizerlandko lusernko sahar parisarma adharit chhan. ley bubheta campusema mosiman sangraha pani chha, shafe anton mosiman, obele pradan gareko paak smarakharuko sangraha. shaikshik karyakramharu. snatak vidyarthiharuka lagi, derby vishwavidyalaya, yusangko sajhedarima paak kala maa dohoro snatak degree prastawa garieko chha.key. karyakramma 2 wata internshipharu pani samawesh chhan, jasle vidyarthiharulai uniharuko adhyayanko kramama ek warshako karya anubhav prapta garna anumati dinchha. snatakottar vidyarthiharule paak prabandhanma antarrashtriya wyawasayama master garna sakchhan. yo ek wyawasayik master how rar yasama 2 internship rar 2 perisko ritz escofier schoolma ek haptako field tripharu samawesh chhan. chakalet rar pastery vidyarthiharuka lagi, swis pastery rar chakalet artma unnat wyawasayik diploma upalabdha chha. itihas. paak kala ekedemy 1991 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo rar arko warsha, domin carlton tiwoli antarrashtriya hotel wyawasthapan carrier centre, skullai pahilo patak chinieko thiyo, yasako pahilo vidyarthiharulai leucernko carlton-tiwoli hotel bhawanma yasako campusema swagat gariyo. yass sthanma, yo vidyalaya yasako pahilo warshaharuma badhyo rar wiksit bhayo, johnson anned wells vishwavidyalaya rar lyne vishwavidyalaya duwaisanga prarambhik sambandha sthapana गऱ्यो।. sann 1996 maa, dii. sii. tii. antarrashtriya hotel rar wyapar wyawasthapan vidyalaya gathan bhaeko thiyo jab muel swis sansthapakharuko samuhale yasako muel laganikartaharubata adhigrahan garna sajhedari gathan गऱ्यो।. dictile afno karyakram prastawharu pani wistar garyo, europeli swadishta khana rar europeli pastery rar chakaletma visheshagyata prapta pathyakramharu hotel rar paryatan prabandhanma prarambhik diploma rar snatakottar diploma karyakramharuma thapdai, sathai florida antarrashtriya vishwavidyalaya rar massachusets vishwavidyalaya-amherstsanga sajhedari sthapana garyo. 2003 maa, dii. sii. tii. ley afno parisarlai 100 warsha purano carlton-tiwoli hotel bhawanbata bahira nikaldai lucerne talko kinarma bhitjanau gaunma saryo. yass settingma, dictile vikas rar wriddhi garna jaari rakhyo, jasma atithya wyawasthapan karyakramma mbako thap rar nayan master swadishta paak kala pathyakram, sathai lyne vishwavidyalaya rar yasako swizerland karyakramsanga wistarit sambandha samawesh chha. sann 2011 maa, swis shiksha samuha [1] ley dii. sii. tii. vishwavidyalaya kendra adhigrahan गऱ्यो।. dii. sii. tii. vishwavidyalaya kendrako naam pariwartan gari paak kala ekedemy swizerland rakhieko thiyo rar yasaka dui parisarharu arko swis shiksha samuha schol, sejar ritz collegeharu swizerlandsang sajhedari garieko chha. maa 2012, parisar downtown lucernma sario-shaharko kendrama firta jahaan vidyalaya dui dashak bhanda pahile sthapit bhaeko thiyo. cessor ritz collegeharu/paak kala ekedemy campus ab shaharko aitihasik rar kendriya kinmail jillaharuko simanama raheko lovenplatz najikaiko lucernma adhunik suwidhaharuma rakhieko chha. sajhedari rar manyata. udyog sajhedarima samawesh chhanh "ritz peris" "ritz ascofier paak vidyalaya" "mane" "alessy" shaikshik sajhedarima samawesh chhanh "derby vishwavidyalaya (snatak starma)" "da-ais-paryatan rar atithya shikshama utkrishtatako antarrashtriya kendra" "eduka-swis rashtriya gunastar ashwasana nikaya"

swijaralyandara paaka kalaa ekademy swijaralyandara randhan kalaa ekademy heuchhi swijaralyandare abasthita eka randhan bidyalaja ebong swis sikhya gosthira eka sadasya bidyalaja . snataka chhatrachhatrimane jenebha hrada koolare thiba farasi bhashi swijaralyandara leey bubheret campsray rahuchanti. master chhatra, tatha chakolet ebong pestry swatantrata chhatramane german bhashi swijaralyandara lucern saharar campsray abasthita . leey bouvert campsray mossimon sangraha madhya rahichhi, jaahaa shafe anton mossimon, obinka dwara pradan karajaithiba randhan smarakeegudikara eka sangraha . academic karjyakram. snataka chatramananka paain, randhan kalaare eka dwita snataka degree derby biswabidyalaja, jayu.kee. ehi karjyakramare 2tii internship madhya antarbhukta, jaahaa chhatrachhatrimananku semananka adhyajana samajare eka barshar karjya abhigyata hassel karibaku anumathi deithae. snatakottara chhatrachhatrimane randhan parichalanare antarjatija byabasajare snatakottara kariparibe. ehaa eka pesadara master ebong ethire 2tii internship ebong 2tii eka saptahara field trip pyarisra ritz escofier skulaku antarbhukta . chakolet ebong pestry chatramananka paain, swis pestry ebong chakolet artre eka unnat bruttigata diploma upalabdha . itihas. randhan kalaa ekademy 1991 ray sthapita hoithila ebong parabarti barsha, dominio carlton tivoli antarjatija hotel management kyariyara centre, jaahaa bidyalaja prathame janashuna thila, ehara pratham chatramananku lucern hradara tataku aakhi buji lucern rahr carlton-tivoli hotel bildingre ehara campusku swagata karithila . ehi sthanare, bidyalajati ehara pratham barshagudikare brudhi ebong bikashita hoithila, ubhaja johnson anded wels biswabidyalaja ebong lyn biswabidyalaja sahita prarambhika samparka sthapana karithila. 1996 masihare, dii. tii. tii. international hotel anded business management skula gathan karajaithila jetebele moola swis pratisthatanka eka gosthi ehara moola nibeshakankatharu dajitwa neba paain eka bhagidari gathan karithile. dii. sii. tii. ehara karjyakram prastabaku madhya bistara karithila, europeah suswadu randhan pranali ebong europeah pestry ebong chakoletare swatantra pathyakramaku hotel ebong parjyatan parichalanare prarambhika diploma ebong snatakottara diploma prograamare joga kariba sahita florida antarjatija biswabidyalaja ebong massachusets biswabidyalaja-amhorst sahita bhagidari pratistha karithila . 2003 masihare, dii. sii. tii. ehara campusku 100 barsha puruna carlton-tivoli hotel bildingru bahara curry lucern hrada koolare bhitjnau gramaku sthanantarita karithila. ehi paribeshare, dii. sii. tii. rahr bikash ebong abhibruddhi jaari rahithila, jeunthire aatithya parichalana karjyakramare emm. bii. aii. joga kariba ebong nutan master gaurmet randhan kalaa pathyakrama, ebong lyn biswabidyalaja ebong ehara swijaralanda karjyakram sahita eka samprasarita samparka antarbhukta thila. 2011 masihare, swis sikhya gosthi [1] dii. tii. tii. biswabidyalaja kendra adhigrahan karithila. dii. tii. tii. biswabidyalaja kendra naama paribartana curry swijaralyanda randhan kalaa ekademy rakhajaithila ebong ehara duiti camps anya eka swis sikhya gosthi skula, sizar ritz college swijaralyanda sahita bantajaichhi. 2012 masihare, campusty lucern saharar kendrasthalaku sthanantarita hoithila-saharar madhyabhagaku pherithila jeunthare dui dashandhiru adhika purbaru bidyalajati sthapita hoithila . sejara ritz college/paaka kalaa ekademy camps bartamana saharar aitihasika ebong kendriah saping zillah seemaare thiba lowenplatz nikatabartee lucern thaare adhunika subidhagudikare abasthita . bhagidari ebong manyata. shilpa bhagidari madhyare rahichhih "ritz paris" "ritz escofier randhan bidyalaja" "maane" "alessi" academic bhagidari madhyare rahichhih "derby biswabidyalaja (snataka starare)" "" "dee-ices-parjyatan ebong aatithya sikhyare utkarshatara antarjatija kendra" "eduka-swis jatiah gunabatta aaswasana sanstha"

rasoi qalaa academy switzerland rasoi qalaa academy switzerland ikk rasoi school haii joe switzerland witch sathit haii atey swis sikkhiaa samooh daa ikk member school haii. bachelor vidiaarthi jeneva jheel dey kinare francisi bolann vaale switzerland dey leey boovet camps witch adharat hunn. maastar dey vidiaarthi, naal hii naal chocolet atey pastery muharat dey vidiaarthi, german bolann vaale switzerland witch lucern dey shehar camps witch adharat hunn. leey baveret camps witch mossiman sangrah vee haii, joe shaff aintan mossiman, ou. bee. ee. duaara pardan keeti gaee rasoi yadgaran daa sangrah haii. akadamik program. undergraduate vidiaarthiaan laee, rasoi qalaa witch dohri bachelor dee digri derby university, yuu. aiss. dey naal bhaiwali witch pesh keeti jaandi haii.keey. iss program witch 2 internship vee shamal hunn, jiss naal vidiaarthi aapni padahi dauran ikk saal daa kamm daa tajraba prapat qarr sakde hunn. post graduate vidiaarthi rasoi parbandhan witch antarashtari carobar witch maastar qarr sakde hunn. ih ikk peshevar maastar haii atey iss witch 2 internship atey 2 paris dey ritz ascophier school witch ikk hafte deeaan feeled yatravan shamal hunn. chocolet atey pastery dey vidiaarthiaan laee, swis pastery atey chocolet arts witch ikk unnat peshevar diploma upalbadh haii. itihaas. rasoi qalaa academy dee sathapana 1991 witch keeti gaee see atey agle saal, domino carlton tivoli antarashtari hotel parbandhan carrier center, jiven kii school noon pahili vaar janhiaa jaanda see, neey aapne pahile vidiaarthiaan daa lucern dey carlton-tivoli hotel dee imaarat witch iss dey camps witch swagat keeta. iss sathaan utte, school aapne pahile saalan witch vadhiaa atey vikast hoiaa, jiss neey johnson aind wells university atey linn university dovan naal shuruati sabndh sathapat keete. sann 1996 witch, dee. see. tii. international hotel aind busions management school daa gathan udon keeta giaa see jadon mool swis sansthapkan dey ikk samooh neey aapne mool niveshakan toon sambhal lainn laee ikk bhaiwali banayi see. dee. see. tii. neey aapne program deeaan peshakshan daa vee vistaar keeta, hotel atey sair-spata parbandhan witch shuruati diploma atey post graduate diploma programan witch european gormet pakwanan atey european pastery atey chocolet witch muharat vaale courses noon shamal keeta, naal hii florida international university atey massachusets university-amherst naal bhaiwali sathapat keeti. 2003 witch, dee. see. tii. neey aapne camps noon 100 saal purani carlton-tivoli hotel dee imaarat toon bahr kaddh keey lucern jheel dey kinare witch vitznau pind witch tabdil qarr ditta. iss setting witch, dee. see. tii. neey vikas atey vikas karna jaari rakkhiaa, jiss witch hospitality parbandhan program witch ikk aimm. bee. aii. atey navaan maastar gormet rasoi qalaa course, naal hii linn university atey iss dey switzerland program naal ikk vistrit sabndh shamal hunn. sann 2011 witch, swis sikkhiaa samooh [1] neey dee. see. tii. university center noon haasal keeta. dee. see. tii. university center daa naam badal keey rasoi qalaa academy switzerland rakkhiaa giaa atey iss dey doou camps ikk horr swis sikkhiaa samooh school, seasure ritz kaalaj switzerland naal sanjhe keete gaye hunn. 2012 witch, camps shehar dey kendra witch waps chalaa giaa-shehar dey kendra witch jitthe school dee sathapana doou dahake pahilan keeti gaee see. seasure ritz kaalaj/rasoi qalaa academy camps hunn shehar dey itihasak atey kendri khariddari zilhiaan dee sarhadd naal lavenplatz dey nede lucern witch aadhunik sahulatan witch sathit haii. bhaiwali atey maanta. udyog bhaiwali witch shamal hann "ritz paris" "ritz ascophier rasoi school" "maan" "alessi" akadamik bhaiwali witch shamal hann "derby university (undergraduate paddhar 'teey)" "aaees-sair-spata atey parahunchari sikkhiaa witch uttmata daa antarashtari kendra" "" "edukwa-swis rashtari gunwatta bharosa sanstha"

sweetzerlyaand-deshasya pakakala-akadami sweetzerlyaand-deshasya pakakala-akadami sweetzerlyaand-deshe sthitah pakakala-vidyaalayah, swis-deshasya shiksha-samuhasya sadasya-vidyaalayah cha asti. snaatakachaatraah jenevaa-sarovarasya tate french-bhashinam switzerlyaand-deshasya leey-bowert-parisarasya aashritaah santi. snaatakottarasy chhaatraah, tathaiva chacolate tathaa pastery visheshatvasya chhaatraah german-bhashinam switzerlyaand-deshasya lucern-nagarasya parisare sthitaah santi. leey-boovert-parisarah mosiman-sangraham api sthaapayati, yat shafe-aantan-mosiman-obe ityanena pradattanam paaka-smarakanam sangrahah asti. shaikshanik-kaaryakramah. snatakachhatranam krute, derby-vishvavidyaalayena saha sahabhagitvena pakakalayam dwaita-snaatak-upadhi pradatta asti.key. asmin kaaryakrame 2 internship-prashikshan-abhyasa-abhyaasah api antarbhavati, yena chhaatraah adhyayanakaale ekavarshasya kaaryaanubhavam praaptum shaknuvanti. snaatakottar-chhaatraah paakaprabandhanasy vishaye antarashtriya-vyavasaayasya snatakottaram kartum shaknuvanti. eshah vyaavasaayikasy snaatakottarasy asti, yasmin 2 internship-abhyaasaah, 2 ekasaptahaha kshetraparyatanani cha santi, ye cha pyaris-nagarasya ritz-escofier-vidyaalayam gacchanti. chocolate tathaa pastery-chhatranam krute, swis pastery tathaa chocolate-arts ityasmin unnata-vyaavasaayik-diploma upalabhyte. itihaasah. pakakala-akadami 1991 tame varshe sthaapitam, tadanantaram varshe dominocarten tivoli-antarashtriya-hotel-vyavasthaapan-vrutti-kendram, yathaa vidyaalayah prathamavaaram dnyaatah aasit, lucern-sarovarasya tatam prati drushtam lucern-carlton-tivoli-hotel-bhavane swasya prathamachaatraan tasya parisare swagatamat. asmin sthaane, vidyaalayah prathamavarsheshu eva vardhamaanah, vikasitah cha abhavat, jaansan-wells-vishvavidyaalayena, linn-vishvavidyaalayena cha saha praarambhik-sambandham sthapitavan. 1996 tame varshe dee. see. tea. antarashtriya-hotel-vyavasaay-vyavasthaapan-vidyaalayasya nirmanam jaatam, yadaa mool-swis-samsthapakanam ekaha samoohah tasya mool-niveshakaat swakaaryam sweekartum sahabhaagitvam krutavaan. dee. see. tea. ityanena swasya karyakramasya prastavanam api vistaarah krutah, european-swaadishta-pakashailishu, european-pastery tathaa cha chocolate-madhye cha visheshajna-pathyakraman hotel-paryatan-prabandhane praarambhik-diploma tathaa snaatakottar-diploma-karyakrameshu yojayitvaa, tathaiva florida-antarashtriya-vishvavidyaalayena tathaa massachusets-amherst-vishvavidyaalayena saha sahabhaagitvam sthaapitam. 2003 tame varshe dee. see. tea. ityanena 100 varshaanaam puratanat carlton-tivoli-hotel-bhavanaat bahihi, lucern-sarovarasya tate cha vitjnau-gramam prati swasya parisarah sthanantaritaha. asmin vyavasthaayaam, dee. see. tea.-samsthaayaah vikaasah vruddhihi cha nirantaram abhavat, yatra aatithy-vyavasthaapan-kaaryakrame emm. bee. e. ityasya samyojanam, nootanam master-gaurmet-pakakala-paatyakramam, tathaa linn-vishvavidyaalayena switzerlyaand-karyakramena cha saha vistrutam sambandham cha antarbhavati. 2011 tame varshe, swis-deshasya shiksha-samoohah [1] dee. see. tea. vishvavidyaalaya-kendram agruhnaat. dee. see. tea. vishvavidyaalayakendrasya namakaranam sweetzerlyaand-deshasya pakakala-akadami iti krutam, tasya parisaradwayam anyena swis-shiksha-samuhena vidyaalayen, cessor ritz-mahaavidyaalayaih sweetzerlyaand-deshe saha vibhaktam asti. 2012 tame varshe, parisarah lucern-nagarasya kendrasthanam prati gatah-punah nagarasya kendrasthanam prati, yatra vidyaalayasya sthapana dashakadwayebhyah poorvam abhavat. seesar ritz mahaavidyaalayaani/pakakala-akadami-parisarah adhunaa nagarasya aitihaasika-kendriya-krayan-mandalanam simayam lovenplatz ityasya sameepe lucern-nagare aadhunik-suvidhaasu sthitaa asti. sahabhaagitvam tathaa manyataha. udyoga-sahabhagitayam antarbhavanti. "ritz-perisa" "ritz escofier pakakala vidyaalayah" "munn" "alessy" shaikshanik-sahabhagitayam antarbhavanti. "derby-vishvavidyaalayaha (snaatak-stare)" "da-ais-paryatanasy aatithyasy cha shikshayaha antarashtriya-utkrushtata-kendram" iti." "edukaa-da swis national quality assurance baadee" iti."

switcherlaandhu samaiyal kalai akaadami switcherlaandhil ulla samaiyal kalai akaadami switcherlaandhil amainthulla oru samaiyal palliyaagum, maelum idhu suvis kalvik kuzhuvin uruppinar palliyaagum. ilangkalai maanavargal jeneeva aeriyin karaiyil ulla pirenchu paesum switcherlaandhil ulla leeii poovar valaagaththil ullanar. mudugalai maanavargalum, sacklate mattrum bastry sirappu maanavargalum jerman paesum switcherlaandhil ulla luzern nagara valaagaththil ullanar. leeii poovar valaakaththilum mossiman sekarippu ullathu, idhu samaiyalkarar anton mossiman, oopae valangkiya samaiyal ninaivuchchinnangalin thoguppaagum. kalvit thittangal. ilangkalai maanavargalukku, samaiyal kalaikalil irattai ilangkalai pattam terby palkalaikkazhagaththudan inainthu vazhangkappadukirathu.kae. inthath thittaththil 2 payirchip payirchigalum adangkum, idhu maanavargal thangal padippin poathu oru varuda panii anubavaththaip pera anumathikkirathu. mudugalai maanavargal samaiyal maelaanmaiyil sarvadesa vanigaththil muthukalaip pattam peralaam. idhu oru thozhilmurai mudugalai mattrum 2 internship mattrum 2 paarisil ulla rids escofier pallikku oru vaara kazhap payanangkal adangkum. sacklate mattrum bastry maanavargalukku, suvis bastry mattrum sacklate kalaikalil maempatta thozhilmurai diploma kidaikkirathu. varalaaru. samaiyal kalai akaadami 1991 aam aandil niruvappattathu, aduththa aandu, tomino carlton divoli sarvadesa hootal maelaanmai thozhil maiyam, palli muthanmuthalil ariyappattapadi, adhan muthal maanavargalai luzern aeriyin karaiyaik kavanikkum luzernine carlton-divoli hootal kattidaththil ulla adhan valaakaththirku varavaettrathu. inththa idaththil, palli adhan muthal aandugalil valarnthu valarnthathu, johnson & wales palkalaikkazhagam mattrum linn palkalaikkazhagam aagiya irandudanum aaramba uravugalai niruviyathu. 1996 aam aandil, dii. dii. dii sarvadesa hootal & vaniga maelaanmai palli uruvaakkappattathu, asal suvis niruvanarkalin kuzhu adhan asal muthaleettaalargalidamirunthu poruppaerka oru koottaanmaiyai uruvaakkiyathu. dii. dii. dii adhan thitta salugaigalaiyum virivupaduththiyathu, iroappiya suvaiyaana unavu mattrum iroappiya bastry mattrum sacclatil nibunaththuvam pettra padippugalai hootal mattrum suttrulaa maelaanmaiyil aaramba diploma mattrum mudugalai diploma thittangalukkuch saerththathu, aththudan plorida sarvadesa palkalaikkazhagam mattrum massusets palkalaikkazhagam-amherstudden koottaanmaiyai niruviyathu. 2003 aam aandil, dii. chii. dii thanathu valaagaththai 100 aandugal palamaiyaana carlton-divoli hootal kattidaththilirunthu veliyaettri, lucerne aeriyin karaiyil vidsnav kiraamaththirku maattriyathu. inththa amaippil, virunthoambal maelaanmaith thittam mattrum puthiya maastar covermet samaiyal kalaip padippil oru emm. pii. aee serppathu udpada, dii. dii. dii thodarnthu valarnthu varukirathu, maelum linn palkalaikkazhagam mattrum adhan switcherlaandhu thittaththudan virivaakkappatta uravu. 2011 aam aandil, suvis kalvik kuzhu [1] dii. dii. dii palkalaikkazhaga myyaththai vaangkiyathu. dii. dii. dii palkalaikkazhaga maiyam switcherlaandhu samaiyal kalai akaadami endru marupeyaridappattathu mattrum adhan irandu valaakangkalum mattroru suvis kalvik kuzhuvin palliyaana chesar rids kalloorigaludan pagirnthu kollappadugindrana. 2012 aam aandil, valaagam lucerne nagara maiyaththirku maattrappattathu-irandu thasaapthankalukku munbu palli niruvapatta nagaraththin maiyaththirku thirumbiyathu. seaser rids kalloorigal/samaiyal kalai akaadami valaagam ippoathu nagarin varalaattru mattrum matthiya shopping maavattangkalin ellaiyil ulla lovenblatsirku arugilulla lucernil ulla naveena vasathigalil amainthullathu. koottaanmai mattrum angkeekaarangkal. thozhilthurai koottaanmai pinvaruvanavattrai ulladakkiyathu "rids baris" "rids escofier samaiyal palli" "maenae" "alessie" kalvisar koottaanmai pinvaruvanavattrai ulladakkiyathu "terby palkalaikkazhagam (ilangkalai mattaththil)" "thii-aiz-suttrulaa mattrum virunthoambal kalviyil siranthu vilangkum sarvadesa maiyam" "eduga-suvis thaesiya thara uththaravaatha amaippu"

sweeden paaka kalala academy paaka kalala academy switzerland anedi switzerlandlo unna oka paaka paatasaala mariyu swiss vidya samuuhamloo sabhya paatasaala. bachelor vidyaarthulu geniva sarassu odduna french matlade switzerlandloni lae beauveret campaslo unnaaru. masters vidyaarthulu, alaage chocolate mariyu pastery specialisation vidyaarthulu german matlade switzerlandloni lucern city campaslo unnaaru. leey beauveret praamganamloo mosiman sekarana kooda undhi, idhi cheff anton mosiman, obe andinchina paaka ghnaapakaala sekarana. vidya karyakramalu. under graduate vidyaarthulaku, durby vishwavidyaalayam, yuu bhaagaswaamyamto paaka kalalalo dwandwa bachelor degree andinchabadutundi.keey. eee kaaryakramamlo 2 internshiplu kooda unnaayi, ivi vidyaarthulu vaari adhyayana samayamlo oka samvatsaram pani anubhavanni pondadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. post graduate vidyaarthulu paaka nirvahanalo antarjaateeya vyaparamlo masters cheyavachu. idhi oka professional masters mariyu indulo 2 internshiplu mariyu 2 vaaraala feeled trips paarislooni ritz escofier paatasaalaku untaayi. chocolate mariyu pastery vidyaarthulaku, swiss pastery mariyu chocolate artslo adhunaatana professional diploma andubaatulo undhi. charitra. paaka kalala academy 1991loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu marusati samvatsaram, domino carlton tivoli international hotel management kereer center, eee paatasaala modatagaa piluvabadinatlugaa, daani modati vidyaarthulanu lucern yokka carlton-tivoli hotel bhavanamloni daani campassku swaagatinchindi, idhi lucern sarassu odduku edurugaa undhi. eee pradaesamloe, paatasaala daani modati samvatsaraallo vruddhi chendhi, abhivruddhi chendindi, johnson & wales vishwavidyaalayam mariyu linn vishwavidyaalayam rendintitho prarambha sambandhaalanu yerparachukundi. 1996loe, asalu swiss vyavasthaapakula brundam daani asalu pettubadidaarula nundi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki bhagaswamyanni erpaatu chesinappudu dii. sii. tii. antarjaateeya hotel & business management school erpadindi. dii. sii. tii. thana karyakrama samarpanalanu kooda vistarinchindi, european ruchikaramaina vantakaalalo mariyu european pastery mariyu chaakletlalo pratyekata kaligina korsulanu hotel & tourism managementlo prarambha diploma mariyu post graduate diploma prograamlaku jodinchindi, alaage florida international university mariyu masachusets vishwavidyaalayamtho bhagaswamyanni yerparachukundi-amherst. 2003loe, dii. sii. tii. thana campassnu 100 samvatsaraala naati carlton-tivoli hotel bhavanam nundi, lucern sarassu odduna unna vitznou graamaaniki maarchindi. eee nepadhyamlo, dii. sii. tii. abhivruddhi mariyu perugudalanu konasaaginchindi, indulo aatithya nirvahana karyakramam mariyu kotta master gourmet paaka kalala courselo emm. bii. eah. adanamgaa, inca linn vishwavidyaalayam mariyu daani switzerland kaaryakramamtho vistarinchina sambandham unnaayi. 2011loe, swiss education group [1] dii. sii. tii. vishwavidyaalaya kendraanni konugolu chesindi. dii. sii. tii. vishwavidyaalaya kendram paeru paaka kalala academy switzerland gaa maarchabadindi mariyu daani rendu praamganaalu maroka swiss vidya samuuhaala paatasaala, sejar ritz kalaasaalalu switzerlandto panchukoobaddaayi. 2012loe, campus down town lucern kuu maarindi-rendu dasaabdaala kritam paatasaala sthaapinchabadina nagaram madhyalo tirigi. seasure ritz kalaasaalalu/paaka kalala academy campus ippudu nagaram yokka chaaritraka mariyu kendra shopping jillaalaku sarihaddulo unna loven platz sameepamloni lucernloni aadhunika soukaryaalalo undhi. bhagaswamyalu mariyu gurtimpu. parisrama bhagaswamyalu "ritz paris" "ritz escofier paaka paatasaala" "maane" "alessie" vidyaaparamaina bhagaswamyalu "university off derby (under graduate sthaayilo)" "dhi-ice-paryatakam mariyu aatithya vidyalo antarjaateeya shreshtata kendram" "edukwa-swiss jaateeya naanhyata haamii samstha"

colnary arts academy sweatzerland cleanary arts academy sweatzerland eek paak school hay juu sweatzerland mein waaqa hay aur sois ajucation grop kaa eek mumber school hay. bachelor talbaa francisi bolnay waalay sweatzerland kay lee bowart camps mein geneva jheel kay kinaray parr maqeem haine. masters kay talbaa neez chocolet aur pestry kii takhsas kay talbaa german bolnay waalay sweatzerland mein locern kay stee camps mein maqeem haine. lee bowart camps mein moziman kaa majmuah bhee hay juu sheef aintan mozimeen aubi kay zariah farahim kardah paak yaadgaaron kaa majmuah hay. taleemi prograam. indergraduate talbaa kay liyay durby university yuu kay saath sharakat mein paak fanoon mein dohri bachelor digri paish kii jaati hay.kay. iss prograam mein 2 intern ship bhee shaamil haine jiss say talbaa apnee taleem kay doraan eek saal kaa kaam kaa tajarbah haasil kirr saktay haine. post graduate talbaa paak intezam mein beenn alaqwami karobar mein maaster kirr saktay haine. yaha eek paishah warr maaster hay aur iss mein 2 intern ship aur 2 peers kay rutz escofer school kay eek haftay kay feld trips shaamil haine. chocolet aur pestry kay talbaa kay liyay sois pestry aur chocolet arts mein eek aalee darjay kaa paishah waranah diplomah dastiyaab hay. tareekh. paak fanoon kii academy kii bunyaad 1991 mein rakhee gayee thee aur aglay saal domino carlton tevoli international hotal mangement carrier center jaisa kahh school kuu pehli baar jaana jaataa thaa nay apnay pehley talbaa kaa locern kay carlton-tewli hotal kii emarat mein apnay camps mein isteqbal kiyaa juu jheel leocern kay sahilon kuu nazar andaaz kartaa hay. iss maqaam parr school nay apnay ibtadayi saalon mein tarqi kii aur jaansan aind wells university aur linn university donon kay saath ibtadayi taluqat qayem kiye. 1996 mein ddee tye see international hotal aind buznis mangement school iss waqat tashkil diyaa gayaa jabb asl sois baaniyon kay eek grop nay apnay asl sarmayah kaaron say iqtedar sanbhalne kay liye sharakat daari qayem kii. ddee see tye nay apnay prograam kii paishkashon kuu bhee badhaya europi gormet khaanon aur europi pestry aur chocolet mein maharat rakhnay waalay courses kuu hotal aur seyahat kay intezam mein ibtadayi diploma aur post graduate diploma programon mein shaamil kiyaa saath hyee saath fluoreda international university aur university aaf misachosts-amherist kay saath sharakat daari qayem kii. 2003 mein ddee see tye nay apnay camps kuu 100 saal praani carlton-tevoli hotal kii emarat say baahir aur jheel locern kay sahilon kay saath vitzanao gaaon mein muntaqil kirr diyaa. iss tartib mein ddee see tye nay tarqi aur tarqi jaari rakhee jiss mein hospitality mangement prograam mein ayem bee aey kaa izafah aur neeya maaster gormet cleanary arts course neez linn university aur iss kay sweatzerland prograam kay saath eek tausia shadah taaluq shaamil hay. 2011 mein sois ajucation grop [1] nay ddee. see. tye university center haasil kiyaa. ddee see tye university center kaa naam badal kirr paak fanoon academy sweatzerland rakh diyaa gayaa aur iss kay duu camps eek aur sois taleemi grop school seezar rutz colleges kay saath mushtarkah haine. 2012 mein camps shehar kay markaz locern mein muntaqil how gayaa-waps shehar kay markaz mein jehaan school kii bunyaad duu dahayiyon say ziyadah pehley rakhee gayee thee. seezar rutz collegez/paak fanoon academy camps abb shehar kay tarikhi aur markazi shopping azlaa kii sarhad say mutsil lovenplatz kay qareeb locern mein jadeed sahuliyaat mein waaqa hay. sharakat daari aur manzori. sanaati sharakat daari mein shaamil haine: "rutz peers" "rutz escofer paak school" "maanay" "alisi" taleemi sharakat daari mein shaamil haine: "durby university (indergraduate satah parr)" "dee aais-seyahat aur mahman nawazi kii taleem mein behtareen karkardgi kaa beenn alaqwami markaz" "adoka-sois national kawalti ashwarens baadi"

00084c7209369b1a4a88a66ca98428f1b78374bd5c4d831ee91d3d5a2942e0e1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15724437

Jean de Gagny

Jean de Gagny French theologian Jean de Gagny (died 1549) was a French theologian. He was at the Collège de Navarre in 1524. He became Rector of the University of Paris, in 1531, and Almoner Royal, in 1536. In 1546 he became Chancellor of the University of Paris. He published some significant Roman Catholic commentaries on parts of the "New Testament". He was also a business partner of the typographer Claude Garamond, and collector of manuscripts, particularly of patristic works. His position close to Francis I of France gave him access to monastic libraries. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jinn di gagoni jinn di gagoni (mrityu 1549) ejon forasi dhormototwobid aasil. teu 1524 sonot kolej di nabharet aasil. 1531 sonot peris biswobidyaloyor rector hoisil, aaru 1536 sonot aalmunar royel hoisil. 1546 sonot teu peris biswobidyaloyor aasarzo hoisil. teu "notun niyom" ror kichu ongxor uporot kisuman guruttopurno ruman ketholik bhaisyo prokax korisil. teu typographer cloud garamondor byowoxayik ongxidar aasil, aaru pandulipi, bixexkoi pitritwor kaamor xonggrahok aasil. francer francis prothomor usorot thoka teur owosthanoi teuk mothor puthibhoralxomuhot prowex koriboloi onumoti disil.

zina dii gagney zina dii gagney (mrityu 1549) chhilen ekjon farasi dhormotottobid. tini 1524 khristabde college dii navar sadasya chhilen. 1531 khristabde tini parris bishwobidyaloyer rector ebong 1536 khristabde almonar rayyal hohn. 1546 khristabde tini parris bishwobidyaloyer chancellor hohn. tini "notun niyam"-err kichhu ongsher upor kichhu ullekhjoggo roman catholic bhashyo prakash korechilen. tini typographer clode garamonder byabasayik angshidar ebong pandulipir sangrahak, biseshoto pitritter kajgulir sangrahako chhilen. francer prothom franciser kachakachi taanr abosthan taanke sannasi gronthagargulite probesher sujog korey deyo.

jiina dii gagney jiina dha gagney (mrutyu 1549) aek french dharamshastri hataa. teo 1524maan college dii navaarema hataa. teo 1531maan paris universityna rector aneey 1536maan almonar royal banyaa. 1546maan teo paris universityna chanceller banyaa. temane "navaa vasiyatnama" naa bhaago parr ketalik nondhpaatra rooman ketholik tippaneeo prakashit curry. teo tanklekhankaar klaud geraamondnaa vyavsayik bhagidar aneey hastpratonaa sangrahakarta pann hataa, khaas kareene pitrupradhan kruteeona. francenaa frances prathamni najikni temnee sthiteeae temne mathnaa pustakalayoma pravesh aapyo.

jeane dee ganny jeane dee ganny (mrityu 1549) ack francisi dharamshastri they. way 1524 mein college dee navarre mein they. way 1531 mein peris vishvavidyalaya key rector baney aur 1536 mein almonar royal baney. 1546 mein way peris vishvavidyalaya key kuladhipati baney. unhone "nae vasiyatnama" key kuchh hisson parr kuchh mahatvapurna roman catholic tippaniyan prakaashit keen. way typographer clod garamond key ack vyaavsaayik bhagidar bhee they, aur pandulipiyon key sangraahak, vishesh roop seey pitrisattaatmak karyon key. france key francis key karib unaki sthiti ney unhein mathon key pustakalayon taka pahunch pradaan kii.

zeane dii gagni zeane dii gagni (marana 1549) obba french devatashastragnaragiddaru. aata aata college dii navaareyalliddaru. navaareyalliddaru paris vishvavidyaalayada rector aadaru mattu mattu almonar raayal aadaru. aadaru aata paris vishvavidyaalayada kulapatiyaadaru. avaru "hosa wadambadikeya" bhagagala mele kelavu pramukha roman catholic vyakhyanagalannu prakatisidaru. aata mudranakalaavida claud garamondna vyapara paaludaaranaagiddanu mattu hastapratigala sangrahakanagiddanu, visheshavaagi pitruprabhutvada krutigala sangrahakanagiddanu. fransna modalane francisge hattiravaada avana sthaanavu avanige sanyasi granthaalayagalige praveshavannu needitu.

jeane dii ganny jeane dii ganny (mrutyu 1549) haah eka french dharamshastradnya hota. too 1524 madhye college dii navare yethe hota. too 1531 madhye parris vidyapithacha kulguru aanee 1536 madhye almonar royal banala. 1546 madhye too parris vidyapithacha kulpati jhaala. tyane "naveen karar" chya kahee bhaganvar kahee mahattvapoorn roman catholic bhashya prakashit kele. teey tanklekhak claude garamond yanche vyavsayik bhagidar aanee hastalikhite, visheshtah pitrusattak kamanche sangrahak dekhil hote. francechya pahilya francischya jawal asalelya tyachya sthanamule tyala mathanchya granthalayanmadhye pravesh midala.

zean day gagani zin day gagani (mrityu 1549) ek francelli dharmashastri thie. uni sann 1524 maa college day nawarrema thie. uni sann 1531 maa peris vishwavidyalayaka rector rar sann 1536 maa almoner royal bane. sann 1546 maa uni peris vishwavidyalayaka chancelor bane. unle "nayan wasiyat" kaa kehi bhagharuma kehi mahatwapurna roman catholic tippaniharu prakashit gare. uni typographer claude garamandka wyaparik sajhedar rar pandulipiharu, vishesh gari pitrisattak karyaharuko sankalankarta pani thie. franceka francis prathamko najik unko sthitile unlai mathharuko pustakalayharuma pahunch diyo.

zin dii gagni zin dii gagni (mrutyu 1549) jane farasi dharmatwabit thile. shay 1524 masihare college dii nabharre thile. shay 1531 masihare paris biswabidyalajara rector ebong 1536 masihare almonara rayal hoithile. 1546 masihare shay paris biswabidyalajara kulapati hoithile. shay "nutan niam" rahr kichhi ansha upare kichhi gurutwapurna roman catholic mantabya prakash karithile. shay typographer claude garamandanka jane byabasajika anshidara ebong pandulipi, bisesh curry pitrubansheeja karjyara sangrahaka madhya thile. francer pratham fransisanka nikatabartee abasthiti tanku moth laibrereere prabesha sujoga pradan karithila.

jeane dee ganny jeane dee ganny (maut 1549) ikk francisi dharam shastari see. uh 1524 witch kaalaj dee navaar witch see. uh 1531 witch paris university daa ractor atey 1536 witch almonar raail bann giaa. 1546 witch uh paris university daa kulpati bann giaa. uss neey "navein name" dey kujh hissiaan utte kujh mahattavpuran roman catholic tippniaan prakashit keetiaan. uh typographer cloud gramond daa vaparak bhaiwal vee see, atey hatth-likhtan daa colector, khaas karke patristic kamman daa. france dey francis pahile dey nede uss dee sathiti neey uss noon matth libraries takk pahunch ditti.

jeane dey gagnee jeane dey gagni (mrutyuhu 1549) ekaha french-dharmashaastri aasit. saha 1524 tame varshe college-day-navaarre ityatra aasit. 1531 tame varshe pyaris-vishvavidyaalayasya rector abhavat, 1536 tame varshe almonar-rayal cha abhavat. 1546 tame varshe saha pyaris-vishvavidyaalayasya kulaadhipatih abhavat. saha "nootan-niyamasya" bhaageshu kechan mahattvapoornaani roman-catholic-bhashyani prakashitavan. saha mudralekhakarasya claud garmond ityasya vyaapaarasahabhaagidaarah api aasit, pandulipinam sangraahakah api aasit, visheshatah pitru-krutayah. france-deshasya prathamasya francis-ityasya sameepe tasya sthaanam tasya matha-pustakalayanam pravesham dattavaan.

jeane dii kagni jeane dii kagni (irappu 1549) oru pirenchu iraiyiyalaalar aavaar. avar 1524 aam aandil kalluri dii nawarreyil irunthaar. avar 1531 aam aandil baris palkalaikkazhagaththin rektaraagavum, 1536 aam aandil almanar raayal aagavum aanaar. 1546 aam aandil avar baris palkalaikkazhagaththin vaenththaraaga aanaar. avar "puthiya udanpadikkaiyin" sila pakuthikal kuritthu sila kurippidatthakka roaman catholica varnanaikalai veliyittaar. avar achchukkalainar claut caramontine vaniga bangaaliyaagavum, kaiyezhuththup pirathikalai sekarippaalaraagavum irunthaar, kurippaaga thanthaiyar padaippugal. brancin muthalaam fraancisukku nerukkamaana avarathu nilai avarukku thuravigal noolagangalukku anugalai valangkiyathu.

zeane dii gagney zeane dii gagney (maranam 1549) oka french vedanti. athanu 1524loe college dii navarrelo unnadu. athanu 1531loe paris vishwavidhyaalayaaniki rector ayyadu, mariyu 1536loe almonar raayal ayyadu. 1546loe athanu paris vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chhaansalar ayyadu. athanu "kotta nibandhana" looni konni bhagalapai konni mukhyamaina roman catholic vyakhyaanaalanu prachurinchaadu. athanu typographer claud gaaramandku vyapara bhagaswamiga, vraatapratula sekaranakartagaa, mukhyamgaa pitruswamya rachanala sekaranakartagaa kooda panicheesaadu. fraansku chendina modati fraansisku daggaragaa unna athani sthaanam ataniki sanyaasula grandhaalayaalaku pravesam kalpinchindi.

jaine ddee gaigni jaine ddee gaigni (wafaat 1549) eek francisi aalim deen thaa. wah 1524 mein college ddee nawaray mein thay. wah 1531 mein peers university kay rector aur 1536 mein almonar raail banay. 1546 mein wah peers university kay chancelor banay. inhon nay "nayey ahed naamay" kay kachh hasoon parr kachh aham roman catholic tabsaray shaye kiye. wah typegrapher clowed giramond kay karobari sharakat daar bhee thay aur makhtutat khaas toor parr patristic kaamon kay jamaa kanandah thay. france kay frances awal kay qareeb inn kii position nay inhein khanqahon kii katab khaanon takk rasayi farahim kii.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12179270

Pterocarpus dalbergioides

Pterocarpus dalbergioides Species of legume Pterocarpus dalbergioides, the Andaman padauk, Andaman redwood or East Indian mahogany, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is sometimes called "narra", but this is just a generic term used for any of several "Pterocarpus" species. It is native to the Andaman Islands. Description. This is a large evergreen tree, with ascending branches spreading towards the tips. Has more numerous leaflets than the similar "Pterocarpus indicus". The leaflets are ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, with 5 to 8 pairs of conspicuous secondary nerves. The fruit pod is a winged achene or samara that is nearly hairless and about 5 cm in diameter. The heartwood colour varies from light grey to deep reddish-brown, but this variation is unrelated to any differences in leaves or flowers. Distribution. The species is native and endemic to the Andaman Islands, India. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

terocarpus dalbarjio "ids terocarpus dalbarjio "ids, andaman padouk, andaman redwod baa pubo bharotiyo mahugani hoise fabacy poriyalor ek projatir fulor udbhid. iyak ketiyaba "naara" buli kuwa hoy, kintu eitu kewol keibatau "perukarpas" projatir jikunu etaar baabe byobohrito etaa xadharon xobdo. ee andaman dippunjor sthaniyo. bornona. eitu etaa dangor sirxeuj goch, jaar uporor faale uporoloi uthaa dalbur biyopi aase. ekedhoronor "perukarpas indicus" tokoi iyat bohutu pustika aase. ei pustikabur dimbakriti-lens 'lett aaru accuminate, zo' too 5ror poraa 8 zur bixisto gouno snayu thaake. folor folor foll hoise etaa daana thoka esen baa somora ji pray sulihin aaru byax pray 5 centimeter. hartwodor rong paatol dhuroniyar poraa gobhir ronga-badamiloike hoy, kintu ei bhinnotar paat baa fulor kunu parthokyor xoite xomporko naai. bitoron. ei projatitu bharotor andaman dippunjor sthaniyo aaru sthaniyo.

terrocarpus dalbergiides terrocarpus dalbergiides, andaman padauk, andaman redoud baa purbo bharatiya mahogani, fabacy poribarer ekti sapushpak udbhid. etike kokhono kokhono "narra" bolla hoy, tobey etty besh koyekti "poterocarpus" projatir jey konao ektir jonno byabohrito ekti sadharan shobdo. etty andaman dweeppunjer sthaniya. bornona. etty ekti borh chirharit gaachh, jaar urdhomukhi shakhaguli agrabhager dike chhoriye royeche. anurup "poterocarpus indicus"-err tulna err modhye onek beshi lifflet royeche. liffletguli dimbakriti-lansolate ebong acuminate, 5 theke 8 jodaa susposhto gouno snayu soho. foler shunti holl ekti danawala achen baa samara jaa pray chulhin ebong pray 5 centimeter byasha. hartwooder rongo halka dhusar theke govir lalche-badami porjonto poribortito hoy, tobey eyi boichitroti paata baa fuler konao parthokyer saathe somporkito noy. bitoron. projatiti bharoter andaman dweeppunjer sthaniya ebong sthaniya.

terrocarpus dulbergioids peterocarpus dulbergioids, andaman padauk, andaman redwood athavaa purv bhaartiy mahognee, fabacy kutumbamaa foolnaa chhodni aek prajaati chhe. tene ketalikvaar "narra" kahevama aave chhe, parantu aaa maatra aek saamanya shabd chhe jeno upyog ketalik "paterocarpus" prajatiomathi koipan maate thaay chhe. teey andaman tapuonun mool chhe. varnan. aaa aek motoo sadabahar vruksh chhe, jenee chadhati shaakhao toach taraf felaayelee chhe. temaa samaan "paterocarpus indicus" karataa vadhu sankhyaabandh patrikaao chhe. patrikaao ovet-lanslet aneey accuminate hoya chhe, jemaa 5 thee 8 jodee spasht gaun chetaa hoya chhe. falnee shingo aek pankhvali aechen athavaa samara chhe jeey lagbhag vaad vinaanee aneey lagbhag 5 seey. mee. vyaasnee hoya chhe. hartwoodno rung aachha bhukharaathi undaa laal-bhuraa rangmaa badalaay chhe, parantu aaa vividhataa pandada athavaa foolonaa koipan tafaavat saathe asambandhit chhe. vitaran. aaa prajaati bhaaratnaa andaman tapuoni mool aneey sthaaneek chhe.

terrocarpus dalbergioids terrocarpus dalbergioids, andamon padauk, andamon redwood yaa east indian mahogani, fabacy parivaar mein foolon key paudhe kii ack prajaati haye. ise kabhi-kabhi "narra" kahaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh kewal ack samanya shabd haye jiska upayog kaee "pterocarpus" prajaatiyon mein seey kissy key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh andman dweepon kaa mool nivasi haye. varnan. yeh ack badaa sadabahar pedh haye, jisaki chadhati shaakhaaen nokon kii or failati hain. samaan "pterocarpus indicus" kii tulanaa mein isamen kaee parche hain. parche ovet-lansolate aur accuminate hotey hain, jinamen 5 seey 8 jodee vishisht maadhyamik nasein hoti hain. falon kii fully ack pankhon vaali acene yaa samara hoti haye joe lagbhag baal rahit aur lagbhag 5 semi vyaas kii hoti haye. hriday lakadi kaa rung halke bhoore seey laker gahare laal-bhoore rung taka hotaa haye, lekin yeh bhinnata pattiyon yaa foolon mein kissy bhee antar seey sambandhit naheen haye. vitaran. yeh prajaati bhaarat key andman dweepon kii mool nivasi aur sthaanik haye.

terrocorpus dalbergioids terrocorpus dalbergioids, andaman padouk, andaman redwood athawa purva bhaaratiya mahogani, fabacey kutumbadalli hoobiduva sasyada ondu jatiyagide. idannu kelavomme "narra" endu kareyalaaguttade, aadare idu halavaaru "peterocorpus" prabhedagalalli yavudakkoo balasuva saamaanya padavagide. idu andaman dweepagalige sthaliyavaagide. vivarane. idu dodda nityaharidvarnada maravagiddu, adara tudigala kadege beleyuva kombegalu haradikondive. idhe reetiya "peterocorpus indicus" ginta hecchina sankhyeya karapatragalannu hondide. chigurelegalu andaakaarada-lansolate mattu accuminate aagiruttave, 5 rinda 8 jodie eddukaanuva dvitiyaka naragalannu hondiruttave. hannina bijakoshavu rekkegalulla acheen athawa samara aagiddu, idu sumaru koodalu rahitavagide mattu sumaru 5 sem. mea. vyaasavannu hondide. hrudayada marada bannavu tili boodu bannadinda aalavaada kempu-kandu bannakke badalaaguttade, aadare ee vyatyaasavu elegalu athawa hoovugalallina yaavude vyatyaasagalige sambandhisilla. vitarane. ee prabhedavu bhaaratada andaman dweepagalige sthaliyavaagide mattu sthaliyavaagide.

terrocarpus dalbergioids fabasey kudumbatthile poochedikalude oru inamaanu terrocarpus dalbergioids, andaman padaukk, andaman redwood allengil eest indian mahogani. ithine chilappol "narra" ennu vilikkaarundengilum ithu niravadhi "terrocarpus" speesheesukalil eathenkilum onninu upayogikkunna oru pothuvaaya padam maathramaan. andaman dveepukalude swadeshiyaanithu. vivaranam. agrabhaagathekku uyarunna shaakhakalulla oru valia nithyaharitha vrukshamaanithu. samanamaaya "terrocarpus indicus" nekkaal kooduthal laghulekhakal undu. 5 muthal 8 jody vare prakadamaaya dvitheeya njarambukalulla eee laghulekhakal oovatt-lansolate, acuminate ennivayaanu. ekadesham 5 centimeter vyaasavum mudiyillaathathum chirakullathumaya oru acheen allengil samarayaan fruit pooad. hartwoodinte niram ilam chaaraniram muthal aazhathilulla chuvapp-thavitt vare vyathyaasappedunnu, ennaal eee vyathiyaanam elakalilo pookkalilo ulla vyathyasangalumaayi bandhamilla. vitharanam. indiayile andaman dveepukalil thaddesheeyavum thaddesheeyavumaanu eee inam.

terrocarpus dalbergioids paterocarpus dalbergioids, andaman padauk, andaman redwood kinwa purv bharatiy mahogani, hii fabacy kutumbatil fulanchya vanaspatichi eka prajati aahe. yala kadhikadhi "narra" mhanatat, parantu hii anek "paterocarpus" prajatinpaiki konatyahi eka prajatisathi vaparali jaanari eka samanya sandnya aahe. too moolcha andaman betancha aahe. varnan. heey eka mothe sadaharit zaad aahe, jyachya chadhatya fandya tokakade pasaratat. samaan 'paterocarpus indicus' peksha tyat anek patrake aahet. 5 teey 8 jodya thalak duyyam majjatantunsaha, hii paaney ovet-lansolate aanee accuminate asatat. falanchi shengdane hii eka pankhanchi achin kinwa samara asate jee jawaljawal cases nasaleli aanee sumare 5 centimeter vyasachi asate. hartwoodcha rung halka rakhadi teey khol lalsar-tapkiri asato, parantu haah farak paaney kinwa fulanmadhil konatyahi farkashi sambandhit nahee. vitaran. hii prajati bharatatil andaman betanchi mool aanee sthanik aahe.

terocarpus dalbergioids terocarpus dalbergioids, andaman padauk, andaman redwod wa purvi bharatiya mahogani, fabacy pariwarma fulne botko ek prajati how. yasalai kahilekaahin "narra" bhaninchha, tara yo kewal dherai "paterocarpus" prajatiharu madhye kunai panika lagi prayog garine samanya shabda how. yo undman tapuharuko muel niwasi how. warnan. yo euta thulo sadabahar rookh how, jasko agla shakhaharu tuppotira failieka chhan. saman "pterocarpus indicus" bhanda dheraiwata parcheharu chhan. parcheharu dimbgranthi-lansolate rar accuminate hunchhan, jasma 5 dekhi 8 jody wishishta madhyamik snayuharu hunchhan. falko fally ek pakha bhaeko echena wa samara how june lagbhag kapalwihin rar lagbhag 5 centimeter wyasko hunchha. mutuko kathko rung halka khairodekhi gahiro rato-khairosamma bhinna hunchha, tara yo bhinnata paat wa fulharuma kunai pani bhinnatasanga sambandhit chhaina. witaran. yo prajati bharatko andaman tapuharuko muel niwasi rar sthaniya how.

terrocarps dalbergioeds terrocarps dalbergioids, andaman padauk, andaman redude kimba purba bharatiah mahogani, heuchhi fabesi paribarara eka prajati. ehaaku belebele "narra" kuhajae, kintu ehaa kebala eka sadharana sabda jaahaa aneka "paterocarpus" prajati madhyaru jekaunasi paain byabahruta hue . ehaa andaman dwepapunjara moola basinda. barnana. ehaa eka budd chirharita brukhya, jahara bardhita shakha gudika agrabhaga aadaku byapithae. samaana "paterocarpus indicus" tulanare ethire aneka sankhyaka lifflet achhi . lifaletgudika dimbakruti-lanslet ebong accuminate, 5 ru 8 yoda spust madhyamika snaju sahita . phala shukhila eka danga bisista achin kimba samara jaahaa praiah keshaheen ebong praiah 5 shay. mea. byasa bisista . hartudra ranga haluka dhusararu gabhira laal-badami parjyanta bhinna hoithae, kintu ehi bhinnata patra kimba phulara kaunasi parthakya sahita jadita nuhen . bunton. ehi prajati bharatara andaman dwepapunjara sthaniah ebong sthaniah.

petrocorpus dalbergioids terrocorps dalbergioids, undman padauk, undman redwod jaan purbi bharti mahogani, fabacy parivaar witch fullan dey paude dee ikk prajati haii. iss noon kaee vaar "narra" kiha jaanda haii, parr ih siraf ikk aam shabad haii joe kaee "paterocarpus" prajatiaan vicchon kise laee vartiaa jaanda haii. ih undman tapuan daa mool nivasi haii. varnan. ih ikk vadda sadabahar rukkh haii, jiss deeaan chadhiaan tehniaan nokan vall faildiaan hunn. iss witch samaan "paterocarpus indicus" naalon vadhere parche hunn. parche ovet-lansolate atey accuminate hunde hunn, jinhan witch 5 toon 8 jode pramukh secondary nasaan hundiaan hunn. fall dee podd ikk khambhan vaali aicheen jaan samara haii joe lagbhag vaal rahit atey lagbhag 5 centimeter viaas dee hundi haii. dill dee lakkad daa rung halka slaty toon lae keey dungha laal-bhure rung takk hunda haii, parr ih parivartan pattiaan jaan fullan witch kise vee antar naal sabandhat naheen haii. vandd. ih prajati bharat dey undman tapuan dee mool atey sathanak haii.

terocarpus dalbergioids terocarpus dalbergioids, andamaan padauk, andamaan redd wood athavaa east indian mahoganee, fabacy-kulasya pushpa-sasyasya ekaha prajaatih asti. kadaachit etat "narra" iti kathyate, parantu etat kevalam "paterocarpus" iti anekanam jatinam krute prayuktam samanyam padam asti. ayam andamaan-dvipanam moolanivaasinah asti. varnanam. ayam ekaha vishaalah sadaaharitavrukshah asti, yasya agrabhaagaparyantam aarohanashaakhaah prasrutaah santi. samanasya "paterocarpus indicus" ityasya apekshayaa asya anekaani patraani santi. patrikaah ovet-lansolate tathaa accuminate cha santi, 5 taha 8 yugmaih saha vishishta-dwiteeyak-tantrikaah santi. phalapaataah pakshayuktaah acheen athavaa samara ityetaani santi, ye praayah kesharahitaah, praayah 5 se. mee. vyaasaah cha santi. hartwood ityasya varnaha laghuvarnatah gabheeram raktavarnam-godhoomavarnam yaavat bhinnah bhavati, parantu ayam bhedah patranam pushpanam cha bhedaihi saha asamparkitah asti. vitaranam. eshaa prajaatih bharatasya andamaan-dweepeshu sthaanikah cha asti.

terrocarbus talbergioits terrocarbus talbergioits, andamon padauk, andamon redwood allathu kilakku inthiya mahogani, fabacy kudumbaththaich saerntha pookkum thaavaraththin oru inamaagum. idhu sila nerangalil "narra" endru azhaikkappadukirathu, aanaal idhu pala "terrocarbus" inangkalil aethaenum ondrukku payanpaduththappadum oru podhuvaana soll mattumae. idhu anthamaan theevugalai thaayagamaagak kondadhu. vilakkam. idhu oru periya pasumaiyaana maram, adhan adivaarangkalai noakki kilaigal aerukintrana. idhae poantra "terrocarbus indicus" aii vida aeraalamaana thundu pirasurangkal ullana. thunduppirasurangal oovaet-lansolate mattrum aguminate aagum, 5 muthal 8 jody velippadaiyaana irandaam nilai narambugaludan. pazha nettru enbathu kittatthatta mudi illaatha mattrum sumar 5 semee vittam konda oru irakkaikal konda aaseen allathu samara aagum. hardwood niram velir saambal niraththilirunthu aalamaana sivappu-paluppu niraththil maarupadum, aanaal inththa maarupaadu ilaikal allathu pookkalil ulla endha vaerupaadugalukkum thodarpillai. viniyoagam. inththa inam inthiyaavin anthamaan theevugalai poorveegamaagak kondadhu mattrum ulloor inamaagum.

terrocorpus dalbergioids terrocorpus doll bergioids, andaman padouk, andaman redwood ledhaa eest indian mahoganee, fabesi kutumbaaniki chendina pushpinche mokka. dheenini konnisaarlu "narra" anie pilustaaru, conny idhi aneka "terrocorpus" jaatulalo deenikainaa upayoginche saadhaarana padam. idhi andaman deevulaku chendinadi. vivarana. idhi oka pedda satataharita chettu, kommalu kona vaipu vistarinchi untaayi. idhe vidhamaina "terrocorpus indicus" kante aneka karapatraalu unnaayi. karapatraalu 5 nundi 8 jatala prasphutamaina dviteeya naralatho ovet-lansalate mariyu acuminatega untaayi. pandla kaaya anedi rekkalugala acheen ledhaa samara, idhi daadaapu juttu laenidi mariyu sumaru 5 centimeters vyaasam kaligi untundi. hartwood rangu laetha buudida rangu nundi lothaina erupu-godhuma rangu varaku maarutuu untundi, conny eee vaividhyam aakulu ledhaa puvvulalo yea vyatyaasaalato sambandham ledhu. pampinhee. eee jaathi bharatadesamloni andaman deevulaku sthaanikamainadi mariyu sthaanikamainadi.

tercorps delbergioids tercorps delbergioids andman padok andman reed wode yaa aist indeen mahugani fabisi khaandaan mein phulon kay poday kii eek nooa hay. asay baaz auqaat "naarra" kahaa jaataa hay leakin yaha sarf eek aam astalah hay juu kayee "tercorps" parjatiyon mein say kasee kay liye istemaal hoti hay. yaha indman jazair kaa maqami hay. wazahat. yaha eek badaa sadaa bahaar darkhat hay jiss kii chadhti hoyee shakhein nook kii taraf phailti haine. iss mein asee tarah kay "tercorps index" say ziyadah taadad mein parchay haine. parchay ovet-lensolate aur accomenate hotay haine jinn mein numayan saanvi aisaab kay 5 say 8 joday hotay haine. phalon kii phaliyan eek paroon waali acheen yaa samara hoti haine juu taqriba baal bastah aur taqriba 5 centy metter qatar kii hoti haine. haart wode kaa rung halkay sarmayi say lay kirr gehrey sarkh bhuri rung takk mukhtalif hotaa hay leakin iss taghir kaa patoon yaa phulon mein kasee bhee farq say koyee taaluq nahein hay. taqsim. yaha nooa hindustan kay jazair indman kii maqami aur maqami hay.

00084ceb2177905fa0578b184ed4313fa7756330be6d24703d357daba6e1de2f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63744464

Toyota Yaris Cross

Toyota Yaris Cross Subcompact crossover SUV The is a nameplate used by the Japanese automaker Toyota for two vehicles in the subcompact crossover SUV category (B-segment). The nameplate first appeared for the crossover SUV counterpart of the XP210 model Yaris based on the Toyota New Global Architecture, which went on sale in August 2020 in Japan and in 2021 in Europe with the model code XP210. In May 2023, Toyota released another vehicle with the same name in Indonesia, which is larger and based on the Daihatsu New Global Architecture, with the model code AC200. XP210 series (2020). Primarily marketed for the Japanese, European, Oceanian, and Singaporean markets, the XP210 series Yaris Cross is built on GA-B platform as the XP210 series Yaris hatchback and positioned between the Aygo X or Raize and C-HR in Toyota's crossover SUV lineup. It replaces the Japanese/European market XP110 series Ist/Urban Cruiser. The Yaris Cross was originally planned to be unveiled at the 2020 Geneva Motor Show; however, the show was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Toyota then released the first pictures and specifications of the Yaris Cross on 23 April 2020. The model went on sale in Japan in September 2020, Australia in November 2020 and in Europe in mid-2021. Development was done alongside the Yaris hatchback, led by Yasunori Suezawa as chief engineer and Hideaki Hayashi as deputy chief engineer under the internal "Toyota Compact Car Company". The design of the Yaris Cross is a collaboration between Toyota's European and Japanese studios, combining cues from the Yaris with features from Toyota's larger SUVs such as the more angular RAV4. According to Toyota, the Yaris Cross resembles a diamond when viewed from above because of its wider midsection, which allowed the designers to broaden the wheel arches to achieve a more 'rugged' styling. The dashboard design shares many components with the Yaris hatchback. The wheelbase of the Yaris Cross is identical to the European market Yaris, but the ground clearance is increased by over the standard Yaris. Toyota offers an all-wheel-drive variant (Intelligent All-Wheel Drive, AWD-i) for the hybrid version, unlike other B-segment SUVs which are predominantly front-wheel drive especially in Europe. The system does not require a driveshaft, and instead utilising an electrified rear axle that supplies power during acceleration or when more traction is required. Under the WLTP test cycle, the i-AWD version of the new Yaris Cross emits 135 grams of CO2 per kilometer, and 120g/km for the front-wheel drive variant. Production. The Yaris Cross is manufactured in Japan at Toyota Motor East Japan and France at Toyota Motor Manufacturing France, the same as the standard Yaris. The company planned to produce 150,000 units of the Yaris Cross per year in its French factory. The first Yaris Cross rolled out the French factory in July 2021. Markets. Japan. In Japan, the Yaris Cross was sold from August 2020 and is available in both petrol and hybrid variants. Four-wheel drive is available as an option and Toyota Safety Sense is standard across the lineup. It was initially available in X, G and Z grade levels. On 19 July 2022, two newer grades were added: GR Sport and Z Adventure. Australia. The Yaris Cross was launched in Australia in November 2020, with three grades available: GX, GXL, and Urban. It is available in petrol and hybrid powertrains for each grade, and AWD-e all wheel drive option is available across the range. In December 2022, the GR Sport grade for the Yaris Cross was introduced, powered only by a hybrid powertrain. New Zealand. The Yaris Cross was launched in New Zealand in November 2020, with three variants available: GX, Hybrid GX and Hybrid Limited. In January 2023, a GR Sport grade was added to the range, powered only by a hybrid powertrain. Singapore. Borneo Motors launched the Yaris Cross in Singapore on 14 January 2021, in two grades: Active and Excite. It is powered by a M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain. Colombia. The Yaris Cross XP210 made its South American debut in Colombia in December 2021, in two grade: XS and XLS. The M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain is available for the latter grade. Ecuador. The Yaris Cross was launched in Ecuador on 13 May 2022, in a sole variant, powered only by M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is available as an option. Safety. The Yaris Cross was tested for automotive safety by ANCAP and Euro NCAP in September 2021 and October 2021 respectively (their protocols are aligned). It received five stars out of a possible five from both tests. Awards. The Yaris Cross was awarded as the 2022 "World Urban Car of The Year". Sales. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> AC200 series (2023). The AC200 series Yaris Cross was unveiled in Indonesia on 15 May 2023, and started production on 13 June 2023 at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia facility in Karawang, West Java, for both local and export markets amounting to 25 countries. Indonesian sales commenced on the same date. A total of 116 suppliers contribute up to 80 percent of the local content value, including batteries and engines. The development of the model was done by Daihatsu through a joint Toyota-Daihatsu internal company known as Emerging-market Compact Car Company (ECC), under the lead of chief engineer Toru Uda. It shares the DNGA-B platform with the AC100 series Vios/Yaris sedan. Uda mentioned that the front section of the platform such as the engine compartment is shared with the Avanza/Veloz, while the under section and wheelbase was reworked. The ground clearance is rated at . Markets. Asia. Indonesia. The Indonesian market Yaris Cross is available in three grades: G, S and S HEV, the former can be equipped with either a 5-speed manual or a CVT while the latter two can be only equipped with a CVT. It is the second Toyota hybrid model produced in Indonesia, following the Kijang Innova Zenix HEV. Toyota Safety Sense is standard on the S and S Hybrid grades, while a GR Parts package consisting of body kits and other cosmetic parts are optional on either S and S Hybrid grades. Cambodia. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched together with the Wigo in Cambodia on 7 July 2023. Initially, it was offered in a single grade level, paired only with the 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" engine. A new grade with the hybrid powertrain was added on 17 November 2023. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. Philippines. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in the Philippines on 4 August 2023 and is available in three grades: G, V and S HEV, the former two grades are powered with the 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" engine, while the latter is powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. The petrol models are equipped with Daihatsu's Dual Mode CVT or D-CVT, while the Hybrid grade is paired with Toyota's eCVT transmission. Toyota Safety Sense is standard for the V and S Hybrid grades. Taiwan. The Taiwanese market Yaris Cross was unveiled in August 2023 and it was officially launched on 28 September 2023. Three grade levels are offered, all powered by the 1.5-litre petrol engine paired to a CVT transmission. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. It is locally assembled by Kuozui Motors. Vietnam. The Vietnamese market Yaris Cross was released on 19 September 2023. It is offered in two grade levels, the latter grade is offered with the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. Laos. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Laos on 22 September 2023. It is only offered with the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain grade level. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. Thailand. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Thailand on 5 October 2023. Produced at the Gateway plant in Chachoengsao, it is offered in three grades: Smart, Premium and Premium Luxury, it is only offered with a 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard for the Premium and Luxury grades. Americas. Costa Rica. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Costa Rica on 17 August 2023. Available in New Line, High Line and Hybrid grades, the former two grades are powered with the 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" engine, while the latter is powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Peru. The AC200 series Yaris Cross made its South American debut in Peru on 21 September 2023, with 4 variants: Full M/T, Full CVT, HEV Full e-CVT, and Full D-Lux CVT. Bolivia. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Bolivia on 22 September 2023, with 4 variants: Mid M/T, Mid CVT, High CVT, and HEV e-CVT. Jamaica. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Jamaica on 5 October 2023, with two powertrains: 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" engine, and the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Trinidad and Tobago. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Trinidad and Tobago on 7 October 2023. It is available in a single trim, powered solely by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. Chile. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Chile on 11 October 2023, with 3 variants: XI M/T, XI CVT, and XG CVT. Panama. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Panama on 13 October 2023. It is offered in two grades: Base and Full, both are only powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" petrol engine mated to a CVT. Guatemala. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Guatemala on 18 October 2023. Three grade levels are available, the highest grade is powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. Powertrain. For the petrol model, the AC200 series Yaris Cross is powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VE" engine rated at and . The hybrid model is powered by the 1.5-litre "2NR-VEX" engine, which is a world-first application. It is an Atkinson cycle engine based on the "2NR-VE" rated at , combined with a single electric motor producing with a total output of . It is supplemented with a 0.7 kWh lithium-ion battery, which is mounted under the rear seats. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

toyuta yaris croch ei naampholoktu japani automaker toyutar dwara saab-compact krocho "bhaar suv shrenir (bi-segment) dutaa baahonor baabe byobohar koraa hoy. toyutar notun biswo sthapotyor uporot aadharito expi210 model iyarisor krocho "bhaar suv protipokhyor baabe naampholoktu prothome dekha goisil, jitu 2020 sonor aagosto maahot japanot aaru 2021 sonot europot model code expi210-ror xoite bikri hoisil. 2023 sonor mey" maahot toyuta-e indonesiat eke naamor aan ekhon baahon mukoli korisil, jitu dangor aaru daihatsur notun biswo sthapotyor uporot aadharito, model code esi200-ror xoite. xp210 sringkhola (2020). prodhankoi japani, europiyo aaru australiyo bojaror baabe bojar koraa, expi210 sringkholar yaris crochtu expi210 sringkholar yaris hesbek hisape gaa-bi platformot nirman koraa hoise aaru toyutar krocho "bhaar suv lineupot aaigu ex baa reij aaru chi-aisaaror maajot owosthito. ee japani/europiyo bojar xp110 sirij ist/nogoriyo kruijarok xoloni kore. iyaris crochtu mulotoh 2020 sonor geneva motor swo 'too unmuson korar porikolpona koraa hoisil; obosye, koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe swo" tu baatil koraa hoisil. toyuta-ye taar pisot 2020 sonor 23 aprilot iyaris krosor prothom sobi aaru bixexotwoxomuh mukoli kore. modeltu 2020 sonor septembor maahot japanot, 2020 sonor novembor maahot australia aaru 2021 sonor majbhagot europot bikri hoisil. iyar xoite iyaris hesbekor unnoyon koraa hoisil, jasunuri sujawai mukhyo obhijonta hisape aaru haidaki hayaxiye "toyuta compact kaar company" ror odhinot upo mukhyo obhijonta hisape netritwo disil. iyari krosor designtu toyutar europiyo aaru japani studio 'ror maajot ek xohojugita, jorir poraa ohaa xongketbur toyutar dangor esiubhir boixistyoxomuhor xoite ekotrito kore jene odhik kounik raabh 4. toyutar mote, iyar bohol modhyobhagor baabe uporor poraa suwar xomoyot iyar crochtu hirar dore dekha yaay, jiye designorxokolok odhik' raag 'style prapto koriboloi sokar khilanbur bohol koriboloi onumoti disil. deswobordor designtuwe iyarir hesbekor xoite bohutu upadan bhag kore. iyari krosor huilbes europiyo bojaror iyarir xoite eke, kintu maatir poraa atoruwar poriman maanok iyarir tulnat odhik briddhi koraa hoy. toyutai hibrid xongoskoronor baabe etaa ol-huil-drive vorient (buddhiman ol-huil drive, e. dobliu. di.-aai) prodan kore, aan bi-segment ess. eu. bhi.-ror biporite jibur bixexkoi europot prodhankoi front-huil drive. byowosthatuk driveswoftor proyujon nohoy, aaru iyar poriworte tworonor xomoyot baa odhik tractionor proyujon hoh 'ley xokti jugan dhora etaa bidyutayito pisfalor excle byobohar kore. wltp porikhya sokror odhinot, notun yarisor aai-oh 'di xongoskorone proti kilumeterot 135 graam aaru front-huil driver baabe 120 graam/kilometer prokax kore. utpadon. iyaris croch japanor toyuta motor pubo japanot aaru francer toyuta motor nirman franceot nirman koraa hoy, jitu maanok iyarir dore eke. companytuwe iyar forasi karkhanat proti bosore 150,000 unit iyari croch utpadon korar porikolpona korisil. 2021 sonor julyte prothom iyari kroche france karkhanatu mukoli korisil. bojar. jaapan. japanot, iyaris croch 2020 sonor aagostor poraa bikri koraa hoisil aaru ee petro "lo aaru hibrid duyuta rupote upolobdho. sarita chaaka drive etaa bikolpo hisape upolobdho aaru toyuta xurokhyar ortho hoise xomogro lineupor maan. ee prothomote x, g aaru z grade storot upolobdho aasil. 2022 sonor 19 julyte dutaa notun grade jug koraa hoisiloh greats krira aaru jade advencer. puroskar. iyaris croch 2022 sonor "bosoror biswo nogoriyo gaari" hisape prodan koraa hoisil. esi200 sringkhola (2023). 2023 sonor 15 mey 'too indonesiat esi200 sirij iyaris croch unmuson koraa hoisil aaru 2023 sonor 13 junot poschim jabhar karwangto thoka piti toyuta motor nirman indonesia xubidhaxomuhot 25khon dexor sthaniyo aaru roptani bojar duyutare baabe utpadon aarombho koraa hoisil. indonesian bikri xei eke tarikhe aarombho hoisil. betari aaru enginoke dhori muth 116 john jugan dhorutai sthaniyo bixoybostur mulyor 80 xotangxo porjonto orihona jugay. mukhyo obhijonta turu udaar netritwot udiyoman-bojar compact gaari company (isi) naamere jonajat etaa jutiya toyuta-daihatsu abhyontorin companyr joriyote daihatsuwe modeltur bikax korisil. ee di. eno. ji. e-bi. platformtu esi100 sirij bhio "cho/yaris sedanor xoite bhag botora kore. udaa-ye ullekh korisil je platformor xonmukhor ongxo jene injin compartmenttu abhanja/velujor xoite bhag koraa hoy, aanhate under sexon aaru huilbes punor kaam koraa hoisil. sthol nirbaponor mulyo nirdharon koraa hoise. bojar. indonesia. indonesian bojar yaris croch tinita grador xoite upolobdhoh ji ge 'lo' inn, ess ge 'lo' inn aaru ess hibrid, prothomtu 5-speed menual baa sibhitir xoite xojjito hoh 'bob paare aanhate pisor dutaa kewol sibhitir xoite xojjito hoh' bob paare. toyuta xurokhyar budh ess gexulin aaru ess hibrid grador uporot maanok, aanhate body kitt aaru onyanyo cosmetic ongxore gothito graa parts package ess gexulin aaru ess hibrid grador uporot oischik. kambudia. 2023 sonor 7 julyte kambudiyat wigur xoite esi200 sirij iyaris croch mukoli koraa hoisil. iyak kewol 1.5-liter "2nr-bhe" enginor xoite zura kori ekok grade storot aagborhuwa hoy. toyuta xurokhyar budh hoise maanok. powertrain. petro "lo modelor baabe, esi200 sirij iyaris crochtu 1.5-litre" 2nr-bhe "enginor dwara salit. hibrid modeltu 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" enginor dwara salit, jitu hoise ek biswor prothom application. eitu "2nr-v" ratingor uporot aadharito etaa atkinson saikel injin, jitu etaa ekok boidyutik motoror xoite milito hoi muth outputor xoite utpadon koraa hoy. iyak 0.7 kiluatahlos lithiyam-aayon betarir xoite puron koraa hoy, jitu pisfalor aaxonor tolot loguwa hoy.

toyota iyarisa cross etty ekti nameplate jaa japani automaker toyota dwara saab-compact crossover esuv bibhage (bii-bibhag) duti gaadir jonno byabohrito hoy. toyota notun baishwik sthapotter upor vitti korey crosty model iyariser crossover esuv protiruper jonno namphalakti prothom uposthito hoyechilo, jaa 2020 saaler auguste japane ebong 2021 saale europe model code crosty soho bikri hoyechilo. 2023 saaler meey maase, toyota indoneshiya ekoi naamer arekti gaadi prakash korechilo, jaa model code jonno soho borh ebong notun baishwik sthapotter upor vitti korey. crosty sirij (2020). prathomikbhabe japani, europea ebong australian bajarer jonno bajarjat koraa, crosty sirij iyarisa crosty crosty sirij iyarisa hatchback hisabe gaa-bii platforme nirmito ebong toyoter crossover esuv lineupe aigo eksa baa reiz ebong shee-aechr-err modhye abosthito. etty japani/europea bazar xp110 sirij east/shahure krujarke protisthapon korey. iyarisa crosty mulat 2020 saaler geneva motor shote unmochan korar parikalpana koraa hoyechilo; tobey, covid-19 mahamarir karone shoti batil koraa hoyechilo. toyota tarpor 23shhey april 2020-ayee iyarisa crosser prothom chhobi ebong nirdishtokoron prakash korey. modelti 2020 saaler septembore japane, 2020 saaler novembore australia ebong 2021 saaler majhamajhi europe bikri shuru hoy. prodhan prakaushali hisabe iasunori suezaoa ebong abhyantarin "toyota compact kaar company"-err adhine upo-prodhan prakaushali hisabe haidaki hayashir netritte iyarisa hatchbacker pashapashi gaadir unnayan koraa hoyechilo. iyarisa crosser nakshati toyoter europea ebong japani studiogulir modhye ekti sahojogita, toyoter brihottor esuv-rawr baisistagulir saathe iyarisa theke ingitguli ekotrito korey jemon arow kounik rave 4. toyota onusare, iyarisa crosty taar proshosto modhyobhager karone upore theke dekha holey ekti hirar moto dekhay, jaa designerder arow 'rukkho' style orjon korte chaaka khilanguli proshosto korar anumati deyo. dashboarder nakshati iyarisa hatchbacker saathe anekguli upadan bhag korey neyo. iyarisa crosser huilbase europea bazar iyariser anurup, tobey ground clearance standard iyariser tulna briddhi paay. toyota hibrid sangaskaraner jonno ekti oll-huil-drive baikalpik (buddhiman oll-huil drive, ayee. dobleeu. dii-aaee) pradan korey, anyanno bii-segment esha. eu. vee-rawr biporite jaa biseshoto europe prodhanoto front-huil drive. eyi byabosthar jonno konao driveshafter prayojan hoy naa ebong err poriborte ekti boidyutin pichoner akkho byabohar koraa hoy jaa twaraner somoy baa jokhon arow akorshoner prayojan hoy tokhon shakti sarbaraha korey. dablueltipi porikkha chokrer adhine, notun iyariser aaee-ooda sanskaran proti kilometres 135 grama ebong front-huil drive baikalpiker jonno 120 grama/kimmy nirgoto korey. utpadon. iyarisa cross japane toyota motor purbo japane ebong france toyota motor manufacturing france toiri koraa hoy, jaa standard iyariser motoi. companity taar farasi karkhana proti bochor 150,000 unit iyarisa cross utpadon korar parikalpana korechilo. prothom iyarisa cross 2021 saaler julai maase farasi karkhanati chaalu korey. bazar. japan. japane, iyarisa cross 2020 saaler august theke bikri hoyechilo ebong etty petrol ebong hibrid ubhoy sangaskaranei pawa yaay. chaar-chaaka drive ekti bikalpa hisabe upolobdho ebong toyota nirapatta bodh lineup judey mansammata. etty prathomikbhabe x, g ebong z grade store upolobdho chhilo. 19 julai 2022-ayee, duti notun grade jog koraa hoyechiloh zii. arr sporta ebong jeeda adventure. puraskar. iyarisa cross 2022 saaler "bochorer sera bishwa shahure gaadi" hisabe puroskrito hoyechilo. essie 200 sirij (2023). 2023 saaler 15ee meey indoneshiya jonno sirijer iyarisa cross unmochan koraa hoy ebong 2023 saaler 13ee june poschim javar karawang-ayee pitty toyota motor utpadon indoneshiya subidhagulite 25tii desher sthaniya oo roptani bajarer jonno utpadon shuru hoy. indoneshiyar bikroy ekoi tarikhe shuru hoy. battery ebong injina soho moat 116 john sorborahokari sthaniya samagrir mulyer 80 shotangsho porjonto abodan rakhe. prodhan prakaushali toro udar netritte ekti joutho toyota-daihatsu abhyantarin sangosthar madhyome modeltir unnayan koraa hoyechilo jaa udiyaman-bazar compact gaadi sangostha (ee. shee.) naame porichito. etty etty sirij bhayo/iyarisa sedaner saathe dii. enn. zii. ayee-bii platformty bhag korey neyo. udaa ullekh korechen jey, platformer samoner ongsho jemon injina compartmenti avanza/velozer saathe bhag koraa hoyeche, ebong under sekashana ebong huilbase punra kaaj koraa hoyeche. ground clearance reeta koraa hoy. bazar. indoneshiya. indoneshiyar bazar iyarisa cross tinti grader saathe upolobdho zii petrol, esha petrol ebong esha hibrid, prothomti 5-speed manual baa cvt diye sajjito hotey paare ebong porer duti cable cvt diye sajjito hotey paare. toyota nirapatta bodh petrol ebong hibrid grader khettre adarsha, onnodike boddy kitt ebong anyanno prosadhoni ongshogulir samanwaye gothito ekti grar partasa package petrol ebong hibrid grader khettre oichchik. cambodia. essie 200 sirij iyarisa cross 7 julai 2023-ayee kambodia uigor saathe eksathe chaalu koraa hoyechilo. etty ekti ekok grade store deoa hoy, shudhumatra 1.5-liter 1.5-litre enginer saathe jukto. toyota nirapatta bodh holl adarsha. pawar train. petrol modeler jonno, jonno sirijer iyarisa cross 1.5-litre 1.5-litre injina dwara chaalito hoy. hibrid modelti 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" injina dwara chaalito, jaa ekti bishwa-prothom application. etty ekti atkinson saikela injina jaa "2nr-v" reeta koraa, ekti ekok boidyutik motorer saathe milit moat output soho. etty ekti 0.7 kilowatt lithium-ayon battery diye poripurok, jaa pichoner asoner neeche mount koraa hoy.

toyota yaris cross aaa aek namplate chhe jeno upyog japanese automaker toyota dwara subcompact crossover aesyuvi shrenee (bii-segment) maan beey vaahano maate thaay chhe. toyota navaa vaishvik sthapatya parr aadharit Xp210 model yarisna crossover SUV pratirup maate namplate pratham vakhat dekhaayu hatoo, jeey august 2020 maan japanma aneey 2021 maan europema model qoda xp210 saathe vechaan parr gayoo hatoo. meey 2023 maan, toyota indoneshiyama samaan naam saathe anya vaahan rajoo karyoo, jeey motoo chhe aneey model qoda AC200 saathe, daihatsu navaa vaishvik sthapatya parr aadharit chhe. xp210 shrenee (2020). mukhyatve japanese, european aneey australian bajaaro maate vechvaamaa aavtee, XP210 shreneeni yaris cross aee xp210 shreneeni yaris hatchback tareeke gaa-bii platform parr banavvama aavee chhe aneey toyotana crossover aesyuvi lineupma aaygo ex athavaa raise aneey see-hr vachche stheet chhe. teey japanese/european bajaar xp110 shreneena ist/shaheri cruiserne badale chhe. yaaree crossnu mool 2020naa geneva motara shomaa anaavaran karvaanee yojnaa hatee; jooe keey, covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane aaa shho rada karvaamaa aavyo hato. toyota pachhi 23 april 2020naa roj yaris krosnaa pratham chitro aneey vishishtataao rajoo karyaa. aaa model september 2020maan japanma, november 2020maan australiyama aneey 2021naa madhyamaa europema vechaan parr gayoo. yaris hatchbackni saathe vaahanno vikaas karvaamaa aavyo hato, jenu netrutva mukhya ijner tareeke yasunori suezawa aneey aantarik "toyota compact kaar kampani" hethal nayab mukhya ijner tareeke haidaki haysheeae karyoo hatoo. yaaree krosnee design toyotana european aneey japanese studiyo vachcheno sahyog chhe, jemaa yaarinaa sanketone toyotana motaa aesa. yuu. vee. jevee keey vadhu koneey reeva 4 nee suveedhao saathe jodvama aave chhe. toyota anusaar, yaaree cross tenaa vishaal madhyabhagne kaarane uparthi jovama aave tyaare hiiraa jevo dekhaay chhe, jene designarone vadhu 'kathor' shailee praapt karvaa maate chakra kamaanone paholi karvaanee manjuri aapee hatee. dashboard design yaris hatchback saathe ghanaa ghatako vahenche chhe. yaaree crossno wheelbays european bajaar yariz jevo jaj chhe, parantu ground clearance pramanbhut yariz karataa vadhaare vadhe chhe. toyota hibrid version maate ola-wheel-drive variant (intelligent ola-wheel drive, aee. doubleu. dii.-aaee) pradaan karey chhe, jeey anya bii-segment aesa. yuu. vee. thee vipareet chhe, jeey mukhyatve europema front-wheel drive chhe. systemne driveshaftnee jaroor nathee, aneey tenaa badale vijadikrut paachhalna aeksalno upyog karey chhe jeey pravegak darmiyan athavaa jyaare vadhu tractionni jaroor hoya tyaare power puuro paade chhe. doubleu. aela. tii. pii. parikshan chakra hethal, navaa yarisnun aaee-aud version pratee kilometer 135 graam aneey front-wheel drive variant maate 120 graam/keemeenu utsarjan karey chhe. utpaadan. yaaree crossnu utpaadan japanma toyota motara purv japan khaate aneey francemaa toyota motara utpaadan france khaate thaay chhe, jeey pramanbhut yaaree jevu jaj chhe. kampaniae tenee french factoryma darr varshe yaaree krosnaa 150,000 aekamonu utpaadan karvaanee yojnaa banaavi hatee. pratham yaaree cross julai 2021 maan french factoryma bahaar aavyu. bajaaro. japan. japanma, yaris cross august 2020thee vechvaamaa aavyo hato aneey teey petrol aneey hibrid aema banne prakaroma uplabdh chhe. phora-wheel drive aek vikalp tareeke uplabdh chhe aneey toyota salaamateeno arth aee chhe keey samagr lineupma pramanbhut chhe. teey sharuaatmaa x, g aneey z grade staromaa uplabdh hatoo. 19 julai 2022naa roj, beey navaa grade umervaamaa aavyaa hataah jee. aar. sporta aneey zed adventure. puraskaaro. yaris crossne 2022nee "vishva shaheri kaar off dhaa year" tareeke enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. aesee 200 shrenee (2023). aesee 200 shreneena yaris crossnu anaavaran 15 meey 2023naa roj indoneshiyama karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey 13 juuna 2023naa roj karawang, pashchim javama piitii toyota motara manufacturing indoneshiya suvidhaoma 25 deshona sthaaneek aneey nikas bajaaro maate utpaadan sharoo thayu hatoo. indoneshiyaanu vechaan aee jaj taarikhe sharoo thayu hatoo. coole 116 suppliers sthaaneek samagri mulyamaa 80 takaa sudhee yogdaan aape chhe, jemaa battery aneey angine samaavesh thaay chhe. mukhya ijner toru udaana netrutva hethal, ubhartaa bajaarni compact kaar kampani (ee. see.) tareeke odakhaati sanyukt toyota-daihatsu aantarik kampani dwara aaa modelno vikaas karvaamaa aavyo hato. teey aesee 100 shreneena vios/yaris sedana saathe dii. aena. jee. aee.-bii. platformne vahenche chhe. udaae ullekh karyo hato keey platformnaa aagalnaa bhagma jaim keey angine compartment awanza/velose saathe vahenchaayelu chhe, jyaare under section aneey wheelbasene fareethi kaama karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ground clearance rait karvaamaa aave chhe. bajaaro. indoneshiya. indonesian marqeta yaris cross trana grade saathe uplabdh chheh jee gasoline, aesa gasoline aneey aesa hibrid, pahelu 5-speed manual athavaa see. vee. tii. thee sajj hoi shake chhe jyaare pachhinu beey maatra see. vee. tii. thee sajj hoi shake chhe. toyota salaamateeno arth aee aesa petrol aneey aesa hibrid grade parr pramanbhut chhe, jyaare bodee kitt aneey anya cosmetic bhagonu banelu jee. aar. parts package aesa petrol aneey aesa hibrid grade parr vaikalpik chhe. kambodiya. aesee 200 shreneena yaris crossne 7 julai 2023naa roj kambodiyaamaa vigo saathe lonch karvaamaa aavyo hato. teey aek jaj grade starmaa ofara karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey fakt 1.5-liter "2nr-v" angine saathe jodee banavvama aave chhe. toyota salamatini bhaavnaa pramanbhut chhe. powertrain. petrol model maate, aesee 200 shreneena yaris crossne 1.5-litre "2nr-v" angine dwara sanchaalit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa sankar model 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" angine dwara sanchaalit chhe, jeey vishwani pratham application chhe. teey "2nr-v" rait parr aadharit atkinson cycle angine chhe, jeey coole utpaadan saathe utpaadan karatee aek jaj electric motara saathe jodaay chhe. temaa 0.7 kilovot lithiyam-aayan battery aapvama aavee chhe, jeey paachhalni bethako hethal mount thayel chhe.

toyota yaris cross yeh ack nameplate haye jiska upayog japani automaker toyota dwara sub-compact crossover suv shreni (bee-segment) mein dou vaahanon key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh nameplate pahali baar toyota naee vaishvik vastukala parr adharit xp210 model yaris key crossover suv samkaksh key liye dikhaai diyaa, joe agast 2020 mein japan mein aur 2021 mein europe mein model code xp210 key saath bikri parr gayaa. maee 2023 mein, toyota ney indoneshiya mein isi naam key saath ack aur vaahan jaari kiya, joe badaa haye aur model code assie200 key saath daihatsu naee vaishvik vastukala parr adharit haye. xp210 shrinkhala (2020). mukhya roop seey japani, europeeya aur australiyai baajaron key liye vipanan kiya jaane vaalaa, xp210 shrinkhala yaris cross koo ga-bee platform parr xp210 shrinkhala yaris hatchback key roop mein banaaya gayaa haye aur toyota key crossover suv lineup mein aayago aiks yaa rez aur see-hr key beach sthit haye. yeh japani/europeeya bajar xp110 shrinkhala ist/shahari cruiser kii jagah letaa haye. yaris cross kaa anaavaran mool roop seey 2020 key geneva motor show mein karane kii yojana banaai gaee thee; haalaanki, covid-19 mahamari key kaaran show koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. toyota ney 23 aprail 2020 koo yaris cross kii pahali tasveeren aur vinirdesh jaari kiye. model sitambar 2020 mein japan mein, navambar 2020 mein australia mein aur 2021 key madhya mein europe mein bikri key liye gayaa. yaari hatchback key saath-saath vaahan kaa vikas kiya gayaa thaa, jiska netritva mukhya abhiyanta key roop mein yasunori suezawa ney kiya thaa aur aantarik "toyota compact kaar company" key tahat upa mukhya abhiyanta key roop mein haidaki hayshi ney kiya thaa. yaris cross kaa design toyota key europeeya aur japani studio key beach ack sahyog haye, jisamen toyota key badey suv jaise adhik koniya rev 4 kii visheshtaon key saath yaris seey sanketon kaa sanyojan kiya gayaa haye. toyota key anusaar, yaris cross apane vyaapak madhya bhaag key kaaran oopar seey dekhane parr ack heere jaisa dikhta haye, jisase designers koo adhik 'oobad' shally praapt karane key liye pahiye key mehraabon koo chauda karane kii anumati milati haye. dashboard design yaris hatchback key saath kaee ghatakon koo saajha kartaa haye. yaris cross kaa wheelbase europeeya bajar yaris key samaan haye, lekin ground clearance maanak yaris seey adhik badh jaataa haye. toyota sankar sanskaran key liye ack aul-wheel-drive sanskaran (buddhiman aul-wheel drive, aeye. doubleu. dee.-aaee) pradaan kartaa haye, anya bee-segment suv key vipareet joe mukhya roop seey europe mein front-wheel drive hain. pranali koo ack driveshaft kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, aur isake bajaay ack vidyuteekrit peechhe key axel kaa upayog karna joe twaran key dauran yaa jaba adhik karshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye tou bijli kii aapoorti kartaa haye. doubleu. ell. tii. pee. pareekshan chakr key tahat, nae yaris cross kaa aaee-aud sanskaran 135 graam prati kilometres aur front-wheel drive sanskaran key liye 120 graam/kimmy kaa utsarjan kartaa haye. utpaadan. yaris cross kaa nirmaan japan mein toyota motor east japan mein aur france mein toyota motor manufacturing france mein kiya jaataa haye, joe maanak yaris key samaan haye. company ney apane francisi karkhane mein prati varsh yaari cross kii 150,000 ikaaiyon kaa utpaadan karane kii yojana banaai. pahala yaris cross julaai 2021 mein francisi karkhane mein aaya. bazar. japan. japan mein, yaris cross agast 2020 seey becha gayaa thaa aur yeh petrol aur sankar donon prakaron mein upalabdh haye. chaar-pahiya drive ack vikalp key roop mein upalabdh haye aur toyota suraksha bhavna lineup mein maanak haye. yeh shuru mein x, g aur z grade staron mein upalabdh thaa. 19 julaai 2022 koo dou nae grade jode gaeh jee. aar. sport aur jaid adventure. puraskar. yaris cross koo 2022 "varsh kii vishva shahari kaar" key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. assie 200 shrinkhala (2023). assie 200 shrinkhala yaris cross kaa anaavaran 15 maee 2023 koo indoneshiya mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur 13 juuna 2023 koo paschimi jaava key karwang mein peaty toyota motor vinirmaan indoneshiya suvidhaon mein 25 deshon key sthaaniya aur niryaat baajaron key liye utpaadan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. usee tarikh koo indoneshiya mein bikri shuru hui. kull 116 aapurtikarta sthaaniya samagri moolya mein 80 pratishat taka kaa yogdan karate hain, jisamen battery aur injan shamil hain. model kaa vikas mukhya engineer toru uda key netritva mein ack sanyukt toyota-daihatsu aantarik company key madhyam seey kiya gayaa thaa, jise ubharati bajar compact kaar company (ee. see.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh assie100 shrinkhala key vaayas/yaris sedan key saath dee. aine. jee. aeye.-bee. platform koo saajha kartaa haye. udaa ney ullekh kiya kii platform key saamane vaale hisse jaise injan dibbe koo awanza/velos key saath saajha kiya jaataa haye, jabaki under section aur wheelbase parr phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa. ground clearance kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa haye. bazar. indoneshiya. indoneshiya key bajar mein yaris cross teen grade key saath upalabdh haih jee gasoline, aiss gasoline aur aiss hybrid, poorv koo yaa tou 5-speed manual yaa see. vee. tii. seey susajjit kiya jaa sakata haye jabaki baad vaale dou koo kewal see. vee. tii. seey susajjit kiya jaa sakata haye. toyota suraksha bodh aiss gasoline aur aiss hybrid grade parr maanak haye, jabaki shareer kitt aur anya cosmetic bhaagon seey yukt ack jee. aar. parts package aiss gasoline aur aiss hybrid grade parr vaikalpik haye. cambodia. assie 200 shrinkhala yaris cross koo 7 julaai 2023 koo cambodia mein vigo key saath launch kiya gayaa thaa. ise ekal grade star mein pesh kiya jaataa haye, jise kewal 1.5-liter "2nr-way" injan key saath jodaa jaataa haye. toyota suraksha bodh maanak haye. powertrain. petrol model key liye, assie200 shrinkhala yaris cross koo 1.5-litre "2nr-way" injan dwara sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye. sankar model 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" injan dwara sanchaalit haye, joe duniya kaa pahala anuprayog haye. yeh "2nr-v" parr mulyankan kiya gayaa ack atkinson saikil injan haye, joe kull utpaadan key saath ack ekal vidyut motor key saath sanyukt haye. yeh 0.7 kilowatt lithium-aayan battery key saath poorak haye, joe peechhe kii seeton key neeche luggy hui haye.

toyota yaris cross idu upa compact crossover esuvi vibhagadalli (bii-vibhaga) eradu vaahanagalige japanina vaahana tayaaraka toyota balasuva nameplate aagide. toyota hosa jagatika vaastushilpavannu aadharisida Xp210 maadari yarisna crossover esuvi pratiroopakke nameplate modalu kaanisikonditu, idu august 2020 ralli japannalli mattu 2021 ralli europnalli maadari code xp210 nondige maaraatavaayitu. mayee 2023 ralli, toyota indoneshyaadalli adhe hesarina mattondu vaahanavannu bidugade maaditu, idu doddadagide mattu daihatsu hosa jagatika vaastushilpavannu aadhariside, maadari code ac 200. xp210 sarani (2020). prathamikavagi japanese, european mattu australian maarukattegalige maaraatavaguva, XP210 saraniya yaris cross annu gaa-bii platformanalli XP210 saraniya yaris hatchback aagi nirmisalaagide mattu toyotada crossover esuvi saalinalli aygo ex athawa raiz mattu sii-hr naduve irisalaagide. idu japanese/european marukatte xp110 sarani aii. ess. tii/urban cruiser annu badalaayisuttade. yaris cross annu moolatah 2020rahra geneeva motor shonalli anaavaranagolisalu yojisalagittu; aadaagyoo, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi pradarshanavannu raddugolisalaayitu. toyota nantara 23 april 2020 randu yaris crossna modala chitragalu mattu visheshanagalannu bidugade maaditu. maadariyu september 2020 ralli japannalli, november 2020 ralli aastreliyaadalli mattu 2021 rahra madhyadalli europnalli maaraatavaayitu. yaris hatchback jotege yasunori suezawa mukhya enginiyar aagi mattu haidaki hayashi aantarika "toyota compact kaar kampani" adiyalli upa mukhya enginiyar aagi vaahanada abhivraddhiyannu maadalaayitu. yaris silubeya vinyaasavu toyotada european mattu japanese studiyogala naduvina sahayogavagiddu, yaarisninda baruva soochanegalannu toyotada dodda esyuvigalantaha hecchu koneeya raav 4 naa vaishishtyagalondige samyojisuttade. toyotada prakara, yaris cross annu melininda nodidaga vajravannu holuttade ekendare adara vishaalavaada madhyabhaagavu vinyaasakaararige chakrada kamanugalannu hecchu 'orataada' sailiyannu sadhisalu avakasha maadikottitu. dashboard vinyaasavu yaris hatchback nondige aneka ghatakagalannu hanchikolluttade. yaris silubeya chakrada talavu european marukatteya yaarisge holuttade, aadare ground clearance annu pramanita yaarisginta hechchisalaaguttade. toyota hybrid aavruttige aall-wheel-drive roopaantaravannu (intelligent aall-wheel drive, aa. doubleu. dii-aii) niiduttade, idu itara bii-segment esyuvigaliginta bhinnavagide, idu mukhyavaagi europnalli front-wheel drive aagide. ee vyavasthege driveshaft agatyavilla, badalige vegavardhaneya samayadalli athawa hecchu eletada agatyaviddaaga vidyut puraisuva vidyuddikruta himbhagada axal annu balasuttade. wltp pariksha chakrada adiyalli, hosa yarisna aii-aud aavruttiyu prati kilometerge 135 graam mattu mumbhagada chakra chalana rupantarakke 120 graam/kimee annu horasoosuttade. utpaadane. yaris cross annu japannalli toyota motor purva japannalli mattu fransonalli toyota motor utpadana fransonalli tayaarisalaaguttade, idu pramanita yaarisnanteye iruttade. kampaniyu tanna french karkhaneyalli varshakke 150,000 yaris cross ghatakagalannu utpaadisalu yojiside. modala yaris cross 2021rahra julainalli french karkhaneyannu horatanditu. maarukattegalu. japan. japannalli, yaris cross annu august 2020 rinda marata maadalaayitu mattu idu petrol mattu hybrid rupantaragalalli labhyavide. naalku chakragala vaahanavu ondu aaykeyaagi labhyavide mattu toyota surakshata pragneyu shreniyaadyanta pramaanitavaagide. idu aarambhadalli x, g mattu z darjeya hantagalalli labhyavittu. 2022rahra julai 19randu, eradu hosa shrenigalannu serisalaayituhu zii. aarr. sport mattu jhad adventure. prashastigalu. yaris cross annu 2022rahra "varshada vishwa nagara kaaru" endu nidalaayitu. ac 200 sarani (2023). ac 200 saraniya yaris cross annu indoneshyaadalli 2023rahra mayee 15randu anaavaranagolisalaayitu mattu 25 deshagala sthaliya mattu raftu marukattegaligagi paschima jaavaada kaaravaangnalliruva piti toyota motor utpadana indonesia soulabhyagalalli 2023rahra zoon 13randu utpaadaneyannu praarambhisalaayitu. adhe dinankadandu indoneshyaada marata praarambhavaayitu. byatarigalu mattu engingalu seridante ottu 116 pooraikedaararu sthaliya vishayada moulyada 80 pratishatadashtu koduge niiduttaare. mukhya enginiyar toru udaa avara netrutvadalli udayonmukha-marukatte compact kaar kampani (ii. sii. sii) endu kareyalpaduva junty toyota-daihatsu aantarika kampaniya moolaka daihatsu ee maadariya abhivraddhiyannu maadidaru. idu dnga-bii platform annu ac 100 sarani vios/yaris sedaannondige hanchikolluttade. platformn mumbhagada vibhaagavaada engine compartment annu awanza/velosnondige hanchikollalaagide, aadare under vibhaga mattu wheelbase annu maruroopisalaagide endu udaa ullekhisiddaare. ground clearance annu rait maadalaagide. maarukattegalu. indonesia. indoneshyaada marukatteya yaris cross mooru shrenigalondige labhyavideh zii gasoline, ess gasoline mattu ess hybrid, modalaneyadannu 5-speed manual athawa sii. vii. tii. yondige sajjugolisabahudu, aadare eradaneyadannu sii. vii. tii. yondige maatra hondisabahudu. toyota surakshata pragneyu gasoline mattu hybrid shrenigalalli pramaanitavaagide, aadare deha kitgalu mattu itara cosmetic bhagagalannu olagondiruva grar parts package gasoline mattu hybrid shrenigalalli aichchikavaagide. cambodia. ac 200 saraniya yaris cross annu 7 julai 2023 randu cambodiyaadalli vigodondige praarambhisalaayitu. idannu onde darjeya mattadalli nidalaaguttade, idannu 1.5-liter "2enr-weey" enginnondige maatra jodisalagide. toyota surakshata pragne pramaanitavaagide. power train. petrol madarigagi, ac200 saraniya yaris cross annu 1.5-litre "2enr-weey" enginninda nadesalaaguttade. hybrid maadariyu 1.5-litre "2nr-vex" enginninda chaalitavaagide, idu vishvada modala application aagide. idu "2nr-v" rating annu aadharisida atkinson saikal engine aagiddu, ottu utpaadaneyondige utpaadisuva onde vidyut motor annu samyojisuttade. idu 0.7 kilowatt lithium-aiyaan byaatariyondige purakavagide, idannu himbhagada asanagala adiyalli alavadisalaagide.

toyota yaris cross japanese vahana nirmathaakkalaaya toyota sub compact crosswor esyuvi vibhaagathile (bii-segment) rund vaahanangalkkayi upayogikkunna nameplateanu ithu. 2020 augustil jappanilum 2021ll europilum model coode expi210 upayogichu vilppanaykkethiya toyota puthiya aagola vaasthuvidya adisthaanamaakkiyulla expi210 modalinte crosswor esyuvi kaundarpaarttinaayi nameplate aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu. 2023 meyy maasathil, toyota indoneshyayil athe perilulla mattoru vahanam puratthirakki, ithu valuthaanu, koodaathe daihatsu puthiya aagola vaasthuvidya adisthaanamaakkiyullathum, model coode essy 200 aanu. XP210 seerees (2020). praadhamikamaayi japanese, europian, australian vipanikalkkayi vipananam cheiyunna expi210 seerees yaris cross, expi210 seerees yaris hatchbackayi gaa-bii plaattphomil nirmmichirikkunnu, koodaathe toyota crosswor esyuvi lainappil aigo ex allengil rais, sii-echr ennivaykkidayilaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu. ithu japanese/europian maarkkat xp110 seerees IST/arban cruiserine maattisthaapikkunnu. 2020 leeii jeneeva motor shoyil yaris cross anaachaadanam cheyyaan aadyam padhathiyittirunnuvenkum covid-19 mahamari kaaranam shhow raddaki. toyota 2020 epril 23 nuu yaris krosinte aadya chithrangalum savisheshathakalum puratthirakki. 2020 septambaril jappanilum 2020 novemberil australiyayilum 2021 pakuthiyode europilum model vilppanaykkethi. yaros hatchbackinoppam yasunori susawa cheef enchineeyaraayum haidaki hayashi deputy cheef enchineeyaraayum intenal "toyota compact kaar kambani" kku keezhilaanu vaahanathinte vikasanam nadathiyathu. yaris krosinte roopakalppana toyota europian, japanese studiyokal thammilulla sahakaranamaan, yaareesil ninnulla soochanakalum toyota valia esyuvikalil ninnulla kooduthal angular raav 4 polulla savisheshathakalum samyojippikkunnu. toyota abhipraayathil, yaris cross mukalil ninnu nokkumbol oru vajravumaayi saamyamullathaan, kaaranam athinte vishalamaaya madhyabhagam kooduthal 'parukkan' stailing nedunnathinu chakra kamanangal vishaalamaakkaan designermaare anuvadichu. dashboard design yaris haachbaakkumaayi niravadhi gadakangal pankidunnu. yaris krosinte wheelbase europian maarkkat yarisinode saamyamullathaanenkilum graundu clearance staanderd yaarisinekkaal vardhippikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum europil frond wheel drivaaya mattu bii-segment esyuvikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, hibrid pathippin toyota oru ool-wheel drive veriyant (intalijant ool-wheel drive, eiii. dablyu. dii-aii) vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. systethinu oru drive shaaft aavasyamilla, pakaram aaksilareshan samayat allengil kooduthal traction aavashyamullappol vaidyuthi nalkunna oru vaidyutheekaricha pinn aaksilaan upayogikkunnathu. dablyueltipi testt saikkilin keezhil, puthiya yaris krosinte aii-oodu pathipp kilometerinu 135 gram, frond wheel drive veriyantinu 120 gram/kilometer enniva purappeduvikkunnu. uthppaadanam. jappaanile toyota motor eest jappanilum fraansile toyota motor nirmmaana fraansilum staanderd yaarisinu samaanamaayaan yaris cross nirmmikkunnath. thangalude franch faaktariyil prathivarsham 150,000 yoonit yaris cross utppaadippikkaan kambani padhathiyittittundu. aadyathe yaris cross 2021 joolaiyil franch factory puratthirakki. vipanikal. jappan. jappanil, 2020 august muthal vittupoya yaris cross petrol, hibrid vakabhedangalil labhyamaan. phoor wheel drive oru oopshanaayi labhyamaan, koodaathe toyota suraksha sense lainappiludaneelam staanderdaanu. x, g, z grade thalangalil ithu thudakkathil labhyamaayirunnu. 2022 juulai 19 nuu rund puthiya gradeukal cherthu jii. aarr. sports, isad adventure. avaardukal. 2022-leeii "waled arban kaar oof dhaa iyar" aayi yaris cross thiranjedukkappettu. essy 200 seerees (2023). 2023 meyy 15 nuu indoneshyayil anaachaadanam cheytha essy 200 seerees yaris cross, 25 raajyangalile praadeshika, kayattumathi vipanikalkkayi vestt jaavayile kaaraavaangile pii. tii. toyota motor manufacturing indoneshya soukaryangalil 2023 juun 13 nuu uthppaadanam aarambhichu. athe theeyathiyil thanne indoneshyan vilppana aarambhichu. baattarikalum enchinukalum ulppede motham 116 vitharanakkaar praadeshika ulladakka moolyathinte 80 sathamaanam vare sambhavana cheiyunnu. cheef enchineeyar thoru udayude neethrthwathil emerging maarkkat compact kaar kambani (iii. sii. sii) ennariyappedunna oru samyuktha toyota-daihatsu intenal kambaniyiloodeyaanu daihatsu modalinte vikasanam nadathiyathu. essy 100 seerees vios/yaris sedanumaayi ithu dii. enn. jii. eiii-bii plaattphom pankidunnu. plaattphominte munbhagam, enchin compartment polullava avansa/velosumaayi pankidunnuvennum under section wheelbase punarnirmmichathaayum udha paraamarshichu. graundu clearance rettucheythirikkunnu. vipanikal. indoneshya. indoneshyan maarkkat yaris cross moonnu gradukalil labhyamaanu jii gasoline, ezz gasoline, ezz hibrid, aadyathethu 5 speed maanuval allengil sii. vii. tii. ennivayil sajjeekarikkam, randaamathethu sii. vii. tii maathram sajjeekarikkam. toyota sephtti sense ezz gasoline, ezz hibrid gradukalil staanderdaanu, athesamayam body kittukalum mattu soundaryavardhaka bhaagangalum adangiya oru jii. aarr parts paakkej ezz gasoline, ezz hibrid gradukalil oopshanalaanu. cambodia. 2023 juulai 7 nuu kombodiyayil vigoikkoppam essy 200 seerees yaris cross puratthirakki. ithu oru grade thalatthil vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, ithu 1.5-liter "2enr-veey" enchinumaayi maathram jodiyaakkunnu. toyota suraksha bodham saadhaaranamaanu. powertrain. petrol modaline sambandhichidatholam, essy 200 seerees yaris crossinu karuth pakarunnath 1.5-litre "2enr-veey" enchin aanu. lokathile aadyathe aaplikkeshanaaya 1.5-litre "2nr-veks" enchinaanu hibrid modalinu karuth pakarunnath. 2nr-v" rettucheytha oru atkinsan saikkil enchinaanithu, motham ulppaadanathode uthppaadippikkunna orotta electric motorumaayi samyojippichirikkunnu. pinn seettukalude keezhil gadippichirikkunna 0.7 kilowatt lythium ayann baattariyaan ithinu anubandhamaayi upayogikkunnathu.

toyota yaris cross daad hii japani vahan nirmata toyota dware sub-compact crossover ess. yuu. vhee. shrenitil (bii-vibhag) done vahanansathi vaparali jaanari nameplate aahe. toyota naveen jaagtik sanrachanevar aadharit expi210 model yarisachya crossover ess. yuu. vhee. pratirupasathi nameplate pratham disali, jee august 2020 madhye japanmadhye aanee 2021 madhye europemadhye model code expi210 saha vikrisathi aalee. meey 2023 madhye, toyotane indoneshiyamadhye tyach navache aanakhi eka vahan jaaree kele, jeey mothe aahe aanee model code essie 200 saha, diahatsu naveen jaagtik sanrachanevar aadharit aahe. ex. pii. 210 malika (2020). pramukhyane japani, european aanee austreliyan bajarpethansathi vikali jaanari, ex. pii. 210 malika yaris cross hii jee. aii.-bii. platformwar ex. pii. 210 malika yaris hatchback mhanoon bandhali gelee aahe aanee toyotachya crossover ess. yuu. vhee. kramvarit aaygo ex kinwa rez aanee see. etch. aar. darmyan thewali gelee aahe. tee japani/european bajarpeth ex. pii. 110 malika aay. ess. tii./shahari cruiserchi jaaga ghete. yaris crossche anavaran moolatah 2020 chya jineva motor shomadhye karnyache niyojan hote; tathapi, covid-19 mahamarimule haah shhow radd karnyat aala hota. tyanantar toyotane 23 april 2020 roji yarri crosschee pahili chitre aanee vaishishtye prasiddha kelee. september 2020 madhye japanmadhye, november 2020 madhye austreliyamadhye aanee 2021 chya madhyat europemadhye modelchi vikri suru jhaali. yaris hatchbachya bajoone yaa vahanacha vikas karnyat aala, jyachya netrutvakhali mukhya abhiyanta mhanoon yasunori suezawa aanee antargat "toyota compact qaar company" antargat up mukhya abhiyanta mhanoon hedaki hayshi hote. yaris crosschee rachana hii toyotachya european aanee japani studiomadhil eka sahyog aahe, jyat yarimadhil sanket aanee toyotachya mothya ess. yuu. vhee. chya vaishishtyansah adhik koneey aar. aii. vhee. 4. toyotachya matey, yaris cross tyachya rund madhyabhagamule varoon pahilyas hidyapramane disato, jyamule designersna adhik 'khadbadit' shaili prapt karnyasathi chakanchya kamani rund karanyachi parvanagi milate. dashboardchi rachana yaris hatchbacks anek ghatak samayik karate. yarri crosscha chakancha aadhar european bajaratil yarisarkhach aahe, parantu ground clearance pramanit yaripeksha jaast vadhavala jaato. toyota sankarit aavruttisathi serve-chaak chalvinara prakar (buddhiman serve-chaak chalvinara, aii. doubleu. dii.-aay.) pradan karato, itar bii-segment ess. yuu. vhee. chya ulat jeey pramukhyane europemadhye front-vheel chalavatat. pranalila driveshaftchi aavashyakta nasate aanee tyaeivaji pravegak darmyan kinwa jevha adhik karshan aavashyak asate tevha veej puravnanya vidyutikrut mageel excelcha vapar keela jaato. doubleu. ell. tii. pii. chachani chakrantargat, naveen yaris crosschee aay-edd aavrutti prati kilometer 135 gramm aanee front-vheel drive prakarasathi 120 gramm/kiimii utsarjit karate. utpadan. yaris crossche utpadan japanmadhye toyota motor purv japan yethe aanee francemadhye toyota motor utpadan francemadhye kele jaate, jeey manak yarisarkhech aahe. companyne aaplya french karkhanyat darvarshi yarri crosschya 150,000 unitsche utpadan karanyachi yojana aakhali. pahilya yaris crossney julai 2021 madhye french karkhana suru keela. bajar. japan. japanmadhye, yaris cross august 2020 pasoon vikala gela aanee too petrol aanee sankarit asha donhi prakaranmadhye upalabdh aahe. chaar chakee vahan eka paryay mhanoon upalabdh aahe aanee toyota suraksha bhavna sampoorn shrenimadhye manak aahe. suruvatila teey x, g aanee z shrenichya staranmadhye upalabdh hote. 19 julai 2022 roji, jee. aar. spoort aanee zed adventure yaa done naveen shreni jodalya gelya. puraskar. yaris crossla 2022 salchi 'world urban qaar auph daad ear' mhanoon sanmanit karnyat aale. essie 200 malika (2023). 15 meey 2023 roji indoneshiyamadhye essie 200 sirij yaris crossche anavaran karnyat aale aanee 13 juuna 2023 roji paschim javachya karwang yetheel piitii toyota motor utpadan indoneshiyatil suvidhanmadhye 25 deshanchya sthanik aanee niryat donhi bajarpethansathi utpadan suru karnyat aale. indonesian vikri tyach tarkhela suru jhaali. battery aanee engines ekoon 116 puravathadar sthanik samgrichya moolyat 80 takkyanparyant yogdan detat. mukhya abhiyanta toru udyachya netrutvakhali udayonmukh-bajar compact qaar company (eae. see.) mhanoon olakhalya jaananya sanyukt toyota-daihatsu antargat kampanidware, diahatsu yanni yaa modelcha vikas keela. tee essie 100 sirijchya vios/yaris sedans dii. aine. jee. aii.-bii. platform samayik karate. ooda yanni namood kele qee, platformcha pudhcha bhag, jase qee enginecha dabba, awanza/velozes samayik keela jaato, tarr under section aanee wheelbasewar punha kaam kele jaate. ground clearanceche moolyankan kele jaate. bajar. indoneshiya. indonesian market yaris cross teen shrenisah upalabdh aaheh jee petrol, ess petrol aanee ess hibrid, pahila ektar 5-speed manual kinwa cvts susajj asoo shakato tarr nantarche done keval cvts susajj asoo shakatat. toyota suraksha bhavna hii ess petrol aanee ess sankarit shrenivar manak aahe, tarr jee. aar. bhaganche package jyamadhye shareer sanch aanee itar saundaryaprasadhan bhag asatat teey ess petrol aanee ess sankarit shrenivar aichchhik aahet. kambodiya. essie 200 sirij yaris cross 7 julai 2023 roji kambodiyamadhye vigosah launch karnyat aalee. tee ekach shrenichya staravar dilee jaate, fakt 1.5-liter "2nr-weey" engines jodaleli aahe. toyota suraksha bhavna hii manak aahe. power train. petrol modelsathi, essie 200 sirijchya yaris crossla 'id1'> '2nr-weey' injindware chalavale jaate. sankarit model 1.5-litre "2nr-wakes" injindware chalavale jaate, jeey jagatil pahile anuprayog aahe. heey "2nr-v" retedvar aadharit eka etkinson cycle engine aahe, jeey ekoon utpadanasah ekach vidyut motors ektrit kele jaate. yaat 0.7 kilowatchi lithiyam-aayan battery aahe, jee mageel sitkhali basavali aahe.

toyota yaris cruss yo japani atomaker toyotale subcompact krasaobhar esyubhi shreni (bee-segment) maa dui sawari sadhanharuka lagi prayog garne nemplate how. nemplate pahilo patak toyota nayan vishwawyapi wastukalama adharit expi210 model yarisko crossover esyubhi samkakshaka lagi dekha paryo, june august 2020 maa japanma rar 2021 maa europema model code expi210 sanga bikrima gayo. maee 2023 maa, toyotale indonesiama uhi namko arko wahn jaari garyo, june thulo chha rar model code ac 200 ko sath daihatsu nayan vishwawyapi wastukalama adharit chha. XP210 shrinkhala (2020). mukhyataya japani, europeli rar astreliyali bajarharuka lagi bazar garieko, expi210 shringkhalako yaris cruss expi210 shringkhalako yaris hatchbacko rupma ga-bee platformma nirman garieko chha rar toyotako krasaobhar esyubhi lineupma aigo ex wa rez rar see-echarko bichma rakhieko chha. yasale japani/europeli bazar xp110 shringkhalako IST/sahari krujarlai pratisthapan gardacha. yaris cruss muel rupma 2020 jenebha motor shoma anawaran garne yojana banaieko thiyo; yadyapi, covid-19 mahamariko karan show radda garieko thiyo. toyotale tyasapachhi 23 april 2020 maa yaris krasko pahilo taswira rar wishishtataharu jaari garyo. model september 2020 maa japanma, november 2020 maa australia rar 2021 ko madhyama europema bikrima gayo. yaris hatchbacko sathama gadiko vikas garieko thiyo, jasko netritwama mukhya engineerko rupma yasunori suejawale rar antarik "toyota compact carr company" antargat upa pramukh engineerko rupma hedaki hayasile netritwa gareka thie. yaris krasko design toyotako europeli rar japani studiyoharu bichko sahakarya how, toyotako thula esayuviharu jastai adhik koniya arebhi 4 kaa suwidhaharusanga yariska sanketharu sanyojan gardai. toyotaka anusar, yaris cruss yasako farakilo madhyabhagko karan mathiko dekhinda hira jasto dekhinchha, jasle designerharulai adhik 'ubad-khabur' shaili prapta garna pangra mehrabharu chauda garna anumati dinchha. dasboard designle yaris hatchbacksanga dherai componentharu sajha gardacha. yaris krasko wheelbase europeli bazar yarisasanga mildojuldo chha, tara ground clearance manak yarisabhanda badhile badheko chha. toyotale hybrid sanskaranka lagi sabai-pangra-drive sanskaran (intelligent sabai-pangra drive, ae. w. dee-aie) pradan gardacha, anya bee-segment ess. yu. bhi. ko viparit june mukhyataya europema front-pangra drive how. pranalilai driveshaftko awashyakta pardaina, rar yasako satta ek vidyutikrit pachhadi aksha prayog gardacha jasle twaranko samayama wa adhik karshan awashyak hunda shakti apurti gardacha. wltp parikshan chakra antargat, nayan yaris krasko aie-odd sanskaranle 135 gramm prati kilometer rar front-wheel drive sanskaranka lagi 120 gramm/kilometer utsarjan gardacha. utpadan. yaris cruss japanma toyota motor purvi japan rar francema toyota motor nirman francema nirmit chha, manak yaris jastai. companyle afno francelli karkhanama prati warsha 150,000 yarri cruss ekaiharu utpadan garne yojana banaeko chha. pahilo yaris krasle july 2021 maa francelli karkhanalai suru garyo. bazar. japan. japanma, yaris cruss august 2020 dekhi bechieko thiyo rar petrol rar hybrid duwai sanskaranharuma upalabdha chha. chaar-pangra drive ek wikalpako rupma upalabdha chha rar toyota suraksha bhawana lineupma manak chha. yo suruma x, g rar z grade starharuma upalabdha thiyo. 19 july 2022 maa, dui nayan gradeharu thapieh gr sport rar jade adventure. puraskar. yaris kraslai 2022 ko "warshako vishwa sahari carr" ko rupma sammanit garieko thiyo. ac 200 shringkhala (2023). ac 200 shringkhalako yaris cruss 15 mey 2023 maa indonesiama anawaran garieko thiyo, rar 13 june 2023 maa paschimi jawako karawangma piety toyota motor nirman indonesia suwidhaharuma 25 deshharuma sthaniya rar niryat bazar duwaika lagi utpadan suru bhayo. indonesiako bikri tyahi mitima suru bhayo. battry rar enginesahit sthaniya samagri mulyako 80 pratishatsamma yogdan garne kull 116 apurtikartaharu chhan. modelko vikas daihatsule pramukh engineer toru udako netritwama udiyaman-bazar compact carr company (ike) bhanera chinine sanyukta toyota-daihatsu antarik company marfat gareka thie. yasale dinga-bee platformlai ac 100 sirij bhayos/yaris sedansanga sajhedari gardacha. udale platformko agadiko bhag jastai injin compartment awanja/bhelojsanga sajhedari garieko ullekha gare, jabki under section rar wheelbase punah kaam garieko thiyo. ground clearance mulyankan garieko chha. bazar. indonesia. indonesian bazar yaris cruss tean gradeka sath upalabdha chhah zee petrol, ess petrol rar ess hybrid, pahilo 5-speed manual wa sibhitisanga susajjit huna sakchha jabki pachhillo dui matra sibhitisanga susajjit huna sakchha. toyota suraksha bodh ess petrol rar ess hybrid gradeharuma manak chha, jabki sharira kitharu rar anya cosmetic bhagharu samawesh garne gr parts package ess petrol rar ess hybrid gradeharuma vaikalpik chhan. kambodia. ac 200 sirij yaris cruss 7 july 2023 maa combodiama vigosanga sangai suru garieko thiyo. yo ekal grade starma prastawa garieko chha, kewal 1.5-liter "2nr-v" enginesanga jody banaieko chha. toyota suraksha bhawana manak how. pawar train. petrol modelka lagi, ac 200 shringkhalako yaris cruss 1.5-litre "2nr-bhe" injindwara sanchalit chha. hybrid model 1.5-litre "2nr-bheks" injindwara sanchalit chha, june wishwako pahilo anuprayog how. yo "2nr-v" maa mulyankan garieko atkinson cycle injin how, jasko kull utpadansanga utpadan garne ekal vidyutiya motorsanga sanyukta chha. yo 0.7 kilowata lithium-ayan batryko sath purak chha, june pachhadika sitharu muni mount garieko chha.

tojota aris cross daa heuchhi eka nameplate jaahaa japani automaker tojota dwara subcompact crusover ess. jayu. bhi. berg (bii-segment) ray duiti yaana paain byabahruta hue . tojota nutan biswastareeja sthapatya upare aadharita platformre model aris rahr crusover subh pratiroopa paain nameplate prathame dekhajaithila, jaahaa august 2020 ray japanare ebong 2021 ray juropare model code platformre sahita bikri hoithila. meey 2023 ray, tojota indonesiaare samaana naamare anya eka yaana jaari karithila, jaahaa model code ac 200 sahita budd ebong daihatasu nutan biswastareeja sthapatya upare aadharita . xp210 sirij (2020). mukhyatah japani, europeah ebong astreliah bajaara paain bajaara karajaithiba, platformre sirij aris cross, ga-bii platformre platformre sirij aris hatchback bhabare nirmita ebong tajotanka crusover esajubhi lineupre igo ex kimba rises ebong sii-hr madhyare abasthita . ehaa japani/europeah bajaara xp110 sirij IST/saharee krujaraku badalaithae. 2020 jenebha motor shoe 'ray aris cross unmochan karibaku yojana karajaithila; tebe, kovida-19 mahamari hetu shoe' ku batil karajaithila. ehapare tojota 23 april 2020 ray aris krasra pratham phato ebong nirdistata prakash karithila. model september 2020 ray japanare, navember 2020 ray astreliaare ebong 2021 madhyare juropare bikri hoithila . yaris hatback sahita yanara bikash karajaithila, yasnori suejawa mukhya engineer bhabare ebong hydaki hayashi aabhyantareen "tojota compact carr company" adheenare deputi chief engineer bhabare netrutwa neithile. aris krasra design tojotara europeah ebong japani studio madhyare eka sahjog, tojotara bruhata ess. jayu. bhi. rahr baisistya sahita aris ru sanketaku ekatra kare jepariki adhika kaunika rabh 4. tojota anujai, aris cross ehara prasasta madhyabhaga hetu uparu dekhiba samajare eka heera pari dekhajae, jaahaa designermananku adhika 'rukhya' style hassel karibaku chakia khilanaku prasasta karibaku anumathi deithila . dasboard design aris hatback sahita aneka upadan anshidara kare . aris krasra huilbases europeah bajaara aris sahita samaana, kintu ground clearance manaka aris tulanare brudhi paichi . tojota hibrid sanskarana paain eka all-huil-drive bhariant (intelligent all-huil drive, aii. dablyu. dii.-aai) pradan kare, anya bii-segment ess. jayu. bhi. nka tulanare jaahaa mukhyatah juropare front-huil drive . ehi sistamaku driveshafter abashyakata naahin, ebong ehaa paribarte eka bidyutakruta pacha akhya byabahara kare jaahaa twaran samajare kimba adhika karshan aabasyaka samajare shakti jogaithae . dablyu. ell. tii. pii. parikhyana chakra adheenare, nooa aris krasra aai-aii. dablyu. dii. sanskarana kilometer pichha 135 gramm ebong front-huil drive prakara paain 120 gramm/kilometer nirgamana karithae. utpadana. aris cross japanare tayota motor purba japanare ebong francere tayota motor utpadana francere nirmita hue, jaahaa standard aris pari . company ehara farasi karakhanare pratibarsha 150,000 unit aris cross utpadana karibaku yojana karithila. pratham aris cross july 2021 ray farasi karakhanaku arambha karithila . bajaara. japan. japanare, aris cross august 2020 ru bikri hoithila ebong ehaa ubhaja petrol ebong hibrid bhariantare upalabdha . chaari-chakia drive eka bikalpa bhabare upalabdha ebong tayota surakhya sense samagra lineupre manaka . ehaa prathame x, g ebong z shreni starare upalabdha thila. 19 july 2022 ray, duiti nutan grade jodajaithilaha jii. aarr. sports ebong jaded. adventure. puraskara. aris krasku 2022 masihar "barshar biswa saharanchal carr" bhabe sammanita karajaithila. ac 200 sirij (2023). ac 200 sirij aris cross 15 meey 2023 ray indonesiaare unmochan karajaithila, ebong 13 june 2023 ray paschima jabhara karawangare piti tojota motor utpadana indonesia subidha thaare utpadana arambha karithila, ubhaja sthaniah ebong 25 tii deshar raptani bajaara paain . indonesiaare bikri sehi dinatharu arambha hoithila. mote 116 john joganakari battery ebong injin sameth sthaniah samagri mulyara 80 pratishata parjyanta yogdan karanti . mukhya engineer toru udanka netrutware udiyamana-bajaara compact carr company (ee. sii. sii.) bhabare janashuna eka milita tojota-daihatasu aabhyantareen company madhyamare daihatasu dwara modelor bikash karajaithila. ehaa dii. enn. jii. aii.-bii. platapharmaku platapharmaku sirij bhajos/aris seddan sahita anshidara kare . udaa ullekha karithile je platformer sammukh bhaga jepariki injin compartmentaku abhanja/veloj sahita bantajaithiba bele under sexon ebong huilbesra punah karjya karajaithila. ground clearance reting karajaichi. bajaara. indonesia. indonesiaara bajaara aris cross tinoti grade sahita upalabdhah jii petrol, ess petrol ebong ess hibrid, prathamati 5-speed manual kimba sibhiti sahita sajjit hoipariba, jetebele parabarti duiti kebala sibhiti sahita sajjit hoipariba . tayota surakhya sense petrol ebong hibrid gradere manaka hoithibabele buddy kitt ebong anyanya prasadhan jantrangshaku nei eka jii. aarr. parts package petrol ebong hibrid gradere bikalpa atte. kambodia. ac 200 sirij aris cross 7 july 2023 ray kambodiare wigo sahita arambha karajaithila. ehaa kebala 1.5-liter 1.5-litre injin sahita jodi hoi ekaka grade starare pradan karajae . tojota surakhya bhabana heuchhi manaka. pawara train. petrol model paain, paain sirij aris cross 1.5-litre 1.5-litre injin dwara parichalita . ehi hibrid model 1.5-litre "2nr-vakes" injin dwara parichalita, jaahaa biswara pratham application. ehaa "2nr-v" rated upare aadharita eka atkinson cycle injin, jaahaa ekaka baidyutika motor sahita mishi mote utpadana sahita utpadana kare. ethire 0.7 kilowatt lithiam-ayon battery rahichhi, jaahaa pacha sitt tale lagajaichi.

toyota yaris karaas ih ikk nameplate haii joe japani vaahan nirmata toyota duaara sabb-compact crossover aiss. yuu. vee. shreni (bee-segment) witch doou vaahanan laee varti jaandi haii. nameplate pahili vaar toyota dey navein vishwaviaapi architecture dey adhaar teey code maadal yaris dey crossover suv hamrutba laee dikhai ditti, joe kii agast 2020 witch japaan witch atey 2021 witch yoorap witch maadal code code naal vikri 'teey see. maee 2023 witch, toyota neey indonesia witch isey naam daa ikk horr vaahan jaari keeta, joe kii vadda haii atey maadal code ac 200 dey naal daihtsu dey navein vishwaviaapi architecture' teey adharat haii. Xp210 seereez (2020). mukkh taur utte japani, european atey australiaai bazaran laee markeet keeta jaanda haii, XP210 seereez yaris karaas noon gaa-bee platform utte XP210 seereez yaris hatchback dey roop witch banaiaa giaa haii atey toyota dey crossover aiss. yuu. vee. lineup witch aigo aiks jaan rez atey see-aich. aar dey vichkaar sathit haii. ih japani/european markeet xp110 seereez IST/shahiri cruiser dee thaan lainda haii. yaris karaas noon asal witch 2020 dey jeneva motor shoa witch pesh curran dee yojna banayi gaee see; halanki, covid-19 mahamari caarn shoa noon radd qarr ditta giaa see. toyota neey firr 23 aprail 2020 noon yaris karaas deeaan pahiliaan tasviran atey visheshtavan jaari keetiaan. maadal satambar 2020 witch japaan witch, navambar 2020 witch australia witch atey 2021 dey maddh witch yoorap witch vikri laee giaa. vaahan daa vikas yaris hatchback dey naal keeta giaa see, jiss dee agvai yasnori suzawa neey mukkh engineer vajon keeti see atey andruni "toyota compact qaar company" dey tehat upp mukkh engineer vajon haidaki hayashi neey keeti see. yaris karaas daa design toyota dey european atey japani studios vichkaar ikk sahiyog haii, joe kii toyota dey vadde aiss. yuu. vee. jiven kii vadhere koniya aar. aii. vee. 4 deeaan visheshtavan dey naal yaris dey sanketan noon jodada haii. toyota dey anusar, yaris karaas ikk heere varga lagda haii jadon iss dey vishal maddh bhaag dey caarn uppron dekhiaa jaanda haii, jiss neey designaran noon vadhere 'ucchi' styling prapat curran laee chakkar dey kamanan noon chauda curran dee aagiaa ditti. dashboard design yaris hatchback dey naal bahut saare hisse sanjha karda haii. yaris karaas daa wheelbase european markeet yaris dey samaan haii, parr zamini nikasi noon standard yaris toon vaddh vadha ditta giaa haii. toyota hybrid sanskaran laee ikk aal-wheel-drive variant (intelligent aal-wheel drive, aii. w. dee.-aaee) dee peshkash karda haii, joe kii horr bee-segment aiss. yuu. vee. dey ulat haii joe vishesh taur 'teey yoorap witch mukkh taur' teey front-wheel drive hunn. system noon ikk driveshaft dee zaroorat naheen haii, atey iss dee bajaae ikk bijlikrit rear aiksal dee varton keeti jaandi haii joe acceleration dauran jaan jadon vadhere traction dee zaroorat hundi haii taan bijli dee saplai kardi haii. w. ail. tii. pee. test chakkar dey tehat, naveen yaris karaas daa aaee-odd sanskaran 135 graam pratee kilometer atey front-wheel drive sanskaran laee 120 graam/kilometer daa nikas karda haii. utpadan. yaris karaas daa nirman japaan witch toyota motor purbi japaan atey france witch toyota motor nirman france witch keeta jaanda haii, joe kii standard yaris dey samaan haii. company neey aapni franch factory witch harr saal yaris karaas deeaan 150,000 ikaiaan daa utpadan curran dee yojna banayi. pahili yaris karaas neey julai 2021 witch franch factory noon shuru keeta. bazaran. japaan. japaan witch, yaris karaas agast 2020 toon vechiaa giaa see atey ih petrol atey hybrid dovan roopan witch upalbadh haii. chaar-pahiaa drive ikk wicklup dey roop witch upalbadh haii atey toyota surakhiaa bhavna lineup witch standard haii. ih shuru witch x, g atey z grade padhran witch upalbadh see. 19 julai 2022 noon, doou navein grade shamal keete gaye sanauu jee. aar. sports atey zedd adventure. puraskar. yaris karaas noon 2022 dee "saal dee vishav shahiri qaar" vajon sanmanit keeta giaa see. ac 200 seereez (2023). ac 200 seereez yaris karaas daa udghatan 15 maee 2023 noon indonesia witch keeta giaa see, atey 13 juun 2023 noon 25 deshan dey sathanak atey niryaat bazaran laee pachmi jaava dey karwang witch piitii toyota motor nirman indonesia sahulatan witch utpadan shuru keeta giaa see. indonesia witch vikri use mitee toon shuru hoee see. kull 116 splier sathanak samaggari mull daa 80 pratishat takk yogdan paunde hunn, jiss witch baitariaan atey injan shamal hunn. maadal daa vikas daihatsu duaara ikk sanjhi toyota-daihatsu andruni company duaara keeta giaa see jiss noon ubbhardi markeet compact qaar company (ee. see.) vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe mukkh engineer toru udd dee agvai heth see. ih dee. ainn. jee. aii.-bee. platform noon ac 100 seereez vios/yaris seddon naal sanjha karda haii. ooda neey zikar keeta kii platform dey agle bhaag jiven kii injan dabbe noon avanza/velos naal sanjha keeta giaa haii, jadon kii under section atey wheelbase noon dubara kamm keeta giaa see. zamini nikasi daa darja ditta giaa haii. bazaran. indonesia. indonesian markeet yaris karaas tinn grade dey naal upalbadh haiyav jee gasoline, aiss gasoline atey aiss hybrid, pahile noon 5-speed manual jaan see. vee. tii. naal lais keeta jaa sakda haii jadon kii baad vaale doou siraf see. vee. tii. naal lais hoow sakde hunn. toyota surakhiaa bhavna aiss gasoline atey aiss hybrid grade 'teey standard haii, jadon kii baadi kittan atey horr cosmetic hissiaan vaala ikk jee. aar. parts package aiss gasoline atey aiss hybrid grade' teey vikalpik haii. kambodia. ac 200 seereez yaris karaas noon 7 julai 2023 noon kambodia witch vigo dey naal lanch keeta giaa see. ih ikk single grade paddhar witch pesh keeta jaanda haii, siraf 1.5-liter "2nr-v" injan naal jodiaa jaanda haii. toyota surakhiaa bhavna miaari haii. powertrain. patroll maadal laee, AC200 seereez yaris karaas noon 1.5-litre "2nr-v" injan duaara sanchalit keeta giaa haii jiss noon atey 'teey darja ditta giaa haii. hybrid maadal 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" injan duaara sanchalit haii, joe kii ikk vishav-pahili application haii. ih ikk atkinson cycle injan haii joe "2nr-v" rating utte adharat haii, ikk single electric motor dey naal mill keey kull output dey naal paida hunda haii. iss noon 0.7 kilowatt dee lithiam-aain battery naal jodiaa giaa haii, joe kii pichliaan seetan dey hethan mount keeti gaee haii.

toyota yaaris cross da iti naamaphalakah jaapanees-vaahananirmaatru toyota ityanena upa-compact crossover-suv-shrenee (bee-segment) madhye vaahanadvaye upayujyate. toyota-nyoo global-architecture ityasya aadhaaren eksa. pee. 210 maadal-yaaris ityasya crossover-suv pratiroopasy krute naamaphalakah prathamavaaram drushtah, yat 2020 august-maase japan-deshe, 2021 tame varshe europe-deshe cha eksa. pee. 210 iti maadal-code ityanena saha vikrayanam jaatam. 2023 mey-maase toyota-samsthaa indonesia-deshe samaan-namna anyam vaahanam praavartayat, yat bruhat, daihaatsu-nyoo-global-architecture-ityasya aadhaaren, e. see. 200 iti maadal-code ityanena saha. XP210 shrunkhalaa (2020). mukhyataya japanese, european, australian vipaninaam krute vipanitam, eksa. pee. 210 shrunkhalaayaah yaaris cross iti ga-bee-platform-ityatra eksa. pee. 210 shrunkhalaayaah yaaris-hyachbyak-rupena nirmitam asti, toyota ityasya crossover-suv-lain-up madhye aigo-eksa athavaa rez tathaa see-ech. aar. madhye sthitaa asti. etat japani/yuropiyavipanyam xp110 shrunkhalaayaah IST/urban cruiser ityasya sthaane bhavati. yaaris cross ityasya anaavaranam moolatah 2020 tame varshe jinevaa-motaaru-pradarshanasy samaye yojitam aasit, parantu covid-19-mahamarina etat pradarshanm nirastam abhavat. tatah toyota-samsthaa 23 april 2020 dinaanke yaaris-cross-ityasya prathamam chitram vinirdishtam cha prakaashitavatee. 2020 september-maase japan-deshe, 2020 november-maase australia-deshe, 2021 madhyabhaage europe-deshe cha etat pratiroopam vikrayanam jaatam. yaarees-hyachbyak-yanasya vikaasah, mukhya-abhiyantruroopena yasunori suzawa ityasya netrutve, tathaa cha "toyota-compact-kaar-kampanee" ityasya aantarikasy upa-mukhya-abhiyantruroopena hedaki-hayashi ityasya netrutve abhavat. yaaris-cross ityasya vinyaasah toyota-nagarasya europiya-japani-studio-madhye sahayogah asti, yaarees-ityasya sanketaan toyota-ityasya bruhattar-suves-visheshaihi saha samyojayati, yathaa adhika-koneey-raav4. toyota-ityasya mate, yaaris-cross ityasya vistruta-madhyabhagasya karanat, yadaa oordhvatah drushyate tadaa vajram iva drushyate, yena vinyaasakaah adhikam 'kathoram' vinyaasam praaptum chakra-kamanan vistrutum shaknuvanti sma. dashboard-vinyaasah yaaris-hyachbyak-ityanena saha anekaan ghatakaan vahanti. yaaris-cross ityasya chakra-adharaha europiya-vipanyaayaah yaaris-ityanena saha samaanah asti, parantu ground-clear-ityasya vruddhihi maanak-yaaris-ityasya apekshayaa adhikah bhavati. toyota-samsthaa, visheshatah europe-deshe, anyeshu bee-segament-suv-ityeteshaam apekshayaa, habrid-samskaranasya krute aal-wheel-drave-prakaarah (intelligent aal-wheel drave, e. doubleu. dee.-aaee) pradadaati. tantraya driveshaft ityasya aavashyakataa naasti, tasya sthaane vidyudveekrutasya prushta-akshasya upayogah bhavati yah twaranakaale athavaa yadaa adhikam karshanasya aavashyakataa bhavati tadaa vidyut-aapoortih karoti. doubleu. ell. tea. pee. parikshanachakrasya antargatam, nutanasya yaaris-cross ityasya aii-e. doubleu. dee. samskaranam 135 graam prati kilometer, tathaa cha sammukh-chakra-chaalan-prakarasya 120 graam prati kii. mee. cha utsarjayati. utpaadanam. yaaris cross iteedam japaan-deshe toyota-motor-east-japan-deshe, france-deshe cha toyota-motor-nirmaana-france-deshe cha nirmitam asti, yat maanak-yaaris-rupena eva asti. kampanee swasya french-karakhanayam prativarsham 150,000 yaarees-cross-yantraa utpaadanam kartum yojanam krutavatee. prathamam yaaris cross 2021 julai-maase french-karakhanam praavartayat. vipananam karoti. japaan-deshe. japan-deshe, yaaris-cross-yanasya vikrayanam 2020 august-masat abhavat, petrol-mishrita-prakarayoho cha upalabhyte. chatushkrida-yaanam vikalparupena upalabhyte tathaa cha toyota-surakshaa-bodhah sampoorne shrenyaa manakiyaha asti. praarambhe etat x, g, z shrenyaah stareshu upalabhyat. 2022 julai 19 dinaanke, nootanau dwau shrenyaah yojitaah-jee. aar. sport tathaa jaid. edabhenchar. puraskaaraah. yaaris cross iteedam 2022 tame varshe "world urban kaar aaf da iyar" iti puraskaaren puraskrutam. AC200 shrunkhalaa (2023). 2023 mey 15 dinaanke indonesia-deshe e. see. 200-shrunkhalaayaah yaaris-cross-yanasya anaavaranam abhavat, 2023 joon 13 dinaanke pashchim-java-deshasya karavang-nagare pi. tii. toyota-motaaru-nirmaana-indonesia-samsthaasu 25 deshanam sthaniya-niryaata-vipaninaam krute utpaadanam aarabdham. indonesia-deshasya vikrayanam tasmin eva dine aarabdham. battery-yantraani-yantraani-sahitam, aahaty 116 aapoortikartaarah sthaniya-vishaya-vastoonaam mulyasya 80 pratishatam yaavat yogadam kurvanti. asya pratimanasya vikaasah mukhya-abhiyantru toroo-udayaha netrutve udayonmukh-vipanya-compact-kaar-kampanee (ee. sii. sii.) iti namna khyatasya samyukta-toyota-daihatsu-aantarik-kampenee-dwara daihatsu ityanena krutah. etat dii. enn. jee. e-bee. iti platform iteedam e. see. 100 siris-vios/yaaris sedan ityanena saha saha panktim karoti. oodaa ityanena ullikhitam yat manchasya agrabhaagah yathaa injin-compartment eva awanza/veloz ityanena saha vibhajyate, tathaa cha under-section, wheelbase cha punah nirmitam. bhoo-nishkasanam moolyaankitam asti. vipananam karoti. indonesia. indoneshiyan-vipanyaam yaaris cross iteedam tribhihi shrenyaah upalabhyte-jee-gasoline, ess-gasoline, ess-habrid cha, poorvasmin 5-speed-myaanuval athavaa see. vee. tea. ityanena sajjam bhavet, aparasmin dwe kevalam see. vee. tea. ityanena sajjam bhavet. toyota-surakshaa-bodhah ess-gasoline-tathaa ess-habrid-grade-madhye maanakah asti, shareer-kitts tathaa anyaih saundarya-upakaran-bhaagaih yuktah jee. aar-parts-pyaakej-iteedam ess-gasoline-tathaa ess-habrid-grade-madhye vaikalpikah asti. cambodia. 2023 julai 7 dinaanke cambodia-nagare e. see. 200-shrunkhalaayaah yaaris-cross-yaanam vigo-yanena saha prakshepitam aasit. etat eka-shrenee-stare eva pradattam asti, kevalam <aii. dii. 1> "2 enn. aar.-ve" iti yantrena saha yugmitam asti. toyota-surakshaa-bodhah maanakah asti. powertrain. petrol-maadel ityasya krute, e. see. 200 shrunkhalaayaah yaaris cross iti <aii. dee. 1> "2 enn. aar.-ve" iti injin ityanena cha shaktiyuktam asti. habrid-maadel iti 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" iti yantrena chaalitam asti, yat vishvasya prathamah anuprayogah asti. etat "2nr-v" iti mulyankanam praaptasya etkinson-saikal-injin asti, yayaa ekena vidyudvaahaka-yantrena saha samyuktam, yasya kulotpaadanam 2nr-v iti bhavati. asya poorakam 0.7 kilowatt lithium-ayaan-battery asti, yaa prushtabhaagasya asanasya adhah sthaapitam asti.

toyota yaris kurukku sapp-compact grassver esuvi pirivil (pii-pirivu) irandu vaaganangkalukku japanian vaagana thayaarippaalar poidova payanpaduththum peyarppalakai idhu. pommai puthiya ulagalaaviya kattamaippai adippadaiyaagak konda xp210 maadal yaarisin kurukkuvettu suvivukku peyarppalakai muthanmuthalil thoantriyathu, idhu august 2020 ill jappanil mattrum 2021 ill iroappaavil maadal kuriyeedu xp210 udan virpanaikku vanthathu. mae 2023 ill, pommai inththoanaesiyaavil athae peyaril mattroru vaaganaththai veliyittathu, idhu periyathu mattrum puthiya ulagalaaviya kattamaippai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, maadal kuriyeedu aesi 200 udan. xp210 thodar (2020). muthanmaiyaaga japanian, iroappiya mattrum australian santhaigalukku santhaippaduththappatta, expi210 thodar yaris kurukku qaa-pii maedaiyil expi210 thodar yaris haetchpaekkaaga kattappattullathu mattrum poyoattaavin kurukku esuvi varisaiyil ayko ex allathu raise mattrum chii-echr idaiyae nilainiruththappattullathu. idhu japanian/iroappiya santhai xp110 thodar aii. ess. dii/nagarppura kappal kappalai maattrukirathu. yaris kurukku muthalil 2020 jeneeva motor shovil veliyida thittamidappattathu; iruppinum, koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga nigazhchchi rathu seiyappattathu. toyota pinnar 23 aepral 2020 andru yaris grossin muthal padangkal mattrum vivarakkurippugalai veliyittathu. inththa maadal septumber 2020 ill jappaanilum, navambar 2020 ill australiavilum, 2021 naduppaguthiyil iroappaavilum virpanaikku vanthathu. yaris haetchpaekkudan vaaganaththin valarchi seiyappattathu, thalaimai poriyaalaraaka yasunori suisawa mattrum ull "boyota compact kaarr niruvanaththin" keezh thunai thalaimai poriyaalaraaka haidaagi hayashi aagiyoar thalaimaip poriyaalaraaka irunththanar. yaris kurukkuvettin vadivamaippu poittaavin iroappiya mattrum japanian studiokkalukku idaiyilaana oru oththuzhaippaagum, idhu poidaavin periya suvilirunthu varum amsangkaludan poidaavin periya suvilirunthu varum kurippugalai inaikkirathu, maelum koana raav 4. poidaavin koottruppadi, yaris kurukku adhan parantha naduppaguthi kaaranamaaga maelae irunthu paarkkumpoathu vairatthai othirukkirathu, idhu vadivamaippaalargal sakkara valaivugalai agalappaduththa anumathiththathu maelum 'karadumuradaana' stylingai adaiya. dashfordu vadivamaippu yaris haetchpaekkudan pala koorugalaip pagirnthu kolgiradhu. yaris kurukkuvettin chakkarat thalam iroappiya santhai yaarisukku oththathaaga irukkirathu, aanaal tharai veliyaettram nilaiyaana yaarisukku mael athikarikkappadukirathu. kurippaaga iroappaavil munnani sakkara oottunar vagaiyaaga irukkum pira pii-pirivu seuvi-kazhaip poalallaamal, boyota hybrit pathippirku aall-wheel-trive marupaattai (intelligent aall-wheel trive, aee. doublue. dii-aii) valangkukirathu. inththa amaippukku oru triveshoft thevaiyillai, adharku pathilaaka mudukkaththin poathu allathu adhiga izhuvai thaevaippadumpoathu sakthiyai vazhangkum minmayamakkappatta pinpura achchaip payanpaduththukirathu. dablyueldibi soathanai suzharchiyin keezh, puthiya yaris kurukku aii-audd pathippu oru kilometerukku 135 kiram mattrum muun sakkara oottunar maarupaattirku 120 kiram/kimee veliyidugirathu. urpaththi. yaris kurukku jappanil toyota motor kilakku jappanil mattrum brancil toyota motor urpaththi brancil thayaarikkappadukirathu, idhu nilaiyaana yaareesaip poalavae ullathu. niruvanam thanathu pirenchu thozhirchaalaiyil aandukku 150,000 yaris kurukkuvettugalai urpaththi seiya thittamittathu. muthal yaris kurukku juulai 2021 ill pirenchu thozhirchaalaiyai veliyaettriyathu. santhaigal. jappan. jappanil, yaris gross august 2020 muthal virkappattathu mattrum petrol mattrum hybrit vagaikalil kidaikkirathu. naanku sakkara oottunar oru viruppamaaga kidaikkirathu mattrum pommai paathukaappu unarvu varisai muzhuvathum nilaiyaanathu. idhu aarambaththil x, g mattrum z thara nilaigalil kidaiththathu. juulai 19,2022 andru, irandu puthiya tharangal serkkappattana kirar sport mattrum isat adventure. viruthugal. yaris kurukku 2022 aam aandin "aandin ulaga nagarppura kaarr" endru vazhangkappattathu. aesi 200 thodar (2023). aesi 200 thodar yaris kurukku 15 mae 2023 andru inththoanaesiyaavil veliyidappattathu, maelum 13 juun 2023 andru maerku javavin karawang nagaril ulla pidi toyota motor urpaththi indonesia vasathigalil 25 naadugalin ulloor mattrum aetrtrumathi santhaigalukku urpathtiyaith thodangiyathu. athae thaethiyil inthoanaesiya virpanai thodangiyathu. minkalangal mattrum iyanththirangkal udpada moththa 116 saplaiyarkal ulloor ulladakka mathippil 80 sathaveetham varai pankalikkindranar. inththa maathiriyin valarchi thalaimai poriyaalar doru udaavin thalaimaiyil valarnthu varum santhai compact kaarr niruvanam (eesi) endru azhaikkappadum oru koottu poida-daihatchu ull niruvanaththin moolam daihatswal seiyappattathu. idhu dnca-pii iyangkuthalaththai aesi 100 thodar vios/yaris sedaanudan pagirnthu kolgiradhu. iyanththirap petti poantra thalaththin muun pakuthi avansa/velosuden pagirnthu kollappadugiradhu, athae neraththil keezh pirivu mattrum chakkarat thalam maruseeramaikkappattana endru udaa kuripittaar. tharai anumathi mathippidappattullathu. santhaigal. indonesia. inthoanaesiya santhai yaris kurukku moontru tharangaludan kidaikkirathuh jii petrol, ess petrol mattrum ess hybrit, munthaiyathu 5-speedu maenuval allathu chii. vii. dii udan poruthappadalaam, athae neraththil pinththaiya irandum chii. vii. dii udan mattumae poruthappadalaam. pommai paathukaappu unarvu enbathu petrol mattrum hybrit tharangalil nilaiyaanathu, athae neraththil udal karuvigal mattrum pira oppanai bhaagangkalaik konda oru kirar bhaagangkal thoguppu petrol mattrum hybrit tharangalil viruppamaanathu. kambodiya. aesi 200 thodar yaris kurukku 7 juulai 2023 andru kamboadiyaavil vikoavudan inainthu thodangappattathu. idhu ottrai thara mattaththil vazhangkappadukirathu, idhu 1.5-liter "2enr-weeii" iyanththiraththudan mattumae inaikkappattullathu. pommai paathukaappu unarvu nilaiyaanathu. power train. petrol maadalaip porutthavarai, aesi 200 seeris yaris gross 1.5-litre "2enr-weeii" enginol iyakkappadukirathu. inththa kalappina maadal 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" iyanththiraththaal iyakkappadukirathu, idhu ulagin muthal payanpaadaagum. idhu "2nr-v" mathippidappatta oru adkinson suzharchi iyanththiramaagum, idhu moththa veliyeettudan urpaththi seiyum ottrai minsaara moattarudan inaikkappattullathu. idhu 0.7 kilowatt lithiyam-ayan paettariyudan koodudhalaaga ullathu, idhu pinpura irukkaikalin keezh poruththappattullathu.

toyota yaris cross idhi sub compact crossover esyuvi ketagiri (bii-segment) loe rendu vaahanaala kosam japanese automaker toyota upayoginche nameplate. toyota kotta global architecture aadhaaramgaa Xp210 modal yaris yokka crossover esyuvi pratiroopam kosam paeru palaka modata kanipinchindi, idhi 2020 augustulo japaanlo mariyu 2021loe airopalo modal code xp210thoo ammakaniki vellindi. mae 2023loe, toyota indoneshiyaalo adhe paerutoe maroka vahananni vidudala chesindi, idhi peddadi mariyu daihatsu kotta global architecture aadhaaramgaa, modal code esi200 thoo. xp210 syries (2020). pradhanamgaa japanese, european mariyu australian marketla kosam vikrayinchabadina, XP210 syries yaris kraasnu gaa-bii platformpy XP210 syries yaris hatchbackga nirminchaaru mariyu toyota yokka crossover esyuvi lineuplo aigo ex ledhaa raiz mariyu sii-hcr madhya unchaaru. idhi japanese/european market xp110 syries IST/urban cruisernu bharti chestundi. yaris kraasnu modata 2020 geniva motor sholo aavishkarinchaalani pranaalika cheyabadindi; ayithe, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa eee pradarsana raddu cheyabadindi. toyota appudu 23 april 2020naa yaris cross yokka modati chitraalu mariyu specificationlanu vidudala chesindi. eee modal september 2020loe japaanlo, november 2020loe australialo mariyu 2021 madhyalo airopalo ammakaniki vellindi. yaris hatchback thoo paatu, yasunori suezawa cheef injaneergaa, haidaki hayashi deputy cheef injaneergaa antargata "toyota compact kaar company" kinda vahanam abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. yaris cross roopakalpana anedi toyota yokka european mariyu japanese studiola madhya sahakaram, idhi yaris nundi suuchanalanu toyota yokka pedda esyuvila nundi marinta koneeya raav 4 vanti lakshanaalatoo militam chestundi. toyota prakaram, yaris cross daani vistruta madhya bhaagam kaaranamgaa paie nundi chusinappudu vajraanni pooli untundi, idhi designerlu chakraala vampulanu marinta 'kathinamaina' sailini saadhinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. dashboard design yaris hatchback thoo aneka bhaagaalanu panchukuntundi. yaris cross yokka wheelbase european market yaris maadirigaane untundi, conny ground clearance praamaanika yaris kante ekkuvagaa perugutundi. mukhyamgaa airopalo pradhanamgaa front-wheel drive ayina itara bii-segment esyula maadirigaa kakunda, toyota hybrid version kosam aall-wheel-drive roopaantaram (telivaina aall-wheel drive, edablyudi-ii) nuu andistundi. vyavasthaku drive shaft avasaram ledhu, badulugaa tvaranam samayamlo ledhaa ekkuva traction avasaramainappudu saktini sarafara chese vidyudeekarinchina venuka irusuni upayoginchadam. wltp test saikil kinda, kotta yaris yokka ii-aud cross version kilometeruku 135 graamulu mariyu front-wheel drive vaeriyantku 120 graamulu/kimeeni vidudala chestundi. utpatti. yaris cross japaanlo toyota motor eest japan mariyu fraanslo toyota motor tayari fraanslo tayaaru cheyabadutundi, idhi praamaanika yaris maadirigaane untundi. company thana french factorylo samvatsaraaniki 150,000 yaris cross unitlanu utpatti cheyaalani yochinchindi. modati yaris cross juulai 2021loe french factoryni praarambhinchindi. marketlu. japan. japaanlo, yaris cross 2020 augustu nundi vikrayinchabadindi mariyu idhi petrol mariyu hybrid vaeriyantlaloo andubaatulo undhi. naalugu chakraala drive oka empikagaa andubaatulo undhi mariyu toyota bhadrata bhaavam lineup antataa praamaanikam. idhi praarambhamlo x, g mariyu z grade sthaayilalo andubaatulo undedi. 19 juulai 2022naa, rendu kotta taragatulu jodinchabaddayi graa sport mariyu jedd adventure. avaardulu. yaris cross 2022 "varald urban kaar off dhi iyar" gaa pradaanam cheyabadindi. AC200 syries (2023). esi 200 syries yaris kraasnu indoneshiyaalo 2023 mae 15naa aavishkarinchaaru, mariyu 25 deshaalaku chendina sthaanika mariyu egumati marketla kosam paschima jaavaaloni karavangloni piti toyota motor tayari indonesia soukaryaalalo 2023 juun 13naa utpattini praarambhinchaaru. indonesia ammakalu adhe teedeena prarambhamayyayi. byaatariilu mariyu enginelatho sahaa mottam 116 sarafaraadaarulu sthaanika content viluvalo 80 saatam varaku dohadam chestaaru. eee namuunaa abhivruddhini cheef injanir toro udaa naayakatvamlo emerging-market compact kaar company (ii. sii. sii) gaa piluvabade joint toyota-daihatsu antargata samstha dwara daihatsu chesaaru. idhi dnga-bii platformnu esi 100 syries vios/yaris sedanto panchukuntundi. injin compartment vanti platfam mundu bhaganni awanza/velojto panchukunnaarani, ayithe under section mariyu wheelbasenu tirigi pani chesinatlu udaa paerkonnaaru. ground clearance rating ivvabadindi. marketlu. indonesia. indonesia market yaris cross moodu gradelatho andubaatulo undih zii gasoline, ess gasoline mariyu ess hybrid, modatidi 5-speed manueval ledhaa siviti kaligi untundi, rendodi siviti thoo matrame amarchabadutundi. toyota safety sense anedi gasoline mariyu hybrid gradelalo praamaanikam, ayithe boddy kitlu mariyu itara cosmetic bhaagaalato kuudina graa parts packagy anedi gasoline mariyu hybrid gradelalo aichhikam. kambodia. AC200 syries yaris kraasnu 7 juulai 2023naa cambodialo vigoku kalisi praarambhinchaaru. idhi oke grade sthaayilo andinchabadutundi, idhi 1.5-liter "2nr-v" injinto matrame jatha cheyabadindi. toyota bhadrata bhaavam praamaanikamainadi. power train. petrol modal kosam, AC200 syries yaris cross 1.5-litre "2nr-v" injin dwara saktini pondutundi. hybrid modal 1.5-litre "2nr-vex" injin dwara saktini pondutundi, idhi prapanchamlone mottamodati application. idhi "2nr-v" rating aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina atkinson saikil injin, idhi mottam utpatti thoo utpatti chese oke electric motarutho kalipi untundi. idhi 0.7 kilowatt lithium-ayan byaatareetho anubandhinchabadindi, idhi venuka seetla kinda amarchabadi untundi.

toyota yaars karaas yaha eek neem plait hay jasay japani auto macker toyota nay sabb compact karaas auvar aiss yuu wee zamray (bee-segment) mein duu gaadiyon kay liye istemaal kiyaa hay. neem plait sabb say pehley toyota kay nayey aalimi funn tameer parr mubni aiks pee 210 maadal yaars kay karaas auvar aiss yuu wee humm mansib kay liye namodar hoyee juu agast 2020 mein japaan mein aur 2021 mein europ mein maadal code aiks pee 210 kay saath farokhat hoyee. mayee 2023 mein toyota nay indoneshia mein asee naam kii eek aur gaadi jaari kii juu maadal code aey see 200 kay saath bury aur dihatso kay nayey aalimi funn tameer parr mubni hay. aiks pee 210 seerez (2020). bunyadi toor parr jaapaani europi aur austrailvi bazaron kay liye farokhat kiyaa jaanay waalaa aiks pee 210 seerez yaars karaas jee aey-bee plait faarm parr aiks pee 210 seerez yaars heach beek kay toor parr banaya gayaa hay aur toyota kay karaas auvar aiss yuu wee line app mein aaigo aiks yaa raiz aur see-aich aar kay darmiyan rakhaa gayaa hay. yaha japani/europi market xp110 seerez ist/arban crozer kii jagah lay leeta hay. yaars karaas kii asl mein 2020 kay geneva motor show mein nqab kashayi karnay kaa mansubah banaya gayaa thaa vovo tahim coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say show mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. toyota nay phir 23 apreel 2020 kuu yaars karaas kii pehli tasavir aur wazahatein jaari kein. yaha maadal satambar 2020 mein japaan nomber 2020 mein australia aur 2021 kay wast mein europ mein farokhat kay liye paish kiyaa gayaa. gaadi kii tarqi yaars heach beek kay saath kii gayee jiss kii qayadat cheef engineer kay toor parr yasunuri sozawa aur androni "toyota compact kaar company" kay tahat dipty cheef engineer kay toor parr haidaki haishi nay kii. yaars karaas kaa design toyota kay europi aur japani studios kay darmiyan eek taawan hay jiss mein toyota kay baday aiss yuu wee jeesay ziyadah konee raao 4 kii khususiyat kay saath yaars kay asharay kuu yakja kiyaa gayaa hay. toyota kay mutabiq yaars karaas apnay wasee mudsection kii wajah say oopar say dekhnay parr hiray say mashabahat rakhti hay jiss say designars kuu ziyadah 'nahamwar' style haasil karnay kay liye pahiye kay mehrabon kuu wasee karnay kaa moqaa milta hay. desh board design yaars heach beek kay saath behat say ajzaa kaa ashtaraak kartaa hay. yaars karaas kaa waheel bees europi market yaars say milta jaltaa hay leakin ground clarence mein mayari yaars say ziyadah izafah kiyaa jaataa hay. toyota hibard warzan kay liye eek aal waheel drive warzan (zaheen aal waheel drive aey dabliyo ddee-aayee) paish kartaa hay dosray bee segment aiss yuu wee kay barakas juu khaas toor parr europ mein frunt waheel drive haine. system kuu drive shaaft kii zarurat nahein hay aur iss kay bajaye eek barqi rear aiksal kaa istemaal karnaa juu acceleration kay doraan yaa jabb ziyadah krishan kii zarurat how tuu bajli farahim kartaa hay. dabliyo eel tye pee test cycle kay tahat nayee yaars karaas kaa aayee-audd warzan 135 graam phee chlometer aur frunt waheel drive kay liye 120 graam/chlometer kaa akhraaj kartaa hay. paidawar. yaars karaas japaan mein toyota motor aist japaan aur france mein toyota motor menofecturing france mein tayaar kii jaati hay juu mayari yaars kii tarah hay. company nay apnee francisi factory mein harr saal yaars karaas kay 150,000 yount tayaar karnay kaa mansubah banaya. pehli yaars karaas nay jolayi 2021 mein francisi factory kuu sharoo kiyaa. bazaar. japaan. japaan mein yaars karaas agast 2020 say farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha patrol aur hibard donon aqsaam mein dastiyaab hay. chaar pahiye waali drive eek option kay toor parr dastiyaab hay aur toyota seifty sense poori line app mein mayari hay. yaha ibtadayi toor parr x, g aur z grade kii sathon mein dastiyaab thaa. 19 jolayi 2022 cow duu nayey grade shaamil kiye gayey: jee aar sport aur zeed adventure. ewards. yaars karaas kuu 2022 kii "saal kii aalimi shehri kaar" kay toor parr nawaza gayaa. AC200 seerez (2023). 15 mayee 2023 kuu indoneshia mein AC200 seerez yaars karaas kii nqab kashayi kii gayee aur 13 joone 2023 kuu maghrabi jawa kay karwang mein pee tye toyota motor menofecturing indoneshia kii sahuliyaat mein 25 mamalik kii maqami aur baraamadi mandiyon kay liye paidawar sharoo kii gayee. indoneshia kii farokhat asee tareekh kuu sharoo hoyee. batteriyan aur anjanon sameet kill 116 supplier maqami mawaad kii qeemat mein 80 faisad takk hasah daaltay haine. maadal kii tarqi dihatso nay eek mushtarkah toyota-dihatso androni company kay zariye kii thee jasay ubharti hoyee market compact kaar company (ayee see see) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay cheef engineer toro addaa kii qayadat mein. yaha ddee aine jee aey-bee plait faarm kuu aey see 100 seerez views/yaars seedaan kay saath shayer kartaa hay. addaa nay zakar kiyaa kahh plait faarm kay aglay hasay jeesay anjan kay dabay kuu awanza/veloz kay saath shayer kiyaa jaataa hay jabkah inder section aur waheel bees parr dobarah kaam kiyaa gayaa thaa. ground clarence kii darjah bundi kii gayee hay. bazaar. indoneshia. indoneshia kii market yaars karaas teen gradon kay saath dastiyaab hay: jee patrol aiss patrol aur aiss hibard sabqah kuu 5 speed dasti yaa see wee tye say lees kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jabkah moakhar alzikar duu kuu sarf see wee tye say lees kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. toyota seifty sense aiss patrol aur aiss hibard grade parr mayari hay jabkah baadi cuts aur deegar cosmetic parts parr mushtamil jee aar parts package aiss patrol aur aiss hibard grade parr akhtiyari hay. kambodiya. AC200 seerez yaars karaas kuu 7 jolayi 2023 kuu kambodiya mein vigo kay saath laanch kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha eek hyee grade kii satah parr paish kiyaa jaataa hay jasay sarf 1.5-liter "2nr-v" anjan kay saath jodaa jaataa hay. toyota seifty sense mayari hay. pawar train. patrol maadal kay liyay AC200 seerez yaars karaas 1.5-litre "2nr-v" anjan say chalta hay jiss kii darjah bundi aur hay. hibard maadal 1.5-litre "2nr -vex" anjan say chalta hay juu kahh duniya kii pehli apply cashion hay. yaha eek atkansan cycle anjan hay juu "2nr-v" parr mubni hay jiss kii darjah bundi eek waahid barqi motor kay saath kii gayee hay juu kill paidawar kay saath paida hoti hay. iss mein 0.7 clow waat lateem aayin battery hay juu pachli nashaston kay neechey nasb hay.

000850433fb760b643b7f7d450f4dc55ea8837ecd90dbd659b30c3dc2f15984d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49599855

Cwarmê

Cwarmê Carnival in Malmedy, Belgium The Cwarmê is a carnival which takes place in the city of Malmedy, Belgium. It lasts four days and is listed as intangible heritage of the French Community of Belgium. The carnival begins at midnight on the Friday before Lent and lasts until midnight on Shrove Tuesday. History and origins. The oldest record of the carnival of Malmedy is in a document from 1459 that mentions the "Quarmae" (Cwarmê), but it is thought that it was already celebrated much earlier. The word Cwarmê is used to talk about the carnival period, which lasts four days in the city in Malmedy. Those days are called in Walloon "Grandès haguètes" (tall haguètes) by opposition to the "P'titès haguètes" (small haguètes) or four "jeudi gras" that precede the carnival. The first written evidence of a prohibition of the carnival dates from 1695, when the principality of Malmedy was governed by prince-abbots. The local authorities feared that this celebration could encourage public disorder since it was assimilated to pagan rituals. Other prohibitions were issued in the 18th and 19th centuries, but the inhabitants circumvented these interdictions. In the 20th century the carnival was prohibited on three occasions: during the two world wars and in 1962 during a smallpox epidemic. However, despite these numerous obstacles, the "Malmédiens" succeeded in saving their tradition which is still going on today. The name of the Malmedy carnival originates in the Latin word "quadragesima", shortened to "quaresima", which means forty. Forty represents the number of days that separates Ash Wednesday from Holy Week. The word quaresima grew and turned into the French word "Carême" and the Walloon word "Cwarmê". In a lot of places on the planet, people celebrate Mardi Gras, called after the enormous quantity of food absorb before the deprivation of Lent. It is the definitive day of carnival. In Malmedy, Mardi Gras is the last day of the carnival. This is why the date of Easter determines when the Cwarmê will be celebrated each year. The "Cwarmê" requires months of preparation: the making of costumes, the writing of the roles, the preparation of the vehicles for the parade, and so forth. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

karmo kuwarme hoise beljiyamor malmedi sohorot onusthito huwa ek carnival. ee saridin dhori sole aaru beljiyamor forasi xomprodayor odomyo oitijyo hisape talikabhukto. carnivaltu rino diyar purbe xukrobare majnixar poraa aarombho hoy aaru mongolbare shrubhor majnixa loike sole. itihax aaru utpotti. malmedir carnivalor ataitkoi puroni obhilekhtu 1459 sonor ekhon nothito aase zo 'too "kuwarma" (kuwarma) ror ullekh aase, kintu eitu bhawa hoy je ee itimodhye bohu aagote udjapon koraa hoisil. malmedi sohorkhonot saridin dhori soli thoka carnivalor xomoyor bixoye koo "rmaa xobdotu byobohar koraa hoy. xei dinburok carnivalor purbe "pitites haguits" (xoru haguits) baa sarita "jeudi grach" ror biruddhe walunot "grandes haguits" (ukh haguits) buli kuwa hoy. 1695 sonor poraa carnivalor nixedhagyar prothom likhito proman puwa goisil, jetiya malmedir rajyokhon rajkumar-aabotor dwara porisalito hoisil. sthaniyo kortripokhyoi bhoy korisil je ei udjapontuwe rajohuwa bisringkholotak utxahito koribo paare kiyonu iyak pouttolik reeti-nitir xoite ekotrito koraa hoisil. 18xo aaru 19xo xotikat aan nixedhagya jaari koraa hoisil, kintu baxindaxokole ei nixedhagyar poraa aatori aasil. 20 xotikat tinita onusthanot carnival nixidho koraa hoisiloh dutaa biswojudhor xomoyot aaru 1962 sonot xoru aair mohamarir xomoyot. obosye, ei oxongkhyo badhar pisotu, "malmedien" xokole teulukor porompora rokhya korat xofol hoisil jitu aajiu soli aase. malmedi carnivalor naamtu letin xobdo "covadrajesima" ror poraa utpotti hoise, jitu "kuwaresima" loi suti koraa hoise, jaar ortho hoise sollix. sollixe pobitro xoptahor poraa aashri budhbarok prithok koraa dinor xongkhyak protinidhitwo kore. kuwaresima xobdotu briddhi paisil aaru forasi xobdo "kerem" aaru walun xobdo "kuwarme" loi porinot hoisil. prithibir bohutu thait manuhe mardy grach udjapon kore, jaak brihot porimanor khadyor xuxonere koraa xosyor obhawor aagote luwa hoy. eitu carnivalor nirdisto dinn. malmedit, mardy grach hoise carnivalor xex dinn. xeyehe istaror tarikhtuwe proti bosore ketiya kuwarme udjapon koraa hoh 'bob xeitu nirdharon kore. kuwarme" ror baabe maah maah dhori prostutir proyujonoh puchak prostut koraa, bhumikar likhon, pareador baabe baahonor prostuti, aaru enedore.

worm quarme holl ekti carnival jaa belgiumer malmedi shohore onusthito hoy. etty chaar deane sthayi hoy ebong belgiumer farasi sampradayer adamya oitijhyo hisabe talikabhukto. carnivalti shukrobar modhyorate shuru hoy ebong mongolbarer modhyorato porjonto choley. itihas ebong utpotti. 1459 saaler ekti nothite "quarme" (quarme)-rawr ullekh royeche, tobey money koraa hoy jey etty itimadhye onek agey udjapito hoyechilo. carnivaler samaykal somporke kotha bolte 'quarme' shobdoti byabohar koraa hoy, jaa malmedi shohore chaar deane dhorey choley. seii dingulike carnivaler agey "petites haguates" (chhoto haguates) baa charti "jeudi grass"-err birodhita korey walloon "grandes haguates" (lomba haguates) bolla hoy. carnivaler nishedhaggar prothom likhito proman 1695 saal theke pawa yaay, jokhon malmedir rajyoti juboraj-abotder dwara shasito hoyechilo. sthaniya kortripokkho ashanka korechilo jey eyi udjaponti jonosadharoner bishrinkhalake utsahito korte paare kaaron etty pouttolik achar-anusthaner saathe ekibhuto hoyechilo. 18shha oo 19shha shotabdite anyanno nishedhagga jaari koraa hoyechilo, kintu basindara eyi nishedhaggaguli ediye cholen. bingsho shotabdite carnival tinti anusthane nishiddho koraa hoyechiloh duti bishwojuddher somoy ebong 1962 saale ekti smallpox mahamari chalakalin. tobey, eyi asankhya badha sotteo, "malmedian" taader oitijhyo banchate sofol hoyechilo jaa aajo cholche. malmedi carnivaler namti lattin shobdo "chaturbhuj" theke udbhuto, jaa sangkhiptabhabe "quaresima", jaar ortho challish. challishti seii diner sankhyake uposthapon korey jaa pobitro saptaha theke budhobarke prithak korey. quaresima shobdoti bede othe ebong farasi shobdo "careme" ebong walloon shobdo "quarme"-teey porinoto hoy. groher onek jaiga, lokera mardy grass udjapon korey, jaa prachur porimane khaddo shoshoner porey daca hoy. etty carnivaler chudanta deane. malmedite, mordy grass holl carnivaler shesh deane. eyi karonei easter tarikh nirdharan korey jey proti bochor kakhan quarme udjapito hobey. quarme"-rawr jonno koyek maas dhorey prostuti prayojanah poshak toiri, bhumika lekha, kuchkaoajer jonno janbahoner prostuti ityadi.

corm kavaarme aek carnival chhe jeey malmedi, belgium shaherma thaay chhe. teey chaar divas chaale chhe aneey belgiumnaa french samudaaynaa amoort vaarsa tareeke soochibaddh chhe. carnival shukravaarni madhyaraatriae sharoo thaay chhe aneey mangalvaare madhyaratri sudhee chaale chhe. itihas aneey mool. malmedina carnivalno sauthee juno reqorda 1459naa aek dastavejma chhe jemaa "quarte" (quarte) noow ullekh chhe, parantu aevu manvama aave chhe keey teey pahelethee jaj khoob pahelaa ujavvama aavyo hato. carnivalnaa samaygaalaa vishe vaat karvaa maate 'kavaarme' shabdno upyog thaay chhe, jeey shaherma chaar divas sudhee chaale chhe. teey divasone carnivalni pahelana "pitites hagutes" (naana hagutes) athavaa chaar "jeudi graas" naa veerodh dwara "grandes hagutes" (unchaa hagutes) kahevama aave chhe. carnivalnaa pratibandhno pratham lekheet puraavo 1695 thee chhe, jyaare malmedini rajvaadaanu sanchalan prince-abot dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. sthaaneek sattavalaone darr hato keey aaa ujavani jaaher avyavasthaane protsaahit curry shake chhe kaaran keey teey murtipujak vidhioma aatmasaat thaee gaee hatee. 18mee aneey 19mee sadimaa anya pratibandho jaaree karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu rahevasioae aaa pratibandhone avganyaa hataa. 20mee sadimaa carnival parr trana prasangoae pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hatoh beey vishva yuddho darmiyan aneey 1962maan sheetala rogchaalaa darmiyan. jooe keey, aaa asankhya avrodho hovaa chhataa, "malmedians" temnee paramparaane bachavvama safal rahyaa jeey aaje pann chaali rahee chhe. malmedi carnivalnu naam lattin shabd "quadrazesima" maan udbhave chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe chaalis. chaalis aee divasoni sankhyaane rajoo karey chhe jeey raakh budhvaarne pavitra saptaahthi alag karey chhe. kwaresima shabd vadhyo aneey french shabd "kereme" aneey walloon shabd "kavaarme" maan fervaai gayo. grah parr ghanaa sthaloae, loko murdy graasnee ujavani karey chhe, jene khoraaknaa prachand jaththa pachhi bolavvama aave chhe, jeey daanana abhaav pahelaa shoshaay chhe. teey carnivalno nirnayak divas chhe. malmedima, murdy graas aee carnivalno chhello divas chhe. aaa jaj kaaran chhe keey istarnee taarikh nakki karey chhe keey darr varshe kyaare kavaarme ujavvama aavashe. kavaarme" maate maheenaoni taiyarini jaroor padey chheh veshbhusha banaavvi, bhoomikao lakhvee, pareda maate vaahanoni taiyari vagere.

kawarme kawarme ack carnival haye joe malmedi, belgium shahar mein hotaa haye. yeh chaar dinon taka chalata haye aur belgium key francisi samudaay kii amoort viraasat key roop mein soochibaddh haye. carnival shukravaar kii aadhi raat koo shuru hotaa haye aur mangalwar kii aadhi raat taka chalata haye. itihas aur utpatti. malmedi key carnival kaa sabse purana record 1459 key ack dastaavez mein haye jisamen "quarte" (quarte) kaa ullekh haye, lekin yeh socha jaataa haye kii yeh pahale seey hii bahut pahale manaaya jaa chuka thaa. carnival avadhi key baare mein baat karane key liye shabd kawarme kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe malmedi mein shahar mein chaar dinon taka chalata haye. una dinon koo "pii 'tittes haguates" (chhote haguates) yaa chaar "jeudi grass" key virodh seey walloon mein "grandes haguates" (lambe haguates) kahaa jaataa haye joe carnival seey pahale hotey hain. carnival key nishedh kaa pahala likhit pramaan 1695 seey haye, jaba malmedi kii riyasat rajkumar-abbots dwara shaasit thee. sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo darr thaa kii yeh utsav saarvajanik avyavastha koo protsaahit curr sakata haye kyonki yeh moortipoojak anushthaanon mein aatmasaat hoe gayaa thaa. 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein anya pratibandh jaari kiye gaye they, lekin nivaasiyon ney inn pratibandhon koo darkinar curr diyaa. 20veen shatabdi mein carnival koo teen avsaron parr pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaah dou vishva yuddhon key dauran aur 1962 mein chechak mahamari key dauran. haalaanki, inn kaee baadhaon key bavjood, "malmedian" apani parampara koo bachaane mein safal rahey joe aaj bhee chala rahee haye. malmedy carnival kaa naam lattin shabd "quadrazesima" seey utpann hotaa haye, jise "quaresima" key roop mein chhota kiya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye chaalees. chaalees una dinon kii sankhya kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye joe raakh budhwar koo pavitra saptah seey alag karate hain. quaresima shabd badhaa aur francisi shabd "kaireme" aur walloon shabd "kawarme" mein badal gayaa. grah parr kaee sthaanon parr, loga murdy grass manaate hain, jise daal key abhaav seey pahale bhojan kii bhaari matra key avashoshit honey key baad kahaa jaataa haye. yeh carnival kaa nishchit dinn haye. malmedi mein, murdy grass carnival kaa antim dinn hotaa haye. yahee kaaran haye kii easter kii tarikh nirdhaarit karati haye kii pratyek varsh kaba corm manaaya jaayega. kawarme" key liye maheenon kii taiyari kii aavashyakta hoti haih veshbhusha banaana, bhoomikaon kaa lekhan, pared key liye vaahanon kii taiyari, aur isi tarah.

sivarme belgiumna malmedi nagaradalli nadeyuva corneval endare idu. idu naalku dinagala kaala iruttade mattu belgiumna french samudaayada amoorta parampareyagi patti maadalaagide. corneval shukravaarada madhyaraatriyalli praarambhavaagi mangalavaarada madhyaratriyavarege iruttade. itihaasa mattu moola. malmedia cornevaln atyanta haleya daakhaleyu 1459rahra daakhaleyondaralli "quarte" (quarte) annu ullekhisuttade, aadare idannu eegaagale bahala hindeye aacharisalaaguttittu endu bhaavisalaagide. corneval avadhiya bagge maatanaadalu karvarme emba padavannu balasalaaguttade, idu malmediyalli nagaradalli naalku dinagala kaala iruttade. aaa dinagalannu carnievalge munchina "pitites hogutes" (sanna hogutes) athawa naalku "jd gross" ge virodhadinda "grandes hogutes" (ettarada hogutes) endu kareyuttaare. cornevaln nishedhada modala likhita puraaveyu 1695rinda praarambhavaayitu, malmedia samsthaanavannu rajakumara-abbotgalu aalidaru. ee acharaneyu anyamatada acharanegalondige vileenagondiruvudarinda saarvajanika avyavastheyannu uttejisabahudu endu sthaliya adhikaarigalu bhayapattaru. 18 mattu 19neey shatamanagalalli itara nishedhagalannu jaarigolisalaayitu, aadare nivasigalu ee nirbandhagalannu tappisikondaru. 20neey shatamaanadalli mooru sandarbhagalalli utsavavannu nisheedhisalaayituh eradu vishwa yuddhagala samayadalli mattu 1962ralli sidubu saankraamikada samayadalli. aadaagyoo, ee halavaaru adetadegala horataagiyoo, "malmedians" tamma sampradaayavannu ulisuvalli yashasviyaadaru, adhu indigoo nadeyuttide. malmedi cornevaln hesaru lattin pada "quadrazesima" dalli huttuttade, idannu "quaresima" endu sankshiptagolisalaagide, idarartha nalavattu. nalavattu dinagalu boodi budhavaaravannu pavitra vaaradinda berpadisuva dinagala sankhyeyannu pratinidhisuttave. quaresima emba padavu beledu french pada "careme" mattu valoon pada "karvarme" aagi maarpattitu. bhumiya melina aneka stalagalalli, janaru mardy gross annu acharisuttare, idannu dodda pramanada aahaaravu saalada korateya modalu hirikolluttade. idu cornevaln nirnayaka dinavagide. malmediyalli, murdy gross utsavada koneya dinavagide. adakkagiye eestarna dinankavu prati varsha yavaga warme aacharisalaaguttade embudannu nirdharisuttade. karvarme" ge tingalugala tayari agatyaviruttadeh veshabhushanagala tayaarike, patragala baravanige, meravanigegaagi vaahanagala siddhate mattu heege.

warma beljiyathile malmedi nagaratthil nadakkunna oru carnivalaanu kwarme. naalu divasam neendunilkkunna ithu beljiyathile franch samoohathinte adrishya paithrukamaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. carnival velliyaazhcha ardharaathriyil aarambhich chovvazhcha shrove ardharaathri vare neendunilkkum. charithravum uthbhavavum. malmediyude kaarnivalinte ettavum pazhaya rekha 1459 muthalulla oru rekhayilaanu, athil "kwarme" (kwarme) paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal ithu valare neratthe thanne aakhoshichirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu. malmediyile nagaratthil naalu divasam neendunilkkunna carnival kaalaghattathekkurichu samsarikkaan kwarme enna vaakk upayogikkunnu. carnivalinu munbulla "pii 'tittes hagyoottukal" (cheria hagyoottukal) allengil naalu "judy grass" ennivaykku ethiraayi aaa dinangale vaaloonil "grandes hagyoottukal" (uyaramulla hagyoottukal) ennu vilikkunnu. 1695 muthal malmedi principality prins-abbottukal bharichirunna kaalathaanu carnival nirodhanatthinte aadya rekhaamoolamulla thelivukal. purajaatheeya aachaarangalumaayi samyojippichathinaal eee aakhosham pothu kramakkedine prolsaahippikkumennu praadeshika adhikaarikal bhayapettu. 18, 19 noottaandukalil mattu nirodhanangal purappeduvichenkilum nivaasikal eee niyanthranangal marikadannu. irupathaam noottaandil carnival moonnu avasarangalil nirodhichu rund lokamahaayudhasamayathum 1962ll vasuri pakarchavyaadhiyude samayathum. ennirunnaalum, eee niravadhi thadassangalkkidayilum, innum thudarunna avarude paarambaryam samrakshikkunnathil "malmedians" vijayichu. naalpat ennartham varunna kwaresima ennu churukkia "kwadrajesima" enna laattin padatthil ninnaan malmedi kaarnivalinte peru uthbhavichath. naalpat ennathu vishudha aazhchayil ninnu aashh budhanaazhchaye verthirikkunna divasangalude ennathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. kwaresima enna vaakk valarukayum franch padamaaya "carem", vaaloon padamaaya "kwarme" ennivayaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee grahatthile pala sthalangalilum, aalukal mardy grass aaghoshikkunnu, ithu payar nashtappedunnathinu munbu valia alavil bhakshanam agiranam cheiyunnathinte perilaanu vilikkunnathu. kaarnivalinte nischitha divasamaanu ithu. malmediyil, kaarnivalinte avasana divasamaanu mardy grass. athukondaanu oro varshavum eppol kwarme aaghoshikkumennu eesttar theeyathi nirnnayikkunnath. kwarme" kku maasangalude thayyaareduppu aavasyamaanu vasthrangal nirmmikkuka, veshangal ezhuthuka, paredinulla vaahanangalude thayyaareduppu thudangiyava.

warme kawarme haah eka utsav aahe joou belgiumchya malmedi shaharat hoto. too chaar divas chalato aanee belgiumchya french samudayacha amoort varsa mhanoon soochibaddha aahe. carnival shukravari madhyaratri suru hoto aanee mangalvari shrovchya madhyaratriparyant chalato. itihas aanee utpatti. malmedichya carnivalchi sarvat junie nond 1459 salchya eka dastaivajat aahe jyat 'quarte' (kawarme) chaa ullekh aahe, parantu asey manale jaate qee too aadhich khoop aadhi sajra keela gela hota. carnival kalavadhibaddal bolanyasathi 'kawarme' haah shabd vaparla jaato, joou malmedi shaharatil chaar divas chalato. tyaa divasanna 'grands haguates' (unch haguates) asey mhatale jaate, jeey carnivalchya aadhi 'petites haguates' (lahan haguates) kinwa chaar 'jeudi grass' chya virodhamule sambodhale jaate. carnivalvar bandee ghalanyacha pahila lekhee purava 1695 pasoon aahe, jevha malmediche sansthan rajkumar-abotsdware shasit hote. haah utsav vidharmi vidhinmadhye villin jhalyamule sarvajanik avyavasthela protsahan miloo shakel ashee bheeti sthanik adhikanyanna hotee. 18vya aanee 19vya shatkat itar nirbandh jaaree karnyat aale hote, parantu rahivashanni yaa nirbandhanna talhale. 20 vya shatkat carnivalvar teen prasangi bandee ghalanyat aalih done mahayuddhandarmyan aanee 1962 madhye shitpittachya sathichya kalat. tathapi, yaa asankhya adthalyannantarhi, malmedian lock tyanchi parampara jatan karnyat yashasvi jhaale jee aajahi suru aahe. malmedi carnivalche naav lattin shabd 'quadrazesima' pasoon udbhavate, jyacha sankshipt arth 'quaresima' assa aahe, jyacha arth chalis assa hoto. chalis mhanje rakh budhwar aanee pavitra aathvada vegale karananya divasanchi sankhya. quaresima haah shabd vadhala aanee tyache french shabd 'careme' aanee walloon shabd 'kawarme' madhye rupantar jhaale. yaa grahavareel anek thikani, lock mardy grass sajra karatat, jyala danyachya abhavapurvi mothya pramanat ann shoshale gelyanantar mhatale jaate. too carnivalcha nirnayak divas asato. malmedimadhye, mardy grass haah carnivalcha shevatcha divas asato. mhanunach easterchi tarikh darvarshi kabvarme kadhee sajra keela jaeel heey tharavate. kawarme' sathee anek mahinyanchi tayari aavashyak asateh veshbhusha karane, bhoomika lihine, sanchalanasathi vahananchi tayari karane ityadi.

warme kawarme euta carnival how june belgiumko malmedi saharma hunchha. yo chaar dinasamma rahanchha rar belgiumko francelli samudayako amurta sampadako rupma suchibadha chha. carnival shukrabar madhyaratma suru hunchha rar mangalbar shrobhko madhyaratsamma rahanchha. itihas rar utpatti. malmediko carnivalko sabaibhanda purano record 1459 ko euta kagajatma chha jasma "quarte" (quarte) ullekha garieko chha, tara yo dherai pahile nai manaieko thiyo bhanne manincha. carnival awadhiko barema kura garna korme shabda prayog garinchha, june malmediko saharma chaar dinasamma rahanchha. tyo dinharulai walunma "grandes hagyuts" (aglo hagyuts) bhaninchha june "petites hagyuts" (sanah hagyuts) wa chaar "jeudi grass" ko virodhdwara bhaninchha june carnival bhanda pahile hunchha. carnivalko nishedhko pahilo likhit praman sann 1695 dekhi how, jab malmediko riyasat rajkumar-ebotharudwara shasit thiyo. yo utsava vidharmi anushthanharuma samahit bhaekale sarvajanik awyawasthalai protsahit garna sakne sthaniya adhikariharulai darr thiyo. थियो। rar rar shatabdima anya pratibandhaharu jaari garieka thie, tara basindaharule yee awarodhharulai bewasta gare. 20 aun shatabdima karnibhallai tinn awasarharuma pratibandha lagaieko thiyoh dui wishwayuddhako samayama rar 1962 maa chechak mahamariko samayama. yadyapi, yee dherai awarodhharuko bawajud, "malmedianharu" afno paramparalai bachauna safal bhae june az pani chaliraheko chha. malmedi carnivalko naam lattin shabda "quadrazesima" batt utpanna bhaeko how, jaslai "quaresima" bhanera chhoto garieko chha, jasko artha chalis how. chalisle kharani budhabarlai pawitra haptabata alag garne dinko sankhyalai pratinidhitwa gardacha. quaresima shabda badhdai gayo rar francelli shabda "carem" rar walun shabda "kawarme" maa parinat bhayo. grahaka dherai thaunharuma, manisharule murdy grass manaunchhan, jaslai rinko abhawa hunu aghi thulo matrama khana awashoshit bhaepachi bhaninchha. yo carnivalko nishchit dina how. malmedyma, murdy grass carnivalko antim dina how. yahi karanle isterko mitile pratyek warsha kab kowarme manainecha bhanera nirdharan gardacha. kawarme" kaa lagi mahinaunko tayari chahinchhah veshbhusha banaune, bhumikaharu lekhne, paredka lagi sawari sadhanharuko tayari, rar yastai.

quarme quarme heuchhi eka carnival jaahaa belgiumer malmedi saharare anusthita hue . ehaa chaari deane dhari chalithae ebong belgiumer farasi sampradayara adrushya aitihya bhabare talikabhukta . carnival sukrabara madhyaratrire arambha hoi mangalabara madhyaratrire anusthita hoithae. itihas ebong utpatti. malmedira karnibhalara sabutharu puruna record 1459 ru eka dakyumentare achhi jeunthire "quarme" (quarme) ullekha achhi, kintu ehaa bahuta purbaru palana karajaithila bolly biswasa karajae . carnival samai bishajare kahibaku quarme sabda byabahara karajae, jaahaa malmedira saharare chaari deane parjyanta rahe . karnibhalara purbaru 'petites haguits' (chhot haguits) kimba chariti 'jeudi grass' rahr birodha dwara sehi dinagudiku walun ray 'grandes haguits' (lamba haguits) kuhajae . karnibhalara nishedhara pratham likhita pramana 1695 masiharu arambha hoithila, jetebele malmedira rajya rajkumar-aabotamananka dwara parichalita hoithila . sthaniah kartrupakhya bhaja karithile je ehi utsaba sarbajaneena bishrunkhalaku prostahita karipare kaaran ehaa pouttalika reetineeti sahita mishithila . 18shaa ebong 19shaa shatabdire anyanya nishedhadesha jaari karajaithila, kintu adhibasimane ehi pratibandhakaku edai jaithile. binsha shatabdire karnibhalaku tinoti absarare nishidha karajaithilaha duiti biswajudha samajare ebong 1962 ray eka shital roga mahamari samajare . tebe, ehi aneka pratibandhaka satwe, "malmedian" maane semananka paramparaku banchai rakhibare saphala hoithile, jaahaa aaji madhya jaari rahichhi. malmedi karnibhalara naama latin sabda "chaturbhuja" ru utpanna hoichhi, jaahaa "quaresima" ku sankhipta kare, jahara artha chalisha . chalisha deane heuchhi sehi dingudikar sankhya jaahaa aash budhabaraku pabitra saptaharu alga karithae. quaresima' shabdati brudhi paai farasi sabda 'carem' ebong 'waluna' sabda 'quarme' ray parinata hoithila. pruthibira aneka sthanare, lokamane murdy grass palana karanti, jaahaaku runaru banchita heba purbaru bipula parimanara khadya soshita heba parey kuhajae . ehaa karnibhalara nischita deane. malamedire, murdy grass heuchhi karnibhalara shesh deane . ehi karanaru easter tarikh nirdharana kare je pratibarsha ketebele quarme palana karajiba . quarme" paain maasa maasa dhari prastuti aabasyaka hoithaeh poshaka tiari, bhumika lekhiba, pareda paain yaana prastuti ityadi.

kawarme kawarme ikk carnival haii joe belgium dey malmedi shehar witch hunda haii. ih chaar dinan takk chalda haii atey belgium dey franch bhaichare dee amurat virasat vajon suchibadh haii. carnival shukkarwar dee addhi raat noon shuru hunda haii atey mangalwar noon addhi raat takk chalda haii. itihaas atey utpati. malmedi dey carnival daa sabh toon purana ricard 1459 dey ikk dastavez witch haii jiss witch "quarme" (kawarme) daa zikar haii, parr ih manniaa jaanda haii kii ih pahilan hii bahut pahilan manaiaa jaa chukka see. carnival dee miaad baare gall curran laee shabad kawarme dee varton keeti jaandi haii, joe malmedi dey shehar witch chaar dinan takk chaldi haii. uhanan dinan noon carnival toon pahilan "pee 'tittes haguates" (chhote haguates) jaan chaar "jud graas" dey virodh duaara valoon witch "grands haguates" (lambe haguates) kiha jaanda haii. carnival dee manahi daa pahila likhti saboot 1695 toon haii, jadon malmedi dee riyasat rajkumar-abots duaara niyantrit keeti jaandi see. sathanak adhikariaan noon darr see kii ih jashan jantak gadbadi noon utshahit qarr sakda haii kiunki ih gair-kanunni rasman witch leane hoow giaa see. horr pabandiaan pabandiaan atey atey sadee witch jaari keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, parr vasnikan neey inhan rukawatan noon nazarandaz qarr ditta. ਦਿੱਤਾ। sadee witch carnival utte tinn maukiaan utte pabandi lagaai gaee seeuuu doou vishav yuddhan dauran atey 1962 witch chechak dee mahamari dauran. halanki, inhan bahut saariaan rukawatan dey bavjood, "malmedians" aapni parampra noon bachaun witch safal rahey joe ajj vee chall rahee haii. malmedy carnival daa naam latini shabad "quadrazesima" toon utpan hunda haii, jiss noon chhota karke "quarsima" kiha jaanda haii, jisda arth haii chaali. chaali uhanan dinan dee ginti noon darsaunda haii joe suaah budhwar noon pavittar hafte toon vakkh karde hunn. shabad kwarsima vadhiaa atey franch shabad "carem" atey valoon shabad "kawarme" witch badal giaa. dharti utte bahut saariaan thaavan utte, lock mardy graas manaunde hunn, jiss noon anaaj dee ghaat toon pahilan bhojan dee vaddi matra dey jazab honn toon baad kiha jaanda haii. ih carnival daa nishchit dinn haii. malmedi witch, mardy graas carnival daa aakhri dinn hunda haii. iss laee easter dee mitee nirdharat kardi haii kii harr saal kawarme kadon manaiaa javega. kawarme" laee mahiniaan dee tiaari dee zaroorat hundi haiyav pushakan daa nirman, bhumikavan dee likhat, pred laee vaahanan dee tiaari, atey iss tarahan dey horr.

karvarma da-vaarme iti carnieval asti yat belgium-deshasya malmedy-nagare bhavati. etat chaturnadivaseeyam yaavat prachalati, tathaa cha belgium-deshasya french-samudaayasy amurta-parampara iti suchyam vartate. carnieval-utsavah shukravaasare madhyaraatrau aarabhy, shukravaasare madhyaraatrim yaavat bhavati. itihaasah, utpattih cha. malmedy-utsavasya praacheenatamah abhilekhah 1459 tamavarshasya ekasmin abhilekhe asti yasmin "quarte" (quarte) ityasya ullekhah asti, parantu etat bahu poorvam eva aacharyate iti manyate. carnieval-kaalasy vishaye vakttum kwaarme iti padam upayujyate, yat malmedy-nagare chaturvaaram yaavat bhavati. te dinaani "pi 'teates-hagvets" (laghu-hagvets) athavaa carnival-poorvasya chaturnam "jeyudi-grass" ityasya virodhena vaaloon-bhashayam "grandes-hagvets" (uccha-hagvets) iti kathyate. carnieval-utsavasya nishedhasya prathamah likhita-pramaanah 1695 tame varshe abhavat, yadaa malmedy-raajyam rajkumar-abbots ityanena shaasitam aasit. sthaniya-adhikaarinah bhayam akurvan yat etat utsavam saarwajanik-avyavasthaam protsaahayet yatah etat vidharmee-acharaihi saha sammilitam aasit. 18 tame 19 tame cha shataabdyaam anye nishedhaah praavartitaah, parantu nivaasinah eteshaam pratibandhaan apaakrutaah. 20 shataabdyaam carnieval-utsavah trivaaram nishidhah aasit-dwayoh vishvayuddheshu, 1962 tame varshe smull-paaks-mahamarikale cha. parantu eteshaam anekaan badhanam madhye api "malmedians" ityete swaparamparaayaah rakshanm kartum safalawantah, yaa adyapi prachalati. malmedi carnival ityasya naam "kvadrajesima" iti lattin-shabdat udbhootam, yasya laghutaram "kwaresima" iti bhavati, yasya arthah chaturvimshat iti. chaturshi dinaani, budhavaasare aash-dinam pawitrasaptaahen pruthak karoti. kwaresima iti shabdah vardhamaanah, french-bhashayaha "karem" iti padam, vaaloon-padam "kwaarme" iti cha abhavat. grahasya anekeshu sthaaneshu janaah murdy-grass-utsavam aacharanti, yat runasya abhaavaat poorvam aaharanasy vishaal-parimanasya karanat aahuyate. ayam carnieval-utsavasya nirnaayakah diwasah asti. malmedy-nagare, murdy grass iti utsavasya antimadinam asti. ataha easter-dinaankah nirdhaarayati yat prativarsham kadaa vaarme-utsavah aacharyate iti. kwaarme" ityasmin masanam tayaareeh aavashyakah bhavati-veshabhooshaah, patranam lekhanam, pared-krute vaahanaanaam tayaaree ityadini.

conwarm kuwarme enbathu beljiathin malmedi nagaril nadaiperum oru thiruvilaa aagum. idhu naanku naatkal needikkum mattrum beljiathin pirenchu samoogaththin aruvamaana paarambariyamaaga pattiyalidappattullathu. cornival vellikkilamai nalliravil thodangi sevvaaikkizhamai nalliravu varai needikkum. varalaaru mattrum thoattram. malmediyin thiruvizhaavin migap palamaiyaana pathivu 1459 aam aandin oru aavanaththil ullathu, athil "kuwarme" (kuwarme) pattri kurippidappattullathu, aanaal idhu aerkanavae migavum munnathaagavae kondaadappattadhaaga karudhappadugiradhu. cornival kaalaththaip pattri paesuvatharku karvarme endra soll payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu malmediyil ulla nagaraththil naanku naatkal needikkum. antha naatkal thiruvilaavukku munththaiya "piditase haguds" (siriya haguds) allathu naanku "judie gross" kku ethirppaal vaaloonil "crandus haguds" (uyaramaana haguds) endru azhaikkappadugindrana. thiruvilaa thadai seiyappattatharkaana muthal ezhuththuppoorva saandrugal 1695 aam aandu muthal, malmedi samasthaanam ilavarasar-apoattukalaal nirvagikkappattapoathu. inththa kondaattam puramatha sadangugaludan orunginaikkappaduvathaal podhuk kuzhappaththai ookkuvikka mudiyum endru ulloor athikaarikal anjchinar. 18 mattrum 19 aam noottraandugalil pira thadaigal pirappikkappattana, aanaal kudiyiruppaalargal inththa thadaikalaith thavirththanar. 20 aam noottraandil cornival moontru santharppangalil thadai seyyappattathu irandu ulagap poarkalin poathu mattrum 1962 ill oru periyammai thottrunoayin poathu. iruppinum, inththa aeraalamaana thadaigal irunththapoathilum, maltians thangal bhaarambariyaththai kaappaattruvathil vettri pettranar, idhu intrum nadanthu varukirathu. malmedi cornivalin peyar latheen vaarthaiyaana "gwatrajesima" enbathilirunthu varukirathu, idhu "kwaresima" endru surukkappadugirathu, idhan porul naarpathu. naarpathu enbathu punitha vaaraththilirunthu saambal puthankizhamai pirikkum naatkalin ennikkaiyaik kurikkirathu. gwaresima endra soll valarnthu pirenchu vaarthaiyaana "karem" mattrum vaaloon vaarthaiyaana "kwarme" aaga maariyathu. kiragaththin pala idangkalil, makkal mardy grassaic kondaadugiraargal, idhu paruppu izhappukku munbu aeraalamaana unavu urinchappaduvathaip paarkkirathu. idhu thiruvizhaavin uruthiyaana naall. malmediyil, mardy gross enbathu thiruvizhaavin kadaisi naalaagum. idhanaalthaan eestar thaethi ovvoru aandum karvarme kondaadappadum poathu theermaanikkirathu. kwarme" kku pala maatha thayaarippu thevaippadukirathu aadaikalai uruvaakkuvathu, paaththirangkalai ezhuthuvathu, anivaguppukkaana vaaganangkalaith thayaarippathu mattrum pala.

warme belgiumloni malmedy nagaramlo jarige corniwall anedi warme. idhi naalugu rojula paatu konasaagutundi mariyu belgium yokka french community yokka aspashtamaina vaarasatvamgaa jabita cheyabadindi. corniwall sukravaaram ardharaatri praarambhamai mangalavaaram ardharaatri varaku konasaagutundi. charitra mariyu muulaalu. malmedy corniwall yokka puraatana rikaardu 1459 nundi oka patramlo undhi, idhi "quarte" (quarte) gurinchi prastaavinchindi, conny idhi appatike chaalaa mundugaane jarupukunnatlu bhaavistunnaaru. corniwall kaalam gurinchi maatlaadataaniki warme anae padaanni upayogistaaru, idhi malmedylo nagaramlo naalugu rojulu untundi. aaa rojulanu corniwall mundu "pii 'titase hagutes" (chinna hagutes) ledhaa naalugu "jeedi grass" kuu vyatiraekata dwara vaaloonlo "grandes hagutes" (podavaina hagutes) anie pilustaaru. corniwall nishedham yokka modati vraatapuurvaka sakshyam 1695 nundi, malmedy rajyam yuvaraju-abbotlache palinchabadinappudu. eee veduka anyamata aachaaraalaku anugunamgaa unnanduna idhi praja kramaraahityaanni prothsahinchagaladani sthaanika adhikarulu bhayapaddaru. 18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaloo itara nishedhaalu jaarii cheyabaddaayi, conny nivaasulu eee aankshalanu tappinchukunnaaru. 20va sataabdamloo eee utsavaanni moodu sandarbhaallo nishedhinchaaruh rendu prapancha yuddhaala samayamlo mariyu 1962loe smalpox antuvyaadhi samayamlo. ayithe, eee aneka addamkulu unnappatikee, "malmedians" vaari sampradaayaanni kapadukovadamlo vijayam saadhinchaaru, idhi netikee konasagutondi. malmedy corniwall paeru latin padam "quadrazesima" loe udbhavinchindi, dheenini "quaresima" gaa kudinchaaru, dheeni ardham nalabhai. nalabhai anedi buudida budhavaaramni pavitra vaaram nundi vaeru chese rojula sankhyanu suuchistumdi. quaresima anae padam perigi french padam "careme" mariyu valoon padam "kwarme" gaa maarindi. graham meeda chaalaa pradaesaalaloo, prajalu murdy graasnu jarupukuntaaru, idhi dhanyam yokka laemi mundu apaaramaina parimaanamlo aaharaanni grahinchina taruvaata piluvabadutundi. idhi corniwall yokka khachitamaina roeju. malmedylo, murdy grass anedi corniwall yokka chivari roeju. anduke eestar thedhee prati samvatsaram warme eppudu jarupukuntaaru anie nirnayistundi. warme" kuu nelala tarabadi tayari avasaramh dustula tayari, paatrala rachana, kavaatu kosam vaahanaala tayari modalainavi.

kawarmi kawarmi eek carniol hay juu belgium kay shehar malmedi mein hotaa hay. yaha chaar dunn takk jaari rehta hay aur belgium kii francisi baradari kay ghair mahsus warsay kay toor parr darj hay. carniol jamaah kii aadhi raat kuu sharoo hotaa hay aur mangal kuu sharoo kii aadhi raat takk jaari rehta hay. tareekh aur asl. malmedi kay carniol kaa sabb say qadeem record 1459 kii eek dastaviz mein hay jiss mein "kawarmi" (kawarmi) kaa zakar hay leakin yaha khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha pehley hyee behat pehley manaya jaa chakaa thaa. lafz kawarmi carniol kay door kay baaray mein baath karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay juu malmedi kay shehar mein chaar dunn takk rehta hay. inn dunon kuu walwan mein "grands hoguites" (lambay hoguites) kahaa jaataa hay juu carniol say pehley "pattits hoguites" (chhotay hoguites) yaa chaar "jewdi graas" kii mukhalifat kartay haine. carniol kii mamanaat kaa pehla tehriri sabut 1695 say milta hay jabb malmedi kii sultanat shahzadah abbots kay zeer intezam thee. maqami hakaam kuu khadsha thaa kahh yaha jashan awami inteshaar kii huslah afzayi kirr saktaa hay keunkah yaha kaghazi rasumaat mein zam how gayaa thaa. deegar mumanatein 18 wein aur 19 wein sadee mein jaari kii gayein leakin baashindon nay inn dafaat kuu nazar andaaz kirr diyaa. 20 wein sadee mein carniol parr teen mawaqa parr pabandi aayed kii gayee thee: duu aalimi jangon kay doraan aur 1962 mein cheechak kii wabaa kay doraan. tahim inn bay shamaar rukawaton kay bawajood "malmedines" apnee rawayat kuu bachanay mein kamiyab hoay juu aaj bhee jaari hay. malmedi carniol kaa naam laatini lafz "kawadragisima" say nikla hay jasay mukhtasir kirr kay "kawariseema" kahaa jaataa hay jiss kaa matlab hay chalis. chalis inn dunon kii taadad kii numaindagi kartaa hay juu aish badh kuu muqadas haftay say alg kartay haine. lafz kawariseema badhta gayaa aur francisi lafz "carium" aur walwan lafz "kawarmi" mein tabdil how gayaa. seeyarey parr behat see jighon parr loag maardi graas manatay haine jasay khuraak kii behat bury maqdar kay baad kahaa jaataa hay juu kahh daaney say mahroom honay say pehley jazb how jaati hay. yaha carniol kaa hatmi dunn hay. malmedi mein maardi graas carniol kaa aakhri dunn hotaa hay. yahee wajah hay kahh ester kii tareekh iss baath kaa tayeen karti hay kahh harr saal kawarmi kabb manaya jaaye gaa. kawarmi" kay liye maheenon kii tayari kii zarurat hoti hay: malbusaat banaana kirdaron kii tehreer pred kay liye gaadiyon kii tayari waghairah.

0008538c86385469f6fbd5f229bf95681d13fc852edb270bb249b52ee2f167a1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38402495

Adrian Haydon

Adrian Haydon British table tennis player Arthur 'Adrian' Haydon (1911 – 12 September 1973) was a male international table tennis player from England. Table tennis career. He started playing table tennis aged just 7 years-old. During the 1927-28 season he was world ranked 6. He won fourteen medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships from 1928 to 1953, including a gold medal at the 1953 World Table Tennis Championships in the Swaythling Cup (men's team event). Personal life. He married international player Doris Jordan in 1938. He is the father of Ann Haydon Jones, a finalist at the World Table Tennis Championships and a Grand Slam winner in tennis. He also played for the Warwickshire County Cricket Club 2nd XI. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

adrian haydon aarthar 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 septembor 1973) englandor ejon purux antohrastriyo tebul tenis kheluwoi aasil. tebul tenisor keriyar. maatro 7 bosor boyoxote teu tebul tenis kheliboloi aarombho korisil. 1927-28 sijonor xomoyot teu biswor 6 nombor sthanot aasil. 1928 sonor poraa 1953 sonoloike teu biswo tebul tenis championswipot ekok, dwoito aaru doliyo eventot souddota podok laabh korisil, jaar bhitorot 1953 sonor biswo tebul tenis championswipot sworno podok laabh korisil. byoktigoto jiwan. 1938 sonot teu antohrastriyo kheluwoi doris jordanok biyaa koraisil. teu biswo tebul tenis championswipot suranto protijugi aaru tenisot grand slame bijoyi eno haydon jonsor pitri. teu waruikswayar county cricket club club xi ror babeu khelisil.

adrian haydon arthar 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 septembara 1973) chhilen englander ekjon purush antorjatik tabil tennis kheload. tabil tennis carrier. matro 7 bochor boyse tini tabil tennis khelte shuru corren. 1927-28 morshume tini 6 nombore chhilen. 1928 theke 1953 saal porjonto tini bishwa tabil tennis championshipe ekok, dwaito ebong daliya evente chouddoti podok jitechilen, jaar modhye 1953 saaler bishwa tabil tennis championshipe soethling cup (purushder doll event)-ayee ekti swarnapadako chhilo. byaktigato jeebon. 1938 saale tini antorjatik kheload dorris jordanke biye corren. tini ayana haydon jonser baba, jini bishwa tabil tennis championshiper chudanta protijogi ebong tennise granned slam vijayi. tini worewickshire county cricket club club xi-err hoyeo khelechen.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) englandnaa purush aantarrashtriy table tennis khelaadi hataa. table tennis karkirdi. tene maatra 7 varshnee ummare table tennis ramvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. 1927-28 season darmiyan teo vishva kramaank 6 parr hataa. temane 1928 thee 1953 sudhee vishva table tennis champiyanshipma singles, doubles aneey team eventsmaa chaud chandrako jeetya hataa, jemaa 1953nee vishva table tennis champiyanshipma sweathling cup (purushoni team event) maan suvarn chandrakno samaavesh thaay chhe. angat jeevan. temane 1938maan aantarrashtriy khelaadi doris jordana saathe lagna karyaa hataa. teo aena haydon jonsnaa pitaa chhe, jeo vishva table tennis champiyanshipma finalist aneey tennisma grand slame vijeta chhe. teo warwickshire kaauntii cricket club 2 jee xi maate pann ramyaa hataa.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 sitambar 1973) ingland key ack purush antarrashtriya table tennis khilaadi they. table tennis currier. unhone kewal 7 saal kii umr mein table tennis khelna shuru curr diyaa thaa. 1927-28 satra key dauran vaha vishva ranking mein 6vein sthaan parr they. unhone 1928 seey 1953 taka vishva table tennis championship mein ekal, yugal aur team spardhaon mein chaudah padak jeete, jisamen 1953 kii vishva table tennis championship mein sweatling cup (purushon kii team pratiyogita) mein swarn padak bhee shamil thaa. vyaktigat jeevan. unhone 1938 mein antarrashtriya khilaadi doris jorden seey shaadi kii. vaha aine haydon johns key pitaa hain, joe vishva table tennis championship mein finalist aur tennis mein grand slam vijeta hain. vaha warwickshire county cricket club 2nd xi key liye bhee khele.

audrian haydon orther 'audrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) inglendna purusha antaaraashtriya table tennis atagararagiddaru. table tennis vrattijeevana. avaru kevala 7neey vayassinalli table tennis aadalu praarambhisidaru. aii. dii. 1. rtuvinalli avaru vishwa shreyankadalli 6neey sthaanadalliddaru. 1928rinda 1953ravarege vishwa table tennis champiyanshipnalli singles, doubles mattu team eeventgalalli hadinaalku padakagalannu geddaru, idaralli 1953rahra vishwa table tennis champiyanshipnalli sweathling kapnalli chinnada padakavoo serittu (purushara tandada pandyavali). vaiyaktika jeevana. aata 1938ralli antaaraashtriya atagara doris jordan avarannu vivaahavaadaru. aata vishwa table tennis champiyanshipnalli antima hantada spardhiyaagidda mattu tenisnalli grand slam vijetaraagidda aun haydon johns avara tande. avaru warwickshire kaunti cricket club 2neey xiಗಾಗಿಯೂ aadidaru.

adrian hedoon englandil ninnulla oru anthaaraashtra purusha table tennies kalikkaranayirunnu arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 septambar 1973). table tennies currier. verum 7-aamm vayassil addeham table tennies kalikkaan thudangi. aii. dii. 1 seasonil loka rankingle aaram sthaanathaayirunna addeham 1928 muthal 1953 vare loka table tennies chaambyanshippil singles, doubles, team evantukal ennivayil pathinaalu medalukal nedi, 1953 leeii loka table tennies chaambyanshippil swarnna medel ulppede (purushanmaarude team ivant). vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. 1938ll addeham anthaaraashtra kalikkaranaaya doris jordane vivaham kazhichu. loka table tennies chaambyanshippile finalistum tenneesile grand slam jethaavumaaya aan haydon jonsinte pithaavaan addeham. warwickshare kaundi krikkatt club 2nd Xi-num addeham kalichu.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) haah englandcha aantarrashtriy table tennis kheladu hota. table tennis karkird. tyane vayachya avaghya 7vya varshi table tennis khelanyas suruvat kelee. 1927-28 hangamat too jaagtik kramvarit 6vya kramankavar hota. tyane 1928 teey 1953 yaa kalat jaagtik table tennis ajinkyapad spardhet ekeri, duheri aanee sanghik spardhanmadhye chauda padake jinkley, jyat 1953 chya jaagtik table tennis ajinkyapad spardhet sweatling kapmadhye (purush sangh spardha) suvarnpadakacha samavesh hota. vaiyaktik jeevan. tyane 1938 madhye aantarrashtriy kheladu dorris jordanshee lagn kele. too aine haydon johnscha pita aahe, joou jaagtik table tennis ajinkyapad spardhetil antim pherii gathanara aanee tennismadhil grand slam vijeta aahe. too warwickshire county crickett club 2nd Xi kadoonahi khelala.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) englandka ek purush antarrashtriya table tennis kheladi thie. table tennis currier. unle 7 warshako umerma table tennis khelna thale. 1927-28 sijanma uni vishwa sthanma 6 aun sthanma thie. unle sann 1928 dekhi 1953 samma vishwa table tennis championshipma ekal, yugal rar tolly pratiyogitaharuma chaudha padak jite, jasma sweathling cup (purush tolly pratiyogita) maa sann 1953 ko vishwa table tennis championshipma swarna padak pani samawesh thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. unle sann 1938 maa antarrashtriya kheladi doris jordensanga vivaha gare. uni enn haydon jonska pita hun, vishwa table tennis championshipma finalist rar tennisma grand slam vijeta. unle warwicksire county cricket club 2nd xi kaa lagi pani khele.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) englandara jane purush antarjatija tebul tennis khelali thile. tebul tennis kyariyara shay maatra 7 barsha bajasare tebul tennis kheliba arambha karithile. 1927-28 ruture shay biswa rankingare 6 nambara sthanare thile. shay 1928 ru 1953 parjyanta biswa tebul tennis champianasipare singalsa, doubles ebong dala iventare chaud padaka jitithile, jeunthire 1953 biswa tebul tennis champianasipare swarna padaka antarbhukta thila. byaktigata zeeban. shay 1938 masihare antarjatija khelali doris jordananku bibaha karithile. shay biswa tebul tennis championshipra final ebong tenisare grandslam bijeta aann haydon jonsanka pita. shay warawikhyajara county cricket club club xi paain madhya khelithile.

adrian haydon arther 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 satambar 1973) england daa ikk purash antarashtari table tennis khidari see. table tennis carrier unhan neey siraf 7 saal dee umar witch table tennis khedna shuru qarr ditta see. aaee. dee. 1. season dauran uh vishav ranking 6 witch see. usne 1928 toon 1953 takk vishav table tennis championship witch singles, doubles atey team events witch chaudan tagme jitte, jiss witch 1953 witch vishav table tennis championship witch sweathling kapp (purash team event) witch ikk soone tagma vee shamal see. nijji jeevan. unhan neey 1938 witch antarashtari khidari doris jorden naal viaah karvaiaa. uh vishav table tennis championship witch finalist atey tennis witch grand slam jetu ainn haydon jonas daa pitaa haii. uh warwickshire kaoonti cricket club 2nd Xi laee vee khediaa.

adrian heydon aarthar 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) england-deshasya ekaha purushah antarashtriya-table-tennis-kreedakah aasit. tennis-kridaayaam vruttihi. saha kevalam 7 varshe eva table-tennis-kreedaam aarabdhavaan. 1927-28 kreedaarutuve saha vishva-kramah 6 aasit. saha 1928 taha 1953 paryantam vishva-table-tennis-pratiyogitaasu eka-kridaayaam, yugal-spardhayam, dala-spardhaasu cha chaturdashah padakaan praapnot, yasmin 1953 tame varshe vishva-table-tennis-pratiyogitaayaam sweathling-cup (purusha-dala-spardhaa) swarnapadakam api aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. saha 1938 tame varshe antarashtriya-kreedaaluh doris jordan ityenam parineetavaan. saha aan haydon johns ityasya pitaa asti, yah vishva-table-tennis-chaampiyanship-madhye antima-spardhayam, tennis-kridaayaam grand-slaam-vijetuhu cha aasit. saha vaarvikshair-kaunti-cricket-club-2nd Xi krute api kreeditavaan.

adrian haydon aarthar 'adrian' haydon (1911-12 septumber 1973) englaanththaich saerntha oru aann sarvadesa dable dennis veerar aavaar. dable dennis thozhil. avar verum 7 vayathil dable dennis vilaiyaadath thodangkinaar. 1927-28 paruvaththil avar ulaga tharavarisaiyil 6 vadhu idaththil irunthaar. 1928 muthal 1953 varai ulaga dable dennis saambiyanshippil ottraiyar, irattaiyar mattrum kuzhu nigazhvugalil pathinaanku pathakkangkalai ventraar, idhil 1953 ulaga dable dennis saambiyanshippil sweathling kooppaiyil (aangal anii nigazhvu) thangap pathakkam udpada. thanipatta vaazhkkai. avar 1938 aam aandil sarvadesa veerar doris jordanai mananthaar. avar ulaga dable dennis saambiyanshippil iruthip poattiyaalaraagavum, dennisil grand slam vetrtriyaalaraakavum irunththa aann haydon johnsin thanthai aavaar. avar warwickshire kavundi crickett kilap 2 vadhu xi kkaagavum vilaiyaadinaar.

adrian haydon orther 'audrian' haydon (1911-12 september 1973) inglaandku chendina purusha antarjaateeya table tennis aatagadu. table tennis kereer. athanu kevalam 7 samvatsaraala vayassulo table tennis adatam praarambhinchaadu. 1927-28 seasonlo athanu prapancha rank rank unnadu. athanu 1928 nundi 1953 varaku prapancha table tennis champiyanshiplalo singles, doubles mariyu team eeventlalo padnaalugu patakaalanu geluchukunnadu, indulo 1953 prapancha table tennis chhampiyanshiplo sweathling cup (purushula jattu eevent) loe bangaaru patakam kooda undhi. vyaktigata jeevitam. athanu athanu antarjaateeya aatagadu doris jordaannu vivaham chesukunnadu. athanu aann haydon johns tandri, prapancha table tennis chhampiyanshiplo finalist mariyu tennislo grand slam vijaeta. athanu warwickshire county cricket club 2 va xi kosam kooda aadadu.

adrian headen aarthar 'adrian' headen (1911-12 satambar 1973) england say taaluq rakhnay waala eek beenn alaqwami table tense khilaadi thaa. table tense carrier. inhon nay sarf 7 saal kii amar mein table tense khelna sharoo kiyaa. 1927-28 seezan kay doraan wah aalimi darjah bundi mein 6 wein number parr thay. inhon nay 1928 say 1953 takk aalimi table tense champine ship mein singles doubles aur team avents mein chodah tamghe jeetay jinn mein 1953 kii world table tense champine ship mein sweetling cup (mardon kii team avent) mein sonay kaa tamgha bhee shaamil thaa. zaati zindagi. inhon nay 1938 mein beenn alaqwami khilaadi dors jorden say shaadi kii. wah aine headen jonaz kay waalid haine juu aalimi table tense champine ship kay finalist aur tense mein grend saleem faatah haine. wah waarok shayer county karkat kalb 2nd Xi kay liye bhee khelay.

0008543f4aa3b8caf56a46acdd10fa3230f28e8b2759be67f74d3a61a044c171

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3471173

regian

regian English. Noun. "Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of "", which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.<br>(See the entry for )" <includeonly></includeonly>

rejion ingraji. bixesyo. "ei prowexor aangxik baa xokolu 1913 sonor xongoskoronor poraa aamdani koraa hoise, ji etiya swotwadhikar mukto aaru xeyehe rajohuwa domainot aase. aamdani koraa xongyabur jothesto porimane puroni hoh 'bob paare, aaru jikunu xehotiya indriyo xompurnorupe onuposthito hoh' bob paare. (prowextu sauk) "

region ingrezi. bishessho. "eyi entrir kichhu ongsho baa samasta ongsho 1913 saaler sanskaran theke amdani koraa hoyeche, jaa ekhon kopirait mukto ebong taai public domene royeche. amdanikrito sangyaguli ullekhjoggobhabe purano hotey paare ebong arow samprotik indriyaguli sampurnarupe onuposthito hotey paare. (err jonno probeshika dekhun) "

regian angreji. sangyaa. "aaa entrino aek bhaag athavaa tamaam bhaag 1913nee aavruttimathi aayaat karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jeey havey copyrite mukt chhe aneey tethee jaaher kshetramaa chhe. aayaat karelee vyakhyao nondhpaatra reete juunii thaee shake chhe, aneey koipan vadhu taajetarni indriyo sampurnpane khoote chhe. (maate entry juo) "

regian angrezi. sangya. "iss pravishti kaa kuchh yaa poori pravishti 1913 key sanskaran seey ayaat kii gaee haye, joe abb copyrite seey mukt haye aur isaliye saarvajanik kshetra mein haye. aayatit paribhaashaaen kaafee hudd taka purani hoe sakati hain, aur koee bhee aur haal kii indriyaan poori tarah seey gayab hoe sakati hain. (key liye pravishti dekhein) "

regian inglish. naamapada. "ee namoodina bhagashah athawa ellah bhagavannu 1913rahra aavruttiya" "dhii" "ninda aamadu maadikollalaagide, idu eega krutisvaamyadinda muktavaagide mattu aaddarinda saarvajanika valayadallide". aamadu madikonda vyaakhyaanagalu gamanarhavagi halataagirabahudu, mattu yaavude ittichina indriyagalu sampoornavaagi kaneyagirabahudu. (ee kurita namoodannu nodi)"

reejian engleesh. namam. "eee entriyude bhaagamo muzhuvano 1913-leeii pathippil ninnu irakkumathi cheythathaanu, athu ippol pakarppavakaashamillaathathum athinaal pothu domainilaanu". irakkumathi cheytha nirvachanangal ganyamaayi kaalaharanappettathaakam, koodaathe ettavum puthiya indriyangal poornnamaayum illaathaayekkaam. (entry kaanuka) "

regian ingraji. sandnya. "yaa nondicha kahee bhag kinwa serve bhag 1913 chya aavruttitun aayat karnyat aala aahe, joou aata copyrite mukt aahe aanee mhanoon sarvajanik domenmadhye aahe. aayat kelelya vyakhya lakshaniyaritya kalbahya jhalya asateel aanee aanakhi alikadil indriye purnapane gahal asoo shakatat. (yasathichi nond pahaa) "

regian angreji. sangya. "yass prawishti ko bhag wa sabai 1913 ko sanskaranbata ayat garieko chha," "june ab pratilipi adhikarbata mukta chha rar tyasaile sarvajanik domenma chha. ayatit paribhashaharu ullekhaniya rupma purano huna sakchha, rar kunai pani halko indriyaharu purna rupma harairaheka huna sakchhan. (prawishti hernuhos) "

regian ingraji. biseshya. "ehi prabeshara kichhi ansha kimba samasta 1913 sanskaranaru amdani karajaichi, jaahaa bartamana kapirait mukta ebong tenu sarbajaneena domenare achhi . amdani karajaithiba sangya gudika bahu matrare puruna hoithaipare, ebong kaunasi sampratika indriya sampurna anupasthita thaipare. (paain prabeshika dekhantu) "

region angrezi. naam. "iss entary daa hissa jaan saara hissa 1913 dey edition" "toon aayat keeta giaa haii, joe hunn copyright toon mukat haii atey iss laee jantak khetar witch haii. daramad keetiaan paribhashavan kaafi puraniaan hoow sakdiaan hunn, atey koee vee taaza indriaan puurii tarahan gaib hoow sakdiaan hunn. (laee entary dekho) "

regine anglabhashayam. naam. "asya pravishtihi bhaagah athavaa sampoornah 1913 tame varshe" "iti samskaranaat ayatitaha asti, yat adhunaa pratilipyaadhikaaramuktam asti, ataha saarvajanikakshetre asti. aayaatitavyaakhyaah bahudhaa aprachalitaani bhaveyuhu, adhunaatanaani indriyaah api purnataya anupasthitani bhaveyuhu. (pravishtim pashyatu) "

rejian aangkilam. peyarchchol. "inththa ulleettin oru pakuthi allathu anaiththum 1913 pathippilirunthu irakkumathi seiyappattullana, idhu ippoathu pathippurimai illaathathu, enavae podhu kazhaththil ullathu. irakkumathi seiyappatta varaiyaraikal kanisamaaga kaalaavathiyaanathaaga irukkalaam, maelum sameepathiya pulangal muttrilum kaanaamal poagalaam. (nuzhaivaip paarkkavum)"

regian aanglam. namavachakam. "eee namodulo kontha bhaagam ledhaa mottam 1913 edition nundi digumati cheyabadindi, idhi ippudu copyrite rahitamgaa undhi mariyu anduvalla public domainlo undhi. digumati chesukunna nirvachanalu gananeeyamgaa paatavi kaavacchu, mariyu iteevali indriyaalu puurtigaa kanipinchakapovacchu. (kosam namodu chudandi) "

reejan angrezi. asm. "iss andraj kaa kachh hasah yaa tamaam hasah 1913 kay edition say daraamad kiyaa gayaa hay juu abb kaapi raait say paak hay aur iss liye awami domain mein hay. daraamad shadah tareefain numayan toor parr praani how sakti haine aur koyee bhee haaliyah hawaas makmal toor parr ghaib how saktay haine. (andraj dekhein) "

0008569e6f6746e4b12f0050e6ac658540a579d7f12036384842d279a4543bf7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2899205

Robert Dodd (baseball)

Robert Dodd (baseball) American baseball player Robert Wayne Dodd (born March 14, 1973) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies for a single season, in 1998. Early life and career. Dodd was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He attended Plano Senior High School in the north Dallas suburb of Plano, Texas, and played for the Plano Wildcats high school baseball team. Dodd attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Joe Arnold's Florida Gators baseball team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition in 1994. Dodd was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the fourteenth round of the 1994 MLB Draft as a pitcher. He appeared in 4 games (5 innings) at the major league level. In a strange twist, in Dodd's final MLB appearance he pitched 1 scoreless inning (top of the 9th) with the Phillies trailing 7–1. The team rallied for 7 runs in the bottom of the inning giving him his only MLB win. In the 2000s, Dodd was diagnosed with diabetes. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

robert dodd (besbol) robert wein dodd (jonmo 14 march, 1973) egoraki aamerikan prakton pesadari besbol pisar, jiye 1998 sonot philadelphia philijor hoi etaa sijonor baabe mejor leeg besbol (em. el. bi) too khelisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru keriyar. dodor jonmo hoisil kanchasor kanchas sohorot. teu texaxor uttor dalasor upokontho plarn "ror plarn" sinir haiskule odhyoyon korisil aaru plarn "wildcates haiskuler bexob 'lo dolor hoi khelisil. dode fluoridar gainesvilor fluorida biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil, zo 'too teu 1994 sonot rastriyo collegiate ethletik ess "siyesyon (eno. chi. e. e.) protijugitat proxikhyok ju arnoldor fluorida gaters besbol dolor hoi khelisil. 1994 sonor em. el. bi. draftor soturdox roundot philadelphia philixor dwara pisar hisape dodor khosora prostut koraa hoisil. teu prodhan leeg porzayot 4khon khelot (5taa innings) ongxogrohon korisil. ek odbhut murot, dodor suranto em. el. bi. uposthitir xomoyot teu 1taa sko 'rohin innings (9morr uporot) pitch korisil aaru philibure 7-1ror pich pori aasil. doltuwe inningsor tolot 7 raanor baabe ekotrito hoisil jaar folot teur ekmatro em. el. bi. joy hoisil. 2000ror doxokot, dodor diabetis huwa dhora porisil.

robbert dodd (baseball) robbert oyeina dodd (jonmo 14 march, 1973) ekjon markin praktan peshadar baseball pitcher, jini 1998 saale philadelphia philiser hoye mejor leeg baseball (mlb)-ayee ekok morshumer jonno khelechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong karmajiban. dodd kansaser cansus shohore jonmogrohon corren. tini texuser uttor dallas shahartalir plano senior hye schoole padashona corren ebong plano wildcats hye school baseball doler hoye khelen. dodd floridara gainesviller florida bishwobidyaloye padashona corren, jekhane tini 1994 saale jatiya collegiate athletic association (ncaa) protijogitai coach jooe arnolder florida gaters baseball doler hoye khelechilen. 1994 saaler emm. ell. bii-rawr khasadatir chaturdash rounde philadelphia phillis dwara ekti colls hisabe dodd-err khasda toiri koraa hoyechilo. tini mejor ligg porjaye 4tii khelay (5tii innings) ongshogrohon corren. ekti adbhuto moder modhye, doder chudanta mlb uposthitite tini 1tii scoreheen innings (9maum-err shirshe) khelen ebong filira 7-1-err pichhone thaake. dolti inningser neeche 7 raner jonno samabesh korey taake taar ekmatro mlb joy deyo. 2000-err doshke, dodd diabetese akranto hoyechilo.

roobert dodd (baseball) roobert wein dodd (janm 14 march, 1973) aek american bhutpurv vyaavsaayik baseball pitcher chhe, jeey jeey philadelphiya phillies maate aek jaj season maate mejar leag baseball (aema. aela. bii.) maan ramyo hato. praarambhik jeevan aneey karkirdi. dodno janm cansas shaherma thayo hato. temane uttar dallasna upnagar planoma plano siniyara haai schoolma abhyaas karyo hato aneey plano wildcates haai school baseball team maate ramyaa hataa. dode floridana gainsvillema university off fluoridama haajari aapee hatee, jyaan teo teo raashtriy collegiate athletic association (ncaa) spardhama coach jooe arnoldnee florida gaters baseball team maate ramyaa hataa. 1994 aema. aela. bii. draftnaa chaudma roundma philadelphiya phillies dwara pitcher tareeke dodno musaddo taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato. teo mukhya leag stare 4 ramato (5 innings) maan dekhaaya hataa. aek vichitra valaankmaa, dudna anteem mlb dekhavma tene 1 scoreless innings innings toach parr) ramee hatee, jemaa phillies phillies paachhal hatee. teame inningsna taleeye 7 runn maate railey curry hatee, jenaathi tene tenee ekmatra mlb jeet malee hatee. hatee daykama, dudne diabetes hovaanu nidan thayu hatoo.

robert dodd (baseball) robert vene dodd (janm 14 march, 1973) ack americi poorv peshevar baseball pitcher hain, joe 1998 mein philadelphia philies key liye ack hii season key liye mejar leag baseball (mlb) mein khele they. praarambhik jeevan aur currier. dodd kaa janm kansas shahar, kansas mein huaa thaa. unhone uttar dallas key upnagar plano, texas mein plano senior hyee school mein bhaag liya aur plano wildcats hyee school baseball team key liye khele. dodd ney florida key gensville mein florida vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya, jahan unhone 1994 mein rashtriya collegiate athletic association (aine. see. aeye. aeye.) pratiyogita mein coach joe ernold kii florida gater baseball team key liye khela. 1994 key mlb draft key chaudahaven daur mein philadelphia philies dwara ack pitcher key roop mein dodd kaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. vaha pramukh leag star parr 4 maichon (5 paariyon) mein dikhaai diye. ack ajib modd mein, visham kii antim mlb upasthiti mein unhone 1 score rahit paari (9vein key sheersh parr) kheli jisamen philies 7-1 seey peechhe chala rahey they. team ney paari key nichale hisse mein 7 runn key liye raili kii jisase unhein unaki ekmatra mlb jeet millie. 2000 key dashak mein, madhumeh kaa nidan kiya gayaa thaa.

robbert dodd (baseball) robbert wayne dodd (janana march 14,1973) americada maaji vruttipara baseball pitcher aagiddu, avaru 1998 ralli philadelphia phillisgagi onde rtuvinalli majer leigh baseball (emm. ell. bii) nalli aadidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu vrattijeevana. dodd avaru consasna consas nagaradalli janisidaru. avaru texasna uttara dallas upanagarada planoda plano hiriya proudhashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu plano wildcats haiskool baseball tandakkagi aadidaru. dodd avaru floridada gainsvilleyalliruva florida vishvavidyaalayadalli vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru 1994 ralli rashtriya kaaleju athletic association (enn. sii. aa. aa.) spardheyalli tarabetudaara zoo arnoldna florida gaters baseball tandakkagi aadidaru. 1994rahra emm. ell. bii. draftna hadinalkane suttinalli philadelphia phillies ondu pitcher aagi dudunnu rachisitu. avaru pramukha leigh mattadalli 4 pandyagalalli (5 inningsgalu) kanisikondaru. vichitravaada tiruvinalli, dadna antima emm. ell. bii. pradarshanadalli avaru 1 score rahita innings annu (9 neyalli agrasthana) pitch maadidaru, phillies 7-1 rinda hindulididdavu. tandavu inningsna kelabhagadalli 7 rangalige ottugudi avara ekaika emm. ell. bii. geluvu needitu. 2000dha dasakadalli, dadge madhumeha iruvudu patteyaayitu.

roobert dooad (baseball) 1998 ll philadelphia filleesinaayi oru seasonil mejar leag baseball (emm. ell. bii) kalicha oru american muun professional baseball picharaanu roobert weyne dooad (jananam march 14,1973). aadyakaala jeevithavum currier. kansaasile kansas sittiyilaan dooad janichathu. texasile north dallas praanthapradeshamaaya planoyile plano seeniyar haiskoolil padicha addeham plano wilde kaatts haiskool baseball teaminu vendi kalichu. dooad floridayile gainsvilleyile florida sarvakalashaalayil chernnu, avide 1994 ll naashanal collegiat athlattik association (enn. sii. eiii. eiii) malsarathil coach joou aarnoldinte florida gettezhs baseball teaminu vendi kalichu. 1994 emm. ell. bii draafttinte pathinalam roundil philadelphia fillikalaanu oru picharaayi dooad thayyarakkiyathu. mejar leag thalatthil 4 kalikalil (5 inningsukal) addeham kalichu. vichitramaaya oru vazhithirivayi, dodinte avasana emm. ell. bii. prakadanatthil addeham 1 skorillaatha innings (onpathaam sthaanathu ninnu) pitch cheythu, phillikal 7-1 nuu pinnilayi. inningsinte adiyil team 7 ransinu aninirannu, addehathinu addehathinte eaka emm. ell. bii vijayam nalki. 2000-kalil dooad pramehabaadhithanaanenn kandethi.

robbert dodd (baseball) robbert wein dodd (janm 14 march 1973) haah eka american majee vyavsayik baseball pitcher aahe, joou 1998 madhye philadelphiya filijsathi ekach hangamasathi mejar leag baseballmadhe (emm. ell. bii.) khelala. prarambhik jeevan aanee karkird. dodcha janm cances shaharatil cansas yethe jhaala. tyane texaschya uttar dallas upnagaratil plano varishtha madhyamik shalet shikshan ghetale aanee plano wildcats hyschool baseball sanghakadun khelala. dodd yanni floridatil gensville yetheel florida vidyapithat shikshan ghetale, jithe teey 1994 madhye rashtriy mahavidhyalayin ethletic association (aine. see. aii. aii.) spardhet prashikshak joou arnoldchya florida getter baseball sanghasathi khelale. khelale emm. ell. bii. masudyachya chaudavya fereet philadelphiya philigene eka pitcher mhanoon dodcha masuda tayar keela hota. too pramukh leag staravar 4 samnyanmadhye (5 daav) khelala. eka vichitra valanavar, dodchya shevatchya emm. ell. bii. samnyat tyane 1 gunarahit daav daav varr) khelala, jyat phiilii 7-1 neey pichhadivar hote. sanghane davatil talashi 7 dhavansathi jamvajamav kelee aanee tyala tyacha ekmev emm. ell. bii. vijay midvoon deela. 2000 chya dashakat, dodd yanna madhumeh asalyache nidan jhaale.

robert dodd (baseball) robert wein dodd (janma march 14,1973) ek americi purva peshewar baseball pitcher hun, jasle 1998 maa filadelfia filiska lagi ekal sijanka lagi mazer ligg baseball (mlb) kheleka thie. prarambhik jiwan rar currier. dodko janma cansas sahar, kansasma bhaeko thiyo. unle teksasko uttar dallas upanagarko plano siniyar hai schoolma padhe rar plano wildcats hai schol baseball tolika lagi khele. dodle floridako gensabhilma raheko florida vishwavidyalayama bhag lie, jahaan unle sann 1994 maa rashtriya collegiate athletic association (nca) pratiyogitama prashikshak jo arnoldko florida gaters baseball tolika lagi khele. dadlai filadelfia filisle 1994 mlb draftko chaudhaun charanma picharko rupma draft gareko thiyo. uni pramukh ligg starma 4 khel (5 pari) maa dekha pare. euta anautho modma, dadko antim mlb upasthitima unle 1 score rahit inning (9 aunko shirsha) pitch gare jasma filisharu 1-7 ley pachhadi thie. tolile inningko tallo bhagma 7 ranka lagi rally gyoa jasle unlai unko ek matra mlb jit diyo. sann 2000 ko dashakma, dadlai madhumeha bhaeko patta lageko thiyo.

robert dodd (baseball) robert wen dodd (janma march 14,1973) jane americae purbatana pesadara baseball pitcher, jie 1998 ray philadelphia philis paain gotie sijin paain mejara ligg baseball (emm. ell. bii) ray khelithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong kyariyara. dodd cansas saharar cansas saharare janmagrahana karithile. shay texacer uttara dalas upakanth planore plano siniara haiskulare adhyajana karithile ebong plano wildcats haiskul baseball dala paain khelithile. dodd floridara gensabhilare thiba florida biswabidyalajare joga deithile, jeunthare shay 1994 ray jatiah collegiate athletic association (ncaa) pratijogitare coach joe arnoldnka florida gaters baseball dala paain khelithile. 1994 emm. ell. bii. draftra chaturdasha roundre philadelphia philis dwara eka pitcher bhabare dodd draft karajaithila . shay pramukh ligg starare 4tii match (5tii innings) khelithile. eka adbhuta modare, dadnka antim emm. ell. bii. pradarshanare shay 1 ranwiheena innings (9maha rahr sheershare) pitch karithile ebong philis 7-1 ray pachare thile. dala inningsara tale 7 runn paain ekatrita hoithila jaahaa tanku tankara ekamatra emm. ell. bii bijai deithila . 2000 dashakare, dodd madhumehare akranta hoithile.

robbert dodd (baseball) robbert wein dodd (janam 14 march, 1973) ikk amriki sabka peshevar baseball pitcher haii, joe 1998 witch ikk season laee fildelfia philies laee mejar leeg baseball (aimm. aill. bee.) witch khediaa see. shuruati jeevan atey carrier. dodd daa janam kansas shehar, kansas witch hoiaa see. uss neey uttri dallas dey upnagar plano, taxas witch plano senior hyee school witch padahi keeti atey plano wildcats hyee school baseball team laee khediaa. dodd neey florida dey gensville witch florida university witch padahi keeti, jitthe uh 1994 witch national colgiate athletic association (ainn. see. aii. aii.) mukabale witch coach joye arnold dee florida gaters baseball team laee khediaa. dadd noon 1994 aimm. aill. bee. draft dey chaudanven daur witch fildelfia philies duaara ikk pitcher vajon tiaar keeta giaa see. uh pramukh leeg paddhar 'teey 4 maichan (5 pariaan) witch dikhai ditta. ikk ajib modd witch, dodd dee aakhri aimm. aill. bee. dee dikkh witch usne 1 goal rahit paari paari dey sikhar) khedi jiss witch fills 7-1 toon pichhe sunn. team neey paari dey hethle hisse witch 7 daudan laee raili keeti jiss naal uss noon aapni iklauti aimm. aill. bee. jitt millie. 2000 dey dahake witch, dadd noon shugar daa pataa laggiaa see.

rabert dodd (besball) rabert ven daad (janma maarch 14,1973) ekaha amerikeeyah poorva-vyaavasaayik-besball-pitcher asti, yah 1998 tame varshe fildelfia-fillies-pakshaat measure-leag-besball (emm. ell. bii.) ityasmin ekasmin eva rutau kreeditavaan. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa vruttijeevanam cha. dodd ityasya janma cansas-nagare abhavat. saha texas-deshasya uttar-dallas-nagarasya upanagarasy plaano-nagarasya plaano-varishta-ucchavidyaalaye abhyanayt, plaano-weldcats-uccha-vidyaalayasya besball-dalasya krute api kreeditavaan. dodd ityeshah florida-deshasya gensville-nagarasya florida-vishvavidyaalaye upasthitah, yatra saha 1994 tame varshe rashtriya-mahaavidyaalayeeya-athletik-sanghasya (enn. see. e. e.) spardhayam prashikshakasya jo-arnold ityasya florida-gaters-besball-dalasya krute kreeditavaan. 1994 emm. ell. bii. draft ityasya chaturdasha-charane philadelphia-philis-dwara dud-ityasya draft pitcher-rupena krutam. saha pramukha-leag-stare 4 kreedaasu (5 innings) abhyanayt. vichitram twist madhye, daad ityasya antimam emm. ell. bii. pradarshanm saha 1 score-rahita-innings (9 tamasya upari) pitch krutavaan, philis 7-1 iti prushthe aasit. dalah innings ityasya adhah 7 runn krute rail akarot, yena saha ekamaatram emm. ell. bii. vijayam praapnot. 2000 tame dashake, dodd ityasya madhumehah iti nidaanam abhavat.

robbert tott (baseball) robbert weyn tott (prappu maarch 14,1973) oru america munnaal thozhilmurai baseball pitcher aavaar, avar 1998 aam aandil philatelpia filleesukkaaga oru seasonil mejar leak baseball (emm. ell. pii) ill vilaiyaadinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. tott consassin kansas nagaril piranthaar. avar texassin vadakku dallas puranagarp paguthiyaana planovil ulla blano mooththa uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar, maelum blano wildcates uyarnilaip palli baseball anikkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. tott ploaridaavin kainsville ulla plorida palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar, angku avar 1994 aam aandil thaesiya kalluri thadagala sanga (enn. chii. aee. aee) poattiyil payirchiyaalar joow arnaultin plorida catters baseball anikkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. 1994 emm. ell. pii varaivin pathinaankaavathu suttril philatelpia fillisol oru pitcharaaka tott varaivu seiyappattathu. avar mejar leak mattaththil 4 poattikalil (5 innings) thoantrinaar. oru visithiramaana thiruppaththil, tattin iruthi emm. ell. pii thoattraththil avar 1 cole illaatha inningsai (9 vadhu idaththil) veechinaar, filligal 7-1 endra kanakkil pinthangkiyirunthana. anii inningsin adippaguthiyil 7 rangalukku anithirandathu, avarukku avarathu oray emm. ell. pii vettriyaik koduththathu. 2000kazhil, toad neerizhivu noayaal kandariyapattaar.

robbert dodd (baseball) robbert wayne dodd (jananam marchi 14,1973) oka american maajee professional baseball pitcher, athanu 1998loe philadelphia fillies kosam oke seasonlo majer leag baseball (emm. ell. bii) loe aadadu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti. dodd consas nagaramloni consaslo janminchaadu. athanu texasloni uttara dallas shivaaru praantamaina planoloni plano senior haiskoollo chadivaadu mariyu plano wildcats haiskool baseball jattu kosam aadadu. dodd floridaloni gainesvilleloni florida vishwavidhyaalayaaniki hajarayyadu, akkada athanu 1994loe national collegiate athletic association (ncaa) pootiiloo coach jooe arnald yokka florida gaters baseball jattu kosam aadadu. 1994 emm. ell. bii. draft yokka padnaalugo roundloo philadelphia fillies oka picharga dadnu roopondinchindi. athanu majer leag sthaayilo 4 aatalalo (5 inningslu) kanipinchaadu. oka vintha malupulo, dodd yokka chivari emm. ell. bii pradarsanalo athanu 1 skoru laeni innings (9 va sthaanamlo) nuu pitch chesaadu, fillies 7-1 venukabadi undhi. innings diguvana jattu 7 parugula kosam ryali chesindi, ataniki athani ekaika emm. ell. bii vijayanni ichindi. 2000laloe, dodd diabetisto baadhapadutunnaadani nirdhaarana ayindi.

raabart dodd (bees baal) raabart ween dodd (paidaish 14 maarch 1973) eek americi saabiq paishah warr bees baal patcher hay juu 1998 mein fladelfia filz kay liye eek hyee seezan kay liye meejar leeg bees baal (ayem eel bee) mein kheela. ibtadayi zindagi aur carrier. dodd kii paidaish kensas shehar kensas mein hoyee thee. inhon nay shamali dlaas kay mazafati elaqay plano taxas mein plano seniyar hayee school mein taleem haasil kii aur plano wild cates hayee school bees baal team kay liye khelay. dodd nay fluoreda kay shehar ganswell mein waaqa fluoreda university mein taleem haasil kii jehaan wah 1994 mein national college athletic aisosi aishan (aine see aey aey) muqabilay mein coach juu arnold kii fluoreda gatters bees baal team kay liye khelay. dudd kuu fladelfia fleeyon nay 1994 ayem eel bee draft kay chudhawein round mein batoor ghadaa tayaar kiyaa thaa. wah meejar leeg kii satah parr 4 kheelon (5 anangz) mein nazar aayey. eek ajeeb moad mein dodd kii aakhri ayem eel bee kii maujudgi mein iss nay 1 score lees anangz (9 wein kay opri hasay mein) khaili jiss mein faliyan 7-1 say peeche thein. team nay anangz kay nichley hasay mein 7 ranz kay liye reeli nikali jiss say asay apnee waahid ayem eel bee jeeth milly. 2000 kii dahayi mein dudd kuu ziyabetas kii tashkhis hoyee.

00085a81487e4d17475f237bfde59b17bee08597833f3edff4b24fea488eeaf8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16398952

Ontario, Oregon micropolitan area

Ontario, Oregon micropolitan area Malheur and Payette County combined The Ontario Micropolitan Statistical Area (or Ontario μSA), as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties – one in southeastern Oregon and one in southwestern Idaho, anchored by the city of Ontario. As of the 2000 census, the area had a population of 52,193 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 53,844). Demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 52,193 people, 17,592 households, and 12,920 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 81.49% White, 0.78% African American, 0.96% Native American, 1.52% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 12.73% from other races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.22% of the population. The median income for a household in the μSA was $31,644, and the median income for a family was $36,551. Males had a median income of $28,065 versus $21,593 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $14,410. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ontariu, oreg 'noo maikro' polytan onchol aamerika juktorastror lukpiyol byurur dwara xongyayito ontorio "maikro" polytan porixongkhya khyetro (baa ontoriyo "em. eu. ess. e) hoise dutaa countyre gothito ek onchol-ekhon dokhyin-pubo oregonot aaru ekhon dokhyin-poschim idahut, ontoriyo" sohoror dwara longor koraa. 2000 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, oncholtur jonoxongkhya aasil 52,193 john (jodiu 2009 sonor 1 julyr ek onuman onuxori jonoxongkhya aasil 53,844 john). jonogathoni. 2000 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, ei em. eu. ess. e.-ror bhitorot 52,193 john luk, 17,592 taa poriyal aaru 12,920 taa poriyal baax korisil. em. eu. ess. e.-ror jatigoto gothon aasil <aai. di. 2>% bogaa, <aai. di. 4> african aamerikan, <aai. di. 5> sthaniyo aamerikan, <aai. di. 7> asean, <aai. di. 6> pesiphik ilander, <aai. di. 1>% onyanyo jaatir, aaru <aai. di. 3> dutaa baa totudhik jaatir. jikunu jaatir hispanik baa letin 'jonoxongkhyar 20.22% aasil. em. eu. ess. e.-ror etaa poriyalor modhyomiya aay aasil 31,644 dollar, aaru etaa poriyalor modhyomiya aay aasil 36,551 dollar. puruxor modhyomiya aay aasil 28,065 dollar biporite mohilar 21,593 dollar. em. eu. ess. e.-ror jonomuri aay aasil 14,410 dollar.

ontario, oregon micropoliton elaka markin juktorashtrer jonogonona bureau dwara sangyayita ontario micropoliton porisongkhyan elaka (baa ontario emm. eu. esha. ayee) holl duti county niye gothito ekti elaka-ekti dakkhin-purbo oregone ebong ekti dakkhin-poschim idahote, jaa ontario shohor dwara nongar koraa hoyeche. 2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, eyi anchaler jonosongkha chhilo 52,193 john (jodio 2009 saaler 1 julaier ekti anuman anujayi jonosongkha chhilo 53,844 john). jonosongkha. 2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, eyi anchaler modhye 52,193 john manush, 17,592tii poribar ebong 12,920tii poribar bosobas koroto. eyi projatir jatigoto gathon chhilo 81.49% saadaa, 0.78% african american, 0.96% native american, 1.52% asean, 0.06% pacific ilander, 12.73% anyanno jaati theke ebong 2.47% dui baa totodhik jaati theke. jey konao jaatir hyspanic baa latino chhilo jonosongkhar 20.22%. ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 31,644 markin dollar ebong ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 36,551 markin dollar. purushder garh aay chhilo 28,065 markin dollar bonam mohilader 21,593 markin dollar. emm. eu. esha. ayee-rawr mathapichu aay chhilo 14,410 markin dollar.

ontario, oregon micropolitan vistaar united states sensus beuro dwara vyakhyayit ontario micropolitan statistical eriya (athavaa ontario musa) aee beey kaauntiono samaavesh karato vistaar chhe-aek dakshinpurv oregonma aneey aek dakshinpashchim idahoma, jeey ontario shaher dwara lunger karvaamaa aave chhe. vishhayak vastee ganatari mujab, aaa vistaarni vastee 52,193 hatee (joke 1 julai, julai andaaj mujab vastee 53,844 hatee). vastee vishhayak. vishhayak vastee ganatari mujab, aaa vastee ganatarimaa 52,193 loko, 17,592 parivaaro aneey 12,920 parivaaro raheta hataa. musani vansheey rachnaa 81.49% safed, 0.78% african american, 0.96% mool american, 1.52% aeshiyan, 0.06% paciphic tapuvasi, 12.73% anya jatiomathi, aneey 2.47% beey athavaa vadhu jatiomathi hatee. koipan jaatinaa hyspanic athavaa lattin vasteena 20.22% hataa. aek parivaar maate sarerash aavak 31,644 dollar hatee, aneey aek parivaar maate sarerash aavak 36,551 dollar hatee. purushoni sarerash aavak 28,065 dollar hatee jyaare maheelao maate 21,593 dollar hatee. musa maate mathadith aavak 14,410 dollar hatee.

ontario, oregan sookshm mahanagariya kshetra ontario sookshm mahanagariya saankhyikiya kshetra (yaa ontario aim. yuu. aiss. aeye.), jaisa kii sanyukt raajya janganana beuro dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, ack kshetra haye jisamen dou county shamil hain-ack dakshinpurvi oregan mein aur ack dakshin-paschimi idaho mein, ontario shahar dwara lunger daala gayaa haye. 2000 kii janganana key anusaar, iss kshetra kii jansankhya 52,193 thee (halanki 1 julaai, 2009 key anuman key anusaar jansankhya 53,844 thee). jansankhyiki. 2000 kii janganana key anusaar, 52,193 loga, 17,592 parivaar aur 12,920 parivaar iss kshetra mein reh rahey they. iss prakaar key nasleeya roop mein, iss prakaar key roop mein, yeh ack prakaar seey alag haye. kissy bhee jaati key hyspanic yaa latino 20.22% aabaadi they. ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 31,644 dollar thee, aur ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 36,551 dollar thee. purushon kii ausat aaya 28,065 dollar thee jabaki mahilaaon kii 21,593 dollar thee. prati vyakti aaya 14,410 dollar thee.

ontario, oregon micropolitan pradesha united states janaganati beuro vyaakhyaanisidante, ontario micropolitan sankhyaashaastriya pradeshavu (athawa ontario microsa), eradu kountigalannu olagondiruva pradeshavaagide-ondu agneya oregaannalli mattu ondu nairtya idaahodalli, idu ontario nagaradinda langaru haakalpattide. 2000rahra janaganatiya prakara, ee pradeshada janasankhyeyu 52,193 aagittu (aadaagyoo 2009rahra julai 1rahra andajina prakara janasankhyeyu 53,844 aagittu). janasankhyaashaastra. 2000rahra janaganatiya prakara, 52,193 janaru, 17,592 kutumbagalu mattu 12,920 kutumbagalu ee myusiyamnalli vaasisuttiddavu. ee yuu. ess. aa. yaya janangiya rachaneyu <aii. dii. 2>% bili, <aii. dii. 6> african american, <aii. dii. 3> sthaliya american, <aii. dii. 7> asean, <aii. dii. 5> peciphic ilander, <aii. dii. 1>% itara janangagalinda, mattu <aii. dii. 4> eradu athawa hecchina janangagalinda. yaavude janangada hysponic athawa latino janaru jansankhyeya% 20.22 rashtiddaru. ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu 31,644 dollar aagittu, mattu ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu 36,551 dollar aagittu. purusharu sarasari aadaayavannu 28,065 dollar mattu mahileyarige 21,593 dollar galisiddaru. prati vyakti aadaayavu 14,410 dollar aagittu.

ontaariyo, origon micropolitan pradesham yunaittad stetts sensus beuro nirvachichathupole ontaariyo micropolitan stattistikkal eriya (allengil ontaariyo microsa), rund kaundikal ulkkollunna oru pradesamaanu-onnu thekkukizhakkan origonilum onnu thekkupadinjaaran idahoyilum, ontaariyo nagaram nankooramidunnu. 2000 leeii sensus prakaram eee pradeshathe janasamkhya 52,193 aayirunnu (2009 juulai 1 leeii kanakk prakaram janasamkhya 53,844 aanu). janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2000leeii sensus prakaram 52,193 perum 17,592 kudumbangalum 12,920 kudumbangalum eee nagarathinullil thaamasikkunnu. microsophttinte vamseeya ghadana 81.49% vella, 0.78% aafrikkan american, 0.96% thaddesheeya american, 1.52% eshyan, 0.06% pasaphik ailandar, 12.73% mattu vamshangalil ninnullava, 2.47% rando athiladhikamo vamshangalil ninnullava. eathoru vamshathileyum hyspanic allengil laattino janasamkhyayude <aii. dii. 1>% aayirunnu. oru kudumbatthinte sharashari varumanam 31,644 dollar oru kudumbatthinte sharashari varumanam 36,551 dollarumaayirunnu. purushanmaarude sharashari varumanam 28,065 dollar sthreekalude sharashari varumanam 21,593 dollarumaayirunnu. prathiseersha varumanam 14,410 dolaraayirunnu.

auntario, oregon sookshm mahanagar kshetra auntario sookshm mahanagar sankhyiki kshetra (kinwa auntario micropolitan sankhyiki kshetra), united states sensus beurone paribhashit kelyapramane, done parganyancha samavesh asalele kshetra aahe-eka aagney oregonmadhye aanee eka nairutya idahomadhye, auntario shaharane lunger ghatala aahe. 2000 chya jangananenusar, yaa kshetrachi loksankhya 52,193 hotee (jaree 1 julai 2009 chya andajanusar loksankhya 53,844 hotee). loksankhyashastra. 2000 chya jangananenusar, 52,193 lock, 17,592 ghare aanee 12,920 kutumbe yaa emm. yuu. ess. aii. madhye rahat hotee. microsoftche vanshik swaroop 81.49% pandhare, 0.78% african american, 0.96% mool american, 1.52% ashiyai, 0.06% prashant betavaril, 12.73% itar vanshatil aanee 2.47% done kinwa adhik vanshanche hote. konatyahi vanshache hyspanic kinwa latino heey loksankhyechya 20.22% hote. eka kutumbache sarasari utpann 31,644 dollar hote aanee eka kutumbache sarasari utpann 36,551 dollar hote. purushanche sarasari utpann 28,065 dollar hote tarr mahilanche 21,593 dollar hote. microsolache dardoi utpann 14,410 dollar hote.

ontario, oregon micropolitan khetra ontario micropolitan sankhyikiya khetra (wa ontario microsa), sanyukta rajya janagana byurodwara paribhashit garieko rupma, dui countyharu milera baneko khetra how-euta dakshinpurvi oreganma rar euta dakshinapashchimi idahoma, ontario sahardwara lunch garieko. sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar yass kshetrako janasankhya 52,193 thiyo (yadyapi july 1,2009 ko anumanle janasankhya 53,844 rakheko thiyo). janasankhyiki. sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar, tyahan 52,193 zana manis, 17,592 gharpariwar rar 12,920 pariwarharu emuesebhitra basobas gariraheka thie. microsako jatiya banawat 81.49% seto, 0.78% africi americi, 0.96% muel americi, 1.52% asealy, 0.06% pasific ilander, 12.73% anya jatiharubata, rar 2.47% dui wa badhi jatiharubata thiyo. kunai pani jatika hispainik wa latino janasankhyako% 20.22 thie. ek pariwarka lagi ausat aya 31,644 dollar thiyo, rar ek pariwarko ausat aya 36,551 dollar thiyo. purushharuko ausat aya 28,065 dollar thiyo jabki mahilaharuko 21,593 dollar thiyo. microsiako pratiwyakti aya 14,410 dollar thiyo.

ontario, oregon micropolitan anchala juktarastrara janganana byurora sangya anujai, ontario micropolitan parisankhyana khetra (kimba ontario emm. jayu. ess. aii.) heuchhi duiti kauntiku nei gathita eka anchala-gotie dakhina-purba oreganare ebong anyati dakhina-paschima idahore, ontario sahara dwara nongara karajaichi. 2000 janganana anujai, ehi anchalara janasankhya 52,193 thila (jadio july 1,2009rahr eka akalana anusare janasankhya 53,844 thila). janasankhyika. 2000 masihar janganana anujai, ehi emm. jayu. ess. aii. madhyare 52,193 john lock, lock paribara ebong ebong paribara basabasa karuthile. ehi 'microsa' rahr jatigata gathan thila 81.49% dhalaa, 0.78% african americae, 0.96% sthaniah americae, 1.52% asiah, 0.06% prashanta mahasagariya dwepabasee, 12.73% anya jaatira, ebong 2.47% dui kimba adhika jaatira. jekaunasi jaatira hyspanic kimba latino janasankhyara 20.22% thile. eka paribarara madhyama aaja thila 31,644 dollar, ebong gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila 36,551 dollar. purushanka madhyama aaja thila 28,065 dollar, ebong mahilanka paain 21,593 dollar. ehi emm. jayu. ess. aii. rahr mundapicha aaja thila 14,410 dollar.

ontario, oregan micropolitan khetar ontario micropolitan ankada khetar (jaan ontario micropolitan statistical eria), jiven kii sanyukat raaj mardamshumari beoro duaara paribhashit keeta giaa haii, ikk ajiha khetar haii jiss witch doou kaoontiaan shamal hunn-ikk dakkhan-purbi oregan witch atey ikk dakkhan-pachmi idaho witch, joe ontario shehar duaara langar keeta giaa haii. 2000 dee mardamshumari anusar, iss khetar dee aabadi 52,193 see (halanki 1 julai, 2009 dey anuman anusar aabadi 53,844 see). jansankhiaa. saal 2000 dee mardamshumari anusar, 52,193 lock, 17,592 parivaar atey 12,920 parivaar iss khetar witch rahi rahey sunn. microcyte daa nasli banatar 81.49% chitta, 0.78% african amriki, 0.96% mool amriki, 1.52% aci, 0.06% parshant tapuvasi, 12.73% horr naslan toon, atey 2.47% doou jaan doou toon vaddh naslan toon see. kise vee nasal dey hyspanic jaan latino aabadi daa 20.22% sunn. ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 31,644 dallar see, atey ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 36,551 dallar see. purshan dee ausat aamdan 28,065 dallar see jadon kii aurtan dee 21,593 dallar see. microsocks dee pratee viakati aamdan 14,410 dallar see.

ontario, oregan-mahanagar-kshetram samyuktaraajyaamerikaayah janaganana-vibhagena yathaa paribhaashitam ontario-macropolitan-saankhyikeeyakshetram (athavaa ontario-macrossa), ekaha dakshinapoorva-oregon-pradeshe ekaha dakshinapashchim-idaaho-nagare cha, ontario-nagare nankuritah, dwayoh prantayoho yuktah pradesha asti. 2000 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram asya pradeshasya janasankhyaa 52,193 aasit (yadyapi 2009 julai 1 dinaanke anumananusaram asya janasankhyaa 53,844 aasit). janasaamkhyikee. 2000 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram, 52,193 janaah, 17,592 gruhaani, 12,920 parivaaraah cha emm. yu. ess. e. madhye nivasanti sma. emm. yoo. ess. e. ityasya jaateey-aakrutihi <aii. dee. 2>% shwetah, <aii. dee. 3> aafrikan-american, <aii. dee. 7> desheeyah american, <aii. dee. 5> asean, <aii. dee. 6> peciphic-dweepawaasinah, <aii. dee. 1>% anya-jaatibhyah, <aii. dee. 4> cha dwe vaa adhika-jaatibhyah aasit. kasyaapi jaatyaah hispaanik athavaa latino-janaah 20.22% janasankhyayam aasan. emm. yu. ess. e. ityasmin ekasmin gruhasya madhyam-aayah $31,644 aasit, tathaa cha ekasmin parivaarasya madhyam-aayah $36,551 aasit. purushaanaam madhyam-aayah $28,065 aasit, mahilanam krute $21,593 aasit. prativyakti-aayah $14,410 aasit.

onrariyoa, oorigaan nunn perunagarap pakuthi onrariyoa nunn perunagara pullivivarap pakuthi (allathu onrariyoa microsa), america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththaal varaiyarukkappattapadi, irandu maavattangkalaik konda oru paguthiyaagum-ondru thenkizhakku oorikaanil mattrum ondru thenmaerku idaahoavil, onrariyoa nagaraththaal nangkooramidappattullathu. 2000 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, ippaguthiyin makkal thogai 52,193 aagum (juulai 1,2009 mathippeettil makkal thogai 53,844 aaga irunththathu). makkalthogai. 2000aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, 52,193 paer, 17,592 kudumbangal mattrum 12,920 kudumbangal inththa maagaanaththirkul vasiththu vanthanar. microsa inaththin ina amaippu 81.49% vellai, 0.78% aaprikka american, 0.96% poorveega american, 1.52% aasiyan, 0.06% pasipik theevuvaasigal, 12.73% pira inangkalaich saernthavargal, mattrum 2.47% irandu allathu adharku maerpatta inangkalaich saernthavargal. endhavoru inaththaich saerntha hysphonic allathu latheen makkal thogaiyil 20.22% aaga irunththanar. oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam 31,644 dollarkalaakavum, oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam 36,551 dollarkalaakavum irunththathu. aangalin sarasari varumaanam 28,065 dollarkalaakavum, penkalin sarasari varumaanam 21,593 dollarkalaakavum irunththathu. inththa microsoft niruvanaththin thaninabar varumaanam 14,410 daalaraaga irunththathu.

ontario, oregon micropolitan praantam united states janabha lekkala beuro nirvachinchinatlugaa antario micropolitan statistical area (ledhaa antario microsa), rendu counteelatho kuudina praantam-okati aagneya oregonlo mariyu okati nairuti idaholo, antario nagaram langaru vestundi. 2000 janabha lekkala prakaram, eee praantam 52,193 mandhi janabhanu kaligi undhi (ayithe 2009 juulai 1 anchanaa prakaram janabha 53,844 gaa undhi). janabha. 2000 janabha lekkala prakaram, 52,193 mandhi prajalu, 17,592 gruhalu mariyu 12,920 kutumbaalu eee praantamloo nivasistunnaayi. eee jaathi yokka aakruti 81.49% telupu, 0.78% african american, 0.96% sthaanika american, 1.52% asea, 0.06% pasiphik dveepavaasulu, 12.73% itara jaatula nundi, mariyu 2.47% rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatula nundi. edainaa jaatiki chendina hysponic ledhaa laatinolu janabhalo 20.22% unnaaru. oka kutumbam yokka madhyastha aadaayam $31,644, mariyu oka kutumbam yokka madhyastha aadaayam $36,551. purushula madhyastha aadaayam $28,065, mahilala sagatu aadaayam $21,593. microsoft yokka talasari aadaayam $14,410.

oontario auregon micropolitan elaqah oontario micropolitan shumariyati elaqah (yaa oontario ayem yuu aiss aey)yee jaisa kahh riyasathaye muthadah kay mardam shumari beuro nay biyaan kiyaa hay eek aisa elaqah hay juu duu countiyon parr mushtamil hay-eek janub mashriqi auregon mein aur eek janub maghrabi adaho mein oontario shehar kay zariah langar andaaz hay. 2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq iss elaqay kii aabadi 52,193 thee (halankah yakam jolayi 2009 kay takhmine kay mutabiq aabadi 53,844 thee). aabadi. 2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq 52,193 afraad 17,592 gharaaney aur 12,920 khaandaan ayem yuu aiss aey kay andar rahh rahay thay. ayem yuu aiss aey kaa nasli meek app 81.49% safed 0.78% afriqi americi 0.96% maqami americi 1.52% aishiyayi 0.06% paisifik jazeeray waalaa 12.73% deegar naslon say aur 2.47% duu yaa duu say ziyadah naslon say thaa. kasee bhee nasal kay hispanvi yaa laatini aabadi kaa% 20.22 thay. ayem yuu aiss aey mein eek gharanay kii ausat aamadni 31,644 ddaalar thee aur eek khaandaan kii ausat aamadni 36,551 ddaalar thee. mardon kii ausat aamadni 28,065 ddaalar thee jabkah khwatin kii 21,593 ddaalar thee. ayem yuu aiss aey kii phee kiss aamadni 14,410 ddaalar thee.

00085b69da448dbdabdd04f8a6428740d49ec4443bedb3d6c188dde1cc23fc59

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37011777

Turbo crassus

Turbo crassus Species of gastropod Turbo crassus, common name the crass turban, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description. The size of the shell varies between 50 mm and 80 mm. The large, heavy, solid, imperforate shell has an ovate-conic shape. Its color pattern is dirty white, or greenish, maculated with angular, alternating blackish or brown and light patches on the broad flat spiral ribs. The interstices are narrow, superficial, and whitish. The six whorls are, convex, more or less prominently shouldered above. The ribs are obsolete around the axis. The aperture is white within and measures over half the length of shell. It is ovate, angled posteriorly and at position of the carina. Its margin is more or less green tinged, not fluted. The columella is thickened and effuse at its base, callous posteriorly. The operculum is subcircular, concave internally, with a nucleus one-third the distance across face. Its outer surface is very convex, the center dark-brown, coarsely granulose, lighter toward the outer margin and more minutely granulate. The margin of increment is white. Distribution. This marine species occurs in the Western Pacific and Polynesia; off Australia (Queensland). Notes. Additional information regarding this species: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

turbo crassus turbo crassus, xadharon naam cruss paguri, hoise xagoriyo xamukor etaa projati, turbinidae poriyalor ek xamudrik gerastrup mulasko, paguri xamuk. bornona. xelor aakar 50 mimi aaru 80 mimir maajot bhinno hoy. dangor, godhur, kothin, oxabodhan khuwar owet-kunik aakriti thaake. iyar rongor aarhi letera bogaa baa xeujiya, kounikor xoite maculated, porobortibhabe koo 'laa baa badami aaru bohol xomotol spiral kamiharot paatol daag. ontorongobur thek, uporor poraa aaru bogaa. soita ghurnabur uttol, komm besikoi uporot spostobhabe kandhore bhora. okhyor sariufale kamiharbur oporiwortito hoi pore. iyar bhitoror opersartu bogaa aaru ee xelor aadharu odhik doirghyor hoy. ee dimbakriti, pisfalor kunjukto aaru kerinar sthanot thaake. iyar xeema komm besi xeujiya rongor, bahir nohoy. kolumelatu daath hoi iyar tolot, pisfalor faale nirmolbhabe probahito hoy. oporkulamtu upobrittakar, abhyontorinbhabe obotol, mukhor uporere ek tritiyangxo durotwor nucleusor xoite. iyar baahiror pristhobhag oti uttol, kendrotu gaarh-badami, mutaa-mutaa grenuluj, baahiror ximar faale paatol aaru odhik xukhmobhabe grenulate. briddhir ximatu bogaa. bitoron. ei xamudrik projatitu poschim proxanto mohaxagoriyo aaru polynesiat dekha yaay; australier (queensland) bahirot. noot. ei projatir bixoye otirikto tothyoh

turbo crassus turbo crassus, sadharan naam cruss pagdi, holl samudrik shamuker ekti prajati, turbinidae poribarer ekti samudrik gastropoid molask, pagdi shamuk. bornona. kholer akaar 50 mimmy theke 80 mimmy err modhye poribortito hoy. borh, bharee, kathin, chhidrohin kholer ekti dimbakriti-shanku akriti royeche. err ronger pattern moyla saadaa baa sobuj, kounik soho maculate koraa, porjaykrome kaalo baa badami ebong proshosto samtal sarpil panjorer upor halka pyacha. antarguli sangkirna, uporibhager ebong saadaa. chhoyti ghurnan holl uttol, kambeshi sposhtobhabe upore kandhe. akkher charpashe panjarguli oprocholito. chhidroti vitore saadaa ebong kholer doirghyer ardhekero beshi porimap korey. etty dimbakriti, pichoner dike konojukto ebong carina-rawr abosthane thaake. err pranto kambeshi sobuj ronger, banshi noy. kolumela ghono hoye yaay ebong err godaay, pichoner dike nirbhejalbhabe nirgoto hoy. operculumty upobrittakar, abhyantarinbhabe abotal, jaar ekti nucleus mukher eka-tritiyangsho durotter saathe. err bairer pristhoti khub uttol, kendrer gaadh-badami, motaa granulose, bairer pranter dike halka ebong arow sukkhobhabe granul. briddhir prantik ongsho saadaa. bitoron. eyi samudrik projatiti poschim proshanto mahasagariya ebong polynesia dekha yaay; australier (queensland) baire. note. eyi prajati somporke atirikto tothyoh

turbo crassus turbo crassus, saamanya naam crass paghadi, dariyai gokalgaayoni aek prajaati chhe, jeey turbinidae kutumbamaa dariyai gastropod mollsk chhe, jeey paghadi gokalgaay chhe. varnan. shelanu qada 50 meemee aneey 80 meemee vachche badalaay chhe. motaa, bhaare, nakkar, chhidrit kavachamaa andakar-shanku aakaar hoya chhe. tenee rangnee pattern gandee safed athavaa lealy hoya chhe, koneey saathe maculate thaay chhe, vaarafarti kaalee athavaa kaththai aneey vyaapak sapaat sarpakar paansali parr hadvaa dagha hoya chhe. aantarda saankada, uparchhalli aneey safed hoya chhe. chh vartulo, bahirmukh, uparnaa khabha parr vadhu keey ochha pramanma khabha parr hoya chhe. paansalio akshnee aaspaas aprachalit hoya chhe. chhidra andarthi safed hoya chhe aneey shelnee adadhaa lambaithi vadhu maap leey chhe. teey andakar hoya chhe, paachhalni bajuae aneey kereenani sthitima hoya chhe. teno keenaro lagbhag leela rangno hoya chhe, vaansaleeno nahee. kolumelaane jaadu karvaamaa aave chhe aneey tenaa paaya parr, paachhalthi nirdayi reete bahaar kadhvama aave chhe. operculum upvartulaakaar, aantarik reete antarmukh chhe, jemaa kendrak chaherana antare aek trutiyaansh antar dharaave chhe. tenee baahy sapaati khoob jaj bahirmukh hoya chhe, madhyamaa gheraa-bhuraa rangnu, barchhat danadar, baahy seema taraf hadvaa aneey vadhu sookshm danadar hoya chhe. vruddhino gaado safed chhe. vitaran. aaa dariyai prajaatio pashchim paciphic aneey polynesiama jovaa maley chhe; austreliya (quinsland) thee door. nondho. aaa prajaati vishe vadhaaraani maahiteeh

turbo crossus turbo crossus, aam naam cross pagadi, samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, joe turbinidae parivaar mein ack samudri gastropod molsk haye, joe pagadi ghonghe haye. varnan. khol kaa aakar 50 mimi aur 80 mimi key beach hotaa haye. badey, bhaari, thhos, abhedya kavach kaa aakar andakar-shanku hotaa haye. iska rung pattern gandaa safed yaa haraa hotaa haye, koniya key saath maculate kiya jaataa haye, baari-baari seey kaalaa yaa bhura aur chaude sapaat sarpil pasaliyon parr halke dhabbe hotey hain. inn beechon beach sankeern, satahi aur safed hotey hain. chhah vritt uttal hotey hain, cumm yaa jyada pramukhta seey oopar kandhe parr. aksh key chaaron or pasaliyan aprachalit hain. chhidra ander safed hotaa haye aur khol kii aadhi lambai seey adhik maapata haye. yeh andakar, peechhe kii or konn aur carina kii sthiti mein hotaa haye. iska kinara kamobesh haraa rung kaa hotaa haye, bansuri vaalaa naheen. kolumela motaa hoe jaataa haye aur isake aadhar parr, peechhe kii or seey beh jaataa haye. operculum upvrittaakaar, aantarik roop seey avtal haye, jisamen ack naabhik chehare key paar ack tihai doori parr hotaa haye. isaki baahari satah bahut uttal haye, kendra gahara-bhura, motey danedar, baahari seema kii or halka aur adhik sookshm danedar haye. vriddhi kaa antar safed haye. vitaran. yeh samudri prajaati paschimi prashant aur polynesia mein paaee jaati haye; australia (queensland) seey door. notes. iss prajaati key baare mein atirikt jaankaarih

turbo crossus turbo crossus, saamaanya hesaru cross peta, idu turbinidae kutumbadalli samudrada gastropod mrudvangi, turban basavana ondu prabhedavagide. vivarane. chippina gatravu 50 mii. mea. mattu 80 mii. mea. naduve badalaaguttade. dodda, bhaaravaada, ghana, randhrarahita chippeyu andaakaarada-conic aakaaravannu hondiruttade. adara bannada maadariyu kolaku bili athawa hasiru bannaddaagiddu, kooneeyavaagi maarpadisuttade, paryayavagi kappu athawa kandu mattu vishaalavaada chappateyaada suruliyakarada pakkelubugala mele laghu tepegalannu hondiruttade. madhyabhagagalu kiridaada, melmai mattu bili bannaddagiruttave. aaru suruligalu, convex, hecchu kadime pramukhavaagi mele bhujavannu hondive. pakkelubugalu akshada suttaloo balakeyallilla. dyutirandhravu olabhaagadalli bili bannaddagide mattu chippina ardhadashtu uddavannu aleyuttade. idu andaakaaravaagiddu, himbhagada koonadalli mattu carinada sthaanadallide. adara anchu hecchu kadime hasiru bannaddagide, kolalu alla. columella dappavaguttade mattu adara taladalli horasoosuttade, himbhagadalli orataagiruttade. apperculum upavruttaakaaravaagiddu, aantarikavaagi avatalavaagiddu, mukhadaadyanta moorane ondu bhagadashtu dooradalliruva nucleus annu hondide. idara horagina melmai bahala uttungavaagide, madhyadalli gaadha kandu, orataada granulose, horah anchina kadege haguravagiruttade mattu hecchu sookshmavaagi granulate aagiruttade. hechchalada anchu bili bannaddagide. vitarane. ee samudra prabhedavu paschima peciphic mattu paalineshyaadalli kandubaruttade; aastreliyaada (queensland). tippanigalu. ee prabhedada bagge hechchuvari mahitih

turbo crasses turban ochukal enna turbinidae kudumbatthile oru maraine gastropod molesk aaya kadal ochukal, saadhaarana peru crass turban, turban ochukal. vivaranam. shellinte valippam 50 millimeter muthal 80 millimeter vare vyathyaasappedunnu. valuthum bhaarameriyathum kharavum sushiramillathathumaaya shellinu oovatt-conic aakruthiyundu. athinte varnna paatten vrithiketta vellayo pachayo aanu, koneeyamaayi mcculate cheythirikkunnu, marimari karupp allengil thavitt, vishalamaaya paranna sarppila vaariyellukalil ilam paadukal. edanaazhikal idungiyathum upariplavavum veluthathumaanu. aarr chakrangal, convex, kooduthalo kuravo mukalil chumalilaanu. akshathinu chuttum vaariyellukal kaalaharanappettavayanu. akathe apperchar veluthathum shellinte pakuthiyiladhikam neelamullathumaanu. ithu andaakrithiyilullathum pinbhaagathu konullathum kaarinayude sthaanathaanu. athinte marjin kooduthalo kuravo pacha niramullathaanu, pullankalla. kolumella kattiyakukayum athinte adithattil purambhaagathu malinamavukayum cheiyunnu. ooppatkulam upavrithaakruthiyilullathum aantharikamaayi konkevu aanu, mukhathinu kuruke moonnilonnu akalamulla nucleus undu. athinte puram uparithalam valare convex aanu, madhyabhaagathu irunda thavitt, parukkan granulose, puram maarjinilekku bharam kuranjathum kooduthal sookshumamaayi graanulettu cheythathumaanu. vardhanavinte marjin veluthathaanu. vitharanam. eee samudra inam padinjaaran pasaphik, polynesia ennividangalil kaanapedunnu; australiyaykku (queensland) purathu. kurippukal. eee inathekkurichulla kooduthal vivarangal

turbo crassus turbo crassus, samanya naav crass pagadi, hii sagari gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, jee turbinidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk aahe, pagadi gogalgay. varnan. kavachacha aakar 50 miimii teey 80 miimii darmyan badalato. mothya, judd, ghan, chhidrahin kavchala andakar-shankuchya aakaracha aakar asato. tyacha rung namuna asvachch pandhara kinwa hirwa asato, koneey rangane aachchhadit asato, eka eka karoon kaala kinwa tapkiri rung aanee rund sapat sarpil bargadyanvar halake thipke asatat. madhyabhag arund, varvarchya aanee pandhya rangache asatat. sahaa vartule uttal aahet, qamee-adhik pramanat varchya khandyavar thalakpane khandyala lavaleli aahet. akshambhovati bargadya kalbahya jhalya aahet. aat chhidra pandhare asate aanee kavchachya ardhya lambipeksha jaast mojate. too andakar, prushth koneey aanee carinachya sthiteet asato. tyache kaath qamee-adhik pramanat hiravya rangache asate, vanganyukt nasate. kolumela jaad hoto aanee tyachya payathyashi, magechya bajula nirdhokpane vahato. operculum heey upvartulakar, antargat avtal asate, jyache kendrak heey sampoorn chehnyavaril antarachya eka trutiyansh antaravar asate. tyacha bahya prushthbhag atishay bahirmukh aahe, madhya gadad-tapkiri, khadbadit danedar, bahya simareshechya dishene halake aanee adhik sookshm danedar aahe. vadhicha gabha pandhara asato. vitaran. hii sagari prajati paschim prashant aanee polynesiamadhye aadhalate; austreliyachya (queensland) baher. nondi. yaa prajatibaddal atirikt mahitih

turbo crassus turbo crassus, samanya naam crass pagadi, samudri ghongha ko ek prajati how, pariwar turbinyday, pagadi ghongha maa ek samudri gastrapod molsk. warnan. kholko akar 50 mimmy rar 80 mimiko bichma bhinna hunchha. thulo, bhari, thosa, abhedya kholko dimbgranthi-shanku akar hunchha. yasako rung dhancha ganda seto, wa hariyo hunchha, koniyasanga mculate garieko hunchha, vaikalpik callo wa khairo rar farakilo samatal sarpil pasalaharuma halka pyachharu. antaralharu sanghuro, satahi rar seto hunchhan. chhawata ghumla, bahirmukhi, cum wa badhi pramukh rupma mathiko kandhama hunchhan. akshako waripari pasalharu aprachalit hunchhan. chhidra bhitra seto hunchha rar kholko adha lambai bhanda badhi mapan gardacha. yo andakar, pachhiko konma rar carinaco sthitima hunchha. yasako kinar cum wa dherai hariyo rangko hunchha, baansuri hoina. kolumela gadha hunchha rar yasako adharma, kathora rupma pashchawarti rupma niskanchha. aperakulam upawrittakar, antarik rupma awatal hunchha, jasko kendrak anuharko ek tihai durima hunchha. yasako bahiri sataha dherai bahirmukhi chha, madhya gadha-khairo, mota granulose, bahiri kinaratira halka rar adhik sukshma rupma granulate hunchha. wriddhi ko margin seto chha. witaran. yo samudri prajati paschimi prashanta rar polynesiama painchha; australia (queensland) batt tadha. noteharu. yass prajatiko barema thap jankarihi

turbo crasses turbo crasses, sadharana naama crass pagala, heuchhi samudrika shamukar eka prajati, turbiniday paribarara eka samudrika gastropad molsk, pagala shamuk . barnana. kholara aakaar 50 mea. mea. ru 80 mea. mea. madhyare bhinna hoithae. budd, bhaari, kathina, chhidraheen kholara eka dimbakruti-conic aakruti thaae . ehara ranga dhancha aparishkara dhalaa, kimba sabuja, koniah sahita mcculate, bikalpa kalaa kimba badami ebong prasasta samtal sarpil panjara upare haluka daaga . antaranchalagudika sankirna, uparibhageeja ebong dhalaa rangara. chhaati ghurnika uttunga, comm kimba adhika spust bhabe upara kandhare rahichhi. akhya charipate pangugudika aprachalit. ehara chhidra bhitara bhagare dhalaa rangara hoithae ebong ehara lumb kholara lumb thaaru adhaa hoithae. ehaa andakara, prusthabhagare konajukta ebong carina sthitire thaae . ehara seema kamabeshi sabuja rangara, banka nuhen. kalumela mota hoijae ebong ehara tala bhagare, pachapatare nirdaya bhabare nishkasita hue . aparkulam heuchhi upabruttakara, aabhyantareen abtal, jahara eka nucleus muhnra eka trutijansha durata sahita . ehara bahya prustha atyanta utturna, madhyabhaga gadha-badami, mota granulose, bahya pranta aadaku haluka ebong adhika sukshma granulate . brudhi haara dhalaa. bunton. ehi samudrika prajati paschima prashanta mahasagar ebong palinesiaare dekhajae; astrelia (ranibhumi) ru doorare . note. ehi prajati bishajare atirikta suchanah

turbo crosses turbo crosses, aam naam cross pagg, samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, joe turbinidae parivaar witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk haii, joe pagg dey ghuggi hunn. varnan. shell daa aakaar 50 millimeter atey 80 millimeter dey vichkaar hunda haii. vadde, bhaari, thos, abhed shell dee ikk ovet-conic shakal hundi haii. iss daa rung pattern ganda chitta, jaan haraa hunda haii, koniya naal maculate keeta jaanda haii, badalven kaale jaan bhure atey chaude flat chakkardar passliaan 'teey halke patch hunde hunn. antar tang, satahi atey chitte hunde hunn. chhe varal, upparle paase, ghatt jaan ghatt pramukhta naal modha hunn. passliaan dhure dey duaale puraniaan hoow jandiaan hunn. aperture ander chitta hunda haii atey shell dee addhi lambai toon vaddh mapada haii. ih andkosh haii, pichhe vaale konn atey carina dee sathiti witch haii. iss daa antar ghatt jaan ghatt harey rung daa hunda haii, naa kii bansuri vaala. colomela noon mota keeta jaanda haii atey iss dey adhaar 'teey, pichhe dee taraf kambal hunda haii. aprekulam upp-circular, andruni taur utte avtal haii, jiss witch ikk nucleus haii joe chihre dey paar ikk tihai doori haii. iss dee baahari satah bahut hii upparli haii, kendra goodah-bhura, motte grenulose, baahari margin vall halka atey vadhere sookham grenlet haii. vaadhe daa antar chitta hunda haii. vandd. ih samundari prajati pachmi parshant atey polynesia witch paaee jaandi haii; australia (queenzland) toon door. notes. iss prajati baare vadhu jankaria

turbo crossus turbo-crossus, samanyam naam cress-turban iti, samudra-shalabhasy ekaha prajaatih asti, turbineede-parivaarasya samudriya-gastropod-molask, turban-shalabhah iti. varnanam. koshasya aakaarah 50 mii. mee. taha 80 mii. mee. paryantam bhavati. bruhad, bhaarayutah, ghanah, chhidrarahitah koshah andakara-conic-aakaarasy bhavati. asya varnavinyaasah malinah shwetah athavaa haritavarnah asti, koneey-yuktah, paryaayaroopen krushnavarnah athavaa godhoomawarnah, vishaal-samatal-sarpila-paanteshu laghu-pattaah cha bhavanti. antaraah sankeernaah, uparishayaah, shwetawarnaah cha santi. shut-vruttaani uttal-rupena, praayah pramukhatayaa upari bhujasthaani santi. akshasya paritah pantikaha aprachalitaani santi. chhidrah antah shwetawarnah bhavati, tathaa cha koshasya ardhaat dirghatam maapayati. ayam andaakaarah, prushtakone, carina-sthitau cha bhavati. asya praantah praayah haritavarnayuktah asti, naa tu tanturupi. kolumelaa ityasya sthulata tasya prushtabhaage nirghrunatayaa cha bhavati. aparkyulam upavruttaakaarah, aantarikaroopen avatalah asti, yasya kendrakam mukhasya parasya durasya truteeyaamsham bhavati. asya baahyaprushtam ateeva uttalam asti, madhyabhaage krushnavarnah, sthoolaroopen granulos, bahyasimayam laghuroopen, sukshmataya cha granulate bhavati. vruddhihi shwetawarnah asti. vitaranam. eshaa samudreeyajaatih pashchim-prashaanta-kshetre, polynesia-pradeshe cha bhavati; australia-deshe (queensland). tippanyah. asya prajaatim prati atiriktasuchanaah

turbo crosses turbo crosses, gross thalaippaakai endru podhuvaana peyar, idhu oru kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu turbinidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru kadal iraippai molask aagum, idhu thalaippaakai naththaigal aagum. vilakkam. shellin alavu 50 mimee muthal 80 mimee varai maarupadum. periya, kanamaana, thidamaana, thulaiyattra shell oru andaviduppu-koonik vadivaththaik kondullathu. adhan vanna vadivam alukku vellai allathu pacchai niraththil ullathu, koonaththudan mcculated seiyappadugirathu, maari maari karuppu allathu paluppu niraththil irukkum mattrum parantha thattaiyaana suzhal vilaa elumbugalil olii thittukal irukkum. idainilaigal kurukiyavai, melottamaanavai mattrum vellai niraththil ullana. aaru suzhalgal, kuvindhavai, aeraththaazha mukkiyamaaga maelae thoazhgalil ullana. vilaa elumbugal achaich suttri vazhakkattrup poaivittana. thulai ullae vellai niraththil ullathu mattrum shellin paathikkum maerpatta neelaththai alavidugirathu. idhu andaviduppaagavum, pinpura koonamaagavum, karinaavin nilaiyil ullathu. adhan vilimbu aeraththaazha pacchai niraththil ullathu, pullaangkuzhal alla. columella thadimanaagirathu mattrum adhan adippaguthiyil veliyaettrappadukirathu, pinpuramaaga kasappaaga ullathu. aruvaisigichchai utpirivaaga, utpuramaaga kuzhivaanadhu, mugaththin kurukkae moontril oru pangku thooraththil oru karuvi ullathu. adhan velippura maerparappu migavum kuvinthathu, maiya irunda paluppu, karadumuradaana granulose, velippura vilimbai noakki ilaguvaanathu mattrum migavum nunniya cranulate aagum. athikarippin vilimbu vellai niraththil ullathu. viniyoagam. inththa kadal inangkal maerku pasipik mattrum polynesiavil kaanappadugindrana; australiavukku (raani nilam) veliyae. kurippugal. inththa inaththaip pattriya koodudhal thagavalkal

turbo crossus turbo crossus, saadhaarana paeru cross talapaagaa, samudra natta yokka oka jaathi, turbinidae kutumbamlo oka samudra gastropod molask, talapaagaa nattalu. vivarana. shell yokka parimaanam 50 mimi mariyu 80 mimi madhya maarutuu untundi. pedda, bhaarii, ghana, randhraalu laeni shell ovet-conic aakaraanni kaligi untundi. daani rangu namuunaa muriki telupu ledhaa aakupaccha rangulo untundi, kooneeyamgaa untundi, nalupu ledhaa godhuma rangulo maarutuu untundi mariyu visaalamaina chadunaina sarpila pakkatemukalapai telikapati patches untaayi. madhyabhaagaalu irukainavi, uparitala mariyu tellagaa untaayi. aaru vruttaalu, kumbhakaramlo, ekkuva ledhaa takkuva pramukhamgaa paina bhujaalu untaayi. pakkatemukalu aksham chuttoo vaadukalo laevu. randhram lopala tellagaa untundi mariyu shell yokka sagam podavuku paiga kolustundi. idhi andakaramga, venuka konamlo mariyu carina sthaanamlo untundi. daani anchu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva aakupaccha rangulo untundi, venuvu kaadu. columella mandamgaa maari daani adugubhaagamlo, venukavaipu kathinamgaa pravahistundi. operculum upa vruttakaramga, antargatamgaa putakaramga untundi, mukham antataa moodinta oka vanthu dhooramlo kendrakam untundi. daani bayati uparitalam chaalaa kumbhakaramga untundi, madhyalo muduru-godhuma, mutaka granulose, bayati anchu vaipu telikainadi mariyu marinta suukshmamgaa granulatega untundi. perugudala yokka anchu tellagaa untundi. pampinhee. eee samudra jaatulu paschima pasiphik mariyu polynesialo sambhavistaayi; australia (queensland) kii dhooramgaa. gamanikalu. eee jaatiki sambandhinchina adanapu samacharam

turbo crosses turbo crosses aam naam karaas pagdi samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay juu turbinady khaandaan mein eek samandari gastropod mollsk hay juu pagdi kay ghonga haine. wazahat. khool kaa size 50 milly metter aur 80 milly metter kay darmiyan hotaa hay. buray bhaari thoos ghair surakh shadah khool kii shakal ovet konk hoti hay. iss kaa rung pattern gandaa safed yaa sabz hotaa hay konee kay saath mcleat hotaa hay baari baari seeyah yaa bhuri aur chodi chapti sarpal pasli parr halkay paich hotay haine. inn kay beach tung sathi aur safed hotay haine. chh ghoday convex kumm woo baish numayan toor parr oopar kandhay parr hotay haine. pasliyan mahur kay ard gird matruk haine. yaperture andar safed hotaa hay aur khool kii nasf lambayi say ziyadah paimaish kartaa hay. yaha ovet hay peeche kii taraf aur carina kii position mein hay. iss kaa maarjan kumm woo baish sabz rung kaa hotaa hay bansari waala nahein. colmela motaa how jaataa hay aur iss kii bunyaad parr khaarij how jaataa hay juu peeche kii taraf bay cheen hotaa hay. opericulum zeeli circler androni toor parr kankiyo hotaa hay jiss mein eek markazay kay saath chehrey kay paar eek tahayi faaslah hotaa hay. iss kii beruni satah behat ziyadah manhani hay markaz seeyah bhuri motay daaney daar beruni maarjan kii taraf halka aur ziyadah barek daaney daar hay. izaafe kaa maarjan safed hay. taqsim. yaha samandari nooa maghrabi bahar alkahil aur polynesia mein payee jaati hay. australia (queenz lend) say door. nott. iss nooa kay baaray mein izaafi malumat:

00085c8cf81155d78720bcd92365de6bfb6c60940fa71f0c4ca18264d1b5cdc3

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2005 Asian Table Tennis Championships

2005 Asian Table Tennis Championships Tennis tournament The 17th Asian Table Tennis Championships 2005 were held in Seogwipo, Jeju-do, South Korea, from 27 August to 2 September 2005. It was organised by the Korea Table Tennis Association under the authority of Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU) and International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2005 aeshiyan table tennis championships 17mee aeshiyan table tennis championship 2005noon aayojan dakshin koreeyana jeju-domaa 27 augustthi 2 september 2005 sudhee karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tenu aayojan aeshiyan table tennis union (attu) aneey aantarrashtriy table tennis federation (aaee. tii. aef.) nee sattaa hethal koreeya table tennis association dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

2005 asiai table tennis championship 17veen asiai table tennis championship 2005 27 agast seey 2 sitambar 2005 taka dakshin koria key jeju-doo mein aayojit kii gaee thee. iska ayojan asiai table tennis sangh (attu) aur antarrashtriya table tennis mahasangh (aaee. tii. aff.) key adhikaar key tahat koria table tennis sangh dwara kiya gayaa thaa.

2005 ashiyai table tennis ajinkyapad spardha 17vee ashiyai table tennis ajinkyapad spardha 2005 dakshin koriyatil jeju-doow yethe 27 august teey 2 september 2005 yaa kalavadhit aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. ashiyai table tennis union (aatoo) aanee aantarrashtriy table tennis federation (aay. tii. eff.) yanchya adhikarakhali koria table tennis sanghatnene tiche aayojan kele hote.

2005 aci table tennis championship 17veen aci table tennis championship 2005 27 agast toon 2 satambar 2005 takk dakkhni koria dey jeju-doow witch aayojit keeti gaee see. iss daa ayojan aci table tennis union (attu) atey antarashtari table tennis federation (aaee. tii. eff.) dey adhikar adheen koria table tennis association duaara keeta giaa see.

2005 asean table tennis chaampiyanship dakshinakoriyadeshasy jeju-doo-nagare 2005 tame varshe august-masasya 27 dinaankaat september-masasya 2 dinaankaparyantam 17 tamah asean-table-tennis-chaampiyanship-pratiyogitaah aayojitaah. asean-table-tennis-sanghasya (attu) antarashtriya-table-tennis-sanghasya (aii. tii. tii. ef.) adheenam korea-table-tennis-sanghena asya ayojanam krutam.

00085f5c6eefc8076e61cac5536b999de8f67b1f5b884cdee0107ead952e0e1f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899151

Kaiparapelta askewi

Kaiparapelta askewi Species of gastropod Kaiparapelta askewi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudococculinidae. Distribution. This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina, USA to Madeira Description. The maximum recorded shell length is 2.7 mm. Habitat. Minimum recorded depth is 194 m. Maximum recorded depth is 194 m. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kaiparapelta aaskeiwi kaiparapelta aakseui hoise siudukukulinidi poriyalor ek xamudrik gersport mulasko, xagoriyo xamukor ek projati. bitoron. ei projatitu aamerikar dokhyin kerulinar poraa madeiraloike aatlantik mohaxagorot dekha yaay. bornona. record koraa xorbadhik xelor doirghyo hoise 2.7 millimeter. baxosthan. nunyotom record koraa gobhirota hoise 194 mitter. xorbadhik lipibodho gobhirota 194 mitter.

kaiparapelta askeui kaiparapelta askeui holl samudrik shamuker ekti prajati, jaa seudococulinidae poribarer ekti samudrik gastropoid molask. bitoron. eyi projatiti markin juktorashtrer dakkhin carolina theke madeira porjonto atlantik mahasagare pawa yaay. bornona. sorbadhik recordkrito kholer doirgho holl 2.7 mimmy. abashsthol. sorbonimno record koraa govirota holl 194 mitter. sorbochcho record koraa govirota 194 mitter.

caparapelta askevi caparapelta askevi aee dariyai gokalgaayni aek prajaati chhe, jeey seudococulinidae kutumbamaa dariyai gastropod mollsk chhe. vitaran. aaa prajaati atlantic mahasagarma dakshin kerolina, yuu. aesa. thee madeira sudhee jovaa maley chhe. varnan. nondhaayel shelnee mahattam lambai 2.7 meemee chhe. nivassthan. nondhaayel laghutam undaai 194 meater chhe. nondhaayel mahattam undaai 194 meater chhe.

caparapelta askevi caparapelta askevi samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, joe chhadm-coculinidae parivaar mein ack samudri gastropod molsk haye. vitaran. yeh prajaati dakshin carolina, america seey madira taka atlantic mahasagar mein paaee jaati haye. varnan. adhikatam darj kii gaee khol kii lambai 2.7 mimi haye. nivaas sthaan. nyuntam darj kii gaee gaharaai 194 meater haye. adhikatam darj kii gaee gaharaai 194 meater haye.

kaiparapelta asevi kaiparapelta askevi embudu samudrada basavana ondu prabhedavagiddu, idu sudocaculinidae kutumbada samudrada gastropod mrudvangi. vitarane. ee prabhedavu americada daksina kerolinadinda madeeraadavarege atlantic sagaradalli kandubaruttade. vivarane. daakhalaada chippina garishta udda 2.7 mii. mea. aagide. aavasasthaana. daakhalaada kanishta aala 194 mea. daakhalaada garishta aala 194 mea. aagide.

kaiparapelta askevi seudococulinidae kudumbatthile oru maraine gastropod molesk aaya kadal nathayude oru inamaanu kaiparapelta askevi. vitharanam. amerikkayile thekkan carolina muthal madeera vare atlaantik samudrathilaanu eee inam kaanappedunnath. vivaranam. record cheytha shellinte paramavadhi neelam 2.7 millimeteraanu. aavaasavyavastha. rekhappeduthappetta ettavum kuranja aazham 194 meteraanu. rekhappeduthappetta paramavadhi aazham 194 meteraanu.

caparapelta askevi caparapelta askevi hii sagari gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, jee seudococulinidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk aahe. vitaran. hii prajati atlantic mahasagarat dakshin carolina, america teey madeira paryant aadhalate. varnan. nond kelelya kavachanchi kamal lambi 2.7 miimii aahe. adhivas. nond keleli kiman kholee 194 meater aahe. nond keleli kamal kholee 194 meater aahe.

kaiparapelta aasewi kaiparapelta aasakewi heuchhi samudrika shamukar eka prajati, jaahaa siudokokulinidi paribarara eka samudrika gastropod molsk . bunton. ehi prajati atlantic mahasagarare americara dakhina karolinaru madira parjyanta dekhajae . barnana. sarbadhika record hoithiba kholara lumb heuchhi 2.7 mea. mea.. basasthana. sarbanimna record hoithiba gabhirata heuchhi 194 mea. sarbadhika record hoithiba gabhirata heuchhi 194 mea.

caprapelta askevi caprapelta askevi samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, joe kii sudococulinidae parivaar witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk haii. vandd. ih prajati dakkhni carolina, amrica toon madira takk atlantic mahansagar witch paaee jaandi haii. varnan. vaddh toon vaddh ricard keeti shell dee lambai 2.7 millimeter haii. nivas sathaan. ghatto ghatt daraj keeti dunghai 194 meeter haii. vaddh toon vaddh daraj keeti dunghai 194 meeter haii.

caparapelta askevi caparapelta askevi iti samudra-snell ityasya ekaha prajaatih asti, sudococulinidae iti kulasya samudriya-gastropod-molask asti. vitaranam. eshaa prajaatih atlaantik-mahasagare dakshina-carolina-amerikadeshat madira-paryantam drushyate. varnanam. abhilekhitasya adhikatamasya koshasya dirghata 2.7 mii. mee. asti. nivaasasthaanam. nyunatamam abhilekhitam gabhiratam 194 mee. asti. adhikatam-abhilekhita-gabhirata 194 mee. asti.

cabarabelta askevi cabarabelta askevi enbathu kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu sutococulinidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru kadal iraippaip paambu. viniyoagam. inththa inam adlandic perungadalil americavin therku karolinaavilirunthu madeira varai kaanappadugiradhu. vilakkam. pathivu seiyappatta adhigapatcha shell neelam 2.7 mimee aagum. vaazhvidam. kurainthapatcha pathivu seiyappatta aalam 194 mee aagum. pathivu seiyappatta adhigapatcha aalam 194 mee aagum.

kaiparapelta askevi kaiparapelta askevi anedi sudococulinidae kutumbaaniki chendina samudrapu gastropod molask, samudra natta yokka oka jaathi. pampinhee. eee jaathi atlantic mahasamudramlo dakshina carolina, america nundi madeera varaku kanipistundi. vivarana. namodu cheyabadina garishta shell podavu 2.7 mimi. nivaasam. namodu cheyabadina kaneesa lothu 194 mea. namodu cheyabadina garishta lothu 194 mea.

caprapelta aaskiyoyi caprapelta aaskiyoyi samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay juu kahh seudococolinoidae khaandaan mein eek samandari gastropod mollsk hay. taqsim. yaha nooa bahar auqianos mein janubi carolina america say lay kirr madira takk payee jaati hay. wazahat. ziyadah say ziyadah record shadah khool kii lambayi 2.7 milly metter hay. rehaish gaah. kumm az kumm record shadah gahrayi 194 metter hay. record kii gayee ziyadah say ziyadah gahrayi 194 metter hay.

000861a3225fcf5b4cc5aa83541a211e1c3aa07f6cc8e304af4a9b9f3b9eaac0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44071731

Hair-cutting shears

Hair-cutting shears Hair-cutting shears are scissors that are specifically designed for cutting hair. They are also known as barber shears, hairdressing shears, or hair shears. They range in size from about 5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm) long and commonly have an appendage, known as a finger brace or tang, attached to one of the finger rings. This gives the user additional control when cutting. A swiveling thumb ring is new technology in shear design. The swivel shear offers increased flexibility and the ability to keep the wrist straight and the elbow down in all cutting positions, creating more comfort and control. Texturizing shears. A specialized type of hair-cutting shears known as texturizing shears are used to reduce hair thickness, to create texturizing effects, or to blend layered hair. Texturizing shears have a pair of pivoted blades in the same way as normal shears, but one or both blades have teeth on the edge like a comb. These teeth allow for only some of the hair in a section to be cut in an even fashion, while other parts of that section to be left alone. There are also texturizing shears that can come in a range of numbers in teeth, varying how much hair can be thinned out. Texturizing shears may also be called thinning shears or chunking shears. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

suli kotaa chira suli kotaa chira hoise bixexbhabe suli kotar baabe design koraa kaasi. eibur napitor chira, hairdressing chira baa suli chira buliu jonaa yaay. xeiburor aakar pray 5ror poraa 7 inchi (13ror poraa 18 che. mii.) dighol aaru xadharonote aangulir borgo baa teng naamere jonajat etaa appendage thaake, jitu aangulir etaa aangulor xoite xonglogno thaake. ee byowoharkarik katiboloi go "ley otirikto niyontron diye. etaa ghura aangulir aanguthi hoise swiyar designor notun projukti. xuwel swiyare odhik nomoniyota aaru haator muthik pune kori rokhar khyomota aaru kilakutitu xokolu kotaa owosthat tolot rokhar khyomota prodan kore, jaar folot odhik aaram aaru niyontron sristi hoy. texsurizing sire. texsurizing chir naamere jonajat ek bixex dhoronor suli kotaa sirok sulir dathota hraax koriboloi, texsurizing probhab sristi koriboloi baa storjukto suli mishron koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. texsurizing sirar xadharon sirar dore ekedhorone pevoted bladdor etaa jure thaake, kintu etaa baa duyuta bladdor daat sirunir dore kaxot thaake. ei daate etaa ongxor kewol kisuman suli xomobhabe katiboloi onumoti diye, aanhate xei ongxor aan ongxobur okole eri dibo. taat texsurizing siru aase jibur daatot bibhinno porixorot ahibo paare, ji kiman suli paatol koribo paari taar poriworton hoy. texsurizing sirok paatol chir baa songking chir buliu koo 'bob paari.

chull cutter kanchi chull cutter kanchi holl kanchi jaa biseshbhabe chull cutter jonno design koraa hoyeche. eguli napiter kantachamach, chuler kantachamach baa chuler kantachamach nameo porichito. egulir akaar pray 5 theke 7 inchi (13 theke 18 semi) lomba ebong sadharonoto ekti anguler ringyer saathe sangjukto ekti appendage thaake, jaa anguler brace baa tang naame porichito. etty byaboharkarike cutting korar somoy atirikto niyantran deyo. ekti ghunti bandha anguler ring shear designer notun prajukti. ghunti kaata shear bordhito namaniyata ebong kabji soja rakhar khomota ebong konuike samasta cutting abosthane niche rakhar khomota pradan korey, jaa arow aram ebong niyantran toiri korey. texturizing shear. texturizing shear naame porichito ekti bishesh dharaner chull cutter shear chuler purutto komate, texturizing prabhab toiri korte baa storjukto chull mishrito korte byabohrito hoy. texturizing shear ekti jodaa pivoted blade thaake jaa sadharan shear moto ekibhabe thaake, tobey ekti baa ubhoy blader prante chirunir moto daant thaake. eyi dantguli ekti bibhager kichhu chulke somanbhabe cutter anumati deyo, onnodike seii bibhager anyanno ongshoguli ekaa rekhe deoa hoy. echhadao texturizing shear royeche jaa daante bivinno sankhyay aste paare, jaa koto chull patla koraa jete paare taa poriborton korey. texturizing shearke patla shear baa chunking shiaro bolla jete paare.

vaad kaapvaa maate kaatari vaad kaapvaa maate kaatari aee khaas kareene vaad kaapvaa maate rachaayel chhe. teo vaaland sheers, vaad kaapvaa sheers athavaa vaad sheers tareeke pann odakhaay chhe. teo aashre 5 thee 7 inch (13 thee 18 seey. mee.) laambaa kadnaa hoya chhe aneey saamanya reete aek appendage hoya chhe, jene aangalina valaank athavaa teng tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey aangalini vinteemathee aek saathe jodaayel hoya chhe. aaa vapraashkartaane kaaptee vakhate vadharanu niyantran aape chhe. swivalinga thumb ring aee shear designma navee takneek chhe. swival shear vadhelee lavchiktaa aneey kaandaane seedho rakhvani kshamata aneey koneene tamaam cutting sthaanoma neeche rakhvani kshamata pradaan karey chhe, jenaathi vadhu aaraam aneey niyantran maley chhe. shearsne lakhaanmaa mooko. vaad kapvana shearsno aek vishisht prakaar jeey texturising sheers tareeke odakhaay chhe teno upyog vaadnee jaadai ghatadva, texturising asaro banaavvaa athavaa starvala vaadne mishreet karvaa maate thaay chhe. texturising shearsma saamanya shearsnee jaim jaj pivoted bladnee jodee hoya chhe, parantu aek athavaa banne bladmaa kaansakoni jaim dhaar parr daant hoya chhe. aaa daant aek vibhagma maatra ketlaak vaadne samaan reete kaapvaa maate parvangi aape chhe, jyaare teey vibhagna anya bhagone ekalaa chhodi devaa maate. tyaan texturising sheers pann chhe jeey daantmaa sankhyaoni shreneema aavee shake chhe, jemaa vaadne ketala paatala curry shakaay chhe teey alag alag hoya chhe. texturising sheersne paatala sheers athavaa chunking sheers pann kahee shakaay.

baal kaatane vaali katarani baal kaatane vaali kainchi kainchi hoti haye joe vishesh roop seey baal kaatane key liye design kii jaati haye. inhen naaee katarani, kesh vinyas katarani yaa baal katarani key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. way lagbhag 5 seey 7 inch (13 seey 18 semi) lambe aakar key hotey hain aur aamtaur parr ack upang hotaa haye, jise ungli key brace yaa taang key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ungli key ack angoothe seey judaa hotaa haye. yeh kaatane key samay upayogkarta koo atirikt niyantran detaa haye. ack ghumaane vaali angoothi katarani design mein naee takneek haye. swivel katarani adhik lachilaapan aur kalaai koo seedha rakhane aur kohni koo sabhi kaatane kii sthiti mein neeche rakhane kii kshamata pradaan karati haye, jisase adhik aaraam aur niyantran paida hotaa haye. texturising katarani. ack vishesh prakaar kii baal kaatane vaali katarani jise texturising katarani key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog baalon kii motai koo cumm karane, texturising prabhaav banaane yaa paratdaar baalon koo mishrit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. texturising katarani mein samanya katarani key samaan dhuri vaale blade kii ack jodee hoti haye, lekin ack yaa donon blade key kinare parr kanghi kii tarah daant hotey hain. inn daanton seey ack khand mein kewal kuchh baalon koo samaan roop seey kaataa jaa sakata haye, jabaki usa khand key anya hisson koo akela chhod diyaa jaataa haye. texturising katarani bhee hain joe daanton mein kaee sankhya mein aaa sakati hain, joe alag-alag hoti hain kii baal kitane patale kiye jaa sakate hain. texturising katarani koo patali katarani yaa chunking katarani bhee kahaa jaa sakata haye.

koodalu kattarisuva kappegalu koodalu kattarisuva kattarigalu koodalu kattarisalu nirdishtavagi vinyasagolisalada kattarigalaagive. avugalannu kshourika kattegalu, kshouraka kattegalu athawa koodalu kattegalu endoo kareyalaaguttade. avu sumaru 5 rinda 7 inchugalashtu (13 rinda 18 sem. mea.) uddaviruttave mattu samanyavagi beralina unguragalalli wandakke jodisalaada beralina kattupatti athawa tang endu kareyalaaguva ondu anubandhavannu hondiruttave. idu balakedaararige kattarisuvaga hechchuvari niyantranavannu niiduttade. shear vinyaasadalli ondu tiruguva hebberalina unguravu hosa tantragyaanavaagide. swivel shear hecchina namyateyannu niiduttade mattu manikattannu neravagi mattu monakaigalannu ellah kattarisuva sthanagalalli kelagilisuva saamarthyavannu niiduttade, idu hecchu aarama mattu niyantranavannu srushtisuttade. kattegalannu rachisuvudu. texturising kattarigalu endu kareyalpaduva vishesha reetiya koodalu kattarisuva kattarigalannu koodalina dappavannu kadime maadalu, texturising parinaamagalannu srashtisalu athawa padarada koodalannu mishrana maadalu balasalaaguttade. texturising kattarigalu saamaanya kattarigalanteye ondu jodie pivoted bledgalannu hondiruttave, aadare ondu athawa eradoo bledgalu baachaniyante anchinalli hallugalannu hondiruttave. ee hallugalu ondu vibhagada kelavu koodalannu maatra samavagi kattarisalu avakasha maadikoduttave, aadare aaa vibhagada itara bhagagalannu maatra biduttave. hallugalalli halavaaru sankhyeyalli barabahudaada texturising kattarigaloo ive, eshtu koodalannu telugolisabahudu embudannu badalisuttade. pathyabaddha kattarisuvikeyannu teluvaada kattarisuvike athawa chunking kattarisuvike endoo kareyabahudu.

mudi murikkunna kathrika mudi murikkan prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha kathrikayaan mudi murikkunna kathrika. barber kathrika, hairdressing kathrika allengil hair kathrika ennum avaa ariyappedunnu. ekadesham 5 muthal 7 inch (13 muthal 18 centimeter vare) vare neelamulla avaykku saadhaaranayaayi viral valayangalilonnil gadippichirikkunna viral valayamo tang ennariyappedunna oru anubandhamundu. ithu murikkumbol upayokthaavin adhika niyanthranam nalkunnu. shear designile puthiya saankethikavidyayaanu oru swiveling tamb ring. swivel shear vardhicha vazhakkavum kaithanda nereyakkaanum kaimutt thaazhekku ellah cutting sthaanangalilum nilanirthaanumulla kazhivum nalkunnu, ithu kooduthal sukhavum niyanthranavum srishtikkunnu. texturising kathrikakal. texturising kathrika ennariyappedunna oru prathyeka tharam mudi murikkal kathrika mudiyude kanam kuraykkunnathino texturising efakttukal srishtikkunnathino allengil layerd mudi kalarthunnathino upayogikkunnu. texturising kathrikakalkk saadhaarana kathrikakal pole oru jodi pevoted bledukalundenkilum onno rando bladeukalkk cheepp pole attathu pallukalundu. eee pallukal oru vibhaagathile chila mudiyizhakal maathram thulya reethiyil murikkan anuvadikkunnu, athesamayam aaa vibhaagathinte mattu bhagangal ottaykku avasheshikkunnu. pallukalil ethra ennam mudi nerppikkaan kazhiyum ennathil vyathyasamulla texturising kathrikakalum undu. texturising kathrikakale nerttha kathrikakal allengil chunking kathrikakal ennum vilikkam.

cases kapani katadi cases kapani katri hii katri asate jee visheshtah cases kapanyasathi tayar kelee jaate. tyanna nhavi katarane, cases kapane katarane kinwa cases katarane asehi mhanatat. tyancha aakar sumare 5 teey 7 inch (13 teey 18 seen. mea.) lamb asato aanee samanyatah botanchya ringspacky ekashi jodalela eka angutha asato, jyala botanchi brace kinwa tang mhanatat. kapani kartana heey vaparkartyala atirikt niyantran dete. angathyachi angathi halavane heey katarane rachneteel naveen tantradnyan aahe. ghumat katarane vadhiv lavchikta aanee mangat saral thevanyachi aanee kopra serve kapanichya sthiteet khalee thevanyachi kshamata pradan karate, jyamule adhik aaram aanee niyantran nirman hote. katadichi rachana. kesanchi jaadi qamee karnyasathi, texturising prabhav tayar karnyasathi kinwa tharyukt cases misalanyasathi texturising katri mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya cases kapanichya katricha eka vishesh prakar vaparla jaato. texturizing katrimadhye samanya katripramanech pevoted bladechi jodee asate, parantu eka kinwa donhi bladeche daat kangvesarkhe kathavar asatat. heey daat eka vibhagatil fakt kahee kesanna samprakare kapanyachi parvanagi detat, tarr tyaa vibhagache itar bhag ektech sodatat. datanmadhye vegvegalya sankhyanmadhye yeu yeu, cases kitee patal karata yetat heey badalatya aakarachya katadya dekhil aahet. texturizing katrila patal katri kinwa chunking katri asehi mhatale jaau shakate.

kapal katne katarani kapal katne kainchiharu kainchiharu hun june vishesh gari kapal katnaka lagi design garieko how. tiniharulai nai katarani, kesh katauti katarani, wa kapal katarani pani bhaninchha. tiniharu lagbhag 5 dekhi 7 inch (13 dekhi 18 semi) lamo akarma hunchhan rar samanyataya euta appendage hunchha, jaslai aunlaa brace wa tang bhaninchha, june euta aunlaa ringma jodieko hunchha. yasale katne kramama prayogkartalai atirikta niyantran dinchha. ghumaune auntha aunthi katarani designma nayan prawidhi how. ghumauro kataranle badhdo lachilopan rar sabai katne sthitiharuma kalailai sidha rar kuhinolai tall rakhne kshamata pradan gardacha, jasle thap aram rar niyantran sirjana gardacha. texturising katarani. texturising katarani bhanera chinine vishesh prakarko kapal katne kataraniharu kapalko motai cum garna, texturising prabhawharu sirjana garna, wa tahadar kapalharu mishran garna prayog garinchha. texturising katarnima samanya katarani jastai dhuriyukta bladharuko jody hunchha, tara ek wa duwai bladko kinarma kamba jastai daant hunchha. yee daantaharule euta khandaka kehi kapalharu matra saman rupma katna anumati dinchha, jabki tyas khandaka anya bhagharulai eklai chhodna sakinchha. tyahan texturising kataraniharu pani chhan june dantma sankhyako dayarama auna sakchha, kati kapal patlo garna sakinchha bhanne farak farak hunchha. texturising katarnilai patlo katarani wa chunking katarani pani bhanna sakinchha.

kesh katiba kadha kesh katiba kadha heuchhi kadha, jaahaa bisesh bhabe kesh katiba paain prastuta karajaichi. egudiku napit kadhiba, kesh kadhiba kadhiba kimba kesh kadhiba madhya kuhajae. segudikara aakaar praiah 5 ru 7 inch (13 ru 18 shay. mea.) parjyanta hoithae ebong sadharanatah eka aanguthi chakra sahita sanlagna eka aanguthi braces kimba taanga bhabare janashuna eka aanguthi ansha thaae . ehaa byabaharakareenku katiba samajare atirikta nijantrana deithae. eka ghunchuthiba anguli ringa heuchhi shear designre eka nutan technology . ghurnana shear brudhi namaneejata ebong samasta katiba sthitire hatagodiku sidha ebong kanuiku talaku rakhibara khyamata pradan kare, jaahaa adhika aram ebong nijantrana srusti kare . texturiesing kadha. keshar motapan hrass kariba, texturising prabhaba srusti kariba kimba starajukta kesh mishran kariba paain texturising kadha naamare janashuna eka swatantra prakarara kesh kadhiba kadha byabahara karajae . texturising kadhire sadharana kadha bhali eka yoda pibhota blade thaae, kintu gotie kimba ubhaja bladder daanta eka kamba pari dhaarare thaae . ehi dantagudika eka anshara kebala kichhi keshaku samaana dhangare katibaku anumathi deithae, jetebele kii sehi anshara anya anshaku ekutia chhadi diajae . texturising kadha madhya achhi jaahaa dantare bibhinna sankhyare asipare, kete kesh patala karajaipariba taaha bhinna . texturising kadhiku patala kadha kimba chankinga kadha madhya kuhajaipare .

vaal kattan valiaan kattiaan vaal kattan valiaan kachhan kainchi hundiaan hunn joe vishesh taur 'teey vaal kattan laee tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. uhanan noon naaee dee kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali qaa uh lagbhag 5 toon 7 inch (13 toon 18 centimeter) lambe hunde hunn atey aam taur utte ikk ant hunda haii, jiss noon ungli dey brace jaan teng vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe ungli dey ringan vicchon ikk naal judiaa hunda haii. ih kattan vele upbhogta noon vadhu niyantaran dinda haii. ikk ghumdi anguthe dee ring shear design witch naveen technology haii. swival shear vadhere lachakta atey gutt noon siddha rakkhan atey koohni noon saare kattan deeaan sathitiaan witch hethan rakkhan dee yogta pardan karda haii, jiss naal vadhere aaram atey niyantaran paida hunda haii. kattan valiaan kattiaan noon textrise karna. ikk vishesh kisam dee vaal kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali kattan vaali textrising kattan valiaan kattan valiaan witch use tarahan dey dhuri vaale bledan dee ikk jodee hundi haii jiven kii aam kattan valiaan hundiaan hunn, parr ikk jaan dovan bledan dey dand kanghi wang kinare utte hunde hunn. ih dand ikk bhaag dey siraf kujh vaalan noon ikk barabar dhang naal kattan dee aagiaa dinde hunn, jadon kii uss bhaag dey horr hissiaan noon ikalla chhadd ditta jaanda haii. textrising kattan valiaan kattan valiaan vee hundiaan hunn joe dandan witch kaee sankhiaavan witch aaa sakdiaan hunn, ih vakkhra hunda haii kii kinne vaal patle keete jaa sakde hunn. textrising cutted noon patli cutted jaan chunking cutted vee kiha jaa sakda haii.

kesha-cutting kataranee kesha-karshanaa-karshikaah karshikaah santi yaani visheshatah kesha-karshanaa-krute nirmeeyante. te kshauraka-shear, keshavinyaas-shear, athavaa kesha-shear iti namna api prasidhaah santi. teshaam aakaarah praayah 5 taha 7 inch (13 taha 18 se. mee.) yaavat deerghah bhavati, tathaa cha praayah angulee-brace athavaa taang iti namna prasidhah upaamgah asti, yah ekasmin angulee-valayasya saha samlagnah bhavati. etena upayoktuh kaatane atiriktam niyantranam praapnoti. shear-vinyaase, swiveling-angushta-angushta-angushtam nootan-tantradnyaanam asti. swival-shear adhikaam namyataam, tathaa cha sarvaasu cutting-sthiteshu manikam, kothih cha nivruttehe sthaapayitum kshamata cha pradadaati, yena adhikam aramam niyantranam cha kalpate. texturazing-shear. texturazing-shear iti namna prasiddha kesha-cutting-shear ityasya vishishtaprakaarah kesha-sthulatam nyooneekartum, texturazing-prabhavan nirmaatum, athavaa starita-keshanam mishranartham upayujyate. texturazing-shear ityasmin samanya-shear ityetayoho iva eva pivoted-blades ityetayoho yugmah bhavati, parantu ekasmin athavaa dwayoh blades ityetayoho praante kanghee iva dantah bhavanti. ete dantaah ekasmin khandasya keshaanchan kesham samarupena katanam anumatayanti, tasya khandasya anye bhagaha cha ekaakinah bhaveyuhu. tatra texturazing-shear-ityetaani api santi yaani danteshu sankhyaayaah shreneem praaptum shaknuvanti, kati keshaan pataneekartum shakyate iti bhinnam bhavati. texturazing-shear ityetaani patanee-shear athavaa chanking-shear iti api kathyate.

mudi vettuthal kaththigal mudi vettuthal catharicole enbathu mudi vettuvatharkaaka kurippaaga vadivamaikappatta catharicole aagum. avai mudithiruththum kaththigal, sigai alangaaram seiyum kaththigal allathu mudi vettikal endrum azhaikkappadugindrana. avai sumar 5 muthal 7 angkulangkal (13 muthal 18 semee) neelamullavai mattrum podhuvaaga viral valaiyangkalil ondrudan inaikappatta oru viral valaiyam allathu tong endru azhaikkappadum oru utpirivu ullathu. idhu vettumpoathu payanarukku koodudhal kattupaattai valangkukirathu. oru suzhalum kattaiviral moathiram enbathu vettu vadivamaippil puthiya thozhilnutpamaagum. suzhal vettu adhiga negizhvuththanmaiyaiyum manikkattai neraagavum muzhangkaiyai anaitthu vettum nilaigalilum keezhae vaiththirukkum thiranaiyum valangkukirathu, idhu adhiga aaruthalaiyum kattuppaattaiyum uruvaakkukirathu. ezhuththup poochchi. textrising kaththigal endru azhaikkappadum oru sirappu vagai mudi vettuthal kaththigal mudi thadimanaik kuraikkavum, texterising vilaivugalai uruvaakkavum allathu adukku mudi kalakkavum payanpaduththappadugindrana. textrising kaththigal saathaarana kaththigalaip poalavae oru jody myyappaduththappatta kaththigalaik kondullana, aanaal ondru allathu irandu kaththigalum seeppu poantra vilimbil parkalaik kondullana. inththa parkal oru pirivil ulla sila mudiyai mattumae samamaana muraiyil vetta anumathikkintrana, athae neraththil antha pirivin pira pakuthikal thaniyaaga irukka vaendum. parkalil pala ennikkaiyil varakkoodiya textrising kaththigalum ullana, avai evvalavu mudiyai melliyathaaga maatralaam enbathai vaerupaduththukintrana. uraiyai uruvaakkum kaththigal melliya kaththigal allathu sunking kaththigal endrum azhaikkappadalaam.

juttu kattirinche kothulu juttu kattirinche katteralu pratyaekamgaa juttu kattirimpu kosam roopondinchina kattera. veetini barber kattirimpulu, kesalankarana kattirimpulu ledhaa juttu kattirimpulu anie kooda pilustaaru. avi sumaru 5 nundi 7 angulaala (13 nundi 18 sem. mea) podavu varaku untaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vaelu ungaraalalo okadaaniki jatacheyabadina vaelu kattadam ledhaa tong anie piluvabade anubandham kaligi untaayi. idhi kattirinchetappudu viniyogadaaruku adanapu niyantrananu istundi. kattirimpu roopakalpanalo oka oogutunna botanavelu ungaramu kotta saanketikata. swivel kotha anedi ekkuva vasyatanu mariyu manikattu nitaruga mariyu mochetini anni cutting positionlalo krindiki unche saamarthyaanni andistundi, idhi marinta soukaryam mariyu niyantrananu srushtistundi. kattirimpulanu aksharakramam cheyadam. texterising kothalu anie piluvabade pratyeka rakam juttu-kattirinche kothulu juttu mandaanni tagginchadaaniki, aakruti prabhavalanu srushtinchadaaniki ledhaa poralu gala juttunu militam cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. texterising kothulu saadhaarana kotula maadirigaane oka jatha irusu bladelanu kaligi untaayi, conny okati ledhaa rendu bladelu duvvena laaga anchuna dantaalanu kaligi untaayi. eee dantaalu oka vibhaagamlo konni juttunu matrame samanamga kattirinchadaaniki anumatistaayi, ayithe aaa vibhaagamlo itara bhaagaalanu ontarigaa vadiliveyavacchu. dantaalalo aneka sankhyalo vachhe texterising kothulu kooda unnaayi, avi entha juttunu sannaga cheyavacho maarutuu untaayi. texterising kotulanu sannabadatam kothulu ledhaa chunking kothulu anie kooda pilustaaru.

baal kaatnay waali kachri baal kaatnay waali kenchi wah kenchi haine juu khaas toor parr baal kaatnay kay liye banayi gayee haine. inhein hijaam kii katayi hair dressing cates yaa hair cairs kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa hay. inn kaa size taqriba 5 say 7 inch (13 say 18 centy metter) lamba hotaa hay aur aam toor parr inn mein eek appendaj hotaa hay jasay angli kaa brais yaa teng kahaa jaataa hay juu angli kii angothiyon mein say kasee eek say mansalk hotaa hay. yaha saarif kuu kaatnay kay waqat izaafi control deeta hay. angothay kii angothi kuu ghumana sheer design mein nayee technology hay. ghoomnay waali sheer ziyadah lachak aur kalayi kuu seedha rakhnay aur kehni kuu tamaam kaatnay kii positionon mein neechey rakhnay kii salahiyat paish karti hay jiss say ziyadah scone aur control paida hotaa hay. textorizing kenchi. eek khaas qasm kii baal kaatnay waali katya jasay textorizing katya kahaa jaataa hay baalon kii motayi kuu kumm karnay textorizing asraat paida karnay yaa parton waalay baalon kuu milaa kirr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. textorizing shares mein aam shares kii tarah mahur blade kaa eek jodaa hotaa hay leakin eek yaa donon blade kay daanat kanghi kii tarah kinaray parr hotay haine. yaha daanat eek hasay kay sarf kachh baalon kuu yaksaan andaaz mein kaatnay kii ajazat deetay haine jabkah iss hasay kay deegar hasoon kuu tanha chhod diyaa jaataa hay. textorizing kenchi bhee haine juu daanaton mein mukhtalif taadad mein aasakti haine yaha mukhtalif hoti haine kahh katnay baal patlay kiye jaa saktay haine. textorizing canturon kuu patli kench yaa chunking kench bhee kahaa jaa saktaa hay.

000863ca24ec3256864e0ab5c92585540ceded8baed05ecac13a0845ad8ac497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11803399

Plakobranchidae

Plakobranchidae Family of gastropods Plakobranchidae is a family of sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. They superficially resemble nudibranchs but they are sacoglossans, members of the clade Sacoglossa within the Opisthobranchia. Taxonomy. Elysiidae was originally described as "Elysiadae" by Forbes & Hanley in 1851 in the book "A history of British Mollusca and their Shells" 3:613. In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Elysiidae is considered to be a synonym of the family Plakobranchidae . The original spelling Placobranchidae, based on "Placobranchus", an incorrect subsequent spelling by Férussac (1824) in a translation of van Hasselt's work. Franc (1968: 848) and Jensen (1996: 92) attributed the name to Rang, 1829 (p. 134), who used the vernacular "les Placobranches". Jensen (1997: 180-181) argued for the restoration of the spelling Plakobranchidae, and she has been followed by Wägele & Willan (2000: 91). Bouchet & Rocroi (2005: 133), argued that the spellings "Placobranchus" and Placobranchidae were in prevailing usage and were conserved under Art. 33.3.1. This view has been challenged by R. Burn and the spelling Plakobranchidae is now preferred. This family has no subfamilies. Genera. Genera in the family Plakobranchidae include: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

placobrancidae placobrancidae hoise xagoriyo slagor etaa poriyal, xamudrik opisto 'branch gerspord mulaskoxomuhor xuporphemily placobrance' idiya. xeibur uporot nudibranchor dore dekha yaay kintu xeibur sek "glo" sans, upisto "branchiyar bhitorot thoka clade sek" glo "chaar xodosyo. shrenibinyax. 1851 sonot forbes endo henlye "e histri owo britis moo 'laska endo deyar swels" gronthot "elaisidi" koo mulotoh "elaisidi" buli bornona korisil. buset endo ror' kro 'irr shrenibinyaxot (2005) elaisidi poriyalok placobrancidae poriyalor protik buli gonyo koraa hoy. placobranchas" ror uporot aadharito mool baanan placobrancidae, bhen hesseltor kaamor onubadot ferusas (1824) ror dwara etaa bhul poroborti baanan. frank (1968:848) aaru jenson (1996:92) ye ei naamtu renk disil, 1829 (pri. 134), jiye sthaniyo bhaxar "lex placobrance" byobohar korisil. jensone (1997:180-181) placobrancidae baanan punoruddharor baabe jukti disil, aaru teur pisot wagel endo uilan (2000:91) aasil. buset endo ror "kro" ee (2005h133) jukti disil je baanan "placobranchas" aaru placobrancidae prosolito byoboharot aasil aaru kolar odhinot xongrokhito aasil. 33.3. 1. ei dristibhongik aar-ror dwara proityahban jonuwa hoise. puraa aaru placobrancidae banantu etiya posondo koraa hoy. ei poriyalor kunu upo-poriyal naai. gono. placobrancidae poriyalor projatir bhitorot aaseh

placobranchidae placobranchidae holl superfamily placobranchoidier samudrik opistobranch gastropoid molasker ekti poribar. eguli uporibhage nudibrancher anurup tobey eguli sacoglassion, opistobronchier modhye clade sacoglasser sadasya. taxonomy. 1851 saale forbes anned hanley "british moluska ebong taader kholar itihas" boiye elicidae-keey mulat "elicidae" hisabe bornona korechilen. buchet anned rokroyer shrenibinnase (2005), elicidae poribartike placobranchidae poribarer protishobdo hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. mool banan placobranchidae, "placobranchus"-err upor vitti korey, vyana hasselter kaajer anubade farusak (1824) dwara ekti bhul poroborti banan. franc (1968:848) ebong genson (1996:92) namti 1829 saaler ranke (pri. 134), jini sthaniya bhasay "leesa placobrunch" byabohar korechilen. genson (1997:180-181) placobranchidae banan punoruddharer pokkhe jukti diyechilen, ebong taar porey wagel ebong uilan (2000:91) royechen. buchet anned rokroy (2005hoh133) jukti diyechilen jey "placobranchus" ebong placobranchidae bananguli procholito byabohrito hoyechilo ebong shilper adhine sanrakkhito chhilo. 33.3. 1. eyi drishtibhongike arr dwara challenge koraa hoyeche. burn ebong placobranchidae banan ekhon pochondo koraa hoy. eyi poribarer konao upoporibar nei. gono. placobranchidae poribarer goner modhye royeche

placobranchidae placobranchidae aee superfamily placobranchoidiama dariyai gokalgaay, dariyai opistobranch gastropod molaskanu kutumb chhe. teo uparchhalli reete nudibranchs jevaa dekhaay chhe parantu teo secoglosance chhe, opistobranchia andar clayday secoglosana sabhyo chhe. vargikaran. vargikaran forbes anned hanley dwara "british moluska aneey temnaa shelonaa itihas" pustakma "elicidae" tareeke elicidenu varnan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. buchet anned rokroi (2005) naa vargikaranmaa, elicidae kutumbane placobranchidae parivaarnu samaanaarthi manvama aave chhe. mool jodani placobranchidae, "placobranchus" parr aadharit chhe, jeey veena hesseltnaa kaarynaa anuvaadmaa firusek (1824) dwara khotee anugaamee jodani chhe. frank (1968:848) aneey jenson (1996:92) aee aaa naamne 1829 (pru. 134), jemane sthaaneek bhashama "leesa placobranch" noow upyog karyo hato. jenson (1997:180-181) aee placobranchidae jodanini punsthaapnaa maate daleel curry hatee, aneey tenee pachhi vegel anned veelan (2000:91) aavyaa chhe. buchet anned rokroi (2005:133) aee daleel curry hatee keey jodani "placobranchus" aneey placobranchidae pravartmaan upyogmaa chhe aneey qalaa hethal sanrakshit chhe. 33.aaa drashtikonne aar dwara padkarvama aavyo chhe. burn karoo aneey placobranchidae jodanine havey pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa parivaarmaa koee petaa parivaar nathee. jaatee. placobranchidae kutumbani jaatima nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

placobranchidae placobranchidae samudri slug, samudri opistobranch gastropod molsk kaa ack parivaar haye joe super family placobrancoidia mein haye. way satahi roop seey nudibranch key samaan hotey hain lekin way sacoglossion hain, opistobranchia key bheetar clade sacoglossa key sadasya hain. vargeekaran. elicidae koo mool roop seey 1851 mein forbes aind hanley dwara "british molska aur unake gole kaa itihas" pustak mein "elicidae" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. buchet aur rokroi (2005) key vargeekaran mein, elicidae parivaar koo placobranchidae parivaar kaa paryaay maanaa jaataa haye. mool vartani placobranchidae, "placobranches" parr adharit haye, joe vaine hasselt key kaam key anuvaad mein ferrusack (1824) dwara ack galat baad kii vartani haye. frank (1968:848) aur genson (1996:92) ney naam kaa shreya 1829 (pee. 134), jinhone sthaaniya bhasha mein "less placobranch" kaa upayog kiya. genson (1997:180-181) ney placobranchidae vartani kii bahaali key liye tark diyaa, aur usake baad wegel aind vilan (2000:91) ney kiya. buchet aind rokroi (2005:133) ney tark diyaa kii vartani "placobranches" aur placobranchidae prachalit upayog mein they aur kalaa key tahat sanrakshit they. 33.3. iss drishtikon koo aar dwara chunauti dee gaee haye. burn aur placobranchidae vartani koo abb pasand kiya jaataa haye. iss parivaar mein koee upa-parivaar naheen haye. vansh. placobranchidae parivaar mein nimnalikhit prajaatiyan shamil hainh

placobranchidae placobranchidae embudu samudrada slaggala ondu kutumbavagide, placobrancoidae suuper familially samudrada opistobranch gastropod mrudvangigalu. avu melnotakke nudibranchgalannu holuttave aadare avu sacoglassence, opistobranchiyadolagina clade sacoglasada sadasyaru. vargeekarana. 1851ralli forbes & hyaan lii avaru "aa history off british molaska und dher shells" emba pustakadalli elisideyannu moolatah "elysiday" endu vivarisiddaare. buchet & rokkoi (2005) naa vargeekaranadalli, elysiday kutumbavannu placobranchidae kutumbada samaanaarthakavendu pariganisalaagide. moola kagunita placobranchidae, placobranchus annu aadhariside, idu wyaan hasselt avara krutiya anuvaadadalli ferrusac (1824) avarinda tappaada nantarada kagunitavagide. fraank (1968:848) mattu genson (1996:92) ee hesarannu 1829rahra (pue. 134), avaru sthaliya bhasheyalli "less placobranch" galannu balasidaru. genson (1997:180-181) placobranchidae kagunitada punahsthapanegagi vaadisidaru, mattu avala nantara wagel & vilan (2000:91) iddaare. bouchet & rokroi (2005:133), "placobrancus" mattu placobrankide emba kagunitagalu chaaltiyallive mattu kaleya adiyalli samrakshisalpattive endu vaadisidaru. 33.3. 1. ee drashtikonavannu aarr prashnisiddare. burn mattu placobranchidae kagunitakke eega aadyate nidalaagide. ee kutumbakke yaavude upakutumbagalilla. kula. placobranchidae kutumbada kulavu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondideh

placobranchidae placobranchoidia enna suuppar faamiliyile kadal slagukaludeyum maraine opistobranchu gastropod molaskukaludeyum oru kudumbamaanu placobranchidae. avaa upariplavamaayi nudibraanchukalumaayi saamyamullavayaanenkilum avaa opistobraanchiykaleykkula clad sacoglosayile amgangalaaya saakoglosanukalaanu. vargeekaranam. 1851-ll forbes & hanley "eiii histtari oof britiish molasca aandu dher shells" enna pusthakatthil "elysidae" ennaanu elysiday yadhaarthathil visheshippichathu. bushett & rokroi (2005) yude vargeekaranathil elysidae kudumbatthe placobranchidae kudumbatthinte paryaayamaayi kanakkakkunnu. vaan haasselttinte kruthiyude vivarthanathil ferruzac (1824) ezhuthiya thettaaya thudarnnulla aksharavinyasamaaya "placobranches" adisthaanamaakkiyulla yadhaartha aksharavinyasam placobranchideyaanu. frank (1968:848), jenson (1996:92) ennivar 1829 (p. 134), addeham praadeshika bhashayil "less placobranchukal" upayogichu. jenson (1997:180-181) placobranchidae enna aksharavinyasam punasthaapikkaan vaadichu, avale pinthudarnnu wagel & villan (2000:91). placobranches", "placobranchidae" ennee aksharavinyaasangal nilavilullathaanennum kalayude keezhil samrakshikkappettittundum bushett & rokroi (2005:133) vaadichu. 33.3. 1. eee kaazhchappaadine aarr chodyam cheythittundu. placobranchidae enna aksharavinyaasavum kathikkunnathum ippol eshtappedunnu. eee kudumbatthinu upakudumbangalilla. janarej. placobranchidae kudumbatthile janussil iva ulppedunnu

placobranchidae placobranchidae heey sagari slugche eka kutumb aahe, placobrancoidia yaa super famillymadhil sagari opistobranch gastropod molsk. teey varvarchya bajula nudibranchsarkhe disatat parantu teey sacoglossion aahet, opistobranchiyatil clade sacoglossache sadasya aahet. vargikaran. 1851 madhye forbes aanee hanley yanni 'aaa histree auph british moluska andd dear shales' yaa pustakat 'elicidae' asey moolatah varnan kele hote. buchet aanee rokroichya vargikaranamadhye (2005), elicidae kutumb heey placobranchidae kutumbache samanarthi manale jaate. mool spelling placobranchidae, placobrankswar aadharit aahe, jeey vanne haceltchya kamachya anuvadat firusack (1824) yanni chukiche tyanantarche spelling kele aahe. phrank (1968:848) aanee gensen (1996:92) yanni 1829 (pru. 134), jyanni sthanik bhashet 'leesa placobranch' vaparale. gensenne (1997:180-181) placobranchidae yaa shabdanchya punarsthapanesathi yuktivad keela aanee tyanantar vagal aanee vilan (2000:91) aale. buchet aanee rokroi (2005:133) yanni assa yuktivad keela qee 'placobranchess' aanee 'placobranchidae' yaa shabdalekhanancha vapar prachalit aahe aanee teey kalekhali sanrakshit kele gele aahet. 33.3. 1. yaa drushtikonas aar. neey aavhan dile aahe. burns aanee placobranchidae yaa shabdalekhanala aata pradhanya dile jaate. yaa kutumbala upkutumb nahee. vansh. placobranchidae kutumbatil vanshanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh

placobranchidae placobranchidae samudri slagharuko pariwar how, superfamily placobranchoidiama samudri opistobranch gastropod molaskaharu. tiniharu satahi rupma nudibranchharu jastai hunchhan tara tiniharu sacoglosonharu hun, opistobranchia bhitra clade sacoglosaka sadasyaharu. wargikaran. eligidelai muel rupma sann 1851 maa forbes anned hanledwara "british molaska rar tiniharuko kholaharuko itihas" 3:613 pustakma "eligidae" ko rupma warnan garieko thiyo. buchet anned rokroi (2005) ko wargikaranma, eligidae pariwarlai placobranchidae pariwarko paryaya manincha. muel hizze placobranchidae, "placobranchus" maa adharit, bhyan hasseltko kamko anuwadma firusak (1824) dwara galat pachhiko hizze. frank (1968:848) rar gensen (1996:92) ley namalai ranga, 1829 (pri. 134), jasle sthaniya bhasha "less placobranch" prayog gare. gensen (1997:180-181) ley placobranchidae hijjeko punarsthapanaka lagi tarka gare, rar uni pachhi wagel rar willan (2000:91) chhan. buchet rar rokroi (2005ah133) ley tarka gare kii hizze "placobranchus" rar placobranchidae prachalit prayogma thie rar kala antargat sanrakshit thie. 33.3. 1. yass drishtikonlai ardwara chunauti diieko chha. jalaunuhos rar hizze placobranchidae ab prathamikta diinchha. yass pariwarma kunai upapariwar chhaina. wansh. placobranchidae pariwarma raheka wanshaharu samawesh chhanh

placobranchiday placobranchidi heuchhi samudrika slug, samudrika opistobrancha gastropod molaskar eka paribara, jaahaa superfemily placobranchoidiare achhi . semane uparibhagare nudibrancha sahita samaana kintu semane sacoglosan, opisthobranchia madhyare clade sacoglosara sadasya . bargikarana. 1851 masihare forbes anded hanlenka pustaka 'aii histry off british moluska anded deyar cells' ray 'elisiday' ku 'elisiday' bhabe barnana karajaithila. 'buchet anded rokroi' (2005) rahr bargeekaranare, elisiday paribaraku placobranchiday paribarara pratishabda bolly bibechana karajae. placcobranches" upare aadharita moola banan placcobranchidi, bhaan hasseltnka karjyara anubadare firusac (1824) nka dwara eka bhul parabarti banan . phranka (1968:848) ebong genson (1996:92) ehi naamaku 1829 ray ranga (pru. 134), jie sthaniah bhasare "less plack branch" byabahara karithile. genson (1997:180-181) placobranchiday bananara punaruddhara paain jukti karithile, ebong taanka parey wagel ebong wilana (2000:91) rahichanti. buchet ebong rokroi (2005hah133) jukti karithile je "placcobranches" ebong placcobranchiday banan prachlita byabaharare thila ebong kalaa adheenare sanrakhita thila . 33.3. 1. ehi drustikonaku r dwara challenge karajaichi. jalaideba ebong placobranchiday bananaku ebe pasanda karajae. ehi paribarara kaunasi upa-paribara naahin. jaati. placobranchidi paribarara gana madhyare rahichhih

placobranchidae placobranchidae samundari salaggan daa ikk parivaar haii, superfemily placobranchidia witch samundari opistobranch gastropod mollsks. uh satahi taur utte nudibrainchan naal milde julde hunn parr uh sacogloson hunn, opistobranchia dey ander clade sacoglosa dey member hunn. vargikaran. elicidae noon mool roop witch forbes atey hanley duaara 1851 witch "british molska atey uhanan dey shaillan daa itihaas" kitaab witch "elicidae" vajon darsaiaa giaa see. mool spelling placobranchidae, "placobranks" utte adharat haii, joe vain hasselt dey kamm dey anuvad witch frusack (1824) duaara ikk galat baad dee spelling haii. frank (1968:848) atey jenson (1996:92) neey iss naam daa caarn rung, 1829 (pee. 134), jiss neey sathanak bhasha "lais placobranches" dee varton keeti. jenson (1997:180-181) neey spelling placobranchidae dee bahali laee daleel ditti, atey uss toon baad vaegal atey willen (2000:91) neey keeta haii. buchet atey rokrai (2005:133) neey daleel ditti kii spelling "placobranks" atey placobranchidae prachlit varton witch sunn atey qalaa dey tehat surakhiat sunn. 33.iss drishtikon noon r duaara chunhauti ditti gaee haii. balde raho atey spelling placobranchidae noon hunn tarjih ditti jaandi haii. iss parivaar daa koee upp-parivaar naheen haii. nasal. placobranchidae parivaar witch naslan witch shamal hann

placobranchide plakobranchide iti samudrasya slugs ityasya, samudrasya opistobraanch gastropod molask ityasya, soopar-parivaarasya placobranchoyidia ityasya parivaarah asti. te uparibhaage nudibraanch ityetaan iva drushyante parantu te sacogloson-janaah santi, opistobranchiya-madhye clade sacoglosa ityasya sadasyaah santi. vargeekaranam. 1851 tame varshe forbes end hanley ityanena "e histri aaf british molaska end ders cells" iti pustake "elicidae" iti mularupena varnitam aasit. buchet end rokroy ityasya vargeekaranasya (2005), elicidae iti kulah plakobranchide ityasya kulasya paryayah iti manyate. mool-varnalekhanam plakobranchide iti, "placobranchus" ityasya aadhaaren, vyaan-hasselt ityasya krutyaah anuvaade feroosaak (1824) ityanena anantaram krutam ekam anuchitam varnalekhanam. fraank (1968:848) tathaa genson (1996:92) cha asya naam rang iti 1829 tame varshe (pru. 134), yah "laes placobranchs" iti bhashayaha prayogam krutavaan. genson (1997:180-181) plakobranchide iti vartaneesya punarsthapanartham vaadam akarot, tasyaah anantaram vaagle & vilan (2000:91) cha abhavat. buchet end rokroy (2005hah133) ityanena tarkah krutah yat "placobranchus" tathaa plakobranchide ityetayoho vartaneehe prachalitaasu upayogeshu aasan, kalayaha adheene cha samrakshitaah aasan iti. 33.3. 1. etat drushyam aar ityanena pratidhwanitam asti. burn tathaa plakobranchide iti vartanee adhunaa pradhanyam asti. asya kutumbe upaparivaarah naasti. vamshaha. plakobranchide-kulasya vamshaanaam madhye antarbhavanti -

placoprancidae placoprancidae enbathu kadal slakkugal, kadal oopistoapraanch iraippaip poonjchai molaskalin kudumbamaagum, idhu superfamily placopranchoidiavil ullathu. avai maeloattamaaga nudipraanchgalai oththirukkintrana, aanaal avai saakkoakloasangal, oopistoapraanchiyaavirkal ulla clate sacoclosavin uruppinarkal. vagaipiriththal. elicidae muthalil 1851 aam aandil forbes & honley enbavaraal "elysiade" endru vivarikkappattathu, "british molaska mattrum avattrin kundugalin varalaaru" endra puththagaththil. boochet & rogroy (2005) vagaipirivil, elicidae kudumbam placoprancidae kudumbaththin oththa peyaraaga karudhappadugiradhu. placobranches" endra moola ezhuththuppizhai, vaan hasseltin padaippin mozhipeyarppil ferrusac (1824) ezhuthiya thavaraana aduthaduththa ezhuththuppizhai. frank (1968:848) mattrum jenson (1996:92) aagiyoar inththa peyarai 1829 aam aandu (puughal. 134), avar "less placobranches" endra vattara mozhiyaip payanpaduththinaar. jenson (1997:180-181) placoprancidae endra ezhuththuppizhaiyai meettedukka vaathittaar, adhaith thodarnthu wagel & villan (2000:91). boochet & rogroy (2005:133), "placobranches" mattrum placoprancidae endra ezhuththuppizhaigal nadaimuraiyil payanpaduththappattu, kalaiyin keezh paathukaakkappattana endru vaathittaar. 33.3. 1. inthak karutthai aarr sawal seithullathu. eriyum mattrum placoprancidae ezhuththuppizhai ippoathu virumbappadugirathu. inththa kudumbaththirku thunaik kudumbangal illai. inangkal. placoprancidae kudumbaththaich saerntha inangkal pinvarumaaru

placobranchidae placobranchidae anedi samudrapu slugs, samudra opistobranch gastropod molaskla kutumbam, idhi suupar family placobranchoidialo undhi. avi uparitalamgaa nudibraanchlanu pooli untaayi, conny avi sacoglosance, opistobraanchiyaaloni clade sacoglosa sabhyulu. vargeekarana. 1851loe forbes & hanley "eah history off british molaska und dher shells" anae pustakamlo elisidenu "elysidae" gaa varninchaaru. buchet & rokroi (2005) vargeekaranalo, elysidae kutumbaanni placobranchidae kutumbaaniki paryaayapadamgaa pariganistaaru. asalu spelling placobranchidae, "placobranchus" aadhaaramgaa, vaan hasselt rachana yokka anuvaadamlo ferrusac (1824) chesina tappu tadupari spelling. fraank (1968:848) mariyu gensen (1996:92) eee paerunu 1829 (p. 134), sthaanika bhaashalo "less placobranches" nuu upayoginchaaru. gensen (1997:180-181) placobranchidae spelling punaruddharana kosam vaadinchaaru, aame taruvaata wagel & villan (2000:91) unnaaru. buchet & rokroi (2005:133), "placobranchus" mariyu placobranchidae anae aksharakramalu prabalamgaa upayogamlo unnayani mariyu kala kinda samrakshinchabaddaayani vaadinchaaru. 33.3. 1. eee abhiprayanni r savaalu chesindi. burn mariyu placobranchidae spellingku ippudu praadhaanyata ivvabadindi. eee kutumbaaniki upa kutumbaalu laevu. jaathi. placobranchidae kutumbaaniki chendina jaatulu

placobranchedy placobranchedy samandari salgon kaa eek khaandaan hay samandari opstobranch gastropod mollsk spir femli placobranchoidia mein hay. wah sathi toor parr nadee branch say miltay jaltay haine leakin wah secoglosin haine juu opestobranchia kay andar claud secoglosa kay arkaan haine. texonomy. elicidy kuu asl mein forbus aind hannely nay 1851 mein "bartanvi mollska aur inn kay khoolon kii tareekh" kii kitaab mein "alicidy" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa thaa. bocheet aind rokaroi (2005) kii darjah bundi mein elicidy khaandaan kuu placobranchedy khaandaan kaa mutradif samjha jaataa hay. asl hajay placobranchedy "placobranchus" parr mubni ween hasselt kay kaam kay tarjumah mein farswak (1824) kii taraf say eek ghalat baad kii hajay. frank (1968:848) aur genson (1996:92) nay iss naam kuu rung say mansub kiyaa 1829 (safha. 134)yee jiss nay maqami zabaan "lees playko branchez" kaa istemaal kiyaa. genson (1997:180-181) nay placobranchedy hajay kii bahaali kay liye dalil dee aur iss kay baad vigal aind walaan (2000:91) aayaa. boshet aind rokaroi (2005:133) nay istedlal kiyaa kahh hajay "playcobranchis" aur playcobranchedy maujudah istemaal mein thay aur funn kay tahat mahfuz thay. 33.3. 1. iss nazariye kuu aar nay challenge kiyaa hay. jalana aur hajay placobranchedy kuu abb tarjih dee jaati hay. iss khaandaan kaa koyee zeeli khaandaan nahein hay. nasal. placobranchedy khaandaan kii nasal mein shaamil haine:

00086540dc8ebfc639fcce74f220b0b9b63917bfe2243275c11cf1d8c1c67990

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12450789

African blue flycatcher

African blue flycatcher Species of bird The African blue flycatcher or blue-crested flycatcher (Elminia longicauda) is a species of bird in the family Stenostiridae from western and central Sub-Saharan Africa. Description. The African blue flycatcher is a dainty, pale, bright blue flycatcher with a short crest and long tail. The entire upper parts and tail are bright blue, shading between blue and cyan, with black lores and black flight feathers edged with blue, the underparts are greyish blue fading to whitish on the belly. The bill and legs are black. Juveniles are duller with faint greyish spotting on the head and wing coverts. It measures in length and weighs . Voice. The song of the African blue flycatcher is a series of slow, rather random and tuneless sibilant notes strung together in no particular order. Call is a quiet "tsip". Distribution. The African blue flycatcher occurs from Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia east discontinuously to Kenya and south through the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to northern Angola. Habitat. Its natural habitats are moist lowland forests, mangrove forests, gallery forest, montane forests, gardens, wooded farmland and moist savanna. Habits. The African blue flycatcher forages rather gracefully with a fanned tail and half open wings among leaves, as well as occasionally foraging on the ground and flycatching. Taxonomy. The African blue flycatcher is thought to form a superspecies with the white-tailed blue flycatcher and these species ; the two have been placed in a separate genus "Errannornis", but the differences between this species pair and the other species classified in "Elminia" are considered insufficient to merit generic separation. Two subspecies of the African blue flycatcher are currently recognised. "Elminia longicauda longicauda" (Swainson, 1838) which is found in the western part of its range as far east as Nigeria, and the paler "Elminia longicauda teresita" Antinori, 1864 in the west and the south. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

african blue flycaser african blue flycaser baa blue-crested flycaser (elminia longikauda) hoise poschim aaru modhyo upo-saharan africar stenostiridae poriyalor etaa projatir sorai. bornona. african neela flycaser hoise etaa suti crest aaru dighol nejor xoite etaa xundor, fyakaxe, ujjwol neela flycaser. xomogro uporor ongxo aaru nez ujjwol neela, neela aaru siyanor maajot sayasoho, koo 'laa lo' ror aaru koo 'laa uronor paalok nilar xoite, tolor ongxobur petot bogaa huwar baabe dhurar neela hoi pore. bill aaru bhoribur koo 'laa. kixurxokol murot khyin dhurar rongor daag aaru daanar aaworonor xoite mlaan hoy. iyar doirghyo aaru ujon porimap koraa hoy. konthoswor. african neela flycaseror gittu hoise kunu bixex kromot ekeloge bandhi thuwa monthor, boroncho jadrischik aaru xurbihin sibilant nutor etaa sringkhola. koltu etaa xanto "tisip". bitoron. african blue flycaser mauritania, senegal aaru gambiyar poraa pubo kenia aaru dokhyine pubo gonotantrik gonorajyo kongur maajere uttor engulaloi obirotbhabe dekha yaay. baxosthan. iyar prakritik baxosthanxomuh hoh "lo aardro nimnobhumir oronyo, jolahbhumir oronyo, gallery oronyo, pahariya oronyo, bagisa, bonoriya krixijomi aaru aardro sabhana. obhyax. african neela flycasere paator maajot fend lez aaru aadha mukoli daanar xoite monurombhabe khadyo khaay, logote maaje maaje maatit sorai khaay aaru uri dhore. shrenibinyax. african neela flycasere bogaa lejor neela flycaser aaru ei projatir xoite ek superspich gothon kore buli dharona koraa hoy; duyubidhok ek prithok gono "erennornis" too rokha hoise, kintu ei projatir zura aaru "elminia" too shrenibhukto onyanyo projatir maajor parthokyobur jenerik prithokikoronor jugyotat porzapto nohoy buli gonyo koraa hoy. african blue flycaseror dutaa upo-projati bortoman sinakto koraa hoise. "elminia longikauda longikauda" (xuwenson, 1838) ji iyar porixoror poschim ongxot nigeriar dore pube puwa yaay, aaru 1864 sonot poschim aaru dokhyine pelar "elminia longikauda terresita" antinory puwa yaay.

african blue flycatcher african blue flycatcher baa blue-crested flycatcher (elminia longicauda) poschim ebong modhyo saab-saharan africar stenosteridae poribarer ekti prajati pakhi. bornona. african neel flycatcher ekti sundar, facushey, ujjal neel flycatcher jaar ekti chhoto crest ebong lomba leeja royeche. puro uporer ongsho ebong leeja ujjal neel, neel ebong sayaner modhye chhayayukta, kaalo lorres ebong neel ronger saathe kaalo udanta palok soho, nicher ongshoguli dhusar neel biborno hoye petey saadaa hoye yaay. bill ebong paa kaalo. kishorra matha ebong dunner aborongulite ksheen dhusar daag soho nistez hoy. etty doirgho ebong ojoner porimap korey. kanthaswar. african neel flycatcher ganti dheer, borong elomelo ebong surheen cibilant noter ekti sirij jaa konao nirdishto krome eksathe bandha thaake naa. qala ekti shanto "tossip". bitoron. african neel flycatcher mauritania, senegal ebong gambia purbo theke kenia ebong dakkhine purbo ganotantrik kongo projatontrer modhyo diye uttor angola porjonto dekha yaay. abashsthol. err prakritik abashsthol holl ardro nimnabhumi bonn, mangrove bonn, gallery bonn, parbotto bonn, bagan, kaather krishijami ebong ardro savana. abhyash. african neel flycatcher patar modhye ekti fena leeja ebong ardhek khola danna soho borong sundarbhabe poshukhaddo khaay, pashapashi majhe majhe matite poshukhaddo khaay ebong udanta machh dhorey. taxonomy. african neel flycatcher saadaa lejer neel flycatcher ebong eyi prajatigulir saathe ekti superspicies gathon korey boley money koraa hoy; eyi duti prajati ekti prithak gono "eranornis"-ayee sthapon koraa hoyeche, tobey eyi prajati jodaa ebong "elminia"-teey shreniboddho anyanno projatir modhye parthokyoke sadharan prithokikoroner jogyatar jonno aporjapto boley money koraa hoy. african neel flycatcher duti upo-prajati bortomane swikrito. "elminia longicauda longicauda" (soenson, 1838) jaa taar porisimar poschim ongshe nigeria porjonto pawa yaay ebong poschim oo dakkhine 1864 saale "elminia longicauda terrecita" antinori pawa yaay.

african blue flycature african blue flycature athavaa blue-crested flycature (alminia longikauda) aee pashchim aneey madhya petaa-sahaara africana stanosteridae parivaarmaa pakshini aek prajaati chhe. varnan. african vaadadi flycature aek sunder, nistej, tejasvi vaadadi flycature chhe, jenee tunkee toach aneey laambi punchhadi chhe. aakhaa upala bhaago aneey punchhadi tejasvi vaadadi hoya chhe, vaadadi aneey syaan vachche chhayadar hoya chhe, kaalaa loars aneey kaalaa udaan pinchha saathe vaadadi saathe dharwala hoya chhe, neechena bhaago payt parr bhukharaa vaadadi zankha padvaa maate safed hoya chhe. bill aneey pug kaalaa chhe. kishoro maatha aneey pankhna aavaran parr zankha bhukharaa rangnaa daagh saathe manda hoya chhe. teey lambai aneey vajanmaa maape chhe. avaaj. african blue flycaturenu geet dheemee, tenaa badale avyavasthit aneey tuneless cibilant nondhoni shrenee chhe jeey koee chokkas krammaa eksaathe gunthelee nathee. coll aek shaant "tii. sipa" chhe. vitaran. african blue flycature mauritania, senegal aneey gambia purvthi kenya sudhee aneey dakshinma kongonaa purveey lokshaahi prajasattakthi uttar angola sudhee thaay chhe. nivassthan. tenaa koodarti nivaasthaano bhejwala nichanvala jangalo, mangrove jangalo, gallery jangalo, parvateey jangalo, bageechao, jangalwali kheteeni jameen aneey bhejwala ghaasnaa medaano chhe. aadato. african vaadadi flycature pandadao vachcheni aek fenned punchhadi aneey adadhi khulli paankho saathe, temaj kyarek jameen parr ghaaschaaru karey chhe aneey flycatching karey chhe. vargikaran. african blue flycaturene safed punchhadivala vaadadi flycature aneey aaa prajaatio saathe superspices banaavvaanu manvama aave chhe; bannene aek alag jaatee "erranornis" maan mukvaamaa aavyaa chhe, parantu aaa prajaati jodee aneey "elminia" maan vargikrut anya prajaatio vachchena tafavatone saamanya algataa maate apurtaa ganvaamaa aave chhe. african blue flycatureni beey petajatio haalmaa odakhaay chhe. "alminia longikada longikada" (swenson, 1838) jeey tenee shreneena pashchim bhagma nigeria sudhee purvamaa jovaa maley chhe, aneey paylor "elminia longikada terresita" antinori, 1864 pashchim aneey dakshinma jovaa maley chhe.

african neela flycatcher african neela flycatcher yaa neela-crested flycatcher (alminia longikauda) paschimi aur madhya upa-sahaara africa key stenosteridae parivaar mein pakshi kii ack prajaati haye. varnan. african neela flycatcher ack sunder, peela, chamkila neela flycatcher haye jisamen ack chhota shikhar aur lambi poonchh hoti haye. poore oopari bhaag aur poonchh chamkile neele rung key hotey hain, neele aur syaan key beach chhayankan karate hain, kaale lorse aur neele rung key saath kaale udaan pankhon key saath, neeche key hisse bhoore neele rung key hotey hain joe pett parr safed honey key liye lupt hoe jaate hain. bill aur pair kaale hain. kishore sir aur pankhon key aavaran parr halke bhoore rung key dhabbon key saath sust hotey hain. isaki lambai aur vajan mein maap hotaa haye. aavaaz. african neele flycatcher kaa geet dheemi, balki yaadrichhik aur surheen cibilant noton kii ack shrinkhala haye joe kissy vishesh crum mein ack saath bandhe hue naheen hain. coll ack shaant "tussip" haye. vitaran. african neela flycatcher mauritania, senegal aur gambia poorv seey kenya taka aur dakshin mein purvi loktaantrik ganarajya kango seey uttari angola taka hotaa haye. nivaas sthaan. isake praakritik aavason mein nama nichale bhoomi key vann, mangrove vann, gallery vann, parvatiya vann, udyaan, jangli krishi bhoomi aur nama sawana hain. aadaten. african neela flycatcher ack funny poonchh aur pattiyon key beach aadhe khule pankhon key saath, saath hii kabhi-kabhi jameen parr chaara khaata haye aur udataa haye. vargeekaran. african neele flycatcher koo safed poonchh vaale neele flycatcher key saath ack superspecius banaane key liye maanaa jaataa haye aur inn prajaatiyon koo donon koo ack alag genus "erranornis" mein rakhaa gayaa haye, lekin iss prajaati jodee aur "alminia" mein vargeekrit anya prajaatiyon key beach key antar koo samanya algaav key liye aparyaapt maanaa jaataa haye. african neele flycatcher kii dou upa-prajaatiyon koo vartamaan mein pahachaana gayaa haye. "alminia longikauda longikauda" (swenson, 1838) joe apani seema key paschimi bhaag mein nigeria key roop mein door poorv mein paaya jaataa haye, aur paschimi aur dakshin mein 1864 mein peela "alminia longikauda terrecita" antinori.

african blue flycatcher african blue flycatcher athawa blue-crested flycatcher (elminia langikada) paschima mattu madhya upa-saharan aafrikaada stenosteridae kutumbada ondu jaatiya pakshiyaagide. vivarane. african neeli flycatcher ondu sundaravaada, masukaada, prakashamanavada neeli flycatcher aagiddu, sanna sikhara mattu uddaneya baalavannu hondide. sampoorna melina bhagagalu mattu baalavu prakashamanavada neeli bannaddagiruttave, neeli mattu saine naduve chaaye hondiruttave, kappu lorgalu mattu neeli anchina kappu haaraatada garigalondige, kelabhagagalu boodubannada neeli bannadinda hotteya mele bili bannakke mareyaguttave. billu mattu kaalugalu kappu bannadalliruttave. baalaaparaadhigalu tale mattu rekkeya hodikegala mele masukaada boodubannada chukkegalondige mandavagiruttave. idu udda mattu tukadalli aleyuttade. dhwani. african neeli flycatchern haadu yaavude nirdishta kramadalli ottige kattalaagiruva nidhana, badalige yaadruchchika mattu tuneless cibilant tippanigala saraniyagide. karey endare ondu shaantavaada "tsip". vitarane. african neeli flycatcher mauritania, senegal mattu gyambiyaada purvadinda kenyakke mattu dakshinadalli purva prajasattatmaka ganaraajyavaada kangodinda uttara angolaadavarege kandubaruttade. aavasasthaana. adara naisargika aavaasasthaanagalendare tevaamshavulla taggu kadugalu, mangrove kadugalu, gallery aranyagalu, parvata kadugalu, udyaanavanagalu, kadugala krishibhoomi mattu tevaamshavulla hullugavalu. abhyasagalu. african neeli flycatcher elegala naduve ondu fanned baala mattu ardha tereda rekkegalondige, jotege sandarbhikavagi nelada mele meyisi mattu haaruva moolaka sundaravagi meyisuttade. vargeekarana. african neeli flycatcher bili baalada neeli flycatcher mattu ee prabhedagalondige superspeases annu roopisuttade endu bhaavisalaagide; iveradannoo pratyeka kula "errannarnis" nalli irisalaagide, aadare ee prabheda jodie mattu "elminia" endu vargeekarisalaada itara prabhedagala naduvina vyatyaasagalannu saamaanya berpaduvikege sakaguvudilla endu pariganisalaagide. african neeli flycatchern eradu upavargagalannu prastuta gurutisalaagide. "elminia langikada langikada" (swenson, 1838) idu naijeeriyaadashtu doorada purvada adara vyaaptiya paschima bhagadalli kandubaruttade, mattu paschima mattu dakshinadalli 1864 ralli paller "elminia langikada terrecita" antinori kandubaruttade.

aafrikkan blue flycatcher padinjaaran, madhya sub-saharan aafrikkayil ninnulla stenostiridae kudumbatthile oru inam pakshiyaanu aafrikkan blue flycatcher allengil blue-crested flycatcher (elminia longikoda). vivaranam. hrasvamaaya mukalbhaagavum neelamulla vaalumulla manoharavum ilam niramullathum thilakkamullathumaaya neela niratthilulla oru flycaturaanu aafrikkan blue flycatcher. mukal bhaagangalum vaalum muzhuvan neelaykkum syaninum idayil nizhalullathum, karutha lorukalum neela niratthilulla karutha parakkal thoovalukalum ullathum, adibhaagangal chaaraniratthilulla neela niratthil mangukayum vayattil veluppaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. billum kaalukalum karuthathaanu. thalayilum chirakukalilum mangiya chaaraniratthilulla paadukalulla praayapoorthiyaakaathavar kooduthal mangiyavaraanu. neelatthilum bhaarathilum alakkunnu. shabdam. aafrikkan blue flycaturinte gaanam oru prathyeka kramatthilum orumichu kettiyittirikkunna mandagathiyilullathum kramarahitavum tunillaathathumaaya sibilant nottukal aanu. kooll oru nishabdamaaya "tii. sii. pii" aanu. vitharanam. mourittaaniya, senagal, gambia ennividangalil ninnu kizhakk keniyayilekkum thekk kizhakkan demookratik republic oof congo vazhi vadakkan angolayilekkum aafrikkan blue flycatcher kaanapedunnu. aavaasavyavastha. eerppamulla thaazhnna pradeshangal, kandalkkaadukal, gallery vanangal, malayora vanangal, poonthottangal, vanangalulla krishisthalangal, eerppamulla savanna ennivayaanu ividuthe swaabhaavika aavaasavyavasthakal. sheelangal. aafrikkan neela flycatcher elakalkkidayil oru faind vaalum pakuthi thuranna chirakukalum upayogichu manoharamaayi meikkukayum idaykkide nilathu meyukayum flycatching nadathukayum cheiyunnu. vargeekaranam. aafrikkan blue flycatcher velutha vaalulla neela flycatcher eee inavum ulla oru suuppar speeshees roopappeduthumennu karuthappedunnu; iva randum oru prathyeka janussaaya "eranornis" ll sthaapichittundu, ennaal eee speeshees jodiyum "elminia" ennu tharamthirikkunna mattu speesheesukalum thammilulla vyathyaasangal pothuvaaya verthirikkalin paryaapthamallenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. aafrikkan blue flycaturinte rund upajaathikal nilavil thiricharinjittundu. "elminia longikoda longikoda" (sweynson, 1838) athinte shreniyude padinjaaran bhaagath naijeeriya vare kaanapedunnu, koodaathe 1864 ll padinjaarum thekkum "elminia longikoda terrisita" aantinori kaanapedunnu.

african nila flycatcher african blue fly catcher kinwa blue-crested fly catcher (elminia longicauda) hii paschim aanee madhya up-sahara aafriketil stenosteridae kutumbatil pakshyachi eka prajati aahe. varnan. african nila flycatcher haah eka sunder, fikat, chamakdar nila flycatcher aahe jyachi chhoti shikhar aanee lamb shepati aahe. sampoorn varche bhag aanee shepati chamakdar nilya rangachi, nilya aanee sayanchya darmyan chhayankit, kalya loar aanee nilya bajus kaale uddan pankh, khalche bhag tapkiri nile bibtyane pandhare hotat. note aanee paay kaale aahet. balke adhik nistej asatat aanee tyanchya dokyavar aanee pankhanchya aachchhadananvar fikat rakhadi rangache thipke asatat. tyachi lambi aanee vajan mojale jaate. aavaj. african nilya fly catcherche gaane hii santh, tyaeivaji yadruchchik aanee surheen saha-swaranchi malika aahe jee konatyahi vishisht kramane ekatra bandhaleli nahee. coll haah eka shant 'tii. siip' aahe. vitaran. african nila flycatcher mauritania, senegal aanee gambia purv teey keeniya aanee dakshinela purv lokshahi prajasattak kango teey uttar angolaparyant aadhalato. adhivas. olsar sakhal pradeshachi jangale, kharfutichi jangale, dalan jangale, dongral jangale, udyane, jangalanchi shetjameen aanee olsar savana heey tyache naisargik adhivas aahet. savayi. african nila mashee pakadanara pakshi, fikat shepatisah aanee pananmadhye ardha ughade pankh thevun, tasech adhunmadhun jaminivar chaara khato aanee udya pakadato. vargikaran. african nila fly catcher catcher shepatichya nilya fly catchers eka superspecies tayar karato asey manale jaate aanee yaa prajatinna 'erranornis' yaa vegalya vanshamadhye thewale gele aahe, parantu yaa prajatichi jodee aanee 'elminia' madhye vargikrut kelelya itar prajatinmadhil farak heey samanya pruthakkaranasathi apuri manali jaate. african nilya flycatcherchya done upprajati sadhya olakhalya jaatat. "elminia longikauda longikauda" (swenson, 1838) jeey tyachya parvataranganchya paschim bhagat nayjeriyaparyant aanee pashchimekadil aanee dakshinekadil 1864 madheel "elminia longikauda terresita" antinorymadhye aadhalate.

africi nilo flycatcher africi nilo flycatcher wa nilo-crested flycatcher (alminia longikauda) paschimi rar madhya upa-sahara africako stenosteridae pariwarma raheko charako prajati how. warnan. africi nilo flycatcher chhoto crest rar lamo puchchharko sath ek sunder, pahenlo, ujyalo nilo flycatcher how. sampurna mathillo bhag rar puchchhar ujyalo nilo rar sayanko bichma chhayan bhaeko, callo lors rar callo udan pankhaharu nilosanga kinarma raheko, tallo bhagharu petma seto huna khairo nilo misieka chhan. bill rar khutta callo chha. kishorharu tauko rar pakhako awaranma halka khairo dagka sath susta hunchhan. yasako lambai rar taulama mapan garinchha. awaz. africi nilo flycatcherko geet dhilo, baru aniyamit rar tuneless cibilant noteharuko shringkhala how june kunai vishesh kramama eksath taansieko chhaina. cull euta shanta "sip" how. witaran. africi nilo flycatcher mauritania, senegal rar gambia purvabata kenya rar dakshinma purvi loktantrik ganatantra kongo hundai uttari engolasamma hunchha. awas. yasako prakritik awasharu osilo tallo bhumi wann, mangrove wann, gallery wann, parwatiya wann, bagaincha, jangalyukta khetiko khet rar osilo sawana hun. bani. africi nilo flycatcherle patharu bichma fend puchchhar rar adha khula pakhaharuka sathasathai kahilekaahin jaminma charaera rar udne gari sunder rupma charaunchha. wargikaran. africi nilo flycatcherlai seto puchchharko nilo flycatcher rar yee prajatiharusanga superspicies banaune manincha; yee duilai chhuttai genus "erranornis" maa rakhieko chha, tara yo prajati jody rar "alminia" maa wargikrit anya prajatiharu bichko bhinnatalai samanya prithakkaranko yogyataka lagi aparyapta manincha. africi nilo flycatcherka dui upaprajatiharu hall pahichan garieka chhan. "alminia longikauda longikauda" (swenson, 1838) june yasako dayarako paschimi bhagma nigeria samma purvama painchha, rar pyalar "alminia longikauda terrecita" antinory, 1864 paschim rar dakshinma.

african neela fly catcher african neela fly catcher kimba neela-crested fly catcher (elminia langikauda) paschima ebong kendriah upa-sahara africar stenostiridae paribarara eka prajati pakhi . barnana. african neela fly catcher eka sunder, fica, ujjwala neela fly catcher jaahaa eka chhot shikhar ebong lamba lanz sahita . sampurna upara bhaga ebong lanz ujjwala neela, neela ebong sayan madhyare chhajajukta, kalaa lore ebong kalaa udaana pankhudi sahita neela sahita dhaar, tala bhaga dhusara neela bibarna hoi petare dhalaa hoijae . note ebong goda kalaa. kishoramane adhika nisteja hoithanti ebong munda ebong pakhar aachadanare dhusara rangara daaga rahithae. ehara lumb ebong ojana parimapa karajae. swara. african neela fly catcher geeta heuchhi dheera, barang jadruchhika ebong suichabihina cibilant notgudikara eka sirij jaahaa kaunasi nirdista kramare ekathi bandha hoinahin . cull heuchhi eka shant "tii. sii. pii". bunton. african neela fly catcher mauritania, senegal ebong gambiaru purbaku kenia ebong dakhinare purba ganatantrika ganarajya kongo dei uttara angola parjyanta dekhajae . basasthana. ehara prakrutika basasthanagudika heuchhi ardra taliaa jangala, hental bana, gallery jangala, parbatyanchala jangala, udyan, jangalajukta krushijami ebong ardra sabhana. abhyasa. african neela flycatcher eka fann lanz ebong adhaa khola dena sahita sunder bhabare chaara deithae, ebong belebele bhumire chaara ebong flycaching . bargikarana. african neela flycatcher dhalaa-puchha neela flycatcher ebong ehi prajati sahita eka superspicies gathan kariba bolly bibechana karajae; ubhajaku eka pruthaka genus "irranornis" ray rakhajaichhi, kintu ehi prajati jodi ebong "elminia" ray bargeekruta anya prajati madhyare parthakya generic pruthakeekaranara jogyata paain parjyapta nuhen bolly bibechana karajae . african neela machichalira duiti upaprajati bartamana chinhat hoichhi. "elminia langikauda langikauda" (swenson, 1838) jaahaa ehara renjara paschima bhagare nigeria pari sudoora purbare ebong patala "elminia langikauda terrecita" antinori, 1864 paschima ebong dakhinare dekhajae .

african neela flycatcher african neela flycatcher jaan neela-crested flycatcher (alminia longikauda) pachmi atey maddh upp-sahara africa dey stanosteridae parivaar witch panchhi dee ikk prajati haii. varnan. african neela flycatcher ikk sunder, peela, chamakdar neela flycatcher haii jiss witch ikk chhota sikhar atey lambi pooch haii. samuche uparle hisse atey pooch chamakdar neele hunde hunn, neele atey siaan dey vichkaar rangat, kaale loar atey neele naal jude kaale udaann khambhan dey naal, hethan dey hisse slaty neele rung dey hunde hunn joe dhidd utte chitte hoow jaande hunn. bill atey lattan kaliaan hunn. nabalag sir atey khambhan dey cover utte halke slaty nishan dey naal naram hunde hunn. ih lambai atey bhaar witch mapada haii. aavaaz. african neele flycatcher daa geet hauli, balki betartibe atey surheen cibilant notan dee ikk luddy haii joe kise vishesh kram witch ikkathe naheen bnnhe hoye hunn. qaal ikk shaant "tissip" haii. vandd. african neela flycatcher mauritnia, senegal atey gambia purab toon kenya atey dakkhan witch purbi jamhuri ganraj cango toon uttri angola takk hunda haii. nivas sathaan. iss dey kudrati nivas sathaan namee vaale hethle jangal, mangrove jangal, gallery jangal, pahadi jangal, baag, jangli khetibadi vaali zameen atey namee vaale swana hunn. aadatan. african neela flycatcher pattiaan dey vichkaar ikk farsh vaali pooch atey addhe khulleh khambhan dey naal-naal kadey-kadayin zameen utte chaara lagaunda haii atey flycatching karda haii. vargikaran. african neele machhi fadan vaale noon chitty pooch vaale neele machhi fadan vaale atey inhan prajatiaan naal ikk superspeacies banaun laee manniaa jaanda haii; dovan noon ikk vakkhari jeanus "irnornis" witch rakkhiaa giaa haii, parr iss prajati dey jode atey "alminia" witch shrenibadh horr prajatiaan dey vichkaar antar noon aam vakkh honn dee yogta laee nakafi manniaa jaanda haii. african neele machhi fadan vaale dee doou upp-prajatiaan iss vele pachaniaan gaeeaan hunn. "alminia longikauda longikauda" (swenson, 1838) joe kii iss dee seema dey pachmi hisse witch nigeria takk door purab witch paaiaa jaanda haii, atey pachham atey dakkhan witch 1864 witch peele "alminia longikauda terrecita" antinori.

aafrikan bloo flacature aafrikan-bloo-flai-catcher athavaa bloo-crested-flai-catcher (alminia-langikada) iti pashchim-madhya-sahara-africa-deshasya stenosteridae-parivaarasya paksheesamprajaatih asti. varnanam. aafrikan-neel-flai-catcher iti sundarah, mlaanah, ujjwalah neel-flai-catcher asti yasya laghu-shikharh, deergha-pucchah cha asti. sampoornah uparibhaagah, pucchah cha neelawarnayoh madhyabhaage chaayaayuktaah, neelawarnayoh madhye chaayaayuktaah, krushnavarnasya lors, krushnavarnasya uddayan-pankhaah cha neelawarnaih saha, adhahbhaagaah dhoosaravarnasya neelavarnasya mlanani bhavanti yena udarasya upari shwetawarnah bhavati. mudrah paadah cha krushnavarneeyaah santi. baalakaah mushalakaah bhavanti, shirasi, paksheshu cha mlan-dhoosar-daagah bhavati. asya dairghyam bhaarashch bhavati. swarah. aafrikan-bloo-flai-catcher ityasya geetam, naa tu yaadrucchikam, naa tu swararahitam cha, manda-svaranam shrunkhalaa asti, yaa naa tu vishishtaa kramaankena saha veshtitaa asti. kaal iti nishshabdam "tsip" asti. vitaranam. aafrikan-bloo-flai-catcher iteedam mauritania, senegal, gambia-deshayoho poorvadishi kenyaa-deshaat dakshinadishi poorva-lokataantrik-kongo-ganarajyat uttar-angolaa-deshaat nirantaram bhavati. nivaasasthaanam. asya praakrutika-aavaasasthaanaani aardr-nimnabhoomi-vanaani, jalchar-vanaani, chitrashaalaavavanaani, parvateeyavanaani, udyaanaani, vanayukta-krushibhoomih, aardr-savannaa cha santi. abhyaasah. aafrikan-neel-flai-catcher-pakshina, patanam madhye fenned-wall, ardha-mukta-pakshaih cha, tathaa cha kadaachit bhoomau cha charanam krutvaa flai-kyaaching cha krutvaa, sundaratayaa charanam kurvanti. vargeekaranam. aafrikan-bloo-flacature iti shveta-pucchayuktena neel-flacature ityanena saha superspicies-iteedam cha nirmaati iti manyate; dwayoh "irrannarnis" iti pruthak jaatau sthaapitaah santi, parantu asya prajatyaha yugmasya "alminia" ityasmin vargeekaritaa anyajatinam cha madhye bhedah samanya-pruthakkaranasya yogyataayaah krute aparyaaptah iti manyate. aafrikan-bloo-flai-catcher ityasya upaprajaatidwayam adhunaa maanyate. "alminia longikada longikada" (swanson, 1838) iti, yat nigeria-deshaat poorvadishi yaavat, tasya shrenyaah pashchimabhaage drushyate, tathaa cha "alminia longikada terrecita" entinori iti, 1864 tame varshe paschimadishi dakshinadishi cha drushyate.

aaprikka neela flycature aaprikka neela flycature allathu neela-crested flycature (elminia langikada) enbathu maerku mattrum matthiya thunai-sahaaraa aaprikkaavaich saerntha stenostridae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru paravai inamaagum. vilakkam. aaprikka neela flycature oru azhagaana, velir, pirakaasamaana neela flycature, oru kurugiya mugadu mattrum neenda wall. muzhu mael pakuthikalum wall pirakaasamaana neela niraththil, neelam mattrum sian idaiyae nizhalaaga, karuppu loargal mattrum karuppu parakkum irakukal neela niraththudan, keezh pakuthikal saambal nira neela niraththil vayittril vellai niramaaga maarukintrana. pill mattrum kaalgal karuppu niraththil ullana. siruvar kuzhandhaigal thalai mattrum irakkaikal meethu mangalaana saambal nira pulligaludan manthamaaga ullanar. idhu neelaththilum edaiyilum alavidappadukirathu. kural. aaprikka neela flycaturine paadal enbathu endha kuripitta varisaiyilum ontraaka kattapatta methuvaana, maaraaga seerattra mattrum tuneless sibilant kurippugalin thodar. alaippu oru amaithiyaana "chip". viniyoagam. aaprikka neela flycature mourithaaniyaa, chenakal mattrum kambiya kilakkil irunthu kenya varai mattrum therkae kilakku jananaayaga kudiyarasu congo vazhiyaaga vadakku angola varai nigazhkirathu. vaazhvidam. adhan iyarkaiyaana vaazhvidangkal eerappathamaana thaazhnila kaadugal, sathuppunila kaadugal, kaatchiyagam kaadugal, malaippaangkaana kaadugal, thoattangal, marangkal niraintha vivasaaya nilangkal mattrum eeramaana savannah aagum. pazhakkavazhakkangkal. aaprikka neela flycature oru fayne seiyappatta wall mattrum ilaikalukku idaiyil paathi thirantha irakkaikaludan azhagaaga maeikirathu, athae poal eppoathaavathu tharaiyil meichchal mattrum parakkum. vagaipiriththal. aaprikka neela flycature vellai wall neela flycature mattrum inththa inangkaludan oru suuppar inaththai uruvaakkum endru karudhappadugiradhu; irandum oru thanii paerinaththil "eranornis" vaikkappattullathu, aanaal inththa ina joadikkum "elminiyaavil" vagaippaduththappatta mattra inangkalukkum idaiyilaana vaerupaadugal podhuvaana pirivirkaana thaguthikku poathumaanathaaka karudhappadavillai. aaprikka neela flycaturine irandu kilaiyinangkal tharpoothu angkeekarikkappattullana. "elminia langikada langikada" (swainson, 1838) adhan varambin maerkup paguthiyil naijeeriyaavaip poalavum, paalar "elminia langikada terrecita" antinori, 1864 maerkilum therkilum kaanappadugiradhu.

african blue fly catcher african blue fly catcher ledhaa blue-crested fly catcher (elminia langikada) anedi paschima mariyu madhya upa-sahara africaku chendina stenosteridae kutumbaaniki chendina pakshi jaathi. vivarana. african blue fly catcher oka andamaina, laetha, prakaasavantamaina neelam fly catcher, idhi chinna sikharam mariyu podavaina thokatho untundi. mottam eguva bhagalu mariyu thoka prakaasavantamaina neelam rangulo untaayi, neelam mariyu saine madhya chaayatho, nalupu loars mariyu nalupu flight eekalu neelam anchutho untaayi, diguva bhagalu budidarangu neelam rangu nundi kadupupai tellagaa marutayi. billu mariyu kaallu nallaga untaayi. baalintalu thala mariyu rekkala kavarlapai masaka buudida rangu macchalatho mandamgaa untaayi. idhi podavu mariyu baruvulo kolustundi. swaram. african blue fly catcher paata anedi yea nirdishta kramamlo kalisi kattabadina nemmadigaa, yaadrucchikamgaa mariyu tuneless cibilant notla shreni. coll anedi nissabdamaina "tsip". pampinhee. african blue fly catcher mauritania, senegal mariyu gambia thoorpu nundi kenya varaku mariyu thoorpu prajaasvaamya republic off kango nundi uttara angola varaku dakshinaana sambhavistundi. aavasalu. daani sahaja aavasalu thematho kuudina lothattu adavulu, mada adavulu, gallery adavulu, parvata adavulu, thotalu, chetlatho kuudina vyavasaya bhoomi mariyu thematho kuudina savannah. alavaatlu. african blue fly catcher aakula madhya oka podigina thoka mariyu sagam terichina rekkalatho, alaage appudappudu neelapai mariyu flycatching thoo andamgaa meputaru. vargeekarana. african blue flycatcher telupu thoka gala neelam flycatcher mariyu eee jaatulato oka suupar speasisnu yerparustundani bhaavistaaru; eee rendintinee oka pratyeka jaathi "erranornis" loe unchaaru, ayithe eee jaathi jatha mariyu "elminia" loe vargeekarinchabadina itara jaatula madhya thedaalu saadhaarana vibhajanaku saripovani pariganistaaru. african blue fly catcher yokka rendu upajaatulu prastutam gurtinchabaddaayi. "elminia langikada langikada" (swenson, 1838), idhi nigeriaku thoorpuna unna daani paschima bhaagamlo mariyu paller "elminia langikada terresita" antinori, 1864loe paschimam mariyu dakshinaana kanipistundi.

afriqi blue flayee catcher afriqi blue flayee catcher yaa blue crested flayee catcher (elmonia langkaoda) maghrabi aur wastee sabb sahaara afriqah say taaluq rakhnay waalay parinday kii eek nooa hay. wazahat. afriqi neela flayee catcher eek khubsurat peelaa roshan neela flayee catcher hay jiss kii chhoti chooti aur lambi dumm hay. puray opri hasay aur dumm roshan neelay rung kay hotay haine neelay aur seeyan kay darmiyan saayah daar hotay haine seeyah loir aur neelay rung kay saath seeyah parwaz kay pankh pait parr sarmayi neelay dhandlay dhandlay dhandlay hotay haine. nott aur taangein kaali haine. nabaligh sarr aur paroon kay dhaanpon parr halkay sarmayi rung kay dhabay kay saath sast hotay haine. iss kii lambayi aur wazan mein paimaish hoti hay. aawaz. afriqi neelay flayee catcher kaa gaana sasth balkah bay tartib aur bay sarr seblant noton kaa eek silsilah hay juu kasee khaas tartib mein eek saath jaday hoay haine. kaal eek perscon "tye seep" hay. taqsim. afriqi blue flayee catcher mauritaniah senigal aur gambia say mashriq mein kinya aur janub mein mashriqi jamhuri jamhuria kango say shamali angola takk hotaa hay. rehaish gaah. iss kay qadarti maskan numm nasheebi janglaat mangrove kay janglaat gallery jungle pahaadi janglaat baghat jangli khaiti kii zameen aur numm sawana haine. aadaat. afriqi neela flayee catcher patoon kay darmiyan eek fend dumm aur aadhay khalay paroon kay saath saath kabhi kabhaar zameen parr chaarah aur flayee catching kay saath balkah khubsurat toor parr chaarah kartaa hay. texonomy. afriqi neelay flayee catcher kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah safed dumm waalay neelay flayee catcher aur inn parjatiyon kay saath eek spir species banata hay. donon kuu eek alg jains "airnornais" mein rakhaa gayaa hay leakin iss parjatiyon kay joday aur "elmonia" mein darjah bund deegar parjatiyon kay darmiyan farq kuu aam alaihadgi kii ahlit kay liye nakafi samjha jaataa hay. afriqi blue flayee catcher kii duu zeeli aqsaam phee alhaal tasleem kii gayee haine. "elmonia langkaoda langkaoda" (swenson 1838) juu iss kay silsilay kay maghrabi hasay mein mashriq mein nigeria takk paaya jaataa hay aur maghrab aur janub mein 1864 mein peelar "elmonia langkaoda" terricita ainti noori.

00086adb5263fbf12b9602243055306bd52c87318cbe2ed6ff5997ef504f4cca

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2942180

Michael Parsons (composer)

Michael Parsons (composer) British composer (born 1938) Michael Edward Parsons (born 12 December 1938) is a British composer. Since the 1960s, when he met Cornelius Cardew and helped found the Scratch Orchestra, Parsons has been strongly associated with the English school of experimental music. He was born in Bolton and studied at St John's College, Oxford before taking up composition lessons under Peter Racine Fricker at the Royal College of Music in London in 1961. In the 1960s he met Cornelius Cardew; Parsons attended Cardew's experimental music classes at Morley College since 1968. In 1969 Cardew, Parsons and fellow composer Howard Skempton founded the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental free ensemble devoted to performing contemporary music. The Orchestra broke up in early 1970s, partly as a result of the politization led by Cardew. Parsons was among the Orchestra members who refused to be associated with the Maoist politics Cardew was propagating, and left. In 1970 Parsons started working as visiting lecturer in the Fine Art department of the Portsmouth Polytechnic and in the Slade School of Art, University College London. In 1974 he and Skempton formed a duo to perform their own works. In 1996–97 Parsons was a bi-fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge. During this time he organised concerts at Kettle's Yard, Cambridge. Since the early 1960s Parsons has also been active as a writer on music; his writings include a number of important articles on contemporary English composers. Parsons' music is influenced by Anton Webern, composers of the so-called New York school (John Cage, Morton Feldman and Christian Wolff), various English composers he met through Cardew and the Scratch Orchestra, and, since the Portsmouth years, "Systems" artists such as Malcolm Hughes and Jeffrey Steele.

michael persons (xurkar) michael edward persons (jonmo 12 disembor 1938) ejon britis xurkar. 1960-ror doxokor poraa, jetiya teu cornelius cardure xoite xakhyat korisil aaru skers orkestra bisari uliuwat xohay korisil, parsonbur porikhyamulok xongitor ingraji bidyaloyor xoite drirhobhabe jorito hoi aase. 1961 sonot londonor royel kolej owo musicot pitter resin freekeror odhinot rosonar paath luwar aagote teu boltonot jonmogrohon korisil aaru oxfordor saint jonos collegeot odhyoyon korisil. 1960-ror doxokot teu cornelius carduk log paisil; parsonxokole 1968 sonor poraa morley collegeot cardur porikhyamulok xongitor shrenit ongxogrohon korisil. 1969 sonot cardu, parson aaru xohokormi xurkar haward scamptone xomoxamoyik xongit poriwexonor baabe nirbhorxil ek porikhyamulok binamuliya doll, scase orkestra protistha korisil. angxikbhabe cardure netritwot rajneetir pholsworupe 1970-ror doxokor aarombhonite orchestratu bhangi goisil. carduay prosar kori thoka maubadi rajneetir xoite jorito hoh "boloi oswikar koraa orkestrar xodosyoxokolor bhitorot parson aasil aaru guchi goisil. 1970 sonot parsonxokole poo 'rtsmouth polytechnicor lolito kolaa bibhag aaru londonor university collegeor slade skool owo artot vigiting probhaxok hisape kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1974 sonot teu aaru scamptone nijor kambur koriboloi etaa juti gothon korisil. 1996-97-too parsons cambridgeor charchil collegeot egoraki dwi-xohojugi aasil. ei xomoisuwat teu cambridgeor ketlir uthanot xongitanusthanor aayujon korisil. 1960-ror doxokor aarombhonir porai parsonxokole xongitor uporot lekhok hisapeu xokriyo hoi aahise; teur lekhat xomoxamoyik ingraji xurkarxokolor uporot keibatau guruttopurno probondho ontorbhukto aase. parsonxor xongit tothakothito nework schoolor xurkar (john kej, morton feldman aaru khristiyan wolf), cardue aaru skers orkestrar joriyote log puwa bibhinno ingraji xurkar, aaru poo 'rtsmouth bosoror poraa, "sistem" xilpi jene malcom hiuges aaru jeffrey stilor dwara probhabito.

michael persons (surkar) michael edward persons (jonmo 12 december 1938) ekjon british surkar. 1960-err doshok theke, jokhon tini cornelius cardiew-err saathe dekha corren ebong scratch orchestra khunje petey sahayata corren, tokhon personra poriikkhamulok sangiter ingrezi bidyalayer saathe dridhobhabe jukto. tini 1961 saale londoner rayyal college off museyke pitter racine freaker adhine rachona paatth neoar agey oxforder seenta johns college padashona corren. 1960-err doshke tini cornelius cardiew-err saathe dekha corren; personra 1968 saal theke morley college cardiew-err poriikkhamulok sangeet classe ongsho niyechilen. 1969 saale cardiew, person ebong sahakarmi surkar haward skempton scrutch orchestra protistha corren, jaa somosamoyik sangeet poribeshonar jonno nibedito ekti poriikkhamulok binamulye doll. angshikbhabe cardiew-err netritte rajnaitikkaraner foley 1970-err doshoker godar dike orchestra venge yaay. personra orchestra sadasyader modhye chhilen jaaraa cardu jey maobadi rajneeti prochar korchilen taar saathe jukto hotey aswikar korechilen ebong choley giechilen. 1970 saale personra portsmouth polytechnicker charukala bibhage ebong londoner university colleger slade school off arte vigiting probhashok hisabe kaaj shuru corren. 1974 saale tini ebong scameton taader nijaswa kaaj sampadan korar jonno ekti jutee gathon corren. persons cambridger churchill college dwibahita chhilen. eyi somoye tini kettler uthhan, cambridge sangitanusthaner ayojan korechilen. 1960-err doshoker godar dick theke personra sangiter lekhok hisabeo sakriya; taanr lekhagulite somosamoyik ingrezi surkarder upor besh koyekti guruttopurno nibondho royeche. personser sangeet tothakothito neu eork skooler surkar anton webaron (john keja, morton feldman ebong christian olof), cardiew ebong scratch orchestra madhyome taanr dekha haoya bivinno ingrezi surkar ebong portsmouther bochorguli theke malcom huges ebong jeffrey steeler moto "system" shilpider dwara probhabito.

michael parsons (sangeetkaar) michael edward parsons (janm 12 december 1938) aek british sangeetkaar chhe. 1960naa daaykaathi, jyaare teo cornelius cardune malyaa aneey scratch orchestra shodhvaamaa madad curry, tyaare parsons prayogik sangeetni angreji shaala saathe majboot reete sankalaayela chhe. teo boltonma janmya hataa aneey 1961maan londonni royal college off musicma pieter racine fricker hethal rachnana paath sheekhta pahelaa oxfordnee saint john collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato. 1960naa daykama teo cornelius cardune malyaa hataa; parsonse 1968thee morley collegemaa carduna prayogik sangeet vargomaa haajari aapee hatee. 1969maan cardue, parsons aneey saathee sangeetkaar hovarda scamptne scatch orchestrani sthaapnaa curry hatee, jeey samkalin sangeet pradarshan maate samarpeet aek prayogik mafat samooh chhe. carduni aagevani hethalnaa rajkarana parinaame 1970naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa orchestra tutee gayoo hatoo. parsons orchestrana sabhyomaa saamel hataa jemane cardue dwara prachaar karvaamaa aavtaa maovadi raajkaaran saathe jodaavaano incar karyo hato aneey tyaanthi chaalya gayaa hataa. 1970maan parsonse portsmouth polytechnicna fine aart vibhagma aneey slade school off aart, university college londonma mulakati lacturer tareeke kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo. 1974maan temane aneey scamptne temnaa potaana kaaryo karvaa maate aek jodee banaavi. parsons churchill college, cambridgema dhvee-saathee hataa. aaa samay darmiyan temane ketalnaa yard, cambridge khaate sangeet jalsaanu aayojan karyoo hatoo. 1960naa daaykaani sharuaatthi parsons sangeet parr lekhak tareeke pann sakreey chhe; temnaa lakhanoma samkalin angreji sangeetkaaro parr sankhyaabandh mahatvapurn lekho saamel chhe. parsonsnu sangeet kahevata newyork school (john kej, morton feldman aneey christian wolf) naa sangeetkaaro, viveedh angreji sangeetkaaro keey jeey teo cardue aneey scratch orchestra dwara malyaa hataa, aneey portsmouthnaa varshothi, malcum huges aneey jephree steel jevaa "systems" kalaakaarothi prabhaavit chhe.

michael parsons (sangeetkaar) michael edward parsons (janm 12 disambar 1938) ack british sangeetkaar hain. 1960 key dashak seey, jaba way cornelius cardue seey mille aur scratch orchestra khojane mein madad kii, tou parsons prayogaatmak sangeet key angreji school key saath dridhata seey judey rahey hain. unakaa janm bolton mein huaa thaa aur unhone 1961 mein landan key royal college off music mein peater racine fricker key tahat rachana kaa paath lene seey pahale sent johns college, oxford mein adhyayan kiya thaa. 1960 key dashak mein way cornelius cardue seey mille; parsons ney 1968 seey morley college mein cardue kii prayogaatmak sangeet kakshaon mein bhaag liya. 1969 mein cardue, parsons aur saathi sangeetkaar howard scampton ney scratch orchestra kii sthaapana kii, joe samkaaleen sangeet kaa pradarshan karane key liye samarpit ack prayogaatmak mukt samooh thaa. orchestra 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein aanshik roop seey cardue key netritva mein rajneetikaran key parinamswarup toot gayaa. parson una orchestra sadasyon mein seey they jinhone maovadi rajneeti key saath judane seey incar curr diyaa thaa, cardue prachaar curr rhaa thaa, aur chalaa gayaa. 1970 mein parsons ney portsmouth polytechnic key lalit kalaa vibhaag mein aur slade school off art, university college landan mein visiting lecturer key roop mein kaam karna shuru kiya. 1974 mein unhone aur scampton ney apane swayam key karyon koo karane key liye ack jodee banaai. 1996-97 parsons churchill college, cambridge mein ack dwi-sahayogi they. iss dauran unhone cambridge key kettle yard mein sangeet karyakram aayojit kiye. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat seey parsons sangeet parr ack lekhak key roop mein bhee sakriya rahey hain; unake lekhan mein samkaaleen angreji sangeetkaron parr kaee mahatvapurna lekh shamil hain. parsons kaa sangeet tathaakathit newyork school (johnn cage, morton feldman aur christian wolf) key sangeetkaron, vibhinn angreji sangeetkaron seey prabhaavit haye, joe cardue aur scratch orchestra key madhyam seey mille they, aur portsmouth varshon seey, "system" kalakar jaise kii malcum huges aur jeffrey steel.

micheal parsons (samyojaka) micheal edward parsons (janana december 12,1938) obba british samyojaka. 1960rahra dasakadinda, avaru cornelius cardue avarannu bhetiyaadaaga mattu scratch archestravannu kanduhidiyalu sahaaya madidaga, parsons prayogika sangeetada inglish shaaleyondige balavagi sambandha hondiddaare. avaru 1961ralli london raayal college off musicanalli peater racine frickern adiyalli samyojaneya pathagalannu tegedukolluva modalu oxfordn saint johns colleginalli adhyayana maadidaru. 1960rahra dasakadalli avaru cornelius cardunannu bhetiyaadaru; parsons 1968rinda marley colleginalli carduna prayogika sangeeta taragatigalalli bhagavahisidaru. 1969ralli cardue, parsons mattu saha samyojaka hovard skempton avaru scratch archestravannu sthaapisidaru, idu samakaalina sangeetavannu pradarshisalu misalaagiruva prayogika uchita samoohavaagide. cardue netrutvada raajakeeyateya parinaamavaagi, 1970rahra dashakada aarambhadalli vaadyavrundavu bhagashah muridubittu. cardue prachara maaduttidda mavovadi raajakeeyadondige sambandha hondalu nirakarisida vaadyavrundada sadasyaralli parsons kooda obbaraagiddaru mattu allinda horatuhodaru. 1970ralli parsons portsmouth polytechnicna lalitakale vibhagadalli mattu london university collegina slade school off artnalli sandarshaka upanyasakaragi kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru. 1974ralli avaru mattu skempton tammade aada krutigalannu nirvahisalu jodiyannu rachisidaru. parsons avaru cambridgen churchill colleginalli bye-phelo aagiddaru. ee samayadalli avaru ketalna angala, cambridgenalli sangeeta kacherigalannu ayojisidaru. 1960rahra dashakada aarambhadindalu parsons sangeetada barahagararagi sakriyaragiddare; avara barahagalli samakaalina inglish samyojakara bagge halavaaru pramukha lekhanagalu serive. parsonsna sangeetavu newyork school (zaan cage, marton feldman mattu christian wolf) endu kareyalpaduva samyojakaru, cartue mattu scratch archestra moolaka bhetiyaada vividha inglish samyojakaru mattu portsmouth varshagalinda, malcum hughes mattu jeffrey steel avarantaha "systems" kalaavidarinda prabhaavitavaagide.

maikkal paarsans (samgeethasamvidhaayakan) maikkal edward paarsans (jananam desember 12,1938) oru britiish samgeethasamvidhaayakanaanu. 1960kall muthal, addeham cornelius carduvine kandumuttukayum scratch oorkkastra kandethaan sahayikkukayum cheythappol, paarsans engleesh school oof experimental myoosikkumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1961ll landanile royal koleju oof myusikkil peettar racine frickerinte keezhil composition paadangal padikkunnathinu munbu addeham ooksfoordile sent johns collegil padichu. 1960kalil addeham cornelius carduvine kandumutty; 1968 muthal morley collegil carduvinte pareekshanathmaka sangeetha klaasukalil paarsanmaar pankedutthu. 1969ll cardue, paarsans, sahasamvidhaayakan howard skempton ennivar samakaalika samgeetham avatharippikkunnathin samarppichirikkunna oru pareekshanathmaka soujanya samghamaaya scratch oorkkastra sthaapichu. cardueyude neethrthwathilulla raashtreeyavalkkaranathinte falamaayi 1970 kalude thudakkathil oorkkastra thakarnnu. cardue pracharippichukondirunna mavovada raashtreeyavumaayi bandhappedaan visammathikkukayum vittupokukayum cheytha orkkastraamgangalil parsonsum ulppedunnu. 1970-ll paarsans porttsmouthu polytechnicinte phine art vibhaagathilum landanile yooniversitti kolejile slade school oof artilum visitting lactureraayi pravartthikkaan thudangi. 1974ll adhehavum skempton chernnu avarude swantham srishtikal nirvahikkunnathinaayi oru jody roopeekarichu. 1996-97 ll paarsans kembridjile charchil kolejile oru dvi-anuyayiyaayirunnu. eee samayat addeham kembridjile kettils yardle kacherikal samghadippichu. 1960 kalude thudakkam muthal paarsans samgeethathekkurichulla oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayilum sajeevamaan; addehathinte rachanakalil samakaalika engleesh samgeethasamvidhaayakarekkurillachuri niravadhi pradhana lekhanangal ulppedunnu. newyork school (joonn kej, morttan feldman, kristhyan wolf) ennu vilikkappedunna samgeethasamvidhaayakar, cardue, scratch oorkkastra ennivayiloode addeham kandumuttya vividha engleesh samgeethasamvidhaayakar, porttsmouthu varshangal muthal malcom hugus, jephri steel thudangiya sisttam aarttistukal enniva paarsansinte samgeethathe swaadheenikkunnu.

michael parsons (sangitkar) michael edward parsons (janm 12 december 1938) heey eka british sangitkar aahet. 1960 chya dashakapasun, jevha too cornelius cardula bhetala aanee scratch aurkestra shodhanyat madat kelee, tevha parsons prayogik sangitachya ingraji shaleshi drudhpane sambandhit aahe. 1961 madhye londonmadhil royal college auph musicmadhye pieter racine freekerchya antargat rachaneche dhade ghenyapurvi too boltonmadhye janmala aanee oxfordchya seent johns collegemadhye shikala. 1960 chya dashakat too cornelius cardula bhetala; parsons 1968 pasoon morley collegemadhye carduechya prayogik sangeet varganna upasthit rahile. 1969 madhye cardue, parsons aanee sahkari sangitkar howard scampton yanni scratch aurkestrachi sthapana kelee, joou samkalin sangeet sadar karnyasathi samarpit eka prayogik mukt samooh aahe. carduechya netrutvakhalil rajkaranamule anshatah, anshatah dashakachya suruvatila vadyavrund tutala. cardue jyaa maovadi rajkaranacha prachar karat hota tyachyashi sambandhit honyas nakar nakar vadyavrund sadasyanmadhye parsonscha samavesh hota aanee teey nighun gele. 1970 madhye parsonsney portsmouth polytechnicchya lalit qalaa vibhagat aanee londonchya university collegechya slade school auph aartmadhye abhyagat vyakhyate mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. 1974 madhye tyanni aanee scampton yanni tyanchi swatachi kaame karnyasathi eka jodee tayar kelee. parsons heey cambridge yetheel churchill mahavidhyalayat buy-fallow hote. yaa kalat tyanni kembridge yetheel kettles yardmadhye maifili aayojit kelya. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun parsons sangitavar lekhak mhanoon dekhil sakriy aahet; tyanchya likhanat samkalin ingraji sangitkaranvaril anek mahattvache lekh samavisht aahet. parsonschya sangitavar, tathakathit newyork shaleche (johnn kej, morton feldman aanee khrishchan wolf) sangitkar anton weburn, cardue aanee scratch aurkestrachya madhyamatoon tyanna bhetalele vividh ingraji sangitkar aanee portsmouthchya kalapasoon, malcum huggess aanee jeffrey steel yanchyasarkhe 'systeams' kalakar yancha prabhav aahe.

micheal parsons (sangitkar) micheal edward parsons (janma 12 december 1938) ek britis sangitkar hun. sann 1960 ko dashakdekhi, jab unle carnelius cardulai bhete rar scratch archestra fela parne maddat gare, parsons prayogatmak sangitko angreji schoolsanga dridhatapurwak sambandhit chha. uni boltonma janmeka thie rar sann 1961 maa londonko royal college aff musicma pieter recine freekerko adhinma rachana path linuaghi cent john college, oxfordma adhyayan gareka thie. sann 1960 ko dashakma unle carnelius cardulai bhete; parsonharule sann 1968 dekhi morley kalejma cardueko prayogatmak sangit kakshaharuma bhag lie. sann 1969 maa cardue, parson rar sathi sangitkar haward scamptonle scratch archestra sthapana gare, june samakalin sangit pradarshan garna samarpit ek prayogatmak nihshulk samuha how. anshik rupma cardeco netritwama bhaeko rajnitikaranko parinamka rupma sann 1970 ko dashakko suruma archestra tuteko thiyo. cardulay prachar gariraheko maowadi rajnitima sanlagna huna aswikar garne archestra sadasyaharu madhye parsonharu thie, rar chhodera gae. sann 1970 maa parsonsle portsmouth politechnicko lalit kala vibhag rar slade schol aff art, university college londonma agantuk wyakhyata rupma kaam garna thale. sann 1974 maa unle rar scamptonle afnai kaam garna jody banae. 1996-97 maa parsons charchil college, cambridgema dwi-sathi thie. yass samayama unle kettles yard, cambridgema concertharu ayojana gare. sann 1960 ko dashakko prarambhadekhi parsons sangitma lekhakko rupma pani sakriya chhan; unka lekhanharuma samakalin angreji sangitkarharuma dherai mahatwapurna lekhharu samawesh chhan. parsonsko sangit tathakathit newyork schol (john kej, morton feldman rar christian wolf) kaa sangitkarharu, cardue rar scratch archestra marfat bheteka vibhinna angreji sangitkarharu, rar portsmouth warshaharubata, malkam hugs rar jeffrey still jasta "system" kalakarharudwara prabhawit chha.

michael parsons (sangeetakara) michael edward parsons (janma 12 december 1938) jane british sangeetakara. 1960 dashakaru, jetebele shay cornelius kardyunku bhetithile ebong scratch arkestra khojibare sahajya karithile, parsonmane ingraji skula off experimental music sahita drudha bhabare jadita achanti . shay boltonre janmagrahana karithile ebong 1961 ray londner rayal college off myujikare pieter resin frikaranka adheenare rachna paath grahan kariba purbaru cent zohn college, oxfordre adhyajana karithile. 1960 dashakare shay cornelius kardyunku bhetithile; parsonmane 1968 ru merley kalejare kardyunka parikhyamulaka sangeeta shreneere joga deithile. 1969 ray cardue, parson ebong saathee composure haward scampton scratch arkestra pratistha karithile, jaahaa samasamajika sangeeta pradarshan paain utsargeekruta eka parikhyamulaka magana dala . aanshika bhabe kardyunka netrutware rajanaitikaranara parinam swaroopa, 1970 dashkar prarambhare arkestra bhangi jaithila. parsonmane arkestra sadasyamananka madhyare thile jeunmane maobadi rajneeti sahita jadita hebaku manah karithile cardue prachara karuthile, ebong chalijaithile . 1970 masihare parsonmane portsmouth polytechnicra fine art bibhagare ebong londner junivarasiti colleger slade skul off artre paridarshaka adhyapaka bhabare karjya arambha karithile. 1974 masihare shay ebong scampton niz niz karjya sampadana kariba paain eka jodi gathan karithile. parsonmane cambridger churchill kalejare jane dui-sahajogee thile. ehi samajare shay cambridger ketley 'saas jardare sangeeta karjyakram ayojan karithile. 1960 dashkar prarambharu parsonmane sangeeta upare jane lekhaka bhabare madhya sakriya achanti; taanka lekhare samasamajika ingraji surakaranka upare aneka gurutwapurna nibandha antarbhukta . parsonsnka sangeeta tathakathita nyujarka schooler (zohn kays, morton feldman ebong khristian wolf) rachajita anton webarna, cardue ebong scratch arkestra madhyamare shay bhetithiba bibhinna ingraji sangeetakara ebong portsmouth barsharu, malcome hugs ebong jephre stilnka pari "system" kalakaranka dwara prabhabita .

michael parsons (sangeetkar) michael edward parsons (janam 12 dasambar 1938) ikk british sangeetkar haii. 1960 dey dahake toon, jadon uh carnelius cardioo noon miliaa atey scratch archestra labbhan witch sahaita keeti, taan parson prayogatmak sangeet dey angrezi school naal mazbooti naal jude rahey hunn. uh bolton witch paida hoiaa see atey 1961 witch london dey raail kaalaj aaf music witch pieter racine fricker dey adheen rachna daa paath lainn toon pahilan cent johns kaalaj, oxford witch padhiaa see. 1960 dey dahake witch uh carnelius cardioo noon miliaa; parson neey 1968 toon morle kaalaj witch cardioo deeaan prayogatmak sangeet classes witch hissa liaa. 1969 witch cardioo, parson atey saathi sangeetkar haward scampton neey scratch archestra dee sathapana keeti, joe samkali sangeet pardarshan laee samarpit ikk prayogatmak mufat samooh haii. archestra 1970 dey dahake dey arambh witch tutt giaa, kujh hadd takk cardioo dee agvai witch siaasat dey natije vajon. parson uhanan archestra memberan vicchon ikk sunn jinhan neey maovadi rajneeti naal juden toon inkaar qarr ditta see jiss daa prachar cardue qarr riha see, atey chaley gaye. 1970 witch parsons neey portsmouth polytechnic dey fine aart vibhag atey slad school aaf aart, university kaalaj london witch visiting lacturar vajon kamm karna shuru keeta. sann 1974 witch uhanan atey scampton neey aapne kamm curran laee ikk jodee banayi. 1996-97 witch parsons charchil kaalaj, cambridge witch ikk doou-failo see. iss dauran unhan neey cattle dey vihade, cambridge witch sangeet samarohan daa ayojan keeta. 1960 dey dahake dey arambh toon parson sangeet utte ikk lekhak dey roop witch vee sargaram rahey hunn; unhan deeaan likhtan witch samkali angrezi sangeetkaran utte kaee mahattavpuran lekh shamal hunn. parsons daa sangeet akhauti newyork school (john kej, morton feldman atey krishchian wolf) dey sangeetkaran, vakkh-vakkh angrezi sangeetkaran duaara prabhavit haii joe uh cardioo atey scratch archestra duaara mille sunn, atey portsmouth saalan toon, "system" kalakar jiven kii malcum hugs atey jaifri steel.

mckell parsons (sangeeta-rachanaakaarah) mckell edward parsons (janma 12 december 1938) ekaha british-sangeeta-rachanaakaarah asti. 1960 tamaat dashakaat, yadaa saha carnelius cardue ityanena saha militavaan, tathaa cha skryaach-archestra ityasya sthaapane sahayyam krutavaan, tadaa parsons-sangeetasy aangl-vidyaalayen saha prayogaatmak-sangeetasy drudatayaa sambadhah asti. saha bolton-nagare janma praapnot, 1961 tame varshe landan-nagarasya rayal-college-aaf-music-madhye peater-resin-fricker ityasya adheene rachanaa-paatham graheetum poorvam sent-johns-college-oxford-madhye adhyayanam krutavaan. 1960 tame dashake saha carnelius-cardue ityanena saha militavaan; parson-janaah 1968 tame varshe morley-mahaavidyaalaye cardue ityasya prayogaatmak-sangeeta-vargeshu upasthitau aasan. 1969 tame varshe cardue, parson-janaah, saha-sangeetakaarah haward scampton cha scratch-archestra iti samakaaleen-sangeetasy pradarshanartham samarpitasya prayogaatmak-nihshulka-samuhasya sthapanam akarot. 1970 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, aamshikaroopena cardue ityasya netrutve raajanaitik-parinaamen vaadyavrundah vicchinnah abhavat. parson-varyaha vaadyavrundasya sadasyeshu anyatamah aasit, ye cardue-ityasya pracharasya maovaada-rajanityam saha sambaddhum niraakrutya, nishkaasitaah. 1970 tame varshe parson-janaah portsmout polytechnic ityasya lalitakalaa-vibhaage, landan-vishvavidyaalayasya mahaavidyaalayasya slade-school-aaf-art ityasmin cha atithi-vyakhyata-rupena karyam aarabdhavantah. 1974 tame varshe saha, scampton cha swakeeyam karyam kartum yugalam asthaapayat. 1996-97 madhye parsons kembridge-nagarasya charchil-mahaavidyaalaye dwi-sahcharah aasit. asmin samaye saha kettles-yard, kembridge ityatra sangeeta-karyakraman aayojayat. 1960 tamadashakasy arambhat aarabhy parsons sangeetasy lekhakatvena api sakriyah asti; tasya lekhaneshu samakaaleen-aangl-sangitakaranam vishaye aneke mahattvapoorna-lekhah santi. parsons ityasya sangeetam nyoo yaark-vidyaalayasya (jaan kej, morton feldman tathaa christian wolf) sangitakaraihi aantan weburn ityanena, cardue tathaa skryaach archestra ityasya madhyamena militaih vividhaihi aangl-sangitakaraihi, portsmout-varshaat maalkam hyoogs tathaa jeffrey steel ityaadayah "systems" kalaakaaraih prabhaavitam asti.

michael parsons (isaiyamaippaalar) michael edward parsons (prappu disambar 12,1938) oru british isaiyamaippaalar aavaar. 1960 kazhil irunthu, avar carnelius cartuviche santhiththu, keeral isaikkuzhuvaik kandupidikka uthaviyapoathu, parsons aangkila soathanai isaiyin palliyudan valuvaaga thodarpudaiyathu. 1961 aam aandil landanil ulla raayal kaalej off musicle piittar raesin frickerin keezh isaiyamaippup paadangkalai eduppatharku munbu oxportil ulla saint johns kallooriyil padiththaar. 1960 kazhil avar carnelius kaarduvai sandhiththaar; parsons 1968 muthal morley kallooriyil carduvin soathanai isai vaguppugalil kalandhu kondanar. 1969 aam aandil cartue, parsons mattrum saga isaiyamaippaalar hovard skempton aagiyoar scratch archestravai niruvinar, idhu samagaala isaiyai nigazhththa arppanikappatta oru soathanai ilavasa kuzhuvaagum. 1970 kalin murpaguthiyil isaikkuzhu pirinthathu, oralavu cartue thalaimaiyilaana arasiyalmayamaakkalin vilaivaaga. cartue prachaaram seitha maavoayisa arasiyaludan thodarbu kolla maruththa isaikkuzhuvin uruppinargalil paarsanum oruvar, avar veliyaerinaar. 1970 aam aandil parsons poartsmavuth polytechnic nunkalai thuraiyilum, lundon palkalaikkazhagak kallooriyin slate school off artilum varugai virivuraiyaalaraaka paniyaattrath thodangkinaar. 1974 aam aandil avarum skemptonum thangal sontha padaippugalaich seiya oru jodiyai uruvaakkinar. 1996-97 ill parsons cambridgil ulla sarchchil kallooriyil iru-nanbaraaga irunthaar. inththa neraththil avar cambridgil ulla kettil muttraththil kachchaerigalai aerpaadu seithaar. 1960 kalin murpaguthiyil irunthu parsons isaiyil oru ezhuththaalaraagavum theeviramaaga irunthu varukiraar; avarathu ezhuththukkalil samagaala aangkila isaiyamaippaalargal kuriththa pala mukkiyamaana katturaigal adangkum. newyorg palli (john kej, marton feldman mattrum christhuva wolf) endru azhaikkappadupavargalin isaiyamaippaalargalaana anton weburn, cartue mattrum scratch archestra moolam avar santhiththa palvaeru aangkila isaiyamaippaalargal mattrum poartsmavuth aandugalilirunthu, maalgam hucks mattrum jeffrey steel poantra "systems" kalaignargalaal parsons isai paathikkappattullathu.

maikhel parsons (swarakarta) maikhel edward parsons (jananam december 12,1938) oka british swarakarta. 1960la nundi, athanu carnelius carduni kalusukuni, scratch archestranu kanugonadamlo sahayapadinappudu, parsons aangla prayogaatmaka sangeeta paatasaalato balamgaa sambandham kaligi undhi. athanu 1961loe landanlooni raayal college off musiclo peater racine fricker aadhvaryamlo composition paataalu neerchukunee mundu oxfordloni seyint johns kalasalalo chaduvukunnadu. 1960laloe athanu carnelius carduenu kalusukunnadu; parsons 1968 nundi morley kalasalalo cardue yokka prayogaatmaka sangeeta taragatulaku hajarayyaru. 1969loe cardue, parsons mariyu thoti swarakarta howard skempton scratch archestranu sthaapinchaaru, idhi samakaaleena sangeetaanni pradarsinchadaaniki ankitamaina prayogaatmaka uchita samishti. cardue netrutvamloni rajakeeyaala phalitamgaa 1970la praarambhamlo archestra vidipoyindi. cardue pracharam chestunna mavoist raajakeeyaalato sambandham kaligi undataaniki niraakarinchi, vellipoyina archestra sabhyulalo parsons unnaaru. 1970loe parsons portsmouth polytechnic yokka fine art vibhaagamlo mariyu landanlooni university college off art looni slade school off art loe visiting lecturerga panicheyadam praarambhinchaaru. 1974loe athanu mariyu skempton tama sonta rachanalanu nirvahinchadaaniki oka dvayam erpaatu chesaaru. parsons, 1996-97 loe, cambridgeloni churchill kalasalalo dvi-snehitudu. eee samayamlo athanu cambridgeloni ketil yardlo kachereelanu nirvahinchaadu. 1960la prarambham nundi parsons sangeetampai rachayitagaa kooda churukuga unnaaru; athani rachanalalo samakaaleena aangla swarakartalapai aneka mukhyamaina vyasalu unnaayi. newyork school (zaan cage, morton feldman mariyu christian wolf) anie pilavabade swarakartalu, cartue mariyu scratch archestra dwara kalusukunna vividha aangla swarakartalu, mariyu portsmouth samvatsaraala nundi, malcum hyoogs mariyu jeffrey steel vanti "systems" kalaakaarulu, anton weburn dwara parsons sangeetam prabhaavitamaindi.

michael parsons (mausiqar) michael edward parsons (paidaish 12 dasambar 1938) eek bartanvi mausiqar haine. 1960 kii dahayi say jabb wah carnelise cardio say milay aur screach archistra kuu talaash karnay mein madad kii tuu parson tajarbati mausiqi kay angrezi school say mazbuti say waabistah rahay haine. wah bolton mein paida hoay aur 1961 mein landan kay raail college aaf music mein petter recine farkar kay tahat composition kay asbaaq leenay say pehley sent jaanz college oxford mein taleem haasil kii. 1960 kii dahayi mein inn kii mulaqat carnelise cardio say hoyee. parson nay 1968 say morli college mein cardio kii tajarbati music classes mein sharkat kii. 1969 mein cardio parson aur saathi composure howard scampton nay screach archestra kii bunyaad rakhee juu asree mausiqi kii karkardgi kay liye waqaf eek tajarbati mufta majmuah hay. archistra 1970 kii dahayi kay awail mein jazwi toor parr cardio kii qayadat mein seyasat kay natijay mein toot gayaa. parson archistra kay inn arakeen mein shaamil thay jinhon nay iss moust seyasat say waabistah honay say ankaar kirr diyaa jiss kii cardio tashheer kirr rahay thay aur chalay gayey. 1970 mein parson nay portsmouth pouli technic kay fayen aart department aur sleed school aaf aart university college landan mein wizting lecturer kay toor parr kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa. 1974 mein inhon nay aur scampton nay apnay kaam anjaam deenay kay liye eek jodee banayi. parsons camberge kay charchal college mein eek duu saathi thay. iss doraan inhon nay cattle kay sahan camberge mein muhafil mausiqi kaa ahtamam kiyaa. 1960 kii dahayi kay awail say parson mausiqi parr eek masnaf kay toor parr bhee srgarm rahay haine. inn kii tehreeron mein asree angrezi mausiqaron parr mutadid aham mazamin shaamil haine. parsons kii mausiqi aintan webarn say mutasir hay juu naam nahaad neoyork school (jaan keej mortan feld meen aur krischan wolf) kay mausiqar haine mukhtalif angrezi mausiqar jinn say wah cardio aur screach archestra kay zariye milay thay aur port mouth kay saalon say "systems" fankaar jeesay melcom hugus aur jeefri steel.

00086bc609883b03d7bbc60c7e2bfafde9b7383d3e094db3671eb2218adc6847

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1240148

cocido

cocido Galician. Etymology. From . Spanish. Etymology. From the past participle of . Cognate with .

kukidu galician. byutpotti. poraa. spanis. byutpotti. otitor ongxogrohonor poraa. xoite gyat houk.

kokido galician. byutpatti. theke. spanish. byutpatti. atiter ongshogrohon theke. sange porichito hohn.

kokido galician. vyutpatti. maanthi. spanish. vyutpatti. bhutkaalmaa bhaag lenar. saathe parichit thaao.

kokido galician. vyutpatti. seey. spanish. vyutpatti. ateet key pratibhaagi seey. key saath parichit.

kokido galician. vyutpatti. ninda. spanish. vyutpatti. hindina bhagavahisuvikeyinda. avarondige gurutisikolli.

kokkido gallisian. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. spanish. padavyuthpathishaasthram. munkaala pankaalitthatthil ninnu. ariyuka.

kokido galician. vyutpatti. pasoon. spanish. vyutpatti. bhootkalatil sahbhagatoon. olakh karoon ghya.

kokido galician. wyutpatti. batt. spanis. wyutpatti. wigatko sahabhagibata. sita parichit hunuhos.

kokido galician. byutpatti. ru. spanis. byutpatti. ateeta anshagrahanaru. sahita parichita huantu.

cocido galician. shabdawali. toon. spanish. shabdawali. pichle hissa lainn toon. naal jaanhu hovo.

kokido galician. vyutpattih. ityatah. spanish-bhashayam. vyutpattih. ateeta pratibhagi. saha parichitah.

kogido calician. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. spanish. sorpirappiyal. kadantha kaala pankerpaalarkalidamirunthu. therinthukollungal.

kokido galician. vyutpatti. nundi. spanish. vyutpatti. gatha bhaagaswaamya nundi. thoo parichayam.

cocado galician. siftiyat. say. hispanvi. siftiyat. maazi kay shareek say. kay saath pehchanein.

00086d01a5a732971709e4ff1ed6eb42402fe3e5fa1d44cc61e5ac43c444401b

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=275531

misao

misao Serbo-Croatian. Etymology. . Related to . Cognate with , , , , , .

misau charbu-cretian. byutpotti. . xomporkito. ,,,,,, ror xoite gyat korok.

misao sarbo-kroyeshiya. byutpatti. . somporkito. sange porichito,,,,.

misaao sarbo-croatian. vyutpatti. . sambandhit. saathe samajo,,,,,.

misao serb-croatian. vyutpatti. . seey sambandhit. key saath sangyanatmak,,,,,.

misavo cerbo-croatian. vyutpatti. . sambandhiside. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

misavo serbo-croatian. padavyuthpathishaasthram. . bandhapetta. ,,,,, ennivayumaayi ariyuka.

misao serb-croatian. vyutpatti. . sambandhit. ,,,,,, saha olakhane.

misao sarbo-croatian. wyutpatti. . sambandhit. ,,,,, sanga parichit hunuhos.

misao sarba-croasian. byutpatti. .. saha jadita. sahita parichita huantu,,,,,.

misao sarbo-croatian. shabdawali. . naal sabandhat. naal sanket crow,,,,,.

misaavo-sarba-croatian. vyutpattih. . sambaddham. saha abhidnyaanam,,,,.

misavo serbo-groashiyan. sorpirappiyal. . thodarpudaiyathu. ,,,,, aagiyavattrudan ariyavum.

misao serbo-croatian. etymology. . related to . cognate with , , , , , .

meso sarbo karoshiyayi. siftiyat. . say mutaliq. kay saath kuu pehchaan lain.

00086ed6103ac89c31db9d7b87457e3efaaacd411076446b13957b11bf134f45

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21506981

Loulouni

Loulouni Loulouni is a small town and rural commune in the Cercle of Kadiolo in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 1,052 square kilometers and includes the town and 28 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 38,919. The town of Loulouni, the administrative center ("chef-lieu") of the commune, is 41 km north-northeast of Kadiolo on the RN7, the main road between Sikasso and Ouangolodougou in the Ivory Coast. It lies close to Mount Tenakourou on the border with Burkina Faso, the highest point of that country. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

luluni luluni hoise dokhyin maalir sikasu oncholor kaadio "lo" ror charkolor etaa xoru sohor aaru gramyo xomproday. ei communetuwe 1,052 borgo kilometer eleka aawori aase aaru iyat sohorkhon aaru 28khon gaau ontorbhukto aase. 2009 sonor lukopiyolot iyar jonoxongkhya aasil 38,919 john. communor proxaxonik kendro ("seph-liu") lo 'luni sohortu hatidanto upokulor sikasu aaru owangguludugur maajor mukhyo poth aar. eno. 7-too kariyulur poraa 41 kilometer uttor-uttor-pubot owosthito. ee xei dexor xorbuscho bindu burkina faxur ximantot tenakurou porbotor usorot owosthito.

luluni luluni dakkhin malir sikaso anchaler cadiolo circler ekti chhoto shohor ebong gramin sampradai. eyi sampradayti 1,052 borgo kilometres elaka judey bistrito ebong etey shohor ebong 28tii grama royeche. 2009 saaler jonogonona onusare err jonosongkha chhilo 38,919 john. communityr proshashonik kendra ("shafe-liu") luluni shaharti, rn 7-ayee cadiolo theke 41 kilometres uttor-uttor-purbe abosthito, jaa hatir daanter upokule sikaso ebong wangolodugur modhye prodhan sadak. etty seii desher sorbochcho bindu burkina faso seemante tenakorou porboter kachhe abosthito.

luluni luluni aee dakshin maalinaa sikaso pradeshmaa kaadiyolonaa sarkalma aavelu aek naanu shaher aneey graameen samudaay chhe. aaa samudaay 1,052 choras kilometres vistaarmaa felaayelo chhe aneey temaa shaher aneey 28 gaamono samaavesh thaay chhe. chhe vastee ganatarimaa tenee vastee 38,919 hatee. commune vahivati kendra ("shafe-liyu") lulonee shaher, hathidantna dariyakanthe sikaso aneey oangolodougo vachcheno mukhya maarg rn 7 parr kaadiolothee 41 kimee uttar-uttarpurvmaa chhe. teey teey deshnu sauthee unchu bindu burkina faasoni sarhad parr tenakorau parvatni najik aavelu chhe.

lauluni luluni dakshini maali key sikaso kshetra mein cadiolo key sarkal mein ack chhota saa shahar aur graameen samudaay haye. iss samudaay kaa kshetrafal 1,052 varg kilometres haye aur isamen shahar aur 28 gaanv shamil hain. 2009 kii janganana mein isaki aabaadi 38,919 thee. kamyoon kaa prashaasnik kendra ("shafe-liu") lauluni shahar, hathidant tata mein sikaso aur oangolodougu key beach mukhya sadak sadak parr cadiolo seey 41 kimmy uttar-uttar poorv mein haye. yeh usa desh key sabse oonche bindu burkina faso key saath seema parr mount tenacorou key karib sthit haye.

lauloni laulauni daksina maaliya sikaso pradeshada kadiyoloda vrattadalliruva ondu sanna pattana mattu grameena samudaayavaagide. ee samudaayavu 1,052 chadara kilometer vistirnavannu hondide mattu pattana mattu 28 gramagalannu olagondide. 2009rahra janaganatiya prakara idu 38,919 janasankhyeyannu hondittu. samudaayada aadalita kendravaada ("cheff-liu") laulooni pattanavu, dantada karaavaliyalliruva sikaso mattu ouvaangoloodaugou naduvina mukhya rasteyaada rn7nalli kadiyolodinda 41 kii. mea. uttara-eeshaanyadallide. idu aaa deshada athi ettarada sthalavaada burkina faso gadiyalliruva tenacourou parvatakke hattiradallide.

lauloni thekkan maaliyile sikaso mekhalayile cadioloyile oru cheria pattanavum grameena kammyoonumaanu laulooni. pattanavum 28 graamangalum ulppedunna eee kammyoon 1,052 chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunnu. 2009 leeii sensus prakaram ividuthe janasamkhya 38,919 aayirunnu. kammyooninte bharana kendramaaya ("shef-liu") laulooni pattanam, anakkombu theerathe sikasoik oovaanglodougoovinum edayilulla pradhana rodaaya rodaaya kadiyoloyil ninnu 41 kilometer vadakku-vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithicheyyunnu. aaa raajyathe ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalamaaya burkina faasoyude athirthiyile tenacoro parvathathinu sameepamaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.

luluni luluni heey dakshin malichya sikaso pradeshatil kadiolochya sarkalmadhil eka chhote shahar aanee grameen samuday aahe. yaa samudayache kshetrafal 1,052 chauras kilometer aahe aanee tyat shahar aanee 28 gavancha samavesh aahe. 2009 chya jangananenusar tyachi loksankhya 38,919 hotee. samudayache prashasakeey kendra (shafe-lioo) asalele laulooni shahar, aar. aine. 7 varr kadiolochya uttar-ishanyes 41 kiimii antaravar aahe, joou hastidant kinanyavaril sikaso aanee oangolodaugu darmyancha mukhya rasta aahe. too tyaa deshatil sarvat unch bindu asalelya burkina fasochya simevar tenakorau parvatachya jawal aahe.

luluni luluni heuchhi dakhina malira sikaso anchalara cadiolo saraklere eka chhot sahara ebong grameena commune . ehi commune 1,052 berg kilometer anchalare paribyapta ebong ethire sahara ebong 28tii gramm antarbhukta. 2009 janganana anujai ehara janasankhya 38,919 thila. communra prashasanika kendra ("shafe-liu") luluni saharati, hatidant upakoolare sikaso ebong owangolodougu madhyare mukhya rasta, rn7 ray cadiolo thaaru 41 kilometer uttara-uttara purbare abasthita. ehaa sehi deshar sarbocha bindu burkina faso seemaare thiba tenakorou parbata nikatare abasthita.

lauluni lauluni dakkhni maali dey sikaso khetar witch cadiolo dey circle witch ikk chhota jiha shehar atey pendu kamioon haii. kamioon daa khetarfal 1,052 varag kilometer haii atey iss witch shehar atey 28 pind shamal hunn. 2009 dee mardamshumari witch iss dee aabadi 38,919 see. kamioon daa parshaski kendra ("shaff-lioo") lauluni daa shehar, aar. ainn. 7 utte cadiolo toon 41 kilometer uttar-uttar purab witch haii, joe haathi dand dey tatt witch sikaso atey ongolodogu dey vichkaar mukkh sadak haii. ih burkina faso dee sarhadd utte tenacoro pahaad dey nede sathit haii, joe uss desh daa sabh toon uccha bindu haii.

lulunee loolaunee dakshina-maalee-pradeshasya sikaaso-pradeshe kaadiyolo-nagarasya laghunagaram graameen-samudayah cha asti. asya samudaayasy kshetrafalam 1,052 vargakilomeetar-parimitam asti, yatra nagaram 28 gramani cha santi. 2009 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 38,919 aasit. kamyoon ityasya prashasanikakendram ("shafe-liyu") lauloonee-nagaram, aar. enn. 7 ityatra kaadiyolo-nagaraat 41 kii. mee. uttar-eeshanyadishi asti, yat haatheedaantasy tate sikaaso-auaangolodaugau-ityetayoho madhye mukhyamargah asti. ayam deshasya sarvochchasthaanasya burkina-phaaso-nagarasya simayam tenaakorau-parvatasya sameepe sthitah asti.

luloni lavuni enbathu therku maaliyin sikaso piraanthiyaththil ulla kadiolo vattaththil ulla oru siriya nagaram mattrum graamappura commune aagum. inththa commune 1,052 sathura kilometer parappalavaik kondullathu mattrum nagaram mattrum 28 kiraamangalai ulladakkiyathu. 2009 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi idhan makkal thogai 38,919 aagum. commune nirvaaga myyamaana ("sef-liu") lavuni nagaram, kaadiyoaloavilirunthu 41 kimee vadakizhakkil rn7 ill ullathu, idhu yaanaikaal kadarkaraiyil ulla sigaasoavirkum avungoaloadoagoavirkum idaiyilaana mukiya saalaiyaagum. idhu antha naattin miga uyaramaana idamaana burgina pasovin ellaiyil ulla denagoru malaikku arugil amainthullathu.

lauli loulouni anedi dakshina maalilooni sikaso praantamlooni kaadiyolo sarkilloni oka chinna pattanam mariyu graameena commune. eee commune 1,052 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo undhi mariyu pattanaanni mariyu 28 gramalanu kaligi undhi. 2009 janabha lekkala prakaram dheeni janabha 38,919. commune yokka paripalana kendram ("cheff-liu") ayina louluuni pattanam, dantaala teeramlo sikaso mariyu ouvangolodougou madhya pradhana rahadari ayina rn7loe kadiyoloku uttara-eesaanyamgaa 41 kii. mea. dhooramlo undhi. idhi aaa desamlone ettaina pradaesamaina burkina faso sarihaddulo tenacourou parvataaniki daggaragaa undhi.

loli lolovni janubi maali kay scaso elaqay mein kadiolo kay circle mein eek chhota saa qasbah aur deehi kamyun hay. kamyun 1,052 marbaa chlometer kay raqbe parr maheet hay aur iss mein qasbah aur 28 gaaon shaamil haine. 2009 kii mardam shumari mein iss kii aabadi 38,919 thee. kamyun kaa intezami markaz ("sheef-liyo") loloni kaa qasbah aar aine 7 parr caudiolo say 41 chlometer shamaal-shamaal mashriq mein hay juu haathi daanat kay saahil mein scaso aur awangolodogo kay darmiyan markazi sadak hay. yaha barkina faaso kii sarhad parr pahaad tenacoro kay qareeb waaqa hay juu iss milk kaa sabb say ooncha maqaam hay.

0008715bc02b0033c6d5e7a54d77260e93ac32e82767afb1dbd5d8dc9e960cad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5485657

Tempted and Tried

Tempted and Tried Tempted and Tried is the 13th studio album by British folk rock band Steeleye Span. The album was recorded after a three-year hiatus after the release of "Back in Line". After releasing ten albums in fairly rapid succession during the 1970s, the band entered something of a creative dry spell, with 'Tempted' being only their 3rd album in 10 years. The album cover proclaims the album a "20th Anniversary Celebration", and the band was clearly eager to commemorate their anniversary, since strictly speaking the band had only been rehearsing in 1969, and didn't record until 1970. Long-time bassist Rick Kemp had left the band a few years earlier, due to a repetitive-motion shoulder injury that left him unable to play bass without pain. On tours, the band had rotated a variety of bassists in to replace him, but it was decided that in advance of the new album and a tour that the band needed a permanent bassist. Nigel Pegrum turned to a friend of his, Tim Harries, a self-taught bassist and classically trained pianist, who agreed to join. Harries brought the band some much-needed young blood, and "Tempted and Tried" proved a return to the band's 70s approach. Their previous two albums had relied heavily on songs written by the band and relatively little on traditional songs. But "Tempted and Tried" features mostly traditional songs arranged by the band, with only three new songs, all written by Peter Knight, and one of these, "Seagull", about the old game of Shove-penny, has a strong traditional feel to it. The only piece that feels strongly non-traditional is "Following Me", a song about a woman being stalked by a stranger who terrifies her. Highlights of the album include the vigorous "Jack Hall", the traditional ballad "The Two Butchers" and "The Fox", a short piece celebrating the cunning of a fox being hunted. In general, the album has a bright, confident feel to it, particularly "Padstow", which features a marvelous five-part harmony bridge. The album's title presumably refers to the fact that the band has become well-seasoned by 20 years of performing; it seems to be a line from the hymn "Farther Along". The cover features the head of a fox, in reference to the song. The album is dedicated to all those who supported the band over the previous 20 years. Shortly after the album was released, Pegrum chose to emigrate to Australia for relationship reasons, and the band brought in Liam Genockey to replace him as the drummer. Consequently, although Genocky does not appear on the album, he was the drummer for the band's 20th Anniversary Tour and appeared on the video of the tour. The album was well-received, particularly in comparison to its two predecessors, although few consider it up to the high standards of the band's heyday. However, perhaps because of the infusion of new blood and perhaps because of the excitement of the anniversary, the album marks the beginning of a slow resurgence for the band. Over the next several years, the band members recommitted themselves to playing together and began exploring traditional material in new ways. Their real revival would still be a few years off, however. "Following Me/ The Two Butchers" was released as a single on "Dover Records". However, it had a serial number "FLUT 4" which showed that it had originally been on the Flutterby label. Track listing. US Track listing (Shanachie): UK track listing (Chrysalis): References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

proluvito aaru chesta koraa britis luk rok bendo stilly spyanor spyanor studio 'elbamtu hoise prolupito aaru porikhya koraa. bek inn line" ror muktir pisot tini bosoror birotir pisot elbamtu record koraa hoisil. 1970-ror doxokot jothesto drutogotit dohta elbam mukoli korar pisot, bende ek sristixil dry spelor kiba etaa prowex korisil, 'proluvito' 10 bosoror bhitorot kewol teulukor tritiyo elbam aasil. elbamtur proschode elbamtu elbamtu barxiki udjapon" buli ghuxona kore, aaru bendtu spostobhabe teulukor barxiki udjapon koriboloi aagrohi aasil, jihetu kothurbhabe koo "boloi go" ley bende kewol 1969 sonot onuxilon korisil, aaru 1970 sonoloike record koraa nasil. dirghodiniya basisto rick kempe keibosorman purbe bendtu eri goisil, ek punorabritti-goti kandhor aaghator baabe ji teuk bix obihone bes bojaboloi okhyom kori tulisil. bhromonor xomoyot, bende teur thait bibhinno dhoronor basisto ghurai disil, kintu notun elbam aaru bhromonor purbe xiddhanto luwa hoisil je bendtuk ejon sthayi basistor proyujon. nijel pegrame teur ejon bondhu, time herij, ejon swo-xikhyito basisto aaru classicalvabe proxikhito piyanubadokor faale ghuri aahisil, ji jugdan koriboloi xonmot hoisil. heriye bendtur baabe kichu oti proyujoniyo juwo rokto korhiyai aane, aaru "prolupito aaru chesta koraa" bendtur 70-ror doxokor dristibhongiloi ghuri ohaa promanito hoisil. teulukor purbor dutaa elbam bendor dwara likha gitor uporot jothesto nirbhor korisil aaru poromporagot gitor uporot tulonamulokbhabe komm aasil. kintu "proluvito aaru chesta koraa" gitburot besibhag bendor dwara xaaj khaai thoka poromporagot geet aase, maatro tinita notun gitor xoite, xokolubur pitter naitor dwara likha, aaru iyar bhitorot etaa, "sigal", swubh-penir puroni khelor bixoye, iyat ek xoktixali poromporagot onubhob aase. ekmatro ongxotuwei jituwe drirhobhabe oh-poromporagot onubhob kore xeya hoise "muk onuxoron koraa", jitu geet ejon mohilak bhoy koraa ejon osinaki byoktiye onuxoron korar bixoye. elbamtur mukhyo bixoixomuhor bhitorot aase jurarere "jek holl", poromporagot ballad "dyo tu sasars" aaru "dyo fox", etaa xiyalor sikar korar kouxol udjapon koraa etaa suti tukura. xadharonote, elbamtut ek ujjwol, aatmobiswaxi onubhob aase, bixexkoi "pedstu", zo 'too ek bismoyokor paas-ongxor xamonjosyo xetu aase. elbamtur xirunamtuwe xombhobotoh ei kothatu bujay je bendtu 20 bosoror poriwexonor dwara bhaal-ritujukto hoi porise; eitu "odhik duroloi" stobor poraa etaa xaari zen laage. gittur xondorbhot proschodtut etaa xiyalor muur aase. bigoto 20 bosor dhori bendtuk xomorthon koraa xokolure baabe ei elbamtu utxorgito. elbamtu mukoli huwar kichu xomoyor pisote, pegrame xomporkor karonot australialoi probrojon koriboloi baasi loisil, aaru bende teur thait drummer hisape liam jenokik loi aahisil. pholsworupe, jodiu jenoki elbamot dekha nayay, tothapiu teu bendor 20 xongkhyok barxiki bhromonor drummer aasil aaru bhromonor video 'too dekha goisil. elbamtu bhaal protiprapto hoisil, bixexkoi iyar dutaa purboxuror tulnat, jodiu kisumane iyak bendor uscho mandondor uporot bibesona kore. obosye, hoyotu notun tejor prowexor baabe aaru xombhobotoh barxikir uttejonar baabe, elbamtuwe bendtur baabe ek monthor punorutthanor aarombhoni sinhito kore. poroborti keibosormanor bhitorot bendor xodosyoxokole ekeloge kheliboloi nijoke punor protisruti disil aaru notun dhorone poromporagot xamogri onwexon koriboloi aarombho korisil. obosye teulukor prokrito punorujjibon etiyau keibosormanor pisot hoh "bob. "mur pisot/dujon kocharok" "dodd" bhaar recordot ekok hisape mukoli koraa hoisil. obosye, iyat etaa kromik nombor "fluit 4" aasil jiye dekhuwaisil je ee mulotoh flatterbai labelot aasil. trekk talika. eu. ess. trekk talika (swanasi): eu. key. trekk talika (crycelis):

prolubdho ebong porikkhito british looka rock banned stilly spaner 13tomo studio albumty prolubdho ebong porikkhito. byaka inn line"-err muktir porr tinn bochorer birotir porr albumty record koraa hoy. 1970-err doshke motamuti druto dharabahikbhabe dashti album prokasher porr, bandti ekti srijanshil shushko speler kichute probesh korey, 'prolubdho' 10 bochore taader matro tritiya album chhilo. albumer prochchodti albumtike ekti "20tomo barshiki udjapon" ghoshana korey ebong bandti sposhtobhabe taader barshiki udjapon korte agrahi chhilo, jehetu kathorbhabe bolte gele bandti cable 1969 saale mahada dichchilo ebong 1970 saal porjonto record koreni. dirghodiner besbadok rick kemp koyek bochor agey banned chhede choley giechilen, ekti punorabrittimulok-goti kandher aghater karone jaa taake byatha chharai bases khelte akkham korey toley. soforer somoy, bandti taanr poriborte bivinno dharaner basistke ghuriye niyechilo, kintu siddhanta neoa hoyechilo jey notun album ebong ekti soforer agey bandtir ekti sthayi basister prayojan chhilo. nigel pegram taar bondhu, team harriser kachhe firey yaay, jini ekjon swa-shikkhito bassist ebong shastriyobhabe proshikkhito pianobadok, jini jog ditey raji hohn. harry bandtike kichhu prayojaniya torun rokto niye esechilo ebong "prolubdho ebong chesta koraa" bander 70-err doshke firey aasaar proman diyechilo. taader ager duti album banned dwara likhito gaaner upor byapokbhabe nirbhar korechilo ebong oitijjobahi gaaner upor tulonamulokbhabe qama. kintu "prolubdho ebong porikkhito" baisishtaguli beshirbhag banned dwara sajano oitijjobahi gaan, cable tinti notun gaan soho, sabgulii pitter night dwara likhito, ebong egulir modhye ekti, "sigal", purano khela somporke shove-penny, etir ekti shaktishali oitijjobahi anubhuti royeche. ekmatro gaan jaa probolbhabe oprocholito boley money hoy taa holl "amake anusaran koraa", ekti gaan jaa ekjon mohilake ekjon oporichito byakti dwara anusaran koraa hachche jey taake bhoy paay. albumer highlitegulir modhye royeche joralo "jack holl", oitijjobahi ballad "dya too kosai" ebong "dya fox", ekti chhoto tukro jaa ekti shialer chotur shicker udjapon korey. sadharonbhabe, albumtite ekti ujjal, attobiswasi anubhuti royeche, biseshoto "padsto", jaa ekti durdanto panch-ongsher sampreeti setu baisistyajukta. albumer shironamti sombhoboto eyi sottoke bojhai jey bandti 20 bochorer performingyer dwara vall-morsum hoye utheche; etty "arow doore" stob theke ekti line boley money hoy. prochchode ekti shialer matha royeche, gaaner prosonge. albumty bigoto 20 bochore jaaraa bandtike samarthan korechen taader sokoler jonno utsarga koraa hoyeche. albumty mukti pawar alpo somoyer modhyei, pegram somporker karone australia choley jete beche neyo ebong bandti drummer hisabe taanr poriborte liam jenki niye aase. falaswarup, jodio zinki albume uposthito hoy naa, tini bander 20tomo barshiki soforer jonno drummer chhilen ebong soforer videote uposthito hoyechilen. albumty bhalbhabe grihito hoyechilo, bishesh korey err dui purbosurir tulna, jodio khub qama lokyi etike bander uchcho maaner maan hisabe bibechona korey. tobey, sombhoboto notun rokter probaher karone ebong sombhoboto barshikite uttejonar karone, albumty bandtir jonno dheer punorutthaner suchona korey. poroborti koyek bochor dhorey, banned sadasyara nijerderke eksange khelar jonno punra protishrutiboddho korey ebong notun upaye oitijjobahi upadanguli anweshan korte shuru korey. tobey, taader prokrito punarujjiban ekhono koyek bochor doore thakbe. "amake anusaran koraa/dui kosai" "dover recordgulite ekok hisabe mukti paay. tobey, etir ekti kromik sankhya chhilo "flut 4" jaa dekhay jey etty mulat flatterby lebele chhilo. track talika. us track listing (shanachi): juktorajyer track talika (chrysalis):

lalchaavi aneey ajmavi british loqa roqa benned steely spaannu 13muun studiyo album chhe. beeka ina line" naa prakaashan pachhi trana varshnaa veeram pachhi aaa album reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1970naa daaykaa darmiyan ekdam zadpi anukramaa dass albums rajoo karyaa pachhi, bende sarjanatmak shushk mantramaa pravesh karyo, jemaa 'lalchaavelu' 10 varshmaa maatra temnu triju album hatoo. aalbamnu cover aalbamne "20mee varshgaanthni ujavani" jaaher karey chhe, aneey benned temnee varshgaanthni ujavani karvaa maate spashtpane utsuk hatoo, kaaran keey sakhat reete kaheeae too benned maatra 1969maan rehearsal curry rahyu hatoo, aneey 1970 sudhee reqorda karyoo naa hatoo. laambaa samaynaa bassist rick campay thodaa varsho pahelaa benned chhodi didhu hatoo, kaaran keey punraavartit-gatee khabhaani ijaae tene pidaa vinaa baas vagadvama asamarth banaavi deedho hato. pravasoma, bende temnaa sthaane viveedh prakaarnaa bassistsne fervyaa hataa, parantu teey nakki karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey navaa album aneey pravaasnee agaauthi bendne kaayamee bassistnee jaroor hatee. nigel pegram tenaa mitra, tima harries, swa-shikhvelaa bassist aneey shaastriy reete prashikshit piyanovadak taraf valyaa, jeey jodava maate sammat thayaa. harries bendne khoob jaj jaroori yuvan lohee laavya, aneey "lalchaavi aneey prayaas karyo" bendnaa 70 naa abhigamma paachha faryaa. temnaa agaauna beey aalbamo benned dwara lakhaayela geeto parr bhaare aadhaar raakhtaa hataa aneey paramparagat geeto parr pramanma ochha hataa. parantu "lalchaavelu aneey ajmavelu" mote bhaage benned dwara gothvaayelaa paramparagat geeto dharaave chhe, jemaa maatra trana navaa geeto chhe, jeey badhaa pieter night dwara lakhaayela chhe, aneey aamathi aek, "siegel", jeey shove-penini juunii ramat vishe chhe, temaa majboot paramparagat laagani chhe. ekmatra bhaag jeey majboot reete biin-paramparagat laage chhe teey chhe "maney anusarvu", aek geet jeey aek maheelano aek ajaani vyaktee dwara pichho karvaamaa aave chhe jeey tene daraave chhe. aalbamni mukhya visheshtaoma jordaar "jeeka holl", paramparagat lokgeet "beey kasaio" aneey "dhaa foakes" noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey shiyaalni chaalaakini ujavani karato tunko bhaag chhe. saamanya reete, aaa aalbamma aek tejasvi, aatmavishvasni laagani chhe, khaas kareene "pedsto", jemaa paanch bhagno adbhut samvadita pull chhe. aalbamnu sheershak sambhavatah aee hakeekatno ullekh karey chhe keey benned 20 varshnaa pradarshanthi saaree reete anoobhavi gayoo chhe; teey "durthi" stotrani aek panktee laage chhe. gitanaa sandarbhma kavarmaa shiyaalnu maathu chhe. aaa album teey badhaane samarpeet chhe jemane pachhala 20 varshomaa bendne teko aapyo hato. album release thayaana thodaa samay pachhi, pegrame sambandhona kaaranosar austreliya sthalaantar karvaanu pasand karyoo, aneey bende drummer tareeke temnee jagyae liam jeenokine laavya. parinaame, joke genocky aalbamma dekhaato nathee, teey bendnee 20mee varshgaanthnaa pravaas maate drummer hato aneey pravaasnaa videeyoma dekhaayo hato. aaa aalbamne saaro pratisaad malyo hato, khaas kareene tenaa beey purogaamioni sarkhaamanimaa, jooe keey thodaa loko tene bendnaa safaltaanaa uchch dhorano sudhee maane chhe. jooe keey, kadaach navaa loheena pravaahne kaarane aneey kadaach varshgaanthnaa utsaahne kaarane, aaa album benned maate dheema punrutthaanni sharuaat darshaave chhe. aagaami ketlaak varshomaa, bendnaa sabhyoae potaane eksaathe ramvaa maate fareethi pratibaddh karyaa aneey navee reete paramparagat saamagrini shodh sharoo curry. joke, temnu vaastavik punrutthaan haju thodaa varsho door hashe. "maney/beey kasaione anusareene" "dover records parr single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo". jooe keey, temaa aek shrenee number "flut 4" hato jeey darshaave chhe keey teey mulroope flutterby label parr hato. track listing. yuu. aesa. track listing (shaanaachi): yuke track listing (chrysalis):

lubhaaya aur koshish kii british lock rock baind steely spain kaa 13vaan studio album pralobhit aur azmaya gayaa haye. album koo "back inn line" key release honey key baad teen saal key antaral key baad record kiya gayaa thaa. 1970 key dashak key dauran kaafee teji seey duss album jaari karane key baad, baind ney ack rachanaatmak shushk jaadoo mein pravesh kiya, jisamen 'pralobhit' 10 varshon mein kewal unakaa teesara album thaa. album key aavaran mein album koo "20veen varshgaanth samaroh" ghoshit kiya gayaa haye, aur baind spasht roop seey apani varshgaanth manaane key liye utsuk thaa, kyonki sakhti seey kahein tou baind kewal 1969 mein abhyaas curr rhaa thaa, aur 1970 taka record naheen kiya thaa. lambe samay taka bassist rahey rick kemp ney kuchh saal pahale baind chhod diyaa thaa, kyonki ack doharaae jaane vaale-gati vaale kandhe kii chot key kaaran vaha binaa dard key baas khelane mein asamarth hoe gaye they. tour parr, baind ney unhein badalane key liye vibhinn prakaar key bassists koo ghumaaya thaa, lekin yeh nirnay liya gayaa thaa kii nae album aur ack daure seey pahale kii baind koo ack sthaayi bassist kii aavashyakta thee. nigel pegram ney apane ack dost, tima harris, ack swa-sikhaaya huaa bassist aur shaastriya roop seey prashikshit piyanovadak kii or rukh kiya, joe isamen shamil honey key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. harries ney baind koo kuchh bahut aavashyak yuva rakt laaya, aur "lubhaaya aur koshish kii" baind key 70 key dashak key drishtikon mein vaapsee saabit hui. unake pichhale dou albums mein baind dwara likhe gaye geeton parr bahut adhik bharosa kiya gayaa thaa aur paaramparik geeton parr apekshaakrit cumm. lekin "pralobhit aur aazamaae gaye" mein jyaadaatar paaramparik geet shamil hain, jinamen kewal teen nae geet hain, sabhi peater night dwara likhe gaye hain, aur inmein seey ack, "seagal", shove-penny key puraane khel key baare mein, ack majboot paaramparik anubhav haye. ekmatra tukada joe dridhata seey gair-paaramparik mahsoos kartaa haye vaha haye "meraa anusaran karna", ack mahila key baare mein ack geet joe ack ajnabi dwara peechha kiya jaa rhaa haye joe usey daraata haye. album key mukhya akarshanon mein jordar "jack holl", paaramparik gaathaagit "dou kasai" aur "lomdi" shamil hain, joe ack lomdi key shikaar kaa jashn manaane vaalaa ack chhota saa tukada haye. samanya taur parr, album mein ack ujjwal, aatmavishvaaspurna anubhav haye, vishesh roop seey "padsto", jisamen ack adbhut paanch-bhaag samanjasya pull haye. album kaa sheershak sambhavatah iss tathya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye kii baind pradarshan key 20 varshon seey achchi tarah seey anubhavi hoe gayaa haye; yeh bhajan "door seey" seey ack pankti prateet hoti haye. geet key sandarbh mein aavaran mein ack lomdi kaa sir haye. album una sabhi koo samarpit haye jinhone pichhale 20 varshon mein baind kaa samarthan kiya thaa. album key jaari honey key turant baad, pegram ney sambandhon key karanon seey australia mein pravaas karane kaa faisala kiya, aur baind ney unhein drummer key roop mein badalane key liye liam jinoki koo laaya. natijatan, halanki genocki album mein dikhaai naheen detaa haye, vaha baind kii 20 veen varshgaanth key daure key liye drummer thaa aur daure key video mein dikhaai diyaa. album koo achchi pratikriya millie, vishesh roop seey isake dou poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein, halanki kuchh loga ise baind key uchch manakon taka maanate hain. haalaanki, shayed nae rakt key pravaah key kaaran aur shayed varshgaanth key utsaah key kaaran, album baind key liye ack dheemi punrutthan kii shuruat kaa prateek haye. agale kaee varshon mein, baind key sadasyon ney khud koo ack saath khelane key liye phir seey pratibaddh kiya aur nae tarikon seey paaramparik samagri kii khoj shuru kii. haalaanki, unakaa vaastavik punruddhar abhee bhee kuchh saal door hoga. "mujhe faulo karate hue/dou kasai" "koo" "dover record" "parr ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, isamen ack crum sankhya "flut 4" thee joe darshaati thee kii yeh mool roop seey flutterby label parr thee. track soochi. yuu. aiss. track listing (shanachi): yuu. key. track listing (chrysalis):

pralobhane mattu prayatnisida british jaanapada rock byaand steely spanne 13neey studio album tempt mattu tride aagide. byaak inn line" bidugadeyaada nantara mooru varshagala viraamada nantara ee album annu dhwanimudrisalaayitu. 1970rahra dasakadalli hattu aalbangalannu saakashtu vegavagi bidugade maadida nantara, byaand srujanasheela shushka spelln enannaadaroo praveshisitu, 10 varsagalalli 'tempt' avara 3neey album maatra. albumna mukhaputavu album annu "20 neey vaarshikotsavada aacharane" endu ghooshisuttade, mattu byaand tamma vaarshikotsavavannu smarisalu spashtavagi utsukavagittu, ekendare kattunittaagi heluvudaadare byaand 1969 ralli maatra abhyasa maaduttittu, mattu 1970 ravarege record madalilla. deerghakaalada bassist rick kemp kelavu varshagala hinde byaand annu torediddaru, punaraavartita-chalaneya bhujada gaayadindaagi avaru novu illade baas nudisalu sadhyavagalilla. pravaasagalalli, byaand avanannu badalisalu vividha baas vaadakaru tirugisidaru, aadare hosa album mattu pravaasada munchitavaagi bandge shaashvata baas vaadakana agatyavide endu nirdharisalaayitu. nigel pegram tanna sneehita, swayam-kalisida baas vaadaka mattu shaastriyavaagi tarabeti padeda piano vaadaka tim harrisna kadege tirugidanu, avaru seralu oppidaru. harries vaadyavrundakke svalpamattige agatyaviruva yuva raktavannu tandaru, mattu "pralobhanegolagaada mattu prayatnisida" vaadyavrundavu 70rahra dashakada vidhanakke maralitu. avara hindina eradu aalbangalu byaand bareda haadugala mele hecchu avalambitavaagiddavu mattu saampradaayika haadugala mele tulanaatmakavaagi kadime avalambitavaagiddavu. aadare "pralobhane mattu prayatnisida" haadugalu hechchaagi byandninda jodisalpatta saampradaayika haadugalannu olagondive, kevala mooru hosa haadugalannu, ellah peater nait barediddaare, mattu ivugalalli ondu, "seagal", haleya aatavaada shove-penni bagge, balavaada saampradaayika bhavaneyannu hondide. nannannu himbaalisuvudu" embudu, obba mahileyannu bhayabhitarobba himbaalisuttiruvudara kuritaada haadu, idu saampradaayikavallada ekaika bhavaneyagide. ee albumna mukhyamshagalalli hurupina "jack haal", saampradaayika ballad "dhii too kasaayigaararu" mattu "dhii foxes", ondu sanna tunuku, ondu nari beteyaaduttiruva kutantravannu aacharisuttade. samanyavagi, ee albange prakashamanavada, aatmavishvaasada bhavaneyide, visheshavaagi "padsto", idu adbhutavaada aidu-bhagagala saamarasyada setuveyannu hondide. albumna shirshikeyu 20 varshagala pradarshanadinda byaand chennagi kaalamaanavannu padedukondide emba amshavannu soochisuttade; idu "doorada uddakkoo" emba stotrada ondu saalu endu toruttade. haadige sambandhisidante, covernalli narigala tale ide. ee album annu hindina 20 varsagalalli byaand annu bembalisida ellarigoo samarpisalaagide. album bidugadeyaada swalpa samayada nantara, pegram sambandhada karanagaligagi australiakke valase hogalu nirdharisidaru, mattu byaand avanannu drummer aagi badalisalu liam jenakiyannu karetanditu. idara parinaamavaagi, zenaki albamnalli kanisadiddaroo, avaru bandna 20neey vaarshikotsavada pravaasada drummer aagiddaru mattu pravaasada veediyodalli kanisikondaru. ee albange uttama pratikriye doretittu, visheshavaagi adara eradu purvavartigalige holisidare, aadaroo kelavaru idannu bandna uchhraaya sthitiya unnata maanadandagalendu pariganisuttaare. aadaagyoo, bahushah hosa raktada draavanadindaagi mattu bahushah vaarshikotsavada utsaahadindaagi, ee album bandge nidhaanagatiya punarutthaanada aarambhavannu soochisuttade. mundina halavaaru varsagalalli, byaand sadasyaru ottige aadalu tammannu taavu maru oppisikondaru mattu saampradaayika vastugalannu hosa reetiyalli anveshisalu praarambhisidaru. aadaagyoo, avara nijavaada punarujjeevanavu innoo kelavu varshagala dooradallide. "nannannu/ibbaru kasaayigaararannu anusarisuttaa" "dover recordsonalli ekageeteyaagi bidugadeyaayitu". aadaagyoo, idu "flut 4" emba sarani sankhyeyannu hondittu, idu moolatah flutterby lebalnalliddannu torisitu. track patti. yuu. ess. track listing (shanachi): yuke track listing (chrysalis):

pralobhippikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythu britiish naadodi roock baandaaya steeli spaante pathimoonnaamatthe studiyo aalbamaan pralobhippikkappedukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythath. back inn line" puratthirangi moonnu varshathe edavelaykku sheshamaan aalbam record cheythath. cheythath valare vegathil thudarchayaayi patthu aalbangal puratthirakkiya sesham, baand oru srishtiparamaaya dry spellil praveshichu, 10 varshathinide avarude moonnaamathe aalbam mathramaayirunnu 'pralobhippikkappettath'. aalbathinte puramchatta albathe "20-aamm vaarshika aakhosham" aayi prakhyaapikkunnu, avarude vaarshikam aaghoshikkaan baand vyakthamaayi utsukanaayirunnu, kaaranam karsanamaayi paranjaal baand 1969-ll maathramaan rihezhsal cheythirunnathu, 1970 vare record cheythilla. deerghakaala baas vaadakanaaya rick kemp kurachu varshangalkk munbu baand vittirunnu, kaaranam aavarthichulla chalana tholinu parikkettathinaal vedanayillaathe baas vaayikkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. toorukalil, addehathinu pakaramaayi baand vividha baastucheyyunnavare konduvannirunnu, ennaal puthiya aalbathinum oru tourinum munbu baandinu oru sthira baastucheyyunnayaal aavasyamaanennu theerumaanichu. nigel pegram thante suhruthaaya timm harisinode, svayam padippicha baasttu vaadiyum classical pariseelanam labhicha piyaanistum chernnukondu cheraan sammathichu. harris baandinu valare aavashyamaaya yuva rakthathe konduvannu, "pralobhippikkukayum pareekshikkukayum" cheythath baandinte 70 kalile sameepanathilekkulla thirichuvaravu theliyichu. avarude muun rund aalbangal baand ezhuthiya gaanangale valareyadhikam aasrayikkukayum parambaraagatha gaanangale thaarathamyena kuravaayirunnu. ennaal "pralobhippikkappettathum pareekshichathumaaya" ganangal kooduthalum baand krameekaricha parambaraagatha gaanangalaanu, moonnu puthiya ganangal maathrame ulloo, ellaam peettar naitt ezhuthiyathaanu, ivayilonnu, pazhaya shove-penni geyiminekkurichulla "seagal", sakthamaaya parambaraagatha anubhavamaan. enne pinthudaruka" enna gaanam maathramaan parambaraagathamallaathayi shakthamayi thonnunna oreyoru bhagam, oru sthriye bhayappeduthunna oru aparichithan pinthudarunnathinekkuruchiru oru gaanam. aalbathinte hailaittukalil oorjjaswalamaaya "jacq haal", parambaraagatha balled "rund kashaappukaaranmaar", kurukkane vettayaadunnathinte thanthram aaghoshikkunna oru cheria kashanam "kurukkan" enniva ulppedunnu. pothuve, aalbathin thilakkamaarnnathum aathmavishwaasamullathumaaya oru anubhavamund, prathyekichu anchu bhaagangalulla oru athbhuthakaramaaya haarnami bridge avatharippikkunna "paadsto". 20 varshathe prakadanatthiloode baand nannayi anubhavappettuvenna vasthuthaye aalbathinte peru soochippikkunnu; ithu "kooduthal dooram" enna sthuthigeethathil ninnulla oru variyaanennu thonnunnu. gaanathe paraamarsikkunna oru kurukkante thala kavaril undu. kazhinja 20 varshamaayi baandine pinthunacha ellaavarkkumaayi eee aalbam samarppikkunnu. aalbam puratthirangi taamasiyaathe, pegram bandha kaaranangalal oostreliyayilekku kudiyeraan theerumaanikkukayum addehathinu pakaram drummerayi liam jenoki baand konduvarikayum cheythu. thathfalamaayi, jenoki aalbathil prathyakshappedunnille, addeham baandinte 20-aamm vaarshika paryadanatthinte drummer aayirunnu, koodaathe paryadanatthinte veediyoyil prathyakshappettu. baandinte uyarnna nilavaaratthilekku kurachuper athine pariganikkunnundenkilum, prathyekichu athinte rund mungamikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aalbathin mikacha sveekaaryatha labhichu. ennirunnaalum, orupakshe puthiya rakthathinte infusion kaaranam, orupakshe vaarshikathinte avesham kaaranam, aalbam baandinte mandagathiyilulla punarujjeevanatthinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthunnu. adutha niravadhi varshangalil, baand amgangal orumichu kalikkaan svayam prathijnjaabadharaakukayum parambaraagatha vasthukkal puthiya reethikalil paryavekshanam cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, avarude yadhaartha punarujjeevanam iniyum kurachu varshangal akaleyayirikkum. "enne pinthudarunnavar/rund kashaappukaare" "dover recordukalil oru single aayi puratthirangi". ennirunnaalum, ithinu oru seeriyal nambar "flutt 4" undaayirunnu, athu yadhaarthathil flutterby labelil undaayirunnuvennu kaanikkunnu. track listt. yuu. ezz track listt (shanachi): yuke track listt (chrysalis):

prayatna karoon aanee prayatna karoon british lock rock band stelly spancha 13 vaa studio album haah pralobhit aanee prayatna kelela aahe. back inn line' chya pradarshananantar teen varshanchya viramanantar haah album reecord karnyat aala. 1970 chya dashakat baryapaiki vegane daha album pradarshit kelyanantar, bandney eka sarjansheel koradya jaduchya kahitari pravesh keela, 'pralobhit' haah 10 varshatil tyancha fakt tisra album hota. albumchya mukhprushthavar albamla '20 vaa vardhapan deane sohala' ghoshit kele aahe aanee band tyanchya vardhapan dinachya smaranarth spashtapane utsuk hota, kaaran katekorpane sangayache tarr band keval 1969 madhye sarav karat hota aanee 1970 paryant dhwanimudran kele navhate. dirghkal bassist rahilelya rick kempane kahee varshanpurvi punaravartit-gatee khandyala jhalelya dukhapatimule band sodala hota, jyamule too vedaneshivay baas vajavu shakala nahee. dauyanmadhye, bandney tyachya jaagi vividh prakarchya bassistsna firavale hote, parantu naveen album aanee dauyachya aadhi asey tharvanyat aale qee bandla kayamswarupi bassistchi aavashyakta aahe. nigel pegram tyachya, swatah shikalelya bassist aanee shastriy prashikshit piyanovadak team harrieschya mitrakade valala, joou sameel honyas tayar jhaala. harriesne bandla kahee atyant aavashyak tarun rakt aanale aanee 'pralobhit aanee prayatna' karoon bandchya 70 chya drushtikonakade parat yene siddha kele. tyanche mageel done dhwanimudrit sangrah bandney lihilelya ganyanvar mothya pramanat avalambun hote aanee paramparik ganyanvar tulanene qamee avalambun hote. parantu 'pralobhit aanee prayatna keleli' ganee bandney mandaleli bahutek paramparik ganee aahet, jyat fakt teen naveen ganee aahet, jee serve pieter nightne lihili aahet aanee yapaiki eka, 'seagal', joou show-penichya junya khelabaddal aahe, tyala eka majboot paramparik bhavna aahe. mallah faulo qaraa' heey ekmev gaane aahe, jeey eka strila ghabarat asalelya eka anolakhi vyaktine ticha pathlag kelyabaddal aahe. yaa sangrahatil thalak vaishishtyanmadhye jordar 'jacq holl', paramparik gathalekh 'daad too kasai' aanee 'daad fox' yancha samavesh aahe, joou kolha shikar keela jaat asalyachya kutsitpanacha utsav sajra karnara eka chhotasa tukada aahe. sarvasadharanpane, yaa dhwanimudrikela eka ujjwal, aatmavishvaspurna bhavna aahe, visheshtah 'padsto', jyamadhye eka aashcharyakarak paach bhagancha susanvad pool aahe. yaa dhvanimudrikeche shirshak bahudha yaa vastusthiticha sandarbh dete qee 20 varshanchya sadarikaranane band changla anubhav ghet aahe; hii 'phaar pudhe' yaa stotratil eka ola asalyache disate. yaa ganyachya sandarbhat, kavharmadhye kolhache doke aahe. gelya 20 varshant jyanni bandla pathimba deela tyaa sarvanna haah album samarpit aahe. album pradarshit jhalyanantar lagechach, pegramne natesambandhanchya karananmule austreliyala sthalantarit honyacha nirnay ghetala aanee bandney tyachya jaagi drummer mhanoon liam genockiela aanale. parinami, jaree jinoki haah albammadhye disat nasla taree too bandchya 20 vya vardhapan dinachya dauyasathi drummer hota aanee dauyachya vhidiomadhye disala. yaa dhwanimudrikela changla pratisad midala, visheshtah tyachya done purvavartinchya tulanet, jaree kahijan tyala bandchya uchch darjachya manakanparyant manatat. tathapi, kadachit naveen raktachya otanyamule aanee kadachit vardhapan dinachya utsahamule, haah album bandsathi santh punarujjivanachi suruvat darshavito. pudhil anek varshant, bandchya sadasyanni ekatra khelanyasathi swatahla punha vachanbaddha kele aanee naveen marganni paramparik sahitya shodhanyas suruvat kelee. matra, tyanche kharey punarujjivan ajoon kahee varshe urale asateel. "following mea/daad too kasai' heey 'dover records' varr ekal mhanoon pradarshit karnyat aale. tathapi, tyat 'flut 4' haah anukramik kramank hota, jyavarun asey disun aale qee too moolatah flutterby labelver hota. track yadee. yuu. ess. track listing (shanachi): yooke track listing (chryslis):

parikshit rar prayas garieko pralobhan rar prayas garieko britis lock ruck banned stelly spanko 13 aun studio album how. back inn line" ko rilijpachhi tinn warshako antaralpachi album record garieko thiyo. sann 1970 ko dashakma dherai druta anukramma das albumharu jaari garepachhi, bandley rachanatmak sukhkha spelko kehi prawesh garyo, 'pralobhit' 10 warshama uniharuko tesro album matra thiyo. albumko awaranle albumlai "20 aun warshikotsawa utsava" ghoshana gardacha, rar banned spashta rupma uniharuko warshikotsawa manauna utsuk thiyo, kinki kada shabdama bhannuparda bandley 1969 maa matra rehearsal gariraheko thiyo, rar 1970 samma record garena. lamo samayadekhika bassist rick kempley kehi warsha pahile banned chhodeka thie, dohorine-gati kandhama chotka karan uni dukhai bina bass khelna asamartha bhae. bhramanharuma, bandley unlai pratisthapan garna vibhinna prakarka basistharulai ghumaeko thiyo, tara yo nirnaya garieko thiyo kii nayan album rar bhramanko agadi bandlai sthayi bassist chahinchha. nigel pegram afno sathi, team harries, ek swa-sikaieko bassist rar shastriya rupma prashikshit pianowadak, jo samel huna sahamat bhae, tira farke. harryharule bandlai kehi dherai awashyak yuwa ragat lyae, rar "pralobhan rar prayas" bandko 70 ko dashakko drishtikonma farkane pramanit bhayo. uniharuka aghillo dui albumharu bandwara lekhieka githaruma dherai bhar pareka thie rar paramparagat githaruma apekshakrit thorai bhar pareka thie. tara "pralobhan rar prayas garieko" bandwara wyawasthit prayaha paramparagat githaru prastut gardacha, kewal tean nayan githaru, sabai pieter nightdwara lekhieka chhan, rar yee madhye euta, "siegel", sobh-peniko purano khelko barema, yasama baliyo paramparagat anubhuti chha. ek matra tukra june kada gaira-paramparagat mahasus hunchha "malai pachhyaundai", ek mahilalai ek aparichitle pachhyairaheko barema geet jasle usalai daraunchha. albumka mukhya akarshanharuma jordar "jack hull", paramparagat gathale "dui kasaiharu" rar "fucks" samawesh chhan, june euta sano tukra how jasle lomadako sikarko chalaktalai manaunchha. samanyataya, albumma yasama ek ujjwal, atmawishwaspurna anubhuti chha, vishesh gari "padsto", jasma ek adbhut paanch-bhag sadbhawa pull chha. albumko shirshakle sambhawatah yass tathyalai janaunchha kii banned 20 warshako pradarshanle ramrosanga anubhavi bhaeko chha; yo bhajan "tadhako sath" batt ek line jasto dekhinchha. awaranma gitko sandarbhama lomadako tauko chha. album vigat 20 warshama bandlai samarthan garne sabailai samarpit chha. album rilij bhaeko kehi samayapachi, pegramle sambandhaka karan australia basain sarne nirnaya gare, rar bandley unlai dramarko rupma pratisthapan garna liam jenokilai lyayo. falaswarup, yadyapi jinoki albumma dekha pardaina, uni bandko 20 aun warshikotsawa bhramanka lagi drummer thie rar bhramanko bhidiyoma dekha pare. albumlai ramro pratikriya prapta bhayo, vishesh gari yasaka dui purwawartiharuko tulanama, yadyapi thoraile yasalai bandko utkrishtatako uccha mapdandama manchan. yadyapi, sayed nayan ragatko infusionko karanle rar sayed warshikotsawko utsahako karanle, albumle bandka lagi dhilo punarutthanko suruwatlai chinha lagaunchha. pachhilla dherai warshaharuma, bandka sadasyaharule sangai khelnaka lagi afulai punah pratibadha gare rar paramparagat samagrilai nayan tarikama anweshan garna thale. yadyapi, tiniharuko wastawik punarutthan ajhai kehi warsha tadha hunechha. "faloing mii/da too kasaiharu" "dover recordharuma ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. yadyapi, yasama ek kramik number "flut 4" thiyo jasle yo muel rupma flotterby lebelma raheko dekhaundacha. track suchi. yues track listing (sanachi): yuke track listing (chrysalis):

pralobhita ebong parikhita british lock rock banned stilly spananka dwara pralubdha ebong parikhita heuchhi 13 tama studio album . back inn line" rahr muktilabha parey tini barshar birati parey ehi album record karajaithila . 1970 dashakare besh druta gatire dashati album release kariba parey, banned eka srujanashila shukhila spelare prabesha karithila, 'pralobhita' 10 barsha madhyare semanankara kebala truteeja album thila . albummer prachadati alabamku eka "20tama barshiki utsaba" bhabare ghoshana kare, ebong banned spust bhabare semanankara barshiki palana karibaku agrahi thila, jehetu kathore bhabare kahibaku gale banned kebala 1969 ray rehearsal karuthila, ebong 1970 parjyanta record karinathila . dirgha dinara bassist rick kemp kichhi barsha purbe banned chadithile, eka punarabrutta-gati kandhare aaghata hetu jaahaa tanku bina jantranare baasa bajaibare asamartha karithila . gasta samajare, taanka sthanare banned bibhinna prakarara basistanku bulaithila, kintu ehaa sthira karajaithila je nutan album ebong eka gasta purbaru banned jane sthajee bassist aabasyaka kare . niz bandhu team harris, jane swa-sikhita bassist ebong shastriya talimprapta pianobadaka, jie ethire jogadebaku raaji hoithile, taanka pakhaku nigel pegram pherile. hariz byandku kichhi ati aabasyaka juba rakta aanithile, ebong "pralobhita ebong chesta" bander 70 dashkar aabhimukhyaku pratyabartana pramanita karithila . semanankara purba duiti album banned dwara likhita geeta upare atyadhika nirbhara karuthila ebong paramparika geeta upare apekhyakruta comm nirbhara karuthila . kintu "pralobhita ebong parikhita" ray banned dwara ajojita adhikansha paramparika geeta rahichhi, kebala tinoti nutan geeta sahita, samasta pieter night dwara likhita, ebong ethimadhyaru gotie, "siegel", puruna khela shobh-peni bishajare, eka drudha paramparika anubhaba achhi . ekamatra geeta jaahaa drudha bhabare anah-paramparika anubhaba kare taaha heuchhi "mote anusarana kariba", jane mahilanka bishajare eka geeta jaahaa jane aparichita byaktinka dwara anusarana karajae jie tanku bhajabhita kare . albummer mukhya aakarshanagudika madhyare rahichhi zordar "jack hull", paramparika ballad "dui kasai" ebong "shiyal", eka chhot khanda jaahaa eka shiyal shikara karajauthiba kaushalaku palana kare . sadharanatah, alabamare eka ujjwala, atmabiswasi anubhaba rahichhi, bisesh curry "padsto", jeunthire eka chamatkara pancha-bhagara harnami brij rahichhi. albummer shirshakati sambhabatah ehi satyaku suchita kare je 20 barshar pradarshan dwara banned bhal-abhigya hoiparichhi; ehaa "ahuri aagaku" bhajanaru eka dhadi pari manehue . gitatira sandarbhare, prachadare eka siyalara munda rahichhi. ehi album sehi samasta lokanku samarpita jeunmane gata 20 barsha dhari byandaku samarthan karithile. album muktilabha karibara kichhi samai parey, pegram samparka karanaru astreliaaku palajana karibaku bachithile, ebong banned drummer bhabare taanka sthanare liam jinakinku aanithile . phalaswaroopa, jadio jinaki alabamare dekhajanti naahin, shay bander 20 tama barshiki gasta paain drummer thile ebong bhramanara bhidiore upasthita hoithile . album bhal bhabare grahan karajaithila, bisesh curry ehara dui poorbabarteenka tulanare, jadio kichhi lock ehaaku bander utkarshara uccha maana parjyanta bibechana karanti . tebe, sambhabatah nutan raktara mishran ebong sambhabatah barshiki utsaha hetu, ehi album banned paain eka manthara punaruthanara aarambhaku chinhita kare . parabarti kete barsha madhyare, bander sadasyamane ekathi kheliba paain nijaku punarbara pratishrutibadha karithile ebong paramparika samagreeku nutan upaajare anweshana kariba arambha karithile. tebe semanankara prakruta punaruddhara aau kichhi barsha baaki rahiba. "moe '/dui kasainka anusarana" "dover recordre ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila . tebe, ehara eka kramika sankhya "flut 4" thila jaahaa darshauthila je ehaa moolatah flotterby lebel upare thila . track talika. jayu. ess. track talika (shanachi): brittener track talika (chrysalis):

lubhaye atey koshish keeti british lock raak baind steeli spain dee 13veen studio album haii. album noon "baek inn line" dee rileez toon baad tinn saal dey break toon baad ricard keeta giaa see. 1970 dey dahake dauran kaafi tezi naal dass ailabman jaari curran toon baad, baind neey ikk rachnatmak khushak jaadu witch pravesh keeta, jiss witch 'partaiaa' 10 saalan witch unhan dee siraf tiji album see. album dey cover witch album noon "20veen varehgandh samaroh" ghoshit keeta giaa haii, atey baind spasht taur 'teey aapni varehgandh manaun laee utsuk see, kiunki sakhti naal bolna taan ih siraf 1969 witch rehearsal qarr riha see, atey 1970 takk ricard naheen keeta see. lambe samein toon bassist rick camp neey kujh saal pahilan baind chhadd ditta see, ikk duhraun vaali gatee vaale motion dee satt caarn jiss caarn uh binan darad dey baas khedan witch asamrath hoow giaa see. tooran 'teey, baind neey uss dee thaan lainn laee kaee tarahan dey basistan noon ghummaiaa see, parr ih faisla keeta giaa see kii naveen album atey daure toon pahilan kii baind noon ikk sathayi bassist dee zaroorat haii. nigel pegram neey aapne ikk dosat, timm harries, ikk sway-sikkhiat bassist atey classical taur 'teey sikkhiat pianovadak vall rukh keeta, joe shamal honn laee sehmat hoow giaa. harries neey baind noon kujh bahut zaruri naujwan khoon liaande, atey "lubhaye atey koshish keeti" baind dey 70 dey dahake dey pahunch vall vaapsee saabat hoee. unhan deeaan pichliaan doou ailabman baind duaara likhe geetan 'teey bahut ziaada nirbhar sunn atey ravaiti geetan' teey mukabaltan ghatt sunn. parr "lubhaye gaye atey azmaye gaye" witch ziaadaatar ravaiti geet shamal hunn, jinhan daa parbandh baind duaara keeta giaa haii, siraf tinn navein geet, saare pieter night duaara likhe gaye hunn, atey inhan vicchon ikk, "seegal", joe kii shove-paini dee purani khed baare haii, iss noon ikk mazboot ravaiti ahsas dinda haii. iko ikk tukda joe zordar gair-ravaiti mahisus karda haii uh haii "meraa paalan karna", ikk aurat baare ikk geet joe ikk ajnabi duaara pichha keeta jaa riha haii joe uss noon draunda haii. album deeaan mukkh gallan witch zordar "jaik haal", ravaiti gathagit "doou kasai" atey "loombadi" shamal hunn, ikk chhota jiha tukda joe ikk loombadi dey shikar daa jashan manaunda haii. aam taur utte, album witch ikk chamakdar, aatamvishwas bharpur ahsas hunda haii, khaas karke "pedstau", jiss witch ikk shandar panj-hisse daa sadbhavna pull haii. album daa sirlekh sambhav taur utte iss tatth noon darsaunda haii kii baind 20 saalan dey pardarshan naal changi tarahan tajarbekar hoow giaa haii; ih bhajan "door naal" toon ikk line jaapadi haii. geet dey sandrabh witch cover witch ikk loombadi daa sir haii. ih album unhan saare lokan noon samarpit haii jinhan neey pichle 20 saalan witch baind daa samarthan keeta haii. album dey jaari honn toon turant baad, pegram neey rishte dey kaarnan karke australia jaanh dee chonh keeti, atey baind neey uss dee thaan drummer vajon liaa liaa. sitte vajon, halanki jainoki album witch dikhai naheen dinda, uh baind dee 20veen varehgandh dey daure laee drummer see atey daure dey vdo witch dikhai ditta. album noon changi tarahan prapat keeta giaa see, khaskar isade doou purvajan dee tulna witch, halanki bahut ghatt lock iss noon baind dey ucch miaaran dey anusar mannade hunn. halanki, shayed navein khoon dey nivesh atey shayed varehgandh dey utshah dey caarn, album baind laee hauli punar-ubhaar dee shuruat noon darsaundi haii. agle kaee saalan witch, baind dey memberan neey aapne aap noon ikkathe khedan laee dubara vachanbadh keeta atey navein tarikiaan naal ravaiti samaggari dee padchol curney shuru qarr ditti. halanki, unhan dee asal punar surjiti witch ajey kujh saal baaki hunn. "merey/doou kasaiaan dey baad" "dover records utte ikk single dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see. halanki, iss daa ikk cereal number "fult 4" see jiss toon pataa chalda haii kii ih asal witch fulterby label utte see. track suchi. yuu. aiss. track list (shanachi): yuu. keey. track suchibadh (chrysalis):

parikshitam cha pralobhitam parikshitam cha british-jaanapad-raak-vaadyavrundasya steely-spaan ityasya 13 tamam studio-aalbam asti. byaak inn lain" ityasya vimochanaanantaram varshatrayam viraamaanantaram etat aalbam dhvanimudritam. 1970 tame dashake uttamarupena dash-aalbam-ityetaani drutagatyaa pradarshayitvaa, bend-samoohah rachanatmakam shushka-mantram pravishtavaan, yatra 'pralobhitam' 10 varsheshu teshaam truteeyam aalbam eva aasit. aalbam-ityasya aavaranam aalbam-ityasya "20 tama-vaarshikotsava-utsavam" iti ghoshayati, tathaa cha bend-samoohah swa-vaarshikotsavasya smaranartham spashtatayaa utsukah aasit, yatah drudatayaa vadan, bend-samoohah kevalam 1969 tame varshe abhyaasam kurvan aasit, 1970 tame varshe yaavat dhwanimudranam naa krutavaan. deerghakaalasy bassist rick kemp ityeshah katipayavarshebhyah poorvam vaadyavrundaat nishkaasitah aasit, yatah punaraawartit-gati-bhujasya aaghaatasy karanat saha vedanaarahitam baas-vaadanam kartum asamarthah abhavat. pravaaseshu, tasya sthaane vaadyavrundah vividhaah bassist-vaadakaah aavartayat, parantu nutanasya aalbam-ityasya, pravaasasya cha poorvamev nirnayah krutah yat vaadyavrundaay sthayee-bassist-vaadasya aavashyakataa aasit iti. nigel pegram ityeshah swa-shikshite bassist, shaastreey-prashikshita-piyanovadakasya cha mitram timm harries ityasmai pratyarpayat, yah sammatam praapnot. harries ityayam vaadyavrundasya krute atyantam aavashyakam yuvaraktam aanayat, tathaa cha "pralobhitam parikshitam cha" vaadyavrundasya 70 dashakasy sameekarane punaraagamanam siddham. teshaam poorvavarteeni aalbam-dwau vaadyavrundasya likhitanam gitanam upari bahu avalambitaah aasan, paramparikanam gitanam vishaye api tu tu alpam avalambitaah aasan. parantu "pralobhitam parikshitam cha" ityasmin praayah vaadyavrundena vyavasthaapitaani paaramparikaani geetaani santi, yatra kevalam trayah nootanaani geetaani santi, sarvaani peater-nait ityanena likhitaah, eteshu ekaha, "seagal" iti, puratanasya shov-pennie-kreedaayaah vishaye, prabalah paaramparikah bhaawah asti. ekaha eva geetam yat prabalatayaa aprachalitam iti anubhooyate tatt "faalo mii" iti, yat ekaa mahilayaha vishaye asti yaa aparichitayaa anusrutya tasyaah bhayam aacharati. asya aalbam ityasya mukhyaamsheshu prabalah "jyaak haal", paaramparikah gaathaapatrah "da too kasachar", "da faaks" cha antarbhavanti, yat laghuhu khandah asti yah shalabhasy shikarasya chalakatayaha utsavam aacharati. samanyataya, asya aalbam-madhye ujjwalah aatmawishwaasah anubhootah asti, visheshatah "padsto" iti, yasmin adbhutah panchabhaageeyah samarasya-setuhu asti. aalbam ityasya sheershakam sambhawatah 20 varshaanaam pradarshanena bend su-anubhava-sampannam abhavat iti tathyam soochayati; etat "dooram" iti stotrasya panktih iva drushyate. gitasya vishaye, aavarane shaavakasya shiraha drushyate. poorvavarsheshu 20 varsheshu sangeetavrundasya samarthanam kurvataam sarwebhyah ayam sangeetasangrahah samarpitah asti. aalbam ityasya vimochanasya kinchitkalanantaram, pegram ityeshah sambandhakaaranen australia-desham gantum chitavaan, tathaa cha vaadyavrundah tasya sthaane drummer-rupena liam-jeenoki ityetam aanayat. parinaamatah, yadyapi jeenoki iti geeta-sangrahasya madhye naa drushyate, tathaapi saha vaadyavrundasya 20 tame vaarshikotsava-pravaasasya drummer aasit, pravaasasya veediyo-madhye api prakatitah. visheshatah poorvavartinaam dwayoh apekshayaa asya aalbam uttamaprashamsaam praapnot, yadyapi kechan eva etat bend-ityasya uccha-maanakam maananti sma. parantu, sambhawatah nutanasya raktasya preranen, sambhawatah vaarshikotsavasya utsahasya karanat, etat aalbam, vaadyavrundasya manda-punarutthaanasy arambham soochayati. agrimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu, vaadyavrundasya sadasyaah militvaa kreeditum punah pratijnaam krutavantah, paaramparika-saamagrim nootan-vidhaihi anveshayitum aarabdhavantah. tathaapi teshaam vaastavikam punarutthanam katipayavarshaani yaavat eva bhavishyati. "faalo mii/da too kasachar" iti "dover-records" ityasmin ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. parantu tasya "flut 4" iti kramasankhyaa aasit, yena dnyaayate yat saa moolatah flutterby-label ityatra aasit iti. anusuchyam soochayati. yoo. ess. track listing (shanachi): yoo. key. track listing (chrysalis):

muyarchiththu, soathikkappatta muyarchikkapattu muyarchikkappattathu british naattuppura raak isaikkuzhu steely spaanin 13 vadhu studio aalbamaagum. paek inn line" veliyaana piragu moontru aandu idaivelikkup piragu inththa aalbam pathivu seiyappattathu. 1970kazhil paththu aalbangkalai migavum vaekamaaka veliyitta piragu, isaikkuzhu oru aakkapoorvamaana ular manthiraththil nuzhainthathu, 10 aandugalil avarkalin 3 vadhu aalbamaaga 'tempt' mattumae irunththathu. aalpaththin attaippadam aalpaththai "20 vadhu aandu vizhaa kondaattam" endru arivikkirathu, maelum isaikkuzhu avarkalin aandu niraivai ninaivukoorum aarvaththudan irunththathu, aenenil kandippaaga paesugaiyil isaikkuzhu 1969 ill mattumae oththigai seithathu, 1970 varai pathivu seiyavillai. neendakaala bassist rick kemp sila aandugalukku munbu isaikkuzhuvai vittu veliyaerinaar, aenenil meendum meendum moashan thoalpattai kaayam kaaranamaaga avar valii illaamal baas vilaiyaada mudiyavillai. suttruppayanangkalil, isaikkuzhu avarukku pathilaaka palvaeru vagaiyaana paasistukalai suzhattriyathu, aanaal puthiya aalbam mattrum oru suttruppayanaththirku munnathaagavae isaikkuzhuvukku oru niranthara bassist thaevai endru mudivu seiyappattathu. nigel begram thanathu nanbaraana dimm haaris, oru suya-karpikappatta bassist mattrum paarambariyamaaga payirchi pettra biano kalaignaridam thirumbinaar, avar saera oppukkondaar. haaris isaikkuzhuvirku migavum thevaiyaana ilam raththaththai kondu vanthaar, maelum "asaipattu muyarchitthaar" enbathu isaikkuzhuvin 70 kalin anugumuraikku thirumbuvathai niroopiththathu. avarkalin munththaiya irandu aalbangkal isaikkuzhuvaal ezhuthappatta paadalkalai perithum nambiyirunthana mattrum paarambariya paadalkalai oppeettalavil kuraivaagavae nambiyirunthana. aanaal "asaipattu muyarchiththa" perumpaalum paarambariya paadalkalai isaikkuzhuvaal aerpaadu seiyappattullathu, moontru puthiya paadalkal mattumae ullana, anaiththum piittar nite ezhuthiyullana, maelum ivatrtril ondru, "seegal", shav-penniyin pazhaiya vilaiyaattaip pattri, oru valuvaana paarambariya unarvaik kondullathu. bhaarambariyamattrathaaka valuvaaga unarum oray pakuthi "ennaip pinthodarvathu", oru pennaip pattri oru paadal oru anniyan avalaip pinthodarnthu payamuruththukiraar. inththa aalpaththin sirappamsanggalil theeviramaana "jaak haal", paarambariya paadalaaga "irandu kasaappukkaarargal" mattrum "narii" aagiyavai adangkum, idhu oru narii vaettaiyaadappaduvathaik kondaadum oru kurugiya thundu. podhuvaaga, inththa aalbam oru pirakaasamaana, nambikkaiyaana unarvai kondullathu, kurippaaga "batsto", idhu oru arputhamaana ainthu pakuthi nallinaka baalaththaik kondullathu. inththa isaiththoguppin thalaippu 20 aandukaala nigazhchchiyaal isaikkuzhu nanku anubaviththuvittathu endra unmaiyaik kurikkirathu; idhu "maelum maelum" endra paadalil irunthu oru variyaagath therikirathu. anthap paadalin maraippil oru narii thalai idampettrullathu. kadantha 20 aandugalil isaikkuzhuvai aathariththa anaivarukkum inththa aalbam arppanikkappattullathu. aalbam veliyaana sirithu neraththilaeyae, begram uravu kaaranangalukkaaga australiavukku kudipeyarath therntheduththaar, maelum isaikkuzhu avarukku pathilaaka dirammaraaga liam jenaki kondu vanthathu. idhan vilaivaaga, jenoki aalpaththil thoandravillai entraalum, avar isaikkuzhuvin 20 vadhu aandu suttruppayanathirkaana dirammaraaga irunthaar mattrum suttruppayanaththin veediyoavil thoantrinaar. inththa aalbam nanku varavaerkappattathu, kurippaaga adhan irandu munnoadigaludan oppidugaiyil, silar adhai isaikkuzhuvin uchchakkattaththin uyar tharaththirku aetrtrathaaka karudhugiraargal. iruppinum, oruvaelai puthiya iraththaththin utcheluththal mattrum oruvaelai aandu vizhaavin urchaagam kaaranamaaga, isaikkuzhuvirku methuvaana marumalarchchiyin thodakkaththai inththa aalbam kurikkirathu. aduththa pala aandugalil, isaikkuzhu uruppinarkal ontraaka vilaiyaaduvatharku thangalai meendum oppukkondanar, maelum paarambariya porutkalai puthiya vazhigalil arayat thodangkinar. iruppinum, avarkalin unmaiyana marumalarchi innum sila aandugal tholaivil irukkum. "ennaip pinthodarnthu/irandu kasaappukkaarargal" "oru ottrai" "dover pathivukal" "ill veliyidappattathu". iruppinum, athil oru thodar enn "fluit 4" irunththathu, idhu muthalil flooterby lable irunthathaik kaattiyadhu. thadap pattiyal. yuu. ess track listing (shanachi): englaanthu track listing (chrysalis):

pralobhapetti, prayatninchaaru british jaanapada rock byaand steely spaan roopondinchina 13va studio album tempt und tride. byaak inn line" vidudalaina tarvaata moodu samvatsaraala viramam tarvaata eee album record cheyabadindi. cheyabadindi padhi albumlanu chaalaa vaegamgaa vidudala chesina taruvaata, byaand srujanaatmakamaina podi spell loki pravesinchindi, 'tempt' 10 samvatsaraalalo vaari 3va album matrame. album cover albumnu "20va vaarshikotsava veduka" gaa prakatinchindi, mariyu byaand vaari vaarshikotsavaanni jarupukovadaniki spashtamgaa aasaktigaa undhi, endukante khachitamgaa cheppalante byaand byaand matrame rehearsal chestondi, mariyu 1970 varaku record cheyaledu. chaalaa kaalam bassist rick kemp konni samvatsaraala kritam byaandnu vidichipettadu, punaraavruta-motion bhujam gaayam kaaranamgaa athanu noppi lekunda baas aadalekapoyadu. paryatanalalo, athani sthaanamlo byaand vividha rakaala baasistulanu tippindi, conny kotta album mariyu paryatanaku mundugaane byaandku shaashwata bassist avasaramani nirnayinchaaru. nigel pegram thana snehitudu, sweeya-bodhinchina bassist mariyu saastriiyamgaa sikshana pondina pianist ayina tim harries vaipu tirigaadu, athanu chaeradaaniki angeekarinchaadu. harries byaandku chaalaa avasaramaina yuva raktaanni teesukuvacchaadu, mariyu "pralobhapetti prayatninchina" byaand yokka 70la vidhaanaaniki tirigi vachinatlu niroopinchabadindi. vaari munupati rendu albumlu byaand raasina paatalapai ekkuvagaa aadharapaddaayi mariyu saampradaaya paatalapai chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. conny "pralobhapetti prayatninchina" paatalu ekkuvagaa byaand erpaatu chesina saampradaaya paatalanu kaligi untaayi, kevalam moodu kotta paatalu matrame unnaayi, annee peater nait vraasinavi, mariyu veetilo okati, "seagal", shav-pennie yokka paatha aata gurinchi, dheeniki balamaina saampradaaya anubhootini kaligi undhi. nannu anusarinchadam" anedi saampradaayetaramgaa balamgaa bhaavinche ekaika paata, oka mahilanu bhayapette oka aparichitudu vembadinchadam gurinchi oka paata. album yokka mukhyaamsaalalo balamaina "jaak haall", saampradaaya yakshaganam "iddaru kasai" mariyu "nakka", nakka vaetanu jarupukune chinna mukka. saadhaaranamgaa, album prakaasavantamaina, aatmavisvaasamto kuudina anubhootini kaligi untundi, mukhyamgaa "padsto", idhi adbhutamaina aidu bhagala saamarasya vantenanu kaligi untundi. album yokka sheershika bahusha 20 samvatsaraala pradarsana dwara byaand baga kalanugunamga maarindi anae vaastavaanni suuchistumdi; idhi "marinta dhooram" anae shlokam nundi oka panktigaa kanipistundi. kavarlo oka nakka thala untundi, paataku sambandhinchi. gatha 20 samvatsaraalugaa byaandku maddatu icchina vaarandarikee eee album ankitam cheyabadindi. album vidudalaina koddikaalaanike, pegram sambandha kaaranaala valla australiaku valasa velladaaniki enchukunnadu, mariyu byaand athani sthaanamlo drummerga liam jenakini teesukuvacchindi. tatphalitamgaa, genaki albumlo kanipinchakapoyinappatiki, athanu byaand yokka 20va vaarshikotsava paryatanaku drummer mariyu paryatana veediyolo kanipinchaadu. eee albumku manchi aadarana labhinchindi, mukhyamgaa daani rendu puurveekulatoo poliste, kontamandi dheenini byaand yokka uchchasthitilo unna unnata pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa pariganinchaaru. ayithe, bahusha kotta raktam yokka kashayam kaaranamgaa mariyu bahusha vaarshikotsavam yokka utsaaham kaaranamgaa, eee album byaand kosam nemmadigaa punarujjeevanaaniki prarambhanni suuchistumdi. taruvaati aneka samvatsaraallo, byaand sabhyulu kalisi aadataaniki tamanu taamu tirigi oppukunnaru mariyu saampradaaya vishayalanu kotta margallo anveshinchadam praarambhinchaaru. ayithe, vaari nijamaina punarujjeevanam inca konni samvatsaraalu migili untundi. "nannu anusaristuu/iddaru kasai" "dover recordulalo oka single gaa vidudala cheyabadindi". ayithe, dheeniki oka krama sankhya "flut 4" undhi, idhi modata flutterby labelpy undani choopinchindi. track jabita. yuu. ess. track listing (shanachi): yuke track listing (chrysalis):

aazmaya aur aazmaya gayaa aazmaya aur aazmaya gayaa bartanvi lock raak bend stully spaan kaa 13 waan studio album hay. album kuu "beek inn line" kii release kay baad teen saal kay waqfe kay baad record kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1970 kii dahayi kay doraan kaafi teezi say duss albumz jaari karnay kay baad bend nay eek takhliqi khashak jaado kii cheez mein daakhil kiyaa jiss mein 'aazmaya' 10 saalon mein inn kaa sarf teesra album thaa. album kaa sarwaraq album kuu "20 wein salgrah kay jashan" kaa aalaan kartaa hay aur bend waazah toor parr apnee salgrah mananay kay liye bay cheen thaa keunkah sakhti say boltay hoay bend sarf 1969 mein rehearsal kirr rehaa thaa aur 1970 takk record nahein kiyaa thaa. taweel arsey say baasist rakk camp nay chand saal qabal baar baar harkat karnay waalay kandhay kii choot kii wajah say bend chhod diyaa thaa jiss kii wajah say wah baghair dard kay baas khelnay say qaasir how gayey thay. dooron parr bend nay inn kii jagah leenay kay liye mukhtalif qasm kay baasiston kuu ghamaya thaa leakin yaha faislah kiyaa gayaa kahh nayey album aur doray say pehley kahh bend kuu eek mustaqil baasist kii zarurat how. neegal pagrum nay apnay dost tumm harries juu khood sikhaye gayey baasist aur classici tarbiyat yaaftah pyano nawaz thay kii taraf rakh kiyaa juu iss mein shaamil honay parr raazi how gayey. herries nay bend kay liye kachh intehayi zaruri naujawan khoon laaya aur "aazmaya aur aazmaya" bend kay 70 kii dahayi kay naqtah nazar kii taraf wapsi saabat hoyee. inn kay pachlay duu albumz bend kay likhay hoay gaanon parr behat ziyadah inhasaar kartay thay aur rawayati gaanon parr nasbata kumm. leakin "aazmaya hawaa aur aazmaya hawaa" ziyadah tarr rawayati gaanon kuu paish kartaa hay jinn mein sarf teen nayey gaaney haine juu petter night nay likhay haine aur inn mein say aike "seegal"yee juu kahh show-peeni kay paraaney kheel kay baaray mein hay iss kaa eek mazboot rawayati ahsaas hay. waahid tukda juu ghair rawayati mahsus kartaa hay wah hay "majhay faalo karnaa"yee eek gaana jiss mein eek aurat kay baaray mein eek ajnabi kaa taaqib kiyaa jaataa hay juu asay khufzadah kartaa hay. album kii khaas baaton mein bharpur "jeek haal"yee rawayati geeth "duu qasaab" aur "lomdi" shaamil haine juu lomdi kay shikaar kii chaal kaa jashan mananay waala eek mukhtasir tukda hay. aam toor parr album mein eek roshan parr aetemad ahsaas hay khaas toor parr "pedsto"yee jiss mein paanch hasoon parr mushtamil eek hairat angez humm aahingi kaa pull hay. album kaa anwaan ghaliba iss haqeeqat say maraad hay kahh bend 20 saal kii karkardgi say achhi tarah say tajarbah kaar how gayaa hay. aisa lagtaa hay kahh yaha "mazeed aagay" kay geeth say eek line hay. gaaney kay hawalay say sarwaraq mein lomdi kaa sarr dikhaya gayaa hay. yaha album inn tamaam logon kay liye waqaf hay jinhon nay pachlay 20 saalon mein bend kii himayat kii. album kii release kay foraa baad pagrum nay taluqat kii wajuhaat kii banaa parr australia hijrat karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa aur bend nay leem genoki kuu dermer kay toor parr inn kii jagah leenay kay liye laaya. nateejta agarcha genoki album mein nazar nahein aataa hay wah bend kii 20 wein salgrah kay doray kay liye dermer thaa aur doray kii video mein nazar aayaa. album kuu khaas toor parr iss kay duu paishroon kay muqabilay mein khoob pazirayi millie halankah behat kumm loag asay bend kay arooj kay aalee mayaar parr samajhte haine. tahim shayed nayey khoon kay bahao kii wajah say aur shayed salgrah kay josh woo kharoosh kii wajah say album bend kay liye eek sast bahaali kaa aaghaz hay. aglay kayee saalon mein bend kay arakeen nay eek saath khelnay kaa dobarah ahed kiyaa aur rawayati mawaad kuu nayey tareeqon say talaash karnaa sharoo kiyaa. tahim inn kii asl bahaali ubhee chand saal baaqi hay. "majhay faalo karnaa/duu qasabon kuu" "dover records" parr sangal kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. tahim iss kaa eek serial number "filt 4" thaa jiss say zahir hotaa hay kahh yaha asl mein fulterby leebal parr thaa. track listing. yuu aiss track listing (shanachi): bartaniah track listing (creasilis):

000871d0b32b7783dd4e325a3771677b00c729ead59f70fbb36e03619c5f3969

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28017734

Hydrus in Chinese astronomy

Hydrus in Chinese astronomy The modern constellation Hydrus is not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system of traditional Chinese uranography because its stars are too far south for observers in China to know about them prior to the introduction of Western star charts. Based on the work of Xu Guangqi and the German Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell in the late Ming Dynasty, this constellation has been classified under the 23 "Southern Asterisms" (近南極星區, "Jìnnánjíxīngōu") with the names "Snake's Tail" (蛇尾, "Shéwěi"), "Snake's Abdomen" (蛇腹, "Shéfù"), "Snake's Head" (蛇首, "Shéshǒu") and "White Patched Nearby" (附白, "Fùbái"). The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 水蛇座 ("shuǐ shé zuò"), which means "the water snake constellation." Stars. The map of Chinese constellation in constellation Hydrus area consists of: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

china jyotirbigyanot hydrus aadhunik nokhyotropunjo hydrus poromporagot china uranographyr tinita bestoni aaru otthaixota mohor byowosthat ontorbhukto koraa huwa naai kaaron iyar toraa seenor porzobekhyokxokolor baabe poschimiya toraa chartor probortonor aagote teulukor bixoye janibo porar baabe bohut dur dokhyine aase. ming rajbonxor xexor faale su guangki aaru german jesuit missionery juhann edaam swel bhon belor kaamor uporot bhitti kori, ei nokhyotromondolok 23taa "dokhyinor nokhyotro" (ti. ee. chi. ti., "genangicsing") ror odhinot shrenibodho koraa hoise, jaar naam "xapor nez" (ti. ee., "swebei"), "xapor pett" (ti. ee., "swefu"), "xapor muur" (ti. ee., "swexu") aaru "usoror bogaa petch" (ti. ee. waai, "fubai"). aadhunik china bhaxat poschimor nokhyotropunjor naam hoise ÂÂÂ ("sui swe juu"), jaar ortho hoise "panir xapor nokhyotropunjo"." taroka. hydrus oncholor china nokhyotropunjor manchitrot aaseh

cheena jyotirbigyane hydrus adhunik nokkhotropunjo hydrus oitijjobahi cheena uranography tinti gher ebong atchallishti prasad byabosthar antarbhukta noy kaaron err tarkara poschima nokkhotro talika probortoner agey cheener porjobekkhokder kachhe taader somporke jaanar jonno khub beshi dakkhine royeche. shesh ming rajbongsher joo guanki ebong german jesuit missionary johann adam shaal vone beler kaajer upor vitti korey, eyi nokkhotropunjotike 23tii "dakkhin nokkhotropunjo" (<unk>, <unk>, "zinanzinki")-err adhine "saaper leeja" (<unk>, "sheui"), "saaper pett" (<unk>, "shefu"), "saaper matha" (<unk>, "sheshu") ebong "kachakachi saadaa pyacha" (<unk>, "fubai") naame shreniboddho koraa hoyeche. adhunik cheena bhasay poschim nokkhotropunjer naam holl ÂÂÂÂ ("shui shhey juo"), jaar ortho "joll sup nokkhotropunjo." tarkara. hydrus anchale cheena nokkhotropunjer manchitre royeche

cheeni khagolshaastramaa hydrus aadhunik nakshatr hydrusne paramparagat chaaineez uranographyni trana gheraavo aneey aththaavis havelioni pranaalimaa saamel karvaamaa aavyu nathee kaaran keey tenaa taarao pashchimi taaraana chartnee rajuaat pahelaa cheenma nirikshako maate temnaa vishe jaanvu khoob door chhe. antamaa ming rajvanshma zhoo gwangki aneey german jesuit missionary johann edam shaal voona belnaa kaarynaa aadhare, aaa nakshatrane 23 "dakshini asterisms" (<unk>, <unk>, "genangiczingu") hethal "saapnee punchhadi" (<unk>, "shewei"), "saapnu payt" (<unk>, "shefu"), "saapnu maathu" (<unk>, "sheshu") aneey "najikma safed patti" (<unk>, "fubai") naam saathe vargikrut karvaamaa aavyu chhe. aadhunik chaineezma pashchimi nakshatranu naam ÂÂÂÂÂ ("shui shhey zuo") chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe "jala saap nakshatr"." taarao. nakshatr hydrus vistaarmaa cheeni nakshatrana nakshaamaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

cheeni khagol vigyaan mein hydrus aadhunik nakshatr hydrus koo paaramparik cheeni uranography key teen gheron aur atthais haveli pranali mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye kyonki isake taare chean mein paryavekshakon key liye paschimi taaraa chart kii shuruat seey pahale unake baare mein jaanane key liye bahut door dakshin mein hain. zuu gwangki aur german jesuit missionary johann addam shaal wonn bell key kaam key aadhar parr, iss nakshatr koo 23 "dakshini taaron" (<unk>, <unk>, "genangixiongu") key tahat vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, jinake naam "saamp kii poonchh" (<unk>, "shevei"), "saamp kaa pett" (′, "shefu"), "saamp kaa sir" (′, "sheshu") aur "paas mein safed patch" (′, "fubai") hain. aadhunik cheeni mein paschimi nakshatr kaa naam <unk> ("shui shhey zuo") haye, jiska arth haye "jall sarp nakshatr." sitaare. jall nakshatr kshetra mein cheeni nakshatr key maanchitra mein shamil hainh

cheenee khagolashastradalli hydrus aadhunika naksatrapunja hydrus annu mooru aavaranagalu mattu ippattentu mahalugala saampradaayika cheenee uranography vyavastheyalli serisalaagilla ekendare adara nakshatragalu pashchimatya nakshatra nakshegala parichayakke munchitavaagi chinaadalli vikshakarige avugala bagge tiliyalu tumba dooradallive. koneya ming rajavamshada xu gwangki mattu german jesuit missionary johann aadam scall vaan bell avara krutiya aadhaarada mele, ee nakshatrapunjavannu 23 "daksina nakshatragalu" (tii. vii. enn. ess. tii. sii., "ginnongixinju") adiyalli "haavina baala" (tii. vii., "shwei"), "haavina hotte" (tii. vii., "shefu"), "haavina tale" (tii. vii., "sheshu") mattu "hattirada bili patch" (tii. vii., "fubai") emba hesarugalondige vargeekarisalaagide. aadhunika cheenee bhasheyalli paschima nakshatrapunjada hesaru <unk> ("shooi shhe juu"), idarartha "neerina haavina naksatrapunja"." nakshatragalu. hydrus pradeshada nakshatrapunjadalliruva cheenee nakshatrapunjada nakseyu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondideh

chainees jyothishaasthrathile hydrus aadhunika nakshathrasamoohamaaya hydrus parambaraagatha chainees euranography moonnu aavaranangalilum irupathiyettu maalikakalilum ulppeduthiyitla, kaaranam chainayile nireekshakarkk paashchaathya nakshatra pattikakal avatharippikkunnathin munbu avayekkurichu arian kazhiyaathavidham valare thekk aanu athinte nakshathrangal. avasana ming raajavamshathile suu gwanki, jarmman jesuit missionary johann adam shall voonn bell ennivarude pravartthanangale adisthaanamaakki, eee nakshathrasamoohathe 23 "thekkan nakshathrangal" (<unk>, <unk>, "jinnanjingo") enna peril "paambinte wall" (<unk>, "shevei"), "paambinte wier" (<unk>, "shefu"), "paambinte thala" (<unk>, "sheshu"), "aduthulla velutha paachu" (<unk>, "fubai") ennee perukalil tharamthirichittundu. aadhunika chainees bhashayil padinjaaran nakshathrasamoohatthinte peru "jala paambu nakshathrasamooham" ennartham varunna <unk> ("shui shhey suvo") ennaanu." nakshathrangal. hydrus eriyayile chainees nakshathrasamoohatthinte bhoopadatthil iva ulppedunnu

chiinii khagolshastratil hydrus aadhunik nakshatrasamuh hydruscha samavesh paramparik chiinii uranographychya teen gheryanmadhye aanee aththavis haveli pranalimadhye keela gelela nahee kaaran tyache taare chinmadhil nirikshakanna pashchimatya taramalechya parichayapurvi tyanchyabaddal jaanun ghenyasathi khoop door dakshinekade aahet. usheera ming rajvanshachya jhu gwangki aanee german jesuit missionary johann edam shaal wonn bail yanchya karyavar aadharit, yaa nakshatrala 23 'dakshini taramandal' (dakshin, 'genangiczingu') antargat 'sarpachi shepati' ('schwei'), 'sarpache pooat' ('shafe'), 'sarpache doke' ('sheshu') aanee 'jawal pandhare patch kelele' ('ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ') yaa navanni vargikrut kele gele aahe. aadhunik chiinii bhashet pashchimekadil nakshatrache naav <unk> (shui shhey zuo) aahe, jyacha arth 'panyatil saap nakshatr' assa hoto." taare. hydrus kshetramadhil chiinii nakshatranchya nakashamadhye khaleel goshti samavisht aaheth

chiniyan khagol vigyanma hydrus adhunik nkshatra hydrus paramparagat chiniyan urenographyko tinawata gheraharu rar athaisa haweli pranalima samawesh garieko chhaina kinbhane yasaka taraharu paschimi tara chartko parichaya hunu aghi chinma paryawekshakharuka lagi tiniharuko barema janna dherai tadha chhan. pachhillo ming rajwanshama ju guanki rar german jesuit misnery johann adom shall bhon belko kamko adharma, yass nakshatralai 23 "dakshini taraharu" (<unk>, <unk>, "jinanjingju") antargat "sarpako puchchhar" (<unk>, "shevei"), "sarpako pett" (aaa, "sefu"), "sarpako tauko" (aaa, "seshu") rar "najikai seto pyach" (â, "fubai") namharu sahit wargikrit garieko chha. adhunik chiniyan bhashama paschimi nakshatrako naam ââ â ("shui shay juo") how, jasko artha "pani sarpa nkshatra" how." taraharu. hydrus kshetrama awasthit chiniyan nakshatrako naksama nimna kuraharu samawesh chhanh

cheenra jyotirbigyanare hydros adhunika nakhyatramandala hydros tinoti ghera ebong paramparika chainij uranographyra athaishati prasad pranalire antarbhukta nuhen kaaran ehara taaraa cheenare parjyabekhyakamananka paain paschima taaraa chart prabartana purbaru semananka bishajare janiba paain bahuta dakhinare . shesh minga rajabanshara ju guankee ebong german jesuit missionary johann adam shaal bhann belanka karjya upare aadharita, ehi nakhyatramandalaku nakhyatramandalaku "dakhina asterism" (<unk>, <unk>, "jinanajinki") adheenare "sapara lanz" (<unk>, "shewe"), "sapara pett" (′, "shefu"), "sapara munda" (′, "sheshu") ebong "nikatabartee dhalaa pyacha" (′, "phubai") naamare bargeekruta karajaichi. adhunika cheenare paschima nakhyatramandalara naama heuchhi ÂÂÂÂ ("shui shay juo"), jahara artha heuchhi "jala saapa nakhyatramandala." taaraa. hydros anchalare thiba chean nakhyatramandalara manachitrare rahichhih

cheeni khagol vigiaan witch hydrus aadhunik taara samooh hyders noon ravaiti cheeni uranography dey tinn ghere atey athayi haveli pranali witch shamal naheen keeta giaa haii kiunki iss dey taare cheen witch nirikhakan laee pachmi starr chaart dee shuruat toon pahilan unhan baare jaanan laee bahut door dakkhan witch hunn. zuu guangki atey german jesuit missionary johann adam shaal vaan ghanti dey kamm dey adhaar utte, iss taara mandal noon 23 "dakkhni taariaan" (<unk>, <unk>, "genangicsingo") dey tehat shrenibadh keeta giaa haii jiss witch "sapp dee pooch" (Â, "shawei"), "sapp daa pett" (Â, "shefu"), "sapp daa sir" (Â, "shashu") atey "nede chitta patch" (Â, "fubai") dey naam hunn. aadhunik cheeni witch pachmi taara mandal daa naam ÂÂÂÂ ("shui shhuu zuo") haii, jisda arth haii "paanee daa sapp taara mandal." sitare. hyders khetar witch cheeni taara mandal dey nakshe witch shamal hann

chinadeshasya khagolashastre jala-dravyam aadhunik-nakshatrasamooh hadrus-nakshatra paaramparika-cheeni-euranography-ityasya trishu pariveshtaneshu, ashtaavimshat-haveli-vyavasthaasu cha naa antarbhavati, yatah tasya nakshatrai dakshinadishi cheenadeshe paashchaty-nakshatr-pattika-parichayat poorvam teshaam vishaye dnyaatum bahu dooraani santi. ming-vamshasya ante zhu-guanki tathaa german-jesuit-missionary johann-aadam-shaal-vaan-bell ityasya karyasya aadhaaren, ayam nakshatramandalam 23 "dakshina-nakshatrai" (tii. ee. enn. sii. tii., "jinnaanjin-") iti namna vargeekrutah asti, yatra "sarpasya pucchah" (tii. ee., "shevei"), "sarpasya udarah" (tii. ee., "shefu"), "sarpasya shiraha" (tii. ee., "sheshu"), "sameepasthah shveta-patah" (tii. ee. vi., "fubai") iti naamaani santi. aadhunik-cheeni-bhashayam pashchim-nakshatramandalm naam ÂÂ Â ("shuee she zuo") iti asti, yasya arthah "jala-sarpa-nakshatramandalm" iti." nakshatrai. hadrus-nakshatramandale sthitasya cheeni-nakshatramandale manachitrah asti -

seena vaniyalil hydrus naveena vinmeen thoguppaana hydrus paarambariya seena euranography moontru adaippugal mattrum irupaththi ettu maaligaigal amaippil serkkappadavillai, aenenil adhan natchaththiranggal merkaththiya natchatthira vilakkappadangkal arimugappaduththappaduvadhar munbu seenaavil ulla paarvaiyaalarkalukku avattraip pattri therinthu kolla migavum tholaivil ullana. thaamathamaana ming vamsaththil chuu kwanki mattrum jerman jesuit missionary johann aadam shaal vaan bellin padaippugalin adippadaiyil, inththa vinmeen thoguppu 23 "therku natchaththiranggalin" keezh vagaippaduththappattullathu, avai "paambin wall" (<unk>, "shway"), "paambin vayiru" (Â, "shefu"), "paambin thalai" (Â, "sheshu") mattrum "arugil vellai paetch" (Â, Â, "fubei") endra peyarkaludan vagaippaduththappattulana. naveena seena mozhiyil merkaththiya vinmeen kuzhuvin peyar ÂÂ Â ("shui shuu juu"), athaavathu "neer paambu vinmeen kuzhumam"." natchaththiranggal. hydrus paguthiyil ulla vinmeen kuzhuvin seena vinmeen kuzhuvin varaipadam pinvarumaaru

chainees khagola saastramlo hydrus aadhunika nakshatra samudaayam hydrus saampradaaya chainees uranography yokka moodu aavaranalu mariyu iravai enimidi bhavanala vyavasthalo cherchabadaledu, endukante daani nakshatraalu paaschaatya nakshatra pataala parichayaniki mundu chainaalooni pariseelakulaku vaati gurinchi telusukovadaaniki chaalaa dakshinaana unnaayi. chivari ming raajavamsamlo juu gwangki mariyu german jesuit missionary johann aadam shaal vaan bell rachanala aadhaaramgaa, eee kootami 23 "dakshina nakshatraala" (tii. vai. ess. tii. sii. tii., "ginnongicsinge") kinda "paamu thoka" (tii. vii., "shevi"), "paamu udaram" (tii. vii., "shefu"), "paamu thala" (tii. vii., "sheshu") mariyu "sameepamlo tellati patti" (tii. vii., "fubai") anae paerlatoe vargeekarinchabadindi. aadhunika chainees bhaashalo paschima nakshatrarashi paeru <unk> ("shui shu juu"), antey "neeti paamu nakshatrarashi"." nakshatraalu. hydrus praantamlooni chainees nakshatrarashi yokka patam krindi vidhamgaa untundih

000872c26716591165e6e8e3d23840a0065e1eb90e77c4d28b259f11975cc067

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13069091

Ramón Flores (footballer)

Ramón Flores (footballer) Salvadoran footballer (born 1982) Ramón Ulises Flores Aguirre (born August 21, 1982) is a Salvadoran former footballer who played as a right-back. He was banned for life in 2013, for match-fixing while playing for the El Salvador national football team. Club career. Flores was born in Santa Ana. After having spent well over a decade with the FAS institution, he left in 2010 to join Once Municipal, a club that had just been promoted before he signed a one-year contract. He rejoined FAS however for the 2011 Clausura. International career. Flores received his first call up to the senior national team in January 2008. He officially received his first cap on January 22, 2008 in a friendly match against Belize. Flores represented his country in 6 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying games, in which he played a few games under Mexican coach Carlos de los Cobos. On September 20, 2013, Flores was one of 14 Salvadoran players banned for life due to their involvement with match fixing. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

raamon floors (football kheluwoi) raamon ulyces fluores aaguire (jonmo 21 aagosto, 1982) ejon sabhadoran prakton football kheluwoi ji ejon raait-bek hisape khelisil. 2013 sonot el salbhador rastriyo football dolor hoi khelar xomoyot mess fixingor baabe teuk aajiwon nixidho koraa hoisil. clubber keriyar. floorsor jonmo hoisil xanta aanat. ef. e. ess. protisthanor xoite ek doxkoru odhik xomoy otibahito korar pisot, teu 2010 sonot ebaar pouropalikat jugdan koriboloi guchi goisil, jitu club teu ebosoror sukti swakhyor korar aagote maatro podunnoti laabh korisil. obosye teu 2011 sonor clausurar baabe ef. e. ess.-too punor jugdan korisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. fluorse 2008 sonor januaryt jyestho rastriyo dololoi teur prothom koll paisil. 2008 sonor 22 januaryt belijor biruddhe ek bondhutwopurno khelot teu anusthanikbhabe teur prothom kep laabh korisil. fluorese 2010 sonor 6taa fifa biswokapor jugyota orjonkari khelot nijor dexok protinidhitwo korisil, zo 'too teu maxican proxikhyok carlos di lo' cho kubusor odhinot keitaman khel khelisil. 2013 sonor 20 septemborot mess fixingor xoite jorito thokar baabe aajiwon nixidho 14 john sabhad 'raan kheluoir bhitorot floors onyotomo aasil.

ramon flores (football kheload) ramon ulices flores aguire (jonmo 21shhey august, 1982) ekjon salvadran praktan football kheload jini raita-byaka hisabe khelten. 2013 saale ell salvadar jatiya football doler hoye khelar somoy match fixingyer jonno taake ajibon nishiddho koraa hoyechilo. club carrier. flores santa anay jonmogrohon korechilen. eka doshokero beshi somoy dhorey eff. ayee. esha protisthaner sange thucker porr, tini 2010 saale ekbar pourosobhai jog deoar jonno choley zaan, jey clubti eka bochorer chukti swakkhar korar agey matro unnito hoyechilo. tobey 2011 saaler klajura jonno tini punra fas-ayee jog deena. antorjatik karmajiban. flores 2008 saaler januaryte senior jatiya doley taanr prothom qala peyechilen. 2008 saaler 22shhey januari belizer biruddhe ekti bondhuttopurno matche tini anusthanikbhabe taanr prothom cap peyechilen. flores 2010 saaler 6tii fifa vishwakap bachaiporbe taar desher protinidhitto korechilen, jekhane tini mexican coach carlos dii loss koboser adhine koyekti khela khelechilen. 2013 saaler 20shhey septembara, match fixingyer saathe jorito thucker karone 14 john salvadran kheloader modhye flores chhilen ekjon.

ramon flores (footballer) ramon ulises flores aguire (janm 21 august, 1982) aek salvadoran bhutpurv footballer chhe jeey raita-beeka tareeke ramyo hato. hato aela salvador raashtriy football team maate ramtaa match fixing maate tenaa parr aajivan pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. club karkirdi. floresno janm saanta enaamaa thayo hato. aek daaykaathi vadhu samay sudhee aef. aee. aesa. sanstha saathe vitaavyaa pachhi, temane temane aek vakhat municipalma jodava maate chhodi didhu, jeey klabne temane aek varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa teey pahelaa jaj badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. joke, joke klozura maate teo pharii jodaya hataa. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. floresne january january varishth raashtriy team temno pratham coll malyo hato. 22 january, january roj ballies saameni maitripurn mechamaa temne sattavaar reete temnee pratham cape malee hatee. florese 6 2010 fifa vishva cup qualifying ramatomaa potaana deshnu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo, jemaa temane meksikana coach carlos dii losa cobos hethal ketalik ramato ramee hatee. 20 september, september roj, floors 14 salvadoran kheladiomathi aek hataa, jeey match fixingma temnee sandovanine kaarane aajivan pratibandhit hataa.

ramon flores (footballer) ramon ulises flores agvire (janm 21 agast, 1982) ack salvadoran poorv footballer hain joe raait-back key roop mein khelate they. unhein 2013 mein ell salvador rashtriya football team key liye khelate hue match-fixing key liye aajivan pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. club carrier. flores kaa janm saanta enaa mein huaa thaa. aff. aeye. aiss. sansthaan key saath ack dashak seey adhik samay bitaane key baad, unhone 2010 mein ack baar nagarpalika mein shamil honey key liye chhod diyaa, ack club jise ack saal key anubandh parr hastakshar karane seey pahale hii padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, vaha 2011 key clausura key liye phir seey aff. aeye. aiss. mein shamil hoe gaye. antarrashtriya currier. flores koo janwari 2008 mein varishth rashtriya team key liye unakaa pahala coll milaa. unhein aadhikarik taur parr 22 janwari, 2008 koo bellies key khilaf ack dostana match mein apani pahali cap millie. flores ney 6 2010 feefa vishva cup qualifying khelon mein apane desh kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jisamen unhone maxican coach carlos dee loss cobos key tahat kuchh khel khele. 20 sitambar, 2013 koo, flores 14 salvadoran khilaadiyon mein seey ack they jinhen match fixing mein shamil honey key kaaran aajivan pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

raman floors (football atagara) raman ulises floors agurre (janana august 21,1982) obba salvador maaji football aatagararagiddu, avaru rait-byaak aagi aadidaru. ell salvador rashtriya football tandakkagi aaduvaga match fixingagi 2013ralli aatanannu aajiva nisheedhisalaayitu. club vrattijeevana. floors saantaa anaadalli janisidaru. ondu dashakakku hecchu kaala eff. aa. ess. samstheyondige kaleda nantara, avaru 2010ralli omme purasabhege seralu toredaru, avaru ondu varshada oppandakke sahi haakuva modalu badti padeda club. aadaagyoo, avaru 2011rahra klausuraakkaagi matte eff. aa. ess. ge seridaru. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. floors avaru 2008rahra janavariyalli hiriya rashtriya tandakke tamma modala kareyannu sweekarisidaru. janavari 22,2008 randu belize viruddhada snehapara pandyadalli avaru adhikrutavaagi tamma modala cap annu padedaru. floors 2010rahra 6 fifa vishwakap arhata pandyagalalli tamma deshavannu pratinidhisidaru, idaralli avaru mexican tarabetudaara carlos dii laas cobos avara adiyalli kelavu pandyagalannu aadidaru. september 20,2013 randu, pandyada fixingnalli todagisikondiddarinda aajiva nisheedhakkolagaada 14 salvador aatagaararalli floors obbaraagiddaru.

raamon flores (football kalikkaaran) raamon ulisas flores agvire (jananam august 21,1982) oru raitt baakkayi kalicha oru salvadoran muun football kalikkaranaanu. ell salvador deseeya football teaminu vendi kalikkumbol othukali nadathiyathinu 2013 ll addehathe aajeevanantha vilakkiyirunnu. club currier. santa anayilaanu flores janichathu. oru dashaabdathilere phaaks sthaapanathil chelavazhicha sesham, oru varshathe karar oppidunnathinu munbu sthaanakkayattam labhicha oru klabbaya oru munisippalil cheraan addeham 2010 ll pooyi. ennirunnaalum 2011 leeii klosooraykkaayi addeham veendum eph. eiii. esil chernnu. anthaaraashtra currier. 2008 januvariyil floresinu seeniyar deseeya teamilekkulla aadya kooll labhichu. 2008 januvari 22 nuu beleesinethiraaya sauhruda malsarathil addehathinu audyogikamaayi thante aadya cap labhichu. 2010leeii 6 fifa lokakapp yogyathaa malsarangalil flores thante raajyathe prathinidheekarichu, athil addeham meksikkan pariseelakan carlos dii loss kobosinte keezhil kurachu malsarangal kalichu. 2013 septambar 20 nuu maachu fixingle earppettirunnathinaal aajeevanantha vilakkinu vidhikkapetta 14 salvadoran kalikkaaril oraalaayirunnu flores.

ramon flores (footballpatu) rammon ulysses flores egvire (janm 21 august 1982) haah eka salvadoran majee footballpatu aahe joou ujavya bajoone khelala. 2013 madhye ell salvador rashtriy football sanghakadun khelatana match fixing kelyabaddal tyachyavar aajivan bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee. club karkird. floresacha janm santa aanaa yethe jhaala. eff. aii. ess. sansthesobat eka dashakahun adhik kaal ghalavalyanantar, 2010 madhye ekada nagarpalika mhanoon, jyaa clubla tyane eka varshacha karar karnyapurvich padonnati dilee hotee, tyat sameel honyasathi too nighun gela. tathapi, 2011 chya clausura sathee too punha eff. aii. ess. madhye sameel jhaala. aantarrashtriy karkird. flores yanna janewari 2008 madhye varishtha rashtriy sanghasathi tyancha pahila coll midala. 22 janewari 2008 roji belizviruddhachya maitripurna samnyat tyanna adhikrutpane tyanchi pahili cap midali. 2010 chya fifa vishvachashak patrata samnyanmadhye floorsney aaplya deshache pratinidhitva kele, jyamadhye tyanni mexican prashikshak carlos dii losses cobos yanchya netrutvakhali kahee samne khelale. 20 september 2013 roji, flores haah samna fixingmadhye sahbhagi asalyamule aajivan bandee ghalanyat aalelya 14 salvadoran kheladunpaiki eka hota.

ramon flores (footballer) ramon ulises flores egwire (janma august 21,1982) ek salbhadoran purva footballer hun jasle right-backo rupma kheleka thie. unlai 2013 maa ell salbhador rashtriya football tolika lagi khelda match fixingko lagi ajiwan pratibandha lagaieko thiyo. club currier. floresko janma santa anama bhaeko thiyo. fas sansthansanga ek dashakbhanda badhi samaya bitaepachhi, unle 2010 maa ek patak nagarpalika, ek clubma samel huna chhode june unle ek warshako samjhautama hastakshar garnu aghi nai badhuwa garieko thiyo. tara, uni 2011 ko klajuraka lagi punah fasma samel bhae. antarrashtriya currier. floorsle janawari 2008 maa warishtha rashtriya tolima afno pahilo cull prapta gare. unle adhikarik rupma 22 janawari 2008 maa belize wiruddhako maitripurna khelma afno pahilo cap prapta gare. floorsle 6 2010 fifa vishwa cup chhanot khelharuma afno deshko pratinidhitwa gare, jasma unle mexicon prashikshak carlos day lus kobosko netritwama kehi khelharu khele. september 20,2013 maa, flores 14 salbhadoran kheladiharu madhye ek thie june match fixingma sanlagnataka karan ajiwan pratibandhit thie.

raman flores (football khelali) ramon ulisesa flores aaguire (janma august 21,1982) jane salvadorara purbatana football khelali jie dahana-back bhabare khelithile . 2013 ray ell salvadora jatiah football dala paain kheluthiba samajare match fixing paain tanku ajiban basanda karajaithila. club kyariyara. flores santa aanaare janmagrahana karithile. eka dashandhiru adhika samai aif. aii. ess. anusthana sahita bitaiba parey, shay 2010 ray thare pourasabhare jogadebaku chaligale, eka club jaahaa eka barshar chuktinama swakhyara kariba purbaru padonnati paithila . tebe shay 2011 klajura paain aif. aii. ess. ray punarbara joga deithile. antarjatija kyariyara. floors januari 2008 ray baristha jatiah dalaku tankara pratham cull paithile. januari 22,2008 ray belijanka bipakhyare eka bandhutwapurna myachare shay aanusthanika bhabare tankara pratham cap paithile. flores 2010 fifa biswakap jogyata parjyajare parjyajare myachare niz deshar pratinidhitwa karithile, jeunthire shay mexicore prashikhyaka carlos dii lus kobosnka adheenare kichhi match khelithile. 2013 masiha september 20 tarikhare, match fixingre samprukta thiba karanaru ajiban basanda hoithiba 14 john salvadoran khelalinka madhyaru flores anyatama thile.

ramon floors (footballer) ramon ulysses floors aguire (janam 21 agast, 1982) ikk salvadorn sabka footballer haii joe sajje-pichhe dey roop witch khedada see. uss utte 2013 witch ail salvador rashtari football team laee khedade hoye match fixing laee umar bharr laee pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see. club carrier. floors daa janam saanta aanaa witch hoiaa see. eff. aii. aiss. sanstha naal ikk dahake toon vaddh samaan bitaun toon baad, uh 2010 witch ikk vaar mioonspal witch shamal honn laee chaley gaye, ikk club jiss noon ikk saal dey ikrarname 'teey dastkhat curran toon pahilan hii tarakki ditti gaee see. uh firr vee 2011 dey kalazura laee eff. aii. aiss. witch shamal hoow giaa. antarashtari carrier. floors noon janwari 2008 witch senior rashtari team witch aapna pahila qaal miliaa. uss noon adhikarat taur utte 22 janwari, 2008 noon belize dey virudh ikk dostana match witch aapni pahili cap millie. floors neey 6 2010 feefa vishav kapp qualifying khedan witch aapne desh dee numaindagi keeti, jiss witch usne mexican coach carlos dee laas cobos dee agvai witch kujh match khede. 20 satambar, 2013 noon, floors 14 salvadorn khidariaan vicchon ikk see jiss utte match fixing witch shamal honn caarn umar bharr laee pabandi lagaai gaee see.

ramon floors (footballer) ramon-ulisas-floors-aguire (janma august 21,1982) ekaha salvadoran-poorva-football-kreedakah asti yah rait-byaak-rupena kreeditavaan. ell salvador-rashtriya-football-dalasya krute kreeditum myaach-fixing-krute 2013 tame varshe saha aajeevanam pratibandhitah abhavat. club-vruttihi. floors ityasya janma santa aanaa-nagare abhavat. ef. e. ess. samsthayaa saha dashakadhikam kaalam vyateetvaa saha 2010 tame varshe ekavaaram nagarapalikayam sammilayitum prasthanam krutavaan, yat ekam club aasit yat ekavarshasya anubandhe hastaksharat poorvam eva padonnatah aasit. saha tathaapi 2011 tame varshe klausuraa-kreedaayaah krute punah ef. e. ess. madhye sammilitah. antarashtriya-vruttihi. floors ityayam 2008 janavaree-maase varishta-rashtriya-dalaya prathamam aahvanam praptavan. 2008 janavaree-masasya 22 dinaanke beleej-viruddham maitreepoorn-spardhayam saha adhikrutaroopena prathamam cap praptavan. floors ityayam 2010 tame varshe 6 feefaa-vishvakap-arhataa-kreedaasu swadeshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan, yasmin saha meksiko-deshasya prashikshakasya carlos dee laas cobos ityasya adheene kechan kreedaah akreedat. 2013 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 20 dinaanke, floors ityayam 14 salvadoran-kreedakeshu anyatamah aasit, yah myaach-fixing-kridaayaam samlagnataayaah karanat aajeevanam pratibandhitah aasit.

raaman ploaras (kaalpandhu veerar) raaman ulises ploaras aguire (prappu august 21,1982) oru salvadoran munnaal kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar raid-paekkaaka vilaiyaadinaar. ell salvador thaesiya kaalpandhu anikkaaga vilaiyaadiyapoathu poatti-pixingirkaaga 2013 aam aandil avar vaazhnaal thadai seiyappattaar. kilap thozhil. ploaras sanda anaavil piranthaar. oru thasaapthaththirkum maelaaga phaas niruvanaththudan nanku kaliththa piragu, avar oru varuda oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththiduvadharku munbu padhavi uyarvu pettra oru kilapaana oru nagaraatchi niruvanaththil saera 2010 ill veliyaerinaar. iruppinum avar 2011 kilaasuraavirkaaga meendum faasil saernthaar. sarvadesa thozhil. janavari 2008 ill mooththa thaesiya anikku thanathu muthal azhaippai fluores pettraar. janavari 22,2008 andru belisukku ethiraana natpu poattiyil avar thanathu muthal thoppiyai athikaarappoorvamaaga pettraar. 2010 fifa ulagak kooppai thaguthip poattikalil thanathu naattaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththiya ploaras, athil avar mexican payirchiyaalar carlos dii losses cobosin keezh sila vilaiyaattukalai vilaiyaadinaar. septumber 20,2013 andru, poatti sariseithalil eedupattathaal aayul thadai vithikkappatta 14 salvadoran veerargalil fluores oruvaraaga irunthaar.

raman floors (football kreedaakaarudu) ramon ulises floors agurre (jananam aagashtu 21,1982) oka salvador maajee football kreedaakaarudu, athanu kudi-venuka aatagadiga aadadu. ell salvador jaateeya football jattu tarafuna aadutunnappudu match fixing chesinanduku 2013loe atadipai jeevitakaala nishedham vidhinchabadindi. club kereer. floors shanta anaalo janminchaaru. oka dasaabdam paatu eee samsthatho kalisi gadipina taruvaata, athanu 2010loe okasari munisipal loe chaeradaaniki bayaludaeraadu, oka samvatsaram oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki mundu padoonnati pondina club. ayithe athanu 2011 clausura kosam tirigi cheraadu. antarjaateeya vrutti. floors janavari 2008loe senior jaateeya jattuku thana modati coll andukunnadu. janavari 22,2008naa beleejtho jarigina snehapoorvaka matchlo athanu adhikarikamga thana modati capnu andukunnadu. floors 2010 fifa prapancha cup qualifying aatalalo thana deshaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchaadu, indulo athanu mexican coach carlos dii laas cobos aadhvaryamlo konni atalu aadadu. 2013 september 20naa match fixinglo palgonna kaaranamgaa 14 mandhi salvadoran aatagallanu jeevitaantam nishedhinchina vaarilo floors okaru.

ramun floors (fitt baalar) ramun alsees floors agyur (paidaish 21 agast 1982) eek salwadoran saabiq fitt baalar hay juu raait beek kay toor parr kheelta thaa. 2013 mein ill silvador qomi fitt baal team kay liye kheltay hoay meech fixing kay alzaam mein inn parr amar bhar kii pabandi aayed kirr dee gayee thee. kalb carrier. floors saanta anaa mein paida hoay. eek dahayi say ziyadah arsah aif aey aiss idaarey kay saath guzarnay kay baad wah 2010 mein eek baar municiple mein shaamil honay kay liye chalay gayey eek aisa kalb jasay eek saal kay muahide parr dastakhat karnay say pehley hyee tarqi dee gayee thee. tahim wah 2011 kay klazora kay liye dobarah aif aey aiss mein shaamil hoay. beenn alaqwami carrier. fluorees kuu januri 2008 mein seniyar qomi team mein inn kii pehli kaal mosul hoyee. inhein bazabtah toor parr 22 januri 2008 kuu beliz kay khalaaf eek dostana meech mein apnee pehli tupi milly. floors nay 6 2010 faifa world cup qualifying games mein apnay milk kii numaindagi kii jiss mein inhon nay maxican coach carlos ddee laas cobos kay tahat chand kheel khelay. 20 satambar 2013 cow floors inn 14 silvadoran khiladiyon mein say eek thay jinn parr meech fixing mein malus honay kii wajah say amar bhar kay liye pabandi aayed thee.

000875d2a4d339a5dd05dc00a688faddc60d69214082099443df12942cc67e19

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63618832

Hanna Bekker vom Rath

Hanna Bekker vom Rath German painter Hanna Bekker vom Rath (née vom Rath; 7 September 1893 – 8 August 1983) was a German painter, collector, patron and gallerist. Personal life. Hanna vom Rath, born in Frankfurt, Germany married the music critic Paul Bekker (1882–1937) in 1920 and they moved to Hofheim am Taunus, near Frankfurt/Main. They had three children. In 1930 the marriage ended in divorce. Career. Bekker vom Rath began studying painting with Ottilie Roederstein in Hofheim, Hesse. During World War I, she moved to Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, where she studied under Ida Kerkovius and Adolf Hölzel. Bekker vom Rath's portfolio includes "still lifes, portraits and landscapes, in styles ranging from Expressionism to New Objectivity". Artist patron and art collector. In the twenties she became friends with Ludwig Meidner, Alexej von Jawlensky, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Emy Roeder, among others. Initially spontaneous support for individual artists later condensed into a sustained mission. She purchased works, invited the painters and art collectors to her Blue House in Hofheim. In 1929 she founded the "Society of Friends of the Art of Alexej von Jawlensky" in Wiesbaden. Jawlensky's catalog raisonné documents a painting with dedication to Bekker vom Rath. She received the painting, "Variation: Von Fruehling, Glueck und Sonne," as a Christmas gift in 1929. Between 1940 and 1943 Bekker vom Rath organized secret exhibitions of works by the ostracized in her Berlin studio apartment on Regensburger Strasse. In the twenties she started collecting work of "Expressionism", such as from "Bruecke" and "Bauhaus ": Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Adolf Hoelzel, Paul Klee, Max Beckmann and many more. Later international and also younger artists were included. In 1987 many of these works became part of the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden. Art dealer and ambassador of art. Inspired by the "avant-garde" and moved by their persecution under the Nazi Party, she organised clandestine art exhibitions during the war. In 1947 she founded the Frankfurt Kunstkabinett Hanna Bekker vom Rath. It initially provided a forum for artist friends defamed as degenerate under the National Socialist regime. Her circle of artists and friends now included Ernst Wilhelm Nay, who settled in Hofheim from 1945 to 1952, the photographer Marta Hoepffner, who opened her private photography school there, and their teacher Willi Baumeister. Ludwig Meidner, who returned from exile, also lived in a district of Hofheim between 1955 and 1963. She re-established contact with the emigrated artists, collectors and art dealers and discovered through their reports and during her first trips to France and Switzerland that many artist emigrants had not been noticed abroad due to the twelve years of dictatorship in their host countries. Beginning in 1952, she went on exhibition trips presenting those once ostracized and young artists in North and South America, South Africa, India, Greece, and the Middle East, becoming known as an "ambassador of art." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hannah bekaar bho 'moo roth hannah bekaar bho 'moo roth (nee bho' moo roth; 7 septembor 18938 aagosto 1983) egoraki german sitroxilpi, xonggrahok, pristhopuxok aaru gallerist aasil. byoktigoto jiwan. germanyr frankfurtot jonmogrohon koraa hannah bho 'moo rothe 1920 sonot xongit xomalusok poll bekarok (1882-1937) biyaa koray aaru teuluk frankfurt/mainor usoror hofheim em townasoloi yaay. teulukor tinita xontan aasil. 1930 sonot bibah bischedor folot bibah bisched hoy. keriyar. bekaar bho 'moo rothe hoh' foheim, heset otili ror 'dersteinor xoite sitrokola odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho korisil. prothom biswojudhor xomoyot teu beden-wartemberor statgartoloi yaay, zo 'too teu idaa kerkovius aaru edolph huljelor odhinot odhyoyon korisil. bekaar bho 'moo rothor portof' lio 'too "obhibyoktibador poraa notun bostunisthotaloike xoilit sthir jiwan, chitro aaru bhudrishyo" ontorbhukto aase. xilpir pristhopuxok aaru kolaa xonggrahok. bingxor doxokot teu ludwig maidner, alexez bhon javlensky, carl smitt-rottlof, emi ruder aadir xoite bondhutwo sthapon korisil. prothomote byoktigoto xilpixokolor baabe swotosfurto xomorthon pisoloi ek sthayi obhijanoloi ghonibhut hoisil. teu xilpokormo kroy korisil, sitroxilpi aaru kolaa xonggrahokxokolok hofheimor teur neela ghoroloi aamontron jonaisil. 1929 sonot teu wicebadenot "cho" saiti owo friends owo dyo art owo alexez bhon javlensky "protistha korisil. javlenskyr xusit raisonone bekaar bhum rothor proti xomorpito etaa chitro nothibhukto korise. 1929 sonot teu bordinor upohar hisape "bharotor rupoh bhon fruhling, glook aand cho 'ney" sitrokhon laabh korisil. 1940 sonor poraa 1943 sonor bhitorot bekaar bho 'moo rothe regensberger stressot thoka teur barlin studio' apartmentot bohiskritoxokolor kaamor gupon prodorxonir aayujon korisil. bingxor doxokot teu "obhibyoktibad" ror kaam xongroho koriboloi aarombho korisil, jene "brook" aaru "bauhaus": carl smitt-rottlof, arnsto ludwig kirsonar, edolph holzel, poll clea, max backman aaru bohutu. pisoloi antohrastriyo aaru juwo xilpiku ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 1987 sonot iyare bohutu kaam xongrohaloy wizbadenor xongrohor ongxo hoi porisil. kolaa bikreta aaru kolar dut. abhanto-guarde" ror dwara onupranito hoi aaru naaji dolor odhinot teulukor nirzatonor dwara onupranito hoi, teu juddhor xomoyot gupone kolaa prodorxonir aayujon korisil. 1947 sonot teu frankfurt kunstokabinet hannah bekaar bho 'moo roth protistha korisil. ee prothomote rastriyo xomajbadi xaxonor odhinot obokhyoyxil buli bodnam xilpi bondhuxokolor baabe etaa moncho prodan korisil. teur xilpi aaru bondhuxokolor sokrot etiya 1945 sonor poraa 1952 sonoloike hofhemot boxoti sthapon koraa arnsto uilhelm naai, taat nijor byoktigoto photography bidyaloy mukoli koraa photographer marta hofner aaru teulukor xikhyok uili baumister ontorbhukto aasil. nirbaxonor poraa ubhoti ohaa ludwig maidner 1955 sonor poraa 1963 sonor bhitorot hofheim jilat baax korisil. teu probrojito xilpi, xonggrahok aaru kolaa bikretaxokolor xoite punor jugajug sthapon korisil aaru teulukor protibedonor joriyote aaru france aaru suijarlendoloi teur prothom bhromonor xomoyot abiskar korisil je teulukor aayujok dexxomuhot baar bosoror eknayokotwor baabe bohu xilpi probrojonkarik bidexot lokhyo koraa huwa nasil. 1952 sonor poraa aarombho kori, teu uttor aaru dokhyin aamerika, dokhyin africa, bharot, greech aaru modhyo prasyor exomoyot bohiskrito huwa aaru juwo xilpixokolok prodorxon koriboloi prodorxoni bhromonot goisil, ji "kolar dut" hisape porisito hoisil."

hannah becker oom roth hannah becker oom roth (nee oom roth; 7 septembara 18938 august 1983) chhilen ekjon german chitroshilpi, sangrahak, pristhoposhok ebong gallerist. byaktigato jeebon. 1920 saale germanyr frankfurte jonmogrohonkari hannah vome roth sangeet somalochok poll bekarke (1882-1937) biye corren ebong taanra frankfurt/mainer kachhe hofheim aam townas-ayee choley zaan. taander tinn santan chhilo. 1930 saale bibahobicheder madhyome bibahobiched hoy. pesha. becker vome roth hofheim, hesete otili roadersteiner saathe chitrakala adhyayan shuru corren. prothom bishwojuddher somoy, tini baden-wartemberger stuttgarte choley zaan, jekhane tini ida kerkovius ebong adloff holzeler adhine padashona corren. becker vome rother portfoliote "sthir jeebon, protikriti ebong prakritik drishya, abhibyaktibad theke shuru korey notun bostunisthota porjonto shaili antarbhukta royeche. shilpi pristhoposhok ebong shilp sangrahak. bisher doshke tini ludouig maidner, alexez vone zavlensky, curl schmitt-rottloff, emmy roader saathe bondhutto corren. prathomikbhabe swatantra shilpider jonno swatahsfurta samarthan porey ekti teksoi missione porinoto hoy. tini shilpokormo kinechilen, chitroshilpi ebong shilp sangrahakder hofheime taanr neel barite amantran janiyechilen. 1929 saale tini wisbadene "society off friends off dya art off alexez vone zavlensky" protistha corren. zavlenskyr catalog rayson becker vome rother proti utsarga soho ekti chitrokormo nothibhukto korey. tini 1929 saale chrismus upohar hisabe "bhyariyeshanah vone fruhling, gluek und soonee" chitrokormoti grohon corren. 1940 theke 1943 saaler modhye becker vome roth regensberger strusser upor taar barlin studio apartmente bohishkritoder kaajer gopon prodorshonir ayojan korechilen. bisher doshke tini "abhibyaktibad"-err kaaj sangraha korte shuru corren, jemon "bruek" ebong "bauhouse": curl schmitt-rottloff, ernest ludouig kirchner, adloff holzel, poll clea, max beckman ebong arow onek kichhu. porey antorjatik ebong torun shilpidero antarbhukta koraa hoy. 1987 saale eyi kajgulir modhye onekgulii jadughar wisbadener sangraher ongsho hoye othe. shilp byabasayi ebong shilper dooto. avant-guarde" dwara anupranito hoye ebong natsi doler adhine taader nipidaner dwara anupranito hoye, tini juddher somoy gopon shilp prodorshonir ayojan korechilen. 1947 saale tini frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah becker oom roth protistha corren. etty prathomikbhabe jatiya samajtantrik shasoner adhine abonomito hisabe badnam shilpi bondhuder jonno ekti forum sarbaraha korechilo. taanr shilpi oo bondhuder modhye 1945 theke 1952 saal porjonto hofheme bosoti sthaponkari ernest uilhelm naai, photographer marta hoffner, jini sekhane taanr byaktigato photography school kholen ebong taader shikkhok uili boumister chhilen. ludouig maidner, jini nirbasan theke firey esechilen, 1955 theke 1963 saaler modhye hofheimer ekti jelaay bosobas korechilen. tini abhibasi shilpi, sangrahak ebong shilp byabosayider saathe punra jogajog sthapon korechilen ebong taader protibedoner madhyome ebong france oo suizerlande taar prothom soforer somoy abishkar korechilen jey onek shilpi abhibasi taader ayojok deshgulite barro bochorer eknayaktantrer karone bideshe lakkhya koraa yayni. 1952 saaler shurute, tini uttor oo dakkhin america, dakkhin africa, bharat, greece ebong modhyo prachyer praktan bohishkrito ebong torun shilpider uposthapon korey prodorshoni sofore giechilen, ebong "shilper dooto" hisabe porichito hoyechilen."

hannah backer woam ruth hannah backer woam ruth (nee woam ruth; 7 september 18938 august 1983) aek german chitrakaar, collector, aashraydata aneey gallerist hataa. angat jeevan. germanyna frankfurtmaa janmeli hannah woam raathe raathe sangeet vivechak poola backer (1882-1937) saathe lagna karyaa hataa aneey teo frankfurt/maine najik hofhame aema taunas gayaa hataa. temne trana baadako hataa. hataa lagnano anta chhutachhedama aavyo hato. karkirdi. bekkar woam raathe hofhame, hezmaan autily roaderstein saathe chitrakalano abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo. pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan, tenee beden-wrttembergna stutgartma rahevaa gaee, jyaan teneeae idaa carcovius aneey adolph holzel hethal abhyaas karyo. bekkar woam rathnaa portfoliyomaa "abhivyaktivaadthi laeene navee vastunishthataa sudhini shailioma stheer jeevan, chitro aneey landscapes" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. kalakar aashraydata aneey qalaa sangraahak. visimaa teneeni loodwig medner, alex voona zavlensky, carle schmitt-rottluff, aemee rooader aneey anya loko saathe mitrataa thaee. vyaktigat kalakaro maate sharuaatmaa svayamsfurit teko paachhalthi aek satat missionma sankshipt thayo. temane kalakrutio khareedi, chitrakaaro aneey qalaa sangraahakone hofhem temnaa blue housema aamantran aapyu. teneene temane wisbadenma "sosayati off friends off dhaa aart off alex voona zavlensky" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. zavlenskyni soochima backer woam rathane samarpeet aek chitranu dastavejikaran karvaamaa aavyu chhe. teneene teneene natalni bhet tareeke "vividhataa voona fruhling, gluke aneey soona" cheetra malyun hatoo. 1940 aneey 1943 nee vachche bekkar woam raathe regensberger strays parr tenaa berlin studiyo apartmentma bahishkrut loko dwara kruteeona goopt pradarshanonu aayojan karyoo hatoo. visimaa temane "abhivyaktivaad" noon kaama aektrit karvaanu sharoo karyoo, jaim keey "brook" aneey "bauhaus" maanthih carle schmitt-rottluff, earnst loodwig kirchner, adolph holzel, poola clea, makes backman aneey ghanaa vadhu. pachhithi aantarrashtriy aneey yuvaa kalaakaarono pann samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato aamaani ghanee kruteeo sangrahalayna sangrahno bhaag bunny hatee. aart dealer aneey aart embassador. avant-garde" thee prereet thaine aneey naazi paksh hethal temnaa damanthi prereet thaine, temane yuddh darmiyan goopt qalaa pradarshanonu aayojan karyoo hatoo. hatoo temane frankfurt kunstcobinate hannah backer woam rathnee sthaapnaa curry hatee. tene sharuaatmaa raashtriy samajvadi shaasan hethal adhogati pamela kalakaro maate aek munch purun paadyu hatoo. temnaa kalakaro aneey meetrona vartulmaan havey 1945 thee 1952 sudhee hofhem sthaayi thayela earnst wilhem neya, photographer marta hoffner, jemane tyaan temnee khangi photography shaala kholee hatee, aneey temnaa shikshak veelee boumesterno samaavesh thaay chhe. deshnikalmathi parat farela loodwig maidner pann 1955 aneey aneey vachche hofhame jeellama raheta hataa. temane sthalaantarit kalakaro, sangraahako aneey qalaa vikretaao saathe fareethi sampark sthaapit karyo aneey temnaa ahevaalo dwara aneey france aneey switzerlandnee temnee pratham yaatrao darmiyan shodhyu keey temnaa yajmaan deshomaa baar varshnee sarmukhtyarshahine kaarane ghanaa kalakaro deshantar karnaaraaoni videshma nondh levaamaa aavee naa hatee. hatee sharuaatmaa, teo uttar aneey dakshin america, dakshin africa, bhaarat, griis aneey madhya purvamaa aek samaye bahishkrut aneey yuvan kalakarone rajoo karvaa maate pradarshan yaatrao parr gayaa, jeey "kalaana rajdoot" tareeke jaanita banyaa."

hannah becker waum rath hannah becker waum rath (nee waum rath; 7 sitambar 18938 agast 1983) ack german chitrakaar, sangraahak, sanrakshak aur gallerist they. vyaktigat jeevan. germany key frankfurt mein paida hui hannah waum raath ney 1920 mein sangeet aalochak paul becker (1882-1937) seey shaadi kii aur way frankfurt/maine key paas hofheim aim taunus chaley gaye. unake teen bachche they. 1930 mein shaadi talaak mein samaapt hoe gaee. carrier. becker waum raath ney hofheim, hese mein otili roaderstein key saath chitrakala kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, vaha stuttgart, badden-wrttemberg chully gaeen, jahan unhone idaa kerkovius aur adolph holzel key tahat adhyayan kiya. becker waum raath key portfolio mein "abhivyaktivaad seey laker naee vastunishthata taka kii shailiyon mein sthir jeevan, chitra aur paridrishya shamil hain. kalakar sanrakshak aur kalaa sangraahak. biss key dashak mein vaha ludwig medner, alex wonn zablensky, carle schmitt-rottluff, ammy roader key saath dost bunn gaee. shuru mein vyaktigat kalakaron key liye sahaj samarthan baad mein ack nirantar mission mein sanghanit hoe gayaa. unhone kalaakritiyaan khareedin, chitrakaron aur kalaa sangrahakartaon koo hofime mein apane neele ghar mein aamantrit kiya. 1929 mein unhone wizbaden mein "society off friends off dha art off alex wonn zablensky" kii sthaapana kii. zablensky kii soochi mein ack painting kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye joe becker waum rath key liye samarpit haye. unhein 1929 mein chrismus upahaar key roop mein "variationah wonn fruehling, glooke aind soone" painting millie. 1940 aur 1943 key beach becker waum rath ney regensberger strais parr apane berlin studio apartment mein bahishkrit logon dwara kiye gaye karyon kii gupt pradarshaniyon kaa ayojan kiya. biss key dashak mein unhone "abhivyaktivaad" kaa kaam ikattha karna shuru curr diyaa, jaise kii "brook" aur "bauhaus": carle schmitt-rottluff, ernst ludwig kirchner, adolph holzel, paul clea, max beckman aur kaee aur. baad mein antarrashtriya aur yuva kalakaron koo bhee shamil kiya gayaa. 1987 mein inmein seey kaee kaary sangrahalaya key sangrah kaa hissa bunn gaye. kalaa vikreta aur kalaa key rajdoot. awant-garde" seey prerit hocker aur naazi party key tahat unake utpeedan seey prerit hocker, unhone yuddh key dauran gupt kalaa pradarshaniyon kaa ayojan kiya. 1947 mein unhone frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah becker waum rath kii sthaapana kii. isane shuru mein rashtriya samajwadi shasson key tahat apghatit honey key roop mein badnam kalakar doston key liye ack munch pradaan kiya. unake kalakaron aur doston key ghere mein abb ernst wilheim ney, joe 1945 seey 1952 taka hofheim mein buss gaye, photographer marta hoffner, jinhone vahaan apana niji photography school khola, aur unake shikshak villie boumister shamil they. ludwig meider, joe nirvaasan seey lauti theen, 1955 aur 1963 key beach hofheim key ack jile mein bhee rahati theen. unhone pravasiyon, sangrahakartaon aur kalaa vikretaon key saath phir seey sampark sthaapit kiya aur unaki reports key madhyam seey aur france aur switzerland kii apani pahali yaatraon key dauran pataa lagaaya kii kaee kalakar pravasiyon koo unake mezban deshon mein baarah varshon kii tanashahi key kaaran videshon mein naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa. 1952 mein shuru karate hue, vaha uttar aur dakshin america, dakshin africa, bhaarat, grees aur madhya poorv mein una yuva kalakaron koo prastut karane key liye pradarshani yaatraon parr gaeen, jinhen "kalaa key rajdoot" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."

hannah bekkar waam rath hannah bekkar vome rath (nee vome rath; 7 september 18938 august 1983) obba german varnachitrakaara, sangrahaka, poshaka mattu gyaalarigaararaagiddaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. germany frankfurtnalli janisida hannah vome rath avaru 1920ralli sangeeta vimarshaka paul becker (1882-1937) avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu avaru frankfurt/maine baliya hophim aum tounusge teralidaru. avarige moovaru makkaliddaru. 1930ralli ee vivaahavu vichchedanadalli konegonditu. vrattijeevana. bekkar vome rath avaru hesseya hofheimnalli ottili roadersteinondige chitrakaleyannu adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru. modalaneya mahayuddhada samayadalli, avaru baden-wrttembergn stuttgartge teralidaru, allie avaru idaa kerkovius mattu adolph holzel avara adiyalli adhyayana maadidaru. bekkar vome rathna bandavaalavu "abhivyaktivaadadinda hosa vastunishthateyavaregina sailigalalli sthira jivanagalu, bhaavachitragalu mattu bhoodrushyagalannu olagondide". kalaavidara poshaka mattu kalaa sangrahaka. ippattara dasakadalli avaru ludwig midener, alexes vaan javlensky, carle schmid-rottluff, emi roader mattu itararondige sneha belesidaru. aarambhadalli pratyeka kalaavidarige svayamprerita bembalavu nantara susthira dhyeyavaagi sankuchitagonditu. avaru kalakrutigalannu khareedisidaru, varnachitrakaararu mattu kalaa sangraahakarige hofimnalliruva tamma neeli manege ahwana niididaru. 1929ralli avaru wiesbodennalli "society off friends off dhii art off alexes vaan javlensky" annu sthaapisidaru. javlensky catalog rayson bekkar waam rathge samarpaneyondige varnachitravannu daakhalisuttade. avaru 1929 ralli chrismus udugoreyagi "rupantarah vaan fruehling, glooke und sonne" emba varnachitravannu padedaru. 1940 mattu 1943rahra naduve bekkar vome rath tanna burlin studio apartmentnalli regensburger strasnelli bahishkarisalpattavara krutigala rahasya pradarshanagalannu ayojisidaru. ippattara dasakadalli avaru "brook" mattu "bouhouse" ninda "abhivyaktivaada" dha krutigalannu sangrahisalu praarambhisidaruh carle schmid-rottluff, ernst ludwig kirchner, adolph holzel, paul clea, max beckman mattu innoo aneka. nantara antaaraashtriya mattu yuva kalavidarannu serisalaayitu. 1987ralli ee krutigalalli halavu vastusangrahaalayada sangrahada bhaagavaadavu. kalaa vyapari mattu kalaa rayabhari. awant-gaard" ninda sphurti padeda mattu naaji pakshada adiyalli avara kirukuladinda preritaraada avaru yuddhada samayadalli rahasya kalaa pradarshanagalannu ayojisidaru. 1947ralli avaru frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah bekkar vome rath annu sthaapisidaru. idu aarambhadalli rashtriya samajavadi aadalitada adiyalli avanati hondida kalaavida sneehitarige vedikeyannu odagisitu. 1945rinda 1952ravarege hofimnalli nelesidda ernst wilhelm neey, allie tanna khasagi chayagrahana shaaleyannu praarambhisida chayagrahaka marta hopefner mattu avara sikshaka villi bomister eega aakeya kalaavidaru mattu sneehitara valayadalli seriddaare. deshabhrashtateyinda hindirugida ludwig midener 1955 mattu 1963rahra naduve hophim jilleyalli vaasisuttiddaru. avaru valase banda kalaavidaru, sangraahakaru mattu kalaa vitarakarondige samparkavannu punah sthaapisidaru mattu avara varadigala moolaka mattu france mattu switzerlandge tamma modala pravaasagala samayadalli tamma aatitheya desagalalli hanneradu varshagala sarvadhikaradindagi aneka kalaavida valasigaru videshadalli gurutisalpattilla endu kanduhididaru. 1952ralli praarambhisi, avaru uttara mattu daksina america, daksina africa, bhaarata, grease mattu madhyapraachyada yuva kalavidarannu prastutapadisuva pradarshana pravasagalige hodaru, avaru "kaleya rayabhari" endu hesaraadaru."

hannah becker voom raath oru jarmman chithrakaariyum collector rakshadhikaariyum gaalaristumaayirunnu hannah becker voom raath (nee voom raath; 7 septambar 18938 august 1983). vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. germmaniyile frankfurtil janicha hannah voom raath 1920-ll sangeetha niroopakanaaya pooll beckeray (1882-1937) vivaham kazhikkukayum avar frankfurt/meyininu sameepamulla hophime aam tounasilekku maarukayum cheythu. avarkk moonnu kuttikalundaayirunnu. 1930ll vivaahamochanathil avasaanichu. currier. becker voom raath hesseyile hofhamil ottili roaderstainumaayi chernnu painting padikkaan thudangi. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu avar badden-wurtembergile stuttgaarttilekk thamasam maari, avide idaa kerkoviasinteyum adolph holsalinteyum keezhil padichu. becker voom raathinte portfoliyoyil "sttil lifes, portreyttukal, landscapeukal, expressionism muthal puthiya vasthunishtatha vareyulla shailikal" ulppedunnu. kalakarante rakshadhikaariyum kalaa shekharanakkaaranum. irupathukalil ludwig maidner, alexej voonn javlensky, kaal schmid-rotluff, emii roader ennivarumaayi avar sauhrudam sthaapichu. thudakkathil vyakthigatha kalakaaranmaarkkulla swaabhaavika pinthuna pinneedu susthira dauthyamaayi churungi. avar srishtikal vaangukayum chithrakaaranmaareyum kalaa shekharanakkaareyum hopheyimile thante blue housilekku shanikkukayum cheythu. 1929-ll avar wiesbaddenil "sosaitti oof fronds oof dhii art oof alexej voonn javlensky" sthaapichu. baker voom rathu enna chithrathinu samarppanathode oru painting rekhappeduthunnathu javlensky kaattalog risoon aanu. 1929-ll oru chrismus sammaanamaayi "vyathiyanam voonn fruehling, glook undu soonn" enna painting avarkk labhichu. 1940 num 1943 num idayil becker voom raath rejansburger stresile berlin studiyo appaartmentil bahishkarikkappettavarude kruthikal rahasyamaayi pradharshippichu. irupathukalil avar "brook", "bouhouse" ennivayil ninnu "expressionism" enna kruthi shekharikkaan thudangi kaal shmidt-rotluff, ernst ludwig kirchner, adolph holsell, pooll klee, maiks beckman thudangi niravadhi. pinneedu anthaaraashtra, yuva kalakaaranmaareyum ulppeduthi. 1987ll eee kruthikalil palathum museum vaisbaadante shekharathinte bhaagamaayi. art dealer art ambasader. avant-gardy" ll ninnu prachodanam ulkkondum naasi party keezhilulla avarude peedanathaal prachodanam ulkkondum avar yudhasamayathu rahasya kalaa pradarshanangal samghadippichu. 1947ll avar frankfurt kunstkaabinett hannah becker voom raath sthaapichu. deseeya soshyalist bharanathin keezhil adhapathichavar ennu apakeerthippeduthiya kalaakaarasuhrithukkaayikkaayi ithu thudakkathil oru vedhi nalki. 1945 muthal 1952 vare hofaimil sthirathaamasamaakkiya ernst wilhem neey, avide swakaarya photography school thuranna photographer marta hopefner, avarude adthyaapakan villie boumisttar ennivar avarude kalakaaranmaarudeyum suhruthukkaludeyum sarkilil ulppedunnu. pravaasatthil ninnu madangiyethiya ludwig maidner 1955 num 1963 num idayil hophime jillayil thaamasichu. kudiyettakkaaraaya kalakaaranmaar, collectormar, art dealermar ennivarumaayi avar veendum bandham sthaapikkukayum avarude reportukaliloodeyum fransilekkum swittsarlandilekkum nadatthiya aadya yaathrakalilum aathidheya raajyangalile panthrand varshathe svechaadhipathyam kaaranam niravadhi kalakaaranmaar videshathu kudiyeriyathaayi shradhikkappettillendil kandethukayum cheythu. 1952 muthal, vadakkum thekke america, dakshinaafrikka, india, grease, middle eest ennividangalile oru kaalath bahishkarikkapetta yuva kalakaaranmaare avatharippikkunna exhibition trippukalkk avar pooyi, "kalayude ambasseder" ennariyappettu."

hannah bekar waum ruth hannah bekar waum ruth (nee waum ruth; 7 september 18938 august 1983) hii eka german chitrakar, sangrahak, aashraydata aanee gallerist hotee. vaiyaktik jeevan. germanytil frankfurt yethe janmalelya hannah waum rathne 1920 madhye sangeet samikshak paul bekarshi (1882-1937) lagn kele aanee teey frankfurt/menjavalachya hofheim emm tonus yethe rahayala gele. tyanna teen mule hotee. 1930 madhye haah vivah ghatasfotat sampala. karkird. bekar waum rathane hofheim, hese yethe otili roadersteinsobat chitrakalecha abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee. pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, tee badden-wrttemberg yetheel stutgart yethe gelee, jithe tine ida kerkovius aanee edolph holzel yanchya margdarshanakhali shikshan ghetale. bekkar waum rathchya portfoliomadhye abhivyaktivadapasun teey naveen vastunishthateparyantchya shailinmadhye 'sthir jeevan, chitre aanee bhupradesh' samavisht aahet. kalakar snrakshak aanee qalaa sangrahak. visavya dashakat tichi ludwig medner, alekz wonn zablensky, carl schmitt-rottluff, emee roader yanchyasah itaranshi maitri jhaali. suruvatila vaiyaktik kalakaranna utsfurt pathimba nantar eka shashvat mohimet sampushtat aala. tine kalakruti kharedi kelya, chitrakar aanee qalaa sangrahakartyanna hofhemmadhil tichya nilya gharat aamantrit kele. 1929 madhye tine wisbadenmadhye 'society auph friends auph daad aart auph alexes wonn zablensky' chee sthapana kelee. jabalenskichya catalogmadhye bekar waum rathala samarpit kelelya eka chitrache dastaivajikaran kele aahe. 1929 madhye khrisamasachya bhet mhanoon teela 'variation vonn frueling, glook und sone' heey chitra midale. 1940 aanee 1943 chya darmyan bekkar waum rathane regensberger strassveril tichya berlin studio apartmentmadhye bahishkrut kelelya lokanchya kamanche gupt pradarshan aayojit kele. visachya dashakat tine 'brook' aanee 'bauhos': carl schmitt-rottluff, ernst ludwig kirchner, edolph holzel, paul clea, max beckman aanee itar anekanmadhun abhivyaktivadache kaam gola karnyas suruvat kelee. nantar aantarrashtriy aanee tarun kalakaranchahi samavesh karnyat aala. 1987 madhye yapaiki anek kaame sangrahalay wisbadenchya sankalanacha bhag bunley. qalaa vikreta aanee qalaa doot. avant-garde' pasoon prerit houn aanee nazi pakshachya antargat tyanchya chhalamule prerit houn, tine yuddhadarmyan gupt qalaa pradarshananche aayojan kele. 1947 madhye tine frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah bekar waum rathchi sthapana kelee. suruvatila rashtriy samajvadi rajvatit apbhransh mhanoon badnam jhalelya kalakar mitransathi tyanni eka munch upalabdh karoon deela. 1945 teey 1952 yaa kalat hofhemmadhye sthayik jhalelya ernst wilheim naay, chhayachitrakar marta hoffner, jyanni tethe tichi khajgi chhayachitran shaala ughadali aanee tyanchya shikshikancha viilii boumister, yaa kalakaranchya aanee mitranchya vartulat aata samavesh hota. haddapar houn parataleli ludwig medner 1955 teey 1963 darmyan hofheim jeelhyat rahat hotee. tine sthalantarit kalakar, sangrahak aanee qalaa vikretyanshi punha sampark prasthapit keela aanee tyanchya ahavalandware aanee france aanee switzerlandchya tichya pahilya pahilya shodhun kadhale qee anek kalakar sthalantarit tyanchya yazman deshanmadhil baaraa varshanchya hukumshahimule paradeshat disale navhate. 1952 pasoon, tyaa uttar aanee dakshin america, dakshin africa, bharat, greece aanee madhya purvetil ekekali bahishkrut jhalelya aanee tarun kalakaranna sadar karnyasathi pradarshanachya pradarshanachya gelya, aanee 'qalaa doot' mhanoon olakhalya gelya."

hannah becker woom rath hannah becker wome rath (nee wome rath; 7 september 18938 august 1983) ek german chitrakar, collector, sanrakshak rar gallerist thiin. wyaktigat jiwan. germanyko frankfurtma janmieki hannah woom rathle sann 1920 maa sangit samikshak pall becker (1882-1937) sanga vivaha garin rar tiniharu frankfurt/maine najikaiko hofheim emm taunasma sare. uniharuka tinn santan thie. sann 1930 maa vivaha sambandhawichchhedma samapta bhayo. currier. bekkar wome rathle hofheim, hesma otily roadersteinsanga chitrakla adhyayan garna thale. pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama, uni stutgart, baden-wortembergma gain, jahaan unle ida kerkovius rar adolf holzelko adhinma adhyayan garin. bekkar wome rathko portfolioma "still life, potret rar paridrishyaharu, abhiwyaktiwaddekhi nayan wastunishthatasammaka shailiharuma" samawesh chha. kalakar sanrakshak rar kala sangrahak. bisako dashakma uni loodwig medner, alex bhon zwlensky, carle schmitt-rottluff, ammy roader, rar anyasanga sathi banin. suruma wyaktigat kalakarharuka lagi sahaj samarthan pachhi ek sthayi missionma ghanikaran bhayo. unle kalakritiharu kinchhin, chitrakarharu rar kala sankalankartaharulai hofhemma raheko afno nilo gharma amantrit garchhin. sann 1929 maa unle wisbadenma "society aff friends aff da art aff alekjej bhon zablensky" ko sthapana garin. zablenskyko catalog reisonle becker wam rathlai samarpan gardai euta chitralai kagjat gardacha. unle sann 1929 maa christmas upaharko rupma "bheriesanah bhon fruhling, glook anned sone" penting prapta garin. sann 1940 rar 1943 ko bichma bekkar woom rathle regensberger strassma unko berlin studio apartmentma bahishkrit garieka kamharuko gopya pradarshaniharu ayojana gare. bisako dashakma unle "abhiwyaktiwad" ko kaam sankalan garna thalin, jastai "brook" rar "bauhas": carle schmitt-rottluff, ernst loodwig kirchner, adolf holzel, pall clea, max beckman rar anya dherai. pachhi antarrashtriya rar yuwa kalakarharu pani samawesh gariyo. sann 1987 maa yee madhye dherai kamharu sangrahalaya wisbadenko sangrahako hissa bane. kala wyapari rar kalako rajdut. awant-garde" batt prerit bhaera rar nazi partiantargat uniharuko utpidanbata prerit bhaera, unle yuddhako samayama gopya kala pradarshaniharu ayojana garin. sann 1947 maa unle frankfurt kunstakabinet hannah becker woom rathko sthapana garin. yasale suruma rashtriya samajwadi shasanantargat awakramit bhanera badnam bhaeka kalakar sathiharuka lagi euta manch pradan pradan. unko kalakar rar sathiharuko sarkalma ab sann 1945 dekhi 1952 samma hofhemma basobas garne ernst wilheim nai, photographer marta hofner, jasle tyahan afno niji fotography schol kholeki thiin, rar tiniharuko shikshak willy baumester samawesh thie. nirvasanbata farkeka loodwig meider pani sann 1955 rar 1963 ko bichma hofhemko jillama basin. unle aprawasi kalakarharu, sankalankartaharu rar kala wikretaharusanga punah samparka sthapit garin rar uniharuko reportharu marfat rar france rar swizerlandko unko pahilo yatrako kramama patta lagae kii dherai kalakar aprawasiharu uniharuko ayojak deshharuma bahra warshako tanashahika karan videshma dhyan nadieka thie. sann 1952 maa suru gardai, uni uttar rar dakshin america, dakshin africa, bharat, griss rar madhya purvaka kunai samaya bahishkrit rar yuwa kalakarharulai prastut gardai pradarshani yatraharuma gain, jaslai "kalako rajdut" bhanera chininthyo."

hannah bekkar omm rath hannah bekkar omm rath (nee omm rath; 7 september 18938 august 1983) jane german chitrakar, sangrahaka, prusthaposhaka ebong gallerist thile. byaktigata zeeban. germanyra frankafartare janmagrahana karithiba hannah omm raath 1920 masihare sangeeta samalochaka pull becker (1882-1937) nku bibaha karithile ebong semane frankfurt/maine nikatasta hofheim aam taunusku chalijaithile. semanankara tinoti santan thile. 1930 masihare bibahati chhadapatrare shesh hoithila. kyariyara. bekkar omm rath hofheim, hess ray otili roadersteinka saha chitrakala adhyajana arambha karithile. pratham biswajudha samajare, shay baden-wurtembergra stutgartku chalijaithile, jeunthare shay ida kerkovijas ebong adolph holajelanka adheenare adhyajana karithile. bekkar omm rathanka portapholiore "sthira zeeban, pratikruti ebong prakrutika drushya, abhibyaktibada thaaru arambha curry nutan bastunisthata parjyanta saileere" antarbhukta . kalakara prusthaposhaka ebong kalaa sangrahaka. binsha dashakare shay anyamananka madhyare ludwig meidner, alexes bhann javlensky, carle schmitt-rutloff, emi rodaranka saha bandhuta karithile. prathame byaktigata kalakaramananka paain swatahsfoorta samarthan parey eka nirantara missionre ghanibhuta hoithila . shay chitrakala kinithile, chitrakar ebong kalaa sangrahakamananku hofahemare thiba taanka blue houseku nimantran karithile. 1929 masihare shay wiesbadenre "society off friends off dee art off alexes bhann javlensky" pratistha karithile. javlenskinka catalogue rayson becker wam rathaku utsarga curry eka chitrakala document kare . shay 1929 ray eka christmas upahara bhabare "varianson fruhaling, glook aun soane" penting grahan karithile. 1940 ru 1943 madhyare becker omm raath regensberger stressre taanka berlin studio apartmentre bahishkrutanka dwara karjyara gupta pradarshani ayojan karithile . binsha dashakare shay "abhibyaktibada" rahr karjya sangraha kariba arambha karithile, jepariki "brook" ebong "bauhas" ruhh carle schmitt-rutloff, arnst ludwig kirchner, adolph holzel, pull clea, max beckman ebong ahuri aneka. parey antarjatija ebong juba kalakaramananku madhya antarbhukta karajaithila . 1987 masihare, egudika madhyaru aneka karjya sangrahalaja wiesbaden sangrahara anshabisesha hoithila. kalaa byabasajee ebong kalaara rastradoota. abhanta-garde" dwara anupranita hoi ebong nazi party adheenare semananka nirjyatana dwara prerita hoi, shay juddha samajare gupta kalaa pradarshani ayojan karithile. 1947 masihare shay frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah bekara wama rath pratistha karithile. ehaa prathame jatiah samajabadi shasson adheenare abakhyai hoithiba kalakara bandhunka paain eka mancha pradan karithila. taanka kalakara ebong bandhunka chakrare bartamana 1945 ru 1952 parjyanta hofahemare sthajee bhabe basabasa karithiba arnst wilhelm naai, photographer marta hopefner, jie sethare nijara gharoi photography skula kholithile, ebong semanankara sikhyaka wili baumester antarbhukta thile. nirbasanaru pherithiba ludwig meidner madhya 1955 ru 1963 masiha madhyare hofheim jillare rahuthile. shay prabasi kalakara, sangrahaka ebong kalaa byabasajeenka saha punah jogajoga sthapana karithile ebong semananka report madhyamare ebong frances ebong swijaralyandaku tankara pratham gasta samajare janibaku paithile je semananka aajojaka deshare baara barshar ekachhatrabada hetu aneka kalakara prabasi bideshare drustigochara hoinathile. 1952 masihare arambha curry, shay uttara ebong dakhina america, dakhina africa, bharat, greece ebong madhyaprachyara sehi juba kalakaramananku upasthapana kariba paain pradarshani jatrare jaithile, jaahaa "kalaara rastradoota" bhabare janashuna hoithile."

haina bekar woom rath haina bekar vome rath (nee vome rath; 7 satambar 18938 agast 1983) ikk german chittarkar, colector, sarprast atey gallerist see. nijji jeevan. germany dey frankfurt witch paida hoee haina woom raath neey sangeet aalochak paal bekar (1882-1937) naal 1920 witch viaah karwa liaa atey uh frankfurt/maine dey nede hofheim aim tons chaley gaye. uhanan dey tinn bacche sunn. sann 1930 witch viaah talaak witch khatam hoow giaa. carrier. bekar woom rath neey hofheim, hese witch otili roaderstein naal painting daa adhiaen karna shuru keeta. pahile vishav yuddh dauran, uh stuttgart, badden-vertemberg chalee gaee, jitthe usne idaa kerkovius atey adolph holzel dey adheen padahi keeti. bekar woom rath dey portfolio witch "sathir jeevan, portrait atey landscape, samikaranvaad toon lae keey naveen nirpakhta takk deeaan shailiaan witch" shamal hunn. kalakar sarprast atey qalaa colector. veeh dey dahake witch uss dee dosti ludwig medner, alexes vaan javlensky, kaaral shmitt-rottlef, aimee roader atey horaan naal hoow gaee. shuru witch viaktigat kalakaran laee swaiichhuk samarthan baad witch ikk nirantar mission witch sankuchit hoow giaa. uss neey kamm kharide, chittarkaran atey qalaa collectoran noon hophime witch aapne neele gharr witch sadda ditta. sann 1929 witch uss neey wiesbadden witch "society aaf friends aaf dha aart aaf alexes vaan javlensky" dee sathapana keeti. javlensky dee suchi daa caarn bekar woom rath noon samarpit ikk painting daa dastavez haii. uss neey 1929 witch christmas dey tohfe vajon painting, "variation vaan fruhling, glook und sone" prapat keeti. 1940 atey 1943 dey vichkaar bekar woom rath neey aapne barlin studio apartment witch regensbugger stress utte kamman deeaan gupat pradarshaniaan daa ayojan keeta. veeh dey dahake witch uss neey "pragtavevad" daa kamm ikkatha karna shuru qarr ditta, jiven kii "brook" atey "bauhaus": kaaral shmitt-rottlef, ernst ludwig kirchner, adolf holzel, paal cully, maikas beckman atey horr bahut saare. baad witch antarashtari atey naujwan kalakaran noon vee shamal keeta giaa. 1987 witch ihanan vicchon bahut saariaan rachnavan ajaib gharr wiesbadden dey sangrah daa hissa bann gaeeaan. qalaa dealer atey qalaa daa rajdoot. avant-gaard" toon prerit hoow keey atey naazi party dey adheen unhan dey zulam toon prerit hoow keey, usne yuddh dauran gupat qalaa pradarshaniaan daa ayojan keeta. sann 1947 witch uss neey frankfurt kunstcabinet haina bekar woom rath dee sathapana keeti. iss neey shuru witch rashtari samajwadi shasan dey tehat badnam keete gaye kalakar dostan laee ikk munch pardan keeta. uss dey kalakaran atey dostan dey chakkar witch hunn ernst wilham naai, joe 1945 toon 1952 takk hophime witch settle hoow gaye, photographer marta hofner, jiss neey utthe aapna private photography school kholhiaa, atey unhan dey adhiaapak villie bomister shamal sunn. ludwig medner, joe jalawatni toon waps aaee see, 1955 atey 1963 dey vichkaar hophime dey ikk zilhe witch vee rahindi see. uss neey parvasi kalakaran, collectoran atey qalaa dealeran naal samparak mudd sathapat keeta atey unhan deeaan reportan raahin atey france atey switzerland deeaan aapniaan pahiliaan yatravan dauran pataa lagaiaa kii bahut saare kalakar parvasiaan noon unhan dey mezban deshan witch 12 saalan dee tanashahi caarn videshan witch naheen dekhiaa giaa see. 1952 witch shuru hoow keey, uh uttri atey dakkhni amrica, dakkhni africa, bharat, yunan atey maddh purab witch unhan naujwan kalakaran noon pesh curran laee pardarshani yatravan utte gaee, joe "qalaa dey rajdoot" vajon jaane jaande sunn."

hannaa bekkar vom rath hannaa bekkar vom rath (nee vom rath; 7 september 18938 august 1983) ekaa german chitrakarina, sangraahakah, samrakshakah, gallerykar cha aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. germany-deshasya frankfurt-nagare janmitaa hannaa vom raath ityeshaa 1920 tame varshe sangeeta-samikshakam paal bekkar (1882-1937) ityenam parineetavatee, te frankfurt/menn-nagarasya sameepe hofaim aam tounus-nagaram prati aagatavantah. teshaam trayah putraah aasan. 1930 tame varshe vivaahavicchede samapta. vruttihi. bekkar vom raath ityeshah hofaim, hess ityatra otily roaderstein ityanena saha chitrakaushalam adhyayanam aarabdhavaan. prathamavishvayuddhe saa stutgart, beden-wrttemberg-nagaram prati gatavatee, yatra saa idaa-kerkovius tathaa adalf-holzel ityetayoho adheenam adhyayanam krutavatee. bekkar vom raath ityasya portfolio ityasmin "nishchalajeevanaani, chitraani, paridrushyaani cha, abhivyaktivaadaat nootan-vastunishtataa paryantam shailyaah santi" iti antarbhavati. kalakarasya samrakshakah tathaa kalaa-sangraahakah. vimshati-dashake saa ludwig madner, alexes vaan javlensky, carl schmid-rotluff, emee roader ityaadibhih saha mitrataa abhavat. praarambhe vyaktigatakalakaranam krute swatah samarthanam pashchat susthira-kaaryaroopen sankochitam. saa krutayah kreenaati, chitrakaaraan kalaa-sangraahakaan cha hofaim-nagarasya swagruham prati aamantrayat. 1929 tame varshe saa veesbaaden-nagare "friend-aaf-art-aaf-alexes vaan-javlensky" iti samsthaam prasthaapayat. javlensky ityasya soochee-reyson bekkar vom rath ityasya samarpanm krutvaa chitrakam likhati. saa 1929 tame varshe chrismus-upahaararoopen "vaividhyam vaan fruehling, glook und sonne" iti chitrakam praapnot. 1940 taha 1943 paryantam bekkar vom raath ityeshaa regensberger-strais ityatra swasya berlin-studio-apartment-madhye bahishkrutaanaam krutayah guptarupena pradarshitaah. vimshati-dashake saa "abhivyaktivaadasya" sangrahanam prarabhata, yathaa "brooke" tathaa "bauhaus" ityatah carl schmid-rotluff, arnst ludwig kirchner, adalf holzel, paal clee, max beckman ityaadibhih anekebhyah. pashchat antarashtriya-yuvakalaakaaraah api antarbhootaah. 1987 tame varshe eteshu bahavah rachanaah sangrahaalayasya sangrahasya bhagaha abhavan. kalaa-vikretruh tathaa kalaa-dootah. avant-guarde" ityanena preritaa, nazi-pakshasya adheene teshaam utpidanaat preritaa cha saa yuddhakaale gupta-kalaa-pradarshanani aayojayat. 1947 tame varshe saa frankfurt-kunstkaabinet-hannaa bekkar vom rath samsthaam prasthaapayat. praarambhe rashtriyasamajatantrashana apachayitanam kalakaramitranam krute eshah mancham pradadat. tasyaah kalaavidaanaam mitranam cha vruttasya adhunaa 1945 taha 1952 paryantam hofaim-nagare sthite earnst vilhelm-ney, tatra swakeeya-chhaayaachitran-vidyaalayam udghaatayantee chayachitrakara marta hopfner, teshaam shikshikaa vilee boumister cha aasan. nirvaasanaat pratyaagatya ludwig madner 1955 taha 1963 paryantam hofaim-mandale api nivasati sma. saa pravaasinah kalaakaaraih, sangraahakaih, kalaa-vikretrubhihi cha saha punah samparkam sthapayitva teshaam prativedanasya madhyamena, france-switzerlyaand-deshayoho prathamayatrayaha samaye cha dnyaatavatee yat, teshaam atitheya-desheshu dvaadashavarshaanaam tanashahi-karanat bahavah kalakara-pravaasinah videsheshu naa drushtaah aasan. 1952 tamavarshaat aarabhy saa uttar-dakshina-america, dakshina-africa, bhaarat-grees-deshayoho, madhyapoorva-deshayoho, tebhyah yuva-kalakaran, ye poorvam bahishkrutaah aasan, teshaam pradarshanayatram krutvaa "kalaa-dootah" iti khyata abhavat."

hannah becker vaam raath hannah becker voam raath (nee voam raath; 7 septumber 18938 august 1983) oru jerman ooviyar, sekarippaalar, puravalar mattrum calory kalaignar aavaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. germanyin frankfurtle pirantha hannah voam raath, 1920 aam aandil isai vimarsagar paal becker (1882-1937) enbavarai mananthaar, maelum avarkal frankfurt/meyin arugae ulla hofheim aam danasuku kudipeyarnthanar. avarkalukku moontru kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. 1930ill tirumanam vivaagaraththil mudinthathu. thozhil. becker voam raath, hessin hofheimil ottili roadarstainudan ooviyam varaivathaip padikkath thodangkinaar. muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu, avar paedan-wordemberkil ulla stutcartukku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar idaa gergovius mattrum adolph holsell aagiyoarin keezh padiththaar. becker voam rathin portfoliovil "nilaiyaana vaazhkkai, uruvappadangkal mattrum nilapparappugal, velippaadu muthal puthiya puranilai varai ulla paanigalil" adangkum. kalaignarin puravalar mattrum kalai sekarippaalar. irupathukalil avar ludwick midener, alexij vaan javlensky, carle shmitt-rodluff, emii roadar aakiyoarudan natpu kondaar. aarambaththil thanipatta kalaignarkalukkaana thannichaiyaana aatharavu pinnar oru neediththa paniyaaga surungiyathu. avar padaippugalai vaangki, ooviyargalaiyum kalai sekarippaalargalaiyum hofheimil ulla thanathu neela veettirku alaiththaar. 1929 aam aandil avar vaispaadanil "alexey vaan javlenskyin kalaiyin nanbarkalin samoogaththai" niruvinaar. javelenskyin attavanai kaaranam becker vaam rathukku arppanippudan oru ooviyaththai aavanappaduththukirathu. 1929 aam aandil christhumas parisaaga "maarupaadu vaan fruehling, pasaiyam mattrum soanae" endra ooviyaththai avar pettraar. 1940 mattrum 1943 kku idaiyil becker voam raath thanathu berlin studio kudiyiruppil rejensburger adukkil odhukki vaikkapatta padaippugalin ragasiya kankaatchigalai aerpaadu seithaar. irupathukalil avar "brook" mattrum "bouhas" poantra "velippaattin" padaippugalai sekarikkath thodanginar carle shmitt-rodluff, ernst ludwick kirchner, adolph holsell, paal clea, makes begman mattrum pala. pinnar sarvadesa mattrum ilaiya kalaignargalum serkkappattanar. 1987 aam aandil inththa padaippugalil pala arungaatchiyagaththin sekarippin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. kalai vyaapaari mattrum kalaith thoothar. avanth-carde" enbavaraal eerkkappatta avar, naji katchiyin keezh avarkal thunpuruththappattathal nagarnthaar, poarin poathu ragasiya kalai kankaatchigalai aerpaadu seithaar. 1947 aam aandil avar frankfurt gunstcobinet hannah becker vaam rathai niruvinaar. thaesiya sosalisa aatchiyin keezh seerazhinthathaaga avathooru parappiya kalaignar nanbarkalukku idhu aarambaththil oru mandraththai valangkiyathu. 1945 muthal 1952 varai hofheimil kudiyaeriya ernst wilhelm nae, angku thanathu thaniyar pugaippadap palliyaith thirantha pugaippadak kalaignar martha hoopfner mattrum avarkalin aasiriyar villie pomister aagiyoar ippoathu avarathu kalaignargal mattrum nanbarkalin vattaththil adangkuvar. naadukadaththappattathilirundhu thirumbiya ludwick maitner, 1955 mattrum 1963 kku idaiyil hofheim maavattaththil vasiththu vanthaar. avar pulampeyarntha kalaignargal, sekarippaalarkal mattrum kalai virpanaiyaalargaludan thodarbai meendum niruvinaar, maelum avarkalin arikkaikal moolamaagavum, brance mattrum switcherlaandhukku thanathu muthal payanangkalin moolamaagavum pala kalaignargal kudiyaeriyavargal thangal puravalan naadugalil pannirandu aandukaala sarvaathikaaraththin kaaranamaaga velinaadugalil kavanikkappadavillai enbathaik kandupiditthaar. 1952 aam aandu thodangi, vada mattrum thenn america, thennaprika, india, greakkam mattrum matthiya kilakkil oru kaalaththil odhukki vaikkapatta mattrum ilam kalaignargalai vazhangkuvatharkaaga avar kankaatchi payanangkalukkuch sentraar, idhu "kalaith thoothar" endru ariyappattathu."

hannah bekkar vaam raath hannah bekkar vome rath (nee vome rath; 7 september 18938 augustu 1983) oka german chitrakaaruraalu, collector, poeshakuraalu mariyu gallerist. vyaktigata jeevitam. germanyloni frankfurtlo janminchina hannah vome raath 1920loe sangeeta vimarsakudu paal becker (1882-1937) nuu vivaham chesukunnaru, vaaru frankfurt/maine sameepamloni hophim aam tounusku vellaaru. vaariki mugguru pillalu kaligaaru. 1930loe eee vivaham vidaakulatoe mugisindi. vrutti. bekkar vome raath hofheim, heslo ottili roadersteintho painting adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, aame baden-wurtembergloni stutgartku velli, akkada idaa kerkovius mariyu adolph holzel aadhvaryamlo chaduvukundi. bekkar vome raath yokka portfolio "vyakteekaranavaadam nundi kotta nishpaakshikata varaku sailulalo sthiramaina jeevitaalu, chitraalu mariyu prakruti drushyaalu" unnaayi. kalakarudi poeshakulu mariyu kalakarudu. iravailalo aame ludwig midener, alex vaan zavlensky, carle schmid-ratluff, emmy roader vanti vaaritho sneham chesindi. praarambhamlo vyaktigata kalaakaarulaku aakasmika maddatu taruvaata sthiramaina missionga kudinchabadindi. aame kalaakrutulanu konugolu chesi, chitrakaarulanu mariyu kalaa sekaranadaarulanu hofheimloni thana blue houseku aahvaaninchindi. 1929loe aame wiesbadenlo "society off friends off dhi art off alex vaan zavlensky" nuu sthaapinchindi. zablensky yokka ketalog rayson bekkar vome rathku ankitabhaavamtho oka paintingnu namodu chestundi. aame 1929loe chrismus bahumatigaa "vaividhyam vaan fruehling, glooke und sonne" anae paintingnu andukundi. 1940 mariyu 1943 madhya bekkar vome raath thana berlin studio apartmentlo regensburger stracelo bahishkarinchabadina vaari rachanala rahasya pradarsanalanu nirvahinchindi. iravailalo aame "brook" mariyu "bouhouse" nundi "vyakteekaranavaadam" rachanalanu sekarinchadam praarambhinchindih carle schmid-ratluff, ernst ludwig kirchner, adolph holzel, paal clea, maaks beckman mariyu marenno. taruvaata antarjaateeya mariyu yuva kalaakaarulu kooda cherchabaddaaru. 1987loe veetilo chaalaa rachanalu museum wiesbadden sekaranalo bhaagamgaa marai. art dealer mariyu art ambasider. avant-gaard" nundi prerana pondhi, naajii party aadhvaryamlo vaari himsatho kadilina aame, yuddha samayamlo rahasya kalaa pradarsanalanu nirvahinchindi. 1947loe aame frankfurt kunstcabinet hannah bekkar vome rathnu sthaapinchindi. idhi praarambhamlo jaateeya saamyavaada paalanalo ksheeninchina kalakarudu snehitula kosam oka vedikanu andinchindi. 1945 nundi 1952 varaku hofheimlo sthirapadina ernst wilhelm nae, akkada thana private photography paatasaalanu praarambhinchina photographer marta hopefner mariyu vaari upadhyayudu villie bomister ippudu aame kalaakaarulu mariyu snehitula vargamlo unnaaru. pravasam nundi tirigi vacchina ludwig midener kooda 1955 mariyu 1963 madhya hofheim jillaalo nivasinchaaru. aame valasa vacchina kalaakaarulu, collectorlu mariyu art dealerlatho tirigi sambandhaanni yerparachukundi mariyu vaari nivedikala dwara mariyu france mariyu switzerlandku thana modati paryatanala samayamlo, vaari aatithya deshaalalo pannendu samvatsaraala niyantrutvam kaaranamgaa chaalaa mandhi kalaakaarula valasadaarulu videshaalalo gurtinchabadaledani kanugonnaru. 1952 nundi, aame uttara mariyu dakshina america, dakshinaafrikaa, bharatadesam, grease mariyu madhyapraachyamlo okappudu bahishkarinchabadina mariyu yuva kalaakaarulanu pradarsistuu pradarsana paryatanalaku velli, "kala yokka rayabari" gaa prasiddhi chendindi."

hanaa bekar waam rath hanaa bekar wom raath (nee wom raath vovo 7 satambar 18938 agast 1983) eek german masoor clicketer sarparast aur gallerest thein. zaati zindagi. germani kay frankfurt mein paida honay waali hanaa wom raath nay 1920 mein mausiqi kay nqad paal bekar (1882-1937) say shaadi kii aur wah frankfurt/meen kay qareeb hophium ayem tones muntaqil how gayey. inn kay teen bachay thay. 1930 mein shaadi talaaq parr khatam hoyee. carrier. bekar wom rathh nay hofheim hessis mein otli ruderstein kay saath penting kaa mutalah karnaa sharoo kiyaa. pehli jung azeem kay doraan wah staat gaart beaden-writtemberg chalee gayein jehaan inhon nay aidaa carcoyos aur adolf holzel kay maatehat taleem haasil kii. bekar wom raath kay port folio mein "abb bhee zindagi portrait aur munazir izhaar pasandi say lay kirr nayee maruziyat takk kay andaaz shaamil haine. fankaar sarparast aur aart clector. bees kii dahayi mein iss kii dosti ladweg medner aleksaj waan jablinsky carle shamat-rottluff aimi ruder aur deegar kay saath how gayee. ibtadayi toor parr infiradi funkaron kay liye bay saakhta himayat baad mein eek mustaqil mission mein tabdil how gayee. iss nay kaam khareede masuron aur aart clectors kuu hofheem mein apnay blue house mein madau kiyaa. 1929 mein inhon nay vesbadan mein "society aaf friends aaf dee aart aaf aleksaj waan jablinsky" kii bunyaad rakhee. jablinsky kaa catalog raisan eek penting kuu bekar wom rathh kay liye waqaf kartaa hay. asay 1929 mein karsams kay tahfay kay toor parr penting "taghir: waan farhaling gloke aind suun" mosul hoyee. 1940 aur 1943 kay darmiyan bekar wom rathh nay reginesburger strais parr apnay barlan studio apartment mein bay dakhal honay waalon kay kaamon kii khafiya numaishon kaa ahtamam kiyaa. bees kii dahayi mein iss nay "izhaar pasandi" kaa kaam jamaa karnaa sharoo kiyaa jeesay "brok" aur "baohaus": carle shamat-rottluff arnist ladweg kirchner adolf holzel paal kalee meks backman aur behat kachh. baad mein beenn alaqwami aur naujawan funkaron kuu bhee shaamil kiyaa gayaa. 1987 mein inn mein say behat say kaam museum wezbedden kay majmuay kaa hasah bunn gayey. aart dealer aur aart kay safeer. awant gaard" say mutasir how kirr aur naazi paarti kay tahat inn kay zulam woo satam say mutasir how kirr iss nay jung kay doraan khafiya aart kii numaishon kaa ahtamam kiyaa. 1947 mein iss nay frankfurt const kabinah hanaa bekar wom rathh kii bunyaad rakhee. iss nay ibtadayi toor parr fankaar doston kay liye eek forum farahim kiyaa jasay qomi ishteraki hukumat kay tahat badnaam kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay funkaron aur doston kay halqay mein abb arnist walaheem nee juu 1945 say 1952 takk hofheem mein aabaad huay photographer maarta hopfner jinhon nay wahaan apnaa najee foto girafi school kholaa aur inn kay astaad walee bomester shaamil thay. jalawatni say waps aaney waali ladweg medner bhee 1955 aur 1963 kay darmiyan hofheem kay eek zalaa mein rehti thein. inhon nay hijrat karnay waalay fankaron jamaa karnay waalon aur aart delaron kay saath dobarah raabtah qayem kiyaa aur inn kii reporton kay zariye aur france aur sweatzerland kay apnay pehley dooron kay doraan driyafat kiyaa kahh behat say fankaar tarkeen watan kuu inn kay mezban mamalik mein baarah saal kii aamriyat kii wajah say berun milk nahein dekha gayaa thaa. 1952 mein sharoo kartay huay wah numaishi dooron parr gayein aur shamali aur janubi america janubi afriqah hindustan yunaan aur mashriq wastee kay inn naujawan funkaron kuu paish kiyaa juu "aart kay safeer" kay toor parr mashhur hoay."

000876b14fa7365ec391df0a5f6cf5b1b69252c74c867b3773f5584c03edcc0b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53569055

Jack Guy Lafontant

Jack Guy Lafontant Jack Guy Lafontant (born 4 April 1961) is a Haitian politician who served as Prime Minister of Haiti from 21 March 2017 until 16 September 2018. Early life and education. Lafontant studied medicine, specializing in gastroenterology and internal medicine and became a university instructor. He became a member of the Haitian Medical Association and the American College of Gastroenterology. Career. Lafontant is a member of the Rotary Club of Pétion-Ville, Port-au-Prince, and served as the group's president in 2016. He was appointed as prime minister on 22 February 2017 and presented his cabinet on 13 March 2017. His government obtained a vote of confidence from the Senate on 16 March and from the Chamber of Deputies on 21 March, with 95 votes for and 6 against with 2 abstentions. He assumed his responsibilities the same day his government won the vote of confidence. His position as prime minister was his debut in politics. Following deadly mass protests against a government plan to raise fuel prices, Lafontant announced on 14 July 2018 that he had submitted his resignation to President Moïse, who accepted it. Moise confirmed that he had accepted Lafontant's resignation and stated that he would work to find a new Prime Minister. He actually serves as caretaker. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jek gaai lafontant jek gaai lafontant (jonmo 4 april 1961) ejon haitian rajneetibid jiye 21 march 2017ror poraa 16 septembor 2018 loike haitir prodhanmontri hisape karzonirbah korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. lafontente sikitsa bigyan odhyoyon korisil, gestro "enter" lojee aaru abhyontorin ouxodhot bixexogyo hoisil aaru biswobidyaloyor proxikhyok hoisil. teu hytian medical ess "siyesyon aaru aamerikan kolej owo gestro" entar "lojir xodosyo hoisil. keriyar. lefontent poo 'rt-oh'-princer peshyon-bhiler ror 'terry clubber xodosyo, aaru 2016 sonot doltur xobhapoti hisape karzonirbah korisil. 2017 sonor 22 februaryt teuk prodhanmontri hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru 2017 sonor 13 marchot teur kebinet uposthapon koraa hoisil. teur sorkare 16 marchot sinetor poraa aaru 21 marchot chamber owo deputixomuhor poraa aastha bhut laabh korisil, 2taa onuposthitit 95taa bhutor xoite aaru 6taa bhutor biporite. teur sorkare aastha bhut laabh korar thik xeidinai teu dayitwo grohon korisil. prodhanmontri hisape teur podd aasil rajneetit teur prothom prothom. indhonor mulyo briddhi korar sorkaror porikolponar biruddhe maratmok gono protibador pisot, 2018 sonor 14 julyte lafontante ghuxona korisil je teu rastropoti moyesor usorot podotyag potro daakhil korise, jiye iyak grohon korisil. moise nischito korisil je teu lafontentor podotyag grohon korise aaru koichil je teu ejon notun prodhanmontri bisari uliyaboloi kaam koribo. teu prokritote suwasita hisape kaam kore.

jack gaai lafontant jack gaai lafontant (jonmo 4 april 1961) ekjon haitian rajnitibid jini 21 march 2017 theke 16 septembara 2018 porjonto haitir prodhanmontri hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. prathomik jeebon oo shikkha. lafontant chikitsabiggan niye padashona corren, gastroenterology ebong abhyantarin chikitsabiggane biseshoggo hohn ebong bishwobidyaloyer proshikkhok hohn. tini haitian medicale association ebong american college off gastroenterologyr sadasya hohn. pesha. lafontant porta-aaa-princer rotari club pition-vilir sadasya ebong 2016 saale doler sabhapati hisabe dayitto palon corren. 2017 saaler 22shhey february tini prodhanmontri hisebe nijukto hohn ebong 2017 saaler 13ee march taanr montrisobha uposthapon corren. taanr sarkar 16ee march senate theke ebong 21shhey march deputi chembar theke astha bhot paay, jaar pokkhe 95tii ebong bipokkhe 6tii bhot porey ebong 2tii onuposthito thaake. jedin taanr sarkar astha bhot jitechilo, seii dinyi tini taanr dayitto grohon korechilen. prodhanmontri hisebe taanr rajnitite abhishek ghote. jalanir daam badanor sarkari porikolponar biruddhe marattok gono bikkhover porr, 2018 saaler 14ee julai lafontant ghoshana corren jey tini rashtrapati moeser kachhe taanr podotyagpotro jomaa diyechen, jini taa grohon korechen. mois nischito korechen jey tini lafontanter podotyag grohon korechen ebong bolechen jey tini ekjon notun prodhanmontri khunje berr korar jonno kaaj korben. tini asle tottabodhayok hisabe kaaj corren.

jeeka gaay lafontant jeeka gaay lafontant (janm 4 april 1961) aek haitiyan rajkarani chhe jemane 21 march 2017 thee 16 september 2018 sudhee haiteena vadaa pradhaan tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. lafontante davaaono abhyaas karyo, gastroenterology aneey aantarik davaamaa visheshta melvee aneey universityna prashikshak banyaa. teo haitiyan medical association aneey american college off gastroenterologyna sabhy banyaa hataa. karkirdi. lafontant porta-oo-princena pation-veelena rotarii klabnaa sabhy chhe aneey 2016maan juthanaa pramukh tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. 22 februari 2017naa roj temne vadaa pradhaan tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 13 march 2017naa roj temnu mantrimandal rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. temnee sarkaare 16 marche senate tarafthi aneey 21 marche chamber off deputies tarafthi vishvaas mutt melvyo hato, jemaa 95 matnee tarfenma aneey 6 matnee viruddhma 2 gerhajari saathe mutt melvyaa hataa. jeey divase temnee sarkaare vishvaas mutt jeetyo teey jaj divase temane potaani javabdario sambhaali hatee. vadapradhan tarikenu temnu pada rajkaranma temnee sharuaat hatee. indhannaa bhaav vadhaarvaani sarkaarni yojnaa saame ghaatak saamuhik virodhne pagale, 14 julai 2018naa roj lophontante jaaherat curry hatee keey temane rashtrapati moisne potaanu raajinaamu suparat karyoo chhe, jemane tene sweekari leedhu chhe. moise pushti curry keey temane lafontantnu raajinaamu sweekari leedhu chhe aneey kahyoo chhe keey teo navaa vadaa pradhaanne shodhvaa maate kaama karashe. teey vaastavma sambhaal rakhnar tareeke sevaa aape chhe.

jack gaay lafontant jack gaay lafontant (janm 4 aprail 1961) ack haiti rajneta hain jinhone 21 march 2017 seey 16 sitambar 2018 taka haiti key pradhaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. lafontant ney gastroenterology aur aantarik chikitsa mein visheshagyata praapt karate hue chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya aur ack vishvavidyalaya prashikshak bunn gaye. way hattien medical association aur american college off gastroenterology key sadasya bunn gaye. carrier. lafontant port-auo-prince key rotary club key sadasya hain aur 2016 mein samooh key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. unhein 22 farwari 2017 koo pradhaanmantri key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur 13 march 2017 koo unhone apana mantrimandal prastut kiya thaa. unaki sarkaar ney 16 march koo senate seey aur 21 march koo pratinidhi mandal seey vishvaas mutt praapt kiya, jisamen 95 maton key saath aur 6 maton key khilaf 2 maton key saath anupasthit rahey. usee dinn unhone apani jimmedaariyaan sambhal leen jiss dinn unaki sarkaar ney vishvaas mutt jeetaa thaa. pradhaanmantri key roop mein unakaa pada rajneeti mein unaki shuruat thee. eendhan kii keematen badhaane kii sarkari yojana key khilaf ghaatak saamoohik virodh key baad, lafontant ney 14 julaai 2018 koo ghoshana kii kii unhone rashtrapati mois koo apana istifa saunp diyaa haye, jinhone ise sweekaar curr liya. mois ney pushti kii kii unhone lafontant kaa istifa sweekaar curr liya haye aur kahaa haye kii vaha ack nae pradhaanmantri koo khojane key liye kaam karenge. vaha vaastav mein karyavahak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.

jack gai lafontant jack gai lafontant (janana 4 april 1961) obba hytian raajakaaraniyaagiddu, avaru 21 march 2017 rinda 16 september 2018 ravarege haitiya pradhaaniyaagi seve sallisidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. lafantant aushadhavannu adhyayana maadi, gastroenterology mattu aantarika aushadhadalli parinati padedaru mattu vishvavidyaalayada bodhakaraadaru. aata hytian vaidyakeeya sangha mattu american college off gastroenterology sadasyaraadaru. vrattijeevana. lafantant avaru portu-oo-prinsna rotary club off petian-villeya sadasyaragiddare mattu 2016ralli gumpina adhyaksharaagi seve sallisiddaare. 2017rahra phebravari 22randu avarannu pradhaaniyaagi nemisalaayitu mattu 2017rahra march 13randu tamma samputavannu mandisidaru. avara sarkaaravu march 16randu senetninda mattu march 21randu chamber off deputigalinda vishvaasamatavannu padeyitu, 95 matagalu paravagi mattu 6 viruddhavaagi 2 matagalu gairuhaajaraadavu. avara sarkaaravu vishvaasamatavannu gedda dinave avaru tamma javaabdaarigalannu vahisikondaru. pradhaaniyaagi avara sthaanavu raajakeeyadalli avara chocchala praveshavaagittu. indhana belegalannu hechchisuva sarkaarada yojaneya viruddha maaranaantika saamuhika pratibhatanegala nantara, 2018rahra julai 14randu lafontant avaru tamma raajinaameyannu adhyaksha moise avarige sallisiruvudaagi ghoshisidaru, avaru adannu sweekarisidaru. taanu lafontantna raajinaameyannu svikarisiruvudannu moise drudhapadisidaru mattu hosa pradhaaniyannu hudukalu kelasa maaduvudaagi helidaru. aata vaastavaagi ustuvaarigaaranaagi seve sallisuttaane.

jacq gaii laaphondant 2017 march 21 muthal 2018 septambar 16 vare haithiyude pradhaanamanthriyaayi sevanamanushticha oru haishyan raashtreeyakkaaranaan jacq gaii laaphondant (jananam epril 4,1961). aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. laaphondant vaidyashaasthram padikkukayum gastroentrologylum intenal medisinilum vaidagdhyam nedukayum oru sarvakalashaala instructoraayi maarukayum cheythu. haishyan medical association, american koleju oof gastroentrology ennivayil addeham amgamaayi. currier. portt-ooo-princile peshyan-villeyude rottari klabbile amgamaaya laaphondant 2016 ll grouppinte presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu. 2017 februvari 22nuu pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkappedukayum 2017 march 13nuu manthrisabha avatharippikkukayum cheytha addeham march 16nuu senattil ninnum march 21nuu chamber oof deputicil ninnum 95 vottukalkku anukoolamaayum 6 vottukal ethirthum rund thavana vittunilkkukayum cheythu. thante sarkkar vishwaasavotteduppil vijayicha athe divasam thanne addeham thante utharavaadithangal etteduthu. pradhaanamanthriyenna nilayilulla addehathinte raashtreeyathile arangettamaayirunnu athu. indhanavila uyarthaanulla sarkkar padhathiykkethiraaya marakamaaya bahujana prathishedhathetthudarnnu, 2018 juulai 14 nuu thaan thante raaji president moyisinu samarppichathayi laaphondant prakhyaapichu, avar athu sweekarichu. laafondantinte raaji sweekarichathaayi moise sthireekarikkukayum oru puthiya pradhaanamantriye kandethaan pravartthikkumennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. addeham yadhaarthathil kairtakeraayi pravartthikkunnu.

jacq gaay lafauntant jacq gaay lafauntant (janm 4 april 1961) haah eka haiti rajkarani aahe, jyane 21 march 2017 teey 16 september 2018 paryant haiticha pantpradhan mhanoon kaam kele. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. lafauntantne vaidyakshastracha abhyas keela, gastroentrology aanee antargat aushadhanmadhye visheshatva midavale aanee vidyapithatil prashikshak banale. teey haitian medical association aanee american college auph gastroentrologyche sadasya jhaale. karkird. lafauntant heey poort-oo-prince yetheel peshan-vhilchya rotarii clubche sadasya aahet aanee tyanni 2016 madhye gatache adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. 22 februwari 2017 roji tyanchi pantpradhan mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee aanee 13 march 2017 roji tyanni aapale mantrimandal sadar kele. tyanchya sarkarla 16 march roji synetkadoon aanee 21 march roji pratinidhi sabhagruhatun vishvasadarshak tharav midala, jyat 95 matey bajoone aanee 6 viruddha 2 anupasthit rahili. jyaa divashi tyanchya sarkarne vishvasadarshak tharav jinkla tyach divashi tyanni aaplya jababdanya swikarlya. pantpradhan mhanoon tyanche rajkaranatil padarpan hote. indhanache darr vadhavanyachya sarkarchya yojneviruddha mothya pramanavar jhalelya pranghatak nidarshanannantar, 14 julai 2018 roji lafontantne jaheer kele qee tyane aapala rajinama rashtradhyaksh mois yanchyakade sadar keela aahe, jyanni too swikarla. moisne lafontantcha rajinama swikaralyachi pushti kelee aanee sangitale qee too naveen pantpradhan shodhanyasathi kaam karel. too pratyakshat kaljivahu mhanoon kaam karato.

jack gai lafantant jack gai lafantant (janma 4 april 1961) ek hytian rajnitigya hun jasle 21 march 2017 dekhi 16 september 2018 samma haitiko pradhanmantriko rupma sewa gare. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. lafontantle gastroentrology rar antarik chikitsama visheshagyata prapta gardai chikitsa adhyayan gare rar vishwavidyalayaka prashikshak bane. uni hytian medical association rar american college aff gastroentrologyka sadasya bane. currier. lafontant pation-bhile, port-o-prinsko rotary clubko sadasya how, rar sann 2016 maa samuhako adhyakshako rupma sewa gareko thiyo. uni 22 february 2017 maa pradhanmantriko rupma niyukta bhae rar 13 march 2017 maa afno mantriparishad prastut gare. unko sarkarle 16 marchma sinetbata rar 21 marchma chember aff deputybata wishwasko mutt prapta prapta, jasma 95 matka sath rar 6 viruddhama 2 anupasthit thie. unko sarkarle wishwasko mutt jiteko dina nai unle afno jimmewari grahan gare. pradhanmantriko rupma unko pada rajnitima unko pahilo thiyo. indhanko mulya badhaune sarkari yojanako viruddhama ghatak samuhik virodh pradarshan pachhi, lafontantle 14 july 2018 maa ghoshana gare kii unle rashtrapati moislai afno rajinama paces gareka chhan, jasle yasalai swikar gare. moisle afule lafontantko rajinama swikar gareko pushti gare rar nayan pradhanmantri khojna kaam garne batae. usale wastawma herchah garneko rupma sewa gardacha.

jack gaai lafantant jack gaiah lafantant (janma 4 april 1961) jane haiti rajneta jie 21 march 2017 ru 16 september 2018 parjyanta haitira pradhanamantri bhabare karjya karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. lafontant gastroentrology ebong aabhyantareen oushadhare bisheshagya hoi oushadha adhyajana karithile ebong jane biswabidyalaja prashikhyaka hoithile. shay hytian medical association ebong americae college off gastroentrologyr sadasya hoithile. kyariyara. lafontant port-aaa-princer rotary club off paytian-bhillera sadasya ebong ebong dalara adhyakhya bhabe karjya karithile. 2017 februari februari shay pradhanamantri bhabe nijukta hoithile ebong 2017 march march taanka cabinet upasthapana karithile. taanka sarkar march march sinetaru ebong march march deputi chambararu aastha bhota paithile, jeunthire jeunthire sapakhyare ebong ebong bipakhyare bhot milithila ebong ebong anupasthita rahithila. taanka sarkar aastha bhota jitiba deane hinn shay taanka dajitwa grahan karithile. pradhanamantri bhabe tankara padabi rajaneetire tankara pratham thila. indhan mulya brudhi paain eka sarkari yojana biruddhare maratmaka gana bikhyobha parey, lafantant 14 july 2018 ray ghoshana karithile je shay rastrapati moisanka nikatare taanka istafa dakhal karichanti, jie ehaaku grahan karichanti. mois nischita karichanti je shay lafantantanka istafa grahan karichanti ebong kahichanti je shay jane nutan pradhanamantri khojiba paain karjya karibe. shay prakrutare tatwabadharaka bhabe karjya karanti.

jaik munde lafontent jaik gee lafontent (janam 4 aprail 1961) ikk haitian siasatdan haii jiss neey 21 march 2017 toon 16 satambar 2018 takk haiti dey pardhan mantri vajon seva nibhai. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. lafontent neey gastroenterology atey andruni dawai witch muharat haasal karde hoye dawai dee padahi keeti atey ikk university instructor bann giaa. uh haitian medical association atey american kaalaj aaf gastroenterology daa member bann giaa. carrier. lafontent peshan-ville, port-ou-prince dey rotari club daa member haii atey 2016 witch samooh dey pardhan vajon seva nibhai. unhan noon 22 farvari 2017 noon pardhan mantri niyukat keeta giaa see atey 13 march 2017 noon unhan neey aapni mantri mandal pesh keeti see. unhan dee sarkaar neey 16 march noon senate toon atey 21 march noon chamber aaf deputies toon vishwas mutt prapat keeta, jiss dey huck witch 95 atey virodh witch 6 vott paye atey 2 gairhazar rahey. jiss dinn unhan dee sarkaar neey vishwas mutt jittiaa, use dinn unhan neey aapniaan zimmevariaan sambhaliaan. pardhan mantri dey roop witch uhanan dee rajneeti witch shuruat hoee see. tail deeaan keematan vadhaun dee sarkari yojna dey virudh ghatak samoohak virodh pardarshanan toon baad, lafontent neey 14 julai 2018 noon ailaan keeta kii usne rashtarpati mois noon aapna astifa saunp ditta haii, jinhan neey iss noon savikar qarr liaa haii. mois neey pushti keeti kii unhan neey lafontent daa astifa savikar qarr liaa haii atey kiha haii kii uh ikk navaan pardhan mantri labbhan laee kamm karange. uh asal witch dekhbhal curran vaale vajon kamm karda haii.

jyaak gai lafantant jyaak gai lafontant (janma 4 april 1961) ekaha hattian-raajaneetidnyah asti yah 21 maarch 2017 taha 16 september 2018 paryantam haitee-nagarasya pradhaanamantreeroopen kaaryam akarot. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. lafontant-varyaha chikitsaavidhaanam abhyasat, jataraantravidnyaanam aantarik-chikitsaavidnyaanam cha vishesheekrutavaan, vishvavidyaalayasya prashikshakah abhavat. saha hattian-vaidyakeeya-sanghasya, american-college-aaf-gastroentrology ityasya cha sadasyah abhavat. vruttihi. lafontant ityeshah port-o-prince-nagarasya rotary-club-aaf-peetiyan-vile ityasya sadasyah asti, 2016 tame varshe samuhasya adhyakshatvena karyam krutavaan. 2017 februvari 22 dinaanke saha pradhaanamantreeroopen niyuktah, 2017 maarch 13 dinaanke swasya mantrimandalam upasthaapayat, tasya sarwakaarah maarch 16 dinaanke seenet-pakshaat, maarch 21 dinaanke pratinidhi-sabhaatah cha vishvaasamatam praapnot, 2 anupasthitaih saha 95 mataihi 6 mataihi cha. tasmin eva dine tasya sarwakaarah vishvaasamatam praapnot, saha swa-dayitvan sveekrutavaan. pradhaanamantreeroopen tasya padam eva tasya rajanitikshetre prathamam aasit. indhanamoolyam vardhayitum sarvakaarasya yojanayaha viruddham pranaghataka-saamoohik-virodhasya anantaram, 2018 julai 14 dinaanke lafantant ityanena ghoshanaa krutaa yat saha rashtrapatina moyis ityasmai swasya rajinama samarpitavaan, yah tatt sveekrutavaan. moyis ityeshah lafontant ityasya tyaagapatram sveekrutavaan iti drudeekrutavaan, saha nootanam pradhaanamantri praaptum karyam karishyati iti cha avadat. saha vastutah karyapalakarupena karyam karoti.

jaak kaii lafondant jaak kaii lafontant (pirappu 4 aepral 1961) oru haittiya arasiyalvaathi aavaar, avar 21 maarch 2017 muthal 16 septumber 2018 varai haittiyin pirathamaraaga paniyaattrinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. lafontant maruthuvam payintraar, iraippai kudal mattrum ull maruththuvaththil nibunaththuvam pettraar mattrum palkalaikkazhaga payittruvippaalaraanaar. avar haittiyan maruththuva sangam mattrum american kaalej off castroentrologyl uruppinaraaga aanaar. thozhil. lafontant poart-ooo-brinsin pediyan-villin rotary kilappil uruppinaraaga ullaar, maelum 2016 aam aandil kuzhuvin thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. avar 22 pipravari 2017 andru pirathamaraaga niyamikkappattaar mattrum 13 maarch 2017 andru thanathu amaicharavaiyai valangkinaar. avarathu arasaangkam maarch 16 andru senattilirunthum, maarch 21 andru pirathinithikal araiyilirunthum nambikkaip paeravaiyaip pettrathu, 95 vaakkugal aatharavaakavum, 6 ethiraagavum 2 vaakkugal illaamal irunththathu. avarathu arasaangkam nambikkai vaakkeduppil vettri pettra athae naalil avar thanathu poruppugalai aetrtrukkondaar. pirathamaraaga avar pathaviyaettrathae arasiyalil avarathu muthal muraiyaagum. eriporul vilaigalai uyarththuvatharkaana arasaangkath thittaththirku ethiraana kodiya vegujana poaraattangkalaith thodarnthu, lafontant 14 juulai 2018 andru thanathu rajinamavai janathipathi moisidam samarppiththathaaga arivitthaar, avar adhai aetrtrukkondaar. lafontantin rajinamavai aetrtrukkondathai uruthippaduththiya moise, oru puthiya pirathamaraik kandupidikka paniyaattruvathaagak koorinaar. avar unmaiyil paraamarippaalaraaka paniyaattrukiraar.

jaak gai lafantant jaak gai lafontant (jananam 4 april 1961) oka hytian raajakeeyavetta, ayana 21 marchi 2017 nundi 16 september 2018 varaku haiti pradhana mantrigaa panicheesaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. lafontant vaidyaanni abhyasinchi, gastroenterology mariyu antargata vaidyamlo pratyekata kaligi vishwavidyaalaya bodhakudu ayyadu. athanu hytian medical association mariyu american college off gastroenterologylo sabhyudayyadu. vrutti. lafantant portu-oo-prins looni petian-ville yokka rotary clublo sabhyudu, mariyu 2016loe group adhyakshudiga panicheesaaru. 2017 fibravari 22naa ayana pradhana mantrigaa niyamitulayyaaru, 2017 marchi 13naa thana mantrivargaanni pravesapettaaru. ayana prabhutvam marchi 16naa senate nundi, marchi 21naa chhambar off deputies nundi vishwaasa otunu pondindi, 95 otlu anukuulamgaa, 6 vyatiraekamgaa, 2 mandhi gairhajarayyaru. thana prabhutvam vishwaasa pareekshalo vijayam saadhinchina roje ayana thana baadhyatalanu sweekarinchaaru. pradhaniga ayana raajakeeyaalloki ravadam ayana toli prasthaanam. indhana dharalanu penche prabhutva pranaalikaku vyatiraekamgaa ghoramaina saamuuhika nirasanala taruvaata, lafontant 14 juulai 2018naa thana raajeenaamaanu adhyakshudu moisku samarpinchinatlu prakatinchaaru, vaaru daanini angeekarinchaaru. lafontant raajeenaamaanu angeekarinchinatlu moise dhruvikarinchaadu mariyu kotta pradhana mantrini kanugonadaaniki krushi chestaanani cheppadu. athanu nijaaniki samrakshakudigaa panicheestaadu.

jeek gaaye lafontant jeek gaaye lafontant (paidaish 4 apreel 1961) eek haiti seyasat daan haine jinhon nay 21 maarch 2017 say 16 satambar 2018 takk haiti kay wazeer aizam kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. lafontant nay maaday kii taleem haasil kii maaday kii bemari aur androni tabb mein maharat haasil kii aur university kay instructor bunn gayey. wah haitiyan medical aisosi aishan aur american college aaf gastro entrology kay rakan bunn gayey. carrier. lafontant petiyon-wail port-awo-prince kay rotari kalb kay rakan haine aur 2016 mein grop kay sadr kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam day chakay haine. inhein 22 faroori 2017 kuu wazeer aizam muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur 13 maarch 2017 kuu apnee kabinah paish kii. inn kii hukumat nay 16 maarch kuu senate say aur 21 maarch kuu chamber aaf dipties say aetemad kaa woat haasil kiyaa jiss kay haqh mein 95 woat aur mukhalifat mein 6 woat paray aur 2 ghair haazir rahay. inhon nay asee dunn apnee zamah daariyan sanbhali jiss dunn inn kii hukumat nay aetemad kaa woat jeeta thaa. wazeer aizam kay toor parr inn kaa ahdah seyasat mein inn kaa pehla qadm thaa. aindhan kii qeematon mein izaafe kay hukumati mansubay kay khalaaf baday paimanay parr honay waalay mahlak muzahiron kay baad lafontent nay 14 jolayi 2018 kuu aalaan kiyaa kahh iss nay apnaa istefi sadr mois kuu paish kirr diyaa hay jinhon nay asay qabool kirr liyaa. mois nay tasdiq kii kahh inhon nay lafontant kaa istefi qabool kirr liyaa hay aur kahaa kahh wah eek neeya wazeer aizam talaash karnay kay liye kaam karein gay. wah darasil nigraan kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay.

0008777cce7de4b3e87b10061ad5ffda14610c347ae54f2de88846f7e9764757

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16033711

Korg Mono/Poly

Korg Mono/Poly Analog synthesizer, manufactured by Korg from 1981 to 1984 The Korg Mono/Poly (MP-4) is a 44 key "mono-polyphonic" analog synthesizer manufactured by Korg from 1981 to 1984. This keyboard is the sister synthesizer to the Korg Polysix. It has four highly stable voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), a 4-pole, self-oscillating low pass filter (LPF), wide modulation capabilities and pseudo-polyphony (paraphony). Audio Architecture. Four voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and a noise source are routed through a voltage-controlled filter (VCF) and voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA). It can be used as 1) a four-oscillator mono synth; 2) a four-voice paraphonic synth, with voices cycling through oscillators but sharing a VCF and VCA; 3) a shared mode using mono mode for single notes, dual oscillators per note for double notes, otherwise paraphonic mode; 4) a chord memory which results in a mono synth albeit with four oscillators playing notes of up to a four-note chord. The four VCOs have controls for independent tuning, footage (16, 8, 4, 2), waveshape (triangle, saw, pulse-width, and pulse-width modulated), and amplitude. These are implemented with SSM2033 chips. Portamento may be used for VCO frequency. The noise source has a level control. The single VCF is a 24/dB octave low-pass filter, with controls for cutoff, resonance, scaling, and invertible envelope control. It can self-oscillate, and be scaled 1:1 with frequency, and thus used as a fifth oscillator. It is implemented with the SSM2044 chip. There are two envelopes. One is dedicated solely to the VCA. The second in nominally the "VCF envelope" but can additionally control VCO pulse-width, all VCO's pitch, pitch only of VCO's 2 and 4, and frequency modulation amount. The envelopes share controls for single or multiple trigger, and damping. There are two low-frequency oscillators (LFOs), called "Modulation Generators" (MGs) by Korg. The first has control over waveform and speed, and can be routed to VCO pitch or pulse-width, VCF cutoff, and frequency modulation amount. When controlling VCO pitch, it can control all VCOs; VCO 1; VCO 2, 3, and 4; or VCO 2 and 4. The second only has a control for speed, and can control the arpeggiator or VCO pulse-width. There is an arpeggiator with on/off/latch control, up/down/up-down pitch control, and 1/2/full keyboard control. The Mono/Poly includes extensive and significant modulation capabilities between the oscillators, grouped in a section captioned "Effects." These include the abilities to: 1) sync VCO's 2, 3, and 4 to VCO 1; 2) sync VCO 2 to 1, and 4 to 3; 3) to frequency-modulate VCOs 2, 3, and 4 with VCO 1; 4) frequency-modulate VCO 2 with 1 and 4 with 3. Oscillator sync and frequency modulation can be used together. This ability to have 1 master with 3 slave oscillators, or 2 each, is leveraged by the bewildering variety of oscillator subsets that can be controlled with modulation sources and wheel controls. External inputs and outputs are provided for CV/Trigger, VCF and VCO mod inputs, arpeggiator, and portamento. The pitch bend and mod wheel can be assigned to control pitch of all VCOs; VCO 1 only; VCO 2, 3, and 4; or VCO 2 and 4. The pitch bend range extends to 2.5 octaves for VCO pitch, and the audio range for VCF cutoff. Usability. The main drawback of the Mono/Poly is that the 4 VCOs share one common VCA and VCF envelope, like all the knobby monophonic synthesizers like MiniMoog, but there are triggering and auto-dampening switches to compensate for the envelope sharing. This synth was not so much designed to be a polysynth like its sister the Polysix (which was manufactured at the same time), but more of an experimental synth with different footages and waveshapes per oscillator. The Mono/Poly also did not include a digital memory like its sister the Polysix, because its focus was again on experimentation. The chipboard construction on the base and sides of the unit tend to get damaged easily or allow screws to come out. The rubber contacts under the keyboard tend to wear over time resulting in dead keys. This may be fixed with a little cleaning and/or obtaining a new rubber strip, as Mono/Polys are fairly easy to disassemble. Circuit reliability is good by the standard of analog synths. The most likely component to fail is generally one of the 4 VCOs. The next to go is usually the filter. The Mono/Poly can be used as a rhythm machine, by setting the instrument in 'Poly' and setting the different footages of the oscillators and the different waveshapes, and then using the frequency modulators with the arpeggiator; adjust the envelopes accordingly to percussive settings and fiddle with the cut-off and noise from time to time to add tone color, and finally, set the LFO to pitch and set it at a considerable amplitude. Further, the pedal inputs can be routed from synths like the Korg MS-20 so that external oscillators can further modulate above what's already available. Because the VCOs have separate tuning controls they tend to be slightly out of tuning phase no matter how well they're tuned; to play chords that are in direct tuning phase, play the notes in a rapid, descending order from high to low. Like most analog synthesizers, it tends to scale better from high to low than low to high. Later Developments. The Mono/Poly is reproduced by Korg for its software-based Legacy Collection. It can be used as a Virtual Studio Technology (VST) in common Digital audio workstations or as a stand-alone synth with any compatible PC or Mac product. More recently, KORG introduced a mobile iOS application for iPad (iMono/Poly), which faithfully reproduces the dynamics of the original. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

korgo monu/polly korgo monu/polly (mp-4) hoise 1981 sonor poraa 1984 sonoloike korgor dwara nirmito 44taa mool "monu-polyphonic" analog xongslexok. ei kibordtu korgo policicsor bhogni xongslexok. iyat sarita oti sthir bho 'ltage-niyontrito dulok (bhi. chi. oh'.), etaa 4-pull, swo-dulok nimno paach filter (el. pi. ef.), bohol modulation khyomota aaru siudu-polyphony (perafoni) aase. audio 'sthapotyo. sarita voltage-niyontrito dulok (bhi. chi. oh '.) aaru etaa xobdo utxo etaa voltage-niyontrito filter (bhi. chi. ef.) aaru voltage-niyontrito emplifier (bhi. chi. e.) ror joriyote preron koraa hoy. iyak 1) sarita-dulok monu sintho; 2) sarita-kontho peraphonic sintho, konthoswor dulokor joriyote saikel soluwar xoite kintu vcf aaru vca bhag koraa; 3) ekok sworor baabe monu mode byobohar koraa etaa bhag koraa mode, daabol sworor baabe proti sworor baabe dual oxilator, onyotha peraphonic mode; 4) etaa cord memori jaar folot ek monu sintho hoy jodiu sarita dulok sarita sworor swor porjonto bojuwa hoy. sarita bhi. chi. oh '.-ror swadhin xur, phutej (16,8,4,2), wavesape (tribhuj, aar, paals-prostho, aaru paals-prostho modulated), aaru proxaronor baabe niyontron aase. eibur eibur sipor xoite rupayan koraa hoy. bhi. chi. oh ". kompankor baabe portementu byobohar koribo paari. xobdor utxor etaa stor niyontron aase. ekok vcf hoise etaa 24/dibi octave lu-paach filter, zo 'too katoof, rejunance, scaling aaru invertible khaam niyontronor baabe niyontron thaake. ee swo-dulok hoh 'bob paare, aaru kompankor xoite 1:1 scale koribo paare, aaru enedore ponchom dulok hisape byobohar koraa hoy. iyak iyak sipor xoite rupayan koraa hoy. dutaa khaam aase. etaa kewol bhi. chi. e.-ror baabe utxorgito. dwitiyotu naamotoh "vcf khaam" too kintu otiriktobhabe bhisiu paals-prostho, xokolu bhisiur pitch, kewol bhisiur 2 aaru 4 ror pitch, aaru frecowency modulationor poriman niyontron koribo paare. khambure ekok baa ekadhik trigger, aaru dempingor baabe niyontron bhag-botora kore. dutaa nimno-compank dulok (el. ef. oh ". ess) aase, jaak korgor dwara" modulation generator "(em. ji. ess) buli kuwa hoy. prothomtur torongor rup aaru gotir uporot niyontron aase, aaru iyak bhi. chi. oh ". pitch baa paals-prostho, bhi. chi. ef katoof, aaru frecowency modulation porimanoloi rut koribo paari. bhi. chi. u. pitch niyontron korute ee xokolu bhi. chi. oh '.-koo niyontron koribo paare; bhi. chi. u. 1; bhi. chi. u. 2,3, aaru 4; baa bhi. chi. u. 2 aaru 4. dwitiyotur kewol gotir baabe niyontron thaake, aaru arpegiyetar baa bhi. chi. u. paals-prostho niyontron koribo paare. iyat ono/off/les niyontron, upor/daaun/aap-daaun pitch niyontron, aaru 1/2/xompurno keybord niyontronor xoite etaa arpegiyetar aase. monu/polly-too dulokxomuhor maajot bistrito aaru guruttopurno modulation khyomota ontorbhukto thaake, jaak "probhab" xirxok etaa xakhat gutt diya hoy."iyar bhitorot aaseh 1) bhi. chi. oh '.-ror 2,3 aaru 4-koo bhi. chi. oh'.-1-too xongzug koraa; 2) bhi. chi. oh '. 2-koo 1-too, aaru 4-koo 3-too xongzug koraa; 3) bhi. chi. oh'.-2,3 aaru 4-koo bhi. chi. oh '.-1-ror xoite compank-niyontron koraa; 4) compank-3-ror xoite 1 aaru 4-ror xoite 3-ror xoite bi. chi. oh'. 2-koo niyontron koraa. 3taa slave oxilatoror xoite 1 master, baa protitu 2 thokar ei xamorthyotu, modulexon utxo aaru soka niyontronor dwara niyontron koribo poraa bismoyokor bibhinno dhoronor oxilator upoxomuschojor dwara labhanwito koraa hoy. sibhi/trigger, vcf aaru bhisiu modd input, arpegiyetar aaru poo 'rtementur baabe bahyik input aaru output prodan koraa hoy. pich bendo aaru modd huilok xokolu bhi. chi. oh '.-ror pich niyontron koriboloi nirdharon koribo paari; kewol bhi. chi. oh'. 1; bhi. chi. oh '. 2,3, aaru 4; baa bhi. chi. oh'. 2 aaru 4. bhi. chi. oh '. pitchor baabe pich bendor porixor 2.5 ostokoloike aaru bhi. chi. ef kaato' for baabe oh 'dio' porixoroloike xomproxarito hoy. byowoharjugyo. monu/polir mool oxubidhatu hoh 'lo 4 bhisio "ye minimugor dore xokolu nubi monufunik xongslexokor dore etaa xadharon vca aaru vcf khaam bhag kore, kintu khaam bhag korar baabe trigger aaru otu-demponing suis aase. ei sinthotu iyar bhogni policicsor (jitu eke xomoyote nirman koraa hoisil) dore polichintho hisape design koraa huwa nasil, kintu proti dulokor bibhinno phutej aaru wavexepor xoite ek porikhyamulok sinthor odhik aasil. monu/polly-too iyar bhogni policicsor dore digital memoriu ontorbhukto koraa huwa nasil, kiyonu iyar gurutwo punor porikhya-nirikhyar uporot aasil. unitor aadhar aaru kaxburot sipob 'rd nirman xohoje khyotigrosto hoy baa screwbur bahiroloi ulaboloi diye. kibordor tolot thoka roboror xomporkobur xomoyor loge loge khyoy huwar probonota thaake jaar folot dead saabi hoy. iyak olop poriskar kori aaru/baa notun roboror fita etaa loi thik koribo paari, kiyonu monu/polibur bischinno koratu jothesto xohoj. analog sinthor mandondo onuxori charkitor nirbhorjugyota bhaal. xadharonote 4taa bhi. chi. oh '.-ror bhitorot etaa upadan bifol huwar xombhawona besi. iyar pisot xadharonote filtertu thaake. monu/polly etaa chondo jontro hisape byobohar koribo paari, badyojontrotuk 'polly' too set kori aaru dulokxomuhor bibhinno phutej aaru bibhinno webhoswepxomuh set kori, aaru taar pisot arpegiyetaror xoite frecowency modulator byobohar kori; sworor rong jug koriboloi xomoye xomoye kaat-off aaru xobdor xoite percusive setting aaru fidelor xoite khambur set korok, aaru xexot, el. ef. oh 'koo pich koriboloi set korok aaru iyak jothesto proxarito korok. iyar uporiu, pedel inputbur korgo em. ess-20-ror dore sinthor poraa rut koribo paari jaate bahyik dulokbure itimodhye upolobdho uporot odhik poriworton koribo paare. jihetu bhi. chi. oh '.-ror prithok tuning niyontron aase, xeibur jiman bhaal tuning koraa houk kiyo tuning porzayor poraa olop bahirot thaake; proityokhyo tuning porzayot thoka cordbur bojuwar baabe, uschor poraa nimnoloi drut, oboruhi kromot nutbur bojuwa. besibhag analog xongslexokor dore ee nimnor poraa uscholoi unnot huwar probonota thaake. poroborti unnoyon. monu/politu kurgor dwara iyar softwer-aadharito uttoradhikar xongrohor baabe punor prostut koraa hoy. iyak xadharon digital audio 'warkstationot bharsuwel studio' projukti (vst) hisape baa jikunu xamonjosyopurno computer baa mek xamogrir xoite ekok sintho hisape byobohar koribo paari. oti xehotiyakoi, kurge ipad (imunu/polly) ror baabe etaa mubail aaio "ess application proborton korisil, ji biswostobhabe multur gotixilotak punor prostut kore.

korgo mono/polly korgo mono/polly (mp-4) holl 1981 theke 1984 saal porjonto korgo dwara nirmito ekti 44tii mool "mono-polyphonic" enalog sangshleshak. eyi keyboardti korgo polycicser sahojogi sangshleshak. etite charti atyanta sthitishil voltage-niyantrita dolok (vicos), ekti 4-poola, swa-dolok loow pusses filter (ell. pii. eff), proshosto modulation khomota ebong chhoddo-polyphony (paraphony) royeche. audio sthapotto. charti voltage-niyantrita dolok (vicos) ebong ekti shobdo utso ekti voltage-niyantrita filter (vcf) ebong voltage-niyantrita poribordhok (vca)-err madhyome porichalito hoy. etty 1) ekti chaar-dolok mono synth; 2) ekti chaar-voice paraphonic synth, jekhane kanthaswar doloker madhyome saikela chaalaay kintu ekti vee. shee. eff ebong vee. shee. ayee bhag korey neyo; 3) ekok noter jonno mono mode byabohar korey ekti bhag koraa mode, double noter jonno proti noter jonno dwaito dolok, onnothai paraphonic mode; 4) ekti cord memory jaar foley ekti mono synth hoy jodio charti dolok chaar-noter cord porjonto note bajay. charti vicoser swadhin soor, footage (16,8,4,2), taranga akaar (trivuz, korat, spandan-prostho ebong spandan-prostho modulated) ebong proshostotar jonno niyantran royeche. eguli esha. esha. emm. 203 chip diye prayog koraa hoy. portamento vico frequencyr jonno byabohar koraa jete paare. shobder utser ekti stor niyantran royeche. ekok vee. shee. eff holl ekti 24/dibby octave loow-pusses filter, jaar modhye cutoff, anuranan, scaling ebong biporitmukhi khaam niyantraner jonno niyantran royeche. etty swa-dolito hotey paare ebong frequency soho 1:1 scale koraa jete paare ebong eibhabe pancham dolok hisabe byabohrito hoy. etty esha. esha. emm. 204 chiper sahajye prayog koraa hoy. duti khaam royeche. ekti shudhumatra vee. shee. ayee-rawr jonno nibedito. dwitiyoti nammatro "vee. shee. eff khaam"-ayee thaake, tobey atiriktobhabe vee. shee. oo-err spandan-prostho, samasta vee. shee. oo-rawr pitch, shudhumatra vee. shee. oo-err 2 ebong 4-err pitch ebong frequency modulationer poriman niyantran korte paare. khamguli ekok baa ekadhik trigger ebong dampingyer jonno niyantranguli bhag korey neyo. duti nimno-frequency dolok (ell. eff. oo. esha) royeche, jaake corg dwara "modulation generator" (emm. zii. esha) bolla hoy. prothomtir taranga roop ebong gotir upor niyantran royeche ebong etty vico pitch baa pulls-prostho, vcf cutoff ebong frequency modulationer porimaner dike porichalito hotey paare. vico pitch niyantran korar somoy, etty samasta vico niyantran korte paare; vico 1; vico 2,3, ebong 4; baa vico 2 ebong 4. dwitiyotir cable gotir jonno niyantran royeche, ebong arpegiator baa vico pulls-prostho niyantran korte paare. chaalu/bondho/latch niyantran, upore/niche/upore-niche pitch niyantran ebong 1/2/purno keyboard niyantran soho ekti arpegiator royeche. mono/polly-teey dolakgulir modhye bistrito ebong ullekhjoggo modulation khomota royeche, jaa "prabhab" shironamer ekti bibhage gosthibhukto."err modhye royeche 1) vico-err 2,3 ebong 4-keey vico-1-ayee sink koraa; 2) vico-2-keey 1-ayee ebong 4-keey 3-ayee sink koraa; 3) vico-1,3-keey vico-2,3-keey frequency-modulate koraa; 4) vico-2-keey frequency-modulate koraa, 1-keey 4-keey 3-keey diye. dolok sink ebong frequency modulation eksange byabohar koraa jete paare. 3tii slave oscillator soho 1 muster baa 2tii korey rakhar eyi khamotati oscillator uposetgulir vismayakar boichitro dwara probhabito hoy jaa modulation utso ebong chaaka niyantraner madhyome niyantran koraa jete paare. sibhi/trigger, vee. shee. eff ebong vee. shee. oo mode input, arpegiator ebong portamentor jonno bahyik input ebong output sarbaraha koraa hoy. pitch baank ebong modd huilke samasta vico-err pitch niyantraner jonno baradda koraa jete paare; shudhumatra vico 1; vico 2,3, ebong 4; baa vico 2 ebong 4. pitch baank parisima vico pitcher jonno 2.5 ashtak porjonto prosarito hoy, ebong vcf katofer jonno audio parisima. byaboharjogyata. mono/polir prodhan truti holl jey 4tii vco ekti sadharan vca ebong vcf khaam bhag korey neyo, jemon minimuger moto samasta noby monophonic sangshleshak, tobey khaam bhag korey neoar jonno trigger ebong auto-damping suich royeche. eyi sinthoti taar boone polycicser (jaa ekoi somoye toiri koraa hoyechilo) moto ekti policinth hisabe etota design koraa hoyney, tobey proti dolok bivinno footage ebong taranga akaar soho ekti poriikkhamulok sinther cheye beshi. mono/polly-teey taar boone polycicser moto digital memorio antarbhukta chhilo naa, kaaron err focus abar porikkhar upor chhilo. uniter godaay ebong paashe chipboarder nirman sahojei khotigrosto hoy baa screw berr hotey deyo. keyboarder niche rabarer jogajogguli somoyer saathe saathe kshay hoye yaay jaar foley mrito chaabi toiri hoy. etty samanno porishkar ebong/athoba ekti notun rabar stripa pawar madhyome thhik koraa jete paare, kaaron mono/polisguli bichchinno koraa motamuti sahaj. enalog sinther maan anujayi sarkiter nirbhorjoggota vall. byartho howar sabcheye sombhabbo upadanti sadharonoto 4tii vicoser modhye ekti. sadharonoto filterti poroborti hoy. mono/polly ekti chhondo jontro hisabe byabohar koraa jete paare, jontrotike 'polly'-teey sthapon korey ebong dolakgulir bivinno footage ebong bivinno taranga akaar seeta korey, ebong tarpore arpegiator saathe frequency modulator byabohar korey; swarer rongo jog korar jonno somoye somoye cutt-off ebong golmaler saathe percusive settings ebong fiddle onusare khamguli samanjasya korun ebong porisheshe, ell. eff. oo-keey pitch korte seeta korun ebong etike jotheshto proshostotai seeta korun. echhadao, peddle inputguli corg ms-20-err moto synth theke pathano jete paare jaate bahyik dolakguli itimadhye upolobdher upore arow sangshodhan korte paare. jehetu vicoser alada soor niyantran royeche, taaraa jotoi vall soor koraa hoke naa keena, surer porjayer samanno baire thaake; sarasari surer porjaye thaka cordguli bajanor jonno, notguli druto, uchcho theke nimno porjonto aborohi krome bajan. beshirbhag enalog synthesizer moto, etty nimno theke uchcher tulna uchcho theke nimno porjonto vall scale korte thaake. poroborti unnayan. mono/polly taar software-vittik uttoradhikar sangraher jonno corg dwara punarutpadan koraa hoy. etty sadharan digital audio workstatione ekti virtual studio prajukti (vst) hisabe baa jey konao samanjasyapurna pissy baa mack ponner saathe ekti swatantra synth hisabe byabohar koraa jete paare. arow samprati, corg ipader (emono/polly) jonno ekti mobail ios application chaalu koreche, jaa bishwostobhabe multir gotibidyake punarutpadan korey.

corg mono/polly corg mono/polly (mp-4) aee 1981 thee 1984 sudhee corg dwara utpaadit 44 qee "mono-polyphonic" analogue synthesizer chhe. aaa keyboard corg polycicsnu bahen synthesizer chhe. temaa chaar atyant stheer voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. oo. aesa.), 4-poola, selpha-ausilating loow paas filter (aela. pii. aef.), wide modulation kshamatao aneey syudo-polyphony (paraphony) chhe. odeeyo architecture. chaar voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. oo. aesa.) aneey avaajnaa strotne voltage-niyantrit filter (vee. see. aef.) aneey voltage-niyantrit emplifier (vee. see. aee.) dwara mokalvaamaa aave chhe. teno upyog 1) phora-ausilator mono synth tareeke thaee shake chhe; 2) phora-vois paraphonic synth, jemaa auskilator dwara avaajo cycle karey chhe parantu vee. see. aef. aneey vee. see. aee. shhare karey chhe; 3) single notes maate mono modno upyog kareene shhare karel mooad, double notes maate nooat deeth bevada ausilator, anyatha paraphonic mooad; 4) aek taar memari jeey chaar-nooat taarnee nondho vagaadtaa chaar ausilator saathe mono synthma pariname chhe. chaar vee. see. oo. paase swatantra tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), waveshap (trikon, aaraa, pulse-paholai aneey pulse-paholai modulated) aneey emplitude maate niyantrano chhe. aaa aesa. aesa. aema. 2033 chips saathe laagu karvaamaa aave chhe. portamento vee. see. oo. aavartan maate upyogmaa laee shakaay chhe. avaajnaa strotmaa starnu niyantran hoya chhe. single vee. see. aef. aee 24/dii. bii. octave loow-paas filter chhe, jemaa cutoff, resonance, scaling aneey invertible envelope controll maate niyantran chhe. teey swa-ausilate curry shake chhe, aneey aavartan saathe 1:1 mapvama aave chhe, aneey aama paanchmaa ausilator tareeke upyogmaa levaay chhe. teey ssm2044 chip saathe laagu karvaamaa aave chhe. beey perbediao chhe. aek maatra vcane samarpeet chhe. beeju naam maatra "vee. see. aef. parbidiyu" maan chhe parantu teey vee. see. oo. nee pulse-paholai, tamaam vee. see. oo. nee pitch, maatra vee. see. oo. nee 2 aneey 4 nee pitch aneey aavartan modulation rakamne pann niyantrit curry shake chhe. perbediao aek athavaa bahuveedh trigger aneey bhinash maate niyantran shhare karey chhe. beey ochhi aavartan dharaavtaa ausilator (aela. aef. oo. aesa.) chhe, jene corg dwara "modulation generator" (aema. jee. aesa.) kahevaay chhe. pratham tarang swaroop aneey zadap parr niyantran dharaave chhe, aneey tene vee. see. oo. pitch athavaa pulse-paholai, vee. see. aef. cutoff aneey aavartan modulation rakam taraf doree shakaay chhe. jyaare vee. see. oo. pitchne niyantrit karvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare teey tamaam vee. see. oo. neey niyantrit curry shake chhe; vee. see. oo. 1; vee. see. oo. 2,3, aneey 4; athavaa vee. see. oo. 2 aneey 4. beeja paase maatra zadap maate niyantran hoya chhe, aneey teey arpegiyetara athavaa vee. see. oo. pulse-paholaaine niyantrit curry shake chhe. tyaan aek arpegiyetara chhe jemaa ona/off/latch controll, up/daaun/up-daaun pitch controll aneey 1/2/phul keyboard controll chhe. mono/polimaa ausilator vachche vyaapak aneey nondhpaatra modulation kshamataono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey "asaro" shirshakvala vibhagma juthbaddh chhe."aamaa aaa kshamataono samaavesh thaay chheh 1) vco naa 2,3 aneey 4 neey vco 1 saathe samnvayeet karoo; 2) vco 2 neey 1 saathe aneey 4 thee 3 saathe samnvayeet karoo; 3) vco 2,3 saathe aavartan-niyaman maate; 4) aavartan-niyaman vco 2 neey 1 aneey 4 saathe 3. ausilator samnvay aneey aavartan modulation eksaathe upyog curry shakaay chhe. 3 slave ausilator saathe 1 master athavaa 2 darekni aaa kshamataano laabh ausilator subsetsnee munjhavanbhari vividhataa dwara levaamaa aave chhe jene modulation stroto aneey wheel controlls saathe niyantrit curry shakaay chhe. seevee/trigger, vcf aneey veeko mooad inputs, arpegiyetara aneey portamento maate baahy inputs aneey output pradaan karvaamaa aave chhe. pitch valaank aneey mooad wheelne tamaam vee. see. oo. nee pitchne niyantrit karvaa maate sonpee shakaay chhe; vee. see. oo. 1 maatra; vee. see. oo. 2,3 aneey 4; athavaa vee. see. oo. 2 aneey 4. pitch valaank shrenee vee. see. oo. pii. see. maate 2.5 octaves sudhee vistare chhe, aneey vee. see. aef. cutoff maate odeeyo shrenee. upyogitaa. mono/polini mukhya khaamee aee chhe keey 4 vee. see. oo. aek saamanya vee. see. aee. aneey vee. see. aef. parbidiyu vahenche chhe, jaim keey minimog jevaa tamaam nobby monophonic synthesizers, parantu parbidiyu vahenchanini bharpai karvaa maate trigger aneey otto-dempening sweecho chhe. aaa synth tenee bahen polycics (jeey teey jaj samaye banavvama aavee hatee) nee jaim polycinth banvaa maate rachaayel naa hatee, parantu ausilator deeth viveedh footage aneey waveshpaps saathe prayogik synthnee vadhu hatee. mono/polimaa tenee bahen polycics jevee digital memarino pann samaavesh thato naa hato, kaaran keey tenu dhyaan fareethi prayog parr hatoo. ekamnaa aadhaar aneey baajuo parr chipboardnu bandhkam saraltathi kshatigrast thaay chhe athavaa feetne bahaar aavvaa deey chhe. keyboard hethalnaa rubber samparko samay jataa ghasai jaay chhe jenaa parinaame mrut keeo baney chhe. aaney thodee safai aneey/athavaa navee rabarnee patti melveene theek curry shakaay chhe, kaaran keey mono/polies alag karvaa maate ekdam saral chhe. analogue synthna pramanbhut dwara circuit vishvasniyataa saaree chhe. nishfal thavaano sauthee sambhaveet ghatak saamanya reete 4 vee. see. oo. maanthi aek chhe. aagalnu saamanya reete filter hoya chhe. mono/polino upyog lya machine tareeke thaee shake chhe, sadhanne 'polly' maan gothvine aneey ausilatorna viveedh footage aneey viveedh waveshap seeta kareene, aneey pachhi arpegilator saathe aavartan modulatorno upyog kareene; parbidiyune teey mujab percussive settings aneey fiddle saathe samayaantare swar rung umervaa maate, aneey ante, lfone pitch parr seeta karoo aneey tene nondhpaatra companvistar parr seeta karoo. vadhumaa, paddle inputsne corg ms-20 jevaa sinthmathi ruut curry shakaay chhe jethee baahy ausilator pahelethee jaj uplabdh chhe tenaathi upar vadhu modulate curry shake. kaaran keey vee. see. oo. paase alag tuning niyantrano hoya chhe, teo tuning tabakkani bahaar hoya chhe, bhale teo game tetali saaree reete tuning karvaamaa aave; seedha tuning tabakkama hoya tevaa taar vagaadvaa maate, nondhone zadpi, uchchthee neechala krammaa vagaado. motabhagna analogue synthesizersni jaim, teey nichaathi unchaa karataa unchaathi neechala sudhee vadhu saaree reete maapvaanu valan dharaave chhe. pachhinaa vikaas. mono/poline tenaa software-aadharit vaarsaagat sangrah maate corg dwara punahutpadit karvaamaa aave chhe. teno upyog saamanya digital odeeo workstationma virtual studiyo technology (vee. aesa. tii.) tareeke athavaa koipan susangat pisi athavaa meeka product saathe aekal synth tareeke thaee shake chhe. taajetarma, korge iped (imono/polly) maate mobile ios application rajoo curry, jeey mulnee gatishilataane vishvasupane punahutpadit karey chhe.

korg mono/polly korg mono/polly (mp-4) 1981 seey 1984 taka korg dwara nirmit ack 44 pramukh "mono-polyphonic" analogue synthesizer haye. yeh keyboard korg polycics kaa cyster synthesizer haye. isamen chaar atyadhik sthir voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. oh. aiss.), ack 4-poul, swa-ausilating low paas filter (ell. pee. aff.), vyaapak modulation kshamataaen aur chhadm-bahubhashi (paraphony) hain. audio vastukala. chaar voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. oh. aiss.) aur ack shore srot koo voltage-niyantrit filter (vee. see. aff.) aur voltage-niyantrit emplifier (vee. see. aeye.) key madhyam seey bheja jaataa haye. iska upayog 1) chaar-ausilator mono synth; 2) chaar-voyce paraphonic synth, jisamen ausilator key madhyam seey saikil chalaane vaali aavaazen hoti hain lekin ack vee. see. aff. aur vee. see. aeye. saajha karati hain; 3) ekal nott key liye mono mode kaa upayog karane vaalaa ack saajha mode, dohare nott key liye prati nott dohare ausilator, anyatha paraphonic mode; 4) ack cord memori jisake parinamswarup ack mono synth hotaa haye, halanki chaar ausilator chaar-nott cord key nott bajaate hain. chaar vee. see. oh. mein swatantra tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), waveshape (trikon, aaraa, puls-chaudaai aur puls-chaudaai modulated), aur ayam key liye niyantran hain. inhen aiss. aiss. aim. 203 chips key saath lagu kiya jaataa haye. portamento kaa upayog vee. see. oh. aavritti key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. shore srot kaa ack star niyantran hotaa haye. ekal vee. see. aff. ack 24/dee. bee. octave low-paas filter haye, jisamen cutoff, anunaad, scaling aur vyutkramaniya lifafa niyantran key liye niyantran hain. yeh swa-ausilate curr sakata haye, aur aavritti key saath 1:1 taka maapa jaa sakata haye, aur iss prakaar paanchven ausilator key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. ise aiss. aiss. aim. 204 chip key saath lagu kiya jaataa haye. dou lifafe hain. ack kewal vee. see. aeye. koo samarpit haye. doosara nammatra key "vee. see. aff. lifafe" mein haye lekin atirikt roop seey vee. see. oh. puls-chaudaai, sabhi vee. see. oh. kii pitch, kewal vee. see. oh. key 2 aur 4 kii pitch aur aavritti modulation raashi koo niyantrit curr sakata haye. lifafe ekal yaa ekaadhik trigger aur damping key liye niyantran saajha karate hain. dou cumm aavritti vaale ausilator (ell. aff. oh. aiss.) hain, jinhen korg dwara "modulation generator" (aim. jee. aiss.) kahaa jaataa haye. pahale kaa tarang roop aur gati parr niyantran hotaa haye, aur ise vee. see. oh. pitch yaa puls-chaudaai, vee. see. aff. cutoff aur aavritti modulation raashi taka bheja jaa sakata haye. vee. see. oh. pitch koo niyantrit karate samay, yeh sabhi vee. see. oh. koo niyantrit curr sakata haye; vee. see. oh. 1; vee. see. oh. 2,3, aur 4; yaa vee. see. oh. 2 aur 4. dusare key paas kewal gati kaa niyantran hotaa haye, aur yeh arpegiator yaa vee. see. oh. puls-chaudaai koo niyantrit curr sakata haye. chaalu/bund/jaali niyantran, oopar/neeche/oopar-neeche pitch niyantran aur 1/2/poorna keyboard niyantran key saath ack arpegiator haye. mono/polly mein ausilator key beach vyaapak aur mahatvapurna modulation kshamataaen shamil hain, jinhen "prabhaav" sheershak vaale khand mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye."inmein nimnalikhit kshamataaen shamil hainh 1) vee. see. oh. key 2,3 aur 4 koo vee. see. oh. 1 mein sink karein; 2) vee. see. oh. 2 koo 1 mein aur 4 koo 3 mein sink karein; 3) aavritti-modulate vee. see. oh. 2,3 aur 4 koo vee. see. oh. 1 key saath; 4) aavritti-modulate vee. see. oh. 2 koo 1 aur 4 key saath 3. ausilator sink aur aavritti modulation kaa ack saath upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. 3 slave ausilator key saath 1 master, yaa 2 pratyek, rakhane kii kshamata kaa laabh ausilator subset kii vismayakaari vividhata dwara uthaaya jaataa haye jise modulation sroton aur pahiya niyantranon key saath niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. see. vee./trigger, vee. see. aff. aur vee. see. oh. modd input, arpegiator aur portamento key liye baahari input aur output pradaan kiye jaate hain. pitch modd aur modd wheel koo sabhi vee. see. oh. kii pitch koo niyantrit karane key liye saunpa jaa sakata haye; kewal vee. see. oh. 1; vee. see. oh. 2,3, aur 4; yaa vee. see. oh. 2 aur 4. pitch modd seema vee. see. oh. pitch key liye 2.5 ashtak taka faili hui haye, aur vee. see. aff. cutoff key liye audio seema. upayog karane kii kshamata. mono/polly kii mukhya kamee yeh haye kii 4 vee. see. oh. ack samanya vee. see. aeye. aur vee. see. aff. lifafa saajha karate hain, jaise kii minimog jaise sabhi ghunghrale monophonic synthesizer, lekin lifafa saajha karane kii bharpai key liye trigger aur auto-damponing switch hain. iss synth koo apani bahan polycics (jise ack hii samay mein nirmit kiya gayaa thaa) kii tarah ack polycynth key roop mein design naheen kiya gayaa thaa, balki prati ausilator vibhinn footage aur waveshape key saath ack prayogaatmak synth key roop mein adhik banaaya gayaa thaa. mono/polly mein apani bahan polycics kii tarah digital memori bhee shamil naheen thee, kyonki iska dhyaan phir seey prayog parr thaa. ikai key aadhar aur kinaaron parr chipboard nirmaan aasaani seey kshatigrast hoe jaataa haye yaa shikanja baahar aaney detaa haye. keyboard key neeche rubber sampark samay key saath kharaab hoe jaate hain jisake parinamswarup mrit chaabiyan hoti hain. ise thodi safai aur/yaa ack naee rubber patti praapt karke thheek kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki mono/polly koo alag karna kaafee aasaan haye. anuroop synth key maanak key anusaar paripath vishvasaniyata achchi haye. asafal honey kii sabse adhik sambhavana vaalaa ghatak aam taur parr 4 vee. see. oh. mein seey ack hotaa haye. isake baad aamtaur parr filter hotaa haye. mono/polly kaa upayog ack lay machine key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, upkaran koo 'polly' mein sett karke aur ausilator key vibhinn footage aur vibhinn tarangon koo sett karke, aur phir arpegiator key saath aavritti modulator kaa upayog karke; swar rung jodane key liye samay-samay parr cutt-off aur shore key saath percusive settings aur fiddle key anusaar lifaafon koo samaayojit karein, aur anta mein, ell. aff. oh. koo pitch karane key liye sett karein aur ise kaafee ayam parr sett karein. isake alawa, paddle input koo korg ms-20 jaise synth seey root kiya jaa sakata haye taaki baahari ausilator pahale seey upalabdh cheezon seey aage sanshodhit curr sakein. kyonki vee. see. oh. mein alag-alag tuning niyantran hotey hain, way tuning charan seey thodaa baahar hotey hain, chaahe way kitni bhee achchi tarah seey tuning kiye gaye houn; seedhe tuning charan mein swaron koo chalaane key liye, swaron koo uchch seey nimn taka teji seey, avrohi crum mein bajaate hain. adhikansh analogue synthesizers kii tarah, yeh nimn seey uchch kii tulanaa mein uchch seey nimn taka behtar paimaane parr hotaa haye. baad mein vikas. mono/polly koo korg dwara apane software-adharit viraasat sangrah key liye punah prastut kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog samanya digital audio workstations mein aabhaasi studio praudyogiki (vst) key roop mein yaa kissy bhee sangat pc yaa mack utpaad key saath ack stand-alone synth key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. haal hii mein, korg ney ipad (emono/polly) key liye ack mobile aaee. oh. aiss. anuprayog pesh kiya, joe mool kii gatishilata koo imandari seey punah prastut kartaa haye.

kaarg mono/paali korg mono/paali (mp-4) embudu 1981rinda 1984ravarege korgninda tayarisalpatta 44 pramukha "mono-polyphonic" analog synthesiser aagide. ee keyboard korg polycicsge sahodari synthesiser aagide. idu naalku hecchu sthiravaada voltage-niyantrita aasiletargalu (vii. sii. oo. ess), 4-pole, swayam-aavartaka kadime paas filter (lpf), vishala modulation saamarthyagalu mattu husi-polyphony (paraphony) galannu hondide. audeo architecture. naalku voltage-niyantrita aasiletargalu (vii. sii. oo. ess) mattu shabda moolavannu voltage-niyantrita filter (vii. sii. eff) mattu voltage-niyantrita amplifier (vii. sii. aa) moolaka ravaanisalaaguttade. idannu 1) naalku-ausilator mono synth; 2) naalku-dhwani paraphonic synth, aasiletargala moolaka saikling maaduva dhwanigalondige aadare vii. sii. eff mattu vii. sii. aa. annu hanchikolluvudu; 3) eka tippanigalige mono mode annu balasuva hanchikeya mode, double notgalige prati tippanige dual aasiletargalu, illadiddare paraphonic mode; 4) naalku-swara svaramelagala svaramelagalondige naalku svaramelagala svaramelagalannu nudisuva eka-sinthge kaaranavaaguva svaramelada memori. naalku vii. sii. oo. galu swatantra tuning, tunuku (16,8,4,2), waveshape (trikona, garagasa, naadi-agala mattu naadi-agala modulated) mattu vaishaalyakke niyantranagalannu hondive. ivugalannu ess. ess. emm. 2033 chipgalondige alavadisalaagide. portamentovannu viko aavartanakke balasabahudu. shabdada moolavu ondu mattada niyantranavannu hondide. eka vii. sii. eff. 24/db octave loow-paas filter aagiddu, cutoff, resonance, scaling mattu invertible lakoteya niyantranakkagi niyantranagalannu hondide. idu swayam-chalisabahudu, mattu aavartanadondige 1:1 annu aleyabahudu, mattu heegaagi aidane ausilator aagi balasabahudu. idannu ess. ess. emm. 2044 chipnondige alavadisalaagide. eradu lakotegalive. ondu kevala vii. sii. aa. ge meesalaagide. eradaneyadu naamamaatravaagi "vii. sii. eff. lakoteyalli" aadare hechchuvariyagi vii. sii. oo. naa naadi-agala, ellah vii. sii. oo. naa pitch, vii. sii. oo. naa 2 mattu 4 rahra pitch mattu aavartana modulation mottavannu niyantrisabahudu. lakotegalu eka athawa bahu prachodaka mattu dampingagi niyantranagalannu hanchikolluttave. eradu kadime-aavartanada aasiletargalive (elfos), idannu korgrinda "modulation generatorgalu" (mgs) endu kareyalaaguttade. modalaneyadu tarangaroopa mattu vegada mele niyantranavannu hondide, mattu idannu vii. sii. oo pitch athawa pulse-agala, vii. sii. eff. cutoff mattu aavartana modulation mottakke ravanisabahudu. viko pitch annu niyantrisuvaga, idu ellah vikogalannu niyantrisabahudu; viko 1; viko 2,3, mattu 4; athawa viko 2 mattu 4. eradaneyadu vegakke maatra niyantranavannu hondiruttade, mattu arpeggiator athawa viko pulse-agalavannu niyantrisabahudu. aun/off/latch niyantrana, up/down/up-down pitch niyantrana mattu 1/2/phul keyboard niyantranadondige arpeggiator ide. mono/paali, "parinamagalu" emba shirshikeya vibhagadalli gumpu maadalaada, andolakagala naduvina vyapaka mattu gamanarha modulation samarthyagalannu olagondide."ivugalalli ee saamarthyagalu seriveh 1) vco naa 2,3, mattu 4 annu vco 1 ge sink maadi; 2) vco 2 annu 1 ge sink maadi, mattu 4 rinda 3; 3) vco 2,3, mattu 4 annu vco 1 nondige aavartana-modulate maadalu; 4) aavartana-modulate vco 2 annu 1 mattu 4 rondige 3. ausilator syncator mattu aavartana modulation annu ottige balasabahudu. 3 slave aasiletargalondige 1 master annu honduva ee saamarthyavannu, athawa talaa 2 annu, modulation moolagalu mattu chakra niyantranagalondige niyantrisabahudaada digbhramegolisuva vividha ausilator upagumpugalinda niyantrisalaaguttade. sivi/trigger, vcf mattu viko mode inputgalu, arpeggiator mattu portamentogalige baahya inputgalu mattu outputgalannu odagisalaaguttade. pitch bend mattu mode wheel annu ellah vii. sii. oo. gala pitch annu niyantrisalu niyojisabahudu; vii. sii. oo. 1 maatra; vii. sii. oo. 2,3, mattu 4; athawa vii. sii. oo. 2 mattu 4. pitch bend vyaaptiyu vii. sii. oo. pichgaagi 2.5 aaktevgalige vistarisiruttade, mattu vii. sii. eff. katafgagi audeo vyaaptiyannu vistarisuttade. upayuktate. mono/paliya mukhya nyoonateyendare, 4 vii. sii. oo. galu minimoognantaha ellah nobi monophonic sinthasaisargalante ondu saamaanya vii. sii. aa mattu vii. sii. eff lakoteyannu hanchikolluttave, aadare lakoteya hanchikeyannu saridoogisalu prachodaka mattu swayam-damping svichgalive. ee synth annu adara sahodari palisiksnante (adhe samayadalli tayaarisalaaguttittu) palisinth aagi vinyasagolisalagilla, aadare prati aasiletarge vibhinn tunukugalu mattu veveshepgalondige prayogika synth annu hecchu vinyaasagolisalaagide. mono/paali tanna sahodari palisiksnantaha digital memoriannu saha olagondiralilla, ekendare adara gamanavu matte prayogada mele ittu. ghatakada tala mattu badigalallina chip board nirmaanavu sulabhavaagi haanigolagaaguttade athawa skroogalu horabaralu avakasha niiduttade. keyboardne kelagiruva rabbar samparkagalu kaalaanantaradalli dharisuttaare, idara parinaamavaagi dead keeligalu untaaguttave. mono/paligalannu berpadisuvudu tumba sulabhavaada kaarana, idannu swalpa svachchagolisuva mattu/athawa hosa rabbar pattiyannu padeyuva moolaka saripadisabahudu. analog sinthgala manadandadinda circuit vishvaasaarhateyu uttamavaagide. samanyavagi viphalavaguva atyanta sambhaavya amshavendare 4 vii. sii. oo. galalli ondaagide. munde samanyavagi filter iruttade. mono/paliyannu laya yantravagi balasabahudu, vaadyavannu 'paali' yalli hondisi mattu andolakagala vividha tunukugalannu mattu vibhinn tarangagalannu hondisi, nantara aarpeggiyetarnondige aavartana modulatorgalannu balasi; lakoteyannu adakke anugunavagi percusive settinggalige sarihondisi mattu kalakalakke cutt-off mattu shabdadondige piteelu maadi toone bannavannu serisi, mattu antimavagi, ell. eff. oo annu pichge hondisi mattu adannu gananeeya vaishaalyadalli hondisi. idallade, pedal inputgalannu kaarg ms-20 nantaha sinthgalinda ravanisabahudu, idarindaagi baahya aasiletargalu eegaagale labhyaviruvavugaliginta hecchu maarpadisabahudu. vii. sii. oo. galu pratyeka tuning niyantranagalannu hondiruvudarinda avu eshtu chennagi tune maadidaroo tuning hantadinda swalpa horagiruttave; nera tuning hantadalliruva svaramelagalannu aadalu, tippanigalannu vegavagi, kelagininda kelakke iliyuva kramadalli nudisi. hecchina analog sinthasaisargalante, idu kadime mattu hecchina mattakkinta hecchina mattadinda kadime mattakke uttama pramaanavannu hondiruttade. nantarada belavanigegalu. mono/paliyannu adara software aadhaarita parampareya sangrahakkagi korg punarutpaadisuttade. idannu saamaanya digital audeo workstationgalalli virtual studio tantragyaanavaagi (vii. ess. tii) athawa yaavude hondaanikeya pisi athawa mack utpannadondige swatantra synth aagi balasabahudu. teeraa ittichege, korg aipyaadgaagi (imono/paali) mobile ios application annu parichayisitu, idu moola chalanashaastravannu nambikeyinda punarutpaadisuttade.

corg mono/poolii 1981 muthal 1984 vare corg nirmmicha 44 pradhana "mono-polyphonic" analog synthesiseraanu corg mono/poolii (empy-4). eee keyboard corg polisiksinte sahodari synthesiseraanu. ithinu naalu uyarnna sthirathayulla volteju niyantritha oosilettarukal (vii. sii. oo. ezz), oru 4-pooll, selph-ausilating loow paas filter (ell. pii. eph), wide modulation kazhivukal, suedo-polyphony (paraphony) ennivayundu. audiyo architecture. naalu volteju niyantritha oosilettarukalum (vii. sii. oo. ezz) oru shabda srotassum oru volteju niyantritha filter (vii. sii. eph), volteju niyantritha amplifier (vii. sii. eiii) ennivayiloode nayikkappedunnu. ithu 1) phoor-oosilettar mono sinth; 2) phoor-voys paraphonic sinth, oosilettarukaliloode saikling cheiyunna shabdangal, ennaal oru vii. sii. eph, vii. sii. eiii enniva pankidunna; 3) single nottukalkku mono mooad upayogikkunna oru shared mooad, eratta nottukalkku oro nottinum duval oosilettarukal, allengil paraphonic mooad; 4) naalu oosilettarukal naalu-nottu coord vare nottukal play cheiyunna mono sinthilekku nayikkunna oru coord memory. naalu vii. sii. oo. kalkk swatantra tuning, footej (16,8,4,2), waveshape (trikonam, zoo, pulse-veethi, pulse-veethi modulated), amplitude ennivaykkulla niyanthranangalund. ezz. ezz. emm. 2033 chippukal upayogichaanu iva nadappilaakkunnathu. vii. sii. oo freakwensick portamento upayogikkaam. shabda srothasinu oru level niyanthranamund. kattoof, resonance, scaling, invertible envalappu niyanthranam ennivaykkulla niyantranangalulla 24/db okdevu loow-paas filteraanu single vii. sii. eph. ithinu svayam ooskilettu cheyyaanum freekwansiyil 1:1 skeyil cheyyaanum kazhiyum, athinaal ithu anchaamathe oosilettaraayi upayogikkunnu. ezz. ezz. emm. 2044 chippaan ithu nadappilaakkunnathu. rund kavarukal undu. onnu vcaic maathram samarppichirikkunnu. randaamathethu naamamaathramaayi "vii. sii. eph envalappil" aanenkilum viko pulse-veethikal, ellah vikoyude pitch, vikoyude 2,3,4 ennivayude pitch, freekwansi modulation thuka enniva niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. envalappukal otta allengil onniladhikam triggerukalkkum dampingin niyanthranangal pankidunnu. corg "modulation janarettarukal" (mgs) ennu vilikkunna rund loow-freekwansi oosilettarukal (elfos) undu. aadyathethinu tharamgaroopathilum vegathayilum niyanthranamund, ithu vii. sii. oo pitch allengil pulse-veethi, vii. sii. eph kattoof, freekwansi modulation thuka ennivayilekku vazhithirichuvidaam. vii. sii. oo pitch niyanthrikkumbol, athinu ellah vii. sii. oo. kaleyum niyantrikkaan kazhiyum; vii. sii. oo. 1; vii. sii. oo 2,3,4; allengil vii. sii. oo. 2,3,4. randaamathethinu vegathayude niyanthranam maathrameyulloo, koodaathe aarpegiyettar allengil vii. sii. oo pulse-veethi niyantrikkaanum kazhiyum. oonn/oof/latch kantrol, upp/daun/upp-daun pitch kantrol, 1/2/phul keyboard kantrol ennivayulla oru aarpegiyettar undu. mono/poolii oosilettarukal thammilulla vipulavum praadhaanyamarhikkunnathu modulation kazhivukal ulkkollunnu, ithu "efakttukal" enna thalakkettil oru vibhaagathil tharamthirickunnu."ivayil iva ulppedunnu 1) vikoyude 2,3,4 enniva viko 1 lake samanvayippikkuka; 2) viko 2 muthal 1 vareyum 4 muthal 3 vareyum samanvayippikkuka; 3) viko 2,3,4 enniva viko 1 upayogichu freekwansi-modulate cheyyuka; 4) freekwansi-modulate viko 2 umm 1 umm 4 umm 3 umm. oosilettar synculatorum freekwansi modulation orumichu upayogikkaam. 3 slave oosilettarukalulla 1 maasttar allengil 2 veetham undayirikkaanulla eee kazhivu modulation srothassukalum wheel niyanthranangalum upayogichu niyantrikkaan kazhiyunna vismayakaramaaya vaividhyamaarnna oosilettar subsettukalaanu prayojanappeduthunnathu. sivi/trigger, vcf, vco mooad inputtukal, aarpegiyettar, portamento ennivaykkaayi baahya inputtukalum aouttputtukalum nalkunnu. ellah vii. sii. oo. kaludeyum pitch niyantrikkaan pitch bend mooad veelum nalkaam; vii. sii. oo 1 maathram; vii. sii. oo 2,3,4; allengil vii. sii. oo 2,3,4. vii. sii. oo pichinu pitch bend shreni 2.5 okdevukalilekkum vii. sii. eph kattoofinulla audiyo shreniyilekkum vyaapikkunnu. upayogakshamatha. minimoog polulla ellah nooby monophonic sinthasaisarukaleppole 4 vcokal oru saadhaarana vca, vcf envalappu enniva pankidunnu ennathaanu mono/poolii yude pradhana poraayma, ennaal envalappu pankidunnathinu nashtapariharam nalkunnathinu triggering, oottoo-dampening svichukal undu. eee sinth athinte sahodari polysics (ore samayam nirmmicha) pole oru polisinthaayi roopakalppana cheythitilla, marichu oro oosilettarinum vyathyastha foottejukalum vevsheppukalum ulla oru pareekshanathmaka sinthaanu. mono/pooliyil athinte sahodari polysixineppole oru digital memory ulppeduthiyitla, kaaranam athinte shradha veendum pareekshanatthilaayirunnu. yoonittinte adithattilum vashangalilumulla chipboard nirmmaanam eluppathil kedaakukayo scrookal puratthuvaraan anuvadikkukayo cheiyunnu. keyboardinu keezhilulla rubber kondaakttukal kaalakramena kshayikkunnu, ithu dedd keekalil kalaashikkunnu. mono/poolikal verpeduthaan valare eluppamaayathinaal ithu kurachu vrithiyaakkiyo puthiya rubber strip nediyo pariharikkam. analog sinthukalude nilavaaratthil surcuted vishwaasyatha nallathaanu. paraajayappedaan ettavum saadhyathayulla ghadakam saadhaaranayaayi 4 vii. sii. oo. kalil onnaanu. aduthathu saadhaaranayaayi filteraanu. mono/poolii oru rhythm mesheenaayi upayogikkaam, upakaranathe 'poolii' yill sajjeekarikkukayum oosilettarukaludeyum vyathyastha tharamgaroopangaludeyum vyathyastha foottejukal sajjeekarikkukayum thudarnnu aarpegiyettar upayogichu freekwansi modulettarukal upayogikkukayum cheyyaam; toonn niram cherkkunnathinu kaalaakaalangalil percusive krameekaranangalkkum fiddle katt-oof shabdathinum anusarichu envalappukal krameekarikkuka, oduvil, ell. eph. oye pitch cheyyaan sajjamaakkukayum ganyamaaya aamplityoodil sajjamaakkukayum cheyyuka. koodaathe, pedal inputtukal corg ems-20 polulla sinthukalil ninnu ruted cheyyaan kazhiyum, athuvazhi baahya oosilettarukalkku ithinakam labhyamaayathinekkaal kooduthal modulate cheyyaan kazhiyum. vii. sii. oo. kalkk prathyeka tuning niyantranangalullathinaal avaa ethra nannayi tyoon cheythaalum tuning ghattathinu alppam purathaayirikkum; nerittulla tuning ghattathilulla cordukal play cheiyunnathinu, uyarnnathil ninnu thaazhnnathilekku druthavum avarohana kramatthil nottukal play cheyyuka. mikka analog synthesiserukaleyum pole, ithu thaazhnnathinekkaal uyarnnathil ninnu thaazhnnathilekku mikacha alavil skeyil cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu. pinneedulla sambhavavikasangal. mono/poolii athinte software adhishtitha legazy shekharathinaayi corg punarnirmmikkunnu. saadhaarana digital audiyo varkksteshanukalil oru vertual studiyo saankethikavidyayaayo (vii. ezz. tii) allengil anuyojyamaaya eathenkilum pisi allengil mack uthppannathodoppam oru otappetta sintaayo ithu upayogikkaam. aduthide, corg ipaadinaayi (emono/poolii) oru mobail ios aaplikkeshan avatharippichu, athu yadhaarthathinte chalanaathmakathaye vishwasthathayode punarnirmmikkunnu.

corg mono/polly korg mono/polly (mp-4) heey 1981 teey 1984 yaa kalat korgane tayar kelele 44 pramukh "mono-polyphonic" analogue synthesizer aahe. heey kalfalak korg polycicsche bhagini synthesizer aahe. yaat chaar atyant sthir voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vhee. see. oo. ess.), eka 4-pole, self-ausilating loow paas filter (ell. pii. eff.), wide modulation kshamata aanee syudo-polyphony (paraphony) aahet. audio architecture. chaar voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vhee. see. oo. ess.) aanee eka aavaj srot voltage-niyantrit filter (vhee. see. eff.) aanee voltage-niyantrit emplifier (vhee. see. aii.) dware nirdeshit kele jaatat. yacha vapar 1) chaar-ausilator mono synth; 2) chaar-aavajachi paraphonic synth, ausilatormadhun aavaj cycle karat asatana pann vhee. see. eff. aanee vhee. see. aii. samayik karat; 3) eka swarasathi mono modacha vapar karoon samayik mode, duheri swaransathi prati swar duheri ausilator, anyatha paraphonic mode; 4) eka cord memory jyacha parinam mono synthmadhye hoto, jaree chaar ausilator chaar-swar cordparyantchya notes vajavat asale taree. chaar vhee. see. oo. kadey swatantra tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), waveshap (trikon, aaraa, puls-rundi aanee puls-rundi modulated) aanee amplitudesathi niyantrane aahet. heey ess. ess. emm. 203 chipsadware amalat aanale jaatat. portamentocha vapar vhee. see. oo. varanvartesathi keela jaau shakato. dhwani strotache patalivaril niyantran asate. ekal vhee. see. eff. haah 24/dii. bii. octave loow-paas filter aahe, jyamadhye cutoff, resonance, scaling aanee invertible lifafa niyantranasathi niyantrane aahet. too swayam-dolayman houu shakato aanee varanvartesaha 1:1 mojala jaau shakato aanee asha prakare pachva dolak mhanoon vaparla jaau shakato. heey ess. ess. emm. 204 chips amalat aanale jaate. done lifafe aahet. eka keval vhee. see. aii. laa samarpit aahe. dusare nammatra "vhee. see. eff. lifafyat" aahe parantu teey vhee. see. oo. chee naadee-rundi, serve vhee. see. oo. chee pitch, keval vhee. see. oo. chya 2 aanee 4 chee pitch aanee varanvarta modulation praman niyantrit karoo shakate. lifafe eka kinwa ekadhik trigger aanee dampingsathi niyantrane samayik karatat. done qamee-varanvarta ausilator (ell. eff. oo. ess.) aahet, jyanna korgdware 'modulation generator' (emm. jee. ess.) mhanatat. pahilyache lahari swaroop aanee vegavar niyantran asate aanee teey vhee. see. oo. pitch kinwa naadee-rundi, vhee. see. eff. cutoff aanee varanvarta modulation pramanat pathavale jaau shakate. vhee. see. oo. khelpatti niyantrit kartana, tee serve vhee. see. oo. niyantrit karoo shakate; vhee. see. oo. 1; vhee. see. oo. 2,3 aanee 4; kinwa vhee. see. oo. 2 aanee 4. 4 fakt vegache niyantran asate aanee tee arpegiator kinwa vhee. see. oo. puls-rundi niyantrit karoo shakate. chaloo/bund/latch niyantran, varr/khalee/varr-khalee khelpatti niyantran aanee ardha/purn kalfalak niyantranasah eka arpegiator aahe. mono/polymadhye ausilatormadhil vyapak aanee lakshaniy modulation kshamata samavisht aahet, jyaa 'effects' yaa shirshakachya vibhagat gatbaddh kelya aahet."yamadhye khaleel kshamatancha samavesh hotoh 1) vhee. see. oo. chey 2,3 aanee 4 heey vhee. see. oo. 1 shhee samanvayit karane; 2) vhee. see. oo. 2 teey 1 aanee 4 teey 3 shhee samanvayit karane; 3) vhee. see. oo. 1,3 aanee 4 heey vhee. see. oo. 1 saha varanvarta-niyaman karane; 4) varanvarta-niyaman vhee. see. oo. 2 heey 1 aanee 4 saha 3. ausilator samanvay aanee varanvarta modulation ekatra vaparale jaau shakate. 3 slave ausilators 1 master kinwa pratyeki 2 asanyachi hii kshamata ausilator upasanchanchya aashcharyakarak vividhatedvare vaparali jaate, jyanna modulation srot aanee chaak niyantrananni niyantrit kele jaau shakate. see. vhee./trigger, vhee. see. eff. aanee vhee. see. oo. modd input, arpegiator aanee portamentosathi bahya input aanee output pradan kele jaatat. serve vhee. see. oo. chya khelpattivar niyantran thevanyasathi khelpattiche vakane aanee modd vheel niyukt kele jaau shakate; fakt vhee. see. oo. 1; vhee. see. oo. 2,3 aanee 4; kinwa vhee. see. oo. 2 aanee 4. khelpattichya valanachi shreni vhee. see. oo. khelpattisathi 2.5 ashtakanparyant aanee vhee. see. eff. cutoffsathi audio shreniparyant vistarte. upayuktata. mono/polychi mukhya kamatarata ashee aahe qee 4 vhee. see. oo. madhye minimog sarkhya serve nobby monophonic synthesizerspramane eka samanya vhee. see. aii. aanee vhee. see. eff. lifafa samayik keela jaato, parantu lifafa samayikaranasathi bharpai karnyasathi trigger aanee auto-damponing switches aahet. hii synth tyachya bhagini polycics (jee ekach velee tayar kelee gelee hotee) sarkhi polycinth mhanoon tayar keleli navhati, parantu prati ausilator bhinn footage aanee vevesheps prayogik synth mhanoon adhik hotee. mono/polymadhye tyachya bhagini polysixsarkhi digital memory dekhil samavisht navhati, kaaran tyache laksh punha prayoganvar hote. unitchya payathyashi aanee bajunvaril chipboardche bandhkam sahajpane kharab hote kinwa screw baher yeu detat. kalfalkakhalil rubber sampark kalantarane kharab hotat, parinami mrut chavya tayar hotat. heey thodese safsafai karoon aanee/kinwa naveen rubber patti midvoon nishchit kele jaau shakate, kaaran mono/polly vegale karane baryapaiki sope aahe. analogue sinthchya pramananusar paripath vishvasarhata changli aahe. ayashasvi honyacha sarvat sambhavya ghatak samanyatah 4 vhee. see. oo. paiki eka asato. pudhe sahasa filter asate. mono/polycha vapar ly yantra mhanoon keela jaau shakato, vadya 'polly' madhye seet karoon aanee ausilatorchi vegvegali chhayachitre aanee vegvegalya tarangannanchi mandani karoon aanee nantar arpegiators frequency modulatorcha vapar karoon; swar rung jodanyasathi veloveli cutt-auph aanee aavajasah percusive settings aanee fidalnusar lifafe samayojit qaraa aanee shevati, ell. eff. oo. laa pitch karnyasathi seet qaraa aanee teey mothya amplitudever seet qaraa. pudhe, korg ms-20 sarkhya synthmadhun pedal input pathavale jaau shakatat jenekarun bahya ausilator aadhich upalabdh asalelya goshtipeksha adhik sudharit karoo shaktil. vhee. see. oo. kadey swatantra tuning niyantrane asalyamule teey kitihi changle tuning kele asale taree tuning tappyabaher asatat; thet tuning tappyat asalelya swarmelyanna vajavanyasathi, swaranna uchch teey nimn asha jalad, avarohi kramane vajva. bahutek analogue synthesizerspramane, teey qamee teey uchch peksha uchch teey nimnaparyant changle praman vadhavtat. nantarchya ghadamodi. mono/polly heey korgdware tyachya software-aadharit varsa sangrahasathi punarutpadit kele jaate. samanya digital audio workstationmadhye aabhasi studio tantradnyan (vhee. ess. tii.) mhanoon kinwa konatyahi susangat sanganak kinwa mack utpadanasah swatantra synth mhanoon yacha vapar keela jaau shakato. agadi alikade, korgane ipadsathi (emono/polly) eka mobile aay. oo. ess. anuprayog sadar keela, joou moolchya gatishilateche vishvasoopane punarutpadan karato.

korga mono/poly korga mono/poly (mp-4) ek 44 kunji "mono-polyphonic" analog synthesizer how june 1981 dekhi 1984 samma korgadwara nirmit thiyo. yo keyboard korga polisiksko bahini synthesizer how. yasama chaar atyadhik sthira bholtej-niyantrit dolakharu (bhikos), ek 4-pole, self-occelating lo pass filter (lpf), wide modulation kshamataharu rar syudo-polyphony (paraphony) chhan. adio wastukla. chaar bholtej-niyantrit dolakharu (bhikos) rar ek awaz srota bholtej-niyantrit filter (bhisief) rar bholtej-niyantrit emplifier (bhisie) marfat pathainchha. yasalai 1) chaar-ocilator mono synth; 2) chaar-bhwaisa paraphonic synth, awazharu osiletarharu marfat cycle chalaune tara bhi. sii. ef rar bhi. sii. ae. sajha garne; 3) ekal noteharuka lagi mono mode prayog garne sajha mode, dohoro noteharuka lagi prati note dohoro osiletarharu, anyatha paraphonic mode; 4) ek cord memori jasle mono sinthama parinam dinchha yadyapi chaar-note cordko noteharu bajaune chaar osiletarharu chhan. chaar bhikosma swatantra tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), webhscape (trikon, aari, pulse-chaudai, rar pulse-chaudai modulated), rar ayamka lagi niyantranharu chhan. yee ess. ess. emm. 203 chipharusanga lagu garieka chhan. portamento bhiko frequencyka lagi prayog garna sakinchha. awaz srotasanga star niyantran hunchha. ekal bhi. sii. ef. ek 24/dibi octave lo-pass filter how, jasma cutuff, resonance, scaling, rar invertible lifafa niyantranka lagi niyantranharu chhan. yo atma-ocilate garna sakinchha, rar frequencyko sath 1:1 mapan garna sakinchha, rar yasari panchaun osiletarko rupma prayog garinchha. yo ssm2044 chipko sath lagu garieko chha. tyahan duiwata lifafa chhan. euta kewal bhisielai samarpit chha. dosro naam matra "bhisief lifafa" maa hunchha tara yasale bhiko pulse-chaudai, sabai bhikoko pitch, bhikoko 2 rar 4 ko matra pitch, rar frequency modulation rakamlai niyantran garna sakchha. lifafaharule ekal wa bahu trigger, rar dampingka lagi niyantranharu sajha garchhan. tyahan dui cum awritti osiletarharu (lfos) chhan, jaslai korgadwara "modulation generatorharu" (mgs) bhaninchha. pahilosanga tarang roop rar gatima niyantran chha, rar yasalai bhiko pitch wa pulse-chaudai, bhisief cutuff, rar frequency modulation rakamma pathauna sakinchha. bhiko pitch niyantran garda, yasale sabai bhikos niyantran garna sakchha; bhiko 1; bhiko 2,3, rar 4; wa bhiko 2 rar 4. dosrosanga matra gatiko niyantran hunchha, rar arpegiator wa bhiko pulse-chaudai niyantran garna sakchha. tyahan unn/aff/latch niyantran, mathi/tall/mathi-tall pitch niyantran, rar 1/2/purna keyboard niyantranko sath ek arpegiator chha. mono/polile asiletarharu bichko wyapak rar mahatwapurna modulation kshamataharu samawesh gardacha, jaslai "prabhawharu" shirshakma raheko khandama samuhabadha garieko chha."yasama nimna kshamataharu samawesh chhanh 1) bhikoko 2,3, rar 4 lai bhiko 1 maa sink garnuhos; 2) bhiko 2 lai 1, rar 4 lai 3; 3) bhiko 2,3, rar 4 lai bhikosanga frequency-modulate garna; 4) frequency-modulate bhiko 2 lai 1 rar 4 sanga 3. dolak sink rar frequency modulation sangai prayog garna sakinchha. 3 slebh asiletarharu, wa 2 pratyekko sath 1 master hune yo kshamata, assilator upasetharuko vismayakari vividhatale labh uthaunchha june modulation srotharu rar pangra niyantranharudwara niyantran garna sakinchha. bahya input rar autaputharu sibhi/trigger, bhisief rar bhiko mode inputharu, arpegiator, rar portamentoka lagi pradan garinchha. pitch benned rar mode pangra sabai bhikosko pitch niyantran garna tokieko huna sakchha; bhiko 1 matra; bhiko 2,3, rar 4; wa bhiko 2 rar 4. pitch benned dayara bhiko pichka lagi 2.5 ashtaksamma wistar hunchha, rar bhisief katafka lagi adio dayara. upayogitako. mono/poliko mukhya kamajori yo how kii 4 bhikosle euta sajha bhisie rar bhisief lifafa sajha gardacha, minimog jasta sabai noby monophonic synthesizerharu jastai, tara tyahan trigger rar swatah-dampening swichharu chhan. yo synth yasako bahini polycics (june ekai samayama nirman garieko thiyo) jastai policinthko rupma design garieko thiena, tara vibhinna footageharu rar prati dolakko webhaskepharuko sath prayogatmak sinthako rupma design garieko thiyo. mono/polile yasako bahini polycics jastai digital memori pani samawesh garena, kinki yasako dhyan feri prayogma thiyo. ekaiko adhar rar chheuma chipboard nirman sajilaisanga kshatigrasta hunchha wa screwharu bahira auna anumati dinchha. kiboardmuni robber samparkaharu samayasangai ghatne prawritti hunchha jasko parinamswarup mrit kunjiharu hunchhan. yo thorai safai rar/wa nayan robber patti prapta garera thik garna sakinchha, kinki mono/policeharu chhutyauna ekdam sajilo chha. circuit vishwasaniyata analog sinthako manakdwara ramro chha. asafal hune sabaibhanda sambhawit ghatak samanyataya 4 bhikos madhye ek how. jaane arko samanyataya filter how. mono/polilai laya messinko rupma prayog garna sakinchha, upkaranlai 'poly' maa sett garera rar dolakharuko vibhinna footageharu rar vibhinna vebhaskepharu sett garera, rar tyasapachhi arpegilatorsanga frequency modulatorharu prayog garera; enbhalpharulai parkyusibh settingharu anusar samayojan garnuhos rar samaya-samayama cutt-aff rar awajko sath tone rung thapna, rar antama, lfolai pitch garna sett garnuhos rar yasalai paryapta ayamma sett garnuhos. thap, peddle inputharu korga ms-20 jasta sinthaharubata rutt garna sakinchha taaki bahya asilatorharule pahile nai upalabdha chha bhanda mathi thap modulate garna sakun. kinbhane bhikosma chhuttai tuning niyantranharu hunchhan tiniharu tuning charanbata thorai bahira hunchhan chahe tiniharu kati ramrosanga tuning bhae pani; pratyaksha tuning charanma raheka cordharu khelnaka lagi, noteharu uchchadekhi tallosamma druta, awarohi kramama bajaunuhos. dheraijaso analog synthesizerharu jastai, yo kamadekhi uchchabhanda uchchadekhi nimnasamma mapan garna ramro hunchha. pachhiko ghatanakram. mono/polilai yasako suftware-adharit virasata sangrahaka lagi korgadwara punah utpadan garieko chha. yasalai samanya digital adio workstationharuma bharchual studio technology (bhiesti) ko rupma wa kunai pani upayukta pc wa mack utpadanko sath stanned-alone sinthako rupma prayog garna sakinchha. halasalai, korgale ipad (imono/poly) kaa lagi mobile ios anuprayog prastut garyo, jasle mulko gatishilta vishwaspurwak punah utpadan gardacha.

korga mono/polly corg mono/polly (mp-4) heuchhi eka 44tii pramukh "mono-polyphonic" analag synthesizer jaahaa corg dwara 1981ru 1984 parjyanta nirmita hoithila. ehi keyboard heuchhi corg polycycsor bhaunee synthesizer . ethire charoti atyadhika sthira voltage-nijantrita dolaka (vcos), eka 4-pole, self-osileting loe passes filter (lpf), wide modulation khyamata ebong siudo-polyphony (paraphony) achhi . audio sthapatya. charoti voltage-nijantrita dolaka (vcos) ebong eka sabda utsa eka voltage-nijantrita filter (vcf) ebong voltage-nijantrita paribardhaka (vca) madhyamare parichalita hue . ehaaku 1) chaari-dolaka mono synth; 2) chaari-swara paraphonic synth, jeunthire dolaka madhyamare saikling karuthiba swara kintu eka bhi. sii. aif. ebong bhi. sii. aii. anshidara; 3) ekaka note paain mono mode byabahara karuthiba eka anshidara mode, double note paain prati note paain dwita dolaka, anyatha paraphonic mode; 4) eka cord memori jaahaa eka mono sinthare parinata hue jadio chaari-note cord parjyanta note kheluthiba chaari dolaka sahita . charoti bhikosare swadheena tyuning, footages (16,8,4,2), webheshep (tribhuja, aaraa, pulse-osara, ebong pulse-osara modulated), ebong bistara paain nijantrana achhi . egudika ess. ess. emm.-2033 chip dwara karjyakaree hoithae. portamento bhiko frequency paain byabahruta hoipare . dhwani utsara eka stara nijantrana achhi . ekaka bhi. sii. aif. heuchhi eka 24/dibi astaka nimna-passes filter, jeunthire cutoff, anuranan, scaling ebong invertible kham nijantrana paain nijantrana rahichhi. ehaa swajang-dolita hoipare, ebong frequency sahita 1:1 scale karajaipariba, ebong ehipari pancham dolaka bhabare byabahruta hue . ehaa ess. ess. emm. 204 chip sahita karjyakaree hoichhi. duiti kham rahichhi. gotie kebala bhi. sii. aii. paain utsargeekruta. dwiteejati namamatra bhabe "bhi. sii. aif. kham" ray thaae, kintu ehaa atirikta bhabe bhi. sii. oh. rahr pulse-osara, samasta bhi. sii. oh. rahr pitch, kebala bhi. sii. oh. rahr 2 ebong 4 rahr pitch, ebong frequency modulation parimanaku nijantrana karipariba. khamagudika ekaka kimba ekadhika trigger ebong demping paain nijantrana bantanti . duiti nimna-frequency dolaka (ell. aif. oh. ess.) rahichhi, jaahaaku korga dwara "modulation generator" (emm. jii. ess.) kuhajae. prathamtira taranga roop ebong bega upare nijantrana rahichhi, ebong ehaaku bhiko pitch kimba pulse-osara, vcf cutoff, ebong frequency modulation parimanaku pathajaipariba. bhiko pitch nijantrana kariba samajare, ehaa samasta vikos nijantrana karipariba; bhiko 1; bhiko 2,3, ebong 4; kimba bhiko 2 ebong 4. dwiteejatira kebala bega paain nijantrana achhi, ebong arpagiator kimba bhiko pulse-osaraku nijantrana karipariba . ethire eka arpagiator rahichhi jeunthire aun/off/latch controll, up/down/up-down pitch controll ebong 1/2/phul keyboard controll rahichhi. mono/palire dolakgudika madhyare byapaka ebong gurutwapurna modulation khyamata antarbhukta, jaahaa "prabhaba" sheershakare eka bibhagare gostheebhukta ."egudika madhyare nimnalikhita khyamata antarbhukta rahichhih 1) bhiko 'rahr 2,3, ebong 4 ku bhiko' 1 sahita samanwita kariba; 2) bhiko 2 ku 1, ebong 4 ru 3 sahita samanwita kariba; 3) bhiko '1,3 sahita bhiko' 2,3, ebong 4 ku frequency-modulot kariba; 4) frequency-modulot bhiko 2 ku 1 ebong 4 sahita 3. dolaka sinkuletar ebong frequency madyulasanku ekathi byabahara karajaipariba. 3tii slave assilator sahita 1 master, kimba pratyeka 2tii, thiba ehi khyamata, assilator subsetra bismaikara bibidhata dwara labhabana hoithae jaahaa modulation utsa ebong chakia nijantrana dwara nijantrita hoipariba . sibhi/trigger, bhi. sii. aif. ebong bhi. sii. oh. mode. input, arpagiator ebong portamento paain bahya input ebong output pradan karajaithae. pitch benda ebong mode huilku samasta vikos pitch nijantrana kariba paain nijukta karajaipariba; kebala bhiko 1; bhiko 2,3, ebong 4; kimba bhiko 2 ebong 4. bhi. sii. oh pitch paain pitch benda renz 2.5 astaka parjyanta prasarita hue, ebong vcf cutoff paain audio renz . byabaharajogyata. mono/palira mukhya asubidha heuchhi 4tii visio gotie sadharana vca ebong vcf khamaku anshidara karanti, minimuge pari samasta noby monophonic synthesizer pari, kintu kham bantiba paain khyatipurana deba paain trigger ebong auto-dampaning suich achhi . ehi sinthaku ehara bhaunee polycics (jaahaa ekaa samajare nirmita hoithila) pari eka polycinth bhabare design karajai nathila, barang prati dolakare bibhinna footage ebong webheshep sahita eka parikhyamulaka synth . mono/polly madhya ehara bhaunee polycics pari eka digital memori antarbhukta karinathila, kaaran ehara dhyana puni parikhyana upare thila . unitor tala ebong parsware chipboard nirmana sahajare khyatigrasta hue kimba skruku baharaku asibaku anumathi die . keyboard tale thiba rabar samparkagudika samajakrame khyaja hoijanti, jahaphalare mruta chabigudika srusti hoithae. ehaaku alpa sapha kariba ebong/kimba eka nutan rabar strip paiba sahita sthira karajaipare, kaaran mono/polisaku alga kariba yathesta sahaja . analogue synther manaka anusare paripath biswasaneejata bhal. biphal hebara sarbadhika sambhabya upadan heuchhi sadharanatah 4tii vikos madhyaru gotie. parabarteeti sadharanatah filter atte . mono/polly eka chhanda messin bhabare byabahruta hoipariba, jantraku 'polly' ray sett curry ebong dolaka ebong bibhinna taranga akarara bibhinna footages sett curry, ebong taa 'parey arpagiator sahita frequency modulator byabahara curry; tone ranga joga kariba paain samai samajare cutt-off ebong sabda sahita parkusibh seting ebong fiddle anujai khamaku samajojita karantu, ebong sheshare, ell. aif. oh. ku pitch karibaku sett karantu ebong ehaaku eka yathesta bistarare sett karantu . ahuri madhya, peddle inaputku corg emm. ess.-20 bhali sinthru pathajaipariba, jahadwara bahya dolakgudika purbaru upalabdha thiba tulanare adhika paribartana kariparibe. jehetu vikos gudikar alga tyuning nijantrana thaae, semane tyuning parjyajaru tike bahare ruhanti, segudika jete bhal tyuning heuna kahinki; sidhasalakha tyuning parjyajare thiba kardagudiku bajaiba paain, notgudiku druta, nimnaru nimnaku abrohi kramare bajaibe . adhikansha analogue synthesizer bhali, ehaa nimnaru uccha tulanare uchcharu nimna parjyanta bhal scale karibaku prabrutti rakhe . parabarti bikash. mono/polly ehara saphtawer-aadharita uttaradhikara sangraha paain korga dwara punahutpadana karajae . ehaaku sadharana digital audio warkstationre eka virtual studio technology (vst) bhabare kimba kaunasi susangata pisi kimba mack utpada sahita eka swatantra synth bhabare byabahara karajaipariba . ati nikatare, korga ipad (emono/polly) paain eka mobile ios application prabartana karithile, jaahaa biswastatara saha mulara gatisheelataku punah utpadana kare .

corg mono/pauli corg mono/pauli (aimm. pee.-4) ikk 44 kunji "mono-polyphonic" analogue sanshleshan haii joe corg duaara 1981 toon 1984 takk nirmit keeta giaa see. ih keyboard corg polycics daa bhainn sanshleshan haii. iss witch chaar bahut hii sathir voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. ou. aiss.), ikk 4-pole, sway-ausilating loow paas filter (aill. pee. eff.), viaapak modiooleshan samratha atey sudo-polyphony (paraphony) hunn. audio architecture. chaar voltage-niyantrit ausilator (vee. see. ou. aiss.) atey ikk shore sarot noon ikk voltage-niyantrit filter (vee. see. eff.) atey voltage-niyantrit amplifier (vee. see. aii.) raahin bhejiaa jaanda haii. iss noon 1) chaar-ocilator mono sinth; 2) chaar-awaz paraphonic sinth, jiss witch aavazan ausilatoran raahin cycle chalaundiyan hunn parr ikk vee. see. eff. atey vee. see. aii. noon sanjha kardiaan hunn; 3) single notan laee mono mode dee varton curran vaala ikk sanjha mode, dohre notan laee pratee nott dohre ausilator, naheen taan paraphonic mode; 4) ikk cord mammery jiss dey natije vajon ikk mono sinth hundi haii, halanki chaar ausilator chaar-nott cord takk dey nott chalaunde hunn. chaar vee. see. oz cole sutantar tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), waveshape (tikonh, aaree, pulse-chaudai atey pulse-chaudai modiooleted), atey amplitude laee niyantaran hunn. ih ssm2033 chippan naal lagu keete jaande hunn. portamento dee varton vee. see. ou. barambarta laee keeti jaa sakadi haii. shore sarot daa ikk paddhar niyantaran hunda haii. single vee. see. eff. ikk 24/dee. bee. octave loow-paas filter haii, jiss witch cutoff, resonance, scaling atey invertible lifafa niyantaran laee niyantaran haii. ih sway-assilinate hoow sakda haii, atey barambarta dey naal 1:1 noon scale keeta jaa sakda haii, atey iss tarahan panjven ausilator vajon vartiaa jaa sakda haii. ih ssm2044 chipp naal lagu keeta giaa haii. doou lifafe hunn. ikk siraf vee. see. aii. noon samarpit haii. dooja namatar taur utte "vee. see. eff. lifafe" witch haii parr ih vee. see. ou. pulse-chaudai, saare vee. see. ou. dee pitch, siraf vee. see. ou. dey 2 atey 4 dee pitch atey frequency modiooleshan matra noon vee niyantrit qarr sakda haii. lifafe single jaan multiple trigger atey demping laee controll sanjhe karde hunn. doou ghatt-barambarta vaale ausilator (aill. eff. ou. aiss.) hunn, jinhan noon corg duaara "modulation generator" (aimm. jee. aiss.) kiha jaanda haii. pahile daa waveform atey gatee utte niyantaran hunda haii, atey iss noon vee. see. ou. pitch jaan pulse-chaudai, vee. see. eff. cutoff atey frequency modiooleshan matra vall modiaa jaa sakda haii. jadon vee. see. ou. pitch noon niyantrit keeta jaanda haii, taan ih saare vee. see. ou. noon niyantrit qarr sakda haii; vee. see. ou. 1; vee. see. ou. 2,3, atey 4; jaan vee. see. ou. 2 atey 4. dooje cole siraf gatee laee niyantaran hunda haii, atey arpegiator jaan vee. see. ou. pulse-chaudai noon niyantrit qarr sakda haii. utthe ikk arpegiator haii jiss witch chalu/bnd/latch controll, uppar/hethan/uppar-hethan pitch controll atey 1/2/poora keyboard controll haii. mono/pauli witch ausilatoran darmiaan viaapak atey mahattavpuran modiooleshan samrathavan shamal hunn, jinhan noon "prabhav" sirlekh vaale bhaag witch samoohbadh keeta giaa haii."ihanan witch ih yogtavan shamal hann 1) vco dey 2,3 atey 4 noon vco 1 naal sink crow; 2) vco 2 noon 1 naal, atey 4 noon 3 naal sink crow; 3) vco 2,3 naal vcos 2,3 atey 4 noon frequency-modiool curran laee; 4) frequency-madiool vco 2 noon 1 atey 4 naal 3 naal. ausilator sinketar atey frequency modiool noon ikkathe vartiaa jaa sakda haii. 3 slave ausilatoran dey naal 1 maastar, jaan 2 harek, dee iss yogta daa laabh ausilator upp-samoohan dee hairan curran vaali kisam duaara liaa jaanda haii jiss noon modiooleshan sarotan atey chakkar niyantaran naal niyantrit keeta jaa sakda haii. baahari input atey output see. vee./trigger, vee. see. eff. atey vee. see. ou. maad input, arpegiator atey portamento laee pardan keete jaande hunn. pitch modd atey maad wheel noon saare vee. see. oz dee pitch noon niyantrit curran laee nirdharat keeta jaa sakda haii; siraf vee. see. ou. 1; vee. see. ou. 2,3, atey 4; jaan vee. see. ou. 2 atey 4. pitch modd seema vee. see. ou. pitch laee 2.5 octave takk faildi haii, atey vee. see. eff. cutoff laee audio rainz. vartonyogta. mono/pauli dee mukkh kamzori ih haii kii 4 vee. see. ou. ikk aam vee. see. aii. atey vee. see. eff. lifafa sanjha karde hunn, jiven kii minimoog varge saare noby monophonic sanshleshak, parr lifafe noon sanjha curran dee bharpai laee trigger atey auto-dempening switch hunn. ih sinth inni ziaada iss tarahan tiaar naheen keeti gaee see kii ih aapni bhainn polycics (joe use samein banayi gaee see) wang ikk policinth howay, parr pratee ausilator vakkh-vakkh footage atey vevshepan dey naal ikk prayogatmak sinth dey roop witch vadhere see. mono/pauli witch aapni bhainn polysics vargi digital mammery vee shamal naheen see, kiunki isda dhiaan firr toon prayog utte see. ikai dey adhaar atey pasiaan 'teey chipboard dee usari aasani naal nuksane jaanh jaan petch noon bahr aaunn dindi haii. keyboard dey hethan rubbed dey samparak samein dey naal kharaab hoow jaande hunn jiss dey natije vajon dedd kunjiaan hundiaan hunn. iss noon thodhi jihi safai atey/jaan ikk naveen rubbed dee patti prapat curran naal theek keeta jaa sakda haii, kiunki mono/polly noon vakkh karna kaafi assan hunda haii. analogue sinth dey miaar duaara circut bharoseyogta changi haii. asfal honn dee sabh toon vaddh sambhavna aam taur utte 4 vee. see. ou. vicchon ikk hundi haii. aam taur utte agla filter hunda haii. mono/pauli noon ikk laia masheen dey roop witch vartiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch yantar noon 'pauli' witch sett keeta jaa sakda haii atey ausilatoran atey vakkh-vakkh vevshepan dey vakkh-vakkh footage sett keete jaa sakde hunn, atey firr arpegiator naal frequency modulatoran dee varton keeti jaa sakadi haii; tone rung joden laee samein-samein 'teey katt-aaf atey shore naal percusive settingan atey fiddle dey anusar lifafiaan noon adjust crow, atey ant witch, ail. eff. ou. noon pitch curran laee sett crow atey iss noon kaafi amplitude' teey sett crow. iss toon ilava, paedal inputs noon corg aimm. aiss.-20 varge sinth toon ruut keeta jaa sakda haii taan joe baahari ausilator pahilan toon upalbadh cheezan toon uppar horr sodh qarr sakann. kiunki vee. see. oz cole vakkhre tuning niyantaran hunde hunn, uh tuning padaa toon thodah bahr hunde hunn bhaven uh kinne vee change dhang naal tuning keete jaande hunn; siddhe tuning padaa witch cord chalaun laee, notes noon ucche toon hethle kram witch tez, utarde kram witch chalao. ziaadaatar analogue synthesizeran dee tarahan, ih ghatt toon ghatt naalon ucche toon hethle takk bihtar paimane teey hunda haii. baad witch vikas. mono/pauli noon corg duaara iss dey software-adharat virasat sangrah laee dubara tiaar keeta giaa haii. iss noon aam digital audio workstationan witch ikk virtual studio technology (vst) dey roop witch jaan kise vee anukool peesi jaan maek utpaad dey naal ikk alagg sinth dey roop witch vartiaa jaa sakda haii. haal hii witch, corg neey ipad (imono/pauli) laee ikk mobile aaee. ou. aiss. application pesh keeti, joe vafadari naal mool dee gatishilta noon dubara pesh kardi haii.

korga mono/polly korg mono/paalee (emm. pi.-4) iti 1981 taha 1984 paryantam korg ityanena nirmitam 44 pramukham "mono-polyphonic" unlog synthesaisar asti. etat keyboard korg-polycics ityasya bhaginee synthesaisar asti. asya chaturshu atyadhika-sthira-voltage-niyantrita-dolakaah (vee. see. o. ess.), 4-dhruvah, swa-dolaka-nimna-paas-shodhakah (ell. pee. ef.), vistruta-modulation-kshamataah, chadma-paliphony (paraphony) cha santi. dhwani-vinyaasah. voltage-niyantrita-filter (vi. sii. ef.) tathaa voltage-niyantrita-emplifier (vi. sii. e.) ityetayoho madhyamena chatwaarah voltage-niyantrita-dolakaah (vi. sii. o. ess.) tathaa cha shabda-srotah cha prachaalyante. etat 1) fore-ocilator mono sinth iti rupena prayuktum shakyate; 2) fore-vaays paraphonic sinth iti, yatra oskilators dwara sackling kurwantah kintu vi. sii. ef tathaa vi. sii. e. ityetaani cha sahabhaaginah dhwanayah santi; 3) eka-notes krute mono mode ityasya upayogam kurwantah saazaa-mode, dwi-notes krute prati-notes krute dwi-ocilators, anyathaa paraphonic mode; 4) card-memori yasya parinaamah mono sinth iti bhavati, yadyapi chatur-notes-coord-yaavat notes-play kurwantah cha ocilators santi. chaturshu vee. see. o. ityeteshu swatantra-tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), veveshaap (tribhujam, aara, puls-vidt, puls-vidt modulated), ayamam cha niyantritaah santi. etaaha ess. ess. emm.-203 chip-dwara karyanvitaha santi. portamento ityasya upayogah vee. see. o. aavruttihi bhavati. dhvanisrotasya staraniyantranam bhavati. ekala-vee. see. ef. 24/dee. bee. ashtak-nimna-paas-shodhakah asti, yasmin cutt-aaf, anurananm, scaling, invertible envelope-niyantranam cha niyantryate. etat swa-dolanam kartum shaknoti, tathaa cha aavruttinaa 1:1 yaavat scale kartum shakyate, evam panchamam dolakam rupena upayujyate. etat ess. ess. emm.-204 chip ityanena pravartitam asti. atra dwau paritah santi. ekaha kevalam vee. see. e. krute samarpitah asti. dwiteeyam naamike "vee. see. ef. envalap" madhye bhavati, parantu atiriktatayaa vee. see. o.-puls-vidt, sarvaani vee. see. o.-pitch, kevalam vee. see. o.-2 tathaa 4 ityasya pitch, aavrutti-modulation-parimanam cha niyantrayitum shaknoti. envalap ityete eka-athavaa ekaadhika-trigger, tathaa damping ityetayoho krute niyantranam vahanti. korgadvara "modulation generator" (emm. jii. ess.) iti namna khyaatau nimna-aavrutti-dolakaah (ell. ef. o. ess.) dwau stah. prathamasya tarangaroopasya vegasya cha niyantranam bhavati, tathaa cha vi. sii. o. pitch athavaa puls-vidt, vi. sii. ef. kataaf, aavrutti-modulation-parimanam cha prati gantum shakyate. vee. see. o. pitch-ityasya niyantrane, etat sarvaani vee. see. o.-ityetaani niyantrayitum shaknoti; vee. see. o. 1; vee. see. o. 2,3, tathaa 4; athavaa vee. see. o. 2 tathaa 4. dwiteeye kevalam vegasya niyantranam bhavati, api cha arpegiator athavaa vee. see. o. puls-vidt ityetam niyantrayitum shaknoti. tatra aan/aaf/lyaach-niyantranam, up/down/up-down pitch-niyantranam, 1/2/poorna-keyboard-niyantranam cha yuktah arpegiator asti. mono/paalee ityasmin dolakanam madhye vistrutaani mahattvapoornaani cha modulation-kshamataani santi, ye "prabhaawaah" iti sheershake anubhaage samooheekrutaah santi."eteshu kshamataah antarbhavanti-1) vee. see. o. ityasya 2,3,4 ityetaan vee. see. o. 1 ityanena saha samanwayineeyaah; 2) vee. see. o. 2 ityenam 1 ityanena saha, 4 ityenam 3 ityanena saha samanwayineeyaah; 3) aavrutti-parivartaneeyaah vee. see. o. 2,3,4 ityetaan vee. see. o. 1 ityanena saha; 4) aavrutti-parivartaneeyaah vee. see. o. 2 ityenam 1 tathaa 4 ityetaan 3 ityanena saha samyojineeyaah, aavruti-samanwayaneeyaah cha samyojanaah cha militvaa upayoktum shaknuvanti. 3 slave-ausilators yuktasya 1 master ityasya, athavaa pratyekam 2 ityasya, eshaa kshamata, ausilator-upasamucchayasy vismayakaraprakaaren labhapradam bhavati, ye modulation-moolaih chakraniyantranena cha niyantrayitum shakyante. see. vee./trigger, vee. see. ef. tathaa vee. see. o. mode-input, arpegiator, portamento ityetayoho baahya-input tathaa avutput ityetaani pradaditaah santi. pitch-bend tathaa mode-wheel ityetaani sarvaani vi. sii. o.-ityetaani niyantrayitum niyojayitum shakyante; kevalam vi. sii. o. 1; vi. sii. o. 2,3,4; athavaa vi. sii. o. 2 tathaa 4. vi. sii. o. pitch krute pitch-bend-paridhihi 2.5 ashtakaparyantm, vi. sii. ef. kataaf krute shravya-paridhihi cha vistrutaa bhavati. upayogyataa. mono/paalee ityasya mukhyadoshah asti yat 4 vee. see. o. ityete ekam samanyam vee. see. e. tathaa vee. see. ef. envalap ityetam panktum shaknuvanti, yathaa minimoog ityadini sarvaani noby monophonic synthesaisars, parantu envalap-sharing ityasya pariharartham trigger tathaa aato-dampaning swich ityetaani santi. etat sinth iteedam naa tu tasya bhaginyaah polycics (yat tasmin eva nirmitam aasit) iva paalisinth iti rupena parikalpitam aasit, apitu bhinna-drushyaih, prati-dolaken veveshaap-ityanena cha prayogika-sinth iti adhikatayaa parikalpitam aasit. mono/paalee ityasmin api tasya bhaginee polycics iva digital-smrutihi naa antarbhavati sma, yatah tasya dhyanam punah prayoge aasit. ghatakasy prushtabhaage paarshveshu cha chipboard-nirmanam sahajataya kshatigrastam bhavati athavaa scroo-nirgamayitum anumanyate. keyboard ityasya adhah rubber-samparkaah kalantare kshiptaah bhavanti, yasya parinaamen mruta-chaabih bhavanti. etat alpena swacchatayaa tathaa/athavaa nutanena rubber-pattyaa praptya nishchetum shakyate, yatah mono/polly ityetaani vicchedyum ateeva sulabham bhavati. unlog sinth ityasya manakena paripathasya vishvasaneeyataam uttamm asti. praayah 4 vi. sii. o. madhye ekaha ghatakah asaphalah bhavitum arhati. praayah uttarottaram filter bhavati. mono/paalee iteedam layayantraroopen upayoktum shakyate, yantram 'paalee' madhye sthapayitva, dolakanam bhinnani drushyaani, bhinnani taramgaani cha sthapayitva, tatah arpegiator ityanena saha aavrutti-modulator ityetaan upayujya; svaravarnam yojayitum samaye samaye percusive-settings tathaa cutt-aaf tathaa shabdaihi saha fidel ityetaan anuroopam envelope ityetaan samaayojayatu, ante, ell. ef. o. iteedam pitch kartum, paryaapt-vaishaalyen sthaapayitum cha sthaapayatu. api cha, korg emm. ess.-20 ityadini sinth-dwara pedal-input-ityetaani maargeekartum shakyante, yena baahya-dolakaah poorvamev upalabhyamaanasy upari adhikatayaa parivartayitum shaknuvanti. yatah vee. see. o.-ityetebhyah pruthak-tuning-niyantranaah santi, te yathaa yathaa yathaa tuning-charanaat alpatayaa bahihi bhavanti, yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa tuning-charane yathaa yathaa yathaa, yathaa pratyaksha-tuning-charane vidyante, tatt svaravrundaan drutagatyaa, ucchatah nimnataraparyantm avarohee-kramaankena cha play kurvantu. adhikaamsheshu unlog-synthesaisars-ityetaan iva, nimnatah ucchaparyantam apekshayaa ucchatah nimnaparyantam shrenyaah bhavati. pashchat vikaasah. mono/paalee iteedam korg ityanena tasya tantraamsha-aadhaarit-viraasatasangrahasya krute punarutpaaditam asti. samanya-digital-shravya-karyasthanakeshu aabhaasi-studio-tantrajnaanaroopena (vi. ess. tii.) athavaa kasyaapi susangata-peesi athavaa myaak-utpaadena saha ekaakiroopen sinth-rupena asya upayogah kartum shakyate. sadyah eva, korg-ityanena aipyaad (imono/paalee) ityasya krute charadooravaanyaah aios-aavedanam pravartitam, yat mulasya gatishilatam vishvasitaa punah praavartayati.

kaark moanoa/baalii koork moanoa/baalii (embi-4) enbathu 1981 muthal 1984 varai koork thayaariththa 44 mukiya "moanoa-polyphonic" analock orunginaippaagum. inththa visaippalakai koork polycicsin chakoothari orunginaippaagum. idhu naanku nilaiyaana minnazhuththa-kattupaattu uusalaattangkal (vii. chii. ooo. ess), oru 4-thulai, suya-uusalaadum kuraindha baas vadikatti (elpf), parantha panpaettra thirankal mattrum poali-bolifony (paraphony) aagiyavattraik kondullathu. audio kattamaippu. naanku minnazhuththa-kattuppadutthappatta uusalaattangkal (vii. chii. ooo. ess) mattrum oru saththam moolamaanathu minnazhuththa-kattuppadutthappatta vadikatti (vii. chii. eff) mattrum minnazhuththa-kattuppadutthappatta perukki (vii. chii. aee) moolam seluththappadugindrana. idhai 1) naanku-ausilator moanoa sinth; 2) naanku-kural paraphonic sinth, ausilatorgal moolam kural suzharchi aanaal oru vii. chii. eff mattrum vii. chii. aee pagirnthu; 3) ottrai kurippugalukku moanoa moadaip payanpaduththum pakirappatta murai, irattai kurippugalukku oru kuripukku irattai ausilatorgal, illaiyenil paraphonic murai; 4) oru kaardu ninaivagam, idhu naanku-noat kaardu varai naanku ausilatorgal varai oru moanoa sinth moolam olikkirathu. naanku vii. chii. ooo. kazhum suyaatheenamaana tuning, kaatchigal (16,8,4,2), veveshep (mukkoanam, marathoal, thudippu agalam mattrum thudippu agalam panpaettram) mattrum veechchu aagiyavattrirkaana kattuppaadugalaik kondullana. ivai ess. ess. emm. 2033 sillugaludan seyalpaduththappadugindrana. portamento vii. chii. ooo athirvennukku payanpaduththappadalaam. saththam moolaththirku oru nilai kattuppaadu ullathu. ottrai vii. chii. eff enbathu 24/dibi octave loow-baas vadippaanaagum, idhu gutoff, resonance, scaling mattrum thalaikeezh urai kattuppaattirkaana kattuppaadugaludan ullathu. idhu suya-uusalaadakkoodiyathu, maelum athirvennudan 1:1 alavidappadalaam, ithanaal ainthaavathu uusalaattamaaka payanpaduththappadukirathu. idhu ess. ess. emm. 2044 chip moolam seyalpaduththappadugirathu. irandu uraigal ullana. ondru vii. chii. aee. vukku mattumae arppanikkappattullathu. irandaavathu peyaralavil "vcf urai" aanaal koodudhalaaga visioo thudippu agalam, anaitthu visioovin suruthi, visioovin 2 mattrum 4 inn suruthi mattrum athirven panpaettra alavu aagiyavattraik kattuppaduttha mudiyum. uraigalil ottrai allathu pala thoonduthalkal mattrum thanippukkaana kattuppaadugal ullana. irandu kuraindha athirven ausilatorgal (elfs) ullana, avai kaark moolam "panpaettra generatorgal" (mgs) endru azhaikkappadugindrana. muthal alaivadivam mattrum vaegam meethu kattuppaattaik kondullathu, maelum vii. chii. ooo pitch allathu thudippu agalam, vii. chii. eff gutoff mattrum athirven panpaettram thogaikku vazhinadaththappadalaam. vii. chii. ooo. suruthiyaik kattuppadutthum poathu, adhu anaitthu vii. chii. ooo. kkalaiyum kattuppaduttha mudiyum; vii. chii. ooo. 1; vii. chii. ooo 2,3 mattrum 4; allathu vii. chii. ooo. 2 mattrum 4. irandaavathu vaekaththirku mattumae kattuppaattaik kondullathu, maelum arbegiator allathu vii. chii. ooo. thudippu agalaththai kattuppaduttha mudiyum. aann/off/lotch kattuppaadu, app/down/app-down pitch kattuppaadu mattrum 1/2/muzhu visaippalakai kattuppaadu konda oru arbegiator ullathu. moanoa/baalii aasilettarkalukku idaiyilaana virivaana mattrum kurippidatthakka panpaettra thirankalai ulladakkiyathu, idhu "vilaivugal" endra thalaippil oru pirivil thogukkappattullathu."ivatrtril pinvarum thirankal adangum 1) vco inn 2,3 mattrum 4 aii vco 1 kku oththisaiththal; 2) vco 2 aii 1 kku oththisaiththal, mattrum 4 muthal 3 varai; 3) vcos 2,3 mattrum 4 aii vco 1 udan athirven-panpaettram seithal; 4) athirven-panpaettram vco 2 aii 1 mattrum 4 udan 3 udan. ausilator othisaivu mattrum athirven panpaettram ontraaka payanpaduththappadalaam. 3 slave ausilatorgal allathu thalaa 2 udan 1 maastar konda inththa thiran, panpaettra aathaarangkal mattrum chakkarak kattuppaadugal moolam kattuppaduthakkoodiya thigaippoottum palvaeru ausilator thunaikkuzhukkalaal maempaduththappadukirathu. sivi/tricker, vcf mattrum visioo mott ulleedugal, arbegiator mattrum portamento aagiyavattrirku velippura ulleedugal mattrum veliyeedugal vazhangkappadugindrana. suruthi valaivu mattrum mattu chakkaram anaitthu vii. chii. ooo. kalin suruthiyaik kattuppaduttha odhukkappadalaam; vii. chii. ooo 1 mattumae; vii. chii. ooo 2,3 mattrum 4; allathu vii. chii. ooo 2 mattrum 4. suruthi valaivu varambu vii. chii. ooo suruthikku 2.5 octaves varai neettikkappadugirathu, maelum vii. chii. eff kataafukkaana audio varambu. payanpaadu. moanoa/baalii-yinn mukiya kuraipaadu ennaventraal, 4 vii. chii. ooo. kkal oru podhuvaana vii. chii. aee mattrum vii. chii. eff urai aagiyavattraip pagirnthu kolgindrana, minimook poantra anaitthu noapi monophonic orunginaippaalargalaip poalavae, aanaal urai pagirvukku eeduseiya thoonduthal mattrum thaanaaga-mayakkum suvitchugal ullana. inththa sinth adhan chakoothari polycics (athae neraththil thayaarikkappattathu) poala oru policin aaga vadivamaikkappadavillai, aanaal oru ausilatorukku vevvaeru adikkurippugal mattrum vaevshaeppugaludan oru soathanai oththisaivaaga irunththathu. moanoa/baalii adhan chakoothari polycics poantra digital ninaivagaththaiyum serkkavillai, aenenil adhan kavanam meendum parisoathanaiyil irunththathu. alagin adippaguthi mattrum pakkangkalil ulla chip poardu kattumanam elithil sethamadaigirathu allathu thirukukal veliyae vara anumathikkirathu. visaippalakaiyin keezh ulla rubber thodarbugal kaalappoakkil thaeinthu poavathaal tett keekkal aerpadukintrana. moanoa/paalikkalai pirikka migavum elithaanathu enbathaal, idhai oru siriya suththam mattrum/allathu oru puthiya rubber thundu peruvathan moolam sariseiyappadalaam. analock sindkalin tharatthaal surcute nambagaththanmai nandraaga ullathu. thoalviyadaiyum migavum saathiyamaana kooru podhuvaaga 4 vii. chii. ooo. ess. kazhil ontraakum. aduththathu podhuvaaga vadikatti aagum. moanoa/baalii oru thaala iyanththiramaaga payanpaduththappadalaam, karuviyai 'baalii' ill amaippathan moolamum, ausilatorgal mattrum vevvaeru vaevshaeppugalin vevvaeru adikkurippugalai amaippathan moolamum, pinnar aarbejiyaettarudan athirven maadulaettarkalaip payanpaduththuvathan moolamum; uraikku aerpa percussive amaippugal mattrum pidiludan avvappoathu cutt-off mattrum saththaththudan sariseithu, doone niratthai saerkkavum, iruthiyaaka, elfovai suruthikku amaikkavum, adhai kanisamaana veechil amaikkavum. maelum, pedal ulleedugalai koork ems-20 poantra oththisaivugalilirunthu vazhinadaththalaam, ithanaal velippura ausilatorgal aerkanavae kidaiththathai vida maelum maattriyamaikka mudiyum. vii. chii. ooo. kkal thanithani tuning kattuppaadugalaik kondiruppathaal, avai evvalavu nandraaga dune seiyappattirunthaalum avai tuning kattaththirku sattru veliyae irukkum; neradi tuning kattaththil ulla valaiyalgalai vilaiyaada, kurippugalai vaekamaaka, uyar muthal keezh varai irangkum varisaiyil iyakkavum. perumpaalaana analock orunginaippaalargalaip poalavae, idhu kuraindha muthal uyarnththa alavai vida uyarnththa muthal kuraindha alavaik kaattukirathu. pinnar aerpatta munnaettrangkal. moanoa/baalii adhan menporul adippadaiyilaana marabu sekarippukkaaga gorgaul inapperukkam seiyappadugirathu. idhu podhuvaana digital audio panimanaikalil oru meinigar studio thozhilnutpamaaga (vst) allathu endhavoru inakkamaana pisi allathu maek thayaarippudanum thaniththuvamaana oththisaivaagap payanpaduththappadalaam. miga sameepaththil, kaark ipat (imono/baalii) kkaana mobile ios payanpaattai arimugappaduththiyathu, idhu asal iyakkaviyalai unmaiyudan inapperukkam seikirathu.

corg mono/paalii corg mono/paalii (empi-4) anedi 1981 nundi 1984 varaku corg tayaaru chesina 44 kii "mono-polyphonic" analog synthesizer. eee keyboard corg polycics kii sodari synthesizer. idhi naalugu atyanta sthiramaina voltage-niyantrita aasiletarlu (vii. sii. oo. ess), 4-pole, selph-ausilating loe paas filter (lpf), wide modulation saamarthyaalu mariyu suudoe-polyphony (paraphony) kaligi undhi. audeo nirmaanam. naalugu voltage-niyantrita aasiletarlu (vii. sii. oo. ess) mariyu sabdam muulam voltage-niyantrita vadapotha (vii. sii. eff) mariyu voltage-niyantrita amplifier (vii. sii. eah) dwara daari teestaayi. dheenini 1) naalugu-ausilator mono synth; 2) naalugu-vois paraphonic sinth, ausilatorla dwara saikling chese vaayislatho conny vcf mariyu vcnu panchukovadam; 3) oke notla kosam mono modnu upayoginche shared mode, double notla kosam notku dual aasiletarlu, lekapothe paraphonic mode; 4) naalugu-note theega varaku notes play chese naalugu aasiletarlato mono sinth phalitaanni ichhe oka theega memory. naalugu vii. sii. oo. luu swatantra tuning, footage (16,8,4,2), waveshape (tribhujam, rampam, pulls-vedalpu mariyu pulls-vedalpu modulated) mariyu amplitude kosam niyantranalanu kaligi unnaayi. ivi ivi chiplatho amalu cheyabadataayi. portamentonu viko frequency kosam upayoginchavacchu. sabdam muulam oka sthaayi niyantrananu kaligi untundi. single vcf anedi 24/db octave loe-paas filter, idhi cutoff, resonance, scaling mariyu invertible envalap niyantrana kosam niyanthranalatho untundi. idhi sweeya-oogisalaadavachchu, mariyu frequencytho 1:1 thoo scale cheyavachu, tadwara aidava ausilatorga upayoginchabadutundi. idhi idhi chipto amalu cheyabadindi. rendu envalaplu unnaayi. okati kevalam vcaku ankitam cheyabadindi. rendavadi namamatramga "vcf envalap" loe untundi, conny adanamgaa vco pulls-vedalpu, anni vco pitch, vco yokka 2 mariyu 4 yokka pitch mariyu frequency modulation mottaanni niyantrinchagaladu. kavarulu oke ledhaa bahula trigger mariyu damping kosam niyantranalanu panchukuntaayi. korgche "modulation generatorlu" (mgs) anie piluvabade rendu takkuva-frequency aasiletarlu (lfos) unnaayi. modatidi taranga roopam mariyu vegampai niyantrananu kaligi untundi, mariyu dheenini vii. sii. oo pitch ledhaa pulls-vedalpu, vii. sii. eff. cutoff mariyu frequency modulation mottaaniki mallinchavacchu. viko pichnu niyantrinchetappudu, idhi anni vikosnu niyantrinchagaladu; viko 1; viko 2,3 mariyu 4; ledhaa viko 2 mariyu 4. rendavadi vaegaaniki matrame niyantrananu kaligi untundi, mariyu arpeggiator ledhaa viko pulls-vedalpunu niyantrinchagaladu. aann/off/laach controll, up/down/up-down pitch controll mariyu 1/2/phul keyboard controltho oka arpeggiator undhi. mono/paaliiloo ausilatorla madhya vistrutamaina mariyu mukhyamaina modulation saamarthyaalu untaayi, ivi "prabhavalu" anae sheershikato kuudina vibhaagamlo samuuhaparachabaddaayi."veetilo eee saamardhyalu unnaih 1) vco yokka 2,3 mariyu 4 nuu vco 1 kii samakaaleekarinchandi; 2) vco 2 nuu 1 kii, mariyu 4 nundi 3 kii samakaaleekarinchandi; 3) vco 1,3 thoo vcos 2,3 mariyu 4 nuu frequency-modulate cheyadaaniki; 4) frequency-modulate vco 2 thoo 1 mariyu 4 thoo 3. ausilator syncator mariyu frequency modulation kalisi upayoginchavacchu. 3 slave aasiletarlato 1 master ledhaa okkokkati 2 kaligi unde eee saamarthyam, modulation muulaalu mariyu chakra niyanthranalatho niyantrinchagala vividha rakaala ausilator upasamitula dwara upayoginchabadutundi. sivi/trigger, vcf mariyu vco mode inputlu, arpeggiator mariyu portamentola kosam bahya inputlu mariyu avutputlu andinchabadataayi. pitch bend mariyu mode veelnu anni vikos yokka pichnu niyantrinchadaaniki ketayinchavacchu; viko 1 matrame; viko 2,3 mariyu 4; ledhaa viko 2 mariyu 4. viko pitch kosam pitch bend paridhi 2.5 octaves varaku mariyu vcf cutoff kosam audeo paridhi varaku vistarinchi untundi. viniyogam. mono/paalii yokka pradhana lopam emitante, 4 visiolu oka saadhaarana vca mariyu vcf envalapnu panchukuntaayi, minimog vanti anni nobi monophonic synthesiserla maadirigaane, conny kavaru bhagaswamyanni bharti cheyadaaniki trigger mariyu auto-damping switchlu unnaayi. eee synth daani sodari polycics (adhe samayamlo tayaaru cheyabadindi) laaga paaliisintgaa roopondinchabadaledu, conny okko aasiletarku ververu footageelu mariyu vevesheplatho prayogaatmaka sintga roopondinchabadindi. mono/paaliiloo daani sodari polycics vanti digital memory kooda cherchabadaledu, endukante daani drushti mallee prayogaalapai undedi. unit yokka bays mariyu vaipula unna chipboard nirmaanam sulabhamgaa debbatintundi ledhaa maralu bayataku raavadaaniki anumatistundi. keyboard kinda unna rabbaru parichayalu kalakramena ksheenistaayi, phalitamgaa ded keelu erpadataayi. mono/paaleelanu vidadeeyadam chaalaa sulabham kabatti, deenni konchem subhraparachadam mariyu/ledhaa kotta rabbaru patteeni pondadam dwara parishkarinchavacchu. analog sindhla pramaanaala prakaram circuit viswasaneeyata manchidi. saadhaaranamgaa 4 vii. sii. oo. laloe okati viphalam ayye avakaasam undhi. taduparidi saadhaaranamgaa filter. mono/paaleeni laya yantramgaa upayoginchavacchu, parikaranni 'paalii' loe amarchadam dwara mariyu aasiletarlu mariyu vividha veveshapla yokka vividha footageelanu amarchadam dwara, aapai arpeggiatortho frequency modulatorlanu upayoginchadam dwara; envalaplanu percusive settingulaku anugunamgaa sardubaatu cheyandi mariyu tone rangunu jodinchadaaniki cutt-off mariyu shabdamtho eppatikappudu fidelu, chivaraku, elphony pitch cheyadaaniki sett cheyandi mariyu daanini gananeeyamaina vaisaalyamlo sett cheyandi. inca, pedal inputlanu corg ms-20 vanti sindhla nundi maarganirdesam cheyavachu, tadwara bahya aasiletarlu ippatike andubaatulo unna vaati kante marinta savarinchagalavu. endukante vikos pratyeka tuning niyantranalanu kaligi untaayi, avi entha baga tune cheyabadina avi tuning dasha nundi konchem dhooramgaa untaayi; pratyaksha tuning dasalo unna teegalanu play cheyadaaniki, notlanu vegavantamaina, diguva nundi diguvaku avarohana kramamlo play cheyandi. chaalaa analog synthesiserla maadirigaane, idhi takkuva nundi ekkuva kante ekkuva nundi takkuva varaku merugga untundi. taruvaata parinaamaalu. mono/paaleeni daani software aadhaarita vaarasatva sekarana kosam corg punarutpatti chestundi. dheenini saadhaarana digital audeo workstationlalo virtual studio technology (vst) gaa ledhaa edainaa anukuulamaina pisi ledhaa maak utpattitoe stand-ontarigaa synthga upayoginchavacchu. iteevala, corg ipad (imono/paalii) kosam mobile ios applicationnu pravesapettindi, idhi asalu yokka dynamicsnu nammakamgaa punarutpatti chestundi.

korg mono/pouli korg mono/pouli (ayem pee-4) eek 44 kaleedi "mono polyfonic" ainalog centhesizer hay jasay korg nay 1981 say 1984 takk tayaar kiyaa thaa. yaha kii board korg polex kaa behan centhesizer hay. iss mein chaar intehayi mustahkam voltage controld auscalator (wee see awo aiss)yee eek 4 poul seilf oscalating low paas filter (eel pee aif)yee wasee modulation kii salahiyatein aur seudo pouli phony (piraa phony) haine. audio funn tameer. chaar voltage controld auscalator (wee see awo aiss) aur eek shoar kay manbaa kuu voltage controld filter (wee see aif) aur voltage controld emplifier (wee see aey) kay zariye muntaqil kiyaa jaataa hay. asay 1) chaar ausleter mono santh vovo 2) chaar aawaz waali parafonic santh jiss mein aawazein auslators kay zariye cycling karti haine leakin wee see aif aur wee see aey kaa ashtaraak karti haine vovo 3) eek mushtarkah moad jiss mein waahid noton kay liye mono moad kaa istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay double noton kay liye phee nott doyal aasletar basurat deegar parafonic moad vovo 4) eek cord memori jiss kay natijay mein mono santh hotaa hay halankah chaar ausleter chaar nott kay cord takk kay nott chalatay haine. chaar wee see awo mein aazaad teuning fotage (16yee 8yee 4yee 2)yee viewshap (maslas aarr puls chodayi aur puls chodayi moduled)yee aur tool woo araz kay liye control hotay haine. yaha aiss aiss ayem 203 chaps kay saath naafiz kiye jaatay haine. portamento kuu wee see awo freekwensi kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. shoar kay manbaa kaa eek satah kaa control hotaa hay. sangal wee see aif eek 24/ddee bee octive low paas filter hay jiss mein cutt aaf gonj scaling aur altaa lifafay kay control kay liye control hotay haine. yaha khood say phisal saktaa hay aur freekwensi kay saath 1:1 takk badhaya jaa saktaa hay aur iss tarah panchwen auscalator kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay. asay aiss aiss ayem 204 chap kay saath laago kiyaa jaataa hay. duu lifafay haine. eek sarf wee see aey kay liye waqaf hay. dosra baraye naam "wee see aif lifafay" mein hay leakin izaafi toor parr wee see awo puls chodayi tamaam wee see awo kii putch sarf wee see awo kay 2 aur 4 kii putch aur freekwensi modulation kii maqdar kuu control kirr saktaa hay. lifafay eek yaa eek say ziyadah mahrik aur dimping kay liye mushtarkah control rakhtay haine. duu kumm taadad waalay auscalator (eel aif awo aiss) haine jinhein korg kay zariah "modulation generator" (ayem jee aiss) kahaa jaataa hay. pehley kaa lehar kii shakal aur raftaar parr control hotaa hay aur asay wee see awo pach yaa puls chodayi wee see aif cutt aaf aur freekwensi modulation kii maqdar takk pahunchaya jaa saktaa hay. wee see awo pach kuu control kartay waqat yaha tamaam wee see awo kuu control kirr saktaa hay vovo wee see awo 1 vovo wee see awo 2yee 3yee aur 4 vovo yaa wee see awo 2 aur 4. dosray mein sarf raftaar kaa control hotaa hay aur wah aarpigi etter yaa wee see awo puls chodayi kuu control kirr saktaa hay. aann/aaf/leach control app/ddaun/app-ddaun pach control aur 1/2/makmal kii board control kay saath eek aarpigi etter hay. mono/pouli mein oscalators kay darmiyan wasee aur aham modulation kii salahiyatein shaamil haine jinhein "asraat" kay anwaan say eek hasay mein grop kiyaa gayaa hay."inn mein yaha salahiyatein shaamil haine: 1) wee see awo kay 2yee 3yee aur 4 kuu wee see awo 1 mein humm aahing karein vovo 2) wee see awo 2 kuu 1 mein aur 4 say 3 mein humm aahing karein vovo 3) freekwensi-modiol wee see awo 2yee 3yee aur 4 kuu wee see awo 1 kay saath vovo 4) freekwensi-modiol wee see awo 2 kuu 1 aur 4 kay saath 3 kay saath. auscalator mutabiqat paziri aur freekwensi modulition kuu eek saath istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. 3 saleef oscalators kay saath 1 maaster yaa 2 harr aike rakhnay kii iss salahiyat kaa fayedah auscalator sabb seeton kii hairan kunn qasm say uthaya jaataa hay jasay modulation zaraye aur waheel control kay saath control kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. beruni inn putt aur aaot putt see wee/trugger wee see aif aur wee see awo moad inn putt aarpigi etter aur portimento kay liye farahim kiye jaatay haine. pach kay moad aur moad waheel kuu tamaam wee see awo kii pach kuu control karnay kay liye tafviz kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. sarf wee see awo 1 vovo wee see awo 2yee 3yee aur 4 vovo yaa wee see awo 2 aur 4. pach kay moad kii hadd wee see awo pach kay liye 2.5 octive takk aur wee see aif cutt aaf kay liye audio renj takk phaili hoyee hay. istemaal kii ahlit. mono/pouli kii aham kharaabi yaha hay kahh 4 wee see awo eek mushtarkah wee see aey aur wee see aif lifafay kaa ashtaraak kartay haine jeesay kahh manimog jeesay tamaam noby monofonic centhesizer leakin lifafay kay ashtaraak kii talaafi kay liye trigger aur auto demping swaich mojud haine. yaha santh atnee ziyadah iss tarah say design nahein kii gayee thee kahh iss kii behan polex (juu eek hyee waqat mein tayaar kii gayee thee) kii tarah eek pouli sunat how balkah phee auscalator mukhtalif fotage aur viewshap kay saath eek tajarbati santh say ziyadah thee. mono/pouli mein iss kii behan polex kii tarah degital memori bhee shaamil nahein thee keunkah iss kii taujah dobarah tajarbay parr thee. yount kay bees aur sides parr chap board kii tameer aasani say kharaab how jaati hay yaa paich kuu baahir aaney deeti hay. kii board kay neechey rabad kay raabtay waqat kay saath kharaab hotay haine jiss kay natijay mein deed chabiyan hoti haine. asay thodi see safayi aur/yaa rabad kii nayee putty haasil karnay say theek kiyaa jaa saktaa hay keunkah mono/pouli kuu alg karnaa kaafi aasaan hay. circuit kii washosaniyata ainalog santh kay mayaar kay lahaaz say achhi hay. nakaam honay kaa sabb say ziyadah amkaan jazoo aam toor parr 4 wee see awo aiss mein say eek hotaa hay. aam toor parr filter aagay jaataa hay. mono/pouli kuu eek taal masheen kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay aalah kuu 'pouli' mein tartib day kirr aur oscalators kay mukhtalif fotage aur mukhtalif viewshap seet kirr kay aur phir arpigator kay saath freekwensi modulators kaa istemaal kirr kay vovo lifafon kuu waqta foqta cutt aaf aur shoar kay saath percuso settings aur fuddle kay mutabiq adjust karein taakah toone kaa rung shaamil kiyaa jaa sakay aur aakhir mein eel aif awo kuu pach karnay kay liye seet karein aur asay kaafi tool woo araz parr seet karein. mazeed baraan peedal inn putt kuu korg ayem aiss-20 jeesay santh say bheja jaa saktaa hay taakah beruni auscalator pehley say dastiyaab cheezon say oopar mazeed tarmim kirr sakein. keunkah wee see awo kay paas alaihdah teuning control hotay haine wah teuning marhalay say qadray baahir hotay haine chahay wah katni hyee achhi tarah say tewan kiye gayey hoan. braah raast teuning marhalay mein mojud cords kuu chalanay kay liyay noton kuu teez raftar neechey kii taraf ataarnay kii tartib mein chalayein. ziyadah tarr yanalog centhesizers kii tarah yaha kumm say ziyadah aalee say ziyadah aalee takk behatar paimanay parr hotaa hay. baad kii paish raft. mono/pouli kuu korg nay apnay saaft wayer parr mubni miraas kay majmuay kay liye dobarah paish kiyaa hay. asay aam degital audio wark stationon mein virtual studio technology (wee aiss tye) kay toor parr yaa kasee bhee mutabiqat pazeer pee see yaa meek product kay saath stend alwan santh kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. haal hyee mein korg nay aayee peed (amono/pouli) kay liye eek mobile aayee awo aiss apply cashion mutaarif karayee juu asl kii harkiyaat kuu wafadari say dobarah paish karti hay.

000879bfdab0dec7ee905c0ac8a95cecf3cc32958e276f1235cedfc5d47fb5cb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60812975

2019 Montserratian general election

2019 Montserratian general election General elections were held in Montserrat on 18 November 2019 for the nine elected seats in the Legislative Assembly. The result was a victory for the opposition Movement for Change and Prosperity, which won five of the nine elected seats. Electoral system. The Legislative Assembly has eleven members, of which nine are elected. The other two seats are taken by the Attorney General and the Financial Secretary. The territory is a single nine-member constituency, with voters able to vote for up to nine candidates on their ballot paper under plurality-at-large voting. Campaign. A total of 35 candidates contested the elections. The Movement for Change and Prosperity was the only party to put forward a full slate of nine candidates, with the ruling People's Democratic Movement (PDM) putting forward seven. Two new parties contested the elections; the Montserrat United Labour Party had five candidates and the Montserrat National Congress three. Eleven independent candidates also ran, including incumbent Premier Donaldson Romeo, who announced he would run as an independent after he was ousted as leader of the PDM shortly after announcing the elections had been called. Results. The Movement for Change and Prosperity gained three seats, earning a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The People's Democratic Movement lost four seats and was reduced to only three MLAs. Romeo was re-elected as the sole independent MLA. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019 sonor xadharon nirbason 2019 sonor 18 novemborot bidhanxobhar nokhon nirbasito aaxonor baabe montcheratot xadharon nirbason onusthito hoisil. iyar folot poriworton aaru xomridhir baabe birudhi andulonor bijoy hoisil, ji nokhon nirbasito aaxonor bhitorot pasta aaxon laabh korisil. nirbasoni byowostha. bidhan xobhat egharjon xodosyo aase, jaar bhitorot nojon nirbasito hoy. aan dutaa aaxon mohanyaybadi aaru bittiyo xosibe loy. oncholtu hoise ekok nojon xodosyor xomosti, zo 'too voterxokole bohutwo-ett-larz bhutdanor odhinot teulukor belot peparot nojonoloike prarthir baabe bhutdan koriboloi xokhyom hoy. prosar obhijan. muth 35 john prarthiye nirbasonot protidondita korisil. poriworton aaru xomridhir andulontuwei aasil ekmatro doll jiye nojon prarthir xompurno slate aagborhai disil, xaxok jonoxadharonor gonotantrik andulone (pi. di. em) xatjon prarthi aagborhai disil. dutaa notun dole nirbasonot protidondita korisil; montcherat united lebar partyr pasjon aaru montcherat rastriyo congressor tinijon prarthi aasil. nirbason ghuxona korar kichu xomoyor pisote pi. di. em. ror netaa hisape khyomotasyut huwar pisot teu ejon swotontro hisape protidondita koribo buli ghuxona koraa bortomanor prodhanmontri donaldson rumio "key dhori egharjon swotontro prarthixokoleu protidondita korisil. folafol. poriworton aaru xomridhir andulonkhone bidhanxobhat xongkhyagoristhota orjon kori tinita aaxon laabh korisil. jonoxadharonor gonotantrik andulone sarita aaxon heruwaisil aaru maatro tinita bidhayokoloi hraax paisil. rumio 'ekmatro swadhin em. el. e. hisape punor nirbasito hoisil.

2019 saaler sadharan nirbachan 2019 saaler 18 navembar bidhansabhar noyti nirbachito asoner jonno montserrate sadharan nirbachan onusthito hoy. err foley birodhi andolon poriborton oo samriddhir jonno ekti bijoy laav korey, jaa noyti nirbachito asoner modhye panchti jitechilo. nirbachoni byabostha. bidhansabhai egaro john sadasya royeche, jaar modhye nayajan nirbachito hohn. bucky duti asson attorney general ebong arthik sachib grohon corren. eyi anchalti ekti ekok noy sadasyer nirbachoni elaka, jekhane bhotarra bohutto-ayee-large bhotdaner adhine taader ballot pepare noy john prarthike bhot ditey sokkhom. procharona. moat 35 john prarthi nirbachone protidwondita korechilen. poriborton oo samriddhir andoloni chhilo ekmatro doll jaaraa nayajan prarthike niye ekti purno talika pesha korechilo, jekhane khamotasin jonogoner ganotantrik andolon (pii. dii. emm) satjonke saamone rekhechilo. duti notun doll nirbachone protidwondita korechilo; montserrat united lebar partyr panchjon ebong montserrat jatiya congresser tinjan prarthi chhilen. bortoman prodhanmontri donaldson romio soho egaro john swatantra prarthio daudechilen, jini ghoshana korechilen jey tini nirbachan ahobaner porpori pdmer neta hisabe khomotachyuto howar porey swatantra hisabe ladben. folafol. poriborton oo samriddhir andolon bidhansabhai sankhyagarishthata orjon korey tinti asson laav korey. jonogoner ganotantrik andolon charti asson hariechilo ebong matro tintite neme esechilo. romio ekmatro swadhin emm. ell. ayee hisabe punra nirbachito hohn.

2019 montserratian saamanya chuntani vidhansabhama chuntayeli nava bethako maate 18 november 2019naa roj montserratma saamanya chuntanio yojai hatee. parinam parivartan aneey samruddhi maate vipakshnee chalval maate aek jeet hatee, jene nava chuntayeli bethakomathi paanch jeetee hatee. chuntani pranali. vidhansabhama ageeyar sabhyo chhe, jemathi nava chuntaay chhe. anya beey bethako atterni general aneey nanakiy sacheev dwara levaamaa aave chhe. aaa pradesh aek nava sabhyono matvistaar chhe, jemaa matdaaro bahumatee-parr-motaa matdaan hethal temnaa matpatra parr nava umedvaarone mutt aapee shake chhe. zumbesh. coole 35 umedvaaroae chuntani luddy hatee. parivartan aneey samruddhi maatenu aandolan aee ekmatra paksh hato jene nava umedvaaroni sampoorn slate rajoo curry hatee, jemaa shaasak lokonee lokshaahi chalval (pii. dii. aema.) aee saat umedvaarone aagad rakhyaa hataa. beey navaa pakshoe chuntani luddy hatee; montserrat united laber party paase paanch aneey montserrat national congress paase trana umedvaar hataa. ageeyar apaksh umedvaaroae pann chuntani luddy hatee, jemaa vartmaan vadaa pradhaan donaldson romeo pann saamel hataa, jemane jaaherat curry hatee keey chuntani bolavvama aavyaa pachhi tarat jaj temne pii. dii. aema. naa netaa tareeke haankee kaadhya baad teo apaksh tareeke chuntani ladashe. parinaamo. parivartan aneey samruddhi maatena aandolanne trana bethako malee, vidhansabhama bahumatee melvee. lokonee lokshaahi chalval chaar bethako gumaavee aneey maatra trana bethako parr jaj simeet thaee gaee. romeo ekmatra swatantra aema. aela. aee. tareeke fareethi chuntaya hataa.

2019 montserratian aam chunaav vidhaan sabhaa mein nau nirvaachit seeton key liye 18 navambar 2019 koo montserrat mein aam chunaav hue they. parinam parivartan aur samriddhi key liye vipakshi andolan kii jeet thee, jisane nau nirvaachit seeton mein seey paanch parr jeet hassil kii. chunavi pranali. vidhaan sabhaa mein gyaarah sadasya hotey hain, jinamen seey nau nirvaachit hotey hain. anya dou seeten mahanyayvadi aur vittiya sachiv dwara lii jaati hain. yeh kshetra ack nau sadasyiya nirvaachan kshetra haye, jisamen matadaata bahulata-parr-badey matdan key tahat apane matpatra parr nau ummidvaaron koo vote dene mein saksham hain. abhiyaan. kull 35 ummidvaaron ney chunaav ladaa. parivartan aur samriddhi key liye andolan ekmatra party thee jisane nau ummidvaaron kii poori soochi pesh kii, jisamen sattaaroodh janvaadi loktaantrik andolan (pee. dee. aim.) ney saat ummidvaaron koo aage rakhaa. dou nae dalon ney chunaav ladaa; montserrat united laber party key paanch ummidwar they aur montserrat rashtriya congress key teen ummidwar they. gyaarah nirdaliya ummidwar bhee chunaav ladey, jinamen nivartamaan pradhaanmantri donaldson romeo bhee shamil they, jinhone ghoshana kii kii chunaav bulaaye jaane key turant baad unhein pee. dee. aim. key netaa key roop mein nishkaasit curr diye jaane key baad vaha ack nirdaliya key roop mein chunaav ladenge. parinam. parivartan aur samriddhi key liye andolan ney teen seeten hassil keen, jisase vidhansabha mein bahumat hassil huaa. janvaadi loktaantrik andolan ney chaar seeten khou deen aur kewal teen logon taka hii seemit hoe gayaa. romeo koo ekmatra swatantra vidhaayak key roop mein phir seey chunaa gayaa.

2019rahra saarvatrika chunawane vidhanasabheya ombattu chunaayita sthaanagalige 2019rahra november 18randu montserratnalli saarvatrika chunavanegalu nadedavu. idara phalitaamshavu badalaavane mattu samruddhigaagi nadeda virodha chalavaliya vijayavagiddu, ombattu chunaayita sthanagalalli aidu sthaanagalannu geddukonditu. chunawana vyavasthe. vidhaanasabheyu hannondu sadasyarannu hondiddu, avaralli ombattu mandi chunaayitaraagiddaare. itara eradu sthaanagalannu attorney general mattu hanakasu karyadarshi tegedukolluttaare. ee pradeshavu ombattu sadasyara ekaika kshetravagiddu, matadaararu tamma matapatradalli ombattu abhyarthigalige bahumatada matadaanada adiyalli matha chalayisalu saadhyavaaguttade. abhiyana. ottu 35 mandi abhyarthigalannu kanakkilisalaagittu. aadalitaaroodha janara prajasattatmaka chalavali (pii. dii. emm) elu abhyarthigalannu mundittiruvaaga, badalaavane mattu samruddhigaagi nadeda chalavaliyu ombattu abhyarthigalannu purna pramaanadalli munditta ekaika pakshavaagittu. eradu hosa pakshagalu chunavaneyalli spardhisidavu; montserrat united laber pakshavu aidu abhyarthigalannu mattu montserrat rashtriya congress mooru abhyarthigalannu hondittu. haali pradhani donaldson romeo seridante hannondu swatantra abhyarthigaloo saha spardhisidaru, avaru chunavanegalannu ghooshisida swalpa samayada nantara pdmna naayakanaagi horahakalpatta nantara svatantraraagi spardhisuvudaagi ghoshisidaru. phalitaamshagalu. badalaavane mattu samruddhigaagi nadeda chaluvaliyu mooru sthaanagalannu galisi vidhaanasabheyalli bahumatavannu galisitu. janara prajasattatmaka chalavaliyu naalku sthaanagalannu kaledukonditu mattu kevala mooru sadasyarige iliyitu. romeo ekaika swatantra mla aagi maru aaykeyaadaru.

2019 leeii pothutheranjeduppu niyamasabhayile onpathu thiranjedukkappetta seettukalilekkulla pothu thiranjeduppu 2019 november 18 nuu montserrathil nadannu. onpathu thiranjedukkappetta seettukalil anjilum vijayicha maattatthinum samriddhikkumulla prathipaksha prasthaanatthinte vijayamayirunnu phalam. thiranjeduppu sambradaayam. niyamasabhayil pathinonnu amgangalundu, athil onpathu perr thiranjedukkappedunnu. attorni generalum financial secretory chernnaanu mattu rund seettukal ettedukkunnathu. onpathu amgangalulla orotta niyojakamandalamaaya eee pradeshathu watermark avarude baalat pepparil onpathu sthaanaarthikalkku vare vottu cheyyaan kazhiyum. pracharanam. aake 35 sthaanaarthikalaanu thiranjeduppil malsarichathu. bharanakakshiyaya peeples demookratik movement (pii. dii. emm) ezhu sthaanaarthikale munnottuvachathode onpathu sthaanaarthikalude muzhuvan patikayum munnottuvacha eaka partiyaayirunnu maattatthinum samriddhikkumulla prasthaanam. rund puthiya partykal thiranjeduppil malsarichu; montserrat yunaittad laber partic anchu sthaanaarthikalum montserrat naashanal kongrasinu moonnu sthaanaarthikalum undaayirunnu. thiranjeduppu prakhyaapichathinu thottupinnaale pii. dii. emm nethaavaayi purathaakkappetta sesham swathanthranaayi malsarikkumennu prakhyaapicha nilavile pradhaanamantri donaldson romeo ulppede pathinonnu swatantra sthaanaarthikalum malsarichu. phalangal. maattatthinum samriddhikkumulla prasthaanam moonnu seettukal nedi niyamasabhayil bhooripaksham nedi. janakeeya janaadhipathya prasthaanatthinu naalu seettukal nashtappedukayum athu moonnu mlmaaraayi kurayukayum cheythu. eaka swatantra mlay romeo veendum thiranjedukkappettu.

montserratian sarvatrik nivadanuk 2019 vidhansabhetil nauu nivadoon aalelya jagansathi 18 november 2019 roji montserratmadhye sarvatrik nivadanuka jhalya. nivadoon aalelya nauu paiki paach jaaga jinkana badal aanee samruddhisathichya virodhi chalvalicha haah vijay hota. nivadanuk pranali. vidhansabhet akra sadasya asatat, jyapaiki nauu nivadoon yetat. itar done jaaga mahadhivakta aanee vittiy sachiv ghetat. haah pradesh nauu sadasyancha eka matdarsangh aahe, matdar tyanchya matpatrikevar nauu umedvaranna bahumatane mothya matdanachya antargat matdan karoo shakatat. moheem. ekoon 35 umedvaranni nivadanuk ladhavali hotee. sattadhari peaples democratic movementne (pii. dii. emm.) saat umedvaransah, nauu umedvaranchi purn yadee mandanara badal aanee samruddhisathichi chalval haah ekmev paksh hota. done naveen pakshanni nivadanuka ladhavalya; montserrat united lebber partyche paach aanee montserrat national congressche teen umedvar hote. vidyaman pantpradhan donaldson romio yanchyasah akra apaksh umedvarannihi nivadanuk ladhavali, jyanni nivadanuka bolavalyachi ghoshana kelyanantar lagechach tyanna pii. dii. emm. chey nete mhanoon padchyut kelyanantar teey apaksh mhanoon nivadanuk ladhavatil asey jaheer kele. parinam. badal aanee samruddhisathichya aandolanala teen jaaga midalya aanee vidhansabhet bahumat midale. lock lokshahi chalvalila chaar jaaga gamvavya lagalya aanee tee keval teen aamdaranparyant qamee jhaali. romio haah ekmev swatantra aamdar mhanoon punha nivadoon aala.

2019 maa bhaeko montserratian aam nirvachan vidhan sabhako nau nirvachit sitharuka lagi 18 november 2019 maa montserratma aam chunawa bhaeko thiyo. parinam pariwartan rar samridhika lagi vipakshi andolanko vijaya thiyo, jasle nau nirvachit sitharu madhye paanch jiteka thie. nirvachan pranali. vidhan sabhama eghar sadasyaharu chhan, jasmadhye nau zana nirvachit hunchhan. anya dui sitt mahanyayadhiwakta rar wittiya sachible linchhan. yo khetra ekal nau sadasyiya nirvachan khetra how, jasma matadataharule bahusankhyak-att-large matadan antargat afno matapatrama nau zana ummedwarharulai matadan garna saksham chhan. abhiyan. kull 35 zana ummedwarle chunawa ladeka thie. pariwartan rar samridhika lagi andolan nau ummedwarharuko purna slate agadi rakhne ek matra party thiyo, jasma sattadhari janawadi loktantrik andolan (pdm) ley saat ummedwarharu agadi rakhyo. dui nayan dalharule chunawa lade; montserrat united leber partyka paanch ummedwarharu thie rar montserrat rashtriya congresska tean ummedwarharu thie. nirvachan bolaieko ghoshana garepachhi turuntai pdmko netako rupma nishkasana bhaepachi uni swatantra rupma ladne ghoshana garne wartaman pradhanmantri donaldson romiyosahit eghar zana swatantra ummedwarharu pani daudama thie. parinam. pariwartan rar samridhika lagi andolanle tean sitt prapta गऱ्यो।, vidhansabhama bahumat prapta गऱ्यो।. janawadi loktantrik andolanle chaar sitt gumaeko thiyo rar tinawata matrai vidhayakma jhareko thiyo. romeo ekmatra swatantra mlaka rupma punah nirvachit bhae.

2019 sadharana nirbachana bidhanasabhara nauty nirbachita aasana paain 18 navember 2019 ray mantaseratare sadharana nirbachana anusthita hoithila. ehara parinam thila paribartana ebong samruddhi paain birodhi andolanara bijai, jaahaa nauty nirbachita aasana madhyaru panchti jitithila. nirbachana byabastha. bidhanasabhare egaara john sadasya achanti, jeunmananka madhyaru naaa john nirbachita hoithanti. anya duiti aasana atterni general ebong arthika sachibanka dwara grahan karajae . ehi anchalati eka ekaka naaa sadasya bisista nirbachana mandali, jeunthire bhotaramane bahulata-aii-large bhoting adheenare semananka ballot peparare naaa john prartheenku bhot debaku sakhyama . abhijana. mote 35 john prarthi ehi nirbachanare pratidwandita karithile. paribartana ebong samruddhi paain andolana ekamatra dala thila jie naaa john prartheenku eka sampurna slatere upasthapana karithila, shasaka pipuls democratic muvamenta (pii. dii. emm.) saata john prartheenku upasthapana karithila. duiti nutan dala nirbachanare pratidwandita karithile; montserrat united leber partyra pancha john prarthi ebong montserrat jatiah kangresara tini john prarthi thile. ekadash swadheena prarthi madhya pratidwandita karithile, jeunthire barttamanara pradhanamantri donaldson romeo madhya samil thile, jie nirbachana dakajiba parey tanku pii. dii. emm. rahr neta padaru bahishkara karajiba parey shay swadheena bhabare pratidwandita karibe bolly ghoshana karithile. phala. paribartana ebong samruddhi paain andolana tinoti aasana hassel curry bidhanasabhare sankhyagarishthata hassel karithila. janaswatantra andolana chariti aasana haraithila ebong maatra tini john bidhajakanku hrass paithila. romeo ekamatra swadheena bidhajaka bhabe punarbara nirbachita hoithile.

2019 deeaan aam chonhan vidhan sabha deeaan naun chunhiaan gaeeaan seetan laee 18 navambar 2019 noon montserrat witch aam chonhan hoiaan sunn. natija tabdili atey khushhali laee virodhi andolan dee jitt see, jiss neey naun chunhiaan gaeeaan seetan vicchon panj seetan jittiaan sunn. chonh pranali. vidhan sabha witch giaaran member hunde hunn, jinhan vicchon naun chunhe jaande hunn. baaki doou seetan attarney general atey vitt sakattar duaara laeeaan jandiaan hunn. ih khetar ikk single nau-memberry chonh khetar haii, jiss witch votar bahu-ginti-teey-vaddi voting dey tehat aapne bellet paper utte naun umidwar noon vott dey sakde hunn. muhim. kull 35 umidwar chonh maidaan witch sunn. tabdili atey khushhali laee andolan iklauti party see jiss neey sattadhari lock loktantri andolan (pee. dee. aimm.) neey satt umidwar pesh keete sunn. doou naviaan partiaan neey chonhan ladiaan; montserrat united laber party dey panj atey montserrat national congress dey tinn umidwar sunn. 11 aazaad umidwar vee chonh ladey, jinhan witch maujuda pardhan mantri donaldson romio vee shamal sunn, jinhan neey chonhan daa ailaan keete jaanh toon turant baad pee. dee. aimm. dey neta dey ahude toon barkhast keete jaanh toon baad ailaan keeta kii uh aazaad vajon chonh ladange. natije. tabdili atey khushhali laee andolan neey vidhan sabha witch bahumat haasal karde hoye tinn seetan haasal keetiaan. lock jamhuri andolan neey chaar seetan guaa dittiaan atey ih siraf tinn lokan takk hii seemat hoow giaa. romio noon ikmatar sutantar aim. ail. aii. vajon dubara chunhiaa giaa.

2019 montserratian samanya nirvaachanam vidhaanasabhaayaah nava nirvachitanam sthananam krute 2019 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 18 dinaanke montserrat-nagare saamaanyanirvaachanam jaatam. parinaamatah parivartanasya samruddhehe cha krute vipakshasya aandolanasy vijayah abhavat, yat navashu nirvaachitaasu sthaaneshu panchasthaaneshu vijayam praapnot. nirvaachanavyavastha. vidhaanasabhaayaam ekaadasha sadasyaah santi, yeshu nava nirwaachitaah santi. anye dwau sthaanau mahaanyaayavaadinah vittasachivaha cha sweekaroti. ayam pradesha navasadasyanam ekasyaah nirvaachanakshetre asti, yatra matadaraha bahusankhyaya-bruhad-matadanasya antargatam swamatapatrake nava abhyarthinaam krute matadanm kartum shaknuvanti. abhiyanam. nirvaachane aahaty 35 abhyarthaya pratikshetam. parivartanasya samruddhehe cha andolanam eva ekamaatrah pakshah aasit yah nava abhyarthinaam poornam phalakam agre nyuvat, shaasakajan-lokataantrik-andolanam (pi. dii. emm.) sapta padaan agre nyuvat. nootanadwayam dalau nirvaachane spardhaam akurvan; montserrat-unated-leber-party ityasya pancha abhyarthaya, montserrat-rashtriya-kaangres-pakshasya trayah cha aasan. ekaadasha swatantrapraarthee api dhaavan, teshu vartamaanah pradhaanamantri donaldson romeo api aasit, yah nirvaachanasya ghoshanaayaah anantaram sheeghramev pi. dii. emm. ityasya netrutve nishkaasitah bhutva swatantraroopena spardhaam karishyati iti ghoshayat. parinamam. parivartanasya samruddhehe cha andolanam vidhaanasabhaayaam bahumatam praapya treeni sthanani praapnot. jaann-lokataantrik-aandolanasy chatwaarah asanani nashtaani abhavan, kevalam trayah janaah eva aasan. romeo ityeshah ekamaatrah swatantrah emm. ell. e. iti punah nirwaachitah.

2019 montseracian podhuth thaerthal sattamandraththil thernthedukkappatta onbathu idangkalukku 2019 navambar 18 andru montserrattle podhuth thaerthal nadaipettrathu. idhan vilaivaaga, thernthedukkappatta onbathu idangkalil ainthu idangkalai ventra maattram mattrum sezhippukkaana ethirkkatchi iyakkaththirku vettri kidaiththathu. thaerthal murai. sattappaeravaiyil pathinoru uruppinarkal ullanar, avarkalil onbathu paer thaernthedukkappadugiraar. mattra irandu idangkal atterney general mattrum nidhi seyalaalaraal edukkappadugindrana. inthap pakuthi onbathu uruppinargalaik konda oru thoguthiyaagum, idhil vaakkaalargal thangal vaakkuch seatle onbathu vaetpaalargalukku panmai vaakkalippin keezh vaakkalikka mudiyum. prachaaram. moththam 35 vaetpaalargal therthalil poattiyittanar. maattram mattrum sezhippukkaana iyakkam mattumae onbathu vaetpaalargalin muzhu slade munvaiththa oray katchiyaaga irunththathu, aalum makkal jananaayaga iyakkam (pii. dii. emm) aezhu vaetpaalargalai munvaiththathu. irandu puthiya katchigal therthalil poattiyittana; mondserrad aikkiya thozhilaazhar katchikku ainthu vaetpaalargalum, mondserrad thaesiya congressukku moontru vaetpaalargalum irunththanar. tharpoothaiya pirathamar tonaltson romeo udpada pathinoru suetchai vaetpaalargalum poattiyittanar, avar thaerthalkal arivikkapatta sirithu neraththilaeyae pii. dii. emm thalaivar pathaviyil irunthu veliyaettrappatta pinnar oru suyaetchaiyaaga poattiyiduvathaaka arivitthaar. vilaivugal. maattram mattrum sezhippukkaana iyakkam moontru idangkalaip pettru, sattappaeravaiyil perumbaanmaiyaip pettrathu. makkal jananaayaga iyakkam naanku idangkalai ilanththu moontru thoguthigalaaga mattumae kurainthathu. romeo oray suyaatheena emm. ell. aee. vaaga meendum thernthedukkappattaar.

2019 saarvatrika ennikalu saasanasabhalo ennikaina tommidi sthaanaalaku 2019 november 18naa montserratlo saadhaarana ennikalu jarigaayi. phalitamgaa ennikaina tommidi seetlalo aidu seetlanu geluchukunna maarpu mariyu sreyassu kosam pratipaksha udyamaaniki vijayam labhinchindi. ennikala vyavastha. saasanasabhalo padakondu mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru, vaarilo tommidi mandhi ennikayyaaru. migilina rendu sthaanaalanu attarney general mariyu aardhika karyadarshi teesukuntaaru. eee bhuubhaagam tommidi mandhi sabhyulunna oke niyojakavargam, otarlu tama ballet paperlo tommidi mandhi abhyardhulaku bahula-pedda oating dwara ootu vaeyagalugutaaru. pracharam. mottam 35 mandhi abhyardhulu ennikallo pootii chesaaru. maarpu mariyu sreyassu kosam udyamam tommidi mandhi abhyardhula puurti slaetunu munduku tecchina ekaika party, paalaka prajala prajaasvaamya udyamam (pdm) eduguru abhyardhulanu munduku tecchindi. rendu kotta paarteelu ennikalaloo pootii chesaayi; montserrat united laber paarteeki aiduguru mariyu montserrat national congressku mugguru abhyardhulunnaaru. prastuta pradhani donaldson romeotho sahaa padakondu mandhi swatantra abhyardhulu kooda pootii chesaaru, ennikalanu prakatinchina ventane pdm nayakudiga tolaginchabadina taruvaata taanu swatantra abhyardhigaa pootii chestaanani prakatinchaaru. phalitaalu. maarpu mariyu sreyassu kosam udyamam moodu sthaanaalanu geluchukundi, saasanasabhalo majorityni sampaadinchindi. praja prajaasvaamya udyamam naalugu sthaanaalanu kolpoyi kevalam moodu sthaanaalaku taggindi. romeo ekaika swatantra mlaga tirigi ennikayyaaru.

2019 kay montseration aam intekhabat qanoon saaz assembly kii noow muntakhib nashaston kay liye 18 nomber 2019 kuu montserat mein aam intekhabat hoay. natijah tabdili aur khushhali kay liye hazb ikhtelaaf kii tehreek kii fatah thee jiss nay noow muntakhib nashaston mein say paanch jeetein. intekhabi nazaam. qanoon saaz assembly mein gayarah arakeen hotay haine jinn mein say noow muntakhib hotay haine. deegar duu nashastein attarni general aur maaliyaati secertry kay paas hoti haine. yaha elaqah eek waahid noow rakni halqah hay jiss mein votar kasrat say baday paimanay parr voting kay tahat apnay bellet peepar parr noow ameedwaron kuu woat day saktay haine. muham. kill 35 ameedwaron nay intekhabat mein hasah liyaa. tehreek baraye tabdili aur khushhali waahid jamaat thee jiss nay noow ameedwaron kaa makmal sleet paish kiyaa jiss mein hukmaran papples democratic movment (pee ddee ayem) nay saat amidwar paish kiye. duu nayee jamaaton nay intekhabat mein hasah liyaa vovo montserat united leebar paarti kay paanch aur montserat national congress kay teen amidwar thay. gayarah aazaad ameedwaron nay bhee hasah liyaa jinn mein maujudah wazeer aizam donaldson romiyo bhee shaamil thay jinhon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh intekhabat bulaye jaanay kay foraa baad pee ddee ayem kay rehnuma kay ahday say mazul honay kay baad wah aazaad amidwar kay toor parr intekhaab larain gay. nataij. tabdili aur khushhali kii tehreek nay qanoon saaz assembly mein aksariyat haasil kartay hoay teen nashastein haasil kein. awami jamhuri tehreek chaar nashastein khoyee aur sarf teen milon takk rahh gayee. romiyo kuu waahid aazaad ayem eel aey kay toor parr dobarah muntakhib kiyaa gayaa.

000879c529d83cb11f46836f39146dab181b370f5e241b67f59b380ca80b1a49

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28468469

The Cowards

The Cowards Novel by Josef Škvorecký The Cowards (originally "Zbabělci") is a Czech novel by Josef Škvorecký. Written in 1948–49 but not published until 1958, it is a story from the very end of the Second World War in Europe. Narrated in the first person by a Czech at the end of his teens, Danny Smiřický, it takes place in the week 4–11 May 1945 in his home town, a fictional town called Kostelec in northeast Bohemia, close to the frontier with then-German Middle Silesia (now part of Poland). Škvorecký's prose is mostly narrative and immediate. This is interspersed with introspective passages in which Danny thinks in long sentences of many clauses representing the movement of his mind from one related thought to another. Plot. Škvorecký modelled Kostelec on his own home town of Náchod, and Smiřický is a semi-autobiographical character based on the author. Like Náchod, Kostelec is a border town on a river and overlooked by a castle. Like Škvorecký, Smiřický is the educated, middle-class son of a bank clerk, loves jazz music and has spent two years as a forced labourer in a Messerschmitt aircraft factory. Danny belongs to a jazz and swing band of middle-class young men that plays in a local café and tries to impress the local girls. But everyone knows that Danny's love for the beautiful Irena is unrequited, and instead she loves Zdeněk who shares her enthusiasm for mountaineering. The novel opens with Kostelec still under German occupation, and ends a week later after the Red Army has liberated the town. The town's German garrison plans to retreat west in the hope of surrendering to the US Army rather than the Soviets. Kostelec's Czech civic authorities, who had cooperated (and in some cases possibly collaborated) with the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia authorities, want to keep the town calm and avoid bloodshed. They fear that local Czechoslovak Communist (KSČ) partisans are planning a revolution not only against the retreating Germans but also to prevent restoration of the pre-war capitalist order. The local elite thus organize "revolutionary troops" only to disarm Czech population and keep the young men under control. Groups of disarmed youngsters are sent to patrol and to prevent the communist resistance from raiding the German ammunition train. Danny and his friends have lost the illusions and deserted. In the following days the liberated POWs and prisoners from concentration camps are streaming through the town. Danny helps them to find the food and shelter and he finally feels useful. On 9 May, troops of "Waffen-SS" refuse to respect the Unconditional surrender. Their tank and infantry units are fighting a rearguard action against a Soviet forces and are approaching the town. The communist resistance takes over the command of "revolutionary troops" gives them guns and sends them against Germans. In the ensuing fight Danny kills one SS-man and incapacitates one German tank but he gives a false name to the Soviet commander as he doesn't want to be misused by propaganda as the "hero". Anti-hero Danny. Local young men including Danny and his fellow-musicians have a wry and cynical view of the older generation who run the town and try to organise an orderly and peaceful transition throughout the departure of the German garrison and arrival of the Soviets. Danny is motivated not by patriotism or politics but to impress Irena and win her from Zdeněk. As the turmoil of the final days of the war in Europe envelop Kostelec, events cause Danny to confront existential questions of his life, its purpose, and his future if he survives the dangerous final phase of the war. Publication and reactions. Škvorecký started the novel a few months after the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état created the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ČSSR) and completed it in September 1949. It portrayed KSČ partisans favourably and was unfavourable to the democrats they had deposed, but as a result of continuing Stalinism in the ČSSR the novel went unpublished until 1958, when it appeared both in Prague and in an English translation by Victor Gollancz in London. Even then, ČSSR President Antonín Novotný and the KSČ Central Committee accused Škvorecký of "defamation of anti-fascist resistance and denigration of the Red Army", copies were withdrawn from sale and destroyed, and the author was dismissed from his post as editor of the magazine "Světová literatura" ("World Literature"). The novel survived and was republished in Czechoslovakia in 1964, 1966 and in the Prague Spring of 1968. When this ended in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Škvorecký and his wife fled to Canada. "The Cowards" was published in English by in the USA by Grove Press in 1970 and in Canada by Škvorecký's own 68 Publishers in 1972. Attempts at adaptation. In the spring and summer of 1968 Škvorecký and the Czech film director Miloš Forman jointly wrote a script synopsis to make a film version of "The Cowards". After Škvorecký fled the Warsaw Pact invasion the synopsis was translated into English, but no film was made. The original Czech synopsis was lost, but in the 21st century the English translation was translated back into Czech and has been published. In the 1990s the screenwriter Petr Jarchovský wrote a screenplay, and the directors Jiří Menzel and Vladimír Michálek considered filming it. The director Bohdan Sláma also had an unrealised project to turn the novel into a film. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

karuwarxokol caruards (mulotoh "jhobabelsi") hoise joseph scoverekir ekhon che 'koo uponyax. 1948-49 too likha kintu 1958 sonoloike prokaxito huwa nasil, ee europot dwitiyo biswojudhor xexor etaa kahini. kixur owosthar xexot ejon seke prothom byokti hisape bornona koraa danny smirikir mote, 1945 sonor mey "maahot uttor-pubo bohemiyar coustelech naamor ekhon kalponik sohorot, ji tetiyar german middle silesiya (bortoman poo 'lendor ongxo) ror ximantor usorot aasil, teur nijor sohorot xonghotit hoisil. schvorekir godyo besibhag bornonamulok aaru tatkhyonik. eitu aatmonirbhorxil ongxor xoite bikhyipto zo 'too deniye bohutu dharar digholiya bakyot chinta kore jiye teur monor ek xomporkito chintar poraa aan etaa chintar gotibidhik protinidhitwo kore. plot. schvorekiye nijor griho nogor naas 'doto coustelecor aarhi nirman korisil, aaru smiriki hoise lekhokor uporot aadharito ek ordho-atmojibonimulok soritro. nasudor dore, coustelech hoise etaa nodir uporot thoka ekhon ximanto sohor aaru iyak etaa durgor dwara upekhya koraa hoy. schvorekkir dore, smiriki ejon benk clerkor xikhyito, modhyobitto putro, jez xongit bhaal paay aaru etaa messersmit biman karkhanat badhyotamulok sromik hisape dubosor otibahito korise. danny modhyobitto juwok-jubotir etaa jez aaru xuing bendor ontorgoto ji sthaniyo kephe etat khele aaru sthaniyo suwalikeijonok probhabito koriboloi chesta kore. kintu xokoluwe jaane je xundor aairenar proti denir prem okritrim, aaru iyar poriworte teu jedenek bhaal paay ji porbotaruhonor proti teur utxah bhag kore. uponyaxkhonor aarombhoni hoy coustelecor xoite ji etiyau german dokholot aase, aaru ronga xenai sohorkhonok mukto korar exoptah pisot xex hoy. sohorkhonor german gerisone subhiyetor poriworte aamerika juktorastror xenar usorot aatmoxomorpon korar aaxat poschimoloi pisuwai juwar porikolpona korise. coustelecor chek nagorik kortripokhyoi, jiye german xurokhito buhemia aaru moravia kortripokhyor xoite xohojugita korisil (aaru kisuman khetrot xombhobotoh xohojugita korisil), sohorkhonok xanto rakhibo bisare aaru roktopat porihar koribo bisare. teuluke bhoy kore je sthaniyo sekusluvak communist (ksc) pokhyopatixokole kewol pisuwai juwa germanxokolor biruddhe nohoy, juddho-purbor pujibadi byowostha punoruddhar koratu protirudh koriboloiu ek biplowor porikolpona korise. sthaniyo obhijatxokole enedore kewol chek jonoxongkhyak nirostro koriboloi aaru juwok-jubotixokolok niyontronot rakhiboloi "biplowi xoinyo" xongothito kore. nirostro juwok-jubotir dolxomuhok tohol diboloi aaru communist protirudhok german gulaa-barud rey "loto aakromon korar poraa rudh koriboloi preron koraa hoy. danny aaru teur bondhuborgoi ei bibhrom heruwai porityag korise. poroborti dinburot mukto huwa ghuri aaru bondixokol ghonotwokoron xibiror poraa sohorkhonor maajere boi goise. deniye teulukok khadyo aaru aashroy bisari uliuwat xohay kore aaru owoxexot teu upojugi onubhob kore. 9 mey 'too "wafen-ess" ror xoinyoi nixorto aatmoxomorponok xonman koriboloi oswikar kore. teulukor tenk aaru podatik xoinyoi sobhiyet bahinir biruddhe ek punorbar juddho kori sohorkhonor usoroloi aahi aase. communist protirudhoi "biplowi xoinyo" ror netritwo loy aaru teulukok bonduk diye aaru germanxokolor biruddhe pothiyai diye. poroborti juddhot deniye ejon ess. ess.-menok hotya kore aaru ejon german tenkok okhyom kore kintu teu sobhiyet commanderok etaa misa naam diye kiyonu teu "nayok" hisape prosaror dwara opobyobohar hoh 'bob nibisare. anty-hiru danny. danny aaru teur xotirtho xongitogyoxokoloke dhori sthaniyo juwok-jubotixokolor puroni projonmor proti ek biroktikor aaru nindoniyo dristibhongi aase jiye sohorkhon porisalona kore aaru german gerisonor prosthan aaru subhiyetor aagomonor xomoyot ek xuxringkhol aaru xantipurno poriworton xongothito koriboloi chesta kore. danny dexprem baa rajneetir dwara onupranito nohoy, kintu irenak probhabito koriboloi aaru jadnekor poraa teuk joy koriboloi. europor juddhor ontim dinburor oxantiye coustelecok aawori rokhar loge loge, ghotonaxomuhe denik teur jiwan, iyar uddesyo, aaru teur bhobisyotor ostitwogot prosnor xonmukhin koriboloi badhyo kore jodi teu juddhor bipodjonok ontim porzayot jiyai thaake. prokax aaru protikriya. 1948 sonor sekusluvak obhyuthanor keimahmanor pisote sekusluvak xomajbadi gonorajyo (χssr) sristi kori 1949 sonor septembor maahot iyak xompurno korar pisot skworekiye uponyaxkhon aarombho korisil. ee kesis pokhyopatixokolok onukulbhabe sitrito korisil aaru teuluke podosyut koraa gonotantrikxokolor baabe protikul aasil, kintu csrot obyahot thoka stelinismor pholsworupe uponyaxkhon 1958 sonoloike prokaxito huwa nasil, jetiya ee londonot victor go 'lanchor dwara pragyu aaru ingraji onubad duyutate prokax paisil. tothapiu, csror xobhapoti ent 'noo nov' tonny aaru ksc kendriyo xomitiye scoverekik "fyaxibad birudhi protirudh aaru ronga xenar opomanor manhani" ror baabe obhijukto korisil, protilipi bikrir poraa proityahar koraa hoisil aaru dhongxo koraa hoisil, aaru lekhokjonok "setubha literatura" ("biswo xahityo") alusonir xompadok hisape teur podor poraa borkhasto koraa hoisil. uponyaxkhon jiyai aasil aaru 1964,1966 sonot sekuslubhakiyat aaru 1968 sonor praag boxontokalot punor prokaxito hoisil. jetiya sekusluvakiyar juddho sukti aakromonor folot eiya xex hoisil, schvoreki aaru teur potni kanadaloi polayon korisil. "dyo cardards" ingrajit aamerika juktorastrot 1970 sonot grove presor dwara aaru kanadat 1972 sonot scoverekir nijor 68 john prokaxoke prokax korisil. obhijujonor chesta. 1968 sonor boxonto aaru grishmokalot scovereki aaru chek solositro porisalok mill 'cho formane jutiyabhabe "caruards" ror ekhon solositro xongskoron nirmanor baabe ekhon sitronatyor xongkhipto biboron likhisil. waros 'suktir aakromonor poraa polayon korar pisot schvorekiye ei xongkhipto biborontu ingrajiloi onubad korisil, kintu kunu solositro nirman koraa huwa nasil. mool che 'korr xongkhipto biborontu herai goisil, kintu ekbingxo xotikat ingraji onubadtu punor che' koloi onubad koraa hoisil aaru prokax koraa hoisil. 1990-ror doxokot sitronatyokar petro jarkovskye ekhon sitronatyo likhisil, aaru porisalok jiri menzel aaru vladimir michaeloke iyak sitrogrohon korar kotha bibesona korisil. porisalok buhan slamar uponyaxkhonok solositroloi rupantorit korar baabe ek obastob prokolpou aasil.

kapurushra dya kapurush (mulat "jababelsi") josepha eskovorekir ekti check uponyas. etty 1948-49-ayee lekha kintu 1958 saal porjonto prokashito hoyney, etty europe dwitiya bishwojuddher shesher golpo. kishore boyoser sheshe ekjon cheker prothom byakti danny smiriki dwara bornito, etty 1945 saaler meey maase taar nijer shohor, uttor-purbo bohemier coastelech naame ekti kalponik shohore ghote, jaa tatkalin german modhyo silesiyara (bortomane polyander ongsho) seemanter kachakachi. skovorekir goddo beshirbhagi akhyanmulok ebong tatkhonik. etty antardrishtipurna ongshogulir saathe bivokto jekhane danny onek dharar deergho bakye chinta korey jaa taar moner eka somporkito chinta theke onner dike cholacholer protinidhitto korey. plot. skovoreki taar nijer shohor nachode coastelech model korechen ebong smiriki lekhoker upor vitti korey ekti adha-attojibonimulok choritro. nachoder moto, coastelech ekti nadeer upor ekti seemanto shohor ebong ekti durgo dwara upekkha koraa hoy. skovorekir moto, smiriki ekjon bank keranir shikkhito, modhyobitto chhele, jyaja sangeet pochondo korey ebong ekti messerschmit biman karkhana jorpurbak shromik hisabe dui bochor katieche. danny modhyobitto jubokder ekti jyaja ebong suing bande antarbhukta jaaraa ekti sthaniya cafete khele ebong sthaniya meyeder mugdho korar chesta korey. kintu sobai jaane jey sundar irener proti dannyr bhalobasa ektorofa, ebong poriborte seey jedeneke bhalobase jey porbotarohoner proti taar utsaho bhag korey neyo. uponyasti shuru hoy coastelecker saathe jaa ekhono german dokhole royeche ebong eka saptaha porey laal senabahini shahortike mukto korar porey shesh hoy. shohorer german garrison sovietder poriborte markin senabahinir kachhe atmosomorpon korar ashay poschime poschadposoroner parikalpana koreche. coastelecker check nagrik kortripokkho, jaaraa bohemia ebong moravia kortripokkher german surokkhito anchaler saathe sahojogita korechilo (ebong kichhu khettre sombhoboto sahojogita korechilo), shahortike shanto rakhte ebong raktapat edate chaay. taaraa ashanka korche jey, sthaniya chekoslovak communist (ksca) pokkhopatira cable poschadposoronkari germander biruddhe noy, juddho-purbo punjibadi srinkhala punoruddhar rodh korar jonnou ekti biplober parikalpana korche. sthaniya abhijatora cable check jonogonke nirostro korte ebong jubokder niyantrane rakhte "biplobi sainya" sangathito korey. nirostro jubokder dolgulike tohol ditey ebong german golabarud traine communist protirodhke akraman koraa theke biroto rakhte pathano hoy. danny ebong taar bandhura bibhram hariye feley ebong paliye geche. porer dingulite concentration camp theke mukto haoya ghudi ebong bandira shohorer modhyo diye probahito hachche. danike taader khabar oo ashray khunje petey sahajyo korey ebong abosheshe seey nijeke upojogi money korey. 9 meey, "waffen-esha"-err sainyara nisshorto atmosomorponke somman korte aswikar korey. taader tank ebong podatik bahini ekti soviet bahinir biruddhe ekti reargard actioner biruddhe ladai korche ebong shohorer dike egiye asche. communist protirodh "biplobi sainyader" command grohon korey taader banduk deyo ebong germander biruddhe pathay. poroborti ladaiye danny ekjon esha. esha-manke hotya korey ebong ekti german tankke akkham korey deyo kintu seey soviet commanderke ekti mithya naam deyo kaaron seey "nayak" hisabe procharer dwara apobyobohar hotey chaay naa. anty-hiro danny. danny ebong taar sahakarmi-sangitagya soho sthaniya jubokder purano projonmer somporke ekti adbhuto ebong nindaniya drishtibhongi royeche jaaraa shaharti porichalona korey ebong german garrisoner prosthan ebong sovietder agmoner somoy ekti sushrinkhal oo shantipurno rupantar sangathito korar chesta korey. danny deshprem baa rajneeti dwara anupranito hoy naa, borong airenake probhabito korte ebong taake jedenek theke joy korte anupranito hoy. europe juddher shesh dingulir osthirota coasteleke ghire thakay, juddher bipojjonok chudanta porjaye benche gele ghotonaguli danny taar jeebon, err uddeshya ebong taar bhabishyater ostittogoto proshner mukhomukhi hoy. prokashona ebong protikriya. 1948 saaler chekoslovak abhyutthan dii 'etato chekoslovak samajtantrik projatontro (čssr) toiri korar koyek maas porey skovoreki uponyasti shuru corren ebong 1949 saaler septembore etty somponno corren. etty ksc pokkhopatider onukulbhabe chitrito korechilo ebong taaraa jey ganotantrobadider khomotachyuto korechilo taader pokkhe protikul chhilo, tobey esha. esha. arr-ayee stalinism abyahoto thucker foley uponyasti 1958 saal porjonto aprokashito chhilo, jokhon etty londone victor gallancher prag ebong ingrezi anubad ubhoy khettrei prokashito hoyechilo. tarporeo, Çssr sabhapati antone novotni ebong ksč kendriya committy shbhoreki "fasibadi birodhi protirodh ebong laal senabahinir abomanona"-err jonno abhijukto korey, anulipiguli bikri theke prottahar korey dhongso koraa hoy ebong lekhokke "swetova sahitya" ("bishwa sahitya") magaziner sompadok hisabe taar podo theke borkhasto koraa hoy. uponyasti tike yaay ebong 1964,1966 saale chekoslovakia ebong 1968 saaler prag bosonte punra prokashito hoy. jokhon etty czechoslovakier juddho chukti akromone shesh hoy, tokhon skovoreki ebong taar stree kanada paliye zaan. "dya cowards" 1970 saale markin juktorashtre grove presha dwara ebong 1972 saale kanada skovorekir nijaswa 68 john prokashok dwara ingrezite prokashito hoyechilo. abhijojoner chesta. 1968 saaler bosonto ebong grisse skovoreki ebong check cholochchitro porichalok milos forman jouthobhabe "kapurushder" ekti cholochchitro sanskaran toiri korar jonno ekti chitronatter sarsongkhep likhechilen. skovoreki wars chukti akraman theke paliye yawar porr sarsongkhepti ingrezite anubad koraa hoyechilo, tobey konao cholochchitro toiri koraa hoyney. mool check sarsongkhepti hariye giechilo, kintu ekbingsho shotabdite ingrezi anubadti check bhasay anubad koraa hoyechilo ebong prokashito hoyeche. 1990-err doshke chitronatyokar petro zarchovsky ekti chitronatto likhechilen ebong porichalok jiri menzel ebong vladmir michelech etty chitrogrohoner kotha bhebechilen. uponyashtike cholochchitre porinoto korar jonno porichalok bohan slummer ekti abastab prokolpou chhilo.

durpock durpock (mool rupe "zababelki") aee joseph shkvorekeeni check navalkathaa chhe. 1948-49 maan lakhaayelu parantu 1958 sudhee prakashit thayu naa hatoo, teey europema beeja vishva yuddhnaa antanee vaarta chhe. tenee kishoravasthana ante check dwara pratham vyaktimaa varnavama aavel, denny smiriki, teey athvadiyama thaay chhe 4-11 meey 1945 maan tenaa vatan shaherma, uttarpurv bohemiyaamaa coastelech naamnu aek kaalpaneek shaher, jeey teey samaynaa german madhya sileshiya (havey polendano bhaag) saatheni sarhadni najik chhe. skvorekeeno gadhya mote bhaage varnaatmak aneey taatkaalik chhe. aaa aatmanirikshanatmak margo saathe vahenchaayelu chhe jemaa denny ghanaa kalamona laambaa vaakyoma tenaa mananee aek sambandhit vichaarthi beeja vichaarmaa hilchaalnu pratinidhitva karey chhe. plooat. skavoreki potaana vatan nachod parr costellechnu model banaavyu hatoo aneey smiriki aee lekhak parr aadharit ardh-aatmakathaatmak paatra chhe. naachodnee jaim, coastelech aee nadee parnoo sarhadi shaher chhe aneey tenee saame aek killo chhe. schworkini jaim, smiriki aek benk kaarkunno shikshit, madhyam vargno putra chhe, jez sangeetne pasand karey chhe aneey tene messerschmit aircraft factoryma baljabarithi majur tareeke beey varsh gaadyaa chhe. denny madhyam vargnaa yuvan purushonaa jaaz aneey swing benned saathe sambandhit chhe jeey sthaaneek kaafema ramey chhe aneey sthaaneek chhokarione prabhaavit karvaano prayaas karey chhe. parantu darek vyaktee jaane chhe keey sunder irena maate denino prem binjaruri chhe, aneey tenaa badale teey zdenekne prem karey chhe jeey parvataarohan maate tenaa utsaahne vahenche chhe. navalkathaa coastelech saathe sharoo thaay chhe jeey haju pann german kabaja hethal chhe, aneey laal senaae shaherne mukt karyaana aek athvadiya pachhi samaapt thaay chhe. shahernee german chhavani soviyetne badale yuu. aesa. armie samaksh aatmasamarpan karvaanee aashama pashchimma pichhehath karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. kosteleknaa check nagrik sattavalao, jemane german sanrakshit bohemiya aneey moraviana sattavalaone sahkaar aapyo hato (aneey ketlaak kissaaomaa sambhavatah sahyog karyo hato), teo shaherne shaant raakhvaa aneey raktpaat taalvaa maange chhe. temne darr chhe keey sthaaneek chekoslovak saamyavaadi (ksc) pakshkaaro maatra pichhehath kartaa germano saame jaj nahee parantu yuddh pahelani mudivaadee vyavsthaani punsthaapnaane rokvaa maate pann krantini yojnaa banaavi rahyaa chhe. sthaaneek bhadra varg aaa reete "krantikari sainiko" noon aayojan karey chhe jethee maatra checkni vasteene nihshastra curry shakaay aneey yuvaanone niyantranma raakhi shakaay. nihshastra yuvanona juthone patrolling karvaa aneey saamyavaadi pratikaarne german daarugolo train parr humalo kartaa atkavva maate mokalvaamaa aave chhe. denny aneey tenaa mitro bhramana gumaavee chookya chhe aneey bhaagi gayaa chhe. pachhinaa divasomaa mukt karaayela ghetaa aneey kedkhanamathi mukt karaayela kedeeo shaherma vahe chhe. denny temne khoraak aneey aashray shodhvaamaa madad karey chhe aneey chhevate teey upyogi laage chhe. 9 menaa roj, "waffen-aesa. aesa." naa sainiko binsharti aatmasamarpanno aadar karvaano incar karey chhe. temnee taanki aneey paaydal aekamo soviyet dado saame pichhehathni kaaryvaahi luddy rahyaa chhe aneey shahernee najik aavee rahyaa chhe. saamyavaadi pratikaar "krantikari sainiko" nee kamaan sambhaale chhe aneey temne banduko aape chhe aneey temne germano saame mokale chhe. aagaami ladaima denny aek ss-menane maaree naakhe chhe aneey aek german taankine aksham karey chhe parantu teey soviyet commanderne khotu naam aape chhe kaaran keey teey "naayak" tareeke prachaar dwara durupyog thavaa maangato nathee. anty-heero denny. denny aneey tenaa saathee sangeetkaaro saheet sthaaneek yuvaano juunii pedhhi vishe aviveki aneey bhavnashunya drashtikon dharaave chhe, jeo shaher chalaave chhe aneey german sainyani chhavanina prasthaan aneey soviyetnaa aagman darmiyan suvyavasthit aneey shaantipurn sankramannu aayojan karvaano prayaas karey chhe. denny deshbhakti athavaa rajkaranthi prereet nathee parantu irenane prabhaavit karvaa aneey tene zdenekthi jeetva maate prereet chhe. europema yuddhnaa anteem divasoni uthalpaathal coastelech parr chhavayeli hovathi, jooe teey yuddhnaa khatarnaak anteem tabakkama tucky rahe too ghatanaoae denine tenaa jeevan, tenaa hetu aneey tenaa bhavishyanaa astitvanaa prashnono saamno karvo padey chhe. prakaashan aneey pratikriyaao. 1948naa chekoslovak badvaa pachhi thodaa maheenao pachhi squarecki navalkathaani sharuaat curry hatee, jene chekoslovak samajvadi prajasattak (χssr) nee rachnaa curry hatee aneey september 1949maan tene purn curry hatee. temaa ksc pakshkaarone tarfenma darshavvama aavyaa hataa aneey teo jeey lokshahivadione padbhrasht curry chookya hataa temnaa maate pratikool hataa, parantu ssrma satat staninismna parinaame navalkathaa 1958 sudhee aprakashit rahee, jyaare teey londonma victor gollenz dwara praag aneey angreji anuvaad bannemaa dekhai hatee. tema chhataa, χssr pramukh antone novotnee aneey ksč kendreey sameetiae shkvorki parr "fashivad veerodhi pratikaar aneey laal senaana apmanni manhani" aarop mookyo, nakalo vechanmathi paachhi khenchee levaamaa aavee aneey naash karvaamaa aavee, aneey lekhakne magazine "swetova litertura" ("vishva saahitya") naa sampaadak tarikenaa temnaa pada parthee bartaraf karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa navalkathaa bachee gaee aneey 1964,1966maan chekoslovakiyama aneey 1968nee praag vasantma fareethi prakashit thaee. jyaare aaa chekoslovakiana yuddh sandhee aakramanma samaapt thayu, tyaare squarecki aneey tenee patnee keneda bhaagi gayaa. "dhaa kier" 1970maan yuu. aesa. maan grove presa dwara aneey 1972maan kenedama skavorekeenaa potaana 68 prakashako dwara angrejeemaa prakashit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. anukulannaa prayaaso. 1968nee vasant aneey unalama skavoreki aneey check film nirdeshak milos foramene sanyukt reete "dhaa durpock" noon film sanskaran banaavvaa maate script saransh lakhyo hato. skvoraki yuddh sandheena aakramanthi bhaagi gayaa pachhi saaraanshno angrejeemaa anuvaad karvaamaa aavyo hato, parantu koee film banavvama aavee naa hatee. mool check saransh khovai gayo hato, parantu 21mee sadimaa angreji anuvaadno checkma anuvaad karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey teey prakashit karvaamaa aavyo chhe. 1990 naa daykama patkathaa lekhak pieter jarchovsky patkathaa lakhee hatee aneey digdarshako jiirii menzel aneey vladimir mikaleke tene filmankan karvaanu vichaaryu hatoo. digdarshak bohan slama paase pann navalkathaane filmmaan feravvaa maate aek avastavik project hato.

kayaron kaayar (mool roop seey "zabaabelasi") joseph shkvoreki kaa ack check upanyaas haye. yeh 1948-49 mein likhaa gayaa haye lekin 1958 taka prakaashit naheen huaa, yeh europe mein dusare vishva yuddh key anta kii kahani haye. ack check dwara apani kishoravastha key anta mein pahale vyakti mein varnit, danny smiriki, yeh saptah mein hotaa haye 4-11 maee 1945 mein unake grih shahar mein, poorvottar bohemia mein costellech naamak ack kaalpanik shahar, tatkalin german middle silasia (abb polland kaa hissa) key saath seema key karib. shkvoreki kaa gadya jyaadaatar kathaa aur tatkaal haye. yeh aatmanireekshan key saath antarit haye jisamen danny kaee khandon key lambe vaakyon mein sochata haye joe usake munn kii ack sambandhit vichaar seey dusare mein gati kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. plot. shkvoreki ney apane grih nagar natchod parr model kiya, aur smiriki lekhak parr adharit ack ardh-aatmakathaatmak charitra haye. nachod kii tarah, costellech ack nadee parr ack seemavarti shahar haye aur ack mahal dwara andekhi kii jaati haye. eskavorki kii tarah, smiriki ack baink clerk kaa shikshit, madhyam vargiya betaa haye, jaiz sangeet seey pyaar kartaa haye aur ack messerschmit vimaan karkhane mein ack majboor mazdoor key roop mein dou saal bitaa chuka haye. danny madhyam vargiya yuvaaon key ack jaiz aur swing baind seey sambandhit haye joe ack sthaaniya kaife mein khelate hain aur sthaaniya ladkiyon koo prabhaavit karane kii koshish karate hain. lekin harr koee jaanata haye kii sunder irena key liye danny kaa pyaar ektarafa haye, aur isake bajaay vaha zdenak seey pyaar karati haye joe parvataarohan key liye apane utsaah koo saajha karati haye. upanyaas kii shuruat abhee bhee german kabje mein costellech key saath hoti haye, aur ack saptah baad laal senaa dwara shahar koo mukt karane key baad samaapt hotaa haye. shahar kii german senaa soviyaton key bajaay americi senaa key saamane aatmasamarpan karane kii ummeed mein paschim mein peechhe hatane kii yojana banaa rahee haye. costellech key check nagrik adhikaari, jinhone bohemia aur moravia key german sanrakshak adhikaariyon key saath sahyog kiya thaa (aur kuchh mamalon mein sambhavatah sahyog kiya thaa), shahar koo shaant rakhna chaahte hain aur raktapaat seey bachana chaahte hain. unhein darr haye kii sthaaniya chekoslovak communist (ksc) pakshakaar naa kewal peechhe hatane vaale germans key khilaf balki yuddh poorv poonjiwadi vyavastha kii bahaali koo rokane key liye bhee ack kranti kii yojana banaa rahey hain. sthaaniya abhijaat varg iss prakaar kewal check aabaadi koo nirastra karane aur yuvaaon koo niyantran mein rakhane key liye "krantikari sainikon" koo sangathit kartaa haye. nirastra yuvaaon key samoohon koo gasht karane aur german golaa-barud train parr hamla karane seey communist pratirodh koo rokane key liye bheja jaataa haye. danny aur usake dost bhram khou chuke hain aur bhaag gaye hain. agale dinon mein yaatana shiviron seey mukt kiye gaye dhanush aur kaidi shahar mein pravaahit hoe rahey hain. danny unhein bhojan aur aashray khojane mein madad kartaa haye aur vaha anta mein upayogi mahsoos kartaa haye. 9 maee koo, "waffen-aiss. aiss." key sanic binaa shart aatmasamarpan kaa sammaan karane seey incar curr dete hain. unaki tank aur paidal senaa ikaaiyaan ack soviyat senaa key khilaf ack sainya kaarravaai seey lada rahee hain aur shahar key paas aaa rahee hain. saamyavaadi pratirodh "krantikari sainikon" kii kamaan sambhal letaa haye aur unhein bandooken detaa haye aur unhein germans key khilaf bhejata haye. agami ladaai mein danny ack aiss. aiss.-maine koo maar detaa haye aur ack german tank koo aksham curr detaa haye, lekin vaha soviyat commander koo ack galat naam detaa haye kyonki vaha "naayak" key roop mein prachaar dwara durupyog naheen karna chaahata haye. anty-hiro danny. danny aur unake saathi-sangeetkaron sahit sthaaniya yuvaaon kaa purani peedhi key baare mein ack ajib aur sanaki drishtikon haye joe shahar koo chalaate hain aur german senaa key prasthaan aur soviyaton key aagaman key dauran ack vyavasthit aur shantipurna sankraman koo vyavasthit karane kii koshish karate hain. danny deshbhakti yaa rajneeti seey prerit naheen haye, balki irina koo prabhaavit karane aur usey zdenak seey jeetane key liye prerit haye. europe mein yuddh key antim dinon kii uthal-puthal key roop mein, ghatnaaon key kaaran danny koo apane jeevan, isake uddeshya aur usake bhavishya key astitva key prashnon kaa saamana karna padata haye yadi vaha yuddh key khatarnak antim charan mein jeevit rahata haye. prakaashan aur pratikriyaaen. 1948 key chekoslovak takhtapalat key kuchh maheenon baad shkvorki ney upanyaas shuru kiya aur ise chekoslovak samajwadi ganarajya (čssr) banaaya aur sitambar 1949 mein puuraa kiya. isamen ksc pakshpaatiyon koo anukool roop seey chitrit kiya gayaa aur loktantravadiyon key liye pratikool thaa jinhen unhone padchyut kiya thaa, lekin ssr mein nirantar stalinwad key parinamswarup upanyaas 1958 taka aprakaashit rhaa, jaba yeh landan mein pragyu aur victor gollanz dwara ack angreji anuvaad donon mein dikhaai diyaa. taba bhee, счср rashtrapati antone novotni aur ksc kendriya samiti ney счореcky parr "faasivaad virodhi pratirodh aur laal senaa key upman kii manhani" kaa aarop lagaaya, pratiyon koo bikri seey vaapas leey liya gayaa aur nasht curr diyaa gayaa, aur lekhak koo patrika "swetwa saahitya" ("vishva saahitya") key sampaadak key roop mein unake pada seey barkhast curr diyaa gayaa. upanyaas butch gayaa aur 1964,1966 mein chekoslovakia mein aur 1968 key praag vasant mein punah prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. jaba yeh chekoslovakia key yuddh sandhi aakraman mein samaapt huaa, tou squorqui aur unaki patni kanada bhaag gaye. "dha kaayar" koo 1970 mein grove press dwara america mein aur 1972 mein kanada mein shkvoreki key apane 68 prakashakon dwara angreji mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. anukoolan key prayaas. 1968 key vasant aur garmiyon mein shkvoreki aur check film nirdeshak milos forman ney sanyukt roop seey "kayaron" kaa ack film sanskaran banaane key liye ack patkatha saransh likhaa. eskavorki key yuddh sandhi seey bhaagne key baad aakraman kaa saransh angreji mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa, lekin koee film naheen banaai gaee thee. mool check saransh khou gayaa thaa, lekin 21veen shatabdi mein angreji anuvaad kaa check mein anuvaad kiya gayaa aur ise prakaashit kiya gayaa haye. 1990 key dashak mein patkatha lekhak peater zarchovsky ney ack patkatha likhi, aur nirdeshakon jeeri menzel aur vladmir michael ney ise filmane parr vichaar kiya. nirdeshak bohan slama key paas upanyaas koo film mein badalane key liye ack avaastavik pariyojana bhee thee.

heditanadavaru dhii heditana (moolatah "jhbaabelsi") embudu joseph shkvorekki bareda jeck kaadambariyaagide. idu 1948-49 nalli bareyalpattide aadare 1958 ravarege prakatavagilla, idu europnalli eradane mahayuddhada antyada katheyaagide. tanna hadihareyada koneyalli jekninda modala vyaktiyalli nirupisalpatta danny smiriki, idu mayee 1945 rahra vaaradalli tanna tavaru pattanavaada eeshaanya bohimiyaadallina costellech emba kaalpanika pattanadalli nadeyuttade, aagina german middle sailsia (eega polyandna bhaaga) gadiya hattiradallide. skvorekiya gadyavu hechchaagi niroopane mattu takshanadaddaagide. idu atmavalokanada bhagagalondige besedukondide, idaralli danny tanna manassina chalaneyannu ondu sambandhita chintaneyinda innondakke pratinidhisuva aneka sharattugala deergha vaakyagalalli yochisuttaane. plat. skvoreki tanna swanta tavaru pattanavaada nachodnalli costellech maadariyannu roopisidanu mattu smiriki lekhakarannu aadharisida arey-aatmacharitreya patravagide. nachodnante, costellech ondu nadiya melina gadi pattanavagide mattu kooteyinda kadeganisalpattide. skvorekkiyante, smiriki bank gumastara vidyaavanta, madhyama vargada maganagiddu, jaajh sangeetavannu pritisuttaane mattu messershmit vimaana karkhaneyalli balavantada kaarmikaraagi eradu varshagala kaala kalediddaane. danny madhyama vargada yuvakara jaajh mattu swing bandge seridavaraagiddu, avaru sthaliya kepheyalli aduttare mattu sthaliya hudugiyarannu akarshisalu prayatnisuttaare. aadare sundaravaada irenaakke dannige iruva preeti asambaddhavaagide endu ellarigoo tilidide, mattu badalige avalu parvataarohanada utsaahavannu hanchikolluva jhdenek annu pritisuttaale. ee kadambariyu innoo germany aakramanadalliruva kosteleknondige praarambhavaaguttade mattu kempu seeneyu pattanavannu muktagolisida ondu vaarada nantara konegolluttade. pattanada german garrison soviyat sainyakkinta hechchaagi yuu. ess. sainyakke sharanaguva bharavaseyalli paschimakke himmettalu yojiside. germany samrakshita bohemia mattu moravia adhikaarigalondige sahakarisida (mattu kelavu sandarbhagalalli prayashah sahakarisida) costelechna jeck nagarika adhikaarigalu pattanavannu shantavagidalu mattu raktapaatavannu tappisalu bayasuttaare. sthaliya chekoslovak communist (keey. ess. sii.) pakshakaararu himmettuttiruva germannara viruddha matravallade yuddhapurva bandavalashahi vevastheya punahsthapaneyannu tadeyalu kraantiyannu yojisuttiddaare endu avaru hedaruttaare. sthaliya ganyaru heege jeck janarannu nisshastragolisalu mattu yuvakarannu niyantranadallidalu maatra "kraantikaari padegalannu" sanghatisuttaare. nirayudha yuvakara gumpugalannu gastu tirugalu mattu communist pratirodhavu german maddugundugala railina mele daali maaduvudannu tadeyalu kaluhisalaaguttade. danny mattu avana sneehitaru bhramegalannu kaledukondu odihogiddaare. nantarada dinagalli sereshibiragalinda bidugadeyaada kaidigalu mattu kaidigalu pattanada moolaka hariyuttiddaare. aahara mattu aashrayavannu hudukalu danny avarige sahaaya maaduttaane mattu antimavagi aata upayuktanaaguttaane. mayee mayee, "waffen-ss" naa padegalu besharattaada sharanagatiyannu gouravisalu nirakarisuttave. avara tank mattu padaatidala ghatakagalu soviyat padegala viruddha himbaagila karyacharaneyannu edurisuttive mattu pattanavannu sameepisuttive. communist pratirodhavu "kraantikaari padegala" aagneyannu vahisikolluttade mattu avarige bandookugalannu niiduttade mattu germannara viruddha kaluhisuttade. nantarada horaatadalli danny obba ss-myaan annu kolluttaane mattu ondu german tank annu nishkriyagolisuttaane aadare avanu soviyat kamandarge sullu hesarannu niiduttaane ekendare avanu "nayaka" endu prachaaradinda durupayogapadisikollalu bayasuvudilla. virodhi nayaka danny. danny mattu avana saha-sangeetagaararu seridante sthaliya yuvakaru pattanavannu nadesuttiruva haleya piligeya bagge vichitra mattu sinikatanada drashtikonavannu hondiddaare mattu german garrison nirgamana mattu soviyat aagamanada uddakkoo kramabaddha mattu shaantiyuta parivartaneyannu sanghatisalu prayatnisuttaare. danny deshabhakti athawa raajakeeyadinda prerepisalpattilla, aadare airenaavannu mechchisalu mattu avalannu jhdenekninda gellalu prerepisalpattiddaale. europnallina yuddhada koneya dinagala prakshubdhateyu costellech annu aavarisikondante, yuddhada apayakari antima hantadalli badukulidare danny tanna jeevana, adara uddesha mattu avana bhavishyada astitvada prashnegalannu edurisalu ghatanegalu kaaranavaaguttave. prakatane mattu pratikriyegalu. 1948rahra chekoslovak dangeyu deey 'etat chekoslovak samajavadi ganaraajyavannu (čssr) rachisida kelavu tingala nantara skovereki ee kaadambariyannu praarambhisidaru mattu 1949rahra septembernalli adannu poornagolisidaru. idu ksc pakshapaatigalannu anukulakaravagi chithrisitu mattu avaru padachyutagolisida prajaprabhutvavadigalige pratikoolavaagittu, aadare csrnalli munduvarida stalinismna parinaamavaagi ee kadambariyu kadambariyu prakatavagalilla, aaga adhu landannalli victor golanksninda pragnalli mattu inglish bhashantaradalli kaanisikonditu. agaloo saha, Çssr adhyaksha antonin novotney mattu ksč kendra samitiyu shkvorekiyannu "faasist virodhi pratirodhada mananashta mattu kempu sainyada avamaana" endu aaropisitu, pratigalannu maaraatadinda hintegedukollalaayitu mattu naashapadisalaayitu, mattu lekhakarannu "svetova literatura" ("vishwa sahitya") niyatakaalikeya sampaadaka huddeyinda vajaagolisalaayitu. ee kadambariyu ulidukonditu mattu mattu chekoslovakiyadalli mattu 1968rahra prage vasanta rtuvinalli maruprakatisalpattitu. idu chekoslovakiyada yuddha oppandada aakramanadalli konegondaga, skvorekki mattu avana hendati kenadakke palayana maadidaru. "dhii haders" annu 1970 ralli yuu. ess. nalli grove press mattu 1972 ralli kenadaadalli skvorekiya swanta 68 prakashakaru inglishnalli prakatisidaru. hondaanikeya prayatnagalu. 1968rahra vasanta mattu besigeyalli skvorekki mattu jeck chalanachitra nirdeshaka milos foreman jantiyagi "dhii heditana" dha chalanachitra aavruttiyannu tayaarisalu script saaraamshavannu baredaru. skvorekki warsa oppandada akramanadinda palayana maadida nantara saaraamshavannu inglishge anuvaadisalaayitu, aadare yaavude chalanachitravannu madalagalilla. moola jeck saaraamshavu kaleduhoyitu, aadare 21neey shatamaanadalli inglish bhashantaravannu matte jekge anuvaadisalaayitu mattu prakatisalaagide. 1990rahra dasakadalli chitrakathegaara petr zarchowski chitrakatheyannu baredaru mattu nirdeshakaraada jiri menzel mattu vladymyr michelech adannu chitrikarisalu yochisidaru. nirdeshaka bohdan slama saha kaadambariyannu chalanachitravannagi parivartisuva anireekshita yojaneyannu hondiddaru.

bheerukkal joseph shkworeki ezhuthiya oru check novalaanu dhii wards (yadhaarthathil "sbabelsy"). 1948-49 ll ezhuthappettathum ennaal 1958 vare prasidheekarikkappedaathu ithu europile randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil ninnulla oru kathayaanu. kaumaarapraayatthinte avasaanathil oru check aadyamaayi vivaricha daan smirikki, 1945 meyy maasathil addehathinte swantham pattanamaya vadakkukizhakkan bohemiayile coastalek enna saangalppika pattanatthil, annathe jerman middle saileshyayude (ippol polandinte bhagam) athirthikkaduthaanu ithu nadakkunnathu. shkworekkiyude gadyam kooduthalum aakhyaanaparavum udanadi ullathumaanu. oru bandhita chinthayil ninnu mattonnilekkulla thante manassinte chalanathe prathinidheekarikkunna niravadhi khandangalude neenda vaakyangalil daan chinthikkunna aathmaparisodhana bhagangalumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu. plott. scorecki swantham swantham pattanamaya naachodil kostalekkine maathrkayaakki, rachayithaavine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru ardha-aathmakathaaparamaaya kathapaathramaanu smirikki. nachod pole, oru kotta avaganikkunna oru nadiyile athirthi pattanamaan coastalek. skorekkiyeppole, oru baank klarkkinte vidyaasambannanum madhyavargakkaaranumaaya makanaan smirikki, jaas samgeetham eshtappedunnu, rund varsham oru messershmit vimana faaktariyil nirbandhitha thozhilaalliyaayi chelavazhichu. oru praadeshika kafeyil kalikkukayum praadeshika penkuttikale aakarshikkan sramikkukayum cheiyunna madhyavarga yuvaakkalude jaas aandu swing bandle ninnullayaalaan daan. ennaal sundariyaaya ireenayodulla daniyude sneham nirupadhikam aanennu ellaavarkkum ariyaam, pakaram parvathaarohanathodulla utsaaham pankidunna sdenekkine aval snehikkunnu. jarmman adhiniveshathilulla kostalekkumaayi novaline aarambikkukayum, chuvanna sainyam pattanatthe mochippichu oraazhchaykk sesham avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. soviyattukalekkaal us sainyathin keezhadangaamenna pratheekshayil pattanatthile jarmman gaarisan padinjaaru pinwangan padhathiyidunnu. jarmman samrakshitha bohemia, moravia adhikaarikalumaayi sahakarichu (chila sandarbhangalil sahakarichirikkam) kostalekkinte check sivik adhikaarikal pattanatthe shaanthamaayi nilanirthaanum rakthachorichil ozhivaakkaanum aagrahikkunnu. praadeshika checoslovac communist (keey. ezz. sii.) particar pinvaangunna jarmmankaarkkethire mathramalla, yudhathinu munbulla muthalaalitha kramam punasthaapikkunnathu thadayunnathinum oru viplavam aasoothranam cheiyunnuvennu avar bhayappedunnu. check janataye niraayudharaayi nirthunnathinum yuvaakkale niyanthranathilaakkunnathum maathram praadeshika varenyavarggakkaar "viplava sainikare" samghadippikkunnu. nirayudharaaya yuvaakkalude samghangale patrollingin communist prathirodham jarmman vedicope trainil akramanam nadathunnathu thadayunnathinum ayaykkunnu. daniyum suhruthukkalum aaa midhyaadhaaranakal nashtappedutthi upekshichupoyi. thudarnnulla divasangalil thadankalppaalayangalil ninnu mochitharaaya kuthum thadavukaarum pattanatthiloode ozhukunnu. bhakshanavum paarppidavum kandethaan daan avare sahayikkunnu, oduvil avanu athu upayogapradamaanennu thonnunnu. meyy 9 nuu, "waffen-ss" sainyathinte nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangaline manikkaan visammathikkunnu. avarude tank kaalaalppada yoonittukalum oru soviyatt senaykkethire oru reargard nadapadiyumaayi pooraadukayum pattanatthe sameepikkukayum cheiyunnu. communist prathirodham "viplava sainikarude" command ettedukkukayum avarkk thokkukal nalkukayum jarmmankaarkkethire ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnulla pooraattatthil daan oru ezz. ezz.-maan kollukayum oru jarmman tankine pravarthanarahithamaakkukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal "heero" enna nilayil prachaaranatthiloode durupayogam cheyyappedaan aagrahikkaathathinaal addeham soviyatt commanderinu thettaaya peru nalkunnu. aanti heero daan. jarmman kaavalppadayude purappaadilum soviyatt yooniyante varavilum udaneelam chittayodeyum samadhaanaparamaayum parivartthanam samghadippikkaan sramikkunna pazhaya thalamurayekkurichu daniyum saha-samgeethajnjarum ulppedeyulla praadeshika yuvaakkalkk vichithravum nindyavumaaya kaazhchappaadaanullath. deshasnehathilo raashtreeyathilo allah, marichu ireenaye akarshikkaanum sdeneckil ninnu avale nedaanum vendiyaanu daan prachodanam ulkkondathu. europile yudhathinte avasana naalukalile prakshubdhatha kostalekkine ulkkollumbol, yudhathinte apakadakaramaaya avasana ghattathe athijeevichaal sambhavangal dani thante jeevithathekkurichum athinte uddeshyathekkurichum bhaviyekkurichum nilanilkkunna chodyangal neridaan prerippikkunnu. prasidheekaranavum prathikaranangalum. 1948 leeii checoslovac attimari dii 'ettaatt checoslovac soshyalist republic (χssr) srishtikkukayum 1949 septambaril athu poortthiyaakkukayum cheythathinu eathaanum maasangalkk sesham shkworeki noval aarambhichu. ithu ksc pakshakkaare anukoolamaayi chithreekarikkukayum avar sthaanabhrashtaraakkiya janaadhipathyavaadikalkku prathikoolamaayirunnu, ennaal χSR-ll thudarchayaaya stalinism kaaranam 1958 vare noval prasidheekarikkappedaathe pooyi, athu praagilum landanil victor golans oru engleesh vivarthanathilum prathyakshappettu. appozhum, shsar president aantonin novotney keey. ezz. sii. sii kendra kammittiyum shkworeki "phaasist virudha prathirodhatheyum chuvanna sainyathinte avahelanatheyum apakeerthippeduthiyennum" aaropichu, koppikal vilppanayil ninnu pinvalikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu, koodaathe rachayithaavine "svettova littarachura" ("loka saahityam") maasikayude edittar enna padaviyil ninnu pirichuvittu. 1964, 1966 ennee varshangalil checoslovakiayilum 1968 leeii pragg vasanthakaalathum eee noval veendum prasidheekarikkappettu. ithu checoslovakiayile yudhakkaraar adhiniveshathil avasaanichappol, schworekiyum bharya kaanadayilekk palayanam cheythu. "1970ll amerikkayil grove pras engleeshilum 1972ll kaanadayil skorekkiyude swantham 68 prasadhakar "bheerukkal" prasidheekarichu. poruthappedutthaanulla sramangal. 1968 leeii vasanthakaalathum venalkkaalathum schworekiyum check chalachithra samvidaayakan milos forman samyukthamaayi "bheerukkalude" oru chalachithra pathipp nirmmikkunnathinayi oru thirakkadhayude sangraham ezhuthi. varso udambadi adhiniveshathil ninnu shkworeki rakshappettathinusesham sangraham engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettuvenkilum oru sinimayum nirmikkappettilla. yadhaartha check sangraham nashtappettu, ennaal 21-aamm noottaandil engleesh vivarthanam chekkilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1990kalil thirakkathaakruthu pettru jharkovsky oru thirakkatha ezhuthukayum samvidaayakar jiri menzel vladymyr michaelech athu chithreekarikkunnathinekku chinthikkukayum cheythu. novaline oru sinimayaakki maattunnathinaayi samvidaayakan bohdan slaamaykk yaadhaarthyamaakaatha oru padhathiyum undaayirunnu.

vede daad kier (moolatah 'zababelki') hii joseph shkvoreki yanchi check kadambari aahe. 1948-49 madhye lihileli parantu 1958 paryant prakashit jhaleli nahee, hii katha europemadhil dusya mahayuddhachya agadi shevatchi aahe. tyachya kishoravayin vayatil shevati, danny smiriki, chekchya pahilya vyaktimadhye varnan kelele, heey tyachya mool gavee, ishanya bohemiyatil coastelech navache eka kalpanik shahar, jeey tatkalin german middle sileshiya (aata polandacha bhag) chya simejaval aahe, yaa aathvadyat meey 1945 madhye ghadate. squarkeycha gadya mukhytah varnanatmak aanee tatkal aahe. heey aatmanirikshanatmak parichhedanmadhye vibhagale aahe jyamadhye danny tyachya manachya eka sambandhit vicharatoon dusya vicharat halchal darshavina anek kalmanchya lamb vakyanmadhye vichar karato. plot. skovorikine tyachya swatachya nachod yaa gavee kostelekche pratirup tayar kele aanee smiriki heey lekhakanvar aadharit ardh-aatmacharitratmak patra aahe. nachodpramanech, coastelech heey nadivaril simavarti shahar aahe aanee killyane tyakade durlaksh kele aahe. squarecinpramanech, smiriki haah banq lipikancha sushikshit, madhyamvargiy mulga aahe, tyala jazz sangeet aavadate aanee tyane messerschmit viman karkhanyat jabardastine majur mhanoon done varshe ghalavali aahet. danny haah madhyamvargiy tarunancha jaz aanee swing band aahe joou sthanik cafemadhye khelato aanee sthanik mulinna prabhavit karnyacha prayatna karato. pann pratyekala maheet aahe qee sunder ayarenabaddal dannyche prem binshart aahe aanee tyaeivaji teela zdenek aavadate joou parvatarohanasathi ticha utsah samayik karato. kadambarichi suruvat ajunahi german tabyat asalelya coastelex hote aanee laal sainyane shahar mukt kelyanantar eka aathvadyanantar sampate. shaharachi german chhawani soviet sainyaivaji americi sainyakade sharanagati patkarnyachya aashene paschimekade maghar ghenyachi yojana aakhat aahe. bohemiya aanee moraviachya german sanrakshit rajyala sahkarya (aanee kahee prakarananmadhye kadachit sahkarya) karananya kostelekchya check nagri adhikanyanna shahar shant thevayache aahe aanee raktapat talhaycha aahe. tyanna bheeti vatate qee sthanik chekoslovak communist (keey. ess. see.) pakshapati keval maghar ghenanya german lokanviruddhach navhe tarr yuddhapoorv bhandavalshahi vyavastha purvavat houu naye yasathi krantichi yojana aakhat aahet. asha prakare sthanik abhijat varg keval check loksankhyela nihshastra karnyasathi aanee tarunanna niyantranat thevanyasathi "krantikari sainya" sanghatit karato. nishshastr tarunanche gut gast ghalanyasathi aanee communist pratikarala german darugola trainver hallah karnyapasoon rokhanyasathi pathavale jaatat. danny aanee tyache mitra bhram gamavoon sodoon nighun gele aahet. tyanantarchya divasant chhalchhavyanmadhun mukt jhalele kumbhar aanee kaidi shaharatoon vahat aahet. danny tyanna ann aanee niwara shodhanyat madat karato aanee shevati tyala upayogi vatate. 9 meey roji, 'waffen-ess. ess.' chey sainya binshart sharanagaticha aadar karnyas nakar dete. tyanchi taakee aanee payadal pathake soviet sainyachya virodhat eka purvatakichi karvai karat aahet aanee shaharakade yet aahet. communist pratikarane 'krantikari sainyachi' kamaan sweekarli aanee tyanna banduka dilya aanee tyanna german lokanviruddha pathavale. tyanantarchya ladhait danny eka ess. ess.-manla thaar marto aanee eka german takila aksham karato parantu too soviet commanderla chukiche naav deto kaaran tyala "nayak" mhanoon pracharadvare gairavapar karayacha nahee. anty-hiro danny. danny aanee tyachya sahkari sangitkaransah sthanik tarunancha junya pidhibaddal eka vichitra aanee dveshpurn drushtikon aahe, jeey shahar chalavatat aanee german chhavanichya nirgaman aanee sovhietchya aagmanadarmyan suvyavasthit aanee shantatapurn sankraman aayojit karnyacha prayatna karatat. danny deshbhakti kinwa rajkaranadvare prerit nahee tarr irenala prabhavit karnyasathi aanee teela zdenekmadhun jinkanyasathi prerit aahe. europemadhil yuddhachya shevatchya divasanchi ashantata costellecover khilkhilya hott asatana, yuddhatil dhokadayak antim tappyat jarr danny tikoon rahila tarr tyala tyachya aayushyatil, tyacha uddesh aanee tyachya bhavishyatil astitvavishayak prashnanna samore jaave lagate. prakashan aanee pratikriya. 1948 chya chekoslovak uthavanantar kahee mahinyanni scavoricine kadambarichi suruvat kelee, jeey chekoslovak samajvadi prajasattak (čssr) tayar karoon september 1949 madhye purn kele. tyat keey. ess. see. pakshakaranche anukool chitran kele gele aanee tyanni padchyut kelelya lokshahivadyansathi pratikool hote, parantu ess. ess. aar. madhye satatyapurn stalinismcha parinam mhanoon hii kadambari 1958 paryant aprakashit rahili, jevha tee londonmadhye victor gollanz yanni prag aanee ingraji anuvadat donhimadhye prakashit kelee. tarihi, Çssr chey adhyaksh antonin novotni aanee ksč kendriya samiteene shkvorekinvar "facistvirodhi pratikar aanee laal sainyachya apmanachi badnami" kelyacha aarop keela, pratee vikritoon mage ghenyat aalya aanee nasht karnyat aalya aanee lekhkala "swetova litertura" ("jaagtik sahitya") yaa niyatkalikachya sampadak mhanoon tyachya padavarun kadhoon taknyat aale. hii kadambari tikoon rahili aanee 1964,1966 madhye chekoslovakiyamadhye aanee 1968 chya prag vasant rutumadhye tee punha prakashit jhaali. jevha heey chekoslovakiavar yuddh karar aakramanat sampale, tevha squoraki aanee tyachi patni canadala paloon gele. "daad kier' heey americet grove presne 1970 madhye aanee canadamadhye skavorakichya swatachya 68 prakashakanni 1972 madhye ingerjit prakashit kele. anukulan karnyacha prayatna. 1968 chya vasant rutoo aanee unhalyat squoracky aanee check chitrapat digdarshak milos foreman yanni sanyuktapane 'daad durpoke' chee chitrapat aavrutti banavanyasathi patkathecha saransh lihila. squarekine yuddh karar aakramanatun pall kadhalyanantar saransh ingerjit anuvadit karnyat aala, parantu konatahi chitrapat banavala gela nahee. mool check saransh haravala hota, parantu 21 vya shatkat ingraji anuvad chekmadhye parat anuvadit karnyat aala aanee prakashit karnyat aala. 1990 chya dashakat patkatha lekhak pieter jarchovsky yanni patkatha lihili aanee digdarshak jiirii menzel aanee vladimir maykelek yanni tyache chitrikaran karnyacha vichar keela. yaa kadambariche chitrapatat rupantar karnyasathi digdarshak bohan slama hahee eka avastav prakalp hota.

darapokharu kayarharu (muel rupma "zababelki") josef shkbhorekiko check upanyas how. 1948-49 maa lekhieko tara 1958 samma prakashit bhaena, yo europema dosro wishwayuddhako antyako katha how. afno kishorawasthako antyama ek chekdwara pahilo wyaktima warnan garieko, denny smiriki, yo hapta 4-11 maee 1945 maa unko griha saharma hunchha, uttarpurvi bohemiako coastelech bhanine ek kalpanik sahar, tatkalin german madhya silesia (ahile polandko bhag) ko simanako najik. skbhorekiko gadya prayaha kathatmak rar tatkal chha. yo atmanirikshanatmak anshaharusanga chharieko chha jasma denile afno manko ek sambandhit vicharbata arkoma gati pratinidhitwa garne dherai khandaharuko lamo wakyaharuma sochchan. plut. skobhorikile afnai griha sahar nachodma kostelekko model banae, rar smiriki lekhakma adharit ardha-atmakathatmak charitra how. nachod jastai, coastelech nadiko kinarma raheko euta simawarti sahar how rar mahalle yasalai bewasta gareko chha. skbhoreki jastai, smiriki ek bank clerkko shikshit, madhyam-wargako chhora how, jyaj sangit munn paraunchha rar messerschmitt viman karkhanama jabarjasti majdurko rupma dui warsha bitaeko chha. denny madhyamwargiya yuwaharuko jyaj rar swing bandsanga sambandhit chha jasle sthaniya cafema khelchha rar sthaniya ketiharulai prabhawit garne prayas gardacha. tara sabailai thaha chha kii sunder airenaprati deniko prem asantushta chha, rar yasako satta uni jedeneklai maya garchhin jasle parwatarohanka lagi afno utsaha sajha garchhin. upanyasko suruwat kosteleksanga hunchha june ajhai pani german kabjama chha, rar rato senale saharlai swatantra garepachhi ek hapta pachhi samapta hunchha. saharko german gyarisanle sobhiyatharuko satta americi senama atmasamarpan garne ashama paschimatira farkane yojana banaeko chha. costelecka check nagarik adhikariharu, jasle bohemia rar moraviaka adhikariharuko german sanrakshit rajyasanga sahayog gareka thie (rar kehi awasthama sambhawatah sahayog gareka thie), saharlai shanta rakhna rar raktapatbata bachna chahanchhan. sthaniya chekoslobhak communist (ksc) pakshapatiharule pachhi hatne germanharu viruddha matra nabhai yuddhapurva punjiwadi wyawasthako punarsthapana rokna pani krantiko yojana banairaheka chhan bhanne darr uniharulai chha. sthaniya abhijat wargale yasari check janasankhyalai nishastra garna rar yuwaharulai niyantranma rakhnaka lagi matra "krantikari sena" wyawasthit gardacha. nishastra yuwaharuko samuhaharulai gasti garna rar communist pratirodhlai german gola barud trainma chhapa marnbata rokna pathainchha. denny rar unka sathiharule bhram gumae rar bhagera gaeka chhan. pachhilla dinharuma yatana shivirharubata mukta garieka ghundaharu rar kaidiharu saharbhari bagiraheka chhan. danile uniharulai khana rar ashraya khojna maddat garchha rar antatah usale upayogi mahasus garchha. 9 mema, "wafen-ess" kaa senaharule bina sharta atmasamarpanko samman garna aswikar garchhan. tiniharuko tanky rar paidal sena ekaiharule sobhiyat sena viruddha reargard karbahi ladiraheka chhan rar saharma aundaichhan. communist pratirodhle "krantikari sena" ko command linchha uniharulai banduk dinchha rar uniharulai germanharu viruddha pathaunchha. agami ladainma denile ek ss-manlai marchha rar ek german tankilai asaksham parchha tara usale sobhiyat commanderlai jhuto naam dinchha kinbhane uu "nayak" ko rupma prachardwara durupyog huna chahandaina. anty-hiro denny. denny rar unka sathi-sangitkarharu lagayat sthaniya yuwaharusanga purano pustako barema ek kutil rar sanaki drishtikon chha jasle sahar chalaunchhan rar german gyarisanko prasthan rar sobhiyatharuko agamanma wyawasthit rar shantipurna sankraman wyawasthit garne prayas garchhan. denny deshbhakti wa rajnitibata prerit hundainan tara irenalai prabhawit garna rar unlai jedenekbata jitnaka lagi prerit hunchhin. europema yuddhako antim dinharuko uthalputhalle kosteleklai sameteko chha, ghatanaharule danilai afno jiwan, yasako uddeshya, rar yuddhako khatarnak antim charanbata banchema usako bhawishyako astitwagat prashnaharuko samana garna badhya parchha. prakashan rar pratikriyaharu. sann 1948 ko chekslobhak ku dee 'etatle chekslobhak samajwadi ganatantra (čssr) sirjana gareko kehi mahinapachhi skbhorekile upanyas suru gare rar september 1949 maa yasalai pura gare. yasale ksc pakshapatilai anukul rupma chitran gyoa rar uniharule apadastha gareka democratska lagi pratikul thiyo, tara ssrma nirantar stelinismko parinam swarup upanyas 1958 samma aprakashit rahyo, jab yo londonma wictor golangjadwara prag rar angreji anuwad duwaima dekha paryo. taba pani, Çssr adhyaksha antone nobhotni rar ksč kendriya samitile shbhorekilai "fasiwad virodhi pratirodh rar rato senako apamanko manhani" ko arop lagae, pratilipiharu bikribata firta liiyo rar nashta gariyo, rar lekhaklai patrika "swetobha litertura" ("vishwa sahitya") ko sampadakko rupma unko padabata barkhasta gariyo. upanyas baancheko thiyo rar 1964,1966 maa chekoslobhakiama rar 1968 ko prag wasantama punah prakashit bhaeko thiyo. jab yo chekoslobhakiako yuddha samjhautako akramanma samapta bhayo, skbhoreki rar unaki shrimati canada bhage. "da kier" sann 1970 maa grobh presdwara sanyukta rajya americama rar sann 1972 maa skabhorekika afnai 68 prakashakharudwara angrejima prakashit bhaeko thiyo. anukulanko prayas. sann 1968 ko wasanta rar garmima skbhoreki rar check film nirdeshak milos foremanle sanyukta rupma "kayarharu" ko film sanskaran banauna script saransh lekhe. skbhoreki yuddha samjhauta akramanbata bhagisakepachhi saransh angrejima anuwad garieko thiyo, tara kunai film banaieko thiena. muel check saransh haraeko thiyo, tara 21 aun shatabdima angreji anuwad chekma firta anuwad garieko thiyo rar prakashit bhaeko chha. sann 1990 ko dashakma patakatha lekhak petra jarchobhaskile patakatha lekhe, rar nirdeshak jiri menzel rar bhladimir maikalakle yasalai chhayangkan garne vichar gare. nirdeshak bohan slamasanga upanyaslai chalchitrama parinat garne awastawik pariyojana pani thiyo.

kapurushamane kapurush (moolatah "jhababelasi") heuchhi joseph shkbhorekinka eka check upenyas . ehaa '1948-49' ray lekhajaithila, kintu 1958 masiha parjyanta prakashita hoinathila, ehaa juropare dwiteeja biswajudhara shesh samaira eka kahani. kishorabasthara sheshare jane check dwara pratham byaktinka dwara barnita, daani smirky, ehaa meey 1945 ray taanka niz sahara, uttara-purba bohemiar coastelech namaka eka kalpanika saharare, tatkaleena german madhya silesia (bartamana polander ansha) sahita seema nikatare ghate . shkbhorekinka gadya mukhyatah barnanatmaka ebong tatkhyanat . ehaa antardrustipurna ansha sahita byapta jeunthire daani aneka dharara lamba bakyare chinta karanti jaahaa taanka munner gatibidhiku gotie sambandheeah chintatharu anyaku pratinidhitwa kare . plut. shkbhoreki taanka niz sahara nachodare coastelech model karithile, ebong smirky lekhakanka upare aadharita eka ardha-atmajibani charitra . nachod pari, coastelech eka nadee upare eka seema sahara ebong eka durga dwara anadekha . shkbhorekinka pari, smirky jane byanka kiraneenka sikhita, madhyabitta pua, jaz sangeetaku bhal paanti ebong eka messerschmit biman karakhanare jane badhyatamoolaka sramika bhabare dui barsha bitaichhanti . daani madhyabitta jubakamananka eka jaz ebong suing bander atanti jaahaa eka sthaniah kaafere khelithae ebong sthaniah jhiamananku prabhabita karibaku chesta kare . kintu samaste jananti je sunder irena prati daninka prem ektarafa, ebong ehaa paribarte shay parbatarohana prati utsaha anshidara karuthiba jedeneknku bhal paanti . german adhikruta coastelech sahita upenyas arambha hue, ebong eka saptaha parey laal sena saharaku mukta kariba parey shesh hue . saharar german sainyabahinee paschima digaku pachaku hatibaku yojana karichhi, sobhieta sena paribarte america sena nikatare atmasamarpana karibara ashare. kostelekra check nagarika kartrupakhya, jeunmane bohemia ebong moraviara german protectorate kartupakhyanka saha sahjog karithile (ebong keteka khetrare sambhabatah sahjog karithile), saharaku shant rakhibaku ebong raktapataru doorei rahibaku chahanti . semane bhaja karanti je sthaniah chekoslovaka communist (kee. ess. sii.) pakhyapatimane kebala pachaghuncha deuthiba germanamananka biruddhare nuhen barang juddha-purba punjipati byabasthara punaruddharaku rokiba paain eka biplaba yojana karuchanti. sthaniah abhijata berg kebala check janasankhyaku nirastra kariba ebong jubakamananku nijantranare rakhiba paain "biplabee sainya" sangathita karanti . nirastra jubakamananka gostheeku patrolling karibaku ebong communist pratirodhaku german guligola trainre aakramanaru rokiba paain pathajae . daani ebong taanka sangamane bhrama harai parityaga karichanti. parabarti dinare, bandi shibiraru mukta hoithiba ghushuri ebong bandimane sahara saaraa prabahita heuchhanti. daani semananku khadya ebong ashrai khojibare sahajya karanti ebong sheshare shay upajogee anubhaba karanti . meey 9 tarikhare, "waphena-ess. ess." rahr sainyamane nihsharta aatmasamarpanaku sammana debaku manah karideithile. semanankara tyanka ebong padatika unit eka sobhiet bahini biruddhare eka reargard karjyanusthana ladhuchhanti ebong sahara aadaku agrasara heuchhanti . communist pratirodha "biplabee sainya" nka nirdeshaku grahan kare, semananku bandhuka die ebong semananku germanamananka biruddhare pathaae . parabarti ladheire daani jane ess. ess.-myannku hatya karanti ebong jane german tyankaku akhyama karanti kintu shay sobhiet kamandaranku eka mithya naama dianti kaaran shay "hiro" bhabare prachara dwara apabyabahara hebaku chahanti naahin . anty-hiro daani. daani ebong taanka saathee-sangeetagyanka sameth sthaniah jubakamananka pakhare puruna pidhi bishajare eka chatur ebong nindaniah drustikona rahichhi jeunmane saharaku chalauchhanti ebong german garrigion prasthana ebong sobhietara agman samajare eka sushrunkhala ebong shantipurna paribartana ayojan karibaku chesta karanti . daani deshprem kimba rajneeti dwara prerita nuhnti barang aairenanku prabhabita karibaku ebong tanku jedanekru jitiba paain . juropare juddhara shesh dinara asthirata coastelech upare kabaja karuthibabele, jadi shay juddhara bipajjanaka shesh parjyajare banchijae tebe ghatanagudika taanka zeeban, ehara uddeshya ebong taanka bhabisyata bishajare astitwa prasnagudikara sammukheen hebaku kaaran hoithae . prakashan ebong pratikrija. 1948rahr chekoslovaka abhyutthana dii 'etat chekoslovaka samajabadi ganatantra (čssr) srusti karibara kichhi maasa parey skbhoreki upenyas arambha karithile ebong september september ehaaku samapta karithile. ehaa kee. ess. sii. pakhyapateemananku anukula bhabare chitrita karithila ebong semane padachyuta karithiba democratmananka paain pratikula thila, kintu Çssr ray kramagata stalinism phalaswaroopa upenyas 1958 parjyanta aprakashita rahila, jetebele ehaa landanare victor golanchanka dwara ubhaja praga ebong eka ingraji anubadare prakash paithila . taa 'satwe, Çssr rastrapati antonine nobhotni ebong ksč kendriah kamiti shbhorekinku "fyasibadi birodhi pratirodha ebong laal senara abmanana" rahr abhijoga aanithile, pratigudiku bikrajaru pratyahara curry nust karidiajaithila, ebong lekhakanku "swetobha litertura" ("biswa sahitya") patrikara sampadaka bhabare taanka padaru barakhasta karajaithila. ehi upanyasati banchigala ebong 1964,1966 masihare chekoslobhakiare ebong 1968 masihar praga basanta ruture punah prakashita helah. jetebele ehaa chekoslovakiaara juddha chukti aakramanare samapta helah, skbhoreki ebong taanka patni kanada palajana karithile. "daa cowards" 1970 ray grobh press dwara aamerikare ingrajire ebong 1972 ray kanadare shkbhorekinka nijaswa 68 prakashakanka dwara prakashita hoithila . khap khuaiba paain prayasa. 1968rahr basanta ebong grishma ruture skbhoreki ebong check chalachitra nirdeshaka milos foreman milita bhabare "kapurush" nka eka chalachitra sanskarana tiari karibaku eka script saransha lekhithile. warsa chukti aakramanaru shkbhoreki palajana kariba parey sarangshaku ingrajire anubada karajaithila, kintu kaunasi chalachitra nirmana karajai nathila . moola check saransha hozzy jaithila, kintu ekabingsha shatabdire ingraji anubadaku chekku anubada karajaithila ebong prakashita hoichhi . 1990 dashakare chitranatyakara petra jarkovsky eka chitranatya lekhithile, ebong nirdeshaka jiri menzel ebong vladimira michelech ehaaku suting karibaku bichara karithile. upanyasatiku chalachitrare parinata kariba paain nirdeshaka bohdan slamankara madhya eka apratyashita prakalpa thila.

derpok chireds (asal witch "zababelsi") joseph kworki daa ikk check nawal haii. ih 1948-49 witch likhi gaee haii parr 1958 takk prakashit naheen hoee, ih yoorap witch dooje vishav yuddh dey ant dee kahani haii. aapni kishore umar dey ant witch ikk check duaara pahile viakati witch dassiaa giaa, danny samriki, ih hafte witch 4-11 maee 1945 witch uss dey grahi shehar witch hunda haii, joe uttar-purbi bohimia witch costelech namak ikk kalpanik shehar haii, joe uss samein dey german middle silesia (hunn poland daa hissa) naal sarhadd dey nede haii. kworki daa vaartak ziaadaatar birtantak atey turant haii. ih aatam-drishtikon vaale hissiaan naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii jiss witch danny bahut saariaan dharavan dey lambe vaakan witch sochda haii joe uss dey munn dee ikk sabandhat vichaar toon dooje witch gatee noon darsaunda haii. plaat. kworki neey aapne hii grahi shehar nachod witch costelech dee maadal keeti, atey samriki lekhak utte adharat ikk aradh-sway-jeevani charittar haii. nachod wang, costelech ikk nadee utte ikk sarhaddi shehar haii atey ikk kilhe duaara nazarandaz keeta jaanda haii. skvorki wang, samikki ikk baink clerk daa padhe-likhe, maddh-varag daa puttar haii, jaiz sangeet naal piaar karda haii atey usne ikk messershmit aircraft factory witch ikk jabri mazdoor vajon doou saal bitaae hunn. danny maddh varag dey naujwanan dey ikk jaiz atey swing baind naal sabandhat haii joe ikk sathanak kaife witch khedada haii atey sathanak ladkiaan noon prabhavit curran dee koshish karda haii. parr harr koee janhda haii kii sunder irena laee danny daa piaar aswikarit haii, atey iss dee bajaae uh zdeneck noon piaar kardi haii joe parbatarohan laee aapne utshah noon sanjha kardi haii. nawal dee shuruat costelech naal hundi haii joe ajey vee german kabze witch haii, atey laal saina duaara shehar noon aazaad karvaun toon ikk hafte baad khatam hunda haii. shehar dee german saina neey soviat dee bajaae amriki fauj dey sahmane aatam samarpan curran dee umeed witch pachham vall pichhe hattan dee yojna banayi haii. costelech dey check nagrik adhikari, jinhan neey bohimia atey moravia dey german rakkhiaa adhikariaan naal sahiyog keeta see (atey kujh mamlian witch sambhav taur 'teey sahiyog keeta see), shehar noon shaant rakkhna chahunde hunn atey khoon-kharabe toon bachna chahunde hunn. uhanan noon darr haii kii sathanak chekoslovak communist (ksc) pakhpati naa siraf pichhe hutt rahey germanan dey virudh balki yuddh toon pahilan dee punjiwadi vivastha dee bahali noon rokann laee vee ikk kranti dee yojna bnaa rahey hunn. sathanak kuleen varag iss tarahan "inqalabi faujan" noon siraf check dee aabadi noon nihathe curran atey naujwanan noon niyantaran witch rakkhan laee sangathit karda haii. nihathe naujwanan dey samoohan noon gashat curran atey communist virodh noon german gola barud rail gaddi utte hamla curran toon rokann laee bhejiaa jaanda haii. danny atey uss dey dosat bharam guaa chukke hunn atey bhajj gaye hunn. agle dinan witch nazarbandi campan toon aazaad hoye pinjre atey kaidi shehar witch vahi rahey hunn. danny uhanan noon bhojan atey panaah labbhan witch madad karda haii atey uh aakharkar labhdaik mahisus karda haii. 9 maee noon, "waffon-aiss. aiss." deeaan faujan binan sharat samarpan daa sanman curran toon inkaar qarr dindiaan hunn. unhan dey taink atey paidal saina unitan ikk soviat faujan dey virudh ikk reargard karvai naal ludd rahiaan hunn atey shehar dey nede aaa rahiaan hunn. communist virodh neey "inqalabi sainikan" dee command noon aapne hatth witch lae liaa atey uhanan noon bandukan dittiaan atey uhanan noon germanan dey virudh bhej ditta. agli ladai witch danny ikk aiss. aiss.-maen noon maar dinda haii atey ikk german taink noon ayog qarr dinda haii parr uh soviat commander noon ikk jhootha naam dinda haii kiunki uh "hiro" vajon prachar duaara durvarton naheen karna chahunda. ainti-hiro danny. danny atey uss dey saathi-sangeetkaran samet sathanak naujwanan daa purani peedhi baare ikk gumrahkun atey nastik drishtikon haii joe shehar noon chalaunde hunn atey german garrison dey jaanh atey soviat dey aaunn dauran ikk vivasthit atey shantipuran tabdili daa parbandh curran dee koshish karde hunn. danny desh bhagti jaan rajneeti toon prerit naheen hundi balki irena noon prabhavit curran atey uss noon zdeneck toon jittan laee prerit hundi haii. jiven kii yoorap witch yuddh dey antim dinan dee gadbad costelech noon gherdi haii, ghatnavan danny noon uss dey jeevan, iss dey udesh atey uss dey bhavikh dey hond dey parshanan daa sahmana curran daa caarn bandiaan hunn jey uh yuddh dey khatarnak antam padaa witch bach jaanda haii. parkashan atey pratikriaavan. kworki neey nawal dee shuruat 1948 dey chekoslovak takhtapalt dey kujh mahiniaan baad keeti see atey iss noon chekoslovak samajwadi ganraj (čssr) dee sirjana keeti atey satambar 1949 witch poora keeta. iss witch ksč pakhpatiaan noon anukool roop witch darsaiaa giaa see atey ih unhan loktantran laee pratikul see jinhan noon unhan neey apadasth keeta see, parr χsr witch nirantar stalinvad dey natije vajon nawal 1958 takk takk riha, jadon ih london witch victor golanz duaara praag atey ikk angrezi anuvad dovan witch pragat hoiaa. firr vee, χssr dey pardhan antonine novotney atey ksč kendri kameti neey kworki utte "fashivad virodhi virodh atey laal saina dee beizzati dee manhani" daa dosh lagaiaa, kapiaan noon vikri toon waps lae liaa giaa atey nasht qarr ditta giaa, atey lekhak noon magazine "swatova saahit" ("vishav saahit") dey sampadak dey roop witch uss dey ahude toon barkhast qarr ditta giaa. ih nawal bach giaa atey 1964,1966 witch chekoslovakia witch atey 1968 dee basant rutt witch dubara prakashit keeta giaa see. jadon ih chekoslovakia dey yuddh samjhaute dey hamle witch khatam hoiaa, taan skvorki atey usdi patni canada bhajj gaye. "derpok" sanyukat raaj witch 1970 witch grove presses duaara atey canada witch 1972 witch skvorki dey aapne 68 parkashakan duaara angrezi witch prakashit keeta giaa see. anukulta dee koshish. 1968 dee basant atey garmiaan witch skvorki atey check film nirdeshak milos forman neey sanjhe taur 'teey "chireds" daa ikk film sanskaran banaun laee ikk script sankhep likhiaa. varsa samjhaute dey hamle toon bhajjan toon baad skvorki daa sankhep angrezi witch anuvad keeta giaa see, parr koee film naheen banayi gaee see. mool check sankhep gumm hoow giaa see, parr parr sadee witch angrezi anuvad daa check witch anuvad keeta giaa see atey prakashit keeta giaa haii. 1990 dey dahake witch patkatha lekhak pieter jarchovsky neey ikk screenplay likhi, atey nirdeshakan jeeri menzel atey valadimir michelake neey iss noon film banaun baare vichaar keeta. nirdeshak bohdan salama cole nawal noon film witch badlan laee ikk anjaan project vee see.

bheeruh. da cawards (moolatah "zbabelsi") iti joseph shkvorekee ityasya check-deshasya upanyasam asti. 1948-49 madhye likhitam kintu 1958 paryantam naa prakaashitam, eshaa kathaa europe-deshasya dviteeyavishvayuddhasya ante eva asti. chaik-deshe prathama-vyaktau, kishoraawasthaayaah ante, denny smirikee ityanena varnitam, etat 1945 mey-maase saptaahe tasya swanagare, eeshaany-bohemia-pradeshasya costelech iti kaalpaniknagare, tatkaaleen-german-middle-sailesia (adhunaa polyand-deshasya bhaagah) ityasya simayam sameepe bhavati. skvorekee ityasya gadyam praayah varnanaatmakam tatkshanikam cha asti. etat aatmanireekshanaatmak-paricchedeshu antarbhavati, yatra denny, ekasambaddh-vichaaraat anyasya prati swasya manasya gatim pratinidhayan aneka-khandanam deergha-vaakyeshu chintayati. plut. skvorekee ityayam swasya gruhanagare nachod ityatra coastelech ityasya pratiroopanam krutavaan, smirikee iti lekhakasy aadhrutya ardha-atmakathatmakam paatram asti. nachod-ityanena sadrusham costelech iti nadee-paritah simanagaram asti, yat durgena avaganeeyate. skvorakee iva, smirikee ekaa byaank-clerk ityasya shikshitah madhyamavargasya putrah asti, jaiz-sangeetam priyah asti, messerschmit-vimana-karakhanayam balaat shramikaroopen varshadvayam vyateetavaan cha asti. denny madhyamawargeeyaah yuvakaah jyaaz tathaa swing-vaadyavrundasya sadasyaa asti, ye sthaaneeyakefe-madhye kriditva sthaniyabalikan prabhaavayitum prayatante. parantu sarve jaananti yat sundarasya airenaa-prati denny ityasya prema nirwirodhah asti, tasya sthaane saa zdeneck-ityenam rochate yaa parvataarohanasya utsaaham avahati. eshaa kathaa costelic ityanena german-adhiniveshena arabhyate, raktasenaayaah nagarasya vimochanaanantaram ekasaptahabhyantare samapta bhavati. nagarasya german-sainya-dalaa soviyat-sainyasya apekshayaa amerikaadeshasy senayaha sharanaagatyah ashaya paschimadishi pashchadagamanam kartum yojanam karoti. coastelech ityasya check-nagarika-adhikaarinah, ye german-samrakshita-bohemia-samsthayaa moravia-samsthayaa cha saha sahayogam akurvan (tathaa cha kadaachit sahayogam akurvan), te nagaram shaantam krutvaa raktapatat nivaarayitum icchanti. te bhayanti yat sthaniya-chekoslovaak-samyavadi (key. ess. see.) pakshina naa kevalam pashchadabhootaah german-janaah, apitu yuddhapoorvasya poonjeevaadeevyavasthayaah punahsthaapanam nivaarayitum api kraamteh yojanam aarabhante iti. evam sthaniya-abhijaatavargah kevalam check-deshasya janaan nirastram kartum, yuvaan niyantrayitum cha "krantikari-sainikaan" sanghatayanti. nirastranam yuvaanaam samuhan gastee kartum, saamyavaadinah pratirodham german-golabarud-relayaanasy akramanat nivaarayitum cha preshyante. denny, tasya mitraani cha bhramaan nashtvaa parityaajyanta. anantaram dineshu yatana-shibirat mukttaah paadukaah, bandinah cha nagareshu pravahanti. denny teshaam bhojanasya ashrayasya cha shodhane sahayyam karoti, ante saha upayogee bhavati. mey 9 dinaanke "waffen-ess. ess" ityasya sainikaah nihshartam samarpanm maanayitum niraakarishyanti. teshaam tyaank, padaatisainyam cha soviyat-sainyasya viruddham punah sainya-akramanam akurvan, nagaram prati aagacchanti. samyavada-pratirodha "krantikari-sainikanam" adhipatyam sveekrutya taan bandukaah pradaatum german-viruddham preshayati. anantaram yuddhe denny ekaha ess. ess-myaan maarayati, ekam german-tyaank akshamam karoti, parantu saha soviyat-senaapateh naam mithyaa vadati, yatah saha "naayakah" iti pracharadwara durupayogam naa icchati. anty-heero danny. denny tathaa tasya saha-sangeetadnyaih saha sthaniyanam yuvaanaam puraatan-peedinaam vishaye durbhavanapurnaha, nindaatmakah cha drushtikonah asti, ye nagaram chaalayanti, german-sainya-sainyasya prasthanasya, soviyat-deshasya aagamanasy cha samaye vyavasthitam shaantiyutam cha sankramanam aayojayitum prayatante. denny naa deshabhaktinaa rajanitina preritaa apitu airenaa-varyam prabhaavayitum, tse zdeneck-ityatah jitum cha preritaa asti. europe-deshe yuddhasya antimadinam ashaantihi costelic-ityetam aacchaadayati, ghatanaabhih denny, yadi yuddhasya apayakaram antimam charanam yaavat jeevitah bhavati tarhi tasya jeevanasya, tasya uddeshyasy, tasya bhavishyasya cha astitvasya prashnaan sammukheekartum shaknoti. prakaashanam tathaa pratikriyaah. 1948 tame varshe chekoslovaak-vidrohasya katipayamasanantaram, chekoslovaak-samajavadi-ganarajyasya (čssr) nirmanasya, 1949 september-maase tasya samapanasya cha anantaram, skvorekee iti upanyaasasy aarambhah krutah. etat key. ess. sii. pakshapatinam anukulataya chitritam, tathaa cha teshaam apadasthanam janatantravaadinaam krute pratikoolam aasit, parantu ess. ess. aar. madhye nirantarasya staalinavaadasy parinaamen 1958 tamavarshaparyantam, yadaa landan-nagare victor-golaanch ityanena praag-bhashayam aangl-anuvaadam cha prakaashitam, tadaa yaavat eshaa upanyasam aprakaashitam aasit. tatah api, ess. ess. aar. adhyakshah antonin novotnee tathaa key. ess. see. kendriyasamiti, esquorechy ityenam "faasist-virodhee-pratirodhasya manahanihi, raktasenaayaah apamaanah" iti aropam krutavantah, pratihi vikrayaat apasaaritaah, nashtaah cha abhavan, lekhakah "svetovaa litertura" ("vishvasaahityam") iti patrikaayaah sampadakapadat nishkaasitah. 1964, 1966 tame varshe chekoslovakia-deshe, 1968 tame varshe praag-vasantakaale cha eshaa upanyasam punah prakaashitam. yadaa chekoslovakia-deshasya yuddha-sandhi-aakramane etat samaaptam abhavat, tadaa skvorekee, tasya patnee cha kenada-desham palaayanam krutavantah. "da caddards" iti anglabhashayam amerikaadeshasy grove-press-samsthayaa 1970 tame varshe, tathaa kenada-deshe 1972 tame varshe esquorechy ityasya swakeeyaih 68 prakaashakaih cha prakaashitam. anukulanasya prayatnah. 1968 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale grishmakaale cha skvorekee tathaa check-deshasya chalacchitra-nirdeshaka milos formaan cha samyuktaroopena "da caddards" ityasya chalacchitra-samskaranam nirmaatum kathanakasya saaraamsham likhitavantah. esquorechy ityasya yuddha-sandhi-akramanat palayanat anantaram saaraamshaha anglabhashayam anuvaaditah, parantu chalacchitram naa nirmitam. mulasya check-bhashayaha saaraamshaha luptah aasit, parantu 21 shataabdyaam aangl-bhashantarasya punah check-bhashayam anuvaadah abhavat, saha prakaashitah cha abhavat. 1990 tame dashake chitrakathaakaarah petr jarkovsky ityayam chitrakathaam likhitavaan, nirdeshakaah jeeree menzel tathaa vlaadimir mcleck cha asya chitrikaranasya vishaye vichaaram krutavantah. nirdeshakasya bohdan slama ityasya api upanyasam chalacchitraroopena parivartayitum awaastawik-pariyojanaa aasit.

kozhaiththanakkaarargal koazhai (muthalil "jpabelsy") enbathu josaph shkvorekki ezhuthiya oru seck naaval aagum. idhu 1948-49 ill ezhuthappattathu, aanaal 1958 varai veliyidappadavillai, idhu iroappaavil irandaam ulagap poarin mudivilirunthu oru kadhai. avarathu pathinma vayathin mudivil oru seck muthal nabaraaga vivarikkapatta, danny smirky, idhu avarathu sontha nagaraththil mae 1945 vaaraththil nadakkirathu, vadakizhakku bohemiyaavil gostelech endru azhaikkappadum oru karpanaiyaana nagaram, appoathaiya jerman naduththara sailesia (ippoathu poalanthin oru pakuthi) ellaikku arugil. shkvorekiyin urainadai perumpaalum kadhai mattrum udanadi. idhu ullnoakkamaana paththigaludan sitharikkidakkirathu, idhil danny thanathu manathin iyakkaththai oru thodarpudaiya sinthanaiyilirunthu innoru sinthanaikku pirathinithiththuvappaduththum pala utpirivugalin neenda vaakkiyangkalil sinthikkiraar. sathi. scorecki thanathu sontha nagaramaana nasodil gostelekai maathiriyaaga vadivamaithaar, maelum smeerikki enbathu aasiriyarai adippadaiyaagak konda arai suyasaridhai kathaapaaththiram aagum. nasottaip poalavae, gostelech oru aattrin meethu ulla oru ellai nagaram mattrum oru koattaiyaal kavanikkappaduvathillai. scoreckyaip poalavae, oru vangki ezhuththarin padiththa, naduththara varkka magan, jaas isaiyai nesikkiraar, maelum irandu aandugal messershmit vimaana thozhirchaalaiyil kattaaya thozhilaaliyaaga kaliththullaar. danny oru naduththara varkka ilainyargalin jaas mattrum swing isaikkuzhuvaich sernthavar, idhu oru ulloor kafaevil vilaiyaadugirathu mattrum ulloor sirumigalai eerkka muyarchikkirathu. aanaal azhagaana airena meethaana daniyin kaathal koorappadavillai enbathu anaivarukkum theriyum, adharku pathilaaka malaiyaeruvatharkaana thanathu urchaakaththaip pagirnthu kollum steneckai aval nesikkiraal. inththa naaval gostelech innum jerman aakiramippin keezh iruppathaal thodangukirathu, maelum sivappu iraanuvam nagaraththai viduviththa oru vaaraththirkup piragu mudivadaigirathu. nagaraththin jerman kaavarpadai soviyaththugalukku pathilaaka america iraanuvaththidam saranadaiyum nambikkaiyil maerkae pinvaanga thittamittullathu. jerman paathukaakkappatta bohemia mattrum moravia athikaarigaludan oththuzhaiththa (sila santharppangalil oththulaiththirukkalaam) gostelechin seck kudimai athikaarikal, nagaraththai amaithiyaaga vaiththirukkavum iraththakkalariyaith thavirkkavum virumbukiraargal. ulloor secoslovac communist (kae. ess. chii. chii) katchiyinar pinvaangkum jermaniyargalukku ethiraaga mattumallaamal, poarukku munththaiya muthalaaliththuva ozhungkai meetteduppathaiyum thaduka oru puratchiyaith thittamidugiraargal endru avarkal anjchukiraarkal. ulloor uyaradukku ivvaaru seck makkalai niraayuthapaaniyaakkavum, ilainyargalai kattuppaattil vaiththirukkavum mattumae "puratchigara thuruppukkalai" ozhungamaikkirathu. niraayuthapaaniyaana ilainyargalin kuzhukkal roanththup panigalukkum, communisa ethirppu jerman vedimarunthu rayilai thaakkuvathaith thadukkavum anuppappadugindrana. daeniyum avarathu nanbarkalum maayaikalai ilanththu veliyaerivittanar. aduthaduththa naatkalil siththiravathai mugaamgalil irunthu viduvikkapatta bows mattrum kaithigal nagaram muzhuvathum paaikintranar. danny avarkalukku unavu mattrum thangkumidaththaik kandupidikka udhavugiraar, iruthiyaaka avar payanullathaaka unarkiraar. mae 9 andru, "waffen-ss" padaikal nibanthanaiyattra saranadaivathai mathikka marukkindrana. avarkalin thotti mattrum kaalaatpadai pirivugal oru soviyath padaikalukku ethiraaga oru maruseeramaippu nadavadikkaiyai maerkondu nagaraththai nerungi varukintrana. communist ethirppu "puratchigara thuruppukkalin" kattalaiyai eduththuk kolgiradhu, avarkalukku thuppaakkikalai vazhangki germanigalukku ethiraaga anuppukirathu. aduthaduththa sandaiyil danny oru ss-maenaik kondru oru jerman daangkiyai iyalaamal vidugiraar, aanaal avar soviyath thalapathiyin peyarai thavaraana peyaraal alaikkiraar, aenenil avar "hiiroo" endra prachchaaraththaal thavaraagap payanpaduththappaduvathai virumbavillai. anty-hiiroo danny. danny mattrum avarathu saga isaikkalainarkal ullitta ulloor ilainyargal nagaraththai nadaththum pazhaiya thalaimuraiyaip pattri oru moasamaana mattrum ilinththa paarvaiyaik kondullanar, maelum jerman kaavalpadai purappadum mattrum soviyaththugalin varugai muzhuvathum oru ozhungkaana mattrum amaithiyaana maattraththai ozhungamaikka muyarchikkindranar. danny desabakti allathu arasiyalaal thoondappadavillai, aanaal airaenaavai eerkkavum, jedenekkilirunthu avalai vellavum. iroappaavil poarin iruthi naatkalin kondhalippu gostelekai ulladakkiyathu, nigazhvugal danie poarin aabaththaana iruthi kattaththil thappippilaitthaal avarathu vaazhkkai, adhan noakkam mattrum avarathu ethirkaalam pattriya iruththaliyal kaelvigalai ethirkolla kaaranamaagindrana. veliyeedu mattrum ethirvinaikal. 1948 secoslovac aatchi kavilppu dii 'ettaat secoslovac sosalisa kudiyarasai (čssr) uruvaakki sila maathangkalukkup piragu scovorecki naavalaith thodangkinaar, adhai septumber 1949 ill muditthaar. idhu kishk katchiyinarai saathagamaaga siththariththathu mattrum avarkal padhavi neekkam seitha jananayagak katchiyinarukku saathakamattrathu, aanaal csril thodarchchiyaana stalinisathin vilaivaaga inththa naaval 1958 varai veliyidappadavillai, adhu landanil victor colonx ezhuthiya piraagu mattrum aangkila mozhipeyarppil thoantriyathu. appoathum kooda, shshar thalaivar antonin novodni mattrum ksc matthiya kuzhu aagiyavai shkvorekki meethu "paasisa ethirppu ethirppu mattrum sivappu iraanuvaththin avathooru" kuritthu kuttram saattina, pirathikal virpanaiyilirunthu thirumbap perapattu azhikkappattana, maelum ezhuththaalar "svettova literatura" ("ulaga ilakkiyam") paththirigaiyin aasiriyar pathaviyil irunthu neekkappattaar. inththa naaval uyir pizhaiththathu mattrum 1964,1966 aam aandugalil secoslovakiavilum, 1968 aam aandin piraagu vasantha kaalaththilum meendum veliyidappattathu. idhu secoslovakiavin poar oppantham padaiyeduppil mudivadainthapoathu, scoreckiyum avarathu manaiviyum kanadaavukku thappi oodinar. "koazhai" 1970 aam aandil americavil grove prassaalum, kanadaavil 1972 aam aandil scoreckiyin sontha 68 veliyeettaalargalaalum aangkilaththil veliyidappattathu. thazhuval muyarchigal. 1968 vasantha mattrum koadaiyil scorecki mattrum seck thiraippada iyakkunar milos foreman aagiyoar inainthu "kozhaiththananggalin" thiraippada pathippai uruvaakka oru script surukkaththai ezhuthinar. scovorecki warza oppantha padaiyeduppilirunthu thapiya piragu, surukkam aangkilaththil mozhipeyarkkappattathu, aanaal endha padamum edukkappadavillai. asal seck surukkam izhakkappattathu, aanaal 21 aam noottraandil aangkila mozhipeyarppu meendum seck mozhiyil molipeyarkkappattu veliyidappattullathu. 1990 kazhil tiraikkathai ezhuththaalar petter jharkovsky oru thiraikkathaiyai ezhuthinaar, maelum iyakkunarkal jiri menzel mattrum vladymyr michaelech adhai padamaakka ninaiththanar. iyakkunar bohtan slamavum naavalai oru thiraippatamaaga maattra oru nambamudiyaatha thittatthai vaiththirunthaar.

pirikivaallu pirikivaallu (vaastavaaniki "jababelsi") anedi joseph shkworeki raasina check navala. idhi 1948-49 loe vraayabadindi conny 1958 varaku prachurinchabadaledu, idhi airopalo rendava prapancha yuddham mugimpu nundi vacchina katha. thana teanage chivarilo oka check modati vyakti, daanii smiricky, loe vivarinchina, idhi athani sonta pattanamlo mae 1945 vaaramlo jarugutundi, eshaanya bohemiyaaloni costellech anae kalpita pattanam, appati-german middle sailesia (ippudu polandlo bhaagam) sarihadduku daggaragaa undhi. shkworeki gadyam ekkuvagaa kathanaparamgaa mariyu takshaname untundi. idhi aatmapariseelana bhaagaalato mudipadi undhi, dheenilo daanii thana manassu yokka kadalikanu oka sambandhita aalochana nundi marokadaaniki soochinche aneka upavaakyaalu gala sudeergha vakyalalo aalochistaadu. plaat. squorecki thana sonta pattanamaina nachodlo costellechnu roopondinchaadu, mariyu smiricky rachayita aadhaaramgaa pakshika-aatmakathaatmaka paatra. nachod maadirigaane, costellech anedi oka nadipai unna sarihaddu pattanam, dheenini oka koota pattinchukodu. squorecki maadirigaane, smiricky oka byaanku clerk yokka vidyaavantudaina, madhyataragati kumarudu, jaz sangeetaanni ishtapadataadu mariyu messershmit vimaana karmagaramlo rendu samvatsaraalu balavantapu kuuliigaa gadipadu. sthaanika cafelo aadutuu sthaanika ammayilanu aakattukovadaaniki prayatninche madhyataragati yuvakula jaz mariyu swing byaandku chendinadi. conny andamaina airena patla daaneeki unna prema asambaddhamani andarikee telusu, badulugaa aame parvataaroohana patla thana utsahanni panchukune jedeneknu premistundi. eee navala costellech inca german aakramanalo undadamtho praarambhamavutundi, erra sainyam pattanaanni vimukti chesina oka vaaram taruvaata mugustundi. soviyatlaku badulugaa yuu. ess. sainyaniki longipotamane aasatoe pattanamlooni german rakshana dalam paschimaana venakki taggaalani yochistondi. german rakshita bohemia mariyu moravia adhikaarulatho sahakarinchina (mariyu konni sandarbhaallo sahakarinchina) costellech yokka check poura adhikarulu, pattanaanni prasaantamgaa unchaalani mariyu raktapaataanni nivaarinchaalani korukuntaru. sthaanika chekoslovak communist (ksc) pakshapaatulu tirogamana germanlaku vyatiraekamgaa matrame kakunda yuddhaaniki mundu pettubadidaarii vyavastha punaruddharananu nirodhinchadaaniki kooda viplavanni plaan chestunnarani vaaru bhayapadutunnaru. sthaanika unnatavargam check janabhanu niraayudhulanu cheyadaaniki mariyu yuvakulanu niyantranalo unchadaaniki matrame "viplavaatmaka dalaalanu" nirvahistundi. nirayudha yuvakula samuuhaalanu petrolling cheyadaaniki mariyu communist pratighatana german mandugundu samagri railupai daadi cheyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki pamputaaru. daanii mariyu athani snehitulu bhramalanu kolpoyi paaripoyaaru. taruvaati rojullo nirbandha shibiraala nundi vimukti pondina gubbalu mariyu khaideelu pattanam gundaa pravahistunnaaru. aaharam mariyu aasrayam kanugonadamlo daanii vaariki sahayam chestaadu mariyu chivaraku athanu upayogakaramgaa bhaavistaadu. mae 9naa, "waffen-ss" dalaalu besharatugaa longipovadaanni gowravinchadaaniki niraakaristaayi. vaari tank mariyu padaatidala unitlu soviet dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa tirigi yuddhaaniki siddhamavutunna charyalatho pooraadutunnaayi mariyu pattanaanni sameepistunnaayi. communistu pratighatana "viplavaatmaka dalaala" aadesaanni swaadheenam chesukuni vaariki tupaakulu icchi germanlaku vyatiraekamgaa pamputundi. taruvaati poraatamlo daanii oka ss-myannu champi, oka german tanknu asamartham chestaadu, kaani athanu "heero" gaa pracharam dwara durviniyogam cheyabadaalani korukonanduna soviet kamaandarku tappudu paeru istaadu. anty heero daanii. daanii mariyu athani thoti sangeetakaarulato sahaa sthaanika yuvakulu pattanaanni naduputunna paatha taram gurinchi vikrutamaina mariyu viraktikaramaina drukpathaanni kaligi unnaaru mariyu german dalam nishkramana mariyu soviyatla raaka antataa kramabaddhamaina mariyu saantiyuta parivartananu nirvahinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru. daanii deshabhakti ledhaa rajakeeyaala dwara prerepinchabadaledu, conny airenanu aakattukovadaaniki mariyu aamenu jedeneck nundi geluchukovadaaniki prerepinchabaddaadu. airopalo yuddham yokka chivari rojula gandaragolam costellechnu chuttumudutundagaa, yuddhamlooni pramaadakaramaina chivari dasalo athanu manugada saaginchinatlayithe, daanii thana jeevitam, daani uddesyam mariyu athani bhavishyattu gurinchi astitva prasnalanu edurkovadaniki sanghatanalu kaaranamavutaayi. prachurana mariyu pratispandanalu. 1948 chekoslovak tirugubaatu dii 'etat chekoslovak soshalistu republic (čssr) nuu srushtinchi, 1949 septembarulo puurti chesina konni nelala taruvaata shkworeki eee navalanu praarambhinchaadu. idhi ksc pakshapaatulanu anukuulamgaa chithreekarinchindi mariyu vaaru tolaginchina prajaasvaamyavaadulaku ananukuulamgaa undhi, conny χSRloe konasagutunna stallinism phalitamgaa eee navala 1958 varaku prachurinchabadaledu, idhi londonlo victor golankz chetha praaglo mariyu aangla anuvaadamlo kanipinchindi. appudu kooda, Çssr adhyakshudu antonin novotney mariyu ksč kendra kamitee shkvorekeeni "faasist vyatiraeka pratighatana mariyu erra sainyam yokka avamanam yokka paruvu nashtam" anie aaropinchaayi, kaapeelu ammakam nundi upasamharinchabaddaayi mariyu naasanam cheyabaddaayi, mariyu rachayitanu "swetova literatura" ("prapancha saahityam") patrika sampaadakudigaa thana padavi nundi tolaginchaaru. eee navala manugada saaginchindi mariyu 1964,1966loe chekoslovekialo mariyu 1968 vasantakaalamlo tirigi prachurinchabadindi. idhi chekoslovekia meeda warsa oppandam dandayaatratho mugisinappudu, squorecki mariyu athani bhaarya kenadaaku paaripoyaaru. "dhi pirikivaallu" nuu 1970loe united states loe grove press mariyu 1972loe kenadaalo shkwareki sonta 68 mandhi prachuranakartalu aanglamlo prachurinchaaru. anusaranaku prayatnaalu. 1968 vasanta mariyu vesavilo squorecki mariyu check chitra darsakudu milos foreman samyuktamgaa "pirikivaallu" yokka chalanachitra samskarananu roopondinchadaaniki script saraamsaanni raasaaru. warsa oppandam dandayaatra nundi squorecki paaripoyina taruvaata saaraamsam aanglamloki anuvadinchabadindi, conny yea chitram roopondinchabadaledu. asalu check saaraamsam poyindi, conny 21va sataabdamloo aangla anuvaadam tirigi check loki anuvadinchabadindi mariyu prachurinchabadindi. 1990laloe screen raitar peater zarchovsky screen play raasaaru, darsakulu jirii menzel mariyu vladymyr maikhelk dheenini chithreekarinchaalani bhaavinchaaru. darsakudu bohdan slama kooda eee navalanu chalanachitramgaa maarchadaaniki oka avaastavika prajectnu kaligi unnadu.

bazdal bazdal (asl mein "zababilchi") jozaf scoreki kaa cheek naawal hay. yaha 1948-49 mein likhee gayee leakin 1958 takk shaye nahein hoyee yaha europ mein dosri jung azeem kay ikhtatam kii kahaani hay. pehli shaqs mein eek cheek kay zariye apnee noamri kay ikhtatam parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa deaney sameriki yaha iss kay aabayi shehar mein mayee 1945 kay haftay mein hotaa hay shamaal mashriqi bohemia mein coustilic naami eek afsanvi qasbah juu iss waqat kay german muddle celesia (abb poland kaa hasah) kay saath sarhad kay qareeb hay. scoreki kii nasoos ziyadah tarr dastani aur fouri hay. yaha khood gharz hasoon kay saath bikhra hawaa hay jiss mein deaney behat see shaqon kay lambay jamlon mein sochta hay juu iss kay dimagh kii eek mutaliqah khayaal say dosray mein harkat kii numaindagi kartaa hay. plaat. scoreki nay apnay aabayi shehar nachod mein coustilic kaa namunah banaya aur smairki masnaf parr mubni eek neem sawanah umri kaa kirdaar hay. nachod kii tarah coustilic eek daryaa parr eek sarhadi shehar hay aur asay eek qalah nazar andaaz kartaa hay. scoreki kii tarah sameriki eek benak clerk kaa taleem yaaftah matusat tabqe kaa betaa hay jaaz mausiqi say mohabat kartaa hay aur iss nay duu saal batoor jabri mazdoor messershmet tayarah factory mein guzaray haine. deaney kaa taaluq matusat tabqe kay naujawanon kay eek jaaz aur swing bend say hay juu eek maqami kaifay mein kheelta hay aur maqami ladkiyon kuu mutasir karnay kii koshish kartaa hay. leakin harr koyee jaanta hay kahh khubsurat areena kay liye deaney kii mohabat ghair matlub hay aur iss kay bajaye wah zedenic say mohabat karti hay juu koah paimayi kay liye apnay josh woo kharoosh mein shareek hay. naawal kaa aaghaz coustilic kay saath hotaa hay juu ubhee bhee german qabze mein hay aur sarkh foj kay shehar kuu aazaad karnay kay eek haftay baad khatam hotaa hay. shehar kii german garrison soweton kay bajaye americi foj kay saamney hathiyar daalnay kii ameed mein maghrab mein peeche hatnay kaa aradah rakhti hay. coustilic kay cheek shehri hakaam jinhon nay bohemia aur maurawiya kay german muhafiz hakaam kay saath taawan kiyaa thaa (aur baaz suraton mein mamkanah toor parr taawan kiyaa thaa)yee shehar kuu perscon rakhna aur khunrezi say bachna chahtay haine. inhein khadsha hay kahh maqami checoslovak communist (kay aiss see) kay haami naha sarf paspa honay waalay germanon kay khalaaf balkah jung say pehley kay sarmayah daaranah nazaam kii bahaali kuu roknay kay liye bhee inqilaab kii mansubah bundi kirr rahay haine. maqami ashrafiya iss tarah "inqilabi fojiyon" kuu sarf cheek kii aabadi kuu ghair maslah karnay aur naujawanon kuu qaabu mein rakhnay kay liye manzam kartay haine. ghair maslah naujawanon kay gropon kuu gasht karnay aur communist mazahimat kuu german golah barood kii train parr chhapah maarnay say roknay kay liye bheja jaataa hay. deaney aur iss kay dost waham khoo chakay haine aur bhaag gayey haine. aaney waalay dunon mein harasati campon say aazaad shadah ghonslay aur qaidi shehar mein behah rahay haine. deaney inhein khaana aur panah talaash karnay mein madad kartaa hay aur aakhir kaar wah mufeed mahsus kartaa hay. 9 mayee cow "wafeen-aiss aiss" kay foji ghair mashrut hathiyar daalnay kaa ehteram karnay say ankaar kartay haine. inn kay tenk aur pyadah foj kay yount soweet afwaj kay khalaaf ree gaard kararwai say larh rahay haine aur shehar kii taraf badh rahay haine. communist mazahimat "inqilabi fojiyon" kii kamaan sanbhaal leeti hay juu inhein bandoqein deeti hay aur inhein germanon kay khalaaf bhejti hay. iss kay baad kii ladayi mein deaney eek aiss aiss meen kuu maar daalta hay aur eek german tenk kuu ghair faal kirr deeta hay leakin wah soweet commander kuu ghalat naam deeta hay keunkah wah "herow" kay toor parr propaiganda kay zariye ghalat istemaal nahein honaa chahta. ainti herow deaney. deaney aur iss kay saathi mausiqaron sameet maqami naujawanon kaa praani nasal kay baaray mein eek badtamiz aur mazmum nazariyah hay juu shehar kuu chalatay haine aur german garrison kii rawangi aur soweton kii aamad kay doraan eek manzam aur praman muntaqli kuu manzam karnay kii koshish kartay haine. deaney habb alwatni yaa seyasat say nahein balkah areena kuu mutasir karnay aur asay zedenic say jeetnay kay liye huslah afzayi karti hay. europ mein jung kay aakhri dunon kii hungamah aarayi kay toor parr waaqiaat deaney kuu iss kii zindagi iss kay maqsad aur iss kay mustaqabil kay wajood kay sawalat kaa saamna karnay kaa sabab bantay haine agar wah jung kay khatarnaak aakhri marhalay say bach jaataa hay. ashaat aur radamil. 1948 kii checoslovak baghawat kay chand maah baad scoreki nay naawal kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss nay checoslovak socialist republik (čssr) kii tashkil kii aur asay satambar 1949 mein makmal kiyaa. iss mein kesak partisan kuu sazgaar andaaz mein paish kiyaa gayaa aur yaha inn democrats kay liye namunasib thaa jinhein inhon nay mazul kiyaa thaa leakin see aiss aar mein muslisil stalenism kay natijay mein yaha naawal 1958 takk ghair shaye rehaa jabb yaha landan mein victor golanks kay zariah praag aur angrezi tarjumah donon mein shaye hawaa. iss kay bawajood χssr sadr antoon novatni aur ksč markazi committy nay shkoreki parr "fashist mukhalif mazahimat kii badnami aur sarkh foj kii badnami" kaa alzaam lagaya kaapiyan farokhat say waps lay lee gayein aur tabaah kirr dee gayein aur masnaf kuu megzin "swetowa latretora" ("aalimi adab") kay editor kay ahday say bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa. yaha naawal bach gayaa aur 1964yee 1966 mein checosalovakia mein aur 1968 kay praag bahaar mein dobarah shaye hawaa. jabb yaha checosalovakia kay jangi muahide kay hamlay mein khatam hawaa tuu scoreki aur iss kii bewi canada faraar how gayey. "bazdal" kuu 1970 mein america mein grove prais nay aur canada mein 1972 mein scoreki kay apnay 68 naashreen nay angrezi mein shaye kiyaa thaa. mawafiqat kii koshishein. 1968 kay mosam bahaar aur mosam garma mein scoreki aur cheek film director melos formain nay mushtarkah toor parr "bazdal" kaa filmi warzan bananay kay liye script kaa khalasah likhaa. scoreki kay waarisa muahide kay hamlay say faraar honay kay baad khalasah kaa angrezi mein tarjumah kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin koyee film nahein banayi gayee thee. asl cheek khalasah khatam how gayaa thaa leakin 21 wein sadee mein angrezi tarjumah kaa dobarah cheek mein tarjumah kiyaa gayaa aur asay shaye kiyaa gayaa. 1990 kii dahayi mein screen ryter petter jarkovsky nay eek screen play likhaa aur hidayat kaaron jairi menzel aur waladimeer myclic nay asay filmanay parr ghoor kiyaa. hidayat kaar bohdan salama kay paas bhee naawal kuu film mein tabdil karnay kaa eek ghair haqeeqi mansubah thaa.

00087ac2730bf662cf4549be1ba5435fd10e1b109b875ce06f6e38e7e43e16f5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17397802

Ivony Miaramiasa

Ivony Miaramiasa Ivony Miaramiasa is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambositra, which is a part of Amoron'i Mania Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 6,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99.5% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 0.3% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and oranges, while other important agricultural products are beans, potatoes and tomato. Services provide employment for 0.2% of the population. References and notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aaibhoni miyaramiyasa aaibhoni miyaramiyasa hoise madagaskaror ekhon sohor aaru commune. ee omuruni unmad oncholor ongxo ombusitro jilaar ontorgoto. 2001 sonor lukopiyolot ei communor jonoxongkhya pray 6,000 buli onuman koraa hoisil. sohorot prathomik aaru konistho porzayor madhyomik xikhya upolobdho. communor jonoxongkhyar odhikangxo 99.5% krixok, aanhate otirikto 0.3% luke poxudhon paalonor poraa teulukor jiwika laabh kore. ataitkoi guruttopurno xosyoxomuh hoh "lo dhaan aaru komola, aanhate onyanyo guruttopurno krixijat xamogrixomuh hoh" lo bean, aalu aaru bilahi. xewai jonoxongkhyar 0.20% lukor baabe nijukti prodan kore.

iveny miaramiasa iveny miaramiasa madagaskar ekti shohor ebong sampradai. etty amoron 'ee mania anchaler ekti ongsho, jaa ambositra jelara ontorgoto. 2001 saaler jonogonona onusare eyi sampradayer jonosongkha anumanik 6,000 chhilo. prathomik oo junior storer madhyomik shikkha shohore pawa yaay. communityr jonosongkhar odhikangshoi krishak, ebong atirikto 0.3% gobadi poshu palon theke taader jeebika laav korey. sabcheye guruttopurno fosol holl dhaan oo komla, onnodike anyanno guruttopurno krishi ponno holl motorshooti, alu ebong tometo. porishebaguli jonosongkhar 0.20%-err jonno kormosongsthan pradan korey.

hathidant miramiyasa hathidant miramiyasa aee madagaskarnu aek nagar aneey samudaay chhe. teey amositra jeellano chhe, jeey amoroni unmaad vistaarno aek bhaag chhe. 2001nee vastee ganatarimaa aaa samudaayni vastee andaje 6,000 hovaano andaaj hato. shaherma praathmeek aneey juniyar starnu maadhyameek shikshan uplabdh chhe. samudaayni motabhagni vastee kheduto chhe, jyaare vadharana 0.3 takaa loko pashudhan uchher dwara temnee aajeevika melve chhe. sauthee mahatvapurn paako chokha aneey narangi chhe, jyaare anya mahatvapurn krushee utpaadno kathol, batata aneey tametaa chhe. sevaao 0.20% vastee maate rojgaari puurii paade chhe.

hathidant miyaramisa iveny miyaramiyasa madagaskar kaa ack shahar aur samudaay haye. yeh ambositra jile seey sambandhit haye, joe amoroni unmaad kshetra kaa ack hissa haye. 2001 kii janganana mein samudaay kii aabaadi lagbhag 6,000 honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. shahar mein praathamik aur kanishth star kii maadhyamik shiksha upalabdh haye. commune kii adhikansh aabaadi kisan hain, jabaki atirikt 0.3% pashudhan paalan seey apani aajeevika praapt karate hain. sabse mahatvapurna fasalen chawal aur santare hain, jabaki anya mahatvapurna krishi utpaad same, aaloo aur tamatar hain. sevaayen 0.20% aabaadi key liye rojgar pradaan karati hain.

aivani miaramiasa aivani miaramiasa embudu madagaskarnalliruva ondu pattana mattu samudaayavaagide. idu amoroni unmaada pradeshada bhagavagiruva ambositra jillege seride. 2001rahra samudaaya janaganatiyalli ee samudaayada janasankhyeyu sumaru 6,000 endu andaajisalaagide. praathamika mattu kiriya mattada madhyamika shikshanavu pattanadalli labhyavide. samudaayada jansankhyeya bahupalu janaru raitaru, aadare hechchuvari 0.3% rashtu janaru jaanuvaarugalannu saakuvudarinda tamma jivanopayavannu padeyuttaare. atyanta pramukha belegalu akki mattu kittale, aadare itara pramukha krishi utpannagalu beans, alugadde mattu tometo. sevegalu jansankhyeya shekada 0.20rashtu janarige udyogavannu odagisuttave.

aivani mearamiasa madagaskarile oru pattanavum kammyoonumaanu ivony mearamiasa. amoroni unmaada mekhalayude bhagamaaya ambositra jillayilaan ithu ulppedunnathu. 2001 leeii kammyoon sensus prakaram kammyoonile janasamkhya ekadesham 6,000 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. praadhamika, juuniyar thalatthilulla secondary vidyaabhyaasam nagaratthil labhyamaan. kammyoonile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum karshakaraanu, athesamayam 0.3 sathamaanam perkku kannukaalikale valarthunnathiloode upajeevanamaargam labhikkunnu. ettavum pradhanappetta vilakal ariyum ooranchum aanu, mattu pradhana kaarshika uthppannangal beans, urulakkizhangu, thakkaali ennivayaanu. sevanangal janasamkhyayude 0.20% perkku thozhil nalkunnu.

iveny miyaramiyasa iveny miyaramiyasa heey madagaskarmadhil eka shahar aanee samuday aahe. too amositra jilhyashi sambandhit aahe, joou amoroni unmad pradeshacha eka bhag aahe. 2001 chya samudayik jangananenusar yaa samudayachi loksankhya andaje 6,000 asalyacha andaj hota. prathamik aanee kanishth staravaril madhyamik shikshan shaharat upalabdh aahe. yaa samudayatil bahusankhya 99.5% loksankhya shetkari aahe, tarr atirikt 0.3% lock pashudhan vadhavun tyancha udarnirvah karatat. tandul aanee santri hii sarvat mahattvachi pike aahet, tarr itar mahattvachi krishi utpadane mhanje shengdane, batate aanee tomato. 0. 2 takke loksankhyela seva rojgar detat.

aibhni miarmiasa aibhni miramiasa madagaskarko euta sahar rar commune how. yo amositra jillako how, june amoroni unmad kshetrako ek bhag how. sann 2001 ko commune janaganama communeko janasankhya lagbhag 6,000 raheko anuman garieko thiyo. saharma prathamik rar kanishtha starko madhyamik shiksha upalabdha chha. communeko janasankhyako bahumat 99.5% kisanharu hun, jabki thap 0.3% ley gaiwastu palan garera afno jiwikoparjan prapta garchhan. sabaibhanda mahatwapurna baliharu dhaan rar suntala hun, jabki anya mahatwapurna krishi utpadanharu sem, alu rar tomater hun. sewaharule janasankhyako 0.2 pratishatlai rojgari pradan gardacha.

aaibhani miaramiasa aaibhani miaramiasa heuchhi madagaskar eka sahara ebong commune . ehaa amoroni pagala anchalara eka anshabisesha, ambositra jillara antargata. 2001 masihar commune janganana anusare ehi communra janasankhya pakhapakhi 6,000 bolly akalana karajaithila. saharare prathamika ebong kanistha starar madhyamika sikhya upalabdha. communra adhikansha <aai. dii. 1> heuchhanti krushaka, jetebele kii atirikta 0.3% pashupalanaru semanankara jeebika grahan karanti . sabutharu gurutwapurna fasal heuchhi dhaana ebong kamala, anya gurutwapurna krushi utpada heuchhi bins, aalu ebong tomato . seba dwara janasankhyara 0.20% lokanku nijukti milithae.

haathi daa miaramiasa iveny miaramiasa medagascar daa ikk shehar atey kamioon haii. ih ambositra zilhe naal sabandhat haii, joe kii amoroni unmaad khetar daa ikk hissa haii. 2001 dee kamioon mardamshumari witch kamioon dee aabadi lagbhag 6,000 honn daa andaza lagaiaa giaa see. shehar witch primary atey junier paddhar dee secondary sikkhiaa upalbadh haii. kamioon dee bahuginti aabadi 99.5% kissan hunn, jadon kii vadhu 0.3% pashuaan dee parvarish karke aapni rozzy-rotty prapat karde hunn. sabh toon mahattavpuran faslan chawal atey santre hunn, jadon kii horr mahattavpuran khetibadi utpaad beans, aaloo atey tmatter hunn. sevavan 0.20% aabadi noon rozgaar pardan kardiaan hunn.

aivonee miaramiyasa aivonee miaramiyasa iti madagaskar-nagarasya ekam nagaram, samudayah cha asti. ayam ambositra-mandalasya antargatah asti, yah amoroni-unmaada-pradeshasya bhaagah asti. 2001 tame varshe kamyoon-janaganananusaram asya kamyoon-ityasya janasankhyaa praayah 6,000 iti anumaanitam aasit. nagare praathamik-kanishta-starasya maadhyamik-shiksha upalabhyte. samudaayasy janasankhyaayaah bahusankhyakaah 99.5% janaah krushakaah santi, atiriktah 0.3% janaah pashunam palanat jeevika praaptavantah. atra mukhyaani sasyaani tandulaani, naarangaani cha santi, anye mahattvapoornaani krushi-utpaadaani beans, aalookah, tamoto cha santi. sewaah 0.20% janasankhyaay rojagaram pradadaati.

ivoni miyaramiyasa ivoni miyaramiyasa enbathu madagaskaril ulla oru nagaram mattrum commune aagum. idhu amoneon mania piraanthiyaththin oru paguthiyaana ambosidra maavattaththirku sonthamaanathu. 2001 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi inththa commune makkal thogai sumar 6,000 aaga mathippidappattullathu. aaramba mattrum ilanilai nilai idainilaik kalvi nagaraththil kidaikkirathu. commune makkalthogaiyil perumbaanmaiyaanavargal vivasaayigal, athae neraththil koodudhal 0.3 sathaveetham kaalnadaigalai valarppathan moolam thangal vaalvaathaaraththaip perukiraarkal. miga mukkiyamaana payirkal arisi mattrum aaranjchu aagum, athae neraththil pira mukkiyamaana vivasaayap porutkal beans, urulaikkizhangku mattrum thakkaali aagum. sevaigal makkalthogaiyil 0.20 sathaveetham paerukku vaelaivaaippai vazhangkukintrana.

ivony miaramiasa ivony miaramiasa anedi madagaskarloni oka pattanam mariyu commune. idhi amoroni unmaada praantamloo bhaagamaina ambositra jillaaku chendinadi. 2001 commune janabha lekkala prakaram commune janabha sumaru 6,000 gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. pattanamlo praathamika mariyu juuniyar sthaayi madhyamika vidya andubaatulo undhi. commune janabhalo ekkuva mandhi raitulu kaga, adanamgaa 0.3% mandhi pasuvulanu penchadam dwara vaari jeevanopaadhini pondutaaru. atyanta mukhyamaina pantalu vari mariyu narinja, itara mukhyamaina vyavasaya utpattulu beans, bangaalaadumpalu mariyu tamotalu. sevalu janabhalo 0.20% mandiki upaadhini andistaayi.

haathi kii miramisa aayunani miyarmiyasa madgaskar kaa eek qasbah aur kamyun hay. iss kaa taaluq ambustara zalaa say hay juu amoroni anmaad kay elaqay kaa eek hasah hay. 2001 kii kamyun mardam shumari mein kamyun kii aabadi kaa takhmina taqriba 6,000 lagaya gayaa thaa. shehar mein ibtadayi aur juniyar satah kii saanvi taleem dastiyaab hay. kamyun kii aabadi kii aksariyat 99.5% kasaan haine jabkah izaafi 0.3 vovo maveshiyon kii prorish say apnee rozee roty haasil kartay haine. sabb say aham faslein chawal aur santari haine jabkah deegar aham zarayi masnuaat phaliyan aalo aur timater haine. khidmaat 0.2 faisad aabadi kuu rozgaar farahim karti haine.

00087af92175ecda8ed086a44d118581a1d420e826a57b3071e5210760bc8435

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10714773

Field Trip (The X-Files)

Field Trip (The X-Files) "Field Trip" is the twenty-first episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premiered on the Fox network on May 9, 1999, in the United States and Canada, and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom on Sky1 on July 18. The episode was written by John Shiban and Vince Gilligan, from a story by Frank Spotnitz, and was directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Field Trip" earned a Nielsen household rating of 9.5, being watched by 15.40 million people in its initial broadcast. The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In the episode, the mysterious discovery of two skeletons leads Mulder and Scully to investigate. What they discover is a giant fungal growth that causes the agents to have two separate hallucinogenic episodes, which eventually merge into one shared hallucination. The two are saved thanks to an FBI rescue team led by Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi). The episode was written to give the audience a chance to see Mulder and Scully's separate viewpoints during their hallucinations. Members of the cast and crew, as well as reviewers, noted that the episode was a more serious version of the season five episode "Bad Blood". In order to prepare for the episode, various information on mushrooms, fungi, human decomposition, and cave geology was researched by the series' crew members. Furthermore, the episode has been critically examined due to its themes pertaining to alternate reality and its use of abductive reasoning. Plot. In Boone, North Carolina, Wallace (David Denman) and Angela Schiff (Robyn Lively) return home after a day out hiking in the fields. Angela gets a headache and, while taking a shower, thinks that she sees images of a yellow substance running down the walls. Angela and Wallace head off to bed in one another's arms but as the camera pans out the scene shifts to their skeletal remains in the same position in the middle of a field. FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) investigate and after closer examination of the bones, the two find a strange yellow substance covering the underside of the skeletons which was missed in the original examination. Mulder, believing that bodies are a result of the famous Brown Mountain Lights, heads out to the scene of the discovery while Scully stays behind with the coroner (Jim Beaver) to perform more tests. As Mulder arrives in the fields, he inadvertently drives over a patch of mushrooms which releases a cloud of hallucinogenic spores. Mulder—unbeknownst to the viewer—begins to hallucinate. He soon discovers Wallace and Angela in a cave, and the two claim they were abducted by aliens, who covered up their disappearance with false skeletons. Later, Scully arrives at Mulder's apartment and he explains to Scully what happened. He shows her an alien that he captured at Brown Mountain. Scully, however, accepts his reasoning without question and Mulder begins to doubt his surroundings. Eventually, after seeing the yellow substance, much like Angela saw, Mulder awakens in the cave he followed Wallace into earlier, covered in the yellow secretion, being digested alive. Meanwhile, Scully has discovered that the yellow substance mainly consists of organic material found in digestive juices, although it appears plant-like. Arriving at the field, Scully accidentally steps on another mushroom, and begins hallucinating. Scully and the coroner start to look for Mulder, only to find his skeletal remains. Back at the coroner's office, Scully identifies Mulder's remains from his dental records but finds no evidence of the secretion on the skeleton. Later, at Mulder's wake Mulder shows up, clearly alive. Suddenly, the wake congregation disappears. As Mulder and Scully discuss what has happened, they both begin to realize that they are still in the cave being digested by the substance while they are comatose; somehow, they are sharing the same hallucination. As the realization occurs, they both awaken, deep in the cave and Mulder fights his way out of the ground dragging Scully behind him to safety. Later, in Walter Skinner's (Mitch Pileggi) office, Mulder begins to doubt once more that they are free at all, asking Scully to name any sort of drug that causes its effects to halt once users know they are hallucinating. Scully is in disbelief until Mulder proves his point by shooting Skinner in the chest; the yellow substance oozes out of the bullet wounds. Once again, their surroundings melt away as they awaken underground again in the cave. Mulder sticks his hand through the earth ceiling as Skinner and a team of rescue staff manage to locate them and drag them out and haul them to the safety of an ambulance. Once inside the ambulance, Mulder and Scully weakly hold hands. Production. Writing. "Field Trip" was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz, who described the writing process as "an experience". The script went through several phases; originally, the script was supposed to feature Mulder being chased by a monster in a sealed-off cave. Then, the script was changed to include both Mulder and Scully. Finally, the story was altered so that Mulder and Scully merely believed that they were entombed deep in a cave, with Mulder eventually figuring out that it was all a hallucination. Spotnitz noted that the episode's concept got many crew members excited: "We'd never really done an "X-Files" like this. We could explore Mulder's and Scully's differences by seeing the extremes of their two hallucinations—a serious version of what we did comically last season in 'Bad Blood'". This presented an opportunity for Mulder to confront his partner with the fact that he is normally right, resulting in a response from Scully, affirming the fact. Spotnitz called the episode a "wonderful mind game" but was worried that the convoluted story and pace would confuse the viewer. In order to placate these concerns, the teleplay was assigned to be finalized by John Shiban and Vince Gilligan. Once the script was finished, Spotnitz felt the story had become much more understandable; he was particularly pleased with the way Shiban and Gilligan showed Mulder and Scully stepping on the mushrooms as a way to subtly cue their initial exposure to the hallucinogenic mushroom. Gilligan noted that "another really important thing we did was making sure that the audience didn't think that Mulder and Scully weren't really in jeopardy—that it was all a dream, like that whole season of "Dallas" a few years back. That's why we made sure they realized that the goo from the mushroom would kill them". Research, filming, and effects. Lee Smith, a researcher for the series, consulted with researchers at the body farm, a 30-acre facility operated by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee. The facility buried donated human remains and studied the stages of decomposition. Special effects coordinator John Vulich was tasked with designing "spidery, eight-foot tall" fiberglass mushrooms. Production designer Corey Kaplan wanted Vulich to design the mushrooms to look "organic and earthbound" as opposed to "alien". The art department consulted various geological text books to properly create the stalagmites and stalactites for the cave scenes. Once the pods and cave set were finished, they were transferred to the Fox Studio lots. The opening to the cave was filmed at Bronson Canyon, most notable for being the location of Bruce Wayne's Batcave in the "Batman" television series that aired in the 1960s. <templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" /> Oh my God, that was so sick. I remember being covered in yellow goop and then being pulled through the earth, and then being covered in a layer of dirt on top of that. It was kind of fun and kind of just completely disgusting at the same time. —Gillian Anderson, on the fungal "goop" To create the effect of Mulder and Scully "melting", special effects producer Bill Millar captured video of Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny in three-dimensional high-definition video—the two actors were digitally scanned and the results were manipulated by a computer. Millar noted that, "when we looked at our first test, we realized we couldn't melt Mulder and Scully without some degree of difficulty [...] They had to melt like movie stars [...] without turning Gillian into Margaret Thatcher and David into John Hurt as "The Elephant Man"". In order to compensate for the difficulties, Millar used a "leading edge" melting effect that only melted parts of the actors' faces, keeping their facial features intact. For other shots, Anderson and Duchovny had to endure hours of being covered by a food thickener augmented with a sickly shade of food coloring that stood in for the fungal secretion. Anderson and Duchovny were literally buried under the earth for the final scene, with the actors donning wet suits and being covered in the vegetable fluid and soil. Themes. The idea of alternative realities had been explored in previous entries of "The X-Files" in ways that M. Keith Booker called "relatively conservative […] that allow for recuperation of the alternatives as a single 'real' reality." He cites the third season episode "Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" as an example of a faulty narrator, and the sixth season episode "How the Ghosts Stole Christmas" as an example of a comedic alternate reality. Jerold J. Abrams and Elizabeth F. Cooke, in the book "The Philosophy of TV Noir" argue that the episode stresses abductive reasoning, a type of logic that goes from data or a description of something to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data and seeks to explain relevant evidence. Abductive reasoning follows the logic: a surprising fact, C, is observed (Result); If A, the hypothesis, were true, C would make perfect sense (Rule); Thus, there is reason to suspect that A is true (Case). An example that has been given is: the lawn is wet. But if it is raining, then it would be unsurprising that the lawn is wet. Therefore, it is raining. This logical method is favored by Mulder throughout most of the show. In this episode, however, it is Scully who first uses the method. She takes three separate facts—the massive size of some types of mushrooms, the hallucinogenic properties of some fungi, and the carnivorous nature of certain types of plants—and formulates an abductive conclusion: she and Mulder are trapped underground, experiencing a hallucination, and slowly being digested. Abductive logic has three parts. First, there is the surprising fact—also called the result—that both Mulder and Scully are hallucinating, despite not taking any drugs. Second, there is Scully's hypothesis—the rule—that, if it were true the hallucination "would be a matter of course". Third, there is the conclusion—the case—that "there is a reason to suspect [Scully's hypothesis] as true." This abduction, Abrams and Cooke point out, is an example of creative abduction, because Scully manages to pull three, separate ideas "creatively" together. Mulder, however, next makes an abductive conclusion. While discussing the events with Skinner, he states that he is not convinced, because drugs do not wear off only when one notices their effects. This abduction also has three parts. The result is the surprising fact that Mulder and Scully's escape seems problematic. The rule is that Mulder and Scully only think that they have escaped, but they really are still underground and being digested. Finally, the case states that "there is reason to suspect that" Mulder and Scully have not escaped from the mushroom. This type of logic is an example of undercoded abduction, because it is the most plausible rule among many. Broadcast and reception. "Field Trip" premiered on the Fox network on May 9, 1999. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9.5, with a 15 share, meaning that roughly 9.5 percent of all television-equipped households, and 15 percent of households watching television, were tuned into the episode. It was viewed by 15.38 million viewers as well as 9.4 million households. "Field Trip" was the nineteenth most-watched television program for the week ending May 9. The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on July 18, 1999, and received 0.58 million viewers, ranking as the third most-watched episode that week. Fox promoted the episode with the tagline "It seduces your mind... And feeds off your flesh. Tonight, Mulder and Scully stumble onto a plant with a taste for human flesh." Dean Haglund's name is misspelled in the opening credits as Dean Haglung. The episode received praise from critics. Emily VanDerWerff from "The A.V. Club" called the episode one of the "10 must-see episodes" of the series and cited it as an example of the series' subtle shift "from a collection of monster tales to something more akin to an attempt to explain the dark underbelly of America’s obsession with pulp narratives." She ultimately concluded that "Field Trip" showed "how the series would never be as good as its best seasons again, but could still be remarkably effective." In a subsequent review, VanDerWerff awarded the episode an "A" and called it "one of my favorite episodes of "The X-Files"' sixth season" due to its analysis of what Mulder and Scully each desire from the world, and the fact that the episode argues that the "mysteries can only be solved if both of these people are working to solve them." Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode five stars out of five. The two positively compared the episode to the episode "Bad Blood", noting that the episode "[is] a retread of those 'Bad Blood' themes". Furthermore, however, Shearman and Pearson noted that, "[the episode is] not merely poking fun at the conventions of the long running sci-fi show, but inviting its audience to question the truths around us we take for granted". Earl Cressey from DVD Talk called "Field Trip" one of the "highlights of season six". Tom Kessenich, in his book "Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files" wrote positively of the episode, saying "[Mulder and Scully's relationship in the episode] goes far beyond love, respect or friendship and transcends even the touch of their hands which symbolizes their ultimate union at the end. […] Their connection is so strong, so powerful they even share the same narcotic induced hallucinations. Soul mates indeed". Kessenich later named the episode one of the "Top 25 Episodes of All Time" of "The X-Files", ranking it at number 25. Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two-and-a-half stars out of four. Despite noting that the episode "doesn't do much with is ["sic"] reality/hallucination premise", Vitaris praised Duchovny and Anderson's acting, noting that their performances were "the prime pleasures" of the episode. The episode's main antagonist, the field mushroom, was met with mostly positive reviews from critics, with a few detractors. Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the "giant underground mushroom thingie" among the "best" monster-of-the-week, describing it as "too crafty to end up on a pizza". Timothy Sexton from Yahoo! Voices named "The Giant Mushroom" as one of "The Best X-Files Monsters of the Week", writing, "In the X-Files episode Field Trip things are simply not what they seem. [...] But when I claim that a giant mushroom is one of the most memorable X-Files monsters of the week, you can bet I'm being serious". Not all reviews were so positive. Cyriaque Lamar from i09 called the mushroom one of "The 10 Most Ridiculous X-Files Monsters" and wrote, "Mulder and Scully conquer this mycological nightmare by jointly fighting it during a drug trip — some real astral plane shit, brah. Love the 1990s CGI". Footnotes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

field trip (ex-file) "field trip" hoise bigyan kolpokahini television dharabahik "dyo ex-files" ror xostho sijonor ekbingxo khondo. 1999 sonor 9 mey 'too aamerika juktorastro aaru kanadat fox networkot iyar primiyar hoisil, aaru poroborti xomoyot 18 julyte united kingdomot kingdomot too xomprosar hoisil. khondotu john swiban aaru bhinos giligane likhisil, frank spotnitzor etaa kahinir poraa, aaru kim menorsor dwara porisalito hoisil. ei khondotu etaa "xoptahor rakhyox" kahini, ji ei sringkholatur bistrito pouranik kahinir xoite xomporkito nohoy. "field trip"-e iyar prarombhik xomprosarot 15.40 million luke suwar baabe 9.5 ror nilchen ghoruwa rating orjon korisil. ei khondotuwe television xomalusokxokolor poraa jothesto itibasok xomaluchona laabh korisil. ei swo "tu ef. bi. aai.-ror bixex agent fox mulder (david dusuvoni) aaru daana schooly (gillian enderson)-ror uporot kendribhut, jixokole ex-file naamor oswabhabik rugor xoite jorito gusorburot kaam kore. mulder ejon oswabhabik biswax koraa byokti, aanhate xongxoyi skalik teur kaamok khondon koriboloi nijukto koraa hoise. ei khondot dutaa konkalor rohosyomoy abiskare mulder aaru skalik todonto koriboloi loi yaay. teuluke ji abiskar kore xeya hoise ek bixal vekuror briddhi jaar folot agentburor dutaa prithok halucinogenic khondo hoy, ji owoxexot etaa ongxidari hyalusinesonot ekotrito hoy. walter skinner (miss pailegi) ror netritwot ef. bi. aai. ror uddhar dolor baabe duyujonoke uddhar koraa hoy. ei khondotu dorxokxokolok teulukor hallucinationor xomoyot mulder aaru skolir prithok dristibhongi saboloi xujug diboloi likha hoisil. obhineta-obhinetri aaru kormosarixokolor logote porzaluchonakarixokole ullekh korisil je ei khondotu sijon pasor khondo "beyaa rokto" ror ek odhik gurutor xongskoron aasil. ei khondotur baabe prostutir baabe, kathfula, bhekur, manuhor poson, aaru guha bhutotwor bibhinno tothyor uporot ei sringkholar kormosarixokolor dwara gowexona koraa hoisil. iyar uporiu, bikolpo bastobotar xoite xomporkito bixoybostu aaru iyar opobyoboharmulok juktir byoboharor baabe ei khondotu xomaluchonamulokbhawe porikhya koraa hoise. plot. bune, northo kerulina, wales (david denman) aaru angela siph (robin live) edin potharot khuj kaarhi juwar pisot ghoroloi ubhoti aahe. angelai muror bix onubhob kore aaru gaa dhuwar xomoyot taai dewalor poraa etaa halodhiya podarthor sobi dekhise buli bhaabe. angela aaru walese ijone xijonor bahut bisanaloi ulai yaay kintu kemeratuwe bahiroloi ulai ohaar loge loge drishyotu teulukor kongkaloloi sthanantorito hoy aaru potharor maajot eke owosthat thaake. ef. bi. aai.-ror bixex agent fox mulder (david dusuvoni) aaru daana scolly (gillian enderson)-ye todonto kore aaru harbur bhaldore porikhya korar pisot, duyujone kongkalor tolor faale abrito etaa odbhut halodhiya podartho bisari paay jitu mool porikhyat baad porisil. mritodehbur bikhyat badami porbotor puhoror folot hoise buli biswax kori muldere abiskar koraa thailoi ulai yaay aaru scolly odhik porikhya koriboloi koo "runar (jim bibhar) ror xoite pisfale thaake. jetiya mulder potharot aahe, teu oxabodhanotaboxotoh kathfular etaa ongxor uporere gaari solai jiye halucinogenic bijanur dawor mukoli kore. mulder-dorxokor ojante-motibhrom hoh 'boloi aarombho kore. teu oti xunkale etaa guhat vales aaru angela abiskar kore, aaru duyujone daabi kore je teulukok bidexixokole opohoron korisil, jiye teulukor udhau huwatu bhuwa kongkalore dhakisil. pisot schooly mulder apartmentot uposthito hoy aaru ki ghotisil taak schooly koriboloi byakhya kore. teu taik badami porbotot bondi koraa ejon bidexi dekhuway. obosye skaliye kunu prosno nuhuwakoi teur jukti swikar kore aaru muldere teur poriwexor uporot xondeh koriboloi aarombho kore. owoxexot, halodhiya podarthotu dekhar pisot, onekta angela chaar dore, teu aagote dewalor pisot juwa guhat, halodhiya srawot abrito hoi, jiwitbhabe posiboloi dhore. ifale, skaliye abiskar korise je halodhiya podarthotu mulotoh pason roxot puwa joibik podarthore gothito, jodiu ee udbhidor dore dekha yaay. potharot uposthito hoi, schoolire durghotonakrome aan etaa kathfular uporot bhori maare, aaru bibhromito hoh "boloi aarombho kore. scully aaru koo "runare mulder bisariboloi aarombho kore, kewol teur kongkalor owoxisto bisari puwa yaay. koo "runaror karzaloyot ghuri aahi skaliye teur daator recordor poraa mulder owoxisto sinakto kore kintu kongkalot srawo huwar kunu proman napay. pisot, mulder jege uthaar xomoyot spostobhabe jiwito, mulder dekha yaay. hothate, jege uthaa mondolitu odrishyo hoi yaay. jetiya mulder aaru scully ki ghotisil xei bixoye alusona kore, tetiya duyujone upolobdhi koriboloi aarombho kore je teuluk etiyau kumatuj hoi thokar xomoyote bostutur dwara posondo huwa guhat aase; kunumote, teuluke eke dhoronor hallucination bhag kori loiche. jetiya upolobdhitu hoy, tetiya duyujonei guhat gobhirbhabe jagrot hoy aaru moldere nijor pisfale xurokhito sthanoloi tunny maatir poraa ulai ohaar baabe juj diye. pisot, walter skinner (miss pilegi) karzaloyot, muldere aakou ebaar xondeh koriboloi aarombho kore je teuluk ekebare mukto, skalik jikunu dhoronor dragsor naam diboloi koy jaar folot byowoharkarixokole gom puwar pisot iyar probhab bondho hoi yaay. schooly obiswaxot thaake jetiyaloike muldere bukur poraa skinnerok gulee kori nijor kotha proman nokore; guleer aaghator poraa halodhiya podartho ulai aahe. aakou ebaar, guhat punor bhugorbhostho hoi uthaar loge loge teulukor sariufalor poriwex goli yaay. maatir sador maajere muldere nijor haat bandhi raakhe jihetu skinner aaru uddhar kormir etaa dole teulukok bisari uliyai bahiroloi tunny aani teulukok ekhon ambulanceor xurokhito sthanoloi loi yaay. ebaar ambulanceor bhitoroloi go "ley, mulder aaru scolly durbol hoi haat dhore. utpadon. likhok. "field trip" ror kotha likhisil karzobahi projujok frank spotnitze, jiye ei likhon prokriyak "ek obhigyota" buli bornona korisil. sitronatyokhon keibatau porzayor maajere goisil; mulotoh, sitronatyotut etaa bondho koraa guhat etaa rakhyoxor dwara palut korar drishyo dekha puwa goisil. taar pisot, mulder aaru scolly duyutake ontorbhukto koriboloi sitronatyotu xoloni koraa hoisil. owoxexot kahinitu xoloni koraa hoisil jaate mulder aaru skaliye kewol biswax korisil je teulukok etaa guhat gobhirbhabe xomadhistho koraa hoise, aaru owoxexot muldere buji paisil je eitu xokolu ek motibhrom aasil. spotnitze ullekh korisil je khondotur dharonai bohutu kormosarik utxahito korisiloh "aami xosakoiye enekuwa" ex-file "ketiyau koraa nasilu. aami mulder aaru skolir parthokyobur teulukor dutaa hallucinationor sorom porixor dekhi onwexon koribo paaru-juwa sijonot 'beyaa tez' too aami haisyorxatmokbhabe ki korisilu taar ek guruttopurno xongskoron. iyar folot muldere teur xongir xoite teu xadharonote xothik buli protidondita korar xujug paisil, jaar folot skolir poraa protikriya aahisil, jaar folot ei kothatu nischito hoisil. spotnitze ei khondotuk "bismoyokor monor khel" buli obhihito korisil jodiu jotil kahini aaru gotii dorxokok bibhranto koribo buli sintit aasil. ei udwegbur xanto koriboloi, john swiban aaru bhinos giligane teleplay suranto korar dayitwo disil. sitronatyotu xex huwar pisot spotnitze onubhob korisil je kahinitu odhik budhgomyo hoi porise; swiban aaru giligane jebhabe kathfular uporot mulder aaru schooly podokhyep dekhuwaisil taak loi teu bixexbhabe xontusto hoisil jaate teulukor prarombhik xongsporxor bixoye xukhmobhabe onuman koribo paari. giligane ullekh korisil je "aami koraa aan etaa guruttopurno kaam aasil dorxokxokole jaate mulder aaru scolly xosakoiye bipodaponno nohoy buli nabhay-keibosorman purbe" dollas "ror xei gutei sijonor dore eitu etaa xopun aasil. xeyehe aami nischito korilu je teuluke upolobdhi korisil je kathfular guwai teulukok hotya koribo. gowexona, sitrogrohon aaru probhab. ei sringkholatur gowexok lee smithe tenchesi biswobidyaloyor nritotwo bibhagor dwara porisalito 30 ekor byowosthar body firmor gowexokxokolor xoite poramorxo loisil. xomadhistho koraa xubidhai manob owoxisto daan korisil aaru posonor porzayxomuh odhyoyon korisil. bixex probhawor xomonwoykari john bhulisok "spidery, aath fut ukh" fibreglax kathfula design korar dayitwo diya hoisil. production designer kuree kaplane bhalisok "eliyen" ror biporite "joibik aaru maatire aabodho" huwakoi kathfular design koribo bisarisil. guhaar drishyoxomuhor baabe stelegmite aaru stelectitexomuh xothikbhabe sristi koriboloi kolaa bibhage bibhinno bhutatwik pathyoputhir poramorxo loisil. xuti aaru guhaar xonghoti xompurno huwar pisot xeibur fox studio 'lotoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. guhatur duwar mukoli huwar drishyogrohon bronchon kenionot koraa hoisil, jitu 1960-ror doxokot xomprosarito "bateman" television dharabahikot bruch weinor batekevor owosthan huwar baabe ataitkoi ullekhjugyo. mulder aaru scolly "golon" ror probhab sristi koriboloi, bixex probhab projujok bill milare gillian enderson aaru david dusuvonir video 'trimatrik haai-definition video' too bondi korisil-duyujon obhinetak digitalvawe sken koraa hoisil aaru folafolbur computeror dwara herofer koraa hoisil. milare ullekh korisil je, "jetiya aami aamar prothom porikhyatu saisilu, aami upolobdhi korilu je aami kichu porimane oxubidha obihone mulder aaru scolly golabo nuwaru...] teuluke chinema tarkar dore golibo logaa hoisil...] gillianok margaret thesaroloi aaru debhidok jonoloi xoloni nokorakoi "haati manuh" hisape aaghat korisil. oxubidhar porixudh koriboloi, milare etaa "xirxo pranto" golon probhab byobohar korisil jiye kewol obhinetaxokolor mukhor ongxobur golai disil, teulukor mukhor boixistyo okhyunno rakhisil. aan swotor baabe, enderson aaru dusuvoniye vekuror srawor baabe thiyo huwa khadyor rongor ek oxustho sayajukto khadyo dathenaror dwara abrito hoi thokar ghonta ghonta xohyo koribo logaa hoisil. enderson aaru dusovonik akhyorikbhabe ontim drishyor baabe prithibir tolot xomadhistho koraa hoisil, obhinetaxokole bhija suit pindhisil aaru pasolir torol aaru maatit abrito aasil. bixoybostu. ex-file" ror purbor probistixomuhot bikolpo bastobotar dharonatu em dhorone onwexon koraa hoisil. keith bukorok "tulonamulokbhabe rokhyonxil [buli kuwa hoy...] jiye bikolpoburok ekok 'prokrito' bastob hisape punoruddharor onumoti diye."teu tritiyo sijonor khondo" "jo 'cho sungro" "from outer space" "koo etaa trutipurno bornonakarir udahoron hisape ullekh kore, aaru xostho sijonor khondotu" "bhutbure kenekoi bordin suri korisil" "ek haisyorxatmok bikolpo bastobotar udahoron hisape ullekh kore. gerold je. abrams aaru elizabeth ef. kuk, "dyo pho 'lo' sifi owo tibhi noo 'irr" gronthokhonot jukti diye je khondotuwe opobyoboharmulok juktir uporot gurutwo aarup kore, ek prokaror jukti ji tothyo baa kiba etaar bornonar poraa etaa onumanoloi yaay ji nirbhorjugyo tothyor baabe dayee aaru praxongik proman byakhya koriboloi chesta kore. opobyoboharmulok juktiye jukti onuxoron koreh etaa aasorit tothyo, chi, porzobekhyon koraa hoy (folafol); jodi e, onumantu xosa aasil, chi-ye nikhut ortho (niyom) prodan koribo; xeyehe, e-koo xosa buli xondeh korar kaaron aase (khyetro). etaa udahoron diya hoiseh lo 'notu bhija. kintu jodi borxun hoy, tente lo 'notu bhija hoh' ley aasorit noho 'bob. xeyehe borxun hoi aase. ei juktixongot poddhotitu besibhag swo 'too mulder dwara posondo koraa hoy. obosye ei khondot prothome poddhotitu byobohar koratu skolir. taai tinita prithok tothyo loy-kisuman prokaror kathfular bixal aakar, kisuman vekuror halucinogenic boixistyo, aaru kisuman prokaror udbhidor mangxobhuji prokriti-aaru etaa opohoronkari xiddhanto loyoh taai aaru mulder bhugorbhostho hoi pore, ek hallucination onubhob kore, aaru laahe laahe posiboloi dhore. opobyoboharmulok juktir tinita ongxo aase. prothomote, aasorit koribo poraa kothatu aase-jaak folafol buliu kuwa hoy-je kunu ouxodh noll 'leu mulder aaru scolly duyutai bibhrommulok. dwitiyote, skolir onuman aase-niyom-je, jodi eitu xosa hoh "lo tente hallucination" nischitbhabe etaa bixoy hoh "bob. tritiyote, ei xiddhantot uponeet hoh "bob paari je" [skolir onuman] xosa buli xondeh korar etaa kaaron aase."ei opohoron, abram aaru kukoi anguliyai diye, sristixil opohoronor ek udahoron, kiyonu skaliye tinita prithok dharonak ekeloge" "sristixilbhabe" "tunny onaar byowostha kore. obosye, taar pisot muldere ek opobyoboharmulok xiddhanto loy. skinner xoite ghotonaburor bixoye alusona korute teu koy je teu nischito nohoy, kiyonu drugs kewol jetiya iyar probhab lokhyo kore tetiyahe khyoy nohoy. ei opohoronor tinita ongxou aase. iyar pholsworupe aasorit koribo poraa kothatu hoh "lo je mulder aaru scalir polayon xomosyapurno zen laage. niyomtu hoh 'lo je mulder aaru scolly kewol bhaabe je teuluk polai goise, kintu teuluk xosakoiye etiyau bhugorbhostho aaru posiboloi dhorise. owoxexot, gusortut kuwa hoise je "xondeh korar kaaron aase je" mulder aaru scolly kathfular poraa polayon koraa naai. ei dhoronor jukti hoise undercoded opohoronor ek udahoron, kiyonu ee bohutur bhitorot ataitkoi juktixongot niyom. xomprosar aaru obhyorthona. "1999 sonor 9 mey 'too fox networkot "field trip" ror primiyar hoisil. ei khondotuwe 15taa swearor xoite 9.5 ror nilchen rating orjon korisil, orthat xokolu television-xojjito poriyalor pray 9.5 xotangxo, aaru television suwa 15 xotangxo poriyal ei khondotut tyun koraa hoisil. iyak 15.38 million dorxokor logote 94 laakh poriyaleu saisil. "field trip" 9 mey 'too xex huwa xoptahtur baabe unobingxo xorbadhik suwa television onusthan aasil. ei khondotu 1999 sonor 18 julyte united kingdom aaru ayarlandot ayarlandot xomprosarito hoisil, aaru 0.58 nijut dorxok laabh korisil, ji xei xoptahot tritiyo xorbadhik suwa khondo hisape sthan laabh korisil. foxe ei khondotur prosar korisil taglinetur xoite "ee aapunar monn proluvito kore... aaru aapunar maangxo khuwai. aaji raati, maatir aaru scolly manuhor mangxor xuwad thoka etaa udbhidor uporot hurar folot."dinn heglungdor naamtu aarombhonir krititwot dinn heglung hisape bhul baanan koraa hoise. khondotuwe xomalusokxokolor poraa proxongxa laabh korisil. e" ror poraa emili venderwerf.bhi. clube ei khondotuk dharabahiktur "10taa sabologiya khondo" ror bhitorot etaa buli obhihito korisil aaru iyak dhaara kahinir xongrohor poraa aamerikar aawegor ondhokar underballyk byakhya korar prochestar xoite odhik xadrisyo thoka kiba etaloi dharabahiktur 'xukhmo poriworton' ror udahoron hisape ullekh korisil."owoxexot teu ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je" "field trip" "-e dekhuwaisil je kenedore ei sringkholatu punor iyar shrestho sijonor dore ketiyau bhaal noho 'bob, kintu tothapiu ullekhjugyobhabe pholoproxu hoh' bob paare."poroborti ek porzaluchonat, venderwarfe ei khondotuk" "e" "hisape prodan kore aaru iyak" "ex-files" "xostho sijonor mur priyo khondoxomuhor bhitorot etaa" "buli obhihito kore, kiyonu iyar bislexonot prithibir protitu issa ki aaru ki buli kuwa hoy, aaru ei khondotuwe jukti diye je" "ei duyujon luke xomadhan koriboloi kaam korilehe rohosyobur xomadhan koribo paari."robert swiyarmen aaru lars parsone teulukor grontho" wanning tu biswaxoh e critical guide tu dyo ex-files, millennium endo dyo olun gunman "too khondotuk pasor bhitorot paas taroka rating disil. duyujone ei khondotuk itibasokbhabe "beyaa rokto" khondor xoite tulona kori ullekh korisil je ei khondotu "xei 'beyaa rokto' bixoybostur punor porha". iyar uporiu, swiyarmen aaru parsone ullekh korisil je, "[khondotu] kewol dirghodiniya science-faai swo 'ror xonmilonburot mojaa korai nohoy, boroncho iyar dorxokxokolok aami xadharonote grohon koraa aamar sariufale thoka xotyobur prosno koriboloi aamontron jonaisu. dibhidi tokor aarl kresei "field trip" buli obhihito korisil jaak "sijon soyor mukhyo aakorxon". tomm kesenise teur grontho "examinationoh e ononumudit luk owo sijon 6-9 owo dyo ex-files" too ei khondotur bixoye itibasokbhabe likhisil, "[ei khondotut mulder aaru skolir xomporko] prem, xonman baa bondhutwor bahireu yaay aaru aanoki teulukor haator sporxoku otikrom kore ji xexot teulukor suranto oikyor protik. [...]..] teulukor xongzug imaan xoktixali, imaan xoktixali je teuluke aanoki ekebidh nark "tick probhabito hallucination bhag kore. aatmar xongibur xosakoiye ". kesenise pisot ei khondotuk "ex-files" ror "xorbokalor xirxo 25taa khondo" ror bhitorot etaa buli obhihito kori iyak 25 nombor sthan disil. "cinephantastic" ror poo 'laa vitarise ei khondotuk ek modhyomiya itibasok xomaluchona disil aaru iyak saritar bhitorot aarhoita taroka prodan korisil. ei khondotuwe "bastobota/motibhromor prathomikotar xoite besi kaam nokore" buli ullekh korar swotweu, vitarise dusuni aaru endersonor obhinoyor proxongxa kori ullekh kore je teulukor obhinoyoi khondotur "prodhan aanondo" aasil. khondotur mukhyo birudhi field maxrum xomalusokxokolor poraa besibhag itibasok xomaluchonar xonmukhin hoisil, zo "too keibajonu birudhi aasil. poo 'mattersor koo' nee ugole "bixal bhugorbhostho kathfular bostu" koo xoptahor "shrestho" danob-ror "bhitorot sthan disil, iyak" pizza khaboloi oti kouxolpurno "buli bornona korisil. iyahur poraa timuthi xexton! dyo jaint marchmarf" naamor konthosworburok "xoptahtur shrestho ex-file rakhyox" hisape obhihito koraa hoise, aaru likhise, "ex-filesor khondor field tripor bostubur dekhat tene nohoy. [...]..] kintu jetiya moi daabi koru je etaa bixal kathfula xoptahtur ataitkoi smoroniyo ex-file rakhyoxor bhitorot etaa, aapuni baaji dhoribo paare je moi gurutor hoi aasu. xokolu xomaluchona imaan itibasok nasil. নাছিল। siriyak laamore kathfulatuk "10taa ataitkoi haisyorxatmok ex-file rakhyox" ror bhitorot etaa buli obhihito korisil aaru likhisil, "mulder aaru scolly-e drugs bhromonor xomoyot jutiyabhabe juj di ei michological duswopno joy kore-kisuman prokrito jyotirbigyanor xomotol, bistha, braah. 1990ror doxokor chi. ji. aai. bhaal laage.

field tripa (eksa-file) "field tripa" holl bigyan kalpakahini television sirij "dya eksa-files"-err shostho morshumer ekbingsho porbo. etty 1999 saaler 9ee meey markin juktorashtro ebong kanada fox networke premiere hoyechilo ebong porobortikale 18ee julai juktorajye skye 1-ayee procharito hoyechilo. john shiban ebong vins gilligan dwara porboti lekha hoyechilo, franc spotnitzer ekti golpo theke, ebong qima manners dwara porichalito hoyechilo. porboti ekti "saptahabyapi danab" golpo, jaa sirijer brihottor puraner saathe sangjukto noy. "field tripa" ekti nilsen gharoa retting 9.5 orjon koreche, jaa err prathomik somprochare 15.40 million manush dekheche. porboti television somalochokder kachh theke byapokbhabe itibachak porjalochona peyechilo. eyi anusthanti eff. bii. aaee-err bishesh agent fox mulder (david duchovni) ebong danna scully (gillian anderson)-keey kendra korey jaaraa eksa-file naame porichito paranormaler saathe somporkito mamlagulite kaaj korey. mulder ekjon paranormale biswasi, onnodike sanshayi scullyke taar kaajke udiye deoar jonno nijukto koraa hoyeche. eyi porbe, duti kankaler rahasyamay abishkar mulder ebong scullyke todonto korte porichalito korey. taaraa jaa abishkar korey taa holl ekti bishal chhotraker briddhi jaa agentder duti prithak halucinogenic porber kaaron hoy, jaa shesh porjonto ekti bhag koraa hallucinatione mishe yaay. walter skinner (mitch pailegi)-err netritte ekti fbi uddharkari doler karone dujonke banchano hoyeche. porboti dorshokder taader hallucination chalakalin mulder ebong scullyr prithak drishtibhongi dekhar sujog deoar jonno lekha hoyechilo. abhineta ebong kruder pashapashi porjalochokra ullekh korechen jey porboti pancham porber "kharap rokto" err arow gurutoro sanskaran chhilo. porber prostutir jonno, mashroom, chhatrak, manusher pochon ebong guha bhutotto somporkito bivinno tothyo sirijer kru sadasyader dwara gobeshona koraa hoyechilo. uporontu, bikalpa bastobota ebong err opohoronmulok juktir byaboharer saathe somporkito thimgulir karone porboti samalochanamulakbhabe porikkha koraa hoyeche. plot. buney, north carolina, walles (david denman) ebong angella shif (robin live) maathe ekodiner hiking sheshe baadi firey aase. angella matha byatha paay ebong gosal korar somoy money korey jey seey deyal theke ekti holud podarther chhobi dekhte paay. angella ebong walles eke oporer bahute bichhanai yaay kintu camerati jokhon baire beroy tokhon drishyoti taader kankale sthanantorito hoy ebong ekti matther majhkhane ekoi abosthane thaake. eff. bii. aaee-err bishesh agent fox mulder (david duchovni) ebong danna scully (gillian anderson) todonto korey ebong hadguli ghonisthobhabe porikkha korar porey, dujone kankaler nicher ongshoti ddheke rakha ekti adbhuto holud podartho khunje paan jaa mool porikkhai onuposthito chhilo. mulder, biswas corren jey mritodehguli bikhyato badami pahadi alor foll, abishkarer drishye beriye yaay ebong scully arow porikkha korar jonno coroner (zima bibhar)-err saathe pichhone thaake. jokhon mulder maathe aase, seey asabdhanotaboshoto mashroomer ekti ongsher upor diye gaadi chaalaay jaa halucinogenic bijanugulir ekti megh chhede deyo. mulder-dorshoker ajana-hallucinate hotey shuru korey. tini shighroi ekti guhay walles ebong angella abishkar corren ebong dujon daabi corren jey taaraa bideshider dwara apohrito hoyechilo, jaaraa taader antardhanke mithya kankal diye ddheke diyechilo. porey, scully mulder apartmente aase ebong seey qee ghoteche taa byakhya korey. seey taake ekti bideshike dekhay jaake seey badami pahade dhorey felechilo. scully abashya konao proshno chharai taar jukti grohon korey ebong mulder taar charpash niye sandeha korte shuru korey. abosheshe, holud podarthoti dekhar porey, anekta angella korater moto, palder guhay jege othe jaa seey agey prachir anusaran korey, holud srabe abrito hoye, jibitovabe pochote thaake. edike, scully abishkar koreche jey holud podarthoti mulat poripak rosse pawa joibo upadan niye gothito, jodio etty udbhider moto dekhay. maathe eshe, scully durghatanakrame onno mashroomer upor paa rakhe ebong hallucinate korte shuru korey. scully ebong coroner mulder sandhan shuru korey, cable taar kankaler aboshistangsho khunje paay. mrityu porjobekkhoker office firey, scully taar daanter record theke mulder dehaboshesh sonakto korey tobey kankale nisshoroner konao proman paay naa. porey, mulder jege othar somoy sposhtobhabe jeebito, mulder dekha yaay. hothat korey, jege thaka mandaliti adrishya hoye yaay. jokhon mulder ebong scully alochona korey jey qee ghoteche, taaraa dujonei bujhte shuru korey jey taaraa ekhono guhay royeche jaa podartho dwara pochote choleche jokhon taaraa comatose; konovabe, taaraa ekoi hallucination bhag korey nichche. jokhon upolobdhiti ghote, taaraa dujonei guhar govire jege othe ebong mulder mutty theke beriye eshe taar pichhone nirapode teney niye yaay. porey, walter skinner (mitch pailegi) office, mulder arow ekbar sandeha korte shuru korey jey taaraa ekebarei mukto, byaboharkarira ekbar jaante parle jey err prabhab bondho hoye yaay emon jey konao dhoroner oshudher naam bolte scullyke jigyasa korey. scully abiswaser modhye thaake jotokkhon naa mulder booke skinnerke gully korey taar boktobbo proman korey; gulir khoto theke holud podartho beriye aase. abar, guhay abar maatir niche jege othar saathe saathe taader charpash goley yaay. mulder maatir chhaad diye taar haat atke deyo kaaron skinner ebong uddhar karmider ekti doll taader sonakto korte ebong taader teney berr korey ekti ambulancer nirapottai niye jete sokkhom hoy. ekbar ambulancer vitore probesh korle, mulder ebong scully durbolbhabe haat dhorey. utpadon. lekha. "field tripa" likhechen nirbahi projojok franc spotnitz, jini lekhar prokriyake "" ekti obhiggota "" hisabe bornona korechen. chitronattoti besh koyekti porjayer modhyo diye giechilo; mulat, chitronattotite ekti seal koraa guhay ekti danab dwara palanor kotha chhilo. tarpor, mulder ebong scully ubhayi antarbhukta korar jonno chitronatto poriborton koraa hoyechilo. abosheshe, golpoti poriborton koraa hoy jaate mulder ebong scully cable biswas korey jey taader ekti guhar govire somahito koraa hoyeche, ebong mulder shesh porjonto bujhte paare jey etty ekti hallucination chhilo. spotnitz ullekh korechen jey porber dharonati onek kru sadasyader uttejito koreche "amra sottii kokhono eyi dharaner" eksa-file "korini. amra mulder ebong scullyr modhye parthokyoguli taader duti hallucinationgulir charam seema dekhe anweshan korte paari-goto morshume amra 'kharap rokte' jaa korechi taar ekti gurutoro sanskaran. etty mulder jonno taar sangir mukhomukhi howar ekti sujog uposthapon korechilo jey seey sadharonoto sothik, jaar foley scullyr protikriya pawa yaay, jaa satyati nischito korey. spotnitz eyi porbotike ekti "vismayakar moner khela" boley abhihito korechilen kintu tini chintito chhilen jey jotil golpo ebong goti dorshokder bibhranto korbe. eyi udwegguli proshomito korar jonno, john shiban ebong vins gilligan dwara teleplay chudanta korar dayitto deoa hoyechilo. chitronatto shesh howar porey, spotnitz onubhob korechilen jey golpoti arow bodhgamya hoye utheche; shiban ebong gilligan jebhabe halucinogenic mashroomer saathe taader prathomik exposureke sukkhobhabe nirdesh korar upay hisabe mashroomer upor mulder ebong schooly paa rekhechilo taate tini biseshbhabe santushta chhilen. gilligan ullekh corren jey, "amra arekti guruttopurno kaaj korechi taa holl shrotara jeno money naa korey jey, mulder ebong scully sottii bipode nei-jey, koyek bochor ager" dallas "-err puro morshumer moto etio ekti swapno chhilo. eyi karonei amra nischito karechilam jey taaraa bujhte perechilo jey mashroomer goo taader merey felbe. gobeshona, chitrogrohon ebong prabhab. eyi sirijer gobeshok ly smith, tennessi bishwobidyaloyer nritotto bibhag dwara porichalito 30 ekor elaka judey abosthito boddy firmer gobeshokder sange poramorsho corren. somadhistho koraa sthaponati manob dehaboshesh daan korey ebong pachanshil porjaiguli adhyayan korey. speshala effects coordinatoor john bhulichke "spidery, aatt foot lomba" fiberglass mashroom designer dayitto deoa hoyechilo. prajojana designer corey cuplan cheyechilen jey bhulich mashrumgulike "elien"-err poriborte "joibo ebong mutty-aboddho" dekhanor jonno design koruk. guha drishyer jonno stalagmite ebong stalactite sathikbhabe toiri korte shilp bibhag bivinno bhutattik patthyopustokgulir saathe poramorsho koreche. shunti ebong guha seeta shesh howar porey, seguli fox studio lotte sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo. guhar kholar chitrogrohon bronson girikhate koraa hoyechilo, jaa 1960-err doshke procharito "battman" television sirije bruce oyener byatkaver abosthaner jonno sabcheye ullekhjoggo. mulder ebong scully "golon"-err prabhab toiri korte, bishesh prabhab projojok bill miller tri-matrik hye-dephinishana videote gillian anderson ebong david duchovnir vdo dharon korechilen-dui abhinetake digitalvabe scan koraa hoyechilo ebong falafalguli ekti computer dwara manipulate koraa hoyechilo. miller ullekh corren jey, "jokhon amra amader prothom porikkhati dekhi, tokhon amra bujhte paari jey amra kichhu asubidha chhada mulder ebong scully golate paari naa...] taader cholochchitro tarokader moto goley jete hoyechilo...] gillianke margareta thatcher ebong devidke john-ayee porinoto naa korey "haati manush" hisabe ahoto hohn. samasyar khotipuroner jonno, miller ekti "sheersho pranto" golon prabhab byabohar korechilen jaa abhinetader mukher kichhu ongsho goley yaay, taader mukher baisishtaguli okkhoto rakhe. anyanno shotgulir jonno, anderson ebong duchovni chhotraker sraber jonno dandiye thaka khabarer ronger ekti oshustho chhaya soho bordhito ekti khaddo purukaran dwara ddheke thucker ghanta sohyo korte hoyechilo. anderson ebong duchovni akkhorik orthe shesh drishyer jonno maatir niche somahito hoyechilo, abhinetader veja suite porey ebong udbhijjo torol ebong matite ddheke rakha hoyechilo. thim. eksa-file"-err purboborti entrite bikalpa bastobotar dharonati emm-err moto korey anweshan koraa hoyechilo. keith bukarke "tulonamulokbhabe rakkhanshil [bolla hoy...] jaa bikolpogulike ekti ekok 'bastob' bastobota hisabe punoruddharer anumati deyo."tini tritiya morshumer porbo" "jose chung-err" "bahirangan theke" "ekti trutipurno bornonakarir udaharan hisabe ebong shostho morshumer porbo" "bhuto kibhabe chrismus churi koreche" "ekti koutuk bikalpa bastobotar udaharan hisabe ullekh korechen. gerold jeey. abrams ebong elizabeth eff. cook, "dya philosophy off tibhi noyer" boiye jukti diyechen jey porboti opohoronmulok juktir upor jore deyo, eka dharaner jukti jaa tothyo baa konao kichur biboron theke ekti onumaner dike yaay jaa nirbhorjoggo tothyer jonno dayee ebong prasongik proman byakhya korte chaay. abomanonakor juktiti jukti anusaran koreh ekti vismayakar satya, shee, porjobekkhon koraa hoy (folafol); jodi a, anumanti satya hoy, tobey shee nikhunt ortho (niyam) toiri korbe; sutrang, sandeha korar kaaron royeche jey a satya (cases). ekti udaharan deoa hoyeche lonti vije. kintu brishti holey, lonn vije thakle abak howar kichhu nei. taai brishti hachche. eyi jouktik poddhotiti beshirbhag shoe judey mulder dwara pochondo koraa hoy. tobey, eyi porbe scully prothom poddhotiti byabohar korey. tini tinti prithak tothyo grohon corren-kichhu dharaner mashroomer bishal akaar, kichhu chhotraker halucinogenic baisishtya ebong nirdishto dharaner udbhider mangsashi prokriti-ebong ekti opohoronkari uposonghar toiri korenoh seey ebong mulder bhugorbhostho faande atka porey, ekti hallucination onubhob korey ebong dheere dheere hojom hoy. abadaliya juktir tinti ongsho royeche. prothomoto, ekti vismayakar satya royeche-jaake folafolo bolla hoy-jey konao oshudh naa neoa sotteo, mulder ebong scully ubhayi hallucinating. dwitiyata, scullyr anuman royeche-niyam-jey, jodi etty satya hoto tobey hallucination "aboshyoi ekti vishay hoto. tritiyata, ekti uposonghar royeche-mamlati-jey "[scullyr anuman] satya boley sandeha korar ekti kaaron royeche."abrams ebong cook ullekh korechen jey, eyi opohoron srijanshil opohoroner ekti udaharan, kaaron scully tinti, prithak dharonake" "srijanshilbhabe" "eksathe tante sokkhom hoy. tobey, mulder erpore ekti opohoronmulok siddhante pouchechen. skinner-err sange ghotonaguli niye alochona korar somoy tini bollen jey tini nischito nonn, kaaron madakdrabya cable tokhonyi noshto hoy naa jokhon keu taader prabhab lakkhya korey. eyi opohoronero tinti ongsho royeche. err foley abak korar moto vishay holl jey, mulder ebong scullyr palano samasyajanak boley money hoy. niyamti holl jey, balti ebong scully cable money korey jey taaraa paliye geche, kintu taaraa sottii ekhono bhugorbhostho ebong pochote choleche. porisheshe, mamlati boley jey "sandeha korar kaaron royeche jey" mulder ebong scully mashroom theke palayani. eyi dharaner jukti undercoded opohoroner ekti udaharan, kaaron etty oneker modhye sabcheye juktisangato niyam. samprachar ebong abhyarthana. "field tripa" fox networke 1999 saaler 9ee meey premiere hoy. eyi porboti 15tii sheyara soho 9.5-err nilsen retting orjon korey, jaar ortho holl samasta television-sajjito poribarer pray 9.5 shotangsho ebong television dekhar 15 shotangsho poribar eyi porbotite soor koraa hoyechilo. etty 15.38 million dorshoker pashapashi 94 lokkho poribar dekhechilo. "9ee meey shesh haoya saptahe "field tripa" chhilo unobingsho sorbadhik dekha television anusthan. porboti juktorajyo ebong irelande skye 1-ayee 18ee julai, 1999-ayee procharito hoyechilo ebong 0.58 lokkho dorshok peyechilo, jaa seii saptaher tritiya sorbadhik dekha porbo hisabe sthan peyechilo. fox eyi porbotir prochar korey "etty upner monke prolubdho korey... ebong upner mangsoke khaoa. aaz raate, manusher mangser swadjukto ekti gache ghaser khosa ebong scully honcht khaay."dinn haglander namti dinn hagloong hisabe udwodhoni creditgulite bhul banan koraa hoyeche. porboti somalochokder kachh theke proshongsha peyechilo. dya ayee" theke emily vanderworf.vee. club eyi porbotike sirijer "10tii aboshyoi dekhar porbo"-err modhye ekti boley abhihito koreche ebong etike daitya golper sangraha theke americar underbellir ondhokar underbellike byakhya korar prochestar anurup kichute sirijer 'sukkho poribortoner' udaharan hisabe ullekh koreche."shesh porjonto tini eyi uposonghare pouchechilen jey" "field tripa" "dekhiyeche jey kibhabe sirijti taar sera morsumer moto arr kokhono vall hobey naa, tobey ekhono ullekhjoggobhabe karjokor hotey paare."poroborti porjalochonai, vanderworf porbotike ekti" "ayee" "pradan corren ebong etike" "eksa-files" "shostho morshumer amar priya porbogulir modhye ekti" "boley abhihito corren kaaron etty bishwer protiti akangkhake qee boley ebong scully korey taa bishleshan korey ebong porboti jukti deyo jey" "rahasyaguli tokhonyi samadhan koraa jete paare jodi eyi ubhoy lokera seguli samadhan korar jonno kaaj korey."robbert shearman ebong lears pierson, taader boi" "biswas korte chaih eksa-file, millennium ebong ekaki bondukdharider ekti samalochanamulak guide" "-ayee porbotike pancher modhye panch taaraa retting diyechen. dujonei porbotike "kharap rokto" porber saathe itibachakbhabe tulna korey ullekh korechen jey porboti "seii 'kharap rokto' thimgulir ekti punahpath". tobey, shearman ebong pierson ullekh korechen jey, "[porboti] dirghasthayi bigyan-kalpakahini anusthaner sommelongulite cable moja koraa noy, borong err shrotader amader charpasher sottoke proshno korar jonno amantran janano jaa amra halkavabe grohon corry. dvd tock theke earl cressy "field tripa" keey "shostho morshumer highlite" boley abhihito korechen. tomm kesenich taanr boi "examination ayana ananumodito looke ayata sijon 6-9 off dya eksa-files"-ayee eyi porboti somporke itibachak likhechen, bolechen "[eyi porbe mulder ebong scullyr somporko] prem, somman baa bondhutter baireo yaay ebong emonki taader haater sporshokeo atikram korey jaa shesh porjonto taader chudanta oikyer protik. [.]..] taader sangjog etotai shaktishali, eto shaktishali jey taaraa ekoi madokasokto hallucinationguly bhag korey neyo. atma sottii sangi. kesenich porey porbotike "eksa-files"-err "sorbokaler sheersho 25tii porber" modhye ekti hisebe namkaran corren, etike 25 nombore sthan deena. "cinephantastic"-err polla vitaris porbotike ekti majhari itibachak porjalochona deena ebong etike chartir modhye adai stara pradan corren. jodio eyi porboti "bastobota/hallucination bhittir saathe khub beshi kichhu korey naa", vitaris duchovini ebong andersoner abhinoyer proshongsha korey ullekh corren jey taader abhinoy chhilo porber "prodhan ananda". porber prodhan birodhi, field mashroom, somalochokder kachh theke beshirbhag itibachak porjalochona peyechilo, koyekjon birodhi soho. paw 'matterser connie oggle "giant underground mashroom ginityke" saptaher sera "danab-err modhye sthan diyechen, etike" pitza khaoa khub chotur "hisabe bornona korechen. iahu theke timothi sexton! dya giant mashroom" naame kanthaswarguli "saptaher sera eksa-file danab" hisabe, lekha, "eksa-file porber field triper jinisguli jaa money hoy taa noy. [.]..] kintu jokhon aami daabi corry jey ekti bishal mashroom saptaher onnotomo smaraniya eksa-file danab, tokhon upney buzzy dhorte paren jey aami gurutoro hoye uthchi. sobb review etota itibachak chhilo naa. naa। syriac lamar mashroomke "10tii sabcheye hasyokor eksa-file danab"-err modhye ekti boley abhihito korechen ebong likhechen, "mulder ebong scully ekti drugg triper somoy jouthobhabe ladai korey eyi mycological duhshopnoke joy korey-kichhu bastob jyotishko samtal shita, bromho. 1990-err doshokke bhalobasi.

filled triip (ex-failo) "filled triip" aee vigyaan saahitya television shrenee "" dhaa ex-files "" nee chhaththi seasonno aekveesamo episode chhe ". tenu premiere 9 meey, 1999naa roj united states aneey kenedama foakes network parr thayu hatoo aneey tyarbad 18 julyna roj united kingadamma skye 1 parr prasaarit thayu hatoo. aaa episode john shiban aneey wins gilligan dwara lakhvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey frank spottz dwara aek vaarta hatee, aneey tenu nirdeshan kiima mainers dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa episode aek "saptaahno rakshas" vaarta chhe, jeey shreneeni vyaapak pauranik kathaao saathe jodaayelee nathee. "filled trippe" 9.5 noon nielson ghargaththu rating melavyu hatoo, jeey tenaa praarambhik prasaranma 15.40 million loko dwara jovama aavyu hatoo. aaa episodene television vivechako tarafthi motaa bhaage hakaaraatmak sameekshao malee hatee. aaa shho aef. bii. aaee. naa vishesh agento foakes mulder (david duchovni) aneey daanaa scully (gillion enderson) parr kendrit chhe, jeo ex-files tareeke odakhaata paranormal saathe sankalaayela keso parr kaama karey chhe. mulder paranormalma vishvaas karey chhe, jyaare shankaspad scullyne tenaa kaamne nakaari kaadhvaa maate sonpavama aavyo chhe. episodema, beey haadpinjarni rahasyamay shodh mulder aneey scullyne tapaas karvaa taraf doree jaay chhe. teo jeey shodhe chhe teey aek vishaal foogni vrudhdhi chhe jeey agentone beey alag alag helucinogenic episodenu kaaran baney chhe, jeey aakhare aek vahenchaayel aabhasma bhalee jaay chhe. voltara skinner (mitch pailegi) nee aagevani hethalnee aef. bii. aaee. bachaav teamno aabhaar maaneene bannene bachaavi levaamaa aavyaa chhe. aaa episode prekshakone temnaa aabhas darmiyan mulder aneey scullyna alag drashtikon jovani taka aapvaa maate lakhvaamaa aavyo hato. kalakaro aneey krunaa sabhyo temaj samikshakoae nondhyu hatoo keey aaa episode paanch episode "kharaab rakt" noon vadhu gambhir sanskaran hatoo. episodeni taiyari maate, mashrooms, phoog, manav vighatan aneey gufaa bhustarshastra parr viveedh maahitee parr shreneena cru sabhyo dwara sanshodhan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vadhumaa, vaikalpik vastivakta aneey tenaa apaharankari tarknaa upyogne lagata vishhayone kaarane aaa prakaranni vivechanaatmak tapaas karvaamaa aavee chhe. plooat. bunemaa, uttar kerolina, valesa (david denman) aneey angella skiff (robin jivant) khetarma aek divas hiking karyaa pachhi ghare paachha farey chhe. angelane maathano dukhaavo thaay chhe aneey snaan karatee vakhate teey vichaare chhe keey teey diwalo parthee pilaa rangnaa padaarthni chhabio neeche vahetee juae chhe. angella aneey diwal aekbijaanaa haathmaa pathaarimaa besee jaay chhe parantu jaim jaim camera bahaar nikale chhe tema tema drashya temnaa haadpinjarma sthalaantar karey chhe teey khetarni madhyamaa samaan sthitima rahe chhe. aef. bii. aaee. naa vishesh agento foakes mulder (david duchovni) aneey daanaa scully (gillion enderson) tapaas karey chhe aneey haadkaani najikthi tapaas karyaa pachhi, bannene haadpinjarni neecheni baajune aavari leto aek vichitra peelo padaarth maley chhe jeey mool tapasma chooki gayo hato. mulder, maane chhe keey mrutdeho prakhyaat braaun parvat lightnun parinam chhe, shodhnaa drashya taraf aagad vadhe chhe jyaare scully vadhu parikshano karvaa maate coroner (jima beaver) saathe paachhal rahe chhe. jaim jaim mulder khetaromaa aave chhe, teey ajaantaan mashroomsnaa aek bhaag parr vaahan chalaave chhe jeey helucinogenic bijkanonu vaadad chhode chhe. mulder-darshakne ajaan-aabhas karvaanu sharoo karey chhe. teey toonk samayma aek gufaamaa diwal aneey angelane shodhe chhe, aneey banne daavo karey chhe keey temne allions dwara apaharan karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemane temnaa adrashyataane khotaa haadpinjarthi dhhanki deedhaa hataa. pachhithi, scully muldernaa apartmentma aave chhe aneey teey shun thayu teey samjaave chhe. teey tene aek paraayu bataave chhe jene tene bhuraa parvat parr pakadyu hatoo. joke, scully, prashna vagar tenaa tarkne sweekaare chhe aneey mulder tenee aaspasna vatavaran parr shankaa karvaanu sharoo karey chhe. aakhare, pilaa padaarthne joyaa pachhi, angella soonee jaim, gufaamaa mulder jagrut thaay chhe, teey agau diwalni paachhal pilaa straavmaa dhankayelo hato, jivant pachai gayo hato. darmiyan, scully shodhyu chhe keey pilaa padaarthmaa mukhyatve paachan rasmaa jovaa malatee carbonic samagri hoya chhe, jooe keey teey chhod jevo dekhaay chhe. khetarma pahonchata, aakasmik reete beeja mashroom parr pug mookyo, aneey aabhas karvaanu sharoo karey chhe. scully aneey coroner mulderni shodh karvaanu sharoo karey chhe, maatra tenaa haadpinjarna avshesho shodhvaa maate. coronerni officema paachha, scully tenaa dant recordmaanthi muldernaa avsheshone odakhe chhe parantu hadpinjar parr straavnaa koee puraava maltaa nathee. pachhithi, muldernaa veeka parr, spasht reete jivant, mulder dekhaay chhe. achaanak, jagrut mandal adrushya thaee jaay chhe. jaim jaim mulder aneey scully shun thayu chhe tenee charcha karey chhe, teo bannene khyaal aave chhe keey teo haju pann gufaamaa chhe jyaare teo comatose chhe; koik reete, teo samaan aabhas vahenchee rahyaa chhe. jaim jaim anoobhooti thaay chhe, teo banne gufaamaa undanma jaagi jaay chhe aneey mulder tenee paachhal salaamati maate khencheene jameenmathi bahaar nikalvaano rasto ladey chhe. pachhithi, voltara skinner (mitch pailegi) officema, mulder pharii aekvaar shankaa karvaanu sharoo karey chhe keey teo bilkul mukt chhe, scullyne koipan prakaarnee davaanu naam aapvaa maate puchhe chhe jeey aekvaar vapraashkartaaone khabar padey keey teo aabhas curry rahyaa chhe tyaare tenee asarone atkaave chhe. jyaan sudhee mulder chhatima skinnerne golee maareene potaano muddo saabit naa karey tyaan sudhee scully avishvaasmaa hoya chhe; goleenaa jakhamomathi peelo padaarth bahaar neekali jaay chhe. pharii aekvaar, teo gufaamaa fareethi bhugarbhma jagrut thataa temnee aaspasna vistaaro ogadee jaay chhe. mulder jameenni chhat parr potaano haath raakhe chhe aneey bachaav karmcharioni aek team temne shodhee kaadhe chhe aneey temne bahaar khencheene ambulancenee salamatima laee jaay chhe. aekvaar ambulancenee andar, mulder aneey scully nabalaa haathe pakade chhe. utpaadan. lakhvu. "filled triip" kaarykaari nirmata frank spotnitz dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee, jemane lekhan prakriyaane "" aek anoobhav "" tareeke varnavi hatee ". script ghanaa tabakkaomathi pasaar thaee hatee; mulroope, scriptma seelbandh gufaamaa aek rakshas dwara mulderno pichho karvaamaa aavto hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo. pachhi, mulder aneey scully bannene samavva maate script badalvama aavee hatee. aakhare, vaartaama ferfar karvaamaa aavyo jethee mulder aneey scully maatra aevu maantaa hataa keey teo gufaamaa undanma dafnavvama aavyaa hataa, aneey aakhare mulderne khabar puddy keey teey badhu aek aabhas hatoo. spotnitze nondhyu hatoo keey episodena khyaalthi krunaa ghanaa sabhyo utsaahit thayaa hataah "amey kharekhar kyaarey aaa prakaarnee" ex-failo "curry naa hatee. amey mulder aneey scullyna tafavatone temnaa beey aabhasni charamsimaone joine shodhee shakeeae chhiae-amey 'kharaab lohee' maan chhelli seasonma hasyajanak reete jeey karyoo tenu gambhir sanskaran. aanaathi mulderne tenaa jivansathino saamno karvaanee taka malee keey teey saamanya reete saacho chhe, parinaame scully tarafthi pratisaad malyo, jeey hakeekatni pushti karey chhe. spotnitze aaa episodene "adbhut mananee ramat" ganaavyo hato parantu teey chintit hato keey gunchavanbhari vaarta aneey gatee darshakne munjhavanma mookie deshe. aaa chintaaone shaant karvaa maate, john shiban aneey wins gilligan dwara teleplane anteem swaroop aapvaanu sonpavama aavyu hatoo. aekvaar patkathaa samaapt thaee gayaa pachhi, spotnitzne laagyu keey vaarta vadhu samjee shakaay tevee bunny gaee chhe; jeey reete shiban aneey gilliganae haldar bataavyu aneey mashrooms parr pug mookyo tenaathi teo khaas kareene khush hataa jethee teo helucinogenic mashroomsnaa praarambhik samparkma aave. gilligne nondhyu hatoo keey "amey jeey beejee kharekhar mahatvani baabat curry hatee teey aee sunishchit karvaanee hatee keey prexako aevu naa vichaare keey mulder aneey scully kharekhar jokhamma naa hataa-keey teey badhu aek swapna hatoo, jaim keey thodaa varsho pahelaa" dalla "nee aakhee season. etalaa maate amey khaatari curry keey temne samajaayu keey mashrummathi nikalato goo temne maaree nakhshe. sanshodhan, filmankan aneey asaro. lii smith, shreneena sanshodhak, university off tenacy khaate manavshastra vibhag dwara sanchaalit 30 aekarnee bodee pharma khaatena sanshodhako saathe paramarsh karyo. dafnavvama aaveli suvidha manav avshesho daanmaa aapyaa aneey vighatannaa tabakkaaono abhyaas karyo. spatial effects coordinatoor john woolichne "spidery, aath foot unchaa" fiberglass mashroomsnee rachnaa karvaanu kaama sonpavama aavyu hatoo. production designer corey cuplan ichchhata hataa keey woolich mashroomsnee rachnaa "eliyan" naa virodhmaa "organic aneey earthbound" dekhaay teey maate karey. qalaa vibhage gufaanaa drashyo maate yogya reete stalagmites aneey stelectites banaavvaa maate viveedh bhustarshastriy pathyapustakoni salah leedhi hatee. aekvaar shingo aneey gufaa seeta samaapt thaee gayaa pachhi, temne sheeyal studiyo lotmaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. gufaanaa praveshdvaarnu filmankan bronson kheen khaate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey 1960naa daykama prasaarit thayelee "bateman" television shreneema bruce weinnaa batcavenu sthaan hovaa maate sauthee nondhpaatra chhe. mulder aneey scully "gallan" nee assar banaavvaa maate, spatial effects producer bill milare gillion enderson aneey david duchovneeno videeyo tree-parimaniy uchch-vyakhya videeyoma capture karyo hato-beey abhinetaone digital reete skena karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey parinaamone computer dwara hairfare karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. milare nondhyu keey, "jyaare aapane aapani pratham kasoti parr najar naakhi, tyaare aapanne samajaayu keey aapane thodik mushkeli vinaa mulder aneey scully ogaalee shaktaa nathee...] temne film starsnee jaim pigalvu padyu hatoo...] gillionne margareta thecharmaa aneey devidne johnma "haathee maanas" tareeke badalya vinaa. mushkelioni bharpai karvaa maate, milare "agranee dhaar" gallan asarno upyog karyo hato jeey abhinetaona chaherana bhagone jaj ogaaltee hatee, temnaa chaherana lakshanone akbandh raakhtaa hataa. anya raseeo maate, enderson aneey duchovni foognaa straav maate ubhelaa khoraaknaa rangnaa maanda rung saathe samvardhit khoraaknaa jaadaa dwara aavari levaanaa kalaako sahan karvaa padyaa hataa. enderson aneey duchovni anteem drashya maate shaabdik reete pruthvini neeche dafnavvama aavyaa hataa, jemaa abhinetao bheena poshaak pahertaa hataa aneey vanaspati pravaahi aneey maateema dhankayela hataa. vishhayo. vaikalpik vastivaktaona vichaarne "ex-failo" nee agaauni entriomaa aema reete shodhvaamaa aavyo hato. keith bookarne "pramanma rudhichust [...] jeey aek 'vaastavik' vastivakta tareeke vikalponi punahprapti maate parvangi aape chhe."temane triji seasonna episode" "joses chungna" "baahy avkashmathi" "neey khaamiyukt neretarnaa udaaharan tareeke tankyo chhe, aneey chhaththi seasonna episode" "bhoot kevee reete natalni choree karey chhe" "neey haasyani vaikalpik vastivaktana udaaharan tareeke tankyo chhe". gerold jeey. abrams aneey elizabeth aef. kooke, "tivi noirni filosoofi" pustakma daleel karey chhe keey episode abductive reasoning parr bhaar mooke chhe, aek prakaarno tark jeey detaa athavaa koee vastunaa varnanthi aek purvadharnama jaay chhe jeey vishvasneey detaa maate jawabdar chhe aneey sambandhit puraava samjavva maange chhe. apaharan tark tarkne anusare chheh aek aashcharyajanak hakeekat, see, avalokan karvaamaa aave chhe (parinam); jooe aee, purvadhaarnaa, saachee hatee, too see sampoorn arthamaa hashe (niyam); aama, aee saachu chhe (cases) tenee shankaa karvaanu kaaran chhe. aek udaaharan aapvama aavyu chheh lonn bheenu chhe. parantu jooe varsaad puddy rahyo hoya, too teey aashcharyajanak nahee hoya keey lonn bheenu chhe. etale varsaad puddy rahyo chhe. aaa taarkik paddhati motabhagna shho darmiyan mulder dwara pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. joke, aaa episodema, teey scully chhe jeey pratham paddhatino upyog karey chhe. teey trana alag-alag hakeekato leey chhe-ketlaak prakaarnaa mashroomnu vishaal qada, ketlaak foognaa helucinogenic gunadharmo aneey chokkas prakaarnaa chhodna maansabhakshak svabhaav-aneey aek apaharankari nishkarsh banaave chheh teey aneey mulder bhugarbhma fasaayela chhe, aek aabhas anoobhave chhe, aneey dheeme dheeme pachai rahyaa chhe. apaharan tarknaa trana bhaago chhe. pratham, aashcharyajanak hakeekat chhe-jene parinam pann kahevaay chhe-keey koee pann davaa naa levaa chhataa, mulder aneey scully banne aabhas karey chhe. beeju, scullyni purvadhaarnaa chhe-niyam-keey, jooe teey saachu hota too matibhram "albatt aek baabat hashe". triju, nishkarsh chhe-cases-keey "[scullyni purvadhaarnaa] neey saachu hovani shankaa karvaanu kaaran chhe."aaa apaharan, abrams aneey kooke nirdesh karyo chhe keey, sarjanatmak apaharannu aek udaaharan chhe, kaaran keey scully trana, alag vichaarone eksaathe" sarjanatmak reete "khenchavaanu sanchalan karey chhe. joke, mulder aagad aek apaharankari nishkarsh kaadhe chhe. skinner saathe ghatanaaoni charcha karatee vakhate, teey janaave chhe keey teey sahmat nathee, kaaran keey jyaare koee vyaktee tenee asaro juae chhe tyaare jaj davaao bundh thatee nathee. aaa apaharanna pann trana bhaago chhe. parinam aee aashcharyajanak hakeekat chhe keey mulder aneey scullyno chhataki javaano rasto samsyaarup laage chhe. niyam aee chhe keey mulder aneey scully maatra aevu jaj vichaare chhe keey teo bachee gayaa chhe, parantu teo kharekhar haju pann bhugarbhma chhe aneey pachai rahyaa chhe. chhevate, cases janaave chhe keey "shankaa karvaanu kaaran chhe keey" mulder aneey scully mashrummathi bachee shakyaa nathee. aaa prakaarno tark undercoded apaharannu udaaharan chhe, kaaran keey teey ghanaa lokomaa sauthee vadhu buddhigamya niyam chhe. prasaaran aneey swaagat. "filled triip" noon premiere 9 meey, 1999naa roj foakes network parr thayu hatoo. aaa episodene 15 shhare saathe 9.5 nee nielson rating malyun hatoo, jeno arth aee thayo keey tamaam televisionthi sajj gharomathi aashre 9.5 takaa aneey television jonara 15 takaa gharone episodema tune karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tene 15.38 million darshako temaj 94 laakh gharo dwara jovama aavyu hatoo. "filled triip" 9 menaa roj puuraa thataa saptah maate oganismi sauthee vadhu jovaayelo television kaarykram hato. aaa episode united kingdom aneey irelandma 18 julai, 1999naa roj skye 1 parr prasaarit thayo hato aneey tene 0.58 laakh darshako malyaa hataa, jeey teey athvadiyama trija sauthee vadhu jovaayela episode tareeke sthaan paamyo hato. shiyaalae aaa prakaranne "teey tamara manane moheet karey chhe" tagline saathe protsaahan aapyu hatoo... aneey tamaaru maans khavadaave chhe. aajnee raat, ghaasnaa dhagla aneey scully manav maansnaa swadvala chhod parr puddy jaay chhe."deane haglundnu naam deane hagloong tareeke praarambhik shreyma khotee jodani chhe. aaa episodene vivechako tarafthi prashansa malee hatee. aee" maanthi emili wenderworf.vee. clubbe aaa episodene shreneena "10 avashya jovana episode" maanthi aek ganaavyo hato aneey tene rakshasi vaartaona sangrahmathi 'sookshm parivartan' noon udaaharan ganaavyu hatoo, jeey americana ghasarana andhara pattaane samjavvana prayaas jevu hatoo."aakhare teneeae taaran kaadhyu keey" "filled triip" "darshaave chhe keey kevee reete shrenee pharii kyaarey tenee shreshth rutuo jetali saaree nahee hoya, parantu haju pann nondhpaatra reete asarkarak hoi shake chhe"."pachhini samikshaamaa, wenderworfe episodene" "aee" "noow award aapyo aneey tene" "ex-files chhaththi seasonna maaraa preey episodemathi aek" "tareeke odakhaavyo, kaaran keey tenaa vishleshanne kaarane keey duniyani darek ichcha shun chhe aneey shun chhe, aneey hakeekat aee chhe keey episode daleel karey chhe keey" "rahasyo tyaare jaj ukelee shakaay chhe jyaare aaa banne loko temne ukelavaa maate kaama curry rahyaa hoya"."roobert shearman aneey lars pierson, temnaa pustak" "vishvaas karvaanee ichchhah ex-files, millennium aneey ekmatra bandukdhario maate aek nirnayak margdarshika" "maan, episodene panchmathi paanch taarao aapyaa hataa". banneae sakaratmak reete episodeni sarkhaamani "kharaab rakt" saathe curry, nondhyu keey episode "[chhe] teey 'kharaab rakt' theemsno fareethi vaanchan chhe". vadhumaa, joke, shearman aneey piarasne nondhyu hatoo keey, "[episode] maatra laambaa samaythi chaaltaa vigyaan-faai shonaa sammelanomaa majaak udaavto nathee, parantu tenaa prekshakone aapani aaspasna satyone prashna karvaa maate aamantrit karey chhe jene aapane hadvashthi laeae chhiae". filled triip" tareeke odakhaati dvd tokmathi earl cressy "season chhani mukhya baabto" maanthi aek chhe. tooma keseniche temnaa pustak "examination aee unauthorised look aeta season 6-9 off dhaa ex-files" maan episode vishe hakaaraatmak reete lakhyu hatoo keey, "[aaa episodema mulder aneey scullyno sambandh] prem, aadar athavaa mitrataathi ghano aagad vadhe chhe aneey temnaa haathnaa sparshne pann paar karey chhe jeey ante temnaa anteem jodannun prateek chhe. [...] temnu jodaan aetalu majboot chhe, aetalu shaktishaali chhe keey teo samaan maadak prereet aabhas pann vahenche chhe. aatma kharekhar saatheeo chhe. keseniche pachhithi episodene "ex-files" naa "tamaam samaynaa tochnaa 25 episode" maanthi aek naam aapyu, tene 25 maa krame mookyoo. "cinephantastic" naa paulaa vitarise episodene madhyam hakaaraatmak samiksha aapee aneey tene charmathi beey-aneey-dodhh staar enayat karyaa. aaa episode "vastivakta/aabhasna aadhaar saathe vadhu kaama karatu nathee" tenee nondh levaa chhataa, vitarise duchovni aneey endersonna abhinayni prashansa curry hatee, aneey nondhyu hatoo keey temnaa pradarshan episodena "mukhya aanand" hataa. episodena mukhya veerodhi, filled mashroomne tikakaro tarafthi mote bhaage hakaaraatmak sameekshao malee hatee, jemaa ketlaak virodheeo hataa. popmetersmaanthi koonee ogale "vishaal bhugarbh mashroom vastu" neey "saptaahnaa shreshth" rakshas-off-dhaa-vikmaan sthaan aapyu, tene "pizza parr samaapt karvaa maate khoob kooshal" tareeke varnavyu. yaahumaathi teamothy sexton! dhaa giant mashroom" naamnaa avaajo "athvadiyana shreshth ex-files rakshaso" maanthi aek tareeke, lakhata ", ex-files episode filled tripma vastuo jeey dekhaay chhe teey nathee. [...] parantu jyaare huun daavo karoo chhu keey aek vishaal mashroom athvadiyana sauthee yaadgaar ex-files rakshasomanu aek chhe, tyaare tame sharat lagaavi shako chho keey huun gambhir chhu. tamaam sameekshao aetali hakaaraatmak nahoti. i09 naa cyriac lamre mashroomne "10 sauthee hasyaspad ex-files rakshaso" maanthi aek ganaavyu aneey lakhyu, "mulder aneey scully drugg triip darmiyan sanyukt reete ladata aaa mycological duhswapnane jeetee leey chhe-ketlaak vaastavik aparthiv plain sheet, braah. 1990 naa daaykaane prem karoo.

feeled trip (aiks-file) "feeled trip" vigyaan kathaa television shrinkhala "dha aiks-files" key chhathe season kaa 21vaan episode haye. iska premiere 9 maee, 1999 koo sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein fox network parr huaa, aur baad mein 18 julaai koo united kingdam mein skye1 parr prasaarit huaa. episode johnn shiban aur wins gilligan dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, frank spotnitz kii ack kahani seey, aur kima manners dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh prakaran ack "saptah kaa rakshas" kahani haye, joe shrinkhala kii vyaapak pauranik kathaaon seey asambaddh haye. "feeled trip" ney 9.5 kii nielson gharelu rating arjit kii, jise isake praarambhik prasaran mein 15.40 million logon dwara dekhaa gayaa. episode koo television alochakon seey kaafee hudd taka sakaratmak sameeksha millie. yeh show aff. bee. aaee. key vishesh agent fox mulder (david duchovani) aur daanaa scully (gillion anderson) parr kendrit haye joe aiks-files naamak asadharan seey judey mamalon parr kaam karate hain. mulder asadharan mein vishvaas kartaa haye, jabaki sandehwadi scully koo usake kaam koo khariz karane key liye saunpa gayaa haye. prakaran mein, dou kankalon kii rahasyamay khoj mulder aur scully koo jaanch karane key liye prerit karati haye. way joe khojate hain vaha ack vishal kavak vriddhi haye joe agents key dou alag-alag matibhramjanak prakarnon kaa kaaran banati haye, joe antatah ack saajha matibhram mein vilay hoe jaate hain. walter skinner (mitch pilegi) key netritva mein ack aff. bee. aaee. bachaav dall kii badaulat donon koo bachaa liya gayaa. episode darshakon koo unake matibhram key dauran mulder aur scully key alag-alag drishtikon dekhane kaa mauka dene key liye likhaa gayaa thaa. kalakaron aur dall key sadasyon key saath-saath sameekshakon ney nott kiya kii yeh prakaran season paanch key episode "kharaab rakt" kaa ack adhik gambhir sanskaran thaa. prakaran kii taiyari key liye, shrinkhala key chaalak dall key sadasyon dwara mashroom, kavak, maanav apghatan aur gufa bhoovigyaan parr vibhinn jaankaari parr shodh kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, vaikalpik vaastaviktaa aur apaharankari tark key upayog seey sambandhit vishayon key kaaran iss prakaran kii aalochanatmak roop seey jaanch kii gaee haye. plot. boone mein, uttari carolina, valles (david denman) aur angella shiff (robbin jeevant) ack dinn key liye kheton mein lambi paidal yatra key baad ghar lautate hain. angella koo sirdard hotaa haye aur nahaate samay vaha sochati haye kii vaha divaaron seey neeche ack peele rung key padaarth kii tasveer dekh rahee haye. angella aur bhitti ack dusare kii baahon mein bistar parr jaate hain, lekin jaise-jaise camera baahar nikalata haye, drishya unake kankal mein badal jaataa haye aur ack khet key beach mein ack hii sthiti mein rahata haye. aff. bee. aaee. vishesh agent fox mulder (david duchovani) aur daanaa scully (gillion anderson) jaanch karate hain aur haddiyon kii bariki seey jaanch karane key baad, donon koo kankal key neeche koo dhakane vaalaa ack ajib peela padaarth milata haye joe mool pariksha mein chhoot gayaa thaa. mulder, yeh maanate hue kii shav prasiddh bhoore rung kii pahaadi roshni kaa parinam hain, khoj key sthal parr jaate hain jabaki scully adhik pareekshan karane key liye coroner (zim beaver) key saath peechhe rahata haye. jaise hii mulder kheton mein aataa haye, vaha anajaane mein mashroom key ack tukade parr gaadi chalaata haye joe matibhram paida karane vaale bijaanuon key baadal chhodata haye. mulder-darshak koo anajaane mein-matibhram honey lagata haye. usey jald hii ack gufa mein bhitti aur angella kaa pataa chalata haye, aur donon kaa daavaa haye kii unhein videshi logon dwara apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, jinhone unake gayab honey koo jhoothe kankalon seey dhaka diyaa thaa. baad mein, scully mulder key apartment mein aataa haye aur vaha samajhaata haye kii kyaa huaa. vaha usey ack videshi dikhaata haye jise usane bhoore pahaad parr pakad liya thaa. halanki, scully binaa kissy sawal key apane tark koo sweekaar curr letaa haye aur mulder apane aspas key vatavaran parr sandeh karane lagata haye. antatah, peele padaarth koo dekhane key baad, bahut hudd taka angella aaree kii tarah, gufa mein mulder jaag jaataa haye, jisamen vaha pahale deewaar kaa peechha kartaa haye, peele sraav mein dhakaa huaa, jeevit putch jaataa haye. iss beach, scully ney paaya haye kii peele padaarth mein mukhya roop seey paachan russ mein paae jaane vaale carbonic padaarth hotey hain, halanki yeh paudhe jaisa dikhta haye. khet mein pahunchate hue, galati seey dusare mashroom parr kadam rakhate hue, matibhram honey lagata haye. scully aur mrityu-pareekshan karane vaalaa mulder kii talash karna shuru curr detaa haye, lekin usake kankal key avashesh mill jaate hain. mrityu-pareekshan adhikaari key karyalaya mein, scully apane dunt abhilekhon seey mulder key avasheshon kii pehchaan kartaa haye, lekin kankal parr sraav kaa koee saboot naheen milata haye. baad mein, mulder key jaagane parr mulder dikhaai detaa haye, spasht roop seey jeevit. achaanak, jaagane vaali mandali gayab hoe jaati haye. jaise hii mulder aur scully charcha karate hain kii kyaa huaa haye, way donon mahsoos karane lagate hain kii way abhee bhee gufa mein hain joe padaarth dwara pachaaya jaa rhaa haye jabaki way komaa mein hain; kissy tarah, way ack hii matibhram saajha curr rahey hain. jaise hii ehsas hotaa haye, way donon gufa mein gaharaai seey jaagate hain aur mulder jameen seey baahar nikalane key liye ladataa haye aur apane peechhe suraksha kii or kheenchata haye. baad mein, walter skinner (mitch pilegi) key karyalaya mein, mulder koo ack baar phir sandeh honey lagata haye kii way bilkul bhee swatantra hain, aur scully seey kissy bhee prakaar kii dawa kaa naam bataane key liye kahata haye joe upayogkartaon koo pataa chalane key baad isake prabhaav koo rokti haye kii way matibhram curr rahey hain. scully koo taba taka avishvaas haye jaba taka kii mulder chhaati mein skinner koo goli markar apani baat saabit naheen curr detaa; goli key ghaavon seey peela padaarth nikalata haye. ack baar phir, unake aspas kaa vatavaran pighal jaataa haye kyonki way gufa mein phir seey bhoomigat jaag jaate hain. mulder prithvi kii chhat key madhyam seey apana haath rakhta haye kyonki skinner aur bachaav karmchaariyon kii ack team unakaa pataa lagaane aur unhein baahar kheenchane aur unhein ack ambulance kii suraksha mein leey jaane kaa prabandhan karati haye. ack baar ambulance key ander jaane key baad, mulder aur scully kamjor tareeke seey haath pakadate hain. utpaadan. likhana. "feeled trip" karyakari nirmaata frank spotnitz dwara likhi gaee thee, jinhone lekhan prakriya koo "ack anubhav" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. patkatha kaee charanon seey gujri; mool roop seey, patkatha mein ack seelband gufa mein ack rakshas dwara pulder kaa peechha kiye jaane koo dikhaaya jaanaa thaa. phir, mulder aur scully donon koo shamil karane key liye patkatha koo badal diyaa gayaa. anta mein, kahani koo badal diyaa gayaa taaki mulder aur scully koo kewal yeh vishvaas hoe kii unhein ack gufa mein gaharaai seey dafnaya gayaa thaa, aur mulder koo antatah pataa chalaa kii yeh sub ack matibhram thaa. spotnitz ney nott kiya kii episode kii avadharana ney chaalak dall key kaee sadasyon koo utsaahit kiyaah "hamane vaastav mein iss tarah kii" aiks-files "kabhi naheen kii thee. humm mulder aur scully key antar kaa pataa lagaane key liye unake dou matibhramon kii charam seemaon koo dekh sakate hain-ack gambhir sanskaran joe hamane pichhale season mein 'kharaab rakt' mein hasyapurna roop seey kiya thaa. isase mulder koo apane saathi kaa saamana karane kaa avsar milaa kii vaha aam taur parr sahee haye, jisake parinamswarup scully kii pratikriya iss tathya kii pushti karati haye. spotnitz ney iss prakaran koo "adbhut dimag kaa khel" kahaa, lekin vaha chintit they kii jatil kahani aur gati darshakon koo bhramit curr degi. inn chintaon koo door karane key liye, teleplay koo johnn shiban aur wins gilligan dwara antim roop diyaa gayaa thaa. ack baar patkatha samaapt honey key baad, spotnitz ney mahsoos kiya kii kahani bahut adhik samajhane yogya hoe gaee haye; jiss tarah seey shiban aur gilligan ney mulder dikhaaya aur mashroom parr kadam rakhaa, usase vaha vishesh roop seey khush they taaki matibhramjanak mashroom key liye unake praarambhik sampark koo sookshmata seey sanket diyaa jaa sakey. gilligan ney kahaa kii "ack aur mahatvapurna kaam joe hamane kiya vaha yeh sunishchit karna thaa kii darshakon koo yeh naa lagey kii mulder aur scully vaastav mein khatare mein naheen hain-kii yeh sub ack sapana thaa, kuchh saal pahale" dallas "key usa poore season kii tarah. isaliye hamane yeh sunishchit kiya kii unhein ehsas huaa kii mashroom kaa goo unhein maar dega. anusandhaan, filmancan aur prabhaav. lii smith, shrinkhala key ack shodhkarta, ney boddy farm mein shodhkartaon key saath paramarsh kiya, joe tenacy vishvavidyalaya mein maanav vigyaan vibhaag dwara sanchaalit 30 ekad kii suvidha haye. dabi hui suvidha ney maanav avasheshon koo daan kiya aur apghatan key charanon kaa adhyayan kiya. vishesh prabhaav samanvayak johnn wullich koo "spidery, aathh phut lambe" fiber glass mashroom koo design karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. production designer corrie kaplan chaahte they kii wullich mashroom koo "allion" key vipareet "javic aur prithvi seey bandhe" dikhane key liye design karey. kalaa vibhaag ney gufa drishyon key liye stelegmites aur stelectites koo thheek seey banaane key liye vibhinn bhoogarbhiya paathya pustakon seey paramarsh kiya. ack baar fully aur gufa sett samaapt hoe jaane key baad, unhein fox studio lott mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. gufa key udghaatan koo bronson ghaati mein filmaya gayaa thaa, joe 1960 key dashak mein prasaarit "batman" television shrinkhala mein broose wein key batcave key sthaan key liye sabse ullekhaniya thaa. mulder aur scully "pighalane" kaa prabhaav paida karane key liye, vishesh prabhaav nirmaata bill miller ney gillion anderson aur david duchovani kaa video tri-ayami uchch-paribhasha video mein kaid kiya-donon abhinetaon koo digital roop seey scan kiya gayaa thaa aur parinamon mein ack computer dwara herfer kiya gayaa thaa. miller ney kahaa kii, "jaba hamane apane pahale pareekshan koo dekhaa, tou hamein ehsas huaa kii humm binaa kissy kathinaaee key mulder aur scully koo pighal naheen sakate hain...] unhein filmi sitaaron kii tarah pighalana padaa...] gillion koo margaret charvaahe mein aur david koo johnn mein badale binaa, "haathi aadami" key roop mein ghayal. kathinaaiyon kii bharpai key liye, miller ney ack "agrani kinare" pighalane key prabhaav kaa upayog kiya joe kewal abhinetaon key chehare key hisson koo pighalaata haye, jisase unake chehare kii visheshataaen barkarar rahati hain. anya shots key liye, anderson aur duchovani koo fangal sraav key liye khade khaadya rung kii ack beemar chhaaya key saath samvardhit khaadya gaadha karane vaale dwara cover kiye jaane key ghanton koo sahan karna padaa. anderson aur duchovani koo antim drishya key liye sachmuch prithvi key neeche dafnaya gayaa thaa, jisamen abhinetaon ney geele soot pahane hue they aur way sabji key taral padaarth aur mitty seey dhake hue they. vishay-vastuein. vaikalpik vaastaviktaon key vichaar kaa pataa "aiks-faailon" kii pichhali pravishtiyon mein iss tarah seey lagaaya gayaa thaa kii aim. keath booker koo "apekshaakrit roodhivaadi [kahaa jaataa haye...] joe ekal 'vaastavik' vaastaviktaa key roop mein vikalpon kii punarpraapti kii anumati detaa haye."unhone teesare season key episode" "jose chung key" "baahari antariksh seey" "koo ack doshpurna kathavachak key udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya, aur chhathe season key episode" "kaise bhooton ney chrismus churaaya" "koo ack haasya vaikalpik vaastaviktaa key udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya. gerold jey. abrams aur elizabeth aff. cook, "dha philosophy off tv noyer" pustak mein tark dete hain kii prakaran apaharankari tark parr jore detaa haye, ack prakaar kaa tark joe detta yaa kissy cheez key vivaran seey ack parikalpana mein jaataa haye joe vishvasaniya detta key liye jimmedaar haye aur praasangik sakshya kii vyakhya karna chaahata haye. apavartak tark tark kaa anusaran kartaa haih ack aashcharyajanak tathya, see, dekhaa jaataa haye (parinam); yadi aeye, parikalpana, sach thee, tou see poorna arth (niyam) banaayega; iss prakaar, sandeh karane kaa kaaran haye kii aeye sach haye (mamla). ack udaaharan joe diyaa gayaa haih lonn geela haye. lekin aggar barish hoe rahee haye, tou yeh koee ashcharya kii baat naheen hogi kii lonn geela haye. isaliye barish hoe rahee haye. iss taarkik vidhi koo adhikansh show mein mulder dwara pasand kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, iss prakaran mein, yeh scully haye joe pahale vidhi kaa upayog kartaa haye. vaha teen alag-alag tathya letee haye-kuchh prakaar key mashroom kaa vishal aakar, kuchh kavak key matibhramjanak guna, aur kuchh prakaar key paudhon kii mansahari prakriti-aur ack apaharankari nishkarsh taiyar karati haih vaha aur mulder bhoomigat roop seey funce jaate hain, ack matibhram kaa anubhav karate hain, aur dheere-dheere putch jaate hain. apavartak tark key teen bhaag hotey hain. sabse pahale, ack aashcharyajanak tathya haye-jise parinam bhee kahaa jaataa haye-kii koee dawa naheen lene key bavjood, mulder aur scully donon matibhram curr rahey hain. doosara, scully kii parikalpana haye-niyam-kii, aggar yeh sach hotaa tou matibhram "nishchit roop seey ack mamla hotaa. teesara, nishkarsh haye-mamla-kii "[scully kii parikalpana] koo sach honey kaa sandeh karane kaa ack kaaran haye."abrams aur cook bataate hain kii yeh apaharan rachanaatmak apaharan kaa ack udaaharan haye, kyonki scully teen alag-alag vichaaron koo ack saath" rachanaatmak roop seey "kheenchane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. halanki, mulder agala ack apaharankari nishkarsh nikaalata haye. skinner key saath ghatnaaon parr charcha karate hue, vaha kahate hain kii vaha aashvast naheen hain, kyonki drugs kewal tabhi kharaab naheen hoti hain jaba koee unake prabhaavon koo dekhta haye. iss apaharan key bhee teen bhaag hain. parinam yeh aashcharyajanak tathya haye kii mulder aur scully kaa palayan samasyagrast lagata haye. niyam yeh haye kii mulder aur scully kewal yeh sochate hain kii way bhaag gaye hain, lekin way vaastav mein abhee bhee bhoomigat hain aur putch rahey hain. anta mein, mamle mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "sandeh karane kaa kaaran haye kii" mulder aur scully mashroom seey naheen butch paae hain. iss prakaar kaa tark cumm kodit apaharan kaa ack udaaharan haye, kyonki yeh kaee logon mein sabse prashansaniya niyam haye. prasaran aur swaagat. "feeled trip" kaa premiere 9 maee, 1999 koo fox network parr huaa. iss episode ney 15 hissedari key saath 9.5 kii nielson rating arjit kii, jiska arth haye kii sabhi television seey lais parivaaron mein seey lagbhag 9.5 pratishat aur television dekhane vaale 15 pratishat gharon koo episode mein tune kiya gayaa thaa. ise 15.38 million darshakon key saath-saath 94 laakh gharon ney dekhaa thaa. "feeled trip" 9 maee koo samaapt saptah key liye unneesvaan sabse adhik dekhaa jaane vaalaa television karyakram thaa. yeh episode 18 julaai, 1999 koo united kingdam aur ireland mein skye1 parr prasaarit huaa, aur ise 0.58 laakh darshak mille, joe usa saptah teesare sabse adhik dekhe jaane vaale episode key roop mein sthaan praapt kiya. fox ney iss prakaran kaa prachaar iss tagline key saath kiya "yeh aapke dimag koo lubhaata haye... aur apana maans khilaaen. aaj raat, mulder aur scully maanav maans key swaad vaale ack paudhe parr girate hain."deane hagland kaa naam shuruati credit mein deane haglung key roop mein galat vartani haye. episode koo alochakon seey prashansa millie. dha aeye" seey emily wanderworf.vee. club ney iss prakaran koo shrinkhala key "10 avashya dekhe jaane vaale episode" mein seey ack kahaa aur ise rakshas kahaaniyon key sangrah seey shrinkhala key 'sookshm badalaav' key ack udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya joe america key goode key junoon koo samajhaane key prayaas key samaan haye."unhone antatah nishkarsh nikala kii" "feeled trip" "seey pataa chalata haye kii kaise shrinkhala phir seey apane sarvshreshth season kii tarah kabhi achchi naheen hogi, lekin phir bhee ullekhaniya roop seey prabhaavi hoe sakati haye."baad kii sameeksha mein, wanderworf ney episode koo" "aeye" "seey sammaanit kiya aur ise" "aiks-files" "chhathe season key merey pasandida episode mein seey ack kahaa kyonki isake vishleshan key kaaran duniya seey pratyek ichcha kyaa haye, aur iss tathya key kaaran kii episode kaa tark haye kii" "rahasyon koo kewal tabhi hull kiya jaa sakata haye jaba yeye donon loga unhein hull karane key liye kaam curr rahey houn."robbert shearman aur lars pierson ney apani pustak" "vishvaas karna chaahte hainh aiks-files, millennium aur akele bandukdhariyon key liye ack mahatvapurna guide" "mein episode koo paanch mein seey paanch sitaare diye. donon ney sakaratmak roop seey prakaran kii tulanaa "kharaab rakt" prakaran seey kii, yeh dekhate hue kii prakaran "una 'kharaab rakt' vishayon kaa ack punah adhyayan haye. isake alawa, halanki, shearman aur pierson ney nott kiya kii, "[prakaran] naa kewal lambe samay seey chala rahey vigyaan-kathaa show key sammelanon kaa majaak udaataa haye, balki apane darshakon koo apane aspas kii sachchai parr sawal uthaane key liye aamantrit kartaa haye jise humm halke mein lete hain. dee. vee. dee. tock seey earl cracy koo "feeled trip" kahaa jaataa haye joe "season chhah key mukhya akarshanon" mein seey ack haye. tomm kesenich ney apani pustak "examinationah aeye anaadhikrit look onn season 6-9 off dha aiks-files" mein episode key baare mein sakaratmak roop seey likhaa haye, "[episode mein mulder aur scully kaa rishta] pyaar, sammaan yaa dosti seey parey haye aur unake haathon key sparsh seey bhee parey haye joe anta mein unake antim millen kaa prateek haye. [.]..] unakaa sambandh itna majboot haye, itna shaktishali haye kii way ack hii maadak padaarth prerit matibhram bhee saajha karate hain. aatma vaastav mein saathi haye. kesenich ney baad mein episode koo "aiks-files" key "sarvakaalik sheersh 25 episode" mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa, ise 25 vein sthaan parr rakhaa. "cinephantastic" key paula vitaris ney episode koo ack madhyam sakaratmak sameeksha dee aur ise chaar mein seey dhaaee sitaare diye. yeh dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii prakaran "vaastaviktaa/matibhram key aadhar key saath bahut kuchh naheen kartaa haye", vitaris ney duchovani aur anderson key abhinay kii prashansa karate hue kahaa kii unake pradarshan prakaran key "pramukh anand" they. episode key mukhya virodhi, feeled mashroom koo kuchh virodhiyon key saath alochakon seey jyaadaatar sakaratmak sameeksha millie. popmatters kii coney ogal ney "vishal bhoomigat mashroom cheez" koo "saptah key sarvshreshth" rakshas-mein sthaan diyaa, ise "pizza parr samaapt honey key liye bahut chaalaak" key roop mein varnit kiya. yahu seey timothi sexton! vishal mashroom" naamak awazon koo "saptah key sabse achche aiks-file rakshason" mein seey ack key roop mein, lekhan ", aiks-file episode feeled trip mein cheejen buss vaisi naheen hain jaisi way dikhati hain. [.]..] lekin jaba main daavaa kartaa huun kii ack vishal mashroom saptah key sabse yadgar aiks-files rakshason mein seey ack haye, tou aap shart lagaa sakate hain kii main gambhir hoe rhaa huun. sabhi sameekshaaen itani sakaratmak naheen theen. aaee09 key syriac lamar ney mashroom koo "10 sabse hasyaspad aiks-files rakshason" mein seey ack kahaa aur likhaa, "mulder aur scully ack drugg trip key dauran sanyukt roop seey ladkar iss mycological duhswapna koo jeetate hain-kuchh vaastavik aparthiv vimaan gandagi, brahm. 1990 key dashak seey pyaar haye.

kshetra pravaasa (x-kadatagalu) "feeled trip" embudu vaignaanika kaalpanika duradarshana sarani "dhii ex-files" naa aarane season naa ippattondane sanchikeyaagide. idu mayee 9,1999 randu united states mattu kenadaadalli foxes networknalli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu taruvaaya united kingdamnalli skye 1 nalli julai 18 randu prasaaravaayitu. ee sanchikeyannu zaan shiban mattu wins gilligan barediddaare, fraank spotnitz avara katheyinda, mattu kim manners nirdeshisiddare. ee prasangavu "vaarada daitya" katheyagiddu, saraniya vyapaka puranakke sambandhisilla. "feeled trip" tanna arambhika prasaaradalli 15.40 million janarinda vikshisalpatta 9.5 rahra nielsen maneya rating annu galisitu. ee prasangavu duradarshana vimarshakarinda hechchaagi sakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padeyitu. ee pradarshanavu eff. bii. aii. vishesha agentgalaada foxes muelder (david duchovni) mattu danna scully (gillion anderson) avara mele kendrikrutavagide, avaru ex-files endu kareyalpaduva paranarmalge sambandhisida prakaranagalalli kelasa maaduttaare. muelder avaru adhisamanyadalli nambikeyullavaraagiddare, samshayavaadi skalliyannu avara kelasavannu tallihakalu niyojisalagide. sanchikeyalli, eradu asthipanjaragala nigoodha aavishkaaravu muelder mattu skalliyannu tanikhe maadalu karedoyyuttade. avaru kandukolluvudu ondu daitya shilindhra belavanigeyagiddu, idu agentgalu eradu pratyeka halucinogenic kantugalannu hondalu kaaranavaaguttade, idu antimavagi ondu hanchikeya bhrameyalli vileenagolluttade. walter skinner (mitch pailgi) netrutvada eff. bii. aii. raxana tandakke dhanyavaadagalu. prekshakara bhramegala samayadalli muelder mattu scully pratyeka drashtikonagalannu nodalu avakasha needalu ee prasangavannu bareyalaayitu. patravarga mattu tandada sadasyaru, haageye vimarshakaru, ee prasangavu season aidu sanchikeya "ketta rakta" dha hecchu gambhira aavruttiyaagide endu gamanisidaru. ee prasangakke siddhavagalu, anabegalu, shilindhragalu, manava koleta mattu guheya bhoovijnaanada bagegina vividha maahitiyannu saraniya sibbandigalu samshoodhisidaru. idallade, paryaya vastavakke sambandhisida vishayagalu mattu adara apaharanada tarkada balakeyindaagi ee prasangavannu vimarshaatmakavaagi parisheelisalaagide. kathaavastuvu. boonnalli, uttara carolina, walls (david denman) mattu angela skiff (rabin live) ondu dinada kaalnadigeyalli holagalli prayanisida nantara manege maraluttaare. angelage talenovu baruttade mattu snana maduvaga, avalu godegala kelage hariyuva haladi padaarthada chitragalannu noduttaale endu bhavisuttale. angela mattu godeyu parasparara tolugalalli malaguttave aadare camera horabaruvaaga drashyavu tamma asthipanjarakke badalagutta, kshetrada madhyadalli adhe sthaanadalli uliyuttade. eff. bii. aii. vishesha agentgalaada foxes muelder (david duchovni) mattu danna scully (gillion anderson) tanikhe nadesuttaare mattu moolegalannu hattiradinda parikshisida nantara, moolegala kelabhagavannu aavarisiruva vichitravaada haladi padaarthavannu ibbaroo kandukolluttaare, adhu moola pariksheyalli tappide. shavagalu prasiddha kandu bannada parvata deepagala parinaamavendu nambida muelder, aavishkaarada drashyakke horatu, hecchina parikshegalannu maadalu scully coroner (zim beaver) nondige hinde uliyuttaane. mulder holagalige bandaaga, avanu ajaagarookateyinda anabegala ondu pattiya mele odisuttaane, adhu matibhrame untumaaduva bijakagala modavannu bidugade maaduttade. mulder-vikshakarige tiliyada-bramanirasanagollalu praarambhisuttade. aata shighradalle guheyondaralli godeya mattu angelavannu kandukolluttaane, mattu ibbaru tamma kanmarege sullu asthipanjaragalannu muchchihaakida videshiyaru tammannu apaharisiddaare endu helikolluttaare. nantara, scully mueldern apartmentge agamisuttane mattu enaayitu endu avanu skallige vivarisuttaane. avanu kandu bannada parvatadalli serehidida anyagrahavaasi obbanannu avalige torisuttaane. aadaagyoo, scully, yaavude prashneyillade tanna tarkavannu sweekarisuttaane mattu muelder tanna suttamuttalina bagge anumanisalu prarambhisuttane. antimavagi, haladi padaarthavannu nodida nantara, angela kandante, guheyalli mulder echcharagolluttade, avanu godeya hinde haladi sravisuvikeyalli mucchalpattu, jivantavagi jirnavaguttade. etanmadhye, haladi padaarthavu mukhyavaagi jeernakaari rasgalalli kandubaruva saavayava padaarthavannu hondiruttade endu scully kanduhididide, aadaagyoo idu sasyadante kaanuttade. holakke agamisi, aakasmikavaagi mattondu anabeya mele hejje haakuttaane mattu bhramegollalu prarambhisuttane. scully mattu maranottara pariksheyu maldargaagi hudukalu praarambhisuttade, kevala avana asthipanjarada avasheshagalannu kandukolluttade. maranottara pariksheya adhikariya kacheriyalli, scully tanna hallina daakhalegalinda mueldern avasheshagalannu gurutisuttaane aadare asthipanjarada mele sravisuva yaavude puraavegalannu kandukolluvudilla. nantara, muldern echcharadalli mulder spashtavagi jivantavagi kaanisikolluttade. iddakkiddante, echcharagolluva sabeyu kanmareyaguttade. mulder mattu scully enu sambhaviside endu charchisidaaga, avaru ibbaroo coma sthitiyalliruvaaga avaru innoo guheyalli padaarthadinda jirnavaguttiddare endu aritukolla prarambhisuttare; hegaadaroo, avaru onde bhrameyannu hanchikolluttiddare. sakshatkaravu sambhavisidaaga, avaribbaroo echcharagolluttare, guheya aaladalli mattu mulder tanna hinde surakshitavagi eledu neladinda horabaruva reetiyalli horaaduttaare. nantara, walter skinners (mitch pailgi) kacheriyalli, muelder avaru muktaraagiddaare endu mattomme anumanisalu prarambhisuttare, balakedaararu bhramanirasanagolluttiddar tilida nantara adara parinaamagalannu nillisuva yaavude reetiya aushadhavannu hesarisalu skalliyannu keluttaare. mulder edeyalli skin annu hodedu tanna binduvannu sabitupadisuvavarege scully apanambikeyinda koodiruttade; gundina gayagalinda haladi padaarthavu horabaruttade. mattomme, guheyalli matte bhoogatavaagi echcharagolluttiddante avara suttamuttalina pradeshagalu karaguttave. mulder tanna kaiyannu bhumiya meelchaavaniya moolaka antisuttaane mattu raxana sibbandiya tandavu avarannu pattehachchalu mattu avarannu horage eleyalu mattu avarannu ambulancen surakshatege karedoyyalu nirvahisuttade. omme ambulance olage, mulder mattu scully durbalavagi kaigalannu hididukolli. utpaadane. bareyuttaare. "feeled trip" annu karyanirvahaka nirmaapaka fraank spotnitz barediddaare, avaru baravanigeya prakriyeyannu "" ondu anubhava "" endu bannisiddaare ". script halavaaru hantagala moolaka hoyitu; moolatah, script annu moharu maadida guheyalli rakshasanu himbaalisuttiruvudannu torisabekagittu. nantara, muelder mattu scully eradannoo serisalu script annu badalaayisalaayitu. antimavagi, katheyannu badalaayisalaayitu, idarindaagi mulder mattu scully avaru guheya aaladalli samadhi madalpattiddare endu nambidaru, mulder antimavagi adellavoo bhrame endu kanduhididaru. ee sanchikeya parikalpaneyu aneka sibbandi sadasyarannu utsukagoliside endu spotnitz gamanisidaruh "naavu nijavagiyoo ee reetiya" ex-failgalannu "endigoo madalilla. naavu muelder mattu scully vyatyaasagalannu avara eradu bhramegala vipareetagalannu noduva moolaka anveshisabahudu-kaleda rtuvinalli naavu 'ketta rakta' dalli haasyamayavaagi enu madiddeve embudara gambhira aavrutti. idu mulderge tanna sangaatiyu samanyavagi sariyagiruttane emba amshadondige edurisalu avakaashavannu odagisitu, idara parinaamavaagi skalliyinda pratikriye doreyitu, idu satyavannu drudhikarisitu. spotnitz ee prasangavannu "adbhuta mind game" endu karedaru, aadare ee jatilavaada kathe mattu vegavu vikshakarannu gondalakkeedu maaduttade endu chintitaragiddaru. ee kalavalagalannu nivaarisalu, zaan shiban mattu wins gilligan avaru teleplayannu antimagolisalu niyojisidaru. chitrakathe mugida nantara, spotnitz katheyu hecchu arthavaguvantayitu endu bhavisidaru; shiban mattu gilligan avaru mulder annu torisida reetiyalli mattu anabegala mele scully hejje haakuva moolaka avaru visheshavaagi santoshapattaru. gilligan, "naavu maadida mattondu mukhyavaada kelasavendare prekshakaru mulder mattu scully nijavagiyoo apayakke silukilla endu bhavisadante nodikolluvudu-idu kelavu varshagala hindina" dallas "naa aaa idee rtuvinante ondu kanasaagittu. adakkagiye avaru anabeyinda baruva goo avarannu kolluttade endu naavu khachitapadisikondiddeve ". samshoodhane, chitrikarana mattu parinamagalu. ee saraniya samshoodhakaraada lea smith, tenessea vishvavidyaanilayada manavashastra ilaakheyinda nirvahisalpaduva 30 ekare pradeshadalliruva baadi phaarmnalliruva samshoodhakarondige samalochisidaru. samadhi maadalaada soulabhyavu manava avasheshagalannu daana maaditu mattu koleyuvikeya hantagalannu adhyayana maaditu. vishesha parinaamagala samyojaka zaan wullich avarige "spidery, entu addi ettarada" fiberglass anabegalannu vinyaasagolisuva kaaryavannu vahisalaayitu. utpadana vinyaasaka kore cuplan avaru "anyalokadavaru" emba badalige "saavayava mattu bhoogata" endu kaanuvante anabegalannu vinyaasagolisalu wullich annu bayasiddaru. kalaa ilakheyu guheya drushyagaligaagi stalagmitegalu mattu stalactitegalannu sariyagi rachisalu vividha bhougolika pathya pustakagalannu samalochisitu. pods mattu guheya sett mugida nantara, avugalannu foxes studio laatgalige vargaayisalaayitu. guheya tereyuvikeyannu branson kaniveyalli chitrikarisalaayitu, idu 1960 rahra dasakadalli prasaaravaada "batman" duradarshana saranialli bruce wayne avara byaat cave iruva sthalavagiruvudakke atyanta gamanarhavagide. muelder mattu scully "karaguva" parinaamavannu srashtisalu, vishesha parinaamagala nirmaapaka bill miller mooru aayaamada hye-definition veediyodalli gillion anderson mattu david duchovni veediyovannu serehidididdaare-ibbaru natarannu digital scan maadalaagide mattu phalitaamshagalannu computerninda kushalateyinda nirvahisalaagide. miller gamanisidante, "naavu namma modala pariksheyannu nodidaga, swalpa kashtavillade naavu mulder mattu scully annu karagisalu sadhyavilla endu naavu aritukondevu...] avaru chalanachitra taareyarante karagabekayitu...] gillion annu margarate thatcher aagi mattu david annu zaan aagi "aane manushya" endu parivartisade. tondaregalannu saridoogisalu, miller "pramukha anchina" karaguva parinaamavannu balasidaru, adhu natara mukhagala bhagagalannu maatra karagisi, avara mukhada vaishishtyagalannu haage ittukonditu. itara hodetagalige, anderson mattu duchovni shilindhra sraavakke nintiruva aahaarada bannada anarogyada neralinondige vardhita aahaarada dappadinda mucchalpatta gantegala kaala sahisikollabekaayitu. anderson mattu duchovni avarannu antima drashyakkaagi aksarashah bhumiya adiyalli hoolalaayitu, nataru oddeyaada sootgalannu dharisidaru mattu tarakari drava mattu manninalli mucchalpattaru. theemgalu. paryaya vastavategala kalpaneyannu "x-kadatagala" hindina namoodugalalli m reetiyalli anveshisalaagide. keeth booker avarannu "tulanaatmakavaagi sampradaayavaadi [...] idu paryayagalannu onde 'naija' vaastavaagi marupadeyalu anuvu maadikoduttade."avaru moorane season episode" "jose chung avara" "horagina baahyaakaashadinda" "annu doshapoorita niroopakanige udaharaneyagi ullekhisuttaare, mattu aarane season episode" "pretagalu chrismus annu hege kadiyuttave" "embudu haasyada paryaya vaastavada udaaharaneyaagide". gerold zhe. abrams mattu elizabeth eff. cook, "dhii philosophy off tv noir" pustakadalli, ee prasangavu apavartaka tarkavannu ottiheluttade endu vaadisuttade, idu dattaamshadinda athawa yavudadaro vivaraneyinda vishvasarha dattaamshakke kaaranavaaguva mattu sambandhita puraavegalannu vivarisalu prayatnisuva uuhege hoguva ondu reetiya tarkavagide. apaharanada tarkavu tarkavannu anusarisuttadeh ondu ashcharyakara sangatiyendare, sii, gamanisalaaguttade (phalitamsha); ondu vele, uheyu nijavagiddare, sii paripurna arthavannu niiduttade (niyama); heegaagi, aa nija (prakarana) endu shankisalu kaaranavide. ondu udaaharaneyannu niidalaagideh hulluhaasu tevavagide. aadare maley suriyuttiddare, hulluhaasu tevavagiruvudu aashcharyavenilla. heegaagi maley suriyuttide. ee tarkika vidhaanavannu bahupalu pradarshanada uddakkoo muelder olavu toruttade. aadaagyoo, ee sanchikeyalli, modalu vidhaanavannu balasuvudu scully. avalu mooru pratyeka sangatigalannu tegedukolluttaale-kelavu reetiya anabegala brihat gaatra, kelavu shilindhragala bhraantiya gunalakshanagalu mattu kelavu reetiya sasyagala mamsahari svabhaava-mattu apaharanada tirmaanavannu roopisuttadeh avalu mattu mulder bhoogatavaagi sikkibiddiddaare, bhrameyannu anubhavisuttiddaare, mattu nidhaanavaagi jirnavaguttiddare. apaharanada tarkavu mooru bhagagalannu hondide. modalaneyadaagi, yaavude aushadhigalannu tegedukolladiddaroo, mulder mattu scully eradoo bhramegolagaguttave emba ashcharyakara sangatiyoo ide-idannu phalitamsha endoo kareyalaaguttade. eradaneyadaagi, scully uheyide-niyama-adhu nijavagiddare bhrameyu "sahajavagi ondu vishayavaagiruttade". mooraneyadaagi, "[scully uheyu] nijavendu shankisalu ondu kaaranavide" emba tirmaanavide-prakarana-."ee apaharana, abrams mattu cook, srujanasheela apaharanada ondu udaaharaneyaagide, ekendare scully mooru, pratyeka vichaaragalannu" "srujanasheelavaagi" "ottige eleyalu nirvahisuttade". aadaagyoo, muelder, mundinadu apaharanada tirmaanavannu tegedukolluttaane. skinnarnondige ghatanegalannu charchisuvaga, aata tanage manavarikeyagilla, ekendare maadaka dravyagalu avugala parinaamagalannu gamanisidaaga maatra halaguvudilla endu heluttaane. ee apaharanavu mooru bhagagalannu saha hondide. idara parinaamavaagi ashcharyakara sangatiyendare, muelder mattu scully tappisikolluvikeyu samasyaatmakavaagide. niyamavendare, mulder mattu scully avaru tappisikondiddaare endu maatra bhavisuttare, aadare avaru nijavagiyoo innoo bhugatavagiddare mattu jirnavaguttiddare. antimavagi, ee prakaranavu "mulder mattu skalligalu anabeyinda tappisikondilla endu shankisalu kaaranavide" endu heluttade. ee reetiya tarkavu undercode apaharanakke ondu udaaharaneyaagide, ekendare idu anekaralli atyanta samarthaneeya niyamavagide. prasara mattu svaagata. "feeled trip" annu foxes networknalli mayee 9,1999 randu prathama pradarshana maadalaayitu. ee sanchikeyu 15 palannu hondiddu, 9.5 rahra nielsen rating annu galisitu, andare ellah duradarshana-sajjugonda manegalalli sumaru 9.5 pratishata mattu dooradarshanavannu noduva 15 pratishata kutumbagalu ee sanchikeyalli tune maadalpattavu. idannu 15.38 million vikshakaru mattu 9.4 million kutumbagalu vikshisidavu. "mayee 9randu konegonda vaaradalli athi hecchu vikshisida hattombattane duradarshana karyakrama "feeled trip" aagittu. ee prasangavu united kingdom mattu airlendnalli julai 18,1999 randu prasaaravaayitu mattu 0.58 dasalaksha vikshakarannu padeyitu, aaa vaaradalli moorane athi hecchu vikshisida sanchike endu shreyankavannu padeyitu. foxes ee prasangavannu "idu nimma manassannu aakarshisuttade" emba taglinondige prachara maaditu... mattu nimma mamsavannu tinnuttade. indu ratri, mulder mattu scully manava mamsakke ruchiyannu hondiruva sasyada mele edavi beeluttave."deane haglundna hesarannu arambhika shreyankagalalli deane haglung endu tappagi bareyalaagide. ee prasangavu vimarshakarinda prashamseyannu padeyitu. emily wanderworf "dhii aa" ninda.vii. club ee sanchikeyannu saraniya "10 tappade nodalebekada kantugalalli" ondendu karedide mattu idannu daityakarada kathegala sangrahadinda americada gaadhavaada geelannu vivarisuva prayatnakke holuva saraniya 'sukshma badalaavaneya' udaharaneyagi ullekhiside."antimavagi," "kshetra pravaasa" "vu" "saraniyu adara atyuttama rtugalante endigoo uttamavaguvudilla, aadare innoo gamanarhavagi parinaamakaariyaagabahudu embudannu torisuttade" "endu avaru tirmaanisidaru"."nantarada vimarsheyalli, wanderworf ee prasangakke" "aa" "endu prashasti niididaru mattu prapanchada pratiyondu bayakeya vishleshaneyindaagi idannu" "ex-files aarane rtuvina nanna necchina kantugalalli ondaagide" "endu karedaru, mattu ee kantu vaadisuttade" "ee eradoo janaru avugalannu pariharisalu kelasa maaduttiddare maatra rahasyagalannu pariharisabahudu"."robbert shearman mattu lars piyarsanravaru tamma pustaka" "whiting tuu beleave aa critical guide tuu dhii ex-files, millennium & dhii lonel gunman" "nalli, ee sanchikeyannu aidaralli aidu nakshatragalendu rait maadiddaare". ibbaroo ee prasangavannu "ketta rakta" dha prasangakke dhanatmakavagi holisidaru, ee prasangavu "[aaa] aaa 'ketta rakta' vishayada maruparisheelaneyaagide" endu gamanisidaru. aadaagyoo, shearman mattu piyarsanravaru "[ee prasangavu] kevala deerghaavadhiya vaignaanika-kaalpanika kaaryakramada samaveshagalannu tamashe maduvudalla, aadare namma suttalina satyagalannu prashnisalu adara prekshakarannu aahvaanisuttade" endu gamanisidaru. dvd taakninda "feeled trip" endu kareyalpaduva earl cresse "season aarara mukhyamshagalalli ondaagide". tomm kesenich, tanna pustaka "examination aa anaadhikruta notada 6-9neey seesangala ex-files" nalli, ee prasangada bagge sakaaraatmakavaagi baredu, "[ee sanchikeyalli muelder mattu scully sambandha] preeti, gaurava athawa snehavannu meeride mattu koneyalli avara antima okkootavannu sanketisuva avara kaigala sparshavannu saha mirisuttade. [...] avara samparkavu eshtu prabalavagide, eshtu shaktiyutavagide endare avaru adhe maadaka prerita bhramegalannu saha hanchikolluttare. aatmada sangaatigalu nijavagiyoo. kesenich nantara ee prasangavannu "ex-files" naa "saarvakaalika agra 25 kantugalalli" ondendu hesarisidaru, idannu 25 neey sthaanadalli irisidaru. "cinephantic" naa paula vitaris ee prasangakke madhyama dhanaatmaka vimarsheyannu niididaru mattu naalku kantugalalli eraduvare nakshatragalannu niididaru. ee prasangavu "vaastava/bhrameya prameyadondige hecchu kelasa maduvudilla" endu gamanisida horataagiyoo, vitaris duchovni mattu anderson avara nataneyannu shlaghisidaru, avara pradarshanagalu sanchikeya "pramukha anandagalu" endu gamanisidaru. sanchikeya mukhya virodhi, feeled mashroom, kelavu virodhigalondige vimarshakarinda hechchaagi sakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padeyitu. popmattersn coney ogle "daitya bhoogata anabeyannu" "vaarada atyuttama" daitya "endu bannisi, adannu" pijjaadalli mugisalu tumba kushalateyinda koodide "endu vivarisiddaare. yaahooninda timothy sexton! daitya anabeyannu" "vaarada atyuttama ex-files rakshasaralli obbaru" endu hesarisalaada dhwanigalu, bareyuva, ex-files episode feeled trip vishayagalu avu toruttade endu saralavagi alla. [...] aadare daitya anabeyu vaarada atyanta smaraneeya ex-files rakshasaralli ondaagide endu naanu helikondaga, naanu gambhiravagiruttene endu neevu baaji maadabahudu. ellah vimarshegalu ashtondu sakaaraatmakavaagiralilla. aii09rahra cyriac lamar ee anabeyannu "10 atyanta haasyaaspada ex-files rakshasaralli" ondaagide endu karedu, "muelder mattu skalligalu ee mycological duhsvapnavannu maadakavastu prayanada samayadalli jantiyagi horaaduva moolaka jayisuttaare-kelavu naija austral plain shitt, bra. 1990rahra dasakavannu pritisuttene.

feeld trip (ex-fayalukal) "sayans fiction television parambarayaaya 'dhii ex-fayalukalude' aaram seasonile irupathiyonnaam episodaanu 'feeld trip'. 1999 meyy 9 nuu amerikkayilum canadayilum phoox netvarkkil pradharshippicha eee chithram pinneedu juulai 18 nuu yunaittad kingdatthil skye 1 ll sampreshanam cheythu. frank spotnitsinte oru kathayil ninnu joonn shiban wins gilligan chernnu ezhuthiya eee episode kiim maantezhs samvidaanam cheythu. parambarayude vishalamaaya puraanangalumaayi bandhamillaattha oru "aazhchayile raakshasan" kathayaanu eee episode. "feeld trip" athinte prarambha prakshepanatthil 15.40 dasalaksham aalukal kandukond 9.5 enna neelson gaarhika rating nedi. eee episodinu television niroopakaril ninnu valia thothil nalla avalokanangal labhichu. ex-fayalukal ennu vilikkunna paranormalumaayi bandhapetta kesukalil pravartthikkunna efbi special ejantumaaraaya phoox mulder (david duchovni), daana scully (gillian aandezhsan) ennivare kendreekarichaanu shhow. mulder paranormalil vishwasikkunnayaalaanu, athesamayam samshayaathmaka scully addehathinte pravartthanatthe nishedhikkaan niyogichittundu. episodil, rund asthikoodangalude nigoodamaaya kandethal mulderineyum scully anweshanathilekku nayikkunnu. avar kandethunnathu ejantumaarkku rund vyathyastha halosynogenic episodukal undakaan kaaranamakunna oru bheeman fungus valarchayaan, athu oduvil oru pankitta haalosineshanil layikkunnu. walter skinnarinte (mitch paileggi) neethrthwathilulla efbi rescue teamaanu iruvareyum rakshichathu. prekshakarkku avarude bhraanthinte samayat mulderinteyum skalliyudeyum vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukal kaanaan avasaram nalkunnathinaayi eee episode ezhuthappettu. eee episode anchaam episodinte "mosham rakthathinte" kooduthal gurutharamaaya pathippaanennu abhinethaakkalileyum aniyara pravartthakarileyum niroopakarum abhiprayappettu. eee episodinu thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi, koonn, fungus, manushyante vighadanam, guha bhoomishaasthram ennivayekkurichulla vividha vivarangal seereesile kroo amgangal gaveshanam cheythu. koodaathe, ithara yaadhaarthyavumaayi bandhapetta prameyangalum apakeerthikaramaaya nyaayavaadatthinte upayogavum kaaranam eee episode vimarsanaathmakamaayi parishodhikkappettittund. plott. boonil, north carolina, valas (david denman), anchala shif (robin laivil) ennivar vayalukalil oru divasathe kaalnadayaathraykk sesham veettilekku madangunnu. anchelaykku thalavedana anubhavappedukayum kulikkumbol chuvarukalil ninnu oru manja padaarthatthinte chithrangal kaanunnathayi karuthukayum cheiyunnu. anchala valas parasparam kaikal cherthu kidakkunnu, pakshe camera puratthekku pookumbool rangam avarude asthikoodathilekku maarunnu, oru vayalinte madhyathil ore sthaanathu thudarunnu. efbi special ejantumaaraaya phoox mulder (david duchovni), daana scully (gillian aandezhsan) ennivar anweshikkukayum asthikale sookshumamaayi parishodhicha sesham, asthikoodangalude adibhaagam moodunna oru vichitramaaya manja padaartham iruvarum kandethukayum athu yadhaartha parisodhanayil nashtappedukayum cheythu. prashasthamaaya braun parvathavilakkukalude falamaanu mrithadehangal ennu vishwasikkunna mulder, kandethal sambhavasthalathekku pookumbool scully kooduthal parisodhanakal nadatthaan coronerinoppam (jiim beaver) thaamasikkunnu. mulder vayalukalil athumbol, avan ashradhamaayi koonn oru paachu mukaliloode oodikkunnu, athu halucinogenic beejaanukkalude oru megham purathuvidunnu. kaazhchakkaaran ariyaatha mulder-bhrant pidikkaan thudangunnu. taamasiyaathe addeham oru guhayil valas, anchela enniva kandethukayum, thangalude aprathyakshathaye vyaja asthikoodangal kondu marachuvecha anyagrahajeevikal thangale thattikkondupoyathaayi iruvarum avakaashappedukayum cheiyunnu. pinneedu, scully mulderude appaartmentil athukayum enthaanu sambhavichathenn vishadeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. thavittuniramulla parvathatthil thaan pidikoodiya oru anyagrahajeevi avan avale kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, scully thante nyaayavaadam chodyamillaathe amgeekarikkukayum mulder thante chuttupaadukale samshayikkaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. oduvil, anchala zoo pole manja padaartham kandathinushesham, manja sravathil pothinju, jeevanode dahikkunna, thaan neratthe pinthudarnna guhayil mulder unarunnu. athesamayam, manja padaartham pradhaanamaayum dahana jyoosukalil kaanapedunna jaivavasthukkalaan adangiyirikkunnathennu scully kandethi, ennirunnaalum ithu sasyam poleyaanu. vayalil athumbol, abadhathil mattoru koonmel chuvaduvekkukayum bhrant pidikkaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. scully maranananthara chikilsakkaaranum mulderinaayi tirayan thudangunnu, pakshe addehathinte asthikooda avashishtangal kandethunnu. maranananthara parisodhanayude offeesil thirichethiya scully, thante dantharekhakalil ninnu mulderinte avashishtangal thirichariyunnundenkum asthikoodathil sravathinte thelivukalonnum kandethunnilla. pinneedu, mulderinte unarvil mulder prathyakshappedunnu, vyakthamaayi jeevanode. pettennu, unarnnirikkunna sabha aprathyakshamaakunnu. enthaanu sambhavichathenn mulder scully charcha cheyyumbol, avar iruvarum commatosaayirikkumbol thanne guhayil thanne padaartham dahikkunnuvennu manassilakkaan thudangunnu; enganeyo avar ore mathibhramam pankidunnu. thricharivu sambhavikkumbol, avar randuperum guhayude aazhathil unarukayum mulder nilathu ninnu purathukadannu surakshithathvathilekku valichidukayum cheiyunnu. pinneedu, walter skinner (mitch paileggi) offeesil, thangalkk swaathanthryamundennu mulder veendum samshayikkaan thudangunnu, upayokthaakkalkk avaa mathibhramam undaakkunnuvenn ariyumbol athinte phalangal nirthunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla marunninte peru parayaan skalliyodu aavashyappedunnu. nenjil skinner vedivachu mulder thante kaaryam theliyikkunnathuvare scully avishwaasathilaanu; vediyundakalude murivukalil ninnu manja padaartham puratthekku ozhukunnu. orikkalkkoodi, guhayil veendum bhoogarbhathil unarumbol avarude chuttupaadukal urukippokunnu. skinner oru rakshaapravarthaka samghavum avare kandethukayum avare valichidukayum oru aambulansinte surakshithathvathilekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnathinaal mulder bhoomiyude melkkoorayiloode kaii vaykkunnu. ambulansinullil praveshichukazhinjaal, mulder scully durbalamaayi kaikal pidikkunnu. uthppaadanam. ezhuthunnu. "executive producer frank spotnits ezhuthiya feeld trip, ezhuthu prakriya "oru anubhavam" ennu visheshippichu. thirakkatha niravadhi ghattangaliloode kadannupoyi; thudakkathil, seal cheytha guhayil oru raakshasan mulderine pinthudarunnathaayi thirakkadhayil chithreekarikkendathaayirunnu. thudarnnu, mulder scully ulppeduthunnathinaayi thirakkatha maatti. oduvil, kathayil maattam varuthiyathinaal thangal oru guhayil aazhathil samskarikkappettuvennu mulder scully vishwasichu, oduvil ithellaam oru bhrant maathramaanennu mulder kandethi. episodinte ashayam niravadhi kroo amgangale aaveshabharitharaakkiyathaayi spotnits abhiprayappettu "njangal orikkalum ithupolulla oru" ex-fayalukal "cheythitilla. kazhinja seasonil 'mosham rakthathil' njangal haasyaparamaayi cheythathinte gurutharamaaya pathippaya avarude rund midhyaadhaaranakalude athirukal kandu njangalkk mulderinteyum skalliyudeyum vyathyaasangal paryavekshanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. thaan saadhaaranayaayi sariyaanennu thante pankaaliyodu prathikarikkaan ithu mulderinu avasaram nalki, athinte falamaayi skalliyil ninnulla prathikaranavum vastutha sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. spotnits eee episode oru "athbhuthakaramaaya mind geyim" ennu visheshippichenkilum sankeernamaaya kathayum vegathayum kaazhchakkaarane aashayakkuzhappathilaakkum aashankappettu. eee aashankakal pariharikkunnathin, joonn shiban wins gilligan teleplake anthimaroopam nalkaan niyogichu. thirakkatha poorthiyaayikkazhinjaal, katha kooduthal manassilaakkaavunnathaane spotnitsinu thonni; shiban gilligan koonmazhakalilekku mulder scully chuvaduvekkunna reethiyil addeham prathyekichum santhushtanaayirunnu, ithu halucinogenic koonmannumaayulla avarude prarambha sanbarkkam sookshumamaayi soochippikkunnathinul oru maargamaan. njangal cheytha mattoru pradhana kaaryam, mulder scully yadhaarthathil apakadathilallennu prekshakar karuthunnillennu urappaakkuka ennathaanu-kurachu varshangalkk munbu" dallas "enna muzhuvan season pole ithellaam oru swapnamaayirunnu. athukondaanu koonn kondulla goo avare kollumennu avar manassilaakkiyenn njangal urappaakkiyath. gaveshanam, chithreekaranam, efakttukal. eee parambarayile gaveshakanaaya liie smith, tennessi sarvakalaashaalayile naravamshashaasthra vibhaagam nadathunna 30 ekkar visthruthiyulla body faamile gaveshakarumaayi koodiyaalochichu. kuzhichitta kettidam manushyaavashishtangal sambhavana cheyyukayum vighadanathinte gattangal padikkukayum cheythu. special effects coordinatoor joonn vulichine "spidery, ettu adii uyaramulla" fiberglass koonn roopakalppana cheyyaan chumathalappedutthi. anyagrahajeevikal" ennathinekkaal "jaivvum bhoomiyumaayi chernna" koonn roopappeduthanamennu nirmmaana designer koorii cuplan aagrahichu. guha ramgangalkkaayi staalaagmiteukalum staalakttaittukalum shariyaayi srishtikkaan kalaa vakupp vividha bhoomishaasthra paatapusthakangalumaayi koodiyaalochichu. podikalum guhaasettum poorthiyaayikkazhinjaal avaa phoox studiyo sthalangalilekku maatti. 1960kalil sampreshanam cheytha "baatmaan" television parambarayile broose veyninte baatkevu sthithicheyyunna sthalamaaya bronson malayidukkilaanu guhayude udghaadanam chithreekarichathu. mulderinteyum scully "melttinginteyum" prabhavam srishtikkunnathinaayi, special effects nirmmathaavaaya bill miller gillian aandezhsaninteyum david duchovniyudeyum viidiyoo trimana hye defenision veediyoyil pakarthi-rund abhinethaakkalum digitalaayi scan cheyyukayum phalangal oru computer kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. miller abhiprayappettu, "njangalude aadya pareekshanam nokkiyappol, oru paridhivare budhimuttillaathe mulder scully urukaan kazhiyillennu njangal manassilakki...] avarkk sinima thaarangaleppole urukendi vannu...] gilliyane maargarat thunnalkkaranaakki maattathe, david joonn aayi "aanaa manushyan" aayi murivelppichu. budhimuttukal nikathunnathinaayi, abhinethaakkalude mukhatthinte bhagangal maathram urukki avarude mukha savisheshathakal kedukoodaathe nilanirthunna oru "leading edju" urukal prabhavam miller upayogichu. mattu shottukalkkaayi, aandezhsaninum duchovinic fungus sravathinu vendi nilkkunna bhakshya niratthinte asukhakaramaaya nizhal upayogichu vardhippicha oru phudu kattiyullava kondu moodappeduka manikkoorukalolam sahikkendivannu. avasana ramgathinaayi aandezhsanum duchovney aksharaarthatthil bhoomiyil kuzhichumoodappettu, abhinethaakkal nananja syoottukal dharikkukayum pachakkari draavakathilum mannilum pothinjirikkukayum cheythu. vishayangal. ex-fayalukalude" muun entrikalil badal yaadhaarthyangalekkurichu ashayam emm enna reethiyil paryavekshanam cheythirunnu. thaarathamyena yaadhaasthithikan [.]" ennu kaith booker vilichu...] athu badal marggangal orotta 'yadhaartha' yaadhaarthyamaayi veendedukkaan anuvadikkunnu."moonnaam season episode" "jose chunginte" "outtar space" "oru thettaaya aakhyaathaavinte udaaharanamaayum aaram season episode" "prethangal chrismus moshtichathu engane" "oru hasyaparamaaya ithara yaadhaarthyathinte udaaharanamaayum addeham udharikkunnu". jerold jeey. abrams elisabath eph. cook, "dhaa philosophy oof tivi noyer" enna pusthakatthil, eee episode abductive reasoning oonnal nalkunnuvennu vaadikkunnu, daattayil ninno enthengilum vivaranathil ninno vishwasaneeyamaaya daattaykk kaaranamaakukayum prasakthamaaya thelivukal vishadeekarikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunna oru sidhaanthathilekku pookunna oru tharam yukthi. abductive reasoning eee yukthiye pinthudarunnu oru athbhuthakaramaaya vastutha, sii, nireekshikkappedunnu (phalam); a, sidhaantham shariyaanenkil, sii thikanja ardhamundaakkum (niyamam); athinaal, a sariyaanennu (cases) samshayikkaan kaaranamund. nalkiyittulla oru udaaharanam pultthakidi nananjathaanu. ennaal mazha peiyukayaanengil pultthakidi nananjirikkunathil athishayikkanilla. athinaal mazha peythu kondirikkukayaanu. eee yukthisahamaya reethi mikka paripaadikalilum mulder eshtappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee episodil, scullyaanu aadyam eee reethi upayogikkunnathu. aval moonnu vyathyastha vasthuthakal edukkunnu-chila tharam koonkalude valia valippam, chila fangasukalude halosynogenic gunangal, chila tharam sasyangalude mamsabhojiyaaya swabhaavam-avalum mulder bhoogarbhathil kudungikkidakkunnu, oru mathibhramam anubavikkunnu, pathukke dahikkunnu. abductive lojikkinu moonnu bhaagangalund. onnamathaayi, marunnukalonnum kazhikkathirunnittum mulder scully bhrant pidichirikkunnu enna athbhuthakaramaaya vastutha-phalam ennum vilikkunnu. randaamathaayi, athu shariyaanenkil mathibhramam "theerchayaayum oru vishayamayirikkum" enna skalliyude sidhaantham-niyamam-undu. moonnaamathaayi, "[skalliyude sidhaantham] sariyaanennu samshayikkaan oru kaaranamund" enna nigamanamund-cases."eee thattikkondupokal, abrams kukum choondikkaanikkunnathu, srishtiparamaaya thattikkondupokalinte oru udaaharanamaanu, kaaranam scullick moonnennam, vyathyastha ashayangal" "srishtiparamaayi" "orumichu valikkaan kazhiyum". ennirunnaalum, aduthathaayi, mulder oru apakeerthikaramaaya nigamanatthilethunnu. skinnarumaayi sambhavangal charcha cheyyumbol, thanikk bodhyamillenn addeham parayunnu, kaaranam mayakkumarunnu avayude phalangal shradhikkumbol maathram shayikkunnilla. eee thattikkondupokalinum moonnu bhaagangalund. mulderinteyum skalliyudeyum rakshappedal prashnakaramaanennu thonnunnuvennathu athisayakaramaaya vasthuthayaan. niyamam enthennaal, mulder scully thangal rakshappettuvennu maathram karuthunnu, pakshe avaa ippozhum bhoogarbhathilaanu, dahikkunnu. oduvil, mulder scully koonmannil ninnu rakshappettitlenn "samshayikkaan kaaranamund" ennu cases parayunnu. itharathilulla yukthi undercode cheytha thattikkondupokalinte oru udaaharanamaanu, kaaranam ithu palarilum ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya niyamamaan. prakshepanavum sweekaranavum. "1999 meyy 9 nuu phoox netvarkkil "feeld trip" pradharshippichu. eee episode 15 oharikalulla 9.5 neelson rating nedi, athaayath television sajjeekarichirikkunna ellah kudumbangalilum ekadesham 9.5 sathamaanavum television kaanunna 15 sathamaanam kudumbangalum eee episodil tyoon cheythu. ithu 15.38 dasalaksham kaazhchakkaarum 94 laksham veedukalum kandu. "meyy 9 nuu avasaanicha aazhchayil ettavumadhikam aalukal kanda pathonpathaam television paripaadiyaayirunnu feeld trip. 1999 juulai 18 nuu yunaittad kingdatthilum irelandilum skye 1 ll sampreshanam cheytha eee episodinu 0.58 dasalaksham kazhchakkaar labhichu, aaa aazhcha ettavum kooduthal aalukal kanda moonnaamathe episodaayi rank cheythu. ithu ningalude manassine aakarshikkunnu" enna tagline upayogichu phoox episode pracharippichu... ningalude maamsam bhakshikkukayum cheiyunnu. innu ratri, manushya maamsathinu ruchiyulla oru chediyilekku mulder scully idari veezhunnu."deane haaglandinte peru deane haglung enna peril aadya kredittukalil thettayi ezhuthiyirikkunnu. niroopakaril ninnu eee episodinu prashamsa labhichu. eiii" yill ninnulla emily wanderwerf.vii. parambarayile "theerchayaayum kaanenda 10 episodukalil" onnaaya eee episode ennu club visheshippikkukayum rakshasa kadhakalude oru shekharathil ninnu amerikkayude pulp aakhyaanangalodulla abhiniveshathinte irunda underbelli vishadeekarikkaanulla sramathinu samanamaaya onnilekku parambarayude 'sookshumamaaya maattatthinte' udaaharanamaayi ithine udharikkukayum cheythu."parambara engane mikacha seasonukalekkaal mikachathaayirikkilla ennu" feeld trip "kaanikkunnu, pakshe ippozhum athu shradheyamaayi phalapradamaakumennu avar aathyanthikamayi nigamanam cheythu."thudarnnulla oru avalokanathil, wanderwerf eee episodinu" "eiii" "nalkukayum" "ex-fayalukalude aaram seasonile ente priyappetta episodukalilonnu" "ennu vilikkukayum cheythu, kaaranam lokathil ninnulla oro aagrahatheyum mulder scully enthaanennathinekkurichu vishakalanam, eee rund aalukalum avaa pariharikkan pravarthikkukayaanenkil maathrame nigoodathakal pariharikkan kazhiyoo enna vastutha"."roobert shiarman larse pierson avarude" "vishwasikkaan aagrahikkunnu ex-fayalukal, millennium, eaka thokkudhaarikal ennivayilekkulla oru vimarsanaathmaka guide" "enna pusthakatthil episodinu anchil anchu nakshathrangal rettucheythu". iruvarum eee episode "mosham raktha" enna episodumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu, eee episode "aaa 'mosham raktha' prameyangalude retread aanu" ennu abhiprayappettu. ennirunnaalum, shearman pierson abhiprayappettu, "[episode] deerghakaalamaayi nadakkunna sayans fiction shoyude kanvenshanukale kaliyaakkuka mathramalla, namukk chuttumulla sathyangale chodyam cheyyaan prekshakare shanikkukayum cheiyunnu". dvd tokkil ninnulla erl cressy "feeld trip" ennu vilikkunnathu "season aarile hailaittukalil" onnaanu. toom kesenich, thante "examination eiii anaadhikritha nottam 6-9 seasonukal oof dhii ex-fayalukal" enna pusthakatthil eee episodinekkurichu anukoolamaayi ezhuthi, "[episodile mulderinteyum skalliyudeyum bandham] sneham, bahumanam allengil sauhrudam ennivaykku atheethamaan, koodaathe avarude kaikalude sparshanathe polum marikadakkunnu, athu avasaanam avarude aathyanthika aikyathe pratheekappeduthunnu. [...] avarude bandham valare shakthamaan, athinaal avar ore mayakkumarunnu preritha mathibhramangal polum pankidunnu. athmaakkal sarikkum inacherunnu ". kesenich pinneedu eee episodinu "ex-fayalukalude" "ekkaalatheyum mikacha 25 episodukalil" onnaayi sthaanam nalki, 25-aamm sthaanathethi. "cinefantastic" ennathil ninnulla poula vitaaris eee episodinu mithamaaya positteev avalokanam nalkukayum naalil randara staarukal nalkukayum cheythu. eee episode "yaadhaarthyam/mathibhramam ennivayil valia kaaryangalonnum cheiyunnilla" ennu shradhichenkilum, dachoviniyudeyum aandezhsaninteyum abhinayathe vimarshicha vitaaris, avarude prakadanangalaanu episodinte "pradhana aanandangal" ennu abhiprayappettu. episodinte pradhana ethiraaliyaaya feeld mashroomine vimarshakaril ninnu kooduthalum anukoolamaaya avalokanangal labhichu, kurachu ethirppukaar. poppmaattezhsil ninnulla cooney oogil "bheeman bhoogarbha koonn inathe" aazhchayile ettavum mikacha "rakshasanmaaril oralaayi rank cheythu, ithu" oru pissa kazhikkaan kazhiyaathathra thanthraparamaanu "ennu visheshippichu. yaahoovil ninnulla timothi sekstan! aazhchayile ettavum mikacha ex-phayal rakshasanmaaril oralaayi" "bheeman koonn" ennu peritta shabdangal, ezhuthunnu, "ex-phayal episode feeld trippil karyangal avarkk thonnunnathu poleyalla. [...] ennaal oru bheeman koonn aazhchayile ettavum avismaraneeyamaaya ex-phayal rakshasanmaaril oraalaanenn njaan avakaashappedumbol, njaan gauravamaayi edukkukayaanennu ningalkk urappikkaam. ellah avalokanangalum athra nallathayirunnilla. aii09-ll ninnulla syriac lammer koonn "ettavum parihasyamaaya 10 ex-phayal rakshasanmaaril" oraalaanenn visheshippikkukayum "mulder scully oru mayakkumarunnu yaathrayil samyukthamaayi pooraadunnathiloode eee michological pediswapnam keezhadakkukayum cheiyunnu-chila yadhaartha aastral playin shitt, brah. 1990kalile sii. jii. aii. yeei snehikkunnu.

kshetra bhraman (ex-files) "feeled trip' haah 'daad ex-files' yaa vidnyan kalpit durchitravani malikechya sahavya hangamacha ekvisava bhag aahe. 9 meey 1999 roji america aanee canadamadhye fox networkwar tyacha pratham pradarshan jhaala aanee tyanantar 18 julai roji united kingadammadhe skye 1 varr prasarit jhaala. johnn shiban aanee wins gilligan yanni haah bhag lihila hota, phrank spotnitz yanchya kathetoon aanee kiim manners yanni digdarshit keela hota. haah bhag eka 'aathvadyacha rakshas' katha aahe, jyacha malikechya vyapak pauranik kathanshi sambandh nahee. "feeled trip' neey tyachya suruvatichya prasaranat 15.40 dashalaksh lokanni pahilelya, 9.5 chey nielson gharguti manankan midavale. yaa bhagala durchitravani samikshakankadun mothya pramanat sakaratmak pratisad midala. haah karyakram eff. bii. aay. chey vishesh pratinidhi fox mulder (david duchovni) aanee daana scully (gillion anderson) yanchyavar kendrit aahe, jeey ex-files navachya paranormalshy sambandhit prakarananvar kaam karatat. mulder haah adhisamanyavar vishvas thevato, tarr sanshayvadi scullyla tyachya kamache khandan karnyasathi niyukt kele gele aahe. yaa prakaranamadhye, done sangadyancha rahasyamay shodh mulder aanee scully yanna tapas karnyas pravrutt karato. tyanna jeey sapadate teey mhanje eka prachand burshijanya vaadh jyamule ghatakanmadhye done swatantra matibhramjanya prasang hotat, jeey akheris eka samayik matibhramamadhye villin hotat. walter skiiner (mitch pilegi) yanchya netrutvakhalil eff. bii. aay. bachav pathakachya madatine doghanche pran vachatat. prekshakanna tyanchya matibhramadarmyan mulder aanee skaliche vegale drushtikon pahanyachi sandhee denyasathi haah bhag lihila gela hota. kalakar aanee aanee sadasyanni, tasech samikshakanni nondavale qee haah bhag pachvya bhagachya 'white rakt' chee adhik gambhir aavrutti hotee. yaa bhagachi tayari karnyasathi, yaa malikechya karmchari sadasyanni mashroom, burshi, manvi vighatan aanee guha bhoogarbhshastra yaa vishayanvaril vividh mahitiche sanshodhan kele. shivay, paryayi vastav aanee tyachya apaharanatmak tarkshastrachya vaparashi sambandhit vishayanmule yaa bhagachi gambhirpane tapasani karnyat aalee aahe. plot. bunemadhye, north carolina, wallace (david denman) aanee engela shif (robbin live) shetat eka divasachya haykinganantar gharee paratatat. engelala dokedukhi hote aanee aanghol kartana teela vatate qee teela bhintivarun pivalya rangacha padarth vahat jaatana disato. angela aanee bhatti ekmekanchya bahunmadhye zopayala jaatat parantu camera baher padatach drushya tyanchya hadanchya mankyakade sarakate aanee shetatil madhyabhagi tyach sthiteet rahate. eff. bii. aay. chey vishesh ghatak fox mulder (david duchovni) aanee daana scully (gillion anderson) tapas karatat aanee hadanchi barkaine tapasani kelyanantar, doghannahi hadanchya khalchya bhagala jhakanara eka vichitra pivala padarth aadhalato joou mool tapasanimadhye chukala hota. mrutdeh heey prasiddha tapkiri parvatiy divyancha parinam aahet asey manoon mulder, shodh sthalakade jaato, tarr scully adhik chachanya karnyasathi coroner (jiim beaver) sobat mage rahato. jevha mulder shetat yeto, tevha too nakalat mashroomschya eka tukadyavar gaadee chalavato jyamule matibhramjanya bijakananche dhag sodale jaatat. darshakanna maheet nasalela mulder-matibhram houu lagato. tyala lavkarach eka guhet bhint aanee engela sapadatat aanee doghancha dawa aahe qee tyanche apaharan pargrahvasi lokanni kele hote, jyanni tyanche bepatta hone khotya sangadyanni jhakale. nantar, scully mulderchya apartmentmadhye yeto aanee kaay ghadale heey too scullyla samajavun sangato. too teela eka pargrahvasi dakhavato jyala tyane tapkiri dongravar pakadale hote. matra, scully, prashna naan vicharta tyacha tark swikarato aanee mulder tyachya sabhovatalachya paristhitivar shanka gheu lagato. akheris, pivala padarth pahilyanantar, agadi engela aarisarkha, pivalya stravane jhakalelya, jiwant jiwant, tyane aadhi mage kelelya guhet, gathee jaage hote. darmyan, scullyla asey aadhalale aahe qee pivalya padarthat pramukhyane pachak rasat aadhalanare sendriya padarth asatat, jaree teey vanaspatisarkhe disate. shetat pohochalyavar, chukun chukun mashroomvar paul takto aanee bhramniras suru karato. scully aanee mrutyunivarak mulder shodhu lagato, keval tyachya hadanche avashesh sapadatat. mrutyunivarak karyalayat parat, scully tyachya dant nondinmadhun mulderche avashesh olakhato parantu sangadyavar strav jhalyacha konatahi purava sapadat nahee. nantar, mulderchya jagrutiveli, spashtapane jiwant, mulder disato. achanak, jagrut jhaleli mandali nahishi hote. kaay ghadale aahe yavar mulder aanee scully charcha karat asatana, tyaa doghannahi heey lakshat yeu lagate qee teey comatose asatana tyaa padarthane pachavalelya gumphet ajunahi aahet; kasetari, teey samaan matibhram samayik kareet aahet. jevha jaaniv hote, tevha teey doghe gumphet kholvar jaage hotat aanee gabhade tyachya mage surakshit thikani khechoon jaminivarun baher padnyasathi ladhatat. nantar, walter skinnerchya (mitch pilegi) karyalayat, mulder punha ekada teey purnapane mukt aahet qee nahee yabaddal shanka gheu lagato, vaparkartyanna teey matibhram karat aahet heey kalalyavar tyache parinam parinam konatyahi prakarchya aushadhache naav sanganyas scullyla vicharato. mulderne chhatimadhye skiiner maroon aapala muddah siddha kareparyant scully avishvasat asato; golichya jakhmanmadhun pivala padarth baher padato. punha ekada, guhet punha bhoomigat jaage jhalyavar tyancha parisar vitalato. mulder tyacha haat jaminichya chhatavar chikatavato kaaran skiiner aanee bachav bachav eka pathak tyanna shodhanyat aanee tyanna baher khechoon aananyat aanee tyanna rugnavahikechya surakshitateparyant nenyat yashasvi hote. rugnavahikechya aat gelyavar, mulder aanee scully kamkuvatpane haat dharatat. utpadan. lekhan. "karyakari nirmata phrank spotnitz yanni 'feeled trip' lihile hote, jyanni lekhan prakriyeche varnan 'eka anubhav' asey kele hote. patkatha anek tappyanmadhun gelee; mulat, yaa patkathemadhye seelband gumphet eka rakshasacha palanga maratanacha tharar dakhvayacha hota. tyanantar, mulder aanee scully yaa donhi goshtincha samavesh karnyasathi patkatha badalanyat aalee. shevati, katha badalanyat aalee jenekarun mulder aanee scully yanna fakt vishvas basala qee tyanna eka gumphet kholvar daphan karnyat aale aahe, aanee mulderla akheris heey serve eka bhram asalyache samajale. spotnitzne nondavale qee yaa bhagachya sankalpnene anek karmchari sadasyanna utsahit keleh "aamhi kharokhar asha" ex-files "kadhich kelya navhatya. mulder aanee scully yanchyatil farkancha shodh ghenyasathi aamhi tyanchya done matibhramanchi toke baghoo shakato-gelya hangamat 'white rakt' madhye aamhi jeey vinodipane kele tyachi eka gambhir aavrutti. yamule mulderla tyachya jodidarashi samna karanyachi sandhee midali qee too samanyatah barobar aahe, parinami skalikadoon pratisad midala, jyamule vastusthitichi pushti jhaali. spotnitzne yaa bhagala 'adbhut manacha khel' mhatale, parantu guntaguntichi katha aanee veg prekshakanna gondhalat takel ashee chinta hotee. yaa chinta door karnyasathi, johnn shiban aanee wins gilligan yanni teleplayla antim roop denyache kaam sopavale hote. ekada patkatha purn jhalyavar, spotnitzla vatale qee katha adhik samajanyasarkhi jhaali aahe; jyaa prakare shiban aanee gilligan yanni mulder dakhavale aanee tyanchya hyalusinogenic mashroomchya suruvatichya samparkat sookshmapane yenyacha eka marg mhanoon mashroomvar paay thevatat tyabaddal teey visheshtah samadhani hote. gilliganne namood kele qee "aamhi keleli aanakhi eka kharokhar mahatvachi gosht mhanje prekshakanna asey vatat nahee qee mulder aanee scully kharokhar dhokyat naheet-qee heey serve eka swapna hote, kahee varshanpurvichya 'dallas' chya sampoorn hangamapramane. mhanunach aamhi khatri karoon ghetali qee tyanna samajale qee mashroommadhil goo tyanna thaar marel. sanshodhan, chitrikaran aanee parinam. yaa malikeche sanshodhak lii smith yanni tenacy vidyapithatil manavvanshashastra vibhagadvare chalavalya chalavalya 30 ekarchya boddy farmmadhil sanshodhkanshi sallamasalat kelee. daphan kelelya suvidhet manvi avashesh daan kele gele aanee vighatanachya tappyancha abhyas keela. special effects samnvayak johnn woolich yanna 'spidery, aath phoot unch' fiberglass mashroomschi rachana karnyache kaam denyat aale hote. nirmiti designer corey caplan yanna vulichane 'elean' chya aivaji 'sendriya aanee pruthvivar bandhalele' disanyasathi mashroomschi rachana karavi ashee ichcha hotee. qalaa vibhagane gumpha drushyansathi stalagmites aanee stalactites yogyaritya tayar karnyasathi vividh bhoogarbhiy pathyapustakancha sallah ghetala. shenga aanee gumpha tayar jhalyanantar, tyaa fox studio lotsmadhye hastantarit kelya gelya. guheche udghatan bronson bronson chitrit karnyat aale hote, jeey 1960 chya dashakat prasarit jhalelya "batman" durchitravani maliketil broos venchya batcaveche sthan mhanoon sarvat ullekhaneey aahe. mulder aanee skalicha 'vitalanyacha' parinam nirman karnyasathi, special effectsche nirmate biil miller yanni gillion anderson aanee david duchovni yancha video trimiteey hye-definition vhidiomadhye tipla-donhi kalakaranche digital scan kele gele aanee parinam sangankadware hatalale gele. millerne namood kele qee, "jevha aamhi aamchi pahili chachani pahili, tevha aamhala samajale qee aamhi kahee pramanat adchanishivay mulder aanee scully vitaloo shakat nahee...] tyanna chitrapat tarkanpramane vitalave lagale...] gillionla margaret thatchermadhe aanee devidla johnmadhye naan badalata 'hatti manus' mhanoon dukhavale. adchaninchi bharpai karnyasathi, millerne 'leading aij' vitalanyacha prabhav vaparla jyamule abhinetyanchya abhinetyanchya fakt kahee bhag vitalale aanee tyanchya tyanchya vaishishtye abadhit rahili. itar shotsasathi, anderson aanee duchovni yanna burshijanya sravasathi asalelya ann ranganchya aajari savaline vadhavalelya ann jaad jaad padarthane jhakale jaane tasantas sahan karave lagale. anderson aanee duchovni yanna antim drushyasathi aksharshah pruthvikhali puranyat aale, jyat kalakaranni ole suut paridhan kele aanee bhajipala drav aanee matine jhakale gele. vishay. paryayi vastavanchi kalpana 'ex-files' chya aadhichya nondinmadhye asha prakare shodhali gelee hotee qee m. keath booker yanna "tulanene puranmatvadi [...] jeey paryayanna ekach 'vastavik' vastav mhanoon punarprapt karnyas anumati dete."too dete."too hangamacha bhag" "jose chungcha" "bahya antaralatun" "heey sadosh kathavachakanche udaharan mhanoon aanee sahavya hangamacha bhag" "bhutanni khrismas kassa chorala" "heey vinodi paryayi vastavache udaharan mhanoon uddhrut karato". gerold jeey. abrams aanee elizabeth eff. cook, 'daad philosophy auph tv noir' yaa pustakat assa yuktivad keela aahe qee haah bhag apaharanatmak tarkavar jore deto, eka prakarcha tarkshastra joou deta kinwa ekhadya goshtichya varnanapasun vishvasarh detacha hishob asalelya gruhitkakade jaato aanee sambandhit purave spasht karnyacha prayatna karato. apavartak tark tarkshastrache anusaran karatoh eka aashcharyakarak tathya, see, nirikshanat yete (parinam); jarr aii, gruhitak kharey asel tarr see paripoorn arth (niyam) deil; asha prakare, aii kharey aahe (prakaran) assa sanshay ghenyache kaaran aahe. eka udaharan dile gele aaheh lonn ole aahe. pann paus padat asel tarr lonn ole aahe yaat aashchary vatnyasarkhe kahee nahee. tyamule paus padat aahe. yaa tarkik paddhatila bahutek karyakramanmadhye mulderchi pasanti asate. tathapi, yaa bhagat, hii paddhat pratham kona vaparte heey scully aahe. tee teen swatantra tathye ghete-kahee prakarchya mashroomscha prachand aakar, kahee burshinche matibhramjanya gunadharm aanee kahee prakarchya vanaspatinche mansahari swaroop-aanee eka apaharankari nishkarsh kadhateh tee aanee mulder bhoomigat adakale aahet, matibhram anubhavat aahet aanee haloohaloo pachat aahet. apaharanatmak tarkshastrache teen bhag aahet. pratham, eka aashcharyakarak vastusthiti aahe-jyala parinam dekhil mhanatat-qee konatihi aushadhe naan gheta, mulder aanee scully donhi matibhram karnare aahet. dusare mhanje, skaliche gruhitak aahe-niyam-qee, jarr teey kharey asate tarr matibhram hii "nakkich eka baab asel". tisare, nishkarsh aahe-prakaran-qee "[skaliche gruhitak] kharey asalyacha sanshay ghenyache eka kaaran aahe."heey apaharan, abrams aanee cook sangatat, heey sarjansheel apaharanache eka udaharan aahe, kaaran scully teen, vegalya kalpana ekatra" sarjansheelpane "khechanyat yashasvi hote. tathapi, mulder pudhe eka apaharanatmak nishkarsh kadhato. skinnersobat ghatananvar charcha kartana too mhanato qee tyala khatri patat nahee, kaaran jevha ekhadyala tyanche parinam disatat tevhach amali padarth qamee hott naheet. yaa apaharanachehi teen bhag aahet. parinam mhanje aashcharyakarak vastusthiti aahe qee mulder aanee skalicha palayan samasyapradhan disate. niyam assa aahe qee mulder aanee scully yanna fakt vatate qee teey paloon gele aahet, parantu teey kharokhar ajunahi bhoomigat aahet aanee pachavale jaat aahet. shevati, prakaran asey sangate qee "sanshay ghenyache kaaran aahe qee" mulder aanee scully mashroommadhun sutale naheet. yaa prakarche tarkshastra heey adhorekhit apaharanache eka udaharan aahe, kaaran haah anekanmadhye sarvat vajvi niyam aahe. prasaran aanee swagat. "9 meey 1999 roji fox networkwar 'feeled trip' chaa pratham pradarshan jhaala. yaa bhagane 15 bhagansah 9.5 nielson raiting midavale, mhanje serve durchitravani-susajj kutumbanpaiki andaje 9.5 takke aanee durchitravani durchitravani 15 takke kutumbanche yaa bhagache sadarikaran jhaale. too 15.38 dashalaksh prekshakanni tasech 94 laakh gharanni pahila hota. "9 meey roji sampalelya aathvadyat 'feeled trip' haah sarvadhik pahila jaanara ekonisava durchitravani karyakram hota. haah bhag 18 julai 1999 roji united kingdam aanee irelandmadhye skye 1 varr prasarit jhaala aanee tyala 0.58 laakh prekshak midale, joou tyaa aathvadyat sarvadhik pahila gelela tisra bhag hota. foxney yaa bhagachi jahirat 'heey tumchya manat bhural padate' yaa tagline kelee... aanee tumche maans khalle. aaj ratri, manvi mansachi chav asalelya zadavar phulpakharu aanee kubadya adkhaltat."deane haglandche naav deane hagloong mhanoon suruvatichya shreyanmadhye chukiche lihile aahe. yaa bhagachi samikshakankadun prashansa jhaali. daad aaa' madheel emily wanderworf.vhee. clubney yaa bhagala malikechya '10 avashya pahavya pahavya bhaganpaiki' eka mhatale aanee rakshasi kathanchya sangrahatoon amerikechya lugyachya varnananchya vedepanachya gadad aateel bhagache spashtikaran denyachya prayatnashi adhik samya asalelya kahitarikade malikechya 'sookshm badalache' udaharan mhanoon uddhrut kele."shevati tine assa nishkarsh kadhala qee" "maidani pravas" "neey dakhavun dile qee hii malika punha tyachya sarvottam hangamaintaki changli kadhich honar nahee, parantu tarihi ullekhaneey parinamkarak tharoo shakate"."tyanantarchya punaravalokanat, wanderworfney yaa bhagala" "aaa" "asey sanmanit kele aanee jagatil pratyek ichchechya kaay mulder aanee skalichya vishleshanamule aanee yaa prakaranamadhye assa yuktivad keela aahe qee jarr heey donhi lock tyanche nirakaran karnyasathi kaam karat asateel tarach rahasye sodavali jaau shakatat, tyamule tyala" "ex-fileschya sahavya hangamachya majhya aavadatya bhaganpaiki eka" "mhatale"."robbert shearman aanee lars pearson yanni tyanchya" "vishvas thevanyachi ichchah ex-files, millennium aanee ekal bandukdharkansathi eka gambhir margdarshak" "yaa pustakat yaa bhagala pachpaiki paach taare dile aahet". doghanni yaa bhagachi sakaratmak tulana 'white rakt' yaa bhagashi kelee, heey lakshat gheuun qee haah bhag 'tyaa' white rakt 'sankalpanancha punarvapar aahe. tathapi, shivay, shearman aanee pearson yanni namood kele qee, "[haah bhag] dirghkal dirghkal vidnyan-katha karyakramachya adhiveshananchi keval vinod karane nahee, tarr aaplya sabhovatalachya satyanvar prashna vicharanyasathi prekshakanna aamantrit karane aahe. dii. vhee. dii. chya charchanmadhil earl cressy yanna 'feeled trip' asey sambodhale jaate, jeey 'sahavya hangamachya thalak vaishishtyanpaiki eka' aahe. tomm kesenichane tyachya 'examination aaa anadhikrut look auph season 6-9 auph daad ex-files' yaa pustakat yaa prakaranabaddal sakaratmak lihile aahe, asey mhanat qee '[yaa prakaranatil mulder aanee skaliche naate] prem, aadar kinwa maitrichya palikade jaate aanee tyanchya hatanchya sparshalahi paar karate jeey shevati tyanchya antim aikyache prateek aahe. [...] tyanche sambandh itake majboot aahet, itake shaktishali aahet qee teey samaan madak padarth prerit matibhram dekhil samayik karatat. aatma kharokharach jodidar aahe. kesenichane nantar yaa bhagala 'ex-files' chya 'sarvkaleen sheersh 25 bhaganpaiki' eka asey naav dile, tyala 25 vya kramankavar sthan dile. 'cinephantastic' madheel paula vitarisne yaa bhagala madhyam pramanat sakaratmak punaravalokan dile aanee tyala charpaiki adich taare dile. haah bhag 'vastav/matibhram yaa aadharavar farsa kahee karat nahee' heey lakshat gheunahi, vitarisne duchovni aanee anderson yanchya abhinayache kautuk kele aanee namood kele qee tyanchi kamgiri haah bhagacha 'pramukh anand' hota. yaa bhagacha mukhya virodhak, feeled mashroomla kahee virodhkansah samikshakankadun bahutek sakaratmak punaravalokne midali. popmaterschya coney ogalane 'vishal bhoomigat mashroomchya vastoo' laa 'aathvadyatil sarvottam' rakshasamadhye sthan dile, tyache varnan 'pizza ghene khoop chalak' asey kele. yahumadhun timothi sexton! daad giant mashroom' heey 'aathvadyatil sarvottam ex-files rakshas' mhanoon sambodhale jaanare aavaj, 'ex-fileschya bhagachya feeled tripmadhye' goshti tyaa jyaa disatat tyaa naheet. [...] pann jevha mea dawa karato qee eka vishal mashroom haah aathvadyatil sarvat sansmaraniy ex-files rakshasanpaiki eka aahe, tevha tumhi mea gambhir aahe assa dawa karoo shakata. serve punaravalokne itaki sakaratmak navhati. navhati madheel syriac lamarne mashroomla '10 sarvat hasyaspad ex-files rakshas' paiki eka mhatale aanee lihile, 'mulder aanee scully yanni drugg trip darmyan sanyuktapane ladhoon yaa mycological duhswapnavar vijay midavala-kahee vastavik sookshm viman shiit, brahm. 1990 chya dashkatil see. jee. aay. varr prem qaraa.

field trip (ex-fileharu) "field trip" vigyan katha television shringkhala "da ex-file" ko chhaitaun sijanko ekkaisaun episode how. yasako premiere mey 9,1999 maa fucks networkma sanyukta rajya america rar canadama bhaeko thiyo, rar pachhi july 18 maa united kingadamma skye 1 maa prasarit bhayo. yo episode john shiban rar bhinas giligandwara lekhieko thiyo, frank spatanitzko kathabata, rar kim mannersdwara nirdeshit thiyo. episode ek "haptako rakshas" katha how, shringkhalako wyapak pauranik kathasanga asambandhit chha. "field trip" ley yasako prarambhik prasaranma 15.40 million manisharule hereko 9.5 ko nielsen gharelu mulyankan kamaeko thiyo. episodele television alochakharubata dherai sakaratmak samiksha prapta garyo. soe fbi vishesh agent fucks muelder (devid duchovani) rar dana scully (gillion anderson) maa kendrit chha jasle ex-fileharu bhanine pyaranormalsanga sambandhit kesharuma kaam garchhan. muelder paranormalma vishwas garne wyakti hun, jabki sandigdha skalilai unko kamlai khandan garna tokieko chha. episodema, dui kankalharuko rahasyamaya khojle muelder rar skalilai anusandhan garna netritwa gardacha. uniharule patta lagaeko kura ek vishal fungle wriddhi how jasle agentharulai dui farak halucinogenic episodharu nimtyaunchha, june antatah ek sajha halucinationma merge hunchha. walter skinner (mitch pailegi) ko netritwama raheko fbi uddhar tolilai dhanyawad dindai tee duilai uddhar garieko chha. episode darshakharulai uniharuko matibhramko samayama muelder rar skaliko chhuttai drishtikonharu herne mauka dina lekhieko thiyo. kalakar rar chalak dalka sadasyaharu, sathai samikshakharule yo episode sijan paanch episode "kharab ragat" ko adhik gambhir sanskaran bhaeko ullekha gare. episodko tayarika lagi, chyau, dhusi, manav apaghatan, rar gufa bhuwigyanka barema vibhinna jankari shringkhalaka chalak dalka sadasyaharule anusandhan gareka thie. yasabahek, vaikalpik wastawikta rar yasako apharankari tarkako prayogsanga sambandhit wishayawastuko karan episodlai alochanatmak rupma jaanch garieko chha. plut. bunma, uttari carolina, wallas (devid denman) rar angela sif (robin laibh) khetma ek dinko padayatra pachhi ghar farkanchhan. angelalai tauko dukhcha rar, nuhaunda, unle bhittaharubata pahenlo padarthako chhawiharu dekhchhin bhanne sochchan. angela rar wallas ek arkako hatma ochhyanma janchhan tara camerale bahira niskanda drishya tiniharuko kankalma sarchha june khetko bichma eutai sthitima rahanchha. fbi vishesh agent fucks muelder (devid duchovani) rar dana scully (gillion anderson) ley anusandhan garchhan rar haddiharuko najikbata jaanch garepachhi, duwaile kankalko tallo bhaglai dhakne anautho pahenlo padartha fela parchhan june muel janchma chhuteko thiyo. shawaharu prasidha khairo pahadi battiharuko parinam how bhanne vishwas gardai muelder, khojko drishyama bahira niskanchhan jabki scully thap parikshanharu garna coroner (zim bibhar) sanga pachhadi baschhan. jab mulder khetma aipugchha, usale anajanema chyauko euta pyachmathi gadi chalaunchha jasle halucinogenic bijanuharuko badal chhodchha. mulder-darshaklai thaha nabhaeko-matibhram huna thalcha. unle chaandai gufama wallas rar angela patta lagaunchhan, rar tee duile uniharulai videshiharule apharan gareko dabi garchhan, jasle uniharuko bepatta bhaeko kuralai jhuto kankalle dhakeka chhan. pachhi, scully mulderko apartmentma aipugchha rar usale key bhayo bhanera scully garna bataunchha. usale unlai euta videshi dekhaunchha jaslai unle khairo pahadma samateka thie. tathapi, skalile kunai prashna bina afno tarka swikar gardacha rar mulderle afno warparko barema shanka garna thalcha. antatah, pahenlo padartha dekhepachhi, angela soe jastai, mulder gufama jagchha june usale pahile bhitta pachhyauncha, pahenlo srawama dhakieko, jiwit pachaeko chha. yasaibich, skalile patta lagae kii pahenlo padarthama mukhyataya pachan rasma paine jaivik padartha hunchha, yadyapi yo botabiruwajasta dekhinchha. khetma pugda, skalile galtile arko chyauma paila chaale, rar matibhram garna thalcha. scully rar coronerle mulder khojna thalchhan, kewal unko kankal awasheshharu fela parne. koronerko karyalayama, skalile afno danta recordbata mulderko awasheshharu pahichan gardacha tara kankalma srawako kunai praman fela pardaina. pachhi, mulderko jagaranma spashta rupma jiwit, muelder dekha pardachha. achanak, jagne mandali gayab hunchha. jab muelder rar skalile key bhaeko chha bhanera chhalfal garchhan, tiniharu duwaile mahasus garna thalchhan kii tiniharu ajhai pani gufama chhan june padarthale pachairaheko chha jabki tiniharu comatose chhan; kunai naha kunai rupma, tiniharu eutai matibhram sajha gariraheka chhan. jab yo anubhuti hunchha, tiniharu duwai gufako gahiraima jagchhan rar mulderle afno pachhadi surakshit sthanma tandai jaminbata bahira niskane batosanga ladchan. pachhi, walter skinner (mitch pailegi) karyalayama, mulderle feri ekpatak afuharu swatantra chhan bhanne shanka garna thalchhan, skalilai kunai pani prakarko aushadhiko naam dina sodhchan jasle prayogkartaharulai thaha bhaepachi yasako prabhawharu rokna sakchha. jabasamma mulderle chhatima skinner goli hanera afno kura pramanit gardaina, tabasamma scully awishwasma rahanchha; goliko ghaubata pahenlo padartha niskanchha. feri ekpatak, gufama feri bhumigat rupma jagda tiniharuko warparko watawaran paglancha. mulderle afno haat prithwiko chhatma tanschhan kinki skinner rar uddhar karmachariharuko tolile tiniharulai patta lagauna rar tiniharulai bahira tanne rar uniharulai ambulanceko surakshama laijan prabandha gardacha. ek patak ambulancebhitra pugepachhi, muelder rar skalile kamjor haat samatchhan. utpadan. lekhna. "field trip" karyakari nirmata frank spotnitzle lekheka thie, jasle lekhan prakriyalai "ek anubhav" ko rupma warnan gare. script dherai charanharubata gujryo; muel rupma, scriptma sill garieko gufama rakshasdwara mulderlai pachhyairaheko thiyo. tyasapachhi, muelder rar scully duwailai samawesh garna script pariwartan gariyo. antatah, katha pariwartan gariyo taaki muelder rar skalile kewal afulai gufama gahiro dafanaieko vishwas gare, antatah mulderle yo sabai matibhram thiyo bhanera patta lagae. spatnitzle episodko awadharanale dherai chalak dalka sadasyaharulai utsahit pareko ullekha gareh "hamile wastawma yass prakarko" ex-fileharu "kahilyai garenaun. hammy muelder rar skaliko bhinnataharu tiniharuko dui matibhramko charam simaharu dekhera anweshan garna sakchaun-hamile gata sijanma 'kharab ragat' maa hasyapurna rupma key garyaun bhanne kurako gambhir sanskaran. yasale mulderlai afno sajhedarlai uni samanyataya sahi chhan bhanne tathyasanga samana garne awasar prastut garyo, jasko parinamswarup skaliko pratikriya bhayo, tathyalai pushti gardai. spatnitzle episodlai "adbhut mind game" bhaneka thie tara jatil katha rar gatile darshaklai bhramit garne chinta thiyo. yee chintaharu samadhan garna, teleplelai john shiban rar bhinas giligandwara antim roop dina tokieko thiyo. ekchoti patakatha samapta bhaepachi, spotnitzle katha dherai badhi bujhna sakine bhaeko mahasus gare; shiban rar gilliganle mulder rar skalilai chyauko chhalama sukshma rupma halucinogenic chyauko prarambhik exposurelai sanket garne tarikako rupma kadam chaleko tarikabata uni vishesh gari khusi thie. gilliganle ullekha gare kii "hamile gareko arko sanchchai mahatwapurna kura bhaneko darshakharule muelder rar scully wastawma khatarama chhainan bhanne sochnu thiena-yo sabai sapana thiyo, kehi warsha pahile" dallas "ko tyo sampurna sijan jastai. tyasakaran hamile uniharule chyauko gule uniharulai marnecha bhanne mahasus gare bhanera sunishchit garyaun. anusandhan, chalchitra nirman rar prabhawharu. yass shringkhalaka lagi anusandhankarta lea smithle university aff tenesiko manav vigyan vibhagdwara sanchalit 30 ekadko buddy farmaka anusandhankartaharusanga paramarsha gare. gabhieko suwidhale manav awashesh daan garyo rar apaghatanko charanharuko adhyayan garyo. vishesh prabhawa sanyojak john bhulichlai "spidery, atha fitt aglo" fibreglass chyauko design garne kaam diieko thiyo. utpadan designer corey kaplanle bhulichle "aliane" ko viparit "jaivik rar prithwibadha" dekhine gari chyauko design garna chahanthe. kala vibhagle gufako drishyaka lagi stalagmite rar stalactiteharu ramrosanga sirjana garna vibhinna bhugarbhiya pathyapustakharusanga paramarsha prapta. ekchoti podd rar gufa sett samapta bhaepachi, tiniharulai fucks studio latma sthanantaran gariyo. gufako udghatan bronson canyonma chhayangkan garieko thiyo, june 1960 ko dashakma prasarit "batman" television shringkhalama bruce wenko batkabhko sthan bhaeko karan sabaibhanda ullekhaniya thiyo. muelder rar scully "paglane" ko prabhawa sirjana garna, vishesh prabhawa nirmata bill millerle gillion anderson rar devid duchovaniko bhidiolai tri-ayamik uccha-paribhasha bhidiyoma khicheka thie-dui abhinetaharulai digital rupma scan garieko thiyo rar parinamharu computerdwara herfer garieko thiyo. millerle ullekha gare kii, "jab hamile hamro pahilo parikshan here, hamile mahasus garyaun kii hammy kehi hadasamma kathinai bina mulder rar scully paglan sakdainaun...] tiniharule chalchitraka starharu jastai paglanuparyo...] gileanlai margaret thatcher rar devidlai jonema badalie bina "hatti manis" ko rupma chot lageko chha. kathinaiharuko kshatipurti garna, millerle "agrani kinara" paglane prabhawa prayog gare jasle abhinetaharuko anuharko kehi bhagharu matra paglayo, uniharuko anuharko wisheshtaharu akshunn rakhyo. anya satharuka lagi, anderson rar duchovanile fungle sravaka lagi khada bhaeko khanako rangko birami chhayale badhaieko khana gadha garnedwara dhakieko ghantaun sahanuparyo. anderson rar duchovanilai antim drishyaka lagi shabdik rupma prithvimuni gadiyo, abhinetaharule bhijeko suit lagaeka thie rar tarkariko taral padartha rar matoma dhakieka thie. vishayavastu. vaikalpik wastawiktako vichar "ex-fileharu" ko aghillo prawishtiharuma m tarikama anweshan garieko thiyo. keith bukarlai "apekshakrit rudhiwadi [bhaninchha...] yasale ekal 'wastawik' wastawiktako rupma wikalpaharuko punarprapti garna anumati dinchha."unle tesro sijan episode" "jose chungko" "bahiri antarikshabata" "ek doshpurna kathawachakko udaharanko rupma uddhrit gare, rar chhaitaun sijan episode" "kasari bhutharule christmas chore" "ek hasya vaikalpik wastawiktako udaharanko rupma. gerold jey. abrams rar elizabeth ef. cook, pustakma "tivi noirako darshan" episodele apharankari tarkalai jode dinchha bhanne tarka gardacha, ek prakarko tarka june deta wa kunai kurako vivaranbata ek parikalpanama janchha june bharapardo detako lagi khata how rar sandarbhik pramanko wyakhya garna khojchha. apharankari tarkale tarkalai pachhyaunchah euta ashcharyajanak tathya, c, awalokan garinchha (parinam); yadi a, parikalpana, saancho thiyo bhane, c ley purna artha (niyam) banaunechha; yasari, a saancho how (mamla) bhanera shanka garne karan chha. euta udaharan diieko chhah lyan bhijeko chha. tara yadi warsha bhairaheko chha bhane, lyan bhijeko chha bhanne achammako kura hoina. tyasaile warsha bhairaheko chha. yo tarkik vidhi dheraijaso karyakramma mulderdwara munn paraieko chha. yass episodema, tathapi, yo scully how jasle pahilo vidhi prayog gardacha. unle tean farak tathyaharu linchhin-kehi prakarka chyauko vishal akar, kehi dhusiko matibhramjanak gunharu, rar kehi prakarka botabiruwaharuko mansahari prakriti-rar apharankari nishkarsh nikalchhah uni rar mulder bhumigat rupma faseka chhan, matibhramko anubhav gardai, rar bistarai pachaundai chhan. apharanatmak tarkaka tinawata bhag hunchhan. pahilo, tyahan ashcharyajanak tathya chha-jaslai parinam pani bhaninchha-kii kunai pani aushadhiharu napieko bhae pani mulder rar scully duwai matibhram gariraheka chhan. dosro, tyahan skaliko parikalpana chha-niyam-kii, yadi yo satya thiyo bhane matibhram "nissandeha ek kura hunechha. tesro, tyahan nishkarsh chha-mamla-kii "tyahan [skaliko parikalpana] saancho bhanera shanka garne karan chha."abram rar kukle yo apharan, rachanatmak apharanko euta udaharan how, kinbhane skalile tinawata, chhuttai vicharharulai" "rachanatmak rupma" "sangai tanne prabandha gardacha. tathapi, mulderle arko apharankari nishkarsh nikalchha. skinnersanga ghatanaharuko chhalfal garda, uni bhanchhan kii uni wishwasta chhainan, kinki drugsharu tiniharuko prabhawharu dekhda matra ghatne chhaina. yo apharanka pani tinn bhag chhan. parinam yo ashcharyajanak tathya how kii muelder rar skaliko bhagne samasyagrasta dekhinchha. niyam key how bhane mulder rar skalile afuharu bhageko matra sochchan, tara tiniharu sanchchai ajhai bhumigat chhan rar pachaeka chhan. antama, muddale bhancha kii "tyahan shanka garne karan chha kii" mulder rar scully chyaubata bhageko chhaina. yass prakarko tarka undercoded apharanko udaharan how, kinki yo dheraimadhye sabaibhanda prashansaniya niyam how. prasaran rar swagat. "field trip" ko premiere mey 9,1999 maa fucks networkma bhaeko thiyo. yass episodele 15 seyarko sath 9.5 ko nielsen rating kamaeko thiyo, jasko artha sabai television-susajjit gharapariwarharuko lagbhag 9.5 pratishat, rar television herne 15 pratishat gharapariwarharu episodema tune garieko thiyo. yasalai 15.38 million darshakharu sathai 94 lakh gharapariwarharule hereka thie. "field trip" mey 9 maa samapta bhaeko haptako lagi unnaisaun sabaibhanda dherai herieko television karyakram thiyo. yo episode july 18,1999 maa united kingdom rar ayarlandma skye 1 maa prasarit bhayo, rar 0.58 lakh darshakharu prapta garyo, tyo haptako tesro sabaibhanda dherai herieko episodko rupma. faksle "yasale tapainko dimaglai bahakaunchha" bhanne taglineko sath episodko prachar garyo... anie afno masu khalchha. az raati, mulder rar scully manav masuko swad bhaeko botma jhukeka chhan."dinn haglandko naam dinn haglungko rupma prarambhik creditma galat hizze garieko chha. episodele alochakharubata prashansa prapta prapta. da ae" batt emily bhanderworf.wee. cluble yass episodlai shringkhalako "10 awashya hernuparne episodharu" madhye ek bhaneko chha rar yasalai rakshas kathaharuko sangrahabata americako andhyaro underbellylai wyakhya garne prayasanga mildojuldo shringkhalako 'sukshma pariwartan' ko udaharanko rupma uddhrit gareko chha."unle antatah nishkarsh nikale kii" "field trip" "ley kasari yo shringkhala feri yasako utkrishta sijanharu jattikai ramro kahilyai hune chhaina bhanera dekhaundacha, tara ajhai pani ullekhaniya rupma prabhawkari huna sakchha."tyasapachhiko samikshama, bhanderworfle episodlai" "ae" "pradan gare rar yasalai" "ex-fileharu" "chhaitaun sijanko mero manaparne episodharu madhye ek" "bhane kinbhane yasako vishleshanle sansarbata pratyek iccha key how rar scully gardacha, rar yo tathya kii episode tarka gardacha kii" "rahasyaharu matra samadhan garna sakinchha yadi yee duwai wyaktiharule tiniharulai samadhan garna kaam gariraheka chhan bhane."robert serman rar lars piersonle afno pustak" vishwas garna chahanaha ex-fileharu, millennium rar ekal bandukdhariharuka lagi ek alochanatmak guide "maa episodlai paanch madhye paanch tara mulyankan gare. duwaile sakaratmak rupma episodlai episode "kharab ragat" sanga tulana gare, episode "[how] tee 'kharab ragat' wishayawastuharuko punah padhnuhos. yasabahek, tathapi, shearman rar pirsonle ullekha gare kii, "[episode] lamo samayadekhi chaliraheko sai-fai karyakramko sammelanharuma kewal majak matra hoina, tara yasako darshakharulai hamile samanya rupma line satyaharu prashna garna amantrit gardachaun. dividi takbata earl kresilai "field trip" bhaninchha june "sijan chha ko highlightharu" madhye ek how. tom kesenichle afno pustak "examinationah ex-fileharuko sijan 6-9 maa ek anadhikrit nazar" maa episodko sakaratmak rupma lekheka chhan, "[episodema muelder rar skaliko sambandha] prem, samman wa mitratabhanda dherai tadha janchha rar uniharuko hatko sparshalai pani parr gardacha jasle antyama uniharuko antim milanko pratik how. [...]..] tiniharuko sambandha yati baliyo chha, yati shaktishali kii tiniharu saman madak padartha prerit matibhramharu pani sajha garchhan. atma sathiharu sanchchai. kesenichle pachhi episodlai "ex-fileharu" ko "sabai samayako shirsha 25 episodharu" madhye ekko naam die, yasalai 25 nambarma rakhchhan. "cinefantastic" ko paula bhitarisle episodlai madhyam sakaratmak samiksha die rar yasalai chaar madhye dui-rar-adha tara pradan gare. episodele "wastawikta/matibhramko adharsanga dherai gardaina" bhanera note gare tapani, bhitarisle duchovani rar endersonko abhinayako prashansa gare, uniharuko pradarshan episodko "pramukh ananda" bhaeko ullekha gare. episodko mukhya virodhi, field chyauko, kehi virodhiharusanga alochakharubata prayaha sakaratmak samikshaharu prapta bhayo. patmyatarharubata coney ogale "vishal bhumigat chyauko wastu" lai "haptako sarwashreshtha" rakshas-madhye sthan die, yasalai "pizza maa samapta garna dherai chalak" bhanera warnan gare. yahubata timothi sexton! da giant chyau" namak awazharu "haptako utkrishta ex-file rakshasharu" madhye ekko rupma, lekhdai ", ex-file episode field tripma chijharu jasto dekhinchhan tyati hundainan. [...]..] tara jab mahm euta vishal chyauko yo haptako sabaibhanda smaraniya ex-file rakshasharu madhye ek how bhanera dabi gardachhu, tapainle mahm gambhir hun bhani sharta lagauna saknuhunchha. sabai samikshaharu yati sakaratmak thienan. थिएनन्। kaa syriac lamarle chyauko chhalalai "10 sabaibhanda hasyaspad ex-file rakshasharu" madhye ek bhaneka chhan rar lekheka chhan, "mulder rar skalile drugg yatrako kramama sanyukta rupma laddai yass mycological duswapnalai jitchhan-kehi wastawik astral plain shitt, brahma. 1990 ko dashaklai maya garnuhos.

khetra bhraman (ex-file) "field trip" heuchhi bigyana kalpanika television dharabahika "daa ex-files" rahr shastha sijinra ekabingsha adhyaja. ehaa meey 9,1999 ray juktarastra america ebong kanadare foxes netawarkare premiyara hoithila, ebong parabarti samajare july 18 ray aajarlandare ray britenare prasarita hoithila. ehi episode zohn shiban ebong bhinas giligannka dwara likhita hoithila, phrank spatnitjnka eka kahaniru, ebong kimm manarsanka dwara nirdeshita hoithila . ehi adhyajati eka "saptahara rakhyas" kahani, jaahaa ehi shrunkhalara byapaka pouranika kahani sahita jadita nuhen. "field trip" ehara prarambhika prasaranare 15.40 nijuta lokanka dwara dekhajaithiba 9.5 rahr eka nilsen gharoi reting arjan karithila . ehi adhyajati television samalochakamananka thaaru byapaka sakaratmaka samikhya paithila. ehi shoe 'aif. bii. aai. rahr swatantra agent foxes muelder (devida duchovani) ebong daanaa scully (gillian anderson) nka upare kendrit, jeunmane ex-file namaka paranarmal sahita jadita mamla upare kaama karanti. muelder jane paranarmalare biswasi hoithibabele sandigdha skalinku taanka karjyaku khandan karibaku nijukta karajaichi. ehi adhyajare, duiti kankala rahasyamai bhabe abishkara heba phalare muelder ebong scully anusandhana karithanti. semane jaahaa abishkara karanti taaha heuchhi eka bishala phangal brudhi jaahaa agentmanankara duiti pruthaka halucinogenic episode srusti kare, jaahaa sheshare eka anshidara helucination ray mishithae . walter skinner (mitch pailegi) nka netrutware eka aif. bii. aai. uddharakaree dala dwara ubhajanku uddhara karajaichi. ehi adhyajati darshakamananku semananka mativrama samajare muelder ebong skalinka pruthaka drustikona dekhiba paain eka sujoga deba paain lekhajaithila . kalakara ebong krura sadasya tatha samikhyakamane ullekha karithile je ehi adhyajati pancham adhyaja "kharap rakta" rahr eka adhika gambhira sanskarana thila. ehi adhyaja paain prastuta heba paain, chhatu, kabaka, manab apaghatan ebong gumpha bhutatwa upare bibhinna suchana ehi shrunkhalara nabikamananka dwara anusandhana karajaithila. ehaa byatita, bikalpa bastabata ebong ehara apaharan juktira byabahara sahita jadita bishajabastu hetu ehi adhyajaku samalochanamoolaka bhabare parikhya karajaichi . plut. buun ray, uttara carolina, wallace (devida denman) ebong angela skiff (rabin jibanta) khetare eka deane haiking parey gharaku pheranti . angela mundabindha anubhaba karanti ebong gadhoiba samajare bhabanti je shay kantharu eka haladia padarthara chitra dekhuchhanti. angela ebong wallace paraspar baahure soibaku jaanti kintu camera pyana out heba sahita drushyati semanankara kankalaku sthanantarita hue eka padia majhire samaana sthitire rahe . aif. bii. aai. rahr swatantra agent foxes muelder (devida duchovani) ebong daanaa scully (gillian anderson) anusandhana karanti ebong hadagudikara nibida parikhya parey, ubhaja kankalagudikara talabhagaku aachadana karuthiba eka adbhuta haladia padartha paithanti jaahaa moola parikhyare anupasthita thila. mrutadehagudika prasidha badami pahadia alokar parinam bolly biswasa curry muelder abishkara sthalaku jaanti ebong scully adhika parikhya kariba paain coroner (zim bibhar) sahita pachare ruhanti . jetebele muelder khetaku pahanche, shay ajanatare chhatu upare gaadi chalanti jaahaa halucinogenic beejanugudikara eka megh chadithae . darshakanka ajanatare, mulder-mativrama hebaku arambha kare . shay shighra eka gumphare wallace ebong angela abishkara karanti, ebong duhen daabi karanti je semananku bideshimane apaharan karithile, jeunmane semananka nikhojaku mithya kankala dwara aachadana karithile . parey, scully muladaranka apartmentre pahanchanti ebong qa "naa ghatithila taaha shay bujhanti . shay tanku jane bidesheenku dekhanti jaahaaku shay badami parbatare bandi karithile. scully, tebe, bina kaunasi prashnare taanka juktiku grahan karanti ebong muelder taanka aakhapaakhaku sandeha karibaku arambha karanti . sheshare, haladia padarthaku dekhiba parey, thick angela shaa bhali, shay jeun gumphaku pachaku godaithile, sehi gumphare, haladia srabare aachadita hoi, jibanta bhabe paripaka heuthiba, muelder jagrata hue. iti madhyare, scully abishkara karichanti je haladia padartha mukhyatah pachan rasare miluthiba jaibika padarthaku nei gathita, jadio ehaa udbhida pari dekhajae . khetare pahanchiba parey, schooly bhulabashatah anya eka chhatu upare paada rakhi, ebong mativrama arambha kare . scully ebong coroner muelder khojiba arambha karanti, kebala taanka kankala abashesh khojiba paain . mrutyu-pareekhyanakareenka karjyalajare, scully taanka daanta rekardaru muladaranka abasheshaku chinhat karanti kintu kankalare sraba hebara kaunasi pramana paanti naahin . parey, muladaranka jagrata heba samajare, spust bhabare jibanta, muelder dekhajaithae. hathat, jagrata mandaleeti adrushya hoijae. jetebele muelder ebong scully qa "naa ghatichhi taaha alochana karanti, semane ubhaja anubhaba karibaku arambha karanti je semane coma abasthare thibabele padartha dwara pachara jauthiba gumphare achanti; kaunasi prakare, semane samaana mativrama anshidara karuchanti . jetebele anubhaba hue, semane ubhaja gumpha bhitare gabhira bhabare jagrata huanti ebong mulder niz pachaku surakhita sthanaku taani nei bhumiru bahariba paain ladhei karanti . parey, walter skinner (mitch pailegi) karjyalajare, muelder punithare sandeha karibaku arambha karanti je semane aadou mukta, skaliku kaunasi prakarara oushadhara naama kahibaku pacharanti jaahaa byabaharakareemane janiba parey ehara prabhaba banda karibaku kaaran hue . chhatire charmakana maari muelder nijara kathaa pramana nakariba parjyanta scully abiswasare thaae; guli khyataru haladia padartha baharithae . puni thare, gumphare puni bhutala jagrata heba sahita semanankara akhpakh tarali jaithae . charmasara ebong uddhara karmacharinka eka dala semananku thaab karibare ebong semananku baharaku taani aani eka embulancer surakhyaku nebare sakhyama heba sahita muelder maati chhaata dei nijara haata bandhithae . thare ambulance bhitaraku prabesha kariba parey, muelder ebong scully durbala bhabare haata dharithanti. utpadana. lekhalekhi. "field trip" karjyanirbahee nirmata phranka spatnitjnka dwara lekhajaithila, jie lekhibara prakrijaku "eka abhigyata" bhabare barnana karithile. scripti aneka parjyaja dei gati karithila; moolatah, scriptre eka seal-off gumphare eka rakhyas dwara muldaranku pichha karajauthiba darshajiba kathaa . ehapare, ubhaja muelder ebong scully antarbhukta kariba paain skriptaku paribartana karajaithila. sheshare, kahaniku paribartana karajaithila, jahadwara muelder ebong scully kebala biswasa karuthile je semananku eka gumpha bhitare gabhira kabara diajaichhi, ebong mulder sheshare janibaku paithile je ehaa eka mativrama thila. spotnitz ullekha karithile je ehi adhyajatira dharana aneka kru sadasyanku utsahita karithilah "aame prakrutare epari eka" ex-file "kebe karinahun. aame muelder ebong skalinka madhyare thiba parthakyaku semanankara duiti matibhramara charam seemaaku dekhi khoji bahara karipariba-gata ruture aame 'kharap rakta' ray jaahaa hasyaspada bhabare karithilu tahar eka gambhira sanskarana. ehaa muldarnku taanka sathinka saha mukabila karibara eka sujoga pradan karithila je shay sadharanatah thick, phalaswaroopa skalinka pratikrija, satyaku nischita kare . spotnitz ehi adhyajaku eka "chamatkara mind game" bolly kahithile kintu chintita thile je jatila kahani ebong gati darshakanku bibhranta kariba. ehi samasyagudiku doora kariba paain, zohn shiban ebong bhinas giligananka dwara telepleku chudanta karibaku nirdesh diajaithila. thare script samapta heba parey, spotnitz anubhaba kale je kahaniti adhika bodhagamya hoigala; shiban ebong gilligan jeunbhali bhabare mulder ebong schooly chhatu upare paada rakhile taaha dwara shay bisesh bhabare khusi hoithile jaahaa halucinogenic chhatu sahita semanankara prarambhika exposure sukshma bhabare suchae . gilligan ullekha karithile je "aame aau eka gurutwapurna karjya karithilu, taaha heuchhi darshakamane jepari bhabunathile je 'muelder' ebong 'scully' prakrutare bipadare naahin-kichhi barsha purbe 'dallas' rahr sehi sampurna rutu bhali ehaa eka swapna thila. sethipain aame nischita kalu je semane anubhaba kale je chhaturu baharithiba gunda semananku marideb. gabeshana, chalachitra nirmana ebong prabhaba. ehi shrunkhalara jane gabeshaka, lea smith, tensey biswabidyalajara nrutatwa bibhaga dwara parichalita 30 ekara jami bisista buddy farmer gabeshakamananka saha paramarsha karithile. ehi samadhisthala manab abashesh daana karithila ebong apaghatan parjyajara adhyajana karithila. swatantra prabhaba sanjojaka zohn bhulichanku "spidery, aatha phuta uchchata" fiberglass chhatu design karibara dajitwa diajaithila. prodoxon designer corey couplan chahunthile je bhulich "eliane" paribarte "jaibika ebong pruthibee-baddha" dekhajauthiba chatugudiku design karantu. kalaa bibhaga gumpha drushya paain stalagmite ebong stalactite sathik bhabare srusti karibaku bibhinna bhutatwika pathya pustaka paramarsha karithila . shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shukhila shua gumphar udghatan bronson kyanianare suting karajaithila, jaahaa 1960 dashakare prasarita "batman" television dharabahikare bruce wennka batt kebh sthana paain sabutharu ullekhaneeah . muelder ebong scully "gallan" rahr prabhaba srusti kariba paain, swatantra prabhaba nirmata bill miller tini-matrika haai-definison bhidiore gillian anderson ebong devida duchovaninka bhidio capture karithile-dui abhineta digital scan hoithile ebong phalaphalaku eka computer dwara herfer karajaithila . miller ullekha karithile je, "jetebele aame ammer pratham parikhyanaku dekhilu, aame anubhaba kalu je aame kichhi matrare asubidha bina muelder ebong scully taralai paribu naahin.....] semananku chalachitra tarakanka pari taralibaku padithila.....] gilijanku margaret thatcher ebong devidanku zohn ray parinata nakari "haatee manish" bhabare ahata hoithile . asubidhagudikara bharana kariba paain, milara eka "agrani dhaar" tarala prabhaba byabahara karithile jaahaa kebala abhinetanka muhnra kichhi anshaku taralai deithila, semananka muhnra baisistya akshurna rakhithila . anya tika paain, anderson ebong duchovninku khadyara eka ghanata brudhi curry khadyara rangare eka asustha chhaja dwara aachadita hebara ghanta ghanta sahibaku padithila jaahaa phangal sraba paain thia hoithila . antim drushya paain anderson ebong duchovninku aakhyarika arthare pruthibee tale poti diajaithila, jeunthire abhinetamane bhija suit pindhithile ebong panipariba tarala padartha ebong maatire aachadita hoithile . bishajabastu. ex-file" rahr purba prabeshare bikalpa bastabatara bicharaku ehipari bhabare anusandhana karajaithila je m. keith booker "apekhyakruta rakhyanashila [...]....] jaahaa bikalpagudiku ekaka 'bastaba' bastabata bhabe punaruddhara kariba paain anumathi deithae."shay truteeja sijin episode" "joses chungnka" "frum outer spaces" "ku eka trutipurna barnanakarinka udaharana bhabare ebong shastha sijan episode" "bhutamane kipari christmas chori karithile" "ku eka hasyatmaka bikalpa bastabatara udaharana bhabare ullekha karichanti. gerold jay. abrams ebong elizabeth aif. cook, "tibhi noirra darshan" pustakare jukti karanti je ehi adhyajati apaharanatmaka juktiku gurutwa deithae, eka prakarara jukti jaahaa tathyaru kimba kaunasi jinishar barnanaru eka anumanaku jaithae jaahaa biswasaneeja tathya paain account kare ebong prasangika pramana byakhya karibaku chesta kare . abadyuktibh rijaning ehi juktiku anusarana kareh eka ashcharjyajanaka tathya, sii, parjyabekhyana karajae (phalaphal); jadi aii, anumana, satya thila, sii sampurna artha (niam) kariba; tenu, sandeha karibara kaaran achhi je aii satya (mamla) . eka udaharana diajaichhih lunn bhija . kintu jadi barsha heuchhi, tebe ehaa ashcharjyajanaka heba naahin je lunn bhija achhi . tenu barsha heuchhi. ehi juktijukta paddhatiti adhikansha shoe 'ray muelder dwara pasanda karajae . tebe ehi adhyajare, scully hinn prathame ehi paddhatira byabahara karanti. shay tinoti pruthaka tathya grahan karanti-kichhi prakarara chatugudikara bishala aakaar, kichhi phangaigudikara halucinogenic guna ebong nirdista prakarara udbhidara mansashi prakruti-ebong eka apaharanakaree siddhanta prastuta karantih shay ebong muelder bhutala fashichhanti, eka hallucination anubhaba karuchanti, ebong dheere dheere pachara jauchhanti . abadyuktibh lajikra tinoti bhaga rahichhi. prathamatah, eka ashcharjyajanaka satya rahichhi-jaahaaku phalaphal madhya kuhajae-je kaunasi oushadha naah neba satwe ubhaja muelder ebong scully mativrama srusti karuchanti. dwiteejatah, skalinka eka anumana rahichhi-niam-je, jadi ehaa satya hoithanta, tebe mativrama "nischita bhabe eka bishai hoithanta". truteejatah, ehi siddhantare upneet heba-mamla-je "[skalinka anumana] satya bolly sandeha karibara eka kaaran rahichhi."ehi apaharan, abrams ebong cook darshaichhanti, srujanashila apaharanar eka udaharana, kaaran schooly tinoti, bhinna bicharaku" "srujanashila bhabare" "ekathi taani nebare parichalana kare . tebe, muelder parabarti samajare eka apaharanakaree siddhanta neithanti. skinnarnka saha ghatana bishajare alochana kariba samajare shay kahichanti je shay nischita nuhnti, kaaran drugs kebala setebele khyaja hue naahin jetebele jane semanankara prabhaba lakhya kare . ehi apaharanar madhya tinoti bhaga rahichhi. ehara parinam heuchhi ashcharjyajanaka je muelder ebong skalinka palajana samasyapurna manehue . niam heuchhi je muelder ebong scully kebala bhabanti je semane khasi jaichanti, kintu semane prakrutare eparjyanta bhutala ebong pachara jauthiba . sheshare, ehi mamalare kuhajaichhi je "sandeha karibara kaaran achhi je" mulder ebong scully chhaturu palai jainahanti. ehi prakarara jukti heuchhi undercode apaharanar eka udaharana, kaaran ehaa anekanka madhyare sabutharu juktijukta niam . prasarana ebong swagata. "meey 9,1999 ray foxes netawarkare "field trip" rahr premiyara hoithila. ehi episode 15 bhaga sahita 9.5 rahr nielsen reting arjan karithila, arthat samasta television-sajjit paribarara praiah 9.5 pratishata, ebong television dekhuthiba 15 pratishata paribara, episode ray tune hoithile . ehaaku 15.38 nijuta darshaka tatha 94 lakhya paribara dekhithile. "meey 9 ray shesh saptaha paain "field trip" unabinsha sarbadhika dekhajaithiba television karjyakram thila. ehi episode july 18,1999 ray britten ebong aajarlandare aajarlandare ray prasarita hoithila, ebong 0.58 nijuta darshaka grahan karithila, sehi saptahare truteeja sarbadhika dekhajaithiba episode bhabare sthana paithila . foxes ehi adhyajaku tagline sahita prachara karithila "ehaa aapananka manaku pralubdha kare ..... ebong tumbhar mansaku poshana karanti. aaji raatire, ghasa ebong scully manab maansa paain swada thiba eka gachare hangama karanti ."dinn haglundanka naamaku prarambhika kreditgudikare dinn haglunga bhabare bhul lekhajaichhi. ehi adhyajati samalochakamananka thaaru prashansa paithila. daa aii" ru emily vanderwerf.bhi. club ehi adhyajaku shrunkhalara "10 tii nischita-dekhiba episode" madhyaru gotie bolly abhihita karithila ebong ehaaku eka khudra paribartanara udaharana bhabare darshaithila jaahaa eka rakhyas kahani sangraharu americara andhara underbelly byakhya karibara prayasa sahita adhika mela khauchhi."sheshare shay ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je" "field trip" "darshaithila je kipari ehi sirij ehara sarbottama rutu bhali aau kebe bhal heba naahin, kintu tathapi ullekhaneeah bhabare prabhabasali hoipare."parabarti samikhyare, vanderwerf ehi adhyajaku eka" "aii" "pradan karithile ebong ehaaku" "ex-file" "shastha sijinra more priya adhyaja madhyaru gotie bolly kahithile kaaran ehara bishleshanaru duniaaru pratyeka ichha qa 'naa ebong scully, ebong ehi adhyaja jukti kare je" "rahasya kebala setebele samadhan hoipariba jadi ehi ubhaja lock segudikara samadhan paain karjya karuchanti ."robert shearman ebong lars pearson, semananka pustaka" "biswasa karibaku chahunchhih ex-file, millennium ebong ekamatra bandhukadhareenka paain eka samalochanatmaka guide" ray, adhyajaku pancharu pancha taaraa reting deichhanti. duhen ehi adhyajaku sakaratmaka bhabare "kharap rakta" adhyaja sahita tulana karithile, ullekha karithile je ehi adhyaja "sehi 'kharap rakta' bishajabastugudikara punah padhiba" . ehaa byatita, shearman ebong pierson ullekha karithile je, "[ehi adhyajati] dirgha deane dhari chalithiba shine-phai shoe 'rahr sammilaneeku kebala majaa karunahin, barang ehara darshakamananku aama charipakhare thiba satyaku prashna karibaku nimantran karuchhi jaahaaku aame swalpa bhabare grahan karu. dividi takra earl kresinku "field trip" bolly kuhajae, jaahaa "shastha sijinra mukhya akarshana" madhyaru anyatama. tomm kesenich taanka pustaka "examinationh aii ananya look aut sijan 6-9 off dee ex-file" ray ehi adhyaja bishajare sakaratmaka bhabare lekhichhanti, kahichanti je "[adhyajare muelder ebong skalinka samparka] prem, sammana kimba bandhutwa thaaru bahuta adhika ebong epariki semananka haata sparshaku madhya atikrama kare jaahaa sheshare semanankara chudanta sanjogara pratika . [...]....] semanankara samparka ete shaktishali, ete shaktishali je semane samaana nisha janita prabartita mativrama madhya anshidara karanti . prakrutare atma saathee. kesenich parey ehi adhyajaku "ex-file" rahr "sarbakaleena shrestha shrestha adhyaja" madhyaru gotie bolly namit karithile, ehaaku ehaaku sthanare rakhithile. "cinephantastic" rahr paula vitaris ehi adhyajaku madhyama dharanara sakaratmaka samikhya deithile ebong ehaaku chariti madhyaru adhei taaraa pradan karithile. ehi adhyajati "bastabata/mativrama parisara sahita adhika kichhi kare naahin" bolly ullekha kariba satwe, vitaris duchobani ebong aandarasanka abhinajaku prashansa karithile, ullekha karithile je semanankara pradarshan adhyajara "mukhya ananda" thila . ehi adhyajatira mukhya birodhi, field mashroom, samalochakamananka thaaru adhikansha sakaratmaka samikhya paithila, jeunthire kichhi samalochaka thile. pop mattersra coney ogal "bishala bhutala chhatu jinish" ku "saptahara sarbashrestha" rakhyas-madhyare sthana deichhanti, ehaaku "pizza khaiba paain atyadhika chatur" bolly barnana karichanti. jaahuru timothi sexton! daa joint mashroom" namaka swaragudika "saptahara sarbottama ex-file rakhyas" bhabare, lekhuchhi, "ex-file episode field tripare jinisagudika jaahaa dekhajae taaha nuhen . [...]....] kintu jetebele mun daabi kare je eka bishala chhatu heuchhi saptahara sabutharu smaraniah ex-file rakhyasamananka madhyaru gotie, apana baaji lagaiparibe je mun gambhira heuchhi. samasta samikhya ete sakaratmaka nathila . | syriac lammer ehi chhatuku chhatuku sabutharu hasyaspada ex-file rakhyas" madhyaru gotie bolly kahichanti ebong lekhichhanti, "eka nishadrabya jatra samajare milita bhabare ehara mukabila curry ehi mycological duhswapnaku muelder ebong scully jitichanti-kichhi prakruta astral plain shitt, brahma. 1990 dasakaku bhalapaa.

feeled trip (x-faeelan) "feeled trip" vigiaan glup television ladiwar "" aiks-faeelan "dey chheven season daa 21vaan episode haii. iss daa premiere fox network utte 9 maee, 1999 noon sanyukat raaj atey canada witch hoiaa see, atey baad witch 18 julai noon sakai 1 utte united kingdom witch prasarit keeta giaa see. ih episode john shiban atey wins gilligan duaara likhiaa giaa see, frank spotnitz dee ikk kahani toon, atey kimm manners duaara nirdeshit keeta giaa see. ih episode ikk "hafte daa rakhash" kahani haii, joe luddy dey viaapak mithihas naal judee naheen haii. "feeled trip" neey 9.5 dee nielson gharelu rating prapat keeti, jiss noon iss dey shuruati prasaran witch 15.40 million lokan duaara dekhiaa giaa. episode noon television aalochakan toon vadde paddhar 'teey skaratmak samikhiaavan miliaan. ih shoa eff. bee. aaee. dey vishesh agentan fox mulder (david duchovni) atey daana sakli (gillion anderson) 'teey kendrit haii joe asadharan naal jude mamlian' teey kamm karde hunn, jinhan noon aiks-faeelan kiha jaanda haii. mulder asadharan witch vishwas rakkhda haii, jadon kii shakki sakuli noon uss dey kamm noon khaaraj curran laee niyukat keeta giaa haii. episode witch, doou pinjran dee rahassmai khoj mulder atey sakli noon jaanch curran laee lae jaandi haii. uh joe khoj karde hunn uh ikk vishal fangal vikas haii joe agentan dey doou vakkhre matibhram dey episode daa caarn banada haii, joe aakharkar ikk sanjhe matibhram witch mill jaanda haii. walter skinner (mitch pailgi) dee agvai vaali eff. bee. aaee. bachaa team dee badaulat doven bach gaye hunn. ih episode darshakan noon uhanan dey matibhram dauran mulder atey sakli dey vakkhre drishtikon noon vekhan daa mauka denh laee likhiaa giaa see. kalakaran atey chaalak dall dey memberan dey naal-naal samikhiakan neey nott keeta kii ih episode season panj episode "baid blood" daa vadhere gambhir sanskaran see. episode dee tiaari laee, mashrooms, fanjai, manukkhi sdun atey gufa bhuu-vigiaan baare vakkh-vakkh jankari dee khoj luddy dey chaalak dall dey memberan duaara keeti gaee see. iss toon ilava, iss ghatna dee alochnatmak jaanch keeti gaee haii kiunki iss dey vishiaan daa sabndh vikalpik asliat atey iss dey agvahak tarak dee varton naal haii. plaat. boone witch, uttri carolina, valace (david danman) atey angella shif (robin jeevant) khetan witch ikk dinn dee hiking toon baad gharr waps aaunde hunn. angella noon sir darad hunda haii atey nahaunde samein uh sochdi haii kii uh kandhan toon hethan vahinde hoye ikk peele padarath deeaan tasviran vekhadi haii. angella atey walls ikk dooje deeaan baahan witch saunn laee jaande hunn parr jiven hii camera bahr nikalda haii, drish ikk khet dey vichkaar ikko sathiti witch rahinda haii. aif. bee. aaee. dey vishesh agent fox mulder (david dachovni) atey daana sakli (gillion anderson) jaanch karde hunn atey haddiaan dee nediyon jaanch curran toon baad, dovan noon pinjar dey hethle hisse noon dhakkan vaala ikk ajib peela padarath milda haii joe asal jaanch witch khunjh giaa see. mulder, ih mann keey kii laashan prasidh bhure pahadi lightan daa natija hunn, khoj dey sathaan vall nikalde hunn jadon kii sakli horr test curran laee coroner (jimm beaver) naal pichhe rahindi haii. jiven hii mulder khetan witch pahunchada haii, uh anjane witch mashrooms dey ikk tukde utte chalaunda haii joe kii matibhram paida curran vaale bijanuyan dey baddal noon chadda haii. mulder-darshak noon anjaan-matibhram karna shuru qarr dinda haii. uss noon jaldi hii ikk gufa witch walls atey angella daa pataa laggda haii, atey doven daava karde hunn kii unhan noon pardesiaan duaara agwa qarr liaa giaa see, jinhan neey unhan dey alop honn noon jhoothe pinjran naal dhakk ditta see. baad witch, sakli mulder dey apartment witch pahunchada haii atey uh samjhaunda haii kii qee hoiaa. uh uss noon ikk pardesi dikhaunda haii jiss noon uss neey bhure pahaad utte fadd liaa see. halanki, sakli binan kise swal dey aapne tarak noon savikar karda haii atey mulder aapne aale duaale dey mahaul utte shakk curran lagg jaanda haii. akheer witch, peele padarath noon dekhan toon baad, jiven kii angella neey vekhiaa, uss gufa witch mulder jagda haii jiss witch uh pahilan pichhe pichhe jaanda haii, peele sraav witch dhakkiaa hoiaa, jinda hazam hoow riha haii. iss dauran, sakli neey khoj keeti haii kii peele padarath witch mukkh taur 'teey paachak rus witch paae jaanh vaale jaivik padarath hunde hunn, halanki ih paude varga dikhai dinda haii. khet witch pahunch keey, galti naal ikk horr mashroom utte kadam rakkhdi haii, atey matibhram shuru qarr dindi haii. sakli atey coroner mulder dee bhaal karna shuru qarr dinda haii, siraf uss dey pinjar dey avsheshan noon labbhan laee. coroner dey daftar witch waps, sakli aapne dandan dey ricard toon mulder deeaan avsheshan dee pachanh karda haii parr pinjar utte sraav daa koee saboot naheen milda. baad witch, mulder dey jaagan 'teey, spasht taur' teey jinda, mulder dikhai dinda haii. achanak, jaagan vaali mandali alop hoow jaandi haii. jiven hii mulder atey sakli charcha karde hunn kii qee hoiaa haii, unhan dovan noon ahsas honaa shuru hoow jaanda haii kii uh ajey vee gufa witch hunn joe padarath duaara hazam hoow rahey hunn jadon kii uh coma witch hunn; kise tarahan, uh ikko jihe matibhram noon sanjha qarr rahey hunn. jiven hii ahsas hunda haii, uh doven gufa witch dunghe jaagde hunn atey mulder zameen toon bahr nickle keey ladada haii atey aapne pichhe surakhiaa vall khichda haii. baad witch, walter skinner (mitch pailgi) dey daftar witch, mulder ikk vaar firr shakk curran laggda haii kii uh bilkul vee aazaad hunn, sakli noon kise vee kisam dee dawai daa naam denh laee kahinda haii joe upbhogtavan noon pataa laggan toon baad iss dey prabhavan noon rokadi haii kii uh matibhram qarr rahey hunn. sakli udon takk avishvas witch hundi haii jadon takk mulder chhaati witch skinner noon goli maar keey aapni gall saabat naheen karda; goli dey zakhman vicchon peela padarath nikalda haii. ikk vaar firr, unhan daa aale-duaale pighal jaanda haii kiunki uh gufa witch firr toon bhumigat jaagde hunn. mulder dharti dee chhatt witch aapna hatth lagaunda haii kiunki skinner atey bachaa staff dee ikk team uhanan daa pataa lagaun atey uhanan noon bahr khicchan atey uhanan noon ambulance dee surakhiaa witch lijaan daa parbandh kardi haii. ambulance dey ander jaanh toon baad, mulder atey sakli kamzor tarike naal hatth fadade hunn. utpadan. likhna. "feeled trip" karajkari nirmata frank spotnitz duaara likhi gaee see, jiss neey likhan dee prakiriaa noon "ikk tajraba" dassiaa see. script kaee padavan vicchon langhi; asal witch, script witch ikk seel keeti gufa witch ikk rakhash duaara puttar daa pichha keeta jaanha see. firr, script noon mulder atey sakli dovan noon shamal curran laee badliaa giaa see. ant witch, kahani noon badal ditta giaa taan joe mulder atey sakli noon siraf ih vishwas hoow sake kii unhan noon ikk gufa witch dungha dafnaiaa giaa see, jiss witch mulder noon aakharkar pataa lagg giaa kii ih sabh ikk bharam see. spotnitz neey nott keeta kii episode dey sankalap neey chaalak dall dey bahut saare memberan noon utshahit keetaau "aseen asal witch iss tarahan dee" aiks-faeelan "kadey naheen keeti. aseen mulder atey sakli dey antran dee padchol uhanan dey doou matibhraman dey ant noon vekh keey qarr sakde haan-joe kii aseen pichle season witch 'kharaab khoon' witch hasohine dhang naal keeta see, uss daa ikk gambhir sanskaran. iss neey mulder noon aapne saathi daa iss tatth naal sahmana curran daa mauka ditta kii uh aam taur 'teey sahee haii, jiss dey natije vajon sakli duaara pratikiriaa ditti gaee, jiss neey tatth dee pushti keeti. spotnitz neey iss episode noon "shandar dimag dee khed" kiha parr chintat see kii gunjhaldar kahani atey gatee darshak noon ulajhan witch paa devegi. inhan chintavan noon door curran laee, teleplay noon john shiban atey wins gilligan duaara antim roop ditta giaa see. ikk vaar script khatam hoow jaanh toon baad, spotnitz neey mahisus keeta kii kahani bahut ziaada samjhan yog hoow gaee haii; uh vishesh taur 'teey uss tarike toon khush see jiss naal shiban atey gilligan neey mulder dikhaiaa atey mashrooms' teey kadam rakkhiaa taan joe unhan dey shuruati samparak noon halucinogenic mashroom naal sookham dhang naal darsaiaa jaa sake. gilligan neey nott keeta kii "ikk horr sachmuch mahattavpuran cheez joe aseen keeti uh ih sunishchit karna see kii darshak ih naa sochde kii mulder atey sakli asal witch khatre witch naheen sunn-kii ih sabh ikk supna see, jiven kii kujh saal pahilan" dallas "dey uss poore season witch see. iss laee aseen ih yakini banaiaa kii unhan noon ahsas hoiaa kii mashroom daa goo unhan noon maar devega. khoj, film nirman atey prabhav. lee smith, luddy laee ikk khojkarta, neey baadi farm dey khojkartavan naal salaah keeti, joe kii university aaf tensi witch manav vigiaan vibhag duaara sanchalit 30 ekad dee sahulat haii. dafnaiaa giaa kendra neey manukkhi avsheshan noon daan keeta atey sdun dey padavan daa adhiaen keeta. vishesh prabhav coordinator jauhan vlitch noon "spidery, atth futt lambe" fiberglass mashrooms noon design curran daa kamm saunpiaa giaa see. production designer corrie cuplan chahunda see kii vlitch mashrooms noon "pardesi" dey ulat "jaivik atey dharti naal jude" dikhai denh laee design qarey. qalaa vibhag neey gufa dey drishan laee stalagmites atey stalactites noon sahee dhang naal banaun laee vakkh-vakkh bhuu-vigiaanak paath pustakan naal salaah keeti. ikk vaar jadon podd atey gufa sett khatam hoow gaye, taan unhan noon fox studio lots witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. gufa dey khulhan noon bronson ghaati witch filmaiaa giaa see, joe kii 1960 dey dahake witch prasarit "batman" television luddy witch broos wein dey batcave dey sathaan laee sabh toon vaddh prasidh haii. mulder atey sakli "pighlan" daa prabhav paida curran laee, vishesh prabhav nirmata bill miller neey tinn-ayami hyee-defination vdo witch gillion anderson atey david duchovni dee vdo capture keeti-dovan adakaran noon digital taur 'teey scann keeta giaa see atey natijiaan noon ikk computer duaara heraferi keeti gaee see. miller neey nott keeta kii, "jadon aseen aapne pahile test noon vekhiaa, taan saanoon ahsas hoiaa kii aseen binan kise mushkal dey mulder atey sakli noon pighal naheen sakde...] uhanan noon film sitariaan wang pighalna piaa...] gillion noon margaret hatcher atey david noon john witch badlan toon binan "haathi aadmi" vajon zakhmi keeta giaa. mushkilan dee bharpai curran laee, miller neey ikk "leading aij" pighlan prabhav dee varton keeti joe siraf adakaran dey chihre dey hissiaan noon pighalda haii, uhanan dey chihre deeaan visheshtavan noon barkarar rakkhda haii. horr shaatan laee, anderson atey dukovni noon food dey rung dey ikk bimar rung naal vadhaae gaye food gaadha curran vaale duaara cover keete jaanh dey ghantiaan noon sehna piaa joe fangal sraav laee khadah see. anderson atey dachovni noon antim drish laee dharti dey hethan dafnaiaa giaa see, adakaran neey gille soot paae hoye sunn atey sabziaan dey taral atey mitty witch dhakkiaa hoiaa see. vishe. vikalpik hakikatan dey vichaar noon "x-faeelan" deeaan pichliaan aintriaan witch iss tarike naal khojiaa giaa see kii m. keath booker noon "mukabaltan rudhiwadi [...] joe vikalpan noon ikk single 'asal' asliat vajon mudd prapat curran dee aagiaa dinda haii."uh teeje season dey episode" "jose chung dey" "baahari pulad toon" "noon ikk nukasdar birtantkar dee udaharan vajon darsaunda haii, atey chheven season dey episode" "bhoot kiven christmas chori karde hunn" "noon ikk hasohini badalvin hakikat dee udaharan vajon darsaunda haii. gerold jey. abrams atey elizabeth eff. kukk, kitaab witch "television noir daa falsafa" daleel dinda haii kii episode agvahak tarak utte zor dinda haii, ikk kisam daa tarak joe detta jaan kise cheez dey varnan toon ikk kalpana takk jaanda haii joe bharoseyog detta laee khaata haii atey dhukven saboot dee viaakhiaa curran dee koshish karda haii. agvahak tarak tarak dee palna karda haiyav ikk heranijanak tatth, c, dekhiaa jaanda haii (natija); jey a, kalpana, sacch see, taan c sampuran arth (niyam) banavega; iss tarahan, shakk curran daa caarn haii kii a sacch haii (case). ikk udaharan joe ditti gaee haiyav lyon gilla haii. parr jey meenh pae riha haii, taan ih koee hairani dee gall naheen hovegi kii lyon gilla haii. iss laee meenh pae riha haii. iss taraksheel dhang noon ziaadaatar shoa dauran mulder duaara pasand keeta jaanda haii. iss episode witch, halanki, ih uh haii joe pahilan vidhi dee varton karda haii. uh tinn vakkhre tatth laindi haii-kujh kisman dey mashrooms daa vishal aakaar, kujh fanjai deeaan matiaan atey kujh kisman dey paudiaan dee masahari prakirti-atey ikk agvahak sitta kaddhadi haiyav uh atey mulder bhumigat roop witch phas gaye hunn, ikk matibhram daa anubhav qarr rahey hunn, atey hauli-hauli hazam hoow rahey hunn. agvahak tarak dey tinn hisse hunn. sabh toon pahilan, ikk heranijanak tatth haii-jiss noon natija vee kiha jaanda haii-kii koee vee dawai naa lainn dey bavjood, mulder atey sakli doven matibhram qarr rahey hunn. dooja, sakli dee kalpana haii-niyam-kii, jey ih sacch hunda taan matibhram "zaroor ikk mamla hunda". teeja, ikk sitta haii-case-kii "[sakli dee kalpana] noon sacch mannan daa ikk caarn haii."ih agwa, abram atey kukk dassde hunn, rachnatmak agwa dee ikk udaharan haii, kiunki sakli tinn, vakkhre vicharan noon" rachnatmak taur "teey ikkathe khicchan daa parbandh kardi haii. halanki, mulder agla ikk agvahak sitta kaddhada haii. skinner naal ghatnavan baare charcha karde hoye, uh kahinda haii kii uh yakeen naheen karda, kiunki nashile padarath siraf udon naheen kharaab hunde jadon koee unhan dey prabhav noon vekhda haii. iss agwa dey vee tinn hisse hunn. natija ih heranijanak tatth haii kii mulder atey sakli daa bhajjan witch samassiaa jaapadi haii. niyam ih haii kii mulder atey sakli siraf ih sochde hunn kii uh bhajj gaye hunn, parr uh asal witch ajey vee bhumigat hunn atey hazam hoow rahey hunn. ant witch, case witch kiha giaa haii kii "shakk curran daa caarn haii kii" mulder atey sakli mashroom toon naheen bach sake hunn. iss kisam daa tarak undercoded agwa dee ikk udaharan haii, kiunki ih bahut saare lokan witch sabh toon vaddh vajab niyam haii. prasaran atey suagat. "feeled trip" daa premiere 9 maee, 1999 noon fox network utte hoiaa see. iss episode neey 15 hissedari dey naal 9.5 dee nielson rating prapat keeti, jisda arth haii kii saare television naal lais gharan vicchon lagbhag 9.5 pratishat atey television dekhan vaale 15 pratishat gharan noon episode witch tune keeta giaa see. iss noon 15.38 million darshakan dey naal-naal 94 lakkh gharan duaara dekhiaa giaa see. "feeled trip" 9 maee noon khatam hoye hafte laee 19vaan sabh toon vaddh dekhiaa jaanh vaala television program see. episode 18 julai, 1999 noon sakai 1 utte united kingdom atey ireland witch prasarit hoiaa, atey 0.58 lakkh darshak prapat keete, jiss naal uss hafte teeje sabh toon vaddh vekhe jaanh vaale episode vajon darja prapat hoiaa. fox neey iss episode noon tagline naal utshahit keeta "ih tuhade dimag noon lubhaunda haii... atey tuhada maas khuaunda haii. ajj raat, mulder atey sakli manukkhi maas dey suaad vaale ikk paude utte dhigde hunn."deane hagland daa naam shuruati credit witch deane haglung dey roop witch galat likhiaa giaa haii. iss episode noon aalochakan toon parshansa millie. aii" toon emily wenderworf.vee. club neey iss episode noon luddy dey "10 zaroor vekhan vaale episodan" vicchon ikk kiha atey iss noon rakhash kahaniaan dey sangrah toon ladiwar 'sookham tabdili' dee ikk udaharan vajon darsaiaa joe kii amrica dey goode dey janoon noon samjhaun dee koshish dey samaan haii."uss neey aakharkar sitta kaddhiaa kii" feeled trip "neey dikhaiaa kii" kiven luddy dubara aapne sarbottam seezanan jinni changi kadey naheen hovegi, parr firr vee ih bahut prabhavshali hoow sakadi haii."baad dee samikhiaa witch, wenderworf neey episode noon ikk" "aii" "naal sanmanit keeta atey iss noon" "aiks-faeelan" chheven season dey merey manpasand episodan vicchon ikk "" kiha kiunki iss dey vishleshan caarn kii dunia dee harek ichha noon qee mulder atey sakuli keeta jaanda haii, atey ih tatth kii episode daleel dinda haii kii "" rahassan noon taan hii hall keeta jaa sakda haii jey ih doven lock unhan noon hall curran laee kamm qarr rahey honn. "robbert sheerman atey lars pearson neey aapni kitaab" "vishwas karna chahunde how aiks-faeelan, millinium atey ikalle bandukdhariaan laee ikk aalochnatmak guide" witch episode noon panj vicchon panj starr ditte hunn. dovan neey skaratmak taur 'teey episode dee tulna episode "baid blood" naal keeti, ih nott karde hoye kii episode "uhanan" baid blood "vishiaan daa dubara padhiaa giaa haii. iss toon ilava, halanki, sheerman atey pearson neey nott keeta kii, "[episode] siraf lambe samein toon chall rahey science-faaee shoa dey sammelanan daa mazak naheen udda riha haii, balki iss dey darshakan noon aapne aale duaale deeaan sachaiaan 'teey swal chukkan laee sadda dey riha haii joe aseen halke witch lainde haan. dee. vee. dee. tock toon aral karesi noon "feeled trip" kiha jaanda haii joe "season chhe deeaan mukkh gallan" vicchon ikk haii. tomm kesainich neey aapni kitaab "examination aiks-faeelan dey season 6-9 'teey ikk anadhikarat nazar" witch episode baare skaratmak likhiaa, "[episode witch mulder atey sakli daa rishta] piaar, sanman jaan dosti toon bahut agge jaanda haii atey uhanan dey hatthan dey chhohan toon vee parey haii joe ant witch uhanan dey antam sambandh daa prateek haii. [...] uhanan daa sambandh inna mazboot haii, inna shaktishali haii kii uh ikko jihe nashile padarthan toon prerit matibhraman noon sanjha karde hunn. aatma sachmuch saathi haii. kesainich neey baad witch episode noon "aiks-faeelan" dey "harr samein dey choti dey 25 episodan" vicchon ikk daa naam ditta, iss noon 25 ven number 'teey darja ditta. "cinephantastic" dey paula vitaris neey episode noon ikk madham skaratmak samikhiaa ditti atey iss noon chaar vicchon dhaai starr ditte. ih nott curran dey bavjood kii episode "asliat/matibhram dey adhaar naal bahut kujh naheen karda", viteris neey dachovni atey anderson dee adakari dee parshansa keeti, ih nott karde hoye kii unhan dey pardarshan episode dey "pramukh anand" sunn. episode dey mukkh virodhi, feeled mashroom noon kujh virodhiaan dey naal aalochakan toon ziaadaatar skaratmak samikhiaavan miliaan. popmatters dee coney ogal neey "vishal bhumigat mashroom cheez" noon "sabh toon vadhiaa" maastar-aaf-dha-weak witch darja ditta, iss noon "ikk pizza 'teey khatam curran laee bahut chalak" dassiaa. yahu toon timothy sexton! vishal mashroom" naam deeaan aavazan noon "hafte dey sabh toon vadhiaa aiks-faeelan dey rakhshan" vicchon ikk vajon, likhade hoye ", aiks-faeelan dey episode feeled trip witch cheezan uh naheen hunn joe uh dikhai dindiaan hunn. [...] parr jadon main daava karda haan kii ikk vishal mashroom hafte dey sabh toon yadgari aiks-faeelan dey rakhshan vicchon ikk haii, taan tusin satta lagaa sakde hoow kii main gambhir hoow riha haan. saariaan samikhiaavan inniaan skaratmak naheen sunn. aaee09 dey cyriac lamar neey mashroom noon "10 sabh toon hasohine aiks-faeelan dey rakhshan" vicchon ikk kiha atey likhiaa, "mulder atey sakuli neey ikk drugg yaatra dauran sanjhe taur 'teey iss naal ludd keey iss mycological burey sapne noon jitt liaa-kujh asal sookham jahaz dee shitt, brah. 1990 dey dahake noon piaar crow.

kshetra-bhramanam (eksa-files) "feeled-trip" iti vijnaana-kaalpanik-dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikasy "da-eksa-fails" ityasya shashta-satrasya ekavisamah prakaranah asti. 1999 mey 9 dinaanke samyuktarajyamerika-kenada-deshe cha asya prathamapradarshanm faaks-network-madhye abhavat, tadanantaram julai 18 dinaanke unated-kingdam-madhye skai-1 ityatra prasaaritam abhavat. frank spotnitz-varyasya kathayaha jaan-shiban-wins-gilligan-varyena cha prakaranam likhitam, kim-manners-varyena nirdeshitam cha aasit. eshaa prakaranam "saptahasya rakshas" iti kathaa asti, yaa shrunkhalaayaah vistruta-pauraanika-kathaasu asambaddham asti. "feeled-trip" iti nielson-ityasya gruha-maanakam 9.5 ankitam praapnot, tasya praarambhik-prasaarane 15.40 dashalakshaih janaah tatt drushtavantah. asya prakaranasya dooradarshan-vimarshakaih bahudhaa sakaratmaka-samiksham praaptam. etat pradarshanm ef. bee. aii. vishesha-abhikartrushu faaks-muelder (david-duchovnee) tathaa dana-scully (gillion-enderson) ityetayoho kendritam asti, ye eksa-fails iti namna khyaaten paranarmal ityanena sambadhaanaam prakaranaam vishaye karyam kurvanti. muelder ityeshah adhisaamaanye vishvaasee asti, samshayavaadee scully ityeshah swasya karyasya nirakaranartham niyuktah asti. prakaranasya, asthipanjaradwayam rahasyapoornam aavishkaranam, muelder tathaa scully ityetau anveshanaaya prerayati. te yat anvishyanti tatt vishaalam fungle-vruddhihi asti, yasya karanat abhikartrubhyah pruthak-matibhrama-prakaranam bhavati, yat antatah ekasmin saha-matibhramane vileenam bhavati. valter skinner (mitch pailegee) ityasya netrutve ef. bii. aii. ityasya uddharadalena tau rakshitaah. prekshakebhyah teshaam matibhramasya samaye muelder tathaa skalli ityetayoho pruthak-bhinna-drushtikonaan drashtum avasarah pradadat iti prakaranam likhitam aasit. paatravargasya, chaalakadalasy cha sadasyaah, sameekshakah cha, etat prakaranam pancha-prakaranasya "durbhaashyam" ityasya adhikam gambheeram samskaranam aasit iti avadat. prakaranasya sajjataayaah krute, shrunkhalaayaah chaalakadalasy sadasyaih, mashrooms, fungus, maanav-apaghatnam, guhaa-bhoovijnaanam cha vishaye vividhaah soochanaah samshodhitaah. api cha, vaikalpika-vaastavikataayaah vishayeshu, apavitra-tarkasya cha upayogasya karanat, prakaranasya vimarshaatmak-parikshanam krutam asti. plut. boon-madhye, uttar-carolina, wallace (david-denman), angela-shif (robin-lavelieve) cha ekasmin dine kshetreshu padayatra krutvaa gruham pratyaagacchati. angela-varyaa shiraha vedanayaa saha snaanasamaye, bhittyam pravahamaanasya peetadravyaah chitraani pashyati iti chintayati. angela tathaa valles parasparm bahuna shayanam kurvanti, parantu yadaa chitrakanaa bahihi gacchati tadaa drushyam teshaam asthipanjaram prati parivartate, kshetrasya madhye samanasthane eva bhavati. ef. bee. aii. vishesha-abhikartaarah faaks-muelder (david-duchovnee) tathaa daanaa-scully (gillion-enderson) cha anveshayanti tathaa asthinam sookshmaparishodhanen, tau asthipanjarasya adhah aacchaaditam vichitram peeta-padartham pashyanti, yat mulaparikshayam naa drushtam aasit. muelder ityayam, shavaani prasiddhanaam godhoomaparwat-dipanam parinaamaani iti vishvasan, anveshanasthalam aagacchati, yadaa skalli adhikaparikshanartham coroner (jim beaver) ityanena saha pashchaadisthati. yadaa mulder-pradesha kshetraani aagacchati tadaa saha anavadhaanyen mashroom-ityetasya upari vaahanachaalanam karoti yena matibhramjanak-bijamshanam meghah utsarjate. mulder-prekshakebhyah adnyaatah-matibramam kartum aarabhate. saha sheeghramev guheshu valles tathaa angela ityetaan anvishyati, tathaa cha te dwau api anyagrahajanaih apahrutaah iti pratipaadayanti, ye cha teshaam adrushyataam mithyaa-asthipanjaraihi aacchaadayanti sma. pashchat scully, muelder ityasya nivaasasthaane aagacchati, saha kim jaatam iti scully iti vyaakhyaati. saha tasyaah krute ekam videsheeyam darshayati yat saha godhoomaparvate gruheetavaan. skalli, tathaapi, prashnarahitam swasya tarkam sweekaroti, muelder ityeshah swaparisaram samshayishyati cha. ante, peetadravyam drushtvaa, yathaa angela-saa, tasya guhaayaam, saha poorvam prakaram anusaran, peetasraawen aacchaaditah, jeevatah pachitah, mulder-guhaayaam jaagarati. etasmin kaale, skalli ityanena dnyaatam yat peeta-padaarthe mukhyataya paachan-raseshu drushyamaanaani jaivika-padaarthaah bhavanti, yadyapi sasyavat drushyate. kshetram aagaty, akasmikataya anyasmin mashroom-upari padam krutvaa matibramam kartum aarabhate. skalli tathaa maranottar-adhikaarinah cha mulder-ityasya anveshanam aarabhante, kevalam tasya asthipanjarasya avasheshaan anveshtum. mrutyupareekshakaroopen karyalaye punah skalli, dantalekhebhya muelder ityasya avasheshaan chinvati, parantu asthipanjarasya sraavasya kimapi pramanam naa praapsyati. pashchat, muelder ityasya vek-samaye, spashtatayaa jeevati, muelder drushyate. akasmaat, jagaranasamajehe adrushyah bhavati. yadaa mulder tathaa skalli ityeshaa kim jaatam iti charchayanti, tadaa tau ubhau api dnyaatum aarabhante yat te komaa-sthitau api padaarthen pachite guhaayaam eva santi; kasmit api, te samaanam matibramam kurvanti. yadaa sakshatkaraha bhavati tadaa te ubhau guhaayaam gabhirataya jaagaranti, tathaa cha mulder ityeshah bhoomyaah bahihi gatvaa, swasya prushtatah surakshitam prati taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan prati aakrushtavantah. pashchat, valter skinner (mitch pailegee) ityasya karyalaye, muelder ityeshah punah ekavaaram sandeham kartum aarabhate yat te sarvathaa swatantraah santi iti, scully ityenam kimapi aushadham naam daatum prucchati yat yadaa upayoktaarah jaananti yat te matibramam kurvanti iti tasya prabhaawah sthagayati. skalli iti awishwaasah bhavati yaavat muelder iti stane skin-radder iti praharam krutvaa svavishayam naa siddhayati; golikayaha vranaat peeta-padarthah sraavam karoti. punah ekadaa, teshaam paritah parisarah draveebhavati yadaa te guhaayaam punah bhoogame jaagaranti. muelder ityeshah bhutalasya uparibhagasya madhyamena hastam baddhavaan, yatah skin-r, uddhaar-karmachaari-dalam cha taan dnyaatum, taan bahihi taan taan taan taan taan apagraheetum, ambulance-surakshaam prati netum cha prabalam bhavati. ekadaa ambulance-yanasya antah, mulder tathaa skalli cha durbalatayaa hastaan dharanti. utpaadanam. likhati. "feeled-trip" iti lekhanam karyakari-nirmaatru frank spotnitz ityanena krutam, yah lekhanaprakriyam "anubhawah" iti varnayat. lipihi anekaan charanaan atikramat; moolatah, lipyaam mudrite guhaayaam raxasena muelder ityasya anudhaavanam iti chitritam aasit. tatah, muelder tathaa skalli ityetayoho samaveshaya lipihi parivartitaa. ante kathayaha parivartanam jaatam, yena mulder tathaa scully cha kevalam te guhaayaam gabhirataya samaadhisthaani iti vishvasanti sma, antatah mulder ityanena etat sarvam bhramah iti dnyaatam. spotnitz ityanena suchitam yat prakaranasya avadharana anekaan chaalakadalasy sadasyan uttejitavateeh "vayam vastutah etaadrusham" eksa-fails "kadaapi naa krutavantah. vayam muelder-skalli ityetayoho bhedaan teshaam matibhramadwayam atyantam drushtvaa anveshtum shaknuhu-yat vayam gataavadhau 'durbhashayam' haasyakararoopen yat krutavantah tasya gambheeram samskaranam asti. anena muelder-varyaha swasahabhaaginah samana kartum avasarah pradadat yat saha samanyataya yatharthah iti, yasya parinaamen scully-pakshaat pratikriyaa prapta, tathyam pushteekrutavatee. spotnitz ityanena prakaranam "adbhuta-munn-creedaa" iti abhinidishtam, parantu sankeern-kathaa, gatihi cha darshakaan bhramayishyati iti chintitah aasit. eteshaam chintanam samadhanartham, jaan shiban tathaa wins gilligan ityetabhyam teleplay antimam kartum niyuktah aasit. yadaa chitrakathaayaah samaaptih abhavat, tadaa spotnitz-varyaha kathaam bahu adhikam bodhagamyam abhavat iti avadat; shaiban-gilligan-ityetaah jyaaprakaaren mulder-ityetam darshayanti tathaa cha skali-padan, halucinogenic-mashroom-ityasya praarambhik-samparkam sukshmataya soochayitum, yathaa krutena, tena saha visheshatayaa prasanah abhavat. gilligan ityanena soochitam yat "anyat mahattvapoornam karyam yat vayam krutavantah yat prekshakaah yathaa malder tathaa skalli ityetau vastutah apayam naa manyante-yat tatt sarvam swapnam aasit, yathaa katipayavarshapoorvam" dallas "ityasya sampoornam kaalah. ata eva vayam sunishchitavantah yat te pratyabhidnyavantah yat te mashroom ityasya goo-ityanena maaritaah bhavishyanti iti. anusandhaana, filmankan aura prabhaava. asya shrunkhalaayaah samshodhakah lee smit ityayam, tenacy-vishvavidyaalayasya manavashastra-vibhagena sanchaalite 30 ekar-parimitasya shareer-krushikshetre samshodhakaih saha paraamarsham krutavaan. samaadhigruham manavavasheshan daanam akarot, apaghatanasy charanaan cha adhyayanam krutavaan. speshiyal-affects-samyojakah jaan vulich ityasmai "spedari, ashta-paada-oordhvam" fabber-glass-mashrooms ityasya vinyaasasya karyam dattam aasit. utpaadana-vinyaasakah corey kaplaan icchati sma yat vulich "alian" ityasya apekshayaa "jaivikam tathaa bhumyankitam" iti rupena mashroom ityetaan vinyaasam karoti iti. kalaa-vibhaagah guhaa-drushyaanaam krute stalagmats, stalactates ityetaan samyak nirmaatum vividhaah bhoogarbheey-paathyapustakaah paryaalochayat. yadaa sheeshaah, guhaa-samucchayah cha samaaptaah, tadaa te faaks studio laat-madhye sthaanaantaritaah abhavan. guhayaha udghaatanam branson-giri-giri-kshetre chitritam aasit, yat 1960 tame dashake prasaarite "batman" iti dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaam brus weyn ityasya byaat-kev ityasya sthaanam iti sarvaadhikam ullekhaneeyam aasit. muelder tathaa skalli "melting" ityasya prabhaavasya nirmanartham, vishesha-prabhaava-nirmaatru bill miller ityeshah gillion enderson tathaa david duchovnee ityetayoho tri-aayaami uccha-paribhasha-veediyo ityasmin veediyo-chitram gruheetah-dwau abhinetrau digitaly skyaan krutvaa parinaamau ganakayantren kushalm krutam. miller ityanena soochitam yat, "yadaa vayam prathamapareekshanam drushtavantah, tadaa vayam avadat yat vayam kasmit kashtena vinaa mulder tathaa scully draveekartum naa shaknuvanti iti...] te chalachchitrataarakaabhih iva draveekartum baadhyaah aasan...] gillion-ityasya margaret-thyaachar iti parivartanam vinaa, david-ityasya jaan iti cha "gaja-purushah" iti vranitah. kashtanam pariharartham miller ityanena "pramukha-praantah" draveebhavana-prabhaawah upayujyate yena kevalam abhinetrunaam mukhasya bhagaha draveekrutaah, teshaam mukhasya lakshanani akshunnani bhavanti. anyeshu tikanam krute, enderson tathaa dachovnee ityetau, fungle-sraavasya krute sthitena aahar-varnasya rogayukta-chaayayaa vardhite khaadya-ghanakarakena aacchaaditam, ghantaan yaavat sahayitum baadhyau abhavan. enderson tathaa duchovnee cha antima-drushyaartham aksharashah pruthivyaah adhah samaadhau aasan, abhinetaarau aardr-soot-vastraani dharya shaak-dravena mruttikayaa cha aacchaaditaah aasan. vishayaah. da eksa-fails" ityasya poorvanirgameshu pravishteshu vaikalpika-vaastavikataanaam vichaarah emm iti vidhena anvishyata. keeth booker ityanena "apekshaakrutam roodichustam" iti namna khyaatah...] anena vikalpaanaam punah praaptih ekena 'vaastavika' vaastavikataayaah rupena bhavati."saha truteeya-season-prakaranam" jose-chung ityasya "" baahya-antarikshaat "" iti doshapoorn-kathaavaahakasya udaaharanaroopen, shashta-season-prakaranam "bhootaani chrismus-parvanam katham choranti" iti hasya-vaikalpika-vaastavikataayaah udaaharanaroopen udaharati. gerold jey. abrams tathaa elizaabet cha cha cha. da falasafee aaf tea. vee. noyir" iti pustake kukah tarkayati yat prakaranam apawartak-tarkasya upari balam adadaati, ekaha prakaarah tarkah yah dattamshaat vaa kasyaapi vivaranaat vishvasaneeya-dattaamshasya krute ganitah, prasangika-sakshyam vyaakhyaatum cha prayatamanah parikalpanaah prati gacchati. apawartak-tarkah tarkasya anusaranam karoti-ekaha aashcharyakarah tathyah, c, avalokitah (parinaamah); yadi a, parikalpanaa, satyam aasit, c poornam artham (niyamah) karoti; ataha, a satyam (prakaranam) iti shankayitum karanam vartate. udaaharanam yat dattam asti saha asti-udyaanam aardram asti. parantu yadi varshaa bhavati tarhi udyaanam aardram bhavati iti naa ashcharyam. ataha vrushtihi bhavati. eshaa taarkik-paddhatihi sampoorne kaaryakrame muelder ityanena anukulita bhavati. parantu asmin prakaranasya prathamavaaram paddhatihi skalli ityanena upayujyate. saa trayah pruthak-bhinnani tathyaani sweekaroti-keshuchit prakaranam mashroom-ityasya vishaalah aakaarah, keshuchit fungus-ityasya bhraantijanak-gunah, keshuchit prakaranam sasyanam maamsaahaari-svabhaavaha-cha-tathaa apaharanatmakam nishkarsham nirdishati-saa, mulder cha bhoogante, bhraantim anubhavanti, kramena pachanti cha. apawartak-tarkasya trayah bhagaha santi. prathamam, ekam ashcharyakaram tathyam asti-tatt parinamam iti api kathyate-yat kasyaapi aushadhasya naa grahanam api, mulder tathaa scully iti dwau api matibramam kurvanti. dwiteeyam, skalli ityasya parikalpanaa asti-niyamah-yadi satyam aasit tarhi matibhramah "avashyameva vishayah syaat" iti. truteeyah, nishkarshah asti-prakaranam-yat "[skalli ityasya parikalpanaa] satyam iti shankayitum karanam vartate."etat apaharanam, abrams tathaa kuka ityetau soochayanti yat, srujanaatmak-apaharanasya udaaharanam asti, yatah scully, trayah, bhinnan vicharan" srujanaatmakaroopena "militvaa taan aahartum vyavasthaapitavatee. parantu, tatah param muelder apavitram nishkarsham karoti. skinner ityanena saha ghatanaabhih saha charchaam kurvan saha kathayati yat saha naa vishvasati, yatah maadakadravyaah naa kshayishyanti yadaa teshaam prabhaawaah drashtum shaknuvanti. asya apaharanasya api trayah bhagaha santi. parinaamatah ashcharyakaram satyam asti yat muelder tathaa skalli ityetayoho palaayanam samasyaayuktam iti drushyate. niyamah asti yat mulder tathaa skalli cha kevalam taan palaayanam iti chintayanti, parantu te vastutah adyaapi bhoogarbhasthaah pachanaah cha santi. ante, prakaranam kathayati yat "sandehasya karanam vartate yat" mulder tathaa skalli cha mashroom ityatah naa nishkaasitaah. etaadrushah tarkah anoordhbakodita apaharanasya udaaharanam asti, yatah anekeshu eshah sarwaadhikah prashamsaneeyah niyamah asti. prasaaranam sweekaranam cha. "feeled-trip" iti gitasya prathamapradarshanm 1999 mey 9 dinaanke faaks-network ityatra abhavat. etat prakaranam 15 amshaihi saha 9.5 nielson-retting arjitam, arthaat praayah 9.5 pratishatam dooradarshan-sajja-gruhaani, 15 pratishatam gruhaani dooradarshanam veekshanti cha, prakaranam prati anurachitaani aasan. etat 15.38 dashalakshaih darshakaih api cha 94 lakshaih gruhaihi api drushtam. "mey 9 dinaanke samaptasaptahe "feeled-trip" iti 19tamah sarvaadhikam veekshitah dooradarshan-kaaryakramah aasit. 1999 julai 18 dinaanke unated-kingdam-deshe, airlend-deshe cha skai-1 ityatra ayam prakaranah prasaaritah, tathaa cha 0.58 lakshaan prekshakaah praaptavantah, tathaa cha tasmin saptaahe truteeyah sarvaadhikam veekshitah prakaranah iti sthaanam avaapnot. faaks ityanena "etat bhavatah manam pralobhayati" iti taglan ityanena saha prakaranasya prachaarah krutah... bhavatah maamsam poshayati. adya raatrau, mulder tathaa skalli cha maanav-maamsasya ruchiyuktasya sasyasya upari patati."dean-hagland ityasya naam dean-haaglang iti praarambhik-credit-madhye galatam vartitam asti. prakaranam vimarshakaih prashamsaam praapnot. da e" ityatah emily wanderworf.vi. club "iti samsthaa, prakaranam shrunkhalaayaah" avashyam drashtum aavashyakam 10 prakaranaani "madhye anyatam iti abhinidhaat, tathaa cha daityakathasanghat amerikaadeshasy palp-akhyananam prati aasaktim krushna-antarbeleem vyaakhyaatum yat yat prayatate tadapekshaya adhikam anyat kimapi prati shrunkhalaayaah" sukshma-parivartanasya "udaaharanaroopen udaharat."saa antatah nishkarsham krutavatee yat" kshetrayatrayam "" katham eshaa shrunkhalaa punah kadaapi tasya sarvottama-rutubhihi sadrushee naa bhavishyati iti darshitam, parantu adyaapi ullekhaneeyaroopen prabhaavashaalini bhavitum arhati iti."anantaram samikshayam, wenderworf ityanena prakaranam" e "iti puraskrutam, tathaa cha" da eksa-fails "ityasya shashta-satrasya mama priya-prakaraneshu anyatam iti uktavaan, yatah tasya vishleshanasya karanat yat jagatah pratyekam kasmitim icchati, tathaa cha prakaranam tarkayati yat" rahasyani kevalam tadaa eva pariharayitum shakyaani yadi ete dwau api janaah teshaam samadhanartham karyam kurvanti."rabert shiyarmyaan and lars piersonah", swapustake "vishvaasam icchatah e critical gaid too da eksa-fails, millennium and da onle gunmens" iti prakaranam panche madhye pancha-starr iti ankayat. tau dwau api prakaranasya "dushta-raktena" prakaranena saha sakaratmakarupena tulanam krutavantah, yat prakaranam "teshaam" dushta-raktena "vishayavastoonaam punah pathitam asti iti. parantu, api cha, shearman tathaa piersonah avadat yat, "[prakaranam] naa kevalam dirghakalam yaavat prachalite vijnaana-kathaa-karyakramasya sammelanaani vinodayuktam karoti, apitu tasya shrotrubhyah asmakam paritah satyaan prashnabanam kartum aamantrayati yat vayam saamaanyaroopen manyaamah" iti. dee. vee. dee. taak ityasya earl cressy ityayam "feeled-trip" iti namna "shashta-satrasya mukhyaamsheshu" anyatamah. taam kesenich varyaha swasya "ekjaamineshanh e unauthoraced look att season 6-9 aaf da eksa-fails" iti granthe prakaranasya vishaye sakaratmakam likhitavaan, "[prakaranasya muelder-skalli ityetayoho sambandhah] premasya, sammanasya, mitratayaha vaa ateetah asti, teshaam hastasya sparshasya api param bhavati, yat ante teshaam antima-samyogasya prateekam asti. [.]..] teshaam sambandhah etaavat prabalah asti, etaavat prabalah asti yat te samaanaani maadakadravyaani preritaah matibhramaan api panktayanti. aatmaa yathaa sahcharah. kesenich ityeshah pashchat "da-eksa-fails" ityasya "sarvakalikanam sheersheshu 25 prakaraneshu" ekam prakaranam namakaranam krutvaa 25 tame sthaane sthaanam adadat. "cinifantastic" ityasya paulaa vitaris ityanena prakaranam madhyam sakaratmakam samiksham dattam, chaturvareshu dvivaaram nakshatram cha dattam. yadyapi prakaranam "yatharthata/matibhramasya aadhaaren adhikam naa bhavati" iti avadat, tathaapi vitaris ityayam duchovnee tathaa enderson ityetayoho abhinayasy prashamsaam krutavaan, teshaam pradarshanani prakaranasya "pramukhaani aanandaani" iti avadat. prakaranasya mukhyah pratidwandwinah, da feeled-mashram, katipayaih virodhakaih saha, vimarshakaih bahudhaa sakaratmaka-samiksham praapnot. popmetters ityasya coney ogle ityeshaa "vishaalam bhugarbha-mashroom-vastu" ityasmai "saptahasya sarvottamam" manster-aaf-da-veek iti sthaanam adadat, yat "pizzaa-grahanam kartum ati-chalakaha" iti varnayat. timothy sexton, yaahu ityatah! da giant-mashroom" iti namna "saptahasya sarvottama-eksa-fails-raakshaseshu anyatamah" iti namna, lekhanam, "eksa-fails-prakaranasya kshetra-yatrayam vastooni yathaa drushyante tathaiva naa santi. [.]..] parantu yadaa aham vadaami yat ekam vishaalam mashroom saptahasya smaraniyeshu eksa-fails-raakshasushu anyatam asti, tadaa aham gambheerah iti bhavaan nirdhaarayitum shaknoti. sarve sameekshaah naa atra sakaratmakani aasan. aii09 ityasya syriac laamar ityanena asya mashroom iteedam "10 atyantam hasyaspada-eksa-fails-raakshaseshu" anyatam iti abhinidhaatu, tathaa cha likhatah, "mulder tathaa skalli ityetau samyuktaroopena madakadravyadhi-yatrayaha samaye yuddham krutvaa asya macological-duhswapnam jayanti-kimapi vaastavikam astral-plain-shitt, braah. 1990 tamam dashakam see. jee. aii. iti.

kazhap payanam (x-kooppugal) "kazhap payanam" enbathu ariviyal punaikathai tholaikaatchi thodaraana "" ex-files "" inn aaraavathu season irupaththi muthal aththiyaayamaagum ". idhu mae 9,1999 andru america mattrum kanadaavil fax netvorkkil thiraiyidappattathu, pinnar juulai 18 andru aikkiya raachchiyaththil skai 1 ill oliparappappattathu. aththiyayam john shiban mattrum wins killiganaal ezhuthappattathu, idhu frank spotnitsin kadhaiyilirundhu, kiim manners iyakkiyathu. inththa aththiyayam oru "vaaraththin asuran" kadhai, idhu thodarin parantha puraanangkaludan thodarpupaduththappadavillai. "kazhap payanam" 9.5 endra neelson veettu mathippeettaip pettrathu, adhan aaramba oliparappil 15.40 million makkalaal paarkkappattathu. inththa aththiyayam tholaikaatchi vimarsagargalidamirunthu perumpaalum nermaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu. inththa nigazhchchi eff. pii. aii sirappu mugavargal fax multer (davit dusovni) mattrum daanaa scully (killion anderson) aagiyoarai maiyamaagak kondullathu, avarkal ex-files endru azhaikkappadum paaranaarmaludan inaikappatta vazhakkukalil vaelai seikiraargal. multer oru paaranaarmal visuvaasiyaaga irukkiraar, athae neraththil santhegamaana scully avarathu vaelaiyai niraagarikka niyamikkappattullaar. aththiyaayaththil, irandu elumbukkoodugalin marmamaana kandupidippu multer mattrum scully aagiyavattrai visaarikka vazhivagukkirathu. avarkal kandupidippadhu oru maaperum poonjchai valarchi, idhu mugavargalukku irandu thanithani halucinogenic aththiyaayangkalaik kondirukka kaaranamaagiradhu, idhu iruthiyil oru pakirappatta maayaththoattraththil inaikirathu. walder skinner (mitch bailikki) thalaimaiyilaana eff. pii. aii meetpuk kuluvaal iruvarum kaappaattrappadugiraargal. paarvaiyaalarkalukku avarkalin maayaththoattrangkalin poathu multer mattrum skalliyin thanithani kannoattangalaip paarkka oru vaaippai vazhangkuvatharkaaga inththa aththiyayam ezhuthappattathu. nadigargal mattrum kuzhuvinarin uruppinargalum, vimarsagargalum, inththa aththiyayam season ainthu aththiyaayaththin "ketta raththam" inn migavum theeviramaana pathippaaka irunththathu endru kurippittanar. aththiyaayaththirkuth thayaaraavatharkaaga, kaalaangal, poonjchaikal, manitha sidhaivu mattrum kugai puviyiyal pattriya palvaeru thagavalkal thodarin kuzhu uruppinargalaal aaraaichi seiyappattana. maelum, maattru yadhaarththam mattrum kadaththal kaaranaththaip payanpaduththuvathu thodarpaana karupporulgal kaaranamaaga inththa aththiyayam vimarsana reethiyaaga aaraayappattullathu. sathi. poonil, vadakku carolina, walls (davit denman) mattrum aenjalaa skiff (robin laivi) oru naall nadaippayanaththirkup piragu vayalgalil veedu thirumbukiraarkal. aanjaelaavukku thalaivali aerpadukirathu, kulikkumpoathu, suvarkalil oru manjal porul oodum padangkalai aval paarkiraal endru ninaikiraar. aenjalaa mattrum suvar oruvarukkoruvar kaikalil padukkaikkuth thalaiyaattukintrana, aanaal camera veliyae sellumpoathu kaatchi avarkalin elumbukkoottaikku maarukirathu, oru vayalin naduvil athae nilaiyil ullathu. eff. pii. aii sirappu mugavargal fax multer (davit dusovni) mattrum daanaa scully (killion anderson) aagiyoar aaraaynthu elumbugalai nerukkamaaga parisoathiththa piragu, iruvarukkum elumbukkoodugalin adippaguthiyai ulladakkiya oru visithiramaana manjal porul kandupidikkappattathu, idhu asal parisoathanaiyil thavaravittathu. udalgal pugazhpettra paluppu malai vilakkugalin vilaivaagum endru nambum multer, kandupidippu nadantha idaththirkuch selkiraar, athae neraththil scully maelum soathanaigalaich seiya karoanarudan (jiim beaver) pinnaal irukkiraar. multer vayalgalil varumpoathu, avar kavanakkuraivaaga kaalaangalin oru paguthiyin meethu oottukiraar, idhu oru maegaththai veliyidugirathu. multer-paarvaiyaalarukkuth theriyaamal-maayaththoatraththaith thodangukirathu. avar viraivil oru kugaiyil suvar mattrum aenchaelaavaik kandupiditthaar, maelum avarkal iruvarum vaetrtrukiragavaasigalaal kadaththappattathaagak koorukiraargal, avarkal kaanaamal poanathai thavaraana elumbukkoodugalaal moodinar. pinnar, scully multerine apaartmendirku vandhu enna nadanthathu enbathai skallikku vilakkukiraar. avar paluppu malaiyil pidiththa oru anniyarai avalukkuk kaattukiraar. iruppinum, scully, kaelvi ketkaamal thanathu kaaranatthai aetrtrukkolkiraar, maelum multer thanathu suttruppuraththai santhegikkath thodangukiraar. iruthiyil, manjal porulaip paarththa piragu, aenjalaa paarththathaip poalavae, kugaiyil ulla multer vizhiththezhugirathu, avar munbu suvaraip pinthodarnthaar, manjal surappil moodappattaar, uyirudan serimaanam seiyappattaar. idharkidaiyil, manjal porul mukkiyamaaga serimaana saarugalil kaanappadum karimap porutkalaik kondullathu enbathai scully kandupiditthullaar, iruppinum idhu thaavaraththaip poalath therikirathu. vayalukku vandhu, thartcheyalaaka mattroru kaalaan meethu kaall vaikkiraar, maelum maayaththoatraththaith thodangukiraar. scully mattrum maranathandanaiyaalar multaraith thaedath thodangkukiraarkal, avarathu elumbukkoodu echchangkalaik kandupidikka mattumae. maranathandanaiyaalarin aluvalagaththil, scully thanathu bull pathivukalilirunthu multerine echchangkalai adaiyaalam kaankiraar, aanaal elumbukkoottil surappu aerpattatharkaana endha aathaaramum illai. pinnar, multerine vizhiththezhuthalil multer thelivaaga uyirudan kaattappadugiradhu. thideerendru, viliththezhunththa sabai marainththuvidum. enna nadanthathu enbathai multer mattrum scully vivaathikkumpoathu, avarkal iruvarum cooma nilaiyil irukkumpoathu avarkal innum kugaiyil ulla porul serikkappaduvathai unarath thodangkukiraarkal; eppadiyoa, avarkal oray maayaththoatraththaip pagirnthu kolgiraargal. unarthal nigazhumpoathu, avarkal iruvarum kugaiyin aalaththil vizhiththukkolkiraargal, maelum multer tharaiyil irunthu veliyae vandhu paathukaappukku izhukkiraar. pinnar, walder skinnerin (mitch bailikki) aluvalagaththil, multer avarkal suthanthiramaaga irukkiraargalaa endru meendum oru murai santhegikkath thodangukiraar, payanarkal maayaththoattram adaikiraargal endru arinthavudan adhan vilaivugalaith thadukkum endha vagaiyaana marunthukkum peyar solla scullyaik ketkiraar. maarpil skinnarai suduvathan moolam multer thanathu karutthai niroobikkum varai scully nambikkaiyattra nilaiyil irukkiraar; bullet kaayangalilirunthu manjal porul veliyaerum. meendum, kugaiyil meendum nilaththadi vizhiththezhumpoathu avarkalin suttruppurangal urugividum. thoalai irukkum vagaiyil, mann koorai vazhiyaaga thanathu kaiyai multer ottikkolkiraar, maelum oru meetpuk kuzhu avarkalaik kandupiditthu veliyae izhuththuch sendru ambulancin paathukaappukku alaiththuch selkirathu. aambulansukkul nuzhainthathum, multer mattrum scully palaveenamaaga kaikalaip pidiththuk kolgiraargal. urpaththi. ezhuthuvathu. "kazhap payanam" nirvaagath thayaarippaalar frank spotnitzall ezhuthappattathu, avar ezhuthum seyalmuraiyai "oru anubavam" endru vivaritthaar. script pala kattangalaik kadanthu sentrathu; muthalil, oru seal seiyappatta kugaiyil oru asuranaal multer thuratthappaduvathai script kaatta vaendum. pinnar, multer mattrum scully aagiya irandaiyum saerkka script maattrappattathu. iruthiyaaka, kadhai maattrappattathu, ithanaal multer mattrum scully avarkal oru kugaiyil aazhamaaga puthaikkappattathaaka mattumae nambinar, iruthiyil idhu oru maayai endru multer kandupiditthaar. aththiyaayaththin karutthu pala kuzhu uruppinargalai urchaakappaduththiyathaaka spotnits kuripittaar "naangkal unmaiyil idhu poantra oru" ex-kooppugalai "seiyavillai. multer mattrum skalliyin vaerupaadugalai avarkalin irandu maayaththoattrangkalin uchchanilaikalaip paarppathan moolam naam aaraya mudiyum-kadantha paruvaththil 'ketta iraththaththil' naangkal nagaichchuvaiyaaga seithavattrin theeviramaana pathippu. idhu multer thanathu koottaaliyai avar podhuvaaga sariyaanavar endra unmaiyudan ethirkolla oru vaaippai valangkiyathu, idhan vilaivaaga skalliyin pathil, unmaiyai uruthippaduththukirathu. spotnits inththa aththiyaayatthai oru "arputhamaana mana vilayaattu" endru alaiththaar, aanaal surunda kadhaiyum vaekamum parvaiyaalarai kuzhappum endru kavalaippattaar. inththa kavalaigalaith theerppatharkaaga, john shiban mattrum wins killigan aakiyoaraal delly pilae iruthi seiyappada odhukkappattathu. script mudinthathum, kadhai migavum purinthukollakkoodiyathaaka maariyathaaka spotnits unarnthaar; shiban mattrum killigan multer mattrum scully kaalaangalin meethu padiyirangkum vithaththil avar kurippaaga magizhchchiyadainthaar, idhu halucinogenic kaalanukku avarkalin aaramba velipaattai nutpamaaga kaattuvatharkaana oru vazhiyaagum. killigan kuripittaar, "naangkal seitha mattroru mukkiyamaana vishayam ennaventraal, paarvaiyaalarkal multer mattrum scully unmaiyil aapaththil illai endru ninaikkavillai enbathai uruthippaduththuvathaakum-idhu oru kanavu, sila aandugalukku munbu" dallas "muzhu paruvaththaip poalavae. athanaalthaan kaalaanil irunthu varum koombu avarkalaik kondruvidum enbathai avarkal unarnthathai naangkal uruthi seithom. aaraaichi, padappidippu mattrum vilaivugal. inthath thodarin aaraaychchiyaalaraana liie smith, dennessy palkalaikkazhagaththil maanudaviyal turaiyaal iyakkappadum 30 aekkar parappalavil ulla udal panaiyil ulla aaraaychchiyaalargaludan aaloasanai nadaththinaar. pudhaikkappatta inththa vasathi manitha echchangkalai nankodaiyaaga valangkiyathu mattrum sithaivin nilaigalai aaivu seithathu. sirappu vilaivugal orunginaippaalar john vulich "spidery, ettu addii uyaram" fiber classes kaalaangalai vadivamaikkum paniyil irunthaar. thayaarippu vadivamaippaalar koorii kablan, "anniya" enbatharku maaraaga "karima mattrum poomikku kattupatta" kaalaangalai vadivamaikka vulich virumbinaar. kugaik kaatchigalukkaana stalakmiteugal mattrum stalactitegalai muraiyaaga uruvaakka kalaith thurai palvaeru puviyiyal paadanoolgalaik kalanthaaloasiththathu. kaaikal mattrum kugai chett mudinthathum, avai fax studio laattukalukku maattrappattana. kugaiyin tirappu branson pallaththaakkil padamaakkappattathu, idhu 1960 kazhil oliparappaana "bademan" tholaikaatchi thodaril broose vaeyin paet cave irunththa idam endru migavum kurippidaththakkathu. multer mattrum scully "urukuthal" vilaivai uruvaakka, sirappu vilaivugal thayaarippaalar pill miller killion anderson mattrum davit duchovnyin mupparimaana uyar varaiyarai veediyoavil veediyoavaip pathivu seithaar-irandu nadigargalum digital muraiyil scane seiyappattanar mattrum mudivugal oru kaneneyaal kaiyaalappattana. miller kuripittaar, "engkal muthal soathanaiyaip paarththapoathu, oralavu siramam illaamal multer mattrum scully uruga mudiyaathu enbathai naangkal unarnthoam...] avarkal thiraippada natchaththiranggalaip poala uruga vaendiyirunththathu...] killiyanai margared thatcharaaka maatraamal, davit jaanaaga "yaanai manithanaaga" kaayappadutthinaar. siramangalai eeduseiya, miller oru "munnani vilimbu" urukuthal vilaivaip payanpaduththinaar, idhu nadigargalin mugangkalin pakuthikalai mattumae urukki, avarkalin muga amsangkalai appadiyae vaiththirunthathu. mattra kaatchigalukku, anderson mattrum duchovni oru unavu thadimanaana oru unavu niratthaal moodappatta maninerangkalai thaanga vaendiyirunththathu, idhu poonjchai surappikku nindra unavu niratthin noaivaaippatta nizhaludan athikarikkappattathu. anderson mattrum duchovni iruthik kaatchikkaaga poomiyin keezh pudhaikkappattanar, nadigargal eeramaana udaigalai anindhu kaaikari tiravam mattrum mannil moodappattanar. karupporulgal. maattru yathaarththangkalin yoasanai "x-kooppugalin" munththaiya ulleedugalil m vazhigalil aaraayappattathu. keeth booker "oppeettalavil pazhamaivaatha [...] idhu maattru vazhigalai oru 'unmaiyana' yathaarththamaaga meettedukka anumathikkirathu."moontraavathu season episote" "jose sungsin" "velippuraththilirunthu" "oru thavaraana kadhai solbavarin eduththukkaattu endrum, aaraavathu season episote" "paeikal christhumasaith thirudiyathu eppadi" "oru nagaichchuvai maattru yadhaarththaththin eduththukkaattu endrum avar maerkoal kaattukiraar". jerault jay. aframs mattrum elisabeth eff. cook, "thii filazafi off divi noyar" endra puththagaththil, aththiyayam kadaththal kaaranatthai valiyuruththukirathu endru vaathidukirathu, idhu tharavukalilirunthu allathu nambagamaana tharavaik kanakkidum oru karudhukoalukkuch sellum oru vagai tharkkam mattrum porutthamaana aathaarangkalai vilakka muyalkirathu. kadaththal paguththarivu tharkkaththaip pinpattrukirathu oru aachariyamaana unmai, chii, kavanikkappadugiradhu (mudivu); oru, karudhugoal, unmaiyaaga irunthaal, chii sariyaana arththatthai (vidhi) aerpaduththum; enavae, oru unmai (vazhakku) endru santhekikka kaaranam ullathu. kodukkapatta oru udhaaranam pulveli eeramaaga ullathu. aanaal mazhai peithu kondirundhaal, pulveli eeramaaga iruppathu aachchariyamaaka irukkaathu. enavae, mazhai peithu varukirathu. inththa tharkkareethiyaana murai perumpaalaana nigazhchchigal muzhuvathum multerol virumbappadugirathu. iruppinum, inththa aththiyaayaththil, muthalil muraiyaip payanpaduththupavar scully. aval moontru thanithani unmaigalai eduththukkolkiraal-sila vagaiyaana kaalaangalin periya alavu, sila poonjchaikalin halucinogenic panbugal mattrum sila vagaiyaana thaavarangalin maamisa iyalbu-maelum oru kadaththal mudivai uruvaakkukirathu avalum multarum nilatthadiyil sikkik kondullanar, oru maayaththoatraththai anubavikkiraargal, methuvaaka serimaanam seiyappadugiraargal. kadaththal tharkkam moontru pakuthikalaik kondullathu. muthalaavathaaka, endha marunththugalaiyum utkollaavittaalum, multer mattrum scully irandum maayaththoattramaaka ullana enbathu aachariyamaana unmai-mudivu endrum azhaikkappadukirathu. irandaavathaaka, skalliyin karudhugoal ullathu-vidhi-adhu unmaiyaaga irunthaal maayaththoattram "nichchayamaaga oru vishayamaaga irukkum". moontraavathaaka, oru mudivu ullathu-vazhakku-"[skalliyin karudhugoal] unmai endru santhekikka oru kaaranam ullathu."inththa kadaththal, abrams mattrum cook suttikkaattuvathu, padaippu kadatthalukku oru eduththukkaattu, aenentraal scully moontru, thanithani yoasanaikalai" "padaippaattral reethiyaaga" "ontraaka izhukka nirvagikkirathu". iruppinum, multer aduththathaaga oru kadaththal mudivai edukkiraar. skinnarudan nigazhvugalaip pattri vivaathikkumpoathu, avar uruthiyaaka nambavillai endru koorukiraar, aenentraal poathaipporul adhan vilaivugalai oruvar kavanikkumpoathu mattumae thaeinthu poavathillai. inthak kadatthalukkum moontru pakuthikal ullana. idhan vilaivaaga, multer mattrum scully thappikkum sikkal iruppathaagath therikirathu enbathu aachariyamaana unmai. vidhi ennaventraal, multer mattrum scully avarkal thappiththuvittathaaga mattumae ninaikkiraarkal, aanaal avarkal unmaiyil innum nilaththadi mattrum jeeranikkappadugiraargal. iruthiyaaka, inththa vazhakku, "multer mattrum scully kaalaanilirunthu thappikkavillai endru santhekikka kaaranam ullathu" endru koorukirathu. inththa vagai tharkkam kuriyeettin keezh kadaththappaduvadharku oru eduththukkaattu, aenenil idhu palarukku migavum nambaththaguntha vithiyaagum. oliparappu mattrum varavaerpu. "field trip" mae 9,1999 andru fax netvorkkil thiraiyidappattathu. inththa aththiyayam 9.5 endra neelson mathippeettaip pettrathu, 15 pankudan, athaavathu anaitthu tholaikaatchi-porutthappatta veedugalil sumar 9.5 sathaveetham mattrum tholaikaatchiyaip paarkkum 15 sathaveetha kudumbangal aththiyaayaththil isaikkappattana. idhai 15.38 million paarvaiyaalargalum 9.4 million veedugalum paarththana. "mae 9 aam thaethiyudan mudivadaintha vaaraththil adhigam paarkappatta paththonpathaavathu tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaaga "field trip" irunththathu. inththa aththiyayam aikkiya raachchiyam mattrum ayarlaandhil juulai 18,1999 andru skai 1 ill oliparappappattathu, maelum 0.58 million paarvaiyaalargalaip pettrathu, antha vaaram moontraavathu adhigam paarkappatta aththiyaayamaaga tharavarisaippaduththappattathu. fax inththa aththiyaayatthai "idhu ungkal manathai kavarnthizhukkirathu" endra kurichcholludan vilambarappaduththinaar... ungkal maamchaththai unavaagap poattuk kollungal. intriravu, manitha maamchaththin suvai konda oru thaavaraththil multer mattrum scully thadumaarugindrana."deane haaklandin peyar thodakka varigalil deane hocklung endru thavaraaga ezhuthappattullathu. inththa aththiyayam vimarsagargalidamirunthu paaraattukalaip pettrathu. emily wanderworf "auuu" ilirunththu.vii. kilap inththa aththiyaayatthai thodarin "10 kandippaaga paarkka vaendiya aththiyaayangkalil" ondru endru azhaiththathu mattrum asurak kadhaigalin thoguppilirunthu americavin irunda adippaguthi pattriya vilakka muyarchikku oththa ondrukku thodarin 'nutpamaana maattraththirku' oru eduththukkaattaaga maerkoal kaattiyadhu."inthath thodar adhan sirantha paruvangkalaip poala orupoathum sirappaaga irukkaathu, aanaal innum kurippidatthakka vagaiyil payanullathaaka irukkum enbathai" "kazhap payanam" "kaattukirathu endru avar iruthiyil mudivu seithaar"."aduthaduththa mathippaaivil, wanderworf inththa aththiyaayaththirku oru" "aee" "viruthai valangkinaar, maelum ulagaththilirunththu ovvoru aasaiyaiyum enna seivathu mattrum scully seivathu pattriya pakuppaaivu kaaranamaaga" "ex-files aaraavathu season enakku pidiththa aththiyaayangkalil ondru" "endru alaiththaar, maelum aththiyayam vaathidukirathu" "inththa irandu nabarkalum avattraith theerkka vaelai seithaal mattumae marmangkalaith theerkka mudiyum"."robbert shearman mattrum lars bearson, thangal puththagaththil" "namba virumbuthal ex-kooppugal, millinium mattrum thanii thuppaakkithaarigalukkaana oru mukkiyamaana vazhikaatti", "aththiyaayatthai ainththil ainthu natchaththiranggalai mathippittanar". iruvarum aththiyaayatthai "ketta raththam" aththiyaayaththudan saathagamaaga oppittanar, aththiyayam "antha 'ketta raththam' karupporulgalin marupariseelanai" endru kuripittaar. iruppinum, shearman mattrum bearson maelum, "[aththiyayam] neenda kaalamaaga iyangkum ariviyal punaikathai nigazhchchiyin maanaadugalai vaedikkaiyaaga paarppathu mattumallaamal, nammaich suttriyulla unmaigalai naam saathaaranamaaga eduththuk kollumaaru kaelvi kaetka adhan paarvaiyaalargalai azhaikkirathu" endru kuripittaar. kazhap payanam" endru azhaikkappadum dii. vii. dii paechchilirunthu earl cressy "season aarin sirappamsanggalil" ontraakum. daam kesenich, thanathu puththagaththil "examination ex-filesine 6-9 paruvangkalil oru angkeekarikkappadaatha paarvai" aththiyaayaththaip pattri saathagamaaga ezhuthinaar, "[aththiyaayaththil multer mattrum skalliyin uravu] kaathal, mariyaathai allathu natpaith thaandi selkirathu mattrum iruthiyil avarkalin iruthi ontriyaththai kurikkum avarkalin kaikalin thoduthalai kooda meerukirathu. [...] avarkalin thodarbu migavum valuvaanathu, enavae sakthivaainthavai, avai athae poathai thoondappatta maayaththoattrangkalaip pagirnthu kolgindrana. anma unmaiyil thoazharkal. kesenich pinnar "ex-files" inn "ellah neraththilum sirantha 25 aththiyaayangkalil" oru aththiyaayatthai peyarittaar, adhai 25 vadhu idaththil tharavarisaippadutthinaar. "chinima fandastic" inn bowlaa vitaris aththiyaayaththirku mithamaana nermaraiyaana mathippaaivai valangkinaar mattrum adharku naangil irandarai natchaththiranggalai valangkinaar. aththiyayam "yadhaarththam/maayaththoattram adippadaiyudan adhigam seiyavillai" endru kuripitta poathilum, vitaris duchovni mattrum anderson nadippaip paaraattinaar, avarkalin nadippu aththiyaayaththin "mukiya inbangkal" endru kuripittaar. aththiyaayaththin mukiya ethiriyaana kazhak kaalaan, vimarsagargalidamirunthu perumpaalum nermaraiyaana vimarsanangkalai santhiththathu, oru sila ethirppaalargaludan. popmaters niruvanatthaich saerntha cooney ooklae, "maaperum nilaththadi kaalaan porul" vaaraththin sirantha "asuran" endru tharavarisaippadutthinaar, idhu "oru peetchaavaip peruvatharku migavum thanthiramaanathu" endru vivaritthaar. yaahoovilirunthu demothy sexton! maaperum kaalaan" endru peyaridappatta kuralgal "vaaraththin sirantha ex-files maanstarkalil" ontraakum, ezhuthuvathu ", ex-files aththiyayam pulam payanaththil vishayangkal verumanae avai thoandruvathu poal illai. [...] aanaal oru maaperum kaalaan vaaraththin migavum marakkamudiyaatha ex-files arakkarkalil ontraakum endru naan koorumpoathu, naan theeviramaaga irukkiraen endru neengkal pandhayam kattalaam. anaitthu vimarsanangkalum avvalavu nermaraiyaaga illai. i09 ill irunthu sairiyak lamar kaalaanai "10 migavum abaththamaana ex-files raatchatharkalil" ondru endru alaiththaar, maelum ezhuthinaar, "multer mattrum scully oru poathaipporul payanaththin poathu koottaaga sandaiyiduvathan moolam inththa micological kanavai vellungkal-sila unmaiyana austral blane shiid, birah. 1990kalin chii. jii. aii. yaii nesikkiraen.

feeled trip (x-files) "feeled trip" anedi sains fiction television syries "" dhi ex-files "" yokka aarava season yokka iravai okato episode ". idhi mae 9,1999naa united states mariyu kenadaalo faaks networklo pradarsinchabadindi, taruvaata juulai 18naa united kingdamlo skye1loe prasaram cheyabadindi. eee episodenu zaan shiban mariyu wins gilligaon raasaaru, fraank spotnitz raasina katha nundi, kimm manners darsakatvam vahinchaaru. eee episode oka "varapu rakshasudu" katha, idhi syries yokka vistruta puraanaalatoe sambandham kaligi ledhu. "feeled trip" 9.5 yokka nielsen gruha ratingnu sampaadinchindi, daani prarambha prasaaramlo 15.40 millionla mandhi prajalu chuusaaru. eee episode television vimarsakula nundi ekkuvagaa saanukuula sameekshalanu andukundi. eee pradarsana ex-files anie piluvabade paranarmal thoo mudipadi unna kesulapai panichese fbi pratyeka agentlu faaks mulder (david duchovney) mariyu danna scully (gillion anderson) paie kendrikrutamai untundi. mulder paranarmalnu viswasinchevaadu, ayithe samsayavaadi scully thana panini bahirgatam cheyadaaniki ketayinchabaddadu. episodelo, rendu asthipanjaraala marmamaina aavishkarana anedi mulder mariyu skalleeni daryaaptu cheyadaaniki daariteestundi. vaaru kanugonnadi agentlaku rendu ververu halucinogenic episodlanu kaliginche oka pedda shilindhra perugudala, idhi chivariki oka bhaagaswaamya bhraantiloo vileenam avutundi. walter skinner (mitch pailgi) netrutvamloni eff. bii. ii resque teamku krutagnatalu teluputuu iddaroo rakshinchabaddaaru. prekshakulaku vaari bhraantula samayamlo mulder mariyu scully yokka pratyeka drukkoonaalanu chuse avakaasam ivvadaaniki eee episode vraayabadindi. taaraaganam mariyu sibbandi sabhyulu, alaage sameekshakulu, eee episode season aidu episode "chedu raktam" yokka marinta teevramaina version anie paerkonnaaru. eee episode kosam siddham kaavadaaniki, puttagodugulu, sileendhraalu, maanava kullipovadam mariyu guha bhoogarbha saastrampai vividha samacharanni syries sibbandi parisoedhimchaaru. inca, pratyaamnaaya vaastavikataku sambandhinchina itivruttaalu mariyu apaharana tarkam yokka upayogam kaaranamgaa eee episode vimarsanaatmakamgaa pariseelinchabadindi. plaatlu. boone loe, uttara carolina, walles (david denman) mariyu angela skiff (robin lively) polaallo oka roeju hiking tarvaata intiki tirigi vastaaru. angelaku talanoppi vastundi, snanam chestunnappudu, aame godalapai nundi pasupu rangu padaartham yokka chitraalanu chustunnatlu bhaavistundi. angela mariyu godalu okari chetullo marokarini padukobettaayi, conny camera bayataku velletappudu drushyam vaari asthipanjaraaniki maarutundi, oka feeled madhyalo adhe sthithilo untundi. fbi pratyeka agentlu faaks mulder (david duchovney) mariyu danna scully (gillion anderson) daryaaptu chesi, emukalanu nisitamgaa pariseelinchina taruvaata, iddaroo asthipanjaraala diguva bhaganni kappi unche oka vintha pasupu padaarthaanni kanugonnaru, idhi asalu pareekshalo tappipoyindi. mrutadehaalu prasiddha godhuma rangu parvata deepaala phalitamgaa unnayani namme mulder, aavishkarana jarigina pradaesaaniki velataadu, ayithe scully marinni pareekshalu cheyadaaniki coroner (zim beaver) thoo venukabadi untaadu. polaallo gaddini cheravesetappudu, athanu anukokunda puttagodugula meedaki naduputaadu, idhi bhraantulanu kaliginche beejaamsaala meghanni vidudala chestundi. mulder-veekshakudiki teliyakundaane-bhranti chendadam praarambhistundi. athanu tvaralo oka guhalo goda mariyu engelaanu kanugontaadu, mariyu vaari adrushyaanni tappudu asthipanjaraalatho kappukunna grahaantaravaasulu vaarini apaharinchaarani iddaroo paerkonnaaru. taruvaata, scully mulder apartmentku cherukuni, emi jarigindo skalleeki vivaristaadu. athanu godhuma parvatam vadda bandhinchina oka grahaantaravaasini aameku chuupistaadu. ayithe, scully, prasna lekunda thana vaadananu angeekaristaadu mariyu mulder thana parisaraalanu anumaaninchadam praarambhistaadu. chivariki, pasupu padaarthaanni chusina taruvaata, chaalaa varaku angela chuusinatlugaa, guhalo mulder melkontadu, athanu mundu godanu anusarinchi, pasupu sraavamtho kappabadi, sajeevamgaa jeernam avtadu. intalo, pasupu padaardham pradhanamgaa jeerna rasaalalo kanipinche sendriya padaarthaanni kaligi untundani scully kanugonnaru, ayinappatikee idhi mokkala kanipistundi. polaniki cherukuni, anukokunda maroka puttagodugupai adugu petti, bhranti chendadam praarambhistundi. scully mariyu coroner thana asthipanjara avasheshaalanu kanugonadaaniki matrame, mulder kosam vetakadam praarambhistaaru. tirigi coroner karyalayamlo, scully thana dantha recordula nundi mulder avasheshaalanu gurtistaadu, conny asthipanjarampai sraavam gurinchi etuvanti aadharalu dorakavu. taruvaata, mulder melkone samayamlo, spashtamgaa sajeevamgaa unna mulder kanipistundi. akasmaattugaa, melkone sangham adrusyamavutundi. mulder mariyu scully emi jarigindo charchistunnappudu, vaaru iddaroo comatose gaa unnappudu padaartham dwara jeernam avtunna guhalo unnaarani grahinchadam praarambhistaaru; edho okavidhamgaa, vaaru oke bhraantini panchukuntunnaru. grahinchadam sambhavinchinappudu, vaaru iddaroo melkontaru, guhalo lothugaa mariyu mulder naela nundi bayataku velli thana venuka surakshitamgaa laagutuu pooraadutaaru. taruvaata, walter skinners (mitch pailgi) karyalayamlo, mulder vaaru swechchagaa unnaarani marosari anumaaninchadam praarambhistaadu, viniyogadaarulu bhranti chendutunnaarani telusukunna tarvaata daani prabhavalanu aapadaniki kaaranamayye yea vidhamaina aushadhaaniki paeru pettamani skalleeni adugutaadu. chaatiiloo skinnernu kalchadam dwara mulder thana abhiprayanni rujuvu chese varaku scully aviswaasamlo untaadu; bullet gaayaala nundi pasupu padaartham bayataku vastundi. marosari, guhalo mallee bhoogarbhamlo melkolputunnappudu vaari parisaraalu karigipotayi. skinga unnanduna, mattini kappi unchina thana chetini naela paikappu gundaa kattirinchi, sahayaka sibbandi brundam vaarini gurtinchi, bayataku laagi, ambulance bhadrataku teesukuvelutundi. ambulance lopaliki okasari, mulder mariyu scully balaheenamgaa chetulu pattukondi. utpatti. vraastuu untaaru. "feeled trip" nuu executive producer fraank spotnitz raasaaru, ayana eee vraata prakriyanu "oka anubhavam" gaa abhivarninchaaru. script aneka dasala gundaa vellindi; modata, script sealed-off guhalo oka rakshasudu muldernu vembadinchadaanni kaligi undalsi undhi. appudu, mulder mariyu scully rendintinee chaerchadaaniki script maarchabadindi. chivaraku, katha maarchabadindi, tadwara mulder mariyu skalli vaaru oka guhalo lothugaa khananam cheyabaddaarani matrame vishwasinchaaru, chivariki adhi oka bhranti anie mulder gurtinchaadu. episode yokka bhavana chaalaa mandhi sibbandini utsaahaparichindani spotnitz perkonnaduh "memu nijamgaa ilanti" ex-files "eppuduu cheyaledu. vaari rendu bhraantula yokka teevratalanu chudatam dwara memu mulder mariyu scully yokka thedaalanu anveshinchavacchu-gatha seasonlo 'chedu raktamlo' memu haasyabharitamgaa chesinadaaniki teevramaina version. idhi thana bhagaswamy saadhaaranamgaa sarainade anae vaastavaanni edurkovadaniki muldarku avakaasaanni andinchindi, phalitamgaa scully nundi pratispandana vastundi, idhi vaastavaanni dhruveekaristundi. spotnitz eee episodenu "adbhutamaina mind game" anie pilicharu, conny eee klishtamaina katha mariyu vegam veekshakudini gandaragolaniki gurichestayani aandolana chendaaru. eee aandolanalanu parishkarinchadaaniki, teli plaenu zaan shiban mariyu wins gilligan khararu cheyadaaniki ketaayinchaaru. script puurtayina tarvaata, katha marinta ardhamayyedigaa spotnitz bhaavinchaadu; shiban mariyu gilligaon pacchika bayallanu choopinchina vidhanam mariyu puttagodugulanu suukshmamgaa choopinche maargamgaa puttagodugulanu skalliga adugu pettadam patla athanu mukhyamgaa santoshinchaadu. gilligaon ilaa paerkonnaadu, "memu chesina maroe mukhyamaina vishayam emitante, prekshakulu nijamgaa mullar mariyu scully pramaadamloo laerani bhavinchakunda chusukovadam-idantaa konni samvatsaraala kritam" dallas "yokka mottam season laaga oka kala. anduke puttagodugula nundi vachhe goo vaarini champestundani vaaru grahinchaarani memu nirdhaarinchaamu. parisoedhana, chitreekarana mariyu prabhavalu. eee shreniki parisoedhakudu ayina lii smith, tenessey vishwavidhyaalayamloni maanava shaastra vibhaganche nirvahinchabadutunna 30 ekaraala vistiirnamloo unna boddy phaam vadda parisoedhakulatoe sampradinchaaru. khananam chesina soukaryam maanava avasheshaalanu daanam chesi kullina dasalanu adhyayanam chesindi. special effects coordinator zaan vulich kuu "spidery, enimidi adugula podavaina" fiberglass puttagodugulanu roopondinche pani appaginchabadindi. utpatti roopakarta corey cuplan "grahaantaravaasulu" kakunda "sendriya mariyu bhusambandhamaina" roopakalpana cheyadaaniki vulich nuu korukunnadu. guha drushyaala kosam stallogmitelu mariyu stalactitelanu sarigga srushtinchadaaniki kalaa vibhagam vividha bhougolika paatya pustakaalanu sampradinchindi. pods mariyu guha sett puurtayina tarvaata, vaatini faaks studio laatlaku badilee chesaaru. guhaku teravadam branson loyalo chithreekarinchabadindi, idhi 1960laloe prasaaramaina "batman" television siriisloo brus wayne yokka byaat cave yokka pradaesamgaa gurtinchadaginadi. mulder mariyu scully "melting" yokka prabhavanni srushtinchadaaniki, pratyeka prabhaavaala nirmaata bill miller, gillion anderson mariyu david duchovney yokka veediyooni trimiteeya hye-definition veediyolo chitreekarinchaaru-iddaru natulanu digitalga skaan chesaaru mariyu phalitaalanu computer chetha taarumaaru chesaaru. miller ilaa paerkonnaadu, "memu maa modati pareekshanu chusinappudu, memu kontha ibbandi lekunda mulder mariyu skalleeni kariginchalemani grahinchaamu...] vaaru sinee taarala vale karigipovalsi vachindi...] gillion nuu margaret thatcherga marchakunda, david nuu zaan gaa "enugu manishi" gaa marchakunda. ibbandulanu bharti cheyadaaniki, miller "leading edge" draveebhavana prabhavanni upayoginchaaru, idhi natula mukhaala bhaagaalanu matrame kariginchi, vaari mukha lakshanaalanu chekkuchedarakunda unchindi. itara shaatla kosam, anderson mariyu duchovney shilindhra sraavam kosam nilabade anaarogyakaramaina rangu aahaaramto kuudina aahara mandamgaa unde aahaaramto kappabadi gantala tarabadi bharinchalsi vachindi. anderson mariyu duchovney chivari sannivesam kosam aksharala bhoomi kinda khananam cheyabaddaaru, natulu tadi suutlu dharinchi, kuuragaayala dravam mariyu mattiloo kappabadi unnaaru. theemlu. pratyaamnaaya vaastavaala aalochana "x-files" yokka munupati entriilaloo m margallo anveshinchabadindi. keeth booker "saapekshamgaa sampradaayavaadi [...] idhi pratyaamnaayaalanu oke 'nijamaina' vaastavikatagaa punaruddharinchadaaniki anumatistundi."moodava season episode" "jose chung yokka" "bahya antariksham nundi" "oka doshapurita kathakudiki udaaharanagaa, mariyu aarava season episode" "dayyaalu chrismasnu elaa dongilinchaayi" "anedi haasya pratyaamnaaya vaastavikataku udaaharanagaa paerkonnaadu". gerold zhe. abrams mariyu elizabeth eff. cook, "dhi philosophy off tv noir" pustakamlo, eee episode obductive reasoningnu nokki chebutundani vaadinchaaru, idhi dayta nundi ledhaa edainaa vivarana nundi vishwasaneeyamaina daetaaku sambandhinchina oka parikalpanaku vellae oka rakamaina tarkam mariyu sambandhita sakshyalanu vivarinchadaaniki prayatnistundi. apaharana tarkam tarkaanni anusaristundihi oka aascharyakaramaina vaastavam, sii, gamaninchabadutundi (phalitam); a, parikalpana, nijamaithe, sii khachitamaina ardhaanni istundi (niyamam); anduvalla, a anedi nijam (kesu) anie anumaaninchadaaniki kaaranam undhi. icchina oka udaaharana emitante pacchika bayallu tadigaa unnaayi. conny varsham padutunte, pacchika bayallu tadigaa undatam aascharyakaram kaadu. anduvalla varsham kurustondi. eee taarkika paddhatini chaalaa varaku pradarsana antataa mulder ishtapadataaru. ayithe, eee episodelo, modata paddhatini upayoginchedi scully. aame moodu ververu vaastavaalanu teesukuntundi-konni rakaala puttagodugula bhaarii parimaanam, konni sileendhraala yokka bhraantikaramaina lakshanaalu mariyu konni rakaala mokkala mamsahara swabhaavam-mariyu oka apaharana teermaanaanni roopondistundihi aame mariyu mulder bhoogarbhamlo chikkukupooyaaru, bhraantini anubhavistunnaaru, mariyu nemmadigaa jeernam avutunnaru. obductive logiclo moodu bhagalu untaayi. modata, etuvanti mandulu teesukokapoyinappatiki, mulder mariyu scully rendoo bhraantiki gurichestunnayane aascharyakaramaina vaastavam-phalitamgaa kooda piluvabadutundi. rendavadi, scully yokka parikalpana undhi-niyamam-adhi nijamaithe bhranti "course yokka vishayam avutundi". moodavadi, oka nirdhaarana undhi-kesu-"[scully yokka parikalpana] nijamani anumaaninchadaaniki oka kaaranam undhi."eee apaharana, abrams mariyu cook etthi chuupinatlugaa, srujanaatmaka apaharanaku oka udaaharana, endukante scully moodu, ververu aalochanalanu" "srujanaatmakamgaa" "kalisi laagutundi". ayithe, mulder taduparidi apaharanaatmaka mugimpu palukutundi. skinnartho sanghatanalanu charchistunnappudu, athanu tanaku nammakam ledani paerkonnaadu, endukante drugs vaati prabhavalanu gamaninchinappudu matrame ksheeninchavu. eee apaharanalo kooda moodu bhagalu unnaayi. phalitamgaa aascharyakaramaina vaastavam emitante, mulder mariyu scully tappinchukovadam samasyaatmakamgaa anipistundi. niyamam emitante, mulder mariyu scully vaaru tappinchukunnaarani matrame bhaavistaaru, conny vaaru nijamgaa ippatikee bhoogarbhamlo unnaaru mariyu jeernamavutunnaaru. chivaraku, eee kesu "mulder mariyu scully puttagodugu nundi tappinchukoledu" anie anumaaninchadaaniki kaaranam undani perkondi. eee rakamaina tarkam undercode apaharanaku oka udaaharana, endukante idhi chaalaa mandiloo atyanta aamodayogyamaina niyamam. prasaram mariyu sweekarana. "feeled trip" mae 9,1999naa faaks networklo pradarsinchabadindi. eee episode 15 vaataatho 9.5 yokka nielsen ratingnu sampaadinchindi, antey mottam television-amarchina gruhaalalo sumaru 9.5 saatam mariyu television chuse 15 saatam gruhalu eee episodelo tune cheyabaddaayi. dheenini 15.38 millionla mandhi veekshakulu alaage 94 laksala kutumbaalu chushai. "mae 9thoo mugisina vaaramlo atyadhikamgaa veekshinchina television karyakramam "feeled trip". eee episode united kingdom mariyu irelandlo juulai 18,1999naa skye1loe prasaram cheyabadindi mariyu 0.58 millionla mandhi veekshakulanu andukundi, aaa vaaramlo moodava atyadhikamgaa veekshinchina episodga nilichindi. faaks eee episodenu "idhi mea manassunu aakarshistundi" anae taglinetho pracharam chesindi... mariyu mea mamsanni tinipinchandi. eee raatri, mulder mariyu scully maanava maamsam kosam ruchi kaligina mokkapai porapaatlu chestaayi."deane hagland paeru prarambha creditlalo deane haglung gaa tappugaa vraayabadindi. eee episode vimarsakula nundi prasamsalu andukundi. emily wanderworf "dhi eah" nundi.vii. club eee episodenu syries yokka "tappaka chudavalasina 10 episodelalo" okatigaa perkondi mariyu dheenini rakshasudu kathala sekarana nundi america yokka cheekati underbellini vivarinche prayatnaaniki marinta saaruupyamaina daaniki syries 'suukshmamaina maarpu' kii udaaharanagaa perkondi."syries daani uttama seasonla vale ennatikee elaa bagundadani, conny ippatikee asadhaaranamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undagaladani" "feeled trip" "choopinchindani aame chivariki muginchindi"."tadupari sameekshalo, wanderworf eee episodku" "eah" "nuu pradaanam chesi, prapanchamlooni prati korikanu mulder mariyu scully chese daani vislaeshanha kaaranamgaa" "ex-files" "aarava season yokka naaku ishtamaina episodelalo okati" "anie pilicharu, mariyu episode vaadistundi" "eee iddaru vyaktulu vaatini parishkarinchadaaniki krushi chesthe matrame rahasyalu parishkarinchabadataayi"."robbert shearman mariyu lars pier sunn, vaari pustakam" "vising tuu believe eah critical guide tuu dhi ex-files, millennium & dhi loane gunman" "loe, episodenu aidu nakshatraalaku aidu nakshatraalugaa rate chesaaru". iddaroo eee episodenu "chedu raktam" episodto sanukoolamgaa poolchaaru, eee episode "[aaa] aaa 'chedu raktam' itivruttaala punahprarambham" anie paerkonnaaru. ayithe, shearman mariyu pier sunn ilaa paerkonnaadu, "[eee episode] sudeerghakaalam nadustunna sains fiction show samavesalanu saradaagaa chudatam matrame kaadu, mana chuttoo unna satyaalanu prashninchadaaniki daani prekshakulanu aahvaaninchadam". dvd tock nundi earl cressy "feeled trip" anie pilavabade "season aaru mukhyaamsaalalo okati". tomm kesenich, thana pustakam "examination eah anadhikaarika look ett season 6-9 off dhi ex-files" loe episode gurinchi sanukoolamgaa raasaaru, "[episodelo mulder mariyu scully sambandham] prema, gowravam ledhaa snehaaniki minchinadi mariyu chivariki vaari antima aikyatanu soochinche vaari chetula sparsanu kooda adhigamistundi. [...] vaari sambandham chaalaa balamgaa undhi, kabatti saktivantamaina vaaru adhe maadakadravya prerita bhraantulanu kooda panchukuntaaru. aatma nijamgaa sahacharulu. kesenich taruvaata episodenu "ex-files" yokka "anni kaalaalaloonuu agra 25 episodelalo" okatigaa paerkontuu, daanini 25va sthaanamlo rank chesaadu. "cinephantastic" nundi paula vitaris episodku madhyastamgaa saanukuula sameekshanu icchi, daaniki naalugintilo rendunnara nakshatraalanu pradaanam chesaaru. eee episode "reality/bhranti aavaranato peddagaa cheyadu" anie perkonnappatiki, vitaris duchovney mariyu anderson natnanu prasamsimchaaru, vaari pradarsanalu episodelo "pradhana aanandaalu" anie paerkonnaaru. episode yokka pradhana virodhi, feeled puttagodugu, vimarsakula nundi saanukuula sameekshalanu andukundi, kontamandi vyatiraekulatoe. popmatters nundi vacchina coney ogal "bhaarii bhoogarbha puttagodugu vastuvunu" vaaramlooni uttama "rakshasudu-off-dhi-weak loe sthaanam icchaaru, dheenini" pizza meeda muginchadaaniki chaalaa telivigaa "varninchaaru. yaahuu nundi timothy sexton! dhi jaint mashfur" anie paeru pettabadina swaraalu "vaaramlooni uttama ex-files raakshasulalo okati", anie vraastuu, ex-files episode feeled trip vishayaalalo avi kanipinchevi kaavu. [...] conny oka pedda puttagodugu vaaramlooni atyanta chirasmaraneeyamaina ex-files raakshasulalo okati anie neenu perkonnappudu, neenu gambheeramgaa unnaanani meeru pandem veyavachu. anni sameekshalu antha sanukoolamgaa laevu. i09 nundi cyriac lamar puttagodugunu "10 atyanta haasyaaspadamaina x-files rakshasulu" anie pilichi, "mulder mariyu scully samyuktamgaa oka maadakadravyaala prayaanamloo poradatam dwara eee mycological peedakalanu jayistaaru-konni nijamaina jyotishya vimanam shitt, bra. 1990la naati cgini preminchandi.

feld trip (aiks failein) "feld trip" science fakshan teeli vision seerez "" dee aiks failein "kay chhatay seezan kii akiswein qast hay. iss kaa premier faaks neet wark parr 9 mayee 1999 kuu riyasathaye muthadah aur canada mein hawaa aur baad mein 18 jolayi kuu bartaniah mein iskayi 1 parr nashar hawaa. yaha qast jaan sheeban aur wanas gleagan nay likhee thee frank spotnetz kii eek kahaani say aur iss kii hidayat kaaree kumm mainarz nay kii thee. yaha qast eek "haftay kaa rockshis" kahaani hay juu seerez kay wasee tarr afsanon say ghair mansalk hay. "feld trip" nay neelson gharilo darjah bundi 9.5 haasil kii jasay iss kii ibtadayi nashriyaat mein 15.40 millin logon nay dekha. iss qast kuu teeli vision naqdin kii taraf say baday paimanay parr masbat jaizay milay. yaha show aif bee aayee kay khususi agenton faaks milder (dude dochoni) aur daanaa sakli (galian anderson) parr markoz hay juu ghair mamuli say mansalk muamilat parr kaam kartay haine jinhein aiks files kahaa jaataa hay. milder ghair mamuli parr yaqeen rakhta hay jabkah shakok woo shabhaat parr mubni scully kuu iss kay kaam kuu mustarid karnay kaa kaam sonpa gayaa hay. waaqiah mein duu kankalon kii prasrar driyafat moulder aur sakli kuu taftish karnay parr majbur karti hay. wah juu driyafat kartay haine wah eek behat bury fungal kii nashonuma hay juu agenton kay duu alg alg halocenogenic aqsaat kaa sabab banti hay juu balaakhir eek mushtarkah holocention mein zam how jaati hay. walter sikner (mach peligi) kii qayadat mein aif bee aayee rescue team kii badolat donon bach gayey. yaha qast saamayin kuu inn kay waham kay doraan milder aur sakli kay alg alg naqtah nazar dekhnay kaa moqaa deenay kay liye likhee gayee thee. cast aur amley kay arkaan kay saath saath jaizah leenay waalon nay nott kiyaa kahh yaha qast seezan paanch kii qast "braa khoon" kaa ziyadah sanjidah warzan thaa. iss waaqiah kii tayari kay liyay mashroom fungi insani sadnay aur ghaar kay arziyaat say mutaliq mukhtalif malumat parr seerez kay amley kay arkaan nay tehqeeq kii. mazeed baraan iss waaqiah kaa tanqidi jaizah iss kay mozuaat kii wajah say liyaa gayaa hay juu muthbadil haqeeqat aur iss kay aghwa aamiz istedlal kay istemaal say mutaliq haine. plaat. bowan mein naarth carolina walis (dude denmin) aur anjala sheef (raaban laiyo) kheeton mein eek dunn kii paidal safar kay baad gahar waps aatay haine. anjala kuu sarr dard hotaa hay aur nahatay waqat sochti hay kahh wah dewaron say neechey eek pailay rung kay maaday kii tasavir deekh rahee hay. anjala aur wals eek dosray kii baanhon mein bastar parr jaa rahay haine leakin jeesay hyee kimrah baahir nikalta hay manzar inn kay kankaal kii taraf muntaqil how jaataa hay juu eek kheet kay beach mein eek hyee position mein rehta hay. aif bee aayee kay khususi agent faaks milder (dude dochoni) aur daanaa sakli (galian anderson) tehqiqat kartay haine aur hadiyon kii qareeb say jaanch padtaal kay baad donon kuu eek ajeeb peela maadah milta hay juu kankaal kay nichley hasay kuu dhanpta hay juu asl jaanch mein nazar nahein aayaa thaa. milder yaha maantay hoay kahh laashein mashhur bhuri pahaadi roshaniyon kaa natijah haine driyafat kay maqaam kii taraf nikaltay haine jabkah sakli mazeed test karnay kay liye coroner (jumm beaver) kay saath peeche rahh jaati hay. jeesay hyee moulder kheeton mein aataa hay wah nadanista toor parr mashroom kay eek takday parr gaadi chalata hay juu halocenogenic sporz kaa baadil chhodta hay. milder-juu nazireen kuu malum nahein hotaa-waham honaa sharoo kirr deeta hay. asay jald hyee eek ghaar mein dewaar aur anjala kaa patah chalta hay aur donon kaa daawi hay kahh inhein ghair malkiyon nay aghwa kirr liyaa thaa jinhon nay inn kii gumshidgi kuu jhootay kankalon say dahaanp diyaa thaa. baad mein sakli milder kay apartment mein pahunchta hay aur wah iss baath kii wazahat kartaa hay kahh kiyaa hawaa. wah asay eek ajnabi dikhata hay jasay iss nay bhuri pahaadi parr pakad liyaa thaa. tahim sakli baghair kasee sawaal kay apnee istedlal kuu qabool kartaa hay aur moulder apnay ard gird kay maahul parr shakk karnay lagtaa hay. aakhir kaar pailay rung kay maaday kuu dekhnay kay baad balkal anjala kay aarh kii tarah moulder ghaar mein jaag jaataa hay jiss mein wah pehley dewaar kay peeche jaataa hay pailay rung kay saraaw mein dahkaa hawaa zindah hazm hotaa hay. darein asnaa sakli nay driyafat kiyaa hay kahh peela maadah bunyadi toor parr haazmah kay russ mein paaye jaanay waalay namiyati mawaad parr mushtamil hotaa hay halankah yaha podon kii tarah nazar aataa hay. kheet mein pahunch kirr ghalti say dosray mashroom parr qadm rakh kirr wah paagal honaa sharoo kirr deeta hay. sakli aur moth kii jaanch karnay waala moulder kii talaash sharoo kirr deeta hay leakin asay iss kii kankaal kii baqiyat mill jaati haine. muainey kay daftar mein waaps sakli apnay daanaton kay record say moulder kii baqiyat kii shanakhat kartaa hay leakin kankaal parr saraaw kaa koyee sabut nahein milta hay. baad mein moulder kay jaagney parr waazah toor parr zindah moulder zahir hotaa hay. achanak jaagney waali jamaat ghaib how jaati hay. jeesay hyee moulder aur sakli bahas kartay haine kahh kiyaa hawaa hay inn donon kuu ahsaas honay lagtaa hay kahh wah abb bhee ghaar mein mojud haine juu maaday say hazm how rahay haine jabkah wah komatoz haine vovo kasee tarah wah eek hyee waham mein shareek haine. jeesay hyee ahsaas hotaa hay wah donon ghaar mein gahrayi mein jaagtay haine aur moulder apnay peeche say hifazat kii taraf ghaseetay hoay zameen say baahir nikalnay kaa raastah ladta hay. baad mein walter sikner (mach peligi) kay daftar mein milder eek baar phir shakk karnay lagtaa hay kahh wah balkal bhee aazaad haine scully say kasee bhee qasm kii manshiyaat kaa naam leenay kay liye kehta hay juu saarfin kuu malum honay kay baad iss kay asraat kuu roknay kaa sabab banti hay kahh wah halocenting kirr rahay haine. sakli iss waqat takk bay aetemadi mein rehta hay jabb takk kahh moulder seenay mein sikner kuu golee maar kirr apnee baath saabat nahein kartaa vovo golee kay zakhmon say peela maadah nikalta hay. eek baar pahar inn kay ard gird pighal jaatay haine jabb wah ghaar mein dobarah zeer zameen jaagtay haine. milder zameen kii chhat say apnaa haath jodta hay keunkah sikner aur rescue staaf kii eek team inn kaa patah laganay aur inhein baahir khainchnay aur inhein ambulance kii hifazat mein lay jaanay mein kamiyab how jaati hay. eek baar ambulance kay andar daakhil honay kay baad moulder aur sakli kamzor andaaz mein haath pakadtay haine. paidawar. likhna. "feld trip" execto producer frank spotnetz nay likhaa thaa jinhon nay tehriri amal kuu "eek tajarbah" qaraar diyaa thaa. script kayee marahil say guzra vovo asl mein script mein eek maher bund ghaar mein eek rockshis kay zariah milder kaa peecha kiyaa jaana thaa. pahar script kuu moulder aur sakli donon kuu shaamil karnay kay liye tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. aakhir kaar kahaani kuu tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa taakah moulder aur sakli kuu mahaz yaha yaqeen how kahh inhein eek ghaar mein gahrayi mein dafan kiyaa gayaa hay aur moulder kuu balaakhir patah chull gayaa kahh yaha sabb eek waham thaa. spotnetz nay nott kiyaa kahh qast kay tasavur nay amley kay behat say arkaan kuu parjosh kirr diyaa: "humm nay waaqee mein iss tarah kii" aiks failein "kabhi nahein kii thein. humm milder aur sakli kay ikhtelafat kuu inn kay duu halosi neeshan kii inteha kuu deekh kirr talaash kirr saktay haine-juu humm nay pachlay seezan mein 'braa khoon' mein mazahiya andaaz mein kiyaa thaa iss kaa eek sanjidah warzan hay. iss say moulder kuu apnay saathi kaa iss haqeeqat say muqabilah karnay kaa moqaa milaa kahh wah aam toor parr darsat hay jiss kay natijay mein sakli kii taraf say jawaab milaa jiss mein haqeeqat kii tasdiq kii gayee. spotnetz nay iss qast kuu "hairat angez dimaghi kheel" qaraar diyaa leakin wah preshan thay kahh paichidah kahaani aur raftaar nazireen kuu aljhaye gee. inn khadshaat kuu door karnay kay liyay teeli play kuu jaan sheeban aur wanas gleagan nay hatmi shakal deenay kaa kaam sonpa thaa. eek baar script khatam honay kay baad spotnetz nay mahsus kiyaa kahh kahaani behat ziyadah qaabil fehm how gayee hay. wah khaas toor parr iss baath say khush thay kahh jiss tarah say sheeban aur gleagan nay mashroom parr moulder aur sakli qadm rakhaa taakah wah halocenogenic mashroom say apnee ibtadayi numaish kaa asharah day sakein. gleagan nay nott kiyaa kahh "eek aur waaqee aham kaam juu humm nay kiyaa wah yaha yaqeeni banana thaa kahh saamayin kuu yaha naha lagay kahh milder aur sakli waaqee khatray mein nahein haine-kahh yaha sabb eek khwaab thaa jeesay kachh saal pehley" dlaas "kay puray seezan mein thaa. asee liye humm nay iss baath kuu yaqeeni banaya kahh inhein ahsaas how kahh mashroom say nikalnay waala gow inhein maar daalay gaa. tahqiq film bundi aur asraat. seerez kay mohqaq lee samath nay baadi faarm kay mohqaqeen say mashurah kiyaa juu kahh 30 aikad kii eek sahulat hay juu university aaf tensi mein shobah bashriyaat kay zeer intezam hay. dafan shadah sahulat nay insani baqiyat kaa atiyah kiyaa aur sadnay kay marahil kaa mutalah kiyaa. special effects kay coordinator jaan walich kuu "spidery aath fitt lambay" fibre glaas mashroom design karnay kaa kaam sonpa gayaa thaa. production designar kooree kaplaan chahtay thay kahh waleek mashroom kuu "eline" kay bajaye "namiyati aur zameen say jaday" nazar aaney kay liye design karay. mohkamah funn nay ghaar kay munazir kay liye stalagmats aur stalactitis kuu munasib tareeqe say bananay kay liye mukhtalif arziyati nisaabi kitaabon say mashurah kiyaa. eek baar jabb phaliyan aur ghaar kaa seet khatam how jaataa hay tuu inhein faaks studio lots mein muntaqil kirr diyaa jaataa hay. ghaar kay iftatahi hasay kuu brunson waadi mein filmaya gayaa thaa juu 1960 kii dahayi mein nashar honay waali "bait meen" teeli vision seerez mein brose ween kay bait kiyo kay maqaam kay liye sabb say ziyadah qaabil zakar hay. milder aur sakli "pighalnay" kaa asar paida karnay kay liyay special effects producer bull miller nay teen jehti hayee defenation video mein galian anderson aur dude dochoni kii video banayi-donon adakaron kuu degital toor parr scaen kiyaa gayaa aur nataij kuu computer kay zariye heera phairi kii gayee. miller nay nott kiyaa kahh "jabb humm nay apnay pehley test kuu dekhaa tuu hamein ahsaas hawaa kahh humm baghair kasee mashkal kay milder aur sakli kuu pighla nahein saktay. [..] inhein filmi sataron kii tarah pighalna padaa. [..] galian kuu margaret thichar aur dude kuu jaan mein tabdil kiye baghair "haathi aadmi" kay toor parr zakhmi kiyaa. mashkalaat kii talaafi kay liyay miller nay eek "leading aij" pighalnay kaa asar istemaal kiyaa jiss say adakaron kay chehron kay sarf kachh hasay pighal jaatay thay aur inn kay chehrey kii khususiyat kuu barqarar rakhaa jaataa thaa. deegar shots kay liyay anderson aur dochoni kuu foud motapay kay saath khaaney kay rung kay beemaar rung kay saath badhaya gayaa thaa juu fungal kay saraaw kay liye khadaa thaa. anderson aur dochoni kuu aakhri manzar kay liye lafzi toor parr zameen kay neechey dafan kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein adakaar gailay sout pehney hoay thay aur sabziyon kay seeyal aur mutty say dahkay hoay thay. mozuaat. muthbadil hqaiq kay khayaal kuu "aiks failon" kii pachli andrajat mein iss tarah say driyafat kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh m. keeth bakar kuu "nasbata qadamat pasand [...] juu muthbadil kuu eek waahid 'haqeeqi' haqeeqat kay toor parr bahaal karnay kii ajazat deeta hay."inhon nay teesre seezan kii qast" "jose chung kii" "beruni khalaa say" "kuu eek naqis rawi kii misaal kay toor parr aur chhatay seezan kii qast" "bhooton nay karsams kisay charaya" "kuu eek mazahiya muthbadil haqeeqat kii misaal kay toor parr hawalah diyaa. jairold jay. ibramas aur alzabth aif. coke kitaab "tye wee noor kaa falsafah" mein dalil deetay haine kahh waaqiah aghwa aamiz istedlal parr zoor deeta hay eek qasm kii mantaq juu ddita yaa kasee cheez kii wazahat say lay kirr kasee mafruzay takk jaati hay juu qaabil aetemad ddita kaa hasaab rakhti hay aur mutaliqah shawahid kii wazahat karnay kii koshish karti hay. aghwa kii istedlal mantaq kii peervi karti hay: eek hairat angez haqeeqat see mashahidah kiyaa jaataa hay (natijah) vovo agar aey mafruzah sach thaa tuu see kaamil maanee rakhta (qayedah) vovo iss tarah iss baath parr shakk karnay kii wajah hay kahh aey sach hay (kees). eek misaal juu dee gayee hay wah yaha hay: laan gailay haine. leakin agar baarish how rahee hay tuu yaha koyee taajib kii baath nahein hogi kahh laan gailay hay. iss liye baarish how rahee hay. iss mantaqi tariqah kuu ziyadah tarr show mein moulder pasand kartaa hay. tahim iss qast mein yaha tariqah kaar sabb say pehley coone istemaal kartaa hay. wah teen alg alg hqaiq leeti hay-kachh qasm kay mashrumon kaa badaa saaiz kachh fangi kii halocenogenic khususiyat aur baaz qasm kay podon kii gosht khoor noiyat-aur eek aghwa kunn natijah akhz karti hay: wah aur moulder zeer zameen phans jaatay haine eek holocention kaa saamna kartay haine aur aahista aahista hazm hotay haine. aghwa mantaq kay teen hasay hotay haine. sabb say pehley eek hairat angez haqeeqat hay-jasay natijah bhee kahaa jaataa hay-kahh koyee manshiyaat naha leenay kay bawajood moulder aur sakli donon hyee fareeb bakhash haine. dosra sakli kaa mafruzah hay-asul-kahh agar yaha sach hotaa tuu waham "yaqeena eek muamilah hotaa". teesra natijah yaha hay kahh "[sakli kay mafruzay] parr shakk karnay kii eek wajah hay kahh yaha darsat hay."ibramas aur kakay batatay haine kahh yaha aghwa takhliqi aghwa kii eek misaal hay keunkah sakli theen alg alg khayalat kuu" "takhliqi toor parr" "eek saath khainchnay kaa intezam karti hay. tahim milder aglaa eek aghwa kunn natijah akhz kartaa hay. sikner kay saath waaqiaat parr tabadlah khayaal kartay huay wah kehta hay kahh wah qayel nahein hay keunkah manshiyaat sarf iss waqat khatam nahein hoti jabb koyee inn kay asraat kuu dekhta hay. iss aghwa kay bhee teen hasay haine. natijah yaha hay kahh hairat angez haqeeqat yaha hay kahh moulder aur sakli kaa faraar preshani kaa baais bantaa hay. asul yaha hay kahh moulder aur sakli sarf yaha soochtay haine kahh wah faraar how gayey haine leakin wah waaqee abb bhee zeer zameen haine aur hazm how rahay haine. aakhir mein kees mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh "iss baath parr shakk karnay kii wajah hay kahh" moulder aur sakli mashroom say nahein bach paaye haine. iss qasm kii mantaq indercoded aghwa kii eek misaal hay keunkah yaha behat say logon mein sabb say ziyadah qaabil fehm asul hay. nashar aur isteqbal. "feld trip" kaa premier 9 mayee 1999 kuu faaks neet wark parr hawaa. iss qast nay 15 hassas kay saath 9.5 kii neelson reting haasil kii jiss kaa matlab hay kahh teeli vision say lees tamaam gharaanon mein say taqriba 9.5 faisad aur teeli vision dekhnay waalay 15 faisad gharaanon kuu iss qast mein tewan kiyaa gayaa thaa. asay 15.38 millin nazireen kay saath saath 94 laakh gharaanon nay dekha. "feld trip" 9 mayee kuu khatam honay waalay haftay kay liye aneeswein sabb say ziyadah dekha jaanay waala teeli vision prograam thaa. yaha qast bartaniah aur ireland mein iskayi 1 parr 18 jolayi 1999 kuu nashar hoyee aur asay 5.08 millin nazireen milay juu iss haftay kii teesri sabb say ziyadah dekhi jaanay waali qast thee. faaks nay iss qast kuu teeg line kay saath farogh diyaa "yaha aap kay dimagh kuu behkata hay... aur apnaa gosht khaata hay. aaj raat milder aur sakli eek aisey poday parr thokar khaatay haine jiss kaa zaiqah insani gosht kaa hotaa hay."deane haglond kaa naam iftatahi creadt mein deane haglong kay toor parr ghalat hajay mein likhaa gayaa hay. iss qast kuu naqdin kii taraf say tareef milly. emili wendrorf "aey" say.wee. kalb nay iss qast kuu seerez kii "10 zaroor dekhnay waali aqsaat" mein say eek qaraar diyaa aur asay rockshis kahaniyon kay majmuay say seerez kii 'barek tabdili' kii eek misaal kay toor parr paish kiyaa juu kahh america kay gehrey zeer kafalat kii wazahat karnay kii koshish say ziyadah milta jaltaa hay. godaa bayaniye kay saath janun."inhon nay balaakhir yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh" "feld trip" "say patah chalta hay kahh kiss tarah yaha seerez dobarah apnay behtareen seezan kii tarah kabhi achhi nahein hogi leakin phir bhee qaabil zakar toor parr mosar how sakti hay."iss kay baad kay jaizay mein wendrorf nay iss qast kuu" "aey" "say nawaza aur asay" "aiks files" "kay chhatay seezan kii meeri pasandidah aqsaat mein say eek qaraar diyaa keunkah iss kay tajziye kii wajah say kahh duniya kii harr khwahish kuu moulder aur sakli kiyaa hay aur yaha haqeeqat kahh qast kaa istedlal hay kahh" "israar sarf iss soorat mein hall kiye jaa saktay haine jabb yaha donon loag inhein hall karnay kay liye kaam kirr rahay hoan."raabart shermeen aur laarz pairson nay apnee kitaab" "maanna chahtay haine: aiks failon millinium aur tanha bandoq bardaron kay liye eek tanqidi guide" "mein qast kuu paanch mein say paanch sataray diye. donon nay iss qast kaa masbat mawaznah "braa khoon" kay waaqiah say kiyaa yaha nott kartay hoay kahh yaha waaqiah "[hay] inn 'braa khoon' theemz kaa dobarah mutalah hay. tahim mazeed baraan shermeen aur pairson nay nott kiyaa kahh "[yaha waaqiah] mahaz taweel arsey say jaari science fayee show kay conventions kaa mazaaq nahein adaana hay balkah apnay saamayin kuu apnay ard gird kii sachayiyon parr sawaal uthanay kii daawat deena hay jinhein humm halkay say leetay haine. ddee wee ddee taak say aral kareesi jasay "feld trip" kahaa jaataa hay "seezan chh kii aham jhalkiyon" mein say eek hay. tomm casinatch nay apnee kitaab "examenation: aiks failon kay seezan 6-9 parr eek ghair majaz nazar" mein iss waaqiah kay baaray mein masbat likhaa "[qast mein milder aur sakli kaa rishtah] mahbat ehteram yaa dosti say kahein ziyadah hay aur inn kay haathon kay raabtay say bhee balatar hay juu aakhir mein inn kay hatmi itehad kii alaamat hay. [.]..] inn kaa taaluq atnaa mazboot hay atnaa taqatwar hay kahh wah eek hyee manshiyaat say paida honay waalay wahamon kaa ashtaraak kartay haine. rooh kay saathi waaqee. cassinch nay baad mein iss qast kuu "aiks failon" kii "abb takk kii sabb say oopar 25 aqsaat" mein say eek qaraar diyaa asay 25 wein number parr rakhaa. "sunee fentistic" kii paola vitaris nay iss qast kuu aitedal pasandanah masbat jaizah diyaa aur asay chaar mein say dahayee sataray diye. iss baath kuu nott karnay kay bawajood kahh qast "haqeeqat/waham kii bunyaad kay saath ziyadah kaam nahein karti hay" vitaris nay dochoni aur anderson kii adakari kii tareef kartay hoay kahaa kahh inn kii karkardgi qast kii "aham khushiyan" thein. qast kay markazi mukhalif feld mashroom kuu naqdin kii taraf say ziyadah tarr masbat jaizay milay jinn mein chand naqdin thay. paap meters say taaluq rakhnay waali konee ogal nay "devhikal zeer zameen mashroom kii cheez" kuu "haftay kay behtareen" monster mein darjah diyaa asay "peza parr khatam honay kay liye behat chalaak" qaraar diyaa. yaahu say temothy sexton! washaal mashroom" kuu "haftay kay behtareen aiks fayel rockshison mein say eek" kay toor parr namzad kardah aawazein likhna "aiks files qast feld trip mein cheezein sarf wahee nahein haine juu wah nazar aatee haine. [.]..] leakin jabb mein daawi kartaa hoan kahh eek devhikal mashroom haftay kay sabb say yaadgaar aiks fayel rockshison mein say eek hay tuu aap sharat lagaa saktay haine kahh mein sanjidah how rehaa hoan. tamaam jaizay atnay masbat nahein thay. aayee 09 say taaluq rakhnay waalay cyriac laamar nay mashroom kuu "10 sabb say mazhakah khaiz aiks fayel rockshison" mein say eek qaraar diyaa aur likhaa "milder aur sakli manshiyaat kay safar kay doraan mushtarkah toor parr iss say larh kirr iss mycological drawnay khwaab kuu fatah kartay haine-kachh haqeeqi falkiyati tayarah gandagi brah. 1990 kii dahayi say mohabat kartaa hoan.

00087c75d482d06e70b93df62b0e361206697f56ba16a03a8a87ce8118d34dba

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12000675

5-MeO-NMT

5-MeO-NMT <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css"/> Chemical compound 5-MeO-NMT (5-methoxy-"N"-methyltryptamine) is an organic chemical compound, being the 5-methoxy analog of "N"-methyltryptamine (NMT). It was first isolated from "Phalaris arundinacea" (reed canary grass). It has also been synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book "TiHKAL". Like other members of the "N"-methyltryptamine family of compounds, 5-MeO-NMT is believed to produce few or no psychedelic effects, although very little data exists about its pharmacological properties or toxicity. Legal Status. In the U.S. this substance is a schedule 1 isomer of Bufotenin. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

5-em. ee. oh '.-eno. em. ti 5-mio "-nmt (5-methoxy-" eno "-methyltryptamine) hoise ek joibik raxayonik joug, ji" eno "-methyltryptamine (nmt) ror 5-methoxy analog. iyak prothome "felaris arundinesia" (nolor keneri ghaah) ror poraa prithok koraa hoisil. alekjendar sulgineu iyak xongslexito korise aaru teur "tihkal" gronthot iyar bixoye ullekh korise. eno"-methyltryptamine poriyalor jougoxomuhor onyanyo xodosyoxokolor dore, 5-miu-nmt-ye komm baa kunu monuboigyanik probhab sristi nokore buli biswax koraa hoy, jodiu iyar ouxodh xombondhiyo boixistyo baa bixaktotar bixoye oti komm tothyo bidyoman. aainee sthiti. eu. e. too.ess. ei podarthotu buf 'teninor etaa onuxusi 1 aais' maar.

5-meo-nmt 5-meo-nmt (5-methoxy-"enn"-methyltryptamine) ekti joibo rasayanik jougo, jaa "enn"-methyltryptamine (nmt)-err 5-methoxy analogue. etty prothom "falaris arundinasia" (noll cannery ghas) theke prithak koraa hoyechilo. etty alekjandar shulgin dwara sangshleshito hoyeche ebong taanr "tihkal" boiye bornito hoyeche. enn"-methyltryptamine poribarer anyanno sadasyader moto, 5-meo-nmt cycadelic prabhab qama baa konao prabhab feley naa boley money koraa hoy, jodio err oushadhi baisishtya baa bishaktota somporke khub qama tothyo vidyaman. aini abostha. eu-teey.esha. eyi podarthoti bufoteniner ekti samayasuchi 1 isomer.

5-meeo-nmt 5-meeo-nmt (5-methoxy-"aena"-methyltryptamine) aek carbonic rasayanik sanyojan chhe, jeey "aena"-methyltryptamine (nmt) noon 5-methoxy analogue chhe. tene saupratham "falaris arundinesiya" (reed kenarii ghaas) thee alag karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. alexander shulgin dwara pann tenu sanshleshan karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey temnaa pustak "tihkal" maan teno ahewal aapvama aavyo chhe. aena"-methyltryptamine parivaarnaa sanyojanona anya sabhyoni jaim, 5-meeo-nmt ochhi athavaa koee cycadelic asaro utpann karatu hovaanu manvama aave chhe, jooe keey tenaa aushhadheey gunadharmo athavaa zerii vishe bahoo ochhi maahitee astitvamaa chhe. kaanuni sthitee. yuu. maan.aesa. aaa padaarth bufotenino anusuchi 1 isomer chhe.

5-meeo-nmt 5-meeo-nmt (5-methoxy-"aine"-methyltryptamine) ack carbonic rasayanik yaugik haye, joe "aine"-methyltryptamine (nmt) kaa 5-methoxy analogue haye. ise pahale "falaris arundinasia" (reed cannery ghaas) seey alag kiya gayaa thaa. ise alekjendar shulgin dwara bhee sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye aur apani pustak "tihakal" mein bataaya gayaa haye. yaugikon key "aine"-methyltryptamine parivaar key anya sadasyon kii tarah, 5-meeo-nmt koo kuchh yaa koee manodaihik prabhaav paida karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye, halanki isake aushadhiya gunon yaa vishaaktata key baare mein bahut cumm detta maujood haye. kanuni sthiti. yuu mein.aiss. yeh padaarth buffotenin kaa ack anusuchi 1 isomer haye.

5-mea-nmt 5-meo-nmt (5-methoxy-"enn"-methyl tryptamine) ondu saavayava rasayanika samyuktavaagiddu, idu "enn"-methyl tryptamine (nmt) naa 5-methoxy analog aagide. idannu modalu "falaris arundinacia" (reed cannery hullu) dinda pratyekisalaayitu. idannu alexander shulgin saha samshleshisiddaare mattu avara pustaka "tihkal" nalli varadi maadiddaare. enn"-methyl tryptamine kutumbada itara samyuktagalanteye, 5-meo-nmt kadime athawa yaavude manovikruta parinaamagalannu untumaaduvudilla endu nambalaagide, aadaagyoo adara aushadheeya gunalakshanagalu athawa vishatvada bagge bahala kadime dattaamshavide. kaanoonu sthiti. yuu. nalli.ess. ee padaarthavu bufotenin 1neey samasthaanikavaagide.

5-meoo-enmt 5-meoo-enmt (5-methoxy-"enn"-methyltriptaamain) oru jaiva raasa samyukthamaanu, ithu "enn"-methyltriptaamain (enmt)-nte 5-methoxy analog aanu. falaris arundinesiya" (reed kaanari pullu) yill ninnaan ithu aadyamaayi verthirichathu. alexander shulgin ithu samanvayippikkukayum thante "tihkal" enna pusthakatthil report cheyyukayum cheythittundu. enn"-methyltriptaamain kudumbatthile mattu samyukthangaleppole, 5-meoo-enmt kurachu cycadelic efakttukal undaakkunnuvenn vishwasikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum athinte aushadha gunangalekkuricho vishaamshathekkuricho valare kurachu daatta maathrame nilavilulloo. niyamaparamaaya padavi. yuu. eiii. yill.ezz. eee padaartham bufottininte shedule 1 isomeraanu.

5-emm. oo.-aine. emm. tii. 5-meo-aine. emm. tii. (5-methoxy-"aine"-methyltryptamine) heey eka sendriya rasayanik sanyug aahe, jeey "aine"-methyltryptamine (aine. emm. tii.) chey 5-methoxy analogue aahe. heey pratham 'falaris arundinesiya' (reed cannery gavat) pasoon vegale karnyat aale. alekzandar shulgin yanehi tyache sanshleshan kele aahe aanee tyachya 'tihakal' yaa pustakat tyacha ahwal deela aahe. sanyuganchya 'aine'-methyltryptamine kutumbatil itar sadasyanpramanech, 5-meo-nmt heey tyachya aushadhi gunadharm kinwa visharipanabaddal farach qamee mahitee astitvat asali taree, qamee kinwa konatehi manovikruti prabhav nirman karat nahee asey manale jaate. kayadeshir sthitee. yuu madhye.ess. haah padarth bufotenincha anusuchi 1 isomer aahe.

5-meo-nmt 5-meo-nmt (5-methoxy-"enn"-methyltryptamine) eka jaibika rasajanika jougika, jaahaa "enn"-methyltryptamine (nmt) rahr 5-methoxy analogue atte. ehaaku prathame "falaris arundinacia" (ridd canary ghasa) ru pruthaka karajaithila. alekjandar shulaginnka dwara madhya ehaa sanshleshita hoichhi ebong taanka pustaka "tihkal" ray report karajaichi. enn"-methyltryptamine paribarara anya sadasyanka pari, 5-meo-enn. emm. tii. alpa kimba kaunasi cycadelic prabhaba srusti kare bolly biswasa karajae, jadio ehara oushadha sambandheeah guna kimba bishaktata bishajare bahuta comm tathya achhi . aaingata sthiti. jayu. ray.ess. ehi padarthati bufoteninara eka anusuchi 1 isomer.

5-meeo-ainn. aimm. tii. 5-meeo-ainn. aimm. tii. (5-methoxy-"ainn"-methyltryptamine) ikk jaivik rasayanak mishran haii, joe "ainn"-methyltryptamine (ainn. aimm. tii.) daa 5-methoxy analogue haii. iss noon sabh toon pahilan "falaris arandinesia" (reed cannery ghaah) toon alagg keeta giaa see. iss noon alegzander shulgin duaara vee sanshleshit keeta giaa haii atey aapni kitaab "tehkal" witch dassiaa giaa haii. ainn"-methyltryptamine parivaar dey horr memberan dee tarahan, 5-meeo-ainn. aimm. tii. noon bahut ghatt jaan koee mnovigiaanak prabhav paida curran laee manniaa jaanda haii, halanki iss deeaan pharmacological visheshtavan jaan zahirilepan baare bahut ghatt ankade maujood hunn. kanunni sathiti. yuu witch.aiss. ih padarath bufotenin daa ikk anusuchi 1 isomer haii.

5-meeo-nmt 5-meeyo-enn. emm. tii. (5-methoxy-"enn"-mithail-tryptman) ekaha jaivika-rasayanika-yaugikah asti, yah "enn"-mithail-tryptman (enn. emm. tii.) ityasya 5-methoxy-sadrushah asti. etat prathamam "falaaris arundinashia" (reed-kenari-grass) ityatah pruthakkrutam. aleksaandar shulgin ityanena api asya samshleshanam krutam asti, tasya "tihkal" iti pustake tasya vivaranam cha asti. enn"-mithail-tryptman ityasya yaugikanam parivaarasya anyasadasyanam iva, 5-miyo-enn. emm. tii. ityasya api alpaani athavaa naa cha manovikruti-prabhaawaah bhavanti iti manyate, yadyapi tasya aushadhiyagunanam vishatvasya vaa vishaye atyalpaani dattaamshaani santi. vaidhaanik sthitihi. yoo madhye.ess. ayam padarthah bufotenin ityasya anusoochih 1 aisomar asti.

5-meeyo-enmt 5-meoo-enmt (5-methaxy-"enn"-methyltriptamine) enbathu oru karima irasaayana saermamaagum, idhu "enn"-methyltriptamine (enmt) inn 5-methaxy analock aagum. idhu muthalil "falaris arundinesia" (naanal cannery puul) ilirunththu thanimaippaduththappattathu. idhu alexander shulkin enbavaraal orunginaikkappattu avarathu "dihgal" endra puththagaththil therivikkappattullathu. n"-methyltriptamine sermangalin kudumbaththin mattra uruppinargalaip poalavae, 5-meoo-enmt sila allathu endha mananala vilaivugalaiyum uruvaakkaathu endru nambappadugirathu, iruppinum adhan marunthiyal panbugal allathu nachuththanmai kuritthu migak kuraindha tharavu ullathu. satta nilai. U ill.ess. inththa porul bafotinin attavanai 1 isoamar aagum.

5-meo-nmt 5-meo-nmt (5-methoxy-"enn"-methyl tryptamine) anedi oka sendriya rasayana sammelanam, idhi "enn"-methyl tryptamine (nmt) yokka 5-methoxy analog. idhi modata "falaris arundinesia" (reed connery gaddi) nundi vaeru cheyabadindi. dheenini alegzander shulgin kooda samslaeshanha chesi, thana pustakam "tihkal" loe nivedinchaaru. enn"-methyl tryptamine sammelanaala kutumbaaniki chendina itara sabhyula maadirigaane, 5-meo-nmt takkuva ledhaa etuvanti manasika prabhavalanu utpatti cheyadani nammutaaru, ayithe daani aushadha lakshanaalu ledhaa vishapuuritam gurinchi chaalaa takkuva samacharam undhi. chattaparamaina sthithi. yuu loe.ess. eee padaardham bufotenin yokka schedule 1 isomer.

5-miyo-aine ayem tye 5-meyo-aine ayem tye (5-methoksi-"aine"-methyl tryptmine) eek namiyati kimiyayi markab hay juu "aine"-methyl tryptmine (aine ayem tye) kaa 5-methoksi yanalog hay. asay sabb say pehley "flyers arwandi neshiya" (reed cannery gahaas) say alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. asay alegzender shalan nay bhee tarkib kiyaa hay aur apnee kitaab "tehkal" mein iss kii atlaa dee hay. markabaat kay "aine"-methyl tryptamin khaandaan kay deegar arkaan kii tarah 5-miyo-aine ayem tye kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah behat kumm yaa koyee nafsiyati asraat paida nahein kartaa hay halankah iss kii pharmacological khususiyat yaa zahrila honay kay baaray mein behat kumm ddita mojud hay. qanuni haisiyat. yuu mein.aiss. yaha maadah bofotinin kaa sheedol 1 isomer hay.

000882d3eea62ab4eaa870946c0c70ec0fc27978901b30612da1ee9d0154e1c2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48090604

San Sebastian–Letran rivalry

San Sebastian–Letran rivalry This rivalry is between Recto's San Sebastian and Muralla's Letran. The rivalry is played at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines). { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": ".", "description": " 0.1,0.1", "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#" }, Locations of (1) San Sebastian and (2) Letran The Knights became the first 4th seed to upset the 1st seed in the Final Four when they defeated the Stags twice during the 1999 NCAA Final Four. That feat would soon be duplicated the following year when the 4th seed Stags upended top seed JRC Heavy Bombers in the 2000 NCAA Final Four. The Knights went on to win the 1999 NCAA championship. Head-to-head record by sport. Seniors' Division. General Championship. Letran leads the General Championship race with 9–4. Juniors' Division. General Championship. Letran leads the general championship race with 7–6. Basketball Statistics. Men's basketball results. After both Ateneo and La Salle left, San Sebastian (frequently shortened to "Baste") strengthened their basketball program. The recruitment of Paul Alvarez by San Sebastian and Samboy Lim by Letran provided several close games in the 1980s which led to the birth of the rivalry. In the 1980s, Letranites were notorious for yelling profanities at the San Sebastian players, and on one occasion, led to a rumble at Vito Cruz Avenue when at the last second, a power interruption occurred, causing confusion on what team won the championship. The rumbles between the two schools have become more frequent which solidified the intense rivalry between the two schools. Paul Alvarez would later play for the Pennsylvania Valley Dawgs of the United States Basketball League. The final four was instituted in 1997; prior to that the first and second round winners, plus the team with the best overall standing if it did not win either round, participated in the championship round to determine the champion. The rivalry continued in the turn of the millennium when the Stags met the Knights in the finals twice. This led to several memorable games in which the Knights won the 1998 edition with a barrage of three-pointers and free way ows by Letran's Nicholas Pacheco with a few seconds remaining to win their 13th championship. The Knights also became the first 4th seed to upset the 1st seed in the Final Four when they defeated the Stags twice during the 1999 NCAA Final Four. That feat would soon be duplicated the following year when the 4th seed Stags upended top seed JRC Heavy Bombers in the 2000 NCAA Final Four. The Knights went on to win the 1999 NCAA championship. In the 2003 NCAA Finals, the Stags (defending champs) made a rally in the 4th quarter in the 3rd game of their series and kept Letran scoreless for almost 6 minutes that led them to take the lead but Boyet Bautista started the comeback by tying the game at 48-all and then his teammates Jonathan Piñera and Aaron Aban finished the game to win their 15th championship at the expense of the Stags. In 2004, they renewed their rivalry in the second round of eliminations wherein Letran denied Baste's Final 4 hopes and eventually broke their streak of Final Four appearances (since the inception of the final four format in 1998 San Sebastian is always in the Final Four) making it their worst performance in 6 years. In 2009, Letran ended San Sebastian's 15 winning streak as they gave out the Stags' first loss of the season, and the Knights prevented the Golden Stags from sweeping the 18 game elimination round to qualify outright in the Finals In 2010, Letran gave San Sebastian a scare as the Stags escaped the Knights with a one-point lead.and The Stags put the Knights in the brink of elimination In 2011, Letran once again ended the Stags' 15-game winning streak and gave its first loss of the season via overtime. In 2012, Letran swept the series against San Sebastian at the elimination round. With the Stags had a twice-to-beat advantage over the Knights, Letran once again beat San Sebastian to force another game as Kevin Alas scored 43 points, in the do-or-die game, Letran came back in the fourth quarter to beat the Stags, 73–70, eliminating the Stags from the Finals contention versus San Beda. In 2017, Both schools met in the playoffs for the first time since 2013 but this time in a hard way with Lyceum sweeping the regular season 18–0 and automatically advances to the finals. 3 teams tied for the number 4 seed in the stepladder semifinals with San Sebastian had the highest quotient among the 3 against Letran and Arellano with the latter 2 needed to figure it out in a knock out match (in which Letran won) in the right to face against San Sebastian. In the proper 4th-seed playoff game, San Sebastian's Michael Calisaan scored a season-high and a career-high double double performance of 36 points and 10 rebounds to eliminate Letran anew with a score of 74–69(with the Golden Stags scoring the last 5 points including a 3-point shot going into regulation that put away the game from the Knights) to advanced to the 1st round of the stepladder semifinals facing off against the JRU Heavy Bombers. In 2019, With San Beda sweeping the regular season 18–0, gaining an outright finals berth and forcing the post season into a stepladder format. Both teams faced off in the 1st round of the stepladder semifinals with Letran winning the game 85–80(as the Knights survived a late 4th quarter scare from San Sebastian after the Stags cut the deficit into a 1-point game heading into regulation) to advanced to the 2nd round against the Lyceum Pirates (in which Letran also won 92–88) enrouting to their Cinderella run against the San Beda Red Lions, and winning the championship. Final Four era. Both teams are expected to meet at least 2 times per year. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Juniors' Basketball Results. Final Four era. Both teams are expected to meet at least 2 times per year. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Final Four Rankings. For comparison, these are the rankings of these two teams since the Final Four format was introduced. Juniors' division. Legend <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Number denotes playoff seeding. Shade denotes final position.<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Finished as the champion<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Finished as the 1st runner-up<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Finished as semifinalist<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Lost in 4th-seed playoff<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Twice to beat advantage<br> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Tournament cancelled <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chaan sebastian-letran protidondita ei protidonditatu rector chaan sebastian aaru muralar letranor maajot hoy. 1999 sonor eno. chi. e. e. suranto saritar xomoyot teuluke dubarkoi stagxomuhok porasto korar xomoyot nightxokole suranto saritar prothom bijok bipothgami koraa prothom soturtho beej hisape porigonito hoisil. xei krititwo oti xunkalei pisor bosorot punorabritti koraa hoh 'bob jetiya 4rtho bijjukto stegge 2000 eno. chi. e. e. suranto sarita khelot xirxo bijjukto je. aar. chi. havy bumarok uporoloi loi goisil. nightxokole 1999 sonor eno. chi. e. e. championswip joy korisil. krirar bhittit muur-poraa-muur record. jyesthoxokolor bibhag. xadharon championswip. letrane xadharon championswip reskhonot 9-4 ror xoite ogradhikar laabh kore. konistho bibhag. xadharon championswip. letrane xadharon championswip reskhonot 7-7 nomborot ogradhikar laabh kore. basketbolor porixongkhya. puruxor basketbolor folafol. duyuta dole bosorot komeu 2 baar mukhamukhi hoh 'bob buli aaxa koraa hoise. suranto sarita ranking. tulonar baabe, suranto sarita formate proborton korar pisore poraa ei duyuta dolor ranking. konistho bibhag. <bi. aar.> <bi. aar.> <bi. aar.>

shaan sebastian-letran protidwondita eyi protidwondita rectore shaan sebastian ebong murallar letraner modhye. naitra prothom 4rtho bachhai hoye chudanta chartite 1maum bachaike biporjosto korey jokhon taaraa 1999 saaler ncaa final chaarer somoy duibar stagke porajito korey. seii kritittoti shighroi porer bochor protilipi koraa hobey jokhon 4rtho bachhai stagg 2000 ncaa final phore-ayee sheersho bachhai jrc heavy bomaruder upore tulechilo. naitra 1999 saaler ncaa championship jitechilo. kheladhular dick theke matha-theke-matha record. senior bibhag. sadharan championship. letran 9-4 niye sadharan championshiper daude egiye. junior bibhag. sadharan championship. letran 7-6 niye sadharan championshiper daude egiye. basketbaler porisongkhyan. purushder basketbaler folafol. ubhoy doll bochore ontoto 2 barr mukhomukhi hobey boley aasha koraa hachche. chudanta charti ranking. tulna korar jonno, chudanta charti binnas chaalu howar porr theke eyi duti doler ranking. junior bibhag. <bii. arr> <bii. arr> <bii. arr>

saana sebestian-lateran dushmanavat aaa harifai rectonaa seena sebastian aneey muralana letran vachche chhe. nites anteem chaarmaa pratham kramankitne upset karnaar pratham chothee kramaankit bunny gayaa hataa jyaare teoae 1999 ncaa anteem chaar darmiyan beey vaar stagne haraavya hataa. teey seeddhi toonk samayma pachhinaa varshe punraavartit thashe jyaare chothaa kramaankit stagsay 2000 ncaa anteem chaarmaa tochnaa kramaankit jrc havy bombersne pachhadya hataa. nitese 1999 ncaa championship jeetee hatee. ramatgamat dwara heeyd-too-heeyd reqorda. varishth vibhag. saamanya championship. letran saamanya championship resamaa 9-4 saathe aagad chhe. juniyar vibhag. saamanya championship. letran saamanya championship resamaa 7-6 saathe aagad chhe. basketbollna aankada. purushoni basketbollna parinaamo. banne teamo varshmaa ochhama ochhi beey vaar takraashe tevee apeksha chhe. anteem chaar ranking. sarkhaamani maate, anteem chaar formate rajoo karvaamaa aavyu tyaarthi aaa banne teamony ranking chhe. juniyar vibhag. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.>

saine sebestian-letron pratidvandvita yeh pratidvandvita recto key saine sebastian aur muralla key letrain key beach haye. night antim chaar mein pahali vareeyata praapt koo pareshan karane vaale pahale chauthe beej bunn gaye jaba unhone 1999 ncaa antim chaar key dauran dou baar stagg koo haraaya. usa upalabdhi koo jald hii agale varsh dohraya jaayega jaba chauthe beej ney 2000 ncaa antim chaar mein sheersh beej jrc bhaari bamvarshakon koo oopar kiya. shurveeron ney 1999 aine. see. aeye. aeye. championship jeeti. khel dwara sir-seey-sir record. varishthon kaa vibhajan. samanya pratiyogita. letron 9-4 key saath samanya championship daud mein agrani haye. junier division. samanya pratiyogita. letron 7-6 key saath samanya championship daud mein agrani haye. basketball key aankade. purushon key basketball parinam. donon teams key prati varsh cumm seey cumm 2 baar milane kii ummeed haye. antim chaar ranking. tulanaa key liye, yeye inn donon teams kii ranking hain kyonki antim chaar praarup pesh kiye gaye they. junier division. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

syaan sebastian-letron paipoti ee paipoti rectoda syaan sebastian mattu murallaada letron naduvinadu. 1999rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. antima naalku pandyagalalli eradu baari staggalannu solisidaga nites antima naalku pandyagalalli 1neey shreyankavannu kaledukonda modala 4neey shreyankada aatagaararaadaru. mundina varsha 4neey seed staggalu 2000 enn. sii. aa. aa. antima nalkaralli agra seed zhe. aarr. sii. heavy bambargalannu melakkettidaaga aaa sadhaneyannu shighradalle punaraavartisalaaguttade. nites 1999rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. championship annu geddaru. kreedeya prakara taleyinda talege daakhalegalu. hiriya vibhaga. general championship. letron 9-4 ankagalondige saamaanya championship resnalli munnade sadhisuttare. kiriyara vibhaga. general championship. letron 7-6 ankagalondige saamaanya championship resnalli munnade sadhisiddare. basketball ankiamshagalu. purushara basketball phalitaamshagalu. eradoo tandagalu varshakke kanishta 2 baari mukhamukhiyaguva niriksheyide. antima naalku shreyankagalu. hoolikegaagi, antima naalku svaroopagalannu parichayisidaagininda ee eradu tandagala shreyankagalu ivu. kiriyara vibhaga. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.>

saan sebaastyan-letran malsaram rectoyude saan sebaastiyanum murallayude letrans thammilulla malsaramaanithu. 1999leeii enn. sii. eiii. eiii final foril randuthavana staagukale paraajayappedutthiyappol avasana naalil onnaam seedine paraajayappedutthiya aadya naalam seedaayi naitts maari. adutha varsham 2000 enn. sii. eiii. eiii final foril naalam seed staags topp seed jeey. aarr. sii hevi bomberukale uyarthumbol aaa nettam udan aavarthikkum. 1999leeii enn. sii. eiii. eiii chaambyanshippu naitts nedi. kaayika enangal anusarichu thala-tuu-head record. seeniyar division. general chaambyanshippu. general chaambyanshippu malsarathil letran 4-9 enna skorinaanu munnittunilkkunnath. jooniyezhs division. general chaambyanshippu. general chaambyanshippu malsarathil letran 7-6 enna skorinaanu munnittunilkkunnath. basketball sthithivivarakkanakkukal. purushanmaarude basketball phalam. iru teamukalum varshathil kuranjathu rund thavanayenkilum ettumuttum. avasana naalu rankingukal. thaarathamyathinaayi, avasana naalu formet avatharippichathumuthal eee rund teamukaludeyum rankinganith. jooniyezhs division. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.>

sann sebastian-letron spardha hii spardha rectochya sann sebastian aanee murallachya letranmadhye aahe. aahe aine. see. aii. aii. antim charmadhye jevha tyanni donada stagcha parabhav keela tevha antim charmadhye pahilya manankitala parabhoot karnare heey shoor pahile chauthe manankit tharale. pudhchya varshi jevha chauthya manankit kheladune 2000 aine. see. aii. aii. chya antim charmadhye avval manankit jeey. aar. see. hevi bomberla mage takale, tevha haah parakram lavkarach punha keela jaeel. shooranni 1999 aine. see. aii. aii. ajinkyapad spardha jinkley. khelanusar samorasamorchi nond. varishthancha vibhag. sarvasadharan ajinkyapad spardha. letron 9-4 neey samanya ajinkyapad sharyatit aaghadivar aahe. kanishth vibhag. sarvasadharan ajinkyapad spardha. letron 7-6 neey sarvasadharan ajinkyapad sharyatit aaghadivar aahe. basketballchi aakadevari. purushanchya basketballche nikal. donhi sangh varshatoon kiman 2 vela aamnesamne yenyachi apeksha aahe. antim chaar kramvari. tulana karnyasathi, antim chaar swaroop sadar jhalyapasun yaa done sanghanchi hii kramvari aahe. kanishth vibhag. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.>

saan sebestian-letran pratidwandwita yo pratidwandwita rectoko saan sebastian rar murallako letran bichko how. sann 1999 ko nca final forma dui patak staglai haraunda nightharu antim charma pahilo sidlai parajit garne pahilo chautho seed bane. tyo upalabdhi chaandai arko warsha dobbar hunechha jab chautho seed stagle 2000 nca final charma shirsha seed jrc hebhi bamarsalai uchhinnechha. nightharule 1999 nca championship jitna safal bhae. kheldwara head-too-head record. warishthako vibhajan. samanya championship. letranle 9-4 ley samanya championship daudako netritwa gareka chhan. juniyarko vibhajan. samanya championship. letranle 7-7 ley samanya championship daudako netritwa gareka chhan. basketball tathyanka. purush basketbalko parinam. duwai tolile warshama kamtima 2 patak bhetne apeksha garieko chha. antim chaar shreni. tulanaka lagi, antim chaar dhancha suru bhaedekhi yee dui toliharuko shrenikaran hun. juniyarko vibhajan. <bra> <bra> <bra>

shaan sebastian-letran pratidwandita ehi pratidwandita rektonka shaan sebastian ebong murallanka letran madhyare . 1999 ncaa final phorare duithara stagku parasta curry shesh chaarire pratham sidnku parasta karibare nights pratham chaturtha sid hoithile. sehi saphalata shighra parabarti barsha doharajiba jetebele chaturtha sid stagg 2000 ncaa final phorare shirsha sid jrc hebhi bambaramananku unnat karithila . nightmane 1999 ncaa championship jitithile. krida dwara munda-ru-munda record. baristha bibhaga. sadharana championship. letran 9-4 ray sadharana championship resra netrutwa neuchhanti. kanistha bibhaga. sadharana championship. letran 7-6 ray sadharana championship resra netrutwa neuchhanti. basketball parisankhyana. purush basketball phalaphal. ubhaja dala barshaku atikamre 2 thara muhanmuhin hebe bolly aasha karajauchhi. antim charoti rankinga. tulana paain, chudanta charoti formatt prabartana heba paratharu egudika heuchhi ehi dui dalara ranking . kanistha bibhaga. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.>

sainn sebastian-lattern mukabala ih mukabala racto dey sainn sebastian atey murala dey lattern dey vichkaar haii. nights aakhri chaar witch pahila darja prapat khidari noon haraun vaale pahile chauthe darja prapat khidari bann gaye jadon unhan neey 1999 ainn. see. aii. aii. final chaar dauran doou vaar stagg noon haraiaa. ih karnama jaldi hii agle saal duhraiaa javega jadon chauthe darja prapat stags neey 2000 ncaa final chaar witch choti dey darja prapat jrc haivi bambaran noon pachad ditta. nights neey 1999 ncaa championship jitti. khed duaara sir-toon-sir ricard. senior division. general championship. lattern 9-4 naal general championship daud witch mohri haii. junier division. general championship. lattern 7-7 naal general championship daud witch mohri haii. basketball dey ankade. purash basketball dey natije. doven teaman dey saal witch ghatto-ghatt 2 vaar milann dee umeed haii. antim chaar darjabandi. tulna laee, ih inhan dovan teaman dee darjabandi haii kiunki antim chaar format pesh keete gaye sunn. junier division. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

saana sebastian-letron pratidwandwitaa eshaa pratidwandwitaa recto ityasya saan sebastian tathaa murallas letron ityetayoho madhye asti. nats ityete prathama-chaturtha-beejah abhavan ye antima-chaturvimshe prathama-beejam apadasthavantah, yadaa te 1999 enn. see. e. e. antima-chaturvimshe dvivaaram stags-ityetaan parajayata. tadanantaram varshe yadaa chaturtha-beej-stags-dalah 2000 enn. see. e. e. antima-chaturthah agra-beej-jey. aar. see. hevee-bumber-dalaan apnad-krutavaan tadaa tatt parakramam sheeghramev dwigunitam bhavishyati. nats ityete 1999 tame varshe enn. see. e. e. championship-kridaayaam vijayam praaptavantah. kreedaayaah aadhaaren shiraha-prati-shiraha abhilekhah. varishtavibhaagaha. samanya-pratiyogitaa. letron 9-4 ankaihi samanya-championship-spardhayam agre asti. kanishtavibhaagaha. samanya-pratiyogitaa. letron 7-6 ankaihi samanya-championship-spardhayam agre asti. basketball-saankhyikee. purushaanaam basketball-kreedaayaah parinaamah. ubhayadalayoho varshe nyunatinyoonam 2 praavashyam militavyam iti apekshaa asti. antimam chaturnam sthaanam. tulanaay, antima-chaturnam swaroopasya arambhat eva ete dwayoh dalayoho kramah asti. kanishtavibhaagaha. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

chaan sebastian-letron poatti inththa poatti rectovin chaan sebastian mattrum murallavin letron idaiyae ullathu. 1999 enn. chii. aee. aee iruthi naanku poattikalil irandu murai stakeugalai thoarkadiththapoathu iruthi naanku poattikalil muthal seettai veelththiya muthal 4 vadhu seed endra perumaiyai nites pettranar. antha saathanai viraivil aduththa aandu nagaledukkappadum, appoathu 4 vadhu vidhai stakes 2000 enn. chii. aee. aee iruthi naangil muthal vidhai jay. aarr. chii hevi kunduveechchu veerargalai uyarththiyathu. nites 1999 enn. chii. aee. aee saambiyanshippai ventrathu. vilaiyaattin adippadaiyil thalai-muthal-thalai pathivu. mooththa pirivinar. podhu saambiyanship. letron 9-4 endra kanakkil podhu saambiyanship panthayaththil munnilai vagikkiraar. juuniyar pirivu. podhu saambiyanship. letron 7-6 endra pulligaludan podhu saambiyanship panthayaththil munnilai vagikkiraar. koodaippandhu pullivivarangkal. aangal koodaippandhu mudivugal. iru anigalum aandukku kurainthathu 2 muraiyaavathu santhikkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. iruthi naanku tharavarisaigal. oppeettirkaaga, iruthi naanku vadivam arimugappaduththappathillathu inththa irandu anigalin tharavarisaigal ivai. juuniyar pirivu. <pr> <pr> <pr>

shaan sebastian-letron pootii eee pootii recto yokka shaan sebastian mariyu murallah yokka letron madhya undhi. 1999 NCAA final phore samayamlo rendusaarlu stagsnu odinchinappudu chivari naalugintilo 1va seednu oodinchina modati 4va seed nites ayyaru. aaa ghanata tvaralo marusati samvatsaram nakilee cheyabadutundi, 4 va seed stags 2000 NCAA final forelo top seed JRC heavy bomberlanu adhigaminchindi. nites 1999 NCAA champiyanshipnu geluchukunnaru. creeda dwara thala-nundi-thala rikaardu. seniors division. general championship. letron 9-4thoo general championship resulo mundanjalo unnadu. juuniyars division. general championship. letron 7-6thoo general championship resulo mundanjalo unnadu. basketball ganaamkaalu. purushula basketball phalitaalu. rendu jatlu samvatsaraaniki kaneesam rendusaarlu talapadatayani bhaavistunnaaru. chivari naalugu rankings. poolika kosam, tudi naalugu formatt pravesapettinappati nundi eee rendu jatla rankings ivi. juuniyars division. <br> <br> <br>

saan sibastin-letron dushmani yaha dushmani recto kay saan sebistin aur maralah kay letron kay darmiyan hay. nights aakhri chaar mein pehli seed kuu preshan karnay waalay pehley choothay seed bunn gayey jabb inhon nay 1999 kay aine see aey aey final four kay doraan duu baar steags kuu shakast dee. iss karname kuu jald hyee aglay saal dohraya jaaye gaa jabb choothay beej waalay steags nay 2000 aine see aey aey final four mein topp seed jay aar see hewi bambarz kuu oopar kirr diyaa. shorveeron nay 1999 aine see aey aey champine ship jeeth lee. kheel kay lahaaz say sarr say sarr record. buzurgon kaa devision. general champine ship. letron 9-4 say general champine ship rees mein sarfehrist hay. juniyarz devision. general champine ship. letron 7-7 say general champine ship rees mein sarfehrist hay. basket baal kay aidaad woo shamaar. mardon kay basket baal kay nataij. donon teamon kay saal mein kumm az kumm 2 baar aamnay saamney honay kii toqaa hay. aakhri chaar darjah bundi. mawaznah kay liyay yaha inn donon teamon kii darjah bundi hay jabb say hatmi chaar formate mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa. juniyarz devision. <bee aar> <bee aar> <bee aar>

000883b4d3073031f73ab3f8b64a342fb0684ab688403da1fa46108805062dc6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68664453

Mariusz Mikołajek

Mariusz Mikołajek Polish painter Mariusz Mikołajek (born February 5, 1958, in Wrocław) is a Polish painter and organizer of cultural events. Biography. Mariusz Mikołajek concluded his education with a master's degree from the Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław under the supervision of Prof. Konrad Jarodzki in 1984. He defended his thesis at the Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew in Wrocław on Cathedral Island. His graduation paintings were confiscated by the Security Service, which tried to invalidate the artist's thesis. Before, there had been attempts to expel him from the university due to his participation in an anticommunist demonstration. In both cases, his teachers’ robust support helped his cause. In the 1980s, he circulated underground art. He returned to his official activities in 1991 when, with Christos Mandzios, Czesław Chwiszczuk and Zbigniew Mil and in collaboration with Polish State Railways (PKP), he presented the exhibit "Look When You’re Passing By… Look, Everybody’s Passing By…" in the main hall of the Wrocław Główny railway station. For more than a decade, Mikołajek has been cooperating with Witold Liszkowski in the broadly-conceived project "We’re Building a City of Art". The most well-known productions from this series are Kid's Guernica, a two-week happening in the Wrocław Market Square (2011) consisting of a huge painting made by children of Wrocław and an art campaign associated with the 2012 UEFA Championship titled Supporter's Art Rooms in the courtyard of the Wrocław Contemporary Museum. With Witold Liszkowski and Jan Mikołajek, in 2012 he established the OK. Art. Foundation operating mainly in the Nadodrze housing development which is being revitalized. Among the results of their efforts are two universally admired murals — "Discovering Art Yard" and "Our Atelier Yard" — on Roosevelt Street in Nadodrze. Mikołajek's painting falls between representative art and abstraction. His theme is the human, his emotions and relations. Mikołajek stresses the role of light in building up his creative expression. He has had several dozen individual exhibitions in Poland and abroad and has taken part in many collective exhibitions. His works are in many private and public collections in Poland (the National Museum in Kraków, the Lower Silesian Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts) as well as abroad. Mikołajek is a member of the Association of Polish Artists and Designers. He is the son of writer Tadeusz Mikołajek. Personal life: married, father of seven children. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

marias mikulajek marias mikulajek (jonmo 5 february, 1958 ror ror 'koo' loto) ejon poo 'lolendor sitroxilpi aaru xangoskritik onusthanor aayujok. jiwani. marias mikulajeke profesor porzobekhyonot wro 'koo' ror eugenius gapert academy owo fine artsor poraa snatokuttor degree laabh kori xikhya xomapto korisil. 1984 sonot kunrad jaroadsky. teu hulee croch aaru saintor collegiate girjat teur thixixtu rokhya korisil. cathedral dipor wro 'koo' loto bartho 'lo' miu. teur snatok sitrobur nirapotta xewai jobdo korisil, jiye xilpigorakir thixis oboidho koriboloi chesta korisil. iyar purbe communist birudhi protijugitat ongxogrohon korar baabe teuk biswobidyaloyor poraa bohiskar korar chesta koraa hoisil. duyuta khetrote, teur xikhyokxokolor xoktixali xomorthone teur uddesyot xohay korisil. 1980-ror doxokot teu bhugorbhostho kolaa prosar korisil. 1991 sonot teu teur sorkari karzokolapoloi ubhoti aahisil jetiya christ 'cho mandjio' cho, chaze 'waa suisuk aaru jwignibh milor xoite aaru poo' lo 'sto state relway (pickepy) ror xohojugitat teu prodorxoni "luk" uposthapon korisil jetiya aapuni paar hoi goi aase... suwa, xokoluwe paar hoi goise..."ror" koo "laa gro" nee rail stationor mool holot. ek doxkoru odhik xomoy dhori, mikulajeke "aami ekhon kolar sohor nirman kori aasu" ei bistrito dharonar prokolpotut wittold lixkovskyr xoite xohojugita kori aahise. ei sringkholar ataitkoi xuporisito projujonaxomuh hoh 'lo xixur garnika, wro' koo 'laa market scowarot (2011) onusthito huwa duxoptahor ek chitro, zo' too wro 'koo' laar xixuxokole nirman koraa ek bixal chitro aaru 2012 sonor uefa championswipor xoite jorito ek kolaa prosar, jaar xirxok aasil wro 'koo' laa xomoxamoyik xongrohaloyor sutalot thoka xomorthokor kolaa kokhyo. wittled lixkovsky aaru jaan mikulajekor xoite 2012 sonot teu oh 'key protistha korisil. kolaa. foundation mulotoh nadodrj housing developmentot kaam kori aase jaak punorujjibito koraa hoise. teulukor prochestar folafolxomuhor bhitorot dutaa xarbojoninbhabe proxongxito bhittisitro-"abiskar kolaa jordo" aaru "aamar atelier jordo"-nadodrjor ruzvelt pothot aase. mikulajekor sitrokola protinidhitwomulok kolaa aaru bimurtotar maajot pore. teur bixoybostu hoise manuh, teur aabeg aaru xomporko. mikulajeke teur sristixil obhibyokti gorhi tulat puhoror bhumikar uporot gurutwo aarup kore. teu polyand aaru bidexot keiba dozon byoktigoto prodorxoni onusthito korise aaru bohutu xamuhik prodorxonit ongxogrohon korise. teur kamxomuh polendor bohutu byoktigoto aaru rajohuwa xongrohaloy (krakuwot thoka rastriyo xongrohaloy, lolito kolar utxahor baabe nimno silsian xomaj) aaru logote bidexot aase. mikulajek hoise polich xilpi aaru designorxokolor xongothonor xodosyo. teu lekhok tedius mikulajekor putro. byoktigoto jiwanoh bibahito, xatota xontanor pitri.

marius micolazek marius miklajek (jonmo 5ee february, 1958, roklate) ekjon polisha chitroshilpi ebong sangoskritik anusthaner sangathak. jeeboni. marius miklajeker tottabodhane workler eugenous gapert academy off fine artasa theke snatakottar degree niye padashona shesh corren. 1984 saale kanrad zarodsky. tini holly cross ebong center collegiate girja taanr thissiske rakkha korechilen. cathedral dweeper roklate bertholomeu. taanr snatok chitrokormoguli nirapatta porisheba dwara bajeyapta koraa hoyechilo, jaa shilpir thissiske aboidho korar chesta korechilo. err agey, communist birodhi bikkhove ongshogrohoner karone taanke vishwavidyalaya theke bohishkar korar chesta koraa hoyechilo. ubhoy khettrei, taanr shikkhokder dridha samarthan taanr kaaje sahajyo korechilo. 1980-err doshke tini bhugorbhostho shilpokormo prochar corren. 1991 saale christos mandzios, chezzle chuischuk ebong jwigniv mill-err sange ebong polisha steta railway (pkp)-err sahojogitai tini taanr sarkari kaaje firey asen ebong prodorshoni "looke" uposthapon corren... dekho, sobai paash diye jachche..."rokla glony railstationer prodhan halghare. eka doshokero beshi somoy dhorey, miklajek witold liskovskyr saathe byapokbhabe porikolpito prokolpe sahojogita korchen "amra shilper ekti shohor toiri korchi". eyi sirijer sabcheye suporichito prajojanaguli holl kids garnica, jaa workle market squarey (2011) dui saptaher ekti anusthan, jaar modhye royeche workle-err shishuder toiri ekti bishal chitrokormo ebong 2012 uefa championshiper saathe jukto ekti shilp prochar jaar shironam chhilo workle somosamoyik jadughar prangane somorthokder art room. witold liskovsky ebong jyana mikolajeker saathe 2012 saale tini oke protistha corren. shilp. phaundeshana mulat nadoderz abason unnoyone kaaj korche jaa punorujjibito koraa hachche. taader prochestar folafoler modhye royeche duti sorbojonin proshongshito mural-"abishkar shilp eard" ebong "amader atellier eard"-nadodrozer ruzvelt streete. mikolajeker chitrokormoti protinidhittomulok shilp ebong bimurtotar modhye porey. taanr thim holl manush, taanr abeg ebong somporko. micolazek taanr srijanshil abhibyakti gadey tolar khettre alor bhumikar upor jore diyechen. polland ebong bideshe tini koyek dozon prithak prodorshoni korechen ebong onek sommilito prodorshonite ongsho niyechen. taanr kaaj polyander onek byaktigato ebong sarkari sangrahe royeche (cracote jatiya jadughar, charukalar utsaher jonno nimno silesian samaj) pashapashi bideshe. micolazek polisha shilpi oo designerder samitir sadasya. tini lekhok tadeus miklajeker putro. byaktigato jeebonoh bibahito, shaat santaner baba.

marius mikolajek marius mikolajek (janm 5 februari, februari roj vrokalomaa) aek polisha chitrakaar aneey saanskrutik kaarykramonaa aayojak chhe. jivancharitra. marius mikolajeke proo. nee dekhrekh hethal vrokalomaa eugenius gappert academy off fine artsmanthi master degree saathe temnu shikshan purn karyoo. karyoo konrad jarodzki. temane hollie cross aneey sentnaa collegiate churchma temnaa theeseesno bachaav karyo hato. cathedral taapu parr vrokalomaa bartholomeu. temnaa snaatak chitrone suraksha sevaa dwara japt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jene kalakarna theseasene amanya banaavvaano prayaas karyo hato. aaa pahelaa saamyvaad veerodhi pradarshanmaa temnee bhagidarine kaarane temne universitymathi haankee kadhvana prayaaso thayaa hataa. banne kissaaomaa, temnaa shikshakona majboot samarthanthi temnaa hetumaa madad malee. malee daykama temane bhugarbh kalaanu prasaaran karyoo hatoo. teo teo temnee sattavaar pravruttiomaa paachha faryaa, jyaare christos menzios, chazlov chwizzuk aneey zbignave mill saathe aneey polisha state railway (pii. keey. pii.) naa sahyogthi, temane pradarshan "jyaare tame pasaar thaee rahyaa hove tyaare dekhaav" rajoo karyo... juo, badhaa pasaar thaee rahyaa chhe..."vroclo glony railway stationna mukhya holamaa. aek daaykaathi vadhu samaythi, mikolajeke vyaapak kalpanavala project "amey kalaanu shaher banaavi rahyaa chhiae" maan wittold liszkovsky saathe sahkaar aapyo chhe. aaa shreneeni sauthee jaaniti prastutio baadakoni guernica chhe, jeey vroclo marqeta square (2011) maan beey saptah sudhee chaale chhe, jemaa vroklonaa baadako dwara banavvama aavel vishaal cheetra aneey 2012 uefa championship saathe sankalaayel aek qalaa abhiyaan chhe, jenu sheershak vroclo samkalin sangrahalayna aanganama samarthakona aart room chhe. wittold lisokovsky aneey jaana mikolajeke saathe saathe temane okenee sthaapnaa curry hatee. qalaa. foundation mukhyatve nadodrez aavaas vikasma kaaryarat chhe jene punarjivit karvaamaa aavee rahyu chhe. temnaa prayasona parinaamomaa beey saarvtrik reete prashansneey bhintchitro chhe-"discovery aart yard" aneey "amaaru attellier yard"-nadodrezma roosewelt street parr. mikolajeknu cheetra pratinidhi qalaa aneey amurtataa vachche aave chhe. temno vishhay manav, temnee laaganeeo aneey sambandho chhe. mikolajeke potaani sarjanatmak abhivyaktinaa nirmanma prakashni bhoomika parr bhaar mookyo chhe. temane polland aneey videshma ketlank dozen vyaktigat pradarshno karyaa chhe aneey ghanaa saamuhik pradarshanomaa bhaag leedho chhe. temnee kruteeo polland (krakovma raashtriy sangrahalay, laleet kalaane protsaahan aapvaa maate neechala sileshiyana samaaj) temaj videshma ghanaa khangi aneey jaaher sangrahomaa chhe. mikolajeke polisha kalakaro aneey designarona sangathannaa sabhy chhe. teo lekhak tadeuz mikolajekna putra chhe. angat jeevanah parineet, saat baadakona pitaa.

marius micolegec marius micolegec (janm 5 farwari, 1958 koo vrokla mein) ack polish chitrakaar aur saanskritik karyakramon key aayojak hain. jeevani. marius micolegec ney pro. kii dekhrekh mein vrokla mein lalit kalaa kii eugenous gappert akadami seey master degree key saath apani shiksha samaapt kii. 1984 mein konrad jarodzki ney pavitra cross aur sent key collegiate church mein apane shodh prabandh kaa bachaav kiya. cathedral dweep parr vrokla mein bartholomeu. unake snaatak chitron koo suraksha seva dwara jabt curr liya gayaa thaa, jisane kalakar key shodh prabandh koo amaanya karane kii koshish kii thee. isase pahale, ack saamyvaad virodhi pradarshan mein unaki bhagidari key kaaran unhein vishvavidyalaya seey nishkaasit karane key prayaas kiye gaye they. donon hii mamalon mein, unake shikshakon key majboot samarthan ney unake uddeshya mein madad kii. 1980 key dashak mein unhone bhoomigat kalaa kaa prasaar kiya. vaha 1991 mein apani aadhikarik gatividhiyon mein laut aae, jaba christos mandzios, chezlaav chwisjuk aur zbignave mill key saath aur polish raajya railway (pee. key. pee.) key sahyog seey, unhone pradarshani "look" prastut kii jaba aap gujar rahey they... dekho, harr koee gujar rhaa haye..."vrokla galoni railway station key mukhya holl mein. ack dashak seey adhik samay seey, micolegec vyaapak roop seey parikalpit pariyojana "humm kalaa key shahar kaa nirmaan curr rahey hain" mein buddhiman liskovsky key saath sahyog curr rhaa haye. iss shrinkhala kii sabse prasiddh prastutiyaan bachchon kii gwernica hain, joe vrocla bajar chauk (2011) mein dou saptah taka chalati haye, jisamen vrocla key bachchon dwara banaai gaee ack vishal painting aur 2012 uefa championship seey judaa ack kalaa abhiyaan haye jiska sheershak vrocla samkaaleen sangrahalaya key praangan mein samarthak kalaa kaksh haye. 2012 mein unhone liskovsky aur zaan micologec key saath thheek kii sthaapana kii. kalaa. foundation mukhya roop seey nadodrez awas vikas mein kaam curr rhaa haye jise punarjeevit kiya jaa rhaa haye. unake prayason key parinamon mein dou saarvbhaumik roop seey prashansit bhitti chitra hain-"discovery art yard" aur "hamara attellier yard"-nadodrez mein roozvelt street parr. micologec kii painting pratinidhi kalaa aur amurtata key beach aatee haye. unakaa vishay maanav, unaki bhaavanaaen aur sambandh hain. micolegec apani rachanaatmak abhivyakti key nirmaan mein prakaash kii bhoomika parr jore dete hain. unhone polland aur videshon mein kaee darjan vyaktigat pradarshaniyan dee hain aur kaee saamoohik pradarshaniyon mein bhaag liya haye. unake kaam polland (craco mein rashtriya sangrahalaya, lalit kalaa key protsaahan key liye nichale silesian samaaj) key saath-saath videshon mein kaee niji aur saarvajanik sangrhon mein hain. micolegec polish kalakaron aur designers key sangh kaa sadasya haye. vaha lekhak tadeusz micologec key putra hain. vyaktigat jeevanah vivaahit, saat bachchon key pitaa.

marius mycologec marius micologec (janana phebravari 5,1958, vroklaadalli) polish varnachitrakaara mattu saamskrutika karyakramagala sanghataka. jivanacharitre. marius mycologec avaru pro. 1984ralli konrad zarodzki avaru collegiate church off dhii hollie cross mattu sentnalli tamma prabandhavannu samarthisikondaru. cathedral dweepadalliruwa vroklaadalli barthlomeu. avara padavi varnachitragalannu bhadrata seveyu muttugolu hakikonditu, idu kalaavidana prabandhavannu amanyagolisalu prayatnisitu. ee modalu, aata communist virodhi pradarshanadalli bhagavahisiddarinda aatanannu vishvavidyaalayadinda horahaakuva prayatnagalu nadediddavu. eradoo sandarbhagalalli, avara sikshakara balavaada bembalavu avara uddeshakke sahaaya maaditu. 1980rahra dasakadalli, avaru bhoogata kaleyannu prasara maadidaru. 1991ralli christos mandgios, chesla chwisjuk mattu jbignive mill avarondige mattu polish raajya railvegala (pii. keey. pii) sahayogadondige, avaru tamma adhikruta chatuvatikegalige maralidaaga, neevu haaduhoguvaaga pradarshanada "nota" vannu prastutapadisidaru... nodi, ellaroo haaduhoguttiddaare..."vrocla glauni railway nildaanada mukhya sabhangana. ondu dashakakku hecchu kaaladinda, "naavu kaleya nagaravannu nirmisuttiddeve" emba vishaalavaada parikalpaneya yojaneyalli mycologec avaru whittold liskovskyondige sahakarisuttiddaare. ee saraniya atyanta prasiddha nirmaanagalendare kids garnika, idu vrocla marukatte chaukadalli (2011) eradu vaaragala kaala nadeyuva ondu chitravagiddu, idaralli vrocla makkalu maadida brihat varnachitra mattu 2012rahra uefa champiyanshipge sambandhisida kalaa abhiyaanavu vrocla samakaalina vastusangrahaalayada angaladalli bembaligar kalaa kotadigalu emba shirshikeyondige nadeyuttade. whittled liskovsky mattu zaan micologec avarondige, 2012 ralli avaru oke annu sthaapisidaru. kale. foundation mukhyavaagi nadodrz vasati abhivraddhiyalli kaaryanirvahisuttide, idannu punarujjeevanagolisalaagutti. avara prayatnagala phalitaamshagalalli eradu saarvatrikavaagi mechchuge padeda bhitticitragalive-nadodrajna roosevelt beediyalli "discovery art yard" mattu "namma atellier yard". mycologechna varnachitravu praatinidhika kale mattu amoortateya naduve baruttade. aatana vishayavu manushya, aatana bhavanegalu mattu sambandhagalu. tanna srujanasheela abhivyaktiyannu belesuvalli belakina patravannu micologec ottiheluttaane. avaru polend mattu videshagalalli halavaaru dozen pratyeka pradarshanagalannu niididdaare mattu aneka saamuhika pradarshanagalalli bhagavahisiddare. aatana krutigalu polyand (krakov nalliruva rashtriya vastusangrahalaya, lalitakalegala proothsaahakkaagi kela silician samaja) mattu videshagalallina aneka khasagi mattu saarvajanika sangrahagalalli ive. mycologec avaru polish kalaavidaru mattu vinyaasakara sanghada sadasyaragiddare. aata barahagara tadeyusz micologechna maga. vaiyaktika jeevanah vivaahita, elu makkala tande.

marius micolajec oru poolish chitrakaaranum saamskaarika paripaadikalude samghaadakanumaanu marius micolajec (jananam februvari 5,1958, vroklauvil). jeevacharitram. propha. marius michologekkinte melnottatthil vroklaavile eugenius geppert akkadami oof phine artsil ninnu birudaananthara birudathode marius micolajec thante vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakki. 1984-ll konad jarodsky. hollie krosinteyum sent krosinteyum collegiat palliyil addeham thante prabandhathe prathirodhichu. cathedral dveepile vroklaavile barthalomeu. addehathinte biruda paintingukal suraksha sevanam kanduketty, athu kalakarante prabandham asaadhuvaakkaan shramichu. munbu, communist virudha prakadanatthil pankedutthathinaal addehathe sarvakalashaalayil ninnu purathaakkaanulla sramangal nadannirunnu. rund saahacharyangalilum, addehathinte adhyaapakarude sakthamaaya pinthuna addehathinte lakshyathe sahayichu. sahayichu addeham bhoogarbha kala pracharippichu. 1991ll christos mandsios, seslav chwissuk, sbignive mill ennivarumaayi chernnu poolish stettu reyilveyumaayi (pii. keey. pii) sahakarichu addeham thante audyogika pravarthanangalilekku madangiyethi "ningal kadannupokumbol nottam" enna pradarshanam avatharippichu... nokkoo, ellaavarum kadannupokunnu..."vroclo glony railway steshante pradhana haalil. oru pathittaandilereyaayi, "njangal oru kalarajyam nirmmikkukayaan" enna vishalamaaya aashayathil vittold liskovskyumaayi micolajec sahakarikkunnu. eee parambarayile ettavum prashasthamaaya nirmmanangal kuttikalude garnikkayaan, randaazhchathe oru paripadi vroclo maarkkat squareil (2011) nadakkunnathil vrocloyile kuttikal nirmmicha oru valia painting 2012 leeii uefa chaambyanshippumaayi bandhapetta oru kalaa prachaaranavum ulppedunnu. vittold liscovskick jaann michologekkinumoppam 2012ll addeham ookke sthaapichu. kala. punarujjeevippichukonni nadodrus bhawana vikasanathilaan foundeshan pradhaanamaayum pravartthikkunnathu. avarude shramangalude phalangalil saarvathrikamaayi prashamsikkappedunna rund chuvarchithrangal-"discovering art yard", "njangalude atteliyar yard"-nadodrasile rooswelt streettil. michologekkinte painting praathinidhya kalaykkum amoortheekaranathinum idayilaanu. manushyan, avante vikarangal, bandhangal ennivayaanu avante vishayam. thante srishtiparamaaya aavishkaaram kettippadukkunnathil prakaashatthinte punk micologec oonnipparayunnu. polandilum videshathum niravadhi dussen vyakthigatha pradarshanangal nadathiyittulla addeham niravadhi koottaaya pradarshanangalil pankedutthittundu. addehathinte kruthikal polandileyum videshathumulla niravadhi swakaarya, pothu shekharangalilum (cracovile deseeya museum, phine aartsinte prolsaahanathinaayulla lover saileshyan sosaitti) undu. poolish aarttistukaludeyum designermaarudeyum association amgamaanu micolajec. ezhuthukaaranaaya thadyus michologekkinte makanaan addeham. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam vivaahitan, ezhu kuttikalude pithaav.

marius mikolajek marius mikolajek (5 februwari 1958 roji vrokla yethe janmalele) heey eka polish chitrakar aanee sanskrutik karyakramanche aayojak aahet. charitra. marrius mikalajekne praa. yanchya dekharekhikhali vroca yetheel eugenius gapert academy auph fine artsmadhun padvyuttar padvi gheuun aapale shikshan purn kele. 1984 madhye konrad jarodsky. tyanni collegiate church auph daad hollie cross andd seent yethe tyanchya prabandhala samarthan dile. cathedral betavaril vrocolomadhye bartholomeu. tyachya padvipurv chitranna suraksha sevene japt kele, jyane kalakaracha prabandh avaidh karnyacha prayatna keela. yapurvi, samyavadvirodhi nidarshananmadhye sahbhagi jhalyamule tyanna vidyapithatun baher kadhanyache prayatna jhaale hote. donhi prakarananmadhye, tyanchya shikshakanchya bhakkam pathimbyamule tyanchya karyala madat jhaali. 1980 chya dashakat tyanni bhoomigat kaleche vitaran kele. 1991 madhye teey tyanchya adhikrut kamanmadhye paratale, jevha christos mangios, chezlau chwizuk aanee zbignave mill yanchyasobat aanee polish rajya railwaychya (pii. keey. pii.) sahkaryane tyanni 'tumhi tithun jaat asatanache swaroop' heey pradarshan sadar kele... bagha, sagale jann tithun jaat aahet..."vroclau glony railway sthanakachya mukhya sabhagruhat. eka dashakahun adhik kalapasoon, 'aamhi kaleche shahar tayar karat aahot' yaa vyapak sankalpanechya prakalpat mikolajek, whitfold liskovskila sahkarya karat aahe. yaa maliketil sarvat prasiddha nirmiti mhanje childrance garnika, vrocla market squaremadhye (2011) done aathvadyant ghadanari eka chitrakala jyamadhye vroclachya mulanni banavalele eka prachand chitra aanee 2012 yuu. eae. eff. aii. ajinkyapad spardheshi sambandhit eka qalaa moheem, vrocla samkalin sangrahalayachya anganat samarthakanchya qalaa kholya yaa shirshakakhali aahe. 2012 madhye tyane wittled liskovsky aanee zaan mikolajek yanchyasobat okechi sthapana kelee. qalaa. pramukhyane nadodrez gruhnirman vikasamadhye karyarat asaleli sanstha, jee punarujjivit kelee jaat aahe. tyanchya prayatnanchya parinamanmadhye nadodrezmadhil roozvelt rastyavar done sarvatrik prashansaneey bhittichitre aahet-'discovering aart yard' aanee 'aamche atellier yard'. mykolajekche chitra heey pratinidhik qalaa aanee amurtata yanchya darmyan yete. tyachi sankalpana manvi, tyachya bhavna aanee sambandh hii aahe. mycologec tyachya sarjansheel abhivyaktichya ubharanimadhye prakashachya bhoomikevar jore deto. tyanni polland aanee paradeshat anek dazanbhar vaiyaktik pradarshan dilee aahet aanee anek samoohik pradarshananmadhye bhag ghetala aahe. tyanchi kaame polandmadhil (krakovmadhil rashtriy sangrahalay, lalit kalanna protsahan denyasathichi loar sileshiyan society) tasech paradeshat anek khajgi aanee sarvajanik sangrahanmadhye aahet. mikolajek heey polish kalakar aanee designerschya sanghataneche sadasya aahet. too lekhak tadeus miklajekcha mulga aahe. vaiyaktik jeevanah vivahit, saat mulancha pita.

marius micolajek marius mikalajek (janma february 5,1958 maa wrokla) ek polish chitrakar rar sanskritik karyakramharuko ayojak hun. jiwani. marius mikalajekle proko paryawekshanma wroklako eugenius gapert ekedemy aff fine artsbatt master degree liera afno shiksha samapta gare. sann 1984 maa konrad jarodskile holly cruss rar centko collegiate charchama afno thisisko raksha gare. cathedral tapuko wroklama bartholomeu. unko snatak chitraharu suraksha sewale zafat gareko thiyo, jasle kalakarko thisislai amanya garne prayas sahayog. yasaghi, communist virodhi pradarshanma unko sahabhagitaka karan unlai vishwavidyalayabata nishkasana garne prayas garieko thiyo. duwai awasthama, unka shikshakharuko baliyo samarthanle unko uddeshyalai sahayog sahayog. sann 1980 ko dashakma unle bhumigat kala prasarit gare. uni sann 1991 maa afno adhikarik gatiwidhiharuma farkie jab christos manjios, sejlav chwisjuk rar jwignebh milsanga rar polish rajya railway (pickepy) ko sahakaryama unle pradarshani "look jab tapain bitdai hunuhunchha" prastut gare... herr, sabaijana tyahanbata gujriraheka chhan..."wrokla glony railway stationko mukhya halma. ek dashakbhanda badhi samayadekhi, mikalajekle wyapak rupma kalpana garieko pariyojana "hammy kalako sahar nirman gariraheka chhaun" maa whittold liskowskisanga sahayog gardai aeka chhan. yass shringkhalaka sabaibhanda prasidha utpadanharu kids garnika hun, dui haptako ghatana wrokla markett squire (2011) maa bhairaheko chha jasma wrokla bachchaharule banaeko vishal chitrakla rar 2012 uefa championshipsang sambandhit kala abhiyan raheko chha jasko shirshak samarthakko kala kotha how. whittold liskowski rar zahn mikolajeksanga 2012 maa unle oke sthapana gare. kala. foundation mukhyataya nadoders awas vikasma sanchalan bhairaheko chha jaslai punarjiwit garieko chha. uniharuko prayasko natijaharu madhye dui vishwawyapi rupma prashansit bhittichitraharu chhan-"diskbhari art yard" rar "hamro atellier yard"-nadoderjko rujwelt sadakma. mikolajekko chitrakla pratinidhi kala rar amurtatako bichma pardachha. unko vishayavastu manav, unko bhawana rar sambandha how. mikalajekle afno rachanatmak abhiwyakti nirman garna prakashko bhumikalai jode dinchhan. unle polyand rar videshma darjanaun wyaktigat pradarshaniharu gareka chhan rar dherai samuhik pradarshaniharuma bhag lieka chhan. unka kritiharu polandka dherai niji rar sarvajanik sangrahalayharuma (krakoko rashtriya sangrahalaya, lalit kalaharuko protsahanka lagi tallo silesian samaj) sathai videshma pani chhan. mikalajek polish kalakar rar designerharuko sanghako sadasya hun. uni lekhak tadeus mikalajekka chhora hun. wyaktigat jiwanah vivahit, saat santanka pita.

marias micolazek marias micolazek (janma februari 5,1958 ray rokalare) jane polish chitrakar ebong sanskrutika karjyakramara aajojaka . jeebani. marias micolazek pro. nka tatwabadhanare brokeler eugenous gapert ekademy off fine artaru snatakottara degree hassel curry nijara sikhya samapta karithile. 1984 masihare konrad zarodsky. shay holly cross ebong centre collegiate charchare taanka thisisku rakhya karithile. cathedral dwepare wroklare bartholomeu . taanka snataka chitrakala surakhya seba dwara jabata karajaithila, jaahaa kalakaranka thisisaku abaidha karibaku chesta karithila . purbaru, eka communist birodhi pradarshanare anshagrahana hetu tanku biswabidyalajaru bahishkara karibaku prayasa karajaithila. ubhaja khetrare, taanka shikhyakamananka drudha samarthan tanku sahajya karithila. 1980 dashakare shay bhutala kalaara prasarana karithile. 1991 masihare shay taanka sarkari karjyakalapaku pherithile, jetebele christos mandjios, chezla whisjuka ebong jwiganibh milanka saha ebong polish rajya relabai (pkp) sahajogare shay pradarshani "look" upasthapana karithile jetebele apana atikrama karuchanti ..... dekhantu, samaste chaali jauchhanti....."wrokla glony rela stationer mukhya halare. eka dashandhiru adhika samai dhari, mikalajek wittold liskoskinka saha byapaka-parikalpita prakalpare sahjog karuchanti "aame eka kalaara sahara nirmana karuchhu" . ehi shrunkhalara sabutharu janashuna prajojana heuchhi kids garnica, wrokla market squaera (2011) ray dui saptaha dhari chalithiba eka chitra jeunthire wrokla pilamananka dwara nirmita eka bishala chitra ebong 2012 uefa championship sahita jadita eka kalaa abhijana rahichhi jahara shirshaka wrokla samasamajika sangrahalajara pranganare samarthakanka art room . wittold liskosky ebong zaan mikolajeknka saha mishi 2012 masihare shay oke pratistha karithile. kalaa. foundation mukhyatah nadoders hausing bikashare karjya karuchhi jaahaaku punarjeebita karajauchhi . semananka prajasara phalaphal madhyare duiti sarbajaneena prashansita bhittichitra rahichhi-nadodrajara rujbhelta rastare "abishkara kalaa prangana" ebong "ammer atelier prangana". mikolajeknka chitrakala pratinidhitwa kalaa ebong bimurtata madhyare pade . tankara bishajabastu heuchhi manab, tankara abeg ebong samparka. micolazek nijara srujanashila abhibyakti nirmanare alokar bhumika upare gurutwaropa karichanti. shay poland ebong bideshare aneka dozen byaktigata pradarshani karichanti ebong aneka samuhika pradarshaneere anshagrahana karichanti. tankara rachna poland (krakore thiba jatiah sangrahalaja, lalita kalaku prostahita kariba paain nimna silesian society) tatha bideshare aneka gharoi ebong sarbajaneena sangrahare achhi . micolazek heuchhanti polish kalakara ebong designermananka sanghara jane sadasya. shay lekhaka tadeusz mikolajeknka pua. byaktigata jeebanah bibahita, satati santanara pita.

marius mecolegec marius mikolajek (janam 5 farvari, 1958 noon vrokla witch) ikk polish chittarkar atey sabheyacharak samagman daa parbandhak haii. jeevani. marius mecoalogec neey pro. dee nigrani heth vrokla witch eugenius gapert academy aaf fine arts toon maastar dee digri naal aapni sikkhiaa puurii keeti. 1984 witch konrad jarodzki neey hollie karaas atey cent dey colgiate church witch aapne thesis daa bachaa keeta. girjaghar tapu utte vrokla witch bartholomeu. uss deeaan graduation pentingan noon surakhiaa seva duaara zabat qarr liaa giaa see, jiss neey kalakar dey thesis noon ayog banaun dee koshish keeti see. iss toon pahilan, ikk communist virodhi pardarshan witch hissa lainn caarn uss noon university toon kaddhan deeaan koshishan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. dovan mamlian witch, uss dey adhiaapkan dey mazboot samarthan neey uss dey udesh witch sahaita keeti. 1980 dey dahake witch, unhan neey bhumigat qalaa noon prasarit keeta. uh 1991 witch aapniaan adhikarat gatividhiaan witch waps aaiaa jadon christos mandzios, ceaslo chaviszuk atey zabignue mill naal atey polish state railway (pee. keey. pee.) dey sahiyog naal, usne pardarshani "dikkh" pesh keeti jadon tusin langh rahey hoow... dekho, harr koee langh riha haii..."vroclao galwani railway station dey mukkh haal witch. ikk dahake toon vaddh samein toon, mikolajek viaapak taur 'teey kalpana keete project "aseen qalaa dey shehar daa nirman qarr rahey haan" witch wittold liskovsky naal sahiyog qarr riha haii. iss luddy dey sabh toon mashur production bacchiaan dee garnika hunn, joe kii vrokla markeet varag (2011) witch hoow riha doou haftiaan daa ikk chittar haii jiss witch vrokla dey bacchiaan duaara banayi gaee ikk vishal painting atey 2012 uefa championship naal judee ikk qalaa muhim haii jiss daa sirlekh haii vrokla samkali ajaib gharr dey vihade witch samarthak dey qalaa kamre. wittold liskovsky atey jaan mikolajek naal, 2012 witch usne oke sathapat keeta. qalaa. foundation mukkh taur utte nadoders housing vikas witch kamm qarr rahee haii jiss noon mudd surjit keeta jaa riha haii. unhan dey yatnan dey natijiaan witch doou sarav viaapak parshansayog kandh chittar hunn-"khoj qalaa vihda" atey "saada attellier vihda"-nadoders witch roozvelt street utte. mikalajek dee painting pratinidh qalaa atey abstraction dey vichkaar aaundi haii. uss daa visha manukh, uss deeaan bhavnavan atey sambandh hunn. mikalajek aapne rachnatmak pragtave noon banaun witch parkash dee bhumika utte zor dinda haii. unhan neey poland atey videshan witch kaee darjan viaktigat pradarshaniaan lagaiaan hunn atey kaee samoohik pradarshaniaan witch hissa liaa haii. uss deeaan rachnavan poland (craco witch rashtari ajaib gharr, lalit kalavan dey utshah laee hethle sileshian samaaj) dey naal-naal videshan witch bahut saare niji atey jantak sangrah witch hunn. mikolajek polish kalakaran atey designaran dee association daa member haii. uh lekhak tedues mikolajek daa puttar haii. nijji jeevanao viaahiaa hoiaa, satt bacchiaan daa pitaa.

marius micologek marius micologek (jananam 1958 februvari 5 dinaanke vrocla-nagare) ekaha polish-chitrakaarah, saamskrutika-karyakramanam ayojakah cha asti. jeevanacharitram. marius micologek ityayam pro. varroklaa-nagarasya eugenius gapert-akadami aaf fain arts ityatah snaatakottarapadaveem praapya swasya shikshaam samapitavan. 1984 tame varshe konrad jarodzki ityayam, hollie cross tathaa sent ityasya mahaavidyaalayeena-charch-madhye swasya shodha prabandhasya samarthanam krutavaan. cathedral-dweepe vrocla-nagare bartholomyoo iti. tasya snaatak-chitraani surakshaa-sevaya japtaani abhavan, yena kalakarasya shodha prabandhah amaanyah bhavitum abhiprayat. poorvam, samyavada-virodheepradarshane tasya sahabhaagitvasya karanat vishvavidyaalayaat tam nishkaasitum prayatatam krutavantah. dwayoh api sandarbheshu tasya shikshakanam drudham samarthanam tasya kaarye sahayyam krutavatee. 1980 tame dashake saha bhugarbhakalam prasaritavan. saha 1991 tame varshe swasya adhikarikakaryakraman pratyagatavan, yadaa christos mandzios, chezla chwijjuk, zbignave mill ityetaih saha, polish-rajya-rail-maargaah (pee. key. pee.) sahayogena cha, saha "yadaa bhavaan gacchati tadaa drushyam" iti pradarshanm pradadat... pashyatu, sarve tatraagataah santi..."vrocla-glaunee-relasthaanakasy mukhya-sabhaagruhe. ekadashakapeksham adhikam kaalam yaavat, "vayam kalanagaram nirmeeyaamah" iti vistrutakalpanaayaam, wicold liskovsky ityanena saha micologek sahayogam kurvan asti. asya shrunkhalaayaah sarvaadhika-prasiddhaani nirmaanaani kids-gwernikaa iti santi, saptaahadwayam vrocla-markett-square (2011) madhye bhavati, yasmin vrocla-ityasya baalakaih nirmitam vishaalam chitram, 2012 yoo. ee. e. ef. e.-chaampiyanship-ityanena saha sambaddham kalaa-abhiyanam cha bhavati, yasya sheershakam vrocla-samakaaleen-sangrahaalayasy praangane samarthakanam kalaa-kakshah iti aasit. wittold liskovsky tathaa jaan micologek ityetaih saha 2012 tame varshe saha oke samsthaapayat. kalaa. mukhyataya nadodrez-aawaas-vikaase karyam kurvatee samsthaa, yasya punarujjeevanam bhavati. teshaam prayatnanam parinamesh nadodraz-nagarasya roozvelt-maarge "discovering art yard" tathaa "ass-atellier-yard" iti vishvaprasiddhau bhittichitrau stah. micologek ityasya chitranam pratinidhi-kalayaha amurtatayaha cha madhye vartate. tasya vishayah maanavah, tasya bhaavaah, sambandhaah cha iti. micologek ityayam swasya srujanaatmak-abhivyaktehe nirmanartham prakashasya bhumikam udghaatayati. saha polyand-deshe videsheshu cha katipaya-dozen-vyaktigata-pradarshanani akarot, anekeshu saamoohik-pradarshana-karyakrameshu cha bhaagam praapnot. tasya rachanaah polend-deshe (kraakov-nagare rashtriya-sangrahaalayah, lalitakalaanaam protsaahanaay nimna-salacian-samaajah) videsheshu cha anekeshu nijee-saarwajanik-sangrahaalayeshu santi. micologek ityayam polish-kalakaranam vinyaasakartrunaam cha sanghasya sadasyah asti. saha lekhakasy taadeyusz micologek ityasya putrah asti. vyaktigatajeevanam-vivaahitah, saptaputranam pitaa.

marius micologe marius micologe (prappu pipravari 5,1958, vrocla) oru poalanthu ooviyar mattrum kalaachaara nigazhvugalai amaippaalar aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. marius micologe thanathu kalviyai brow. 1984 aam aandil konrad jarotsky. punitha siluvaiyin kalluri devalayaththil thanathu aaivarikkaiyai aathariththaar. cathetral theevil ulla vrocla paguthiyil ulla berthalomeu. avarathu pattamalippu ooviyangkal paathukaappu sevaiyaal parimuthal seiyappattana, idhu kalaignarin aaivarikkaiyai sellaathu endru karuthiyathu. idharku munbu, avar oru communisa ethirppu aarppaattathil pankettrathaal avarai palkalaikkazhagaththilirunthu veliyaettra muyarchigal maerkollappattana. irandu santharppangalilum, avarathu aasiriyarkalin valuvaana aatharavu avarathu nokkaththirku uthaviyathu. 1980kazhil, avar nilaththadik kalaiyai viniyoagiththaar. 1991 aam aandil christos montseos, chesla swissuk mattrum jibignieve mill aakiyoarudan inainthu, bolish maanila rayilway (pii. kae. pii) udan inainthu, neengkal kadanthu sellumpoathu kankaatchiyai "thoattraththai" vazhangkiyapoathu avar thanathu athikaarappoorva nadavadikkaikalukkuth thirumbinaar... paarungkal, elloarum kadanthu selkiraargal..."vrocla cloney rayil nilaiyaththin pirathaana mandapaththil. oru thasaapthaththirkum maelaaga, "naangkal oru kalai nagaraththai uruvaakkukiroam" endra parantha alavilaana thittaththil whittled liskovskyudan mikolajek oththulaiththu varukiraar. inthath thodarin migavum pirabalamaana thayaarippukal kuzhandhaigalin karnika aagum, idhu vrocla santhai sathukkaththil (2011) irandu vaarangkal nadaiperukirathu, idhil vrocla kuzhandhaigalaal seiyappatta oru periya ooviyam mattrum 2012 uefa saambiyanshippudan thodarpudaiya oru kalai prachaaram aagiyavai adangkum. whittled liskovsky mattrum john micologe aakiyoarudan, 2012 aam aandil avar oagaevai niruvinaar. kalai. adiththalam mukkiyamaaga nadodress veettuvasathi maempaattil seyalpadugirathu, idhu puththuir perukirathu. avarkalin muyarchigalin vilaivaaga ulagalavil poattrappadum irandu suvaroaviyangkal ullana-"kandupidippu kalai muttram" mattrum "engkal adilier muttram"-nadodrasil ulla roosevelt theruvil. micologekin ooviyam pirathinithiththuva kalaikkum surukkaththirkum idaiyil varukirathu. avarathu karupporul manithar, avarathu unarchchigal mattrum uravugal aagum. thanathu padaippu velipaattai uruvaakkuvathil oliyin pangai micologe valiyuruththukiraar. avar poalanthu mattrum velinaadugalil pala dajan thanipatta kankaatchigalai nadaththiyullaar mattrum pala koottu kankaatchigalil pankettrullaar. avarathu padaippugal poalanthilum (gragovil ulla thaesiya arungaatchiyagam, nunkalaikalin ookkuvippukkaana keezh cylasian samoogam) velinaadugalilum ulla pala thaniyar mattrum podhu sekarippukalil ullana. micologe bolish kalaignargal mattrum vadivamaippaalargal sangaththin uruppinar aavaar. ivar ezhuththaalar dadeyas micologekin magan aavaar. thanipatta vaalkkai thirumanamaanavar, aezhu kuzhandhaigalin thanthai.

marius mycologec marius micologec (jananam fibravari 5,1958 vroklaalo) oka polish chitrakaarudu mariyu saamskrutika kaaryakramaala nirvahakudu. jeevita charitra. marius mycologec professor paryaveekshanhaloo vroklaalooni eugenius geppert academy off fine arts nundi masters degreetho thana vidyanu muginchaadu. 1984loe konrad jarodzki. athanu holey cross mariyu seyint yokka collegiate charchilo thana theesisnu samarthinchaadu. cathedral dveepamlooni vroklaalo bartholomeu. athani graduation paintingsnu bhadrata seva swaadheenam chesukundi, idhi kalakarudi theesisnu chellanidigaa cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi. antakumundu, communistu vyatiraeka pradarsanalo ayana palgonadam valla aayananu vishwavidyaalayam nundi bahishkarinche prayatnaalu jarigaayi. rendu sandarbhaalloonuu, athani upaadhyaayula balamaina maddatu athani prayojanam kosam sahaayapadindi. 1980laloe ayana bhoogarbha kalanu vyaapti chesaaru. 1991loe christos mandgios, chesla chwisjuk mariyu zbignive mill latho kalisi, polish state railways (pii. keey. pii) sahakaaramtho, meeru velutunnappudu pradarsana "roopaanni" pradarsinchinappudu ayana thana adhikaarika kaaryakalaapaalaku tirigi vacchaaru... chudandi, andaruu daatutunnaaru..."vrokla glowney railway station pradhana haallo. oka dasaabdam kante ekkuva kaalamgaa, "memu kalaatmaka nagaranni nirmistunnamu" anae vistrutamgaa roopondinchina prajectlo mycologec, willed liskovskytho sahakaristunnaru. eee dhaaraavahika nundi atyanta prasiddha nirmaanaalu kids gernica, rendu vaaraala paatu vrokla market square (2011) loe jarugutunnadi, indulo vrokla pillalu chesina bhaarii painting mariyu 2012 uefa chhampiyanshipto anubandhinchabadina vrokla samakaaleena museum praamganamloo maddatudaarula art rooms anae kalaa pracharam unnaayi. whitfold liskovsky mariyu zaan mycologeclatho kalisi, 2012loe athanu okeni sthaapinchaadu. kala. foundation pradhanamgaa nadodorge housing developmentlo panichestondi, idhi punaruddharinchabadutondi. vaari prayatnaala phalitaalalo rendu vishwavyaaptamgaa prasamsimchabadina kudyachitraalu unnaayi-nadodge looni roosvelt veedhiloo "discovering art yard" mariyu "maa attellier yard". mycologec yokka painting praatinidhya kala mariyu nairoopya madhya untundi. athani itivruttam manavudu, athani bhavodvegalu mariyu sambandhaalu. thana srujanaatmaka vyakteekarananu pempondinchadamlo kaanti paatranu mycologec nokki chepparu. athanu polland mariyu videshaalalo aneka dozenla vyaktigata pradarsanalanu nirvahinchaadu mariyu aneka saamuuhika pradarsanalalo palgonnadu. athani rachanalu polandloni aneka private mariyu public sekaranalalo (kraakovloni national museum, lalita kalala prothsaaham kosam diguva sailesian society) alaage videshaalalo unnaayi. mycologec polish kalaakaarulu mariyu designerla sanghamlo sabhyudu. athanu rachayita tadeyusz micologec kumarudu. vyaktigata jeevitamh vivaahita, eduguru pillala tandri.

maryos meculogic maarees meculogic (paidaish 5 faroori 1958 kuu brokla mein) eek poland kay masoor aur saqafati taqribaat kay muntazim haine. sawanah umri. maryos meculogic nay professor kii nigrani mein brokla mein youjinios gappert academy aaf fayen arts say maaster digri kay saath apnee taleem kaa ikhtatam kiyaa. 1984 mein konrad jarudzki. inhon nay college charch aaf dee holee karaas aind sent mein apnay maqalay kaa dafaa kiyaa. cathedral jazeeray parr brokla mein barthlmue. inn kii graduation pentings kuu security saros nay zabt kirr liyaa jiss nay fankaar kay maqalay kuu kaladam qaraar deenay kii koshish kii. iss say pehley communist mukhalif mazahire mein inn kii sharkat kii wajah say inhein university say nikalnay kii koshishein kii gayee thein. donon suraton mein inn kay asatazah kii mazboot himayat nay inn kay maqsad mein madad kii. 1980 kii dahayi mein inhon nay zeer zameen funn kuu nashar kiyaa. wah 1991 mein apnee sarkaari sargarmiyon mein waps aayey jabb christos mendzios sezlav choiszak aur zebugnio mill kay saath aur poland kay riyasati railway (pee kay pee) kay taawan say inhon nay numaish "lick" paish kii jabb aap guzar rahay hoan... deekh sabb guzar rahay haine..."rokla gloveni railway station kay markazi haal mein. eek dahayi say ziyadah arsey say mycologic wasee paimanay parr tasavur kardah mansubay "humm aart kaa eek shehar banaa rahay haine" mein vitoled lezkovsky kay saath taawan kirr rahay haine. iss seerez kii sabb say mashhur productions kadz garanka haine juu kahh duu hafton takk chalnay waali eek film hay juu kahh rukaao market squire (2011) mein how rahee hay jiss mein rukaao kay bachon kii banayi hoyee eek behat bury penting aur 2012 kii yuu ayee aif aey champine ship say waabistah eek aart muham hay jiss kaa anwaan thaa rukaao kay asree museum kay sahan mein sporters aart romaz. 2012 mein vitoled lezkovsky aur jaan mycologic kay saath inhon nay aukay qayem kiyaa. funn. foundation bunyadi toor parr nadodarz housing dwelopment mein kaam kirr rahee hay jasay bahaal kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. inn kii koshishon kay nataij mein duu aalimi satah parr qaabil tareef dewarein haine-"discouring aart yaard" aur "humara atlier yaard"-nadodarz mein rosewelt strait parr. mycologic kii penting numaindah funn aur tajridi kay darmiyan aatee hay. iss kaa mozua insaan iss kay jazbaat aur taluqat haine. mycologic apnay takhliqi izhaar kuu badhanay mein roshni kay kirdaar parr zoor deeta hay. inhon nay poland aur berun milk kayee darjan infiradi numaishein kii haine aur kayee ijtemayi numaishon mein hasah liyaa hay. inn kay kaam poland (karako mein national museum fanoon latifah kii huslah afzayi kay liye loir celecin society) kay saath saath berun milk behat say najee aur awami majmuon mein mojud haine. mycologic poland kay funkaron aur designars kii aisosi aishan kaa rakan hay. wah masnaf tadios meculogic kaa betaa hay. zaati zindagi: shaadi shadah saat bachon kaa baap.

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Kempehallen

Kempehallen Kempehallen was an indoor sporting arena located in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, built in 1964. The capacity of the arena was 5,114 during the last years. It was however opened already in 1939 as an outdoor rink, and in 1958 artificial ice was installed. It was later rebuilt into an indoor arena, inaugurated on 4 October 1964 with the ice hockey game Modo AIK–Brynäs IF, 0–2. It originally had a capacity of 10,000 (standing only). About 2,000 seats were installed in 1969, and the capacity was lowered to 6,700. In 1995 the arena got an overhaul, with a few luxury boxes added among other improvements. It was the home arena of the Modo Hockey ice hockey team, replaced in 2006 by the new downtown Swedbank Arena. Kempehallen then remained in use by the club's younger teams and other clubs in the area. The all-time record attendance for Kempehallen was roughly 9,900 for a Sweden vs. Canada game in February 1965. Record attendances for Modo games stands at 9,153 for the outdoor rink (vs. AIK, 1964) and 8,778 for the indoor version of Kempehallen (vs. Brynäs IF, 1965). Kempehallen hosted the 2004 Sledge Hockey World Championships, and some notable music acts include Motörhead and Europe. On 15 June 2012, Örnsköldsvik Municipality condemned the arena due to dome structural failure. In August 2012, the arena was demolished. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

campehalen kempehelen aasil 1964 sonot nirmito suidenor ornscoldsovikot owosthito ek abhyontorin krira khyetro. juwa bosorburot ei khyetror khyomota aasil 5,114. obosye iyak itimodhye 1939 sonot ek baahiror rink hisape mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru 1958 sonot kritrim borof sthapon koraa hoisil. pisoloi iyak etaa inned "ror erinaloi punor nirman koraa hoisil, 1964 sonor 4 octoborot aais hockey game modu aaik-brinas if, 0-2 ror xoite udwudhon koraa hoisil. iyar prothomote khyomota aasil 10,000 (kewol thiyo hoi). 1969 sonot pray 2,000 aaxon sthapon koraa hoisil, aaru khyomota 6,700 loi hraax koraa hoisil. 1995 sonot onyanyo unnotir logote keitaman bilaxbohul bakoch jug korar xoite ei khetrokhonor punoruddhar koraa hoisil. ee modu hockey aais hockey dolor ghoruwa khelpothar aasil, 2006 sonot notun downtown swidenbeck erine iyar sthan loisil. taar pisot clubber juwo doll aaru oncholtur onyanyo clubxomuhe kempehelen byobohar kori aasil. campehalenor xorbokalin obhilekh uposthiti aasil suiden bonam er baabe pray 9,900. 1965 sonor februaryt kanada khel. modu khelor baabe obhilekh uposthiti hoise 9,153 (bonam. aaik, 1964) aaru campahelenor inned "ror xongoskoronor baabe 8,778 (bonam. brynus if, 1965). campehalene 2004 sonor slaze hockey biswo championswip aayujon korisil, aaru kisuman ullekhjugyo xongit karjyor bhitorot aase motorhead aaru euroop. 2012 sonor 15 junot ornscoldsovic pouroxobhai gombujor gathonigot bifolotar baabe ei khelpotharkhonok ninda korisil. 2012 sonor aagosto maahot ei khelpotharkhon dhongxo koraa hoisil.

kempehalen kempehalen chhilo 1964 saale nirmito suidener ornscoldsvike abosthito ekti abhyantarin krida khettro. goto bochorgulite eyi khelar matther dharonkhomota chhilo 5,114 john. tobey etty itimadhye 1939 saale ekti bahirangan rink hisabe khola hoyechilo ebong 1958 saale kritrim baraf sthapon koraa hoyechilo. porey etty ekti abhyantarin angane punarnirman koraa hoy, 4 octobor 1964 saale aise hockey gema modo eka-brines jodi, 0-2 diye udwodhon koraa hoy. etir mulat 10,000 (shudhumatra dandiye) dharonkhomota chhilo. 1969 saale pray 2,000 asson sthapon koraa hoy ebong khomota komiye 6,700 koraa hoy. 1995 saale anyanno unnotir modhye koyekti bilasbahul bucks jukto korey, eyi khettroti ekti sangoskar paay. etty chhilo modo hockey aise hockey doler home erina, jaa 2006 saale notun downtown suidenbank erina dwara protisthapito hoy. kempehalen tokhon cluber torun doll ebong elakar anyanno clubgulir dwara byabohrito chhilo. kempehalener sorbokaler record uposthiti chhilo suiden bonam suidener jonno pray 9,900 john. 1965 saaler februaryte kanada gema. outdoor rinker jonno modo gemer record uposthiti 9,153 (bonam. ike, 1964) ebong kempehalen-err abhyantarin sangaskaraner jonno 8,778 (bonam. brines iff, 1965). kempehalen 2004 saale slaze hockey bishwa championshiper ayojan corren ebong kichhu ullekhjoggo sangeet anusthaner modhye royeche motorhead ebong europe. 15 june 2012-ayee, ornscoldsvick pourosobha gombuj kathamogoto byarthotar karone eyi khelar matther ninda korey. 2012 saaler auguste, eyi mathti venge fela hoy.

campayhelen campayhelen aee ornscoldswick, sweedenma aavelu aek indor ramatnu medaan hatoo, jeey jeey bandhvama aavyu hatoo. chhella varsho darmiyan aaa medanni kshamata 5,114 hatee. joke teey teey outdoor rink tareeke pahelethee jaj kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey aneey krutrim baraf sthaapit karvaamaa aavyo hato. paachhalthi tene indor aarenama punhbield karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jenu udghaatan 4 october october roj aais hockey game modo aek-bryanus saathe karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jooe, 0-2. tenee mool kshamata 10,000 (maatra ubhaa) hatee. hatee aashre 2,000 bethako sthaapit karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey kshamata ghataadine 6,700 karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee aaa akhadama anya sudhaarao saathe ketlaak vaibhavi booaks umervaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey modo hockey aais hockey teamnu gharnu medaan hatoo, jenu sthaan sthaan navaa downtown sweeden benk erena dwara levaamaa aavyu hatoo. tyarbad clubney naanee teamo aneey aaa vistaarni anya clubo dwara campahalenno upyog thato rahyo. campahalen maate sarvkaaleen vikramee haajari sweeden viruddh sweeden maate aashre 9,900 hatee. februari februari keneda ramat. outdoor rink maate modo ramato maate vikramee haajari 9,153 chhe (wii. aek, 1964) aneey campahalenna indor version maate 8,778 (wii. bryanus iff, 1965). campahalene 2004 slage hockey vishva champiyanshipnu aayojan karyoo hatoo aneey ketlaak nondhpaatra sangeet krutyomaa motorhead aneey europeno samaavesh thaay chhe. 15 juuna 2012 naa roj, ornscoldswick municipality gumbajni malkhakiy nishfaltaane kaarane aarenani ninda curry. august august, akhaado todee padvama aavyo hato.

kempehalen kempehalen ack indor khel kshetra thaa joe ornscoldswick, sweeden mein sthit thaa, jise 1964 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. pichhale varshon key dauran kshetra kii kshamata 5,114 thee. haalaanki ise pahale seey hii 1939 mein ack baahari rink key roop mein khola gayaa thaa, aur 1958 mein kritrim burf sthaapit kii gaee thee. baad mein ise ack indor kshetra mein phir seey banaaya gayaa, jiska udghaatan 4 octuber 1964 koo aais hockey game modo aika-bryanus iff, 0-2 key saath kiya gayaa. isaki mool kshamata 10,000 (kewal khadee) thee. 1969 mein lagbhag 2,000 seeten sthaapit kii gaeen, aur kshamata koo ghataakar 6,700 curr diyaa gayaa. 1995 mein kshetra mein ack overhall huaa, jisamen kuchh lakjari boxes anya sudhaaron key saath jode gaye. yeh modo hockey aais hockey team kaa gharelu kshetra thaa, jise 2006 mein nae downtown sweeden baink kshetra dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. kempehalen taba club kii yuva teams aur kshetra key anya clubon dwara upayog mein rhaa. kempehalen key liye sarvakaalik record upasthiti sweeden banaam sweeden key liye lagbhag 9,900 thee. farwari 1965 mein kanada khel. modo khelon key liye record upasthiti 9,153 haye joe baahari rink (banaam. ack, 1964) aur 8,778 kempehalen (banaam. brynus aggar, 1965). kempehalen ney 2004 kii slaze hockey vishva championship kii mejbani kii, aur kuchh ullekhaniya sangeet krityon mein motorhead aur europe shamil hain. 15 juuna 2012 koo, ernscoldswick nagarpalika ney gumbad sanrachanaatmak viphalata key kaaran kshetra kii ninda kii. agast 2012 mein, akhaade koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

kempehalen kempehalen kempehalen nirmisalaada sweeden ornscaldswicknelwore olaangana creeda kridaanganavaagittu. kaleda varsagalalli kridaanganada saamarthyavu 5,114 aagittu. aadaagyoo, idannu eegaagale eegaagale horaangana rink aagi tereyalaayitu mattu mattu krutaka manjugaddeyannu alavadisalaayitu. nantara idannu olaangana kridaanganavaagi marunirmisalaayitu, idannu 1964rahra october october ais hockey aatavaada modo aik-brynas iff, 0-2rahra moolaka udghaatisalaayitu. idu moolatah 10,000 (nintiruva maatra) saamarthyavannu hondittu. hondittu sumaru 2,000 aasanagalannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu saamarthyavannu saamarthyavannu ilisalaayitu. ilisalaayitu kridaanganavu koolankashavaagi maarpattitu, itara sudharanegala jotege kelavu aisharami pettigegalannu serisalaayitu. idu modo hockey ais hockey tandada tavaru kridaanganavaagiddu, kridaanganavaagiddu hosa downtown sweedbank kridaanganadinda badalaayisalpattitu. nantara clubna kiriya tandagalu mattu aaa pradeshada itara klabgalu kempehalen annu balasuttale iddavu. kempehalenge saarvakaalika daakhaleya haajaraatiyu sweeden viruddha 9,900 aagittu. phebravari 1965 ralli kenada aata. horaangana rinkge (versus. ayk, 1964) mattu kempehalenna olaangana aavruttige 8,778 (versus. brynas iff, 1965). kempehalen 2004rahra sledge hockey vishwa champiyanshipgalannu ayojisidaru, mattu kelavu gamanarha sangeeta karyakramagalalli motorhead mattu europe serive. 15 zoon 2012 randu, ornscaldswick purasabheyu gummatada rachanaatmaka vaiphalyadindaagi akhaadavannu khandisitu. 2012rahra augustinalli, kridaanganavannu kedavalaayitu.

kempehallan 1964ll nirmmicha sweedanile oornskoldswikkil sthithi cheiyunna oru indor kaayika vediyaayirunnu kempehalen. kazhinja varshangalil eee vediyude sheshi 5,114 aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum ithu 1939 ll oru outtdoor rinkai thurakkukayum 1958 ll krithrima aise sthaapikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu ithu oru indor areenayayi punarnirmmikkukayum 1964 october 4 nuu aise hockey geyim modo aiku-brainus iff, 0-2 upayogichu udghaadanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ithinu yadhaarthathil 10,000 (nilkkuka maathram) sheshiyundaayirunnu. 1969ll ekadesham 2,000 seettukal sthaapikkukayum sheshi 6,700 aayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. 1995ll eee mekhalaykku oru attakuttappanikal labhichu, mattu mechappeduthalukalkkopko kurachu adambara boxukalum chertthu. modo hockey aise hockey teaminte hoome areenayaayirunnu ithu, 2006 ll puthiya dauntaun sweedenbank areena maatti. klabbinte yuva teamukalum pradeshathe mattu klabbukalum kempehalen upayogichu. kempehaalante ekkaalatheyum record hajar sweeden vezhsas skorinu ekadesham 9,900 aayirunnu. 1965 februvariyile canada geyim. modo geyimukalude record hajar outtdoor rinkinu 9,153 aanu (vezhsas. ayku, 1964), kempehalente indor pathippin 8,778 (vezhsas. brainas iff, 1965). 2004 leeii sledge hockey loka chaambyanshippinu kempehalen aathidheyathvam vahichu, koodaathe motorhead europe ulppedunna chila sradheyamaaya sangeetha prakadanangal. 2012 juun 15 nuu, thaazhikakkudatthinte gadanaaparamaaya parajayam kaaranam ornscoldeswick munisippaalitti eee stadiyathe apalapichu. 2012 augustil eee stadium thakarkkapettu.

kempehalen kempehalen heey sweedenmadhil ornscoldswick yethe 1964 madhye bandhalele eka antargehi creeda kshetra hote. gelya varshanmadhye yaa kridanganachi kshamata 5,114 hotee. tathapi, 1939 madhye teey aadhich eka bahya rink mhanoon ughadanyat aale hote aanee 1958 madhye krutrim burf basavanyat aala hota. nantar tyachi antargehi kridanganamadhye punarbandhani karnyat aalee, 4 aktoobar 1964 roji barfavareel hockey khel modo eka-bryanus iff, 0-2 saha tyache udghatan karnyat aale. tyachi kshamata moolatah 10,000 (fakt ubhe rahane) hotee. 1969 madhye sumare 2,000 jaaga basavanyat aalya aanee kshamata 6,700 paryant qamee karnyat aalee. 1995 madhye yaa maidanachi durusti karnyat aalee, itar sudharananmadhye kahee lakzari boxes jodanyat aale. heey modo hockey aais hockey sanghache gharche maidan hote, jyachya jaagi 2006 madhye naveen downtown sweedenbank kshetra aale. tyanantar clubche tarun sangh aanee parisaratil itar club kempehalencha vapar karat rahile. kempehalenchi sarvkaleen vikrami upasthiti sweeden viruddha sweedensathi andaje 9,900 hotee. februwari 1965 madheel canada khel. bahya rinksathi (viruddha. aay. keey., 1964) aanee kempehalenchya antargehi aavruttisathi 8,778 (viruddha. bryanus iff, 1965). kempehalenne 2004 salchya slaging hockey jaagtik ajinkyapad spardheche aayojan kele aanee kahee ullekhaneey sangeet karyakramanmadhye motorhead aanee europe yancha samavesh aahe. 15 juuna 2012 roji, ornscoldswick nagarpalikene ghumat sanrachanatmak apayshamule yaa maidanacha nishedh keela. august 2012 madhye heey maidan padnyat aale.

kempehalen kempehalen sann 1964 maa nirman garieko swidenko ernscoldsabhikma awasthit ek indor khelkud khetra thiyo. pachhillo warshaharuma kshetrako kshamata 5,114 thiyo. yadyapi yo sann 1939 maa bahiri rinkako rupma kholieko thiyo, rar sann 1958 maa kritrim baraf sthapana garieko thiyo. yasalai pachhi indor erenama punarnirman garieko thiyo, 4 october 1964 maa ais hakki khel modo ek-brynus yadi, 0-2 sanga udghatan gariyo. yasako muel kshamata 10,000 (khada matra) thiyo. sann 1969 maa lagbhag 2,000 sitharu sthapana garieko thiyo, rar kshamata 6,700 maa ghataieko thiyo. sann 1995 maa anya sudharharu bitch kehi lakjari buxharu thapera erenale ek obharhal prapta garyo. yo modo hakki ais hakki toliko gharelu khetra thiyo, jaslai sann 2006 maa nayan downtown swidbank kshetradwara pratisthapan garieko thiyo. tyasapachhi clubka yuwa toliharu rar kshetraka anya clubharudwara kempehalen prayogma rahyo. kempehalenka lagi sabai-samaya record upasthiti swiden banamka lagi lagbhag 9,900 thiyo. february 1965 maa canada khel. modo khelharuka lagi record upasthitiharu bahiri rinkaka lagi 9,153 (banam. ek, 1964) rar kempehalenko indor sanskaranka lagi 8,778 (banam. bryanus yadi, 1965). kempehalenle 2004 slaze hakki vishwa championshipko ayojana gare, rar kehi ullekhaniya sangit karyaharuma motorhead rar europe samawesh chhan. 15 june 2012 maa, ernscoldswick nagarpalikale gumbaj sanrachanatmak wifaltako karan rangashalako ninda गऱ्यो।. august 2012 maa, akhada dhwasta bhayo.

kempehalen kempehalen swidenara arnskoldsvik thaare abasthita eka indor krida khetra thila, jaahaa 1964 masihare nirmita hoithila. gata barshagudikare ehi khetrara khyamata 5,114 thila. tebe ehaa purbaru 1939 ray eka outdoor rinka bhabare kholajaithila, ebong 1958 ray krutrima baraf sthapana karajaithila . parey ehaaku eka indor erenare punahnirmita karajaithila, 4 october 1964 ray ices hockey khela modo eka-brines jadi, 0-2 sahita udaghatita hoithila . ehara moola khyamata 10,000 (kebala thia) thila . 1969 masihare pakhapakhi 2000 aasana sthapana karajaithila, ebong khyamata hrass paai 6,700ku hrass karajaithila. 1995 masihare ehi khetrare eka maramati karajaithila, jeunthire anyanya unnati madhyare kichhi bilasapurna backs yoda jaithila. ehaa modo hockey ices hockey dalara gharoi khetra thila, jaahaa 2006 ray nutan downtown swid byanka khetra dwara pratisthapita hoithila . ehapare clubber juba dala ebong sehi anchalara anya klabagudika dwara kempehalen byabahara karajauthila. kempehalen paain sarbakaleena record upasthana swidena banam praiah 9,900 thila . februari 1965 ray kanada khela. modo khela paain record upasthiti 9,153 outdoor rinka paain (banam. ike, 1964) ebong kempehalen (banam. brinas eaf, 1965). kempehalen 2004 slaze hockey biswa championshipra ayojan karithile, ebong kichhi ullekhaneeah sangeeta karjya madhyare motorhead ebong europe antarbhukta . 15 june 2012 ray, ornscoldsvik municipality gambuja sanrachanatmaka biphalata hetu rangabhumi ninda karithila . 2012 augustre ehi rangamanchaku dhwansa karidiajaithila.

camphellen camphellen ikk indor khed khetar see joe kii 1964 witch banaiaa giaa see. pichle saalan dauran iss khetar dee samratha 5,114 see. halanki ih pahilan hii 1939 witch ikk baahari rink dey roop witch kholhiaa giaa see, atey 1958 witch nakli baraf sathapat keeti gaee see. baad witch iss noon ikk indor akhade witch dubara banaiaa giaa, jiss daa udghatan 4 aktubar 1964 noon aaees hockey game modo aik-bryans naal keeta giaa see, jacker, 0-2. iss dee asal samratha 10,000 (siraf khadeh) see. 1969 witch lagbhag 2,000 seetan sathapit keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, atey samratha ghataa keey 6,700 qarr ditti gaee see. 1995 witch akhade witch ikk murammat keeti gaee, jiss witch horr sudharan dey naal kujh lagzari boxes shamal keete gaye. ih modo hockey aaees hockey team daa gharelu akhada see, jiss noon 2006 witch navein downtown sweedbank akhade duaara badliaa giaa see. firr compahlein club deeaan naujwan teaman atey khetar dey horr kalabban duaara varton witch riha. camphellen laee sarab-samein dee ricard hazri ikk sweden banaam ikk sweden laee lagbhag 9,900 see. farvari 1965 witch canada game. outdoor rink (banaam. aaee. keey., 1964) atey 8,778 camphellen dey indor sanskaran laee (banaam. bryans iff, 1965). kempehalen neey 2004 slaij hockey vishav championship dee mezbani keeti, atey kujh mahattavpuran sangeet kaarjan witch motorhead atey yoorap shamal hunn. 15 juun 2012 noon, arnscoldswick municipality neey gumbad dee dhanchagat asafalta caarn akhade dee ninda keeti. agast 2012 witch, akhade noon dhaah ditta giaa see.

kempehaalen kempehaalen iti sweeden-deshasya ornskoldswik-nagare 1964 tame varshe nirmitam antahsth-kridaakshetram aasit. antimeshu varsheshu asya kreedaamganasya kshamata 5,114 aasit. parantu 1939 tame varshe bahihsth-rink-rupena udghaatitam, 1958 tame varshe cha krutrima-hima-sthapanam krutam. pashchat tatt aantarik-kshetre punah nirmitam, 1964 october 4 dinaanke, ais-haakee-kreedayaa modo-aik-branus iff, 0-2 ityanena udghaatitam, tasya mularupena 10,000 (kevalam sthite) kshamata aasit. 1969 tame varshe praayah 2000 asanani sthaapitaah, kshamata 6,700 yaavat nyunikrutam. 1995 tame varshe kshetrasya parivardhanam abhavat, anyasu sudhaaraih saha kechan vilasa-petikaani api yojitaah. etat modo-haakee-ais-haakee-dalasya gruhakshetram aasit, yasya sthaane 2006 tame varshe nutanena down-town-sweedbyaank-kshetren pratisthaapitam. tatah club-ityasya yuva-dalaihi, kshetrasya anyaih club-ityetebhyah cha kempehaalen ityasya upayogah abhavat. kempehaalen ityasya sarvakaalika-abhilekha-upasthitihi sweeden-deshasya viruddha-deshasya krute praayah 9,900 aasit. 1965 februvari-maase kenada-kridaayaam modo-kreedaasu 9,153 upasthitihi abhilekharoopen bahihsth-rink-kridaayaam (vi. aik, 1964) tathaa kempehaalen ityasya aantarikasamskaranasya krute 8,778 (versus. branas iff, 1965). kempehaalen 2004 tame varshe slaze-haakee-vishva-chaampiyanship-kreedaayaah aatitheyatvam krutavaan, tathaa keshuchit ullekhaneeyasangeet-karyakrameshu motorhead, europe cha antarbhavanti. 15 joon 2012 dinaanke, ernscoldswick nagarapalika gummat-samrachanaatmak-viphalataayaah karanat kshetrasya nindaam akarot. 2012 august-maase, kridaanganam dhvamsam abhavat.

kembehallan kembehallan enbathu sweeden ornscoldswick nagaril 1964 aam aandil kattapatta oru udpura vilayaattu arangkaagum. kadantha aandugalil arangkin thiran 5,114 aaga irunththathu. iruppinum idhu aerkanavae 1939 aam aandil oru velippura valaiyamaaka thirakkappattathu, maelum 1958 aam aandil seyarkai panii niruvappattathu. pinnar idhu oru udpura arangkaaga meendum kattappattathu, october 4,1964 andru aiz haakki vilayaattu moodoo aik-brynas udan thirakkappattathu, 0-2. idhu muthalil 10,000 (nirkum mattumae) thiran kondadhu. 1969ill sumar 2,000 irukkaikal niruvapattana, maelum adhan thiran 6,700 aagak kuraikkappattathu. 1995ill arangkil oru seeramaippu seiyappattathu, sila aadambarap pettikalum mattra maempaadugaludan serkkappattana. idhu moodoo haakki aiz haakki aniyin sontha arangkaaga irunththathu, 2006 aam aandil puthiya downtown sweet baengk arangaal maattrappattathu. pinnar kilappin ilaiya anigal mattrum appaguthiyil ulla pira kilappugalaal kembehallan payanpaduththappattathu. kembehallan anaitthu naera saathanaiyaiyum paarvaiyidum varugai sweeden ethiraaga sumar 9,900 aaga irunththathu. pipravari 1965 ill kanada vilayaattu. velippura valaiyaththirku (ethiraaga. ayk, 1964) mattrum 8,778 kembehallan udpura pathippukku (ethiraaga. brynas iff, 1965). kembehallan 2004 sledge haakki ulaga saambiyanshippai nadaththinaar, maelum sila kurippidatthakka isai nigazhchchigalil motorhead mattrum iropa adangkum. juun 15,2012 andru, ornscoldswick nagaraatchi kuvimaadam kattamaippu seyalizhappu kaaranamaaga arangkai kandiththathu. august 2012 ill, arangkam idikkappattathu.

kempehalen kempehalen anedi 1964loe nirminchina sweedanlooni ornscoldswicklo unna oka antargata creeda rangam. gatha samvatsaraallo eee kreedaasthalam saamarthyam 5,114gaa undhi. ayithe idhi ippatike 1939loe bahiranga rinkga praarambhinchabadindi, 1958loe krutrima manchunu erpaatu chesaaru. taruvaata dheenini indor arenaga punarnirminchaaru, 4 october 1964naa ice hockey game modo ike-brynas iff, 0-2 thoo praarambhinchaaru. idhi modata 10,000 (nilabadi matrame) saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi. 1969loe sumaru 2,000 seetlanu erpaatu chesaaru, mariyu saamarthyam 6,700kii tagginchabadindi. 1995loe arenalo konni vilaasavantamaina pettelu jodinchabaddaayi, itara merugudalalato patuga, oka samagramaina maarpulu jarigaayi. idhi modo hockey ice hockey jattuku sonta maidaanam, 2006loe daani sthaanamlo kotta down town sweedbank arena vachindi. kempehalen appudu club yokka yuva jatlu mariyu aaa praantamlooni itara clublu upayogamlo undipoyindi. kempehalen yokka aall-time record haajaru sweeden verses kempehalen kosam sumaru 9,900. fibravari 1965loe kenada aata. bahiranga rink kosam modo atalaku rikaardu haajaru 9,153 (verses. ayak, 1964) mariyu 8,778 kempehalen yokka indor version kosam (verses. brynas iff, 1965). kempehalen 2004 sledge hockey prapancha champiyanshiplaku aatidhyam ichindi, mariyu konni mukhyamaina sangeeta karyakramalalo motorhead mariyu eurup unnaayi. 15 juun 2012naa, ornscaldswick municipality gopuram nirmaana vaiphalyam kaaranamgaa arenanu khandinchindi. 2012 augustulo, arena koolchiveyabadindi.

camphalin campay haaleen eek indor sports airina thaa juu onscholdsweak sweaden mein waaqa thaa juu 1964 mein banaya gayaa thaa. pachlay saalon kay doraan airina kii gunjaish 5,114 thee. tahim asay 1939 mein pehley hyee eek beruni runk kay toor parr khola gayaa thaa aur 1958 mein masnuyi barf nasb kii gayee thee. baad mein asay eek indor medaan mein dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa jiss kaa iftatah 4 aktobar 1964 kuu aais haaki gaim modo eek-brains agar 0-2 kay saath kiyaa gayaa. iss kii asl gunjaish 10,000 (sarf khaday) thee. 1969 mein taqriba 2,000 nashastein nasb kii gayein aur gunjaish kuu kumm kirr kay 6,700 kirr diyaa gayaa. 1995 mein medaan mein eek bahaali hoyee jiss mein deegar behtariyon kay saath kachh lagzari baaksaz shaamil kiye gayey. yaha modo haaki aais haaki team kaa hoam airina thaa jiss kii jagah 2006 mein nayey shehar kay markaz swead benak airina nay lay lee. camp helin phir kalb kii naujawan teamon aur elaqay kay deegar kalbon kay istemaal mein rehaa. campay haaleen kay liye harr waqat record haaziri sweaden bamuqablah sweaden kay liye taqriba 9,900 thee. faroori 1965 mein canada gaim. audio runk kay liye modo games kay liye record haaziri 9,153 hay (bamuqablah. aike 1964) aur campay haaleen kay indor warzan kay liye 8,778 (bamuqablah. brinas agar 1965). campay haaleen nay 2004 kii sleej haaki aalimi champine ship kii mezbani kii aur kachh qaabil zakar mausiqi kii karwaiyon mein motor head aur europ shaamil haine. 15 joone 2012 cow örnsköldsvik baldiyah nay gunbad kii saakhti nakami kii wajah say medaan kii mazmat kii. agast 2012 mein medaan kuu manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa.

0008876ab71cf31c3ea0f8b959c3789fd6083943b098c37d3c549b11f1ebf97d

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=669385

Brooks v. Marbury

Brooks v. Marbury <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" /> Court Documents Opinion of the Court United States Supreme Court24 U.S. 78Brooks  v.  Marbury ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia. This is the same case which is reported "ante", vol. VII. p. 566. The judgment of the Court below was then reversed, and a "venire de novo" awarded. At the new trial, exceptions were taken to the instructions given by the Court to the jury; and the cause having again been brought before this Court for revision, was argued by Mr. "Jones" and Mr. "Coxe", for the plaintiff, and by the "Attorney General" and Mr. "Key", for the defendant. "Feb." 10"th." Mr. Chief Justice MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.

brooks bhi. marbari aadalotor nothipotroxomuh aadalotor motamot aamerika juktorastror uschotom nyayaloy 24 eu.ess. 78 brooks bonam. marbari kolombiya jilaar baabe charkit aadalotot truti. eitu ekei ghotona jitu "ante", volume buli protibedon diya hoise. vii. pi. 566. taar pisot tolor aadalotor raitu xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru "venir di nobhu" prodan koraa hoisil. notun bisarot, aadalote jureek diya nirdexonar byotikrombur luwa hoisil; aaru punor xongxudhonor baabe ei aadalotot onaar karontu srijutor dwara jukti diya hoisil. "jones" aaru mii. "cox", badir baabe, aaru "etornee general" aaru srijutor dwara. "saabi", birudhir baabe. "feibo."10" taa." shree. mukhyo nyayadhix marchele aadalotor motamot prodan kore.

brooks vee. marbari adaloter nothi adaloter motamot markin juktorashtrer supreme court 24 eu.esha. 78brooks bonam. marbari kalambia jelara sarkita courte truti. etty ekoi mamla jaa "ante", volume hisabe report koraa hoyeche. vii. pii. 566. neecher adaloter rayti tokhon biporito koraa hoyechilo ebong ekti "venir dii novo" pradan koraa hoyechilo. notun bichare, byatikramguli adalat kortrik jurike deoa nirdeshabolite neoa hoyechilo; ebong karonti abar sangshodhaner jonno eyi adalte aanaa hoyechilo, mih dwara jukti deoa hoyechilo. "johns" ebong mih. "coaks", baadee ebong "attorney general" ebong mih dwara. "chaabi", asamir jonno. "feiber."10"." mii. prodhan bicharpati marshala adaloter motamot pradan corren.

brooks vee. marbury adalatna dastavejo courtno abhipray united states suprem court 24 yuu.aesa. 78brooks wii. marbury kolambiya jilla maate circuit courtma bhool. aaa aee jaj cases chhe jeey "ante", volume tareeke nondhvaamaa aavyo chhe. vii. pii. 566. pachhi neecheni adalatna chukaadaane ultavi devaamaa aavyo hato aneey "vener dha novo" enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. navee sunavanima, court dwara jurine aapvama aaveli suchanaoma apvaado levaamaa aavyaa hataa; aneey punraavartan maate fareethi aaa adalat samaksh kaaran lavvama aavyu hovathi, shree dwara daleel karvaamaa aavee hatee. "johns" aneey shree. "coaks", vaadee maate, aneey "atterni general" aneey shree. "qee", prativaadi maate. "februari."10"." shree. mukhya nyayadhish marshley courtno abhipray aapyo hato.

brooks vee. marbury adalati dastavej adalat kii raay sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya 24 yuu.aiss. 78brook banaam. marbury kolambiya jile key liye circuit court mein truti. yeh vahee mamla haye joe "poorv", khand key roop mein bataaya gayaa haye. vii. pee. 566. isake baad neeche dee gaee adalat key faisale koo ulat diyaa gayaa aur ack "nae sire seey" kaa puraskar diyaa gayaa. nae mukadame mein, adalat dwara juurii koo diye gaye nirdeshon mein apvaadon koo liya gayaa thaa; aur punareekshan key liye iss adalat key samaksh phir seey laae jaane key kaaran, shree dwara tark diyaa gayaa thaa. "johns" aur shree. "cox", vaadi key liye, aur "mahanyayvadi" aur shree dwara. "chaabi", prativaadi key liye. "farwari."10"." shree. mukhya nyayadhish marshel ney adalat kii raay dee.

brooks vii. marbury nyaayaalayada daakhalegalu nyaayaalayada abhipraya united states supreme court 24 yuu.ess. 78brooks vii. marbury columbia jilleya circuit nyayalayakke dosha. idu "aante" endu varadiyaada adhe prakaranavagide, samputa. vii. pii. 566. nantara kelagina nyaayaalayada tirpannu hintirugisalaayitu mattu "veneer dii novo" annu nidalaayitu. hosa vichaaraneyalli, nyaayaalayavu tirpugaararige needida soochanegalannu horatupadisi, ee kaaranavannu mattomme parishkaranegaagi ee nyaayaalayada munde taralaagide endu shree vaadisidaru. "johns" mattu shree. "cox", firyadigagi, mattu "attorney general" mattu shree. "kee", prativaadige. "phe."10"." shree. mukhya nyayamurthy marshel nyaayaalayada abhiprayavannu niididaru.

brooks vii. marberry kodathi rekhakal kodathiyude abhiprayam yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi 24 yuu.ezz. 78brooks vii. marberry columbia jillayude surcuted kodathiyil pishak. munbu", vooliyam report cheyyappetta athe kesanit. vii. pii. 566. thudarnnu thaazhe koduthirikkunna kodathiyude vidhi pinvalikkukayum "puthiya vidhi" prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. puthiya vichaaranaykkide, kodathi juric nalkia nirddeshangalil ozhivaakkalukal sweekarikkukayum punarvichinthanathinaayi veendum eee kodathikku munnil konduvanna kaaranam shree. "johns", misttar. "cox", vaadikkum "attorni generalum" misttar. "qee", prathikk vendi. "faim."10"." emm. cheef justice marshell kodathiyude abhiprayam paranju.

brooks v. marbury court documents opinion of the court united states supreme court24 u.s. 78brooks v. marbury error to the circuit court for the district of columbia. this is the same case which is reported "ante", vol. vii. p. 566. the judgment of the court below was then reversed, and a "venire de novo" awarded. at the new trial, exceptions were taken to the instructions given by the court to the jury; and the cause having again been brought before this court for revision, was argued by mr. "jones" and mr. "coxe", for the plaintiff, and by the "attorney general" and mr. "key", for the defendant. "feb." 10"th." mr. chief justice marshall delivered the opinion of the court.

brooks wee. marberry adalati kagajatharu adalatko mutt sanyukta rajya americako sarvochcha adalat 24 yu.ess. 78brooks v. marberry columbia jillako circuit adalatma truti. yo uhi cases how june "ante", bhol report garieko chha. vii. pee. 566. tyasapachhi talko adalatko faisalalai ultaeko thiyo, rar "भेनिrarे day nobho" pradan garieko thiyo. nayan muddama, adalatle nirnayak mandallai dieko nirdeshanharuma apawadharu liiyo; rar sanshodhanka lagi yass adalat agadi feri karan lyaieko thiyo, shridwara tarka garieko thiyo. "johns" rar shree. "cokes", wadika lagi, rar "mahanyayadhiwakta" rar shridwara. "pratiwadika lagi "kunji". "february."10"." shree. mukhya nyayadhish marcelle adalatko raaya die.

brooks bhi. marbury adalat kagajpatra nyajalajanka matamata juktarastra americara sarbocha nyajalaja 24 jayu.ess. 78brooks banam. marbury kalambia zillah paain circuit kortaku truti. ehaa sehi samaana mamla jaahaa "ante", bhal report karajaichi . vii. pii. 566. ehapare nimnare diajaithiba nyajalajara rajaku olata karidiajaithila ebong eka "bhenir dii nobho" pradan karajaithila. nutan bichara, nyajalaja dwara jurinku diajaithiba nirdeshare byatikrama niajaithila; ebong sanshodhana paain ehi adalat sammukhare puni kaaran anajiba parey, shreenka dwara jukti karajaithila. "johnes" ebong mea. "cokes", badinka paain, ebong "atterni general" ebong mea. "chaabi", abhijuktanka paain. "phee."10"." mea. mukhya bicharapati marshal kortanka matamata pradan karithile.

brooks vee. marbury adalati dastavez adalat dee raae sanyukat raaj dee superim court 24 yuu.aiss. 78 brooks banaam marbury columbia zilhe laee circut court witch galti. ih uhee mamla haii jiss dee report "antey", valiam witch keeti gaee haii. vii. pee. 566. heth ditte adalat dey faisle noon firr ulta ditta giaa, atey ikk "vanier dee novo" ditta giaa. navein mukkadme witch, adalat duaara jioori noon dittiaan gaeeaan hidaitan noon apvaad vajon liaa giaa see; atey sodh laee iss adalat dey sahmane dubara liaande jaanh dey caarn, shriman duaara daleel ditti gaee see. "jonas" atey shriman. "cox", mudai laee, atey "attarney general" atey shriman duaara. "kunji", bachaa pakkh laee. "farvari."10"." sriman jee. cheef justice marshel neey adalat dee raae ditti.

brooks vi. marbury nyayalayasya dastaawejah nyayalayasya abhiprayah samyuktarajyamerika-sarwochchanyaayaalayah 24 yu.ess. 78brooks vi. marbury columbia-mandalasya krute paripatha-nyayalayam prati trutihi. etat eva prakaranam asti yat "ante", vaalyoom iti soochitam asti. vii. pee. 566. tatah adhah nyayalayasya nirnayah vyutkramitah, "vener day novo" iti puraskaarah cha pradadat. nootan-vichaaranasya samaye, nyayalayena nirnaayakamandale dattaani nirdeshaani apavaadaroopen sveekrutaani; punah punarikshanartham nyayalayasya samaksham kaaranam aagacchan, shridwara tarkah krutah. "johns" tathaa shree. "cox", vaadinah krute, tathaa "mahanyayavadi" tathaa shree. "kee" iti prativaadee krute. "feb."10" iti." shree. mukhyanyayadhishaha maarshal ityeshah nyayalayasya abhiprayam adadat.

brooks vii. marbury neethimandra aavanangkal neethimandraththin karutthu america uchcha neethimandram 24 yuu.ess. 78 brooks vii. marbury kolambiya maavattathirkaana suttru neethimantraththirku pizhai. idhu "munnarae", thoguthi endru therivikappatta athae vazhakku. vii. puughal. 566. keezhaeyulla neethimandraththin theerppu pinnar maattrappattathu, maelum oru "veneer dii novo" vazhangkappattathu. puthiya visaaranaiyil, neethimandram naduvar mandraththirku valangkiya arivuruththalkalukku vithivilakkukal edukkappattana; maelum maruaaivukkaaga inththa neethimandraththin muun meendum kondu varapatta kaaranam thiru. "johns" mattrum thiru. "cox", vaathikku, mattrum "atterney general" mattrum thiru. "visai", pirathivaathikku. "pipravari."10"." thiru. thalaimai neethipathi marshell neethimandraththin karutthai valangkinaar.

brooks vii. marbury kortu patraalu kortu abhiprayam united states supreme court 24 yuu.ess. 78brooks vii. marbury columbia jilla circuit kortuku lopam. idhi "puurva", valume nivedinchabadina adhe kesu. vii. pii. 566. diguva kortu teerpu appudu tiragabadindi, mariyu "veneer dii novo" pradaanam cheyabadindi. kotta vichaaranalo, nyayasthaanam jurici icchina suuchanalaku minahaayimpulu teesukobaddaayi; mariyu punarvimarsha kosam eee kortu mundu mallee teesukuvacchina kaaranaanni mister vaadinchaaru. "johns" mariyu mister. "cox", vaadi kosam, mariyu "attarney general" mariyu mister. "kii", prativaadi kosam. "fibravari."10"." mister. pradhana nyaayamuurti marshal kortu abhiprayanni teliyajesaaru.

broks wee. maarbari adalati dastawezaat adaalat kii raaye riyasathaye muthadah kii suprem court 24 yuu.aiss. 78 broks wee. maarbari columbia kay zalaa kay circuit court mein ghalti. yaha wahee muamilah hay jiss kii atlaa "ante"yee hajm mein dee gayee hay. vii. pee. 566. iss kay baad neechey dee gayee adaalat kay faislay kuu alt diyaa gayaa aur "veneer ddee novo" kaa hakam diyaa gayaa. nayey moqhadhime kii samaat mein adaalat kii taraf say jewari kuu dee gayee hidayaat mein mustasniyat kuu liyaa gayaa thaa vovo aur iss wajah kuu dobarah nazar saani kay liye iss adaalat kay saamney laaya gayaa thaa mister kii taraf say dalil dee gayee thee. "jonaz" aur mister. "kaaks"yee madayi kay liyay aur "attarni general" aur mister kay zariye. "kaleed"yee madaa aliyah kay liye. "faroori."10"." mister. cheef justice maarshil nay adaalat kii raaye paish kii.

000888cd6aba41e458fc4914ebb74a82475cddbf8955df68a3ba9a7c3058f8bf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28296362

1988 European Indoors

1988 European Indoors Tennis tournament The 1988 European Indoors was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Saalsporthalle Allmend in Zürich in Switzerland and was part of the Category 3 of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 17 October through 23 October 1988. First-seeded Pam Shriver won the singles title and earned $40,000 first-prize money. Finals. Singles. Pam Shriver defeated Manuela Maleeva 6–3, 6–4 Doubles. Isabelle Demongeot / Nathalie Tauziat defeated Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková 6–3, 6–3 Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1988 europiyo obhyontorin 1988 sonor europiyo inned "ror aasil swizerlandor jurisor salospo" rthel olmendor inned "ror carpet koo" rtot khelaa ek mohila tenis protijugita aaru 1988 sonor dobliu. ti. e. bhromonor bhromonor shrenir ongxo aasil. eitu protijugitakhonor ponchom xongskoron aasil aaru 17 octoboror poraa 23 octobor 1988 loike onusthito hoisil. prothom-basai paam shrivere ekok khitap joy korisil aaru 40,000 dollar prothom puroskaror dhon orjon korisil. suranto. ekok. paam sribhare manuwela malebhak 6-3,6-6-too porasto korisil. dugun. ixabel demongiot/nathali taujiyate claudia kuhode-kills/helena sukubhak 6-3,6-3 too porasto korisil.

1988 europea abhyantarin 1988 saaler europea indor ekti mohilader tennis turnament chhilo jaa suizerlander jurikher sullsporthal olmender indor carpet courte khela hoto ebong 1988 saaler dobliutia soforer soforer bibhager ongsho chhilo. etty turnamenter pancham sanskaran chhilo ebong 17ee octobor theke 23shhey octobor 1988 porjonto onusthito hoyechilo. prothom-bachhai paam shribhar ekok shiropa jitechilo ebong 40,000 markin dollar prothom-puroskarer ortho uparjan korechilo. final. ekok. pyama shribhar manuela malevake 6-3,6-4 gole porajito corren. dwigun. isabel demongiot/nathali tauziat claudia kohde-killsh/helena sukovake 6-3,6-3 gole porajito corren.

1988 european indor 1988nee european indor tennis tournament aee maheelaoni tennis tournament hatee jeey switzerlandna zurichma salsporthale olmand khaate indor carpet court parr ramvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey 1988naa doubluty pravaasnee shrenee 3noow bhaag hatee. teey tournamentnee paanchmee aavrutti hatee aneey 17 octoberthi 23 october 1988 sudhee yojai hatee. pratham kramaankit paam shrivare singlesno khitaab jeetyo hato aneey 40,000 dollarnu pratham inam melavyu hatoo. final. aekal. paam shrivare manuela malevane 6-3,6-4thee haraavi double. isabelle demongiot/natali tauziate claudia kohde-killsh/helenaa sukovane 6-3,6-3 thee haraavyo hato.

1988 europeeya ghar key ander 1988 kaa europeeya indor ack mahila tennis tournament thaa joe switzerland mein zurich mein salsporthale allmend mein indor corpet court parr khela jaataa thaa aur 1988 doubleu. tii. aeye. daure kii shreni 3 kaa hissa thaa. yeh tournament kaa paanchvaan sanskaran thaa aur 17 octuber seey 23 octuber 1988 taka aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. pahali vareeyata praapt paam shriver ney ekal khitaab jeetaa aur 40,000 dollar kaa pahala puraskar arjit kiya. final. ekal. paam shreevar ney manuela maleva koo 6-3,6-4 seey haraaya. double. isabelle demongiot/nathali taujiyat ney claudia kohade-kilsch/helena sukova koo 6-3,6-3 seey haraaya.

1988 european olaangana 1988rahra european olaangana pandyavaliyu switzerlandna jyoorichnalliruva sallsportalle almendna olaangana corpet kortgalalli adalpatta mahila tennis pandyaavaliyaagiddu, 1988rahra doubleu. tii. aa pravaasada 3neey vargada bhagavagittu. idu pandyavaliya aidane aavruttiyaagiddu, october october october october nadeyitu. modala shreyankada pomm shreevar singles prashastiyannu geddaru mattu $40,000 modala bahumaanada hanavannu galisidaru. final. ekaangi. pomm shreevar avaru manuela malewa avarannu 6-3,6-6-4 antaradinda solisidaru. doubles. isabelle demongiot/natali toujiot avaru claudia kohde-kilsh/helena sukova avarannu 6-3,6-3 rinda solisidaru.

1988 europian indor 1988leeii europian indor vanita tennies toornament swittsarlandile soorichile salsporthaale oolmendile indor carpet korttukalil kalikkukayum 1988leeii dablyu. tii. eiii toorinte kattagari 3nte bhagamaavukayum cheythu. 1988 october 17 muthal october 23 vare nadanna toornamentinte anchaam pathippaayirunnu ithu. onnaam seed paam shreevar singles kireedam nedukayum 40,000 dollar onnaam sammanam nedukayum cheythu. final. ottaykku. paam shreevar manuvela maleva 6-3,6-4 nuu paraajayappeduthi. erattiyaakkunnu. isabelle demonchiot/natali tousiyatt cladia kohde-kilsh/helena sukova 6-3,6-3 enna skoril paraajayappeduthi.

1988 european antargrehi 1988chee european indoar hii mahilanchi tennis spardha hotee jee switzerlandmadhil jyoorikhmadhil salsporthel allmend yetheel indoar carpet courtwar khelali jaat asey aanee 1988chya doubleu. tii. aii. dauyachya shreni 3chaa bhag hotee. hii spardhechi pachvi aavrutti hotee aanee 17 aktoobar teey 23 aktoobar 1988 yaa kalavadhit aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. pratham manankit pamm shreeverne ekeriche vijetepad jinkale aanee 40,000 dollarsche pratham paritoshik kamavale. antim pherii. ekeri. paam shreeverne manula malevhacha 6-3,6-4 assa parabhav keela. duheri. isabelle demongiot/nathali tauziyatne claudia kohade-killsh/helena sukovala 6-3,6-3 asey parabhoot kele

1988 europeli indor sann 1988 ko europeli indor mahila tennis pratiyogita thiyo june swizerlandko jurichko salsporthel almendma indor carpet courtma khelieko thiyo rar sann 1988 ko wta turko koti 3 ko hissa thiyo. yo pratiyogitako panchaun sanskaran thiyo rar 17 octoberdekhi 23 october 1988 samma ayojit bhaeko thiyo. pratham wariyata prapta pamm shribharle ekal upadhi jityo rar $40,000 pahilo puraskarko paisa kamaeko thiyo. final. ekal. pamm shribharle manuela malebhalai 6-3,6-4 ley parajit gare. dobbar. isabelle demongiot/natali taujiyatle claudia kohade-kilsh/helena sukobhalai 6-3,6-3 ley parajit gare.

1988 europeah indor 1988 europeah indor eka mahila tennis turnament thila jaahaa swijaralyandara jurich rahr salsporathale almendre indor carpet kortare khelajaithila ebong 1988 dablyutie tourer berg 3 rahr ansha thila . ehaa turnamenter pancham sanskarana thila ebong 17 octoberaru 23 october 1988 parjyanta anusthita hoithila. pratham manyataprapta paam sribhar ekaka title jitithile ebong $40,000 pratham puraskara artha arjan karithile. final. ekaka. paam sribhar manuela malebhaku 6-3,6-4 ray parasta karithile. dwigunita. isabelle demongiot/nathali tousiat klaudia kohade-kilsh/helena sukovanku 6-3,6-3 ray parasta karithile.

1988 yurapi andruni 1988 daa european indor ikk mahila tennis tournament see joe switzerland dey zurich witch salsporthale almand vikhe indor corpet court utte khediaa jaanda see atey 1988 w. tii. aii. tour dee shreni 3 daa hissa see. ih tournament daa panjwan edition see atey 17 aktubar toon 23 aktubar 1988 takk aayojit keeta giaa see. pahila darja prapat paim shrivar neey singles khitaab jittiaa atey 40,000 dallar daa pahila inam jittiaa. final. singles. paam shrivar neey manuela maleva noon 6-3,6-6 naal haraiaa. duggna. isabel demongiot/naithali toziate neey claudia kohde-killsh/helena sukova noon 6-3,6-3 naal haraiaa.

1988 europiya-antarikam 1988 tame varshe europe-deshasya antahsth-creedaa sweetzerlyaand-deshasya jurich-nagarasya salsporthel almend-nagare antahsth-carpet-kridaasthale kridita mahilaa-tennis-pratiyogitaa aasit, 1988 tame varshe doubleu. tea. e.-pravaasasya 3 shreneem bhaagam cha aasit. eshah pratiyogitaayaah panchamah samskaranah aasit, 1988 october 17 taha october 23 paryantam aayojitah aasit. prathama-shrenyaah paam shreevar-varyaha ekakeeyaroopen upaadhim praapnot, $40,000 prathama-puraskaaradhanam arjitavaan. antimam. ekaakinee. paam shreevar ityayam manuelaa maleva ityetam 6-3,6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 - dwigunitam bhavati. isaabele demongiot/natali tauziat ityeshaa claudia kohde-kilsh/helenaa sukovaa ityetaam 6-3,6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6

1988 iroappiya udpura 1988 iroappiya udpura dennis poatti enbathu switcherlaandhil ulla jurichil ulla sallspordalle almentil ulla udpura taraivirippu neethimandranggalil vilaiyaadappatta oru penkal dennis poattiyaagum, maelum idhu 1988 doublue. dii. aee suttruppayanaththin 3 vadhu pirivin oru paguthiyaagum. idhu poattiyin ainthaavathu pathippaakum, idhu october 17 muthal october 23,1988 varai nadaipettrathu. muthal seed paam sreever ottraiyar pattatthai ventru 40,000 dollar muthal parisuth thogaiyaip pettraar. iruthip poatti. ottrai. paam sreever manuvela malevavai 6-3,6-6 endra cole kanakkil thoarkadiththaar. irattippaakum. isabelle demonjiyat/natali tassiot claudia kohde-kilsh/helena sukova 6-3,6-3 endra cole kanakkil thoarkadiththaar.

1988 european indor 1988 european indor anedi mahilala tennis tornament, idhi switzerlandloni jyoorichloni salsportalle almendloni indor corpet kortulalo aadabadindi mariyu idhi 1988 doubluta paryatanalo 3va vibhaagamlo bhaagamgaa undhi. idhi tornament yokka aidava edition mariyu idhi 1988 october 17 nundi 23 october varaku jarigindi. modati seed paam shreevar singles titlenu geluchukundi mariyu $40,000 modati bahumati dabbunu sampaadinchindi. finals. singles. paam shreevar manuela malevanu 6-3,6-4thoo oodinchaadu. rettimpu. isabelle demongiote/naataalii toujiat claudia kohde-kilsh/helena sukovanu 6-3,6-3thoo odinchindi.

1988 europi androni 1988 kaa europi indor khwatin kaa tense tornament thaa juu sweatzerland kay zewarkh mein saals porthail aal mend mein indor corpet court parr kheela jaataa thaa aur 1988 kay dabliyo tye aey torr kay zamrah 3 kaa hasah thaa. yaha tornament kaa panchwan edition thaa aur 17 aktobar say 23 aktobar 1988 takk munaqid hawaa. pehli seed waalay paam sharivar nay singles kaa khataab jeeta aur 40,000 ddaalar kaa pehla anaam kamaya. final. singles. paam sharivar nay manuila maliwa kuu 6-3yee 6-4 say shakast dee dogna. asabil demonjiot/nathali toziat nay claudia koheede-clush/helina scova kuu 6-3yee 6-3 say shakast dee

00088982bcba4b288a936c8980b6abd2c5dd81b14d7202e7a97843652ca02087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23289716

Amb, India

Amb, India Amb is a town situated in the district of Una in Himachal Pradesh state of India. It is situated in the Shivalik region of Indian subcontinent. It is a sub-division and tehsil of Una district. The town was named Amb after the name of the goddess Amba, deity situated in nearby Chintpurni. Geography and Demographics. Amb is located in the Soan valley surrounded by mountains of the Shivalik ranges. It has a population of around 15,000 people. Some localities of Amb are Heera Nagar, Pratap Nagar, Adarsh Nagar, Sham Nagar. Language. The local language is Himachali [Pahari]. Hindi and English languages are used for official purpose. Education. Amb has various educational institutions including a government senior secondary school, Indian Public School, Shivalik Hill Pub Sr. Sec. School, Sudha Model School, Swami Vivekananda school, Sh. Guru Nanak Dev Sr. Sec. School and Maharana Pratap College being one of them. Maharana Pratap Govt. College, Amb came into being on 18 June 1997 when the Himachal Pradesh Government took over the erstwhile National College, Amb, established in 1970. The College is situated in the center of the Amb town on the National Highway(NH 70), 32 km from Una, the District headquarters, on the way to the famous shrine of the goddess Chintpurni. History. Amb has some ancient historical ruins of royal palaces and gardens. In the year 1877, at the request of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, the British government restored to Raja Ran Singh the Jagir in Jaswan, originally held by Raja Ummed Singh consisting of 21 villages in Jaswan Dun valley and the family garden at Amb, as well as palace buildings of Raja Ummed Singh at Rajpura. Raja Ran Singh died in 1892 and was succeeded by his son Raja Raghunath Singh who died in 1918. Thereafter, Raja Laxman Singh succeeded him and was in turn succeeded by his son Raja Chain Singh. After his death in 2009, Raja Nagendra singh succeeded him and get family palace in Amb estate of H.P and brothers of Raja laxman Singh namely Rajkumar Hardev Singh and Rajkumar Shiv Dev Singh look after their Ramkot estate in District Kathua of Jammu province and immovable land properties in village Samnavanj and its adjoining villages at tehsil Ramnagar of District Udhampur of Jammu province which was gifted by Maharaja of Jammu and kashmir Raja Ranbir Singh. The immovable land properties, buildings and palaces left behind after the death of Raja Raghunath Singh which are situated in Amb estate in H.P and in Ramkot estate in J&K respectively is still matter of dispute between the descendants of Raja Raghunath Singh. Now the next generation of both the families of Rajkumar Shiv Dev and Rajkumar Hardev now fight for their rightful claim in property of Ramkot estate of District kathua of Jammu province. Communication and transport. ●By Road: Amb has a small bus stand. Buses are available for all major towns of Himachal and North India including Delhi, Chandigarh, Shimla, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Amritsar and Dharmshala. ●By Railway: The Amb railway station (Station Code-AADR) is situated 1.8 km from the bus stand. The station consists of 2 platforms. The station lies on the under-construction track from Una to Talwara. Track construction has been completed up to Daultpur Chowk, a town in district Una. The following trains are best suited: ■Himachal Express (14553): Daily, Delhi to Amb Andaura, Himachal Pradesh. Leaves Old Delhi railway station at 11.30 pm and reaches Amb Andaura station at 8 am. ■Jan Shatabadi (12057): Daily, Delhi to Una Himachal. Leaves New Delhi railway station at 3 pm and reaches Una at 10 pm. ■DMU Shuttle Train Service (74992): Daily, Ambala to Amb Andaura via Nangal Dam and Una. ●By Air: The nearest domestic airport to the Amb is the Gaggal airport, situated at a distance of 82 km followed by Ludhiana airport, located at a distance of 122 km. The Chandigarh airport which is 156 km away from the Amb is the nearest international airport. Industries. Amb Town is also an industrial zone of Himachal Pradesh. Many units including Sonalika (car manufacturer), Kamdhenu (kamakshi) Saria Factory and Him cylinders are located in this town. Jindal group also established here its new textile plants i.e. Jindal Medicot, JSTL and HTPL. Another textile fabric unit named Paragon knits limited started in 2014, manufacturing fabric for brands like Reebok Adidas, etc. Paragon have zero discharge ETP plant. Nearby places. 1. Bompay picnic spot is situated 7 km from the Amb. Other picnic spots like Ambay picnic spot is situated in between 2–3 km from Amb. Himalayan Dhaba and Sweets is situated on Una road Amb and famous for its food and sweets. 2. Some other places of interest Chintpurni Temple, Kamakhaya Devi Temple, Pollia Purohitan Una district, Thaneek Pura, Nehrian , Daulatpur, Dera Baba Badbhag Singh Ji Mairi, Lohara, Gagret, Hoshiarpur, Pragpur, Jawalamukhi, Pong Dam, Chalet. 3. There is also a Haveli situated in outskirts of Amb (about 9 km from Amb). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ombo, bharot ombo hoise bharotor himasol prodex rajyor unaa jilat owosthito ekhon sohor. ee bharotiyo upomohadexor xiwalik oncholot owosthito. ee unaa jilaar etaa mohkuma aaru tohsil. usoror sintopurnit owosthito debi ombar naamor poraa sohorkhonor naam ombo rokha hoisil. bhugul aaru jonogathoni. ombo xiwalik porbotmalar porbotmalare aaguri thoka sun upotyokat owosthito. iyar jonoxongkhya pray 15,000 luk. ombor kisuman onchol hoh "lo hiraa nogor, protap nogor, aadorxo nogor, xaam nogor. bhaxa. sthaniyo bhaxa hoise himasoli [pahari]. hindi aaru ingraji bhaxa sorkari uddesyor baabe byobohar koraa hoy. xikhya. ombot ekhon sorkari uschotor madhyomik bidyaloy, bharotiyo rajohuwa bidyaloy, xiwalik hill paab ess. aar. key dhori bibhinno xikhyanusthan aase. che. bidyaloy, xudha model bidyaloy, swami bibekananda bidyaloy, sh. guru nanok deb shro. che. bidyaloy aaru mohorana protap mohabidyaloy iyar bhitorot onyotomo. moharana protap sorkar. 1997 sonor 18 junot himasol prodex sorkare 1970 sonot protistha koraa purbor rastriyo mohabidyaloy ombok dokhol korar loge loge mohabidyaloykhon ostitwoloi aahisil. mohabidyaloykhon rastriyo ghaipothor (70 nong) aamb sohoror majbhagot owosthito, jilaa xodor unaar poraa 32 kilometer durotwot, debi sintopurnir bikhyat mondiroloi juwar pothot. itihax. aambot rajpraxad aaru bagisar kisuman prasin oitihaxik dhongxawoxex aase. 1877 sonot jommu aaru kashmiror mohoraja ronbir xingor onurudhot britis sorkare rajaloi punor protistha kori josowanor jagirkhon rajamor haatot disil, jitu mulotoh raaja ummed xingor haatot aasil josowan dun upotyokar 21 khon gaau aaru aambor poriyalor bagisaxoho rajpurat raaj ummed xingor praxad bhowon. 1892 sonot raaja raan xingor mrityu hoy aaru teur putro raaja raghunath xingor uttoradhikari hoy ji 1918 sonot mrityu hoy. taar pisot raaja lokhmon xing teur uttoradhikari hoy aaru teur putro raaja chenn xinge uttoradhikari hoy. 2009 sonot teur mrityur pisot raaja nagendra xinge teur uttoradhikari hoisil aaru eis. e. ror aamb istetot poriyalor praxad laabh korisil.pi aaru raaja lokhmon xingor bhatrixokol rajkumar hordev xing aaru rajkumar xibo deb xinge jommu prodexor kathuwa jilat thoka teulukor ramkut xompoti aaru jommu prodexor udhompur jilaar tohsil ramnogorot thoka xomnawonj gaau aaru iyar kaxor gaonxomuhot thoka osthabor bhumir xompotir suwasita kore jitu jommu aaru kashmiror moharojai upohar disil. raaja raghunath xingor mrityur pisot eri juwa sthabor bhumi xompoti, ottalika aaru praxadxomuh eis. ror aamb estetot owosthito.jommu-kashmiror pi aaru ramkut istetot raaja raghunath xingor bongxodhorxokolor maajot etiyau bibador bixoy hoi aase. etiya rajkumar xibo deb aaru rajkumar hordewor duyuta poriyalor poroborti projonmoi etiya jommu prodexor kathuwa jilaar ramkut istetor xompotir uporot teulukor odhikari dabir baabe juj diye. jugajug aaru poribohon. ● pothor dwara ombot etaa xoru baach stend aase. dilli, sondigorh, simola, husiyarpur, jalondhor, omoritsar aaru dhormoxalake dhori himasol aaru uttor bharotor xokolu prodhan sohoror baabe baach upolobdho. rey "lopothor dwarah embo rail steson (steson code-aadro) baach stendor poraa 1.8 kilometer durot owosthito. stationtut 2taa platform aase. ei stationtu unaar poraa talwaraloi nirmanor pothot owosthito. unaa jilaar ekhon sohor doulotpur soukoloike poth nirman xompurno hoise. nimnolikhito rey "lobur ataitkoi upojuktoh himasol express (14553): doinik, dillir poraa aamb andaura, himasol prodex. puroni dilli rey "lowe stationor poraa xondhiya 11.30 bojat ulai aaru puwa 8 bojat aamb andaura stationot uposthito hoy. john xotabadi (12057): doinik, dillir poraa unaa himasololoi. notun dilli rey "lowe stationor poraa xondhiya 3 bojat ulai aahe aaru xondhiya 10 bojat unaat uposthito hoy. dimuk swatol rey "lo xewa (74992): doinik, aambalaloi aamb andauraloi nangol bandho aaru unaa hoi. bayur dwarah aambor nikototom ghoruwa bimanbondortu hoise 82 kilometer durotwot owosthito gaggol bimanbondor, taar pisot 122 kilometer durotwot owosthito ludhiyana bimanbondor. ombor poraa 156 kilometer durot thoka sondigorh bimanbondortu nikototom antohrastriyo bimanbondor. udyugxomuh. ombo sohortu himasol prodexor ek oudyugik onchol. ei sohorkhonot xunalika (tractor nirmata), kamdhenu (kamakhyi) sariya karkhana aaru hiss cylinderoke dhori bohutu unit owosthito. jindol gute iyat iyar notun bostro prokolpou sthapon korisil.ee. jindol medicot, jstl aaru aectpl. peragon nits limited naamor aan etaa bostro kapuror gutt 2014 sonot aarombho hoisil, ji ribok edidas aadir dore brendor baabe kapur nirman korisil. peragonot xunyo niskaxon ee. ti. pi. udbhid thaake. usoror thaibur. 1. bombope bonbhujor sthan ombor poraa 7 kilometer durotwot owosthito. aambe bonbhujor sthanor dore aan bonbhujor sthanxomuh aamber poraa 2-3 kilometeror bhitorot owosthito. himaloyor dhaaba aaru mithai unaa road ombot owosthito aaru iyar khadyo aaru mithair baabe bikhyat. 2. aan kisuman aakorxoniyo sthan sintopurni mondir, kamakhaya debi mondir, polia puruhitan unaa jilaa, thanek puraa, nehrian, doulotpur, deraa baaba bodbhag xing jee mairi, luhara, gagoret, huxiyarpur, pragpur, jawalmukhi, pong bandho, solet. 3. aambor upokonthot (aambor poraa pray 9 kilometer durot) etaa habheliu aase.

amb, bharat ambo bharoter himachal pradesh rajyer unaa jelaay abosthito ekti shohor. etty bharatiya upomohadesher shivalik anchale abosthito. etty unaa jelara ekti mahkuma oo tehsil. kachakachi chintopurni-teey abosthito debi amba-rawr naame shahartir namkaran koraa hoy. bhugol oo jonosongkha. ambo shivalik porbotmalar pahad dwara beshtito soone upottokai abosthito. err jonosongkha pray 15,000. amber kichhu elaka holl heera nogor, protap nogor, adarsha nogor, shaam nogor. bhasha. sthaniya bhasha himachali [pahadi]. sarkari uddeshye hindi oo ingrezi bhasha byabohar koraa hoy. shikkha. ambete ekti sarkari uchcho madhyomik vidyalaya, bharatiya public school, shivalik hill pub esr soho bivinno shikkha protisthan royeche. seeka. school, sudha model school, swami vivekananda school, esha. guru nanok debo shree. seeka. vidyalaya ebong maharana protap college taader modhye onnotomo. maharana protap sarkar. college, ambo 1997 saaler 18ee june protisthito hoy jokhon himachal pradesh sarkar 1970 saale protisthito praktan jatiya college, amber dayitto neyo. collegeti jatiya mahasadaker (70 nong) amb shohorer kendre abosthito, unaa theke 32 kilometres doore, zela sodor, debi chintopurni-rawr bikhyato mondirer pothe. itihas. amb-ayee rajprasad oo uddaner kichhu prachin oitihasik dhongshaboshesh royeche. 1877 saale jommu oo kashmirer maharaja ranveer sing-err anurodhe british sarkar rajake firiye deyo ebong joswaner jaigir porichalona korey, jaa mulat jaswan dune upottokar 21tii grama ebong amber paribarik uddan ebong rajpura raja ummed sing-err prasad bhobon niye gothito. raja ronn sing 1892 saale maaraa zaan ebong taanr putro raja raghunath sing taanr stholabhishikto hohn jini 1918 saale maaraa zaan. erpor, raja lakshman sing taanr stholabhishikto hohn ebong taanr putro raja chein sing taanr stholabhishikto hohn. 2009 saale taanr mrityur porr, raja nagendra sing taanr stholabhishikto hohn ebong eich-err amb estate paribarik prasad paan.pii ebong raaj lakshman sing-err bhai rajkumar hardev sing ebong rajkumar shib debo sing jommu prodesher kathua jelaay taader ramkot esteta ebong jommu prodesher udhampur jelara ramnagar tohosiler somnobonjo grama oo taar sanglagna gramgulite sthabor jomir dekhashona corren jaa jommu oo kashmirer maharaja raja ranveer sing upohar diyechilen. raja raghunath sing-err mrityur porr aboshishto sthabor jommy, bhobon ebong prasadguli eich-err amb estate abosthito.pii ebong jommu oo kashmirer ramkot esteta ekhono raja raghunath singyer bongshodhorder modhye bitorker vishay. ekhon rajkumar shib debo ebong rajkumar hardever ubhoy poribarer poroborti projonmo jommu prodesher kathua jelara ramkot estater sampattir upor taader nyajya dabir jonno ladai korey. jogajog oo poribohon. sadakpathe amber ekti chhoto baas stanned royeche. dilli, chandigarh, simla, hoshiarpur, jalandhar, amritsar ebong dharamshala soho himachal oo uttor bharoter samasta prodhan shahargulite baas pawa yaay. railpothe amb railway steshana (steshana code-adro) baas stanned theke 1.8 kilometres doore abosthito. stationti 2tii platform niye gothito. stationti unaa theke talwada porjonto nirmanadhin tracke abosthito. unaa jelara ekti shohor daultapur chouk porjonto railpoth nirmaner kaaj shesh hoyeche. nimnolikhito trainguli sabcheye upojuktoh himachal eksapresa (14553): daeenik, dilli theke amb andaura, himachal pradesh. purno dilli rail steshana theke raat raat chhede sokal sokal amb andaura statione pouchai. john shatabadi (12057): daeenik, dilli theke unaa himachal. bickel bickel notun dilli rail steshana chhede raat raat unaa pouchai. dimu shuttle train porisheba (74992): daeenik, ambala theke amb andaura hoye nangal baandh ebong unaa. bayu dwarah amber nikatatama abhyantarin bimanbandar holl gagol bimanbandar, jaa 82 kilometres doore abosthito ebong tarpore 122 kilometres doore abosthito ludhiana bimanbandar. chandigarh bimanbandar jaa amb theke 156 kilometres doore abosthito, nikatatama antorjatik bimanbandar. shilp. amb shohor himachal prodesher ekti shilp anchalo. sonalika (tractor prostutkarok), kamdhenu (kamakkhi) saria karkhana ebong taanr cylinder soho onek unit eyi shohore abosthito. jindal group ekhane taader notun textile planto protistha korey.ee. jindal medicot, jeey. esha. tii. ell ebong eich. tii. pii. ell. paragon nitts limited naame arekti textile fabric unit 2014 saale shuru hoy, jaa rebock adidus ityadir moto brander jonno fabric toiri korey. paragone shunno srab ee. tii. pii udbhid royeche. kachakachi jaiga. 1. bombope picnic spott amb theke 7 kilometres doore abosthito. ambay picnic spoter moto anyanno picnic spotguli ambay theke 2-3 kilometre modhye abosthito. himalayer ddhaba ebong mishti unaa road amb-ayee abosthito ebong khaddo oo mishtir jonno bikhyato. 2. arow kichhu akarshaniya sthan holl chintopurni mondir, kamakshaya debi mondir, polia purohito unaa zela, thanik pura, nehrian, daulatpur, derra baba badbhag sing zii mairi, lohada, gagret, hoshiarpur, pragpur, javalamukhi, pong baandh, chollet. 3. amber upokonthe (amb theke pray 9 kilometres doore) ekti havelio royeche.

emb, bhaarat amb aee bhaaratnaa himachal pradesh rajyanaa unaa jeellama aavelu aek nagar chhe. teey bhaartiy upkhandnaa shivalik pradeshmaa aavelu chhe. teey unaa jeellano petaa vibhag aneey taluka chhe. aaa shahernu naam najikni chintpurnima aaveli devee ambaanaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. bhugol aneey vastee vishhayak. amb shivalik parvatmaalaaothi gheraayeli soona kheenma stheet chhe. tenee vastee lagbhag 15,000 lokonee chhe. ambanaa ketlaak vistaroma hiiraa nagar, prataap nagar, aadarsh nagar, shaam nagar chhe. bhaasha. sthaaneek bhaasha himachali [pahaadi] chhe. hindi aneey angreji bhashaono upyog sattavaar hetu maate thaay chhe. shikshan. ambemaa sarkari varishth maadhyameek shaala, bhaartiy jaaher shaala, shivalik hill pub aesa. aar. saheet viveedh shaikshanik sansthao chhe. seeka. shaala, sudhaa model shaala, swami vivekanand shaala, shree. guru naanak deva shree. seeka. shaala aneey maharana prataap college temathi aek chhe. maharana prataap sarkaar. college, amb 18 juuna juuna roj astitvamaa aavee hatee jyaare himachal pradesh sarkaare sarkaare sthapaayeli agaauni raashtriy college, ambane potaana haathmaa leedhi hatee. aaa college unaathi 32 kimee door, jilla mukhyaalay, devee chintkarnina prakhyaat mandeer tarafnaa maarg parr raashtriy dhorimaarg (aena. aech. 70) parr amb shahernee madhyamaa stheet chhe. itihas. embmaan shaahee mahelo aneey bagichaaonaa ketlaak praachin aitihasik khandero chhe. varsh varsh jammu aneey kashmirna maharaja ranbir sinhnee vinanti parr british sarkaare raajaane punsthapit kareene jasvanma jagir chalaavi hatee, jeey mool raajaa ummed sinh paase hatee, jemaa jaswan duun kheennaa 21 gaamo aneey amb khaate paarivaarik bageecho temaj rajpura khaate raajaa ummed sinhnee mahel imaarato hatee. raajaa runn sinhanu sinhanu avsaan thayu aneey temnaa putra raajaa raghunath sinhanu sinhanu avsaan thayu. tyarbad, raajaa lakshman sinh temnaa anugaamee banyaa aneey badalaama temnaa putra raajaa cheena sinhanu sthaan leedhu. leedhu temnaa mrutyu pachhi, raajaa nagendra sinh temnaa anugaamee banyaa aneey temne aech. nee amb estatemaa paarivaarik mahel malyo.pii aneey raaj lakshman sinhanaa bhaaio rajkumar hardev sinh aneey rajkumar shhiva deva sinh jammu praantnaa kathua jeellama temnee ramkot estate aneey jammu praantnaa udhampur jeellana ramnagar talukama gaam samvanaj aneey tenee aaspasna gaamoma sthaavar jameenni milakatonu dhyaan raakhe chhe, jeey jammu aneey kashmirna maharaja raajaa ranbir sinh dwara bhetmaa aapvama aavee hatee. raajaa raghunath sinhanaa mrutyu pachhi baakee rahelee sthaavar jameenni meelakato, imaarato aneey mahelo jeey aech. maan emb estatemaa stheet chhe.pii aneey jammu aneey kashmirma ramkot estatemaa raajaa raghunath sinhanaa vanshajo vachche haju pann vivaadno vishhay chhe. havey rajkumar shivdev aneey rajkumar hardevnaa banne parivaaroni aagaami pedhhi havey jammu praantnaa kathua jeellana ramkot estateni meelkat parr temnaa haknaa daava maate ladey chhe. sanchaar aneey parivahan. maarg dwaaraah ambe aek naanu bus stenned chhe. dilhi, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amrutsar aneey dharamshala saheet himachal aneey uttar bhaaratnaa tamaam mukhya shahero maate baso uplabdh chhe. railway dwaaraah emb railway station (station qoda-aadar) bus standthee 1.8 kimee door aavelu chhe. aaa station 2 platform dharaave chhe. aaa station unaathi talwada sudhinaa nirmanadhin maarg parr aavelu chhe. unaa jeellana aek shaher, daultpur choqa sudhee treknu bandhkam purn thayu chhe. neecheni traino shreshth reete anookool chheh himachal express (14553): dainik, dilhithi ambadaura, himachal pradesh. dilhinu junun railway station raatre 11.30 vaagye chhodi deey chhe aneey savaare 8 vaagye amb andaura station pahonche chhe. zana shatabadi (12057): dainik, dilhithi unaa himachal sudhee. bapore 3 vaagye navoo dilhi railway station chhode chhe aneey raatre 10 vaagye unaa pahonche chhe. Âdmu shuttle train sevaa (74992): dainik, ambalathi ambada vaayaa nangal dame aneey unaa. havaa dwaaraah embanu sauthee najiknu sthaaneek havaai mathak gaggal havaai mathak chhe, jeey 82 keemeena antare aavelu chhe aneey tyarbad 122 keemeena antare aavelu ludhiana havaai mathak chhe. chandigarh havaai mathak jeey ambthi 156 kimee door chhe teey sauthee najiknu aantarrashtriy havaai mathak chhe. udhyogo. amb shaher himachal pradeshnu audhyogik kshetra pann chhe. aaa shaherma sonalika (tractor utpaadak), kaamadhenu (kamakshi) sareeya factory aneey tenaa cylinder saheet ghanaa aekamo aavela chhe. jindal juthe aheen tenaa navaa kaapad plantney sthaapnaa pann curry hatee.ee. jindal medico, jeey. aesa. tii. aela. aneey aech. tii. pii. aela. paragon nits limited naamno anya kaapad aekam aekam sharoo thayo hato, jeey rebock edidas vagere jevee brands maate kaapadnu utpaadan karey chhe. paragonma shunya sraav etp plant hoya chhe. najiknaa sthalo. 1. bombpay picnic sthal ambthi 7 kimee door aavelu chhe. ambe picnic sthal jevaa anya picnic sthalo ambethi 2-3 keemeeni vachche stheet chhe. himalayno dhhaaba aneey mithaaio unaa rooad parr aaveli chhe aneey tenaa khoraak aneey mithaaio maate prakhyaat chhe. 2. chintakpurni mandeer, kamakhya devee mandeer, poliya purohit unaa jeello, thanik puraa, naherian, daulatpur, deraa baaba badbhag sinh jee mairi, lohar, gagareta, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalmukhi, pong dame, shallet jevaa anya rasprad sthalo chhe. 3. embani bahaar (ambthi lagbhag 9 kimee) aek haveli pann aaveli chhe.

amb, bhaarat amb bhaarat key himachal pradesh raajya key oonaa zile mein sthit ack shahar haye. yeh bhaaratiya upmahadweep key shivaalik kshetra mein sthit haye. yeh oonaa jile kaa ack upa-mandal aur tehseel haye. shahar kaa naam paas kii chintakpurni mein sthit devi amba key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. bhugol aur jansankhyiki. amb shivaalik parvatmalaon seey ghiri soone ghaati mein sthit haye. isaki aabaadi lagbhag 15,000 haye. amb key kuchh ilaake heera nagar, prataap nagar, aadarsh nagar, shaam nagar hain. bhasha. sthaaniya bhasha himachali [pahaadi] haye. aadhikarik uddeshya key liye hindi aur angreji bhaashaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. shiksha. amb mein ack sarkari varishth maadhyamik vidyalaya, bhaaratiya saarvajanik vidyalaya, shivaalik hill pub aiss. aar. sahit vibhinn shaikshanik sansthaan hain. seik. school, sudhaa model school, swami vivekananda school, shree. guru naanak deva shree. seik. school aur maharana prataap college unamen seey ack haye. maharana prataap sarkaar. college, amb 18 juuna 1997 koo astitva mein aaya jaba himachal pradesh sarkaar ney 1970 mein sthaapit poorvavarti rashtriya college, amb koo apane kabje mein leey liya. yeh college oonaa, jilaa mukhyalaya seey 32 kimmy door, devi chintakpurni key prasiddh mandir key raaste mein rashtriya rajmarg (aine. aich. 70) parr amb shahar key kendra mein sthit haye. itihas. amb mein shaahi mahalon aur udyaanon key kuchh pracheen aitihaasik khandahar hain. varsh 1877 mein, jammu aur kashmir key maharaja ranbir sinh key anurodh parr, british sarkaar ney raajaa koo bahaal curr diyaa, jaswan mein sinh jagir chalaa rahee thee, joe mool roop seey raajaa ummed sinh key paas thee, jisamen jaswan doon ghaati key 21 gaanv aur amb mein parivarik udyaan key saath-saath rajpura mein raajaa ummed sinh kii mahal kii imaaraten bhee theen. raajaa runn sinh kii 1892 mein mrityu hoe gaee aur unake putra raajaa raghunath sinh ney unakaa sthaan liya, jinaki 1918 mein mrityu hoe gaee. isake baad, raajaa lakshman sinh ney unakaa sthaan liya aur badale mein unake putra raajaa chain sinh ney unakaa sthaan liya. 2009 mein unaki mrityu key baad, raajaa nagendra sinh ney unakaa sthaan liya aur aich. kii amb estate mein parivarik mahal praapt kiya.pee aur raajaa lakshman sinh key bhaai rajkumar hardev sinh aur rajkumar shiv deva sinh jammu praant key kathua jile mein apani ramkot sampatti aur jammu praant key udhampur jile kii ramnagar tehseel mein gaanv samvanaj aur usake aspas key gaanvon mein achal bhoomi sampattiyon kii dekhbhal karate hain, jise jammu aur kashmir key maharaja raajaa ranbir sinh ney upahaar mein diyaa thaa. raajaa raghunath sinh kii mrityu key baad chhodi gaee achal bhoomi sampattiyan, imaaraten aur mahal joe aich mein amb estate mein sthit hain.pee aur jammu-kashmir mein ramkot estate mein raajaa raghunath sinh key vanshajon key beach abhee bhee vivaad kaa vishay haye. abb rajkumar shiv deva aur rajkumar hardev key donon parivaaron kii agali peedhi abb jammu praant key kathua jile kii ramkot sampatti parr apane sahee daave key liye ladatee haye. sanchaar aur parivahan. sadak maarg seh amb mein ack chhota buss stand haye. dilli, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amritsar aur dharamshala sahit himachal aur uttar bhaarat key sabhi pramukh shaharon key liye basein upalabdh hain. ● railway dwaaraah amb railway station (station code-auder) buss stand seey 1.8 kimmy door sthit haye. station mein 2 platform hain. yeh station oonaa seey talwada taka nirmanadhin patari parr sthit haye. oonaa jile key ack shahar, daultapur chauk taka patariyon kaa nirmaan puuraa hoe gayaa haye. nimnalikhit trains sabse upayukt hainh himachal express (14553): dainik, dilli seey amb andaura, himachal pradesh. purani dilli railway station seey dopahar 1 baje nikalati haye aur subah 8 baje amb andaura station pahunchati haye. zana shatabadi (12057): dainik, dilli seey oonaa himachal taka. dopahar 3 baje nayaa dilli railway station chhodate hue raat 10 baje oonaa pahunchate hain. Âdmu shuttle train seva (74992): dainik, ambala seey ambaaura key madhyam seey nangal baandh aur oonaa. havaa seh amb kaa nikatatam gharelu havaai adda gaggal havaai adda haye, joe 82 kii. mee. kii doori parr sthit haye, isake baad 122 kii. mee. kii doori parr sthit ludhiana havaai adda haye. chandigarh havaai adda joe amb seey 156 kimmy door haye, nikatatam antarrashtriya havaai adda haye. udyog. amb shahar himachal pradesh kaa ack audyogik kshetra bhee haye. iss shahar mein sonalika (tractor nirmaata), kamdhenu (kamakshi) sariya karkhana aur unake cylinder sahit kaee ikaaiyaan sthit hain. jindal samooh ney bhee yahaan apane nae kapada sanyantra sthaapit kiye.ee. jindal medicott, jey. aiss. tii. ell. aur aich. tii. pee. ell.. paragon nits limitted naamak ack anya kapada ikai 2014 mein shuru hui, joe rebock edidas aadi jaise brandon key liye kapade kaa nirmaan karati haye. paragon mein shoonya nirvahan ee. tii. pee. sanyantra hotaa haye. aas-paas key sthaan. 1. bumbpay picnic sthal amb seey 7 kimmy door sthit haye. anya picnic sthal jaise ambe picnic sthal ambe seey 2-3 kimmy key beach sthit hain. himalayi dhaba aur mithaaiyaan oonaa road amb parr sthit hain aur apane bhojan aur mithaaiyon key liye prasiddh hain. 2. kuchh anya dilchasp sthaan chintakpurni mandir, kamakhya devi mandir, poliya purohit oonaa jilaa, thanik puraa, nehrian, daulatpur, derra baaba badbhag sinh jee mairi, lohada, gagaret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalmukhi, pong baandh, shallet. 3. amb key baahari ilaake mein (amb seey lagbhag 9 kii. mee.) ack haveli bhee haye.

amb, bhaarata amb bhaaratada himachala pradesha rajyada unaa jilleyalliruva ondu pattanavagide. idu bhaaratiya upakhandada shivalik pradeshadallide. idu unaa jilleya upavibhaaga mattu tehsil aagide. ee pattanakke sameepada chintapurni devateyaada amba deviya hesarina mele amb endu hesarisalaayitu. bhougolika mattu janasankhyaashaastra. amb shivalik parvata shrenigalinda aavrutavaada soane kaniveyallide. idu sumaru 15,000 janasankhyeyannu hondide. ambna kelavu pradeshagalendare heera nagara, prataapa nagara, adarsha nagara, shaam nagara. bhashe. sthaliya bhashe himachali [pahari]. adhikruta uddeshakkagi hindi mattu inglish bhaashegalannu balasalaaguttade. sikshana. amb sarkari hiriya madhyamika shaale, bhaaratiya saarvajanika shaale, shivalik hill pub esr seridante vividha sikshana samsthegalannu hondide. seey. shaale, sudha maadari shaale, swami vivekananda shaale, ess. guru nanak dev shree. seey. shaale mattu maharana pratap kaaleju avugalalli ondaagide. maharana pratap sarkara. kaaleju, amb 18 zoon 1997 randu astitvakke banditu, 1970 ralli sthaapaneyaada hindina rashtriya kaaleju, amb annu himachala pradesha sarkaaravu swadhinapadisikondaga. kaaleju rashtriya heddaariyalli (enh 70) amb pattanada madhyadallide, unaadinda 32 kii. mea. dooradallide, jilla kendra, devateya prasiddha devaalayavaada chintapoornige hoguva daariyalli. itihaasa. ambnalli rajamanetanada aramanegalu mattu udyaanagala kelavu praachina aitihaasika avasheshagalive. 1877ralli jammu mattu kaashmeerada maharaja ranbir sing avara korikeya merege british sarkaaravu rajanige punahsthapisi, moolatah raaja ummad sing avara vashadallidda jaswan dune kaniveya 21 gramagalu mattu ambnalliruva kutumba udyana, jotege rajpuradalliruva raaja ummad sing avara aramaneya kattadagalannu olagondidda jagir annu nadesitu. raajaa runn sing 1892ralli nidhanaraadaru mattu avara maga raajaa raghunath sing avaru 1918ralli nidhanaraadaru. nantara, raajaa lakshman sing avaru avara uttaraadhikaariyaadaru mattu avara maga raajaa chain sing avaru uttaraadhikaariyaadaru. 2009ralli avara maranada nantara, raaja nagendra sing avaru avara uttaraadhikaariyaadaru mattu etch. amb estatenalli kutumba aramaneyannu padedaru.raaja lakshman sing avara sahodararaada rajkumar hardev sing mattu rajkumar shiva dev sing avaru jammu praantyada kathuwa jilleyalliruva tamma ramkot estate mattu jammu praantyada udhampur jilleya ramnagar tahasilnalliruva samvananj graama mattu adara pakkada gramagalallina sthira bhoo aastigalannu nodikolluttaare. raajaa raghunath sing avara maranada nantara ulidukonda sthira bhoo aastigalu, kattadagalu mattu aramanegalu etch.pii mattu jammu mattu kaashmeerada ramkot estatenalli raaja raghunath sing avara vamshasthara naduve egaloo vivaadavide. eega rajkumar shivdev mattu rajkumar hardev avara eradoo kutumbagala mundina piligeyu jammu praantyada kathuwa jilleya ramkot estatena aastiya hakkugaagi horaaduttide. samvahana mattu saarige. rasteya moolakah amb ondu sanna bus nildaanavannu hondide. dehali, chandigadha, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amrutasara mattu dharamshala seridante himachala mattu uttara bhaaratada ellah pramukha pattanagalige bassugalu labhyavive. railway moolakah amb railu nildaanavu (station code-aadar) bus nildaanadinda 1.8 kii. mea. dooradallide. ee nildaanavu 2 vedikegalannu olagondide. ee nildaanavu unaadinda talvaaraadavaregina nirmaana hantadalliruva haligala mele ide. unaa jilleya daultpur chauk varegina hali nirmaana poornagondide. ee kelagina railugalu suktavagiveh himachal express (14553): pratidina, dehalininda amb andaura, himachal pradesha. haleya dehali railu nildaanadinda madhyahna <aii. dii. 1> kke horatu beligge 8 gantege amb andaura nildaanavannu taluputtade. jana shatabadi (12057): pratidina, dehaliyinda unaa himachaladavarege. madhyahna 3 gantege hosa dehali railu nildaanadinda horatu ratri 10 gantege unaa taluputtade. dd. emm. yuu. shuttle railu seve (74992): pratidina, ambaalaadinda amb andauraage nangal anekattu mattu unaa moolaka. gaaliya moolakah ambge hattirada deshiya vimaana nildaanavendare gaggal vimaana nildaana, idu 82 kii. mea. dooradallide, nantara 122 kii. mea. dooradalliruva ludhiana vimaana nildaanavide. ambninda 156 kii. mea. dooradalliruva chandigadha vimaana nildaanavu hattirada antaaraashtriya vimaana nildaanavaagide. kaigaarikegalu. amb pattanavu himachala pradeshada kaigarika valayavoo aagide. sonalika (tractor tayaaraka), kamadhenu (kamakshi) sariya karkhane mattu hii silindargalu seridante aneka ghatakagalu ee pattanadallive. jindal gumpu illi tanna hosa javali ghatakagalannu sthaapisitu.ii. jindal medicut, zhe. ess. tii. ell mattu etch. tii. pii. ell. paragon nites limited emba hesarina mattondu javali batteya ghatakavu 2014ralli praarambhavaayitu, rebock adidas muntaada bryandgalige batteyannu tayaarisitu. paragon shoonya visarjane aa. tii. pii. sthaavaravannu hondide. hattirada sthalagalu. 1. bampe picnic taanavu ambninda 7 kii. mea. dooradallide. ambe picnic spatnantaha itara picnic taanagalu ambeyinda 2-3 kii. mea. gala naduve ive. himalayan dhhaba mattu sihitindigalu unaa rasteya amb nallive mattu aahara mattu sihitindigalige hesaruvaasiyaagide. 2. chintapurni devalaya, kamakhaya devi devalaya, polia purohita unaa jille, thanek pura, nehrian, daulatpur, dayra baba badbhag sing zee mairi, lohara, gaggret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, javalamukhi, pong anekattu, challet muntaada itara aasaktiya sthalagalu. 3. ambna horavalayadalli (ambninda sumaru 9 kii. mea.) ondu haveliyu ide.

amb, india indiayile himachal pradesh samsthaanathile una jillayil sthithi cheiyunna oru pattanamaan amb. indian upabhookhandathile shivalik mekhalayilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. ithu una jillayile oru sub division tahasil aanu. aduthulla chinthapoorniyil sthithi cheiyunna devathayaaya amba deviyude peril ninnaan eee pattanatthinu amb ennu peru nalkiyathu. bhoomishaasthravum janasamkhyaashaasthravum. shivalik parvathanirakalaal chuttapetta sooan thaazhvarayilaanu amb sthithi cheiyunnathu. ekadesham 15,000 janasamkhyayulla ivideyaanu. heera nagar, prathapa nagar, aadarsh nagar, shamm nagar ennivayaanu ambile chila pradeshangal. bhasha. himachali (pahari) aanu praadeshika bhasha. hindi, engleesh bhashakal audyogika aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkunnu. vidyaabhyaasam. oru sarkkar seeniyar secondary school, indian public school, shivalik hill pub sr ennivayulppede vividha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalaanu ambil ullathu. sekkant. school, sudha model school, swami vivekananda school, ezz. guru nanak devu shree. sekkant. school maharana prathaap college athilonnaanu. maharana prathaap sarkkar. 1970ll sthaapithamaaya himachal pradesh sarkkar muun deseeya kolejaaya amb etteduthappol 1997 juun 18naanu koleju, amb nilavil vannath. jilla aasthaanamaaya unayil ninnu 32 kilometer akale deseeya pathayil (70) amb touninte madhyathilaanu koleju sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. rajakeeya kottarangaludeyum poonthottangaludeyum chila purathana charitra avashishtangal ambil undu. 1877-ll jammu kashmeerile maharaja ranbeer singhinte abhyarthana maanich britiish sarkkar jaswanile jagir punasthaapichu, yadhaarthathil jaswan dhun thaazhvarayile 21 graamangalum ambile kudumba udyaanavum rajpurayile raaja ummad singhinte kottara kettidangalum ulkkollunna jaswanile jagir raajaavinte kaivashamaayirunnu. 1892ll rajan singh marikkukayum 1918ll maranamadanja addehathinte makan raaja raghunaath singh addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu. athinusesham raaja lakshman singh addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum addehathinte makan raaja cheyin singh addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu. 2009ll addehathinte maranashesham, raaja nagendra singh addehathinte pingamiyaayi echu. aarr. amb estettil kudumba kottaram nedi.raaja lakshman singhinte sahodaranmaraaya rajkumar hardev singh rajkumar shiv devu singh jammu pravishyayile kathuva jillayile ramkot estettum jammu pravishyayile udhampur jillayile ramnagar thaalookkile samnavanju graamathileyum sameepa gramangalileyum sthaavara bhoomiyum jammu pravishyayile maharajavu sammanichathum jammu pravishyayile raaja ranbeer singh rajkumar hardev singh rajkumar shiv devu singh jammu pravishyayile kathuva jillayile ramkot estettum jammu pravishyayile uddampur jillayile ramnagar thaalookkile samnavanju graamathileyum sameepa gramangalileyum sthaavara bhoomiyum paripaalikkunnu. rajaa raghunaath singhinte maranashesham avasheshicha sthaavara bhoomi, kettidangal, kottarangal enniva echu. aarr. yile amb estettil sthithicheyyunnu.pii, jammu kashmeerile ramkot estettu ennivayil rajaa raghunaath singhinte pingaamikal thammilulla tharkkam ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. ippol rajkumar shiv devinteyum rajkumar hardevinteyum rund kudumbangaludeyum adutha thalamura jammu pravishyayile jilla kathwayile ramkot estettinte swathil avarude avakaashavaadathinaayi pooraadunnu. ashayavinimayavum gathagathavum. rooad margam ambinu oru cheria buzz staandund. dalhi, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amritsar, dharmashala ennivayulppede himachal, utharenthyayile ellah pradhana pattanangalilekkum basukal labhyamaan. railway vazhi buzz staandil ninnu 1.8 kilometer akaleyaan amb railway steshan (steshan coode-aadar) sthithi cheiyunnathu. rund plaattfomukalaanu steshanil ullathu. unayil ninnu thalvaarayilekkulla nirmmaanathilirikkunna paathayilaanu steshan sthithi cheiyunnathu. una jillayile daulthpoor chaukku vareyulla paathayude nirmmaanam poortthiyaayi. thaazhepparayunna trainukal ettavum anuyojyamaanu himachal express (14553): divasena dalhi muthal amb andaura, himachal pradesh. pazhaya dalhi railway steshan vaikunneram <aii. dii. 1> nuu upekshichu raavile 8 manikk amb andaura steshanil athunnu. jajan shatabadi (12057): divasena, dalhi muthal unaa himachal vare. vaikunneram 3 manikk puthiya dalhi railway steshanil ninnu purappett ratri 10 manikk unayilethunnu. dmu shuttle train sarvees (74992): divasena, nangal anakkett vazhiyum una vazhiyum ambala muthal amb andaura vare. vaayuviloode 82 kilometer akaleyulla gaggal vimanathavalavum 122 kilometer akaleyulla ludhiana vimaanathaavalavumaanu ambinu ettavum aduthulla aabhyanthara vimaanathaavalam. ambil ninnu 156 kilometer akaleyulla chandigarh vimaanathaavalamaanu ettavum aduthulla anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam. vyavasaayangal. himachal pradeshile oru vyaavasaayika mekhala koodiyaanu amb taunn. sonalika (tractor nirmmaathaav), kamdhenu (kamakshi) saria factory, hii silindarukal ennivayulppede niravadhi unitukal eee pattanathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. jindal group ivide avarude puthiya tekstail plaantukalum sthaapichu.iii. jindal medisin, jeey. ezz. tii. ell, echtpl. rebock adidas polulla braandukalkkaayi thunitharangal nirmmikkunna paaragon naitts limittad enna mattoru tekstail fabric yoonit 2014 ll aarambhichu. paragonil seero discharge eiii. tii. pii plaant undu. aduthulla sthalangal. 1. ambil ninnu 7 kilometer akaleyaan bompey picnic spott sthithi cheiyunnathu. ambe picnic spott polulla mattu picnic sthalangal ambil ninnu 2 muthal 3 kilometer vare akaleyaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. una rooad ambil sthithi cheiyunna himalayan daabayum madurapalahaarangalum bhakshanathinum madurapalahaarangalkkum perukettathaanu. 2. chinthapoorni kshethram, kamakhaya devi kshethram, poliya purohitan una jilla, thanek pura, nehrian, daulathpoor, dera baaba badbhag singh jii myri, lohara, gaggret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, javalamukhi, pong daam, chaalat ennivayaanu mattu chila aakarshakamaaya sthalangal. 3. ambinte praanthapradeshathu (ambil ninnu ekadesham 9 kilometer) oru haveli sthithicheyyunnu.

amb, bharat amb heey bharatachya himachal pradesh rajyatil una jilhyatil eka shahar aahe. heey bharatiy upkhandatil shivalik pradeshat sthit aahe. haah una jilhyacha upavibhag aanee taluka aahe. yaa shaharala jawalach asalelya chintakarni yetheel devi ambachya navavarun amb asey naav denyat aale. bhoogol aanee loksankhyashastra. aamb heey shivalik parvataranganni vedhalelya soone khonyat aahe. tyachi loksankhya sumare 15,000 aahe. heera nagar, pratap nagar, aadarsh nagar, shaam nagar hii ambachi kahee thikane aahet. bhasha. sthanik bhasha himachali (pahadi) aahe. hindi aanee ingraji bhasha adhikrut hetusathi vaparlya jaatat. shikshan. amba yethe sarkari varishtha madhyamik shaala, bharatiy sarvajanik shaala, shivalik hiill pub ess. aar. yasah vividh shaikshanik sanstha aahet. seek. shaala, sudha model shaala, swami vivekanand shaala, shree. guru nanak dev shree. seek. shaala aanee maharana pratap mahavidhyalay heey tyapaiki eka aahe. maharana pratap sarkar. 18 juuna 1997 roji jevha himachal pradesh sarkarne 1970 madhye sthapan jhalele purviche rashtriy mahavidhyalay, amb tabyat ghetale tevha mahavidhyalay, amb astitvat aale. heey mahavidhyalay amb shaharachya madhyabhagi rashtriy mahamargavar (aine. etch. 70) una, jilha mukhyalayapasun 32 qii. mea. varr, devi chintkarnichya prasiddha mandirachya margavar aahe. itihas. amba yethe shahee rajwade aanee baganche kahee pracheen aitihasik avashesh aahet. 1877 saalee jammoo aanee kashmirche maharaja ranbir sing yanchya vinantivarun british sarkarne rajala punha bahal kele aanee jasvanmadhil jagir sing chalavali, jee moolatah raja ummed sing yanchya tabyat hotee, jyat jaswan duun khonyatiilaw 21 gave aanee amb yetheel kautumbik udyan tasech rajpura yetheel raja ummed sing yanchya rajvadyachya imarati hotya. raja runn sing 1892 madhye maran pavale aanee tyancha mulga raja raghunath sing heey tyanche uttaradhikari jhaale, jyanche 1918 madhye nidhan jhaale. tyanantar, raja lakshman sing heey tyanche uttaradhikari jhaale aanee tyancha mulga raja cheen sing heey tyanche uttaradhikari jhaale. 2009 madhye tyanchya mrutyunantar, raja nagendra sing heey tyanche uttaradhikari jhaale aanee tyanna etch. aii. chya amb estatemadhye kautumbik rajwada midala.pii aanee raaj lakshman sing yanche bhau rajkumar hardev sing aanee rajkumar shivdev sing heey jammoo prantatil kathua jilhyatil ramkot malmatta aanee jammoo prantatil udhampur jilhyatil ramnagar talukyatil sanvananj gavatil sthavar jameen aanee tichya aaspaschya gavanchi dekhbhal karatat, jee jammoo aanee kashmirche maharaja raja ranbir sing yanni bhet mhanoon dilee hotee. raja raghunath sing yanchya mrutyunantar mage rahilelya sthavar jameen malmatta, imarati aanee rajwade, jeey etch. aii. madheel amb estatemadhye aahet.pii aanee jammoo aanee kashmirmadhil ramkot estatemadhye raja raghunath sing yanchya vanshajanmadhye ajunahi vadacha vishay aahe. aata rajkumar shivdev aanee rajkumar hardev yaa donhi kutumbanchi pudhchi pidhi aata jammoo prantachya kathua jilhyatil ramkot malmattevaril tyanchya hakkasathi ladhat aahe. dalanvalan aanee vahtook. rastyanehe ambala eka lahan basasthanak aahe. dilli, chandigad, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amrutsar aanee dharamshala yasah himachal aanee uttar bharatatil serve pramukh shaharansathi buses upalabdh aahet. relvedvareh amb railway sthanak (station code-auder) bus sthanakapasun 1.8 kiimii antaravar aahe. yaa sthankavar 2 platform aahet. una teey talwada yaa nirmanadhin margavar heey sthanak aahe. una jilhyatil daulatpur chauk yaa shaharaparyant margache bandhkam purn jhaale aahe. khaleel gadya sarvat yogya aaheth himachal express (14553): darroj, dilli teey ambadaura, himachal pradesh. dilliche june railway sthanak dupari 11.30 vajata sodale jaate aanee sakali 8 vajata amb andaura sthankavar pohochate. jaann shatabadi (12057): darroj, dilli teey una himachal. dupari 3 vajata naveen dilli railway sthanak sodale jaate aanee ratri 10 vajata una yethe pohochate. Âdmu shuttle train seva (74992): darroj, ambala teey amba andaura marge nangal dharan aanee una. havai marganeh 82 qii. mea. antaravar vasalela gaggal vimantal haah ambachya sarvat jawalcha deshantargat vimantal aahe, tyanantar 122 qii. mea. antaravar vasalela ludhiana vimantal aahe. ambapasoon 156 qii. mea. antaravar asalela chandigad vimantal haah sarvat jawalcha aantarrashtriy vimantal aahe. udyog. amb shahar heey himachal pradeshche audhyogik kshetra dekhil aahe. sonalika (tractor utpadak), kamadhenu (kamakshi) sariya karkhana aanee cylinders anek karkhane yaa shaharat aahet. jindal samoohane yethe aapale naveen vastrodyog prakalp dekhil sthapan kele.eae. jindal medicott, jeey. ess. tii. ell. aanee etch. tii. pii. ell. paragon nits limited navache aanakhi eka kapad unit 2014 madhye suru jhaale, jeey rebock edidas ityadi brandsathi kapad tayar karat hote. paragonmadhye shoonya discharge eae. tii. pii. plant asato. jawalchya thikani. 1. bombpay sahaliche thikan heey ambapasoon 7 kiimii antaravar aahe. ambe sahaliche thikan yasarkhi itar sahalichi thikane ambepasoon 2-3 kiimii antaravar aahet. himalayin dhaba aanee mithai una road ambavar vasalelya aahet aanee khadyapadarth aanee mithaisathi prasiddha aahet. 2. chintakpurni mandir, kamakhya devi mandir, pooliya purohit una jilha, thanek pura, nehrian, daulatpur, derra baba badbhag sing jee mairi, lohar, gagaret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalmukhi, pong dharan, shailet hii itar kahee manoranjak thikane aahet. 3. ambachya bahereel bhagat (ambapasoon sumare 9 qii. mea.) eka haveli dekhil aahe.

amba, bharat amba bharatko himachal pradesh rajyako una jillama awasthit euta sahar how. yo bharatiya upamahadwipko shivalik kshetrama awasthit chha. yo una jillako euta upa-mandal rar tahsil how. najikaiko chintapurnima awasthit devi ambako nambata yass saharko naam amba rakhieko thiyo. bhugol rar janasankhyiki. amba shivalik shringkhalaka pahadharule gherieko soan upatyakama awasthit chha. yasako janasankhya lagbhag 15,000 chha. ambaka kehi kshetraharu hira nagar, pratap nagar, adarsha nagar, sham nagar hun. bhasha. sthaniya bhasha himachali [pahadi] how. hindi rar angreji bhashaharu adhikarik uddeshyaka lagi prayog garinchha. shiksha. ambama sarkari warishtha madhyamik vidyalaya, bharatiya sarvajanik vidyalaya, shivalik hill pub sr sahit vibhinna shaikshik sansthaharu chhan. sek. vidyalaya, sudha model vidyalaya, swami vivekananda vidyalaya, ess. guru nanak dev shree. sek. vidyalaya rar maharana pratap college tee madhye euta how. maharana pratap sarkar. college, amba 18 june 1997 maa astitwama ayo jab himachal pradesh sarkarle 1970 maa sthapit purva rashtriya college, ambalai kabja गऱ्यो।. college amba saharko kendrama rashtriya rajmarg (nh 70) maa awasthit chha, unabata 32 kilometer tadha, zilla mukhyalaya, devi chintapurniko prasidha mandirko batoma. itihas. ambama shahi darbar rar bagainchaka kehi prachin aitihasik bhagnawasheshharu chhan. sann 1877 maa jammu rar kashmirka maharaja ranbir sinhako anurodhma britis sarkarle rajalai punarsthapit garera jasawanma sinhako jagir chalaeko thiyo, june muel rupma jaswan dunn upatyakaka 21 wata gaaunharu rar ambama pariwarik bagaincha, sathai rajpurama raja ummed sinhako darbar bhawanharu milera raja ummed sinhale rakheka thie. raja runn sinhako sann 1892 maa mrityu bhayo rar unka chhora raja raghunath sinhale unko uttaradhikari bane jo sann 1918 maa marey. tyasapachhi, raja lakshman sinha unko uttaradhikari bane rar unko chhora raja chenn sinhadwara uttaradhikari bane. sann 2009 maa unko mrityupachhi, raja nagendra sinhale unko uttaradhikari bane rar echko amba astatema pariwarik darbar pae.pee rar raaj lakshman sinhaka bhaiharu rajkumar hardev sinha rar rajkumar shiv dev sinhale jammu prantako zilla kathuama afno ramkot sampatti rar jammu prantako udhampur jillako tahsil ramnagarma raheko gaaun sannabhanj rar yasaka chheuchhauka gaunharuma achal jagga sampattiharuko herchah garchhan june jammu rar kashmirka maharajale upahar dieka thie. raja raghunath sinhako mrityupachhi baanki raheka achal bhumi sampatti, bhawan rar darbarharu echma amba astatema awasthit chhan.jammu-kashmirko pee rar ramkot astatema kramashah raja raghunath sinhaka santanharu bitch ajhai pani wiwadko vishaya how. ahile rajkumar shivdev rar rajkumar hardevka duwai pariwarka arko pustale jammu prantako zilla kathuako ramkot sampattiko sampattiko hakaka lagi ladchan. sanchar rar yatayat. sadakdwarah ambama euta sano bus stanned chha. delhi, chandigadha, simla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amritsar rar dharmashala lagayat himachal rar uttar bharatka sabai pramukh saharharuka lagi basharu upalabdha chhan. railwedwarah amba railway station (station code-adra) bus standbata 1.8 kilometer tadha awasthit chha. stationma 2 wata platformharu chhan. yo station unadekhi talawadasamma nirmanadhin triacma awasthit chha. zilla unako sahar daulatpur choksamma track nirman sampanna bhaeko chha. nimna railharu sabaibhanda upayukta chhanh himachal express (14553): dainik, delhidekhi amba andaura, himachal pradesh. purano delhi railway stationbata diunso 11.30 maa chhodchha rar bihan 8 baje amba andaura stationma pugchha. zohn shatabadi (12057): dainik, delhidekhi una himachalsamma. nayan delhi railway station diunso 3 baje chhodchha rar raati 10 baje una pugchha. Âdmu shuttle rail sewa (74992): dainik, ambaladekhi amba andaura hundai nangal bandha rar una hundai. aaa hawadwarah ambako sabaibhanda najikko gharelu vimansthal gaggal vimansthal how, june 82 kilometerko durima awasthit chha rar tyasapachhi 122 kilometerko durima ludhiana vimansthal awasthit chha. ambabata 156 kilometer tadha raheko chandigadha vimansthal sabaibhanda najikko antarrashtriya vimansthal how. udyogharu. amba sahar himachal pradeshko audyogik khetra pani how. yass saharma sonalika (tractor nirmata), kamadhenu (kamakshi) sariya karkhana rar unko cylindersahit dherai ekaiharu awasthit chhan. jindal samuhale pani yahan afno nayan kapada karkhanaharu sthapana garyo.ei. jindal medicut, jstl rar htpl. pyaragan nits limited namak arko kapada ekai 2014 maa suru bhayo, ribok edidas jasta brandharuka lagi kapada nirman, adi. pyaraganma shunya discharge etp plant hunchha. najikaika thaaunharu. 1. bambape picnick spot ambabata 7 kilometer tadha awasthit chha. ambai picnick spot jasta anya picnick spatharu ambabata 2-3 kilometerko bichma awasthit chhan. himalaya dhaba rar mithaiharu una road ambama awasthit chhan rar yasako khana rar mithaiharuka lagi prasidha chha. 2. chintapurni mandira, kamakhya devi mandira, polia purohit una zilla, thanik pura, nehrian, daulatpur, dera baba badbhag sinha zee mairi, lohar, gagaret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalmukhi, pong bandha, chalet jasta anya rochak sthanharu chhan. 3. ambako bahiri bhagma (ambabata lagbhag 9 kilometer) awasthit euta haweli pani chha.

amba, bharat amba heuchhi bharatara himachal pradesh rajyara unaa jillare abasthita eka sahara. ehaa bharatiah upamahadeshara shibalika anchalare abasthita. ehaa unaa jillara eka upakhand ebong tehsil. nikatasta chintapurnire abasthita debi ambanka naama anusare ehi saharar naama amba rakhajaichhi. bhougolika ebong janasankhyika. amba shibalik parbatamalara parbata dwara paribestita soane upatyakare abasthita . ehara janasankhya pakhapakhi 15,000. ambra keteka anchala heuchhi heera nagara, pratapa nagara, adarsha nagara, shamm nagara. bhasha. sthaniah bhasha heuchhi himachali [pahadi]. hindi ebong ingraji bhashagudika sarkari uddeshyare byabahruta hue . sikhya. ambare eka sarkari baristha madhyamika bidyalaja, bharatiah sarbajaneena bidyalaja, shibalika hill pub ess. aarr. sameth bibhinna sikhyanushthana rahichhi. shay. bidyalaja, sudha model bidyalaja, swamee bibekananda bidyalaja, shh. guru nanaka deba shree. shay. bidyalaja ebong maharana pratapa college sethi madhyaru anyatama. maharana pratapa sarkar. college, amba 18 june 1997 ray astitwa laabh karithila jetebele himachal pradesh sarkar 1970 ray sthapita purbatana jatiah college, ambaku grahan karithile. college jatiah rajpath (enn. etch. 70) ray amba saharar kendrare abasthita, unaa, zillah mukhyalajaru 32 kilometer doorare, debi chintapurninka prasidha mandiraku jiba baatare . itihas. ambre rajprasad ebong udyanara kichhi pracheen aitihasika bhagnabasesha rahichhi. 1877 masihare, jammu oh kashmir maharaja ranbir singhanka anurodha krame, british sarkar rajanka dwara punahsthapita hoi, jasawanare singhanka jagir parichalana karithile, jaahaa moolatah raja ummed singhanka dwara parichalita hoithila, jeunthire jasawana duna upatyakara upatyakara gramm ebong ambre paribarika udyan tatha rajapurare raja ummed singhanka prasad bhaban thila. raja runn singh 1892 masihare mrutyubarana karithile ebong taanka putra raja raghunath singhanka dwara uttaradhikari hoithile, jieki 1918 masihare mrutyubarana karithile. ehaa parey, raja laxman singh taanka uttaradhikari hoithile ebong taanka putra raja chenn singh taanka uttaradhikari hoithile. 2009 ray taanka mrutyu parey, raja nagendra singh taanka uttaradhikari hoithile ebong etch. rahr amb istetare paribarika prasad paithile.pii ebong raaj laxman singhanka bhai rajkumar hardeb singh ebong rajkumar shiba deba singh jammu pradeshar kathua jillare semanankara ramkot sampatti ebong jammu pradeshar udhampur jillara tehsil ramnagarare thiba samnawanja gramm ebong ehara akhpakh graamare achala jami sampattira jatna nianti jaahaa jammu ebong kashmir maharaja raja ranbir singhanka dwara upahara diajaithila. raja raghunath singhanka mrutyu parey chhadi jaithiba achala jami sampatti, kotha ebong prasad, jaahaa etch. aii. ray amb istetare abasthita .jammu oh kashmir pii ebong ramkot istetare raja raghunath singhanka banshadharanka madhyare ebebi bibadara bishai rahichhi. bartamana rajkumar shiba deba ebong rajkumar haradebanka paribarara parabarti pidhi bartamana jammu pradeshar zillah kathuaara ramkot estate sampattire semanankara jathartha daabi paain ladhuchhanti. jogajoga ebong paribahana. sadaka margareh ambare eka chhot bus stand rahichhi. dilli, chandigad, simla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amrutsar ebong dharamsala sameth himachal ebong uttara bharatara samasta pramukh sahara paain bus upalabdha. relpath dwarah amba rela station (station code-adder) bus standaru 1.8 kilometer doorare abasthita. ehi stationre stationre platform rahichhi. ehi station unaaru talawada parjyanta nirmanadhina track upare abasthita. unaa jillara eka sahara, daultapur chauka parjyanta relpath nirmana karjya shesh hoichhi. nimnalikhita trengudic sabutharu upajuktah himachal express (14553): dainika, delhiru ambandaura, himachal pradesh. puruna dilli rela stationru aparanha aparanha bahari sakaala sakaala amb aandaura stationre pahanchanti. ajan shatabadi (12057): dainika, delhiru unaa himachal parjyanta. aparanha aparanha nooa dilli rela stationru bahari raati raati unaare pahanchanti. didi. emm. jayu. shuttle train seba (74992): dainika, ambala thaaru amba aandaura dei nangal dyam ebong unaa. baaju dwarah ambra nikattam gharoi bimanbandar heuchhi gaggal bimanbandar, jaahaa 82 kilometer doorare abasthita ebong taa 'parey 122 kilometer doorare abasthita ludhiana bimanbandar . chandigad bimanbandar jaahaa aambaru 156 kilometer doorare abasthita, nikattam antarjatija bimanbandar . shilpa. amba sahara madhya himachal pradeshar eka shilpa khetra. sonalika (tractor nirmata), kamadhenu (kamakhi) sariah karkhana ebong hea cylinder sameth aneka unit ehi saharare abasthita . zindal gosthi madhya ethaare nijara nutan boyne shilpa karkhana pratistha karithila.ee. zindal medikote, jay. ess. tii. ell. ebong echa. tii. pii. ell. 2014 masihare 'paragon nits limited' namaka anya eka bajanashilpa unit arambha hoithila, jaahaa rebuck audidas ityadi brand paain kapada utpadana karuthila. paraganare shunya sraba ee. tii. pii. plant rahichhi. nikatabartee sthana. 1. bambape picnic spot aambaru 7 kilometer doorare abasthita . ambe picnic spot bhali anya picnic spot ambetharu 2 ru 3 kilometer madhyare abasthita . himalai dhaba ebong mitha unaa road ambre abasthita ebong ehara khadya ebong mitha paain prasidha . 2. anya keteka aakarshaneeah sthana-chintapurni mandira, kamakhya debi mandira, polia purohita unaa zillah, thanek pura, nehrian, daulatpur, dera baba badabhaga singh zee mairi, lohara, gaggret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalmukhi, ponga dyam, challet. 3. amber upakanthare (aambatharu praiah 9 kilometer) eka habheli madhya rahichhi.

amb, bharat amb bharat dey himachal pradesh raaj dey unaa zilhe witch sathit ikk shehar haii. ih bharti upp mahandeep dey shivalik khetar witch sathit haii. ih oona zilhe dee ikk upp-mandal atey tehseel haii. iss shehar daa naam nede dee chintpurni witch sathit devi amba dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. bhugol atey jansankhiaa. amb shivalik ladivaran dey pahadan naal ghiri soan ghaati witch sathit haii. iss dee aabadi lagbhag 15,000 haii. amb dey kujh ilaake heera nagar, pratap nagar, aadrash nagar, shaam nagar hunn. bhasha. sathanak bhasha himachali (pahadi) haii. hindi atey angrezi bhashavan sarkari udesh laee vartiaan jandiaan hunn. sikkhiaa. amb witch ikk sarkari senior secondary school, indian public school, shivalik hill pabb aiss. aar. samet vakkh-vakkh viddiak sansthavan hunn. saik. school, sudha maadal school, swami vivekanand school, aiss. guru nanak dev sree. saik. school atey maharana pratap kaalaj unhan vicchon ikk haii. maharana pratap sarkaar. kaalaj, amb 18 juun 1997 noon hond witch aaiaa jadon himachal pradesh sarkaar neey 1970 witch sathapit sabka rashtari kaalaj, amb noon aapne hatth witch lae liaa. ih kaalaj rashtari rajmarg (70 number) unaa toon 32 kilometer door amb shehar dey kendra witch sathit haii. itihaas. amb witch shaahi mahilan atey bagichiaan dey kujh prachin itihasak khandar hunn. saal 1877 witch, jammu atey kashmeer dey maharaja ranbir singh dee benati 'teey, british sarkaar neey raaj noon bahaal qarr ditta, jiss neey jasswan witch singh dee jagir chalai, joe asal witch raaja umad singh duaara rakkhi gaee see, jiss witch jasswan doon ghaati dey 21 pind atey amb witch parivarak baagh dey naal-naal rajpura witch raaja umad singh deeaan mahil imaratan vee sunn. raaja runn singh dee 1892 witch maut hoow gaee atey uss dey puttar raaja raghunath singh neey uss daa sathaan liaa, jiss dee 1918 witch maut hoow gaee. iss toon baad, raaja lakshman singh neey uss daa sathaan liaa atey uss dey puttar raaja chenn singh neey uss daa sathaan liaa. saal 2009 witch uhanan dee maut toon baad, raaja nagendra singh uhanan dey sathaan utte aae atey uhanan noon amb astet witch parivarak mahil miliaa.raaj lakshman singh dey bharaa rajkumar hardev singh atey rajkumar shiv dev singh jammu soobe dey kathua zilhe witch aapni ramkot jaidad atey jammu soobe dey oodhampur zilhe dee tehseel ramnagar witch pind sanwanj atey iss dey naal laggde pindan witch achall zameen dee sambhal karde hunn joe jammu atey kashmeer dey maharaja raaja ranbir singh duaara tohfe vajon ditti gaee see. raaj raghunath singh dee maut toon baad chaddiaan gaeeaan achall zamini jaidadan, imaratan atey mahil joe aich witch amb astet witch sathit hunn.jammu-kashmeer witch kramvaar pee atey ramkot astet witch ajey vee raaja raghunath singh dey vanshajan darmiaan vivaad daa visha haii. hunn rajkumar shiv dev atey rajkumar hardev dey dovan parivaran dee agli peedhi hunn jammu soobe dey zilha kathua dee ramkot astet dee jaidad utte aapne hakkdaar daave laee ladadi haii. sanchar atey aavajai. sadak raahian amb witch ikk chhota buss adda haii. himachal atey uttri bharat dey saare pramukh shahiran laee bassan upalbadh hunn jinhan witch dilli, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiarpur, jalandhar, amritsar atey dharamshala shamal hunn. railway duaaraae amb railway station (station code-auder) buss adde toon 1.8 kilometer door sathit haii. station witch 2 platform hunn. ih station oona toon talwada takk nirman adheen track utte sathit haii. unaa zilhe dey ikk kasbe daulatpur chauk takk track daa nirman poora hoow giaa haii. heth likhiaan rail gaddiaan sabh toon vadhiaa hann himachal express (14553): rozana, dilli toon amb andaura, himachal pradesh. purani dilli railway station noon raat noon 11.30 vaje chhadd keey savere 8 vaje amb andaura station pahunchada haii. jann shatabadi (12057): rozana, dilli toon unaa himachal takk. duphir 3 vaje navaan dilli railway station chhadd keey raat 10 vaje oona pahunchada haii. Âdmu shtall rail seva (74992): rozana, ambala toon ambala takk nangal daim atey unaa raahin. havaa duaaraae amb daa sabh toon nazdiki gharelu havaai adda gaggal havaai adda haii, joe 82 kilometer dee doori 'teey sathit haii, iss toon baad 122 kilometer dee doori' teey sathit ludhiana havaai adda haii. chandigarh havaai adda joe kii amb toon 156 kilometer door haii, sabh toon nazdiki antarashtari havaai adda haii. udyog. amb shehar himachal pradesh daa ikk sanati khetar vee haii. iss shehar witch sonalika (truck nirmata), kamdhenu (kamkashi) sariaa factory atey uss silandaran samet kaee ikaiaan sathit hunn. jindal samooh neey itthe aapne navein kappda plant vee sathapat keete.ee. jindal medicoat, jey. aiss. tii. aill. atey aich. tii. pee. aill. paragon nits limted naam dee ikk horr kappda ikai 2014 witch shuru hoee see, joe rebock edidas aadi brandan laee kappde daa nirman kardi haii. paragon witch ziro discharge ee. tii. pee. plant hunda haii. nedley sathaan. 1. bambe picnic sathaan amb toon 7 kilometer door sathit haii. ambe picnic sathaan varge horr picnic sathaan ambe toon 2-3 kilometer dey vichkaar sathit hunn. himalian dhaaba atey mathiaaiaan oona road amb utte sathit hunn atey aapne bhojan atey mathiaaiaan laee mashur hunn. 2. chintpurni mandar, kamakhya devi mandar, polia purohit unaa zilha, thanek puraa, nahiriaan, daulatpur, derra baaba badbhag singh jee mairi, lohada, gagret, hoshyarpur, pragpur, jawalmukhi, pong daim, shellet aadi kujh horr dilchsap sathaan hunn. 3. amb dey baahari ilaake (amb toon lagbhag 9 kilometer) witch ikk haveli vee haii.

amba, bhaaratam ambah bharatasya himachalapradesharajyasya unaa-mandale sthitah ekaha nagarah asti. ayam bhaarateey-upamahaadweepasy shivaalik-pradeshe sthitah asti. eshah unaa-mandalasya upavibhaagah tahaseelah cha asti. samipasthasya chintapurni-nagare sthitayaha devyaah ambaa-devyaah naamnah aadhaaren asya nagarasya naam amba iti krutam. bhoogolah janasaamkhyikee cha. ambah shivaalik-parvateshu parvateshu pariveshtite sone-upatyakayam sthitah asti. asya janasankhyaa praayah 15,000 janaah santi. ambasya kechan pradeshah santi-hiranagarha, prataapanagarah, aadarshanagarh, shamanagarah cha. bhasha. sthaniyabhasha himachali [pahaadee] asti. hindee-aangl-bhaashaasu aadhikaarik-prayojanartham upayogah bhavati. shikshate. emb-nagare sarvakaareey-varishta-maadhyamik-vidyaalayah, bhaarateey-saarwajanik-vidyaalayah, shivaalik-hill-pub-ess. aar. ityadini vividhaah shaikshanikasamsthah santi. se. vidyaalayah, sudhaa-aadarsh-vidyaalayah, swami-vivekananda-vidyaalayah, shree. guruhu naanak dewah shree. se. vidyaalayah, maharana-prataap-mahaavidyaalayaha cha teshu anyatamah asti. maharana prataap-shasanam. mahaavidyaalayaha ambah 1997 joon 18 dinaanke astit yadaa himachalapradeshasya sarwakaarah 1970 tame varshe sthaapitam poorvatanam rashtriya-mahaavidyaalayam ambam swyakarot. mahaavidyaalayaha amba-nagarasya madhye rashtriya-rajamarge (enn. ech. 70) oonaa-mandal-mukhyalayat 32 kii. mee. doore chintapurni-devyaah prasiddh-mandiram prati gacchati. itihaasah. amba-nagare rajaprasadanam udyananam cha kechan prachina-aitihaasika-bhagnaavasheshaah santi. 1877 tame varshe jammoo-kaashmeerasy maharaja-ranbir-singh ityasya anurodhena, british-sarwakaarah punah rajaya sthaapitah, moolatah raaj-ummed-singh ityanena dhaaritam, jasavaan-dun-upatyakayam 21 gramani, amb-ityatra parivaar-udyaanam, rajpura-nagare raaj-ummed-singh ityasya prasada-bhavanaani cha aasan. raja-rann-singh 1892 tame varshe mrutah, tasya uttaraadhikaari tasya putrah raja-raghunaath-singh ityeshah 1918 tame varshe mrutah. tadanantaram raja-lakshman-singh tasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat, tasya uttaraadhikaari tasya putrah raja-chain-singh ityeshah abhavat. 2009 tame varshe tasya mrutyoho anantaram, raaj naagendrasimhah tasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat, tathaa cha ech. emm. ityasya amb-state-madhye parivarikaprasadam praptavan.pee tathaa raaj-lakshman-simhasya bhraatruh rajkumar-haradev-simhah tathaa rajkumar-shivadev-simhah jammoo-prantasya kathuvaa-mandale swasya ramkot-sampattim, jammoo-prantasya udhampur-mandalasya ramnagar-tahasilasya samnavanja-graame tathaa tasya sameepastheshu graameshu sthiraa bhoomi-sampattim cha paripaalayanti, yat jammoo-kaashmeerasy maharajena tathaa raaj-ranabeer-simhah upahaararoopen dattam aasit. raja raghunaathasimhasya mrutyoho anantaram avashishtaani sthaliya-sampattayah, bhavanaani, prasadani cha ech. emm.-nagarasya amba-estet-madhye santi.jammoo-kashmirasya pee tathaa ramkot-state madhye kramashah raaj-raghunaath-singh ityasya vamshajaaha adyaapi vivaadasya vishayau santi. idaaneem raajakumaarashivadevasya rajkumar-haradevasya cha parivaarayoh agrimam vamsham adhunaa jammoo-prantasya kathuaa-mandalasya ramkot-sampattau swapakshasya hakkaya yuddham karoti. sampreshanam tathaa parivahanam. maargadwaaraah amb ityatra laghu bus-stand asti. dillee, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amrutasar, dharmashala ityadinam himachalasya uttarabharatasy cha sarvanam pramukhnagarebhyah bus-yaanaani upalabhyante. relamaargeh amba-relasthanakam (sthanaka-code-aadar) bus-sthanakat 1.8 kii. mee. doore sthitam asti. asmin sthaanake dwau manchau stah. oonaa-nagaraat talavara-nagaraparyantm nirmanadhina-maarge etat sthanakam vartate. unaa-mandalasya daultapur-chauk-nagaraparyantm marganirmanam poornam abhavat. nimnalikhitaani relayaanaani uttamaani santi. himachal-express (14553)-pratidinam, dilleetah ambandauraa, himachalapradeshah. aparaahne 11.30 samaye puratanam dillee-relasthanakam nishkaasy praatah 8 vaadane amba-andauraa-sthanakam prapnuyat. janashatabadi (12057)-pratidinam, dilleetah unaa-himaachalaparyantam. aparaahne 3 vaadane navadilli-relasthanakat nishkaasy aparaahne 10 vaadane oonaa-nagaram prapnuyat. Âdmu shuttle rail-sevaa (74992)-pratidinam, ambala-taha amba-andauraa-paryantam nangal-jalabandha, unaa-dwara cha. vaayupradeshah. amba-nagarasya sameepastham desheeyavimaanasthaanakam gaggal-vimaanasthaanakam asti, yat 82 kii. mee. doore sthitam asti, tadanantaram 122 kii. mee. doore ludhiyana-vimaanasthaanakam vartate. ambatah 156 kii. mee. doore sthitah chandigarh-vimaanasthaanakah sameepastham antarashtriya-vimaanasthaanakam asti. udyogah. amba-nagaram himachalapradeshasya audyogikakshetram api asti. sonalika (tractor-nirmaatru), kaamadhenu (kamakshi) saria-karakhana, hiz-cylinder ityadini anekaani ghatakaani asmin nagare santi. jindal-samoohah api atra swasya nootanam vastra-utpaadana-kendram api sthapitavan.ee. jindal-medicoat, jey. ess. tea. ell. tathaa echa. tea. pee. ell.. peraagan-nits-limited iti anyat vastra-ghatkam 2014 tame varshe aarabhat, yat reback-edidas ityadinam brand-krute vastranirmaanam karoti. samakonasy shunya-sraava-ee. tea. pee.-sasyah asti. sameepasthaani sthanani. 1. baampe-vihaar-sthalam amba-nagaraat 7 kii. mee. doore sthitam asti. anyaani picnic-sthalaani yathaa ambe picnic-spaat iteemaani ambe-nagaraat 2-3 kii. mee. madhye santi. himalayan-dhaabaa, mithaayah cha unaa-margasya amb ityatra sthitaah santi, khadyapadarthanam, madhurapadarthanam cha krute prasidhaah santi. 2. chintapurni-mandiram, kamakhaya-devee-mandiram, polia-purohita-unaa-mandalam, thaanek-puraa, nehrian, daulatpur, dera baba-badabhag-singh-jee-mairee, lohar, gagaret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, jabalamukhi, pong-daam, chaalet ityadini anyaani aakarshaniyaani sthanani santi. 3. amba-nagaraat bahihi (amba-nagaraat praayah 9 kii. mee. doore) api haveli asti.

amb, india amb enbathu inthiyaavin himaachalap pirathaesa maanilaththil ulla yuna maavattaththil amainthulla oru nagaram aagum. idhu inthiya thunaik kandaththin sivaalik paguthiyil amainthullathu. idhu unaa maavattaththin oru thunaippirivu mattrum taluka aagum. arugilulla chindpurthy endra idaththil amainthulla amba theivaththin peyaraal inththa nagaram amb endru peyaridappattathu. puviyiyal mattrum makkalthogai. amb sivaalik malaiththodargalin malaikalaal soolappatta soan pallaththaakkil amainthullathu. idhan makkal thogai sumar 15,000 aagum. ambin sila pakuthikal heeraa nagar, pirathaap nagar, adarsh nagar, shaam nagar aagum. mozhi. ingkulla ulloor mozhi himachali [bahaari] aagum. indhi mattrum aangkila mozhigal athikaarappoorva nokkaththirkaaga payanpaduththappadugindrana. kalvi. arasu melnilaipalli, inthiya podhupalli, sivaalik hiill puup ess. aarr ullitta palvaeru kalvi niruvanangal ambil ullana. cheey. palli, sudha maathiri palli, swami vivekananda palli, ess. kuru naanak thaev sree. cheey. palli mattrum maharashtra pirathaap kalluri avattril ontraakum. maharashtra pirathaap arasu. kalluri, amb, juun 18,1997 andru uruvaakkappattathu, 1970 ill niruvapatta munththaiya thaesiya kallooriyaana amb-aii himaachalap pirathaesa arasu kaiyagappaduththiyapoathu. kalluri thaesiya nedunjaalaiyil amb nagaraththin maiyaththil amainthullathu (enn. ech 70), unaa mavatta thalaimaiyagaththilirunthu 32 kii. mee. tholaivil, chindapurni deviyin pugazhpettra aalayaththirku sellum vazhiyil. varalaaru. ambil arasa aranmanaigal mattrum thoattangalin sila pandaiya varalaattru idipaadugal ullana. 1877 aam aandil, jammu mattrum kashmirin maharaja ranbir singkin vaendukoalin paeril, british arasaangkam rajaavukku meettedukkappattathu, jaswanil jagir singai iyakkiyathu, muthalil jaswan thuun pallaththaakkil ulla 21 kiraamangalaiyum, ambil ulla kudumba thoattaththaiyum, rajpuraavil ulla rajaa ummath singkin aranmanai kattidangalaiyum ulladakkiya rajaa ummath singhal nadaththappattathu. rajaa ruun singh 1892 ill iranthaar, avarukkup piragu avarathu magan rajaa raghunath singh 1918 ill iranthaar. athanpiragu, rajaa lakshman singh avarukkup piragu vanthaar, avarukkup piragu avarathu magan rajaa sangkil singh aatchikku vanthaar. 2009 aam aandil avar iranththa piragu, rajaa nagendra singh avarukkup piragu ech. amb thoattaththil kudumba aranmanaiyaip pettraar.pii mattrum rajalakshman singkin cakoothararkal rajkumar hardev singh mattrum rajkumar shivdev singh aagiyoar jammu maagaanaththin kathuvaa maavattaththil ulla thangal ramkot thoattaththaiyum, jammu maagaanaththin udampur maavattaththin ramnagar thaalukkaavil ulla samnavanjch kiraamaththilum adhai ottiya kiraamangalilum ulla asaiya nila soththukkalaiyum kavanitthu varukintranar, idhu jammu mattrum kashmirin maharaja rajaa ranbir singhal parisaaga vazhangkappattathu. rajaa raghunath singkin maranaththirkup piragu enjchiyirukkum asaiya nila sothukkal, kattidangal mattrum aranmanaigal ech. ill amb estatle amainthullana.pii mattrum jammu & kaashmeeril ulla ramkot thoattaththil muraiyae rajaa raghunath singkin santhathiyinarukku idaiyae innum sarchchai ullathu. ippoathu rajkumar shivdev mattrum rajkumar hardev aagiya iru kudumbangalin aduththa thalaimuraiyinar jammu maagaanaththin kathuvaa maavattathilulla ramkot thoattaththin soththin urimaikkaaga ippoathu poaraadugiraargal. thagaval thodarbu mattrum poakkuvaraththu. saalai vazhiyaaga ambil oru siriya paerunthu nilaiyam ullathu. delly, chandikar, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalander, amritsar mattrum dharamshala ullitta himachala mattrum vada inthiyaavin anaitthu mukiya nagarangalukkum paerunththugal kidaikkindrana. rayilway moolam aamp rayil nilaiyam (nilaiya kuriyeedu-aathar) paerunthu nilaiyaththilirunthu 1.8 kii. mee tholaivil amainthullathu. inththa nilaiyam 2 nadaimaedaigalaik kondullathu. inththa nilaiyam yunaavilirunthu talwara varai kattumaanaththil ulla paathaiyil amainthullathu. unaa maavattaththil ulla dowltpur souk endra nagaram varai thadam kattum panii niraivadainthullathu. pinvarum rayilgal migavum poruttamaanavaih himachala express (14553): thinasari, delly muthal amb andaura, himaachalap pirathaesam. pazhaiya delly rayil nilaiyaththilirunthu mathiyam 11.30 manikku purapattu kaalai 8 manikku amb andhouraa nilaiyatthai adaikirathu. john sadabadi (12057): thinasari, delly muthal unaa himachal varai. mathiyam 3 manikku puthiya delly rayil nilaiyaththilirunthu purapattu iravu 10 manikku unaa selkirathu. tdmu vinkalam rayil saevai (74992): thinasari, ambala muthal amba andaura varai nangal anai mattrum yuna vazhiyaaga. vaan moolam ambukku miga arugil ulla ullnaattu vimaana nilaiyam 82 kii. mee. tholaivil amainthulla kagal vimaana nilaiyamaagum, adhaith thodarnthu 122 kii. mee. tholaivil amainthulla lutiana vimaana nilaiyamum ullathu. ambil irunthu 156 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla chandikar vimaana nilaiyam arugilulla sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyamaagum. thozhirchaalaigal. amb nagaram himaachalap pirathaesaththin oru thozhilthurai mandalamaagum. sonalika (tractor urpaththiyaalar), kamtenu (kamakshi) saria thozhirchaalai mattrum hii silindargal ullitta pala alagugal inththa nagaraththil amainthullana. jindal kuzhumam ingku thanathu puthiya javuli aalaikalai niruviyathu.ii. jindal medicut, jstl mattrum ech. dii. pii. ell. baracan pinnal limited endra mattroru javuli thuni alagu 2014 aam aandil thodangiyathu, rebagh aditas poantra piraandugalukkaana thuni urpaththi. paaraagaanil poojjiya discharge eedipi aalai ullathu. arugilulla idangkal. 1. bambe suttrulaath thalam ambil irunthu 7 kii. mee. tholaivil amainthullathu. ambe suttrulaath thalam poantra pira suttrulaath thalangal ambil irunthu 2 muthal 3 kii. mee. tholaivil amainthullana. himalayan taabaa mattrum inippugal yuna saalaiyil amainthullana mattrum adhan unavu mattrum inippugalukku pirabalamaanathu. 2. chindapurni koayil, kamakaya thevi koayil, bolia prohidhan yuna maavattam, taneek puuraa, nehrian, thowlathpuur, theraa baabaa patpak singh jii myri, loahaa, cockret, hoshiyarpur, prakpur, javalamuki, baung anai, salette poantra sila suvarasyamaana idangkal ullana. 3. ambin puranagaril (ambilirunthu sumar 9 kii. mee. tholaivil) oru havaeliyum amainthullathu.

amb, india amb bharatadesamloni himachal pradesh raashtramloni unaa jillaalo unna oka pattanam. idhi bhaarata upakhandamloni shivalik praantamloo undhi. idhi unaa jillaaku chendina sub division mariyu tehseel. eee pattanaaniki sameepamloni chintapurni loe unna devata amba paeru meeda amb anie paeru pettaru. bhougolikam mariyu janabha. amb shivalik shrenula parvathaalatho chuttumuttabadina soane loyalo undhi. dheeni janabha sumaru 15,000 mandhi. amb looni konni praantaalu heera nagar, pratap nagar, adarsh nagar, shaam nagar. bhasha. sthaanika bhasha himachali [pahari]. hindhi mariyu aangla bhashalanu adhikaarika prayojanam kosam upayogistaaru. vidya. amb loe prabhutva senior secondary paatasaala, indian public school, shivalik hill pub sr thoo sahaa vividha vidya samsthalu unnaayi. seka. paatasaala, sudha modal paatasaala, swami vivekananda paatasaala, ess. guru nanak dev shree. seka. paatasaala mariyu maharana pratap kalaasaala vaatilo okati. maharana pratap prabhutvam. kalaasaala, amb 18 juun 1997naa himachal pradesh prabhutvam 1970loe sthaapinchina munupati jaateeya kalaasaala ambnu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu una, jilla pradhana karyalayam nundi 32 kii. mea. la dhooramlo unna jaateeya rahadari (enhetch 70) paie amb pattanam madhyalo undhi. charitra. amb loe rajapraasaadaalu mariyu thotala yokka konni puraatana chaaritraka sidhilaalu unnaayi. 1877loe jammoo kaashmeerku chendina maharaja runn biir singh abhyardhana meraku british prabhutvam raajaaku tirigi appaginchindi, modata raaja ummad singh yajamanyamlo unna jaswan looni jagir nuu nadipevaaru, indulo jaswan dune loyaloni 21 gramalu mariyu amb vadda kutumba thota, alaage rajpura vadda raaja umd singh rajabhavana bhavanalu unnaayi. raajaa runn singh 1892loe maraninchaadu, ayana taruvaata ayana kumarudu raajaa raghunath singh 1918loe maraninchaadu. aaa taruvaata, raajaa lakshman singh ayana taruvaata vacchaadu, ayana taruvaata ayana kumarudu raajaa chain singh adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. 2009loe ayana maraninchina taruvaata, raajaa nagendra singh ayana taruvaata hetch. amb estatelo kutumba rajabhavananni pondaaru.pii mariyu raaja lakshman singh sodarulu rajkumar hardev singh mariyu rajkumar shiv dev singh jammoo provinceloni kathuva jillaalooni tama ramkot estatenu mariyu jammoo provinceloni udhampur jillaalooni tehsil ramnagarloni samnavanj graamamlooni sthiramaina bhoomini mariyu daani parisara gramalanu chusukuntaru, dheenini jammoo mariyu kashmir mahaaraaju bahumatigaa icchaaru. raajaa raghunath singh maranam taruvaata migilipoyina sthiramaina bhuu aastulu, bhavanalu mariyu rajabhavanalu hetch loe amb estatelo unnaayi.pii mariyu jammoo & kaashmeerlooni ramkot estatelo varusaga raajaa raghunath singh vaarasula madhya ippatikee vivaadam undhi. ippudu rajkumar shivdev mariyu rajkumar hardev kutumbaala taruvaati taram ippudu jammoo provinceloni jilla kathuva looni ramkot estate aastipai tama hakkula kosam pooraadutunnaaru. communication mariyu ravana. roddu margam amb loe oka chinna bus stand undhi. dhhillee, chandigarh, shimla, hoshiyarpur, jalandhar, amritsar mariyu dharamsalatho sahaa himachal mariyu uttara bharatadesamloni anni pradhana pattanaalaku bassulu andubaatulo unnaayi. railway dwarah amb railway station (station code-aadhar) bus stand nundi 1.8 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. eee stationlo 2 platformlu unnaayi. eee station unaa nundi talwara varaku nirmaanamloo unna trackpy undhi. unaa jillaalooni daultpur chouk pattanam varaku track nirmaanam puurtayimdi. eee krindi raillu baga saripotaih himachal express (14553): rojuvaaree, dhhillee nundi amb andaura, himachal pradesh. paatha dhhillee railway station nundi madhyahnam 11.30 kii bayaluderi udayam 8 gantalaku amb andaura stationku cherukuntundi. Â zann shatabadi (12057): rojuvaaree, dhhillee nundi unaa himachal varaku. madhyahnam 3 gantalaku kotta dhhillee railway station nundi bayaluderi raatri 10 gantalaku unaa cherukuntundi. dmu shuttle railu seva (74992): pratiroojuu, ambala nundi amb andaura varaku nangal anakatta mariyu unaa dwara. gaali dwarah amb kuu sameepa desheeya vimaanaasrayam gaggal vimaanaasrayam, idhi 82 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi, taruvaata 122 kii. mea. la dhooramlo unna ludhiana vimaanaasrayam undhi. amb nundi 156 kii. mea. la dhooramlo unna chandigarh vimaanaasrayam sameepa antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam. parisramalu. amb pattanam himachal pradaeslooni paarisraamika praantam kooda. sonalika (tractor tayaareedaaru), kaamadhenu (kamakshi) saria factory mariyu ayana cylinderlatho sahaa aneka unitlu eee pattanamlo unnaayi. zindal group kooda ikkada thana kotta vastra karmagaralanu sthaapinchindi.ii. zindal medicine, jstl mariyu hctpl. paragon nits limited anae maroe vastra fabric unit 2014loe praarambhamaindi, idhi reback adidas modalaina brandla kosam fabric tayaareeni praarambhinchindi. paragon loe sunna utsarga eah. tii. pii. plant untundi. sameepa pradaesaalu. 1. bampe picnic spot amb nundi 7 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. ambe picnic spot vanti itara picnic spotlu ambe nundi 2 nundi 3 kilometres dhooramlo unnaayi. himalayan dhaabaa mariyu sweetlu unaa road amb loe unnaayi mariyu aaharam mariyu sweetlaku prasiddhi chendaayi. 2. chintapurni aalayam, kamakhaya deevi aalayam, polia purohitan unaa jilla, thanek puraa, nehrian, daulatpur, daeraa baba badbhag singh zee mairi, lohara, gagret, hoshiyarpur, pragpur, javalamukhi, pang anakatta, chaalet vanti konni itara aasaktikaramaina pradaesaalu unnaayi. 3. amb shivaarlalo (amb nundi sumaru 9 kii. mea.) oka haveli kooda undhi.

amb bhaarat amb hindustan kii riyasat hamachal pardesh kay zalaa oonaa mein waaqa eek qasbah hay. yaha barsaghir paak woo hund kay shivalik elaqay mein waaqa hay. yaha oonaa zalaa kii eek zeeli devision aur tehseel hay. iss qasbey kaa naam amba dewi amba kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa juu qareebi chunat porni mein waaqa dewi hay. geografiya aur aabadi. amb waadi suun mein waaqa hay juu shivalik silsilon kay pahaadon say gharaa hawaa hay. iss kii aabadi taqriba 15,000 afraad parr mushtamil hay. amb kay kachh elaqay heera nigar partaap nigar aadarsh nigar shaam nigar haine. zabaan. maqami zabaan hamachali [pahaadi] hay. hindy aur angrezi zabanein sarkaari maqasid kay liye istemaal hoti haine. taleem. amb mein mukhtalif taleemi idaarey haine jinn mein eek sarkaari seniyar secondry school indeen publik school shivalik hull pub aiss aar shaamil haine. second. school sadhaa maadal school sawami viyokanand school shh. grow naank diyo aiss aar. second. school aur maharana partaap college inn mein say eek hay. maharana partaap hukumat. college amb 18 joone 1997 kuu wajood mein aayaa jabb hamachal pardesh kii hukumat nay 1970 mein qayem honay waalay sabqah national college amb kuu apnay qabze mein lay liyaa. yaha college amb town kay wast mein qomi shahrah (aine aich 70) parr waaqa hay juu zalaa sadr maqaam oonaa say 32 chlometer door hay juu dewi chunat porni kay mashhur mazaar kay raastay mein hay. tareekh. amb mein shaahi mahlaat aur baghat kay kachh qadeem tarikhi khandraat haine. 1877 mein jamoon woo kashmeer kay maharajah ranbeer sangh kii darkhwast parr bartanvi hukumat nay rajah kuu bahaal kirr kay jaswan mein jagir chalayi juu asl mein rajah amar sangh kay paas thee juu waadi jaswan kay 21 dehaton parr mushtamil thee aur amb mein khaandaani baagh neez raaj purah mein rajah amar sangh kay mahal kii emaratein. rajah runn sangh kaa 1892 mein inteqal hawaa aur inn kay baad inn kay betay rajah raghonath sangh kaa 1918 mein inteqal hawaa. iss kay baad rajah lakshman sangh inn kay jansheen banay aur iss kay baad inn kay betay rajah cheen sangh nay inn kaa jansheen banay. 2009 mein inn kii moth kay baad rajah naginder sangh nay inn kii jagah lee aur inhein aich kii amb steat mein khaandaani mahal milaa.pee aur raaja lakshman sangh kay bhayee yauni raaj kamaar hardio sangh aur raaj kamaar sheev diyo sangh subah jamoon kay zalaa kathuah mein apnee ramkot steat aur gaaon samnonj aur iss kay malhaqah dehaton mein jammo soobay kay zalaa adham poor kii tehseel raam nigar mein ghair manqolah zameen kii jayedadon kii deekh bhaal kartay haine juu jamoon aur kashmeer kay maharajah rajah ranbeer sangh nay tahfay mein dee thee. raaja raghonath sangh kii moth kay baad chhodi gayee ghair manqolah zamini jayedadein emaratein aur mahlaat juu aich mein amb steat mein waaqa haine.jamoon woo kashmeer mein baltarteeb pee aur ramkot steat mein rajah raghonath sangh kii aulaad kay darmiyan abb bhee tanazah kaa muamilah hay. abb raaj kamaar sheev diyo aur raaj kamaar hardio kay donon khandanon kii agli nasal abb jamoon soobay kay zalaa kathuah kii ramkot steat kii jayedad parr apnay jayez daway kay liye ladti hay. mawasilat aur nql woo hamal. sadak kay zariye: amb mein eek chhota buss stend hay. hamachal aur shamali hindustan kay tamaam baday shehron bashmol dehli chandi garh shamlah hoshiyar poor jalandhar amritsar aur dharm shaalah kay liye basein dastiyaab haine. railway kay zariye: amb railway station (station code-aadar) buss stend say 1.8 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay. station 2 plait faarm parr mushtamil hay. yaha station oonaa say talwada takk zeer tameer patri parr waaqa hay. zalaa oonaa kay qasbey doot poor chook takk patri kii tameer makmal how chaki hay. mandarjah zeel trainein behtareen haine: hamachal express (14553): rozanah dehli say amb andora hamachal pardesh. praani dehli railway station say shaam 11.30 parr nikalta hay aur sabah 8 bajay amb andora station pahunchta hay. Â jaan shatabdi (12057): rozanah dehli say oonaa hamachal takk. nayee dehli railway station say dopahar 3 bajay nikalta hay aur raat 10 bajay oonaa pahunchta hay. Âdmu shuttle train saros (74992): rozanah ambala say amb andora kay raastay nangal ddaim aur oonaa. hawaa kay zariye: amb kaa qareeb tareen gharilo hawai addah guggle hawai addah hay juu 82 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay iss kay baad 122 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa ladhiyana hawai addah hay. chandi garh hawai addah juu amb say 156 chlometer door hay qareeb tareen beenn alaqwami hawai addah hay. sanaatein. amb town hamachal pardesh kaa eek sanaati elaqah bhee hay. iss qasbey mein sonalika (tractor bananay waali)yee kamdhino (kamakshi) saariya factory aur iss slunder sameet kayee units waaqa haine. jandal grop nay bhee yahaan apnay nayey textile plant qayem kiye.ayee. jandal medicoat jay aiss tye eel aur aich tye pee eel. piragon nuts lameted naami eek aur textile kapday kii akayee 2014 mein sharoo hoyee juu ree book edidas waghairah jeesay brandz kay liye kapday tayaar karti hay. piragon mein safar khaarij honay waala ayee tye pee plant hotaa hay. qareebi maqamat. 1. bumm pay paknak spot aimb say 7 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay. deegar paknak maqamat jeesay ambey paknak spot ambey say 2 say 3 chlometer kay darmiyan waaqa hay. hamaliyayi dahaaba aur mithayiyan oonaa road amb parr waaqa haine aur apnay khaaney aur mithaiyon kay liye mashhur haine. 2. chand deegar dilchasp maqamat chunat porni mandar kamkhiya dewi mandar poliya prohatan oonaa zalaa thenk porah nehrein dolat poor derah baaba badbhag sangh jee meeri lohara gagret hoshiyar poor praag poor jablamkhi pong ddaim chalet. 3. amb kay mazafat mein (amb say taqriba 9 chlometer door) eek haweeli bhee hay.

000889989c23ee7823f2e9641dd401ebfabd8b910e20f20b63e5bd887fc75846

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15200194

Plœuc-sur-Lié

Plœuc-sur-Lié Plœuc-sur-Lié (; ) is a former commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Plœuc-l'Hermitage. Geography. Climate. Plœuc-sur-Lié has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"). The average annual temperature in Plœuc-sur-Lié is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Plœuc-sur-Lié was on 9 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 January 1997. Population. Inhabitants of Plœuc-sur-Lié are called "plœucois" in French. History. The oldest antiquity may be the menhir of Bayo. In 1643, as a reward for services rendered at the siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628), King Louis XIV granted Sebastian de Ploeuc the right to hold four fairs a year and also a weekly market. In 1664, the de Ploeuc family sold its lands to the La Rivières, whose coat of arms can still be seen on the "Moulien de la Corbière". The Count de La Rivière was the ancestor of Lafayette, who sold his estates at Ploeuc to cover the expenses which fell on him as a result of the American War of Independence. This war also caused great harm to the local linen industry. Today, Plœuc-sur-Lié retains its rural character, with a prosperous agriculture which is largely from potato growing. Apart from the Bayo menhir, there are many restored old houses, windmills, and nearby forests. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pluke-sur-li pluke-sur-li (;) hoise uttor-poschim francer britanir koo 'toss-di' aarmor bibhagor etaa purbor commune. 2016 sonor 1 januaryt iyak notun commune pluke-el 'hermitageot ekotrito koraa hoisil. bhugul. jolobayu. pluke-sur-li" too mohaxagoriyo jolobayu aase (kupen jolobayu shrenibibhajon "chi. ef. bi"). pluke-sur-lir gorh barxik tapmatra hoise. gorh barxik borxun disembor mahtuwei ataitkoi aardro maah. aagosto maahot gorh usnota xorbadhik, pray, aaru januaryt xorbonimno, pray. 2003 sonor 9 aagostot pluke-sur-liyat etiyaloike obhilekh koraa xorbadhik tapmatra aasil; 1997 sonor 2 januaryt etiyaloike obhilekh koraa ataitkoi xitol tapmatra aasil. jonoxongkhya. pluke-sur-li" ror baxindaxokolok forasi bhaxat "pluke" "waas" buli kuwa hoy. itihax. ataitkoi puroni prasinota hoh "bob paare beyur menhir. 1643 sonot laa ruchel (1627-1628) oworudhot aagborhuwa xewar baabe puroskar hisape, roja lui xiv-e sebastian di plucok bosorot sarita melaa aaru xaptahik bojar onusthito korar odhikar prodan korisil. 1664 sonot di pluke poriyale iyar bhumi laa ribhiresoloi bikri korisil, jaar haator kutt etiyau "moulin di laa korbire" too dekha puwa yaay. count di laa revier aasil lafayeter purbopurux, jiye aamerikar swadhinota juddhor pholsworupe teur uporot poraa byoyxomuh puron koriboloi pluukot teur xompoti bikri korisil. ei juddhor folot sthaniyo linen udyugoru jothesto khyoti hoisil. aaji, pluke-sur-liye iyar gramyo soritro bojai rakhise, ek xomridhixali krixir xoite ji mulotoh aalu khetir poraa hoy. beu menhiror uporiu bohutu punoruddhar koraa puroni ghor, bayusor aaru usoror oronyo aase.

pluke-soor-ly pluke-soor-ly (;) uttor-poschim francer britani-rawr coats-dii 'armor bibhager ekti praktan sampradai. 2016 saaler 1laa januari, etty notun commune pluke-ell 'hermitage ekibhuto koraa hoy. bhugol. jalbayu. pluke-soor-ly-teey ekti mahasagariya jalbayu royeche (copen jalbayu shrenibibhag "cfb"). pluke-soor-litey garh barshik tapmatra holl. garh barshik brishtipat decemberke ardrotomo maas hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. august maase tapmatra gadey sorbochcho, pray ebong januaryte sorbonimno thaake. pluke-soor-litey sorbochcho tapmatra record koraa hoyechilo 2003 saaler 9ee august; sorbokaler shitaltama tapmatra record koraa hoyechilo 1997 saaler 2raa januari. jonosongkha. pluke-soor-ly"-err basindader farasi bhasay "plucois" bolla hoy. itihas. prachintama prachinatwa hotey paare bayor menhir. 1643 saale, laa rochelle (1627-1628) aborodher somoy prodotto porishebar jonno puraskar hisabe, raja lui xiv sebastian dii plukke bochore charti mella ebong ekti saptahik bazar ayojoner adhikar pradan corren. 1664 saale, dii pluke poribar taar jommy laa revearser kachhe bikri korey deyo, jaar ostrer coat ekhono "moulin dii laa korbiyer"-ayee dekha yaay. kaunta dii laa reviere chhilen lafayeter purbopurush, jini markin swadhinota juddher foley taanr upor porey yawa kharach metate pluike taanr esteta bikri korechilen. eyi juddho sthaniya linen shilpero byapok khoti korechilo. aaz, pluke-soor-ly taar gramin choritro dhorey rekheche, ekti samriddha krishi jaa mulat alu chaash theke hoy. beo menhir chharao, onek punoruddhar koraa purano baadi, batchokro ebong kachakachi bonn royeche.

pluke-suur-lii pluke-suur-lii (;) aee uttarpashchim francemaa britneyma qota-dii 'armer vibhagma bhutpurv samudaay chhe. 1 january 2016naa roj, tene navaa commune pluke-lae 'hermitagemaa bhelvi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. bhugol. aabohva. pluke-suur-leemaa dariyai aabohva chhe (copan aabohva vargikaran "see. aef. bii"). pluke-suur-leemaa sarerash vaarshik taapmaan chhe. sarerash vaarshik varsaad decemberne sauthee bheeno maheeno tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe. augustma sarerash sauthee vadhu taapmaan hoya chhe, lagbhag aneey januaryma sauthee ochhu taapmaan hoya chhe. pluke-suur-leemaa atyaar sudhinu sauthee vadhu taapmaan 9 august 2003naa roj nondhayu hatoo; atyaar sudhinu sauthee thandu taapmaan 2 january 1997naa roj nondhayu hatoo. vastee. pluke-suur-leana rahevasione franchmaa "plucois" kahevama aave chhe. itihas. sauthee juunii praachintaa baayonu menhir hoi shake chhe. 1643maan, laa rochelle (1627-1628) nee gherabandhima pradaan karvaamaa aaveli sevaao maate puraskar tareeke, raajaa luis XIVaee sebastian dii ploikne varshmaa chaar melaao aneey saaptaahik bajaar yojvaano adhikaar aapyo hato. 1664maan, dii ploic parivaare tenee jameen laa nadeeone vechee deedhi, jeno shastrono qota haju pann "mauleen dii laa corbier" parr joee shakaay chhe. kaaunt dii laa revear lafayetna purvaj hataa, jemane american svatantrataa yuddhnaa parinaame temnaa parr padela kharchane aavari levaa maate ploic khaateni temnee sampatti vechee deedhi hatee. aaa yuddhthi sthaaneek linnon udhyogne pann ghanoo nuksan thayu hatoo. aaje, pluke-suur-leeae tenaa graameen swaroopne jaalvi raakhyu chhe, jemaa samruddh khetee chhe jeey mote bhaage bataataani kheteemathi thaay chhe. bayo menhir upraant, ghanaa punsthapit junaa makaano, pavanchakkio aneey najiknaa jangalo chhe.

pluke-sur-lii pluke-sur-lii (;) uttar-paschimi france mein britney mein coat-dee 'armer vibhaag mein ack poorv samudaay haye. 1 janwari 2016 koo, ise nae samudaay pluke-ell 'hermitage mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. bhugol. jalavaayu. pluke-sur-lii mein ack mahasagariya jalavaayu haye (copen jalavaayu vargeekaran "see. aff. bee"). pluke-sur-lii mein ausat vaarshik tapman haye. ausat vaarshik varsha disambar key saath sabse aardr maheene key roop mein hoti haye. agast mein ausat tapman sabse adhik, lagbhag, aur janwari mein sabse cumm, lagbhag hotaa haye. pluke-sur-lii mein abb taka kaa sabse adhik tapman 9 agast 2003 koo darj kiya gayaa thaa; abb taka kaa sabse thandaa tapman 2 janwari 1997 koo darj kiya gayaa thaa. jansankhya. pluke-sur-lii key nivaasiyon koo french mein "plucois" kahaa jaataa haye. itihas. sabse purani prachinta beyo kaa menhir hoe sakati haye. 1643 mein, laa roshell (1627-1628) kii gherabandi mein pradaan kii gaee sevaaon key liye ack puraskar key roop mein, raajaa lui XIV ney sebastian dee pluke koo ack varsh mein chaar melon aur ack saptahik bajar aayojit karane kaa adhikaar diyaa. 1664 mein, dee pluke parivaar ney apani bhoomi laa revears koo betch dee, jinake hathiyaron kaa coat abhee bhee "mauleen dee laa corbier" parr dekhaa jaa sakata haye. count dee laa revear lafayet key poorvaj they, jinhone americi swatantrata sangram key parinamswarup una kharchon koo puuraa karane key liye pluke mein apani sampatti betch dee. iss yuddh ney sthaaniya linnon udyog koo bhee bahut nuksan pahunchaaya. aaj, pluke-sur-lii apane graameen charitra koo barkarar rakhta haye, ack samriddh krishi key saath joe kaafee hudd taka aaloo ugaane seey haye. beo menhir key alawa, kaee punarsthaapit puraane ghar, pavanchakki aur aas-paas key jangal hain.

pluke-surr-lea pluke-surr-lea (;) vayuvya fransna britannalliruva coat-dii 'armer ilaakheya hindina samudaayavaagide. 2016rahra janavari janavari, idannu hosa commune plouk-ell 'harmitejge vileenagolisalaayitu. bhougolika. havamana. pluke-surr-lea samudrada havaamaanavannu hondide (koppen havamana vargeekarana "sii. eff. bii"). pluke-surr-leeyalli sarasari varshika taapamaanavu. sarasari varshika maleyu december atyanta ardra tingalaagiruttade. augustinalli sarasari garishta taapamaanaviruttade, sumaru, mattu janavariyalli kanishta taapamaanavu sumaru iruttade. pluke-surr-leeyalli daakhalaada athi hecchu taapamaanavu 2003rahra august august daakhalaagittu; iduvarege daakhalaada athi tampaada taapamaanavu 1997rahra janavari janavari daakhalaagittu. janasankhye. pluke-surr-leeya nivasigalannu frenchnalli "plucois" endu kareyalaaguttade. itihaasa. atyanta haleya prachinateyu bayoda menhir agirabahudu. agirabahudu, laa rochelle (1627-1628) muttigeyalli needida sevegalige bahumaanavaagi, raaja louis XIV, varshakke naalku melagalannu nadesuva hakkannu mattu varakkomme maarukatteyannu nadesuva hakkannu sebastian dii plookge niididanu. niididanu, dii pluke kutumbavu tanna bhoomiyannu laa revearsge marata maaditu, avara laanchanavannu egaloo "mauleen dii laa carbier" nalli kaanabahudu. count dii laa revier avaru lafayet avara poorvajaraagiddaru, avaru americada swatantrya sangraamada parinaamavaagi avara mele bidda vechchagalannu bharisalu pluknalliruva tamma estetgalannu marata maadidaru. ee yuddhavu sthaliya linin udyamakkoo dodda haaniyannuntumaaditu. indu, pluke-surr-lea tanna grameena svaroopavannu ulisikondiddu, samruddha krushiyu hechchaagi alugadde beleyuvikeyinda bandide. bio menhir annu horatupadisi, aneka punahsthapisalada haleya manegalu, vindmilgalu mattu hattirada kadugalive.

pluke-surr-liie vadakkupadinjaaran fraansile brittaniyile coats-dii 'armer vakuppile oru muun communaanu pluke-surr-liie (;). 2016 januvari 1 nuu ithu puthiya kammyoon pluke-ell hermittejil layippichu. bhoomishaasthram. kaalavastha. pluke-surr-leak oru samudra kaalaavasthayundu (copen kalavastha vargeekaranam "sii. eph. bii"). pluke-surr-liyile sharashari vaarshika thaapanila. sharashari vaarshika mazha desember maasamaan ettavum eerppamulla maasam. augustil sharashari ettavum uyarnna thapanilayum januvariyil ettavum thaazhnna thapanilayum ekadesham aayirikkum. 2003 august 9-nuu plock-surr-leeyil rekhappeduthiya ettavum uyarnna thaapanila; 1997 januvari 2-nuu rekhappeduthiya ettavum thanuppulla thaapanila. janasamkhya. pluke-surr-leeyile nivaasikale franch bhashayil "plucois" ennu vilikkunnu. charithram. ettavum pazhakkam chenna purathanakaalam bayoyile menheer aayirikkam. 1643-ll, laa roshell (1627-1628) uparodhathil nalkia sevanangalkulla prathifalamaayi, luis pathinaraman rajaavu sebaastyan dii plukinu varshathil naalu melakalum prathivaara vipaniyum nadathaanulla avakasham nalki. 1664-ll dii pluke kudumbam thangalude bhoomi laa riviyersinu vittu, avarude anki ippozhum "mouleen dii laa corbieril" kaanaan kazhiyum. american swaathanthryasamarathinte falamaayi thanikk sambhavicha chelavukal vahikkunnathinaayi ployakkile thante estettukal vitta laafayettinte poorvvikanaayirunnu kaundu dii laa reviere. eee yuddham praadeshika linan vyavasayathinum valia dosham varuthi. innu, urulakkizhangu valarthunnathil ninnulla sambannamaaya krishiyode pluke-surr-liie athinte grameena swabhaavam nilanirthunnu. bio menheerinu purame, punasthaapikkappetta niravadhi pazhaya veedukal, kaattaadiyanthrangal, sameepathulla vanangal ennivayundu.

pluke-suur-lii pluke-suur-lii (;) haah vayavya francemadhil britneymadheel coat-dii 'armer vibhagatil eka purvicha samuday aahe. 1 janewari 2016 roji, teey naveen samuday pluke-laal 'hermitagemadhye villin karnyat aale. bhoogol. hawaman. pluke-suur-leemadhye sagari hawaman aahe (copen hawaman vargikaran "see. eff. bii"). pluke-suur-lii madheel sarasari varshik tapman aahe. sarasari varshik paus haah december haah sarvat olsar mahina asato. augustmadhye sarasari sarvadhik, sumare aanee jaanevarit sarvat qamee tapman asate. pluke-suur-leemadhye 9 august 2003 roji aataparyantche sarvadhik tapman nondavale gele; 2 janewari 1997 roji aataparyantche sarvat thund tapman nondavale gele. loksankhya. pluke-suur-leechya rahivashanna frenchmadhye 'plucois' mhanatat. itihas. sarvat junie puratanta hii beyochi menhir asoo shakate. 1643 madhye, laa roshelchya vedhyat (1627-1628) kelelya sevansathi bakshis mhanoon, raja lui chaudavyane sebastian dii ploikala varshala chaar jatra aanee saptahik bajarpeth aayojit karnyacha adhikar deela. 1664 madhye, dii ploic kutumbane aapali jameen laa reviersna vikali, jyancha shastrancha coat ajunahi "mauleen dii laa corbier" varr disato. count dii laa revier haah lafayetcha purvaj hota, jyane amerikechya swatantryaladhyachya parinami tyachyavar padalela kharch bharoon kadhanyasathi ploac yetheel aapali malmatta vikali. yaa yuddhamule sthanik tagachya udhyogachehi mothe nuksan jhaale. aaj, pluke-suur-lii heey tyache grameen swaroop kayam rakhate, jyat samruddha shetee aahe jee mukhytah batatyachya lagvaditun hote. beyo menhir vyatirikt, anek punarsanchayit junie ghare, pavanchakki aanee jawalpaschi jangale aahet.

pluke-sur-lea pluke-sur-lea (;) uttarpashchimi franceko britaniko coates-dee 'armer vibhagko purva commune how. 1 janawari 2016 maa, yasalai nayan commune pluke-law 'hermitagema vilaya garieko thiyo. bhugol. mausam. pluke-sur-liko samudri jalawayu chha (copen jalawayu wargikaran "cfb"). pluke-sur-lima ausat warshik tapakram hunchha. ausat warshik warsha decemberlai sabaibhanda osilo mahinako rupma rakhdacha. augustma ausat tapakram sabaibhanda badhi, warpar, rar janawarima sabaibhanda cum, warpar hunchha. pluke-sur-lima ahilesammako sabaibhanda uccha tapakram 9 august 2003 maa record garieko thiyo; ahilesammako sabaibhanda chiso tapakram 2 janawari 1997 maa record garieko thiyo. janasankhya. pluke-sur-lika basindaharulai francelima "plucois" bhaninchha. itihas. sabaibhanda purano puratanta bayoko menhir huna sakchha. sann 1643 maa, lah rochel (1627-1628) ko gherabandima pradan garieka sewaharuko puraskarko rupma, raja luis XIV ley sebastian day ploeklai warshama chaar mela rar saptahik bazar ayojana garne adhikar pradan gare. sann 1664 maa, day ploek pariwarle afno jamin lah revierslai beche, jasko hatiyarko kote ajhai pani "maulin day lah corbiera" maa dekhna sakinchha. count day lah revier lafayetka purvaj thie, jasle americi swatantrata yuddhako parinamswarup unimathi pareko kharchalai kabhar garna ploekma afno sampatti becheka thie. yass yuddhale sthaniya linnon udyoglai pani thulo kshati puyaeko thiyo. az, pluke-sur-lile afno gramin charitralai kayam rakheko chha, samridha krishiko sath june mukhyataya alu utpadanbata hunchha. bayo menhir bahek, tyahan dherai punarsthapit purana gharharu, pawanchakkiharu rar najikaika jungleharu chhan.

pluke-sur-ly pluke-sur-ly (πλοκ-±-λε) heuchhi uttara-paschima francer britanire thiba coat-dii 'armer bibhagara eka purbatana commune . 2016 masiha januari 1 tarikhare, ehaaku nutan commune pluke-laal 'harmitejre mishran karajaithila. bhugol. jalabaju. pluke-sur-ly" ray eka mahasagariya jalabaju (copen jalabaju bargikarana "" sii. aif. bii "") rahichhi. pluke-sur-ly ray harahari barshika tapmatra heuchhi. harahari barshika barsha heuchhi december masaku sabutharu ardra maasa bhabe grahan karithae. august maasare harahari tapmatra sarbadhika, pakhapakhi, ebong januari maasare sarbanimna, pakhapakhi. pluke-sur-ly ray eparjyanta record karajaithiba sarbadhika tapmatra 9 august 2003 ray thila; eparjyanta record karajaithiba sabutharu thanda tapmatra 2 januari 1997 ray thila . janasankhya. pluke-sur-ly' rahr adhibasimananku farasi bhasare 'plucois' kuhajae. itihas. sabutharu puruna prachinatwa huet bayore menhir hoipare . 1643 masihare, laa roshell (1627-1628) abarodh samajare pradan karajaithiba seba paain puraskara bhabare, raja louis XIV sebastian dii plouknku barshaku charoti melaa ebong eka saptahika bajaara ayojan karibara adhikara pradan karithile. 1664 masihare, dii plouk paribara nijara jami laa ribhijarsanku bikri curry deithile, jahara astrashastra ebe bii "maulin dii laa curbier" ray dekhibaku milithae. count dii laa rivier laphajetanka purbapurusha thile, jie americara swadheenata sangramara phalaswaroopa taanka upare paduthiba kharcha bahn karibaku pluek thaare nijara sampatti bikri karithile. ehi juddha sthaniah linen shilpa paain madhya bahuta khyati pahanchaithila. aaji, 'pluke-sur-ly' ehara grameena charitraku bajaiah rakhichhi, eka samruddha krushi sahita jaahaa mukhyatah aalu utpadanaru . beo menhir byatita, aneka punaruddhara hoithiba puruna ghara, pabanachalita jantra ebong nikatasta jangala achhi .

pluke-surr-lee plake-surr-lee (;) uttar-pachmi france witch britney witch coats-dee 'armer vibhag witch ikk sabka kamioon haii. 1 janwari 2016 noon, iss noon navein kamioon ploek-ll 'hermitage witch milaa ditta giaa see. bhugol. jalvayu. pluck-surr-lee witch ikk samundari jalvayu haii (copan jalvayu vargikaran" "see. eff. bee" "). plake-surr-lee witch ausat salana tapman haii. ausat salana varkha dasambar dey naal sabh toon gilla maheena haii. tapman agast witch austan sabh toon vaddh hunda haii, lagbhag atey janwari witch sabh toon ghatt hunda haii. ploek-surr-lee witch hunn takk daa sabh toon vaddh tapman 9 agast 2003 noon daraj keeta giaa see; hunn takk daa sabh toon thanda tapman 2 janwari 1997 noon daraj keeta giaa see. aabadi. pluck-surr-lee dey vasnikan noon franch witch" "plocois" "kiha jaanda haii. itihaas. sabh toon purani puratanta baio daa mainhir hoow sakadi haii. 1643 witch, laa roshell (1627-1628) dee gherabandi witch dittiaan gaeeaan sevavan dey inam vajon, raaja luis XIV neey sebastian dee ploic noon ikk saal witch chaar melle lagaun atey ikk haftavari markeet daa adhikar ditta. 1664 witch, dee ploic parivaar neey aapniaan zaminan laa nadiaan noon wetch dittiaan, jinhan dey hathiaaran daa coat ajey vee "mauleen dee laa corbier" utte dekhiaa jaa sakda haii. count dee laa revear lafaiet daa purvaj see, jiss neey amriki sutantarta sangram dey natije vajon uss utte paye kharchiaan noon poora curran laee ploek vikhe aapni jaidad wetch ditti see. iss yuddh neey sathanak linnon udyog noon vee bahut nuksan pahunchiaa. ajj, "pluck-surr-lee" aapne pendu charittar noon barkarar rakkhda haii, ikk khushhal khetibadi dey naal joe kii ziaadaatar aaloo ugaun toon haii. beo mainhir toon ilava, itthe bahut saare bahaal keete gaye purane gharr, pawan chakkran atey nedley jangal hunn.

pluke-sur-lee pluke-sur-lee (;) iti vaayavya-france-deshasya britney-nagarasya kott-dii-armer-vibhaagasya poorva-samudayah asti. 2016 janavaree 1 dinaanke nootan-kamyoon-pluke-law 'hermitage ityasmin vileenam krutam. bhoogolah. vaayugunah. pluke-sur-lee ityasya mahasagariya-vaayugunah asti (copen-vayuguna-vargeekaranam "see. ef. bee"). pluke-sur-lee ityasmin vaarshikam samanyam taapamaanam bhavati. vaarshikavrushtehe maadhyah asti, december-maasah aardratamah maasah asti. august-maase, praayah, samanyam adhikatamm, janavaree-maase atyalpam cha taapamaanam bhavati. pluke-sur-lee ityasmin 2003 august 9 dinaanke sarvaadhikam taapamaanam abhilekhitam aasit; adyaparyantam sarvaadhikam shitalatamam taapamaanam 1997 janavaree 2 dinaanke abhilekhitam aasit. janasankhyaa. pluke-sur-lee ityasya nivaasinah french-bhashayam "plucois" iti kathyate. itihaasah. praacheenatamah praacheenatamah baayo-nagarasya menaheer iti syaat. 1643 tame varshe, laa rochell (1627-1628) ityasya pariveshtane pradattasevaanaam puraskaararoopen, raja louis XIV, sebastian dee plock ityasmai varshe chatwaarah melaah aayojayitum, saaptaahikavipanam cha kartum adhikaram adadat. 1664 tame varshe dee pluke-parivaarah swasya bhoomim laa-revears-janaan amme, yasya shastra-kotah adyaapi "mauleen-day-laa-carbier" ityatra drushyate. kaunt dey laa revier ityayam lafiate ityasya poorvajah aasit, yah amerikaadeshasy swaatantryayuddhasya parinaamen tasya upari vyayam kartum ployak-nagare swasampatteem vikreeyat. anena yuddhe sthaniyasya linen-udyogasya api mahatee haanih abhavat. adyatve, pluke-sur-lee swagraama-swaroopam dhaarayati, samruddhakrushihi asti, yaa mukhyataya aalu-sasya-utpadanat bhavati. beyo-menaheer ityetam vihaay, punahsthapitaha bahavah puraatanaah gruhaani, pawan-yantraani, sameepasthaani vanaani cha santi.

bluke-suur-liie bluke-suur-liie (πλοκ-±-πλε) enbathu vadamaerku brancil ulla britaniyil ulla code-dii 'armer thuraiyil ulla oru munnaal commune aagum. 2016 janavari 1 andru, idhu puthiya commune bluke-ell 'hermidageil inaikkappattathu. puviyiyal. kaalanilai. bluke-suur-liie oru kadal kaalanilaiyaik kondullathu (copen kaalanilai vagaippaadu" "cfp" ")". bluke-suur-leeyil sarasari varudaanthira veppanilai ullathu. sarasari varudaanthira mazhaippozhivu disambar maathaththudan eerappathamaana maathamaaka ullathu. augustill sarasari veppanilai miga athigamaagavum, janavari maathaththil migak kuraivaagavum irukkum. bluke-suur-leeyil idhuvarai pathivu seiyappatta miga uyarnththa veppanilai august 9,2003 andru irunththathu; idhuvarai pathivu seiyappatta miga kuliraana veppanilai janavari 2,1997 andru irunththathu. makkal thogai. bluke-suur-leeyil vasippavargal pirenchu mozhiyil" "bluegois" "endru azhaikkappadugiraargal". varalaaru. migap palamaiyaana pazhamai peyoavin menhir aaga irukkalaam. 1643 aam aandil, laa rossell (1627-1628) muttrukaiyin poathu valangkappatta sevaikalukkaana vegumathiyaaga, king luis xiv oru varudaththirku naanku kankaatchigalaiyum vaaraanthira santhaiyaiyum nadaththuvatharkaana urimaiyai valangkinaar. 1664 aam aandil, dii ployak kudumbam adhan nilangkalai laa revears niruvanaththirku vitrtrathu, adhan code off arms innum "mouleen dii laa carbier" ill kanalaam. count dii laa revier lafayettin moothaathaiyar aavaar, avar america suthanthirap poarin vilaivaaga avar meethu vilunththa selavugalai eedukatta thanathu thoattangalai ploayakkil vittraar. inthap poar ulloor linan thozhilukkum perum theengku vilaiviththathu. intru, bluke-suur-liie adhan graamappura thanmaiyai thakka vaitthuk kolgiradhu, valamaana vivasaayaththudan idhu perumpaalum urulaikkizhangku valarppilirunthu varukirathu. peyoa menheeraith thavira, pala pazhaiya veedugal, kaattraalai aalaikal mattrum arugilulla kaadugal meetkappattullana.

pluke-surr-lii pluke-surr-lii (;) vaayuvya fraanslooni brittaneeloni coats-dii 'armer vibhaagamlo unna maajee commune. 2016 janavari 1naa, idhi kotta commune pluke-ell 'hermitagelo vileenam cheyabadindi. bhougolikam. vaataavaranam. pluke-surr-leelo samudra vaataavaranam undhi (koppen vaataavarana vargeekarana "sii. eff. bii"). pluke-surr-leelo sagatu vaarshika ushnograta. sagatu vaarshika varshapaatam december atyanta themagaa unde nela. sagatuna augustulo atyadhika ushnogratalu, janavarilo athi takkuva ushnogratalu untaayi. pluke-surr-leelo ippativaraku namodaina atyadhika ushnograta 2003 augustu 9naa namodaindi; ippativaraku namodaina atyanta challani ushnograta 1997 janavari 2naa namodaindi. janabha. pluke-surr-lii nivaasulanu frenchlo" "plucois" "anie pilustaaru". charitra. atyanta puraatanamainadi bayoloni menhir kaavacchu. 1643loe, laa roshell (1627-1628) muttadilo andinchina sevalaku bahumatigaa, king luis xiv samvatsaraaniki naalugu pradarsanalanu mariyu varapu marketnu nirvahinche hakkunu sebastian dii pluke manjuru chesaadu. 1664loe, dii pluke kutumbam thana bhoomulanu laa revierlaku vikrayinchindi, dheeni kotu off arms ippatikee "mouleen dii laa carbier" loe chudavachu. count dii laa revier lafayet yokka puurveekudu, athanu american swaatantrya yuddham phalitamgaa atanipai padina kharchulanu bharinchadaaniki pluke vadda thana estatelanu vikrayinchaadu. eee yuddham sthaanika naara parisramaku kooda goppa haani kaliginchindi. nedu, pluke-surr-lii daani graameena swabhaavaanni nilupukundi, idhi ekkuvagaa bangaalaadumpala pempakam nundi vacchina sampanna vyavasaayamtho undhi. bio menhir kakunda, aneka punaruddharinchabadina paatha illu, pavanachakkeelu mariyu sameepamloni adavulu unnaayi.

plock sarr lee plok-sarr-lee (πλοκ-±-λε) shamaal maghrabi france mein bertney mein coat-ddee aarmar department kaa eek sabqah kamyun hay. 1 januri 2016 cow asay nayey kamyun plyck-eel hermitage mein zam kirr diyaa gayaa. geografiya. aab woo hawaa. plock-sarr-lee mein samandari aab woo hawaa hay (kopan aab woo hawaa kii darjah bundi" "see aif bee" "). plyck-sarr-lee mein ausat salanah darjah hararat hay. ausat salanah baarish dasambar kay saath sabb say ziyadah numm mahinah hay. agast mein ausat darjah hararat sabb say ziyadah taqriba aur januri mein sabb say kumm taqriba hotaa hay. plyck sarr lee mein abb takk kaa sabb say ziyadah darjah hararat 9 agast 2003 kuu record kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo abb takk kaa sabb say sard darjah hararat 2 januri 1997 kuu record kiyaa gayaa thaa. aabadi. plok-sarr-lee kay baashindon kuu francisi mein "plocois" kahaa jaataa hay. tareekh. qadeem tareen qadeem tareen how saktaa hay kahh baayo kaa mainhar how. 1643 mein laa roshal (1627-1628) kay muhasire mein farahim kii gayee khidmaat kay anaam kay toor parr baadshah lois XIV nay sebistin ddee plok kuu saal mein chaar melay aur haftah waar bazaar munaqid karnay kaa haqh diyaa. 1664 mein ddee plok khaandaan nay apnee zaminon kuu laa reviers kuu farokhat kirr diyaa jinn kay hathiyaron kaa coat abb bhee "moyaleen ddee laa corbier" parr dekha jaa saktaa hay. count ddee laa reveer lafayat kaa aabao ajdaad thaa jiss nay americi jung aazadi kay natijay mein iss parr padnay waalay ikhrajat kuu poraa karnay kay liye ploik mein apnee jayedadein farokhat kirr dain. iss jung nay maqami kitaani sanaat kuu bhee behat nqsan pahunchaya. aaj plock sarr lee nay apnay deehi kirdaar kuu barqarar rakhaa hay eek khushhaal zaraat kay saath juu ziyadah tarr aalo kii kaasht say hay. baayo mensheer kay alawah behat say bahaal shadah paraaney makanaat wind milz aur qareebi janglaat haine.

00088f0f61a20d16f0ad16e369566d87589c69c37cff79aecdcb39874bd7b3ad

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=8913022

абышка

абышка Kyrgyz. Etymology. From . Cognate with , , .

kyrgyz bhaxar. byutpotti. poraa. xoite gyat korok,.

kyrgyz bhasha. byutpatti. theke. sange porichito,.

kyrgyzstan. vyutpatti. maanthi. saathe parichit thaao,.

abishka kyrgyz. vyutpatti. seey. key saath sangyaan lein,.

kyrgyzstan. vyutpatti. ninda. ,, nondige gurutisikolli.

kyrgyzs vamshajar. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. ariyuka,.

abishka kyrgyz. vyutpatti. pasoon. saha parichit,.

अबीस्क kyrgyz. wyutpatti. batt. sanga sangyan,.

kyrgyzra eka kyrgyz. byutpatti. ru. sahita parichita huantu,.

kyrgyzs witch. shabdawali. toon. naal jaanhu hovo,,.

kyrgyz-deshe. vyutpattih. ityatah. saha jnaataa,.

kirkish mozhi. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. udan arivaal,.

kyrgyz bhaashalo. vyutpatti. nundi. thoo gurtinchandi,.

abshaka karghaiz. siftiyat. say. kay saath pehchanein.

000891490b7bd04a2c925a0c9ad713f975ce5737722a5ace7dbde3101a1adc72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47574137

Kher Kheda

Kher Kheda Kher Kheda is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil. Demographics. According to the 2011 census of India, Kher Kheda has 44 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 30.41%. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kher khera kher khera hoise bharotor modhyo prodexor bhupal jilaar ekhon gaau. ee berasia tohsilot owosthito. jonogathoni. bharotor 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, kher khedat 44taa poriyal aase. karzokori xakhyorotar haar (i.ee. 6 bosor aaru taar tolor xixu baad di jonoxongkhyar xakhyorotar haar hoise 30.41%.

kher kheda kher kheda bharoter modhyo pradesh rajyer bhopal jelara ekti grama. etty berasia tohosile abosthito. jonosongkha. bharoter 2011 saaler jonogonona onusare, kher khedaay 44tii poribar royeche. karjokor sakkhorotar haar (i.ee. 6 bochor baa taar qama vayasi shishu baade jonosongkhar sakkhorotar haar holl 30.41%.

kher khedaa kher khedaa aee bhaaratnaa madhya pradeshnaa bhopal jeellama aavelu aek gaam chhe. teey berasia talukama aavelu chhe. vastee vishhayak. bhaaratni 2011nee vastee ganatari anusaar, kher khedaama 44 gharo chhe. asarkarak saksharta darr (i.ee. 6 varsh aneey tethee ochhi umarnaa baadakone baad karataa vasteeno saksharta darr) 30.41% chhe.

kher khedaa kher khedaa bhaarat key madhya pradesh key bhopal zile mein sthit ack gaanv haye. yeh berasia tehseel mein sthit haye. jansankhyiki. bhaarat kii 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, kher khedaa mein 44 ghar hain. prabhaavi saksharta darr (i.ee. 6 varsh aur usase cumm ayu key bachchon koo chhodkar jansankhya kii saksharta darr 30.41% haye.

kher kheda kher kheda bhaaratada madhya pradeshada bhopal jilleya ondu graamavaagide. idu berasia tahasilnallide. janasankhyaashaastra. 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, kher khedaadalli 44 manegalive. parinamakari saaksharateya pramana (i.ii. 6 mattu adakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu horatupadisi jansankhyeya saaksharateya pramanavu <aii. dii. 1>% aagide.

kher kheda indiayile madhya pradeshile bhopal jillayile oru graamamaan kher kheda. berazia tahasil pradeshathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2011leeii sensus prakaram kher khedayil 44 veedukalundu. phalapradamaaya saaksharata nirakk (i.iii. 6 vious athil thaazheyumulla kuttikal ozhikeyulla janasamkhyayude saaksharata nirakk) <aii. dii. 1>% aanu.

kher kheda kher kheda heey bharatachya madhya pradesh rajyatil bhopal jilhyatil eka gaav aahe. heey berasia talukyat aahe. loksankhyashastra. 2011 chya bharatiy jangananenusar, kher khedamadhye 44 ghare aahet. prabhavi saksharta darr (i.eae. 6 varshe aanee tyapeksha qamee vayachi mule vagalata loksankhyecha saksharta darr 30.41% aahe.

khera kheda khera kheda bharatko madhya pradeshko bhopal jillako euta gaaun how. yo berasia tahasilma awasthit chha. janasankhyiki. bharatko sann 2011 ko janaganaanusar khera khedama 44 wata ghar chhan. prabhawkari saksharta darr (i.ei. 6 warsha rar sobhanda cum umerka balbalikaharu bahek janasankhyako saksharta darr 30.41% chha.

kher kheda khera kheda heuchhi bharatara madhyapradeshara bhopal jillara eka gramm. ehaa berasia tahasilare abasthita. janasankhyika. bharatara 2011 janganana anujai, khera khedare khedare paribara rahichhi. prabhabasali sakhyarata haara (i.ee. 6 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru comm baisar pilamananku baada dei janasankhyara sakhyarata haara heuchhi <aai. dii. 1>%.

kher kheda kher kheda bharat dey maddh pradesh dey bhopal zilhe daa ikk pind haii. ih berasia tehseel witch sathit haii. jansankhiaa. bharat dee 2011 dee mardamshumari dey anusar, kher kheda witch 44 gharr hunn. prabhavshali sakharta darr (i.ee. 6 saal atey iss toon ghatt umar dey bacchiaan noon chhadd keey aabadi dee sakharta darr 30.41% haii.

kher khedaa kher-khedaa bharatasya madhya-pradesha-rajyasya bhopal-mandale sthitah ekaha graamah asti. ayam berasia-tahasil-pradeshe sthitah asti. janasaamkhyikee. 2011 tamasya varshasya bharatasya janaganananusaram kher-khedaa-pradeshe 44 gruhaani santi. prabhaavasheela saksharata daraha (i.ee. 6 varshaat nyoonavayaskaan balan vihaay janasankhyaayaah saksharata-daraha 30.41% asti.

cair cada cair cada enbathu inthiyaavin matthiyap pirathaesaththin popal maavattaththil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. idhu perasia vattaththil amainthullathu. makkalthogai. 2011 inthiya makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, cair cada 44 veedugalaik kondullathu. tiramaiyaana kalviyarivu vigitham (i.ii. 6 vayathu mattrum atharkum kuraivaana kuzhandhaigalaith thavira mattra makkalthogaiyin kalviyarivu vigitham 30.41% aagum.

kher kheda kher kheda bharatadesamloni madhya pradesh raashtramloni bhopal jillaalo unna oka graamam. idhi berasia tehseello undhi. janabha. 2011 bhaarata janabha lekkala prakaram, kher khedaalo 44 gruhalu unnaayi. samarthavanthamaina aksharaasyata raetu (i.ii. 6 mariyu anthakante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu minaha janabha aksharaasyata raetu) 30.41%.

kheer kheeda kheer kheeda bhaarat kay madhiyah pardesh kay bhupal zalaa kaa eek gaaon hay. yaha berasia tehseel mein waaqa hay. aabadi. hindustan kii 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq kheer kheeda mein 44 gahar haine. moasir sharah khwandagi (i.ayee. 6 saal aur iss say kumm amar kay bachon kuu chhod kirr aabadi kii sharah khwandagi 30.41% hay.

0008915ba5e99c995040e18830d0bd7775dcdeaa245e1b07912974ce272faee5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1827969

Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency)

Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency) UK Parliament constituency since 1997 Croydon North is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2012 by Steve Reed of Labour Co-op. The seat was created in 1918 and split in two in 1955 (taking in neighbouring areas) and re-devised in a wholly different form in 1997. Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the constituency will be subject to major boundary changes. Northern parts, including the areas of Norbury, Thornton Heath and Upper Norwood, will form part of the newly created constituency of Streatham and Croydon North. To compensate, the seat is to be extended southwards to include Croydon town centre and Waddon. As a consequence of these changes, the seat will be abolished and succeeded by the re-established seat of Croydon West, to be first contested at the next general election. History. The seat was created from the former Croydon North West and part of the former North East constituencies. In its previous form it existed from 1918 until 1955. On re-creation at the 1997 general election the MP for the seat became Malcolm Wicks of the Labour Party with the fourth largest Labour majority in Greater London. Wicks was victorious at the next two general elections and died on 29 September 2012, prompting a by-election which was won by Steve Reed of the same party. The 2015 result made the seat the 31st safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority. Constituency profile. Croydon North is the most densely populated of Croydon's three seats, regarded as a safe Labour seat with all wards controlled by them at local level, consisting for the most part of rows of modest terraced houses, interspersed with tower blocks, much of it social and ex-social housing and with recreational areas. Passing through the constituency are London Overground and Southern services to London Victoria and Croydon — the seat is well connected by several stations to rail services. There has been some regeneration since 2000 with new-build developments for affluent commuters. The seat includes Crystal Palace FC's ground at Selhurst Park and the northeastern end of the seat is near the site of the former Crystal Palace itself. Boundaries. 1918–1950: The County Borough of Croydon wards of North, South Norwood, and Upper Norwood. 1950–1955: Wards of the above borough: Bensham Manor, Norbury, Thornton Heath, Upper Norwood, and West Thornton. 1997–2010: The London Borough of Croydon wards of Bensham Manor, Beulah, Broad Green, Norbury, South Norwood, Thornton Heath, Upper Norwood, West Thornton, and Whitehorse Manor. 2010–present: As above less Beulah and Whitehorse Manor, plus Selhurst. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kro 'dodd' noo northo (eu. key. xongxod xomosti) kro 'dodd' noo northo hoise 2012 sonor poraa sromik xomobayor steve ridor dwara britain xongxodor house owo komonxot protinidhitwo koraa etaa xomosti. aaxonkhon 1918 sonot sristi koraa hoisil aaru 1955 sonot dutaa bhagot bibhokto koraa hoisil (suburiya oncholxomuh loi) aaru 1997 sonot xompurno prithok rupot punor gothon koraa hoisil. itihax. aaxonkhon purbor kroyodon uttor-poschim aaru purbor uttor-pubo xomostir ongxor poraa sristi koraa hoisil. iyar purbor rupot ee 1918 sonor poraa 1955 sonoloike bidyoman aasil. 1997 sonor xadharon nirbasonot punor sristi huwar pisot aaxonkhonor xangxodgoraki greater londonot soturtho xorbobrihot sromik xongkhyagoristhotar xoite lebar partyr malcom uikx hoi porisil. poroborti dutaa xadharon nirbasonot uik bijoyi hoisil aaru 2012 sonor 29 septemborot mrityu hoisil, jaar folot upo-nirbasonot eketa dolor steve ride joylabh korisil. 2015 sonor folafole xongkhyagoristhotar xotangxor bhittit ei aaxonkhonok sromikor 232 khon aaxonor bhitorot bhitorot nirapod aaxon hisape gorhi tulisil. nirbasoni profile. kroyodonor tinita aaxonor bhitorot kroyodon northo hoise ataitkoi ghono jonoboxotipurno, jaak ek nirapod sromik aaxon hisape gonyo koraa hoy, zo "too sthaniyo porzayot teulukor dwara niyontrito xokolu ward thaake, zo" too besibhag xaririk chiri thoka ghor thaake, jibur tawar blokor xoite bikhyipto hoi thaake, iyar besibhag xamajik aaru prakton-xamajik aawax aaru monuronjonmulok oncholor xoite. nirbasoni xomostir maajere paar hoi juwa hoise london owerground aaru london victoria aaru kroyodonoloi dokhyin xewa-aaxontu keibatau stationor dwara rey "lo xewar xoite bhaldore xongzukto. 2000 sonor poraa dhoni jatrixokolor baabe notun-nirmanor unnoyonor xoite kichu punor sristi hoise. axontut chelharst parkot thoka christel peles efsir maati ontorbhukto aase aaru aaxonor uttor-pubo prantotu purbor christel praxador sthanor usorot aase. ximabodhota. 1918-1950: uttor, dokhyin noroud aaru uporor norwodor kro 'dodd' noo wardor county bor '. 1950-1955: uporor borur wardxomuhoh benchem menor, norbari, thorton heath, aapar noroud, aaru west thorton. 1997-2010: bensam menor, beulah, broad green, norbari, sauth nordwod, thorton heath, aapar nordwod, west thorton aaru huwaitoho 'rcho menoror london bor' owo kroyodon wards. 2010-bortomanoh uporot komm beulah aaru howaithars menor, aaru chelharst. nirbasonor folafol. 2010-ror doxokor nirbason.

croedon north (juktorajyo sangsad kendra) croedon north ekti nirbachoni elaka jaa 2012 saal theke juktorajyo sangsader house off commonser protinidhitto korey. asonti 1918 saale toiri koraa hoy ebong 1955 saale (parshoborti anchalguli niye) doo 'bhage bivokto hoy ebong 1997 saale sampurna vinno akare punra toiri koraa hoy. itihas. asonti praktan croedon uttor-poschim ebong praktan uttor-purbo nirbachoni elakar ongsho theke toiri koraa hoyechilo. err purboborti roope etty 1918 theke 1955 saal porjonto vidyaman chhilo. 1997 saaler sadharan nirbachone punra gathoner porr mp brihottor londone choturtho brihottomo shrom sankhyagarishthata soho lebar partyr malcom wick hoye othe. wicks poroborti duti sadharan nirbachone vijayi hohn ebong 29 septembara 2012-ayee maaraa zaan, jaar foley ekti upo-nirbachan hoy jaa ekoi doler stibha rida dwara joyee hoy. 2015 saaler folafol sankhyagarishthatar shotangsher dick theke eyi asontike shromiker 232tii asoner modhye 31tomo nirapada asson korey tuleche. nirbachoni elakar prophaila. croedoner tinti asoner modhye croedon north holl sabcheye ghonobosotipurno, jaa ekti nirapada shrom asson hisabe bibechito hoy, jekhane samasta oyarda sthaniya porjaye taader dwara niyantrita hoy, jaa beshirbhag ongshe porimito sopanjukto baadir saari niye gothito, jaar modhye tower block royeche, jaar beshirbhag ongshoi samajik ebong praktan-samajik abason ebong binodonmulok elaka soho. nirbachoni elakar modhyo diye london overground ebong london victoria ebong croedoner jonno dakkhin porisheba royeche-asonti besh koyekti steshana dwara rail porishebar saathe bhalbhabe sangjukto. 2000 saal theke dhonee jatrider jonno notun-nirmaner unnoyoner saathe kichhu punarjanma hoyeche. asontite selhurst parke sphotik prasad fc-rawr maatth royeche ebong asoner uttor-purbo prantoti praktan sphotik prasader sthaner kachhe abosthito. seemana. 1918-1950: uttor, dakkhin noroud ebong uporer norouder croedon wordgulir county boro. 1950-1955: uporer boror wordguli benshyam manor, norberry, thornton heath, upper noroud ebong oyesta thornton. 1997-2010: benshyam manor, beulah, broad grin, norberry, south noroud, thornton heath, upper noroud, oyesta thornton ebong whitehorse manorer croydon wordgulir london boro. 2010-bortomanoh qama beulah ebong whitehorse manor, plasha selhurster upore. nirbachoner folafol. 2010-err doshke nirbachan.

croydon uttar (yuke sansad matvistaar) croiden north aee aek matvistaar chhe jeey 2012 thee yuke sansadnaa house off commonsma laber qoo-opnaa steve reed dwara rajoo thaay chhe. aaa bethak bethak banavvama aavee hatee aneey aneey beey bhagma vahenchai hatee (padoshi vistaroma laee) aneey aneey sampurnpane alag swarupma fareethi taiyar karvaamaa aavee hatee. itihas. aaa bethak bhutpurv croydon uttar pashchim aneey bhutpurv uttar purv matvistaaronaa bhagmathi banavvama aavee hatee. tenaa agaauna swarupma teey 1918 thee 1955 sudhee astitvamaa hatoo. hatoo saamanya chuntanima punah nirmaan pachhi bethak maatena saansad grater londonma chothee sauthee motee majur bahumatee saathe laber partyna malcum wicks bunny gayaa. aagaami beey saamanya chuntanioma wicks vijayi thayaa hataa aneey 29 september september roj temnu avsaan thayu hatoo, jenaa kaarane petachuntani thaee hatee, jemaa teey jaj pakshna steve reed dwara jeet melvee hatee. hatee parinamoae bahumatini takavarina aadhare aaa bethakne majurni 232 bethakomathi bethakomathi sauthee suraksheet bethak banaavi hatee. matvistaar ruprekha. croydon north croydenni trana bethakomaa sauthee vadhu geach vastee dharaavtu sthal chhe, jeey salaamat majur bethak tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa sthaaneek stare temnaa dwara niyantrit tamaam ward chhe, jemaa motabhagna bhagma saamanya terreswala gharoni harol hoya chhe, jemaa tower bloqa hoya chhe, jeno motaabhaagno bhaag saamaajik aneey bhutpurv saamaajik aavaas aneey manoranjanna vistaaro saathe hoya chhe. aaa matvistarmathi pasaar thatee london overground aneey london viktoriya aneey croiden maate dakshini sevaao chhe-aaa bethak ghanaa stationo dwara rail sevaao saathe saaree reete jodaayelee chhe. samruddh musafaro maate navaa bandhkamna vikaas saathe 2000 thee ketlaak punrutthaan thayu chhe. aaa bethakma salehurst paark khaate chrystal payless aef. see. noon medaan chhe aneey bethakno uttarpurviy chhedo bhutpurv chrystal mahelnaa sthalnee najik chhe. seemaao. 1918-1950: uttar, dakshin norwood aneey upala norwoodna croiden wardno kaauntii baroo. 1950-1955: uparokt baronaa wardah bensham menor, norbury, thornton heath, upper norwood aneey vesta thornton. 1997-2010: bensham menor, beulah, broad green, norbury, south norwood, thornton heath, upper norwood, vesta thornton aneey whitehorse menornaa croidon wardno london baroo. 2010-vartmaanah uparnee jaim ochhi beulah aneey whitehorse menor, vattaa salehurst. chuntani parinaamo. parinaamo daykama chuntani.

croiden uttar (yuu. key. sansad nirvaachan kshetra) croydon north ack nirvaachan kshetra haye jiska pratinidhitva 2012 seey britten sansad key house off commons mein laber koo-opp key steve reed dwara kiya jaataa haye. yeh seat 1918 mein banaai gaee thee aur 1955 mein dou hisson mein vibhajit hoe gaee thee (padosi kshetron mein leey jaa rahee) aur 1997 mein poori tarah seey alag roop mein phir seey taiyar kii gaee thee. itihas. yeh seat poorv croiden uttar paschim aur poorv uttar poorv nirvaachan kshetron key hisse seey banaai gaee thee. apane pichhale roop mein yeh 1918 seey 1955 taka astitva mein thaa. 1997 key aam chunaav mein punah nirmaan parr iss seat key liye saansad grater landan mein chauthe sabse badey shram bahumat key saath laber party key malcum wicks bunn gaye. agale dou aam chunaavon mein wicks vijayi hue aur 29 sitambar 2012 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee, jisase ack upchunaav huaa jisamen usee party key steve reed ney jeet hassil kii. 2015 key parinam ney bahumat key pratishat key aadhar parr iss seat koo shramikon kii 232 seeton mein seey 31veen sabse surakshit seat banaa diyaa. nirvaachan kshetra profile. croydon north croydon kii teen seeton mein seey sabse ghanee aabaadi vaalaa haye, jise sthaaniya star parr sabhi wardon key saath ack surakshit shram seat key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen mamuli seedhidaar gharon kii panktiyon kaa adhikansh hissa hotaa haye, jisamen meenar block hotey hain, iska adhikansh hissa samajik aur poorv-samajik awas aur manoranjak kshetron key saath hotaa haye. nirvaachan kshetra seey gujarate hue landan ground aur dakshini sevaaen landan victoria aur croydon key liye hain-yeh seat kaee stations dwara rail sevaaon seey achchi tarah seey judee hui haye. 2000 seey samriddh yaatriyon key liye nae-nirmaan vikas key saath kuchh punarjanan huaa haye. seat mein selhurst park mein chrystal palace aff. see. kaa maidan shamil haye aur seat kaa poorvottar chhor poorv chrystal palace key sthaan key paas haye. seemaaen. 1918-1950: uttar, dakshin norwood aur oopari norwood key croydon wardon kaa county baro. 1950-1955: uparokt baro key wardah bensham manner, norbury, thornton heath, upper norwood aur west thornton. 1997-2010: bensham manner key croydon ward kaa landan baro, byula, broad green, norbury, south norwood, thornton heath, upper norwood, west thornton aur whitehorse manner. 2010-vartamaanah cumm byula aur safed ghode kii jagir, plus selhurst key roop mein. chunaav parinam. 2010 key dashak mein chunaav.

croidon uttara (yuke samsat kshetra) croidon north 2012rindale kaarmika sahakaarada steve reedninda yuke samsattina house off kaamansnalli pratinidhisalpaduva ondu kshetravagide. ee sthaanavannu 1918ralli rachisalaayitu mattu 1955ralli eradu bhagagalagi vingadisalaayitu (nereya pradeshagalannu tegedukonditu) mattu 1997ralli sampoornavaagi vibhinn roopadalli maru-vinyaasagolisalaayitu. itihaasa. hindina croidon vayuvya mattu hindina eeshaanya kshetragala bhagadinda ee sthaanavannu rachisalaagide. adara hindina roopadalli idu 1918rinda 1955ravarege astitvadallittu. 1997rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli maru-rachaneyaada nantara, ee sthaanada emm. pii. yuu grater landannalli nalkane atidodda kaarmika bahumatadondige laber pakshada malcum wicks aayitu. mundina eradu saarvatrika chunavanegalalli wicks vijayashaaliyaadaru mattu september 29,2012 randu nidhanaraadaru, idu adhe pakshada steve reed gedda upachunaavaneyannu prerepisitu. 2015rahra phalitaamshavu shekadaavaaru bahumatada aadhaarada mele kaarmika vargada 232 sthanagalalli ee sthaanavannu 31neey atyanta surakshita sthaanavannaagi maaditu. kshetrada profile. croidon mooru asanagalalli croidon uttaravu atyanta jananibidavagiddu, sthaliya mattadalli ellah wardgalannu niyantrisuva surakshita kaarmika asanavendu pariganisalaagide, idu bahumattige sadharana mahadigala manegala saalugalannu olagondide, gopura blaakgalinda koodide, adara hecchina bhagavu samajika mattu maaji-samajika vasati mattu manaranjana pradeshagalannu hondide. ee kshetrada moolaka haaduhoguva london overground mattu london victoria mattu croidange dakshinada sevegalu-ee aasanavu halavaaru nildaanagalinda railu sevegalige uttama samparkavannu hondide. srimanta prayanikarige hosa-nirmaanada abhivraddhigalondige 2000 rinda swalpa punarutpaadane aagide. ee aasanavu selhurst udyaanavanadalliruva sphatika aramaneya eff. sii. yaya nelavannu olagondide mattu aasanada eeshaanya tudiyu hindina sphatika aramaneya sthalada sameepadallide. gadigalu. 1918-1950: uttara, daksina norwood mattu meelbhaagada norwoodna croidon wardgala kaunti baroo. 1950-1955: melina praantyada wardgalu bensham manner, norberry, thornton heath, upper norwood mattu west thornton. 1997-2010: bensham mainer, beula, broad green, norberry, south norwood, thornton heath, upper norwood, west thornton mattu white haars mainern croydon wardgala london prantya. 2010-indinavarege kadime beula mattu white haars mainer, jotege selhurst. chunavaneya phalitaamshagalu. 2010rahra dasakadalli nadeda chunavanegalu.

croydon north (yuke paarlament mandalam) 2012 muthal britiish paarlamentinte house oof komansil laber qoo-ooppinte steevu reed prathinidheekarikkunna oru niyojakamandalamaanu croydon north. 1918ll roopeekaricha eee seett 1955ll randaayi vibhajikkukayum (ayalpradeshangal ettedukkukayum) 1997ll thikachum vyathyasthamaaya roopathil punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. charithram. muun croydon vadakkupadinjaaran mandalangalil ninnum muun vadakkukizhakkan mandalangalude bhaagathuninnumaayirunnu eee seett srishtichathu. 1918 muthal 1955 vare athinte muun roopathil ithu nilaninnirunnu. 1997 leeii pothutheranjeduppil veendum roopeekarichathode emm. pii. grettar landanil naalaamathe valia laber bhooripakshamulla laber party malcom wix aayi maari. adutha rund pothutheranjeduppukalil vikkukal vijayikkukayum 2012 septambar 29 nuu marikkukayum cheythu, ithu athe party steevu reed vijayicha oru upathiranjeduppinu kaaranamaayi. kaaranamaayi phalam bhooripakshathinte sathamaanam anusarichu laber party 232 seettukalil 31-aamathe surakshita seettaayi maari. niyojakamandalatthinte profile. croidante moonnu seettukalil ettavum janasaandrathayulla croydon north, praadeshika thalatthil ellah vaardukalum avar niyanthrikkunna oru surakshita laber seettaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, gopura blokkukal kondu chitharikkidakkunna, mithamaaya terrous veedukalude varikalude bhooribhaagavum, athil bhooribhaagavum saamoohikavum munkaala saamoohikavumaaya bhavanangalum vinoda mekhalakalum ulppedunnu. lunden ovargroundu, lunden victoriyayilekkum chroidonilekkum ulla thekkan sarveesukalaanu eee niyojakamandalatthiloode kadannupokunnathu-eee seett niravadhi steshanukalaal reyil sarveesukalumaayi nannayi bandhippichirikkunnu. sambannaraaya yaathrakkaarkkaayi puthiya nirmmaana vikasanangalumayi 2000 muthal kurachu punarujjeevanamund. seettil selharst paarkkile kristtal palas eph. sii. yude graundum seettinte vadakkukizhakkan attathu muun kristtal kottaaratthinte sthalathinaduthum ulppedunnu. athirthikal. 1918-1950: vadakku, thekk norwood, upper norwood ennividangalile croydon vaardukalude kaundi baroo. 1950-1955: melpparanja baroyile vaardukal bensham maanar, norberry, thondan heath, upper norwood, vestt thondan. 1997-2010: bensham maanar, beula, broad green, norberry, southu norwood, thondan heath, upper norwood, vestt thondan, vaitthozhs maanar ennivayude croydon vaardukalude lunden baroo. 2010-innuvare kuranja beula, vaitthozhs maanar, plus selharst ennivaykku mukalil. thiranjeduppu phalam. phalam thiranjeduppu.

croydon north (united kingdam sansad matdarsangh) croydon north haah 2012 pasoon kamgar sahkari sansthechya steve riddware pratinidhitva kelela eka matdarsangh aahe. 1918 madhye heey aasan tayar karnyat aale aanee 1955 madhye (shejarchya bhagat) done bhagat vibhagale gele aanee 1997 madhye purnapane vegalya swarupat punha tayar karnyat aale. itihas. purvichya croydon vayavya aanee purvichya ishanya matdarsanghanchya bhagatoon hii jaaga tayar karnyat aalee hotee. tyachya aadhichya swarupat too 1918 teey 1955 paryant astitvat hota. 1997 chya sarvatrik nivadanukit punha nirmiti jhalyanantar, grater londonmadhye chauthya kramankache sarvat mothe kamgar bahumat asalelya yaa jagesathiche khasdar heey kamgar pakshache malcum wicks banale. pudhil done sarvatrik nivadnukanmadhye wicks vijayi jhaale aanee 29 september 2012 roji tyanche nidhan jhaale, jyamule tyach pakshachya steve reedne jinkalelya potnivadanukis chalana midali. 2015 chya nikalamule hii jaaga bahusankhyanchya takkevarinusar kamgaranchya 232 jaganpaiki 31 vya kramankavar surakshit rahili. matdarsangh profile. croydonchya teen jaganpaiki croydon north heey sarvat daat lokvastiche aahe, jeey eka surakshit kamgar aasan manale jaate, serve prabhag sthanik staravar tyanchyadvare niyantrit kele jaatat, jyat bahutek bhag samanya payaryanchya gharanchya rangancha samavesh asato, jyat manore block asatat, tyateel bahutek samajik aanee majee-samajik ghare aanee manoranjanatmak kshetre asatat. yaa matdarsanghatun london overground aanee london victoria aanee croydenla dakshinekadil seva jaatat-hii jaaga anek sthankandware railway sevanshi changlya prakare jodaleli aahe. 2000 pasoon shrimant pravashansathi naveen bandhkam vikasasah kahee punarutpadan jhaale aahe. yaa aasanamadhye selhurst parkmadhil chrystal palace eff. see. chey maidan aahe aanee aasanacha ishanya toke purvichya chrystal palacechya jagejaval aahe. seema. 1918-1950: uttar, dakshin norwood aanee varchya norwudchya croydon prabhagancha county baroo. 1950-1955: vareel prantache prabhagah bensham manner, norberry, kontechi maatee, varchya norwood aanee paschim kontechi maatee. 1997-2010: bensham manner, beula, broad green, norberry, south norwood, kontyachi oot, appar norwood, west kontyachi oot aanee whitehorse mannerchya croydon prabhagancha london baroo. 2010-sadhyacheh qamee beula aanee aanee ghodyachya havelichya varr, adhik selhurst. nivadanukiche nikal. 2010 chya dashkatil nivadanuka.

croidon uttar (belayat sansad nirvachan khetra) croydon north sann 2012 dekhi belayat sansadko house aff kamansama leber ko-apko steve ridle pratinidhitwa gareko nirvachan khetra how. yo sitt sann 1918 maa sirjana garieko thiyo rar sann 1955 maa dui bhagma vibhajit bhaeko thiyo (chhimeki kshetraharuma liera) rar sann 1997 maa purna rupma farak rupma punah design garieko thiyo. itihas. yo sitt purva croiden uttar paschim rar purva uttar purva nirvachan kshetraharuko bhagbata sirjana garieko thiyo. yasako aghillo rupma yo 1918 dekhi 1955 samma astitwama thiyo. sann 1997 ko aam chunawama punah sirjana bhaepachi yass sitka lagi sansad greater londonma chautho thulo shram bahumatka sath leber partyko malkam wicks bane. arko dui aam chunawama wicks vijayi bhae rar 29 september 2012 maa unko mrityu bhayo, jasle upachunawalai utprerit utprerit june uhi partyko steve ridle jiteko thiyo. sann 2015 ko natijale bahumatko pratishatko adharma shramikko 232 sitmadhye yo sitt sitt surakshit sitt baneko thiyo. nirvachan kshetrako profile. croidon uttar croidonka tinawata sitharu madhye sabaibhanda ghana janasankhya bhaeko chha, jaslai sthaniya starma tiniharudwara niyantrit sabai wardharu bhaeko surakshit shram sitko rupma manincha, jasma prayaha sadharan terres gharharuko panktiharu hunchhan, tower blakharu, yasako dheraijaso samajik rar purva-samajik awas rar manoranjanatmak kshetraharu chhan. nirvachan kshetrabata london overground rar london victoria rar croidenka lagi dakshini sewaharu chhan-sitt dherai stationharudwara rail sewaharusanga ramrosanga jodieko chha. sann 2000 dekhi dhani yatruharuka lagi nayan-nirman wikasko sath kehi punarutthan bhaeko chha. sitma selhurst parkma crystal pyales fcko maidan samawesh chha rar sitko uttarpurvi chheuma purva crystal darbarko sthan najikai chha. simaharu. 1918-1950: uttar, dakshin nourwood, rar mathillo naurawudko croidon wardharuko county baro. 1950-1955: mathiko baroka wardharuh bensam menor, nerberry, kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako kaantaako. 1997-2010: bensom menorko croidon wardharuko london baro, byulah, broad green, nerberry, south norwod, thornton heath, upper norwod, west thornton, rar whitehers menor. 2010-wartamanah cum byulah rar seto ghoda manore, plus selhurst mathi. nirvachan parinam. sann 2010 ko dashakma bhaeko nirvachan.

croidon uttara (britten sansada nirbachana mandali) croedon north heuchhi eka nirbachana mandali jaahaa 2012 masiharu britten sansadara house off kamansare leber coe-apara stibh ridd dwara pratinidhitwa kare . ehi asanati 1918 masihare srusti hoithila ebong 1955 masihare (padoshi anchalaku nei) dui bhagare bibhakta hoithila ebong 1997 masihare sampurna bhinna roopare punah-prastuta karajaithila. itihas. ehi asanati purbatana croidon uttara-paschima ebong purbatana uttara-purba nirbachana mandalira kichhi ansharu srusti karajaithila. ehara purba roopare ehaa 1918 ru 1955 parjyanta bidyamana thila . 1997 sadharana nirbachanare punarbara srusti heba parey, ehi aasana paain emm. pii. greater landanare chaturtha sarbabruhata shrama sankhyagarishthata sahita leber partyra malcome wick hoithile. parabarti duiti sadharana nirbachanare wick bijai hoithile ebong 29 september 2012 ray mrutyubarana karithile, jaahaa eka upa-nirbachanaku prerita karithila jaahaa sehi dalara stibh ridd dwara jitithila . 2015rahr phalaphal sankhyagarishthata pratishata drustiru shramikanka shramikanka aasana madhyaru ehi aasanaku aasanaku surakhita aasana karithila. nirbachana mandali profile. croidnra tinoti aasana madhyaru croidon uttara heuchhi sabutharu ghana janasankhya bisista, jaahaa eka surakhita sramika aasana bhabare bibechana karajae, samasta ward sthaniah starare semananka dwara nijantrita, jaahaa adhikansha chhot chhot sopan bisista ghargudikar dhadi, tawara block sahita bibhakta, ehara adhikansha samajika ebong purbatana-samajika abas ebong manoranjan khetra sahita . nirbachana mandali dei london overground ebong london victoria ebong kroedanaku dakhina seba rahichhi-ehi asanati aneka station dwara rela seba sahita bhal bhabare sanjukta. 2000 masiharu kichhi punaruddhara hoichhi ebong samruddha jatrinka paain nutan-nirmana bikash hoichhi . ehi aasanatire selhorst parkre thiba sphatika prasad aif. sii. rahr padia rahichhi ebong asanatira uttara-purba prantati purbatana sphatika prasad sthana nikatare rahichhi. seema. 1918-1950: uttara, dakhina naraud ebong upara naraud rahr croidon warder county baroh . 1950-1955: uparokta baror wardah bensham mainer, narbari, thernton heath, appar narbhud, ebong westa thernton . 1997-2010: bensham mainer, beula, broad green, narbari, south norbood, thernton heath, appar norbood, westa thernton ebong whitehers mainer rahr croidon warder london baroh . 2010-barttamanah comm beula ebong whitehers mainer, plus selhorst upare . nirbachana phalaphal. 2010 dashakare nirbachana.

croiden uttar (yuu. keey. sansad halka) croiden north ikk chonh khetar haii joe 2012 toon laber qo-aap dey steve reed duaara yuke sansad dey haaoos aaf commons witch darsaiaa giaa haii. ih seet 1918 witch banayi gaee see atey 1955 witch doou hissiaan witch vandee gaee see (guandhi khetran witch lae keey) atey 1997 witch ikk puurii tarahan vakkhre roop witch dubara tiaar keeti gaee see. itihaas. ih seet sabka croiden uttar pachham atey sabka uttar purbi halkiaan dey hisse toon banayi gaee see. aapne pichle roop witch ih 1918 toon 1955 takk maujood see. 1997 deeaan aam chonhan witch mudd-nirman utte iss seet laee aimm. pee. greater london witch chauthe sabh toon vadde laber bahumat dey naal laber party dey malcum vikk bann gaye. agliaan doou aam chonhan witch vikk jitte sunn atey 29 satambar 2012 noon uhanan dee maut hoow gaee, jiss naal ikk upp-chonh hoee jiss witch use party dey steve reed neey jitt prapat keeti. 2015 dey natije neey iss seet noon bahumat dee pratishatata dey hisab naal laber deeaan 232 seetan vicchon vicchon sabh toon surakhiat seet bnaa ditta. chonh khetar profile. croiden uttar croiden deeaan tinn seetan vicchon sabh toon sanghani aabadi vaala haii, jiss noon ikk surakhiat laber seet manniaa jaanda haii, jiss witch sathanak paddhar 'teey saare wardan noon uhanan duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii, jiss witch mamuli paudiaan vaale gharan deeaan kataran daa ziaadaatar hissa hunda haii, jiss witch tower block hunde hunn, iss daa ziaadaatar hissa smajik atey sabka-smajik rihaish atey manoranjan khetar hunde hunn. halke vicchon langhde hoye london overground atey dakkhni sevavan london victoria atey croiden laee hunn-ih seet kaee stationan duaara rail sevavan naal changi tarahan judee hoee haii. ameer yatrian laee navein nirman dey vikas dey naal 2000 toon kujh punar-nirman hoiaa haii. seet witch selhurst park witch chrystal palace eff. see. daa maidaan shamal haii atey seet daa uttar-purbi ant sabka chrystal palace dey sathaan dey nede haii. seemavan. 1918-1950: uttar, dakkhan narwood atey uppar narwood dey croiden wardan daa kaoonti boro. 1950-1955: uppar ditte boro dey wardau bensham mainar, norbury, thornton heath, upper norwood atey pachmi thornton. 1997-2010: london boro aaf croiden wards aaf bensham manore, beulah, broad green, norbury, south norwood, thornton heath, upper norwood, pachmi thornton atey whitehores manore. 2010-varatmaaun ghatt biulah atey whitehores mainar, plus salherst toon uppar. chonhan dey natije. 2010 deeaan chonhan.

croyden-uttara (yoo. key. samsada nirvaachanakshetram) croyden-naarth iti nirvaachanakshetram 2012 tamaat varshaat yoo. key.-samsade house aaf commons ityasmin leber-ko-aap ityasya steve-reed ityanena pratinidhitvam krutam asti. asya asanasya nirmanam 1918 tame varshe krutam, 1955 tame varshe dwayoh bhaageshu vibhaktam (sameepastheshu kshetreshu cha) 1997 tame varshe sampurnataya bhinnarupena punah parikalpitam. itihaasah. poorva-croyden-vaayavyatah poorva-eeshaany-nirvachanakshetranam bhagat cha asya asanasya nirmanam krutam. poorvaroopen 1918 taha 1955 paryantam astitvam aasit. 1997 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane punah nirmananantaram emm. pi.-sadasyah leber-pakshasya maalkam-wicks abhavat, yatra greater-landan-nagare chaturtham bruhattamam shrama-bahumatam aasit. agrime saamaanyanirvaachane dwayoh wicks-pakshayoho vijayah abhavat, 2012 september 29 dinaanke tasya mrutyuhu abhavat, yena upanirvaachanam praavartat yat tasmin eva dalasya steve reed ityanena vijayitam. 2015 tame varshe praaptasya parinaamen, shramikanam 232 sthananam madhye, bahumatasya pratishatasya drushtyaa, aasanam 31 tamam surakshitam sthaanam abhavat. nirvaachanakshetrasya vivaranam. croyden-ityasya trishu asananam madhye croyden-naarth-nagaram sarvaadhikam janaghanatvam vartate, yat surakshitam shramasthaanam iti manyate, yatra sarve wards sthaniyastare teshaam niyantrane bhavanti, yatra praayah samanya-sopanayuktanam gruhaanaam panktih, gopur-khandaih vibhaktaah, tasya adhikaamshah samajika-poorva-samajika-aawaasaih, manoranjana-kshetraih cha yukttaah santi. nirvaachanakshetraat gacchantah landan-nagarasya uparibhaagah, dakshina-sewaah cha landan-victoria-croyden-nagarayoho krute santi-asanasthanakam relasewaabhih saha anekebhyah sthaanakaih susambaddham asti. 2000 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, samruddha-yatrikanam krute nootan-nirmaana-vikaasaih saha, kechan punarutpadanani abhavan. asanasthane selhurst-udyaane chrystal-pyaales-ef. sii. ityasya bhoomih antarbhavati, asanasya eeshaany-praantah poorvasya chrystal-prasadasya sthanasya sameepe eva asti. seemaah. 1918-1950-uttarasy, dakshinasya norwood ityasya, aparasya norwood ityasya cha croyden-wards-ityasya kaunti-baro. 1950-1955: uparyuktasya nagarasya wardah bensam mainer, norberry, tharnton heet, appar norwood, west tharnton cha. 1997-2010 bensam-mainer ityasya croyden-wards ityasya landan-baro, byulaa, brad-green, norberry, saut-norwood, tharnton-heet, appar-norwood, west-tharnton, vait-haars-mainer cha. 2010-vartamaanah yathaa nyoonah byulaa tathaa shveta-ashva-mainer, plus selhurst. nirvaachanasya parinaamah. 2010 tame varshe nirvaachanam.

croiden vadakku (englaanthu naadaalumandrath thoguthi) croydon vadakku enbathu 2012 muthal englaanthu naadaalumandraththin podhu avaiyil thozhilaazhar kootturavin steve reed moolam pirathinithiththuvappaduththam oru thoguthiyaagum. inththa irukkai 1918 ill uruvaakkappattathu mattrum 1955 ill irandaagap pirikkappattathu (andai pakuthikalai eduththukkondathu) mattrum 1997 ill muttrilum maarupatta vadivaththil maruu vadivamaikkappattathu. varalaaru. inththa irukkai munnaal groiden vadamaerku mattrum munnaal vadakizhakku thoguthigalin oru paguthiyilirunthu uruvaakkappattathu. adhan munththaiya vadivaththil idhu 1918 muthal 1955 varai irunththathu. 1997 podhuth therthalil meendum uruvaakkappatta pinnar, inththa idaththirkaana emm. pii., crater landanil naankaavathu periya thozhilaazhar perumbaanmaiyudan thozhilaazhar katchiyin maalgam wicks aanaar. aduththa irandu podhuth thaerthalkalil wicks vettri pettru septumber 29,2012 andru iranthaar, idhu oru idaiththaerthalaith thoondiyathu, idhu athae katchiyin steve reed vettri pettrathu. pettrathu aandin mudivu, perumbaanmai sathaveethaththin adippadaiyil, thozhilaazhar katchiyin 232 idangkalil idangkalil paathukaappaana idamaaga inththa idaththai maattriyathu. thoguthi vivarakkurippu. croyon moontru irukkaikalil migavum adarththiyaana makkal thogai konda vadakku croyodon, ulloor mattaththil anaitthu vaardugalum avarkalaal kattuppaduththappadum oru paathukaappaana thozhilaazhar irukkaiyaagak karudhappadugiradhu, idhil perumpaalaana mithamaana maadi veedugalin varisaigal ullana, gopurat thoguthigal ullana, athil perumbaalaanavai samooga mattrum munnaal samooga veettuvasathi mattrum pozhuthupoakku paguthigaludan ullana. inththa thoguthiyin vazhiyaaga lundon ovar crownd mattrum therku sevaigal lundon victoria mattrum croidanukku selkindrana-inththa irukkai pala nilaiyangalaal rayil sevaigaludan nanku inaikkappattullathu. 2000 aam aandilirunthu panakkaara payanigalukkaana puthiya kattumaana valarchchigaludan sila meeluruvaakkam aerpattullathu. irukkaiyil selhurst poongaavil ulla padiga aranmanai eff. chii. yinn tharai ullathu mattrum irukkaiyin vadakizhakku munai munnaal padiga aranmanaiyin idaththirku arugil ullathu. ellaikal. 1918-1950: vadakku, therku norwood mattrum mael norwood aagiyavattrin croyone vaardugalin kavundi perunagaram. 1950-1955: maerkanda perunagaraththin wardugal bensham maenar, norbury, mullampandri heeth, mael norwood mattrum maerku mullampandri. 1997-2010: bensham maenar, beula, broad green, norbury, savuth norwood, tharnton heeth, appar norwood, vest norton mattrum oyit haars maenarin croydon vaardugalin lundon perunagaram. 2010-tharpoothu varaif kuraivaana beula mattrum vellai kudhirai maenar, plus selhurst. thaerthal mudivugal. mudivugal nadaipettra thaerthalkal.

croidon north (UK paarlamentu niyojakavargam) croidon north anedi 2012 nundi yooke paarlamentu house off commonslo laber koo-opp yokka steve reed dwara praatinidhyam vahistunna oka niyojakavargam. eee seatu seatu srushtinchabadindi mariyu mariyu rendugaa vibhajinchabadindi (porugu praantaalanu teesukoni) mariyu mariyu puurtigaa bhinnamaina roopamlo tirigi roopondinchabadindi. charitra. eee seatu maajee croidon vaayuvya mariyu maajee eshaanya niyojakavargaalalo kontha bhaagam nundi srushtinchabadindi. daani munupati roopamlo idhi 1918 nundi 1955 varaku unikilo undhi. 1997 saarvatrika ennikalaloo tirigi erpadina taruvaata, grater londonlo naalugo atipedda kaarmika majoritytho laber party yokka malcum wixga eee sthaanaaniki mp ayyaru. taruvaati rendu saadhaarana ennikalaloo wicks vijayam saadhinchi, 2012 september 29naa maraninchaadu, adhe paarteeki chendina steve reed vijayam saadhinchina upa ennikanu prerepinchindi. 2015 phalitaala prakaram, eee seatu majority saatamtoe kaarmikula 232 seetlalo 31va sthaanamlo surakshitamgaa undhi. niyojakavarga profile. croidon yokka moodu seetlalo croidon north atyanta janasaandrata kaliginadi, idhi surakshitamaina kaarmika seetugaa pariganinchabadutundi, anni vaardulu sthaanika sthaayilo vaariche niyantrinchabadataayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku niraadambaramaina metla illa varusalu untaayi, tower blaakulatoe nindi untaayi, indulo ekkuva bhaagam saamaajika mariyu maajee-saamaajika gruhalu mariyu vinoda praantaalu unnaayi. eee niyojakavargam gundaa london ovar ground mariyu london victoria mariyu croidon kuu dakshina sevalu velutunnaayi-eee seatu aneka stationla dwara railu sevalaku baga anusandhaaninchabadi undhi. sampanna prayaanikula kosam kotta nirmaanaala abhivruddhitho 2000 nundi kontha punarutpatti jarigindi. seetulo selhurst park vadda christal pales effsy ground undhi mariyu seatu yokka eshaanya chivara maajee christal pales unna pradaesaaniki sameepamlo undhi. sarihaddulu. 1918-1950: uttara, dakshina norwood mariyu eguva norwood yokka croidon vaardula county baroe. 1950-1955: paina perkonna swayampaalita praantam yokka vaardulu bensham mainer, norbury, tharnton heath, eguva norwood mariyu west tharnton. 1997-2010: bensham mainer, beula, broad green, norbury, south norwood, tharnton heath, upper norwood, west tharnton mariyu white haars mainer yokka croydon vaardula london baroe. 2010-prastutam takkuva byula mariyu white haars mainer, plus selhurst paina. ennikala phalitaalu. phalitaalu ennikalu.

croiden naarth (bartaniah parliament halqah) croiden naarth eek intekhabi halqah hay jiss kii numaindagi 2012 say bartaniah kii parliament kay house aaf kaamanz mein leebar kuu-awo pee kay steve reed kay zariye kii jaati hay. yaha nashast 1918 mein banayi gayee thee aur 1955 mein duu hasoon mein taqsim how gayee thee (padosi elaqon mein lay kirr) aur 1997 mein makmal toor parr mukhtalif shakal mein dobarah tayaar kii gayee. tareekh. yaha nashast saabiq croiden shamaal maghrab aur saabiq shamaal mashriqi halqon kay hasay say banayi gayee thee. apnee sabqah shakal mein yaha 1918 say 1955 takk mojud rehaa. 1997 kay aam intekhabat mein dobarah takhliq honay parr iss nashast kay liye ayem pee greater landan mein chothi sabb say bury leebar aksariyat kay saath leebar paarti kay melcom wak bunn gayey. aglay duu aam intekhabat mein waks faatah rahay aur 29 satambar 2012 kuu inn kaa inteqal how gayaa jiss say zamni intekhaab hawaa jiss mein asee paarti kay steve reed nay kamiyabi haasil kii. 2015 kay nataij nay aksariyat kay faisad kay lahaaz say leebar kii 232 nashaston mein yaha nashast 31 wein number parr sabb say mahfuz banaa dee. intekhabi halqay kaa profile. croiden naarth croiden kii teen nashaston mein sabb say ziyadah gunjaan aabaad hay jasay eek mahfuz leebar seet samjha jaataa hay jiss mein tamaam waard maqami satah parr inn kay zeer control haine juu mamuli seedhiyon waalay gharoon kii qataron kay ziyadah tarr hasay parr mushtamil haine juu tower blocks kay saath bikhray hoay haine iss kaa ziyadah tarr hasah samaji aur sabqah samaji rehaish aur tafrihi elaqon kay saath hay. halqay say guzartay hoay landan auvar ground aur janubi khidmaat landan victoriah aur croiden kay liye haine-yaha seet kayee stationon kay zariye rail khidmaat say achhi tarah jadee hoyee hay. 2000 kay baad say matmul musafiron kay liye nayee tameer kii paish raft kay saath kachh bahaali hoyee hay. seet mein selharst paark mein cristal peels aif see kaa ground shaamil hay aur seet kaa shamaal mashriqi saray saabiq cristal peels kii jagah kay qareeb hay. hadood. 1918-1950: shamali janubi noor woad aur apar noor wode kay croiden wards kaa county boro. 1950-1955: mandarjah baala boro kay waard: bensham menar norbury thorantan haith apar noor woad aur vest thorantan. 1997-2010: landan boro aaf croiden wards aaf bensham minor bewalah braad grain norbury saoth noor woad thartan haith apar noor woad vest thartan aur waait haars minor. 2010-maujudah: jaisa kahh oopar kumm beaulah aur waait haars menar puls selhorist. intekhabat kay nataij. 2010 kii dahayi mein intekhabat.

0008918792380718d8248e6bcc7593dcfb15fdb9278d63317c439913e5e72331

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16973670

St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala

St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala St. Peter's and St. Paul's Malankara Orthodox Church also known as Parumala Pally is a famous church in Kerala, India. This church is located in Parumala in Thiruvalla Taluk In Pathanamthitta district and is a pilgrimage center and mausoleum of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. History. The village of Parumala is a small stretch of land on the shores of the river Pampa. Before the church was built, the Malankara Metropolitan, Joseph Mar Dionysius wanted to establish a seminary in the area. In 1885's a two-acre plot of land was donated by Arikupurathu Mathen Karnavar to Mar Dionysius. With the land there was already a temporary church built by the Arukupurathu Family. Mar Gregorios decided to rebuild the temporary church into a more befitting and beautiful church. Mar Gregorios used the personal gifts he received as well as the donations from parishes to build a church and adjoining seminary building. On the feast of the Mother of God, Greogorios temporarily consecrated the church and celebrated the divine Eucharist in the presence of Dionysius. The first building was called "Azhippura" and was used for teaching church functionaries for the Orthodox Church, including providing lessons in Syriac. Dionysios eventually passed the responsibility for the seminary to Mar Gregorios in order to carry on the Syriac teaching sessions more efficiently and also to help him in other church matters. The Church is dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul. Saint Gregorios of Parumala. This church contains the tomb of the first canonized Christian saint from India, Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala, who died on 2 November 1902 at the age of 54. In 1947 he was declared a saint of the Church by the Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan Baselios Geevarghese II. Belief in his saintly qualities caused it to become a pilgrimage center for Christians and Hindus seeking his intercession. Abraham Verghese of the New York Times wrote about his visit to the church saying <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Mar Gregorios’s benevolent image — a cross in one hand and a scepter in the other — had stared down at me from the wall of our house in Africa when I grew up; it now hangs in my study in Palo Alto. My grandfather was a deacon in this church, and my father worshiped here every Sunday until he left Kerala. My grandparents are buried in the adjacent cemetery. During our summer holidays, we would all walk from the ancestral home to the boat jetty on the Pampa river and then be poled across on long boats to the far bank where the church stood. Now, a broad bridge spans the river and the crumbling old church has been replaced by a postmodern one built in 1989. Present church. The present church, which can accommodate more than 2000 worshipers, was designed by acclaimed architect and award winner, Charles Correa. It is a circular design with an inner diameter of 39 meters. This circle is again divided into three segments by two chords of 16 meters length. In 2018, under the direction of Fr. Ashwin Fernandes, the main altar wall of the church was iconographically adorned with the "largest icon painting in Malankara." The icon behind the throne includes Christ in the center, to the left, His Mother, Yoldath Aloho Mariam (Theotokos), to the right, the forerunner, Mor Yuhanon Mam'domo (Saint John the Baptist). Surrounding the three are the assembly of the apostles and disciples of Christ. Fluttering their wings above the crowd are the host of angels and archangels who ceaselessly glorify God. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

che. pitter aaru saint. polor girja, porumala che. pitter aaru saint. polor malongkar orthodox girja jaak porumala polli buliu jonaa yaay, bharotor keralar ekhon bikhyat girja. ei girjatu pothanamthitta jilaar tiruvalla talukor parumalat owosthito aaru ee malongkar orthodox siriyan girjar ek tirthosthan kendro aaru xomadhi. itihax. porumala gaukhon pampa nodir paarot thoka ek xoru bhumi. girjatu nirman korar aagote, malongkar mohanogori, juxef maar dionysius ei oncholot etaa xikhyarthixala sthapon koribo bisarisil. 1885 sonot arikupurathu maathen kornabhare maar dionysiusok dui ekor maati daan korisil. maatir xoite itimodhye orukupurathu poriyale nirman koraa etaa osthayi girja aasil. maar gregoriose osthayi girjatu odhik upojukto aaru xundor girja hisape punor nirman korar xiddhanto loisil. maar gregoriose teu laabh koraa byoktigoto upoharor logote porixor poraa puwa onudan etaa girja aaru usoror seminary bhowon nirman koriboloi byobohar korisil. bhogowanor matrir utxowot gregg "riose xamoyikbhabe girzak pobitro korisil aaru daay" nisiyasor uposthitit oisworik ukarist udjapon korisil. prothom ottalikak "ajipura" buli kuwa hoisil aaru iyak orthodox girjar baabe girjar karzobahixokolok xikhya diyar baabe byobohar koraa hoisil, jaar bhitorot siriyak bhaxar paathu aasil. owoxexot dionysiose siriyak xikhyon odhibexonxomuh odhik dokhyotat solai niyar baabe aaru girjar onyanyo bixoyot teuk xohay korar baabe seminaryr dayitwo maar gregoriosor haatot disil. girjatu prerito pitter aaru polor proti utxorgito. parumalar saint gregorios. ei girjat bharotor prothomjon xonto khristan giwor xomadhi aase, parumalar giworgij maar gregorios, jaar 1902 sonor 2 novemborot 54 bosor boyoxot mrityu hoisil. 1947 sonot kethliks aaru malongkara metro 'polytan baselius giworgij dwitiyo-e teuk girjar xonto hisape ghuxona korisil. teur xadhu gunxomuhor uporot biswaxor folot ee teur modhyosthota bisari thoka khristan aaru hinduxokolor baabe ek tirthosthan kendrot porinot hoisil. nework timesor abraham bhargise girja bhromonor bixoye likhisil je bortoman girja. girja। odhik upaxokor baxosthan hoh "bob poraa bortomanor girjatu prokhyat sthopotibid aaru botaa bijoyi charls kuriyai design korisil. ee 39 mitter bhitoror byaxor ek brittakar design. ei brittotuk punor 16 mitter doirghyor dutaa cordor dwara tinita khondot bibhokto koraa hoise. 2018 sonot, fro. ror nirdexonat. girjar mool bedir dewal oswin fernandesok "malongkaror ataitkoi dangor aikon painting" rey protimurtigotobhabe xojuwa hoisil."xinghaxonor pisfalor aaikontut maajot khristo, baufale, teur maatri, ealdath aaluhu mariam (theotukuch), xufale, aagotiya, morr euhanon maam 'domu (saint john dyo buptist) ontorbhukto aase. ei tiniujonok aaguri aase khristor prerito aaru xisyoxokolor xobha. bhiror uporot nijor daana fuluwar baabe nirontorbhabe bhogowanok gourowanwito koraa dute aaru probhur doll aase.

seenta. pitter ebong seenta. poler girja, parumala seenta. pitter ebong seenta. poler malangkara orthodox girja jaa parumala palli nameo porichito, bharoter keralar ekti bikhyato girja. eyi girjati pathanamthitta jelara tiruvalla taluker parumala abosthito ebong etty ekti tirthosthan ebong malangkara gonda syrian girjar samadhi. itihas. parumala gramti pampa nadeer teere abosthito ekti chhoto jommy. girjati nirmaner agey, malangkara mahanagar, josepha maar dionysius eyi anchale ekti shikkhalay protistha korte cheyechilen. 1885-err doshke dui ekor jommy erikupurathu mathen karnabhar maar dionysiuske daan korechilen. jommy soho itimadhye ekti asthayi girja chhilo jaa arikupurathu poribar dwara nirmito hoyechilo. maar gregorios asthayi girjake arow upojukto ebong sundar girja punornirmaner siddhanta nene. maar gregorios taanr byaktigato upoharer pashapashi pyarisha theke prapto onudanke ekti girja ebong sanglagna seminary bhobon nirmaner jonno byabohar korechilen. issorer mayer utsabe, grogorios samoyikbhabe girjati pobitro korechilen ebong dionysiuser uposthitite oissorik ukerist udjapon korechilen. prothom vobontike "azipura" bolla hoto ebong etty siriya bhasay paatth pradan soho gonda girjar jonno girjar karmider shekhanor jonno byabohrito hoto. dionysios abosheshe siriya shikkha adhibeshanguli arow dokkhotar saathe chaliye yawar jonno ebong girjar anyanno bishoye taake sahajyo korar jonno gregorioske seminer dayitto diyechilen. girjati prerito pitter ebong poler proti utsargikrito. parumalar seenta gregorios. eyi girja bharoter prothom khristan sadhu, parumalar givergiz maar gregorioser samadhi royeche, jini 1902 saaler 2raa navembar 54 bochor boyse maaraa zaan. 1947 saale catholic ebong malankara metropoliton baselios givergiz dwitiya taanke girjar sadhu ghoshana corren. taanr sadhu gunabolir proti biswaser karone etty taanr modhyosthota chaichen emon khristan ebong hinduder jonno ekti tirthosthan hoye othe. neu eork timeser abraham verghis girja soforer bishoye likhechen bortoman girja. bortoman girjati, jaa 2000-ero beshi upasokke sthan ditey paare, proshongshito sthopoti ebong puraskar vijayi charles koria dwara design koraa hoyechilo. etty 39 mitter abhyantarin byasha soho ekti brittakar naksha. eyi brittoti abar 16 mitter doirghyer duti cord dwara tinti bibhage bivokto. 2018 saale, eff. arr-err nirdeshonai. churcher prodhan bedee prachir ashuin fernandeske mollankarer brihottomo chitrokormo diye murtigotovabe sajjito koraa hoyechilo."singhasaner pichoner aikontite majhkhane, baam dike khrishto, dandike taanr maa iyoldath aloho mariam (theotocos), agraduta, moora euhanon maam 'domo (seenta john baptist) royechen. eyi tinjanke ghire prerito ebong khrister shishyoder samabesh royeche. bhider upore taader danna udiye deoa fereshta ebong prodhan fereshtagoner doll jaaraa abiram issorer gaurab korey.

saint. pieter aneey saint. polanu church, parumala saint. pieter aneey saint. polanu malankar rudhichust church, jene parumala palli tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey bhaaratnaa keralmaan aavelu aek prakhyaat church chhe. aaa church pathanamthitta jeellana tiruvallah talukama parumalama aavelu chhe aneey teey aek tirthsthaan chhe aneey malankar rudhichust siriyan churchnu makbaro chhe. itihas. parumala gaam aee pampa nadeena keenare aavelu aek naanu jameennu kshetra chhe. churchnu nirmaan thayu teey pahelaa, malankara metropolitana, joseph maar dionysius aaa vistaarmaa aek seminary sthaapit karvaa maangtaa hataa. hataa daykama erikupurathu mathen karnavar dwara beey aekar jameen maar dionysiusne daanmaa aapvama aavee hatee. jameen saathe tyaan pahelethee jaj arikupurathu parivaar dwara bandhvama aavelu kaamchalaau church hatoo. maar gregorioae kaamchalaau churchne vadhu yogya aneey sunder churchma punnirman karvaanu nakki karyoo. maar gregoriose church aneey tenee aaspasna seminary buildingna nirmaan maate temne malelee vyaktigat bheto temaj parganaao tarafthi malelaa daanno upyog karyo hato. bhagvanni maataana tahevaar parr, gregoriose asthaayi rupe churchne pavitra karyoo aneey dionysiusni hajarima daivi dhaarmik vidhini ujavani curry. pratham imaaratne "azippura" kahevama aavtee hatee aneey teno upyog rudhichust church maate churchna kaarykartaaone shikhavvaa maate thato hato, jemaa syriakma paath bhanaavvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. dionysiose aakhare seminaryni javabdari gregoriyosne aapee jethee syriac shikshan satro vadhu asarkarak reete chaalu raakhi shakaay aneey churchnee anya babatoma pann temne madad curry shakaay. church prereet pieter aneey polne samarpeet chhe. parumalana sant gregorios. aaa churchma bhaaratnaa pratham sant khristi sant, parumalana jeevargiz maar gregoriyosni qabara chhe, jeo 2 november november roj 54 varshnee vaye mrutyu pamya hataa. hataa temne catholicus aneey malankara metropolitana baselios jeevargiz II dwara churchna sant jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnaa sant gunomaa vishvasne kaarane teey kharistio aneey temnee madhyasthi melavaa maangtaa hinduo maate tirthsthaan bunny gayoo. newyork timesna abraham vargise churchnee temnee mulakat vishe lakhyu hatoo keey vartmaan church. vartmaan church, jeey 2000 thee vadhu upasakone samaavi shake chhe, tenee rachnaa prakhyaat architect aneey puraskar vijeta charles koreeya dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey 39 meternaa aantarik vyaas saathe golaakaar design chhe. aaa vartulne fareethi 16 meater lambainaa beey taaro dwara trana vibhagoma vahenchvaamaa aavyu chhe. 2018 maan, aef. aar. naa nirdeshan hethal. churchnee mukhya vedeeni diwal ashwin fernandesne murtipujak reete malankarama sauthee motaa pratimaa chitrathi shangarvama aavee hatee."sinhasana paachhalna chihnma madhyamaa kharist, daabi bajuae, tenee maataa, yoldth aloho maariyam (theotocos), jamani bajuae, agradut, moora yuhanon maam 'domo (sant john baptist) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa traneyni aaspaas kharistna prerito aneey shishyoni sabhaa chhe. bheed upar potaani paankho laheraavtaa duto aneey mukhya dutoni bheed chhe jeey aveeratpane bhagvanni stutee karey chhe.

sent. peater aur sent. paul kaa church, parumala sent. peater aur sent. paul kaa malankara roodhivaadi church jise parumala palli key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, bhaarat key keral mein ack prasiddh church haye. yeh church pathanamthitta jile key thiruvalla taluk mein parumala mein sthit haye aur malankara roodhivaadi siriyai church kaa ack teerthsthal aur makbara haye. itihas. parumala gaanv pampa nadee key tata parr ack chhota saa bhoobhaag haye. church key nirmaan seey pahale, malankara mahanagar, joseph maar dionius kshetra mein ack madarsa sthaapit karna chaahte they. 1885 mein dou ekad bhoomi kaa bhukhand erikupurathu mathen karnavar dwara maar dionysius koo daan kiya gayaa thaa. bhoomi key saath pahale seey hii ack asthaayi church thaa jise arukupurathu parivaar dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. maar gregorios ney asthaayi church koo ack adhik upayukt aur sunder church mein punarnirmit karane kaa faisala kiya. maar gregorios ney ack church aur aspas key madarse key bhawan key nirmaan key liye praapt vyaktigat uphaaron key saath-saath parrish seey daan kaa upayog kiya. bhagwan kii maan key parv parr, gregorios ney asthaayi roop seey church koo pavitra kiya aur dionysius kii upasthiti mein divya eucharist kaa jashn manaaya. pahali imarat koo "azippura" kahaa jaataa thaa aur iska upayog roodhivaadi church key liye church key kaaryakartaon koo padhaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen siriyai mein sabak pradaan karna bhee shamil thaa. dioniosios ney antatah siriyai shikshan satron koo adhik kushalata seey chalaane aur anya church mamalon mein unaki madad karane key liye gregorios koo madarse kii jimmedaari saunpi. church prerit peater aur paul koo samarpit haye. parumala key sant gregorios. iss church mein bhaarat key pahale sant, parumala key jeevargees maar gregorios kaa makbara haye, jinaki mrityu 2 navambar 1902 koo 54 varsh kii ayu mein hui thee. 1947 mein unhein catholic aur malankara metropolitan baselios jeevargees II dwara church kaa sant ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. unake sant gunon mein vishvaas key kaaran yeh isai aur hinduon key liye ack teerthsthal bunn gayaa joe unaki madhyasthata chaahte they. newyork times key abraham vargees ney church kii apani yatra key baare mein likhaa kii vartamaan church. vartamaan church, joe 2000 seey adhik upasakon koo samaayojit curr sakata haye, koo prashansit vastukar aur puraskar vijeta, charles koria dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. yeh 39 meater key aantarik vyaas key saath ack golakar design haye. iss vritt koo phir seey 16 meater lambai key dou taaron dwara teen khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 2018 mein, aff. aar. key nirdeshan mein. church kii mukhya vedi kii deewaar, ashwin fernandes koo murtikala key roop mein malankara mein sabse badee pratima chitrakala seey sajaaya gayaa thaa."simhaasan key peechhe key icon mein madhya mein masih, baain or, unaki maan, yoldth aloho mariam (theotocos), daaeen or, agradoot, morr yuhanon madomo (sant johnn dha baptist) shamil hain. inn teenon key aspas preriton aur masih key shishyon kii sabhaa haye. bheed key oopar apane pankh laharaate hue swargadooton aur pradhaan swargadooton kii mejbani hoti haye joe bhagwan kii lagaatar mahima karate hain.

saint. peater mattu saint. paul church, parumala saint. peters mattu saint. parumala palli endoo kareyalaaguva paul avara malankara saampradaayika church bhaaratada keralada prasiddha church aagide. ee church pathananthitta jilleya tiruvalla taallookina parumaladallide mattu idu tirthayaatreya kendravagide mattu malankara saampradaayika syrian churchna samaadhiyaagide. itihaasa. parumala graamavu pampa nadiya dadadalliruva ondu sanna bhoopradeshavaagide. church nirmaanavaaguva modalu, malkamra metropolitan, joseph maar dionysius ee pradeshadalli seminariyannu sthapisalu bayasiddaru. 1885rahra dasakadalli eradu ekare bhoomiyannu arikupuratu maten karnavar avaru maar deonysiusge daana maadidaru. aaa bhoomiyalli eegaagale arukupuratu kutumbavu nirmisida taatkaalika church ittu. maar gregorios taatkaalika church annu hecchu sooktavaada mattu sundaravaada church aagi punarnirmisalu nirdharisidaru. maar gregorios avaru sweekarisida vaiyaktika udugoregalannu mattu pyaarishgalinda denigegalannu church mattu pakkada seminary kattadavannu nirmisalu balasidaru. devara taayiya habbadandu, gregorios tatkalikavagi church annu pavitragolisidaru mattu dionysiusna sammukhadalli daivika euchorist annu acharisidaru. modala kattadavannu "ajippura" endu kareyalaaguttittu mattu syriac bhasheyalli pathagalannu odagisuvudu seridante saampradaayika charchina church kaaryakartarige kalisalu idannu balasalaaguttittu. dionysius antimavagi syriac bodhana adhiveshanagalannu hecchu parinamakariyagi nadesalu mattu itara church vishayagalalli sahaaya maadalu seminary javaabdaariyannu maar gregoriosge hastaantarisidaru. ee church annu apostalaraada peater mattu paul avarige samarpisalaagide. parumalaada santa gregorios. ee church bhaaratada modala santanaada paarumalaada geaverghese maar gregorios avara samadhiyannu hondide, avaru 1902rahra november 2randu tamma 54neey vayassinalli nidhanaraadaru. 1947ralli avarannu catholicos mattu malankara metropolitan baselios geaverghese II avaru churchna santa endu ghoshisidaru. aatana santa gunagala melina nambikeyu aatana madhyasthikeyannu bayasuva kraistaru mattu hindoogalige tirthayaatreya kendravagalu kaaranavaayitu. newyork timesna abraham vargees avaru churchge bheti needida bagge barediddaare prastuta church. 2000kkoo hecchu aaraadhakarige sthalavakasha kalpisaballa prastuta church annu khyaata vaastushilpi mattu prashasti vijeta charles koria vinyasagolisiddare. idu 39 meater ola vyaasavannu hondiruva vrattakarada vinyaasavaagide. ee vrattavannu matte 16 meater uddada eradu svaramelagalinda mooru bhagagalagi vingadisalaagide. 2018ralli, eff. aarr. nirdeshanadadiyalli. churchna mukhya balipeethada godeyaada ashwin fernandes annu pratimatmakavagi "malankarada atidodda pratime varnachitra" dinda alankarisalaagittu."simhaasanada hindina pratimeyu madhyadalli, edabhagadalli kristanannu, balabhagadalli avana taayi yoldat aloho mariam (theotocos), munchooniyalliruva more yuhanan mamdomo (baptist santa zaan) avarannu olagondide. ee moovara suttaloo apostalaru mattu kristana sisyara sabhe ide. janasamoohada mele tamma rekkegalannu beesutta, devategalannu mattu pradhana devadootarannu nirantaravagi vaibhaveekarisuva host ive.

sent. peettarum sent. poulinte palli, parumala sent. peettezhs aandu sent. indiayile keralatthile prashasthamaaya oru palliyaan parumala palli ennum ariyappedunna polinte malankara oorthadoox palli. pathaanamthitta jillayile thiruvalla thaalookkile parumala sthithi cheiyunna eee palli malankara oorthadoox syrian palliyude theerthaadana kendravum shavakudeeravumaanu. charithram. pamba nadiyude theerathulla oru cheria pradesamaanu parumala graamam. palli nirmmikkunnathin munbu malankara metropolittan joseph maar dionysius eee pradeshathu oru seminari sthaapikkaan aagrahichu. 1885-kalil arikupurathu maathan karnavar maar dionysiasinu rund ekkar bhoomi sambhavana cheythu. aaa sthalathinoppam ithinakam thanne arikupurathu kudumbam nirmmicha oru thaalkkaalika pally undaayirunnu. thaalkkaalika palliye kooduthal anuyojyavum manoharavumaaya palliyayi punarnirmikkaan maar grigorios theerumaanichu. maar grigorios thanikk labhicha vyakthiparamaaya sammaanangalum edavakakalil ninnulla sambhaavanakalum oru pally sameepathulla seminari kettidavum nirmmikkaan upayogichu. daivamaathaavinte perunnaalil, grogorios thaalkkaalikamaayi sabhaye prathishtikkukayum dionysiasinte saannidhyathil divya yookkarist aaghoshikkukayum cheythu. aadyathe kettidatthe "azhipura" ennu vilichirunnu, ithu oorthadoox sabhayude sabhaa pravartthakare padippikkaan upayogichu, syriac bhashayil paadangal nalkunnathadakkam. syriac adhyapana sessionukal kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi nadathunnathinum mattu sabhaa kaaryangalil addehathe sahayikkunnathinumaayi dionysios oduvil seminariyude utharavaaditham maar grigoriosinu kaimari. apposthalanmaraaya peettarinum poulinum samarppichathaan eee palli. parumala vishudha gregorios. 1902 november 2nuu 54-aamm vayassil antharicha indiayil ninnulla aadyathe vishudha kristhyan vishudhanaaya parumala geevarghese maar gregoriosinte shavakudeeram eee palliyil adangiyirikkunnu. 1947ll catholicar malankara metropolittan baselios geevarghese randaman addehathe sabhayude vishudhanaayi prakhyaapichu. addehathinte vishudhagunangalil ulla vishwaasam addehathinte madhyasthatha thedunna kristhyaanikaludeyum hindukkaludeyum theerthaadana kendramaayi maari. newyork timesile ebraham vargees thante palli sandarshanathekkurichu ingane ezhuthi ippozhathe palli. 2000-ladhikam aaraadhakare ulkkollaan kazhiyunna ippozhathe palli roopakalppana cheythath prashastha vaasthushilpiyum award jethaavumaaya chaals koriyayaanu. 39 meter aantharika vyaasamulla vrithaakrithiyilulla roopakalppanayaanithu. eee vrithathe veendum 16 meter neelamulla rund kordukalaal moonnu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. 2018ll efaarinte nirddeshaprakaaram. palliyude pradhana balipeeta mathilaya ashwin fernandes malankarayile ettavum valia aikkan painting kondu prathimakalaal alankarichirunnu."simhaasanathin pinnile chinnathil madhyathil kristhu, idathuvashathu, amma yoldath aloho maariyam (theotocos), valathuvashath, mungamiyaaya morr yuhaanan mamdomo (vishudha joonn snaapakan) enniva ulppedunnu. kristhuvinte apposthalanmaarudeyum shishyanmaarudeyum sabhayaan eee moonninum chuttum. janakkoottathinu mukalil chirakukal uyarthikkond daivathe nirantharam mahathwappeduthunna maalaakhamaarudeyum pradhana maalaakhamaarudeyum oru koottam.

seent. pieter aanee seent. paul church, parumala seent. pieter aanee seent. paulche malankar orthodox church, jyala parumala palli asehi mhanatat, heey bharatatil keralmadhil eka prasiddha church aahe. heey church pathanamthitta jilhyatil tiruvallah talukyatil parumala yethe aahe aanee heey eka tirthkshetra aanee malankar orthodox syrian churchche makbara aahe. itihas. parumala gaav haah pampa nadichya kinanyavaril eka chhotasa bhoobhag aahe. church bandhanyapurvi, malankara mahanagar, joseph maar dionysius yanna yaa bhagat eka shikshanshala sthapan karayachi hotee. 1885chya dashakat erikupurathu mathen karnavar yanni done ekar jameen maar dionysiusla daan kelee. jaminisah tethe aadhich arkupurathu kutumbane bandhalele tatpurte church hote. maar gregoriosne tatpuratya charchchi adhik yogya aanee sunder charchmadhye punarbandhani karnyacha nirnay ghetala. maar gregoriosne tyala midalelya vaiyaktik bhetvastuncha tasech parishkadoon midalelya dengyancha vapar church aanee lagatchya seminary imaratichya bandhkamasathi keela. devachya aaichya sanavar, grogoriosne tatpurte church pavitra kele aanee dianysiuschya upasthitit daivi dharmik vidhee sajra keela. pahilya imaratila 'azippura' asey mhatale jaat hote aanee tee orthodox charchsathi charchchya karyakartyanna shikavanyasathi vaparali jaat hotee, jyat syriakmadhil dhade dene samavisht hote. dionysios yanni akheris siriyai shikshan satre adhik karyakshamatene pudhe nenyasathi aanee charchchya itar babinmadhye tyanna madat karnyasathi seminarychi jababdari maar gregoriyoskade sopavali. church heey preshit pieter aanee paul yanna samarpit aahe. parumalache sant gregorios. yaa charchmadhye bharatatil pahile sant khristi sant, parumalache giverghese maar gregorios yanchi kabar aahe, jyanche 2 november 1902 roji vayachya 54 vya varshi nidhan jhaale. 1947 madhye catholicos aanee malankara metropolitan baselios giverghese II yanni tyanna churchche sant ghoshit kele. tyachya sant gunanvaril vishvasamule tyache madhyasthi magna khrishchan aanee hindunsathi teey tirthkshetra banale. newyork timeschya abraham vargisne charchchya bhetibaddal lihile qee vartaman church. 2000 hoon adhik upasakanna samavoon gheu shakananya sadhyachya charchchi rachana prasiddha vastuvisharad aanee puraskar vijeta charles koria yanni kelee hotee. 39 meterchya aateel vyasasah heey golakar rachana aahe. heey vartul punha 16 meater lambichya done taranni teen vibhaganmadhye vibhagale aahe. 2018 madhye, eff. aar. chya nirdeshanusar. charchchi mukhya vedichi bhint asalelya ashwin fernandes yaa murtikalachya drushtine malankaramadhil sarvat mothya pratimachitrane sushobhit karnyat aalee hotee."sinhasanachya magchya pratimet madhyabhagi khrist, davikade, tyachi aaee, yoldth aloho mariam (theotocos), ujavikade, agradoot, morr yuhanon mamm 'domo (sant johnn baptist) yancha samavesh aahe. yaa tighanchya bhovati preshitanchi aanee khristachya shishyanchi sabha aahe. gardichya varr aapale pankh udavoon denare devadute aanee mukhya devdutanche eka samooh aahe jeey satat devache gaurav karatat.

cent. pieter rar cent. palko church, parumala cent. pieter rar cent. palko malankar rudhiwadi church, jaslai parumala palli pani bhaninchha, bharatko kerlako euta prasidha church how. yo church pathanamthitta jillako tiruvalla talukko parumalama awasthit chha rar malankara rudhiwadi syriali charchako tirthasthal rar makbara how. itihas. parumala gaaun pampako kinarma raheko sano bhubhag how. church nirman hunuaghi, malankara mahanagariya, josef marr dionysius yass kshetrama euta madarasa sthapana garna chahanthe. sann 1885 ko dashakma dashakma mathena karnawarle marr dionysiuslai dui ekad jamin daan gareka thie. jaminsangai tyahan tyahan pariwarle banaeko asthayi church pahile nai thiyo. marr gregoriyosle asthayi charchalai thap upayukta rar sunder charchama punarnirman garne nirnaya gare. marr gregoriyosle afule prapta gareko wyaktigat upaharka sathai church rar chheuchhauko seminary bhawan nirman garna parishharubata prapta danko prayog gare. bhagawanko amako chadma, chadma asthayi rupma charchalai pawitra gare rar dionysiusko upasthitima ishwariya eucharist manae. pahilo bhawanlai bhawanlai bhaninthyo rar syriakma path pradan garne sahit rudhiwadi charchaka lagi charchaka padadhikariharulai sikauna prayog garieko thiyo. dionysiosle antatah syriali shikshan satraharu ajha kushalatapurwak chalauna rar anya church mamilaharuma pani usalai maddat garna maar gregoriyoslai semineryko jimmewari parit gare. church prerit pieter rar palalai samarpit chha. parumalaka santa gregorios. yass charchama bharatka pratham santa isai santa, parumalaka giwargij marr gregoriyosko chihan chha, jasko 2 november 1902 maa 54 warshako umerma mrityu bhayo. 1947 maa unlai catholicus rar malankara mahanagariya baselios giwargij dwitiyale charchako santa ghoshana gareka thie. unka santa gunharuma vishwasle yasalai isaiharu rar hinduharuka lagi unko madhyasthata khojne tirthasthal banayo. newyork timeska abraham wargisle charchako bhramanko barema lekheka chhan wartaman church. wartaman church, jasle 2000 bhanda badhi upasakharulai samayojan garna sakchha, prashansit wastukar rar puraskar vijeta charles koreadwara design garieko thiyo. yo 39 mitterko bhitri wyasko sath golakar design how. yo writta feri 16 mitter lambaiko dui tarharudwara tean bhagma vibhajit chha. sann 2018 maa, efarko nirdeshanma. charchako mukhya vedi parkhal ashwin fernandeslai murtikla rupma malankarako sabaibhanda thulo aikan pentingle sajaieko thiyo."sinhasanko pachhadiko aikanma bichma khrishta, bayantira, unaki amah, yoldth aloho mariam (theotocos), dayantira, agragami, more yuhanon mamm 'domo (santa john baptista) samawesh chhan. tinlai waripari preritharu rar khrishtaka chelaharuko sabha chha. bhidbhanda mathi afno pakha faharaune swargadutharu rar pradhan swargadutharuko tolly chha jasle nirantar bhagawanko mahima garchhan.

cent. pieter ebong cent. palanka church, parumala cent. pieter ebong cent. palanka malankara orthodox church, jaahaaku parumala paali madhya kuhajae, bharatara keralare abasthita eka prasidha church. ehi church pathanamthitta jillara tiruvalla talukar parumalare abasthita ebong ehaa eka tirthajatra kendra ebong malankara orthodox syriane churcher samadhi . itihas. parumala gramm heuchhi pampa nadee koolare thiba eka chhot jami. church nirmana heba purbaru, malankara mahanagar, joseph maar deonysius ehi anchalare eka seminary pratistha karibaku chahunthile. 1885 masihare, dui ekara jami, jami mathen mathen dwara, maar dionisijasku daana karajaithila. jami sahita sethare purbaru eka asthajee church thila jaahaa jaahaa paribara dwara nirmita hoithila . maar gregorios asthajee charchaku eka adhika upajukta ebong sunder charchare punahnirmana karibaku nishpatti neithile. maar gregorios shay paithiba byaktigata upahara tatha parishmananka danaku eka church ebong sanlagna seminary kotha nirmana paain byabahara karithile. bhagabananka matanka parbare, grogorious asthajee bhabare charchaku pabitra karithile ebong dionisijasnka upasthitire dibya yukaresta palana karithile . pratham kothaku "azipura" kuhajauthila ebong ehaa orthodox church paain church karjyakartanku sikhya deba paain byabahruta heuthila, jeunthire syriac sikhya pradan karajaithila . deonysius sheshare seminaryra dajitwa maar gregorijasku hastantara karithile jaahaa dwara syriac sikhyadana adhibeshanaku adhika dakhyatara saha chalipariba ebong anya church prasangare madhya tanku sahajya karipariba . church prerita pieter ebong palnku utsargeekruta . parumalara santha gregorious. ehi charchare bharatara pratham canonized khristian santha, parumalara baselius maar gregorijasanka samadhi rahichhi, jieki 1902 masiha navember 2 tarikhare 54 barsha bajasare mrutyubarana karithile. 1947 masihare tanku catholics ebong malankara metropolitan baselius baselius dwiteejanka dwara churcher santha ghoshana karajaithila. tankara santha gunare biswasa jogun ehaa khristian ebong hindumananka paain eka teerthasthalare parinata hoithila jaahaa taanka madhyasthata chahunthile . nyujarka timeser abraham bhargis charchaku tankara gasta bishajare lekhithile churcher upasthiti. barttamanara church, jeunthire 2000 ru adhika upasaka rahiparibe, prashansita sthapati ebong puraskara bijeta charles korianka dwara design karajaithila . ehaa 39 mitter aabhyantareen byasa sahita eka bruttakara design . ehi bruttaku puni 16 mitter lumb bisista duiti cord dwara tinoti bibhagare bibhakta karajaichi. 2018 ray, aif. aarr. nka nirdeshare. churcher mukhya jagyabedi prachira ashwin pharnandesku pratimagata bhabare bhabare sarbabruhata chitrakala dwara sajjit karajaithila."singhasana pachara pratimoorttire khrista madhyare, baama pate, taanka maaa, yoldath aloho mariam (theotocos), dahana pate, agradoota, more yuhanan maama 'domo (santha zohn baptist) antarbhukta . ehi tinijananka charipakhare prerita ebong khristanka shishyamankara sabha rahichhi. bhida upare semanankara dena phinguthiba aneka doota ebong pradhan doota achanti jeunmane nirantara bhabare bhagabananku gauraba karanti .

shh. pieter atey cent. paal daa church, parumala shh. pieters atey cent. paal daa malankara orthodox church, jiss noon parumala palli vee kiha jaanda haii, keral, bharat witch ikk prasidh church haii. ih church pathanamthitta zilhe dey tiruvalla taluk dey parumala witch sathit haii atey ikk tirath sathaan haii atey malankara orthodox cri church daa makbara haii. itihaas. parumala pind pampa nadee dey kinare zameen daa ikk chhota jiha hissa haii. church dey nirman toon pahilan, malankara metropolitan, joseph maar dionysius iss khetar witch ikk madrassa sathapat karna chahunda see. 1885 witch doou ekad zameen daa ikk hissa hissa mathen karanvar duaara maar dionysius noon daan keeta giaa see. zameen dey naal pahilan hii ikk aarzi church see joe joe parivaar duaara banaiaa giaa see. maar gragrios neey asthai church noon ikk vadhere dhukven atey sunder church witch dubara banaun daa faisla keeta. maar gragrios neey aapne nijji tohfiaan dey naal-naal pairishan toon daan dee varton ikk church atey naal laggde madrasse dee imaarat banaun laee keeti. pramatma dee maata dey tiuhar 'teey, gregorios neey asthai taur' teey church noon pavittar keeta atey dionysius dee maujudgi witch braham eucharist daa jashan manaiaa. pahili imaarat noon noon kiha jaanda see atey iss dee varton orthodox church laee church dey karkunan noon padhaun laee keeti jaandi see, jiss witch cri bhasha daa sabak pardan karna vee shamal see. dionysios neey akheer witch cri adhiaapan saishanan noon vadhere kushalta naal jaari rakkhan atey church dey horr mamlian witch uss dee madad curran laee madrasse dee zimmevari maar gragrios noon saunp ditti. church rasool pieter atey paul noon samarpit haii. parumala dey sant gregrios. iss church witch bharat dey pahile isai sant, parumala dey geevargeez maar gregrios dee kabar haii, jiss dee maut 2 navambar 1902 noon 54 saal dee umar witch hoee see. 1947 witch catholics atey malankara metropolitan baselios geevargees II duaara uss noon church daa sant ailaniaa giaa see. uss dey sant gunan witch vishwas neey iss noon isaiaan atey hinduaan laee ikk tirath sathaan bnaa ditta joe uss dee sifarash dee mung karde sunn. newyork times dey abraham vargis neey church dee aapni ferry baare likhiaa kii maujuda church. maujuda church, joe kii 2000 toon vaddh upasakan noon rakkh sakda haii, noon prasidh architect atey puraskar jetu, charles koria duaara design keeta giaa see. ih 39 meeter dey andruni viaas dey naal ikk circular design haii. iss chakkar noon firr toon 16 meeter lambai dey doou cordan duaara tinn hissiaan witch vandiaa giaa haii. 2018 witch, eff. aar. dey nirdesh heth. church dee mukkh jagvedi kandh ashwin fernandes noon malankara witch sabh toon vaddi icon painting naal shingariaa giaa see."singhasan dey pichhe dey chinnh witch masih kendra witch, khabbe paase, uss dee maan, yoldth aloho mariam (theotocos), sajje paase, mohri, morr yuhanon yuhanon (cent john baptist) shamal hunn. inhan tinnan dey aale-duaale rasoolan atey masih dey cheliaan dee sabha haii. bheed dey uppar aapne khambh lehraunde hoye bahut saare doot atey pardhan doot hunn joe nirantar parmatma dee vadiaai karde hunn.

ess. tii. peater tathaa sa. paul-charch, parumala ess. tii. peaters tathaa ess. tii. paul-varyasya malankar-roodhi-charcha, parumal-palli iti namna api prasidham, bharatasya keral-rajyasya prasidham charcha asti. idam charch, pathanamathitta-mandalasya tiruvalla-talukasya parumal-nagare sthitam asti, tathaa cha malankar-roodichusta-syrian-charch ityasya teerthasthalam, samaadhih cha asti. itihaasah. parumal-graamah pampaa-nadyaah tate sthitah laghuhu bhoobhaagah asti. charch-nirmanat poorvam malankar-mahanagarasya joseph maar dionysius ityeshah asmin kshetre seminary-samsthaam sthaapayitum icchati sma. 1885 tame varshe एरिकुपुरत्तु-maathen-karnavar ityanena ekar-dwitiyabhoomih maar dionysius ityasmai daanam akarot. bhumya saha, अङ्कुपुरतु-parivaaren poorvamev asthayikalasya charch-mandiram nirmitam aasit. maar gregorios ityeshah asthayee-charch ityasya punarnirmanam adhika-upayuktam sundaram cha charch iti kartum nishchitavaan. maar gregorios ityayam swasya vyaktigataan upaharan, api cha paadari-mandaleebhyah dattaan danan cha charcha-bhavanasya, samipasthasya seminary-bhavanasya cha nirmanartham upayujyat. devamaatrudevasya utsave, grogorios ityeshah asthaayeeroopen charch-samsthaam pratishtaapayat, dionysius ityasya samaksham divya-eucarist-utsavam aacharat cha. prathamam bhavanam "अझिप्पुरा" iti namna prasidham aasit, tathaa cha yaathaasthitik-charcha ityasya krute charcha-kaaryakartrubhyah shikshanartham, syriac-bhashayaha paataan pradaatum cha upayujyate sma. dionysios ityeshah antatah seminary ityasya daayitvam maar gregorios ityasmai preshitavaan yena syriac-shikshan-satraani adhika-dakshataya pravartayitum, anyeshu charch-vishayeshu api tasya sahayyam kartum cha. idam charch, preshitaanaam peater-paal-ityetayoho krute samarpitam asti. parumala-nagarasya sent gregorios iti. asmin charch-madhye bharatasya prathamah santah christian-santah, parumala-nagarasya geevargees maar gregorios ityasya samaadhih asti, yah 1902 tame varshe november-masasya 2 dinaanke 54 varsheeyah aasit, tasya mrutyuhu abhavat. 1947 tame varshe saha catholicos tathaa malankar-mahanagar-baselios geevargees-dwiteeyena charch-ityasya santah iti ghoshitah. tasya santaguneshu vishvaasaha tasya madhyasthatam yachanakanam christian-hindunam cha teerthasthalam abhavat. nyuyaark-tams ityasya abraaham vargees ityayam swasya charch-yatrayaha vishaye likhitavaan yat - vartamaanam charch. 2000 taha adhikaih upasakanam aawaasaay vartamaanasya charchasya vinyaasah prakhyaatah vaastukaarah puraskaravijeta cha charles korea ityanena krutah. idam vruttaakaar-vinyaasam asti yasya aantarikavyaasaah 39 meater asti. idam vruttam punah 16 meater-dirghatayaha dwaya-sootraih trishu khandeshu vibhaktam asti. 2018 tame varshe, ef. aar. ityasya nirdeshena. charch-ityasya mukhya-yadnyavedyaah bhittihi ashwin-fernandes iteedam "malankarasya bruhattama-pratimaa-chitranena" pratimaa-rupena alankrutaa aasit."simhaasanasya prushthe sthitasya pratimayam madhyabhaage, vaamabhaage, tasya maataa, yoldath aloho marium (theotocos), dakshinadishi, agradootah, morr yuhanan maamadomo (sent jaan da baptist) cha antarbhavati. trayam pariveshtitam preshitaanaam, khrishtasya shishyanam cha sabhaa asti. janasamoohasy upari swapankaan uddeeyantah swargadootaah pradhanadutaha cha santi ye nirantaram devasya mahimaam kurvanti.

St. piittar mattrum saint. paal devalayam, parumala St. peters mattrum saint. parumala palli endrum azhaikkappadum bavulin malangara marabuvazhi devalayam inthiyaavin keralaavil ulla oru pirabalamaana devalayam aagum. inththa devalayam pathanamthitta maavattaththil thiruvalla vattaththil ulla parumalayil amainthullathu mattrum malangara marabuvazhi siriya devalayaththin yaatthirai maiyamaagavum kallaraiyaagavum ullathu. varalaaru. bamba aattrin karaiyil ulla oru siriya nilapparappaaga parumala gramam ullathu. devalayam kattappaduvadharku munbu, malangara perunagaramaana josaph maarr dionysius ippaguthiyil oru karuththarangai niruva virumbinaar. 1885kazhil irandu aekkar nilatthai arigupuraththu madhan karnavar maarr dionysiusku nankodaiyaaga valangkinaar. antha nilaththudan aerkanavae oru thartkaalika devalayam irunththathu, idhu arugupuraththu kudumbaththaal kattappattathu. maarr crigorios thartkaalika devalayattai migavum porutthamaana mattrum azhagaana devaalayamaaga meendum katta mudivu seithaar. maarr crigorios thanakuk kidaittha thanipatta parisugalaiyum, thiruchchapaikalin nankodaigalaiyum oru devalayam mattrum adhai otiyulla semri kattidatthaik kattuvatharku payanpaduththinaar. kadavulin thaayin virunththil, gragorios thartkaaligamaaga devalayattai punithappaduththi, dionysius munnilaiyil theiveega narkarunai kondaadinaar. muthal kattidam "nadipura" endru azhaikkappattathu, idhu marabuvazhi devalayaththin devalaya seyalpaattaalargalukku karpikka payanpaduththappattathu, idhil syriac paadangkal vazhangkappattana. dionysios iruthiyil seminarikkaana poruppai crigoriosidam oppadaiththaar, ithanaal syriac karpiththal amarvugalai migavum thiramaiyaagath thodaravum, pira devalaya vishayangkalil avarukku uthavavum. inththa devalayam appoasthalar piittar mattrum paal aakiyoarukku arppanikkappattullathu. parumalaavin punitha crigorios. inththa devalayaththil inthiyaavaich saerntha muthal punitha christhuva thuravi, parumalaavin jeevarkees maarr crigorios kallarai ullathu, avar 1902 navambar 2 aam thaethi thanathu 54 vayathil iranthaar. 1947 aam aandil avar catholickergal mattrum malangara perunagara pacelios jeevarkees II aall devalayaththin punitharaaga arivikkappattaar. avarathu punitha gunangal meethaana nambikkai, avarathu mathiyasthaththai naadum kiristhuvarkalukkum inthukkalukkum oru yaatthirai maiyamaaga maariyathu. newyorg diamsin aapirakaam verkeys thevaalayaththirku varugai thanthathaip pattri ezhuthinaar tharpoothaiya devalayam. 2000 kkum maerpatta vazhipaattaalargalukku idamalikkakkoodiya tharpoothaiya devalayam, pugazhpettra kattidak kalaignarum viruthu ventravarumaana charles koreawal vadivamaikkappattathu. idhu 39 meettar ull vittam konda vatta vadivamaippu aagum. inththa vattam meendum 16 meettar neelamulla irandu valaiyangkalaal moontru pirivugalaaka pirikkappattullathu. 2018 aam aandil, eff. aarr. inn vazhikaattuthalin keezh. devalayaththin mukiya palipeedach suvaraana ashwin fernandes, malangaraavin migapperiya uruva ooviyaththaal uruvappadamaaga alangarikkappattathu."simmaasanaththin pinnaal ulla chinnaththil kiristhuvin naduvil, idathupuram, avarathu taayaar, yoldath aloho mariam (theotogos), valathupuram, munnoadiyaana moar yuhanan mamdomo (punitha john gnanasnanam pettravar) aagiyoar adangkuvar. inththa moontraiyum suttri appoasthalargal mattrum kiristhuvin seedargalin koottam ullathu. koottaththirku maelae thangal irakkaikalai erivathil thevathootharkal mattrum pirathaana devathootharkalin koottam idaividaamal kadavulai magimaippaduththukirathu.

St. peater mariyu St. paal charchi, parumala St. peters mariyu seyint. parumala palli anie kooda piluvabade palls malankara orthodox charchi bharatadesamloni keralaloni oka prasiddha charchi. eee charchi pathananthitta jillaalooni thiruvalla taaluukaalooni parumalalo undhi mariyu idhi malankara sanaatana syrian charchi yokka teerthayaatra kendram mariyu samadhi. charitra. parumala graamam pampa nadhi odduna unna oka chinna bhuubhaagam. charchi nirminchabadataaniki mundu, malankara metropolitan, joseph maar dionysius eee praantamloo oka seminaryni sthaapinchaalani korukunnadu. 1885laloe rendu ekaraala bhoomini arikupuratu mathen karnavar maar dionysiusku viraalamgaa icchaaru. appatike aaa bhoomitho paatu arukupuratu kutumbam nirminchina taatkaalika charchi kooda undhi. maar gregorios taatkaalika charchini marinta tagina mariyu andamaina charchiga punarnirminchaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. maar gregorios tanaku labhinchina vyaktigata bahumatulato paatu paarishla nundi vacchina viraalaalanu charchi mariyu prakkane unna seminary bhavananni nirminchadaaniki upayoginchaadu. devuni talli panduga rojuna, grogorios tatkalikamga charchini pavitram chesi, dionysius samakshamlo daivika eucharistnu jarupukunnadu. modati bhavananni "ajippura" anie pilicheevaaru, idhi syriac bhaashalo paataalu neerpadamtoo sahaa sanaatana charchi kosam charchi kaaryakartalaku bodhinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. dionysios chivariki syriac bodhanaa samavesalanu marinta samarthavantamgaa konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu itara charchi vishayaalalo kooda ataniki sahayam cheyadaaniki seminary baadhyatanu maar gregorioku appaginchaadu. eee charchi apostalulaina peater mariyu paal laku ankitam cheyabadindi. parumala seyint gregorios. eee charchilo bharatadesaniki chendina mottamodati cononized christian seyint, parumalaku chendina geaverghese maar gregorios samadhi undhi, ayana 1902 november 2naa 54 samvatsaraala vayasulo maraninchaaru. 1947loe kaathalikkulu mariyu malankara metropolitan baselios geaverghese II aayananu charchi yokka seintga prakatinchaaru. ayana madhyavartitvam korukune kraistavulu, hinduvulaku ayana punhya lakshanaalapai nammakam kaaranamgaa idhi teerthayaatra kendramgaa maarindi. newyork timesku chendina abraham vargees charchi sandarsana gurinchi ilaa vraasaaru prastuta charchi. 2000 mandiki paiga aaraadhakulaku vasati kalpinchagala prastuta charchini prasamsalu pondina vaastusilpi mariyu avaardu graheeta charless korea roopondinchaaru. idhi 39 meterla lopali vyaasamtho vruttaakaara roopakalpana. eee vruttam mallii 16 meterla podavu gala rendu teegalatho moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. 2018loe, fr disalo. charchi yokka pradhana balipeetam goda ayina ashwin fernandesnu "malankaraloni atipedda vigraha chitralekhanamtho" vigraharadhanaga alankarinchaaru."simhasana venuka unna chihnamlo madhyalo kreestu, edama vaipuna, athani talli, yoldath aloho marium (theotocos), kudi vaipuna, puurvagaami, more yuhanan mamodomo (seyint zaan dhi baptist) unnaaru. eee mugguri chuttoo apostalulu mariyu kreestu shishyula samavesam undhi. janasamuuham paina tama rekkalanu eguravestuu, nirantaram devunni mahimapariche aneka mandhi devullu mariyu pradhana deevaduutalu unnaaru.

sent. petter aur sent. paal kaa church promala sent. petter aur sent. paal kaa malankara orthodocs charch jasay promala paali bhee kahaa jaataa hay kiralah hindustan mein eek mashhur charch hay. yaha charch pathanamthata zalaa kay tarola taluqah kay promala mein waaqa hay aur yaha eek ziyarat gaah aur milankara orthodocs shaami charch kaa maqbarah hay. tareekh. promala gaaon daryaae pampa kay kinaray zameen kaa eek chhota saa hasah hay. charch kii tameer say pehley milankara metropolitan jozaf maar deunesis iss elaqay mein eek madarsa qayem karnaa chahta thaa. 1885 kii dahayi mein duu aikad araazi kaa eek plaat arikopurathu matheen karnor nay maar deunesis kuu atiyah kiyaa thaa. zameen kay saath pehley say hyee eek aarizi charch thaa jasay arokopurathu khaandaan nay banaya thaa. maar gregreos nay aarizi charch kuu eek ziyadah mozon aur khubsurat charch mein dobarah tameer karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. maar gregreos nay apnay mosul honay waalay zaati tahaif kay saath saath peerish kay atyaat kuu charch aur malhaqah madarse kii emarat kii tameer kay liye istemaal kiyaa. khadaa kii maan kii daawat parr gregorios nay aarizi toor parr charch kuu muqadas kiyaa aur devences kii maujudgi mein alhee ukrist kaa jashan manaya. pehli emarat kuu "azpura" kahaa jaataa thaa aur asay orthodocs charch kay liye charch kay karkanon kuu padhanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss mein saryayi zabaan kaa sabq bhee shaamil thaa. duniosues nay balaakhir madarse kii zamah daari maar gregreos kuu sonpi taakah shaami tadrisi ajlason kuu ziyadah mosar tareeqe say jaari rakhaa jaa sakay aur charch kay deegar muamilat mein bhee iss kii madad kii jaa sakay. charch rasool petter aur paal kay liye waqaf hay. paromala kay sent gregreos. iss charch mein hindustan kay pehley muqadas eisayi sunat promala kay giwargis maar gregreos kaa maqbarah mojud hay jinn kaa inteqal 2 nomber 1902 kuu 54 saal kii amar mein hawaa. 1947 mein inhein catholcos aur milankara metropolitan baseless giwargis dom nay charch kaa sunat qaraar diyaa. inn kii sunton kii khoobiyon parr yaqeen kii wajah say yaha eisaiyon aur hinduon kay liye eek ziyarat gaah bunn gayaa juu inn kii saalisi kay khwahan thay. neoyork times kay ibrahim wargees nay charch kay apnay doray kay baaray mein likhaa hay kahh maujudah charch. maujudah church juu 2000 say ziyadah ibadat guzaron kuu adjust kirr saktaa hay kuu sarkardah mamaar aur aiward yaaftah charlis koriya nay design kiyaa thaa. yaha eek circler design hay jiss kaa androni qatar 39 metter hay. iss dairay kuu dobarah 16 metter lambayi kay duu taaron kay zariye teen hasoon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. 2018 mein aif aar kii hidayat parr. charch kii markazi mazbah dewaar ashwan fernands kuu mujasmah saazi kay lahaaz say milankara kii sabb say bury shabiha penting say sajaya gayaa thaa."takht kay peeche kii shabiha mein maseeh wast mein bayein taraf iss kii maan yoldth alwaho maareem (theotocos)yee daayein taraf paish khaimah morr yuhanun memodomo (sent jaan baptasmah deenay waala) shaamil haine. inn teenon kay ard gird rasoolon aur maseeh kay shagirdon kii majlis hay. hujum kay oopar apnay paroon kuu lehratay hoay farishton aur farishton kii bury taadad hay juu muslisil khadaa kii tamheed kartay haine.

00089410e9a45f34e98d2c12866cd40acf5ac507a870f8213e54aa23c5333635

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47232550

Glass House Rock

Glass House Rock Glass House Rock is the fifth studio album by Greg Kihn and the second album to be released as The Greg Kihn Band in 1980. "Glass House Rock" broke new ground for The Greg Kihn Band and is notable for its hard rock sound. The song "Castaway" uses fast-paced finger-play in the vein of Love's "7 and 7 Is" with underlapping guitar tracks. The album has noticeably more collaborative compositions and sharing of vocal duties, featuring lead vocals by both Larry Lynch and Steve Wright on the songs "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "Night After Night" respectively. Lynch and Wright also provided lead vocals alongside Kihn for "The Only Dance There Is" as well as a cover version of The Yardbirds' "For Your Love". "For Your Love" was recorded in front of a live audience at a sound check at the Keystone Berkeley, California. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kaach house rok glaax house rok hoise gregg kinor ponchom studio 'elbam aaru 1980 sonot gregg kinn bendo hisape mukoli huwa dwitiyo elbam. "glaax house roke" gregg kihon bendor baabe notun bhitti bhongo korisil aaru iyar kothin rok xobdor baabe ullekhjugyo. kastowe" gittut premor "7 aaru 7 ij" ror xirat underlapping gitter trekor xoite drut-gotir aanguli-khelaa byobohar koraa hoise. elbamtut lokhyoniyobhabe odhik xohojugitamulok rosona aaru kontho kortobyor bhag botora aase, zo 'too leri linch aaru steve raait duyure mukhyo konthoswor krome "dyo menn hu swut liberty valence" aaru "raatir pisot nixa" geetot aase. linch aaru raite "ekmatro nrityotu aase" ror baabe kihonor logote "aapunar premor baabe" yardbirdsor etaa proschod xongoskoronor logote mukhyo konthoswor prodan korisil. "californier kistun barklet etaa xobdo porikhyar xomoyot "for eur laabh" ror live dorxokor xonmukhot record koraa hoisil.

glasses house rock glasses house rock gregg kiner pancham studio album ebong 1980 saale gregg kihon banned hisabe prokashito dwitiya album. "glasses house rock" gregg kinn bander jonno notun vitti toiri korey ebong etty taar shokto rock shobder jonno ullekhjoggo. custway" ganti premer "7 ebong 7 iza" shiray drutogotir angul-khela byabohar korey jaar modhye underlapping gitter track royeche. albumtite ullekhjoggobhabe arow sahojogitamulak rachona ebong kanthaswarer dayitto bhag korey neoa hoyeche, jothakrome "dya myana hoo shhata liberty valence" ebong "night atter night" gaane larry linch ebong stibha raita ubhoyer prodhan kontho royeche. linch ebong raita "ekmatro nutch"-err jonno kihon-err pashapashi prodhan kanthaswar ebong "upner bhalobasar jonno" eardbirdser ekti prochchod sangaskarano sarbaraha koreche. "californier barklete ekti sound cheke sarasari dorshokder saamone "upner bhalobasar jonno" record koraa hoyechilo.

glass house roqa glass house roqa aee greega kihnanu paanchmu studiyo album chhe aneey aneey greega kihn benned tareeke rajoo thanar beeju album chhe. "glass house roqa" aee greega kihn benned maate navee jameen todee aneey tenaa sakhat roqa avaaj maate nondhpaatra chhe. castway" gitamaa underlapping gitaar track saathe premnaa "7 aneey 7 iz" nee nasmaa zadpi-gativaalaa finger-playno upyog karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aaa aalbamma nondhpaatra reete vadhu sahyogi rachnaao aneey gaayak farajoni vahenchani chhe, jemaa anukrame "dhaa meena huu shhota liberty valence" aneey "night after night" geeto parr lerii linch aneey steve raita banne dwara mukhya gaayan darshavvama aavyu chhe. linch aneey raite "ekmatra nrutya chhe" maate kihnani saathe mukhya gaayan pann pradaan karyoo hatoo temaj "tamara prem maate" yardbirdsnaa cover version pann pradaan karyoo hatoo. "keliforniyana kiston berkley khaate dhvani parikshanma jivant prekshakoni saame "tamara prem maate" reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

kaanch kaa ghar chattan glass house rock gregg kihn kaa paanchvaan studio album haye aur doosara album jise 1980 mein gregg kihn baind key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. "glass house rock" ney gregg kihn baind key liye naee jameen toda dee aur yeh apani kathor rock dhwani key liye ullekhaniya haye. castway" geet mein pyaar kii nus mein tez-tarrar ungli-khel kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye "7 aur 7 haye" jisamen gitar track hain. album mein ullekhaniya roop seey adhik sahayogi rachanaaen aur mukhar kartavyon koo saajha kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kramshah "dha maine huu shott liberty valence" aur "night after night" geeton parr lairi linch aur steve raait donon dwara mukhya gaayan kii visheshta haye. linch aur raait ney "vahaan kaa ekmatra nritya" key saath-saath "aapke pyaar key liye" yardbirds key ack cover sanskaran key liye kihn key saath-saath mukhya gaayan bhee pradaan kiya. "forr yore lava" koo california key berkley mein ack dhwani pareekshan mein ack live darshakon key saamane record kiya gayaa thaa.

gaajina maney rock glass house rock gregg kihn avara aidane studio album mattu mattu gregg kihn byaand aagi bidugadeyaada eradane album aagide. "glass house rock" gregg kihn bandge hosa neleyannu muriyitu mattu idu tanna haard rock dhwanige hesaruvaasiyaagide. castway" haadu preetiya "7 mattu 7 ees" naa dhaatiyalli vegavaada beralu-aatavannu balasuttade mattu guitar haadugalannu kelagilisuttade. ee album gamanarhavagi hecchu sahayogada samyojanegalannu mattu gayana kartavyagala hanchikeyannu hondide, idaralli kramavagi "dhii myaan hoo shaat liberty valence" mattu "nait after nait" hadugalalli larry linch mattu steve rait ibbara pramukha gaayanavide. linch mattu rait "alliruva ekaika nrutya" kke kihn jotege pramukha gaayanavannu mattu "nimma pritigaagi" "yardbirds" naa cover aavruttiyannu saha odagiside. "californiada berkley keystonnalli dhwani pariksheyalli nera prekshakara munde "nimma pritigaagi" dhwanimudrana maadalaayitu.

glass house roock gregg kihnte anchaamathe studiyo albavum 1980ll gregg kihn bandai purathirangunna randaamathe aalbavumaan glass house roock. "glass house roock" gregg kihn baandinu puthiya adithara paakukayum haard roock shabdathinu sradheyavumaanu. kaasttave" enna gaanam pranayatthinte "7,7 ees" enna thaalathil athivega viral-kalii upayogikkunnu, athil underlapping gitaar trackukal undu. laari linch steevu raittum yathaakramam "dhii maan huu shoot liberty valence", "naitt aant naitt" ennee gaanangalil pradhana shabdam nalkunna eee aalbathil kooduthal sahakarana rachanakalum shabda chumathalakal pankidalum undu. linch raittum "avideyulla oreyoru nritham" ennathinu kihinoppam pradhana shabdavum "ningalude snehathinaayi" "yardbirdsinte oru cover pathipum nalki. "kaaliforniyayile keestoon berkleyil oru shabda parisodhanayil thalsamaya prekshakarkku munnil "ningalude pranayathinu" record cheythu.

kachechya gharacha khadak glass haus rock haah gregg kinhacha pachva studio album aahe aanee 1980 madhye gregg kihn band mhanoon pradarshit honara dusra album aahe. "glass haus rock' neey gregg kihn bandsathi naveen paya rachala aanee too tyachya haard rock dhvanisathi ullekhaneey aahe. castway' heey gaane premachya '7 aanee 7 ij' chya shiret vegwan botanni vajavalele gaane vaparte, jyat gitarche gale adhorekhit kele aahet. yaa dhvanimudrikemadhye lakshaniyaritya adhik sahyogi rachana aanee gayan kartavye samayik kelee aahet, jyat anukrame 'daad mann huu shaut liberty valence' aanee 'nite after nite' yaa ganyanvar larry linch aanee steve rait yaa doghanche pramukh gayan aahe. linch aanee raitane 'daad onley dance ij dear' sathee kinhasobatach 'phaur uer love' sathee 'daad yardbirds' chee cover aavrutti dekhil dilee. "californiatil berkley yetheel keystone yetheel dhvanimudranamadhye thet prekshakansamor 'phaur yuar love' chey dhwanimudran karnyat aale.

glass house ruck glass house ruck gregg kinko panchaun studio album how rar sann 1980 maa gregg kinn bandko rupma rilij hune dosro album how. "glass house ruck" ley gregg kinn bandka lagi nayan adhar todyo rar yasako hard ruck dhwanika lagi ullekhaniya chha. castway" gitle premko "7 rar 7 iz" ko shirama underlapping gitar trackharusanga druta gatiko aunlaa-play prayog gardacha. albumma ullekhaniya rupma thap sahayogi rachanaharu rar mukhar kartawyaharuko sajhedari chha, jasma kramashah "da myan hoo sutt liberty bhyalens" rar "night after night" githaruma leri linch rar steve right duwaiko mukhya gayan samawesh chha. linch rar rightle "tyahan ek matra nritya chha" kaa lagi kihnasangai mukhya gayan pani pradan gare sathai yardbirdsko kabhar sanskaran "tapainko premka lagi" pani pradan gare. "tapainko premka lagi" californiako kistone berklema dhwani janchma pratyaksha darshakharuko agadi record garieko thiyo.

catch ghara pathara glass houses rock heuchhi gregg kinhanka pancham studio album ebong 1980 ray gregg kihna banned bhabare muktilabha karithiba dwiteeja album . "glass houses rock" gregg kihn banned paain nutan aadhara bhangithila ebong ehara kathina rock dhwani paain ullekhaneeah . kastawe" geetati premer "7 ebong 7 iz" rahr shirare druta-gatikari aanguthi-play byabahara kare jaahaa gitara track sahita underlap kare . alabamare ullekhaneeah bhabare adhika sahajogee rachna ebong kantha karttabyara bantiba achhi, jeunthire ubhaja lyari linch ebong stibh raitnka dwara jathakrame "dee myan hoo suit liberty valence" ebong "night after night" geetare mukhya kantha rahichhi . linch ebong rait madhya "ekamatra nrutya achhi" paain kihna sahita mukhya kantha pradan karithile ebong 'aapananka prem paain' yardbirder eka kavara sanskarana madhya pradan karithile. "californier barkalesthita keystonre eka sound check samajare eka live darshakanka sammukhare "aapananka prem paain" record karajaithila.

kacch daa gharr chattan glass haaoos rock gregg kinn dee panjvin studio album haii atey duji album haii joe 1980 witch gregg kinn baind dey roop witch jaari keeti gaee see. "glass haaoos rock" neey gregg kinn baind laee naveen neenh patthar todiaa atey ih aapni haard rock aavaaz laee prasidh haii. geet "castway" piaar dey "7 atey 7 izz" dee naadi witch tez-gatee vaali finger-play dee varton karda haii jiss witch gitar track shamal hunn. album witch dhiaan denh yog taur utte vadhere sehyogi rachnavan atey vocal farzan noon sanjha keeta giaa haii, jiss witch lairi linch atey steve raeet dovan duaara kramvaar "dii maen huu shhoot liberty valence" atey "night aaf night" geetan utte mukkh aavaaz ditti gaee haii. linch atey raeet neey "utthe iklauta naach haii" laee kihan dey naal-naal "tuhade piaar laee" yardbirds daa ikk cover sanskaran vee pardan keeta. "tuhade piaar laee" california dey keystone barkale vikhe ikk sound check witch live darshakan dey sahmane ricard keeta giaa see.

glass-house-shilaa glass-house-raak iti gregg-kihn ityasya panchamah studio-aalbam asti, 1980 tame varshe gregg-kihn-bend iti rupena pradarshitam dwiteeyam aalbam asti. "glass-house-raak" iti gregg-kihn-bend ityasya nootanam sthaanam praapnot, tathaa cha tasya kathina-raak-dhwanyaah krute ullekhaneeyam asti. castway" iti geetam premasya "7 tathaa 7 ees" iti gitasya shirayam drutagatyaa angulee-vaadanam upayujyate, yatra gitaar-geetaani adhobhagena yuktaani santi. asmin aalbam-madhye lakshaneeyaroopen adhika-sahayogaatmak-rachanaah, gaayan-kartavyaani cha panktim cha santi, yatra kramashah "da myaan hoo shoot liberty velance" tathaa "nait after nait" iti geetaani lairee linch tathaa steve rait ityetabhyam mukhya-gayanam abhyanayt. linch tathaa rait ityeshaa "ekaikam nrutyam tatra asti" iti kihn ityanena saha "bhavatah premartham" iti yardbirds ityasya aawaran-samskaranam cha pradadat. "faar yuvar love" iteedam california-rajyasya keystone berkley-nagare dhwani-parikshanasya samaye pratyaksha-prekshakanam sammukhe dhvanimudritam aasit.

kannadi illa paarai classes havus raak enbathu greck kihnin ainthaavathu studio aalbam mattrum 1980 aam aandil greck kihn isaikkuzhuvaaga veliyidappatta irandaavathu aalbamaagum. "classes havus raak" greck kinn isaikkuzhuvirku puthiya adiththalatthai udaiththathu mattrum adhan kadinamaana raak olikku kurippidaththakkathu. castway" paadal kaathalin "7 mattrum 7 iss" narambil vaekamaana viral-vilaiyaattaip payanpaduththukirathu, idhil kittar tracugal ullana. inththa aalpaththil kurippidatthakka vagaiyil adhiga koottu isaiyamaippugal mattrum kural kadamaigalaip pagirnthu kolludhal aagiyavai ullana, idhil laurie linch mattrum steve raid aagiya iruvarin munnani kuralgal muraiyae "sudhanthira valence padamaakkiya manithar" mattrum "iravukkup piragu iravu" paadalkalil idampettrullana. linch mattrum raid kihnudan munnani kuralgalaiyum "oray nadanam ullathu" mattrum 'ungkal anbirkaaga' yartbirds 'inn kavar pathippaiyum vazhangkinar. "californiavin berkleyil ulla keystonil oru olich soathanaiyil neradi paarvaiyaalarkalukku munnaal "ungkal anbirkaaga" pathivu seiyappattathu.

glass house rock glass house rock anedi gregg kihn yokka aidava studio album mariyu 1980loe gregg kihn bandga vidudalaina rendava album. "glass house rock" gregg kihn byaandku kotta punaadi vesindi mariyu daani haard rock dhwaniki prasiddhi chendindi. castway" paata underlapping guitar tracklatho prema yokka "7 mariyu 7 eej" siralo vegavantamaina vaeli-aatanu upayogistundi. eee albumlo gamaninchadagga vidhamgaa marinta sahakaara rachanalu mariyu gaatra vidhula bhagaswamyam unnaayi, indulo varusaga "dhi myaan hoo shoot liberty valence" mariyu "nait after nait" paatalalo laurie linch mariyu steve rait iddaroo pradhana gaatraanni andinchaaru. linch mariyu rait "akkada unna ekaika nrutyam" kosam kihnto paatu pradhana gaatraanni alaage "mea prema kosam" "yardbirds yokka cover versionnu kooda andinchaayi. "californialoni berkleylooni keystone vadda sound check vadda pratyaksha prekshakula mundu "pharr yuvar love" record cheyabadindi.

glaas house raak glaas house raak greeg kehan kaa panchwan studio album hay aur dosra album hay juu 1980 mein greeg kehan bend kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. "glaas house raak" nay greeg kehan bend kay liye nayee bunyaad banayi aur yaha apnee sakht raak aawaz kay liye qaabil zakar hay. gaana "cast way" mohabat kii rugg mein teez raftaar funger play kaa istemaal kartaa hay "7 aur 7 hay" gataar tracks kay saath. album mein numayan toor parr ziyadah bahami taawan kii compositions aur suutee faraiz kaa ashtaraak hay jiss mein baltarteeb "dee meen how shoat liberti valence" aur "night aaf night" gaanon parr leeri lunch aur steve raait donon kii markazi aawaz shaamil hay. lunch aur raait nay "wahaan kaa waahid raqs" kay saath saath "aap kii mohabat kay liye" yaard birds kaa sarwaraq warzan bhee farahim kiyaa. "california kay kii stone barkalay mein eek sound cheek mein laiyo saamayin kay saamney "aap kii mohabat kay liye" record kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56285

Disability

Disability Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. Disabilities can be present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime. Historically, disabilities have only been recognized based on a narrow set of criteria—however, disabilities are not binary and can be present in unique characteristics depending on the individual. A disability may be readily visible, or invisible in nature. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder [a person's] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.Disabilities have been perceived differently throughout history, through a variety of different theoretical lenses. There are two main models that attempt to explain disability in our society: the medical model and the social model. The medical model serves as a theoretical framework that considers disability as an undesirable medical condition that requires specialized treatment. Those who ascribe to the medical model tend to focus on finding the root causes of disabilities, as well as any cures—such as assistive technology. The social model centers disability as a societally-created limitation on individuals who do not have the same ability as the majority of the population. Although the medical model and social model are the most common frames for disability, there are a multitude of other models that theorize disability. There are many different terms that exist to explain different aspects relating to disability. While some terms solely exist to describe phenomena pertaining to disability, others have been centered around stigmatizing and ostracizing those with disabilities. Some terms have such a negative connotation that they are considered to be slurs. A current point of contention is whether it is appropriate to use person-first language (i.e. person who is disabled) or identity-first language (i.e. disabled person) when referring to disability and an individual. Due to the marginalization of disabled people, there have been several activist causes that push for equitable treatment and access in society. Disability activists have fought to receive equal and equitable rights under the law—though there are still political issues that enable or advance the oppression of disabled people. Although disability activism serves to dismantle ableist systems, social norms relating to the perception of disabilities are often reinforced by tropes used by the media. Since negative perceptions of disability are pervasive in modern society, disabled people have turned to self-advocacy in an attempt to push back against their marginalization. The recognition of disability as an identity that is experienced differently based on the other multi-faceted identities of the individual is one often pointed out by disabled self-advocates. The ostracization of disability from mainstream society has created the opportunity for a disability culture to emerge. While disabled activists still promote the integration of disabled people into mainstream society, several disabled-only spaces have been created to foster a disability community—such as with art, social media, and sports. History. Contemporary understandings of disability derive from concepts that arose during the scientific Enlightenment in the west; prior to the Enlightenment, physical differences were viewed through a different lens. There is evidence of humans during prehistory that looked after people with disabilities. At the Windover Archeological Site, one of the skeletons that was found was a male about 15 years old, who had spina bifida. The condition meant that the boy, probably paralyzed below the waist, was taken care of in a hunter-gatherer community. Disability was not viewed as a means of divine punishment and therefore disabled individuals were neither exterminated nor discriminated against for their impairments. Many were instead employed in different levels of Mesopotamian society including working in religious temples as servants of the gods. In Ancient Egypt, staffs were frequently used in society. A common usage for them was for older persons with disabilities to help them walk. Provisions that enabled individuals with impaired mobility to access temples and healing sanctuaries were made in ancient Greece. Specifically, by 370 B.C., at the most important healing sanctuary in the wider area, the Sanctuary of Asclepius at Epidaurus, there were at least 11 permanent stone ramps that provided access to mobility-impaired visitors to nine different structures; evidence that people with disabilities were acknowledged and cared for, at least partly, in ancient Greece. In fact, the Ancient Greeks may not have viewed persons with disability all that differently from more able-bodied individuals as terms describing them in their records appear to be very vague. As long as the disabled person in question could still contribute to society, the Greeks appeared to tolerate them. During the Middle Ages, madness and other conditions were thought to be caused by demons. They were also thought to be part of the natural order, especially during and in the fallout of the Black Death, which wrought impairments throughout the general population. In the early modern period there was a shift to seeking biological causes for physical and mental differences, as well as heightened interest in demarcating categories: for example, Ambroise Pare, in the sixteenth century, wrote of "monsters", "prodigies", and "the maimed". The European Enlightenment's emphases on knowledge derived from reason and on the value of natural science to human progress helped spawn the birth of institutions and associated knowledge systems that observed and categorized human beings; among these, the ones significant to the development of today's concepts of disability were asylums, clinics, and prisons. Contemporary concepts of disability are rooted in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments. Foremost among these was the development of clinical medical discourse, which made the human body visible as a thing to be manipulated, studied, and transformed. These worked in tandem with scientific discourses that sought to classify and categorize and, in so doing, became methods of normalization. The concept of the "norm" developed in this time period, and is signaled in the work of the Belgian statistician, sociologist, mathematician, and astronomer Adolphe Quetelet, who wrote in the 1830s of "l'homme moyen" – the average man. Quetelet postulated that one could take the sum of all people's attributes in a given population (such as their height or weight) and find their average and that this figure should serve as a statistical norm toward which all should aspire. This idea of the statistical norm threads through the rapid take-up of statistics gathering by Britain, the United States, and the Western European states during this time period, and it is tied to the rise of eugenics. Disability, as well as other concepts including: abnormal, non-normal, and normalcy came from this. The circulation of these concepts is evident in the popularity of the freak show, where showmen profited from exhibiting people who deviated from those norms. With the rise of eugenics in the latter part of the nineteenth century, such deviations were viewed as dangerous to the health of entire populations. With disability viewed as part of a person's biological make-up and thus their genetic inheritance, scientists turned their attention to notions of weeding such as "deviations" out of the gene pool. Various metrics for assessing a person's genetic fitness were determined and were then used to deport, sterilize, or institutionalize those deemed unfit. People with disabilities were one of the groups targeted by the Nazi regime in Germany, resulting in approximately 250,000 disabled people being killed during the Holocaust. At the end of the Second World War, with the example of Nazi eugenics, eugenics faded from public discourse, and increasingly disability cohered into a set of attributes that medicine could attend to – whether through augmentation, rehabilitation, or treatment. In both contemporary and modern history, disability was often viewed as a by-product of incest between first-degree relatives or second-degree relatives. Disability scholars have also pointed to the Industrial Revolution, along with the economic shift from feudalism to capitalism, as prominent historical moments in the understanding of disability. Although there was a certain amount of religious superstition surrounding disability during the Middle Ages, disabled people were still able to play significant roles in the rural production based economy, allowing them to make genuine contributions to daily economic life. The Industrial Revolution and the advent of capitalism made it so that people were no longer tied to the land and were then forced to find work that would pay a wage in order to survive. The wage system, in combination with industrialized production, transformed the way bodies were viewed as people were increasingly valued for their ability to produce like machines. Capitalism and the industrial revolution effectively created a new class of "disabled" people who could not conform to the standard worker's body or level of work power. As a result, disabled people came to be regarded as a problem, to be solved or erased. In the early 1970s, the disability rights movement became established, when disability activists began to challenge how society treated disabled people and the medical approach to disability. Due to this work, physical barriers to access were identified. These conditions functionally disabled them, and what is now known as the social model of disability emerged. Coined by Mike Oliver in 1983, this phrase distinguishes between the medical model of disability – under which an impairment needs to be fixed – and the social model of disability – under which the society that limits a person needs to be fixed. Theory. Like many social categories, the concept of "disability" is under heavy discussion amongst academia, the medical and legal worlds, and the disability community. Disability studies. The academic discipline focused on theorizing disability is disability studies, which has been expanding since the late twentieth century. The field investigates the past, present, and future constructions of disability, along with advancing the viewpoint that disability is a complex social identity from which we can all gain insight. As disabilities scholar Claire Mullaney puts it, "At its broadest, disability studies encourages scholars to value disability as a form of cultural difference". The field is increasingly interdisciplinary, often overlapping with the fields of Philosophy, History, English studies, Rhetoric studies, Ethnic & Racial Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, medical humanities, communications, pedagogy, and more. Scholars of the field focus on a range of disability-related topics, such as ethics, policy and legislation, history, art of the disability community, and more. Notable scholars from the field include Marta Russell, Robert McRuer, Johanna Hedva, Laura Hershey, Irving Zola, and many more. Prominent disability scholar Lennard J. Davis notes that disability studies should not be considered a niche or specialized discipline, but instead is applicable to a wide range of fields and topics. International Classification. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), produced by the World Health Organization, distinguishes between body functions (physiological or psychological, such as vision) and body structures (anatomical parts, such as the eye and related structures). Impairment in bodily structure or function is defined as involving an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant deviation from certain generally accepted population standards, which may fluctuate over time. Activity is defined as the execution of a task or action. The ICF lists nine broad domains of functioning which can be affected: In concert with disability scholars, the introduction to the ICF states that a variety of conceptual models have been proposed to understand and explain disability and functioning, which it seeks to integrate. These models include the following: Medical model. The medical model views disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions which therefore requires sustained medical care in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a "cure", or the individual's adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. The individual, in this case, must overcome their disability by medical care. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy. The medical model focuses on finding causes and cures for disabilities. Causes. There are many different causes of disability that often affect basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, transferring, and maintaining personal hygiene; or advanced activities of daily living such as shopping, food preparation, driving, or working. However, causes of disability are usually determined by a person's capability to perform the activities of daily life. As Marta Russell and Ravi Malhotra argue, "The 'medicalization' of disablement and the tools of classification clearly played an important role in establishing divisions between the 'disabled' and the 'able-bodied.'" This positions disability as a problem to be solved via medical intervention, which hinders our understanding about what disability can mean. For the purposes of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability, partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, spina bifida, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. This is not an exhaustive list and many injuries and medical problems cause disability. Some causes of disability, such as injuries, may resolve over time and are considered "temporary disabilities". An "acquired disability" is the result of impairments that occur suddenly or chronically during the lifespan, as opposed to being born with the impairment. "Invisible disabilities" may not be obviously noticeable. Cures. The medical model focuses heavily on finding treatments, cures, or rehabilitative practices for disabled people. Assistive technology. Assistive technology is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within a society) that help overcome or remove a disability. The first recorded example of the use of a prosthesis dates to at least 1800 BC. The wheelchair dates from the 17th century. The curb cut is a related structural innovation. Other examples are standing frames, text telephones, accessible keyboards, large print, braille, and speech recognition software. Disabled people often develop adaptations which can be personal (e.g. strategies to suppress tics in public) or community (e.g. sign language in d/Deaf communities). As the personal computer has become more ubiquitous, various organizations have formed to develop software and hardware to make computers more accessible for disabled people. Some software and hardware, such as Voice Finger, Freedom Scientific's "JAWS", the Free and Open Source alternative "Orca" etc. have been specifically designed for disabled people while other software and hardware, such as Nuance's Dragon NaturallySpeaking, were not developed specifically for disabled people, but can be used to increase accessibility. The LOMAK keyboard was designed in New Zealand specifically for persons with disabilities. The World Wide Web consortium recognized a need for International Standards for Web Accessibility for persons with disabilities and created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). As at Dec 2012 the standard is WCAG 2.0 (WCAG = Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). Social model. The social model of disability sees "disability" as a socially created problem and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, created by the social environment. The management of the problem requires social action and it is the collective responsibility of society to create a society in which limitations for disabled people are minimal. Disability is both cultural and ideological in creation. According to the social model, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights concern. The social model of disability has come under criticism. While recognizing the importance played by the social model in stressing the responsibility of society, scholars, including Tom Shakespeare, point out the limits of the model and urge the need for a new model that will overcome the "medical vs. social" dichotomy. The limitations of this model mean that often the vital services and information persons with disabilities face are simply not available, often due to limited economic returns in supporting them. Some say medical humanities is a fruitful field where the gap between the medical and the social model of disability might be bridged. Social construction. The social construction of disability is the idea that disability is constructed by social expectations and institutions rather than biological differences. Highlighting the ways society and institutions construct disability is one of the main focuses of this idea. In the same way that race and gender are not biologically fixed, neither is disability. Around the early 1970s, sociologists, notably Eliot Friedson, began to argue that labeling theory and social deviance could be applied to disability studies. This led to the creation of the social construction of disability theory. The social construction of disability is the idea that disability is constructed as the social response to a deviance from the norm. The medical industry is the creator of the ill and disabled social role. Medical professionals and institutions, who wield expertise over health, have the ability to define health and physical and mental norms. When an individual has a feature that creates an impairment, restriction, or limitation from reaching the social definition of health, the individual is labeled as disabled. Under this idea, disability is not defined by the physical features of the body but by a deviance from the social convention of health. The social construction of disability would argue that the medical model of disability's view that a disability is an impairment, restriction, or limitation is wrong. Instead what is seen as a disability is just a difference in the individual from what is considered "normal" in society. Terminology. People-first language. People-first language is one way to talk about disability which some people prefer. Using people-first language is said to put the person before the disability. Those individuals who prefer people-first language would prefer to be called, "a person with a disability". This style is reflected in major legislation on disability rights, including the Americans with Disabilities Act and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the University of Delaware describes people-first language: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The American Psychological Association style guide states that, when identifying a person with a disability, the person's name or pronoun should come first, and descriptions of the disability should be used so that the disability is identified, but is not modifying the person. Acceptable examples included "a woman with Down syndrome" or "a man who has schizophrenia". It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits a person, for example, "a woman who uses a wheelchair" rather than "a woman in/confined to a wheelchair". People-first terminology is used in the UK in the form "people with impairments" (such as "people with visual impairments"). However, in the UK, identity-first language is generally preferred over people-first language. The use of people-first terminology has given rise to the use of the acronym PWD to refer to person(s) (or people) with disabilities (or disability). However other individuals and groups prefer identity-first language to emphasize how a disability can impact people's identities. Which style of language used varies between different countries, groups and individuals. Identity-first language. Identity-first language describes the person as "disabled". Some people prefer this and argue that this fits the social model of disability better than people-first language, as it emphasizes that the person is disabled not by their body, but by a world that does not accommodate them. This is especially true in the UK, where it is argued under the social model that while someone's impairment (for example, having a spinal cord injury) is an individual property, "disability" is something created by external societal factors such as a lack of accessibility. This distinction between the individual property of impairment and the social property of disability is central to the social model. The term "disabled people" as a political construction is also widely used by international organizations of disabled people, such as Disabled Peoples' International. Using the identity-first language also parallels how people talk about other aspects of identity and diversity. For example: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as 'Autistic,' 'Autistic person,' or 'Autistic individual' because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual's identity – the same way one refers to 'Muslims,' 'African-Americans,' 'Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer,' 'Chinese,' 'gifted,' 'athletic,' or 'Jewish.' Similarly, Deaf communities in the U.S. reject people-first language in favor of identity-first language. In 2021, the US Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD) announced their decision to use identity-first language in their materials, explaining: "Identity-first language challenges negative connotations by claiming disability directly. Identity-first language references the variety that exists in how our bodies and brains work with a myriad of conditions that exist, and the role of inaccessible or oppressive systems, structures, or environments in making someone disabled." The term "handicap" derives from the medieval game Hand-in-cap, in which two players trade possessions, and a third, neutral person judges the difference of value between the possessions. The concept of a neutral person evening up the odds was extended to handicap racing in the mid-18th century, where horses carry different weights based on the umpire's estimation of what would make them run equally. In the early 20th century the word gained the additional meaning of describing a disability, in the sense that a person with a handicap was carrying a heavier burden than normal. This concept, then, adds to the conception of disability as a burden, or individual problem, rather than a societal problem. Accessibility is the degree to which a product, service or environment is available for use to the people that need it. People with certain types of disabilities struggle to get equal access to some things in society. For example, a blind person cannot read printed paper ballots, and therefore does not have access to voting that requires paper ballots. Another example can be that a person in a wheelchair cannot ascend stairs and therefore does not have access to buildings without ramps. Accessible access to health clubs and fitness centers has been observed to be especially problematic. A change that improves access. For example, if voting ballots are available in braille or on a text-to-speech machine, or if another person reads the ballot to the blind person and recorded the choices, then the blind person would have access to voting. Invisible disability. Invisible disabilities, also known as Hidden Disabilities or Non-visible Disabilities (NVD), are disabilities that are not immediately apparent, or seeable. They are often chronic illnesses and conditions that significantly impair normal activities of daily living. Invisible disabilities can hinder a person's efforts to go to school, work, socialize, and more. Some examples of invisible disabilities include intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, fibromyalgia, mental disorders, asthma, epilepsy, allergies, migraines, arthritis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Employment discrimination is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness. Episodic disability. People with health conditions such as arthritis, bipolar disorder, HIV, or multiple sclerosis have periods of wellness between episodes of illness. During the illness episodes people's ability to perform normal tasks, such as work, can be intermittent. Disability activism. Disability activism itself has led to the revision of appropriate language, when discussing disability and disabled people. For example, the medical classification of 'retarded' has since been disregarded, due to its negative implications. Moreover, disability activism has also led to pejorative language being reclaimed by disabled people. Mairs (1986) explained how disabled people may choose to self-describe themselves as a 'cripple'. This may appear surprising that they are using stereotypically negative language associated with disability, to describe themselves; however the purpose is to reclaim the 'disabled identity' from medical professionals, and realign it with the preferred language of disabled people. The reclamation of language demonstrated above positions itself within the social model, as it highlights how as a society we construct concepts and perceptions of disability.Disability activists have drawn attention to the following issues: Rights and policies. Rights movement. The disability rights movement aims to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for disabled people. The specific goals and demands of the movement are accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing; and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights. Effective civil rights legislation is sought to secure these opportunities and rights. The early disability rights movement was dominated by the medical model of disability, where emphasis was placed on curing or treating disabled people so that they would adhere to the social norm, but starting in the 1960s, rights groups began shifting to the social model of disability, where disability is interpreted as an issue of discrimination, thereby paving the way for rights groups to achieve equality through legal means. Advocacy for disability issues and accessibility in the republics of the former Soviet Union has become more organized and influential in policymaking. Disability Justice Movement. Evolving from the disability rights movement is the Disability Justice movement, which aims to improve the lives of disabled people through prioritizing collective liberation, as opposed to prioritizing legislative change and traditional civil rights. This framework, dubbed the "second wave" of disability rights, seeks to examine the many systems of oppression that are intertwined with ableism, such colonialism, white supremacy, and heteropatriarchal capitalism. The term "Disability Justice" was coined in 2005 by LGBTQ disabled women of color, Mia Mingus, Patricia Berne, and Stacey Milbern, who sought to build an anti-ableist movement with a larger emphasis on intersectionality than mainstream disability rights, as to center marginalized voices. Their group, the Disability Justice Collective, also included notable disability activists such as Sebastian Margaret, Leroy F. Moore Jr., well known for his poetry and founding of the Krip Hop movement, and Eli Clare, well known for popularizing the bodymind concept within disability studies. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people. As of January 2021[ [update]], 182 nations have ratified or accepted accession to the convention. Countries that sign the convention are required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities will, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; to the right to own and inherit property; to not be discriminated against in marriage, etc.; and to not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments. UN officials, including the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have characterized the bill as representing a paradigm shift in attitudes toward a more rights-based view of disability in line with the social model. International Year of Disabled Persons. In 1976, the United Nations began planning for its International Year for Disabled Persons (1981), later renamed the International Year of Disabled Persons. The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983–1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, Frank Bowe was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by Robert Davila. Both Bowe and Davila are deaf. In 1984, UNESCO accepted sign language for use in the education of deaf children and youth. Policies in former Soviet Union republics. UN programs and OSCE work to align policy and programs in countries that were part of the former Soviet Union with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Political issues. Political rights, social inclusion and citizenship have come to the fore in developed and some developing countries. The debate has moved beyond a concern about the perceived cost of maintaining dependent disabled people to finding effective ways to ensure that disabled people can participate in and contribute to society in all spheres of life. In developing nations, where the vast bulk of the estimated 650 million disabled people reside, a great deal of work is needed to address concerns ranging from accessibility and education to self-empowerment, self-supporting employment, and beyond. In the past few years, disability rights activists have focused on obtaining full citizenship for disabled people. There are obstacles in some countries in getting full employment; public perception of disabled people may vary. Abuse. Disability abuse happens when a person is abused physically, financially, verbally or mentally due to the person having a disability. As many disabilities are not visible (for example, asthma, learning disabilities) some abusers cannot rationalize the non-physical disability with a need for understanding, support, and so on. As the prevalence of disability and the cost of supporting disability increases with medical advancement and longevity in general, this aspect of society becomes of greater political importance. How political parties treat their disabled constituents may become a measure of a political party's understanding of disability, particularly in the social model of disability. Insurance. Disability benefit, or disability pension, is a major kind of disability insurance that is provided by government agencies to people who are temporarily or permanently unable to work due to a disability. In the U.S., the disability benefit is provided in the category of Supplemental Security Income. In Canada, it is within the Canada Pension Plan. In other countries, disability benefits may be provided under social security systems. Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. A study by researchers in Denmark suggests that information on self-reported days of absence due to sickness can be used to effectively identify future potential groups for disability pension. These studies may provide useful information for policymakers, case managing authorities, employers, and physicians. In Switzerland, social policies in the field of disability have been significantly reshaped over the last two decades by reducing the number of allowances awarded and by increasing the recourse to vocational rehabilitation measures. Drawing on interviews conducted with individuals who have been involved in programs set up by Swiss disability insurance, a study highlights their uncertainties and concerns relating to their place in society, as well as their reactions to disability insurance's interventions. Private, for-profit disability insurance plays a role in providing incomes to disabled people, but the nationalized programs are the safety net that catch most claimants. Employment. Studies have illustrated a correlation between disability and poverty. Notably, jobs offered to disabled people are scarce. Marta Russell notes that "[a] primary basis for oppression of disabled persons (those who could work with accommodations) is their exclusion from exploitation as wage laborers." Intellectual Disability. Many countries have programs which aid intellectually disabled (ID) people to acquire skills needed in the workforce. Such programs include sheltered workshops and adult day care programs. Sheltered programs consist of daytime activities such as gardening, manufacturing, and assembling. These activities facilitate routine-oriented tasks that in turn allow ID people to gain experience before entering the workforce. Similarly, adult day care programs also include day time activities. However, these activities are based in an educational environment where ID people are able to engage in educational, physical, and communication-based tasks which helps facilitate communication, memory, and general living skills. In addition, adult day care programs arranged community activities by scheduling field trips to public places (e.g. zoos, and movie theaters). Despite both programs providing essential skills for intellectually disabled people prior to entering the workforce, researchers have found that ID people prefer to be involved with community-integrated employment. Community-integrated employment opportunities are offered to ID people at minimum or higher wages, in a variety of occupations ranging from customer service, clerical, janitorial, hospitality and manufacturing positions. ID employees work alongside employees without disabilities who are able to assist them with training. All three options allow intellectually disabled people to develop and exercise social skills that are vital to everyday life. However, it is not guaranteed that ID employees receive the same treatment as employees without ID; according to Lindstrom et al., community-integrated employees are less likely to receive raises, and only 26% are able to retain full-time status. Finding a stable workforce poses additional challenges. A study published in the "Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability" indicated that although finding a job may be difficult, stabilizing a job is even harder. Chadsey-Rusch proposed that securing employment for ID people requires adequate production skills and effective social skills. Other underlying factors for job loss include structural factors and worker-workplace integration. As stated by Kilsby, limited structural factors can affect a multitude of factors in a job, such as a restricted number of hours an ID person is allowed to work. This in return, according to Fabian et al., leads to a lack of opportunity to develop relationships with coworkers or to better integrate within the workplace. Nevertheless, those who are unable to stabilize a job often are left discouraged. According to the same study conducted by JARID, many who had participated found that they had made smaller incomes when compared to their co-workers, had an excess of time throughout their days, because they did not have work. They also had feelings of hopelessness and failure. According to the U.S. National Organization on Disability, not only do ID people face constant discouragement, but many live below the poverty line, because they are unable to find or stabilize employment and because of employee restricting factors placed on ID workers. This renders ID people unable to provide for themselves, including basic necessities such as food, medical care, transportation, and housing. Poverty. The poverty rate for working-age people with disabilities is nearly two and a half times higher than that for people without disabilities. Disability and poverty may form a vicious circle, in which physical barriers and stigma of disability make it more difficult to get income, which in turn diminishes access to health care and other necessities for a healthy life. In societies without state funded health and social services, living with a disability could require spending on medication and frequent health care visits, in-home personal assistance, and adaptive devices and clothing, along with the usual costs of living. The World report on disability indicates that half of all disabled people cannot afford health care, compared to a third of abled people. In countries without public services for adults with disabilities, their families may be impoverished. Disasters. There is limited research knowledge, but many anecdotal reports, on what happens when disasters impact disabled people. Individuals with disabilities are greatly affected by disasters. Those with physical disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs. All of these factors can increase the degree of variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals. Research studies have consistently found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of a disaster cycle. The most common limitation is that people cannot physically access buildings or transportation, as well as access disaster-related services. The exclusion of these individuals is caused in part by the lack of disability-related training provided to emergency planners and disaster relief personnel. Disability in society. Aging. To a certain degree, physical impairments and changing mental states are almost ubiquitously experienced by people as they age. Aging populations are often stigmatized for having a high prevalence of disability. Kathleen Woodward, writing in "Key Words for Disability Studies", explains the phenomenon as follows: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Aging is invoked rhetorically – at times ominously – as a pressing reason why disability should be of crucial interest to all of us (we are all getting older, we will all be disabled eventually), thereby inadvertently reinforcing the damaging and dominant stereotype of aging as solely an experience of decline and deterioration. But little attention has been given to the imbrication of aging and disability. In "Feminist, Queer, Crip", Alison Kafer mentions aging and the anxiety associated with it. According to Kafer, this anxiety stems from ideas of normalcy. She says: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Anxiety about aging, for example, can be seen as a symptom of compulsory able-bodiedness/able-mindedness, as can attempts to "treat" children who are slightly shorter than average with growth hormones; in neither case are the people involved necessarily disabled, but they are certainly affected by cultural ideals of normalcy and ideal form and function. Societal norms. In contexts where their differences are visible, persons with disabilities often face stigma. People frequently react to disabled presence with fear, pity, patronization, intrusive gazes, revulsion, or disregard. These reactions can, and often do, exclude persons with disabilities from accessing social spaces along with the benefits and resources these spaces provide. Disabled writer/researcher Jenny Morris describes how stigma functions to marginalize persons with disabilities: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Going out in public so often takes courage. How many of us find that we can't dredge up the strength to do it day after day, week after week, year after year, a lifetime of rejection and revulsion? It is not only physical limitations that restrict us to our homes and those whom we know. It is the knowledge that each entry into the public world will be dominated by stares, by condescension, by pity, and by hostility. Additionally, facing stigma can cause harm to the psycho-emotional well-being of the person being stigmatized. One of the ways in which the psycho-emotional health of persons with disabilities is adversely affected is through the internalization of the oppression they experience, which can lead to feeling that they are weak, crazy, worthless or any number of other negative attributes that may be associated with their conditions. Internalization of oppression damages the self-esteem of the person affected and shapes their behaviors in ways that are compliant with dominance of those with no acknowledged disability. Ableist ideas are frequently internalized when disabled people are pressured by the people and institutions around them to hide and downplay their disabled difference, or, "pass". According to writer Simi Linton, the act of passing takes a deep emotional toll by causing disabled individuals to experience loss of community, anxiety and self-doubt. The media play a significant role in creating and reinforcing stigma associated with disability. Media portrayals of disability usually cast disabled presence as necessarily marginal within society at large. These portrayals simultaneously reflect and influence the popular perception of disabled difference. Tropes. There are distinct tactics that the media frequently employ in representing disabled presence. These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of persons with disabilities. As outlined by disability theorist and rhetorician Jay T. Dolmage, ableist media tropes can reflect and continue to perpetuate society's myths about disabled people. Inspiration porn. Inspiration porn refers to portrayals of persons with disabilities in which they are presented as being inspiring simply because the person has a disability. These portrayals are criticized because they are created with the intent of making viewers with no acknowledged disability feel better about themselves in comparison to the individual portrayed. Rather than recognizing the humanity of persons with disabilities, inspiration porn turns them into objects of inspiration for an audience composed of those with no acknowledged disability. Supercrip. The supercrip trope refers to instances when the media reports on or portray a disabled person who has made a noteworthy achievement but centers on their disability rather than what they actually did. They are portrayed as awe-inspiring for being exceptional compared to others with the same or similar conditions. This trope is widely used in reporting on disabled athletes as well as in portrayals of autistic savants. Many disabled people denounce these representations as reducing people to their condition rather than viewing them as full people. Furthermore, supercrip portrayals are criticized for creating the unrealistic expectation that disability should be accompanied by some type of special talent, genius, or insight. Examples of this trope in the media include Dr. Shaun Murphy from The Good Doctor, Marvel's Daredevil, and others. Scholar Sami Schalk argues that the term supercrip has a narrow definition given how widely used the term is. As a result, Schlak provides three categories of supercrip narratives used. First, is the regular supercrip narrative in which a disabled person gains regulation for completing mundane tacts. This is commonly seen as a disabled person being able to accomplish something despite their disability. Second, the glorified supercrip narrative in which a disabled person is praised for succeeding at something even a non-disabled person would not be able to do. This narrative form is commonly used to talk about disabled Paralympic athletes. The final narrative form is the superpowered supercrip narrative which appears in functionalized representations of disabled characters. Characters of this narrative type gain superpowers due to their disability. Common examples of this narrative form in action are prosthetics limbs that make one more powerful than expected or have futuristic technology that makes one a cyborg. Disabled villain. Characters in fiction that bear physical or mental markers of difference from perceived societal norms are frequently positioned as villains within a text. Lindsey Row-Heyveld shares ways students should be taught to begin to further analyze this issue. Disabled people's visible differences from the abled majority are meant to evoke fear in audiences that can perpetuate the mindset of disabled people being a threat to individual or public interests and well-being. Disability Drop. The "disability drop" trope is when a supposedly disabled character is revealed to have been faking, embellishing, or otherwise not actually embodying their claimed disability. Jay Dolmage offers Kevin Spacey's character, Verbal Kint, in the film "Usual Suspects" as an example of this, and depictions like this can reflect able-bodied society's mistrust of disabled people. In addition, this reveal of a character's nondisabledness often serves as the narrative climax of a story, and the use of disability as a source of conflict in the plot, narrative obstacle, or a device of characterization aligns with other disability studies scholars' theory of "Narrative Prosthesis", a term coined by David T. Mitchell and Sharon Snyder. The Disabled Victim. Another frequent occurrence is when someone with a disability is assumed to be miserable or helpless. The Hunchback of Notre Dame's Quasimodo, The Elephant Man's John Merrick, A Christmas Carol's Tiny Tim, and even news broadcasts that refer to people as "victims" or "sufferers" are a few examples of this stereotype. Eternally Innocent. Characters with disabilities are frequently portrayed in movies as being angelic or childish. These films include "Rain Man" (1988), "Forrest Gump" (1994) and "I Am Sam" (2001), all of which are excellent examples. The innocent and endearing person with a disability often points out the inadequacies of their "normal" adult peers, which helps them achieve salvation. Like all the others, this stereotype perpetuates patronizing perceptions that are simply untrue and are therefore damaging. While there are many disability tropes, disability aesthetics attempts to dispel them by accurately depicting disabled bodies in art and media. Self advocacy. Some disabled people have attempted to resist marginalization through the use of the social model in opposition to the medical model; with the aim of shifting criticism away from their bodies and impairments and towards the social institutions that oppress them relative to their abled peers. Disability activism that demands many grievances be addressed, such as lack of accessibility, poor representation in media, general disrespect, and lack of recognition, originates from a social model framework. The creation of 'disability culture' stemmed from the shared experience of stigmatization in broader society. Embracing disability as a positive identity by becoming involved in disabled communities and participating in disability culture can be an effective way to combat internalized prejudice; and can challenge dominant narratives about disability. Intersections. The experiences that disabled people have to navigate social institutions vary greatly as a function of what other social categories they may belong to. For example, a disabled man and a disabled woman experience disability differently. This speaks to the concept of intersectionality, which explains that different aspects of a person's identity (such as their gender, race, sexuality, religion, or social class) intersect and create unique experiences of oppression and privilege. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities differentiates two kinds of disability intersection: race-disability intersection, and gender-disability intersection. However, many more intersections exist. Disability is defined differently by each person; it may be visible or invisible, and multiple intersections often arise from overlapping identity categories. Race. Incidence of disability is reported to be greater among several minority communities across the globe, according to a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Disabled people who are also racial minorities generally have less access to support and are more vulnerable to violent discrimination. A study in the journal "Child Development" indicated that minority disabled children are more likely to receive punitive discipline in low and middle income countries. Due to the fact that children with disabilities are mistreated more often than those without disability; racialized children in this category are at an even higher risk. With respect to disability in the United States, Camille A. Nelson, writing for the Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, notes the dual discrimination that racial minorities with disabilities experience from the criminal justice system, expressing that for "people who are negatively racialized, that is people who are perceived as being non-white, and for whom mental illness is either known or assumed, interaction with police is precarious and potentially dangerous." Gender. The marginalization of people with disabilities can leave persons with disabilities unable to actualize what society expects of gendered existence. This lack of recognition for their gender identity can leave persons with disabilities with feelings of inadequacy. Thomas J. Gerschick of Illinois State University describes why this denial of gendered identity occurs: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Bodies operate socially as canvases on which gender is displayed and kinesthetically as the mechanisms by which it is physically enacted. Thus, the bodies of people with disabilities make them vulnerable to being denied recognition as women and men. To the extent that women and men with disabilities are gendered, the interactions of these two identities lead to different experiences. Women with disabilities face a sort of "double stigmatization" in which their membership to both of these marginalized categories simultaneously exacerbates the negative stereotypes associated with each as they are ascribed to them. However, according to the framework of intersectionality, gender and disability intersect to create a unique experience that is not simply the coincidence of being a woman and having a disability separately, but the unique experience of being a woman with a disability. It follows that the more marginalized groups one belongs to, their experience of privilege or oppression changes: in short, a black woman and a white woman will experience disability differently. According to The UN Woman Watch, "Persistence of certain cultural, legal and institutional barriers makes women and girls with disabilities the victims of two-fold discrimination: as women and as persons with disabilities." As Rosemarie Garland-Thomson puts it, "Women with disabilities, even more intensely than women in general, have been cast in the collective cultural imagination as inferior, lacking, excessive, incapable, unfit, and useless." Socio-economic background. Similar to the intersections of race and disability or gender and disability, a person's socio-economic background will also change their experience of disability. A disabled person with a low socio-economic status will experience the world differently, with more obstacles and fewer opportunities, than a disabled person with a high socio-economic status. A good example of the intersection between disability and socio-economic status is access to education, as we know that there are direct links between poverty and disability - often working in a vicious cycle. The costs of special education and caring for a disabled child are higher than for a child with no acknowledged disability, which poses an immense barrier in accessing appropriate education. The inaccessibility of appropriate education (at any stage), can lead to difficulties in finding employment, which often results in the vicious cycle of being 'bound' by one's experience as a poor and disabled person to remain in the same social structure and experience socio-economic exclusion. In short, this vicious cycle exacerbates the lack of economic, social, and cultural capital for disabled people with a low socio-economic background. On the other hand, a disabled person of a high socio-economic status, may have an easier time accessing appropriate (special) education or treatment - for example by having access to better aids, resources, or programmes that can help them succeed. Disability culture. Sport. The Paralympic Games (meaning "alongside the Olympics") are held after the (Summer and Winter) Olympics. The Paralympic Games include athletes with a wide range of physical disabilities. In member countries, organizations exist to organize competition in the Paralympic sports on levels ranging from recreational to elite (for example, Disabled Sports USA and BlazeSports America in the United States). The Paralympics developed from a rehabilitation program for British war veterans with spinal injuries. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist working with World War II veterans with spinal injuries at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury in the UK, began using sport as part of the rehabilitation programs of his patients. In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for physically disabled people, specifically limb loss or limb difference, to be able to compete in extreme sports. Demographics. Estimates of worldwide and country-wide numbers of disabled people are problematic. The varying approaches taken to defining disability notwithstanding, demographers agree that the world population of individuals with disabilities is very large. For example, in 2012, the World Health Organization estimated a world population of 6.5 billion people. Of those, nearly 650 million people, or 10%, were estimated to be moderately or severely disabled. In 2018 the International Labour Organization estimated that about a billion people, one-seventh of the world population, had disabilities, 80% of them in developing countries, and 80% of working age. Excluding disabled people from the workforce was reckoned to cost up to 7% of gross domestic product. United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control's Morbidity and Mortality weekly report, one-fourth of people in the United States are reported to be disabled as of 2016. 10% of young adults were reported to have mental disabilities. The rates of mobility-related issues were highest among middle-aged people and elderly people, with 18.1% and 26.9%, respectively. In terms of race or ethnicity, Asians have the lowest reported rate of disability at around 10%, while Native Americans, the ethnic group with the highest reported incidence, are reported to have a disability rate at an estimated 30% of adults. African Americans had a higher reported disability rate of 25%, compared to 16% for white adults and 17% for Hispanic people. Canada. 22.3% of Canadians over 15 are reported to have a disability, or 6,246,640 people, according to the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability Reports. In Canada, women and older people are more likely to be disabled than working-class men. In comparison to working-age persons between 25 and 65, seniors over 65 reported a disability rate of 38%, which is nearly twice as high. In Canada, women over 15 had a reported disability rate of 24.3%, compared to men's 20%. According to reports from the 2017 Canadian Survey of Disability, South Asians over the age of 15 in Canada had the greatest proportion of disability at 4%, while Latin Americans had a lower rate at 1%. Australia. Nearly 1 in 5 Australians, or 4.4 million people, were estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a disability. A mental or behavioral issue was reported in over 25% of Australians with disabilities. Male prevalence was 17.6 million, while female prevalence was somewhat higher at 17.8 million between the sexes. Age-wise, 11.6% of adults between 0 and 64 in Australia had a disability, compared to 49.6% of seniors 65 and over. 53.4% of Australians aged 15 to 64 who have a disability are employed. United Kingdom. According to the House of Commons Library, 14.6 million, or 22%, of the population in the UK, were reported to be disabled in 2020–2021. In the UK, there were 9% of children, 21% of working-age people, and 42% of persons over the state pension age who were disabled or impaired. Approximately 29% of White individuals, 27% of mixed-race people, 22% of Asian people, 21% of Black people, and 19% of people from other ethnic groups were reported as having impairments or disabilities, according to the Life Opportunities Survey, which surveyed 35,875 people in 2011. When compared to men, women are a little more likely than men to have a disability, with 31% of women reportedly having one as opposed to 26% of men, according to results of another survey taken the same year. China. According to Twenty-Year Trends in the Prevalence of Disability in China, a medical publication from the National Library of Medicine, there were an estimated 84.6 million Chinese individuals living with a disability in 2006. In a 2006 poll of 83,342 men and 78,137 women, the age groups with the highest reported rates of disability are 18–44-year-old males (22.5%) and 65–74-year-old females (22.8%), according to polls published in the journal that were representative of the country as a whole. In China, the percentage of people with disabilities varies substantially between urban and rural regions, with men and women having reported rates of 72.4% and 72.2%, respectively, in rural China, compared to reported rates of 27.6% and 27.8%, respectively, in urban China. Hearing and speech disabilities are the most commonly reported in China, with men being more affected than women at rates 39.6% and 36.2% among disabled people, respectively. South Korea. In South Korea, there were accounted to be 2.517 million people with disabilities in total, or roughly 5.0% of the population, in 2018. When compared to Koreans without disabilities, people with disabilities spent an average of 56.5 days in medical facilities, which was 2.6 more than the national average. 34.9% of the entire workforce was employed in jobs connected to disabilities. Families with disabilities made an average income of 41.53 million won, or 71.3% of total family earnings. According to the Korean 2020 Statistics on the Disabled The majority of persons with disabilities needed help with "cleaning" and "using transportation", among other everyday tasks. Developing nations. Disability is more common in developing than in developed nations. The connection between disability and poverty is thought to be part of a "vicious cycle" in which these constructs are mutually reinforcing. See also. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

okhyomota okhyomota hoise ene jikunu owosthar obhigyota jiye ejon byoktir baabe kisuman karzokolap koratu odhik kothin kori tule baa etaa nirdisto xomajor bhitorot nyayxongot prowexadhikar laabh kore. okhyomotabur gyaniyo, bikaxmulok, boudhik, manoxik, xaririk, xongbedonxil baa ekadhik karokor xongmisron hoh 'bob paare. okhyomota jonmor porai thakibo paare baa ejon byoktir jiwankalot hoh 'bob paare. oitihaxikbhabe, okhyomotak kewol ek xongkusito mandondor bhittithe sinakto koraa hoise-obosye, okhyomota dwoito nohoy aaru byoktir uporot nirbhor kori ononyo boixistyot uposthito thakibo paare. okhyomota xohoje drishyoman hoh 'bob paare, baa odrishyo prokritir hoh' bob paare. rastroxonghor okhyomotar odhikaror suktikhone okhyomotak enedore xongyayito koriseh bibhinno dhoronor tatwik lensor joriyote xomogro itihaxot okhyomotaxomuhok beleg beleg dhorone upolobdhi koraa hoise. aamar xomajot okhyomotak byakhya korar chesta koraa dutaa mukhyo aarhi aaseh sikitsa aarhi aaru xamajik aarhi. sikitsa arhiye ek tatwik porikathamu hisape kaam kore jiye okhyomotak ek obansito sikitsa owostha hisape bibesona kore jaar baabe bixex sikitsar proyujon. jixokole sikitsar aarhitur xoite jorito, teuluke okhyomotar mool karonxomuh bisari uliuwar logote jikunu sikitsa-jene xohayok projuktir uporot gurutwo aarup kore. xamajik arhiye okhyomotak xamajikbhabe sristi koraa ximabodhota hisape kendro kore jixokolor xongkhyagoristho jonoxongkhyar dore eke khyomota naai. jodiu sikitsa aarhi aaru xamajik aarhi okhyomotar baabe ataitkoi xadharon frame, tothapiu okhyomotak totwogoto koraa aan bohutu aarhi aase. okhyomotar xoite jorito bibhinno dix byakhya koriboloi bohutu bhinno xobdo aase. kisuman xobdo kewol okhyomotar xoite jorito porighotonabur bornona koriboloi bidyoman thokar biporite aanbur okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok kolonkito aaru bohiskrito korar uporot kendribhut hoi aase. kisuman xobdor ene netibasok ortho aase je xeibur opobad hisape gonyo koraa hoy. bortomanor etaa bitorkor bixoy hoh "lo byokti-prothom bhaxa (orthat prothom bhaxa) byobohar koratu upojukto ney nohoy.ee. okhyom byokti) baa porisoy-prothom bhaxa (oh.ee. okhyomota byokti) jetiya okhyomota aaru ejon byoktir kotha kuwa hoy. okhyomotar baabe lukor owosthanor baabe xomajot nyayxongot byobohar aaru prowexadhikaror baabe prosar koraa keibatau kormi kaaron aase. okhyomota kormixokole aainor odhinot xoman aaru nyayxongot odhikar laabh koriboloi juj dise-jodiu etiyau rajnoitik bixoy aase jiye okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor uporot otyasar xokhyom baa aguwai loi yaay. jodiu okhyomota xokriyotai xokhyombadi byowosthaxomuhok dhongxo korat xohay kore, okhyomotar upolobdhir xoite xomporkito xamajik niyombur praye xongbad madhyome byobohar koraa tropor dwara xoktixali koraa hoy. jihetu aadhunik xomajot okhyomotar netibasok dharona byapokbhabe bistrito, xeyehe okhyomotawan lukoxokole teulukor prantik korar biruddhe pisfale theli diyar prochestat aatmo-xomorthonor faale ghuri aahise. byoktir onyanyo bohumukhi porisoyor uporot bhitti kori bhinnobhabe onubhob koraa porisoy hisape okhyomotak swikriti diya hoise praye okhyomota swo-ukilxokole anguliyai diye. mulxutir xomajor poraa okhyomotak bohiskar koratuwe okhyomota xongoskritir utthanor xujug sristi korise. jodiu okhyomota kormixokole etiyau okhyomota lukoxokolok mulxutir xomajot ekotrito korar prosar kore, ek okhyomota xomprodayok utxahito koriboloi keibatau okhyomota-kewol sthan sristi koraa hoise-jene kolaa, cho "siyel miriya aaru krira. itihax. okhyomotar xomoxamoyik budhgomyota poschimot boigyanik gyanor xomoyot udbhob huwa dharonaxomuhor poraa udbhob hoy; gyanor purbe, xaririk parthokyoburok ek beleg dristire suwa hoisil. praak-itihaxor xomoyot manuhe okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor jotno luwar proman aase. windoo "bhaar puratatwik sthanot puwa kongkalburor bhitorot etaa aasil pray 15 bosor boyoxor ejon purux, jaar spina bifida aasil. ei owosthar ortho aasil je xombhobotoh kokalor tolot pokhyaghatgrosto hoi poraa lo "raatu sikari-xonggrahok xomprodayor poraa suwasita koraa hoisil. okhyomotak oisworik xastir madhyom hisape suwa huwa nasil aaru xeyehe okhyomota thoka byoktixokolok teulukor okhyomotar baabe binax baa boixomyo koraa huwa nasil. iyar poriworte bohutoke debotar daax hisape dhormiyo mondirot kaam korake dhori mexoptemia xomajor bibhinno storot nijukti diya hoisil. prasin ijiptot xomajot xoghonai laathi byobohar koraa hoisil. teulukor baabe ek xadharon byobohar aasil okhyomota thoka briddho byoktixokolok khuj karhat xohay koraa. prasin greechot durbol gotixilota thoka byoktixokolok mondir aaru sikitsa obhoyaronyoxomuhot prowex koriboloi xokhyom koraa byowostha koraa hoisil. bixexkoi, 370 khristabdor bhitorot.chi.bistrito oncholor ataitkoi guruttopurno aarugyo obhoyaronyo epiderasor esclapius obhoyaronyot komeu 11taa sthayi xilor remp aasil jiye notaa bhinno gathoniloi gotixilota-durbol dorxonarthixokolok prowexadhikar prodan korisil; prasin greechot ontotoh angxikbhabe okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok swikriti diya hoisil aaru jotno luwa hoisil buli proman. dorasolote, prasin greekxokole okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok odhik xokhyom byoktir poraa xompurno prithokbhabe suwa nasil kiyonu teulukor recordot teulukok bornona koraa xobdobur oti osposto zen laage. jetiyaloike prosnor xonmukhin huwa okhyomotapurno byoktiye etiyau xomajot orihona jugabo paare, greeke teulukok xohyo koraa zen lagisil. modhyojugot, unmadota aaru onyanyo poristhitir kaaron rakhyox buli dharona koraa hoisil. xeiburok prakritik sringkholar ongxo buliu bhoba hoisil, bixexkoi koo 'laa mrityur xomoyot aaru iyar folot, jiye xomogro xadharon jonoxongkhyate bikritir sristi korisil. aadhunik jugor aarombhonite xaririk aaru manoxik parthokyor baabe joibik kaaron bisarar dixot ek poriworton hoisil, logote shrenixomuhor xeema nirdharonor proti aagroh briddhi paisiloh udahoronsworupe, xurox xotikat embor "jo pere" raan "," prodiji "aaru" biklango "ror bixoye likhisil. juktitotwor poraa aarombho koraa gyan aaru manob progotir baabe prakritik bigyanor mulyor uporot europiyo gyanor jure manuhor porzobekhyon aaru shrenibibhajon koraa protisthan aaru xomporkito gyan pronalir jonmo huwat xohay korisil; iyar bhitorot, aajir okhyomotar dharonar bikaxor baabe guruttopurnobur aasil aasroigriho, clinic aaru karagar. okhyomotar xomoxamoyik dharonaxomuh ostadox aaru unobingxo xotikar bikaxor bhitorot nihito. iyar bhitorot xorbosrestho aasil clinical sikitsa bixoyok alusonar bikax, jiye manob xorirok ek hostosalito, odhyoyon aaru rupantorit koribo poraa bostu hisape drishyoman kori tulisil. eibure boigyanik boktritar xoite ekeloge kaam korisil jiye shrenibibhajon aaru shrenibibhajon koriboloi chesta korisil aaru ene korar folot swabhabik korar poddhotit porinot hoisil. ei xomoisuwat "niyom" ror dharonatu bikoxito hoisil, aaru beljiyamor porixongkhyabid, xomajbigyani, gonitobid, aaru jyotirbigyani edolph quiteletor kaamot xongket diya hoise, jiye 1830-ror doxokot "el 'hoom moyen"-gorh manuhor bixoye likhisil. kuwetelete onuman korisil je ejon luke nirdisto jonoxongkhyar xokolu manuhor boixistyor xomosti lo 'bob paare (jene teulukor uschota baa ujon) aaru teulukor gorh bisari uliyabo paare aaru ei xongkhyatuwe ek porixongkhyagot mandondo hisape kaam koribo laage jaar dixot xokoluwe akangkhya koribo laage. ei xomoisuwat britain, aamerika juktorastro aaru poschim europor rajyoxomuhe porixongkhya xongroho korar drut podokhyepor joriyote porixongkhyar mandondor ei dharonatur xutropat hoy aaru ee xujonon bigyanor utthanor xoite jorito. okhyomota, logote onyanyo dharonaxomuhoh oswabhabik, oh-swabhabik, aaru swabhabik iyar poraa aahisil. ei dharonaxomuhor prosar ei odbhut onusthanor jonopriyotar poraa sposto hoy, zo 'too prodorxoke xei niyomxomuhor poraa bisyut huwa lukoxokolok prodorxon kori labhanwito hoisil. unobingxo xotikar xexor faale eugenicsor utthanor loge loge ene bisyutiburok xomogro jonoxongkhyar swasthyor baabe bipojjonok buli gonyo koraa hoisil. okhyomotak ejon byoktir joibik gothonor ongxo hisape dekha yaay aaru enedore teulukor aanubongxik uttoradhikar hisape, bigyanixokole jinn pulor poraa baahir huwa "bisyuti" ror dore opotrino nirmanor dharonaxomuhor proti teulukor monujug ghurai diye. ejon byoktir aanubongxik xusthota mulyayon korar baabe bibhinno metriks nirdharon koraa hoisil aaru taar pisot ojugyo buli gonyo koraa lukoxokolok bitarito koriboloi, jiwanuhin koriboloi baa protisthanik koriboloi byobohar koraa hoisil. germanyr natxi xaxonor dwara lokhyo koraa gutxomuhor bhitorot ek aasil okhyomota thoka lukoxokol, jaar folot hulucastor xomoyot pray 250,000 okhyomota thoka lukor mrityu hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xexot, natxi xujonon bigyanor udahoronor xoite, xujonon bigyan rajohuwa alusonar poraa mlaan hoi porisil, aaru kromanwoye okhyomotai ouxodhor ek bixexotwor xonghotit probhab pelaisil-xeya briddhi, punorbaxon baa sikitsar joriyote houk. xomoxamoyik aaru aadhunik itihax duyutate okhyomotak praye prothom-degree aatmiyo baa dwitiyo-degree aatmiyor maajot jouno xombhugor upo-utpadon hisape dekha goisil. okhyomota ponditxokole xamontobador poraa pujibadoloi huwa orthonoitik poribortonor logote oudyugik biplowok okhyomotar bixoye buji puwar khetrot ek guruttopurno oitihaxik muhurto hisape anguliyai dise. jodiu modhyojugot okhyomotak loi ek nirdisto porimanor dhormiyo ondhobiswax aasil, tothapiu okhyomota thoka lukoxokole gramyo utpadon bhittik orthonitit guruttopurno bhumika paalon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil, jaar folot teuluke doinondin orthonoitik jiwanat prokrito obodan aagborhabo parisil. oudyugik biplob aaru pujibador abirbhabe iyak enedore gorhi tulisil jaate jonoxadharon aaru bhumir xoite aabodho nohoy aaru taar pisot jiyai thakiboloi dormoha dibo poraa kaam bisariboloi badhyo hoisil. oudyugik utpadonor xoite millie dormoha byowosthai jontror dore utpadon korar khyomotar baabe manuhok kromanwoye mulyo diyar baabe xongsthaxomuhok suwar poddhoti xoloni korisil. pujibad aaru oudyugik biplowe pholoproxubhabe "okhyomota" thoka lukoxokolor ek notun shrenir sristi korisil jixokole maanok sromikor xorir baa kormo xoktir storor xoite khaap khaabo nuwarile. pholsworupe, okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok etaa xomosya hisape gonyo koraa hoisil, xomadhan koribo lagibo baa mosi pelabo lagibo. 1970-ror doxokor aarombhonite, okhyomota odhikar andulon protistha hoisil, jetiya okhyomota kormixokole xomajkhone okhyomotar xoite kenedore byobohar kore aaru okhyomotar proti sikitsa poddhotir proityahban jonabo aarombho korisil. ei kaamor baabe, prowexor baabe xaririk baadha sinakto koraa hoisil. ei owosthabure teulukok karjyokoribhabe okhyom korisil, aaru jaak etiya okhyomotar xamajik aarhi buli jonaa yaay taar udbhob hoisil. 1983 sonot maik olibhare udbhawon koraa ei bakyangxotuwe okhyomotar sikitsa aarhi-jaar odhinot etaa okhyomota xongxudhon korar proyujon-aaru okhyomotar xamajik aarhi-jaar odhinot ejon byoktik ximabodho koraa xomajok xongxudhon korar proyujon-taar maajot parthokyo dekhuway. totwo. bohutu xamajik shrenir dore, "okhyomota" ror dharonatu xikhya jogot, sikitsa aaru aainee jogot, aaru okhyomota xomprodayor maajot tibro alusonar odhinot aase. okhyomota odhyoyon. okhyomotar totwor uporot gurutwo diya xoikhyik xakhatu hoise okhyomota odhyoyon, ji bingxo xotikar xexor poraa xomproxarito hoi aahise. ei khetrokhone okhyomotar otit, bortoman aaru bhobisyotor nirmanor todonto kore, logote okhyomota hoise ek jotil xamajik porisoy jaar poraa aami xokoluwe ontordristi laabh koribo paaru buli dristibhongitu aguwai loi yaay. okhyomota pondito clair mulaneye kuwa mote, "iyar bistrito porixorot, okhyomota odhyoyone ponditoxokolok okhyomotak ek prokaror xangoskritik parthokyo hisape mulyo diboloi utxahito kore. ei khetrotu kromanwoye aantohbixoyok hoi porise, praye dorxon, itihax, ingraji odhyoyon, olongkar odhyoyon, jatigoto aaru jatigoto odhyoyon, lingo aaru jounota odhyoyon, sikitsa manobbigyan, jugajug, xikhya bigyan aaru odhik khyetror xoite otirikto hoi porise. ei khyetror ponditxokole noitikota, niti aaru aain, itihax, okhyomota xomprodayor kolaa aaru bohutur dore okhyomota xomporkiyo bixoyor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. ei khyetror ullekhjugyo ponditoxokolor bhitorot aase marta rasel, robert macruar, juhanna hedava, laura harche, irving julaa, aaru bohutu. bixisto okhyomota pondito lenard je. debhise ullekh korise je okhyomota odhyoyonok ek bixex baa bixex xakha hisape gonyo koribo nalage, kintu iyar poriworte bibhinno khyetro aaru bixoyor khetrot projujyo. antohrastriyo shrenibibhajon. biswo swasthyo xongsthai prostut koraa karjyokolap, okhyomota aaru swasthyor antohrastriyo shrenibibhajon (aai. chi. ef.)-e xoriror karjyo (xaririk baa monostatwik, jene dristi) aaru xoriror gathoni (xoriror ongo, jene soku aaru xomporkito gathoni)-ror maajot parthokyo dekhuway. xaririk gathoni baa karjyor durbolotak xadharonote grohon koraa kisuman jonoxongkhyar mandondor poraa oxongoti, truti, khyoti baa onyanyo guruttopurno bisyuti jorito huwa hisape xongyayito koraa hoy, ji xomoyor loge loge uthanama koribo paare. karjyokolapok etaa kaam baa karjyor xompadon hisape xongyayito koraa hoy. aai. chi. ef.-e karjyokolapor notaa bistrito khyetro talikabhukto korise jibur probhabito hoh 'bob paareh okhyomota ponditoxokolor xoite ekjuge, aai. chi. ef.-ror porisoyot kuwa hoise je okhyomota aaru karjyokolap bujiboloi aaru byakhya koriboloi bibhinno dharonamulok modelor prostab diya hoise, jaak ee ekotrito koriboloi bisare. ei modelburot tolot ullekh koraa dhoronor bostu ontorbhukto aaseh sikitsar model. sikitsa arhiye okhyomotak byoktir etaa xomosya hisape dekhe, ji proityokhyobhabe rug, aaghat baa onyanyo swasthyojonito owosthar folot hoy, jaar baabe pesadarixokolor dwara byoktigoto sikitsar rupot sthayi sikitsa xewar proyujon hoy. sikitsar aarhito, okhyomotar byowosthaponar lokhyo hoise "niramoy", baa byoktir xomonwoy aaru aasorongot poriworton ji "pray niramoy" baa pholoproxu niramoyor dixe loi jaabo. ei khetrot byoktijone sikitsa xewar joriyote teulukor okhyomota otikrom koribo lagibo. sikitsa aarhito sikitsa xewak mool bixoy hisape dekha hoy, aaru rajnoitik porzayot, prodhan protikriyatu hoise swasthyoxewa nitir poriworton baa xongskar koraa. sikitsa aarhito okhyomotar kaaron aaru niramoy bisari uliuwat gurutwo diya hoise. karonxomuh. okhyomotar bohutu bhinno kaaron aase jiye praye doinondin jiwanor moulik karzokolapxomuhok probhabito kore, jene khuwa, xaaj-puchak pindha, sthanantor koraa, aaru byoktigoto poriskar-porischonnota bojai rokha; baa doinondin jiwanor unnot karzokolap jene bojar koraa, khadyo prostut koraa, gaari soluwa, baa kaam koraa. obosye, okhyomotar karonbur xadharonote ejon byoktir doinondin jiwanor karzokolap xompadon korar khyomotar dwara nirdharon koraa hoy. marta rasel aaru raabi malhutrai jukti dekhuwai je "okhyomotar 'sikitsa" aaru shrenibibhajonor xojulixomuhe spostobhabe' okhyomota "aaru 'xokhyom" lukor maajot bibhajon sthaponot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. iyar folot okhyomotak sikitsar joriyote xomadhan koribo logaa ek xomosya hisape sthan diya hoy, jiye okhyomotar ortho ki xei bixoye aamar budhgomyot baadha diye. 1990 sonor aamerikan uith dijebiliti actor uddesye, aamerika juktorastror xoman niyug xujug aayugor niyomawoliye ene poristhitir ekhon talika prodan kore jiburok xohoje okhyomota buli xiddhanto lo 'bob laageh bodhirota, ondhota, boudhik okhyomota, aangxik baa xompurnorupe heruwa haat-bhori baa gotixilotar okhyomota jaar baabe huilseyar, autism, korkot, cheribrel palsi, diabetis, mrigi, aisiv/aids, multiple scleer "sis, pexir dystrophy, prodhan bixonnotar byadhi, spina bifida, baipular degerder, post-tro' metik stress degerder, obsesive compulsive degerder, aaru schizophrenia. eitu etaa xompurno talika nohoy aaru bohutu aaghat aaru sikitsajonito xomosyar folot okhyomotar sristi hoy. okhyomotar kisuman kaaron, jene aaghat, xomoyor loge loge xomadhan hoh 'bob paare aaru iyak "osthayi okhyomota" buli gonyo koraa hoy. orjito okhyomota" hoise jiwankalot hothate baa dirghosthayibhabe huwa okhyomotar folafol, jaar biporite okhyomotar xoite jonmo hoy. "odrishyo okhyomota" spostobhabe lokhyoniyo noho 'bou paare. sikitsa kore. sikitsa aarhito okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor baabe sikitsa, niramoy baa punorbaxonmulok onuxilon bisari uliuwat jothesto gurutwo diya hoise. xohayok projukti. xohayok projukti hoise xojuli aaru poribortonor baabe ek xadharon xobdo (ejon byoktir baabe baa xomajor bhitorot) ji okhyomota otikrom korat baa aatorai niyar khetrot xohay kore. prosthesis byoboharor prothom nothibhukto udahorontu komeu 1800 khristopurbor. huilseyartu 17 xotikar. carb kaat hoise ek xomporkito gathonigot udbhawon. aan udahoronxomuh hoh "lo stending frame, text telephon, xulobh kibo" rd, dangor print, brail aaru boktrita sinaktokoron softwer. biklango lukoxokole praye obhijujon bikoxito kore ji byoktigoto hoh 'bob paare (jene.ji. rajohuwa sthanot thoka ruchi domon korar kouxol) baa xomproday (jene.ji. di/bodhir xomprodayor xangketik bhaxa). byoktigoto computer odhik xorbobyapi hoi porar loge loge, okhyom lukoxokolor baabe computerok odhik xulobh kori tuliboloi softwer aaru hardwer bikoxito koriboloi bibhinno xongstha gothon koraa hoise. kisuman softwer aaru hardwer, jene bhois finger, freedom scientificor "suyal", mukto aaru mukto utxor bikolpo "orka" ityadi. bixexbhabe biklango lukor baabe design koraa hoise aanhate onyanyo softwer aaru hardwer, jene nunce dragon swabhabikbhabe kuwa, bixexbhabe biklango lukor baabe bikoxito koraa huwa nasil, kintu obhigomyota briddhi koriboloi byobohar koribo paari. lumak kibordtu newzealandot bixexbhabe okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor baabe design koraa hoisil. world wide web concertiume okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor baabe web obhigomyotar baabe antohrastriyo mandondor proyujoniyota swikar korisil aaru web obhigomyota udyug (waai) sristi korisil. 2012 sonor disembor maahor dore maantu hoise dobliu. chi. e. ji. 2 (dobliu. chi. e. ji. = web xomolor obhigomyotar nirdexona). xamajik aarhi. okhyomotar xamajik aarhito "okhyomotak" xamajikbhabe sristi huwa xomosya aaru xomajot byoktixokolor xompurno xonghotkoronor bixoy hisape dekha yaay. ei aarhito okhyomota ejon byoktir bixexotwo nohoy, boroncho xamajik poriwexor dwara sristi koraa poristhitir ek jotil xongroho. xomosyatur byowosthaponat xamajik podokhyepor proyujon aaru ene ek xomaj gorhi tulaa xomajor xamuhik dayitwo zo 'too okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor baabe ximabodhota nyuntomo. sristir khetrot okhyomota xangoskritik aaru aadorxogot duyuta. xamajik aarhi onuxori, okhyomota/okhyomota thoka karubar baabe xoman prowexadhikar manob odhikaror ek udweg. okhyomotar xamajik aarhi xomaluchonar xonmukhin hoise. xomajor dayitwor uporot gurutwo diyar khetrot xamajik arhiye paalon koraa gurutwo swikar kori, tomm swexpiyaroke dhori ponditxokole aarhitukor ximarekhar uporot anguliyai diye aaru "sikitsa bonam sikitsa" ror poraa aatori ohaa etaa notun aarhituk proyujoniyo buli aahban jonay. xamajik "dwoitota. ei aarhir ximabodhotar ortho hoise je praye okhyomota thoka byoktixokole xonmukhin huwa guruttopurno xewa aaru tothyo upolobdho nohoy, praye teulukok xomorthon korat ximito orthonoitik laabhor baabe. kisumane koy je sikitsa manobbigyan hoise ek pholoproxu khyetro zo 'too sikitsa aaru xamajik aarhir maajot thoka byobodhan dur koribo paari. xamajik gothon. okhyomotar xamajik gothon hoise ei dharona je okhyomota joibik parthokyor poriworte xamajik aaxa aaru protisthanor dwara nirman koraa hoy. xomaj aaru protisthanxomuhe okhyomota gorhi tular upayxomuhor uporot alukpat koratu ei dharonatur onyotomo mukhyo kendrobindu. ekedore jaati aaru lingo joibikbhabe nirdisto nohoy, okhyomotau nohoy. 1970-ror doxokor aarombhonite xomajbigyanixokole, bixexkoi eliot friedsone jukti diboloi aarombho korisil je okhyomota odhyoyonot labeling totwo aaru xamajik bisyuti proyug koribo paari. iyar folot okhyomota totwor xamajik nirmanor sristi hoisil. okhyomotar xamajik gothon hoise dharona je okhyomotak niyomor poraa bisyutir xamajik xohari hisape nirman koraa hoy. sikitsa udyug hoise oxustho aaru okhyomotapurno xamajik bhumikar sristikorta. swasthyor uporot dokhyota thoka sikitsa pesadari aaru protisthanxomuhor swasthyo aaru xaririk aaru manoxik mandondoxomuh xongyayito korar khyomota aase. jetiya ejon byoktir ene etaa boixistyo thaake jiye swasthyor xamajik xongyat uponeet huwar poraa ek durbolota, ximabodhota baa ximabodhota sristi kore, tetiya xei byoktik okhyom buli sinhito koraa hoy. ei dharonar odhinot, okhyomotak xoriror xaririk boixistyor dwara xongyayito koraa nohoy, kintu swasthyor xamajik poromporar poraa bisyutir dwara xongyayito koraa hoy. okhyomotar xamajik gothonot jukti diya hoh "bob je okhyomotar sikitsar modeltuwe okhyomota hoise ek okhyomota, ximabodhota baa ximabodhota buli bibesona koratu bhul. iyar poriworte jaak okhyomota hisape dekha hoy xeya xomajot "swabhabik" buli gonyo korar poraa byoktir maajot kewol etaa parthokyo. poribhaxa. manuh-prothom bhaxa. manuh-prothom bhaxa hoise okhyomotar bixoye kotha kuwar etaa upay jaak kisuman luke posondo kore. manuh-prothom bhaxa byobohar korile byoktik okhyomotar aagot rokha hoy buli kuwa hoy. jixokol byoktiye manuh-prothom bhaxa posondo kore teulukok "ejon okhyomota thoka byokti" buli kuwatu posondo kore. ei xoilitu aamerikan uith dijebiliti act aaru eu. eno convension ono dyo raitos owo dijebilitisoke dhori okhyomota odhikaror uporot prodhan aainxomuhot protipholito hoy. "cherebrel palsih e guide for keyar" delawer biswobidyaloyor luke-prothom bhaxar bixoye bornona koriseh eu. key.-too 'pipol-forsto' xobdotu 'biklango luk' ror rupot byobohar koraa hoy (jene 'dristixoktir okhyomota thoka luk'). obosye, eu. key.-too xadharonote manuhor prothom bhaxar tulnat porisoy-prothom bhaxak posondo koraa hoy. manuh-prothom poribhaxar byobohare okhyomota (baa okhyomota) thoka byokti (baa luk) koo bujaboloi piedbliudi naamor xongkhipto naamor byoboharor sristi korise. obosye onyo byokti aaru gutxomuhe porisoy-prothom bhaxa posondo kore jaate okhyomotai manuhor porisoyot kenedore probhab pelabo paare taar uporot gurutwo diya hoy. bibhinno dex, gutt aaru byoktir maajot coon xoilir bhaxa byobohar koraa hoy xeya prithok hoy. porisoy-prothom bhaxa. porisoy-prothom bhaxai byoktik "okhyom" buli bornona kore. kisuman luke iyak posondo kore aaru jukti diye je ee manuh-prothom bhaxatkoi okhyomotar xamajik aarhir xoite bhaldore khaap khaay, kiyonu ee gurutwo diye je byoktijon teulukor xoriror dwara nohoy, kintu teulukok sthan nidiye ene ek prithibir dwara okhyomota hoy. eitu bixexkoi eu. key. too xosa, zo 'too xamajik aarhir odhinot jukti diya hoy je karubar durbolota (udahoronsworupe, merudondor aaghat huwa) ek byoktigoto xompoti jodiu "okhyomota" hoise bahyik xamajik kaarok jene obhigomyotar obhawor dwara sristi huwa kiba etaa. okhyomotar byoktigoto xompoti aaru okhyomotar xamajik xompotir maajor ei parthokyo xamajik aarhir kendrobindu. rajnoitik nirman hisape "okhyomotapurno luk" xobdotu okhyomotapurno lukor antohrastriyo xongothonxomuhor dwarau byapokbhabe byobohar koraa hoy, jene okhyomotapurno lukor antohrastriyo xongstha. porisoy-prothom bhaxa byobohar koratuwe manuhe porisoy aaru boisitryor onyanyo dixor bixoye kenedore kotha koy taar xomantoral. udahoronsworupeh ekedore, eu. e.-too bodhir xomprodayxomuh.ess. porisoyor pokhyot prothom bhaxa-prothom bhaxa buli manuhok oswikar korok. 2021 sonot, uscho xikhya aaru okhyomotar aamerika juktorastror xongsthai (aagoloi) teulukor xamogrit porisoy-prothom bhaxa byobohar korar xiddhanto ghuxona kori byakhya korisiloh "porisoy-prothom bhaxai okhyomotar proityokhyo daabi kori netibasok orthok proityahban jonay. porisoy-prothom bhaxai aamar xorir aaru mogjuwe ostitwo thoka ogonito owosthar xoite kenedore kaam kore taar bibhinnota aaru karubak okhyom korat durgom baa nirzatonmulok pronali, gathoni baa poriwexor bhumikar kotha ullekh kore." odrishyo okhyomota. odrishyo okhyomota, jaak lukuwa okhyomota baa oh-drishyoman okhyomota (nvd) buliu jonaa yaay, hoise ene okhyomota jibur totkhyonat sposto nohoy, baa dekha nayay. eibur praye dirghodiniya rug aaru owostha ji doinondin jiwanor swabhabik karzokolapxomuhok ullekhjugyobhabe khyotigrosto kore. odrishyo okhyomotai ejon byoktir bidyaloyoloi juwa, kaam koraa, xamajikota sthapon koraa aaru bohutu prochestat baadha dibo paare. odrishyo okhyomotar kisuman udahoronor bhitorot aase boudhik okhyomota, autism specrem disorder, monujugor obhab hyperactivity disorder, manoxik byadhi, hapani, mrigi, elergy, migraine, arthoraitis, aaru kronik clanty chindrom. manoxik rug sinaktokoron koraa lukoxokolor maajot kormoxongsthapon boixomyoi uscho haarot kormohinotar khetrot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon koraa buli janibo poraa goise. epixodic okhyomota. arthraitis, baipular disorder, eis. aai. bhi., baa multiple scleer "sisor dore swasthyojonito owosthat thoka lukoxokolor rugor ghotonar maajot xusthotar xomoy thaake. rugor xomoyot manuhor kaamor dore swabhabik kaam korar khyomota biroti-birotire hoh "bob paare. okhyomota xokriyota. okhyomota xokriyotar folot okhyomota aaru okhyomotar bixoye alusona korar xomoyot upojukto bhaxar xongxudhon koraa hoise. udahoronsworupe, iyar netibasok probhawor baabe 'retard' ror sikitsa shrenibibhajonok tetiyar poraa upekhya koraa hoise. iyar uporiu, okhyomota xokriyotar folot okhyomotawan lukoxokolor dwara opomanjonok bhaxa punor laabh koraa hoise. mayers (1986)-e byakhya korisil je kenedore okhyomotawan lukoxokole nijoke 'pongu' buli bornona koriboloi basoni koribo paare. eitu aasorit zen lagibo paare je teuluke nijoke bornona koriboloi okhyomotar xoite jorito dharabahikbhabe netibasok bhaxa byobohar korise; obosye iyar uddesyo hoise sikitsa pesadarixokolor poraa 'okhyomota porisoy' punor laabh koraa, aaru iyak okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor posondor bhaxar xoite punor xongrupon koraa. uporot prodorxito bhaxar punoruddhare xamajik aarhir bhitorot nijoke sthan diye, kiyonu ee xomaj hisape aami kenedore okhyomotar dharona aaru dharona gorhi tulisu taak alukpat kore.okhyomota kormixokole nimnolikhito bixoixomuhor proti monujug aakorxon koriseh odhikar aaru niti. odhikar andulon. okhyomota odhikar andulonor lokhyo hoise okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor baabe xoman xujug aaru xoman odhikar xurokhito koraa. andulonor nirdisto lokhyo aaru dabixomuh hoh "lo poribohon, sthapotyo aaru xaririk poriwexot xulbhota aaru xurokhya; swadhin jiwan, nijukti, xikhya aaru baxosthanot xoman xujug; aaru opobyobohar, owohela aaru rugir odhikar ulonghonor poraa mukti. ei xujug aaru odhikarxomuh xurokhito koriboloi pholoproxu nagorik odhikar aain pronoyon koraa hoise. prarombhik okhyomota odhikar andulonot okhyomotar sikitsa aarhir aadhipotyo aasil, zo 'too okhyomotar lukoxokolok aarugyo koraa baa sikitsa korar uporot gurutwo diya hoisil jaate teuluke xamajik niyom maani sole, kintu 1960-ror doxokor poraa aarombho kori odhikar gotebure okhyomotar xamajik aarhiloi sthanantorito hoh' boloi aarombho korisil, zo 'too okhyomotak boixomyor bixoy hisape byakhya koraa hoy, jaar folot odhikar goteburor baabe aainee upayor joriyote xomota prapto korar poth proxosto hoy. prakton sobhiyet unionor gonorajyot okhyomotar xomosya aaru prowexadhikaror baabe koraa xomorthon niti nirmanot odhik xongothito aaru probhawxali hoi porise. okhyomota nyay andulon. okhyomota odhikar andulonor poraa bikoxito huwa okhyomota nyay andulon, jaar lokhyo hoise aainee poriworton aaru poromporagot nagorik odhikarok ogradhikar diyar biporite xamuhik muktik ogradhikar diyar joriyote okhyomota lukoxokolor jiwan unnot koraa. okhyomotar odhikaror "dwitiyo dhou" buli obhihito ei porikathamuwe xokhyomota, ene ouponibexikota, swetango aadhipotyo aaru bibhedpurno pujibador xoite jorito bohutu nirzatonor byowosthak porikhya koriboloi bisare. okhyomota nyay" xobdotu 2005 sonot el. ji. bi. ti. kiu. ror rongor okhyomota thoka mohila, miya mingus, petricia barne aaru stacy milburne udbhawon korisil, jiye mulxutir okhyomota odhikarotkoi aantoxongzugor uporot odhik gurutwo di ek xokhyombad birudhi andulon gorhi tuliboloi chesta korisil, kendriyo prantik konthoswor hisape. teulukor gutt, okhyomota nyay xomostigot, chebastian margaret, leroy ef-ror dore ullekhjugyo okhyomota kormiku ontorbhukto korisil. muur juniyor.teur kobita aaru crip hopp andulonor protisthar baabe xuporisito, aaru eli kler, okhyomota odhyoyonor bhitorot xorir monor dharonak jonopriyo korar baabe xuporisito. okhyomota thoka byoktir odhikaror uporot convension. 2006 sonor 13 disemborot rastroxonghoi ekbingxo xotikar prothom manob odhikar sukti, biswor anumanik 650 nijut okhyomotapurno lukor odhikar aaru xujug xurokhito aaru briddhi korar baabe okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor odhikaror uporot huwa xonmilonkhonot anusthanikbhabe xonmoti prokax kore. 182khon dexe ei xonmilonor ontorbhuktik onumudon baa swikriti dise. ei suktit swakhyor koraa dexxomuhe rastriyo aain grohon koribo lagibo, aaru puroni aainbur aatorabo lagibo, jaate okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor xikhya, nijukti aaru xangoskritik jiwanor xoman odhikar thakibo; xompotir odhikar aaru uttoradhikaror odhikar; bibah aadit boixomyomulok byobohar nokoribo ityadi.; aaru sikitsa porikhyaxomuhot onischuk bixoy noho 'bob. manob odhikaror uscho ayuktoke dhori eu. eno.-ror bixoyaxokole ei bidheyokhonok xamajik aarhir xoite xamonjosyo raakhi okhyomotar uporot odhik odhikar-aadharito dristibhongir proti monubhawot ek dristantomulok poribortonor protinidhitwo koraa buli sinhito korise. antohrastriyo okhyomota borxo. 1976 sonot rastroxonghoi iyar antohrastriyo protibondhi byokti borxor (1981) baabe porikolpona aarombho korisil, pisoloi iyak antohrastriyo protibondhi byokti borxo buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. okhyom byoktir doxok (1983-1993) too okhyom byoktir bixoye ek biswo karzoxusir boixistyo aasil. 1979 sonot, frank buwe aasil ekmatro okhyomota thoka byokti jiye aai. aai. di. pi-1981 ror porikolponat jikunu dexok protinidhitwo korisil. aaji, bohutu dexe protinidhir naam ullekh korise jixokol nijei okhyomota thoka byokti. xadharon xobhar aagot robert deviller ek xombudhonot doxoktur onto porisil. buwo aaru devilla duyujonei bodhir. 1984 sonot unesk "ee bodhir xixu aaru juwok-jubotixokolor xikhyat byoboharor baabe xangketik bhaxak grohon korisil. purbor sobhiyet union gonorajyoxomuhor niti. eu. eno. program aaru oh "ess. ee.-ye purbor sobhiyet unionor ongxo aasil ene dexxomuhot niti aaru karzoxusixomuhok okhyomota thoka byoktir odhikaror uporot conventionor xoite xonghot koriboloi kaam kore. rajnoitik bixoixomuh. unnot aaru kisuman unnoyonxil dexot rajnoitik odhikar, xamajik ontorbhukti aaru nagorikotwor kotha puhoroloi aahise. ei bitorkotu nirbhorxil okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok rokhyonabekhyon korar onubhut byoyor bixoye ek udwegor baahire goi aase jaate okhyomota thoka lukoxokole jiwanor xokolu khetrot xomajot ongxogrohon koribo paare aaru orihona jugabo paare xeitu nischito korar baabe pholoproxu upay bisari uliyay. unnoyonxil dexxomuhot, zo 'too anumanik 650 nijut okhyomotapurno lukor brihot ongxo baax kore, prowexadhikar aaru xikhyar poraa aatmo-khyomotayon, aatmo-xomorthonmulok nijukti aaru iyar baahiror bibhinno xomosyar xomadhanor baabe jothesto kaam korar proyujon. bigoto keibosormanor bhitorot okhyomota odhikar kormixokole okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor baabe xompurno nagorikotwo laabhor uporot gurutwo aarup korise. kisuman dexot xompurno nijukti puwat baadha aase; biklango lukoxokolor bixoye jonoxadharonor dharona beleg beleg hoh "bob paare. opobyobohar koraa hoy. jetiya ejon byoktir okhyomota thoka byoktir baabe xaririk, aarthik, moukhik baa manoxikbhabe nirzaton koraa hoy tetiya okhyomotar opobyobohar hoy. jihetu bohutu okhyomota drishyoman nohoy (udahoronsworupe, hapani, xika okhyomota) kisuman opobyowoharkariye buji puwa, xomorthon aadir proyujoniyotar xoite oh-xaririk okhyomotak juktixongot koribo nuware. xadharonote sikitsar unnoti aaru dirghayur loge loge okhyomotar pradurbhab aaru okhyomotak xohay korar byoy briddhi huwar loge loge xomajor ei dixtu odhik rajnoitik gurutwor hoi pore. rajnoitik dolxomuhe teulukor okhyomota thoka ongxoburor xoite kenedore byobohar kore xeya rajnoitik doll etaar okhyomotar bixoye bujaar ek mapkathi hoh "bob paare, bixexkoi okhyomotar xamajik aarhito. beema. okhyomota xubidha, baa okhyomota pension hoise ek prodhan dhoronor okhyomota beema ji sorkari xongsthaxomuhe okhyomotar baabe osthayibhabe baa sthayibhabe kaam koriboloi okhyom lukoxokolok prodan kore. eu. e. too.ess., okhyomotar xubidha xompurok xurokhya aayor shrenit prodan koraa hoy. kanadat, ee kanadar pension porikolponar bhitorot aase. aan dexxomuhot, xamajik xurokhya byowosthar odhinot okhyomotar xubidha prodan koribo paari. poschimiya dexxomuhot, bixexkoi euroop aaru aamerikat okhyomotar baabe pensionor byoy kromanwoye briddhi paise. eitu protibedon diya hoisil je, eu. key. too, okhyomota pensionor uporot byoy 1980 sonot muth ghoruwa utpadonor (ji. di. pi.) 0.9% aasil; dutaa doxokor pisot ee ji. di. pi. ror 2.6% too uponeet hoisil. keibatau odhyoyonot rugor baabe kaamor poraa onuposthiti briddhi aaru bhobisyote okhyomotar pensionor xombhawona briddhir maajot ek xomporkor kotha ullekh koraa hoise. denmarkor gowexokxokolor ek odhyoyonot poramorxo diya hoise je rugor baabe onuposthitir swo-protibedon diya dinxomuhor tothyoxomuhor byobohar kori bhobisyotor xombhabyo gutxomuhok okhyomota pensionor baabe pholoproxubhabe sinakto koribo paari. ei odhyoyonxomuhe niti nirdharok, gusor porisalona koraa kortripokhyo, niyugkorta aaru sikitsokxokolor baabe upojugi tothyo prodan koribo paare. swizerlandot, juwa dutaa doxokot prodan koraa bhataxomuhor xongkhya hraax kori aaru brittimulok punorbaxon byowosthar xohay briddhi kori okhyomotar khetrot xamajik nitixomuhok ullekhjugyobhabe punor gothon koraa hoise. suis okhyomota beemar dwara sthapon koraa karzoxusir xoite jorito byoktixokolor xoite koraa xakyatkaror uporot bhitti kori, etaa odhyoyonot xomajot teulukor sthan xomporkiyo teulukor onischoyota aaru udwegor logote okhyomota beemar hostokhyepor proti teulukor protikriyar uporot alukpat koraa hoise. byoktigoto, laabhor baabe okhyomota beemai okhyomota lukoxokolok uparjon prodan korat ek bhumika paalon kore, kintu rastriyokoron koraa karzoxusibur hoise xurokhya jaal ji besibhag dabikarik dhore. sakori. odhyoyonxomuhe okhyomota aaru doridrotar maajor xomporkor bixoye byakhya korise. bixexkoi, okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok aagborhuwa sakorir obhab aase. marta rasele ullekh korise je "okhyom byoktixokolor (jixokole baxosthanor xoite kaam koribo paare) uporot otyasaror prathomik aadhar hoise mojuri sromik hisape xuxonor poraa teulukok baad diya." boudhik okhyomota. bohutu dexot ene karzoxusi aase jiye boudhikbhabe okhyom lukoxokolok kormoxoktir proyujoniyo dokhyota aahoron korat xohay kore. ene karzoxusixomuhor bhitorot aase aasroiprapto kormoxala aaru praptoboyoskoxokolor diboxor jotno karzoxusi. aasroiprapto karzoxusiburot dinor karzokolap jene bagisa, utpadon aaru ekotrikoron ontorbhukto thaake. ei karzokolapxomuhe niyomiya-bhittik kambur xohoj kori tule jiye iyar pholsworupe aai. di. lukoxokolok kormosarit prowex korar aagote obhigyota laabh koriboloi onumoti diye. ekedore, praptoboyoskoxokolor diboxor jotno karzoxusiburotu diboxor karzokolap ontorbhukto thaake. obosye, ei karzokolapbur ek xoikhyik poriwexot aadharito zo 'too aai. di. luke xoikhyik, xaririk aaru jugajug-bhittik kaamot jorito hoh' bob paare jiye jugajug, smritixokti aaru xadharon jiwan-dharonor dokhyotak xohoj kori tulat xohay kore. iyar uporiu, praptoboyoskoxokolor diboxor jotno karzoxusixomuhe rajohuwa sthanoloi field tripor xomoixusi nirdharon kori xamuhik karzokolapor aayujon korisil (jene.ji. siriyakhana, aaru chinema theater). duyuta karzoxusiye kormoxoktito prowex korar aagote boudhikbhabe okhyom lukoxokolor baabe otyawosyokiyo dokhyota prodan koraa swotweu, gowexokxokole paise je aai. di. luke xomproday-ekotrito nijuktir xoite jorito hoh 'boloi posondo kore. grahok xewa, clarical, jenit 'real, aatithyo aaru utpadonor podor poraa aarombho kori bibhinno dhoronor brittito nimnotomo baa odhik mojutot aai. di. lukoxokolok xomproday-xonghot nijuktir xujug prodan koraa hoy. id kormosarixokole okhyomotabihin kormosarixokolor xoite kaam kore jixokole teulukok proxikhyonot xohay koriboloi xokhyom. ei tinita bikolpoi boudhikbhabe okhyom lukoxokolok doinondin jiwanor baabe otyawosyokiyo xamajik dokhyota bikax aaru onuxilon koriboloi onumoti diye. obosye, lindstrom ett olor mote, id kormosarixokole id obihone kormosarixokolor dore eke byobohar laabh kore buli nischito koraa huwa naai.xomproday-xonghot kormosarixokole beton briddhi puwar xombhawona komm, aaru maatro 26 xotangxoi purnokalin morzada bojai rakhibo paare. ek sthir kormosari bisari uliuwatuwe otirikto proityahbanor sristi kore. boudhik okhyomotat applied risars" naamor journalot prokaxito ek odhyoyonot prokax paise je jodiu sakori bisari puwatu kothin hoh "bob paare, tothapiu sakori etaa sthir koratu aaruu kothin. sedse-ruche prostab disil je aai. di. lukoxokolor baabe nijukti xurokhito koriboloi porzapto utpadon dokhyota aaru pholoproxu xamajik dokhyotar proyujon. sakori heruwar onyanyo ontornihito karokxomuhor bhitorot aase gathonigot kaarok aaru sromik-kormosthanor ekotrikoron. kilsbaiye kuwa onuxori, ximito gathonigot karokxomuhe sakori etaar bohutu kaarok probhabito koribo paare, jene ejon aai. di. byoktik kaam koriboloi onumoti diya ximito xongkhyok ghonta. iyar binimoyot, fabian ett aalor mote.iyar folot xohokormixokolor xoite xomporko gorhi tulaa baa kormokhyetror bhitorot bhaldore ekotrito huwar xujugor obhab hoy. tothapiu, jixokole sakori etaa sthir koribo nuware teulukok praye nirutxahito koraa hoy. jaride koraa ekekhon odhyoyon onuxori, ongxogrohon koraa bohute paisil je teuluke teulukor xohokormixokolor tulnat komm uparjon korisil, teulukor gutei dinburot otirikto xomoy aasil, kiyonu teulukor kaam nasil. teulukoru axahinota aaru bifolotar onubhuti aasil. eur mote.ess. okhyomotar uporot rastriyo xongsthai kewol aai. di. luke nirontor nirutxahito huwar xonmukhin huwai nohoy, boroncho bohute doridrotarekhar tolot baax kore, kiyonu teuluke nijukti bisari puwa baa sthir koribo nuware aaru kormosarixokole aai. di. kormixokolor uporot rokha karokxomuh ximito korar baabe. iyar folot khadyo, sikitsa xewa, poribohon aaru baxosthanor dore prathomik proyujoniyo xamogrixomuhoke dhori nijor protipalon koriboloi xokhyom nohoy. doridrota. kormokhyom boyoxor okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor doridrotar haar okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor tulnat pray aarhoi guno besi. okhyomota aaru doridrotai ek dur britto gothon koribo paare, zo 'too xaririk baadha aaru okhyomotar kolongkoi uparjon koratu odhik kothin kori tule, jaar folot swasthyokor jiwanor baabe swasthyoxewa aaru onyanyo proyujoniyo bostur prowexadhikar hraax paay. rajyor pujire swasthyo aaru xamajik xewa nothoka xomajot, okhyomotar xoite jiyai thakiboloi xadharon jiwan dharonor byoyor logote ouxodh aaru xoghonai swasthyo xewar bhromon, ghoror bhitorot byoktigoto xohay, aaru obhijujit xojuli aaru kapurot byoy korar proyujon hoh 'bob paare. okhyomotar uporot biswor protibedonot ullekh koraa hoise je xokolu okhyomotare aadha luke swasthyo xewar byoy bohon koribo nuware, zo "too ek tritiyangxor tulnat. protibondhi praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe rajohuwa xewa nothoka dexxomuhot, teulukor poriyalxomuh doridro hoh "bob paare. durjug. gowexonar gyan ximito, kintu durjugor folot biklango lukor uporot ki probhab pore taar uporot bohutu upakhyanmulok protibedon aase. okhyomota thoka byoktixokol durjugor dwara jothesto probhabito hoy. xohay upolobdho noho 'ley xaririk okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok sthanantor korar xomoyot bipodot poribo paare. gyangoto okhyomota thoka byoktixokole bujiboloi oxubidha hoh 'bob paare jibur nirdexona durjugor xomoyot onuxoron koribo lagibo. ei xokolubur karoke biklango byoktixokolor bipodaxongkar poristhitit bipodaxongkar poribortonor matra briddhi koribo paare. gowexona odhyoyone nirontorbhabe durjug sokror xokolu porzayor xomoyot okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor biruddhe boixomyo bisari paise. ataitkoi xadharon ximabodhotatu hoh 'lo manuhe bhowon baa poribohonor logote durjug-xomporkiyo xewaxomuhor prowexadhikar koribo nuware. ei byoktixokolor baad porar kaaron angxikbhabe jorurikalin porikolponakari aaru durjug xahajyo kormixokolok prodan koraa okhyomota xomporkiyo proxikhyonor obhawor folot hoy. xomajot okhyomota. boyox briddhi. ek nirdisto porimane, xaririk okhyomota aaru poribortito manoxik owostha pray xorbobyapibhabe manuhe boyoxor loge loge onubhob kore. boyoxostho lukoxokolok praye okhyomotar uscho pradurbhawor baabe kolonkito koraa hoy. kethlin woodwarde "okhyomota odhyoyonor baabe mool xobdo" likhi ei porighotonatu tolot diya dhorone byakhya koriseh naribadi, kuir, crip" too elison kafere boyox briddhi aaru iyar xoite jorito udwegor kotha ullekh korise. kaferor mote, ei udweg swabhabik owosthar dharonar poraa udbhob hoy. taai koyoh xamajik niyom. zo 'too teulukor parthokyo drishyoman hoy, xei xondorbhot okhyomota thoka byoktixokole praye kolongkor xonmukhin hoy. manuhe praye okhyomotar uposthitir proti bhoy, koruna, pristhopuxokota, prowexmulok soku, bidwex baa obogyare protikriya dekhuway. ei protikriyabure, aaru praye, ei sthanxomuhe prodan koraa xubidha aaru xompodor logote xamajik sthanxomuhot prowex korar poraa okhyomota thoka byoktixokolok baad dibo paare. okhyomota thoka lekhok/gowexok jeni morise okhyomota thoka byoktixokolok prantik kori tuliboloi kolongko kenedore kaam kore bornona koreh iyar uporiu, kolongkor xonmukhin huwar folot kolonkito huwa byoktigorakir manoxik-abegik xusthotar khyoti hoh "bob paare. okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor manoxik-abegik swasthyor uporot birup probhab peluwar etaa upay hoh "lo teuluke onubhob koraa nirzatonor abhyontorin koron, jaar folot teuluk durbol, unmad, mulyohin baa teulukor owosthar xoite jorito hoh" bob poraa aan jikunu netibasok boixistyor onubhob hoh "bob paare. nirzatonor abhyontorinotai probhabito byoktir aatmoxonmanor khyoti kore aaru teulukor aasoronok ene dhorone aakriti diye ji kunu swikrito okhyomota nothoka lukoxokolor aadhipotyor xoite xongotipurno. jetiya okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok teulukor sariufalor luk aaru protisthanxomuhe teulukor okhyomotar parthokyo lukuwaboloi aaru komkoi dekhuwaboloi saap diye, baa "paar korok" tetiya xokhyombadi dharonabur xoghonai abhyontorin koraa hoy. lekhok chimi lintonor mote, ei pasing karjyoi ek gobhir abegik khyoti kore jaar folot okhyomotapurno byoktixokole xomproday, udweg aaru aatmo-xondehor khyoti onubhob kore. okhyomotar xoite jorito kolongko sristi aaru xoktixali korat xongbad madhyome ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore. okhyomotar xongbad madhyomor sitronxomuhe xadharonote xomajor bhitorot okhyomotar uposthitir proyujoniyotare prantik buli prokax kore. ei sitronxomuhe eke xomoyote okhyomotar parthokyor jonopriyo dharonak protipholito kore aaru probhabito kore. trop. biklango uposthitir protinidhitwo koriboloi xongbad madhyome xoghonai byobohar koraa kisuman prithok kouxol aase. okhyomotar gothonor ei xadharon upaybur omanobik aaru okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor dristibhongir uporot gurutwo diboloi byortho huwar baabe tibro xomaluchona koraa hoy. okhyomota totwobid aaru olongkarbid je ti-ror dwara rupayit. dolmage, xokhyom miriya trope okhyom lukoxokolor bixoye xomajor kolpokahini protipholito koribo paare aaru obyahot rakhibo paare. onuprerona porno. onuprerona porno hoise okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor chitron zo 'too teulukok kewol byoktigorakir okhyomota thokar baabe onupreronamulok hisape uposthapon koraa hoy. ei sitronbur xomaluchona koraa hoy kaaron xeibur kunu swikrito okhyomota nothoka dorxokxokolok sitrito byoktir tulnat nijor bixoye bhaal onubhob koruwar uddesye sristi koraa hoise. okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor manobotak swikriti diyar poriworte, onuprerona pornoi teulukok kunu swikrito okhyomota nothoka dorxokor baabe onupreronar bostu hisape porinot kore. supercrip. supercrip trope xei udahoronburok bujay jetiya xongbad madhyome ejon okhyomota byoktir bixoye protibedon diye baa sitrito kore jiye ek ullekhjugyo krititwo orjon korise kintu teuluke prokritote ki korisil taar poriworte teulukor okhyomotar uporot kendribhut kore. eke baa eke dhoronor owostha thoka aanor tulnat xeiburok byotikromi huwar baabe bismoyokor hisape sitrito koraa hoise. ei troptu biklango kheluoixokolor bixoye protibedon diyar logote autistic xaventxokolor sitronor khetrot byapokbhabe byobohar koraa hoy. bohutu okhyomotapurno luke ei protinidhitwoxomuhok xompurno manuh hisape suwar poriworte lukoxokolok teulukor owosthat hraax koraa buli ninda kore. iyar uporiu, oparthotar xoite kunu prokaror bixex protibha, protibha baa ontordristi thakibo laage buli obastob aaxa sristi korar baabe supercrip sitronok xomaluchona koraa hoy. xongbad madhyomot ei tropor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase dodd. bhaal sikitsokor poraa swan marphy, marvelor deredeville, aaru onyanyoxokol. okhyom kholonayok. kolpokahinir soritrobur jibure onubhut xamajik niyomor poraa parthokyor xaririk baa manoxik sinho bohon kore xeiburok praye etaa paathor bhitorot kholonayok hisape sthapon koraa hoy. ei bixoitu odhik bislexon koriboloi aarombho koriboloi xikhyarthixokolok xikuwar upayxomuh lindse ror '-havelde bhag botora kore. xokhyom xongkhyagoristhor poraa okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor drishyoman parthokyoxomuh dorxokor maajot bhoyor sristi korar uddesye koraa hoy jiye okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor byoktigoto baa rajohuwa swartho aaru kolyanor baabe bhabuki huwar manoxikotak sthayi koribo paare. okhyomota hraax. dijebiliti drop" trop hoh "lo jetiya etaa kothito okhyom soritre teulukor daabi koraa okhyomotak nokol, olongkrito koraa baa onyotha prokritote murto nokora buli prokax paay. je dolmage kebhin spacyr soritro, moukhik kintok, solositrokhonot "xadharon xondehjukto" ror udahoron hisape prodan kore, aaru ene sitrone xokhyom-xoriror xomajor biklango lukoxokolor uporot obiswax protipholito koribo paare. iyar uporiu, etaa soritror oh-bischinnotar ei prokaxoi praye etaa kahinir bornonar suranto porzay hisape kaam kore, aaru kahini, bornonar baadha, baa soritrikoronor xojulir xonghator utxo hisape okhyomotar byobohar aan okhyomota odhyoyonor ponditoxokolor "bornona prosthesis" totwor xoite xongmisrito hoy, jitu xobdo david ti-ror dwara sristi koraa hoisil. misel aaru sweron snider. biklango bhuktobhugi. aan etaa xoghonai huwa ghotona hoh "lo jetiya okhyomota thoka karubak dukhjonok baa oxohay buli dhora hoy. notor demor kuchimudur kuj, haatir manuhor john marick, etaa khristomas kerolor xoru xomoy, aaru aanoki manuhok "bhuktobhugi" baa "bhuktobhugi" buli ullekh koraa baatori xomprosar ei dharabahikotar keitaman udahoron. sironton nirduxi. okhyomota thoka soritroburok xoghonai solositrot durdut baa xixuwoti hisape sitrito koraa hoy. ei sobixomuhor bhitorot aase "rain menn" (1988), "foresto gump" (1994) aaru "aai em chem" (2001), ei xokolubur utkristo udahoron. okhyomota thoka nirduxi aaru priyo byoktiye praye teulukor "swabhabik" praptoboyosko xomoboyxixokolor oporzaptotar kotha anguliyai diye, jiye teulukok mukti laabh korat xohay kore. aan xokolur dore, ei dharabahikotai pristhopuxokota koraa dharonabur sthayi kori raakhe jibur kewol oxotyo aaru xeyehe kyotikarok. jodiu bohutu okhyomota trop aase, okhyomota nandonikotai kolaa aaru xongbad madhyomot okhyomotar xorirbur xothikbhabe sitrito kori xeibur atoraboloi chesta kore. aatmo-xomorthon. kisuman okhyomotai sikitsa aarhir biruddhe xamajik aarhi byoboharor joriyote prantik koraa protirudh koriboloi chesta korise; xomaluchonak teulukor xorir aaru durbolotar poraa aatorai niyar lokhyore aaru teulukor xokhyom xomoboyxixokolor tulnat teulukok otyasar koraa xamajik protisthanxomuhor proti. bohu obhijugor xomadhanor daabi koraa okhyomota xokriyota, jene prowexadhikaror obhab, xongbad madhyomot durbol protinidhitwo, xadharon oxomman, aaru swikritir obhab, ek xamajik aarhir porikathamur poraa udbhob hoy. okhyomota xongoskriti "ror sristi bistrito xomajot kormohinotar bhag botora obhigyotar poraa udbhob hoisil. okhyomotar xoite jorito hoi okhyomotar porisoyok ek itibasok porisoy hisape grohon koraa aaru okhyomota xongoskritit ongxogrohon koratu abhyontorin kuxongskaror biruddhe juj diyar ek pholoproxu upay hoh 'bob paare; aaru okhyomotar bixoye probhawxali akhyanxomuhok proityahban jonabo paare. ched. okhyom lukoxokole xamajik protisthanxomuhot solasol koribologiya obhigyotar karjyo hisape teuluk aan kunbur xamajik shrenir ontorgoto hoh "bob paare taar ek karjyo hisape jothesto prithok hoy. udahoronsworupe, ejon biklango purux aaru egoraki biklango mohilai bhinno dhorone okhyomotar obhigyota laabh kore. ee aantoxongzugor dharonar xoite kotha koy, jiye byakhya kore je ejon byoktir porisoyor bibhinno dix (jene teulukor lingo, jaati, jounota, dhormo, baa xamajik shreni) protibimbo kore aaru nirzaton aaru bixexadhikaror ononyo obhigyota sristi kore. rastroxonghor okhyomotar odhikaror convensione dui dhoronor okhyomotar xongzugok prithok koreh jaati-okhyomotar xongzug, aaru lingo-okhyomotar xongzug. obosye, aaru bohutu ched aase. okhyomotak protijon byoktir dwara beleg beleg dhorone xongyayito koraa hoy; ee drishyoman baa odrishyo hoh 'bob paare, aaru praye otirikto porisoy shrenir poraa ekadhik sedor sristi hoy. rey "lo. biswobyapi rug odhyoyonor bujar ek poddhotigot bislexon onuxori, biswojuri keibatau xongkhyaloghu xomprodayor maajot okhyomotar ghotona odhik huwar khobor puwa goise. okhyomota thoka lukoxokol jixokol jatigoto xongkhyaloghuu hoy teulukor xadharonote xomorthonor prowexadhikar komm thaake aaru hingxatmok boixomyor proti odhik xongbedonxil. siled development" alusonikhonot prokaxito ek odhyoyonot prokax paise je nimno aaru modhyom aayor dexxomuhot xongkhyaloghu okhyomotapurno xixuxokole xastimulok onuxaxon laabh korar xombhawona odhik. kaaron okhyomota thoka xixuxokolor xoite okhyomota nothoka xixuxokolor tulnat odhik xoghonai beyaa byobohar koraa hoy; ei shrenir jatigoto xixuxokolor bipodaxongka aaru odhik. aamerika juktorastrot okhyomotar khetrot, kemili e. barkle journal owo criminal lo "ror baabe likha nelsone oporadhmulok nyay byowosthar poraa okhyomota thoka jatigoto xongkhyaloghuxokole onubhob koraa dwoito boixomyor kotha ullekh kori prokax kore je" netibasokbhabe jatigotovabe porisalito lukoxokolor baabe, oh-swetango buli gonyo koraa lukoxokol, aaru jaar baabe manoxik rug hoy porisito baa dharona koraa hoy, aarokhyir xoite kothupkothon onischito aaru xombhabyo bipojjonok." lingo. okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor prantikokorone okhyomota thoka lukoxokolok loi xomaje lingogot ostitwor poraa ki aaxa kore xeya bastowayito koriboloi okhyom koribo paare. teulukor lingo porisoyor swikritir ei obhabe okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor maajot oporzaptotar onubhob sristi koribo paare. thomas je. ilinoy rajyik biswobidyaloyor garchike bornona korise je lingogot porisoyor ei oswikar kiyo hoyoh okhyomota thoka mohila aaru puruxor lingor hisapot, ei duyuta porisoyor parosporik xomporkoi bibhinno obhigyotar sristi kore. okhyomota thoka mohilaxokole ek dhoronor "dwoito kolongko" ror xonmukhin hoy zo "too ei duyuta prantik shrenit teulukor xodosyotai eke xomoyote proityekor xoite jorito netibasok dharabahikota briddhi kore kiyonu teulukor xoite teulukor xomporko aase. obosye, aantoxongzugor porikathamu onuxori, lingo aaru okhyomotai ek ononyo obhigyota sristi koriboloi ched kore jitu kewol egoraki mohila huwar kakotaliyo ghotona nohoy aaru prithokbhabe okhyomota thokar, kintu okhyomota thoka egoraki mohila huwar ononyo obhigyota. iyar folot ejon jimanei odhik prantik gutor ontorgoto hoy, teulukor bixexadhikar baa nirzatonor obhigyota xoloni hoyoh xongkhyepe, egoraki koo 'laa mohila aaru egoraki swetango mohilai bhinno dhorone okhyomota onubhob koribo. eu. eno. wemen watchor mote, "kisuman xangoskritik, aainee aaru protisthanik badhar odhyobosthotai okhyomota thoka mohila aaru suwalikeijonok dugun boixomyor bolly koreh mohila hisape aaru okhyomota thoka byokti hisape."ror 'jomeri maala-thomsone kuwar dore," xadharonote mohilaxokolotkoiu odhik tibrovabe okhyomota thoka mohilaxokolok xamuhik xangoskritik kolponat nimno, obhab, otyadhik, okhyom, ojugyo aaru okeju buli gonyo koraa hoise." aarth-xamajik potobhumi. jaati aaru okhyomota baa lingo aaru okhyomotar sedor dore, ejon byoktir aarth-xamajik potobhumiyeu teulukor okhyomotar obhigyota xoloni koribo. nimno aarth-xamajik owostha thoka ejon okhyomotapurno byoktiye uscho aarth-xamajik owostha thoka ejon okhyomotapurno byoktir tulnat odhik baadha aaru komm xujugor xoite biswok beleg dhorone onubhob koribo. okhyomota aaru aarth-xamajik owosthar maajor xongzugor ek bhaal udahoron hoise xikhyar prowexadhikar, kiyonu aami jaanu je doridrota aaru okhyomotar maajot proityokhyo xomporko aase-praye ek durbyowosthar maajot kaam koraa. bixex xikhya aaru ek biklango xixur jotnor byoy kunu swikrito okhyomota nothoka xixur tulnat odhik, jiye upojukto xikhya laabh korat ek oporixim badhar sristi kore. upojukto xikhyar (jikunu porzayot) durbolotar folot nijukti bisari puwat oxubidha hoh "bob paare, jaar folot praye ejon doridro aaru biklango byokti hisape eke xamajik gathonir bhitorot thakiboloi aaru aarth-xamajik bohiskaror obhigyota laabh koriboloi nijor obhigyotar dwara 'aabodho' huwar durgom sokro hoy. xongkhyepe, ei durghotona sokroi nimno aarth-xamajik potobhumir biklango lukoxokolor baabe orthonoitik, xamajik aaru xangoskritik muldhonor obhabok odhik jotil kori tule. aanhate, uscho aarth-xamajik owosthar ejon okhyomota byoktir upojukto (bixex) xikhya baa sikitsa laabh koriboloi xohoj xomoy thakibo paare-udahoronsworupe unnot xohay, xompod baa karzoxusir xubidha thokar dwara jiye teulukok xofol hoh "boloi xohay koribo paare. okhyomota xongoskriti. krira. paralympic khelxomuh (orthat "olympicor xoite") olympicor (grishmokal aaru xitkal) pisot onusthito hoy. paralympic khelxomuhor bhitorot aase bibhinno dhoronor xaririk okhyomota thoka kheluwoi. xodosyo dexxomuhot, paralympic krirat binudonmulokor poraa obhijat porzayoloike (udahoronsworupe, aamerika juktorastrot okhyomota krira aamerika aaru blazesp 'rtos aamerika) porzayor protijugita aayujon koriboloi xongothonxomuh aase. merudondor aaghator xoite britis juddhor probinxokolor baabe ek punorbaxon karzoxusir poraa paralympic bikoxito hoisil. 1948 sonot, eu. key. ror aailesbarir stoke mendeville sikitsaloyot merudondor aaghatot akranto dwitiyo biswojudhor prakton xoinikxokolor xoite kaam koraa ejon snayubigyani chaar ludwig gutmane teur rugeexokolor punorbaxon karzoxusir ongxo hisape krira byobohar koriboloi aarombho korisil. 2006 sonot xaririkbhabe okhyom lukoxokolor baabe, bixexkoi ongo heruwa baa ongor parthokyor baabe, sorom krirat protidondita koriboloi xokhyom hoh "boloi extremity game gothon koraa hoisil. jonogathoni. biswojuri aaru dexjuri okhyomotapurno lukor xongkhyar onuman xomosyapurno. okhyomotak xongyayito korar baabe luwa bibhinno poddhotir swotweu, jonogathonibidxokole ekmot je biswor okhyomota thoka byoktixokolor jonoxongkhya oti brihot. udahoronsworupe, 2012 sonot biswo swasthyo xongsthai biswor jonoxongkhya 6.5 billion buli onuman korisil. iyare pray 650 nijut luk baa 10 xotangxo luk modhyomiya baa gurutorbhabe okhyom buli onuman koraa hoisil. 2018 sonot antohrastriyo sromik xongsthai onuman korisil je pray ek billion luk, biswor jonoxongkhyar ek-xoptomangxo, okhyomotare akranto aasil, teulukor 80 xotangxo unnoyonxil dexxomuhot aaru 80 xotangxo kormokhyom boyoxor. kormoxoktir poraa biklango lukoxokolok baad di muth ghoruwa utpadonor 7 xotangxoloike byoy hoh "bob buli gonyo koraa hoisil. aamerika juktorastro. rug niyontron kendror rug aaru mrityur xaptahik protibedon onuxori, aamerika juktorastror ek-soturthangxo luk okhyom huwar khobor puwa goise jihetu juwo praptoboyoskoxokolor manoxik okhyomota thokar khobor puwa goise. modhyoboyosko luk aaru briddho lukor maajot gotixilota-xomporkiyo xomosyar haar xorbadhik aasil, krome 18.1% aaru 26.9%. jaati baa jaatir khetrot, asianxokolor okhyomotar haar pray 10 xotangxo, aanhate xorbadhik praptoboyoskor anumanik 30 xotangxo okhyomotar haar thoka sthaniyo aamerikanxokolor praptoboyoskoxokolor ataitkoi komm. swetango praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe 16 xotangxo aaru hispenic lukoxokolor baabe 17 xotangxor tulnat african aamerikanxokolor okhyomotar haar 25 xotangxo odhik aasil. kanada. 22.2017 sonor kanadar okhyomota protibedonor joreep onuxori 15 bosoror uporor kanariyanxokolor 3 xotangxor okhyomota baa 6,246,640 lukor thokar khobor puwa goise. kanadat sromik shrenir puruxotkoi mohila aaru bridhoxokolor okhyom huwar xombhawona odhik. 25ror poraa 65 bosoror bhitorot kaam koraa boyoxor lukor tulnat 65 bosoror uporor jyesthoxokolor okhyomotar haar 38 xotangxo buli janibo poraa goise, jitu pray dugun besi. kanadat, 15 bosoror uporor mohilaxokolor okhyomotar haar puruxor 20 xotangxor tulnat 24.3% aasil. 2017 sonor kanadar okhyomotar joripor protibedon onuxori, kanadat 15 bosorotkoi odhik boyoxor dokhyin asier okhyomotar onupat xorbadhik 4 xotangxo aasil, aanhate letin aamerikanxokolor haar 1 xotangxo aasil. australia. australier porixongkhyan byur "ror dwara pray 5 john australior bhitorot 1 john baa 44 laakh lukor okhyomota thokar onuman koraa hoisil. 25 xotangxotkoiu odhik okhyomota thoka australianor manoxik baa asoronjonit xomosyar khobor puwa goisil. puruxor pradurbhab aasil 17.6 nijut, aanhate mohilar pradurbhab aasil lingor maajot 17.8 nijut. 65 bosor aaru taar uporor boyoxor lukor 49.6% ror tulnat australiat 0 aaru 64 bosoror bhitoror praptoboyoskoxokolor 11.6% ror okhyomota aasil. 53.15ror poraa 64 bosor boyoxor australianxokolor 4 xotangxo lukor okhyomota aase. juktorajyo. house owo commons libraryr mote, iuker jonoxongkhyar 14.6 nijut baa 22 xotangxo luk 2020-2021 too okhyom huwar khobor puwa goisil. euket 9 xotangxo xixu, 21 xotangxo kormokhyom boyoxor luk, aaru 42 xotangxo rajyik pension boyoxor uporor byokti aasil ji okhyom baa biklango aasil. 2011 sonot 35,875 john lukor uporot koraa jiwanor xujugor joreep onuxori pray 29 xotangxo swetango, 27 xotangxo misrito jaatir, 22 xotangxo asean, 21 xotangxo koo 'laa aaru 19 xotangxo onyanyo jaatir lukor okhyomota baa okhyomota thokar khobor puwa goisil. puruxor tulnat mohilar okhyomota huwar xombhawona puruxotkoi olop besi, logote 31 xotangxo mohilar okhyomota huwar xombhawona puruxor 26 xotangxor biporite, xei bosorote koraa aan ek joripor folafol onuxori. cheen. national library owo medisinor ek sikitsa prokax, sinot okhyomotar pradurbhawor bix bosoriya probonota onuxori, 2006 sonot anumanik 84.6 nijut china byokti okhyomotar xoite baax korisil. 2006 sonor 83,342 john purux aaru 78,137 goraki mohilar joriyote koraa ek xomikhyat okhyomotar xorbadhik protibedon diya haar thoka boyoxor gutxomuh hoise 18-44-bosoriya purux (22.5%) aaru 65-74-bosoriya mohila (22.8%), xomogro dexor protinidhi hisape thoka journalot prokaxito joreep onuxori. sinot, nogor aaru gramyo oncholor maajot okhyomota thoka lukor xotangxo jothesto porimane prithok hoy, gramyo sinot, nogoriya sinot krome 27.6% aaru 27.8% ror haaror tulnat, gramyo sinot, krome 72.4% aaru 72.2% ror haaror kotha ullekh koraa hoise. sinot srobon aaru kotha kuwar okhyomota ataitkoi xadharonote protibedon koraa hoy, zo "too okhyomota thoka lukoxokolor maajot krome mohilar tulnat puruxxokol 39.6% aaru 36.2% haarot odhik probhabito hoy. dokhyin kuria. dokhyin kuriyat 2018 sonot muth 1 nijutor uporot baa jonoxongkhyar pray 5 xotangxo okhyomota thoka luk aasil. okhyomotabihin kuriyanxokolor tulnat okhyomota thoka lukoxokole gore 56.5 dinn sikitsa xubidhat otibahito korisil, jitu rastriyo gorotkoi 2.6 dinn odhik aasil. 34.xomogro kormoxoktir 9 xotangxo luk okhyomotar xoite jorito sakorit niyujit aasil. okhyomota thoka poriyalxomuhe gorh aay 41.53 million wun, baa muth poriyalor uparjonor 71.3% korisil. kurian 2020 sonor porixongkhya onuxori okhyomota thoka besibhag byoktik onyanyo doinondin kaamor bhitorot "poriskar-porischonnota" aaru "poribohon byobohar" korat xohayor proyujon. unnoyonxil dexxomuh. unnot dexxomuhotkoi unnoyonxil dexxomuhot okhyomota odhik xosorasor dekha yaay. okhyomota aaru doridrotar maajor xomporkok ek "durbyowostha" ror ongxo buli bhoba hoy zo "too ei gothonbur parosporikbhabe xoktixali hoise.

okkhomota okkhomota holl emon konao abosthar obhiggota jaa konao byaktir jonno nirdishto criacollup koraa baa ekti nirdishto samajer modhye nyayasangata probeshadhikar thaka arow kathin korey toley. okkhomota gyaniya, bikashmulok, buddhibrittik, mansik, sharirik, sangbedanshil baa ekadhik karoner sangmishran hotey paare. okkhomota jonmo thekei thakte paare baa ekjon byaktir jeeboddoshai arjito hotey paare. oitihasikbhabe, akkhamataguli shudhumatra ekti sangkirna mandander vittite swikrito hoyeche-tobey, okkhomota dwaito noy ebong byaktir upor nirbhar korey ananya boishistagulite uposthito thakte paare. okkhomota sahojei drishyoman baa adrishya prokritir hotey paare. protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito jatisangher convention okkhomotake evabe sangyayita koreh bivinno tattik lenser madhyome itihas judey okkhomota bibhinnobhabe upolobdhi koraa hoyeche. amader somaje okkhomotar byakhya korar jonno duti prodhan model royeche chikitsa model ebong samajik model. chikitsa modelti ekti tattik kathamo hisabe kaaj korey jaa okkhomotake ekti abanchito chikitsa abostha hisabe bibechona korey jaar jonno bishesh chikitsar prayojan. jaaraa chikitsa modeler saathe jukto taaraa okkhomotar mool karongulir pashapashi sahayak prajuktir moto jey konao niramoyer dike mononibesh korey. samajik modelti protibondhitake samajikbhabe srishto simabaddhata hisabe emon byaktider upor kendra korey jaader jonosongkhar sankhyagarishther moto ekoi khomota nei. jodio chikitsa model ebong samajik model okkhomotar jonno sabcheye sadharan frame, tobey anyanno onek model royeche jaa okkhomotar totto deyo. okkhomota somporkito bivinno dick byakhya korar jonno anekguli vinno shobdo royeche. jodio kichhu shobdo shudhumatra okkhomota somporkito ghotonagulike bornona korar jonno vidyaman, onnoguli protibondhider kolongkito koraa ebong bohishkrito korar kendrobindute royeche. kichhu shobder emon netibachak ortho royeche jey segulike apobad hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. bortoman bitorker ekti vishay holl byakti-prothom bhasha byabohar koraa upojukto kina (i.ee. protibondhi byakti) baa porichoy-prothom bhasha (i.ee. protibondhi byakti) jokhon protibondhi ebong ekjon byaktir kotha ullekh koraa hoy. protibondhi byaktider prantikokoroner karone, somaje nyayasangata acharan ebong probeshadhikarer jonno besh koyekti sakriya kaaron royeche. protibondhi karmira aainer adhine soman oo nyayasangata adhikar pawar jonno ladai korechen-jodio ekhono emon rajnaitik vishay royeche jaa protibondhi byaktider upor nipidanke sokkhom baa egiye niye yaay. jodio okkhomota sakriyata sakkhambadi byabosthake venge feller kaaj korey, protibondhider upolobdhi somporkito samajik niyamguli prayashai midia dwara byabohrito trop dwara shaktishali koraa hoy. jehetu adhunik somaje okkhomota somporke netibachak upolobdhi byapok, taai protibondhi byaktira taader prantikokoroner biruddhe pichu hotter prayase swa-somorthone porinoto hoyeche. protibondhider emon ekti porichoy hisabe swikriti deoa hoy jaa byaktir anyanno bahumukhi porichoyer upor vitti korey bhinnobhabe obhiggo hoy jaa prayashai protibondhi swa-ukilder dwara nirdeshito hoy. muldhara samaj theke protibondhider bohishkrito koraa ekti protibondhi sangaskritir utthaner sujog toiri koreche. protibondhi karmira ekhono protibondhi byaktider muldhara somaje sanhatkaraner prochar korey, tobey shilp, samajik madhyam ebong kheladhular moto protibondhi sampradayke utsahito korar jonno besh koyekti protibondhi-shudhumatra sthan toiri koraa hoyeche. itihas. okkhomotar somosamoyik bodhgamyata poschime boigyanik gyaner somoy udbhuto dharonaguli theke udbhuto hoy; gyaner agey, sharirik parthokyoguli ekti vinno lenser madhyome dekha hoto. pragoitihasik juge manusher emon proman royeche jey taaraa protibondhi byaktider dekhashona koroto. windover protnotattik sthane, jey kankalguli pawa geche taar modhye ekti chhilo pray 15 bochor vayasi ekti purush, jaar spina bifida chhilo. eyi abosthar ortho chhilo jey, sombhoboto komorer niche pokkhaghatgrosto chheletike ekti shikari-sangrahak sampradayer modhye dekhashona koraa hoyechilo. okkhomotake oissorik shastir madhyam hisabe dekha hoto naa ebong taai protibondhi byaktider taader durbolotar jonno nirmul baa baisamma koraa hoto naa. poriborte oneke mesoptemier samajer bivinno store nijukto chhilen, jaar modhye dharmiya mondire debotader sebok hisabe kaaj koraa chhilo. prachin mishore somaje prayashai laathi byabohar koraa hoto. protibondhi boyosko byaktider hantachala korte sahajyo koraa taader jonno ekti sadharan byabohar chhilo. prachin grisse mondire ebong niramoy abhayaranye probesher jonno protibondhi byaktider sokkhom korar bidhan toiri koraa hoyechilo. bishesh korey, 370 khristabdo porjonto.shee.brihottor elakar sabcheye guruttopurno niramoy abhayaranye, epidouraser asclepiuser abhayaranye, kompokkhe 11tii sthayi pathorer ramp chhilo jaa noyti vinno kathamote gotishilota-protibondhi dorsonarthider probeshadhikar pradan korechilo; proman jey protibondhi byaktider swikriti deoa hoyechilo ebong jotno neoa hoyechilo, ontoto angshikbhabe, prachin grisse. prokritopokkhe, prachin greekra protibondhi byaktider arow sokkhom byaktider theke bhinnobhabe dekheni kaaron taader nothite taader bornona koraa shabdaguli khub osposhto boley money hoy. jotokkhon porjonto protibondhi byakti somaje abodan rakhte paare, totokkhon greekra taader sohyo korte paare boley money hoyechilo. modhyojuge, paglate ebong anyanno poristhiti asurer karone hoyechilo boley money koraa hoto. eguli prakritik shringkhalar ongsho hisabeo money koraa hoto, biseshoto kaalo mrityur somoy ebong potoner somoy, jaa sadharan jonogon judey durbolota srishti korechilo. adhunik juger godar dike sharirik oo mansik parthokyer jonno joibik kaaron khonjar pashapashi bibhagguli chinnito korar proti agroho briddhi peyechilah udahoronsorup, shodash shotabdite ambrois perey "danab", "pradigy" ebong "biklang" somporke likhechilen. europea gyaner upor jore deoa juktibiggan theke prapto gyan ebong manob aggrogotir jonno prakritik bigyaner mulyer upor jore deoa protisthan ebong somporkito gyan byabosthar jonmo ditey sahayata korechilo jaa manushke porjobekkhon oo shreniboddho korechilo; egulir modhye, ajoker protibondhitar dharonar bikasher jonno ullekhjoggo chhilo ashrayakendra, clinic ebong karagar. protibondhitar somosamoyik dharonaguli ashtadash ebong unobingsho shatabdir bikasher modhye nihito. err modhye sorbagre chhilo chikitsa sangkranta alochonar bikash, jaa manabdehke ekti karsaji, adhyayan ebong rupantarita korar jinis hisabe drishyoman korey tulechilo. eguli boigyanik boktritagulir saathe samanjasya rekhe kaaj korechilo jaa shreniboddho oo shreniboddho korar chesta korechilo ebong etty korar saathe saathe swabhabikkoroner poddhotite porinoto hoyechilo. adarsha"-err dharonati eyi somoye bikoshito hoyechilo ebong belgiumer porisongkhanobid, samajbigyani, ganitobid ebong jyotirbigyani adloff queteleter kaaje ingito deoa hoyeche, jini 1830-err doshke "lawl 'home moen"-err garh manush likhechilen. quetelet anuman korechilen jey ekjon nirdishto jonosongkhar samasta manusher boisister samashti (jemon taader uchchota baa ozon) nitey paare ebong taader garh khunje berr korte paare ebong eyi sankhyati ekti porisongkhangoto adarsha hisabe kaaj koraa uchito jaar dike sokoler akangkha koraa uchito. porisongkhangoto adarsher eyi dharonati eyi somoye britten, markin juktorashtro ebong poschim europea rajyogulir dwara porisongkhyan sangraher druto grohoner madhyome sutropat korey ebong etty eugenicser utthaner saathe jukto. okkhomota, pashapashi anyanno dharonaguli sahoh aswabhabik, aaa-swabhabik ebong swabhabikota err theke eseche. eyi dharonagulir procholon frick shoyer janapriyatar modhye sposhto, jekhane shomanra seii niyamguli theke bichyuto byaktider prodorshon korey lavban hoyechilo. unobingsho shatabdir shesher dike eugenicser utthaner saathe saathe eyi dharaner bichyuti somogro jonosongkhar swasther jonno bipojjonok hisabe dekha hoyechilo. okkhomotake ekjon byaktir joibik gathoner ongsho hisabe dekha hoy ebong eibhabe taader genetic uttoradhikar hisabe, bigyanira zina pull theke "bichyuti"-rawr moto agacha aposaroner dharonar dike taader monojog firiye deena. ekjon byaktir genetic fitness mulyayaner jonno bivinno metrika nirdharan koraa hoyechilo ebong tarpore ajogya boley bibechito byaktider nirbasan, jibanumuktokoron baa pratisthanikkoroner jonno byabohar koraa hoyechilo. germanyte natsi shasoner lakkhyabastu haoya gosthigulir modhye protibondhi byaktira onnotomo chhilo, jaar foley holocaster somoy pray 2,50,000 protibondhi manush nihoto hoyechilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher sheshe, natsi eugenicser udaharan soho, eugenics jonosadharoner alochona theke mlan hoye yaay ebong kromobordhoman okkhomota emon ekti boisister modhye jukto hoy jaa oshudher khettre dekha ditey paare-taa seey briddhi, punarbasana baa chikitsar madhyomei hoke naa keena. somosamoyik ebong adhunik ubhoy itihase, okkhomotake prayashai prothom-degree atmiya baa dwitiya-degree atmiyader modhye ajacharer upo-ponno hisabe dekha hoto. protibondhi ponditora samantabad theke punjibade orthonoitik poribortoner pashapashi shilp biplobke okkhomota bojhar bishishto oitihasik muhurta hisabeo ullekh korechen. jodio modhyojuge okkhomotake ghire ekti nirdishto poriman dharmiya kusangskar chhilo, tobuo protibondhi byaktira gramin utpadon vittik orthonitite guruttopurno bhumika palon korte sokkhom hoyechilo, jaar foley taaraa daeenandin orthonoitik jeebone prokrito abodan rakhte perechilo. shilp biplob ebong punjibader abirbhab etike emanbhabe toiri korechilo jaate manush arr jomir saathe aboddho naa thaake ebong tarpor benche thucker jonno majuri deoar moto kaaj khunje petey badhyo hoy. majuri byabostha, shilpayit utpadoner saathe sangmishrane, sangosthagulike jebhabe dekha hoto taa rupantarita korey kaaron manush taader jontrer moto utpadan korar dokkhotar jonno kromobordhomanbhabe mulyaban chhilo. punjibad ebong shilp biplob karjokorbhabe "protibondhi" byaktider ekti notun shreni toiri korechilo jaaraa adarsha shromiker shorir baa kormokhomotar storer saathe samanjasyapurna hotey pareni. falaswarup, protibondhi byaktider ekti samasya hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, samadhan baa muche fela. 1970-err doshoker godar dike, protibondhi adhikar andolon protisthito hoy, jokhon protibondhi karmira protibondhi byaktider proti samaj kibhabe acharan korey ebong protibondhider proti chikitsa poddhotike challenge korte shuru korey. eyi kaajer karone, probeshadhikarer khettre sharirik badha chinnito koraa hoyechilo. eyi poristhitiguli taader karjokoribhabe akkham korey deyo ebong jaa ekhon okkhomotar samajik model hisabe porichito taar abirbhab ghote. 1983 saale maik oliver dwara udbhabito, eyi bakyangshoti okkhomotar chikitsa modeler modhye parthokyo korey-jaar adhine ekti durbolota thhik koraa prayojan-ebong okkhomotar samajik model-jaar adhine ekjon byaktike seemaboddho korey emon samajke thhik koraa prayojan. totto. onek samajik bibhager moto, "okkhomota" dharonati academia, chikitsa oo aini jogoto ebong protibondhi sampradayer modhye byapok alochonar adhine royeche. okkhomota adhyayan. protibondhider totter upor drishti niboddho koraa academic srinkhala holl okkhomota adhyayan, jaa bingsho shatabdir shesher dick theke prosarito hachche. eyi khettroti okkhomotar atito, bortoman ebong bhabishyater gathanguli todonto korey, pashapashi eyi drishtibhongike egiye niye yaay jey okkhomota ekti jotil samajik porichoy jaa theke amra sokolei antardrishti orjon korte paari. protibondhi pondito clair mulani jemon bolechen, "err bistrito, protibondhi adhyayanguli ponditder sangoskritik parthokyer ekti roop hisabe okkhomotake mulya ditey utsahito korey. eyi khettroti kromobordhomanbhabe antahbishayak, prayashai darshan, itihas, ingrezi adhyayan, alankar adhyayan, jatigoto oo jatigoto adhyayan, ling oo jounota adhyayan, chikitsa manobik, jogajog, shikkhabigyan ebong arow onek kichur khettrer saathe overlap korey. eyi khettrer ponditora naitikata, neeti oo aain, itihas, protibondhi sampradayer shilp ebong arow onek kichur moto okkhomota somporkito vishaygulir upor mononibesh corren. eyi khettrer ullekhjoggo ponditder modhye royechen marta russell, robbert macruar, johanna hedava, laura harshe, irving zola ebong arow oneke. bishishto protibondhi pondito lenard jeey. davies ullekh korechen jey, okkhomota adhyayanke ekti bishesh baa bishesh shakha hisabe bibechona koraa uchito noy, borong etty bivinno khettro ebong bishoyer khettre prajojya. antorjatik shrenibibhag. bishwa swastho sangostha dwara utpadito karjokarita, okkhomota ebong swasther antorjatik shrenibinnas (aaee. shee. eff), shorirer criacollup (sharirbrittiya baa monostattik, jemon drishti) ebong shorirer kathamor (sharirbrittiya ongsho, jemon chokh ebong somporkito kathamo) modhye parthokyo korey. sharirik kathamo baa kriyakalape durbolotake ekti asangati, truti, khoti baa kichhu sadharonbhabe grihito jonosongkhar maan theke anyanno ullekhjoggo bichyuti jorito hisabe sangyayita koraa hoy, jaa somoyer saathe saathe othanama korte paare. kriyakalapke ekti kaaj baa kormer sampadan hisabe sangyayita koraa hoy. aaee. shee. eff karjokaritar noyti bistrito khettro talikabhukto koreche jaa probhabito hotey paareh protibondhi ponditder sange ekjoge, aaee. shee. eff-err bhumikai bolla hoyeche jey, okkhomota ebong karjokarita bojhar ebong byakhya korar jonno bivinno dharonagoto modeler prostab deoa hoyeche, jaa etty sanghato korte chaay. eyi modelgulir modhye nimnalikhitguli antarbhukta royeche medicale model. chikitsa model okkhomotake byaktir ekti samasya hisabe dekhe, jaa sarasari roga, aghat baa anyanno swastho abosthar karone hoy, jaar jonno peshadarder dwara prithak chikitsar akare teksoi chikitsa jotner prayojan hoy. chikitsa modele, okkhomota porichalonar lakkhya holl ekti "niramoy", baa byaktir samanwaya ebong acharangato poriborton jaa ekti "pray niramoy" baa karjokor niramoyer dike porichalito korbe. eyi khettre, byaktike aboshyoi chikitsa porishebar madhyome taader okkhomota katiye uthte hobey. chikitsa modele chikitsa porishebake prodhan vishay hisabe dekha hoy ebong rajnaitik porjaye, prodhan protikriya holl swasthoseba neeti sangshodhan baa sangoskar koraa. chikitsa modelti okkhomotar kaaron ebong niramoyer upor drishti niboddho korey. kaaron. okkhomotar anekguli vinno kaaron royeche jaa prayashai daeenandin jeeboner moulik kriyakalapgulike probhabito korey, jemon khaoa, poshak poraa, sthanantar ebong byaktigato swastho bojay rakha; baa daeenandin jeeboner unnoto criacollup jemon kenakata, khaddo prostuti, gaadi chalano baa kaaj koraa. tobey, okkhomotar karonguli sadharonoto ekjon byaktir daeenandin jeeboner kaajkormo sampadaner khomota dwara nirdharito hoy. marta russell ebong robby malhotra jukti deena, "protibondhider 'chikitsa' ebong shrenibibhager saranjamguli sposhtobhabe 'protibondhi' ebong 'sokkhom' byaktider modhye bibhajan protisthai guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilo. etty okkhomotake chikitsa hostokkheper madhyome samadhan korar ekti samasya hisabe sthan deyo, jaa okkhomotar ortho qee hotey paare seey somporke amader bojhar khettre badha deyo. 1990 saaler american uith disability acter uddeshye, markin juktorashtrer soman kormosongsthan sujog kamishaner niyamavali emon abosthar ekti talika sarbaraha korey jaa sahojei protibondhi boley uposonghare aanaa uchitoh bodhirota, ondhotto, ekti buddhibrittik okkhomota, angshik baa sampurna onuposthito ongo baa gotishilota durbolota jaa huilchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palcy, diabetes, mrigirog, aichiv/aids, multiple sclerosis, peshigato dystrophy, prodhan bishannata byadhi, spina bifida, bipolar disorder, poosta-tromatic strace disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder ebong schizophrenia byaboharer prayojan. etty ekti sampurna talika noy ebong onek aghat ebong chikitsa sangkranta samasya okkhomotar kaaron hoy. okkhomotar kichhu kaaron, jemon aghat, somoyer saathe saathe samadhan hotey paare ebong "asthayi okkhomota" hisabe bibechito hoy. ekti "arjito okkhomota" holl seii durbolotar folafol jaa durbolota niye jonmogrohon korar poriborte jeebonkale hothat baa dirghosthayibhabe ghote. "adrishya okkhomota" sposhtotoi lakshaniya naao hotey paare. niramoy. chikitsa modelti protibondhi byaktider jonno chikitsa, niramoy baa punorbasonmulok anushilanguli khunje berr korar upor byapokbhabe mononibesh korey. sahayak prajukti. sahayak prajukti holl jontro ebong poribortoner jonno ekti sadharan shobdo (konao byaktir jonno baa samajer modhye) jaa konao okkhomota katiye uthte baa aposarone sahayata korey. kritrim ongo byaboharer prothom nothibhukto udaharan kompokkhe 1800 khristopurbabder. huilchairty 17shha shatabdir. korbo cutt ekti somporkito kathamogoto udbhaban. anyanno udaharan holl standing frame, text telephone, accessogyo keyboard, borh print, brail ebong boktrita shanaktakaran software. protibondhi byaktira prayashai emon abhijojon bikash korey jaa byaktigato hotey paare (jemon.zii. jonosomokkhe sangkochan domon korar kaushal) baa sampradai (jemon.zii. dii/bodhir sampradayer modhye sangketik bhasha). jehetu byaktigato computer arow sorbobyapi hoye utheche, protibondhi byaktider jonno computerke arow sahajalabhya korar jonno software ebong hardware bikasher jonno bivinno sangostha gathon koraa hoyeche. kichhu software ebong hardware, jemon voice finger, friedom scientificer "choal", phri ebong open source bikalpa "orka" ityadi. biseshbhabe protibondhi byaktider jonno design koraa hoyeche, jokhon anyanno software ebong hardware, jemon prakritikbhabe kotha bolla, biseshbhabe protibondhi byaktider jonno toiri koraa hoyney, tobey accessogyata badate byabohar koraa jete paare. lomak keyboardti biseshbhabe protibondhi byaktider jonno newzealande design koraa hoyechilo. worled wide web consortium protibondhi byaktider jonno web accessibilityr jonno antorjatik maaner prayojaniyatake swikriti diyeche ebong web accessibility uddog (oyai) toiri koreche. december 2012-err hisabe manti holl dablu. keey. ayee. zii 2 (dablu. keey. zii = web visayavastu accessibility nirdeshika). samajik model. okkhomotar samajik model "okkhomotake" ekti samajikbhabe srishto samasya ebong somaje byaktider sampurna sanhatkaraner vishay hisabe dekhe. eyi modele, okkhomota konao byaktir baisishtya noy, borong samajik poribesh dwara srishto abosthar ekti jotil sangraha. samasya porichalonar jonno samajik podokkheper prayojan ebong protibondhi byaktider jonno nyuntama simabaddhata royeche emon ekti samaj toiri koraa samajer sommilito dayitto. okkhomota srishtite sangoskritik ebong adarshik ubhayi. samajik model onusare, protibondhi/protibondhi byaktir jonno soman probeshadhikar ekti manobadhikarer vishay. okkhomotar samajik model samalochanar mukhe poreche. samajer dayitter upor jore deoar khettre samajik modeler dwara prodotto guruttoke swikriti deoar somoy, tomm shakespeare soho ponditora modeler seema nirdesh corren ebong ekti notun modeler prayojaniyatar ahoban zanan jaa "chikitsa bonam chikitsa" keey atikram korbe. samajik doitota. eyi modeler simabaddhatar ortho holl jey protibondhi byaktira prayashai jey guruttopurno porishebaguli ebong tothyer mukhomukhi hohn taa prayashai taader somorthone seemit orthonoitik laver karone upolobdho hoy naa. keu keu bollen jey chikitsa manobik ekti falaprasu khettro jekhane chikitsa ebong samajik protibondhi modeler modhye byabodhanke puron koraa jete paare. samajik gathon. okkhomotar samajik gathon holl eyi dharona jey okkhomota joibik parthokyer poriborte samajik protyasha ebong protisthan dwara nirmito hoy. samaj oo protisthanguli kibhabe okkhomota toiri korey taa tuley dhora eyi dharonar onnotomo prodhan kendravindu. ekibhabe jaati oo ling joibikbhabe sthir noy, akkhamatao noy. 1970-err doshoker godar dike samajbigyanira, bishesh korey eliota friedson, jukti ditey shuru corren jey, labelling totto ebong samajik bichyuti okkhomota adhyayaner khettre prayog koraa jete paare. err foley samajikbhabe okkhomota totter nirman ghote. okkhomotar samajik gathon holl eyi dharona jey okkhomota adarsha theke bichyutir samajik protikriya hisabe nirmito hoy. chikitsa shilp holl oshustho oo protibondhider samajik bhumikar srashta. swasther upor dokkhota arjankari chikitsa peshadar ebong protisthangulir swastho ebong sharirik oo mansik niyamguli sangyayita korar khomota royeche. jokhon konao byaktir emon konao baisishtya thaake jaa swasther samajik sangyay pouchate konao durbolota, simabaddhata baa simabaddhata toiri korey, tokhon seii byaktike protibondhi hisabe chinnito koraa hoy. eyi dharonar adhine, okkhomota shorirer sharirik baisishtya dwara sangyayita hoy naa, borong swasther samajik protha theke bichyutir dwara sangyayita hoy. okkhomotar samajik gathon jukti debe jey okkhomotar chikitsa modeler drishtibhongi jey okkhomota ekti durbolota, simabaddhata baa simabaddhata bhul. poriborte, jaake okkhomota hisabe dekha hoy, taa somaje "swabhabik" hisabe bibechito byaktir theke cable ekti parthokyo. poribhasha. manush-prothom bhasha. manush-prothom bhasha holl okkhomota somporke kotha bolar ekti upay jaa kichhu looka pochondo korey. bolla hoy jey, manush-prothom bhasha byabohar korle protibondhider agey byaktike rakha hoy. jaaraa manush-prothom bhasha pochondo corren, taaraa "protibondhi byakti" boley abhihito hotey pochondo corren. eyi shailiti protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito american act ebong protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito un convention soho protibondhi adhikar somporkito prodhan aingulite protifolito hoy. "delwar bishwobidyaloyer "cerebral pyalasi ayee guide phara cair" manush-prothom bhasha bornona koreh juktorajye 'protibondhi manush' (jemon 'drishti protibondhi manush') akare 'manush-prothom' poribhashati byabohar koraa hoy. tobey, juktorajye, porichoy-prothom bhasha sadharonoto manush-prothom bhasar cheye beshi pochondo koraa hoy. manush-prothom poribhashar byabohar protibondhi (baa protibondhi) byakti (baa byaktider) bojhate piedbludy sangkhipto rooper byaboharer jonmo diyeche. tobey anyanno byakti ebong gosthiguli kibhabe ekti okkhomota manusher porichoyke probhabito korte paare taar upor jore deoar jonno porichoy-prothom bhasha pochondo korey. bivinno desh, gosthi ebong byaktider modhye byabohrito bhasar shaili poribortito hoy. porichoy-prothom bhasha. porichoy-prothom bhasha byaktike "protibondhi" hisabe bornona korey. kichhu looka etty pochondo korey ebong jukti deyo jey etty manusher-prothom bhasar cheye okkhomotar samajik modeler saathe arow bhalbhabe khaap khaay, kaaron etty jore deyo jey byaktiti taar deher dwara noy, borong emon ekti bishwer dwara akkham jaa taader sthan deyo naa. etty juktorajye biseshbhabe satya, jekhane samajik modeler adhine jukti deoa hoy jey jodio karor durbolota (udahoronsorup, merudonder aghat) ekti byaktigato sampatti, "okkhomota" emon kichhu jaa bahyik samajik kaaron jemon accessogyatar abhab dwara toiri hoy. protibondhi byaktir byaktigato sampatti ebong protibondhi byaktir samajik sampattir modhye eyi parthokyo samajik modeler kendravindu. protibondhi byaktira" shobdoti ekti rajnaitik gathon hisabe protibondhi byaktider antorjatik sangosthagulio byapokbhabe byabohar korey, jemon protibondhi byaktider antorjatik sangostha. porichoy-prothom bhasha byabohar korao samantaral jey manush kibhabe porichoy ebong boichitrer anyanno dick somporke kotha boley. udahoronsorupoh ekibhabe, markin juktorashtre bodhir sampradayguli.esha. manushke prottakhyan korun-porichoyer pokkhe prothom bhasha-prothom bhasha. 2021 saale, eu. esha. association ono hayara edukeshana anned disability (forward) taader upokorongulite porichoy-prothom bhasha byabohar korar siddhanta ghoshana korey byakhya koreh "porichoy-prothom bhasha sarasari okkhomota daabi korey netibachak orthoke challenge korey. porichoy-prothom bhasha bolte amader shorir oo mostishker astitter asankhya abosthar saathe kibhabe kaaj korey ebong kauke akkham korar khettre aprapya baa nipidanmulak byabostha, kathamo baa poribesher bhumikar boichitroke bojhai." adrishya okkhomota. adrishya okkhomota, jaa lucano okkhomota baa aaa-drishyoman okkhomota (nvd) nameo porichito, holl emon okkhomota jaa tatkhonikbhabe drishyoman baa drishyoman noy. eguli prayashai dirghasthayi oshusthota ebong abostha jaa daeenandin jeeboner swabhabik kriyakalapke ullekhjoggobhabe khotigrosto korey. adrishya okkhomota ekjon byaktir schoole yawa, kaaj koraa, samajikikaran ebong arow onek kichur prochestai badha hotey paare. adrishya okkhomotar kichhu udahoroner modhye royeche buddhibrittik okkhomota, autism spectrum disorder, monojog ghatoti hyperactivity disorder, mansik byadhi, hapani, mrigirog, allergy, migraine, arthraitisa ebong chronic clanty syndrome. jaader mansik oshusthota nirnoy koraa hoyeche taader modhye bekarotter uchcho haare kormosongsthan baisamma ekti guruttopurno bhumika palon korey boley jaanaa geche. episodic okkhomota. arthraitisa, bipolar disorder, aichiv baa multiple sclerosiser moto swasthogoto samasya akranto byaktider oshusthotar porber modhye susthotar samaykal thaake. oshusthotar somoy manusher kaajer moto swabhabik kaaj korar khomota majhemadhye hotey paare. okkhomota sakriyata. protibondhi sakriyata nijei protibondhi ebong protibondhi byaktider niye alochona korar somoy upojukto bhasar sangshodhaner dike porichalito koreche. udahoronsorup, 'protibondhi'-err chikitsa shrenibibhagti err netibachak probhaber karone abohela koraa hoyeche. uporontu, protibondhi sakriyata protibondhi byaktider dwara opomanjonok bhasha punoruddhar korar dikeo porichalito koreche. mayers (1986) byakhya korechilen jey kibhabe protibondhi byaktira nijerderke 'pangu' hisabe bornona korte paren. etty abak korar moto boley money hotey paare jey taaraa nijeder bornona deoar jonno okkhomotar saathe jukto gotanugotik netibachak bhasha byabohar korche; tobey err uddeshya holl chikitsa peshadarder kachh theke 'protibondhi porichoy' punoruddhar koraa ebong protibondhi byaktider pochonder bhasar saathe etike punra sanghato koraa. uporer bhasatir punoruddhar samajik modeler modhye abosthan korey, kaaron etty tuley dhorey jey kibhabe ekti samaj hisabe amra protibondhitar dharona ebong upolobdhi toiri corry.protibondhi karmira nimnolikhito vishaygulir proti drishti akarshan korechenoh adhikar oo neeti. adhikar andolon. protibondhi adhikar andoloner lakkhya holl protibondhi byaktider jonno soman sujog ebong soman adhikar nischito koraa. eyi andoloner nirdishto lakkhya oo dabiguli holl poribohon, sthapotto ebong prakritik poribeshe probeshadhikar oo nirapatta; swadhin jeebonjapon, kormosongsthan, shikkha oo abason khettre soman sujog; ebong rogider apobyobohar, abohela oo adhikar langghan theke mukti. eyi sujog ebong adhikarguli surokkhito korar jonno karjokor nagrik adhikar aain pranayan koraa hoy. prathomik protibondhi adhikar andolon okkhomotar chikitsa model dwara probhabito chhilo, jekhane protibondhi byaktider niramoy baa chikitsar upor jore deoa hoyechilo jaate taaraa samajik niyam meney choley, kintu 1960-err doshok theke, adhikar gosthiguli okkhomotar samajik modele sthanantorito hotey shuru korey, jekhane okkhomotake baisamyer vishay hisabe byakhya koraa hoy, jaar foley adhikar gosthigulir aini upaye somota orjoner poth sugam hoy. praktan soviet unioner projatontrogulite okkhomota samasya ebong probeshadhikarer pokkhe samarthan nitinirdharone arow sangathito ebong prabhabshali hoye utheche. protibondhi nyaybichar andolon. protibondhi adhikar andolon theke bibortito hoyeche protibondhi nyaybichar andolon, jaar lakkhya holl aain pranayan poriborton ebong oitijjobahi nagrik adhikarke agradhikar deoar poriborte somostigoto swadhinotake agradhikar diye protibondhi byaktider jeebonjatrar unnoti koraa. protibondhi adhikarer "dwitiya taranga" naame abhihito eyi kathamoti sokkhomota, jemon uponibeshbad, shwetango adhipatya ebong baiparityabadi punjibader saathe jorito nipidaner onek byabostha porikkha korte chaay. protibondhi nyaybichar" shobdoti 2005 saale elgbtq protibondhi mohila, miah mingus, patricia burn ebong stacey milburn dwara udbhabito hoyechilo, jaaraa muldhara protibondhi adhikarer cheye antoshongjoger upor brihottor jore diye ekti sakkhambadi birodhi andolon gadey tulte cheyechilo, jemon kendrik prantik kanthaswar. taader doll, protibondhi nyaybichar somostigoto, sebastian margareta, leroy eff-err moto ullekhjoggo protibondhi karmider antarbhukta korechilo. moor junior., taanr kobita ebong crip hopp andoloner protisthar jonno suporichito, ebong elly clair, protibondhi adhyayaner modhye deher moner dharonake janapriya korar jonno suporichito. protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito convention. 2006 saaler 13ee december, jatisangha bishwer anumanik 650 million protibondhi manusher adhikar oo sujog rakkha oo badanor jonno ekbingsho shatabdir prothom manobadhikar chukti protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito sommelone anusthanikbhabe sommoto hoy. 182tii desh eyi conventione jogdan anumodan koreche baa grohon koreche. jey deshguli eyi conventione swakkhar korey taader jatiya aain grohon korte hobey ebong boyoskoder aposaron korte hobey, jaate protibondhi byaktider shikkha, kormosongsthan ebong sangoskritik jeeboner soman adhikar thakbe; sampattir malikana ebong uttoradhikarer adhikar; bibah ityadite baisamma naa koraa ityadi.ebong chikitsa porikkhai anichchuk vishay naa haoya. manobadhikar vishayak hikemissioner soho eu. enn kormokortara eyi biltike samajik modeler saathe samanjasya rekhe okkhomotar arow adhikar-vittik drishtibhongir proti monovaber ekti dristantamulak poribortoner protinidhitto hisabe chinnito korechen. protibondhi byaktider antorjatik bochor. 1976 saale, jatisangha protibondhi byaktider jonno taar antorjatik bochorer (1981) jonno parikalpana shuru korey, porey err naam poriborton korey protibondhi byaktider antorjatik bochor rakha hoy. protibondhi byaktider doshok (1983-1993) protibondhi byaktider somporke ekti bishwa karmasuchi tuley dhoreche. 1979 saale, frank boow ekmatro protibondhi byakti chhilen jini aaee. aaee. dii. pii-1981-err porikolponai jey konao desher protinidhitto korechilen. aaz, onek desh emon protinidhider naam diyeche jaaraa nijerai protibondhi byakti. sadharan porishder saamone robbert deviller bhashone dashakti shesh hoy. boow ebong davila ubhayi bodhir. 1984 saale, unesco bodhir shishu ebong jubokder shikkhai byaboharer jonno sangketik bhasha grohon korey. praktan soviet union projatontrer neeti. un programa ebong osce praktan soviet unioner ongsho deshgulite protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito sommeloner saathe neeti oo kormosuchigulike sanghato korar jonno kaaj korey. rajnaitik vishay. unnoto ebong kichhu unnayanshil deshe rajnaitik adhikar, samajik antarbhukti ebong nagorikotto saamone eseche. protibondhi byaktira jaate jeeboner samasta khettre somaje ongshogrohon korte ebong abodan rakhte paare taa nischito korar karjokor upay khunje berr korar jonno nirbharshil protibondhi byaktider rokkhonabekkhoner anubhuto kharach somporke bitorkoti udweger baire choley geche. unnayanshil deshgulite, jekhane anumanik 650 million protibondhi manusher bishal ongsho baas korey, sekhane prapyota ebong shikkha theke shuru korey swa-khamatayan, swa-sahayak kormosongsthan ebong taar baireo onek kichhu niye kaaj korar prayojan. bigoto koyek bochore protibondhi adhikar karmira protibondhi byaktider purno nagorikotto orjoner dike mononibesh korechen. kichhu deshe purno kormosongsthan petey badha royeche; protibondhi byaktider somporke jonosadharoner dharona vinno hotey paare. apobyobohar. protibondhi byaktir karone sharirik, arthik, moukhik baa manosikbhabe nirjatoner shicker holey okkhomotar apobyobohar ghote. jehetu onek okkhomota drishyoman noy (udahoronsorup, hapani, shekhar okkhomota) kichhu apobyoboharkari bojhar, samarthan ityadir prayojan soho aaa-sharirik okkhomotake juktisangato korte paare naa. jehetu okkhomotar bistar ebong okkhomotake samarthan korar kharach chikitsa aggrogoti ebong sadharonbhabe dirghayu howar saathe saathe briddhi paay, samajer eyi dikti brihottor rajnaitik gurutter hoye othe. rajnaitik dalguli taader protibondhi ongshogulir saathe kibhabe acharan korey taa ekti rajnaitik doler okkhomota somporke bojhar porimap hotey paare, biseshoto okkhomotar samajik modele. beema. protibondhi subidha baa protibondhi penashana holl ekti prodhan dharaner protibondhi beema jaa sarkari sangosthaguli dwara protibondhider karone asthayibhabe baa sthayibhabe kaaj korte akkham byaktider pradan koraa hoy. eu-teey.esha.protibondhi subidhati sampurak surakkha ayer bibhage pradan koraa hoy. kanada, etty kanada penashana porikolponar modhye royeche. anyanno deshe, samajik surakkha byabosthar adhine okkhomota subidha pradan koraa jete paare. poschima deshgulite, prodhanoto europe ebong markin juktorashtre protibondhi pensioner kharach kromagoto briddhi pachche. jaanaa geche jey, juktorajye 1980 saale moat abhyantarin utpadoner (gdp) 0.9 shotangsho chhilo protibondhi pensioner jonno kharach; dui doshok porey etty gdpr 2.6 shotangshe pouchechilo. besh koyekti gobeshonai oshusthotar karone kaaj theke onuposthiti briddhi ebong bhabishyater okkhomota pensioner jhunki briddhir modhye ekti jogosutrer kotha bolla hoyeche. denmarker gobeshokder ekti gobeshonai dekha geche jey, oshusthotar karone onuposthitir swa-report koraa dingulir tothyo karjokorbhabe protibondhi pensioner jonno bhabishyater sombhabbo gosthigulike sonakto korte byabohar koraa jete paare. eyi gobeshonaguli nitinirdharak, cases management kortripokkho, niyogkarta ebong chikitsakder jonno darkari tothyo pradan korte paare. suizerlande, goto dui doshke prodotto bhatar sankhya hrass korey ebong brittimulak punarbasana byabosthar ashray baadiye protibondhider khettre samajik nitiguli ullekhjoggobhabe notun akaar diyeche. suis protibondhi beema dwara protisthito kormosuchite jorito byaktider saathe porichalito sakkhatkarer upor vitti korey, ekti gobeshona somaje taader sthan somporkito anishchayata ebong udweger pashapashi protibondhi beamer hostokkheper proti taader protikriyaguli tuley dhorey. besarkari, laver jonno okkhomota beema protibondhi byaktider aay prodaner khettre bhumika palon korey, tobey jatiyakarankrita karmasuchiguli holl surakkha jaal jaa beshirbhag dabidarder dhorey rakhe. kormosongsthan. gobeshonai okkhomota ebong daridrer modhye ekti parosporik somporko chitrito hoyeche. bishesh korey, protibondhi byaktider deoa chakrir abhab royeche. marta russell ullekh korechen jey "protibondhi byaktider (jaaraa basosthan niye kaaj korte paare) upor nipidaner prathomik vitti holl majuri shromik hisabe shoshan theke taader baad deoa." buddhibrittik okkhomota. onek deshe emon karmasuchi royeche jaa buddhibrittikbhabe protibondhi (aidi) byaktider kormokkhetre prayojaniya dokkhota orjone sahayata korey. eyi dharaner karmasuchir modhye royeche ashraiprapta karmashala ebong praptoboyoskoder deey cair programa. ashraiprarthi kormosuchite diner bella bagan koraa, utpadon ebong ekotrito korar moto kaajkormo antarbhukta thaake. eyi kriyakalapguli niyamita-vittik kajgulike sahajtara korey jaa aaee. dii-keey kormokkhetre probesher agey obhiggota orjoner anumati deyo. ekibhabe, praptoboyoskoder deey cair programgulite diner kaajkormou antarbhukta royeche. tobey, eyi kriyakalapguli emon ekti shikkhamulak poribeshe vitti korey jekhane aaee. dii. lokera shikkhamulak, sharirik ebong jogajog-vittik kajgulite jorito hotey sokkhom hoy jaa jogajog, smritishakti ebong sadharan jeebonjatrar dokkhotake sahajtara korte sahayata korey. echhadao, praptoboyoskoder deey cair programguli sorbojonin sthane field triper samayasuchi nirdharan korey (jemon.zii. chidiakhana ebong cinema holl). kormokkhetre probesher agey buddhibrittikbhabe protibondhi byaktider jonno prayojaniya dokkhota prodankari ubhoy karmasuchi sotteo, gobeshokra dekhechen jey aaee. dii-rawr lokera sampradai-samanwito kormosongsthaner saathe jorito hotey pochondo corren. grahok porisheba, kerani, prohori, atitheyata ebong utpadon podo theke shuru korey bivinno pesha nyuntama baa uchchotoro mojurite aaee. dii. byaktider sampradai-samanwito kormosongsthaner sujog deoa hoy. aidi karmira protibondhi karmider pashapashi kaaj korey jaaraa taader proshikkhone sahayata korte sokkhom. tinti bikolpoi buddhibrittikbhabe protibondhi byaktider daeenandin jeeboner jonno atyabashyak samajik dokkhotar bikash ebong anushilan korar anumati deyo. zaihok, etty nischito noy jey aidi karmira aidi chhada kormocharider moto ekoi acharan paabe; lindstrom ett all onusare.community-integrated kormocharider beton briddhir sombhabona qama ebong matro 26 shotangsho purno-somoyer morjada bojay rakhte sokkhom. ekti sthitishil karmi khunje pawa atirikto chyalenjer srishti korey. intellectual disability-teey folito gobeshona" journale prokashito ekti gobeshonai ingito deoa hoyeche jey, chakri khunje pawa kathin hotey paare, tobey chakri sthitishil koraa arow kathin. chadsey-raash prostab korechilen jey, porichoyprapto byaktider jonno kormosongsthan nischito korte porjapto utpadon dokkhota ebong karjokor samajik dokkhotar prayojan. chakri haranor anyanno antarnihito karongulir modhye royeche kathamogoto kaaron ebong shromik-kormokkhetrer sanhatkaran. killsbyr motey, seemit kathamogoto karonguli ekti kaajer anekguli karonke probhabito korte paare, jemon ekjon porichoy byaktike seemit sankhyak ghanta kaaj korar anumati deoa hoy. err binimoye, fabian ebong annannoder motey., sahokarmider saathe somporko gadey tolar baa kormokkhetre arow bhalbhabe sanghato howar sujoger abhaber dike porichalito korey. taa sotteo, jaaraa ekti chakri sthitishil korte akkham taaraa prayashai nirutsahito hoye porey. jyarid porichalito ekoi samikkha onusare, jaaraa ongsho niyechilen taaraa onekei dekhechen jey taaraa taader sahokarmider tulna qama aay korechen, taader saaraa deane dhorey atirikto somoy chhilo, kaaron taader kaaj chhilo naa. taader modhye hatasha oo byarthotar anubhutio chhilo. eu onusare.esha. protibondhider jatiya sangostha, shudhumatra aaee. dii-rawr lokera kromagoto nirutsaher mukhomukhi hoy naa, borong oneke daridrosimar niche baas korey, kaaron taaraa kormosongsthan khunje petey baa sthitishil korte akkham ebong kormocharider aaee. dii karmider upor seemaboddho karongulir karone. err foley khaddo, chikitsa porisheba, poribohon ebong abason soho moulik prayojaniya jinisguli sarbaraha korte akkham hoye porey manush. daridro. kormokkhom-vayasi protibondhider daridrer haar protibondhi byaktider tulna pray adai guno beshi. okkhomota ebong daridro ekti dushtochokro toiri korte paare, jekhane sharirik badha ebong okkhomotar kolonko aay koraa arow kathin korey toley, jaar foley swasthoseba ebong swasthokor jeeboner jonno anyanno prayojaniyatar axes hrass paay. rashtriya orthayone swastho oo samajik porisheba chhada somaje, protibondhider jeebonjaponer jonno oshudh ebong ghono ghono swasthoseba poridorshon, barite byaktigato sahayata ebong abhijojito jontropati ebong poshaker pashapashi swabhabik jeebonjatrar kharacher prayojan hotey paare. protibondhider upor bishwa protibedon ingito korey jey samasta protibondhi byaktider ardhek swasthoseba bohon korte paare naa, eka tritiyangsho protibondhi manusher tulna. protibondhi praptoboyoskoder jonno janaseba chhada deshgulite, taader poribar daridra hotey paare. biporjoy. seemit gobeshonar gyan royeche, tobey biporjoy jokhon protibondhi byaktider probhabito korey tokhon qee ghote seey somporke onek upakhyanmulok protibedon royeche. protibondhi byaktira biporjer dwara byapokbhabe probhabito hohn. sharirik protibondhira sahajyo naa peley sariye neoar somoy jhunkite padte paare. gyaniya protibondhi byaktira nirdeshaboli bojhar jonno ladai korte paare jaa konao biporjoy ghotole aboshyoi anusaran korte hobey. eyi samasta karonguli protibondhi byaktider khettre durjog poristhitite jhunkir tartomyer matra baadiye tulte paare. gobeshona gobeshonai dharabahikbhabe durjog chokrer samasta porjaye protibondhi byaktider biruddhe baisamyer sandhan pawa geche. sabcheye sadharan simabaddhata holl jey manush bhobon baa poribohoner pashapashi durjog-somporkito porishebagulite probesh korte paare naa. eyi byaktider baad deoar kaaron angshikbhabe joruri porikolponakari ebong durjog trano karmider deoa okkhomota somporkito proshikkhoner abhab. somaje okkhomota. boyce barar. ekti nirdishto matra, sharirik durbolota ebong poribortito mansik abostha pray sorbotroi manusher boyoser saathe saathe onubhob koraa hoy. boyosko jonogosthike prayashai okkhomotar uchcho pradurbhaber jonno kolongkito koraa hoy. cathlin udward, "okkhomota adhyayaner jonno mool shobdo" likhe, ghotonati nimnarup byakhya korechenoh naribadi, adbhuto, crip"-ayee allison kaafaar bardhokyo ebong err saathe somporkito udweger kotha ullekh korechen. kaaferer motey, eyi udweg swabhabikotar dharona theke udbhuto hoy. seey boleh samajik niyam. jesob prosonge taader parthokyo drishyoman, protibondhi byaktira prayashai kolongker sammukhin hohn. manush prayashai protibondhi uposthitir proti bhoy, karuna, pristhoposhokota, anuprobeshkari drishti, bidwesh baa abagyar saathe protikriya jaanaay. eyi protikriyaguli protibondhi byaktider eyi jaigaguli pradan korey emon subidha ebong sangosthangulir pashapashi samajik sthangulite probesh theke baad ditey paare ebong prayashai taa korte paare. protibondhi lekhok/gobeshok zennie morris bornona korechen jey kibhabe protibondhi byaktider prantik korar jonno kolonko kaaj koreh uporontu, kolongker mukhomukhi haoya byaktir mansik-mansik susthotar khoti korte paare. protibondhi byaktider mansik-mansik swasther upor birup prabhab feller ekti upay holl taader nipidaner abhyantarinkaran, jaa taader durbal, unmad, mulyahin baa anyanno netibachak baisistagulir jey konao sankhyar anubhuti ghotate paare jaa taader abosthar saathe jukto hotey paare. nipidaner abhyantarinkaran akranto byaktir atmosommanke khotigrostho korey ebong taader acharanke emanbhabe gathon korey jaa konao swikrito okkhomota chharai taader adhipotter saathe sangatipurna. sakkhambadi dharonaguli prayashai abhyantarin hoy jokhon protibondhi byaktider taader charpasher manush ebong protisthanguli taader protibondhi parthokyoke lukiye rakhte ebong chhoto korar jonno chup deyo, baa, "pusses". lekhok simi lintoner motey, protibondhi byaktider sampradai, udweg ebong atmo-sandeher khoti korey pusses korar kaajti govir mansik khoti korey. protibondhider sange somporkito kolonko toiri oo shaktishali korte ganomadhyom guruttopurno bhumika palon korey. protibondhider midia chitro sadharonoto samajer modhye protibondhider uposthiti agatya prantik hisabe gonno korey. eyi chitroguli ekoi saathe protibondhi parthokyer janapriya upolobdhi protifolito korey ebong probhabito korey. trop. protibondhider uposthitir protinidhitto korar jonno ganomadhyom prayashai swatantra kaushal abalamban korey. protibondhi byaktider rupayaner eyi sadharan upayguli amanobik ebong protibondhi byaktider drishtibhongike gurutto ditey byartho howar jonno byapokbhabe samalochito hoy. jemonti okkhomota tattik ebong alankarbid jeey tii dwara bornito hoyeche. dolmage, sokkhom midia tropguli protibondhi byaktider somporke samajer mithke protifolito korte paare ebong chirasthayi korte paare. anuprerana pornography. anuprerana porno bolte protibondhi byaktider chitrito koraa bojhai jekhane taader kebolmatro protibondhi howar karone onupreronamulok hisabe uposthapon koraa hoy. eyi chitroguli samalochana koraa hoy kaaron eguli konao swikrito okkhomota chharai dorshokder chitrito byaktir tulna nijer somporke vall bodh koranor uddeshye toiri koraa hoyeche. protibondhi byaktider manobotar swikriti deoar poriborte, anuprerana porno taader konao swikrito okkhomota chharai gothito dorshokder jonno onupreronar bostute porinoto korey. supercrip. supercrip trop emon udahorongulike bojhai jokhon midia emon konao protibondhi byaktir bishoye protibedon korey baa chitrito korey jini ekti ullekhjoggo orjon korechen tobey taaraa asle jaa korechen taar poriborte taader okkhomotake kendra korey. ekoi baa anurup abosthar onnoder tulna byatikrami howar jonno egulike vismayakar hisabe chitrito koraa hoyeche. eyi tropti protibondhi kridavidder upor report korar pashapashi autistic savantder chitrayane byapokbhabe byabohrito hoy. onek protibondhi byakti eyi uposthaponagulike purno manush hisabe dekhar poriborte taader abosthar hrass hisabe ninda korey. uporontu, supercrip chitrokormoguli eyi abastab protyasha toiri korar jonno samalochito hoy jey okkhomotar saathe konao dhoroner bishesh protibha, protibha baa antardrishti thaka uchito. ganomadhyome eyi troper udahorongulir modhye royeche daa. vall daktar, marveler sahosikota ebong annannoder kachh theke shonn marfi. protibondhi khalnaik. kathasahityer charitraguli jaa anubhuto samajik niyam theke parthokyer sharirik baa mansik chinnitkari bohon korey prayashai ekti patthyer modhye khalnaik hisabe abosthan korey. eyi vishaytike arow bishleshan shuru korar jonno shikkharthider kibhabe shekhano uchito taa lindsey roow-haveld bhag korey niyeche. protibondhider modhye drishyoman parthokyo dorshokder modhye bhoy jagiye tolar uddeshye jaa protibondhi byaktider byaktigato baa jonosartho ebong kalyaner jonno humki howar manosikotake sthayi korte paare. okkhomota hrass. disability drop" trop holl jokhon ekti anumito protibondhi choritroke prakash koraa hoy jey taaraa nockle, alangkrito baa onnothai taader daabi koraa okkhomotake moorto korey naa. jeey dolmage kevin spacir choritro, moukhik kint, cholochchitrer "sadharan sandehabhajan" err ekti udaharan hisabe uposthapon korechen ebong eyi dharaner chitroguli protibondhi byaktider proti sokkhom samajer abiswaske protifolito korte paare. uporontu, ekti choritrer aaa-bichchinnotar eyi prakash prayashai ekti golper akhyanmulok chudanta porjai hisabe kaaj korey ebong kahini, akhyangato badha baa charitrayaner ekti jontrer modhye dwandwer utso hisabe okkhomotar byabohar anyanno okkhomota adhyayaner saathe samanjasyapurna ponditder "bornonamulok kritrimota" totto, david tii dwara udbhabito ekti shobdo. mishela ebong sharron snider. protibondhi bhuktobhogi. arekti ghono ghono ghotona holl jokhon protibondhi kauke durdoshagrosto baa asahay boley dhorey neoa hoy. notre demer quamisodo, haati manusher john merrick, ekti chrismus caroler khudro somoy ebong emonki sangbad samprachar jaa manushke "bhuktobhogi" baa "bhuktobhogi" hisabe ullekh korey, eyi stereotyper koyekti udaharan. chirkal nirdosh. protibondhi choritrogulike prayashai cholochchitre deboduto baa shishu hisabe chitrito koraa hoy. eyi cholochchitrogulir modhye royeche 'raine myana' (1988), 'forrest gump' (1994) ebong 'aaee ayam syama' (2001), jeguli soboi chamatkar udaharan. protibondhi nirdosh ebong priya byakti prayashai taader "swabhabik" praptoboyosko sahokarmider oporjaptotar dike ingito korey, jaa taader poritran orjone sahayata korey. anyanno sobb dharonar moto, eyi stereotypety emon dharonagulike samarthan korey jaa cable osotto ebong taai khotikarok. jodio anekguli protibondhi trop royeche, protibondhi nandonikota shilp ebong ganomadhyome protibondhi dehgulike sathikbhabe chitrito korey taader door korar chesta korey. swa-samarthan. kichhu protibondhi byakti chikitsa modeler biruddhe samajik modeler byaboharer madhyome prantikokoron protirodh korar chesta korechen; taader shorir ebong durbolota theke somalochonake sariye neoar lakkhye ebong taader sokkhom samavayasider tulna taader upor atyacharkari samajik protisthaner proti. okkhomota sakriyata jaa onek abhijoger samadhaner daabi korey, jemon accessogyatar abhab, ganomadhyome durbal protinidhitto, sadharan asamman ebong swikritir abhab, ekti samajik model kathamo theke udbhuto hoy. protibondhi sangaskriti' srishti brihottor somaje kolongker abhinno obhiggota theke udbhuto hoyeche. protibondhi sampradayer sange jukto hoye ebong protibondhi sangaskritite ongshogrohon korey okkhomotake ekti itibachak porichoy hisabe grohon koraa abhyantarin kusongskarer biruddhe ladai korar ekti karjokor upay hotey paare; ebong okkhomota somporke prabhabshali akhyangulike challenge korte paare. chhed. protibondhi byaktider samajik protisthangulite chalachal korar obhiggota anyanno samajik bibhager ontorgoto hotey paare taar ekti fungsion hisabe byapokbhabe poribortito hoy. udahoronsorup, ekjon protibondhi purush ebong ekjon protibondhi mohila bhinnobhabe okkhomota onubhob corren. etty antoshongjoger dharonar kotha boley, jaa byakhya korey jey ekjon byaktir porichoyer bivinno dick (jemon taader ling, jaati, jounota, dhormo baa samajik shreni) chhed korey ebong nipidan oo biseshadhikarer ananya obhiggota toiri korey. protibondhi byaktider adhikar somporkito jatisangher convention dui dharaner okkhomota chhedke prithak koreh jaati-protibondhi chhed ebong ling-protibondhi chhed. tobey, arow onek chhed royeche. okkhomota protiti byaktir dwara bhinnobhabe sangyayita koraa hoy; etty drishyoman baa adrishya hotey paare ebong ekadhik chhed prayashai overlapping porichoy bibhag theke udbhuto hoy. daud. bishwobyapi roger bojha niye gobeshonar ekti poddhotigoto bishleshan onusare, vishwajude besh koyekti sankhyalaghu sampradayer modhye okkhomotar ghotona beshi boley jaanaa geche. protibondhi byaktira jaaraa jatigoto sankhyalaghuo, taader sadharonoto somorthoner qama sujog thaake ebong taaraa sohingso baisamyer proti beshi jhunkipurno. child development" journale prokashito ekti samikshai dekha geche jey, sankhyalaghu protibondhi shishuder nimno oo madhyam ayer deshgulite shastimulok srinkhala pawar sombhabona beshi. protibondhi shishuder proti protibondhi shishuder tulna prayashai durbyobohar koraa hoy; eyi bibhager jatigoto shishuder arow beshi jhunki thaake. markin juktorashtre okkhomotar khettre, camill ayee. barkley journal off criminal lawl-err jonno nelson likhechen, protibondhi jatigoto sankhyalaghura fauzdari bitcher byabostha theke jey dwaito baisamyer sammukhin hoy taa ullekh korey, prakash korechen jey "netibachakbhabe jatigotovabe bibechito byaktider jonno, arthat jaaraa aaa-shwetango hisabe bibechito hoy ebong jaader jonno mansik oshusthota hoy porichito baa dhorey neoa hoy, pulisher saathe mythscrea anishchito ebong sombhabbo bipojjonok." ling. protibondhi byaktider prantikokoron protibondhi byaktider lingogoto astitto theke samaj qee aasha korey taa bastobayito korte akkham korey tulte paare. taader ling porichoyer jonno swikritir eyi abhab protibondhi byaktider oporjaptotar anubhuti diye jete paare. thomas jeey. ilinoy steta universityr garsic bornona korechen jey keena lingogoto porichoy aswikar koraa hayah protibondhi naarii oo purushra jotota lingogoto, eyi duti porichoyer mythscrea bivinno obhiggotar dike porichalito korey. protibondhi mahilara eka dharaner "dwaito kolonko"-err mukhomukhi hohn jekhane eyi ubhoy prantik bibhage taader sadasyapada ekoi saathe protteker saathe somporkito netibachak stereotypegulike arow baadiye toley kaaron taader saathe taader jukto koraa hoy. tobey, antoshongjoger kathamo onusare, ling ebong okkhomota ekti ananya obhiggota toiri korte chhed korey jaa cable ekjon mohila howar ebong aladabhabe protibondhi howar kaktaliya ghotona noy, borong protibondhi mohila howar ananya obhiggota. err foley ekjon joto beshi prantik gosthir antarbhukta, taader biseshadhikar baa nipidaner obhiggota poribortito hayah sangkhepe, ekjon krishnanga mohila ebong ekjon saadaa mohila bhinnobhabe okkhomota onubhob korben. unicef uimen watcher motey, "kichhu sangoskritik, aini ebong pratisthanik protibondhokotar adhyavasai protibondhi naarii oo meyeder dwigun baisamyer shicker koreh mohila ebong protibondhi byakti hisabe."rosemary maalaa-thomson jemon bolechen," protibondhi mahilara, sadharonbhabe mohilader tulna arow beshi tibrovabe, sommilito sangoskritik kolponai nikrishto, abhab, atyadhik, akkham, ajogya ebong okejo hisabe sthan peyeche." arth-samajik patabhumi. jaati oo okkhomota baa ling oo okkhomotar chhedgulir moto, ekjon byaktir arth-samajik potobhumio taader okkhomotar obhiggotake poriborton korbe. nimno arth-samajik abosthaner ekjon protibondhi byakti uchcho arth-samajik abosthaner protibondhi byaktir tulna beshi badha ebong qama sujog soho bishwoke bhinnobhabe onubhob korben. okkhomota ebong arth-samajik abosthar modhye sangjoger ekti vall udaharan holl shikkhar sujog, kaaron amra jaani jey daridro ebong okkhomotar modhye sarasari jogosutro royeche-prayashai ekti dushtochokrer modhye kaaj koraa. bishesh shikkha ebong protibondhi shishur jotno neoar kharach konao swikrito protibondhi shishur tulna beshi, jaa jothajotho shikkha orjone eka bishal badha hoye danda. upojukto shikkhar (jey konao porjaye) aprapyata kormosongsthan khunje petey samasyar srishti korte paare, jaar foley prayashai ekjon daridra oo protibondhi byakti hisabe ekoi samajik kathamote thucker ebong arth-samajik borjoner obhiggota orjoner jonno ekjoner obhiggotar dwara 'aboddho' howar dushtochokrer srishti hoy. sangkhepe, eyi dushtochokroti nimno arth-samajik potobhumir protibondhi byaktider jonno orthonoitik, samajik ebong sangoskritik muldhaner abhabke arow baadiye toley. onnodike, uchcho arth-samajik morjadar ekjon protibondhi byakti upojukto (bishesh) shikkha baa chikitsa petey sahaj somoy petey paren-udahoronsorup, unnototoro sahayata, sompod baa karmasuchi jaa taader sofol hotey sahajyo korte paare. okkhomota sangaskriti. kheladhula. paralympic games (jaar ortho "olimpiker pashapashi") olimpiker (grisso oo sheeto) porey onusthito hoy. paralympic gamese bivinno dharaner sharirik protibondhi kridavidra antarbhukta. sadasya deshgulite, binodonmulok theke abhijato storer (udahoronsorup, protibondhi krida markin juktorashtro ebong markin juktorashtre blazesports america) paralympic kridaay protijogitar ayojan korar jonno sangathanguli vidyaman. merudonder aghater shicker british juddher probinder punarbasana karmasuchi theke paralympicguly bikoshito hoyechilo. 1948 saale, syara ludouig guttman, ekjon snayubigyani jini juktorajyer alasbury stoke mandeville hospitale merudonder aghatprapto dwitiya bishwojuddher probinder saathe kaaj korchen, taanr rogider punarbasana karmasuchir ongsho hisabe kheladhula byabohar shuru corren. 2006 saale, charam kheladhula ongshogrohon korte sokkhom howar jonno sharirikbhabe protibondhi byaktider jonno, biseshoto angahani baa anger parthokyer jonno charam khela gathon koraa hoyechilo. jonosongkha. bishwobyapi ebong deshbyapi protibondhi byaktider sankhya anuman koraa samasyajanak. protibondhider sangyayita korar jonno bivinno poddhoti grohon koraa sotteo, jonotattikra ekmat jey protibondhi byaktider bishwer jonosongkha khub borh. udahoronsorup, 2012 saale bishwa swastho sangostha anuman korechilo jey bishwer jonosongkha 6.5 billion. eder modhye pray 650 million manush baa 10 shotangsho majhari baa gurutorvabe protibondhi boley anuman koraa hoy. 2018 saale antorjatik shrom sangostha anuman korey jey pray eka billion manush, jaa bishwer jonosongkhar eka-saptam, protibondhi, taader modhye 80 shotangsho unnayanshil deshgulite ebong 80 shotangsho kormokkhom boyoser. karmashakti theke protibondhi byaktider baad diye moat abhyantarin utpadoner 7 shotangsho porjonto kharach koraa hoto. markin juktorashtro. roga niyantran kendrer oshusthota ebong mrityur saptahik protibedon onusare, markin juktorashtre eka-choturthangsho manush protibondhi boley jaanaa geche kaaron torun praptoboyoskoder modhye 2016. 10% mansik protibondhi boley jaanaa geche. madhyavayasi manush ebong boyosko byaktider modhye gotishilota-somporkito samasyar haar jothakrome 18.1% ebong 26.9% soho sorbochcho chhilo. jaati baa jatigoto dick theke, eshiyader okkhomotar haar pray 10 shotangsho, jekhane sthaniya americander, jaader modhye sorbadhik ghotona royeche, praptoboyoskoder anumanik 30 shotangsho okkhomotar haar royeche. african americander okkhomotar haar 25 shotangsho beshi chhilo, jekhane shwetango praptoboyoskoder khettre 16 shotangsho ebong hispanikder khettre 17 shotangsho chhilo. kanada. 22.protibondhi reporter upor 2017 saaler kanadian samikkha onusare, 15 bochorer beshi vayasi kanadiander modhye 3 shotangsher okkhomota baa 6,246,640 manush royeche boley jaanaa geche. kanada, shromik shrenir purushder tulna mohila ebong boyoskoder protibondhi howar sombhabona beshi. 25 theke 65 bochorer modhye kormokkhom byaktider tulna, 65 bochorer beshi vayasi probinder okkhomotar haar 38 shotangsho, jaa pray dwigun beshi. kanada, 15 bochorer beshi vayasi mohilader okkhomotar haar purushder 20 shotangsher tulna 24.3% chhilo. 2017 saaler kanadian survey off disability-rawr protibedon anujayi, kanada 15 bochorer beshi vayasi dakkhin eshiyader okkhomotar anupat 4 shotangsho, jekhane lattin americander haar 1 shotangsho qama. australia. australian porisongkhyan bureau dwara anumanik 5 john australioder modhye pray 1 john baa 44 lokkho manusher okkhomota royeche. protibondhi 25 shotangshero beshi australiander modhye ekti mansik baa acharangato samasya report koraa hoyechilo. purushder modhye err pradurbhab chhilo 17.6 lokkho, jekhane mohilader modhye err pradurbhab chhilo kichuta beshi, jaa chhilo 1 kotee 78 lokkho. 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider 49.6%-err tulna australia 0 theke 64 bochorer modhye praptoboyoskoder 11.6%-err okkhomota chhilo. 53.protibondhi 15 theke 64 bochor vayasi australioder modhye 4 shotangshoi nijukto. juktorajyo. house off commons library onusare, juktorajyer jonosongkhar 14.6 million baa 22 shotangsho, 2020-2021-ayee protibondhi boley jaanaa geche. juktorajye 9 shotangsho shishu, 21 shotangsho kormokkhom-vayasi manush ebong 42 shotangsho rashtriya penashana boyoser beshi manush protibondhi baa protibondhi chhilen. 2011 saale 35,875 joner jeebonjatrar sujoger samikkha anujayi, pray 29 shotangsho shwetango, 27 shotangsho mishra-borner, 22 shotangsho eshiya, 21 shotangsho krishnanga ebong anyanno jatigoto gosthir 19 shotangsho manusher okkhomota baa okkhomota royeche boley jaanaa geche. ekoi bochor neoa arekti samikkhar folafol anujayi, purushder tulna mohilader okkhomota howar sombhabona purushder tulna kichuta beshi, purushder 26 shotangsher tulna 31 shotangsho mohilar okkhomota royeche boley jaanaa geche. chean. national library off mediciner ekti medicale prokashona, cheene protibondhitar pradurbhaber kudi bochorer probonota onusare, 2006 saale anumanik 84.6 million cheena byakti protibondhi soho bosobas korchilen. 2006 saaler 83,342 john purush ebong 78,137 john mohilar joripe, protibondhitar sorbochcho report koraa haar soho boyoser gosthiguli holl 18-44-bochor vayasi purush (22.5%) ebong 65-74-bochor vayasi mohila (22.8%), journale prokashito jorip onusare jaa samogrikbhabe desher protinidhi chhilo. cheene, protibondhi byaktider shotangsho shahure ebong gramin anchaler modhye ullekhjoggobhabe poribortito hoy, jekhane purush ebong mohilader gramin cheene jothakrome 72.4% ebong 72.2% err haar royeche, shahure cheene jothakrome 27.6% ebong 27.8% err haarer tulna. cheene shrobon oo kotha bolar okkhomota sabcheye beshi report koraa hoy, protibondhi byaktider modhye jothakrome 39.6% ebong 36.2% haare mohilader tulna purushra beshi akranto hoy. dakkhin koria. 2018 saale dakkhin koria moat protibondhi manush chhilo 1 kotee 50 lokkho, baa moat jonosongkhar pray 5 shotangsho. protibondhi koriander tulna protibondhi byaktira gadey 56.5 deane chikitsa subidhai katiechen, jaa jatiya gader cheye 2.6 shotangsho beshi. 34.somogro kormoshoktir 9 shotangsho protibondhider sange jukto chakrite nijukto chhilo. protibondhi poribarguli poribarer moat ayer garh aay 41.53 million uin baa 71.3% korey. corian 2020-err protibondhider porisongkhyan anujayi, protibondhi byaktider odhikangsheri anyanno daeenandin kaajer modhye "porishkar-porichchonnota" ebong "poribohon byabohar"-err khettre sahajyer prayojan chhilo. unnayanshil desh. unnoto deshgulir tulna unnayanshil deshgulite okkhomota beshi dekha yaay. okkhomota ebong daridrer modhye sangjogke ekti "dushtochokro"-err ongsho boley money koraa hoy jekhane eyi gathanguli parosporikbhabe shaktishali.

apangata apangata aee koee pann sthitino anoobhav chhe jeey vyaktee maate chokkas pravruttio karvee athavaa aapel samajma samaan pravesh melavvo vadhu mushkel banaave chhe. akshamtao gnyanatmak, vikaslakshi, bauddhik, mansik, shaaririk, samvednatmak athavaa bahuveedh paribalonu sanyojan hoi shake chhe. akshamtaa janmthi haajar hoi shake chhe athavaa vyaktinaa jivankal darmiyan praapt thaee shake chhe. aitihasik reete, vikalaangataane maatra maapdandona saankada samoohnaa aadhare odakhvaamaa aave chhe-jooe keey, akshamtao dwisangi nathee aneey vyaktinaa aadhare ananya lakshaniktaoma haajar hoi shake chhe. apangata sahelaithi drashyamaan athavaa prakrutimaa adrashya hoi shake chhe. viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parr sanyukt raashtra sammelan vikalaangataane aaa reete vyakhyayit karey chheh viveedh saiddhaantik drashtikon dwara samagr itihaasmaa vikalaangataane alag reete jovama aavee chhe. aapana samajma apangataane samjaavvaano prayaas kartaa beey mukhya namunaao chheh tabibi namunaa aneey saamaajik namunaa. tabibi model aek saiddhaantik maalkhaa tareeke kaama karey chhe jeey apangataane anichchhaniy tabibi sthitee tareeke maane chhe jene vishesh saarvaarni jaroor chhe. jeo tabibi modelne aabhaari chhe teo vikalaangtaanaa mool kaarano temaj sahayak technology jevee koipan saarvaar shodhvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. saamaajik model vikalaangataane saamaajik reete sarjit maryada tareeke kendrit karey chhe, jeey vyakteeo paase motabhagni vastee jetali kshamata nathee. tabibi model aneey saamaajik model apangata maate sauthee saamanya maalkhaa hovaa chhataa, anya ghanaa modelo chhe jeey apangataane siddhaant aape chhe. apangata sambandhit viveedh pasaone samjavva maate ghanaa judaa judaa shabdo astitvamaa chhe. jyaare ketlaak shabdo maatra apangataane lagatee ghatanaaonu varnan karvaa maate astitva dharaave chhe, anya akshamtaa dharaavtaa lokone kalankeet karvaa aneey bahishkar karvaa parr kendrit chhe. ketlaak shabdoma aevo nakaaraatmak arth hoya chhe keey temne apshabd manvama aave chhe. vivaadno vartmaan muddo aee chhe keey shun vyaktee-pratham bhashano upyog karvo yogya chhe (i.ee. viklang vyaktee) athavaa odakh-pratham bhaasha (i.ee. viklang vyaktee) jyaare apangata aneey vyaktino ullekh karvaamaa aave chhe. viklang lokonaa hansiyama dhakelaavaane kaarane, samajma samaan vyavhaar aneey sulbhataa maate dabaan karnara ghanaa kaarykartaa kaarano chhe. apangata karykartaoae kaayada hethal samaan aneey nyaayi adheekaro melavaa maate ladat aapee chhe-joke haju pann aevaa raajkeey muddaao chhe jeey viklang lokonaa damanne saksham athavaa aagad dhapaave chhe. jooe keey apangata sakriyataa saksham pranalione nabud karvaa maate kaama karey chhe, vikalaangataani dhaarnaane lagata saamaajik dhoranone ghanivaar media dwara upyogmaa levaata trop dwara majboot karvaamaa aave chhe. aadhunik samajma apangataani nakaaraatmak dhaarnaao vyaapak hovathi, viklang loko temnaa hansiyama dhakelvaanaa prayasma swa-himayat taraf valyaa chhe. vyaktini anya bahupaksheey odakhnaa aadhare alag reete anoobhavaati odakh tareeke apangataani maanyata ghanivaar viklang swa-vakeelo dwara darshavvama aave chhe. mukhya pravaahnaa samajmathi apangataana bahishkarthi apangataani sanskrutinaa uadbhavni taka oobhi thaee chhe. jyaare viklang kaaryakaro haju pann mukhya pravaahnaa samajma viklang lokonaa ekikaranne protsaahan aape chhe, tyaare qalaa, soshiyal media aneey ramatgamat jevaa viklang samudaayne protsaahan aapvaa maate ketalik viklang-maatra jagyaao banavvama aavee chhe. itihas. apangataani samkalin samajan pashchimma vaignanik gyaan darmiyan udbhavelaa khyalomathi udbhave chhe; gyaan pahelaa, shaaririk tafavatone aek alag drashtikon dwara jovama aavtaa hataa. pragaitihasik samaygaalaa darmiyan aevaa puraava chhe keey jeey viklang lokonee sambhaal raakhtaa hataa. windover puratatviy sthal parr, jeey hadpinjar malee aavyu hatoo temathi aek lagbhag 15 varshno narr hato, jene spina bifida hato. aaa sthitino arth aee hato keey chhokaro, jeey kadaach kamarnee neeche lakvo thayo hato, tenee shikaar-aektra karnaar samudayma sambhaal levaamaa aavee hatee. apangataane daivi sajaana saadhan tareeke jovama aavtee naa hatee aneey tethee viklang vyaktione temnee kshateeo maate naa too nabud karvaamaa aavtee hatee aneey naa too temnee saathe bhedbhaav karvaamaa aavto hato. tenaa badale ghanaa lokone mesopotemiyana samajna viveedh staromaa nokri aapvama aavee hatee, jemaa dhaarmik mandeeroma devtaona sevako tareeke kaama karvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. praachin egyptma, samajma lakadino vaaramvaar upyog thato hato. temnaa maate saamanya upyog viklang vruddh vyakteeo maate temne chalvama madad karvaa maate hato. aevee jogvaaio keey jeey nabalee gatishilataa dharaavati vyaktione mandeero aneey upchaar abhayaranyo sudhee pahonchvaamaa saksham banaave chhe teey praachin greesma karvaamaa aavee hatee. khaas kareene, 370 bii.see.vyaapak vistaarnaa sauthee mahatvapurn healing abhayaranya, epidourus khaate esclepiusna abhayaranyama, ochhama ochha 11 kaayamee pattharnaa ramp hataa jeey nava viveedh malkhaoma gatishilataa-viklang mulakatione pravesh pradaan kartaa hataa; puraava chhe keey viklang lokone ochhama ochha anshatah, praachin greesma svikarvama aavyaa hataa aneey temnee sambhaal levaamaa aavee hatee. hakeekatma, praachin greekoae viklang vyaktione vadhu saksham vyaktiothi alag reete naa joyaa hashe kaaran keey temnaa rekordmaan temnu varnan kartaa shabdo khoob jaj aspasht laage chhe. jyaan sudhee viklang vyaktee haju pann samajma yogdaan aapee shake chhe, tyaan sudhee grick loko temne sahan kartaa hovaanu janaay chhe. madhya yug darmiyan, gaandpan aneey anya paristhitio rakshasone kaarane hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo. temne koodarti kramno bhaag pann manvama aavtaa hataa, khaas kareene kaalaa mrutyu darmiyan aneey tenaa parinaame, jene samagr saamanya vastimaa kshateeo curry hatee. praarambhik aadhunik samaygalama shaaririk aneey mansik tafavto maate jaivik kaarano shodhvaanu parivartan aavyu hatoo, temaj shreneeonu simankan karvaamaa rus vadhyo hatoh udaaharan tareeke, solmee sadimaa, embroise pereae "rakshaso", "pratibhashali" aneey "viklang" vishe lakhyu hatoo. european gnyanna tarkmathi melvelaa gyaan aneey manav pragatee maate koodarti vignanna moolya parr bhaar mukvathi sansthao aneey sankalaayel gyaan pranaalionaa janmamaa madad malee jene manushyanu nirikshan aneey vargikaran karyoo; aamathi, vikalaangtaanaa aajnaa vibhavnaona vikaas maate nondhpaatra aashraysthano, clinix aneey jelo hataa. apangataani samkalin vibhavnao adhaarmee aneey oganismi sadeena vikasma mool dharaave chhe. aamaani agranee clinical tabibi pravachanno vikaas hato, jene manav shareerne hairfare, abhyaas aneey parivartan maate aek vastu tareeke drashyamaan banaavyu hatoo. aaa vaignanik pravachno saathe maleene kaama kartaa hataa, jeey vargikaran aneey vargikaran karvaa maangtaa hataa aneey aama karvaathi, samanyikaranni paddhateeo bunny gaee hatee. dhoran" noow khyaal aaa samaygalama vikasavvama aavyo hato, aneey belgian aankadashastri, samajshastri, ganeetshastri aneey khagolshastri adolph kvetaletnaa kaaryamaa sanket aapvama aavyo chhe, jemane 1830 naa daykama "lae 'hooma moyen"-sarerash maanas "lakhyu hatoo. quetelete aevu maanyu hatoo keey koee vyaktee aapel vastimaa tamaam lokonaa guno (jaim keey temnee unchai athavaa vajan) noow sarvaalo laee shake chhe aneey temnee sarerash shodhee shake chhe aneey aaa aankado aankadaakiy dhoran tareeke kaama karvo joiae, jenaa taraf badhaae aakanksha rakhvi joiae. aankadaakiy dhoranno aaa vichaar aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan britton, united states aneey pashchim european raajyo dwara aankada aektra karvaanaa zadpi upyog dwara thaay chhe, aneey teey sujananshastranaa uday saathe jodaayel chhe. apangata, temaj anya vibhavnao jemaa asamanya, biin-saamanya aneey samanyata saamel chhe teey aamathi aavee hatee. aaa vibhavnaonu prasaar vichitra shonee lokpreeytama spasht chhe, jyaan shomenne teey dhoranothi vichaleet thayela lokonu pradarshan kareene nafo thayo hato. oganismi sadeena uttaraardhmaa sujananshastranaa uday saathe, aavaa vichalnone samagr vasteena svaasthya maate jokhami manvama aavtaa hataa. vyaktini jaivik rachnana bhaag tareeke jovama aavtee apangata aneey aama temnaa aanuvanshik vaarsaane dhyanma rakheene, vaignanikoae janin poolmathi "vichalno" jevee nindanni dhaarnaao taraf dhyaan kendrit karyoo. vyaktini aanuvanshik tandurastinu mulyankan karvaa maate viveedh metriksa nakki karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey pachhi ayogya manvama aavtaa lokone deshnikaal karvaa, vandhyikrut karvaa athavaa sansthakeey banaavvaa maate teno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. germanyma naazi shaasan dwara laksheet juthomaa viklang loko aek hataa, jenaa parinaame holocast darmiyan aashre 250,000 viklang loko maarya gayaa hataa. beeja vishvyudhnaa ante, naazi sujananshastranaa udaaharan saathe, sujananshastra jaaher pravachanmathi zankhu padyu aneey vadhune vadhu apangata aee lakshanona samoohma jodai gaee keey jemaa davaa dhyaan aapee shake chhe-pachhi bhale teey vrudhdhi, punarvasan athavaa saarvaar dwara hoya. samkalin aneey aadhunik itihaasmaa, apangataane ghanivaar pratham-degree sambandhio athavaa dhviteey-degree sambandhio vachche vyabhichaarnaa oop-utpaadan tareeke jovama aavtee hatee. viklang vidhyanoae audhyogik kraanti taraf pann dhyaan doryu chhe, saathe saathe samantvadmathi mudivaad taraf aarthik parivartanne pann vikalaangataani samjanma agranee aitihasik kshano tareeke darshaavyu chhe. madhya yug darmiyan apangataane laeene chokkas pramanma dhaarmik andhshraddhaa hovaa chhataa, viklang loko haju pann graameen utpaadan aadharit arthtantramaa nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajavva saksham hataa, jenaathi teo rojinda aarthik jeevanma vaastavik yogdaan aapee shaktaa hataa. audhyogik kraanti aneey mudivaadnaa aagmanthi teey banyu jethee loko havey jameen saathe bandhaayela naa rahyaa aneey pachhi tucky rahevaa maate vetan chukavva maate kaama shodhvaani faraj puddy. vetan pranaaliae audhyogik utpaadan saathe sanyojanmaa, sansthaaone jeey reete jovama aavtee hatee teey reete parivartan karyoo kaaran keey loko machinoni jaim utpaadan karvaanee kshamata maate vadhune vadhu mulyavaan hataa. mudivaad aneey audhyogik kraantiae asarkarak reete "viklang" lokono aek navo varg banaavyo jeey pramanbhut kaamdaarna shareer athavaa kaary shaktinaa starne anuroop naa hoi shake. parinaame, viklang lokone aek samasya tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa, jeey hull karvaa athavaa bhunsi nakhva maate hatee. chhe daaykaani sharuaatmaa, apangata adhikaar chalvalni sthaapnaa thaee, jyaare apangata karykartaoae samaaj viklang loko saathe kevee reete varte chhe aneey apangata pratyenaa tabibi abhigamne padkaarvaanu sharoo karyoo. aaa kaaryane kaarane, pahonchamaa bhauteek avrodhoni odakh karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa paristhitio temne kaaryatmak reete aksham karey chhe, aneey jeey havey apangataana saamaajik model tareeke odakhaay chhe teey ubharee aavyu chhe. chhe mike olivara dwara rachaayel aaa shabdsamuh apangataana tabibi model-jenaa hethal kshatine sudhaarvaani jaroor chhe-aneey apangataana saamaajik model-jeey hethal vyakteene maryadit karato samaaj sudhaarvaani jaroor chhe-vachche tafaavat karey chhe. siddhaant. ghanaa saamaajik vargonee jaim, "apangata" nee vibhavna shikshanvido, tabibi aneey kaanuni vishva aneey apangata samudaay vachche bhaare charcha hethal chhe. apangata abhyaas. apangataana siddhaant parr kendrit shaikshanik shaakha aee apangataano abhyaas chhe, jeey visamee sadeena antathi vistaree rahyo chhe. aaa kshetra vikalaangtaanaa bhutkaal, vartmaan aneey bhavishyanaa nirmanni tapaas karey chhe, saathe saathe aee drashtikonne aagad dhapaave chhe keey apangata aee aek jatil saamaajik odakh chhe jemathi aapane badhaa aantardrushti melvee shakeeae chhiae. jaim keey vikalaangtaanaa vidhvaan clayer mulleni kahe chhe, "tenaa vyaapak stare, vikalaangtaanaa abhyaso vidhyanone saanskrutik tafavatna aek swaroop tareeke vikalaangataane mahatv aapvaa maate protsaahit karey chhe". aaa kshetra vadhune vadhu aantarshakhakiy chhe, jeey ghanivaar filosoofi, itihas, angreji abhyaas, retarika abhyaas, vansheey aneey vansheey abhyaas, ling aneey jatiyata abhyaas, tabibi manavta, sandeshaavyavhaar, shikshanshastra aneey vadhunaa kshetro saathe overlap thaay chhe. aaa kshetrana vidhyano naitikta, neetee aneey kaayado, itihas, apangata samudaayni kalaa aneey vadhu jevaa apangata sambandhit vishhayoni shrenee parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. aaa kshetrana nondhpaatra vidhyanoma marta russel, roobert macruer, johanna hedvaa, laura hershey, irving zola aneey anya ghanaa lokono samaavesh thaay chhe. agranee vikalaangtaa vidhvaan lenard jeey. davis nondhe chhe keey apangata abhyasne vishisht athavaa vishisht shaakha ganvee joiae nahee, parantu tenaa badale teey kshetro aneey vishhayoni vishaal shreneene laagu padey chhe. aantarrashtriy vargikaran. vishva aarogya sanstha dwara utpaadit kamgiri, apangata aneey aarogyanu aantarrashtriy vargikaran (aaee. see. aef.), shareernaa kaaryo (shaaririk athavaa manovaigyanik, jaim keey drashti) aneey shareerni rachnaao (shaaririk bhaago, jaim keey aankh aneey sambandhit maalkhaa) vachche tafaavat karey chhe. shaaririk maalkhaa athavaa kaaryamaa kshatine visangataa, khaamee, nuksan athavaa amuk saamanya reete sveekrut vasteena dhoranothi anya nondhpaatra vichalanne samavati tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey samay jataa vadhghat curry shake chhe. pravruttine kaary athavaa kriyaanaa amalikaran tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaee. see. aef. kaamgirina nava vyaapak kshetroni yaadee aape chhe jeey prabhaavit thaee shake chheh viklang vidhyano saathe maleene, aaee. see. aef. nee rajuaat janaave chhe keey apangata aneey kaamgeereene samjavaa aneey samjavva maate viveedh vaichaarik namunaao prastaavit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe, jene teey aekeekrut karvaa maange chhe. aaa modelomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh tabibi model. tabibi model apangataane vyaktini samasya tareeke juae chhe, jeey rooga, aaghaat athavaa anya svaasthya paristhitione kaarane thaay chhe, jene kaarane vyaavsaayiko dwara vyaktigat saarvaarna rupmaan satat tabibi sambhaalni jaroor padey chhe. tabibi modelmaan, apangataanu sanchalan "upchaar" athavaa vyaktinaa samaayojan aneey vartanukeey parivartan parr laksheet chhe jeey "lagbhag-upchaar" athavaa asarkarak upchaar taraf doree jashe. aaa kissaamaa, vyakteeae tabibi sambhaal dwara temnee apangataane door karvee padashe. tabibi modelmaan, tabibi sambhaalne mukhya mudda tareeke jovama aave chhe, aneey raajkeey stare, mukhya pratisaad aarogyasambhaad niteema ferfar athavaa sudhaarana karvaano chhe. tabibi model vikalaangtaanaa kaarano aneey upaayo shodhvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. kaarano. apangataana ghanaa judaa judaa kaarano chhe jeey ghanivaar rojinda jeevanni mulbhoot pravruttione assar karey chhe, jaim keey khaavu, poshaak pahervo, sthaanantaran karavu aneey vyaktigat svachchata jalavi; athavaa rojinda jeevanni adhyatan pravruttio jaim keey khareedi, khoraaknee taiyari, vaahan chalaavvu athavaa kaama karavu. jooe keey, apangataana kaarano saamanya reete vyaktinaa rojinda jeevanni pravruttio karvaanee kshamata dwara nakki thaay chhe. marta russel aneey ravee malhotra daleel karey chhe tema, "vikalaangtaanaa 'tabibikaran' aneey vargikaranna saadhnoae 'viklang' aneey 'saksham-shareer' vachche vibhajan sthaapit karvaamaa spashtpane mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajvi hatee. aaa vikalaangataane tabibi hastkshep dwara ukelavaani samasya tareeke sthaan aape chhe, jeey vikalaangataano arth shun hoi shake teey visheni aapani samjanma avrodh oobho karey chhe. chhe american viklang adhiniyamnaa hetuo maate, yuu. aesa. samaan rojgaar taka aayogna niyamo aevee paristhitioni soochi pradaan karey chhe jene saraltathi viklang hovaanu taaran kaadhvu joiaeh baherapanu, andhatva, bauddhik apangata, aansheek athavaa sampurnpane goom thayela ango athavaa hilchaalnee kshateeo jemaa wheelchair, autism, kensar, magajno lakvo, diabetes, vaai, aech. aaee. vee/aids, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, mejar depressive disorder, spina bifida, bipolar disorder, poosta-tromatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder aneey schizophrenia. aaa aek sampoorn yaadee nathee aneey ghanee ijaao aneey tabibi samasyao apangataanu kaaran baney chhe. apangataana ketlaak kaarano, jaim keey ijaao, samay jataa ukelee shakaay chhe aneey tene "kaamchalaau akshamtaa" ganvaamaa aave chhe. hastgat apangata" aee kshatee saathe janm levaanaa virodhmaa, jivankal darmiyan achaanak athavaa laambaa samay sudhee thatee kshationu parinam chhe. "adrashya akshamtao" dekheeti reete nondhpaatra naa pann hoi shake. upchaar. tabibi model viklang loko maate saarvaar, upchaar athavaa punarvasan paddhateeo shodhvaa parr bhaare dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. sahayak technology. sahayak technology aee upkarano aneey ferfaro (vyaktee maate athavaa samajni andar) maateno saamanya shabd chhe jeey apangataane door karvaamaa athavaa door karvaamaa madad karey chhe. krutrim angnaa upyognu pratham nondhaayel udaaharan ochhama ochhu 1800 ee. saes. purvenu chhe. wheelchair wheelchair sadeeni chhe. curb qata aee sambandhit malkhakiy naveenta chhe. anya udaharanoma sthaayi frame, taxt telephone, sulabh keyboard, motaa print, brail aneey spitch recognition software chhe. viklang loko ghanivaar anukoolan vikasaave chhe jeey vyaktigat hoi shake chhe (daa. taa.jee. jaaherma sankochanne dabavvani vyooharachnaao) athavaa samudaay (daa. taa.jee. dii/bahera samudayoma saanketeek bhaasha). jaim jaim personnel computer vadhu sarvyaapak banyu chhe, tema tema viklang loko maate computerne vadhu sulabh banaavvaa maate software aneey hardware vikasavva maate viveedh sansthaaoni rachnaa karvaamaa aavee chhe. ketlaak software aneey hardware, jaim keey voice finger, friedam scientificna "jadbaa", free aneey open soars vaikalpik "orka" vagere. khaas kareene viklang loko maate design karvaamaa aavyaa chhe jyaare anya software aneey hardware, jaim keey neunance dragon naturally speaking, khaas kareene viklang loko maate vikasavvama aavyaa naa hataa, parantu sulbhataa vadhaarvaa maate teno upyog curry shakaay chhe. lomak keyboardni rachnaa newzealandma khaas kareene viklang vyakteeo maate karvaamaa aavee hatee. worled wide web consortiume viklang vyakteeo maate web sulbhataa maate aantarrashtriy dhoranoni jaruriyaatne maanyata aapee aneey web sulbhataa pahel (vee. aee. aaee.) banaavi. december 2012 mujab dhoran doubleu. keey. aee. jee. 2 (doubleu. keey. jee. = web samagri sulbhataa margdarshika) chhe. saamaajik model. apangataanu saamaajik model "apangataane" saamaajik reete sarjai samasya aneey samajma vyaktionaa sampoorn ekikaranni baabat tareeke juae chhe. aaa modelmaan, apangata aee vyaktinu laxan nathee, parantu saamaajik vatavaran dwara banavvama aaveli paristhitiono jatil sangrah chhe. samsyaanaa vyavsthaapan maate saamaajik kaaryvaahini jaroor chhe aneey aek aevo samaaj banaavvo aee samajni saamuhik javabdari chhe jemaa viklang loko maate maryadao nyuntam hoya. apangata aee sarjanmaa saanskrutik aneey vaichaarik banne chhe. saamaajik model anusaar, kshatee/apangata dharaavati vyaktee maate samaan pahonch aee manvadhikarni chinta chhe. apangataanu saamaajik model tikaano saamno curry rahyu chhe. samajni javabdari parr bhaar mukvaamaa saamaajik model dwara bhajavvama aavela mahatvane maanyata aaptee vakhate, tooma shakespeare saheetnaa vidhyano, modelnee maryadao taraf dhyaan dore chhe aneey navaa modelnee jaruriyaatne aagrah karey chhe jeey "tabibi wii. saamaajik "dwibhajan". aaa modelnee maryadaono arth aee chhe keey ghanivaar viklang vyakteeo jeey mahatvapurn sevaao aneey maahiteeno saamno karey chhe teey saraltathi uplabdh hotee nathee, ghanivaar temne teko aapvama maryadit aarthik valtarne kaarane. ketlaak loko kahe chhe keey tabibi manavta aee aek faldayi kshetra chhe jyaan tabibi aneey saamaajik vikalaangtaanaa model vachchenu antar ghataadi shakaay chhe. saamaajik nirmaan. apangataanu saamaajik nirmaan aee vichaar chhe keey apangataanu nirmaan jaivik tafavatone badale saamaajik apekshao aneey sansthao dwara thaay chhe. samaaj aneey sansthao dwara vikalaangataanu nirmaan karvaanee reetone prakashit karvee aee aaa vichaarnaa mukhya kendromaanu aek chhe. aee jaj reete jaatee aneey ling jaivik reete nishchit nathee, naa too apangata chhe. chhe daaykaani sharuaatmaa, samajshastrio, khaas kareene eliot friedsne aevee daleel karvaanu sharoo karyoo keey labling siddhaant aneey saamaajik vichalanne apangata abhyaso parr laagu curry shakaay chhe. aaa apangata siddhaantnaa saamaajik nirmanni rachnaa taraf doree gayoo. apangataanu saamaajik nirmaan aee vichaar chhe keey apangataanu nirmaan dhoranthi vichalannaa saamaajik pratibhaav tareeke thaay chhe. tabibi udhyog aee beemar aneey viklang saamaajik bhoomikano nirmata chhe. tabibi vyaavsaayiko aneey sansthao, jeo aarogya parr nipunta dharaave chhe, teo aarogya aneey shaaririk aneey mansik dhoranone vyakhyayit karvaanee kshamata dharaave chhe. jyaare koee vyaktimaa aevu laxan hoya jeey swaasthyani saamaajik vyakhya sudhee pahonchvaamaa kshatee, pratibandh athavaa maryada pedaa karey chhe, tyaare vyakteene viklang tareeke label karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa vichaar hethal, apangataane shareernaa bhauteek lakshano dwara vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavtee nathee, parantu aarogyana saamaajik paramparamathi vichalan dwara vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe. apangataani saamaajik rachnaa aevee daleel karashe keey apangataana drashtikonnu tabibi model keey apangataane kshatee, pratibandh athavaa maryada chhe teey khotu chhe. tenaa badale jene apangata tareeke jovama aave chhe teey samajma "saamanya" ganvaamaa aave chhe tenaathi vyaktimaa maatra aek tafaavat chhe. paribhasha. loko-pratham bhaasha. loko-pratham bhaasha aee apangata vishe vaat karvaanee aek reet chhe jeey ketlaak loko pasand karey chhe. loko-pratham bhashano upyog karvaathi vyakteene apangata pahelaa mukvaamaa aave chhe. jeey loko lokonee pratham bhashane pasand karey chhe, teo "viklang vyaktee" tareeke odakhaavaanu pasand karashe. aaa shailee vikalaangtaanaa adheekaro parnaa mukhya kayadama pratibimbit thaay chhe, jemaa vikalaangtaanaa adheekaro parr american adhiniyam aneey viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parr yuen sammelanno samaavesh thaay chhe. "delaware university khaate "magajno lakvoh sambhaal maateni margdarshika" lokonee pratham bhashanu varnan karey chheh yukemaa loko-pratham paribhashano upyog "viklang loko" (jaim keey "drashtibadhit loko") naa swarupma thaay chhe. jooe keey, yukemaa, odakh-pratham bhashane saamanya reete loko-pratham bhaasha karataa pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. loko-pratham paribhashana upyogthi viklang (athavaa apang) vyaktee (athavaa loko) noow sandarbh aapvaa maate tunkakshar piedbludyno upyog thayo chhe. jooe keey anya vyakteeo aneey jutho odakh-pratham bhashane pasand karey chhe, jeey aee vaat parr bhaar mooke chhe keey apangata lokonee odakhne kevee reete assar curry shake chhe. viveedh desho, jutho aneey vyakteeo vachche kaee bhashano upyog karvaamaa aave chhe teey alag alag hoya chhe. odakh-pratham bhaasha. odakh-pratham bhaasha vyakteene "viklang" tareeke varnave chhe. ketlaak loko aaney pasand karey chhe aneey daleel karey chhe keey aaa vikalaangtaanaa saamaajik modelne loko-pratham bhaasha karataa vadhu saaree reete bandhbese chhe, kaaran keey teey bhaarpurvak janaave chhe keey vyaktee temnaa shareer dwara nahee, parantu aek aevee dunia dwara viklang chhe jeey temne samavati nathee. aaa yukemaa khaas kareene saachu chhe, jyaan saamaajik model hethal aevee daleel karvaamaa aave chhe keey jyaare koinee kshatee (udaaharan tareeke, karodrajjuni ijaa) aee vyaktigat meelkat chhe, tyaare "apangata" aee baahy saamaajik pareebalo jaim keey sulbhataanaa abhaav dwara banavvama aaveli vastu chhe. vikalaangataani vyaktigat sampatti aneey vikalaangataani saamaajik sampatti vachcheno aaa tafaavat saamaajik modelnaa kendramaa chhe. viklang loko" shabdno raajkeey rachnaa tareeke viklang lokonee aantarrashtriy sansthao, jaim keey viklang lokonee aantarrashtriy sansthao dwara pann vyaapakpane upyog thaay chhe. odakh-pratham bhashano upyog loko odakh aneey vividhtaanaa anya paasao vishe kevee reete vaat karey chhe tenee pann samaantar chhe. udaaharan tareekeh tevee jaj reete, yuu. aesa. maan bahera samudaayo.aesa. lokone nakaari kaadho-odakhnee tarfenma pratham bhaasha-pratham bhaasha. bhaasha, yuu. aesa. association ona hier aejucation anned disability (aagad) aee temnee saamagreema odakh-pratham bhashano upyog karvaanaa temnaa nirnayni jaaherat curry, samjavineh "odakh-pratham bhaasha akshamtaano seedho daavo kareene nakaaraatmak arthone padkaare chhe. odakh-pratham bhaasha aee vividhtaano sandarbh aape chhe jeey aapana shareer aneey magaj astitvamaa chhe teey asankhya paristhitio saathe kevee reete kaary karey chhe, aneey koine aksham karvaamaa aprapya athavaa damankari pranaalio, maalkhaao athavaa vatavaranni bhoomika chhe." adrashya akshamtaa. adrashya akshamtao, jene chhupayeli akshamtao athavaa biin-drashyamaan akshamtao (nvd) tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey akshamtao chhe jeey tarat jaj spasht athavaa joee shakaati nathee. teey ghanivaar laambi bimaareeo aneey paristhitio chhe jeey rojinda jeevanni saamanya pravruttione nondhpaatra reete nuksan pahonchaade chhe. adrashya akshamtao vyaktinaa shaalaae javaana, kaama karvaanaa, saamaajik banvaanaa aneey vadhunaa prayatnomaa avrodh oobho curry shake chhe. adrashya akshamtaanaa ketlaak udaharanoma bauddhik akshamtaa, autism spectrum disorder, dhyanni unap hyperactivity disorder, mansik vikruteeo, asthamaa, vaai, allergy, aadhashishi, sandhiva aneey chronic thaak syndromeno samaavesh thaay chhe. mansik bimaareenu nidan karnaraoma berojgaarinaa unchaa darmaa rojgaar bhedbhaav nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajve chhe. episodic apangata. sandhiva, dhvidhruvi vikaar, aech. aaee. vee. athavaa multiple sclerosis jevee swaasthyani sthitee dharaavtaa lokomaa beemarina episode vachche sukhakarino samaygaalo hoya chhe. beemarina episode darmiyan lokonee kaama jevaa saamanya kaaryo karvaanee kshamata, avaaranvaar hoi shake chhe. apangata sakriyataa. apangata aneey viklang lokonee charcha karatee vakhate, apangata sakriyataane kaarane jaj yogya bhashama sudhaaro thayo chhe. udaaharan tareeke, 'manda' naa tabibi vargikaranne tenee nakaaraatmak asarone kaarane avganvama aavyu chhe. vadhumaa, apangata sakriyataane kaarane viklang loko dwara apmanjanak bhashane fareethi praapt karvaamaa aavee chhe. mairs (1986) aee samjaavyu keey kevee reete viklang loko potaane 'apang' tareeke varnavaanu pasand curry shake chhe. aaa aashcharyajanak laage chhe keey teo potaanu varnan karvaa maate, apangata saathe sankalaayelee rudhichust nakaaraatmak bhashano upyog curry rahyaa chhe; jooe keey teno hetu tabibi vyaavsaayiko pasethi 'viklang odakh' neey punahpraapt karvaano aneey tene viklang lokonee pasandagini bhaasha saathe fareethi gothavvaano chhe. upar darshaavel bhashanu punsthaapan saamaajik modelmaan potaane sthaan aape chhe, kaaran keey teey darshaave chhe keey aek samaaj tareeke aapane kevee reete vibhavnao aneey vikalaangataani dhaarnaaonu nirmaan kareeae chhiae.viklang karykartaoae neechena muddaao taraf dhyaan doryu chheh adheekaro aneey niteeo. adhikaar chalval. viklang adhikaar chalvalno udesh viklang loko maate samaan tako aneey samaan adheekaro suraksheet karvaano chhe. aaa chalvalna chokkas lakshyanko aneey maanganeeo parivahan, sthapatya aneey bhauteek paryavaranma sulbhataa aneey salaamati; swatantra jeevan, rojgaar, shikshan aneey aavasma samaan tako; aneey durupyog, upeksha aneey dardionaa adhikaaronaa ullanghanthi muktee chhe. aaa tako aneey adhikaarone suraksheet karvaa maate asarkarak nagrik adhikaar kaayado ghadvama aave chhe. praarambhik apangata adhikaar chalvalma vikalaangtaanaa tabibi modelnu prabhutva hatoo, jyaan viklang lokone saajaa karvaa athavaa saarvaar parr bhaar mukvaamaa aavyo hato jethee teo saamaajik dhoranonu paalan curry shake, parantu parantu daaykaani sharuaatthi, adhikaar juthoae vikalaangtaanaa saamaajik model taraf sthalaantar karvaanu sharoo karyoo, jyaan vikalaangataane bhedbhavna mudda tareeke arthghatan karvaamaa aave chhe, jenaathi adhikaar jutho maate kaanuni maadhyamo dwara samaantaa praapt karvaano maarg mokalo thaay chhe. bhutpurv soviyet sanghnaa prajasattakma apangataana muddaao aneey sulbhataa maateni himayat neetee ghadtarma vadhu sangathit aneey prabhavshali bunny chhe. apangata nyaay chalval. apangata adhikaar chalvalmathi vikasatee vikalaangtaa nyaay chalval chhe, jeno udesh kaayadaakiy parivartan aneey paramparagat nagrik adhikaarone prathmikta aapvana virodhmaa saamuhik mukteene prathmikta aapeene viklang lokonaa jeevanma sudhaaro karvaano chhe. aaa maalakhu, jene apangata adhikaaronu "beeju moju" kahevama aave chhe, teey damanni ghanee pranalioni tapaas karvaa maange chhe jeey sakshamtaavaad, aavaa sansthaanvaad, shvet varchsva aneey vijateey-deshbhakt mudivaad saathe jodaayelee chhe. disability justice" shabd shabd lgbtq viklang maheelao, miyaa mingus, patricia burn aneey stacy milburn dwara banavvama aavyo hato, jemane mukhya pravaahnaa disability adheekaro karataa aantarchhed parr vadhu bhaar mukvani saathe saksham veerodhi chalval oobhi karvaanee maang curry hatee, kaaran keey kendramaa hansiyama dhakelaayela avaajo. temnaa jooth, apangata nyaay saamuhikma sebestian margareta, leroy aef. jevaa nondhpaatra apangata kaarykartaaono pann samaavesh thato hato. moor juniyar.teo temnee kaveeta aneey crip hoopa chalvalni sthaapnaa maate jaanita chhe, aneey aelee clair, jeey apangata abhyasma bodymind khyaalne lokpreey banaavvaa maate jaanita chhe. viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parnoo sammelan. 13 december, december roj, sanyukt raashtro aupcharik reete viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parnaa sammelan parr sammat thayaa, jeey jeey sadeeni pratham manvadhikar sandhee chhe, jeey vishvanaa andaje 650 million viklang lokonaa adheekaro aneey takone suraksheet karvaa aneey vadhaarvaa maate chhe. 182 deshoae aaa sammelanmaa jodaavaane bahaali aapee chhe athavaa sweekaar karyo chhe. jeey desho aaa sammelan parr hastakshar karey chhe temane raashtriy kaayada apnaavvaa aneey vruddhone door karvaa jaroori chhe, jethee viklang vyaktione shikshan, rojgaar aneey saanskrutik jeevannaa samaan adheekaro malashe; meelkatni maliki aneey vaarsaano adhikaar; lagna vageremaa bhedbhaav naa karvo.aneey tabibi prayogomaa anichchha dharaavtaa vishhayo naa banvu. manvadhikar uchchayukt saheet unna adheekarioae aaa beelne saamaajik modelne anuroop apangataana vadhu adhikaar-aadharit drashtikon tarafnaa valanmaa aek aadarsh parivartannu pratinidhitva karey chhe. viklang vyaktionun aantarrashtriy varsh. varsh sanyukt rashtroae viklang vyakteeo maate tenaa aantarrashtriy varsh (1981) maate aayojan karvaanu sharoo karyoo, jenu naam paachhalthi aantarrashtriy viklang varsh rakhvama aavyu. viklang vyaktionaa yuen daykama (1983-1993) viklang vyakteeo sambandhit kaaryvaahino vishva kaarykram darshavvama aavyo hato. hato, aaee. aaee. dii. dii aayojanma koipan deshnu pratinidhitva karatee ekmatra viklang vyaktee frank boow hatee. aaje, ghanaa deshoae aevaa pratinidhiona naam leedha chhe jeo pote viklang vyakteeo chhe. aaa daaykaano anta roobert devilla dwara saamanya sabhaa samaksh aek sambodhanmaa karvaamaa aavyo hato. boow aneey devila banne bahera chhe. chhe unesco bahera baadako aneey yuvanona shikshanma upyog maate saanketeek bhashane sweekari hatee. bhutpurv soviyet sanghnaa prajasattakoma niteeo. yuen prograams aneey osc aee deshomaa neetee aneey kaarykramone sanrekheet karvaa maate kaama karey chhe jeey bhutpurv soveeyat unionno bhaag hataa aneey viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parnaa sammelan saathe. raajkeey muddaao. vikaseet aneey ketlaak vikasshil deshomaa raajkeey adheekaro, saamaajik samaavesh aneey nagrikta saame aavee chhe. viklang loko jeevannaa tamaam kshetroma samajma bhaag laee shake aneey yogdaan aapee shake teey sunishchit karvaa maate asarkarak reeto shodhvaa maate aashrit viklang lokonee jalvanina katheet kharch visheni charcha chintani bahaar neekali gaee chhe. vikasshil deshomaa, jyaan andaje 650 million viklang lokomathi motaa bhagno hisso rahe chhe, tyaan sulbhataa aneey shikshanthi maandine swa-sashaktikaran, swa-sahayak rojgaar aneey tenaathi aagalni chintaaone door karvaa maate ghanoo kaama karvaanee jaroor chhe. chhella ketlaak varshomaa, divyang adhikaar karykartaoae viklang loko maate sampoorn nagrikta melavaa parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo chhe. ketlaak deshomaa sampoorn rojgaar melavaamaa avrodho chhe; viklang loko visheni jaaher dhaarnaa alag alag hoi shake chhe. durupyog. apangata durupyog tyaare thaay chhe jyaare koee vyaktee viklang vyakteene kaarane shaaririk, aarthik, maukheek athavaa mansik reete durvyavhaar karvaamaa aave chhe. ghanee akshamtao dekhaati nathee (udaaharan tareeke, asthamaa, shikhvani akshamtaa) ketlaak durupyogkartaao samajan, samarthan vagereni jaruriyaat saathe biin-shaaririk akshamtaane tarksangat banaavi shaktaa nathee. jaim jaim vikalaangataano vyaap aneey saamanya reete tabibi pragatee aneey laambaa aayushya saathe vikalaangataane teko aapvaano kharch vadhe chhe, tema tema samajnu aaa paasu vadhu raajkeey mahatv dharaave chhe. raajkeey paksho temnaa viklang matdaaro saathe kevee reete varte chhe teey raajkeey pakshnee apangata visheni samajannu maap bunny shake chhe, khaas kareene vikalaangtaanaa saamaajik modelmaan. veemo. apangata laabh athavaa apangata pension aee aek mukhya prakaarno apangata veemo chhe jeey sarkari agencyo dwara aevaa lokone aapvama aave chhe jeo vikalaangataane kaarane kaamchalaau athavaa kaayamee dhorane kaama karvaamaa asamarth hoya. yuu. maan.aesa.apangata laabh purak suraksha aavaknee shreneema aapvama aave chhe. kenedama, teey keneda pension yojnaamaa chhe. anya deshomaa, saamaajik suraksha pranaalio hethal apangata laabho puuraa padvama aavee shake chhe. pashchimi deshomaa, mukhyatve europe aneey united statesma, apangata pensionno kharch satat vadhee rahyo chhe. aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey, yukemaa, apangata pension parno kharch kharch coole sthaaneek utpaadan (jee. dii. pii.) maan 0.9 takaa hato; beey daaykaa pachhi teey jee. dii. pii. naa 2.6 takaa sudhee pahonchi gayo hato. ketlaak abhyasoae beemarine kaarane kaammathi gerhajarimaa vadhaaro aneey bhavishyamaa apangata pensionnu jokham vadhvaa vachcheno sambandh darshaavyo chhe. denmarkma sanshodhako dwara karvaamaa aavela aek abhyasma suchavvama aavyu chhe keey mandgine kaarane gerhajarina swa-ahevalit divasoni maahiteeno upyog apangata pension maate bhaavi sambhaveet juthone asarkarak reete odakhvaa maate thaee shake chhe. aaa abhyaso neetee ghadvaiyao, cases management authorities, nokaridatao aneey chikitsako maate upyogi maahitee pradaan curry shake chhe. switzerlandma, chhella beey daykama apangataana kshetramaa saamaajik niteeone aapvama aavtaa bhaththaani sankhyama ghataado kareene aneey vyaavsaayik punarvasannaa pagalaanno aasharo vadhaarine nondhpaatra reete punahruparekhankit karvaamaa aavee chhe. swis disability insurance dwara sthaapit karykramoma saamel vyakteeo saathe haath dharvaamaa aavela interviewmaa, aek abhyaas temnee anishchitataa aneey samajma temnaa sthaanne lagatee chintaao temaj disability insurancenaa hastkshepo pratyeni temnee pratikriyaao parr prakaash paade chhe. khangi, nafakarak apangata veemo viklang lokone aavak puurii padvama bhoomika bhajve chhe, parantu rashtriyakrut kaarykramo aee salamatini jaal chhe jeey motabhagna daavedaarone pakade chhe. rojgaar. abhyasoae apangata aneey garibi vachcheno sambandh darshaavyo chhe. khaas kareene, viklang lokone aapvama aavtee nokareeo durlabh chhe. marta russel nondhe chhe keey "viklang vyakteeo (jeo rahethaan saathe kaama curry shake chhe) parr atyachar maateno praathmeek aadhaar vetan majuro tareeke shoshanmathi temne bakaat raakhvaano chhe." bauddhik akshamtaa. ghanaa deshomaa aevaa kaarykramo chhe jeey bauddhik reete viklang (id) lokone kaarybalma jaroori kushalataa praapt karvaamaa madad karey chhe. aavaa karykramoma aashray karyshalao aneey pukht vayanaa lokonee sambhaal kaarykramono samaavesh thaay chhe. aashray karykramoma bagkam, utpaadan aneey assembling jevee divasnaa samaynee pravruttiono samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa pravruttio niyameet-lakshi kaaryone saral banaave chhe jeey badalaama aaee. dii. lokone kaarybalma praveshtaa pahelaa anoobhav melavani manjuri aape chhe. tevee jaj reete, pukht vayanaa lokonee divas sambhaal karykramoma divasnaa samaynee pravruttiono pann samaavesh thaay chhe. jooe keey, aaa pravruttio shaikshanik vatavaranma aadharit chhe jyaan loko shaikshanik, shaaririk aneey sanchaar aadharit kaaryoma jodava maate saksham hoya chhe jeey sanchaar, smrutee aneey saamanya jeevan kaushalyane saral banavvama madad karey chhe. vadhumaa, pukht vayanaa lokonee dainik sambhaal kaarykramo jaaher sthaloni filled trips sunishchit kareene saamudaayik pravruttionu aayojan karey chhe (daa. taa.jee. pranisangrahalayo aneey movie theatro). kaarybalma praveshtaa pahelaa bauddhik reete viklang loko maate aavashyak kushalataa pradaan kartaa banne kaarykramo hovaa chhataa, sanshodhakoae shodhee kaadhyu chhe keey odakh dharaavtaa loko samudaay-sankaleet rojgaar saathe sankalaayela rahevaanu pasand karey chhe. graahak sevaa, karkun, chokidaar, aatithya aneey utpaadan hoddaao sudhinaa viveedh vyavsaayomaa laghutam athavaa vadhu vetan parr samudaay-sankaleet rojgaarni tako lokone aapvama aave chhe. id karmchaareeo viklang karmchaareeo saathe kaama karey chhe jeo temne taalimma madad karvaamaa saksham hoya chhe. traney vikalpo bauddhik reete viklang lokone rojinda jeevan maate mahatvapurn saamaajik kushalataa vikasavva aneey teno upyog karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. jooe keey, lindstrom aeta all anusaar, teey khataripurvak nathee keey odakhnaa karmcharione odakh vagarnaa karmchaareeo jevee jaj saarvaar maley chhe.samudaay-sankaleet karmcharione pagaravdharani shakyata ochhi hoya chhe aneey maatra 26 takaa jaj purn-samayno darajjo jaalvi shake chhe. stheer kaaryabal shodhvu vadharana padkaaro ubhaa karey chhe. journal off applied research ina intellectual disability" maan prakashit thayela aek abhyasma suchavvama aavyu chhe keey nokri shodhvi mushkel hoi shake chhe, tema chhataa nokareene stheer karvee vadhu mushkel chhe. chedse-rushe prastaav mookyo hato keey odakh dharaavtaa loko maate rojgaar melavaamaa puratee utpaadan kushalataa aneey asarkarak saamaajik kushalataa jaroori chhe. nokri gumavvana anya antargat pareebaloma malkhakiy pareebalo aneey kaamdaar-karysthalna ekikaranno samaavesh thaay chhe. killsby janaavya mujab, maryadit malkhakiy pareebalo nokarimaa ghanaa pareebalone assar curry shake chhe, jaim keey maryadit sankhyama kalaako keey jeey odakh vyakteene kaama karvaanee manjuri chhe. aaa badalaama, fabian aeta all anusaar., sahkarykaro saathe sambandho vikasavva athavaa kaarysthale vadhu saaree reete aekeekrut thavaani takno abhaav taraf doree jaay chhe. tema chhataa, jeo nokareene stheer karvaamaa asamarth hoya chhe teo ghanivaar nirash thaee jaay chhe. zareed dwara haath dharaayela aaa jaj abhyaas anusaar, bhaag lenara ghanaa lokoae shodhee kaadhyu hatoo keey teo temnaa sahkarykaroni sarkhaamanimaa ochhi aavak kamaata hataa, temnaa divaso darmiyan temnee paase vadhu samay hato, kaaran keey temnee paase kaama nahotu. temne nirasha aneey nishfaltani laagani pann hatee. yuu anusaar.aesa. apangata parnee raashtriy sanstha, maatra aaee. dii. loko satat niraashaano saamno kartaa nathee, parantu ghanaa loko garibi rekhaa neeche jeeve chhe, kaaran keey teo rojgaar shodhvaa athavaa stheer karvaamaa asamarth chhe aneey karmchaarionaa aaee. dii. kaamdaaro parr mukvaamaa aavela pareebalone maryadit karvaane kaarane. aaa lokone khoraak, tabibi sambhaal, parivahan aneey aavaas jevee mulbhoot jaruriyaato saheet potaanu bharanposhan karvaamaa asamarth banaave chhe. garibi. kaama karvaanee umarnaa viklang loko maate gareebeeno darr viklang loko kartaa lagbhag dodhh gano vadhaare chhe. apangata aneey garibi aek dusht vartool banaavi shake chhe, jemaa shaaririk avrodho aneey vikalaangtaanaa kalankthi aavak melavvi vadhu mushkel baney chhe, jeey badalaama tandurast jeevan maate aarogya sambhaal aneey anya jaruriyaatoni pahonch ghataade chhe. raajy dwara bhandol purun padvama aavel aarogya aneey saamaajik sevaao vinaanaa samajoma, apangata saathe jivavaa maate davaa aneey vaaramvaar aarogya sambhaalni mulakato, gharnee andarni vyaktigat sahaay, aneey anukulansheel upkarano aneey kapadaa parr kharchnee jaroor puddy shake chhe, saathe saathe jeevannaa saamanya kharchnee pann jaroor puddy shake chhe. apangata parno vishva ahewal soochave chhe keey tamaam viklang lokomathi adadhaa loko aarogya sambhaal parvadi shake tema nathee, jyaare keey trija bhaagnaa viklang loko. viklang pukht vayanaa loko maate jaaher sevaao vinaanaa deshomaa, temnaa parivaaro garib bunny shake chhe. aapattio. sanshodhannu gyaan maryadit chhe, parantu jyaare aapattio viklang lokone assar karey chhe tyaare shun thaay chhe tenaa parr ghanaa tuchka ahevaalo chhe. viklang vyakteeo aapttiothi khoob prabhaavit thaay chhe. jooe sahaay uplabdh naa hoya too shaaririk viklang loko sthalaantar karatee vakhate jokhamma hoi shake chhe. gnyanatmak kshateeo dharaavati vyakteeo samjavani soochnaao saathe sangharsh curry shake chhe jenu aapatti thavaani sthitima paalan karavu aavashyak chhe. aaa tamaam pareebalo viklang vyakteeo saathe aapatti paristhitiomaa jokhamnaa vividhtaanaa pramanne vadhaari shake chhe. sanshodhan abhyasoma aapatti chakrana tamaam tabakkao darmiyan viklang vyakteeo saame satat bhedbhaav jovaa malyo chhe. sauthee saamanya maryada aee chhe keey loko bhauteek reete imaarato athavaa parivahanno upyog curry shaktaa nathee, temaj aapatti sambandhit sevaaono upyog curry shaktaa nathee. aaa vyaktione bakaat raakhvaanu kaaran aansheek reete katokatinaa aayojako aneey aapatti raahat karmcharione apaati apangata sambandhit taalimno abhaav chhe. samajma apangata. vruddhaavasthaa. amuk anshe, shaaririk kshateeo aneey badalaati mansik sthiteeo loko jaim jaim ummar karey chhe tema tema lagbhag sarvyaapak reete anubhavaay chhe. vruddh vasteene ghanivaar apangataana uchch vyaap maate kalankeet karvaamaa aave chhe. kathleen woodward, "apangata abhyaas maatena mukhya shabdo" maan lakheene, aaa ghatanaane neeche mujab samjaave chheh narivadi, vichitra, crip" maan, ellison kaafere vruddhatva aneey tenee saathe sankalaayelee chintaano ullekh karyo chhe. kaafarnaa janaavya anusaar, aaa chinta samanyatana vicharomathi udbhave chhe. teey kahe chheh saamaajik dhorano. aevaa sandarbhomaa keey jyaan temnaa tafavto dekhaay chhe, viklang vyaktione ghanivaar kalankno saamno karvo padey chhe. loko ghanivaar viklang haajari parr bhay, dayaa, aashray, ghusankhori, tiraskar athavaa avgannaa saathe pratikriyaa aape chhe. aaa pratikriyaao, aneey ghanivaar, aaa jagyaao pradaan karey chhe teey laabho aneey sansadhno saathe viklang vyaktione saamaajik jagyaao sudhee pahonchvaathi bakaat raakhi shake chhe. viklang lekhak/sanshodhak jenee morris varnave chhe keey viklang vyaktione hansiyama dhakelava maate kalank kevee reete kaary karey chheh vadhumaa, kalankno saamno karvo aee kalankeet vyaktini mano-bhavnatmak sukhaakaareene nuksan pahonchaadi shake chhe. viklang vyaktionaa mano-bhavnatmak svaasthya parr pratikool assar thavaani aek reet aee chhe keey teo jeey damanno anoobhav karey chhe tenaa aantarikakaran dwara, jeey laagani taraf doree shake chhe keey teo nabalaa, unmatt, nakaama athavaa anya koipan nakaaraatmak lakshano chhe jeey temnee paristhitio saathe sankalaayela hoi shake chhe. damannu aantarikakaran asargrast vyaktinaa aatmasanmanne nuksan pahonchaade chhe aneey temnaa vartanne aevee reete aakaar aape chhe jeey koee sveekrut apangata vinaanaa lokonaa varchasvane anuroop hoya. jyaare viklang loko aneey temnee aaspasna loko aneey sansthao dwara temnaa viklang tafavatne chhupavva aneey ochho karvaa maate dabaan karvaamaa aave chhe, athavaa, "paas" thaay chhe tyaare saksham vichaaro vaaramvaar aantarik baney chhe. lekhak simee lynton anusaar, pasaar thavaani kriyaa viklang vyaktione samudaay, chinta aneey aatm-shankana nukasaanno anoobhav karaave chhe. media apangata saathe sankalaayel kalank banaavvaa aneey tene majboot karvaamaa nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajve chhe. vikalaangtaanaa media chitranma saamanya reete vikalaangoni haajareene motaa pramanma samajma seemant tareeke darshavvama aave chhe. aaa chitro aek saathe viklang tafavatni lokpreey dhaarnaane pratibimbit karey chhe aneey prabhaavit karey chhe. tropes. viklang haajarinu pratinidhitva karvaa maate media vaaramvaar alag alag vyooharachanaaono upyog karey chhe. apangataane ghadvani aaa saamanya reeto amanviy hovaa aneey viklang vyaktionaa drashtikonone mahatv aapvama nishfal rahevaa badal bhaare teeka karvaamaa aave chhe. jaim keey apangata siddhantvadi aneey retarician jeey tii. dolmage, saksham media trop viklang loko visheni samajni dantkathaaone pratibimbit curry shake chhe aneey tene takaavi raakhi shake chhe. prernaa porn. prernaa porn aee viklang vyaktionaa chitranno sandarbh aape chhe jemaa temne maatra etalaa maate prernadayak tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe kaaran keey teey vyaktee viklang chhe. aaa chitroni teeka karvaamaa aave chhe kaaran keey teey darshavvama aavela vyaktini sarkhaamanimaa koee sveekrut apangata vinaanaa darshakone potaane vishe vadhu saaru anoobhav karavvana hetuthi banavvama aavyaa chhe. viklang vyaktioni maanavtaane odakhavaane badale, prernaa porn temne koee sveekrut apangata vinaanaa prexako maate prernana padarthoma ferave chhe. supercrip. supercrip trope aevaa udaaharanono ullekh karey chhe jyaare media aevaa viklang vyaktee parr ahewal aape chhe athavaa chitrit karey chhe jene nondhpaatra seeddhi haansal curry chhe parantu temane kharekhar shun karyoo tenaa badale temnee apangata parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. samaan athavaa samaan paristhitio dharaavtaa anya lokonee sarkhaamanimaa temne asadharan hovaa maate vismaykarak tareeke darshavvama aavyaa chhe. aaa tropno upyog viklang ramatvironaa ahevaalmaa temaj autistic saventsna chitranma vyaapakpane thaay chhe. ghanaa viklang loko aaa rajuaatne lokone sampoorn loko tareeke jovaane badale temnee sthiteene ghataadati hovaanu kaheene vakhode chhe. vadhumaa, supercrip chitranni avastavik apeksha banaavvaa maate teeka karvaamaa aave chhe keey apangata saathe amuk prakaarnee vishesh pratibha, pratibha athavaa aantardrushti hovi joiae. midiyaamaa aaa tropnaa udaharanoma doow. saaraa doctor, chamatkaarni bahaduri aneey anya loko tarafthi shaun murphy. viklang khalnayak. kaalpaneek kathaama aevaa paatro keey jeey katheet saamaajik dhoranothi alag shaaririk athavaa mansik chihno dharaave chhe, temne vaaramvaar lakhaanmaa khalnayak tareeke sthaan aapvama aave chhe. lindsay roow-hayweld aaa muddaanu vadhu vishleshan sharoo karvaa maate vidhyarthione shikhvavani reeto shhare karey chhe. viklang loko aneey saksham bahumatee vachchena drashyamaan tafavto prexakoma bhay pedaa karvaa maate chhe jeey viklang lokonee maansiktaane vyaktigat athavaa jaaher heeto aneey sukhaakaari maate khataro hovani maansiktaane takaavi shake chhe. apangata ghatee. disability drop" trope tyaare thaay chhe jyaare manvama aavtu viklang paatra banaavati, sushobhit athavaa anyatha temnee daavo karelee apangataane moort swaroop aaptu naa hovaanu jaaher thaay chhe. jeey dolmage filmmaan cavin spacina paatra, maukheek kint, "saamanya shankaspad" neey aanaa udaaharan tareeke rajoo karey chhe, aneey aaa prakaarnaa nirupan viklang loko pratye saksham-shaaririk samajna avishvasne pratibimbit curry shake chhe. vadhumaa, paatrani biin-akshamtaani aaa chhatee ghanivaar vaartaana varnaatmak parakashtha tareeke kaama karey chhe, aneey vaartaama sangharshnaa strot tareeke apangataano upyog, varnaatmak avrodh, athavaa lakshaniktana upkaran anya apangata abhyasna vidhyanona "varnaatmak krutrimataa" naa siddhaant saathe sanrekheet thaay chhe, jeey shabd david tii dwara rachvaamaa aavyo hato. mishel aneey sheron snider. viklang pidit. anya aek vaaramvaarni ghatnaa aee chhe keey jyaare apang vyaktee kangaal athavaa asahaay hovaanu manvama aave chhe. notre demnaa kwasimodo, haathinaa maanasna john merrick, natalna gitanaa naana samay aneey lokone "bhog banelaa" athavaa "pidito" tareeke odakhaavtaa samachar prasaaran pann aaa rudhiprayognaa ketlaak udaaharano chhe. kaayam nirdosh. feelmoma viklang paatrone vaaramvaar swargadoot athavaa balish tareeke darshavvama aave chhe. aaa feelmoma 'raine meena' (1988), 'forrest gump' (1994) aneey 'aaee aema same' (2001) noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey tamaam uttam udaaharano chhe. apangata dharaavati nirdosh aneey premaal vyaktee ghanivaar temnaa "saamanya" pukht saathioni apuratitaao taraf dhyaan dore chhe, jeey temne moksh praapt karvaamaa madad karey chhe. anya tamaamni jaim, aaa rudhiprayog aashray aaptee dhaarnaaone takaavi raakhe chhe jeey fakt khotee chhe aneey tethee nuksaankaarak chhe. jyaare keey tyaan ghanaa vikalaangtaanaa pravaaho chhe, tyaare apangata saundarya shaastr qalaa aneey madhyamoma viklang shareernu sachot chitran kareene temne door karvaano prayaas karey chhe. swa-samarthan. ketlaak viklang lokoae tabibi modelnee viruddhma saamaajik modelnaa upyog dwara hansiyama dhakelai javaano pratikaar karvaano prayaas karyo chhe; temnaa shareer aneey kshatiothi tikaane door karvaanaa hetu saathe aneey temnaa saksham saathioni tulnaamaa temnaa parr julam karatee saamaajik sansthao taraf. sulbhataano abhaav, midiyaamaa nabalu pratinidhitva, saamanya anaadar aneey maanyataano abhaav jevee ghanee fariyaadonu nivaaran karvaanee maang karatee apangata sakriyataani sharuaat saamaajik model malkhamathi thaay chhe. apangata sanskruti' noon sarjan vyaapak samajma kalanknaa saheeyara anubhavmathi udbhave chhe. viklang samudayoma saamel thaine aneey apangata sanskrutima bhaag laeene apangataane sakaratmak odakh tareeke sweekarvi aee aantarik purvgrahno saamno karvaanee asarkarak reet hoi shake chhe; aneey apangata vishenaa prabhavshali varnanone padkaar aapee shake chhe. aantarchhed. viklang lokoae saamaajik sansthaoma jeey anoobhavo karvaa padey chhe teey teo anya saamaajik vargomaa kayaa vargnaa hoi shake chhe tenaa kaary tareeke motaa pramanma badalaay chhe. udaaharan tareeke, viklang purush aneey viklang stree vikalaangataano alag reete anoobhav karey chhe. aaa aantarchhedni vibhavna saathe vaat karey chhe, jeey samjaave chhe keey vyaktini odakhnaa viveedh paasao (jaim keey temnu ling, jaatee, jatiyata, dharm athavaa saamaajik varg) aekbeeja saathe jodaay chhe aneey daman aneey visheshadhikarna ananya anoobhavo pedaa karey chhe. viklang vyaktionaa adheekaro parnoo sanyukt raashtranu sammelan beey prakaarnaa vikalaangtaanaa aantarchhedne alag paade chheh jaatee-vikalaangataanu aantarchhedan aneey ling-vikalaangataanu aantarchhedan. jooe keey, ghanaa vadhu aantarchhedo astitva dharaave chhe. darek vyaktee dwara apangataane alag reete vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe; teey drashyamaan athavaa adrashya hoi shake chhe, aneey bahuveedh aantarchhedo ghanivaar odakhnee shreneeone overlapping karvaathi udbhave chhe. reesa. rooga abhyasna vaishvik bojnaa vyavsthit vishleshan anusaar, vishvbharnaa ketlaak laghumati samudayoma apangataani ghatanao vadhu hovaanu nondhayu chhe. viklang loko keey jeo vansheey laghumateeo pann chhe temne saamanya reete samarthanni ochhi pahonch hoya chhe aneey teo hinsak bhedbhaav maate vadhu samvedansheel hoya chhe. baad vikaas" journalma thayela aek abhyasma suchavvama aavyu chhe keey laghumati viklang baadakone ochhi aneey madhyam aavak dharaavtaa deshomaa shikshaatmak sheest malvani shakyata vadhu hoya chhe. aee hakeekatne kaarane keey viklang baadako saathe viklang baadako karataa vadhu vakhat durvyavhaar karvaamaa aave chhe; aaa shreneema vansheey baadako vadhu jokhamma chhe. united statesma apangataana sandarbhma, kemili aee. berkley journal off criminal low maate lakhata nelson, fojdari nyaay pranalimathi viklang vansheey laghumateeo jeey bevada bhedbhavno anoobhav karey chhe tenee nondh karey chhe, aneey vyakt karey chhe keey "jeey loko nakaaraatmak reete vansheey chhe, etale keey aevaa loko keey jaimne biin-shvet tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, aneey jemnaa maate mansik beemari kyaan too jaaniti chhe athavaa dharvama aave chhe, police saatheni kriyapratikriya aneeshchit aneey sambhaveet jokhami chhe." ling. viklang lokonu hansiyama dhakelvu viklang vyaktione jaatee aadharit astitvamathi samaaj shun apeksha raakhe chhe teey vastivaktama asamarth banaavi shake chhe. temnee jaatee odakh maate maanyataano aaa abhaav viklang vyaktione apuratee laaganeeo saathe chhodi shake chhe. thomas jeey. eleanois state universityna gersic varnave chhe keey shaa maate aaa jatigat odakhno incar thaay chheh viklang maheelao aneey purusho jetla lingbheda chhe, aaa banne odakhnee kriyapratikriyao judaa judaa anoobhavo taraf doree jaay chhe. viklang mahilaaone aek prakaarnee "bevadi kalank" noow saamno karvo padey chhe jemaa aaa banne hansiyama dhakelaayeli shreneeoma temnu sabhyapad aek saathe darek saathe sankalaayelee nakaaraatmak rudhiprayogone vadhaare teevra banaave chhe kaaran keey teo temne aabhaari chhe. jooe keey, aantarchhedni ruprekha anusaar, ling aneey apangata aek anokho anoobhav banaavvaa maate aekbeeja saathe jodaay chhe jeey maatra aek maheela hovaano aneey alagthi apangata hovaano sanyog nathee, parantu viklang maheela hovaano anokho anoobhav chhe. teey anusare chhe keey koee vyaktee jetla vadhu hansiyama dhakelaayela jutho saathe sambandhit hoya chhe, temno visheshaadhikaar athavaa damanno anoobhav badalaay chheh tunkma, aek kaalee maheela aneey aek safed maheela vikalaangataano alag reete anoobhav karashe. yuen wooman watch anusaar, "amuk saanskrutik, kaanuni aneey sansthakeey avrodhoni dradhata viklang maheelao aneey chhokarione bevada bhedbhavno bhog banaave chheh maheelao tareeke aneey viklang vyakteeo tareeke."rosemary haar-thomson kahe chhe tema," viklang maheelao, saamanya reete maheelao karataa pann vadhu tivratathi, saamuhik saanskrutik kalpanama halkee gunvattaavaadi, abhaav dharaavati, ateeshay, asamarth, ayogya aneey nakaami tareeke darshavvama aavee chhe." saamaajik-aarthik prushthbhumi. jaatee aneey apangata athavaa ling aneey vikalaangtaanaa aantarchhedoni jaim, vyaktini saamaajik-aarthik prushthbhumi pann temnaa vikalaangtaanaa anoobhavne badalee nakhshe. ochhi saamaajik-aarthik sthitee dharaavati viklang vyaktee uchch saamaajik-aarthik sthitee dharaavati viklang vyaktee karataa vadhu avrodho aneey ochhi tako saathe vishvano alag reete anoobhav karashe. apangata aneey saamaajik-aarthik sthitee vachchena aantarchhednu saaru udaaharan shikshanni pahonch chhe, kaaran keey aapane jaaniae chhiae keey garibi aneey apangata vachche seedho sambandh chhe-ghanivaar dusht chakramaa kaama karavu. vishesh shikshan aneey viklang baadakni sambhaal levaano kharch koee sveekrut apangata vinaanaa baadak karataa vadhaare chhe, jeey yogya shikshan melavaamaa apaar avrodh oobho karey chhe. yogya shikshanni apraapyata (koipan tabakke), rojgaar shodhvaamaa mushkeleeo taraf doree shake chhe, jeey ghanivaar aek jaj saamaajik malkhama rahevaa aneey saamaajik-aarthik bahishkaarno anoobhav karvaa maate aek garib aneey viklang vyaktee tarikenaa anoobhavthi 'bandhaayela' hovaana dusht chakramaa pariname chhe. tunkma, aaa dusht chakra ochhi saamaajik-aarthik prushthbhumi dharaavtaa viklang loko maate aarthik, saamaajik aneey saanskrutik mudeenaa abhavne vadhaare teevra banaave chhe. beejee taraf, uchch saamaajik-aarthik darjjani viklang vyaktee paase yogya (vishesh) shikshan athavaa saarvaar melavaamaa saral samay hoi shake chhe-udaaharan tareeke vadhu saaree sahaay, sansadhno athavaa kaarykramo keey jeey temne safal thavama madad curry shake chhe. apangata sanskruti. ramatgamat. paralympic ramato (jeno arth thaay chhe "olympicni saathe") olympic (unaalo aneey sheeyalo) pachhi yojaay chhe. paralympic ramatomaa shaaririk vikalaangataani vishaal shrenee dharaavtaa ramatveero saamel chhe. sabhy deshomaa, paralympic ramatomaa manoranjanthi maandine bhadra varg sudhinaa stare spardhaanu aayojan karvaa maate sansthao astitva dharaave chhe (udaaharan tareeke, united statesma viklang ramato america aneey blazesports america). paralympics karodrajjuni ijaao dharaavtaa british yuddhnaa nivrutt sainiko maate punarvasan karykrammathi vikasavvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo, yukemaa eyelsburyma stock mandeville hospitalma karodrajjuni ijaao saathe beeja vishvyudhnaa nivrutt sainiko saathe kaama kartaa neurologist surr loodwig guttomene temnaa dardionaa punarvasan kaarykramonaa bhaag rupe ramatgamatno upyog karvaanu sharoo karyoo. hataa, shaaririk reete viklang loko maate, khaas kareene anga gumaavvaa athavaa anga tafaavat maate, aatyantik ramatomaa bhaag levaa maate saksham thavaa maate, aatyantik ramatoni rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. vastee vishhayak. vishvbharma aneey deshbharma viklang lokonee sankhyana andajo samsyaarup chhe. vikalaangataane vyakhyayit karvaa maate levaamaa aavela viveedh abhigamo chhataa, vastishastrio sammat thaay chhe keey viklang vyaktioni vishwani vastee khoob motee chhe. udaaharan tareeke, tareeke vishva aarogya sansthaae vishwani vastee 6.5 abaj hovaano andaaj mookyo hato. temathi lagbhag 650 million loko athavaa 10 takaa loko madhyam athavaa gambhir reete viklang hovaano andaaj hato. koreeyama aantarrashtriy shram sansthaae andaaj mookyo hato keey lagbhag aek abaj loko, vishwani vasteena saatmaa bhaag, viklang hataa, jemathi 80 takaa vikasshil deshomaa aneey 80 takaa kaama karvaanee vaya dharaavtaa hataa. divyang lokone karybalmathi bakaat raakhvaano kharch coole sthaaneek utpadanna 7 takaa jetalo ganvaamaa aavyo hato. united states. rooga niyantran kendronaa rooga aneey mrutyu darr saaptaahik ahewal anusaar, united statesma aek chaturthansh loko viklang hovaanu nondhayu chhe kaaran keey yuvan pukht vayanaa loko mansik viklang hovaanu nondhayu hatoo. madhyam vayanee vyakteeo aneey vruddh lokomaa gatishilataa sambandhit samsyaono darr anukrame 18.1% aneey 26.9% saathe sauthee vadhu hato. jaatee athavaa vanshiyataani drashtiae, aesheeyanoma apangataano darr sauthee ochho 10 takaa chhe, jyaare sauthee vadhu nondhaayela vansheey jooth, mool americanomaa, andaje 30 takaa pukht vayanaa loko apangataano darr dharaave chhe. african americanomaa 25 takaa vadhu nondhaayelo apangata darr hato, jyaare shvet pukht vayanaa loko maate 16 takaa aneey hyspanic loko maate 17 takaa hato. keneda. 22.apangata ahevaalo parnaa hatoo kenediyan sarvekshan anusaar, 15 varshthi vadhu umarnaa kenediyan lokomathi 3 takaa loko apangata athavaa 6,246,640 loko hovaanu nondhvaamaa aavyu chhe. kenedama, kaamdaar vargnaa purusho karataa maheelao aneey vruddh loko viklang thavaani shakyata vadhu chhe. 25 thee 65 varshnee vayanee kaama karatee vyaktioni sarkhaamanimaa, 65 varshthi vadhu umarnaa varishthomaa 38 takaa vikalaangataano darr nondhaayo chhe, jeey lagbhag bamano chhe. kenedama, 15 varshthi vadhu umarnee mahilaaono vikalaangataano darr purushonaa 20 takaani sarkhaamanimaa 24.3% hovaanu nondhayu hatoo. hatoo kenediyan vikalaangtaanaa sarvekshanna ahevaalo anusaar, kenedama 15 varshthi vadhu umarnaa dakshin aesheeyanoma vikalaangataanu sauthee vadhu pramaan 4 takaa hatoo, jyaare lattin americanomaa 1 takaa jetalo ochho darr hato. austreliya. australian beuro off statistics dwara andajit 5 maanthi 1 australian athavaa 4.4 laakh loko apangata dharaave chhe. 25 takaathi vadhu viklang australian lokomaa mansik athavaa vartanukeey samasya nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. purushomaa 17.6 laakhno vyaap hato, jyaare striomaa 17.8 laakhno vyaap hato. 65 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarnaa vruddhoni 49.6% nee sarkhaamanimaa, australiyama 0 thee 64 varshnee vayanaa pukht vayanaa lokonee 11.6% neey apangata hatee. 53.15 thee 64 varshnee vayanaa 4 takaa australian loko keey jeo apang chhe teo nokri karey chhe. united kingdom. house off cooman library anusaar, yukemaa 14.6 laakh athavaa 22 takaa vastee 2020-2021 maan viklang hovaanu nondhayu hatoo. yukemaa 9 takaa baadako, 21 takaa kaama karvaanee vayanaa loko aneey 42 takaa raajy pension vaythee vadhu vyakteeo hataa jeo viklang athavaa viklang hataa. hataa 35,875 lokonaa jeevanni tako parr karvaamaa aavela sarvekshanmaa, aashre 29 takaa shvet vyakteeo, 27 takaa mishra jaatinaa loko, 22 takaa aeshiyan loko, 21 takaa kaalaa loko aneey anya vansheey juthonaa 19 takaa loko viklang hovaanu nondhayu hatoo. teey jaj varshe karvaamaa aavela anya aek sarvekshanna parinaamo anusaar, purushoni sarkhaamanimaa striomaa apangata thavaani shakyata thodee vadhaare chhe, jyaare purushoni sarkhaamanimaa 31 takaa striomaa vikalaangataani shakyata thodee vadhaare chhe, jyaare 26 takaa purushomaa teey hovaanu nondhayu hatoo. chean. national library off medicine tabibi prakaashan, cheenma apangataana prasaarnaa vees varshnaa valano anusaar, hataa andaje 84.6 laakh cheeni vyakteeo apangatavala jeevan jeevta hataa. hataa 83,342 purusho aneey 78,137 mahilaaonaa sarvekshanmaa, apangataana sauthee vadhu darr dharaavtaa vaya juthomaa 18-44-varshnaa purusho (22.5%) aneey 65-74-varshnee streeo (22.8%) chhe, jeey journalma prakashit thayela sarvekshano anusaar samagr deshnaa pratinidhi hataa. cheenma, shaheri aneey graameen pradeshomaa viklang lokonee takaavaari nondhpaatra reete badalaay chhe, jemaa graameen cheenma anukrame 72.4% aneey 72.2% noow darr nondhvaamaa aavyo chhe, jyaare shaheri cheenma anukrame 27.6% aneey 27.8% noow darr nondhvaamaa aavyo chhe. cheenma sambhalvani aneey bolvani akshamtaa sauthee vadhu nondhvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa viklang lokomaa anukrame 39.6% aneey 36.2% naa darey purusho streeo karataa vadhu asargrast chhe. dakshin koreeya. dakshin koreeyama, koreeyama coole viklang loko etale keey vasteena aashre 5 takaa loko hataa. jyaare viklang corian lokonee sarkhaamanimaa, viklang lokoae sarerash 56.5 divas tabibi suvidhaoma vitaavyaa hataa, jeey raashtriy sarerash karataa 2.6 vadhaare hataa. 34.samagr karybalmathi 9 takaa loko vikalango saathe sankalaayelee nokariomaa kaaryarat hataa. viklang parivaaroae sarerash aavak 41.53 million voona athavaa coole paarivaarik kamaaneeno 71.3% melvyo hato. vikalango parnaa corian 2020 naa aankada anusaar, viklang vyaktiomaanaa motabhagna lokone anya rojinda kaaryo upraant "safai" aneey "parivahanno upyog" karvaamaa madadni jaroor hatee. vikasshil raashtro. vikaseet desho karataa vikasshil deshomaa apangata vadhu saamanya chhe. apangata aneey garibi vachchenu jodaan "dusht chakra" noow bhaag hovaanu manvama aave chhe jemaa aaa rachnaao paraspar majboot thaay chhe.

akshamta akshamta kissy bhee sthiti kaa anubhav haye joe kissy vyakti key liye kuchh gatividhiyon koo karna yaa kissy diye gaye samaaj key bheetar nyaaysangat pahunch koo adhik kathin banaati haye. akshamataaen sangyanatmak, vikasatmak, bauddhik, mansik, shaaririk, samvedi yaa kaee karakon kaa sanyojan hoe sakati hain. akshamataaen janm seey hii hoe sakati hain yaa kissy vyakti key jivankal key dauran praapt kii jaa sakati hain. aitihaasik roop seey, akshamtaon koo kewal maandandon key ack sankeern samooh key aadhar parr pahachaana gayaa haye-haalaanki, akshamataaen dwiaadhaari naheen hain aur vyakti key aadhar parr advitiya visheshtaon mein maujood hoe sakati hain. ack akshamta aasaani seey dikhaai dey sakati haye, yaa prakriti mein adrishya hoe sakati haye. viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr sanyukt rashtra sammelan ney akshamta koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya haih vibhinn prakaar key saiddhaantik lenson key madhyam seey, poore itihas mein akshamtaon koo alag-alag roop seey dekhaa gayaa haye. hamaare samaaj mein akshamta kii vyakhya karane kaa prayaas karane vaale dou mukhya model hainh chikitsa model aur samajik model. chikitsa model ack saiddhaantik dhaanche key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe vikalangata koo ack avaanchhaniya chikitsa sthiti key roop mein maanata haye jisake liye vishesh upchaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. joe loga chikitsa model kaa shreya dete hain, way vikalangata key mool karanon key saath-saath kissy bhee upchaar-jaise sahayak praudyogiki-koo khojane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. samajik model una vyaktiyon parr samajik roop seey banaai gaee seema key roop mein vikalangata koo kendrit kartaa haye jinake paas adhikansh aabaadi key samaan kshamata naheen haye. haalaanki chikitsa model aur samajik model vikalangata key liye sabse aam frame hain, lekin kaee anya model hain joe vikalangata koo siddhaantit karate hain. akshamta seey sambandhit vibhinn pahaluon kii vyakhya karane key liye kaee alag-alag shabd maujood hain. jabaki kuchh shabd kewal vikalangata seey sambandhit ghatnaaon kaa varnan karane key liye maujood hain, anya viklang logon koo kalankit karane aur bahishkrit karane key ird-gird kendrit hain. kuchh shabdon kaa aisaa nakaratmak arth hotaa haye kii unhein apshabd maanaa jaataa haye. vartamaan mein vivaad kaa ack mudda yeh haye kii kyaa vyakti-pratham bhasha (i.ee. viklang vyakti) yaa pehchaan-pratham bhasha (i.ee. viklang vyakti) jaba vikalangata aur ack vyakti kaa ullekh karate hain. viklang logon key haashiye parr jaane key kaaran, samaaj mein nyaaysangat upchaar aur pahunch key liye kaee karyakarta kaaran rahey hain. viklang kaaryakartaon ney kaanoon key tahat samaan aur nyaaysangat adhikaar praapt karane key liye ladaai ladee haye-halanki abhee bhee aise raajneetik mudde hain joe viklang logon key utpeedan koo saksham yaa aage badhaate hain. haalaanki akshamta sakriyata saksham pranaliyon koo nasht karane kaa kaam karati haye, vikalangata kii dhaarana seey sambandhit samajik maandandon koo aksar media dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale trop dwara prabalit kiya jaataa haye. choonki aadhunik samaaj mein akshamta kii nakaratmak dhaaranaaen vyaapak hain, isaliye viklang loga apane haashiye parr jaane key khilaf peechhe hatane key prayaas mein aatm-vakaalat kii or rukh curr chuke hain. vikalangata kii pehchaan ack aisee pehchaan key roop mein kii jaati haye jise vyakti kii anya bahuayami pahchaanon key aadhar parr alag-alag anubhav kiya jaataa haye, jise aksar viklang swa-adhivaktaon dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye. mukhyadhara key samaaj seey akshamta key bahishkaran ney ack akshamta sanskriti key ubharane kaa avsar paida kiya haye. jabaki viklang karyakarta abhee bhee mukhyadhara key samaaj mein viklang logon key ekikaran koo badhaava dete hain, ack viklang samudaay koo badhaava dene key liye kaee viklang-kewal sthaanon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye-jaise kii kalaa, soshal media aur khel. itihas. akshamta kii samkaaleen samajh una avadhaaranaon seey praapt hoti haye joe paschim mein vaigyaanik gyaan key dauran utpann hui theen; gyaan seey pahale, shaaririk matbhedon koo ack alag lens key madhyam seey dekhaa jaataa thaa. pragaitihasik kaal key dauran manushyon key viklang logon kii dekhbhal karane key pramaan hain. windover puraatatva sthal parr, paae gaye kankalon mein seey ack lagbhag 15 saal kaa ack purush thaa, jise spina bifida thaa. iss sthiti kaa matlab thaa kii ladke, joe shayed cummer key neeche lakvagrast hoe gayaa thaa, kii dekhbhal ack shikari-sangrahakarta samudaay mein kii gaee thee. akshamta koo divya dund key saadhan key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa thaa aur isaliye viklang vyaktiyon koo naa tou samaapt kiya jaataa thaa aur naa hii unaki haani key liye unake saath bhedbhaav kiya jaataa thaa. isake bajaay kaee logon koo mesopotamia key samaaj key vibhinn staron mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen dhaarmik mandiron mein devtaon key sevakon key roop mein kaam karna bhee shamil thaa. pracheen misra mein, samaaj mein aksar laathi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. viklang vriddh vyaktiyon key liye chalane mein madad karna unake liye ack aam upayog thaa. pracheen yunan mein aise praavdhaan banaae gaye they joe baadhit gatishilata vaale vyaktiyon koo mandiron aur upchaar abhayaranyon taka pahunchane mein saksham banaate they. vishesh roop seey, 370 bee.see.vyaapak kshetra mein sabse mahatvapurna upchaar abhayaranya, epidorus mein esclepius key abhayaranya mein, cumm seey cumm 11 sthaayi patthar key ramp they joe nau alag-alag sanrachanaon mein gatishilata-baadhit agantukon taka pahunch pradaan karate they; iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii viklang logon koo cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey, pracheen grees mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa aur unaki dekhbhal kii gaee thee. vaastav mein, pracheen yoonaniyon ney viklang vyaktiyon koo adhik saksham vyaktiyon seey alag naheen dekhaa hoga kyonki unake record mein unakaa varnan karane vaale shabd bahut aspasht prateet hotey hain. jaba taka vicharadhin viklang vyakti abhee bhee samaaj mein yogdan curr sakata haye, taba taka yunani unhein bardasht karate dikhaai diye. madhya yug key dauran, pagalpan aur anya sthitiyon koo rakshason key kaaran maanaa jaataa thaa. unhein praakritik vyavastha kaa hissa bhee maanaa jaataa thaa, vishesh roop seey kaali mrityu key dauran aur usake parinamswarup, joe poori samanya aabaadi mein haani pahunchaata thaa. praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein shaaririk aur mansik matbhedon key liye javic karanon kii talash mein badalaav aaya, saath hii saath seemankan shreniyon mein ruchi badheeh udaaharan key liye, solahavin shatabdi mein, "rakshason", "vilakshantaon" aur "viklangon" key baare mein likhaa gayaa. europeeya gyaan key kaaran seey praapt gyaan aur maanav pragati key liye praakritik vigyaan key moolya parr jore dene seey sansthanon aur sambandhit gyaan pranaliyon key janm mein madad millie, jinhone manushyon koo dekhaa aur vargeekrit kiya; inmein seey, aaj kii vikalangata kii avadhaaranaon key vikas key liye mahatvapurna aashray, cleanic aur jail they. akshamta kii samkaaleen avadhaaranaaen athaarahavin aur unnisvin shatabdi key vikas mein nihit hain. inmein seey sabse pramukh naidaanik chikitsa pravachan kaa vikas thaa, jisane maanav shareer koo herfer, adhyayan aur parivartit karane key liye ack cheez key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. yeye vaigyaanik pravachanon key saath milkar kaam karate they joe vargeekrit karane aur vargeekrit karane kii maang karate they aur aisaa karate hue, saamaanyikaran key tareeke bunn gaye. maanak" kii avadharana iss samay avadhi mein vikasit hui, aur belgium key saankhyikeevid, samajshastri, ganitshastri aur khagolshastri adolph quetlet key kaam mein sanket diyaa gayaa haye, jinhone 1830 key dashak mein "ell 'homme moyen"-ausat aadami key baare mein likhaa thaa. quetlet ney kahaa kii koee bhee vyakti kissy dee gaee aabaadi mein sabhi logon kii visheshtaon kaa yog leey sakata haye (jaise kii unaki oonchaai yaa vajan) aur unakaa ausat paa sakata haye aur yeh aankada ack saankhyikiya maanak key roop mein kaam karna chaahiye jisake liye sabhi koo akanksha karni chaahiye. saankhyikiya maanak kaa yeh vichaar iss avadhi key dauran britten, sanyukt raajya america aur paschimi europeeya raajyon dwara saankhyiki ekatra karane key teji seey lene key madhyam seey haye, aur yeh sujanan key uday seey judaa huaa haye. akshamta, saath hii anya avadhaaranaaen jinamen shamil hainh asamanya, gair-samanya aur samanya sthiti isase aaee. inn avadhaaranaon kaa prasaar vichitra show kii lokpriyata mein spasht haye, jahaan shoman una maandandon seey vichalit logon koo pradarshit karane seey labhanvit hue. unnisvin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein sujanan key uday key saath, iss tarah key vichalan koo poori aabaadi key swaasthya key liye khatarnak maanaa gayaa thaa. vikalangata koo kissy vyakti key javic banaavat key hisse key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar unaki aanuvanshik viraasat key saath, vaigyaanikon ney apana dhyaan jeane pool seey "vichalan" jaisi kharpatwar kataai kii dhaaranaon kii or kendrit kiya. kissy vyakti kii aanuvanshik yogyata kaa aaklan karane key liye vibhinn metricks nirdhaarit kiye gaye they aur phir ayogya maane jaane vaale logon koo nirvaasit karane, nasbandi karane yaa sansthaagat banaane key liye upayog kiya gayaa thaa. viklang loga germany mein naazi shasson dwara lakshit samoohon mein seey ack they, jisake parinamswarup holocost key dauran lagbhag 250,000 viklang loga maare gaye they. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein, naazi sujanan key udaaharan key saath, sujanan saarvajanik vimarsh seey lupt hoe gayaa, aur badhati akshamta una visheshtaon key ack samooh mein shamil hoe gaee joe dawa mein shamil hoe sakati hain-chaahe vaha samvardhan, punarvaas yaa upchaar key madhyam seey hoe. samkaaleen aur aadhunik donon itihas mein, akshamta koo aksar pratham-degree rishtedaron yaa dwiteeya-degree rishtedaron key beach anachar key upa-utpaad key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. viklang vidvaanon ney saamantvaad seey poonjeevaad kii or aarthik badalaav key saath-saath audyogik kranti koo bhee akshamta kii samajh mein pramukh aitihaasik kshanon key roop mein ingit kiya haye. haalaanki madhya yug key dauran akshamta key aspas ack nishchit matra mein dhaarmik andhavishwas thaa, viklang loga abhee bhee graameen utpaadan adharit arthavyavastha mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane mein saksham they, jisase way dainik aarthik jeevan mein vaastavik yogdan curr sakate they. audyogik kranti aur poonjeevaad key aagaman ney ise iss tarah seey banaaya kii loga abb bhoomi seey bandhe naheen they aur phir unhein aisaa kaam khojane key liye majboor kiya gayaa joe jeevit rahane key liye majdoori kaa bhugtan karega. audyogik utpaadan key saath majdoori pranali ney nikaayon koo dekhane key tareeke koo badal diyaa kyonki logon koo machines kii tarah utpaadan karane kii unaki kshamata key liye teji seey mahatva diyaa jaa rhaa thaa. poonjeevaad aur audyogik kranti ney prabhaavi roop seey "viklang" logon kaa ack nayaa varg banaaya joe maanak shramik key shareer yaa kaary shakti key star key anuroop naheen hoe sakate they. isake parinamswarup, viklang logon koo ack samasya key roop mein maanaa jaane lagaa, jinhen hull kiya jaanaa thaa yaa mitaaya jaanaa thaa. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, vikalangata adhikaar andolan sthaapit huaa, jaba vikalangata kaaryakartaon ney chunauti denaa shuru kiya kii samaaj viklang logon key saath kaise vyavhaar kartaa haye aur vikalangata key liye chikitsa drishtikon. iss kaam key kaaran, pahunch key liye bhautik baadhaon kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. inn sthitiyon ney unhein karyatmak roop seey aksham curr diyaa, aur jise abb vikalangata key samajik model key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vaha ubhara. 1983 mein mike oliver dwara gadhaa gayaa, yeh vakyansh vikalangata key chikitsa model-jisake tahat ack haani koo thheek karane kii aavashyakta haye-aur vikalangata key samajik model-jisake tahat ack vyakti koo seemit karane vaale samaaj koo thheek karane kii aavashyakta haye, key beach antar kartaa haye. siddhant. kaee samajik shreniyon kii tarah, "vikalangata" kii avadharana shikshaavidon, chikitsa aur kanuni duniya aur viklang samudaay key beach bhaari charcha key tahat haye. akshamta adhyayan. vikalangata key siddhant parr kendrit shaikshanik anushasana vikalangata adhyayan haye, joe beesavin shatabdi key anta seey vistaar curr rhaa haye. yeh kshetra iss drishtikon koo aage badhaane key saath-saath vikalangata key ateet, vartamaan aur bhavishya key nirmaan kii jaanch kartaa haye kii vikalangata ack jatil samajik pehchaan haye jisase humm sabhi antardrishti praapt curr sakate hain. jaisa kii viklang vidwan clair mulleni kahate hain, "apane vyaapak star parr, viklang adhyayan vidvaanon koo saanskritik antar key roop mein vikalangata koo mahatva dene key liye protsaahit karate hain. yeh kshetra teji seey antahvishay haye, joe aksar darshan, itihas, angreji adhyayan, bayanbaji adhyayan, jaatiya aur nasleeya adhyayan, ling aur kamukta adhyayan, chikitsa manaviki, sanchaar, shikshashastra aur adhik key kshetron key saath ativyaapi haye. iss kshetra key vidwan naitikta, neeti aur kaanoon, itihas, vikalangata samudaay kii kalaa aur adhik jaise vikalangata seey sambandhit vishayon kii ack shrinkhala parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. iss kshetra key ullekhaniya vidvaanon mein marta russell, robert macruer, johanna hedwa, laura hersche, irving zolaa aur kaee anya shamil hain. pramukh viklang vidwan lenard jey. davis ney nott kiya kii vikalangata adhyayan koo ack vishisht yaa vishesh vishay naheen maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, balki isake bajaay yeh vibhinn kshetron aur vishayon parr lagu hotaa haye. antarrashtriya vargeekaran. vishva swaasthya sangathan dwara utpaadit kaary, akshamta aur swaasthya (aaee. see. aff.) kaa antarrashtriya vargeekaran, shareer key karyon (shaaririk yaa manovaigyaanik, jaise drishti) aur shareer kii sanrachanaon (shaaririk anga, jaise aankh aur sambandhit sanrachanaaen) key beach antar kartaa haye. shaaririk sanrachana yaa kaary mein haani koo kuchh aam taur parr sweekrit jansankhya manakon seey visangati, dosh, haani yaa anya mahatvapurna vichalan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, joe samay key saath utaar-chadhaav curr sakate hain. gatividhi koo kissy kaary yaa kaarravaai key nishpaadan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. aaee. see. aff. karyapranali key nau vyaapak kshetron koo soochibaddh kartaa haye joe prabhaavit hoe sakate hainh viklang vidvaanon key saath milkar, aaee. see. aff. key parichay mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vibhinn prakaar key vaichaarik model vikalangata aur karyapranali koo samajhane aur samajhaane key liye prastaavit kiye gaye hain, jinhen yeh ekikrit karna chaahata haye. inn models mein nimnalikhit shamil hainh chikitsa model. chikitsa model akshamta koo vyakti kii ack samasya key roop mein dekhta haye, joe seedhe roga, aghaat yaa anya swaasthya sthitiyon key kaaran hoti haye, jisake liye peshevaron dwara vyaktigat upchaar key roop mein nirantar chikitsa dekhbhal kii aavashyakta hoti haye. chikitsa model mein, akshamta key prabandhan kaa uddeshya ack "ilaaj", yaa vyakti key samaayojan aur vyavhaar parivartan haye joe ack "lagbhag-ilaaj" yaa prabhaavi ilaaj kii or leey jaayega. vyakti koo, iss mamle mein, chikitsa dekhbhal dwara apani akshamta koo door karna hoga. chikitsa model mein, chikitsa dekhbhal koo mukhya mudde key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, aur raajneetik star parr, pramukh pratikriya swaasthya seva neeti koo sanshodhit yaa sudharna haye. chikitsa model vikalangata key karanon aur upchaaron koo khojane parr kendrit haye. kaaran. akshamta key kaee alag-alag kaaran hain joe aksar dainik jeevan kii buniyaadi gatividhiyon koo prabhaavit karate hain, jaise kii khaana, kapade pahanana, sthanantaran aur vyaktigat swachchata banaae rakhna; yaa dainik jeevan kii unnat gatividhiyaan jaise kharidari, bhojan kii taiyari, gaadi chalaana yaa kaam karna. haalaanki, vikalangata key kaaran aamtaur parr dainik jeevan kii gatividhiyon koo karane kii vyakti kii kshamata seey nirdhaarit hotey hain. jaisa kii marta russell aur raavi malhotra kaa tark haye, "vikalangata key 'chikitsaakaran' aur vargeekaran key upkaranon ney spasht roop seey 'viklang' aur 'saksham-shareer' key beach vibhajan sthaapit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. yeh sthiti akshamta koo chikitsa hastakshep key madhyam seey hull kii jaane vaali ack samasya key roop mein rakhti haye, joe hamari iss samajh mein baadha daalati haye kii akshamta kaa kyaa arth hoe sakata haye. 1990 key viklang americi adhiniyam key uddeshyon key liye, sanyukt raajya america key samaan rojgar avsar aayog key niyam una sthitiyon kii ack soochi pradaan karate hain jinhen aasaani seey viklang honey kaa nishkarsh nikala jaanaa chaahieh badhirata, andhaapan, ack bauddhik akshamta, aanshik yaa poori tarah seey gayab anga yaa gatishilata haani jisake liye wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, madhumeh, mirgi, hiv/aids, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, pramukh avasaadgrastata vikaar, spina bifida, dwidhruvi vikaar, post-traumatic strace disorder, jununi badhyakari vikaar, aur schizophrenia. yeh ack vistrit soochi naheen haye aur kaee chotein aur chikitsa samasyaaen vikalangata kaa kaaran banati hain. akshamta key kuchh kaaran, jaise chotein, samay key saath thheek hoe sakati hain aur inhen "asthaayi akshamta" maanaa jaataa haye. ack "arjit akshamta" una haanion kaa parinam haye joe jivankal key dauran achaanak yaa deerghakaalik roop seey hoti hain, joe haani key saath paida honey key vipareet hoti hain. "adrishya akshamataaen" spasht roop seey dhyaan dene yogya naheen hoe sakati hain. ilaaj. chikitsa model viklang logon key liye upchaar, upchaar yaa punarvaas prathaon koo khojane parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. sahayak praudyogiki. sahayak praudyogiki upkaranon aur sanshodhanon (kissy vyakti key liye yaa samaaj key bheetar) key liye ack samanya shabd haye joe ack vikalangata koo door karane yaa hataane mein madad kartaa haye. prosthesis key upayog kaa pahala darj udaaharan cumm seey cumm 1800 eesaa poorv kaa haye. wheelchair 17veen shatabdi kii haye. curb cutt ack sambandhit sanrachanaatmak navachar haye. anya udaaharan khade frame, paath telephone, sulabh keyboard, badey print, brail aur bhaashan pehchaan software hain. viklang loga aksar anukoolan vikasit karate hain joe vyaktigat hoe sakate hain (jaise.jee. saarvajanik roop seey ticks koo dabaane kii ranneetiyaan) yaa samudaay (jaise.jee. dee/badhir samudaayon mein saanketik bhasha). jaise-jaise vyaktigat computer adhik sarvavyaapi hoe gayaa haye, viklang logon key liye computer koo adhik sulabh banaane key liye software aur hardware vikasit karane key liye vibhinn sangathanon kaa gathan kiya gayaa haye. kuchh software aur hardware, jaise kii voyce finger, friedam scientific key "jabade", mukt aur khula srot vikalp "orka" aadi. vishesh roop seey viklang logon key liye design kiya gayaa haye, jabaki anya software aur hardware, jaise kii praakritik roop seey bolane vaale sookshmadarshi dragon, vishesh roop seey viklang logon key liye vikasit naheen kiye gaye they, lekin iska upayog pahunch badhaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. lomak keyboard koo newzealand mein vishesh roop seey viklang vyaktiyon key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. worled wide web consortium ney viklang vyaktiyon key liye web pahunch key liye antarrashtriya manakon kii aavashyakta koo maanyata dee aur web pahunch pahal (chhoot) banaai. disambar 2012 mein maanak doubleu. see. aeye. jee. 2 (doubleu. see. aeye. jee. = web samagri pahunch dishanirdesh) haye. samajik model. akshamta kaa samajik model "akshamta" koo samajik roop seey banaai gaee samasya aur samaaj mein vyaktiyon key poorna ekikaran key mamle key roop mein dekhta haye. iss model mein, vikalangata kissy vyakti kii visheshta naheen haye, balki samajik vatavaran dwara banaai gaee sthitiyon kaa ack jatil sangrah haye. samasya key prabandhan key liye samajik kaarravaai kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur yeh samaaj kii saamoohik jimmedaari haye kii vaha ack aisaa samaaj banaae jisamen viklang logon key liye seemaaen nyuntam houn. akshamta srijan mein saanskritik aur vaichaarik donon haye. samajik model key anusaar, kissy viklang vyakti key liye samaan pahunch manvadhikaron kii chinta haye. akshamta kaa samajik model aalochana key dayare mein aaa gayaa haye. samaaj kii jimmedaari parr jore dene mein samajik model dwara khele gaye mahatva koo pahachaante hue, tomm shekspeare sahit vidwan, model kii seemaon koo ingit karate hain aur ack nae model kii aavashyakta kaa aagrah karate hain joe "chikitsa banaam chikitsa" koo door karega. samajik "dwibhajan. iss model kii seemaon kaa matlab haye kii aksar mahatvapurna sevaaen aur viklang vyaktiyon key saamane jaankaari upalabdh naheen hoti haye, aksar unhein samarthan dene mein seemit aarthik laabh key kaaran. kuchh loga kahate hain kii chikitsa manaviki ack faldaayi kshetra haye jahan chikitsa aur samajik model key beach kii khaai koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. samajik nirmaan. akshamta kaa samajik nirmaan yeh vichaar haye kii akshamta kaa nirmaan javic matbhedon key bajaay samajik apekshaon aur sansthanon dwara kiya jaataa haye. samaaj aur sansthanon dwara akshamta key nirmaan key tarikon koo ujagar karna iss vichaar key mukhya kendron mein seey ack haye. usee tarah seey kii jaati aur ling javic roop seey nishchit naheen hain, naa hii akshamta haye. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, samajshastriyon, vishesh roop seey elliot friedson ney tark denaa shuru kiya kii labeling siddhant aur samajik vichalan koo vikalangata adhyayanon parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. isase samajik roop seey akshamta siddhant kaa nirmaan huaa. akshamta kaa samajik nirmaan yeh vichaar haye kii akshamta kaa nirmaan maanak seey vichalan key liye samajik pratikriya key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. chikitsa udyog beemar aur viklang samajik bhoomika kaa nirmaata haye. swaasthya parr visheshagyata rakhane vaale chikitsa peshevaron aur sansthanon mein swaasthya aur shaaririk aur mansik maandandon koo paribhaashit karane kii kshamata hoti haye. jaba kissy vyakti mein koee aisee visheshta hoti haye joe swaasthya kii samajik paribhasha taka pahunchane seey ack haani, pratibandh yaa seema paida karati haye, tou vyakti koo viklang key roop mein label kiya jaataa haye. iss vichaar key tahat, akshamta koo shareer kii shaaririk visheshtaon dwara paribhaashit naheen kiya jaataa haye, balki swaasthya key samajik parampara seey vichalan dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. akshamta key samajik nirmaan kaa tark hoga kii akshamta key chikitsa model kaa drishtikon kii ack akshamta ack haani, pratibandh yaa seema haye, galat haye. isake bajaay jise ack vikalangata key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, vaha vyakti mein samaaj mein "samanya" maane jaane vaale seey kewal ack antar haye. shabdawali. loga-pratham bhasha. logon kii pratham bhasha akshamta key baare mein baat karane kaa ack tarika haye jise kuchh loga pasand karate hain. logon kii pratham bhasha kaa upayog karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye kii vyakti koo vikalangata seey pahale rakhaa jaataa haye. way vyakti joe logon kii pratham bhasha pasand karate hain, way "viklang vyakti" kahlana pasand karenge. yeh shally viklang adhikaaron parr pramukh kaanoon mein parilakshit hoti haye, jisamen viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr americi adhiniyam aur sanyukt rashtra sammelan shamil hain. "delaware vishvavidyalaya mein "cerebral paalseeh aeye guide forr cayer" logon kii pratham bhasha kaa varnan kartaa haih britten mein logon kii pahali shabdawali kaa upayog "viklang logon" (jaise "drishtibaadhit logon") key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, britten mein, pehchaan-pratham bhasha koo aam taur parr logon-pratham bhasha parr prathamikta dee jaati haye. logon-pratham shabdawali key upayog ney viklang (yaa viklang) vyakti (yaa logon) koo sandarbhit karane key liye sankshipt naam peedbludy key upayog koo janm diyaa haye. haalaanki anya vyakti aur samooh pehchaan-pratham bhasha koo pasand karate hain taaki iss baat parr jore diyaa jaa sakey kii ack vikalangata logon kii pehchaan koo kaise prabhaavit curr sakati haye. upayog kii jaane vaali bhasha kii shally vibhinn deshon, samoohon aur vyaktiyon key beach bhinn hoti haye. pehchaan-pratham bhasha. pehchaan-pratham bhasha vyakti koo "viklang" key roop mein varnit karati haye. kuchh loga ise pasand karate hain aur tark dete hain kii yeh logon kii pahali bhasha kii tulanaa mein vikalangata key samajik model koo behtar dhang seey fitt kartaa haye, kyonki yeh iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii vyakti apane shareer seey naheen, balki ack aisee duniya seey viklang haye joe unhein samaayojit naheen karati haye. yeh vishesh roop seey britten mein sach haye, jahaan samajik model key tahat yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii kissy kii haani (udaaharan key liye, reedh kii huddy kii chot honah) ack vyaktigat sampatti haye, "vikalangata" kuchh baahari samajik karakon jaise kii pahunch kii kamee seey paida hui haye. haani kii vyaktigat sampatti aur akshamta kii samajik sampatti key beach yeh antar samajik model key liye kendriya haye. viklang loga" shabd kaa upayog ack raajneetik nirmaan key roop mein viklang logon key antarrashtriya sangathanon dwara bhee vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii viklang logon key antarrashtriya sangathan. pehchaan-pratham bhasha kaa upayog karna bhee logon kii pehchaan aur vividhata key anya pahaluon key baare mein baat karane key tareeke key samanantar haye. udaaharan key liyeh isi tarah, yuu mein badhir samudaay.aiss. pehchaan key paksh mein logon kii pratham bhasha koo aswikar karein-pratham bhasha. 2021 mein, uchch shiksha aur vikalangata (aage) parr americi sangh ney apani samagri mein pehchaan-pratham bhasha kaa upayog karane key apane nirnay kii ghoshana karate hue samajhaayah "pehchaan-pratham bhasha seedhe akshamta kaa daavaa karke nakaratmak arthon koo chunauti detee haye. pehchaan-pratham bhasha usa vividhata kaa sandarbh detee haye joe hamaare shareer aur mastishk kii asankhya sthitiyon key saath kaam karane mein maujood haye, aur kissy koo aksham banaane mein durgam yaa damankari pranaliyon, sanrachanaon yaa vatavaran kii bhoomika." adrishya akshamta. adrishya akshamataaen, jinhen chhipi hui akshamataaen yaa gair-drishyamaan akshamataaen (aine. vee. dee.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, way akshamataaen hain joe turant spasht yaa dekhane yogya naheen hain. way aksar purani beemaariyaan aur sthitiyaan hoti hain joe dainik jeevan kii samanya gatividhiyon koo kaafee hudd taka prabhaavit karati hain. adrishya akshamataaen kissy vyakti key school jaane, kaam karane, samajik honey aur anya prayason mein baadha daal sakati hain. adrishya akshamtaon key kuchh udaharanon mein bauddhik akshamta, autism spectrum vikaar, dhyaan kii kamee atee sakriyata vikaar, mansik vikaar, asthama, mirgi, allergy, migraine, gathiya aur chronic thakan syndrome shamil hain. mansik bimari key nidan vaale logon mein berojgari kii uchch darr mein rojgar bhedbhaav kii mahatvapurna bhoomika honey kii soochana haye. episodic akshamta. gathiya, dwidhruvi vikaar, aich. aaee. vee. yaa multiple sclerosis jaisi swaasthya sthitiyon vaale logon mein bimari key episode key beach swaasthya kii avadhi hoti haye. bimari key episode key dauran logon kii samanya karyon koo karane kii kshamata, jaise kii kaam, rook-rook curr hoe sakati haye. akshamta sakriyata. akshamta sakriyata ney swayam hii akshamta aur viklang logon parr charcha karate samay upayukt bhasha key sanshodhan kaa netritva kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, isake nakaratmak prabhaavon key kaaran 'mandbuddhi' key chikitsa vargeekaran kii upeksha kii gaee haye. isake alawa, viklang logon dwara apmaanjanak bhasha koo phir seey praapt karane key liye bhee vikalangata sakriyata kaa kaaran banaa haye. mairs (1986) ney bataaya kii kaise viklang loga khud koo 'apang' key roop mein varnit karna chuna sakate hain. yeh aashcharyajanak lugg sakata haye kii way apana varnan karane key liye, vikalangata seey judee roodhivaadi nakaratmak bhasha kaa upayog curr rahey hain; haalaanki iska uddeshya chikitsa peshevaron seey 'viklang pehchaan' koo punah praapt karna aur ise viklang logon kii pasandida bhasha key saath phir seey sanrekhit karna haye. bhasha kii sudhaar ney samajik model key bheetar hii uparokt sthitiyon kaa pradarshan kiya, kyonki yeh iss baat parr prakaash daaltaa haye kii kaise ack samaaj key roop mein humm vikalangata kii avadhaaranaon aur dhaaranaon kaa nirmaan karate hain.viklang kaaryakartaon ney nimnalikhit muddon parr dhyaan aakarshit kiya haih adhikaar aur neetiyaan. adhikaar andolan. viklang adhikaar andolan kaa uddeshya viklang logon key liye samaan avsar aur samaan adhikaar sunishchit karna haye. parivahan, vastukala aur bhautik paryaavaran mein pahunch aur suraksha; swatantra jeevan, rojgar, shiksha aur awas mein samaan avsar; aur durvyavahar, upeksha aur rogiyon key adhikaaron key ullanghan seey swatantrata andolan key vishisht lakshya aur maangen hain. inn avsaron aur adhikaaron koo surakshit karane key liye prabhaavi nagrik adhikaar kaanoon banaane kii maang kii jaati haye. praarambhik akshamta adhikaar andolan mein akshamta key chikitsa model kaa prabhutva thaa, jahaan viklang logon key ilaaj yaa ilaaj parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa taaki way samajik mandand kaa paalan curr sakein, lekin 1960 key dashak mein, adhikaar samoohon ney akshamta key samajik model kii or rukh karna shuru curr diyaa, jahaan akshamta koo bhedbhaav key mudde key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye, jisase kanuni sadhanon key madhyam seey samaantaa praapt karane key liye adhikaar samoohon key liye maarg prashast hotaa haye. poorv soviyat sangh key ganrajyon mein akshamta key muddon aur pahunch key liye vakaalat neeti nirmaan mein adhik sangathit aur prabhaavshaali hoe gaee haye. akshamta nyaay andolan. viklang adhikaar andolan seey vikasit honey vaalaa viklang nyaay andolan haye, jiska uddeshya vidhaayi parivartan aur paaramparik nagrik adhikaaron koo prathamikta dene key vipareet saamoohik mukti koo prathamikta dekar viklang logon key jeevan mein sudhaar karna haye. yeh dhancha, jise akshamta adhikaaron kii "doosari lahar" kahaa jaataa haye, daman kii kaee pranaliyon kii jaanch karna chaahata haye joe sakshamtavad, iss tarah key upaniveshvaad, shwet varchasva aur visham-deshbhaktipurna poonjeevaad key saath judee hui hain. akshamta nyaay" shabd 2005 mein ell. jee. bee. tii. kyu. viklang mahilaaon, miyaa mingus, patricia burn aur stacy milburn dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone mukhyadhara key akshamta adhikaaron kii tulanaa mein pratichhedan parr adhik jore dene key saath ack saksham virodhi andolan kaa nirmaan karane kii maang kii thee, kyonki kendra mein haashiye parr aavaajen theen. unake samooh, vikalangata nyaay samooh mein sebestian margaret, leroy aff jaise ullekhaniya vikalangata karyakarta bhee shamil they. moor junier., joe apani kavita aur crip hopp andolan kii sthaapana key liye jaane jaate hain, aur ellie clair, joe vikalangata adhyayan key bheetar shareer key munn kii avadharana koo lokpriya banaane key liye jaane jaate hain. viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr sammelan. 13 disambar, 2006 koo sanyukt rashtra ney duniya key anumaanit 650 million viklang logon key adhikaaron aur avsaron kii raksha aur vriddhi key liye 21veen sadee kii pahali manvadhikar sandhi, viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr sammelan parr aupchaarik roop seey sahamati vyakt kii. 182 deshon ney iss sammelan mein pravesh kii pushti yaa sweekaar kiya haye. sammelan parr hastakshar karane vaale deshon koo rashtriya kaanoonon koo apnana aur puraane kaanoonon koo hataana aavashyak haye, taaki viklang vyaktiyon koo shiksha, rojgar aur saanskritik jeevan key liye samaan adhikaar houn; sampatti key malik honey aur viraasat mein paane kaa adhikaar; vivaah aadi mein bhedbhaav naa kiya jaae.; aur chikitsa prayogon mein anichhuk vishay naa banein. manvadhikaron key uchchaayukt sahit yuu. aine. adhikaariyon ney iss vidheyak koo samajik model key anuroop akshamta key adhik adhikaar-adharit drishtikon kii or drishtikon mein ack pratimaan badalaav kaa pratinidhitva karane key roop mein varnit kiya haye. viklang vyaktiyon kaa antarrashtriya varsh. 1976 mein, sanyukt rashtra ney viklang vyaktiyon key liye apane antarrashtriya varsh (1981) key liye yojana banaana shuru kiya, baad mein iska naam badalkar viklang vyaktiyon kaa antarrashtriya varsh curr diyaa gayaa. viklang vyaktiyon key ack dashak (1983-1993) mein viklang vyaktiyon seey sambandhit kaarravaai kaa ack vishva karyakram shamil thaa. 1979 mein, frank bow ekmatra viklang vyakti they joe aaee. aaee. dee. pee.-1981 kii yojana mein kissy bhee desh kaa pratinidhitva karate they. aaj, kaee deshon ney aise pratinidhiyon key naam liye hain joe swayam viklang vyakti hain. dashak koo robbert devilla dwara aam sabhaa key samaksh ack sambodhan mein samaapt kiya gayaa thaa. dhanush aur devila donon hii bahare hain. 1984 mein, unesco ney badhir bachchon aur yuvaaon kii shiksha mein upayog key liye saanketik bhasha koo sweekaar kiya. poorv soviyat sangh ganrajyon mein neetiyaan. una deshon mein neeti aur karyakramon koo sanrekhit karane key liye karyakram aur osc kaam karate hain joe poorv soviyat sangh kaa hissa they aur viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr sammelan key saath. raajneetik mudde. vikasit aur kuchh vikaasheel deshon mein raajneetik adhikaar, samajik samavesh aur nagrikta saamane aaee hain. yeh bahas aashrit viklang logon koo banaae rakhane kii kathit laagat key baare mein chinta seey parey chully gaee haye taaki yeh sunishchit karane key liye prabhaavi tareeke khoje jaa sakein kii viklang loga jeevan key sabhi kshetron mein samaaj mein bhaag leey sakein aur yogdan curr sakein. vikaasheel deshon mein, jahaan anumaanit 650 million viklang logon kaa badaa hissa rahata haye, pahunch aur shiksha seey laker aatm-sashaktikaran, aatm-sahayak rojgar aur usase aage kii chintaon koo door karane key liye bahut kaam karane kii aavashyakta haye. pichhale kuchh varshon mein, viklang adhikaar kaaryakartaon ney viklang logon key liye poorna nagrikta praapt karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. kuchh deshon mein poorna rojgar praapt karane mein baadhaaen hain; viklang logon key baare mein saarvajanik dhaarana alag-alag hoe sakati haye. durupyog. akshamta kaa durupyog taba hotaa haye jaba kissy vyakti koo shaaririk, aarthik, maukhik yaa mansik roop seey viklang vyakti key kaaran durvyavahar kiya jaataa haye. kaee akshamataaen dikhaai naheen detee hain (udaaharan key liye, asthama, seekhane kii akshamta) kuchh durvyavahar karane vaale gair-shaaririk akshamta koo samajh, samarthan aadi kii aavashyakta key saath tarksangat naheen banaa sakate hain. jaise-jaise akshamta kii vyaapaktaa aur samanya roop seey chikitsa pragati aur deerghaayu key saath akshamta kaa samarthan karane kii laagat badhati haye, samaaj kaa yeh pahalu adhik raajneetik mahatva kaa hoe jaataa haye. raajneetik dall apane viklang ghatakon key saath kaisa vyavhaar karate hain, yeh ack raajneetik dall kii akshamta kii samajh kaa ack upaay bunn sakata haye, vishesh roop seey akshamta key samajik model mein. beema. vikalangata laabh, yaa vikalangata pension, ack pramukh prakaar kaa vikalangata beema haye joe sarkari agencies dwara una logon koo pradaan kiya jaataa haye joe asthaayi roop seey yaa sthaayi roop seey vikalangata key kaaran kaam karane mein asamarth hain. yuu mein.aiss., vikalangata laabh poorak suraksha aaya kii shreni mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye. kanada mein, yeh kanada pension yojana key bheetar haye. anya deshon mein, samajik suraksha pranaliyon key tahat vikalangata laabh pradaan kiye jaa sakate hain. paschimi deshon mein, mukhya roop seey europe aur sanyukt raajya america mein, vikalangata pension kii laagat lagaatar badh rahee haye. yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii britten mein, 1980 mein sakal gharelu utpaad (jee. dee. pee.) mein akshamta pension parr kharch kaa hissa 0.9% thaa; dou dashak baad yeh jee. dee. pee. key 2.6% taka pahunch gayaa thaa. kaee adhyayanon ney bimari key kaaran kaam seey anupasthiti mein vriddhi aur bhavishya mein vikalangata pension key badhate jokhim key beach ack kadee kii soochana dee haye. denmark mein shodhkartaon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii bimari key kaaran anupasthiti key swayam-soochit dinon kii jaankaari kaa upayog bhavishya mein vikalangata pension key liye sambhaavit samoohon kii prabhaavi dhang seey pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye adhyayan neeti nirmaataon, mamle key prabandhan adhikaariyon, niyoktaon aur chikitsakon key liye upayogi jaankaari pradaan curr sakate hain. switzerland mein, pichhale dou dashakon mein vikalangata key kshetra mein samajik neetiyon koo pradaan kiye gaye bhatton kii sankhya koo cumm karke aur vyaavsaayik punarvaas upaayon kaa sahaara laker mahatvapurna roop seey nayaa roop diyaa gayaa haye. swiss vikalangata beema dwara sthaapit karyakramon mein shamil vyaktiyon key saath kiye gaye sakshatkaron parr ack adhyayan samaaj mein unake sthaan seey sambandhit unaki anishchitataon aur chintaon key saath-saath vikalangata beema key hastakshepon key prati unaki pratikriyaon koo ujagar kartaa haye. niji, laabh key liye vikalangata beema viklang logon koo aaya pradaan karane mein ack bhoomika nibhaata haye, lekin rashtriyakrit karyakram suraksha jaal hain joe adhikansh daavedaron koo pakadate hain. rojgar. adhyayanon ney akshamta aur garibi key beach ack sahsambandh koo darshaaya haye. vishesh roop seey, viklang logon koo dee jaane vaali naukariyon kii kamee haye. marta russell ney nott kiya kii "viklang vyaktiyon (joe awas key saath kaam curr sakate hain) key utpeedan kaa praathamik aadhar majdoori karane vaale majdooron key roop mein shoshan seey unakaa bahishkaar haye." bauddhik akshamta. kaee deshon mein aise karyakram hain joe bauddhik roop seey viklang logon koo karyabal mein aavashyak kaushal praapt karane mein sahaayata karate hain. iss tarah key karyakramon mein aashray karyashalaen aur vayask divas dekhbhal karyakram shamil hain. aashray karyakramon mein bagwani, nirmaan aur sanyojan jaisi dinn kii gatividhiyaan shamil hain. yeye gatividhiyaan niyamit-unmukh karyon koo suvidhajanak banaati hain joe badale mein logon koo karyabal mein pravesh karane seey pahale anubhav praapt karane kii anumati detee hain. isi tarah, vayask divas dekhbhal karyakramon mein dinn kii gatividhiyaan bhee shamil hain. haalaanki, yeye gatividhiyaan ack aise shaikshik vatavaran mein adharit hain jahan loga shaikshik, shaaririk aur sanchaar-adharit karyon mein sanlagn honey mein saksham hain joe sanchaar, smriti aur samanya jeevan kaushal koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad karate hain. isake alawa, vayask divas dekhbhal karyakramon ney saarvajanik sthaanon (jaise) key liye kshetriya yaatraon kaa samay nirdhaarit karke samudayik gatividhiyon kii vyavastha kii.jee. chidiyaghar, aur cinema ghar). karyabal mein pravesh karane seey pahale bauddhik roop seey viklang logon key liye aavashyak kaushal pradaan karane vaale donon karyakramon key bavjood, shodhkartaon ney paaya haye kii aaee. dee. loga samudaay-ekikrit rojgar mein shamil honah pasand karate hain. graahak seva, lipic, darban, aatithya aur vinirmaan padon seey laker vibhinn vyavsaayon mein, nyuntam yaa uchch majdoori parr logon koo samudaay-ekikrit rojgar key avsar pradaan kiye jaate hain. aaee. dee. karmchari binaa kissy viklang key karmchaariyon key saath kaam karate hain joe prashikshan mein unaki sahaayata karane mein saksham hotey hain. teenon vikalp bauddhik roop seey viklang logon koo samajik kaushal vikasit karane aur unakaa abhyaas karane kii anumati dete hain joe rosemarra key jeevan key liye mahatvapurna hain. haalaanki, yeh guaranti naheen haye kii ids karmchaariyon koo binaa ids key karmchaariyon key samaan vyavhaar praapt hotaa haye; lindstrom aur anya key anusaar.samudaay-ekikrit karmchaariyon koo vetan vriddhi praapt honey kii sambhavana cumm haye, aur kewal 26 pratishat purnakaalik sthiti banaae rakhane mein saksham hain. ack sthir karyabal dhoondhana atirikt chunautiyon kaa saamana kartaa haye. bauddhik akshamta mein anuprayukt anusandhaan" patrika mein prakaashit ack adhyayan ney sanket diyaa kii halanki naukari dhoondhana mushkil hoe sakata haye, lekin naukari koo sthir karna aur bhee kathin haye. chadsey-rush ney prastaav diyaa kii aaee. dee. logon key liye rojgar sunishchit karane key liye paryaapt utpaadan kaushal aur prabhaavi samajik kaushal kii aavashyakta hoti haye. naukari khone key anya antarnihit karakon mein sanrachanaatmak kaarak aur karmchari-kaaryasthal ekikaran shamil hain. jaisa kii killsby ney kahaa haye, seemit sanrachanaatmak kaarak naukari mein kaee karakon koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain, jaise kii ack ids vyakti koo kaam karane kii anumati diye gaye ghanton kii seemit sankhya. yeh badale mein, fabian aur anya key anusaar., sahakarmiyon key saath sambandh vikasit karane yaa kaaryasthal key bheetar behtar dhang seey ekikrit honey key avsar kii kamee kii or leey jaataa haye. phir bhee, joe loga naukari koo sthir karane mein asamarth hotey hain, unhein aksar hatotsaahit kiya jaataa haye. zareed dwara kiye gaye usee adhyayan key anusaar, bhaag lene vaale kaee logon ney paaya kii unhone apane sahakarmiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm aaya arjit kii thee, unake poore dinon mein samay adhik thaa, kyonki unake paas kaam naheen thaa. unamen nirasha aur viphalata kii bhaavanaaen bhee theen. yuu key anusaar.aiss. vikalangata parr rashtriya sangathan, naa kewal ids logon koo lagaatar hatotsaahit karane kaa saamana karna padata haye, balki kaee loga garibi rekha seey neeche rahate hain, kyonki way rojgar khojane yaa sthir karane mein asamarth hain aur ids shramikon parr rakhe gaye karmchaariyon key seemit karakon key kaaran. isase loga bhojan, chikitsa dekhbhal, parivahan aur awas jaisi buniyaadi aavashyaktaon sahit apane liye pradaan karane mein asamarth hoe jaate hain. garibi. viklang logon key liye kaam karane kii umr key logon kii garibi darr viklang logon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag dhaaee gunaa adhik haye. akshamta aur garibi ack dushchakra banaa sakate hain, jisamen shaaririk baadhaaen aur akshamta kaa kalank aaya praapt karna adhik kathin banaa detaa haye, jisase swasth jeevan key liye swaasthya dekhbhal aur anya aavashyaktaon taka pahunch cumm hoe jaati haye. raajya dwara vitt poshit swaasthya aur samajik sevaaon key binaa samajon mein, ack viklang vyakti key saath rahane key liye dawa aur lagaatar swaasthya dekhbhal yaatraon, ghar mein vyaktigat sahaayata, aur anukoolaniya upkaranon aur kapadon parr kharch karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, saath hii saath jeevan yapan kii samanya laagat bhee. vikalangata parr vishva report ingit karati haye kii sabhi viklang logon mein seey aadhe loga swaasthya dekhbhal kaa kharch wahan naheen curr sakate hain, jabaki ack tihai viklang loga. viklang vayaskon key liye saarvajanik sevaaon key binaa deshon mein, unake parivaar garib hoe sakate hain. aapadaaen. seemit shodh gyaan haye, lekin kaee upakhyan report hain, jaba aapadaaen viklang logon koo prabhaavit karati hain tou kyaa hotaa haye. viklang vyakti aapadaon seey bahut prabhaavit hotey hain. yadi sahaayata upalabdh naheen haye tou shaaririk roop seey viklang logon koo baahar nikaalane mein jokhim hoe sakata haye. sangyanatmak haani vaale vyakti una nirdeshon koo samajhane key liye sangharsh curr sakate hain jinka aapada kii sthiti mein paalan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeye sabhi kaarak viklang vyaktiyon key saath aapada sthitiyon mein jokhim kii bhinnata kii degree koo badhaa sakate hain. shodh adhyayanon mein aapada chakr key sabhi charanon key dauran viklang vyaktiyon key khilaf lagaatar bhedbhaav paaya gayaa haye. sabse aam seema yeh haye kii loga bhautik roop seey imaraton yaa parivahan key saath-saath aapada seey sambandhit sevaaon taka pahunch naheen curr sakate hain. inn vyaktiyon kaa bahishkaar aanshik roop seey aapaatkaaleen yojnakaron aur aapada raahat karmiyon koo pradaan kiye gaye vikalangata seey sambandhit prashikshan kii kamee key kaaran hotaa haye. samaaj mein akshamta. umr badhane luggy. ack nishchit hudd taka, shaaririk haani aur badalati mansik avasthaaen lagbhag sarvavyaapi roop seey logon dwara umr key saath anubhav kii jaati hain. umr badhane vaali aabaadi koo aksar akshamta key uchch prasaar key liye kalankit kiya jaataa haye. cathleen woodward, "vikalangata adhyayan key liye pramukh shabdon" mein likhate hue, iss ghatana koo nimnanusar samajhaati haih nariwadi, vichitra, crip" mein, ellison kaafar ney umr badhane aur isase judee chinta kaa ullekh kiya haye. kaafar key anusaar, yeh chinta samanya sthiti key vichaaron seey utpann hoti haye. vaha kahati haih samajik mandand. aise sandarbhon mein jahaan unake antar dikhaai dete hain, viklang vyaktiyon koo aksar kalank kaa saamana karna padata haye. loga aksar viklang upasthiti key prati bhaya, dayaa, sanrakshan, ghuspaith, tiraskar yaa upeksha key saath pratikriya karate hain. yeye pratikriyaaen, aur aksar, viklang vyaktiyon koo inn sthaanon dwara pradaan kiye jaane vaale laabhon aur sansadhanon key saath samajik sthaanon taka pahunchane seey baahar curr sakati hain. viklang lekhak/shodhkarta jannie morris bataate hain kii viklang vyaktiyon koo haashiye parr rakhane key liye kalank kaise kaam kartaa haih isake alawa, kalank kaa saamana karna vyakti key mano-bhaavnaatmak kalyan koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. viklang vyaktiyon key mano-bhaavnaatmak swaasthya parr pratikool prabhaav daalane kaa ack tarika unake dwara anubhav kiye jaane vaale utpeedan key aantarikakaran key madhyam seey haye, jisase yeh mahsoos hoe sakata haye kii way kamjor, pagal, bekaar yaa anya nakaratmak visheshtaon kii koee sankhya hain joe unaki sthitiyon seey judee hoe sakati hain. utpeedan kaa aantarikakaran prabhaavit vyakti key atmasamman koo nuksan pahunchaata haye aur unake vyavhaar koo una tarikon seey aakar detaa haye joe una logon key prabhutva key anuroop hain jinake paas koee maanyata praapt akshamta naheen haye. saksham vichaaron koo aksar aantarik roop diyaa jaataa haye jaba viklang logon parr unake aspas key logon aur sansthanon dwara apane viklang antar koo chhipaane aur cumm karane key liye dabaav daala jaataa haye, yaa, "paas". lekhak simi linton key anusaar, gujarane kaa kaary viklang vyaktiyon koo samudaay, chinta aur aatm-sandeh key nuksan kaa anubhav karaane key liye ack gahara bhaavnaatmak prabhaav daaltaa haye. media akshamta seey judey kalank koo banaane aur usey majboot karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. vikalangata key media chitran aamtaur parr samaaj key bheetar anivarya roop seey seemant upasthiti key roop mein aksham upasthiti koo darshaate hain. yeye chitran ack saath viklang antar kii lokpriya dhaarana koo pratibimbit karate hain aur prabhaavit karate hain. trop. aisee alag-alag ranneeti hain jinka upayog media aksar viklang upasthiti kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kartaa haye. vikalangata koo taiyar karane key inn samanya tarikon kii amanviya honey aur viklang vyaktiyon key drishtikon koo mahatva dene mein whiffle rahane key liye bhaari aalochana kii jaati haye. jaisa kii viklang siddhantkar aur alankaarik jey tii dwara ullikhit haye. dolmage, saksham media trop viklang logon key baare mein samaaj key mithakon koo pratibimbit curr sakate hain aur unhein kayam rakh sakate hain. prerana porn. prerana porn viklang vyaktiyon key chitran koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisamen unhein kewal isaliye preranadayak key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye kyonki vyakti koo ack vikalangata haye. inn chitranon kii aalochana kii jaati haye kyonki way binaa kissy maanyata praapt akshamta vaale darshakon koo chitrit vyakti kii tulanaa mein apane baare mein behtar mahsoos karaane key iraade seey banaae gaye hain. viklang vyaktiyon kii manavata koo pahchaanane key bajaay, prerana porn unhein una darshakon key liye prerana kii vastuon mein badal detaa haye joe binaa kissy maanyata praapt vikalangata key hotey hain. supercrip. supercrip trop una udaharanon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jaba media ack viklang vyakti parr report kartaa haye yaa chitrit kartaa haye jisane ack ullekhaniya upalabdhi hassil kii haye lekin vaastav mein joe unhone kiya haye, usake bajaay apani vikalangata parr kendrit haye. unhein samaan yaa samaan sthitiyon vaale anya logon kii tulanaa mein asadharan honey key liye vismayakaari key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. iss trop kaa vyaapak roop seey viklang athletes parr reporting key saath-saath autistic savent key chitran mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. kaee viklang loga inn abhyavedanon kii ninda karate hain kii way logon koo poorna logon key roop mein dekhane key bajaay unaki sthiti koo cumm curr rahey hain. isake alawa, supercrip chitran kii aalochana avaastavik apeksha paida karane key liye kii jaati haye kii akshamta key saath kissy prakaar kii vishesh pratibha, pratibha yaa antardrishti honey chaahiye. media mein iss trop key udaharanon mein dow. achche doctor, marval key daredeville aur anya logon seey shaun marfi. viklang khalnayak. kaalpanik kathaaon mein aise paatr joe kathit samajik maandandon seey shaaririk yaa mansik antar key sanket dete hain, unhein aksar ack paath key bheetar khalnayak key roop mein rakhaa jaataa haye. lindsey row-hayweld iss mudde kaa aage vishleshan shuru karane key liye chhatron koo padhaae jaane key tarikon koo saajha karate hain. viklang logon key viklang bahumat seey dikhaai dene vaale antar darshakon mein darr paida karane key liye hain joe viklang logon kii mansikta koo vyaktigat yaa saarvajanik hiton aur kalyan key liye khatra banaa sakate hain. akshamta mein girawat. disability drop" trop taba hotaa haye jaba ack kathit roop seey aksham charitra koo nakali, alankrit karane vaalaa, yaa anyatha vaastav mein unaki daavaa kii gaee akshamta koo moort roop naheen dene vaalaa bataaya jaataa haye. jey dolmez film mein cavin spacy key charitra, maukhik kint, koo "samanya sandigdhon" key udaaharan key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, aur iss tarah key chitran viklang logon key prati saksham-shareer vaale samaaj key avishvaas koo pratibimbit curr sakate hain. isake alawa, ack charitra kii gair-akshamta kaa yeh khulasa aksar ack kahani key kathaa charmotkarsh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, aur kathaanak, kathaa baadha, yaa charitrikaran key upkaran mein sangharsh key srot key roop mein akshamta kaa upayog anya vikalangata adhyayan vidvaanon key "kathaa prosthesis" key siddhant key saath sanrekhit hotaa haye, joe david tii dwara gadhaa gayaa ack shabd haye. michel aur sharon snider. viklang peedit. ack aur baar-baar honey vaali ghatana taba hoti haye jaba kissy viklang vyakti koo dukhi yaa asahaay maanaa jaataa haye. notre dame key quasimodo, haathi key aadami key johnn merrick, ack chrismus caroll key chhote samay, aur yahaan taka kii samachar prasaran joe logon koo "peedit" yaa "peedit" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain, iss roodhivaadita key kuchh udaaharan hain. hamesha key liye nirdosh. viklang paatron koo aksar filmon mein swargadoot yaa bachkaanaa key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye. inn filmon mein "raine maine" (1988), "forrest gump" (1994) aur "aaee aim saim" (2001) shamil hain, joe sabhi utkrisht udaaharan hain. ack aksham aur priya vyakti aksar apane "samanya" vayask sathiyon kii aparyaptataon koo ingit kartaa haye, joe unhein moksh praapt karane mein madad kartaa haye. anya sabhi kii tarah, yeh roodhivaadita aisee dhaaranaon koo badhaava detee haye joe kewal asatya hain aur isaliye hanikarak hain. jabaki kaee vikalangata trops hain, viklang saundarya vigyaan kalaa aur media mein viklang shariron koo sateek roop seey chitrit karke unhein door karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. swayam kii vakaalat. kuchh viklang logon ney chikitsa model key virodh mein samajik model key upayog key madhyam seey haashiye parr jaane kaa virodh karane kaa prayaas kiya haye; apane shareer aur kamjoriyon seey aalochana koo door karane key uddeshya seey aur una samajik sansthanon kii or joe unake viklang sathiyon key saapeksh una parr atyachar karate hain. akshamta sakriyata joe kaee shikayaton koo sambodhit karane kii maang karati haye, jaise kii pahunch kii kamee, media mein kharaab pratinidhitva, samanya anadar aur maanyata kii kamee, ack samajik model dhaanche seey utpann hoti haye. akshamta sanskriti' kaa nirmaan vyaapak samaaj mein kalank key saajha anubhav seey utpann huaa haye. viklang samudaayon mein shamil hocker aur viklang sanskriti mein bhaag laker ack sakaratmak pehchaan key roop mein akshamta koo apnana aantarik purvagrah kaa mukabala karane kaa ack prabhaavi tarika hoe sakata haye; aur akshamta key baare mein pramukh kathaaon koo chunauti dey sakata haye. chauraha. viklang logon koo samajik sansthanon mein jaane key anubhav iss baat key roop mein bahut bhinn hotey hain kii way kiss anya samajik shreni seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack viklang purush aur ack viklang mahila koo alag-alag tarah seey vikalangata kaa anubhav hotaa haye. yeh pratichhedan kii avadharana kii baat kartaa haye, joe bataata haye kii kissy vyakti kii pehchaan key vibhinn pahalu (jaise kii unakaa ling, nasl, kamukta, dharm yaa samajik varg) pratichhed karate hain aur utpeedan aur visheshaadhikaar key advitiya anubhav paida karate hain. viklang vyaktiyon key adhikaaron parr sanyukt rashtra sammelan dou prakaar key akshamta pratichhedan koo alag kartaa haih nasl-akshamta pratichhedan, aur ling-akshamta pratichhedan. haalaanki, kaee aur pratichhedan maujood hain. akshamta koo pratyek vyakti dwara alag-alag tareeke seey paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye; yeh dikhaai yaa adrishya hoe sakata haye, aur kaee pratichhedan aksar ativyaapi pehchaan shreniyon seey utpann hotey hain. daud. roga adhyayan key vaishvik bojh key ack vyavasthit vishleshan key anusaar, duniya bhar mein kaee alpasankhyak samudaayon mein vikalangata kii ghatanaaen adhik bataai gaee hain. viklang loga joe nasleeya alpasankhyak bhee hain, aam taur parr samarthan key liye cumm pahunch rakhate hain aur hinsak bhedbhaav key prati adhik samvedansheel hotey hain. baal vikas" patrika mein ack adhyayan ney sanket diyaa kii alpasankhyak viklang bachchon koo nimn aur madhyam aaya vaale deshon mein dandaatmak anushasana praapt honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. iss tathya key kaaran kii viklang bachchon key saath viklang bachchon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar durvyavahar kiya jaataa haye; iss shreni mein nasleeya bachchon koo aur bhee adhik jokhim hotaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein akshamta key sambandh mein, camill aeye. nelson, berkley journal off criminal low key liye likhate hue, aaparaadhik nyaay pranali seey dohare bhedbhaav koo nott karate hain joe viklang nasleeya alpsankhyakon koo anubhav hotaa haye, yeh vyakt karate hue kii "joe loga nakaratmak roop seey nasleeya hain, way loga hain jinhen gair-shwet maanaa jaataa haye, aur jinake liye mansik bimari yaa tou jaani jaati haye yaa maani jaati haye, pulis key saath baatchit anishchit aur sambhaavit roop seey khatarnak haye." ling. viklang logon kaa haashiye parr honah viklang vyaktiyon koo yeh vaastavik roop dene mein asamarth chhod sakata haye kii samaaj langic astitva seey kyaa ummeed kartaa haye. apani ling pehchaan key liye maanyata kii kamee viklang vyaktiyon koo aparyaptata kii bhaavanaon key saath chhod sakati haye. thomas jey. ilinois raajya vishvavidyalaya key gersic ney varnan kiya haye kii ling pehchaan kaa yeh incar kyon hotaa haih jiss hudd taka viklang mahilaaen aur purush langic hain, inn donon pahchaanon kii paraspar kriya alag-alag anubhavon kii or leey jaati haye. viklang mahilaaon koo ack prakaar key "dohare kalank" kaa saamana karna padata haye jisamen inn donon haashiye parr rakhee shreniyon mein unaki sadasyata ack saath pratyek key saath judee nakaratmak roodhivaadita koo badhaa detee haye kyonki way unake liye jimmedaar hain. haalaanki, pratichhedan key dhaanche key anusaar, ling aur akshamta ack advitiya anubhav banaane key liye pratichhed karate hain joe kewal ack mahila honey aur alag seey ack viklang honey kaa sanyog naheen haye, balki ack viklang mahila honey kaa anootha anubhav haye. yeh iss prakaar haye kii ack vyakti jitna adhik haashiye parr haye, unake visheshaadhikaar yaa utpeedan kaa anubhav badal jaataa haih sankshep mein, ack ashwet mahila aur ack shwet mahila koo alag-alag tarah seey vikalangata kaa anubhav hoga. yuu. aine. women watch key anusaar, "kuchh saanskritik, kanuni aur sansthaagat baadhaon kii dridhata mahilaaon aur viklang ladkiyon koo dou gunaa bhedbhaav kaa shikaar banaati haih mahilaaon key roop mein aur viklang vyaktiyon key roop mein."jaisa kii rosemary maalaa-thomson kahate hain," viklang mahilaaon koo, samanya roop seey mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein bhee adhik teevrata seey, saamoohik saanskritik kalpana mein nimn, abhaav, atyadhik, aksham, ayogya aur bekaar key roop mein daala gayaa haye." samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi. nasl aur akshamta yaa ling aur akshamta key pratichhedan key samaan, ack vyakti kii samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi bhee unake akshamta key anubhav koo badal degi. nimn samajik-aarthik sthiti vaalaa ack viklang vyakti uchch samajik-aarthik sthiti vaale viklang vyakti kii tulanaa mein adhik baadhaon aur cumm avsaron key saath duniya kaa alag anubhav karega. akshamta aur samajik-aarthik sthiti key beach key pratichhedan kaa ack achchha udaaharan shiksha taka pahunch haye, kyonki humm jaanate hain kii garibi aur akshamta key beach seedha sambandh haye-aksar ack dushchakra mein kaam karna. vishesh shiksha aur ack viklang bachche kii dekhbhal kii laagat binaa kissy maanyata praapt vikalangata vaale bachche kii tulanaa mein adhik haye, joe uchit shiksha taka pahunch mein ack badee baadha haye. uchit shiksha (kissy bhee star parr) kii apraapyata, rojgar khojane mein kathinaaiyon kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye, jisake parinamswarup aksar ack garib aur viklang vyakti key roop mein apane anubhav seey ack hii samajik sanrachana mein rahane aur samajik-aarthik bahishkaar kaa anubhav karane key liye 'baadhya' honey kaa dushchakra hotaa haye. sankshep mein, yeh dushchakra cumm samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi vaale viklang logon key liye aarthik, samajik aur saanskritik poonji kii kamee koo badhaa detaa haye. doosari or, uchch samajik-aarthik sthiti vaale viklang vyakti key paas uchit (vishesh) shiksha yaa upchaar taka pahunchane mein aasaan samay hoe sakata haye-udaaharan key liye behtar sahaayata, sansaadhan yaa karyakramon taka pahunch joe unhein safal honey mein madad curr sakate hain. akshamta sanskriti. khel. paralympic khel (jiska arth haye "olympic key saath") (garmi aur sardiyon) olympic key baad aayojit kiye jaate hain. paralympic khelon mein shaaririk akshamtaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala vaale khilaadi shamil hain. sadasya deshon mein, sangathan manoranjak seey laker abhijaat varg taka key staron parr paralympic khelon mein pratiyogita aayojit karane key liye maujood hain (udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya america mein viklang khel america aur blazesports america). paralympic kaa vikas reedh kii huddy kii choton key saath british yuddh key diggajon key liye ack punarvaas karyakram seey huaa. 1948 mein, surr ludwig guttman, ack tantrika vigyaani, joe dwiteeya vishva yuddh key diggajon key saath kaam curr rahey they, britten key ayalsabari mein stoke mandeville aspatal mein reedh kii huddy kii choton key saath, apane rogiyon key punarvaas karyakramon key hisse key roop mein khel kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. 2006 mein, charam khelon kaa gathan shaaririk roop seey viklang logon key liye kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey anga haani yaa anga antar, taaki charam khelon mein pratispardha karane mein saksham hoe sakein. jansankhyiki. duniya bhar mein aur desh bhar mein viklang logon kii sankhya key anuman samasyagrast hain. vikalangata koo paribhaashit karane key liye liye gaye vibhinn drishtikonon key bavjood, jansankhyikivid iss baat seey sahmat hain kii viklang vyaktiyon kii vishva jansankhya bahut badee haye. udaaharan key liye, 2012 mein, vishva swaasthya sangathan ney duniya kii 6.5 arab logon kii aabaadi kaa anuman lagaaya. inmein seey lagbhag 650 million loga yaa 10 pratishat madhyam yaa gambhir roop seey viklang honey kaa anuman thaa. 2018 mein antarrashtriya shram sangathan ney anuman lagaaya kii lagbhag ack arab loga, joe vishva kii aabaadi kaa satwan hissa haye, viklang they, unamen seey 80 pratishat vikaasheel deshon mein they aur 80 pratishat kaam karane kii umr key they. karyabal seey viklang logon koo baahar karane parr sakal gharelu utpaad kaa 7 pratishat taka kharch honey kii ganana kii gaee thee. sanyukt raajya america. roga niyantran kendron kii rugnata aur mrityu darr saptahik report key anusaar, sanyukt raajya mein ack chauthai logon koo viklang honey kii soochana haye kyonki yuva vayaskon mein seey 2016. 10% koo mansik viklang honey kii soochana millie thee. gatishilata seey sambandhit muddon kii darr madhyam ayu varg key logon aur bujurg logon mein sabse adhik thee, kramshah 18.1% aur 26.9% key saath. nasl yaa jaatiyata key sandarbh mein, asiai logon mein lagbhag 10 pratishat kii sabse cumm report kii gaee akshamta darr haye, jabaki mool americi, sabse adhik report kii gaee ghatnaaon vaale jaatiya samooh, vayaskon key anumaanit 30 pratishat parr akshamta darr haye. african amerikiyon mein 25 pratishat kii uchch report kii gaee vikalangata darr thee, jabaki shwet vayaskon key liye 16 pratishat aur unake spanish logon key liye 17 pratishat thee. kanada. 22.viklang reports parr 2017 key kanadai sarvekshan key anusaar, 15 varsh seey adhik umr key 3 pratishat kanadai logon koo viklang honey kii soochana haye, yaa 6,246,640 loga hain. kanada mein, mahilaaon aur bujurg logon key viklang honey kii sambhavana kamkaji varg key purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik haye. 25 seey 65 varsh key beach kaam karane kii ayu vaale vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein, 65 varsh seey adhik ayu key varishthon ney 38 pratishat kii akshamta darr darj kii, joe lagbhag doguni haye. kanada mein, purushon kii 20 pratishat kii tulanaa mein 15 varsh seey adhik umr kii mahilaaon kii report kii gaee vikalangata darr 24.3% thee. 2017 key kanadai viklang sarvekshan kii reports key anusaar, kanada mein 15 varsh seey adhik ayu key dakshin asiai logon mein vikalangata kaa sabse badaa anupaat 4 pratishat thaa, jabaki lattin amerikiyon mein 1 pratishat kii darr cumm thee. australia. australiyai saankhyiki beuro dwara 5 mein seey lagbhag 1 australiyai yaa 4.4 laakh logon koo viklang honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. 25 pratishat seey adhik viklang australiyai logon mein ack mansik yaa vyavhaar sambandhi samasya kii soochana dee gaee thee. purushon mein 17.6 laakh logon kii vyaapaktaa thee, jabaki mahilaaon mein 17.8 laakh logon kii vyaapaktaa thee. 65 varsh aur usase adhik ayu key varishthon kii tulanaa mein australia mein 0 aur 64 key beach key vayaskon mein 11.6% koo akshamta thee. 53.15 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key 4 pratishat australiyai, joe viklang hain, kaaryarat hain. united kingdam. house off commons library key anusaar, yuu. key. mein 14.6 laakh yaa 22 pratishat aabaadi koo 2020-2021 mein viklang honey kii soochana millie thee. yuu. key. mein 9 pratishat bachche, 21 pratishat kaam karane kii umr key loga aur 42 pratishat raajya pension ayu seey adhik key vyakti they joe viklang yaa viklang they. 2011 mein 35,875 logon key jeevan avsar sarvekshan key anusaar, lagbhag 29 pratishat shwet vyakti, 27 pratishat mishrit-jaati key loga, 22 pratishat asiai loga, 21 pratishat ashwet loga aur anya jaatiya samoohon key 19 pratishat logon koo viklang yaa viklang honey kii soochana dee gaee thee. purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon mein viklang honey kii sambhavana purushon kii tulanaa mein thodi adhik haye, usee varsh kiye gaye ack anya sarvekshan key parinamon key anusaar, purushon mein seey 26 pratishat key mukabale 31 pratishat mahilaaon mein viklang honey kii sambhavana haye. chean. rashtriya chikitsa pustakalaya key ack chikitsa prakaashan, chean mein vikalangata key prasaar mein bees saal key rujhaanon key anusaar, 2006 mein anumaanit 84.6 laakh cheeni vyakti vikalangata key saath reh rahey they. 2006 key 83,342 purushon aur 78,137 mahilaaon key sarvekshan mein, vikalangata kii sabse adhik report kii gaee darr vaale ayu samooh 18-44-varsheeya purush (22.5%) aur 65-74-varsheeya mahilaaen (22.8%) hain, journal mein prakaashit sarvekshanon key anusaar joe poore desh key pratinidhi they. chean mein, shahari aur graameen kshetron key beach viklang logon kaa pratishat kaafee bhinn hotaa haye, graameen chean mein purushon aur mahilaaon kii kramshah 72.4% aur 72.2% kii darein hain, jabaki shahari chean mein kramshah 27.6% aur 27.8% kii darein hain. chean mein shravan aur bhaashan akshamta sabse adhik report kii jaati haye, viklang logon mein kramshah mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein purushon kii sankhya 39.6% aur 36.2% kii darr seey adhik hoti haye. dakshin koria. dakshin koria mein, 2018 mein kull viklang logon kii sankhya 2.517 million thee, yaa aabaadi kaa lagbhag 5% thaa. jaba viklang koriyai logon kii tulanaa mein, viklang logon ney chikitsa suvidhaon mein ausatan 56.5 dinn bitaaye, joe rashtriya ausat seey 2.6 adhik thaa. 34.poore karyabal kaa 9 pratishat viklangon seey judee naukariyon mein kaaryarat thaa. viklang parivaaron ney kull parivarik aaya kaa ausat aaya 41.53 million wonn, yaa 71.3% kiya. viklangon parr koriyai 2020 key aankadon key anusaar, adhikansh viklang vyaktiyon koo anya rosemarra key karyon key saath-saath "safai" aur "parivahan kaa upayog" karane mein madad kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vikaasheel rashtra. vikasit deshon kii tulanaa mein vikaasheel deshon mein akshamta adhik aam haye. vikalangata aur garibi key beach sambandh koo ack "dushchakra" kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye jisamen yeye nirmaan parasparik roop seey majboot hoe rahey hain.

angavaikalya angavaikalyavu vyaktiyu nirdishta chatuvatikegalannu maadalu athawa nirdishta samajadalli samaana praveshavannu hondalu hecchu kashtakaravagisuva yaavude sthitiya anubhavavagide. angavaikalyagalu arivina, belavanigeya, bouddhika, manasika, daihika, samvedanaa athawa aneka amshagala samyojaneyagirabahudu. angavaikalyagalu huttinindaloo irabahudu athawa vyaktiya jeevitaavadhiyalli barabahudu. aitihaasikavaagi, angavaikalyagalannu kiridaada manadandagala aadhaarada mele maatra gurutisalaagide-aadaagyoo, angavaikalyagalu dvigunavagilla mattu vyaktige anugunavagi vishishta gunalaksanagalalli irabahudu. angavaikalyavu sulabhavaagi gocharisabahudu athawa adrushya svaroopaddaagirabahudu. vikalanga vyaktigala hakkugala kuritaada vishvasamstheya samaveshavu angavaikalyavannu heege vyakhyanisuttadeh vividha saiddhaantika masooragala moolaka, itihaasaduddakku angavaikalyagalannu vibhinnavaagi grahisalaagide. namma samajadalli angavaikalyavannu vivarisalu prayatnisuva eradu pramukha maadarigaliveh vaidyakeeya maadari mattu samajika maadari. vaidyakeeya maadariyu angavaikalyavannu vishesha chikitseya agatyaviruva anapekshita vaidyakeeya sthitiyendu pariganisuva saiddhaantika chaukattaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. vaidyakeeya maadariyannu anusarisuvavaru angavaikalyagala moola kaaranagalannu kanduhidiyuvudara jotege sahayaka tantragyaanadantaha yaavude parihaaragalannu kandukolluvudara mele gamana kendrikarisuttaare. bahupalu janasankhyeyanteye saamarthyavannu hondirada vyaktigala mele samajikavagi srushtisalaada mitiyagi samajika maadariyu angavaikalyavannu kendrikarisuttade. vaidyakeeya maadari mattu samajika maadariyu angavaikalyakke atyanta saamaanya chaukattugalaagiddaroo, angavaikalyavannu siddhaantagolisuva itara maadarigala bahusankhyeyide. angavaikalyakke sambandhisida vividha amshagalannu vivarisalu aneka vibhinn padagalive. kelavu padagalu angavaikalyakke sambandhisida vidyamaanagalannu vivarisalu maatra astitvadalliddare, itaravugalu angavaikalya hondiruvavarannu kalankagolisuva mattu bahishkarisuva sutta kendrikrutavagive. kelavu padagalu nakaaraatmaka arthavannu hondiddu avugalannu apashabdagalendu pariganisalaaguttade. prastuta vivaadada amshavendare vyakti-modala bhasheyannu balasuvudu suktave embudu (i.ii. angavikala vyakti) athawa gurutina-modala bhashe (andare.ii. angavikala vyakti) angavaikalya mattu obba vyaktiyannu ullekhisuvaaga. angavikalara anchinalliruva kaarana, samajadalli samaana chikitse mattu praveshakkagi halavaaru kaaryakartara kaaranagalive. angavaikalya kaaryakartaru kaanoonina adiyalli samaana mattu samaana hakkugalannu padeyalu horaadiddaare-aadaagyoo angavikala janara melina dabbaalikeyannu sakriyagolisuva athawa munnadesuva rajakiya samasyegalive. angavaikalya kriyaavaadavu samarth vyavasthegalannu kittuhakalu sahaaya maaduttadeyaadaru, angavaikalyagala grahikege sambandhisida samajika manadandagalannu madhyamagalu balasuva trapgalinda balapadisalaaguttade. aadhunika samajadalli angavaikalyada bagegina nakaaraatmaka grahikegalu vyaapakavaagiruvudarinda, angavikalaru tamma anchinalliruvavara viruddha himmettisuva prayatnadalli swayam-samarthanege tirugidaru. angavaikalyavannu vyaktiya itara bahumukhi gurutugala aadhaarada mele vibhinnavaagi anubhavisuva gurutu endu gurutisuvudannu angavikala swayam-vakilaru hechchaagi soochisuttaare. mukhyavahiniya samajadinda angavaikalyavannu bahishkarisuvudarinda angavaikalya samskrutiyu horahommalu avakasha srushtiyaagide. angavikala kaaryakartaru innoo angavikalarannu mukhyavahiniya samajakke oggoodisuvudannu uttejisuttiddaroo, angavikala samudaayavannu belesalu kale, samajika madhyama mattu kridegalantaha angavikalarige maatra meesalaada halavaaru sthalagalannu rachisalaagide. itihaasa. angavaikalyada samakaalina tiluvalikeyu pashchimadalli vaignaanika gnanodayada samayadalli udbhavisida parikalpanegalinda huttikondide; gnanodayakke modalu, daihika vyatyaasagalannu bere drashtikonadinda nodalaguttittu. praagaitihaasika kaaladalli maanavaru vikalaangarannu nodikondiddaru embudakke puraavegalive. windower puratatva sthaladalli, kandubanda asthipanjaragalalli ondu spina bifida hondiruva sumaru 15 varsha vayassina gandu. ee sthitiyu bahushah sontada kelage paarshvavaayuvige olagaada huduganannu betegaara-sangrahaka samudaayadalli nodikollalaayitu endartha. angavaikalyavannu daivika siksheya sadhanavagi nodalaguttiralilla mattu aaddarinda angavikala vyaktigalannu avara durbalategaligaagi nirmoolane madalaguttiralilla athawa taratamya madalaguttiralilla. badalige anekaru mesopatyamiyada samajada vividha hantagalalli kelasa maadidaru, idaralli dharmika devaalayagalalli devara sevakaraagi kelasa maaduttiddaru. praachina egyptinalli, samajadalli halagegalannu aagaagge balasalaaguttittu. vikalanga vruddharu nadeyalu sahaaya maaduvudu avarige saamaanya balakeyagittu. chalanasheelateya korateyiruva vyaktigalige devaalayagalu mattu gunapadisuva abhayaranyagalannu praveshisalu anuvu maadikoduva nibandhanegalannu praachina greesnalli maadalaayitu. nirdishtavagi, 370 bii.sii.vishala pradeshada atyanta pramukhavaada gunapadisuva abhayaranyavada epidaarasnalliruva asclepiusna abhayaaranyadalli, kanishta 11 shaashvata kallina ilijaarugalu ombattu vibhinn ranchanegalige chalanasheelate-durbala sandarshakarige praveshavannu odagisidavu; praachina greesnalli angavikalarannu gurutisalaayitu mattu kanishta bhagashah aaraike maadalaayitu embudakke puraavegalive. vaastavaagi, praachina greekaru angavaikalya hondiruva vyaktigalannu hecchu samarth-deha vyaktigaliginta bhinnavagi nodilladirabahudu, ekendare avara daakhalegalalli avarannu vivarisuva padagalu bahala aspashtavagive. angavikala vyaktiyu samajakke koduge niiduvavarege, greekaru avarannu sahisikolluvante kaanuttiddaru. madhyayugadalli, hucchutana mattu itara paristhitigalu rakshasara kaaranadinda untaaguttave endu bhaavisalaagittu. avu naisargika kramada bhagavendu bhaavisalaagittu, visheshavaagi kappu saavina samayadalli mattu adara parinaamavaagi, idu saamaanya janasankhyeyaadyanta durbalategalannu untumaaditu. aadhunika avadhiya aarambhadalli daihika mattu manasika vyatyaasagalige jaivika kaaranagalannu hudukuvatta ondu badalaavaneyaayitu, jotege vibhagagalannu gurutisuvalli hecchina aasaktiyannu hondittuh udaaharanege, hadinaarane shatamaanadalli, ambrois pere, "rakshasaru", "adbhutagalu" mattu "angavikalaru" bagge baredaru. manava pragatiya kaarana mattu naisargika vignaanada moulyada mele padeda gnaanada mele european gnanodayada ottugalu maanavarannu vikshisuva mattu vargeekarisuva samsthegalu mattu sambandhita gnaana vyavasthegala jananakke sahaaya maaditu; ivugalalli, indina angavaikalyada parikalpanegala abhivruddhige pramukhavaadavugalu aashrayadhaamagalu, chikitsaalayagalu mattu kaaraagruhagalu. angavaikalyada samakaalina parikalpanegalu hadinentane mattu hattombattane shatamaanada belavanigegalalli berurive. ivugalalli pramukhavaadaddu vaidyakeeya chikitseya pravachanada abhivraddhiyaagiddu, idu manava dehavannu kushalateyinda nirvahisalu, adhyayana maadalu mattu parivartisalu saadhyavaaguvante maaditu. ivu vargeekarana mattu vargeekarisalu prayatnisida vaignaanika pravachanagalondige oggoodi kelasa maadidavu mattu haage maduvaga, saamaanyikaranada vidhaanagalaagi maarpattavu. ee avadhiyalli "manadanda" dha parikalpaneyu abhivraddhigonditu mattu 1830rahra dasakadalli "ell 'home moen"-sarasari manushya endu bareda belgiumna sankhyaashaastragna, samaajashaastragna, ganitashaastragna mattu khagolashastragna adolph queteletra krutiyalli soochisalaagide. nirdishta janasankhyeyalli (avara ettara athawa tukadantaha) ellah janara gunalaksanagala mottavannu tegedukollabahudu mattu avara sarasariyannu kanduhidiyabahudu mattu ee anki amshavu ellaroo ashisabekada ankiamshagala manadandavagi kaaryanirvahisabeku endu quetelet pratipaadisidaru. ankiamshagala manadandada ee kalpaneyu ee avadhiyalli britton, united states mattu paschima european rajyagalu ankiamshagalannu tvaritavagi sangrahisuva moolaka elegalannu tegedukolluttade mattu idu sujananashaastrada udayakke sambandhiside. angavaikalya, mattu itara parikalpanegalu ivu seridanteh asahaja, saamaanyavallada mattu sahaja sthiti idarinda bandavu. ee parikalpanegala prasaranavu vichitra pradarshanada janapriyateyalli spashtavagide, allie aaa manadandagalinda bhinnavaada janarannu pradarshisuvudarinda pradarshanakaararu labha galisidaru. hattombattane shatamaanada uttaraardhadalli sujananashaastrada udayadondige, antaha vyatyaasagalannu idee jansankhyeya aarogyakke apayakari endu pariganisalaayitu. angavaikalyavannu vyaktiya jaivika rachaneya bhagavagi pariganisalaaguttade mattu heegaagi avara aanuvamshika aanuvamshikateyondige, vignaanigalu zeane poolninda "vyatyaasagalu" nantaha kale tegeyuva kalpanegalatta tamma gamanavannu tirugisidaru. vyaktiya aanuvamshika saamarthyavannu nirnayisalu vividha maapanagalannu nirdharisalaayitu mattu nantara anarharendu pariganisalaadavarannu gadiparu maadalu, kriminashakagolisalu athawa saamstheekarisalu balasalaayitu. germaniyalli naaji aadalitavu guriyagisida gumpugalalli angavikalaroo obbaraagiddaru, idara parinaamavaagi hatyakandada samayadalli sumaru 250,000 angavikalaru kollalpattaru. eradane mahayuddhada koneyalli, naaji sujananashaastrada udaaharaneyondige, sujananashaastravu saarvajanika charcheyinda kanmareyaayitu, mattu hechchuttiruva angavaikalyavu aushadhavu hechchisuva, punarvasati athawa chikitseya moolaka nodabahudaada gunalaksanagala gumpagi roopugonditu. samakaalina mattu aadhunika itihaasa eradaralloo, angavaikalyavannu samanyavagi prathama darje sambandhikaru athawa dvitiya darje sambandhikara naduvina sambhogada upa-utpannavaagi nodalaguttittu. angavaikalya vidvaamsaru uligamaanya paddhatiya arthika badalaavaneyondige kaigarika kraantiyannu angavaikalyada tiluvalikeya pramukha aitihaasika kshanagalendu soochisiddaare. madhyayugadalli angavaikalyada suttaloo ondu nirdishta pramanada dharmika andhavishvaasaviddaru, angavikalaru grameena utpaadane aadhaarita aarthikateyalli innoo mahatvada patravannu vahisalu saadhyavaayitu, idu avarige dainandina arthika jeevanakke nijavaada kodugegalannu needalu avakasha maadikottitu. kaigarika kranti mattu bandavalashahiya agamanavu janarannu bhoomige bandhisadante maaditu mattu nantara badukuliyalu vetanavannu needuva kelasavannu hudukabekaayitu. vetana vyavastheyu, kaigarikikaranagonda utpaadaneyondige, yantragalante utpaadisuva saamarthyakkaagi janarannu hecchu moulyayutavaagi pariganisuva vidhaanavannu parivartisitu. bandavalashahi mattu kaigarika kraantiyu parinamakariyagi pramanita karmikara deha athawa kelasada shaktige hondikeyagada "angavikala" janara hosa vargavannu srushtisitu. idara parinaamavaagi, angavikalarannu pariharisabekada athawa alisabekada samasye endu pariganisalaayitu. 1970rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, angavaikalya hakkugala chalavaliyu sthaapaneyaayitu, angavaikalya kaaryakartaru samajavu angavikalarannu hege nadesikolluttade mattu angavaikalyakke vaidyakeeya vidhaanavannu prashnisalu praarambhisidaru. ee kelasadindaagi, praveshakke bhautika adetadegalannu gurutisalaayitu. ee paristhitigalu avugalannu kriyatmakavagi nishkriyagolisidavu, mattu eega angavaikalyada samajika maadari endu kareyalpaduvavu horahommidavu. 1983ralli mike olivar srushtisida ee padaguchchavu angavaikalyada vaidyakeeya maadari-adara adiyalli durbalateyannu saripadisabekagide-mattu angavaikalyada samajika maadari-idara adiyalli vyaktiyannu mitigolisuva samajavannu saripadisabekagide. siddhaanta. aneka samajika vargagalante, "angavaikalya" emba parikalpaneyu shaikshanika samudaaya, vaidyakeeya mattu kaanoonu jagattu mattu angavaikalya samudaayada naduve bhaaree charcheyallide. angavaikalya adhyayanagalu. angavaikalyavannu siddhaantabaddhagolisuva shaikshanika vibhagavendare angavaikalya adhyayanagalu, idu ippattane shatamaanada antyadinda vistarisuttide. angavaikalyavu navellaroo olanotavannu padeyabahudaada sankeerna samajika gurutu emba drashtikonavannu munnadesuva jotege angavaikalyada hindina, prastuta mattu bhavishyada ranchanegalannu ee kshetravu tanikhe maaduttade. angavaikalya vidvaamsa clair mullani heluvante, "adara vishaalavaada angavaikalya adhyayanagalu angavaikalyavannu saamskrutika vyatyaasada ondu roopavendu pariganisalu vidvaamsarannu proothsaahisuttave". ee kshetravu hechchaagi antarashikshanada kshetravagiddu, tatvashastra, itihaasa, inglish adhyayanagalu, vakchaturyada adhyayanagalu, janangiya mattu janangiya adhyayanagalu, linga mattu laingika adhyayanagalu, vaidyakeeya maanavikategalu, samvahana, shikshanashaastra mattu hecchina kshetragalondige atikramisuttade. ee kshetrada vidvaamsaru naitikate, neeti mattu shasana, itihaasa, angavaikalya samudaayada kale mattu hechchinavugalantaha angavaikalya-sambandhita vishayagala mele gamana kendrikarisuttaare. ee kshetrada gamanarha vidvaamsaralli marta russell, robbert mccrewer, johanna hedwa, laura harshee, irving zola mattu innoo anekaru seriddaare. pramukha angavaikalya vidyarthi lenard zhe. angavaikalya adhyayanavannu ondu sthaapita athawa vishesha vibhagavendu pariganisabaaradu, badalige idu vyapaka shreniya kshetragalu mattu vishayagalige anvayisuttade endu davis heluttaare. antaaraashtriya vargeekarana. vishwa aarogya samstheyu utpaadisida kaarya, angavaikalya mattu aarogyada antaaraashtriya vargeekaranavu (aii. sii. eff), dehada kaaryagalu (daihika athawa manasika, drashti) mattu dehada ranchanegala (angarachana bhagagalu, udaaharanege kannu mattu sambandhita ranchanegalu) naduve vyatyaasavannu torisuttade. daihika rachane athawa kaaryadallina durbalateyannu samanyavagi angikarisalpatta kelavu jansankhyeya manadandagalinda asahajate, dosha, nashta athawa itara gamanarha vichalanavannu olagondiruvudu endu vyaakhyaanisalaagide, idu kaalaanantaradalli airilitagollabahudu. chatuvatikeyannu ondu kaarya athawa krieya anushthana endu vyaakhyaanisalaagide. aii. sii. eff. parinama beerabahudaada ombattu vishaalavaada karyakshetragalannu patti maaduttadeh angavaikalya vidvaamsarondige, icfna parichayavu angavaikalya mattu karyachatuvatikeyannu arthamadikollalu mattu vivarisalu vividha parikalpana maadarigalannu prastaapisalaagide, adannu samyojisalu prayatnisuttade endu heluttade. ee maadarigalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh vaidyakeeya maadari. vaidyakeeya maadariyu angavaikalyavannu roga, aaghaata athawa itara aarogya paristhitigalinda neravagi untaaguva vyaktiya samasyeyendu pariganisuttade, aaddarinda vrattipararinda vaiyaktika chikitseya roopadalli nirantara vaidyakeeya aaraikeya agatyaviruttade. vaidyakeeya maadariyalli, angavaikalyada nirvahaneyu "gunapadisuvike" athawa vyaktiya hondaanike mattu nadavalikeya badalaavaneyannu guriyagirisikondiddu adhu "bahuteka gunapadisuvike" athawa parinamakari gunapadisuvikege kaaranavaaguttade. ee sandarbhadalli, vyaktiyu vaidyakeeya aaraikeya moolaka tamma angavaikalyavannu nivaarisabeku. vaidyakeeya maadariyalli, vaidyakeeya aaraikeyannu mukhya vishayavaagi nodalaguttade mattu rajakiya mattadalli, aarogya nitiyannu maarpadisuvudu athawa sudhaarisuvudu mukhya pratikriyeyagide. vaidyakeeya maadariyu angavaikalyagalige kaaranagalu mattu parihaaragalannu kanduhidiyuvudara mele kendrikarisuttade. kaaranagalu. angavaikalyakke aneka vibhinn kaaranagalive, avu samanyavagi dainandina jeevanada moolabhoota chatuvatikegala mele parinama biruttave, udaaharanege tinnuvudu, batte dharisuvudu, vargaayisuvudu mattu vaiyaktika nairmalyavannu kaapaadikolluvudu; athawa shopping, aahara tayaarike, vaahana chalaayisuvudu athawa kelasa maaduvantaha dainandina jeevanada munduvarida chatuvatikegalu. aadaagyoo, angavaikalyada kaaranagalannu samanyavagi dainandina jeevanada chatuvatikegalannu nirvahisuva vyaktiya saamarthyadinda nirdharisalaaguttade. marta russell mattu ravi malhotra vaadisidante, "angavaikalyada 'vaidyakeeyakarana' mattu vargeekaranada sadhanagalu 'angavikalaru' mattu 'samarth-deha' dha naduve vibhajaneyannu sthaapisuvalli pramukha patra vahisive. idu angavaikalyavannu vaidyakeeya madhyasthikeya moolaka pariharisabekada samasyeyagi irisuttade, idu angavaikalyada arthavenembudara bagge namma tiluvalikege addiyaguttade. 1990rahra american vikalaangategala kaayideya uddeshagaligaagi, yuu. ess. samaana udyoga avakasha aayogada niyamagalu sulabhavaagi angavaikalyagalendu tirmanisabekada paristhitigala pattiyannu odagisuttaveh kivudutana, kurudutana, bouddhika angavaikalya, bhagashah athawa sampoornavaagi kaaneyaada angagalu athawa chalanasheelateya durbalategalu, wheel chair, svaleenate, cancer, cerebral palsy, madhumeha, appellepsy, aichvi/aids, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, pramukha khinnateya asvasthate, spina biphida, bipolar disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder mattu schizophrenia. idu samagravaada pattiyalla mattu aneka gayagalu mattu vaidyakeeya samasyegalu angavaikalyakke kaaranavaaguttave. angavaikalyada kelavu kaaranagalaada gayagalu kaalaanantaradalli pariharisabahudu mattu avugalannu "taatkaalika angavaikalyagalu" endu pariganisalaaguttade. swadhinapadisikonda angavaikalya" vu, durbalateyondige janisuvudakke viruddhavaagi, jeevitaavadhiyalli iddakkiddante athawa deerghakaaladavarege sambhavisuva durbalategala parinaamavaagide. "adrushya asaamarthyagalu" spashtavagi gamanisalaaguvudilla. chikitse. vaidyakeeya maadariyu angavikalarige chikitsegalu, parihaaragalu athawa punarvasati paddhatigalannu kanduhidiyuvudara mele hecchu gamana harisuttade. sahayaka tantragyaana. sahayaka tantragyaanavu angavaikalyavannu nivaarisalu athawa tegeduhakalu sahaaya maaduva sadhanagalu mattu maarpaadugalige (obba vyaktige athawa samajadolage) saamaanya padavagide. krutaka angagala balakeya modala daakhalita udaaharaneyu kanishta cree. poo. 1800kke seride. ee galikurchiyu 17neey shatamaanaddaagide. curb cutt sambandhita rachanaatmaka naaveenyateyaagide. itara udaaharanegalendare standing framegalu, pathya duravanigalu, praveshisabahudaada keebordgalu, dodda mudrana, brail mattu bhashana gurutisuvike software. angavikalaru samanyavagi vaiyaktikavagabahudada roopaantaragalannu abhivraddhipadisuttare (udaa.zii. saarvajanikavaagi sankochanavannu nigrahisuva kaaryatantragalu) athawa samudaaya (udaa.zii. dii/kiwuda samudaayagalalli sanketa bhashe). vaiyaktika ganakayantravu hecchu sarvavyaapi agiruvudarinda, angavikalarige ganakayantragalu hecchu sulabhavaagi labhyavaguvante maadalu tantraamsha mattu yantraamshavannu abhivraddhipadisalu vividha samsthegalu roopugondive. dhwani beralu, freedam scientificna "davadegalu", uchita mattu mukta moola paryaya "orka" muntaada kelavu tantraamsha mattu yantraamshagalu. angavikalarigaagi nirdishtavagi vinyaasagolisalaagiddu, naisargikavagi maatanaaduva sukshma vyatyaasagala dragannantaha itara software mattu haardvergalannu nirdishtavagi angavikalarigaagi abhivraddhipadisalaagilla, aadare praveshavannu hechhisalu balasabahudu. lomac keyboard annu nyoojilendnalli visheshavaagi vikalanga vyaktigaligaagi vinyaasagolisalaagide. worled wide web okkootavu vikalanga vyaktigalige web praveshakkagi antararashtriya manadandagala agatyavannu gurutisitu mattu web pravesha upakramavannu (aivi) rachisitu. december 2012rante manadandavu doubleu. keey. aa. zii. 2 (doubleu. keey. aa. zii. = web vishaya pravesha maargasoochigalu) aagide. samajika maadari. angavaikalyada samajika maadariyu "angavaikalya" vannu samajikavagi srushtisalaada samasyeyagi mattu vyaktigalannu samajadalli sampoornavaagi oggoodisuva vishayavaagi noduttade. ee maadariyalli, angavaikalyavu obba vyaktiya gunalakshanavalla, badalige samajika parisaradinda srushtiyaada paristhitigala sankeerna sangrahavaagide. samasyeya nirvahanege samajika kramada agatyavide mattu angavikalarige mitigalu kadime iruva samajavannu rachisuvudu samajada saamuhika javaabdaariyaagide. angavaikalyavu srashtiyalli saamskrutika mattu saiddhaantika eradoo aagide. samajika maadariya prakara, durbalate/angavaikalya hondiruva yaarigaadaru samaana praveshavu manava hakkugala kaalajiyaagide. angavaikalyada samajika maadariyu teekege olagaagide. samajada javaabdaariyannu ottiheluvalli samajika maadariyu vahisida mahatvavannu gurutisuvaga, tomm shakespeare seridante vidvaamsaru maadariya mitigalannu etti torisuttaare mattu "vaidyakeeya versus" annu jayisuva hosa maadariya agatyavannu ottayisuttare. samajika "dwandwa". ee maadariya mitigalendare, angavikala vyaktigalu edurisuva pramukha sevegalu mattu maahitigalu samanyavagi labhyaviruvudilla, hechchaagi avarige bembala needuvalli seemita arthika aadaayadindagi. vaidyakeeya maanavikashaastravu ondu phalaprada kshetravagiddu, allie vaidyakeeya mattu samajika maadariya angavaikalyada naduvina antaravannu kadime maadabahudu endu kelavaru heluttaare. samajika nirmaana. angavaikalyada samajika rachaneyu angavaikalyavu jaivika vyatyaasagaliginta samajika nirikshegalu mattu samsthegalinda nirmaanagolluttade emba kalpaneyagide. samaja mattu samsthegalu angavaikalyavannu nirmisuva vidhaanagalannu etti torisuvudu ee kalpaneya mukhya kendrabinduvagide. adhe reetiyalli jananga mattu lingavu jaivikavagi sthiravagilla, angavaikalyavu alla. 1970rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, samaajashaastragnaru, visheshavaagi elliot friedson, angavaikalya adhyayanagalige labeling siddhaanta mattu samajika vichalanavannu anvayisabahudu endu vaadisalu praarambhisidaru. idu angavaikalya siddhaantada samajika rachaneya srushtige kaaranavaayitu. angavaikalyada samajika rachaneyu angavaikalyavannu roodhiyinda bhinnavagiruvudakke samajika pratikriyeyagi nirmisalaagide emba kalpaneyagide. vaidyakeeya udyamavu anarogya mattu angavikalara samajika patrada srushtikartavagide. aarogyadalli parinatiyannu hondiruva vaidyakeeya vrattipararu mattu samsthegalu aarogya mattu daihika mattu manasika manadandagalannu vyaakhyaanisuva saamarthyavannu hondive. obba vyaktiyu aarogyada samajika vyaakhyaanavannu talupuvudarinda durbalate, nirbandha athawa mitiyannu srushtisuva lakshanavannu hondiruvaaga, vyaktiyannu angavikala endu gurutisalaguttade. ee kalpaneya adiyalli, angavaikalyavannu dehada daihika lakshanagalinda vyaakhyaanisalaaguvudilla, aadare aarogyada samajika sampradaayadinda vimukhateyinda vyaakhyaanisalaaguttade. angavaikalyavu ondu durbalate, nirbandha athawa miti emba angavaikalyada vaidyakeeya maadariya drashtikonavu tappagide endu angavaikalyada samajika rachaneyu vaadisuttade. badalige angavaikalyavendu pariganisalaaguvude vyaktiyalli samajadalli "saamaanya" endu pariganisalaaguva vyatyaasavaagide. paribhashe. janaru-modala bhashe. janaru-modala bhasheyu angavaikalyada bagge maatanaaduva ondu maargavaagide, idannu kelavaru bayasuttaare. janara modala bhasheyannu balasuvudu angavaikalyakkinta modalu vyaktiyannu iduttade endu helalaaguttade. janaru-modala bhasheyannu aadyate needuva vyaktigalu "angavaikalya hondiruva vyakti" endu kareyalu bayasuttaare. ee shailiyu vikalanga vyaktigala hakkugala kuritaada american vikalaangategala kaayide mattu yuu. enn. samavesha seridante angavaikalya hakkugala melina pramukha shasanagalalli pratiphalisuttade. "delaware vishvavidyaanilayadalli "cerebral palsi aa guide phaar cair" janara modala bhasheyannu vivarisuttadeh janaru-modala paribhaasheyannu yukeyalli "durbalate hondiruva janaru" (udaaharanege "drashti dosha hondiruva janaru") roopadalli balasalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, yukeyalli, samanyavagi janara modala bhaasheginta gurutina modala bhaashege aadyate nidalaaguttade. vyakti-modala paribhasheya balakeyu vikalanga vyakti (athawa janaru) (athawa angavaikalya) galannu ullekhisalu pii. doubleu. dii. emba sankshipta padada balakege kaaranavaagide. aadaagyoo, itara vyaktigalu mattu gumpugalu angavaikalyavu janara gurutugala mele hege parinama biruttade embudannu ottihelalu gurutina modala bhasheyannu bayasuttaare. yaava bhasheya sailiyannu balasalaaguttade embudu vividha deshagalu, gumpugalu mattu vyaktigala naduve badalaaguttade. gurutu-modala bhashe. gurutina-modala bhasheyu vyaktiyannu "angavikala" endu vivarisuttade. kelavaru idannu bayasuttaare mattu idu angavaikalyada samajika maadarige janara modala bhaasheginta uttamavaagi hondikolluttade endu vadisuttare, ekendare idu vyaktiyu angavikalanagiruvudu avara dehadindalla, aadare avarige avakaashavillada prapanchadinda endu ottiheluttade. idu visheshavaagi yukeyalli nijavagide, allie samajika maadariya adiyalli yarobbara durbalateyu (udaaharanege, bennuhuri gaaya) vaiyaktika aastiyaagiddaru, "angavaikalya" embudu praveshada korateyantaha baahya samajika amshagalinda srushtiyaagide endu vaadisalaagide. vaiyaktika durbalateya aasti mattu angavaikalyada samajika aastiya naduvina ee vyatyaasavu samajika maadariya kendrabinduvagide. angavikalaru" emba padavannu rajakiya rachaneyaagi angavikalara antararashtriya samsthegalaada angavikalara antararashtriya samsthegalu vyaapakavaagi balasuttave. gurutina-modala bhasheya balakeyu janaru gurutina mattu vaividhyateya itara amshagala bagge hege maatanaaduttaare embudakkoo samaanaantaravaagide. udaaharanege anteye, yuu. esnalli kiwuda samudaayagalu.ess. janarannu tiraskarisi-gurutina paravagi modala bhashe-modala bhashe. 2021ralli, yuu. ess. association aun haiyar ejucation und disability (munde) tamma vishayavastugalalli gurutina-modala bhasheyannu balasuva tamma nirdhaaravannu ghoshisitu, vivarisuttadeh "gurutisuvike-modala bhashe angavaikalyavannu neravagi helikolluva moolaka nakaaraatmaka arthagalannu prashnisuttade. gurutu-modala bhasheyu astitvadalliruva asankhyaata paristhitigalondige namma dehagalu mattu medulugalu hege kaaryanirvahisuttave embudaralli iruva vaividhyateyannu mattu yaarannaadaru angavikalarannagi maduvalli praveshisalaagada athawa dabbaalikeya vyavasthegalu, ranchanegalu athawa parisarada patravannu ullekhisuttade." adrushya angavaikalya. adrushya angavaikalyagalu, gupta angavaikalyagalu athawa kanisada angavaikalyagalu (envidy) endoo kareyalpaduttave, ivu takshanakke spashtavagi kaanada athawa kaanada angavaikalyagalaagive. avu samanyavagi deerghakaalada kayilegalu mattu dainandina jeevanada saamaanya chatuvatikegalannu gamanarhavagi durbalagolisuva paristhitigalaagive. adrushya angavaikalyagalu shaalege hogalu, kelasa maadalu, samajikavagi bereyalu mattu hechchinavugalige vyaktiya prayatnagalige addiyagabahudu. adrushya angavaikalyagala kelavu udaaharanegalalli bouddhika asaamarthyagalu, svaleenate spectrum disorder, attension deficit hyperactivity disorder, manasika asvasthategalu, astama, apasmara, alarjigalu, migraine, sandhivaata mattu deerghakaalada ayasa syndrome serive. manasika asvasthateya roganirnaya hondiruvavaralli hecchina pramanada nirudyogadalli udyoga taaratamyavu mahatvada patravannu vahisuttade endu varadiyagide. episodic angavaikalya. sandhivaata, bipolar disorder, aichvi, athawa multiple sclerosisnantaha aarogya paristhitigalannu hondiruva janaru anarogyada kantugala naduve aarogyavannu hondiruttaare. anarogyada kantugala samayadalli, kelasadantaha saamaanya kaaryagalannu nirvahisuva janara saamarthyavu madhyantaravaagirabahudu. angavaikalya kriyaavaada. angavaikalya kriyaavaadavu angavaikalya mattu angavikala janara bagge charchisuvaga sookta bhasheya parishkaranege kaaranavaagide. udaaharanege, 'mandagatiya' vaidyakeeya vargeekaranavannu adara nakaaraatmaka parinamagalindagi kadeganisalaagide. idallade, angavaikalya kriyaavaadavu angavikalarinda avamanakara bhasheyannu punah padedukollalu kaaranavaagide. angavikalaru tammannu taavu 'angavikalaru' endu hege vivarisikollabahudu embudannu mairs (1986) vivarisiddaare. avaru tammannu taavu vivarisikollalu angavaikalyakke sambandhisida rudhamaadariya nakaaraatmaka bhasheyannu balasuttiddaare embudu aashcharyakaravaagi kanisabahudu; aadaagyoo, vaidyakeeya vrattipararinda 'angavikala gurutu' yannu marali padeyuvudu mattu adannu angavikalara aadyateya bhaasheyondige maruhondisuvudu idara uddeshavaagide. mele pradarshisalaada bhasheya chetarikeyu samajika maadariyolage tanna sthaanavannu hondide, ekendare idu ondu samaajavaagi naavu angavaikalyada parikalpanegalu mattu grahikegalannu hege nirmisutteve embudannu etti torisuttade.angavaikalya kaaryakartaru ee kelagina vishayagala bagge gamana selediddaareh hakkugalu mattu nitigalu. hakkugala chalavali. angavaikalya hakkugala chalavaliyu angavikalarige samaana avakaashagalu mattu samaana hakkugalannu padeyuva guriyannu hondide. saarige, vastushilpa mattu bhautika parisaradalli pravesha mattu surakshate; swatantra jeevana, udyoga, sikshana mattu vasatigalalli samaana avakaashagalu; mattu durupayoga, nirlakshya mattu rogigala hakkugala ullanghaneyinda svatantryavu ee chalavaliya nirdishta gurigalu mattu bedikegalagive. ee avakaashagalu mattu hakkugalannu badrapadisikollalu parinamakari nagarika hakkugala shaasanavannu prayatnisalaagide. angavaikalyada arambhika hakkugala chalavaliyu angavaikalyada vaidyakeeya maadariya praabalyavannu hondittu, allie angavikalarannu gunapadisalu athawa chikitse needalu ottu nidalaaguttittu, idarindaagi avaru samajika manadandakke baddharagiruttare, aadare 1960 rahra dasakadinda, hakkugala gumpugalu angavaikalyada samajika maadarige sthalaantaragollalu praarambhisidavu, allie angavaikalyavannu taaratamyada vishayavendu vyaakhyaanisalaaguttade, idarindaagi hakkugala gumpugalige kaanoonu vidhaanagala moolaka samaanateyannu sadhisalu daari maadikoduttade. hindina soviyat okkootada ganarajyagalalli angavaikalya samasyegalu mattu praveshakkagi vaadisuvudu neeti niroopaneyalli hecchu sanghatita mattu prabhaavashaaliyaagide. angavaikalya nyaya chaluvali. angavaikalya hakkugala chalavaliyinda vikasanagonda angavaikalya nyaya chalavaliyu, shasakanga badalaavane mattu saampradaayika nagarika hakkugalige aadyate needuva badalu, saamuhika vimochanege aadyate needuva moolaka angavikalara jivanavannu sudhaarisuva guriyannu hondide. angavaikalya hakkugala "eradane aley" endu kareyalaaguva ee chaukattu, samarthate, vasaahatushaahi, bili praabalya mattu bhinna deshapremi bandavaalashaahiyondige henedukondiruva aneka dabbaalikeya vyavasthegalannu parikshisalu prayatnisuttade. angavaikalya nyaya emba padavannu 2005ralli ell. zii. bii. tii. kyu. angavikala mahileyaru, miah mingus, patricia burn mattu stacey milburn avaru srushtisidaru, avaru mukhyavahiniya angavaikalya hakkugaliginta, kendra anchinalliruva dhwanigalige hecchina ottu needuva moolaka, angavaikalya virodhi chalavaliyannu nirmisalu prayatnisidaru. avara gumpu, angavaikalya nyaya samoohavu, sebastian margarate, leroy eff. avarantaha gamanarha angavaikalya kaaryakartarannu saha olagondittu. moor junier.avaru tamma kavite mattu crip hop chalavaliya sthaapanege hesaruvasiyagiddare, mattu elie clair, angavaikalya adyayanagalalli deha manassina parikalpaneyannu janapriyagolisalu hesaruvasiyagiddare. vikalanga vyaktigala hakkugala kuritaada samavesha. december 13,2006 randu, vishvasamstheyu vishvada andaju 650 dasalaksha angavikalara hakkugalu mattu avakaashagalannu rakshisalu mattu hechhisalu 21 neey shatamaanada modala manava hakkugala oppandavaada angavikala vyaktigala hakkugala samaveshakke oupachaarikavaagi oppikonditu. 182 rashtragalu ee samaveshakke serpadegolluvudannu anumodisive athawa oppikondive. samaveshakke sahi haakuva deshagalu rashtriya kaanunugalannu alavadisikollabekagutte mattu haleya kaanunugalannu tegeduhaakabekaaguttade, idarindaagi vikalanga vyaktigalu sikshana, udyoga mattu saamskrutika jeevanakke samaana hakkugalannu hondiruttaare; aastiyannu honduva mattu aanuvamshikavaagi padeyuva hakku; maduve ityaadigalalli taaratamyakke olagaagadante nodikollabeku.mattu vaidyakeeya prayogagalalli ishtavillada vishayagalaagirabaaradu. manava hakkugala hycommissioner seridante yuu. enn. adhikaarigalu, ee masoodeyu samajika maadarige anugunavagi angavaikalyada bagge hecchu hakku-aadhaarita drashtikonada bagegina vartanegalallina maadari badalaavaneyannu pratinidhisuttade endu bannisiddaare. angavikalara antaaraashtriya varsha. 1976ralli, vishvasamstheyu angavikalarigaagi tanna antaaraashtriya varshavannu (1981) yojisalu praarambhisitu, nantara adannu angavikala vyaktigala antararashtriya varsha endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. angavikala vyaktigala dashakavu (1983-1993) angavikala vyaktigalige sambandhisida vishwa kaaryasoochiyannu olagondittu. 1979ralli, fraank bove avaru aii. aii. dii. pii-1981rahra yojaneyalli yaavude deshavannu pratinidhisida ekaika angavaikalya hondiruva vyaktiyagiddaru. indu, aneka deshagalu tammannu taavu angavikala vyaktigalendu hesarisive. robbert davilla avaru saamaanya sabeya munde maadida bhashanadalli dasakavannu muktaayagolisalaayitu. boow mattu daveela ibbaroo kivudaru. 1984ralli, kiwuda makkalu mattu yuvakara sikshanadalli sanketa bhasheyannu balasalu unesco oppikonditu. hindina soviyat okkoota ganarajyagalallina nitigalu. un prograangalu mattu osegalu hindina soviyat okkootada bhagavagidda deshagalallina neeti mattu kaaryakramagalannu vikalanga vyaktigala hakkugala samaveshadondige jodisalu kelasa maaduttave. rajakiya samasyegalu. abhivruddhi hondida mattu kelavu abhivraddhishila desagalalli rajakiya hakkugalu, samajika olagolluvike mattu pouratvavu munnelege bandive. ee charcheyu avalambita angavikalarannu nirvahisuva grahisida vechchada bagge kalavalavannu meeri angavikalaru jeevanada ellah kshetragalalli bhagavahisabahudu mattu samajakke koduge niidabahudu endu khachitapadisikollalu parinamakari maargagalannu kandukolluttide. andaju 650 dasalaksha angavikalaralli hechchinavaru vasisuva abhivraddhishila rashtragalalli, labhyate mattu shikshanadinda hididu swa-sabalikarana, swa-bembala udyoga mattu adarachegina kaalajigalannu pariharisalu hecchina kelasa agatyavide. kaleda kelavu varshagalinda, angavaikalya hakkugala kaaryakartaru angavikalarige sampoorna pouratvavannu padeyuvatta gamana harisiddaare. kelavu desagalalli purna udyogavannu padeyuvalli adetadegalive; angavikalara bagge saarvajanika grahike badalaagabahudu. durupayoga. angavaikalya hondiruva vyaktiyindaagi obba vyaktiyu daihikavagi, aarthikavaagi, matinalli athawa maanasikavaagi nindisalpattaga angavaikalyada durupayogavu sambhavisuttade. aneka angavaikalyagalu gocharisuvudillavaddarinda (udaaharanege, astama, kalikeya asaamarthyagalu) kelavu durupayogapadisikolluvara tiluvalike, bembala mattu muntaada agatyategalondige daihikavallada angavaikalyavannu tarkabaddhagolisalu sadhyavilla. angavaikalyada haraduvike mattu angavaikalyavannu bembalisuva vechchavu vaidyakeeya pragati mattu samanyavagi deerghaayushyadondige hechchaadante, samajada ee amshavu hecchina rajakiya pramukhyateyannu padeyuttade. rajakiya pakshagalu tamma angavikalarannu hege nadesikolluttave embudu angavaikalyada bagge, visheshavaagi angavaikalyada samajika maadariyalli, rajakiya pakshada tiluvalikeya alateyagabahudu. vime. angavaikalya prayojana athawa angavaikalya pinchaniyu ondu pramukha reetiya angavaikalya vimeyagiddu, angavaikalyadindaagi tatkalikavagi athawa shaashvatavaagi kelasa maadalu saadhyavaagada janarige sarkari samsthegalu idannu odagisuttave. yuu. nalli.ess.angavaikalya prayojanavannu puraka bhadrata aadaayada vibhagadalli odagisalaaguttade. kenadaadalli, idu kenada pinchani yojaneyallide. itara desagalalli, samajika bhadrata vyavasthegala adiyalli angavaikalya prayojanagalannu odagisabahudu. angavaikalya pinchanigala vechchagalu pashchimatya desagalalli, mukhyavaagi europe mattu united statesnalli sthiravaagi hechchuttive. 1980ralli united kingdamnalli angavaikalya pinchanigala melina vechchavu ottu deshiya utpannada (zii. dii. pii) 0.9% rashtittu; eradu dasakagala nantara idu zii. dii. pii. yaya 2.6% rashtittu endu varadiyagide. anaarogyadindaagi kelasadinda hecchina anupasthitiya mattu bhavishyada angavaikalya pinchaniya hecchina apaayada naduvina sambandhavannu halavaaru adhyayanagalu varadi maadive. denmarkn samshoodhakara adhyayanavu, anaarogyadindaagi swayam-varadi maadalaada dinagala anupasthitiya maahitiyannu angavaikalya pinchanigagi bhavishyada sambhaavya gumpugalannu parinamakariyagi gurutisalu balasabahudu endu soochisuttade. ee adhyayanagalu neeti niroopakaru, prakarana nirvahanaa adhikaarigalu, udyogadataru mattu vaidyarige upayukta maahitiyannu odagisabahudu. switzerlandnalli, kaleda eradu dasakagalalli nidalaaguva bhatyegala sankhyeyannu kadime maaduva moolaka mattu vruttipara punarvasati kramagala aashrayavannu hechchisuva moolaka angavaikalya kshetradalli samajika nitigalannu gamanarhavagi maruroopisalaagide. swiss angavaikalya vimeyinda sthaapisalaada karyakramagalalli todagiruva vyaktigalondige nadesida sandarshanagala aadhaarada mele, ondu adhyayanavu samajadalli avara sthanakke sambandhisida avara anishchitategalu mattu kalavalagalannu mattu angavaikalya vimeya madhyasthikegalige avara pratikriyegalannu etti torisuttade. khasagi, laabhakkaagi angavaikalya vimeyu angavikalarige aadaayavannu odagisuvalli ondu patravannu vahisuttade, aadare rashtrikruta kaaryakramagalu hecchina hakkudaararannu seleyuva surakshata jaalavaagide. udyoga. angavaikalya mattu badatanada naduvina paraspara sambandhavannu adhyayanagalu vivarisive. visheshavaagi, angavikalarige nidalaaguva udyogagalu viralavagive. marta russell avaru "angavikala vyaktigala (vasati soulabhyagalondige kelasa maadaballavaru) melina dabbaalikege praathamika aadhaaravendare avarannu vetana kaarmikaraagi shoshaneyinda horagiduvudu" endu heluttaare." bouddhika asaamarthya. aneka deshagalu bouddhikavaagi angavikala (aidi) janarige kaaryapadeyalli agatyavaada kaushalyagalannu padeyalu sahaaya maaduva kaaryakramagalannu hondive. antaha karyakramagalalli ashraya kaaryaagaaragalu mattu vayaskara hagalina aaraike kaaryakramagalu serive. ashraya kaaryakramagalu totagaarike, utpaadane mattu jodaneyantaha hagalina chatuvatikegalannu olagondiruttave. ee chatuvatikegalu vaadikeya-aadhaarita kaaryagalige anukula maadikoduttave, idu udyogigalannu praveshisuva modalu aidi janarige anubhavavannu padeyalu anuvu maadikoduttade. anteye, vayaskara hagalina aaraike kaaryakramagalu hagalina chatuvatikegalannu saha olagondive. aadaagyoo, ee chatuvatikegalu shaikshanika parisaravannu aadharisive, allie janaru shaikshanika, daihika mattu samvahana aadhaarita karyagalalli todagisikollalu saadhyavaaguttade, idu samvahana, smarane mattu saamaanya jeevana kaushalyagalannu sulabhagolisalu sahaaya maaduttade. idallade, vayaskara hagalina aaraike kaaryakramagalu saarvajanika sthalagalige kshetra pravaasagalannu nigadipadisuva moolaka samudaaya chatuvatikegalannu ayojisidavu (udaa.zii. mrugaalayagalu, mattu chalanachitra mandiragalu). bouddhikavaagi angavikalarige kaaryapadege praveshisuva modalu agatya kaushalyagalannu odagisuva eradoo karyakramagala horataagiyoo, janaru samudaaya-samyojita udyogadalli todagisikollalu bayasuttaare endu samshoodhakaru kandukondiddaare. grahaka seve, gumastaru, kaavalugaararu, atithya mattu utpadana sthaanagalinda hididu vividha udyogagalalli kanishta athawa hecchina vetanadalli samudaaya-samyojita udyogavakashagalannu janarige nidalaaguttade. aidi udyogigalu avarige tarabetiyalli sahaaya maadalu saadhyavaaguva vikalaangategalillada udyogigalondige kelasa maaduttaare. ee mooru aaykegalu bouddhikavaagi angavikalarige dainandina jeevanakke atyagatyavaada samajika kaushalyagalannu abhivraddhipadisalu mattu chalayisalu anuvu maadikoduttave. aadaagyoo, lindstram mattu itarara prakara, gurutina cheaty illada udyogigalige gurutina cheaty illada udyogigalige adhe reetiya gaurava doreyuttade emba khatriyilla.samudaaya-samyojita udyogigalige vetana hechchalada saadhyate kadime, mattu kevala 26 pratishatadashtu janaru maatra purnaavadhiya sthaanamaanavannu ulisikollalu saadhyavaaguttade. sthiravaada kaaryapadeyondannu kanduhidiyuvudu hechchuvari savaalugalannu odduttade. bouddhika angavaikalyadalli anvayika samshoodhaneya" niyatakaalikeyalli prakatavaada adhyayanavu udyogavannu hudukuvudu kashtavaadaru, udyogavannu sthiragolisuvudu innoo kashta endu soochiside. gurugaliruvavarige udyogavannu bhadrapadisalu saakashtu utpadana kaushalyagalu mattu parinamakari samajika kaushalyagalu bekaguttave endu chadse-rush prastapisidaru. udyoga nashtakke itara aadhaaravaagiruva amshagalalli rachanaatmaka amshagalu mattu kaarmika-kelasada sthalada ekikarana serive. killsby helidante, seemita rachanaatmaka amshagalu udyogadalli halavaaru amshagala mele parinama beerabahudu, udaaharanege obba gurutina vyaktiyu kelasa maadalu anumatisalaada gantegala seemita sankhye. idakke pratiyagi, fabian mattu itarara prakara.idu sahodyogigalondige sambandhavannu belesikollalu athawa kelasada sthaladalli uttamavaagi oggoodalu avakaashada koratege kaaranavaaguttade. aadaagyoo, udyogavannu sthiragolisalu sadhyavagadavarannu aagaagge nirutsaahagolisalaagutte. jarid nadesida adhe adhyayanada prakara, bhagavahisida anekaru tamma sahodyogigalige holisidare kadime aadaayavannu galisiddaare endu kandukondaru, avarige kelasavillada kaarana avara dinagalli hecchina samayavittu. avarige hatashe mattu vaiphalyada bhaavanegaloo iddavu. yuu prakara.ess. angavaikalyada rashtriya samstheyu, janaru nirantara nirutsaahavannu edurisuvudallade, anekaru badatana rekheginta kelagilidu badukuttaare, ekendare avarige udyogavannu hudukalu athawa sthiragolisalu sadhyavaguvudilla mattu udyogigalu gurutina cheaty karmikara mele nirbandhisuva amshagalindaagi. idu aahara, vaidyakeeya aaraike, saarige mattu vasati muntaada moolabhoota agatyagalannu olagondante tammannu taavu odagisikollalu saadhyavaagada janarannu prerepisuttade. badatana. dudiyuva vayassina vikalanga vyaktigala badatanada pramanavu vikalanga vyaktigala badatanada pramaanakkinta sumaru eradoovare pattu hechchaagide. angavaikalya mattu badatanavu ondu dushtachakravannu roopisabahudu, idaralli daihika adetadegalu mattu angavaikalyada kalankavu aadaayavannu padeyuvudannu hecchu kashtakaravagisuttade, idu aarogyakara jeevanakke aarogya raksane mattu itara agatyategala labhyateyannu kadime maaduttade. raajya anudaanita aarogya mattu samajika sevegalillada samajagalalli, angavaikalyadondige badukalu aushadhi mattu aagaagge aarogya bhetigalu, maneyolagina vaiyaktika neravu, mattu hondaanikeya sadhanagalu mattu battegalige, saamaanya jeevana vechchagalondige kharchu maadabekaagabahudu. angavaikalyada kuritaada vishwa varadiyu, angavikalaralli moorane ondu bhagadashtu janarige holisidare, ardhadashtu angavikalarige aarogya aaraikeyannu padeyalu sadhyavaguvudilla endu soochisuttade. vikalanga vayaskarige saarvajanika sevegalillada desagalalli, avara kutumbagalu badavaraagabahudu. vipattugalu. samshoodhaneya gnaanavu simitavagide, aadare vikopagalu angavikalara mele parinama biridaaga enaguttade embudara kuritu aneka upakhyana varadigalive. vikalanga vyaktigalu vipattugalinda bahalavagi badhitaraguttare. sahaaya labhyavilladiddare daihikavagi angavikalaraadavaru sthalaantarisuvaaga apayakke olagaagabahudu. arivina durbalate hondiruva vyaktigalu vipattu sambhavisida sandarbhadalli anusarisabekada soochanegalannu arthamadikollalu henagaadabahudu. ee ellah amshagalu angavikala vyaktigalondige vipattu sandarbhagalalli apaayada vyatyaasada mattavannu hechchisabahudu. vipattu chakrada ellah hantagalalli vikalanga vyaktigala viruddha taaratamyavannu samshodhanaa adhyayanagalu nirantaravagi kandukondive. janaru kattadagalu athawa sarigeyannu bhautikavagi praveshisalu sadhyavilla, jotege vipattu-sambandhita sevegalannu praveshisalu sadhyavilla embudu atyanta saamaanya mitiyagide. turtu yojakaru mattu vipattu parihara sibbandige nidalaaguva angavaikalya-sambandhita tarabetiya korateyindagi ee vyaktigala horagiduvikeyu bhagashah untaaguttade. samajadalli angavaikalya. vayassaada. ondu nirdishta mattakke, daihika durbalategalu mattu badalaaguttiruva manasika sthitigalannu janaru tamma vayassaadante bahuteka sarvavyaapi anubhavisuttaare. vayassaada janasankhyeyu hecchina pramanada angavaikalyavannu hondiruvudakke aagaagge kalankitavagiruttave. cathleen woodward, "angavaikalya adhyayanagalige pramukha padagalalli" bareyutta, ee vidyamaanavannu ee kelaginante vivarisuttaareh strivaadi, vichitra, crip" nalli, alison coffer vayassaada mattu adakke sambandhisida aatankavannu ullekhisiddaare. coffer prakara, ee aatankavu sahaja sthitiya kalpanegalinda udbhavisuttade. aake heege heluttaaleh samajika rudhigalu. tamma vyatyaasagalu gocharisuva sandarbhagalalli, vikalanga vyaktigalu aagaagge kalankavannu edurisuttaare. janaru aagaagge angavikalara upasthitiyannu bhaya, karune, poshane, olanugguva notagalu, dvesha athawa nirlakshyadinda pratikriyisuttaare. ee pratikriyegalu, mattu aagaagge, ee sthalagalu odagisuva prayojanagalu mattu sampanmoolagala jotege samajika sthalagalannu praveshisuvudarinda vikalanga vyaktigalannu horagidabahudu. angavikala barahagara/samshoodhaka jennie maris avaru angavikala vyaktigalannu anchige tallalu kalankavu hege kaaryanirvahisuttade embudannu vivarisuttaareh hechchuvariyagi, kalankavannu edurisuvudu kalankitanaguva vyaktiya manasika-bhavanatmaka yogakshemakke haaniyannuntumaadabahudu. angavikala vyaktigala manasika-bhavanatmaka aarogyada mele pratikoola parinama beeruva ondu vidhaanavendare avaru anubhavisuva dabbaalikeya aantarikakarana, idu avaru durbalaru, huchcharu, nishprayojakaru athawa avara paristhitigalondige sambandhisabahudaada yaavude itara nakaaraatmaka gunalaksanagala bhavanege kaaranavaagabahudu. dabbaalikeya aantarikakaranavu baadhita vyaktiya aatmagouravavannu haalumaaduttade mattu yaavude angavaikalyavannu hondiradavara prabalyakke anugunavaada reetiyalli avara nadavalikegalannu roopisuttade. angavikalaru tamma angavikalara naduvina vyatyaasavannu maremachalu mattu kadime maadalu athawa "paas" maadalu tamma suttalina janaru mattu samsthegalinda ottadakkolagadaga samarth vichaaragalannu aagaagge aantarikagolisalaaguttade. lekhaka simi linton prakara, angavikala vyaktigalu samudaayada nashta, aatanka mattu swayam-anumaanavannu anubhavisuva moolaka haaduhoguva kriyeu aalavaada bhavanatmaka haaniyannu untumaaduttade. angavaikalyakke sambandhisida kalankavannu srushtisuvalli mattu balapadisuvalli madhyamagalu mahatvada patravannu vahisuttave. angavaikalyada madhyama chithranagalu samanyavagi angavikalara upasthitiyannu samajadolage kanishta mattadallirisuttave. ee chithranagalu ekakaaladalli angavikalara naduvina vyatyaasada janapriya grahikeyannu pratibimbisuttave mattu prabhaavisuttave. tropgalu. angavikalara upasthitiyannu pratinidhisalu madhyamagalu aagaagge balasuva vibhinn tantragalive. angavaikalyavannu roopisuva ee saamaanya vidhaanagalu amaanaveeyavaagiruttave mattu angavikala vyaktigala drashtikonagalige pramukhyate needalu viphalavagive endu tivravagi tikisalagide. angavaikalya siddhaantavaadi mattu vakchaturyagna jay tii. dalmage, samarth madhyama trapgalu angavikala janara bagge samajada puraanagalannu pratibimbisabahudu mattu shaashvatagolisabahudu. sphurti porne. inspiration porne endare angavaikalya hondiruva vyaktigala chitrana, idaralli avaru angavaikalya hondiruva kaaranadindaagi spurtidaayakavaagi prastutapadisalaaguttade. ee chithranagalannu tikisalaguttade ekendare avugalannu chithrisalaada vyaktige holisidare yaavude angavaikalyavillada vikshakaru tamma bagge uttama bhavane honduva uddeshadinda rachisalaagide. angavikala vyaktigala maanaveeyateyannu gurutisuva badalu, spurtidaayaka ashlilateyu avarannu yaavude angavaikalyavillada prekshakarige sphoortiya vastuvagi parivartisuttade. suuper crip. supercrip trope endare madhyamagalu gamanarha sadhaneyannu maadida angavikala vyaktiya bagge varadi maaduva athawa chithrisuva sandarbhagalannu soochisuttade aadare avaru nijavagi enu maadiddaare embudara badalu avara angavaikalyada mele kendrikarisuttade. adhe athawa antahude paristhitigalannu hondiruva itararige holisidare avu asaadhaaranavaadavu endu vismayakariyagi chithrisalaagide. ee tropeannu angavikala kridapatugala bagge varadi maadalu mattu svaleenateya savaantgala chithranagalalli vyaapakavaagi balasalaaguttade. aneka angavikalaru ee praatinidhyagalannu janarannu purna janarante noduva badalu avara sthitige ilisuttave endu khandisuttaare. idallade, angavaikalyavu kelavu reetiya vishesha pratibhe, pratibhe athawa olanotadondige irabeku emba avaastavika niriksheyannu srushtisiddakkagi supercrip chithranagalannu tikisalagide. madhyamagalalli ee tropna udaaharanegalalli daa. uttama vaidya, adbhutada dhairya mattu itararinda shhaan marfi. angavikala khalanayaka. grahisida samajika roodhigalinda bhinnavaada daihika athawa manasika gurutugalannu hondiruva kaalpanika katheyallina patragalannu aagaagge pathyadalli khalanayakarannagi irisalaaguttade. lindsey roow-heaveld ee samasyeyannu mattashtu vishleshisalu prarambhisalu vidyaarthigalige kalisabekada vidhaanagalannu hanchikolluttare. angavikalaru mattu angavikalaru naduvina vyatyaasagalu prekshakaralli bhayavannu huttuhaakuva uddeshavannu hondive, idu angavikalaru vaiyaktika athawa saarvajanika hitasaktigalige mattu yogakshemakke bedarikeyaguttare emba manasthitiyannu shaashvatagolisuttade. angavaikalya kusita. disability drop" trope endare angavikala patravu nakali, alankaarika athawa vaastavaagi avara hakkusvaamyada angavaikalyavannu sakaragolisilla endu bahirangapadisidaaga. jay dalmaz, "saamaanya shankitara" chitradalli kevin spaceya patravada moukhika kint annu idakke udaharaneyagi niiduttaare, mattu ee reetiya chithranagalu angavikalara bagge samarth-deha samajada apanambikeyannu pratibimbisuttave. idallade, patrada asamarthateya ee bahirangapadisuvikeyu samanyavagi katheya nirupana parakashtheyagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, mattu kathaavastuvina sangharshada moolavaagi angavaikalyavannu balasuvudu, nirupana adachane, athawa patra niroopaneya saadhanavu itara angavaikalya adhyayanagala vidvaamsara "nirupana prosthesis" siddhaantadondige hondikolluttade, ee padavannu david tii. mitchel mattu sharon snider. angavikala balipashu. angavaikalya hondiruva yaaraadaru dukkhitaru athawa asahayakaru endu bhavisidaga mattondu samanyavada ghataneyagide. notre damena quasimodo, elephant myanna zaan merick, chrismus carolna sanna samaya, mattu janarannu "balipashugalu" athawa "piditara" endu ullekhisuva suddi prasaaragalu saha ee rudhamaadariya kelavu udaaharanegalaagive. shaashvatavaagi niraparadhi. chalanachitragalalli angavikala patragalannu aagaagge devadootarante athawa baalishavaagi chithrisalaaguttade. ee chalanachitragalalli "raine myaan" (1988), "forrest gump" (1994) mattu "aii aum samm" (2001) serive, ivellavoo atyuttama udaaharanegalaagive. angavaikalya hondiruva mugdha mattu preetiya vyaktiyu tamma "saamaanya" vayaska geleyara asamarpakategalannu hechchaagi soochisuttaane, idu avarige mokshavannu sadhisalu sahaaya maaduttade. itara ella ritiyante, ee roodhamaadariyu kevala sullu mattu aaddarinda hanikarakavada grahikegalannu pooshisuttade. angavaikalyada aneka prasangagaliddaroo, angavaikalya soundaryashaastravu kale mattu madhyamagalalli angavikala dehagalannu nikharavaagi chithrisuva moolaka avugalannu horahakalu prayatnisuttade. swayam samarthaneyannu. kelavu angavikalaru tamma deha mattu durbalategalinda tikeyannu duravirisuva uddeshadinda mattu tamma angavikala sahavartigalige holisidare tamma mele daurjanya nadesuva samajika samsthegala kadege, vaidyakeeya maadariya viruddha samajika maadariya balakeya moolaka anchinalliruvavarannu virodhisalu prayatnisiddaare. labhyateya korate, madhyamagalalli kalape pratinidhya, saamaanya agourava mattu maanyateya korateyantaha aneka kundukorategalannu pariharisalu ottaayisuva angavaikalya kriyaavaadavu samajika maadari chaukattininda huttuttade. angavaikalya samskruti' yaya rachaneyu vishala samajadalli kalankada hanchikeya anubhavadinda udbhaviside. angavikala samudaayagalalli todagisikolluva moolaka angavaikalyavannu sakaaraatmaka gurutinante alavadisikolluvudu mattu angavaikalya samskrutiyalli bhagavahisuvudu aantarika poorvagrahavannu edurisalu parinamakari maargavaagide; mattu angavaikalyada bagge prabalavaada niroopanegalannu prashnisabahudu. chedagalu. angavikalaru samajika samsthegalalli sancharisabekada anubhavagalu avaru yaava itara samajika vargagalige seridavaragirabahudu embudara kaaryavaagi bahalavagi badalaaguttave. udaaharanege, angavikala purusha mattu angavikala mahile angavaikalyavannu vibhinnavaagi anubhavisuttaare. idu paraspara bhedisuvikeya parikalpaneyondige maatanaaduttade, idu vyaktiya gurutina vividha amshagalu (avara linga, jananga, laingikate, dharma athawa samajika vargadantahavu) paraspara bhedisuttave mattu dabbaalike mattu savalattugala vishishta anubhavagalannu srushtisuttave endu vivarisuttade. vikalanga vyaktigala hakkugala kuritaada vishvasamstheya samaveshavu eradu reetiya angavaikalyada chedanavannu pratyekisuttadeh jananga-angavaikalya chedana mattu linga-angavaikalya chedana. aadaagyoo, innoo aneka chedakagalive. angavaikalyavannu pratiyobba vyaktiyu vibhinnavaagi vyakhyaanisuttaane; idu gochara athawa agocharavagirabahudu, mattu anekavele paraspara gurutisuvikeya vargagalinda aneka chedakagalu udbhavisuttave. otada spardhe. rogada jagatika horeya vyavasthita vishleshaneya prakara, vishvadaadyanta halavaaru alpasankhyaata samudaayagalalli angavaikalyada pramanavu hechchaagide endu varadiyagide. janangiya alpasankhyaataraagiruva angavikalarige samanyavagi bembalada labhyate kadime iruttade mattu avaru himsaatmaka taaratamyakke hecchu guriyaguttare. chiled development" niyatakaalikadalli prakatavaada adhyayanavu, alpasankhyaata angavikala makkalu kadime mattu madhyama aadaayada desagalalli shikshaatmaka shistannu padeyuva saadhyate hecchu endu soochiside. angavaikalyavillada makkaliginta angavaikalya hondiruva makkalannu hechchaagi durbalake maadalaaguttade emba amshadindaagi, ee vargada janangiya makkalu innoo hecchina apaayadalliruttaare. united statesnalli angavaikalyakke sambandhisidante, camille aa. berkley journal off criminal laakke bareyutta, nelson, vikalanga janangiya alpasankhyaataru criminal nyaya vyavastheyinda anubhavisuva eradu taaratamyavannu tippani maaduttaare, "nakaaraatmaka janaangeeyate hondiruva janarige, andare biliyetararu endu pariganisalaada janaru, mattu manasika asvasthate tilidiruva athawa uhisalpattavarige, polisarondigina samvahanavu anishchita mattu sambhaavya apaayakaariyaagide." linga. angavikalara anchinalliruvikeyu angavikala vyaktigalige lingabaddha astitvadinda samajavu enannu nirikshisuttade embudannu saakaaragolisalu saadhyavaagadante maadabahudu. tamma linga gurutisuvikege ee maanyateya korateyu angavikala vyaktigalige asamarpakateya bhavanegalannu untumaadabahudu. thamus zhe. ileanois state university gershik, linga gurutisuvikeya ee nirakarane eke sambhavisuttade embudannu vivarisuttadeh vikalanga mahileyaru mattu purusharu eshtu mattige lingabhedakke olagaguttaro, ee eradu gurutugala paraspara kriyegalu vibhinn anubhavagalige kaaranavaaguttave. angavikala mahileyaru ondu reetiya "eradu kalanka" vannu edurisuttaare, idaralli ee eradoo anchinalliruva vargagalige avara sadasyatvavu ekakaaladalli pratiyondakkoo sambandhisida nakaaraatmaka roodhamaadarigalannu ulbanagolisuttade. aadaagyoo, paraspara bhedisuvikeya chaukattina prakara, linga mattu angavaikalyavu ondu ananya anubhavavannu srashtisalu chedisuttave, adhu kevala mahileyagiruva mattu pratyekavagi angavaikalyavannu hondiruva kakataliyavalla, aadare angavaikalya hondiruva mahileyagiruva vishishta anubhavavagide. obbaru hecchu anchinalliruva gumpugalige seridavaraadare, avara savalattu athawa dabbaalikeya anubhavavu badalaaguttadeh sankshiptavaagi heluvudaadare, kappu mahile mattu bili mahile angavaikalyavannu vibhinnavaagi anubhavisuttaare. yuu. enn. women vaachna prakara, "kelavu saamskrutika, kaanoonu mattu samsthika adetadegala nirantarateyu vikalanga mahileyaru mattu hudugiyarannu eradu reetiya taaratamyakke baliyagisuttadeh mahileyaraagi mattu vikalanga vyaktigalaagi."rosemary haara-thamson heluvante," vikalanga mahileyaru, samanyavagi mahileyariginta hecchu tivravagi, saamuhika saamskrutika kalpaneyalli keelu, korate, atiyaada, asamartha, anarharaagiddaare mattu nishprayojakaraagiddaare." samajika-arthika hinnele. jananga mattu angavaikalya athawa linga mattu angavaikalyada chedakagalanteye, vyaktiya samajika-arthika hinneleyu avara angavaikalyada anubhavavannu saha badalaayisuttade. kadime samajika-arthika sthanamaana hondiruva angavikala vyaktiyu hecchina samajika-arthika sthanamaana hondiruva angavikala vyaktiginta hecchu adetadegalu mattu kadime avakaashagalondige jagattannu vibhinnavaagi anubhavisuttaane. angavaikalya mattu samajika-arthika sthaanamaanada naduvina vibhajanege uttama udaaharaneyendare shikshanada labhyate, ekendare badatana mattu angavaikalyada naduve neravaada sambandhavide endu namage tilidide-samanyavagi dushtachakradalli kelasa maaduvudu. angavikalaragiruva makkala vishesha sikshana mattu aaraikeya vechchavu angavaikalya illada makkaliginta hechchagiruvudarinda sookta shikshanavannu padeyalu idu apaara tadegodeyagide. sookta shikshanada labhyate illadiruvudu (yaavude hantadalli), udyogavannu hudukuvalli tondaregalige kaaranavaagabahudu, idu bada mattu angavikala vyaktiyagi obbara anubhavadinda onde samajika rachaneyalli uliyalu mattu samajika-arthika horagiduvikeyannu anubhavisalu 'baddha' vagiruva dushtachakrakke kaaranavaaguttade. sankshiptavaagi heluvudaadare, ee dushtachakravu kadime samajika-arthika hinneleyannu hondiruva angavikalarige arthika, samajika mattu saamskrutika bandavaalada korateyannu ulbanagolisuttade. mattondede, unnata samajika-arthika sthaanamaanada angavikala vyaktiyu, sooktavaada (vishesha) sikshana athawa chikitseyannu sulabhavaagi padeyabahudu-udaaharanege, uttama sahayagalu, sampanmoolagalu athawa kaaryakramagalige praveshavannu hondiruvudu avarige yashasviyagalu sahaaya maaduttade. angavaikalya samskruti. creede. paralympic kridaakootagalannu (andare "olympicsna jotege") (besige mattu chaligaala) olympicsna nantara nadesalaaguttade. paralympic kridakutagalalli vyapaka shreniya daihika asaamarthya hondiruva kridapatugalu seriddaare. sadasya rashtragalalli, paralympic kridegalalli manaranjaneyinda hididu ganyaravaregina mattagalli spardheyannu aayojisalu samsthegalu astitvadallive (udaaharanege, vikalanga kridegalu usa mattu united statesnalli blazesports america). bennuhurige gaayagalaagiruva british yuddhada anubhavigala punarvasati kaaryakramadinda paralympics annu abhivraddhipadisalaayitu. 1948ralli, surr ludwig guttman, united kingdamna ailesbariyalliruva stoke mandeville aaspatreyalli bennumooleya gayagalinda balaluttidda eradane mahayuddhada anubhavigalondige kelasa maaduttidda naravijnaani, tanna rogigala punarvasati karyakramagala bhagavagi krideyannu balasalu praarambhisidaru. 2006ralli, daihikavagi angavikalaraada janarigaagi, visheshavaagi angagala nashta athawa angagala vyatyaasakkaagi, tivrataravaada kridegalalli spardhisalu saadhyavaaguvante, extremity aatagalannu rachisalaayitu. janasankhyaashaastra. vishvaadyanta mattu deshaadyanta angavikalara sankhyeya andajugalu samasyaatmakavaagive. angavaikalyavannu vyaakhyaanisalu tegedukollalaada vividha vidhaanagala horataagiyoo, vishvaadyanta angavikala vyaktigala janasankhyeyu bahala doddadagide endu janasankhyaashaastragnaru opputtaare. udaaharanege, 2012ralli, vishwa aarogya samstheyu vishvada janasankhyeyannu 6.5 shatakoti endu andajiside. avaralli, sumaru 650 dasalaksha janaru, athawa 10 pratishatadashtu janaru, madhyama athawa tivravagi angavikalaraagiddaarendu andaajisalaagide. 2018ralli antaaraashtriya kaarmika samstheyu andaju maadidante, vishvada jansankhyeya elane ondu bhagadashtu andare sumaru ondu shatakoti janaru angavaikalyavannu hondiddaare, avaralli 80 pratishatadashtu janaru abhivraddhishila rashtragalalliddare mattu 80 pratishatadashtu janaru dudiyuva vayassinavaragiddare. angavikalarannu kaaryapadeyinda horagittare ottu deshiya utpannada shekada 7rashtu vechchavaaguttade endu pariganisalaagittu. united states. centers phaar diseys controlln rogagrastate mattu maranada saaptaahika varadiya prakara, united statesnalli nalkane ondu bhagadashtu janaru angavikalaragiddare endu varadiyagide, ekendare yuva vayaskaralli manasika vikalaangategalive endu varadiyagide. chalanasheelatege sambandhisida samasyegala pramanavu madhyavayaska janaru mattu vayassaadavaralli kramavagi 18.1% mattu 26.9% rondige atyadhikavaagittu. jananga athawa janangiyateya drashtiyinda, eshyaadavaru atyanta kadime daakhalaada angavaikalyada pramaanavannu hondiddu, sumaru 10 pratishatadashtu, aadare sthaliya americannaru, athi hecchu varadiyaada janangiya gumpu, andaju 30 pratishatadashtu vayaskara angavaikalyada pramaanavannu hondiddaare endu varadiyagide. african americannaru hecchina varadi maadalaada angavaikalya pramaanavannu hondiddare, bili vayaskaralli 16 pratishata mattu hysponic janarige 17 pratishatadashtu. kenada. 22.angavaikalya varadigala 2017rahra kenadian samiksheya prakara, 15 varshakkinta melpatta kenadiyannaralli 3 pratishatadashtu janaru angavaikalya athawa <aii. dii. 1> janarannu hondiddaarendu varadiyagide. kenadaadalli, mahileyaru mattu vruddharu kaarmika vargada purushariginta angavikalaraguva saadhyate hecchu. 25rinda 65rahra naduvina vayomanada vyaktigalige holisidare, 65 varshakkinta melpatta hiriyaru angavaikalyada pramaanavannu shekada 38rashtu varadi maadiddaare, idu sumaru eradu pattu hechchaagide. kenadaadalli, 15 varshakkinta melpatta mahileyaru purushara 20 pratishatakke holisidare, <aii. dii. 1> angavaikalyada pramaanavannu hondiddaru. 2017rahra kenadaada angavaikalya samiksheya varadigala prakara, kenadaadalli 15 varshakkinta melpatta daksina eshyaadavaru angavaikalyada hecchina pramaanavannu 4 pratishatadashtu hondiddare, lattin americannaru 1 pratishatadashtu kadime pramaanavannu hondiddaru. australia. aastreliyaada ankiamshagala beurovu sumaru 5ralli 1 australian athawa 4.4 million janarannu angavaikalyavannu hondide endu andajiside. 25 pratishatakkoo hecchu australionaralli manasika athawa nadavalikeya samasye varadiyagide. purushara haraduvikeyu 17.6 dashalakshavaagiddare, mahileyara haraduvikeyu lingagala naduve 17.8 dashalakshadashtu swalpa hechchaagittu. 65 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaralli 49.6% ge holisidare, aastreliyaadalli 0 mattu 64 rahra naduvina vayaskaralli 11.6% angavaikalyavannu hondiddaru. 53.angavaikalya hondiruva 15rinda 64 varshadolagina aastreliyaada shekada 4rashtu janaru udyogadalliddaare. united kingdom. house off commons library prakara, yukeya jansankhyeya 14.6 million athawa 22 pratishatadashtu janaru aidi1nalli angavikalaraagiddaarendu varadiyagide. yukeyalli, 9 pratishata makkalu, 21 pratishata kelasa maaduva vayassina janaru mattu 42 pratishatadashtu raajya pinchani vayassina vyaktigalu angavikalaraagiddaru athawa angavikalaraagiddaru. 2011ralli 35,875 janarannu jeevanopaaya avakashagala samiksheyalli samikshe maadalaagiddu, sumaru 29 pratishata bili vyaktigalu, 27 pratishata mishra-janangada janaru, 22 pratishata asean janaru, 21 pratishata kappu janaru mattu itara janangiya gumpugala 19 pratishata janaru durbalate athawa angavaikalyavannu hondiddaarendu varadiyagide. purusharige holisidare, mahileyaru purushariginta swalpa hecchu angavaikalyavannu hondiruttaare, adhe varsha nadesida mattondu samiksheya phalitaamshagala prakara, shekada 26rashtu purusharige holisidare shekada 31rashtu mahileyaru angavaikalyavannu hondiruttaare. cheena. national library off medicine vaidyakeeya prakataneyaada chinaadalli angavaikalyada haraduvikeya ippattu varshagala pravruttigala prakara, 2006ralli andaju 84.6 dasalaksha cheenee vyaktigalu angavaikalyadondige vaasisuttiddaru. 2006rahra 83,342 purusharu mattu 78,137 mahileyara samiksheyalli, angavaikalyada athi hecchu varadiyaada pramaanavannu hondiruva vayomanada gumpugalu 18-44-varshada purusharu (22.5%) mattu 65-74-varshada mahileyaru (22.8%), idee deshada pratinidhiyagidda jarnalnalli prakatavaada samikshegala prakara. chinaadalli, angavikalara shekadaavaaru pramanavu nagara mattu grameena pradeshagala naduve gananeeyavaagi badalaaguttade, grameena chinaadalli purusharu mattu mahileyaru kramavagi 72.4% mattu 72.2% daragalannu hondiddaare, nagara chinaadalli kramavagi 27.6% mattu 27.8% daragalige holisidare. shravana mattu maatina asaamarthyagalu chinaadalli samanyavagi varadiyagive, angavikalaralli purusharu mahileyariginta kramavagi 39.6% mattu 36.2% pramaanadalli hecchu badhitaragiddare. daksina koria. daksina koriyaadalli, 2018ralli ottu aii. dii. 1 million athawa jansankhyeya sarisumaaru 5 pratishatadashtu angavikalaru iddaru. angavikalarillada koriyannarige holisidare, angavikalaru sarasari 56.5 dinagalannu vaidyakeeya soulabhyagalalli kaledaru, idu rashtriya sarasariginta 2.6 hechchaagide. 34.ottu karyapadeya shekada 9rashtu janaru angavaikalyagalige sambandhisida udyogagalalli kelasa maaduttiddaru. angavikala kutumbagalu sarasari aadaayavannu <aii. dii. 1> million vaan athawa ottu kutumbada galikeya <aii. dii. 2> galisive. angavikalara kuritaada corian 2020rahra ankiamshagala prakara, angavikalaralli bahupalu janarige itara dainandina karyagala jotege "svachchagolisuvike" mattu "sarigeyannu balasuvudu" sahaaya bekaguttade. abhivraddhishila rashtragalu. abhivruddhi hondida rashtragaliginta abhivruddhi honduttiruva rashtragalalli angavaikalyavu hecchu saamaanyavaagide. angavaikalya mattu badatanada naduvina sambandhavu ee ranchanegalu paraspara balapadisuva "dushtachakra" dha bhagavendu bhaavisalaagide.

vaikalyam oru vyakthikk chila pravartthanangal cheiyunnathu kooduthal budhimuttaakkunnatho oru nischitha samoohathinullil thulyamaaya praveshanam labhikkunnatho aaya eathenkilum avasthayude anubhavamaan vaikalyam. vaikalyangal vaijnjaanikamo vikasanaparamo boudhikamo maanasikamo shaareerikamo indriyaparamo onniladhikam gadakangalude samyojanamo aakam. vaikalyangal jananam muthal undakam allengil oru vyakthiyude jeevithakaalathu undakam. charitraparamaayi, vaikalyangal oru idungiya maanadandatthe adisthaanamaakki maathrame thiricharinjittulloo-ennirunnaalum, vaikalyangal bainari allah, vyakthiye aashrayich savisheshamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalil undakam. oru vaikalyam eluppathil drishyamaakaam, allengil adrishyamaaya swabhaavamullathaayirikkaam. bhinnasheshikkaarude avakaashangalekkurichulla aikyaraashtrasabhayude kanvenshan vaikalyathe nirvachikkunnath ingane vaikalyangal charithrathiludaneelam vyathyasthamaaya saidhaanthika lensukaliloode vyathyasthamayi manassilakkappettittund. nammude samoohathil vaikalyathe vishadeekarikkaan sramikkunna rund pradhana maathrkakalunda medical model, saamoohika model. vaikalyathe prathyeka chikitsa aavasyamulla abhikaamyamallaatha oru medical avasthayaayi kanakkaakkunna oru saidhaanthika chattakkoodayi medical model pravartthikkunnu. medical modaline visheshippikkunnavar vaikalyangalude moolakaaranangalum sahaaya saankethikavidya polulla eathenkilum rogashaanthikalum kandethunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. bahubhooripaksham janasamkhyaykkum thulyamaaya kazhivillaatha vyakthikalil saamoohikamaayi srishticha parimithiyayi vaikalyathe saamoohika maathruka kendreekarikkunnu. vaikalyathinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya chattakkoodukal medical modalum saamoohika modalum aanenkilum vaikalyathe sidhaanthamaakkunna mattu niravadhi modalukalundu. vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta vividha vashangal vishadeekarikkaan niravadhi vyathyastha padangal nilavilundu. chila padangal vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta prathibhaasangale vivarikkan maathramaayi nilanilkkumbol, mattullava vaikalyamullavare kalankappeduthunnathilum bahishkarikkunnathilum kendreekarichirikkunnu. chila padangalkku atharam negatteevu ardhamundu, avaa apahasyangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. vyakthi-aadya bhasha upayogikkunnathu uchithamaano ennathaanu nilavile tarkka vishayam (i.iii. vaikalyamulla vyakthi) allengil aidantitti-aadya bhasha (i.iii. vaikalyamulla vyakthi) vaikalyatheyum oru vyakthiyeyum paraamarshikkumbol. bhinnasheshikkaarude paarshwavalkkaranam kaaranam, samoohathil thulyamaaya perumaattatthinum praveshanathinum vendi niravadhi aaktivist kaaranagal undaayittund. bhinnasheshikkaarude adichamarthal praapthamaakkunnatho munnott kondupokunnatho aaya rashtreeya prasnangal ippozhum undengilum niyamaprakaaram thulyavum thulyavumaaya avakashangal labhikkaan bhinnasheshikkaraaya pravartthakar poraadi. vaikalya pravartthanangal kazhivulla samvidaanangale illaathaakkaan sahaayikkunnundengilum, vaikalyangalekkurichulla daaranayumaayi bandhapetta saamoohika maanadandangal palappozhum maadyamangal upayogikkunna tropukalaal shakthippeduthunnu. aadhunika samoohathil vaikalyathekurichulla nishedhaathmakamaaya daaranakal vyaapakamaayathinaal, vaikalyamullavar avarude paarshwavalkkaranathinethire pinnott thallaanulla shramathil svayam vaadathilekku thirinju. vyakthiyude mattu bahumukha vyakthithvangale adisthaanamaakki vyathyasthamayi anubavikkunna oru vyakthithvamaayi vaikalyathe amgeekarikkunnathu vaikalyamulla svayam abhibhaashakar palappozhum choondikkaanikkunnu. mukhyadharaa samoohathil ninnu vaikalyathe bahishkarikkunnath vaikalya samskaaram uyarnnuvaraan avasaram srishtichu. bhinnasheshikkaarude samoohathinte mukhyadhaarayilekku avare samyojippikkunnathine vaikalyamulla pravartthakar ippozhum prothsaahippikkumbol, kala, soshyal media, kaayikam thudangiya vaikalyamulla samoohathe valarthunnathinayi vaikalyamullavarkk mathramulla niravadhi edangal srishtichittundu. charithram. vaikalyathekurichulla samakaalika daaranakal paashchaathyalokatthe shaasthreeya prabudhathayude samayat uyarnnuvanna ashayangalil ninnaan uruthirinjathu; prabudhathaykku munbu, shaareerika vyathyaasangal mattoru kanniloode kaanapettirunnu. charithraatheethakaalathu vaikalyamullavare paripaalicha manushyarude thelivukal undu. windower puraavastu saittil kandethiya asthikoodangalilonnu spina biphida baadhicha ekadesham 15 vayassulla oru aankunjaayirunnu. araykku thaazhe pakshaaghaatham sambhavicha aankutty oru vettakkaaran-shekharikkunna samoohathil paricharichirikkaam eee avasthayude ardham. vaikalyam daivika shikshayude oru maargamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnil, athinaal vaikalyamulla vyakthikale avarude vaikalyangalkk unmoolanam cheiyukayo vivechanam kaanikkukayo cheythilla. pakaram mathakshethrangalil daivangalude daasanmaraayi jolie cheiyunnathulppede mesopotamian samoohathinte vividha thalangalil palarum jolie cheythu. purathana eejiptil samoohathil staaf pathivayi upayogichirunnu. bhinnasheshikkaraaya praayamaayavarkk nadakkaan sahayikkuka ennathaayirunnu avarkk oru saadhaarana upayogam. chalanaseshi kuranja vyakthikale kshethrangalilum rogashanti sankethangalilum praveshikkaan praptharaakkunna vyavasthakal purathana greasil nirmmichirunnu. prathyekichum bii 370 aayappozhekkum.sii.vishalamaaya pradeshathe ettavum pradhanappetta rogashanti sankethamaaya epidorasile aslepiyasinte sankethathil, onpathu vyathyastha gadanakalilekku chalanaseshi kuranja sandarshakarkku praveshanam nalkunna kuranjathu 11 sthiramaaya kallu raambukal undaayirunnu; vaikalyamullavare purathana greasil amgeekarichuvennum paricharichuvennum thelivu. vaasthavathil, purathana greekkukaar vaikalyamulla vyakthikale kooduthal kazhivulla vyakthikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi kandirikkilla, kaaranam avarude rekhakalil avare vivarikkunna padangal valare avyakthamaanenn thonnunnu. prashnathilulla bhinnasheshikkaarkk samoohathinu sambhavana nalkaan kazhiyunnathuvare, greekkukaar avare sahikkunnathayi thonni. madhyakaalakhattathil, bhranthum mattu avasthakalum bhoothangal moolamaanennu karuthappettirunnu. avaa swaabhaavika kramatthinte bhaagamaanenn karuthappettirunnu, prathyekichu karutha maranatthinte samayathum athinte phalatthilum, ithu pothu janasamkhyayiludaneelam vaikalyangal srishtichu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya vyathyaasangalkk jaivaparamaaya kaaranagal thedunnathilekku oru maattam undaayi, athupole thanne vibhagangal verthirikkunnathinulla thaalparyam vardhichu udaaharanathinu, pathinaram noottaandil ambroise perr "rakshasanmaar", "prathibhakal", "amgavaikalyamullavar" ennivayekkurichu ezhuthi. yukthiyil ninnu uruthirinja arivinum manushya purogathikku prakrithishaasthrathinte moolyathinum europian prabudhatha oonnal nalkiyathu manushyare nireekshikkukayum tharamthirikkukayum cheytha sthaapanangaludeyum anubandha vijnjaana samvidaanangaludeyum jananam srishtikkaan sahayichu; ivayil, innathe vaikalya aashayangalude vikasanathinu pradhaanamaayath abhayakendrangal, klinikkukal, jayilukal ennivayaayirunnu. vaikalyathekurichulla samakaalika ashayangal pathinettaam noottaandileyum pathonpathaam noottaandileyum sambhavavikasangalil veroonniyathaanu. ivayil ettavum pradhanam klinikkal medical prabhaashanatthinte vikasanamaayirunnu, ithu manushyashareerathe kaikaaryam cheyyaanum padikkaanum parivartthanam cheyyaanumulla oru kaaryamaayi drishyamaakki. tharamthirikkaanum tharamthirikkaanum shramicha shaasthreeya prabhashanangalumaayi chernnu pravarthicha iva angane cheyyumbol saadhaaranavalkkaranathinte reethikalaayi maari. eee kaalaghattatthil vikasippichedutha "maanadandam" enna ashayam 1830-kalil "ell hoome moen"-sharashari manushyan enna peril ezhuthiya beljian statisteeshyan, soshyolajist, ganithashaasthranjan, jyothishaasthranjan adolph kvettelettu ennivarude kruthikaliloodeyaanu soochippikkunnathu. oru nischitha janasamkhyayile ellah aalukaludeyum aatribyoottukalude (avarude uyaramo bhaaramo polullava) aakethuka eduthu avarude sharashari kandethaamennum eee kanakk ellaavarum aagrahikkenda oru stattistikkal maanadandamaayi varthikkanamennum kvettelettu abhiprayappettu. eee kaalayalavil brittan, america, padinjaaran europian rajyangal ennivar sthithivivarakkanakkukal shekharikkunnathu athivegam ettedukkunnathiloode sthithivivarakkanakku maanadandathekkurichulla eee ashayam eugenixinte uyarchayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. vaikalyavum asaadhaaranavum saadhaaranamallaathathum saadhaaranavum ulppedeyulla mattu ashayangalum ithil ninnaan vannath. eee aashayangalude pracharanam vichitramaaya shoyude janapreethiyil vyakthamaan, avide aaa maanadandangalil ninnu vyathichalicha aalukale pradarshippikkunnathil ninnu shomanmar labham nedi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil sujananashaasthrathinte uyarchayode, atharam vyathiyanangal muzhuvan janasamkhyayudeyum aarogyathinu apakadakaramaanennu kanakkakkappettu. vaikalyam oru vyakthiyude jaiva gadanayude bhagamaayum angane avarude janithaka anantharaavakaashamaayum kanakkakkappedunnathinaal, shaasthranjar jeane poolil ninnulla "vyathiyanangal" polulla kalayal aashayangalilekku shradha kendreekarichu. oru vyakthiyude janithaka shamatha vilayiruthunathinulla vividha alavukal nirnnayikkukayum pinneedu ayogyaraayi kanakkaakkappedunnavare naadukadatthaano vandhyamkarikkaano sthaapanavalkkarikkaano upayogikkukayum cheythu. germmaniyile naasi bharanakoodam lakshyamitta grouppukalil onnaayirunnu bhinnasheshikkaar, athinte falamaayi holocoastil ekadesham 250,000 bhinnasheshikkaar kollappettu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil, naasi sujananashaasthrathinte udaaharanathode, sujananashaasthram pothu samvaadathil ninnu mangi, vaikalyam vardhichuvarikayum, vardhanavu, punaradhivasam, chikitsa ennivayiloode vaidyashaasthrathinu shradhikkaan kazhiyunna oru koottam attributeukalaayi maari. samakaalikavum aadhunikavumaaya charithratthil, vaikalyam palappozhum phastt digri bandhukkalo second digri bandhukkalo thammilulla avivechanathinte upolppannamaayi kaanapettirunnu. vaikalyathekurichulla dhaaranayile pradhana charitra nimishangalayi, fyoodalisathil ninnu muthalaalithathilekkulla saambathika maattathodoppam vyaavasaayika viplavatheyum vaikalya pandithanmaar choondikkaanichittundu. madhyakaalakhattathil vaikalyathe chuttipattiyulla oru nischitha alavilulla matha andhavishwaasangal undaayirunnuvenkilum, grameena ulppaadana adhishtitha sambadvyavasthayil ganyamaaya punk vahikkaan vaikalyamullavarkk kazhinjirunnu, ithu dainamdina saambathika jeevithathil yadhaartha sambhavanakal nalkaan avare anuvadichu. vyaavasaayika viplavavum muthalaalithatthinte varavum janangal bhoomiyumaayi bandhappedaathirikkaanum athijeevikkaan vethanam nalkunna jolie kandethaan nirbandhitharaakaanum kaaranamaayi. vyaavasaayikavalkkarikkuppadu uthppaadanavumaayi samyojippichu, yanthrangal pole uthppaadippikkaanulla kazhivinte peril aalukal kooduthal vilamathikkappedunnathil vethana sambradaayam samghadanakale veekshikkunna reethiye maatti. muthalaalithavum vyaavasaayika viplavavum saadhaarana thozhilaallikalude shareerathino thozhil shakthiyude nilavaaratthino anusrithamaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyaatha "bhinnasheshikkaarude" oru puthiya vibhaagathe phalapradamaayi srishtichu. thalphalamaayi, bhinnasheshikkaar pariharikkappedaano maaykkappedaano ulla oru prashnamaayi kanakkakkappettu. 1970 kalude thudakkathil, bhinnasheshikkaarod samooham engane perumaarunnuvennum vaikalyathodulla vaidyashaasthra sameepanathekurichum vaikalya pravartthakar velluvilikkaan thudangiyappol vaikalya avakasha prasthaanam sthaapithamaayi. eee jolie kaaranam, praveshanathinulla bhauthika thadassangal thiricharinju. eee avasthakal avare pravartthanaparamaayi apraptharaakkukayum vaikalyathinte saamoohika maathruka ennu ippol ariyappedunnathu uyarnnuvarikayum cheythu. 1983ll mike olivar srishticha eee vaachakam vaikalyathinte medical modalum-athinu keezhil oru vaikalyam pariharikkendathundu-vaikalyathinte saamoohika modalum-oru vyakthiye parimithappedutthunna samoohathe pariharikkendathundu. sidhaantham. pala saamoohika vibhaagangaleyum pole, "vaikalyam" enna ashayam academic, medical, niyama lokangal, vaikalya samooham ennivaykkidayil kanatha charchayilaanu. vaikalya padanangal. vaikalya sidhaanthathil shradha kendreekarikkunna academic achadakkam vaikalya padanamaanu, ithu irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal vikasichukondirikkukaya. vaikalyathinte bhootakaala, varthamaanakaala, bhaavi nirmmanangal eee mekhala anweshikkunnu, athodoppam vaikalyam namukkellavarkkum ulkkaazhcha nedaan kazhiyunna oru sankeernamaaya saamoohika swathuamaanenna kaazhchappaad munnott kondupookunnu. vaikalya pandithanaaya clair mullani parayunnathanusarichu, "vaikalya padanangal vaikalyathe saamskaarika vyathyaasathinte oru roopamaayi vilamathikkaan pandithanmaare prothsaahippikkunnu". thathwachintha, charithram, engleesh padanangal, vaachaadopa padanangal, vamsheeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya padanangal, lingabhedam, laingikatha padanangal, medical humanities, ashayavinimayam, adhyaapanashaasthram thudangiya mekhalakalumaayi palappozhum ovarlaappu cheiyunna eee mekhala kooduthal interdisiplinary aanu. dhaarmikatha, nayam, niyamanirmmanam, charithram, vaikalya samoohathinte kala thudangiya vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta vishayangalil eee mekhalayile pandithanmaar shradha kendreekarikkunnu. maartha russell, roobert macrover, johanna hedwa, lora hershey, irving soola thudangi niravadhi pramukha pandithanmaar eee mekhalayile pramukha pandithanmaaril ulppedunnu. pramukha vaikalya pandithanaaya lenard jeey. vaikalya padanangal oru prathyeka vishayamaayi kanakkaakkaruthenn davis abhipraayappedunnu, pakaram ithu vaividhyamaarnna mekhalakalkkum vishayangalkkum baadhakamaan. anthaaraashtra vargeekaranam. lokaarogya samghadana nirmmikkunna pravartthanam, vaikalyam, aarogyam ennivayude anthaaraashtra vargeekaranam (aii. sii. eph), shareera pravartthanangalum (kazhcha polulla shaareerikamo maanasikamo) shareeraghadanakalum (kannum anubandha gadanakalum polulla shareeraghadana bhagangal) thammil verthirikkunnu. shaareerika ghadanayilo pravartthanatthilo ulla vaikalyathe nirvachichirikkunnathu kaalakramena ettakkurachilukal undakaanidayulla chila pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta janasamkhyaa maanadandangalil ninnulla oru aswaabhaavikatha, vaikalyam, nashtam allengil mattu kaaryamaaya vyathiyaanam enniva ulppedunnathaanu. oru jolio pravartthanamo nadappilaakkunnathine pravartthanamaayi nirvachikkunnu. baadhikkaavunna onpathu vishalamaaya pravartthana mekhalakal aii. sii. eph pattikappeduthunnu vaikalyamulla pandithanmarumaayi chernnu, icfinte aamukham parayunnath vaikalyavum pravartthanavum manasilakkunnathinum vishadeekarikkunathinum vividha aashaya maathrkakal nirddeshichittundu, avaa samyojippikkaan shramikkunnu. eee modalukalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu medical model. rogamo aaghaathamo mattu aarogyaprashnangalo nerittu moolamundaakunna oru prashnamaayi vaikalyathe medical model kaanunnu, athinaal professionalukalude vyakthigatha chikilsayude roopathil susthiramaaya vaidyasahaayam aavasyamaanu. medical maathrkayil, vaikalyathinte maanejment oru "chikitsa" allengil vyakthiyude krameekaranavum perumatta maattavum lakshyamidunnu, athu "eathaandu-chikitsa" allengil phalapradamaaya chikilsayilekku nayikkum. eee saahacharyathil, vyakthi vaidyasahaayathiloode avarude vaikalyathe marikadakkanam. medical maathrkayil, medical paricharanatthe pradhana prashnamaayi kaanunnu, rashtreeya thalatthil, pradhana prathikaranam aarogya samrakshana nayam parishkkarikkukayo parishkarikkukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu. vaikalyangalude kaaranangalum parihaarangalum kandethunnathil medical model shradha kendreekarikkunnu. kaaranagal. bhakshanam kazhikkuka, vasthram dharikkuka, kaimaattam cheyyuka, vyakthiparamaaya shuchithvam nilanirthuka thudangiya dainamdina jeevithathinte adisthaana pravartthanangale palappozhum badhikkunna vaikalyathin niravadhi vyathyastha kaaranangalund; allengil shopping, bhakshanam thayyarakkuka, driving cheyyuka allengil jolie cheyyuka thudangiya dainamdina jeevithathinte vipulamaaya pravartthanangal undu. ennirunnaalum, vaikalyathinte kaaranagal saadhaaranayaayi nirnnayikkunnath dainamdina jeevithathinte pravartthanangal nadathaanulla oru vyakthiyude kazhivaanu. maartha russel raavi malhotra vaadikkunnathupole, "vaikalyathinte 'vaidyavalkkaranavum' vargeekarana upakaranangalum 'vikalangar' 'kazhivullavarum' thammilulla vibhajanam sthaapikkunnathil vyakthamaayi oru pradhana punk vahichu. vaikalyathe medical edapedaliloode pariharikkenda oru prashnamaayi ithu nilakollunnu, ithu vaikalyam enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu ennathinekkurichulla nammude daaranaye thadassappeduthunnu. 1990 leeii americans vithu disabilities aaktinte aavasyangalkkaayi, yuu. ezz. ekwal employment ooparnichment kammeeshan regulationukal vaikalyangal ennu eluppathil nigamanam cheyyenda avasthakalude oru listt nalkunnu badhiratha, andhatha, boudhika vaikalyam, bhaagikamaayo poornnamaayum nashtappetta kaikaalukal allengil chalanathmaka vaikalyangal wheelchair, oottisam, cancer, cerebral palsy, prameham, apasmaram, echuaivi/aids, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, mejar depression desorder, spina biphida, bipolar desorder, poost trometic stress desorder, obsessive compulsive desorder, schisophrenia. ithu oru samagramaya pattikayalla, koodaathe niravadhi parikkukalum medical prashnangalum vaikalyathin kaaranamaakunnu. parikkukal polulla vaikalyathinte chila kaaranagal kaalakramena pariharikkappedukayum avaa "thaalkkaalika vaikalyangal" aayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu. vaikalyavumayi janikkunnathinu pakaram, jeevithakaalathu pettennundaakunna vaikalyangalude falamaanu "aquared disability". "adrishyamaaya vaikalyangal" vyakthamayum shradhikkappedanamennil. chikilsakal. vaikalyamullavarkkulla chikilsakal, chikilsakal allengil punaradhivasa reethikal enniva kandethunnathil medical model valareyadhikam shradha kendreekarikkunnu. sahaaya saankethikavidya. oru vaikalyathe marikadakkaano neekkam cheyyaano sahayikkunna upakaranagalkkum parishkkaranangalkkum (oru vyakthikko samoohathino vendi) pothuvaaya oru padamaanu assistive teknolaji. prostasis upayogathinte aadyathe rekhappeduthiya udaaharanam kuranjathu bii. sii. 1800-laanu. pathinezhaam noottaandil ninnullathaanu wheelchair. curb katt oru anubandha gadanaaparamaaya naveekaranamaanu. staanding frameukal, tekst telephonukal, axus cheyyaavunna keyboardukal, valia print, brail, speach recognission software ennivayaanu mattu udaaharanagal. vaikalyamullavar palappozhum vyakthiparamaaya (udha.jii. pothusthalatthe virayalukal adichamarthunnathinulla thanthrangal) allengil community (udha.jii. dii/badhira samoohangalile aamgyabhaasha). pezhsanal computer sarvavyaapiyaayitheernnather, vikalaamgarkk computerukal kooduthal axus cheiyunnathinaayi software hardware vikasippikkunnathinayi vividha samghadanakal roopeekarichu. voys finger, freedam sayantifiksinte "thaadiyellukal", swathanthravum ooppan sozhsumaaya badal "oorkka" muthalaaya chila softweyarukalum hardwareukalum. bhinnasheshikkaarkkaayi prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheythittullappol, nyoonaansinte draagan polulla mattu softweyarukalum hardwareukalum swaabhaavikamaayi samsaarikkunna, bhinnasheshikkaarkkaayi prathyekamaayi vikasippicheduthathal, marichu praveshanakshamatha vardhippikkaan upayogikkaam. nyoosilandil bhinnasheshikkaarkkaayi prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu lomac keyboard. waled wide web kansorshyam vaikalyamullavarkk web accessibilitic anthaaraashtra maanadandangalude aavasyakatha amgeekarikkukayum web accessibility samrambham (viai) srishtikkukayum cheythu. 2012 desemberilennapole eee maanadandam dablyu. sii. eiii. jii. 2 (dablyu. sii. eiii. jii. = web ulladakka praveshana maargganirddeshangal) aanu. saamoohika maathruka. vaikalyathinte saamoohika maathruka "vaikalyathe" saamoohikamaayi srishtikkappetta oru prasnamaayum vyakthikale samoohavumaayi poornnamaayi samyojippikkunna vishayamaayum kaanunnu. eee maathrkayil, vaikalyam oru vyakthiyude oru attributalla, marichu saamoohika paristhithi srishticha sankeernamaaya avasthakalude oru shekharamaanu. prashnam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu saamoohika pravartthanam aavasyamaanu, koodaathe vaikalyamullavarkk parimithikal kuranja oru samooham srishtikkendathu samoohathinte koottaaya utharavaadithamaanu. vaikalyam srishtiyil saamskaarikavum prathyayashaasthraparavumaanu. saamoohika maathruka anusarichu, vaikalyamulla/vaikalyamulla oraalkk thulya praveshanam oru manushyavakaasha prasnamaanu. vaikalyathinte saamoohika maathruka vimarsanathinu vidheyamaayittundu. samoohathinte utharavaadithathinu oonnal nalkunnathil saamoohika maathruka vahikkunna praadhaanyam thirichariyumbol, toom shakespeare ulppedeyulla pandithanmaar maathrkayude paridhikal choondikkaanikkukayum "medical vezhsas" ennathine marikadakkunna oru puthiya maathrkayude aavasyakatha abhyarthikkukayum cheiyunnu. saamoohika "vairudhyam. eee maathrkayude parimithikal ardhamaakkunnathu vaikalyamulla vyakthikal abhimukeekarikkunna supradhana sevanangalum vivarangalum palappozhum labhyamalla, palappozhum avare pinthunaykkunnathil parimithamaaya saambathika varumanam kaaranam. vaikalyathinte vaidyashaasthravum saamoohika maathrkayum thammilulla vidavu nikathaavunna phalapradamaaya oru mekhalayaanu medical humanities ennu chilar parayunnu. saamoohika nirmmaanam. vaikalyathinte saamoohika nirmmaanam ennathu vaikalyam nirmmikkunnath jaiva vyathyaasangalekkaal saamoohika pratheekshakalum sthaapanangalumaanu. samoohavum sthaapanangalum vaikalyam srishtikkunna reethikal uyarthikkaattunnath eee aashayathinte pradhana kendrangalilonnaanu. vamshavum lingabhedavum jaivashaasthraparamaayi nischayichittillaathu vaikalyavum illa. 1970 kalude thudakkathil, saamoohikashaasthranjar, prathyekichu eliot friedson, labeling sidhaanthavum saamoohika vyathiyaanavum vaikalya padanangalil prayogikkaamennu vadikkaan thudangi. ithu vaikalya sidhaanthathinte saamoohika nirmmaanathinu kaaranamaayi. vaikalyathinte saamoohika nirmmaanam ennathu maanadandatthil ninnulla vyathiyaanathodulla saamoohika prathikaranamaayaan vaikalyam nirmmikkunnath enna aashayamaanu. rogikalum bhinnasheshikkaarum aaya saamoohika punk nirvahichavar vaidyashaasthra vyavasaayamaan. aarogyathil vaidagdhyam ulla medical professionalukalkkum sthaapanangalkkum aarogyavum shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya maanadandangal nirvachikkanulla kazhivundu. aarogyathinte saamoohika nirvachanathil athunnathil ninnu vaikalyam, niyanthranam allengil parimiti srishtikkunna oru savisheshatha oru vyakthikk undaakumbol, aaa vyakthiye vaikalyamullathayi mudrakuthunnu. eee aashayathin keezhil, vaikalyathe nirvachikkunnath shareerathinte shaareerika savisheshathakalalla, marichu aarogyathinte saamoohika kanvenshanil ninnulla vyathichalanamaan. vaikalyathinte saamoohika nirmmaanam vaikalyam oru vaikalyamo niyanthranamo parimithiyo aanenna vaikalyathinte medical model thettaanenn vaadikkum. pakaram vaikalyamayi kaanunnath samoohathil "saadhaarana" maayi kanakkakkappedunnathil ninnu vyakthiyil ulla vyathyasam maathramaan. padavali. janangal-aadya bhasha. chila aalukal eshtappedunna vaikalyathekkurich samsaarikkanulla oru maargamaan janangal-aadya bhasha. janangalkk pradhamabhaasha nalkunnathu vaikalyathin munpaayi vyakthiye nirthunnuvennu parayappedunnu. aalukalkk aadya bhasha eshtappedunna vyakthikal "vaikalyamulla vyakthi" ennu vilikkappedaan eshtappedunnu. americans vithu disabilities act, yuu. enn. kanvenshan oonn dhii raitts oof persions vithu disabilities ennivayulppede vaikalya avakaashangalekkurichulla pradhana niyamanirmmanangalil eee shaili prathifalikkunnu. "delaware sarvakalaashaalayile "cerebral palsy eiii guide phoor cair" aalukalude aadya bhasha vivarikkunnu vaikalyamulla aalukal" ("kazhcha vaikalyamulla aalukal" polullava) enna roopathilaanu yuu. keyil peeppil-phastt padaprayogam upayogikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, yukeyil, aalukalude aadya bhaashayekkaal aidantitti-phastt bhaashayaan saadhaaranayaayi eshtappedunnathu. peeppil-phastt padaprayogam vaikalyamulla (allengil vaikalyamulla) vyakthikale (allengil aalukale) soochippikkunnathinu pidabludy enna churukkezhuthu upayogathinu kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, oru vaikalyam aalukalude vyakthithvathe engane baadhikkumenn oonnipparayaan mattu vyakthikalum grouppukalum aidantitti-phastt langwej eshtappedunnu. eathu bhaashayaan upayogikkunnathu ennathu vividha rajyangal, grouppukal, vyakthikal ennivaykkanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. vyakthithvam-aadya bhasha. aidantitti-phastt langwej vyakthiye "vikalangan" ennu visheshippikkunnu. chila aalukal ithu ishtappedukayum ithu vaikalyathinte saamoohika maathrkaykku anuyojyamaanennu vaadikkukayum cheiyunnu-aadya bhasha, kaaranam ithu vyakthi avarude shareeram kondalla, marichu avare ulkkollaatha oru lokathaal vaikalyamullavanaannu oonnipparayunnu. oraalude vaikalyam (udaaharanathinu, sushumna nadic parikkettathu) oru vyakthigatha swathaanengilum, "vaikalyam" ennathu praveshanakshamathayude abhavam polulla baahya saamoohika gadakangalaal srishtikkappetta onnaanu ennu saamoohika maathrkaykku keezhil vaadikkunna yukeyil ithu prathyekichum sathyamaan. vaikalyathinte vyakthigatha swathum vaikalyathinte saamoohika swathum thammilulla eee vyathyasam saamoohika maathrkayude kendramaanu. bhinnasheshikkaar" enna padam oru rashtreeya nirmmanamenna nilayil bhinnasheshikkaarude anthaaraashtra samghadanakal polulla bhinnasheshikkaarude anthaaraashtra samghadanakalum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. aidantitti-phastt langwej upayogikkunnathu identittiyudeyum vaividhyathinteyum mattu vashangalekkurich aalukal engane samsaarikkunnu ennathinum samaanamaan. udaaharanathina athupole, yuu. esile badhira samoohangalum.ezz. aalukale nirasikkuka-swathuathinu anukoolamaayi aadya bhasha-aadya bhasha. 2021ll, yuu. ezz. association oonn hier ejyukkeshan aandu disability (forwade) avarude metteeriyalukalil aidantitti-phastt langwej upayogikkaanulla theerumaanam prakhyaapichu, vishadeekarichu "aidantitti-phastt langwej vaikalyam nerittu avakaashappedunnathiloode negatteevu ardhangale velluvilikkunnu. aidantitti-phastt langwej ennathu nammude shareeravum thalachorum nilanilkkunna niravadhi avasthakalumaayi engane pravartthikkunnu ennathilum oraale vaikalyamullavarakkunnathil axus cheyyaan kazhiyaathatho adichamarthunnathino ulla samvidaanangal, gadanakal allengil paristhithikalude pankilum nilanilkkunna vaividhyathe soochippikkunnu." adrishyamaaya vaikalyam. adrishya vaikalyangal, maranjirikkunna vaikalyangal allengil noonn-vishible vaikalyangal (envidi) ennum ariyappedunnu, avaa udanadi prathyakshappedaathatho kaanaan kazhiyaathatho aaya vaikalyangalaan. avaa palappozhum dainamdina jeevithathinte saadhaarana pravartthanangale ganyamaayi thadassappeduthunna vittumaaraatha rogangalum avasthakalumaanu. adrishyamaaya vaikalyangal schoolil pookunnathinum jolie cheiyunnathinum saamoohikavalkkarikkunnathi athilereyum cheyyaanulla oru vyakthiyude shramangale thadassappeduthum. boudhika vaikalyangal, oottisam spectrum desorder, attanshan dephisit hyper aaktivitti desorder, maanasika vaikalyangal, aasthma, apasmaram, allergy, migraine, sandhivatham, chronic fettig syndrome enniva adrishya vaikalyangalude chila udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. maanasikarogam kandethunnavarkkidayile uyarnna thozhilillaayma nirakkil thozhil vivechanam oru pradhana punk vahikkunnathayi reportund. episodic vaikalyam. sandhivatham, bipolar desorder, echuaivi, multiple sclerosis thudangiya aarogyaprasnangalulla aalukalkk rogathinte episodukalkkidayil aarogyathinte kaalayalav undu. rogathinte episodukalil jolie polulla saadhaarana jolikal cheyyaanulla aalukalude kazhivu idaykkide aakam. vaikalya pravartthanam. vaikalyamullavareyum vaikalyamullavareyum kurichu charcha cheyyumbol vaikalya pravartthanangal thanne uchithamaaya bhaashayude punaravalokanatthilekku nayichu. udaaharanathinu, 'mandagathiyilulla' enna medical vargeekaranam athinte prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal kaaranam avaganikkapettu. koodaathe, vaikalya pravartthanangal vaikalyamullavar apamanakaramaaya bhasha veendedukkunnathilekku nayichu. vikalangar svayam oru 'amgavaikalyam' ennu visheshippikkaan engane thiranjedukkaamennu mayers (1986) vishadeekarichu. avar vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta stereotypic negatteevu bhasha upayogikkunnu ennathil ithu athishayakaramaanennu thonniyekkaam, ennirunnaalum medical professionalukalil ninnu 'vaikalyamulla aidantitti' veendedukkukayum vaikalyamullavarude mungananayulla bhashayumaayi athu punakrameekarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu uddeshyam. oru samoohamenna nilayil vaikalyathekurichulla ashayangalum dhaaranakalum naam engane nirmmikkunnuvennu eduthukaanikkunnathinaal mukalil prakadippicha bhaashayude veendedukkal saamoohika maathrkaykkullil thanne nilakollunnu.vaikalya pravartthakar inipparayunna vishayangalilekku shradha aakarshichu avakashangalum nayangalum. avakasha prasthaanam. bhinnasheshikkaarkk thulya avasarangalum thulya avakashangalum urappaakkukayaan bhinnasheshikkaarude avakasha prasthaanam lakshyamidunnathu. gathagatham, vaasthuvidya, bhauthika paristhithi ennivayile praveshanakshamathayum surakshyum; swatantra jeevitam, thozhil, vidyaabhyaasam, paarppidam ennivayil thulya avasarangal; durupayogam, avaganana, rogikalude avakaashangalude lamghanam ennivayil ninnulla swaathanthryam ennivayaanu prasthaanatthinte prathyeka lakshyangalum aavasyangalum. eee avasarangalum avakashangalum samrakshikkaan phalapradamaaya pouraavakaasha niyamanirmmanam thedunnu. vaikalyangalude medical modalaan aadyakaala vaikalya avakasha prasthaanatthil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnathu, avide vaikalyamullavare chikilsikkunnathino chikilsikkunnathino oonnal nalki, angane avar saamoohika maanadandangal palikkum, ennaal 1960-kall muthal, avakasha grouppukal vaikalyathinte saamoohika modalilekku marran thudangi, avide vaikalyathe vivechanathinte prashnamaayi vyaakhyaanikkukayum athuvazhi avakasha grouppukalkku niyama maargangaliloode samathvam nedunnathinu vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu. muun soviyatt yooniyante republicukalil vaikalya prasnangalkkum praveshanakshamathaykkumulla vaadangal nayaroopeekaranatthil kooduthal samghadithavum swaadheenamullathumaanu. vaikalya neethi prasthaanam. niyamanirmmaana maattatthinum parambaraagatha pouraavakaashangalkkum munganana nalkunnathinupakaram koottaaya vimochanathinu munganana nalkikkond bhinnasheshikkaarude jeevitam mechappeduthaan lakshyamidunna bhinnasheshikkaarude avakasha prasthaanatthil ninnu parinamichathaanu bhinnasheshikkaarude neethi prasthaanam. vaikalya avakaashangalude "randaam tharamgam" ennu vilikkappedunna eee chattakkood, kazhivukal, colonialism, velutha aadhipathyam, bhinnajaathipraadhipathya muthalaalitham ennivayumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi adichamarthal samvidaanangal parisodhikkaan shramikkunnu. mukhyadharaa vaikalya avakaashangalekkaal intersectationitic kooduthal oonnal nalki oru ebilit virudha prasthaanam kettippadukkaan shramicha varnna vaikalyamulla sthreekal, miya mingus, patricia bernn, stesi milbern ennivar 2005laanu "vaikalya neethi" enna padam srishtichathu. avarude grouppaaya disability justice koottukettil sebaastyan maargarat, leroy eph thudangiya sradheyamaaya vaikalya pravartthakarum ulppedunnu. muur juuniyar.kavithakalkkum crip hoopp prasthaanatthinte sthaapakanum prashasthanaaya elii clair, vaikalya padanangalkkullil body mind ashayam janapriyamakkunnathil prashasthanaan. bhinnasheshikkaarude avakashangal sambandhicha kanvenshan. 2006 desember 13nuu, lokathile ekadesham 650 dasalaksham bhinnasheshikkaarude avakashangalum avasarangalum samrakshikkunnathinum vardhippikkunnathinumala 21-aamm noottaandile aadyathe manushyavakaasha udambadiyaaya bhinnasheshikkaarude avakaashangalekkurichulla kanvenshanil ikyaraashtrasabha aupachaarikamaayi sammathichu. 182 rajyangal kanvenshanilekkulla praveshanam amgeekarikkukayo amgeekarikkukayo cheythittundu. kanvenshanil oppuvaykkunna rajyangal deseeya niyamangal sweekarikkukayum praayamaayava neekkam cheyyukayum venam, angane vaikalyamulla vyakthikalkk vidyaabhyaasam, thozhil, saamskaarika jeevitam ennivaykku thulya avakaashamund; swath swanthamaakkaanum anantharaavakaasham nedaanumulla avakasham; vivaahathil vivechanam kaanikkappedaathirikkuka muthalaayava.; koodaathe medical pareekshanangalil ishtamillaatha vishayangalaakaathirikkuka. manushyavakaasha hicommissioner ulppedeyulla yuu. enn udyogasthar, saamoohika maathrkaykku anusrithamaayi vaikalyathekurichulla kooduthal avakasha adhishtitha kazhchappadinodulla manobhaavathile maathrukaaparamaaya maattathe prathinidheekarikkunnathaanu billennu visheshippichu. bhinnasheshikkaarude anthaaraashtra varsham. 1976ll ikyaraashtrasabha bhinnasheshikkaarkkaayulla anthaaraashtra varshathinaayi (1981) aasoothranam cheyyaan thudangi, pinneedu athine anthaaraashtra bhinnasheshikkaarude varsham ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. bhinnasheshikkaarude yuu. enn. dashaabdam (<aii. dii. 1>) bhinnasheshikkaarekkurichillu oru loka pravartthana paripadi avatharippichu. 1979ll, aii. aii. dii. pii-1981nte aasoothranathil eathenkilum raajyathe prathinidheekarikkunna eaka vaikalyamulla vyakthiyaan frank boow. innu, pala raajyangalum vaikalyamulla vyakthikalaaya prathinidhikale namakaranam cheythittundu. roobert davila pothusabhaykku munbil nadatthiya prasamgathilaanu eee dashaabdam avasaanippichathu. bovum davila badhiraraan. 1984ll badhiraraya kuttikaludeyum yuvaakkaludeyum vidyaabhyaasathinaayi saankethika bhasha upayogikkaan unesco amgeekaaram nalki. muun soviyatt union republicukalile nayangal. muun soviyatt yooniyante bhagamaayirunna raajyangalile nayangalum paripaadikalum bhinnasheshikkaarude avakashangal sambandhicha kanvenshanumaayi samanvayippikkaan yuu. enn. prograamukalum oo. ezz. iii. siyum pravartthikkunnu. rashtreeya prasnangal. vikasita raajyangalilum chila vikaswara raajyangalilum rashtreeya avakashangal, saamoohika ulcherkkal, pourathvam enniva uyarnnuvannittund. vaikalyamullavare aasrayikkunnathinulla chelavu sambandhicha aashankakalkkappuram vaikalyamullavarkk jeevithathinte ellah mekhalakalilum pankedukkaanum samoohathinu sambhavana nalkaanum kazhiyumennu urappakkunnathinulla phalapradamaaya vazhikal kandethunnathilekku eee charcha neengi. 650 dasalaksham bhinnasheshikkaaril bhooribhaagavum thamasikkunna vikaswara rajyangalil, praveshanakshamathayum vidyaabhyaasavum muthal svayam shaaktheekaranam, svayam pinthunaykkunna thozhil, athinappuramulla aashankakal enniva pariharikkunnathin valareyadhikam pravartthanam aavasyamaanu. kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi, bhinnasheshikkaarkk poornna pourathvam nedunnathil bhinnasheshikkarkkulla avakasha pravartthakar shradha kendreekarichu. chila rajyangalil poornna thozhil labhikkunnathin thadassangalundu; bhinnasheshikkaarekkurichillu pothujanangalude dhaarana vyathyaasappedaam. durupayogam cheiyunnu. vaikalyamulla vyakthi kaaranam oru vyakthi shaareerikamaayo saambathikamaayo vaakkaalullatho maanasikamaayo durupayogam cheyyappedumbozhaanu vaikalya durupayogam sambhavikkunnath. pala vaikalyangalum drishyamaakaathathinaal (udaaharanathinu, aasthma, patana vaikalyangal) chila durupayogam cheiyunnavarkku dhaarana, pinthuna muthalaayavayude aavashyathode shaareerika vaikalyathe yukthisahamakkaan kazhiyilla. vaikalyathinte vyaapanavum vaikalyathe pinthunaykkunnathinulla chelavum medical purogathiyum pothuve deerghaayussum koodunnathinanusarichu vardhikkunnathinaal, samoohathinte eee vasham kooduthal rashtreeya praadhaanyamullathaayi maarunnu. rashtreeya partykal thangalude bhinnasheshikkaarod engane perumaarunnu ennathu vaikalyathekurichulla oru rashtreeya party daaranayude alavukol aayirikkam, prathyekichu vaikalyathinte saamoohika maathrkayil. insurance. vaikalyam kaaranam thaalkkaalikamaayo sthiramaayo jolie cheyyaan kazhiyaatha aalukalkk sarkkar ejansikal nalkunna oru pradhana tharam vaikalya inshuransaanu vaikalya aanukoolyam allengil vaikalya pension. yuu. eiii. yill.ezz.vaikalya aanukoolyam anubandha suraksha varumaana vibhaagathil nalkunnu. kaanadayil ithu canada pension padhathikku keezhilaanu. mattu rajyangalil, saamoohika suraksha samvidaanangalkku keezhil vaikalya aanukoolyangal nalkaam. vaikalya pensionukalude chelavu paashchaathya rajyangalil, pradhaanamaayum europilum amerikkayilum kramanugathamaayi vardhichukondirikkanu. 1980ll yukeyil vaikalya penshanukalkkaayulla chelavu motham aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte (jii. dii. pii) 0.9 shathamaanamaayirunnuvennum rund pathittaandukalkk sesham ithu jii. dii. piyude 2.6 shathamaanathilethiyennum report cheyyappettu. asukham moolam jolic varaathirunnath bhaaviyile vaikalya pension saadhyatha vardhippikkunnathum thammil bandhamundennu niravadhi padanangal report cheythittundu. denmarkile gaveshakar nadatthiya oru patanam soochippikkunnathu, vaikalya pensionaayi bhaviyil saadhyathayulla grouppukale phalapradamaayi thirichariyaan rogam moolamulla svayam report cheytha abhaavathekkurichulla vivarangal upayogikkaamenn. eee padanangal nayaroopeekaranakkaarkkum cases managing adikaarikalkkum thozhiludamakalkkum doctormark upayogapradamaaya vivarangal nalkiyekkaam. swittsarlandil, kazhinja rund pathittaandukalaayi bhinnasheshikkaarude mekhalayile saamoohika nayangal ganyamaayi punarnirmikkappettu, alavansukalude ennam kurachukondu thozhiladhishtitha punaradhivasa nadapadikalilekkulla sahayam vardhippichu. swis vaikalya insurance sajjeekaricha paripaadikalil earppettirikkunna vyakthikalumaayi nadatthiya abhimukhangalil ninnu oru patanam avarude anishchithathvangalum samoohathil avarude sthaanavumaayi bandhapetta aashankakalum vaikalya inshuransinte edapedalukalodulla avarude prathikaranangalum eduthukaanikkunnu. swakaarya, labhathinaayulla vaikalya insurance bhinnasheshikkaarkk varumanam nalkunnathil oru punk vahikkunnu, ennaal desasaalkkarikkappetta prograamukalaan mikka avakaashavaadikaleyum pidichedukkunna suraksha vala. thozhil. vaikalyavum daaridryavum thammilulla parasparabandham padanangal vyakthamaakkiyittund. prathyekichum, bhinnasheshikkaarkk vaagdaanam cheiyunna jolikal viralamaan. vikalangare (thaamasoukaryangalumaayi jolie cheyyaan kazhiyunnavar) adichamarthunnathinulla praadhamika adisthaanam vethana thozhilaallikalaayi chooshanam cheiyunnathil ninnu avare ozhivaakkuka ennathaanu" ennu marta russell abhipraayappedunnu." boudhika vaikalyam. thozhil mekhalayil aavashyamaaya kazhivukal nedaan budhiparamaayi vaikalyamullavare (aidi) sahayikkunna paripaadikal pala raajyangalilum undu. atharam paripaadikalil abhayakendramaaya varkshoppukalum muthirnnavarude day cair prograamukalum ulppedunnu. poonthottaparipaalanam, nirmmaanam, kootticherkkal thudangiya pakalsamaya pravartthanangal ulppedunnathaanu abhayaarthikalaaya paripaadikal. eee pravartthanangal pathiv-ooriyantad jolikal sugamamakkunnu, athu thozhil shakthiyilekku praveshikkunnathinu munbu parichayasambatthu nedaan aalukale anuvadikkunnu. athupole, muthirnnavarude pakal paricharana paripaadikalilum pakal samaya pravartthanangal ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, ashayavinimayam, oormma, pothuvaaya jeevita kazhivukal enniva sugamamakkaan sahayikkunna vidyaabhyaasa, shaareerika, ashayavinimaya adhishtitha jolikalil earppedaan kazhiyunna oru vidyaabhyaasa anthareekshathilaanu eee pravartthanangal. koodaathe, muthirnnavarude day cair prograamukal pothusthalangalilekkula feeld trippukal shedule cheythukondu community pravartthanangal krameekarichu (udha.jii. mrgashaalakalum sinima thiyettarukalum). thozhil mekhalayil praveshikkunnathinu munbu budhiparamaayi vaikalyamullavarkk avashya kazhivukal nalkunna rund paripaadikalum undaayirunnittum, community samyojitha thozhilil earppedaan aalukal eshtappedunnuvennu gaveshakar kandethi. upabhokthru sevanam, clerical, kaalnada, hospitaalitti, manufacturing sthaanangal thudangi vividha thozhilukalil kuranjatho uyarnnatho aaya vethanathil community-integrated thozhil avasarangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. aidi jeevanakkar parisheelanatthil sahayikkaan kazhiyunna vaikalyamillaatha jeevanakkarkkoppam pravartthikkunnu. moonnu oopshanukalum boudhikamaayi vaikalyamulla aalukale dainamdina jeevithathinu athyanthaapekshithamaaya saamoohika kazhivukal vikasippikkaanum prayogikkaanum anuvadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aidi jeevanakkaarkk aidi illaatha jeevanakkaarude athe perumaattam labhikkumenn urappilla; lindstrom muthalaayavar parayunnu.community-integrated jeevanakkaarkk vethanavardhanavu labhikkanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu, 26 sathamaanam perkku maathrame muzhuvan samaya padavi nilanirthaan kazhiyoo. sthirathayulla thozhilshakthi kandethunnathu kooduthal velluvilikal uyarthunnu. jenal oof uplied research inn intalakchval disability" yill prasidheekaricha oru patanam soochippikkunnathu oru jolie kandethunnathu budhimuttaanengilum oru jolie sthirappeduthunnathu athilum budhimuttaanennu soochippikkunnu. aii. dii aalukalkk thozhil urappakkaan mathiyaya ulppaadana vaidagdhyavum phalapradamaaya saamoohika vaidagdhyavum aavasyamaanennu chadsey-rush nirddeshichu. thozhil nashtappedunnathinulla mattu adisthaana gadakangalil gadanaaparamaaya gadakangalum thozhilaalli-thozhil samyojanavum ulppedunnu. killsby paranjathupole, parimithamaaya gadanaaparamaaya gadakangal oru thozhilile niravadhi gadakangale badhikkum, athaayath oru aidi vyakthiye jolie cheyyaan anuvadikkunna parimithamaaya manikorukal. ithu pakaramaayi, fabian muthalaayavarude abhipraayathil.ithu sahapravarthakarumaayi bandham valarthiyedukkunnathino jolisthalathu nannayi samyojippikkunnathino ulla avasarathinte abhaavathilekku nayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru jolie sthirappeduthaan kazhiyaathavar palappozhum niruthsaahappedunnu. jarid nadatthiya athe patanam anusarichu, pankeduttha palarum thangalude sahapravarthakarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol cheria varumanam nediyirunnuvennum jolie illaathathinaal avarude divasangaliludaneelam adhika samayam undaayirunnuvennum kandethi. avarkk niraashayudeyum paraajayathinteyum vikaarangalum undaayirunnu. yuu prakaram.ezz. vaikalyathekurichulla deseeya samghadana, aalukal nirantharam niruthsaahappedutthal neriduka mathramalla, palarum daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaan jeevikkunnath, kaaranam avarkk thozhil kandethaano sthiratha kaivarikkano kazhiyaathathinal, koodaathe jeevanakkaaran thirichariyal udyogastharil vaykkunna gadakangal niyanthrikkunnathinaal. bhakshanam, vaidyasahaayam, gathagatham, paarppidam thudangiya adisthaana aavasyangal ulppede svayam nalkaan kazhiyaatha aalukale ithu prerippikkunnu. daaridryam. thozhil cheiyunna praayathilulla bhinnasheshikkaarude daaridrya nirakk bhinnasheshikkaare apekshichu ekadesham randara madangu kooduthalaanu. vaikalyavum daaridryavum oru dushicha vritham roopappeduthiyekkaam, athil shaareerika thadassangalum vaikalyathinte kalankavum varumanam nedunnathu kooduthal budhimuttaakkunnu, ithu aarogya parirakshayilekkum aarogyakaramaya jeevithathinulla mattu aavashyangalilekkum ulla praveshanam kuraykkunnu. sarkkar dhanasahaayathodeyulla aarogya, saamoohika sevanangalillaatha samoohangalil, vaikalyathode jeevikkunnathin saadhaarana jeevithachelavukalkkoppam marunnukalkkum pathivayi aarogya parirakshaa sandarshanangalkkum veettinullile vyakthigatha sahayam, adaptive upakaranagalkkum vasthrangalkkum chelavu aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. vaikalyathekurichulla loka report soochippikkunnathu vaikalyamullavaril pakuthiyolam perkkum aarogya pariraksha thangaan kazhiyillennu, vaikalyamullavaril moonnilonnu perkku aarogya pariraksha nalkaan kazhiyillennu soochippikkunnu. vaikalyamulla muthirnnavarkk pothu sevanangalillaatha rajyangalil avarude kudumbangal daridraraakaam. duranthangal. parimithamaaya gaveshana arivu maathrameyulloo, ennaal duranthangal vaikalyamullavare baadhikkumbol enthu sambhavikkum ennathinekkurichu niravadhi kathakal report cheiyunnu. vaikalyamulla vyakthikale duranthangal valareyadhikam badhikkunnu. sahayam labhyamallengil shaareerika vaikalyamullavarkk ozhippikkumbol apakadasaadhyathayundaakam. budhishoonyathakalulla vyakthikalkk oru durantham sambhavikkumbol paalikkenda nirddeshangal manasilakkaan budhimuttiyekkaam. eee gadakangalellaam vaikalyamulla vyakthikalumaayulla duranta saahacharyangalile apakadasaadhyathayude vyathiyaanam vardhippikkum. duranthachakrathinte ellah ghattangalilum vaikalyamulla vyakthikalkkethire vivechanam kaanikkunnathayi gaveshana padanangal sthiramaayi kandethiyittundu. aalukalkk kettidangalilekko gathaagathathilekko shaareerikamaayi praveshikkaanum duranthavumaayi bandhapetta sevanangal axus cheyyaanum kazhiyilla ennathaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya parimiti. adiyanthara aasoothrakarkkum duranta nivaarana udyogastharkkum nalkunna vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta parisheelanatthinte abhaavamaan eee vyakthikale ozhivaakkunnath. samoohathil vaikalyam. prayamaakal. oru paridhivare, shaareerika vaikalyangalum maarikkondirikkunna maanasikaavasthakalum praayamaakumbol aalukal sarvavyaapiyaayi anubavikkunnu. vaikalyathinte uyarnna vyaapanathinte peril praayamaayavare palappozhum kalangappeduthunnu. kathleen woodward, "vaikalya padanangalkkulla pradhana vaakkukalil" ezhuthunnu, eee prathibhasam inipparayunna reethiyil vishadeekarikkunnu feminist, kweer, crip" ennathil alison caffer vaardhakyatheyum athumaayi bandhapetta uthkandayeyum paraamarsikkunnu. kaaferinte abhipraayathil, eee uthkanda saadhaarana nilayekkurichulla ashayangalil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. aval parayunnu saamoohika maanadandangal. bhinnathakal drishyamaakunna sandarbhangalil, vaikalyamulla vyakthikal palappozhum kalankam abhimukeekarikkunnu. vaikalyamullavarude saannidyathodu aalukal palappozhum bhayam, sahathapam, rakshaakarthruthvam, nuzhanjukayatta nottangal, veruppu allengil avaganana ennivayode prathikarikkunnu. eee prathikaranangal vaikalyamulla vyakthikale eee edangal nalkunna aanukoolyangalum vibhavangalum ulppede saamoohika edangalilekku praveshikkunnathil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum palappozhum cheyyukayum cheyyum. vaikalyamulla vyakthikale paarshwalkkarikkunnathinna kalankam engane pravarthikkunnuvennu vaikalyamulla ezhuthukaaran/gaveshakan jenni morris vivarikkunnu koodaathe, kalankam neridunnathu kalankam cheyyappedunna vyakthiyude maanasika-vaikaarika shemathinu dosham cheyyum. vaikalyamulla vyakthikalude maanasika-vaikaarika aarogyathe prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna oru maarggam avar anubavikkunna adichamarthalinte aantharikavalkkaranathiloode, ithu avar durbalaraanennum bhraanthanaanennum moolyamillaathavaraanennum allengil avarude avasthayumaayi bandhappettekkaavunna mattu niravadhi negatteevu attributeukal aanennum thonnunnathilekku nayichekkaam. adichamarthalinte aantharikavalkkaranam baadhicha vyakthiyude aathmaabhimaanam nasippikkukayum amgeekritha vaikalyamillaathavarude aadhipathyathin anusrithamaayi avarude perumaattangale roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. vaikalyamulla aalukalkk avarude vaikalya vyathyasam marachuvekkaanum kurachukaanaanum chuttumulla aalukalum sthaapanangalum sammarddam cheluthumbol kazhivulla ashayangal palappozhum aantharikavalkkarikkappedunna, allengil, "paas". ezhuthukaaranaaya simi lintan parayunnathanusarichu, bhinnasheshikkaarkk samoohathinte nashtam, uthkanda, svayam samshayam enniva anubhavappedaan kaaranamakunna vidhathil kadannupokunna pravrithi aazhathilulla vaikaarika aaghaatham undaakkunnu. vaikalyavumayi bandhapetta kalankam srishtikkunnathilum shakthippeduthunnathilum maadhyamangalkk nirnaayaka pankundu. vaikalyathekurichulla maadyama chithreekaranangal saadhaaranayaayi vaikalyamullavarude saannidhyam samoohathinullil oru paridhivare nirbandhamaayum kaanikkunnu. eee chithreekaranangal oresamayam bhinnasheshikkaarude vyathyasathekkurichulla janakeeya daaranaye prathifalippikkukayum swaadheenikkukayum cheiyunnu. tropukal. bhinnasheshikkaarude saannidhyam prathinideekarikkaan maadyamangal pathivayi upayogikkunna vyathyastha thanthrangalund. vaikalyangal roopappeduthunnathinulla eee pothuvaaya vazhikal manushyathvarahithavum vaikalyamulla vyakthikalude kaazhchappaadukalkk praadhaanyam nalkunnathil paraajayappettathumaayi valareyadhikam vimarshikkappedunnu. vaikalya sidhaanthakanum vaachaadopa vidagthanumaaya jayy tii. dolmage, abilitist media tropukalkku vaikalyamullavarekkurichu samoohathinte midhyaadhaaranakale prathifalippikkaanum nilanirthaanum kazhiyum. prachodanamaaya ashleelam. vaikalyamulla vyakthikale chithreekarikkunnathil avar vaikalyamullathinaal prachodanaathmakamaayi avatharippikkappedunnathaana prachodana ashleelam. amgeekritha vaikalyamillaatha kaazhchakkaarkk chithreekaricha vyakthiye apekshichu thangalekkurichu nannayi thonnuka enna uddeshyathodeyaanu eee chithreekaranangal srishtikkappedunnathu ennathinaal avaa vimarshikkappedunnu. bhinnasheshikkaarude manushyathvathe thirichariyunnathinuparam, amgeekritha vaikalyamillathavar ulppedunna prekshakarkku prachodanamaaya vasthukkalaakki prachodana ashleelam avare maattunnu. supercrip. sradheyamaaya oru nettam kaivarichathum ennaal avar yadhaarthathil cheythathinekkaal avarude vaikalyathe kendreekarichathumaaya oru bhinnasheshikkaaranekkurich maadyamangal report cheiyukayo chithreekarikkukayo cheiyunna sandarbhangale supercrip trope soochippikkunnu. ore allengil samanamaaya avasthakalulla mattullavarumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol asaadhaaranamaayathinaal avaa vismayippikkunnavayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. vaikalyamulla athlattukalekkurichulla reportingilum autistic savantsinte thithreekaranatthilum eee trope vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. pala bhinnasheshikkaarum eee praathinidhyangale aalukale poornnaraaya aalukalayi kaanunnathinupakaram avarude avasthayilekku kuraykkunnathaayi apalapikkunnu. koodaathe, vaikalyathodoppam eathenkilum tharatthilulla prathyeka kazhivukal, prathibhakal allengil ulkkaazhcha enniva undaayirikkanamenna yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu prateeksha srishtikkunnathinaayi supercrip chithreekaranangal vimarshikkappedunnu. maadhyamangalile eee tropinte udaaharanangalil doow. nalla doctoril ninnulla shaun marfi, athbhuthathinte dheerata, mattullava. vaikalyamulla villan. saamoohika maanadandangalil ninnu vyathyasamulla shaareerikamo maanasikamo aaya adayaalangal vahikkunna fictionile kathaapaathrangale palappozhum oru vaachakathinullil villanmaraayi sthaapikkunnu. eee prashnam kooduthal vishakalanam cheyyaan vidyaarthikale padippikkenda vazhikal lindsey roow-heaveld pankidunnu. bhinnasheshikkaarude bhinnasheshikkaaril ninnulla drishyamaaya vyathyaasangal prekshakaril bhayam ulavakkunnathinaal bhinnasheshikkaarude maanasikavastha vyakthikko pothuthalpparyangalkkum shemathinum bheeshaniyaanennu nilanirthaan kazhiyum. vaikalyam kurayunnu. disability drope" trope ennathu oru vaikalyamulla kathaapaathram vyaajamo alankarikkukayo allengil yadhaarthathil avarude avakaashappedunna vaikalyathe ulkkollunnillenn velippeduthumbozhaanu. saadhaarana samshayikkunnavar" enna chithratthile kevin spaceyude kathaapaathramaaya vaakkalulla kint, jayy dolmage ithinu oru udaaharanamaayi vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, ithupolulla chithreekaranangalkku vikalaamgarodulla kazhivulla samoohathinte avishwaasathe prathifalippikkaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, oru kathaapaathrathinte aprasakthathayude eee velippeduthal palappozhum oru kathayude aakhyaana climaxayi varthikkunnu, koodaathe ithivrithathile samgharshathinte uravidamaayi vaikalyathe upayogikkunnathu, aakhyaana thadassam, allengil swabhaavasavisheshathayude upakaranam enniva mattu vaikalya padanangalumaayi poruthappedunnu. michelum shaaron snider. bhinnasheshikkaariyaaya ira. vaikalyamulla oraal dayaneeyano nissahaayano aanennu karuthappedumbozhaanu mattoru pathiv sambhavam. notter daaminte kwasimodoyude kuntham, aanayude joonn merick, oru chrismus karolinte cheria samayam, aalukale "irakalaayi" allengil "durithamanubhavikkunnavar" ennu vilikkunna warta prakshepanangal polum eee steeriyodaippinte chila udaaharanangalaan. nithya niraparadhiyaanu. vaikalyamulla kathaapaathrangale palappozhum sinimakalil maalaakhamaaraayo kuttikkalakkaaranaayo chithreekarikkunnu. eee chithrangalil "raine maan" (1988), "phoorast gump" (1994), "aii aam saam" (2001) enniva ulppedunnu, ivayellaam mikacha udaaharanangalaan. vaikalyamulla nishkalankarum snehamullavarumaaya vyakthi palappozhum avarude "saadhaarana" muthirnna samapraayakkaarude aparyapthathakal choondikkaanikkunnu, ithu avare raksha nedaan sahayikkunnu. matellaavareyum pole, eee stereotype kevalam asathyavum athinaal doshakaravumaaya samrakshanaparamaaya dhaaranakale nilanirthunnu. vaikalyangalkk niravadhi tropukal undengilum, vaikalyamulla shareerangale kalayilum maadhyamangalilum krithyamaayi chithreekarichukondu avaye illaathaakkaan vaikalya soundaryashaasthram shramikkunnu. svayam vaadikkuka. chila bhinnasheshikkaar thangalude shareerangalil ninnum vaikalyangalil ninnum vimarsanangal maattukayum thangalude bhinnasheshikkaraaya samapraayakkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avare adichamarthunna saamoohika sthaapanangalilekku maattukayum cheyyuka enna lakshyathode medical modalinu ethire saamoohika model upayogikkunnathiloode paarshwavalkkaranathe cherukkaan sramichittundu. labhyathayude abhavam, maadhyamangalile mosham praathinidhyam, pothuvaaya anaadaravu, amgeekaarathinte abhavam thudangi niravadhi paraathikal pariharikkanamenn aavashyappedunna vaikalya pravartthanangal oru saamoohika maathrukaa chattakkoodil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. vishalamaaya samoohathile kalankappeduthalinte pankitta anubhavathil ninnaan 'vaikalya samskaaram' srishtikkappettathu. vaikalyamulla samoohangalil earppedunnathiloode vaikalyathe oru nalla swathuamaayi sweekarikkukayum vaikalya samskaarathil pankedukkukayum cheiyunnathu aantharika munvidhikale cherukkunnathinulla phalapradamaaya maargamayirikkum; vaikalyathekurichulla prabalamaaya vivaranangale velluvilikkaan kazhiyum. vibhajanagal. bhinnasheshikkaarkk saamoohika sthaapanangalil sanjarikkenda anubavangal avar eathokke mattu saamoohika vibhagangalil pettavarayirikkaam ennathinte pravartthanamaayi valareyadhikam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru bhinnasheshikkaaranum oru bhinnasheshikkaariyaaya sthriyum bhinnasheshikkaaraayaan anubhavikkunnath. ithu intersectation enna ashayavumaayi samsaarikkunnu, ithu oru vyakthiyude swathuathinte vividha vashangal (avarude lingabhedam, vamsham, laingikatha, matham allengil saamoohika vargam polullava) parasparam murichukadakkukayum adichamarthalinteyum prathyekaavakaashathinteyum savisheshamaaya anubavangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu vishadeekarikkunnu. bhinnasheshikkaarude avakaashangalekkurichulla aikyaraashtrasabhayude kanvenshan rund tharatthilulla vaikalya vibhajanathe verthirikkunnu vamsham-vaikalya vibhajanam, linga-vaikalya vibhajanam. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi intersectionukal nilavilundu. vaikalyam oro vyakthiyum vyathyasthamayi nirvachikkunnu; athu drishyamo adrishyamo aakam, koodaathe overlapping aidantitti vibhagangalil ninnu onniladhikam intersectionukal palappozhum undaakunnu. rays. rogapatanathinte aagolabhaarathekkurichulla chittayaya vishakalanam anusarichu, lokamembaadumulla niravadhi nyoonapaksha samudaayangalil vaikalyathinte sambhavangal kooduthalaanennu report cheyyappettittund. vamseeya nyoonapakshangalaaya vaikalyamullavarkk saadhaaranayaayi pinthuna kuravaanu, akramasakthamaaya vivechanam kooduthal badhikkunnu. child development" jenalile oru patanam soochippikkunnathu nyoonapaksha vaikalyamulla kuttikalkk thaazhnna, idatharam varumaanamulla rajyangalil shikshaparamaaya achadakkam labhikkaan saadhyatha kooduthalaanu ennaanu. vaikalyamulla kuttikale vaikalyamillathavarekkaal palappozhum moshamaayi perumarunnathinaal eee vibhaagathile vamseeya kuttikalkk ithilum uyarnna apakadasaadhyathayund. amerikkayile vaikalyavumayi bandhappett, kaamili eiii. berkley jenal oof criminal loykk vendi ezhuthunna nelson, vaikalyamulla vamseeya nyoonapakshangal criminal neethinyaaya vyavasthayil ninnu anubavikkunna eratta vivechanam rekhappeduthunnu, "prathikoolamaayi vamsheeyavalkkarikkappett aalukalkk, athaayath vellakkaarallathavaraayi kanakkaakkappedunna aalukalkk, maanasikarogam ariyappedukayo anumaanikkappedukayo cheiyunnavarkku, poleesumaayulla edapedal apakadakaravum apakadakaravumaanu." lingabhedam. bhinnasheshikkaarude paarshwavalkkaranam bhinnasheshikkaare lingaparamaaya nilanilppil ninnu samooham enthaanu pratheekshikkunnathenn yaadhaarthyamaakkaan kazhiyaathavaraakkum. avarude lingaparamaaya swathuathinulla amgeekaarathinte abhavam vaikalyamulla vyakthikale aparyaapthathayude vikaarangalkk kaaranamakum. thomas jeey. lingaparamaaya swathuathinte eee nishedham sambhavikkunnath enthukondaanennu illinois stettu yooniversittiyile gershik vivarikkunnu vaikalyamulla sthreekalum purushanmaarum lingabhedamullavaraayirikkum, eee rund vyakthithvangaludeyum edapedalukal vyathyastha anubhavangalilekku nayikkunnu. vaikalyamulla sthreekal orutharam "eratta kalankam" abhimukeekarikkunnu, athil eee rund paarshwalkkarikkappetta vibhaagangalileyum avarude amgathvam oresamayam oronninodum bandhapetta negatteevu steeriyodaippukale vashalaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, parasparabandhithamaya chattakkood anusarichu, lingabhedavum vaikalyavum parasparam murichukadannu oru sthreeyennathum bhinnasheshiyullathum ennathumaathramalla, marichu vaikalyamulla oru sthriyenna savisheshamaaya anubhavavum srishtikkunnu. oraal kooduthal paarshwalkkarikkappetta grouppukalil pedumbol, avarude prathyekaavakaashamo adichamarthalo sambandhicha anubhavam maarunnu churukkatthil, oru karutha sthriyum oru vellakkariyum vaikalyam vyathyasthamayi anubhavikkum. yuu. enn. viman vaachu anusarichu, "chila saamskaarikavum niyamaparavum sthaapanaparavumaaya thadassangalude sthiratha vaikalyamulla sthreekaleyum penkuttikaleyum eratta vivechanathinu irayaakkunnu sthreekal enna nilayilum vaikalyamulla vyakthikal enna nilayilum."rosemary maalika-thomson parayunnathupole," vaikalyamulla sthreekal, pothuve sthreekalekkaal kooduthal theevramaayi, koottaaya saamskaarika bhavanayil thaazhnnavarum, kuravullavarum, amitharumaayavarum, kazhivillaathavarum, ayogyarum, upayogashoonyarumaayavaraanenna visheshippikkappedunnu." saamoohika-saambathika pashchaathalam. vamsham, vaikalyam allengil lingabhedam, vaikalyam ennivayude vibhajanathinu samaanamaayi, oru vyakthiyude saamoohika-saambathika pashchaathalavum avarude vaikalyathinte anubhavathe maattum. uyarnna saamoohika-saambathika nilavaaramulla oru bhinnasheshikkaaranekkaal kuranja saamoohika-saambathika nilavaaramulla oru bhinnasheshikkaaran kooduthal thadassangalum kuranja avasarangalumulla lokathe vyathyasthamayi anubhavikkum. vaikalyavum saamoohika-saambathika nilayum thammilulla vibhajanathinte oru nalla udaaharanam vidyaabhyaasathilekkalu praveshanamaanu, kaaranam daaridryavum vaikalyavum thammil nerittu bandhamundennu namukkariyam-palappozhum oru dushicha chakratthil pravartthikkunnu. amgeekritha vaikalyamillaatha oru kutty apekshichu prathyeka vidyaabhyaasathinteyum vaikalyamulla oru kutty paripalikkunnathinum ulla chelavu kooduthalaanu, ithu uchithamaaya vidyaabhyaasam labhikkunnathin valia thadassamaakunnu. uchithamaaya vidyaabhyaasam (eathu ghattathilum) labhyamallaathaakunnath thozhil kandethunnathile budhimuttukalilekku nayichekkaam, ithu palappozhum oru pavapettavanum bhinnasheshikkaaranenna nilayil oraalude anubhavam ore saamoohika ghadanayil thudaraanum saamoohika-saambathika ozhivakkal anubhavikkanum 'baadhyasthanaaya' dushicha chakratthinu kaaranamaakunnu. churukkatthil, eee dushicha chakram kuranja saamoohika-saambathika pashchaathalamulla bhinnasheshikkaarkk saambathikavum saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya mooladhanathinte abhavam vardhippikkunnu. maruvashathu, uyarnna saamoohika-saambathika nilavaaramulla oru bhinnasheshikkaaran, uchithamaaya (prathyeka) vidyaabhyaasamo chikitsayo eluppathil labhikkam-udaaharanathinu, avare vijayikkaan sahayikkunna mikacha sahaayangalo vibhavangalo paripaadikaloo labhyamaakunnathiloode. vaikalya samskaaram. kaayika. olimbiksinu (venalkkaalavum shaithyakaalavum) sheshamaan paralympic games (olimbiksinoppam) nadakkunnathu. paralympic gamesil vaividhyamaarnna shaareerika vaikalyangalulla athlattukal ulppedunnu. amgaraajyangalil, paralympic sportsil vinoda muthal varenyavarggam vareyulla thalangalil malsaram samghadippikkunnathinu samghadanakal nilavilundu (udaaharanathinu, vikalanga kaayika america, yunaittad stetsile blaze sports america). nattellu parukkukalulla britiish yudhaveeranmaarkkulla punaradhivasa paripaadiyil ninnaan paralympics vikasichathu. 1948-ll, yukeyile ayalsbariyile stokku mandeville ashupathriyil nattellu parikkukalulla randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathe muun sainikarumaayi pravartthikkunna neurologistaaya sarr ludwig gutman thante rogikalude punaradhivasa paripaadikalude bhaagamaayi sports upayogikkaan thudangi. 2006-ll, shaareerika vaikalyamullavarkkayi, prathyekichu avayava nashtam allengil avayava vyathyasam, theevra kaayika enangalil malsarikkaan kazhiyunnathinayi extremity geyimukal roopeekarichu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. lokamembaadum raajyavyaapakamaayi bhinnasheshikkaarude ennam kanakkaakkunnath prasnakaramaanu. vaikalyathe nirvachikkunnathin sweekaricha vyathyastha sameepanagal undaayirunnittum, vaikalyamulla vyakthikalude loka janasamkhya valare valuthaanennu janasamkhyaashaasthranjar sammathikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 2012ll lokaarogya samghadana loka janasamkhya 6.5 bilyan aanennu kanakkakki. avaril ekadesham 650 dasalaksham aalukal, athaayath 10 sathamaanam, mithamaayatho gurutharamo aaya vaikalyamullavarayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2018ll anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana kanakkakkiya prakaram loka janasamkhyayude ezhilonnu varunna ekadesham oru bilyan aalukalkk vaikalyamund, avaril 80 sathamaanavum vikaswara raajyangalilum 80 sathamaanam jolie cheiyunna praayathilumaanu. thozhil mekhalayil ninnu bhinnasheshikkaare ozhivakkiyaal motham aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte 7 sathamaanam vare chelavu varum. america. centers phoor disease kantrolinte rogaavasthayum marananirakkum sambandhicha prathivaara report anusarichu, yunaittad stetsile naalilonn aalukalkkum vaikalyamundennu report cheyyappettittund, kaaranam cheruppakkaaril aii. dii. 1> perkku maanasika vaikalyamundennu report cheyyappettittund. chalanavumaayi bandhapetta prashnangalude nirakk madhyavayaskarilum praayamaayavarilum yathaakramam 18.1%, 26.9% ennivayaayirunnu. vamshathinteyo vamsheeyathayathinteyo kaaryatthil, eshyakkaaraanu ettavum kuranja vaikalya nirakk report cheiyunnathu, ekadesham 10 sathamaanam, athesamayam ettavum kooduthal report cheyyappetta vamseeya vibhagamaaya thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarkk muthirnnavaril 30 sathamaanam vaikalya nirakk undennu report cheyyappettittund. vellakkaraaya muthirnnavaril 16 sathamaanavum hyspanic janathayil 17 sathamaanavum ullathinekkaal aafrikkan amerikkakkaaril 25 sathamaanam kooduthal vaikalyamund. canada. 22.vaikalya reportukalekkurichu 2017 leeii canadian sarway prakaram 15 vayassinu mukalilulla kanediyanmaaril 3 sathamaanam perkkum vaikalyamundennu report cheyyappettittund. kaanadayil, thozhilaallivargga purushanmaarekkaal sthreekalum praayamaayavarum vaikalyamullavarakaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. 25num 65num idayil praayamulla jolie cheiyunnavarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 65 vayassinu mukalilulla muthirnnavarude vaikalya nirakk 38 sathamaanamaanu, ithu ekadesham eratti kooduthalaanu. kaanadayil, 15 vayassinu mukalilulla sthreekalude vaikalya nirakk purushanmaarude 20 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol <aii. dii. 1> aayirunnu. 2017leeii canadian sarway oof disabilityil ninnulla reportukal prakaram, kaanadayil 15 vayassinu mukalilulla dakshineshyakkaaraanu vaikalyathinte ettavum valia anupatham 4 shathamaanamaayi rekhappeduthiyirikkunnathu, athesamayam laattin amerikkakkaarkk oru sathamaanathil kuravu. austreliya. australian beuro oof statistiks kanakkakkiya prakaram ekadesham 5 australiyakkaaril oraalkk allengil 4.4 dasalaksham aalukalkk vaikalyamund. vaikalyamulla australiyakkaaril 25 sathamaanathiladhikam peril maanasikamo perumaattaparamo aaya oru prashnam report cheyyappettittund. purushanmaarude vyaapanam 17.6 dasalaksham aayirunnappol sthreekalil ithu 17.8 dasalaksham aayirunnu. 65 vious athil kooduthalumulla muthirnnavaril 49.6% neey apekshichu austreliyayil 0 num 64 num idayil praayamulla muthirnnavaril 11.6% vaikalyamundaayirunnu. 53.vaikalyamulla 15num 64num idayil praayamulla australiyakkaaril 4 sathamaanam perr jolie cheiyunnu. yunaittad kingdom. house oof koomans libraryude kanakkanusarichu, yukeyile janasamkhyayude 14.6 dasalaksham allengil 22 sathamaanam perr aii. dii. 1ll vaikalyamullavarayi report cheyyappettittund. yukeyil 9 sathamaanam kuttikalum jolie cheiyunna praayathilullavaril 21 sathamaanavum samsthaana pension praayathilulla 42 sathamaanavum vaikalyamullavaro vaikalyamullavaro aayirunnu. 2011ll 35,875 peril nadatthiya sarveyil ekadesham 29 sathamaanam vellakkaar, 27 sathamaanam misravargakkaar, 22 sathamaanam eshyakkaar, 21 sathamaanam karuthavargakkaar, 19 sathamaanam mattu vamseeya vibhagakkaar ennivarkku vaikalyangalo vaikalyangalo undennu report cheyyappettu. purushanmaarekkaal sthreekalkku vaikalyamundakaanulla saadhyatha alppam kooduthalaanu. athe varsham thanne nadatthiya mattoru sarveyude phalangal prakaram purushanmaaril 26 sathamaanathekkaal 31 sathamaanam sthreekalkku vaikalyamundennaanu. chaina. naashanal library oof medisinil ninnulla medical prasidheekaranamaaya chainayil vaikalyathinte vyaapanathile irupathu varshathe pravanathakal anusarichu, 2006 ll 84.6 dasalaksham chainees vyakthikal vaikalyathode jeevikkunnundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2006 leeii 83,342 purushanmaarudeyum 78,137 sthreekaludeyum votteduppil, vaikalyathinte ettavum uyarnna nirakk report cheyyappetta prayaparidhiyilullavar 18-44-vayass praayamulla purushanmaarum (22.5%) 65-74-vayass praayamulla sthreekalum (22.8%) aanennu jenalil prasidheekaricha votteduppil parayunnu. chainayil, vaikalyamullavarude sathamaanam nagara, grameena mekhalakalkkidayil ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu, grameena chainayil purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum yathaakramam 72.4%, 72.2% nirakkukal report cheyyappedunnu, nagara chainayil yathaakramam 27.6%, 27.8% nirakkukal report cheyyappedunnu. chainayil kelvi vaikalyangalum samsara vaikalyangalum ettavum kooduthal report cheyyappedunnu, vaikalyamullavaril sthreekalekkaal purushanmaaraan yathaakramam 39.6%, 36.2% nirakkil kooduthalaayi baadhikkappedunnathu. dakshina korea. dakshina koriyayil, 2018ll motham aii. dii. 1 dasalaksham bhinnasheshikkaar athawa janasamkhyayude ekadesham 5 sathamaanam bhinnasheshikkaar undaayirunnu. bhinnasheshikkaraaya koriyakkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, bhinnasheshikkaar sharashari 56.5 divasam medical soukaryangalil chelavazhichu, ithu deseeya saraashariyekkaal 2.6 sathamaanamaanu kooduthal. 34.motham thozhilshakthiyude 9 sathamaanavum bhinnasheshikkaarumaayi bandhapetta jolikalilaanu jolie cheythirunnathu. bhinnasheshikkaraaya kudumbangal sharashari varumanam nediyathu 41.53 dasalaksham voonn allengil motham kudumba varumaanathinte 71.3% aanu. vikalaamgarekkurichulla corian 2020 sthithivivarakkanakkukal anusarichu, vaikalyamulla bhooribhaagam vyakthikalkkum mattu dainamdina jolikalkoppam "shucheekaranam", "gathagatham upayogikkuka" ennivayil sahayam aavasyamaanu. vikaswara rajyangal. vikasita raajyangale apekshichu vikaswara rajyangalilaanu vaikalyam kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. vaikalyavum daaridryavum thammilulla bandham eee nirmmithikal parasparam shakthippeduthunna oru "dushicha chakratthinte" bhaagamaanenn karuthappedunnu.

apangatva apangatva mhanje konatyahi sthiticha anubhav jyamule ekhadya vyaktila vishisht kriyakalap karane adhik katheen hote kinwa dilelya samajat nyayya pravesh asato. apangatva heey sandnyanatmak, vikasatmak, bauddhik, mansik, sharirik, sanvedanatmak kinwa anek ghatakanche sanyojan asoo shakate. apangatva janmapasoon asoo shakate kinwa vyaktichya aayushyatahi houu shakate. aitihasikdrushtya, apangatva keval nikashanchya sankuchit sanchavar aadharit olakhale gele aahe-tathapi, apangatva heey dwaiti nasatat aanee teey vyaktinusar adviteey vaishishtyanmadhye upasthit asoo shakatat. apangatva sahajpane drishyaman kinwa adrushya swarupache asoo shakate. apang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril sanyukt rashtranchya kararat apangatvachi vyakhya ashee aaheh vividh prakarchya vividh saiddhantik drushtikonandware, sampoorn itihasat apangatva vegvegalya prakare olakhale gele aahe. aaplya samajatil apangatvache spashtikaran denyacha prayatna karnare done mukhya namune aaheth vaidyakeey namune aanee samajik namune. vaidyakeey model eka saiddhantik chaukat mhanoon kaam karate jee apangatwala eka avanchhit vaidyakeey sthitee manate jyasathi vishesh upcharanchi aavashyakta asate. jeey vaidyakeey pratimeshi sambandhit aahet, teey apangatvachi mool karane shodhanyavar tasech sahayyak tantradnyanasarkhya konatyahi upcharanvar laksh kendrit karatat. bahusankhya loksankhyeitaki kshamata nasalelya vyaktinvar samajikdrushtya nirman keleli maryada mhanoon samajik model apangatvavar kendrit karate. vaidyakeey model aanee samajik model heey apangatvasathi sarvat samanya chaukat asale taree, apangatva siddha karnare itar anek model aahet. apangatvashi sambandhit vividh pailu spasht karnyasathi anek bhinn sandnya astitvat aahet. kahee sandnya keval apangatvashi sambandhit ghatananche varnan karnyasathi astitvat aahet, tarr itar sandnya apanganna kalankit aanee bahishkrut karnyavar kendrit aahet. kahee sandnyancha arth itka nakaratmak asato qee tyaa apshabd manalya jaatat. sadhyacha vadacha muddah mhanje vyakti-pratham bhasha vaparane yogya aahe qaa (i.eae. apang vyakti) kinwa olakh-pratham bhasha (i.eae. apang vyakti) apangatva aanee ekhadya vyakticha sandarbh detana. apang lokanchya upekshitatemule, samajat nyayya vaganuk aanee praveshasathi anek karyakartyanchi karane aahet. apangatva karyakartyanni kayadyantargat samaan aanee nyayya adhikar midvinyasathi ladha deela aahe-jaree ajunahi asey rajkiy mudde aahet jeey apang lokanvaril atyachar saksham karatat kinwa pudhe netat. apangatva sakriyatemule saksham pranali nasht hotat, parantu apangatvachya aakalnashi sambandhit samajik nikash anekada madhyamandvare vaparlya palalya tipandware majboot kele jaatat. aadhunik samajat apangatvabaddalchya nakaratmak dharana vyapak asalyane, apang lock tyanchya upekshitatepasun mage hatanyachya prayatnat swa-vakilankade valale aahet. apangatwala eka olakh mhanoon manyata dene, jee vyaktichya itar bahuayami olakhinchya aadhare vegalya prakare anubhavali jaate, heey bahudha apang swayam-vakilanni nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe. mukhya pravahatil samajatoon apangatwala door kelyane apangatva sanskruti udayas yenyachi sandhee nirman jhaali aahe. apang karyakarte ajunahi apang lokanchya mukhya pravahatil samajat ektrikaranala protsahan dett asatana, qalaa, samajik madhyame aanee khel yasarkhya apang samudayala protsahan denyasathi anek keval apangansathi jaaga tayar karnyat aalya aahet. itihas. apangatvachi samkalin samaj pashchimatya deshanmadhye vaidnyanik dnyanachya kalat udbhavalelya sankalpananvarun udbhavate; dnyanachya aadhi, sharirik farkankade vegalya drushtikonatun pahile jaat asey. pragaitihasik kalat manavane apang lokanchi kalji ghetali asey purave aahet. windover puratatviy thikani sapadalelya sangadyanpaiki eka haah sumare 15 varshancha narr hota, jyala spina biphida hota. yaa sthiticha arth assa hota qee, bahudha kambarakhali lakva jhalelya mulachi shikar shikar kaam samudayat kalji ghenyat aalee hotee. apangatvakade daivi shiksheche sadhan mhanoon pahile jaat navhate aanee mhanunach apang vyaktincha tyanchya durbalatemule naash keela jaat nasey kinwa tyanchyashi bhedbhav keela jaat nasey. tyaeivaji anekanna mesopotemiyachya samajachya vividh staranvar kaam denyat aale, jyat dharmik mandiranmadhye devanche sevak mhanoon kaam karane samavisht hote. pracheen egyptmadhye samajat kathicha varanvar vapar keela jaat asey. apang asalelya vruddha vyaktinna chalanyas madat karane haah tyanchyasathi eka samanya vapar hota. jyaa tartudimule halchalit bighad jhalelya vyaktinna mandire aanee upchar abhayaranyanmadhye pravesh karata aala, tyaa pracheen greesmadhye kelya gelya. visheshtah, ii. sha. 370 paryant.see.epidorus yetheel esclepiuschya abhayaranyatil sarvat mahattvachya upchar abhayaranyat kiman 11 kayamswarupi dagadi ramp hote, jeey nauu vegvegalya sanrachananmadhye halchal-badhit abhyagatanna pravesh pradan karatat; haah purava aahe qee pracheen greesmadhye apang lokanna manyata dilee gelee hotee aanee tyanchi kiman anshatah kalji ghetali gelee hotee. kharey tarr, pracheen greek lock apang vyaktinkade adhik saksham vyaktinpeksha itake vegale pahat nastil kaaran tyanchya nondinmadhye tyanche varnan kaam sandnya atishay aspasht disatat. joparyant sambandhit apang vyakti ajunahi samajasathi yogdan deu shakat hotee, toparyant greek tyanna sahan karat asalyache disun aale. madhyayugat, vedepana aanee itar paristhiti rakshasanmule udbhavtat asey manale jaat hote. teey naisargik vyavasthecha bhag asalyache dekhil manale jaat hote, visheshtah kalya mrutyuchya kalat aanee tyachya parinami, jyamule sampoorn samanya loksankhyet vikrutee nirman jhaali. aadhunik kalachya suruvatichya kalat sharirik aanee mansik farkansathi jaivik karane shodhanyakade, tasech seemankan kaam shreninmadhye vadhaleli ruchih udaharanarth, solavya shatkat, 'rakshas', 'vilakshan' aanee 'apang' yabaddal lihile. european dnyanachya tarkbuddhitun prapt jhalelya dnyanavar aanee manvi pragatisathi naisargik vidnyanachya mulyavar bharr dilyane manvi jivanache nirikshan aanee vargikaran kaam sanstha aanee sambandhit dnyan pranalincha janm honyas madat jhaali; yapaiki, apangatvachya aajchya sankalpananchya vikasasathi mahattvapoorn asaleli aashraygruhe, davakhane aanee turung hotee. apangatvachya samkalin sankalpana atharavya aanee ekonisavya shatkatil ghadamodinmadhye rujalelya aahet. yapaiki sarvat mahattvache mhanje vaidyakeey chikitsavishayak sanvadacha vikas, jyamule manvi shareer hatalale jaau shakate, abhyas keela jaau shakato aanee rupantarit kele jaau shakate ashee eka gosht mhanoon drishyaman jhaale. heey vargikaran aanee vargikaran karnyacha prayatna kaam vaidnyanik pravachaneshi susangatpane kaam karat hote aanee asey kartana, samanyikaranachya paddhati banalya. yaa kalat 'manak' hii sankalpana vikasit jhaali aanee belgiumche sankhyikishastradnya, samajshastradnya, ganitshastradnya aanee khagolshastradnya edolph quetlet yanchya karyat sanket deela gela aahe, jyanni 1830 chya dashakat 'laal' homme moyen '-sarasari manus lihile hote. queteletne asey gruheet dharale qee ekhadi vyakti dilelya loksankhyetil serve lokanchya gunadharmanchi berries gheu shakate (jase qee tyanchi unchi kinwa vajan) aanee tyanchi sarasari shodhu shakate aanee hii sankhya eka sankhyikeey manak mhanoon kaam karel jyakade sarvanni aakanksha balgali pahije. sankhyikeey manakanchi hii kalpana yaa kalat britton, america aanee paschim europeey rajyanni ektrit kelelya aakadevarichya jalad vaparadvare tayar kelee jaate aanee tee sujananshastrachya vadhishi jodaleli aahe. apangatva, tasech itar sankalpana, jyat samavisht aaheth asamanya, samanya nasaleli aanee samanya sthitee yatoon aalee. yaa sankalpananche prasar heey vichitra karyakramachya lokpriyatemadhye spasht aahe, jithe tyaa nikashanpasun vichalit jhalelya lokanche pradarshan karoon shomanna fayda jhaala. ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat sujananshastrachya vadhimule, asha vichalanankade sampoorn loksankhyechya aarogyasathi dhokadayak mhanoon pahile gele. apangatvakade vyaktichya jaivik rachanecha bhag mhanoon pahile jaate aanee asha prakare tyanchya anuvanshik varshamule, shastradnyanni tyanche laksh janukanchya sanchayatoon baher baher "vichalanan" sarkhya tantod karnyachya kalpanankade valavale. ekhadya vyaktichya anuvanshik tandurustiche moolyankan karnyasathi vividh mapdand nishchit kele gele aanee nantar ayogya manalya palalya lokanna haddapar karnyasathi, nirjantukikaran karnyasathi kinwa sansthatmak karnyasathi vaparale gele. germanytil nazi rajvatine lakshya kelelya gatanpaiki apang lock eka hote, parinami holocast darmyan andaje 2,50,000 apang lock marle gele. yaa mahayuddhachya shevati, nazi sujananshastrachya udaharanasah, sujananshastrachi sarvajanik charchetoon luptata aalee aanee vadhatya apangatvamule aushadhanmule vaadh, punarvasan kinwa upcharandvare laksh deu karoo gunadharmancha sanch tayar jhaala. samkalin aanee aadhunik asha donhi itihasamadhye, apangatvakade anekada pratham shreniche natevaik kinwa dviteey shreniche natevaik yanchyatil vivahache up-utpadan mhanoon pahile jaat asey. apangatvachya abhyasakanni audhyogik krantikade, saranjamshahitun bhandavalshahikade aarthik badalakade, apangatva samajoon ghenyachya pramukh aitihasik kshanankadehi laksh vedhale aahe. jaree madhyayugat apangatvachya aaspas kahee pramanat dharmik andhashraddha hotee, tarihi apang lock grameen utpadan aadharit arthvyavasthet mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavu shakat hote, jyamule tyanna dainandin aarthik jeevanat kharey yogdan deta yet hote. audhyogik kranti aanee bhandavalshahichya aagamanane teey asey kele qee lock aata jaminishi bandhale gele naheet aanee nantar tyanna jaganyasathi vetan denari nokri shodhane bhag padale. audhyogik utpadanachya sanyogane, vetan pranaline yantransarkhe utpadan karnyachya kshamatesathi lokanche adhikadhik moolya mhanoon sansthankade pahanyachya paddhatimadhye badal keela. bhandavalshahi aanee audhyogik krantine prabhavipane 'apang' lokancha eka naveen varg tayar keela, jeey manak kamgaranchya sharirashi kinwa kamachya shaktichya patalishi julavun gheu shakale naheet. parinami, apang lokanna eka samasya mhanoon manale jaau lagale, jyanche nirakaran kele jaau shakate kinwa mitavale jaau shakate. 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatila, apangatva haqq chalvalichi sthapana jhaali, jevha apangatva karyakartyanni samaj wicklang lokanshi kase vagato aanee apangatvakade vaidyakeey drushtikon kassa aahe yala aavhan denyas suruvat kelee. yaa kamamule, praveshasathiche bhautik adthale olakhale gele. yaa paristhitimule teey karyatmakaritya aksham jhaale aanee jyala aata apangatvache samajik model mhanoon olakhale jaate teey udayas aale. 1983 madhye mike oliverne tayar kelela haah vakyansh, apangatvache vaidyakeey model-jyaa antargat eka durbalata door karane aavashyak aahe-aanee apangatvache samajik model-jyaa antargat ekhadya vyaktila maryadit karnara samaj nishchit karane aavashyak aahe, yaat farak karato. siddhant. anek samajik varganpramanech, 'apangatva' hii sankalpana shaikshanik, vaidyakeey aanee kayadeshir jug aanee apang samudayamadhye mothya charchela aahe. apangatvacha abhyas. apangatva siddhantavar laksh kendrit karnari shaikshanik shakha mhanje apangatva abhyas, jee visavya shatkachya uttaradhapasun vistarat aahe. apangatva hii eka guntaguntichi samajik olakh aahe jyatoon aapan sarvajan antardrushti midvu shakato, haah drushtikon pudhe nenyabarobarach heey kshetra apangatvachya bhootkalatil, vartmankalatil aanee bhavishyatil rachanancha tapas karate. apangatva abhyasak clair mulleni mhanatat tyapramane, "tyachya vyapak staravar, apangatva abhyasamule vidvananna apangatwala sanskrutik farkacha eka prakar mhanoon mahatva denyas protsahit kele jaate". heey kshetra adhikadhik aantarshakhiy hott aahe, jeey anekada tatvadnyan, itihas, ingraji abhyas, vaktrutva abhyas, vanshik aanee vanshik abhyas, ling aanee laingikta abhyas, vaidyakeey manaviki, sampreshan, adhyapanshastra aanee adhik yaa kshetranshi parasparsambandhit aahe. yaa kshetratil vidwan naitikta, dhoran aanee kayade, itihas, apang samudayachi qalaa aanee barech kahee yasarkhya apangatvashi sambandhit vishayanvar laksh kendrit karatat. yaa kshetratil ullekhaneey vidvananmadhye marta russell, robbert macruer, johanna hedwa, laura hershey, irving zola aanee itar anekancha samavesh aahe. prakhyat apangatva abhyasak lenard jeey. davis namood karatat qee apangatva abhyas haah eka vishisht kinwa vishesh vishay manla jaau naye, parantu tyaeivaji too vividh kshetranna aanee vishayanna lagoo hoto. aantarrashtriy vargikaran. jaagtik aarogya sanghatnene tayar kelele karya, apangatva aanee aarogyache aantarrashtriy vargikaran (aay. see. eff.), sharirachi karye (sharirik kinwa mansik, jase drushti) aanee sharirachya sanrachananmadhye (sharirik bhag, jase qee dolha aanee sambandhit sanrachana) farak karate. sharirik rachana kinwa karyatil bighad hii visangati, dosh, nuksan kinwa kahee samanyatah swikarlelya loksankhyechya mankanpasoon itar lakshaniy vichalanacha samavesh mhanoon paribhashit kelee jaate, jeey kalantarane chadh-utaar karoo shakatat. krutichi vyakhya ekhadya karyachi kinwa krutichi amalbajavani ashee kelee jaate. aay. see. eff. madhye karya karnyachya nauu vyapak kshetranchi yadee aahe, jyancha parinam houu shakatoh apangatva abhyasakanchya sahkaryane, aay. see. eff. chya parichayat asey mhatale aahe qee apangatva aanee karya samajoon ghenyasathi aanee spasht karnyasathi vividh sankalpanatmak model prastavit kele gele aahet, jeey teey ektrit karnyacha prayatna karate. yaa modelmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh vaidyakeey model. vaidyakeey model apangatvakade rog, aaghat kinwa itar aarogya samasyanmule thet udbhavnari vyaktichi samasya mhanoon pahate, jyasathi vyavasayikankadun vaiyaktik upcharachya swarupat nirantar vaidyakeey seva aavashyak aahe. vaidyakeey pratimanat, apangatvache vyavasthapan heey "upchar" kinwa vyaktiche samayojan aanee vartanukitil badal, jyamule "jawaljawal-upchar" kinwa prabhavi upchar hoil, hyavar kendrit asate. yaa prakaranat, vyaktine vaidyakeey sevedware tyanchya apangatvavar maat kelee pahije. vaidyakeey pratimanat, vaidyakeey sevekade mukhya muddah mhanoon pahile jaate aanee rajkiy staravar, aarogyavishayak dhoranat sudharana karane kinwa tyat sudharana karane haah mukhya pratisad aahe. vaidyakeey model apangatvachi karane aanee upchar shodhanyavar laksh kendrit karate. karane. apangatvachi anek vegvegali karane aahet jee anekada dainandin jivanachya moolbhut kriyakalapanvar parinam karatat, jase qee khane, kapade ghalane, hastantaran aanee vaiyaktik swachchata rakhane; kinwa dainandin jivanachya pragat kriyakalap jase qee kharedi, ann tayar karane, vahan chalvane kinwa kaam karane. tathapi, apangatvachi karane sahasa dainandin jivanatil kriyakalap karnyachya vyaktichya kshamatevar avalambun asatat. marta russell aanee ravee malhotra yancha yuktivad aahe qee, 'apangatvache' vaidyakiyakaran 'aanee vargikaranachi sadhane yanni' apang 'aanee' saksham 'yanchyat phoot padnyat spashtapane mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. yamule apangatwala vaidyakeey hastakshepadvare sodavali jaanari samasya mhanoon sthan milate, jyamule apangatvacha arth kaay asoo shakato yabaddalachya aaplya samajutit adthala yeto. 1990 chya american with disability actchya uddeshane, yuu. ess. ikwal employment opportunity commissionche niyam asha paristhitinchi yadee pradan karatat jyaa sahajpane apangatva assa nishkarsh kadhalya pahijetah bahirepana, andhatva, bauddhik apangatva, anshatah kinwa purnapane haravalele avyav kinwa halchalit bighad, jyamadhye vhilchearcha vapar aavashyak asato, autism, karkarog, cerebral palsie, madhumeh, epilepsy, etch. aay. vhee/eds, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, mejar depressive disorder, spina biphida, bipolar disorder, poost-traumatic strace disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder aanee schizophrenia. hii eka sampoorn yadee nahee aanee anek dukhapati aanee vaidyakeey samasyanmule apangatva yete. apangatvachi kahee karane, udaharanarth dukhapati, kalantarane door houu shakatat aanee tyaa "tatpuratya apangatva" manalya jaatat. adhigrahit apangatva' haah, ashaktapana gheuun janmala yenyaivaji, aayushyakaladarmyan achanak kinwa dirghkalapasun dirghkalapasun vikrutincha parinam aahe. "adrushya apangatva" heey spashtapane lakshat yet nahee. upchar. vaidyakeey model wicklang lokansathi upchar, upchar kinwa punarvasanachya paddhati shodhanyavar mothya pramanat laksh kendrit karate. sahayyak tantradnyan. sahayyak tantradnyan hii eka samanya sandnya aahe, jee apangatvavar maat karnyas kinwa kadhoon taknyas madat karnari upkarane aanee badal (ekhadya vyaktisathi kinwa samajat) yasathi aahe. krutrim anganchya vaparache pahile nondavalele udaharan kiman ii. sha. puu. 1800 chey aahe. wheelchair 17 vya shatkatil aahe. curb cutt haah sambandhit sanrachanatmak navkalpana aahe. itar udaharane mhanje ubhe frame, majkoor durdhvani, sulabh keyboard, mothe mudran, brail aanee bhashan olakhanyache software. apang lock anekada vaiyaktik asoo shakanare anukulan vikasit karatat (udaa.jee. sarvajanik thikani kalankit trasanna dadapanyachi dhorane) kinwa samuday (udaa.jee. dii/bahire samudayanmadhye sanketik bhasha). vaiyaktik sanganak adhik sarvavyapi hott asalyane, apang lokansathi sanganak adhik sulabh karnyasathi software aanee hardware vikasit karnyasathi vividh sanstha sthapan kelya aahet. kahee software aanee hardware, jase qee voice finger, friedam scientificche 'jabade', mukt aanee mukt srot paryay 'orka' ii. visheshtah apang lokansathi tayar kele gele aahet, tarr naturally bhashik sookshmata asalelya dragonsarkhe itar software aanee hardware visheshtah apang lokansathi vikasit kele gele navhate, parantu praveshakshamta vadhavanyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat. lomak kalfalak newzealandmadhye visheshtah apang vyaktinsathi tayar karnyat aala hota. world wide web consortiumne apang vyaktinsathi web praveshakshamatesathi aantarrashtriy manakanchi garaj olakhali aanee web praveshakshamta upkram (maafee) tayar keela. december 2012 paryant doubleu. see. aii. jee. 2 (doubleu. see. aii. jee. = web samagri praveshyata margdarshak tattve) heey manak aahe. samajik model. apangatvache samajik model 'apangatva' kadey samajikdrushtya nirman jhaleli samasya aanee samajat vyaktinchya sampoorn ekatmatechi baab mhanoon pahate. yaa pratimanat, apangatva heey ekhadya vyaktiche vaishishtya nahee, tarr samajik vatavaranane nirman kelelya paristhiticha eka jatil sangrah aahe. samasyechya vyavasthapanasathi samajik krutichi aavashyakta asate aanee apang lokansathi maryada qamee asateel assa samaj nirman karane hii samajachi samoohik jababdari aahe. apangatva heey srushtimadhye sanskrutik aanee vaicharik asey donhi aahe. samajik pratimananusar, apangatva/apangatva asalelya vyaktila samaan pravesh milane haah manavadhikarancha prashna aahe. apangatvache samajik model tikela samore gele aahe. samajachya jababdarivar bharr detana samajik modelane dilele mahatva olakhatana, tomm shekspeares vidwan, modelchya maryada darshavtat aanee naveen modelchi garaj darshavtat jeey vaidyakeey viruddha vaidyakeey yaa samasyevar maat karel. samajik "dwibhajan. yaa pratimanatil maryadancha arth assa aahe qee apang vyaktinna vyaktinna mahattvachya seva aanee mahitee sahasa upalabdh nasatat, bahutekda tyanna pathimba denyamadhye maryadit aarthik paratava asalyamule. kahijan mhanatat qee vaidyakeey manaviki heey eka faldayi kshetra aahe jithe vaidyakeey aanee samajik apangatvachya pratimanatil daree bharoon kadhali jaau shakate. samajik rachana. apangatvachi samajik rachana hii kalpana aahe qee apangatva heey jaivik farkanaivaji samajik apeksha aanee sansthandvare nirman hote. samaj aanee sanstha apangatva nirman karnyachya marganvar prakash takane haah yaa kalpanecha mukhya kendrabindu aahe. jyaa prakare vansh aanee ling heey jaivikdrushtya nishchit naheet, tasech apangatvahi nahee. 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatichya sumaras, samajshastradnya, visheshtah elliot friedson, assa yuktivad karoo lagale qee apangatva abhyasasathi labeling siddhant aanee samajik vichalan lagoo kele jaau shakate. yamule apangatva siddhantachi samajik rachana nirman jhaali. apangatvachi samajik rachana hii kalpana aahe qee apangatva heey sarvasamanya mankanpasoon door jaanyachya samajik pratisad mhanoon tayar kele jaate. vaidyakeey udyog haah aajari aanee apang samajik bhoomikecha nirmata aahe. aarogyavar kaushalya asalele vaidyakeey vyavsayik aanee sanstha, aarogya aanee sharirik aanee mansik nikash paribhashit karanyachi kshamata thevatat. jevha ekhadya vyaktimadhye asey vaishishtya asate jyamule aarogyachya samajik vyakhyeparyant pohochanyatil durbalata, nirbandh kinwa maryada nirman hote, tevha tyaa vyaktila apang mhanoon label kele jaate. yaa kalpanenusar, apangatva heey sharirachya sharirik vaishishtyandvare paribhashit kele jaat nahee tarr aarogyachya samajik paramparepasun vichalit houn paribhashit kele jaate. apangatvachi samajik rachana assa yuktivad karel qee apangatva haah eka dosh, nirbandh kinwa maryada aahe yaa apangatvachya drushtikonacha vaidyakeey namuna chukicha aahe. tyaeivaji jyala apangatva mhanoon pahile jaate too keval samajat 'samanya' manalya palalya vyaktipeksha eka farak aahe. shabdavali. lock-pratham bhasha. lock-pratham bhasha haah apangatvabaddal bolanyacha eka marg aahe joou kahee lokanna aavadato. lock-pratham bhasha vaparane mhanje apangatvapeksha vyaktila pradhanya dene asey mhatale jaate. jyaa vyakti lokanna-pratham bhasha pasant karatat, tyaa 'apang vyakti' mhanoon olakhalya jaanyas pradhanya deteel. hii shaili apangatva hakkanvaril pramukh kayadyanmadhye pratibimbit hote, jyat american with disabilities ect aanee wicklang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril yuu. aine. conventioncha samavesh aahe. "delaware vidyapithatil 'cerebral palsih aii guide phaur cair' madhye lokanchi pahili bhasha varnan kelee aaheh yuu. keey. madhye 'apang lock' (jase qee 'drushtidosh asalele lock') yaa swarupat 'lock-pratham' hii sandnya vaparali jaate. tathapi, yuu. keey. madhye, olakh-pratham bhashela samanyatah lock-pratham bhashepeksha pradhanya dile jaate. lock-pratham paribhashechya vaparamule apang vyakti (kinwa lock) (kinwa apangatva) yancha sandarbh denyasathi peedbludy yaa sankshipt shabdacha vapar honyas suruvat jhaali aahe. tathapi, apangatva lokanchya olakhivar kassa parinam karoo shakate yavar jore denyasathi itar vyakti aanee gut olakh-pratham bhasha pasant karatat. konatya bhashechi shaili vaparali jaate tee vegvegalya deshanmadhye, gatanmadhye aanee vyaktinmadhye badalate. olakh-pahili bhasha. olakh-pratham bhasha vyaktiche varnan 'apang' mhanoon karate. kahee lock yala pradhanya detat aanee assa yuktivad karatat qee heey apangatvachya samajik pratimas lokanpeksha adhik changle basate-pratham bhasha, kaaran heey yavar jore dete qee tee vyakti tyanchya shariramule nahee tarr tyanna samavoon naan naan jagamule apang aahe. heey visheshtah brittenmadhye kharey aahe, jithe samajik model antargat assa yuktivad keela jaato qee aekhadyachi ashaktapana (udaharanarth, pathichya kanyala dukhapat hone) hii vaiyaktik malmatta asali taree, "apangatva" hii bahya samajik ghatkandware nirman jhaleli gosht aahe, jase qee praveshyogyatechya abhavamule. apangatvachi vaiyaktik malmatta aanee apangatvachi samajik malmatta yanchyatil haah farak samajik pratimechya kendrasthani aahe. apang lock' haah shabd rajkiy rachana mhanoon apang lokanchya aantarrashtriy sanghatanandware dekhil mothya pramanat vaparla jaato, jase qee apang lokanchya aantarrashtriy sanstha. olakh-pratham bhasha vaparane heey lock olakh aanee vividhatechya itar pailumbaddal kase bolatat yachyashi dekhil samantar aahe. udaharanarth, tyachpramane, yuu. aii. madheel bahire samuday.ess. lokanna nakarane-olakh patvinyasathi pahili bhasha-pahili bhasha. 2021 madhye, uchch shikshan aanee apangatvavaril yuu. ess. sanghatnene (pudhe) tyanchya sahityat olakh-pratham bhasha vaparnyacha tyancha nirnay jaheer keela, heey spasht keleh "olakh-pratham bhasha, apangatvacha thet dawa karoon nakaratmak arthanna aavhan dete. olakh-pratham bhasha hii astitvat asalelya asankhya paristhitinsaha aapale shareer aanee mendu kase karya karatat aanee ekhadyala apang banavanyat durgam kinwa dadapshahi pranali, sanrachana kinwa vatavaranachi bhoomika yaat astitvat asalelya vividhatecha sandarbh dete." adrushya apangatva. adrushya apangatva, jyala lapalele apangatva kinwa adrushya apangatva (aine. vhee. dii.) asehi mhanatat, teey apangatva aahet jeey lagech spasht hott naheet kinwa disu shakat naheet. teey anekada junat aajaar aanee dainandin jivanatil samanya kriyakalapanna lakshaniyaritya badhit kaam paristhiti asatat. adrushya apangatva ekhadya vyaktichya shalet jaanyachya, kaam karnyachya, samajik bananyachya aanee itar anek prayatnanmadhye adthala aanoo shakate. adrushya apangatvachya kahee udaharananmadhye bauddhik apangatva, swaleenata spectrum vikar, laksh qamee atee sakriyata vikar, mansik vikar, damaa, apasmruti, allergy, ardhashishi, sandhivat aanee dirghakalin thakwa lakshansamuchchay yancha samavesh hoto. mansik aajarache nidan jhalelyanmadhye berojgarichya uchch daramadhye rojgaracha bhedbhav mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavato asey nondavale gele aahe. episodic apangatva. sandhivat, dvidhruvi vikar, etch. aay. vhee. kinwa multiple sclerosis yasarkhya aarogyachya samasya asalelya lokanmadhye aajarachya ghatananmadhye nirogipanache kalavadhi asatat. aajarachya prasangadarmyan kamasarkhi samanya kaame karanyachi lokanchi kshamata adhunmadhun asoo shakate. apangatva sakriyata. apangatva aanee apang lokambaddal charcha kartana, apangatva sakriyatemulech yogya bhasheche punaravalokan jhaale aahe. udaharanarth, 'mandgatine' vaidyakeey vargikaranakade tyachya nakaratmak parinamanmule durlaksh kele gele aahe. shivay, apangatvachya sakriyatemule apang lokankadoon apmanaspad bhasha punha midavali jaat aahe. mayers (1986) neey apang lock swatahla 'apang' mhanoon kase varnan karoo shakatat heey spasht kele. heey aashcharyakarak vatoo shakate qee teey swatache varnan karnyasathi, apangatvashi sambandhit rudhiprayogane nakaratmak bhasha vaparat aahet; tathapi, vaidyakeey vyavasayikankadun 'apang olakh' punha midvane aanee apang lokanchya pasantichya bhasheshi tee punha sanrekhit karane haah uddesh aahe. varr darshavilelya bhashechi sudharana hii samajik pratimanamadhye swatahla sthan dete, kaaran eka samaj mhanoon aapan apangatvachya sankalpana aanee dharana kasha tayar karato heey heey adhorekhit karate.apangatva karyakartyanni khaleel samasyankade laksh vedhale aaheh adhikar aanee dhorane. haqq chalval. apangatva haqq chalvalicha uddesh apang lokanna samaan sandhee aanee samaan adhikar midvane haah aahe. vahtook, vastukala aanee bhautik vatavarnamadhye sulabhata aanee surakshitata; swatantra jeevan, rojgar, shikshan aanee gruhnirmanat samaan sandhee; aanee durupyog, durlaksh aanee rugnanchya hakkanchya ullanghanapasun swatantrya hii chalvalichi vishisht uddishte aanee maganya aahet. yaa sandhee aanee adhikar surakshit karnyasathi prabhavi nagri haqq kayade karnyacha prayatna keela jaato. suruvatichya apangatva haqq chalvalivar apangatvachya vaidyakeey pratimeche varchasva hote, jithe apang lokanna barey karnyavar kinwa tyanchyavar upchar karnyavar bharr denyat aala hota jenekarun teey samajik niyamanche palan kartil, parantu 1960 chya dashakapasun, haqq gatanni apangatvachya samajik pratimekade valoo lagale, jithe apangatwala bhedbhavacha muddah mhanoon arth lavala jaato, jyamule haqq gatanna kayadeshir madhyamandvare samanata prapt karnyacha marg mokala hoto. majee soviet unionchya prajasattakanmadhye apangatvachya samasyansathi aanee praveshyogyatesathi samarthan karane heey dhoran nirmitimadhye adhik sanghatit aanee prabhavshali jhaale aahe. apangatva nyay chalval. apangatva haqq chalvalitun vikasit jhaleli apangatva nyay chalval mhanje kayadeshir badal aanee paramparik nagri hakkanna pradhanya denyaeivaji samoohik muktila pradhanya deuun apang lokanche jeevan sudharane. apangatva hakkanchi "dusari laat" mhanoon olakhali jaanari hii chaukat, sakshamatavad, asha vasahatvad, shwet varchasva aanee vishampakshi bhandavalshahishi gumphalelya dadapshahichya anek pranalinche parikshan karnyacha prayatna karate. apangatva nyay' haah shabd 2005 madhye ell. jee. bii. tii. kyu. yaa rangeet, miah mingus, patricia burn aanee stacy milburn yaa apang mahilanni tayar keela hota, jyanni mukhya pravahatil apangatva hakkanpeksha parasparsanvadavar adhik bharr deuun, kendrasthani asalelya upekshit aavajansathi, eka sakshamatavadi virodhi chalval nirman karnyacha prayatna keela. tyanchya apangatva nyay samoohik gatat sebastian margaret, leroy eff. yanchyasarkhya ullekhaneey apangatva karyakartyancha dekhil samavesh hota. muur junier., tyanchya kavita aanee crip hopp chalvalichi sthapana yasathi prasiddha aahet, aanee ellie clair, apangatva abhyasat sharirmandachi sankalpana lokpriy karnyasathi prasiddha aahet. apang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril karar. 13 december 2006 roji, sanyukt rashtranni jagatil andaje 650 dashalaksh apang lokanche haqq aanee sandhee yanche sanrakshn aanee vaadh karnyasathi, 21 vya shatkatil pahila manavadhikar karar, divyang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril kararavar aupcharikpane sahmati darshavali. 182 deshanni yaa kararala manyata dilee aahe kinwa sweekarle aahe. yaa kararavar swakshari kaam deshanni rashtriy kayade swikarane aanee vruddhanna kadhoon takane aavashyak aahe, jenekarun udaharanarth, apang vyaktinna shikshan, rojgar aanee sanskrutik jivanache samaan adhikar midatil; malmattecha malak honyacha aanee varshacha adhikar; vivah ityadinmadhye bhedbhav keela jaau naye.; aanee vaidyakeey prayoganmadhye anichha asalele vishay houu nayet. manavadhikar uchchayuktansah sanyukt rashtranchya rashtranchya heey vidheyak samajik pratimananusar apangatvachya adhik adhikar-aadharit drushtikonakade pahanyachya drushtikonatil pratiman badalache pratinidhitva karnare asalyache mhatale aahe. aantarrashtriy divyang vyakti varsh. 1976 madhye sanyukt rashtranni apang vyaktinsathichya aantarrashtriy varshasathi (1981) niyojan suru kele, nantar tyache naav badaloon aantarrashtriy apang vyaktinche varsh asey thewale. apang vyaktinchya dashakat (1983-1993) apang vyaktinshi sambandhit kruticha jaagtik karyakram sadar karnyat aala. 1979 madhye, phrank boow hii aay. aay. dii. pii.-1981 chya niyojanat konatyahi deshache pratinidhitva karnari apangatva asaleli ekmev vyakti hotee. aaj, anek deshanni asha pratinidhinchi nave dilee aahet jeey swatah apang vyakti aahet. robbert devilla yanni sarvasadharan sabhela sambodhit karoon heey dashak sampavale. boow aanee davila heey doghehi bahire aahet. 1984 madhye, unescone bahiri mule aanee tarunanche shikshan ghenyasathi sanketik bhasha sweekarli. purvichya soviet union prajasattakanmadhil dhorane. yuu. aine. karyakram aanee oo. ess. see. purvichya soviet unioncha bhag asalelya deshanmadhil dhoran aanee karyakram apang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril adhiveshanashi sanrekhit karnyasathi kaam karatat. rajkiy prashna. vikasit aanee kahee vikasansheel deshanmadhye rajkiy adhikar, samajik samaveshan aanee nagrikatva samore aale aahe. apang lock jivanachya serve kshetranmadhye samajat sahbhagi houu shaktil aanee yogdan deu shaktil heey sunishchit karnyasathi prabhavi marg shodhanyaparyant, aashrit apang lokanna sambhalanyachya kathit kharchabaddalcha vaad chintechya palikade gela aahe. vikasansheel deshanmadhye, jethe andaje 650 dashalaksh apang lokanpaiki bahusankhya lock rahatat, tethe sulabhata aanee shikshanapasun teey swa-sakshamikaran, swayam-sahayyak rojgar aanee tyapalikade asalelya samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi mothya pramanat kaam karanyachi aavashyakta aahe. gelya kahee varshant, apangatva haqq karyakartyanni apang lokansathi purn nagrikatva midvanyavar laksh kendrit kele aahe. kahee deshanmadhye purn rojgar midvanyat adthale aahet; apang lokambaddalchi lokanchi dharana bhinn asoo shakate. durupyog. apangatva asalelya vyaktimule ekhadya vyaktivar sharirik, aarthik, maukhik kinwa mansik atyachar kele jaatat tevha apangatva durupyog hoto. anek apangatve disat naslyamule (udaharanarth, damaa, shikanyatil apangatva) kahee durupyogkarte samaj, aadhar ityadinchya garjesah gair-sharirik apangatva tarksangat karoo shakat naheet. vaidyakeey pragati aanee sarvasadharanpane dirghayushyabarobar apangatvacha prasar aanee apangatwala aadhar denyacha kharch vadhato, tyamule samajacha haah pailu adhik rajkiy mahatva prapt karato. rajkiy paksh tyanchya apang ghatakanna kase vagavatat heey rajkiy pakshachya apangatvabaddalchya, visheshtah apangatvachya samajik pratimetil, samajutiche eka mojmap tharoo shakate. vima. apangatva laabh kinwa apangatva nivruttivetan haah eka pramukh prakarcha apangatva vima aahe joou sarkari sansthandvare apangatvamule tatpurte kinwa kayamswarupi kaam karnyas asamarth asalelya lokanna pradan keela jaato. yuu madhye.ess.apangatva laabh purak suraksha utpannachya shreneet pradan keela jaato. canadamadhye, teey canadachya nivruttivetan yojnet aahe. itar deshanmadhye, samajik suraksha pranalinantargat apangatva laabh pradan kele jaau shakatat. pashchatya deshanmadhye, pramukhyane europe aanee americet apangatva nivruttivetanacha kharch satatyane vadhat aahe. asey nondavale gele qee, yuu. keey. madhye, apangatva nivruttivetanavaril kharch 1980 madhye sakal deshantargat utpadanachya (jee. dii. pii.) 0.9% hota; done dashakannantar too jee. dii. pii. chya 2.6% paryant pohochala hota. anek abhyasanni aajarpanamule kamavarun vadhaleli anupasthiti aanee bhavishyatil apangatva nivruttivetanacha vadhalela dhoka yanchyatil sambandh nondavala aahe. denmarkmadhil sanshodhakanni kelelya abhyasanusar, aajarpanamule swayam-nondavalelya anupasthitichya divasambaddalachi mahitee, apangatva nivruttivetanasathi bhavishyatil sambhavya gut prabhavipane olakhanyasathi vaparali jaau shakate. heey abhyas dhorankarte, prakaran vyavasthapan adhikari, niyokta aanee doctoransathi upayukt mahitee pradan karoo shakatat. switzerlandmadhye, gelya done dashkant denyat aalelya bhattyanchi sankhya qamee karoon aanee vyavsayik punarvasanachya upayayojanancha avalamb vadhavun apangatva kshetratil samajik dhorananna lakshaniyaritya aakar denyat aala aahe. swis apangatva vimyane sthapan kelelya karyakramanmadhye sahbhagi asalelya vyaktinchya mulakhati ghetalyane, eka abhyas tyanchya anishchitata aanee samajatil tyanchya sthanashi sambandhit chinta tasech apangatva vimyachya hastakshepambaddalachya tyanchya pratikriya adhorekhit karato. khajgi, labhasathicha apangatva vima haah apang lokanna utpann puravanyat bhoomika bajavato, parantu rashtriyikrut karyakram heey suraksha jaale aahet jeey bahutek davedaranna pakadatat. rojgar. abhyasanni apangatva aanee garibi yanchyatil parasparsambandh spasht keela aahe. visheshtah, apang lokanna dilya palalya jaananya durmil aahet. marta russell namood karatat qee, "apang vyaktinvar (jeey nivassthanasaha kaam karoo shakat hote) kalankit dadapshahicha prathamik aadhar mhanje tyanna majuri majur mhanoon shoshanapasun vagalane." bauddhik apangatva. anek deshanmadhye asey karyakram aahet jeey bauddhikdrushtya apang (id) lokanna karyabalat aavashyak kaushalye prapt karnyas madat karatat. asha karyakramanmadhye aashray karyashala aanee praudh divas palanyachya karyakramancha samavesh hoto. aashray karyakramanmadhye bagkam, utpadan aanee ekatra karane yasarkhya divasachya upkramancha samavesh asato. heey upkram niyamit-kendrit karye sulabh karatat jyamule aay. dii. lokanna karyabalat pravesh karnyapurvi anubhav midavata yeto. tyachpramane, praudhanchya divas palanyachya karyakramanmadhye divasachya kriyakalapanchahi samavesh hoto. tathapi, heey upkram shaikshanik vatavaranat aadharit aahet jithe lock shaikshanik, sharirik aanee sanvad-aadharit karyanmadhye guntu shakatat jyamule sanvad, smaranshakti aanee samanya jeevan kaushalye sulabh honyas madat hote. yavyatirikt, praudh divas palanyachya karyakramanni sarvajanik thikani maidani sahalinche velapatrak tayar karoon samudayik upkramanchi vyavastha kelee (udaa.jee. pranisangrahalay aanee chitrapatgruhe). bauddhikdrushtya apang lokanna karyabalat pravesh karnyapurvi aavashyak kaushalye pradan karnare donhi karyakram asoonahi, sanshodhakanna asey aadhalale aahe qee, olakh asalele lock samuday-ekatmik rojgarat sahbhagi honyas pradhanya detat. grahak seva, lipic, paharekari, aadaratithya aanee utpadan padanpasoon vividh vyavsayanmadhye, kiman kinwa jaast vetanavar lokanna samuday-ekatmik rojgarachya sandhee dilya jaatat. id karmchari apangatva nasalelya nasalelya kaam karatat jeey tyanna prashikshanat madat karoo shakatat. tinhi paryay bauddhikdrushtya apang lokanna dainandin jivanasathi aavashyak asaleli samajik kaushalye vikasit karnyas aanee tyancha vapar karnyas anumati detat. tathapi, lindstrom aanee itaranchya matey, id karmcharyanna idshivay idshivay samaan vaganuk milel yachee hummy nahee.samuday-ekatmik madat pagarvadh milanyachi shakyata qamee asate aanee keval 26 takke lock purnavel darja kayam thevu shakatat. sthir kamgarvarg shodhane hii atirikt aavhane aahet. journal auph applied research inn intellectual disability' madhye prakashit jhalelya abhyasanusar asey soochit kele gele aahe qee nokri shodhane jaree katheen asale taree nokri sthir karane aanakhi katheen aahe. chadsey-rush yanni prastavit kele qee olakh asalelya lokansathi rojgar midvinyasathi purese utpadan kaushalya aanee prabhavi samajik kaushalye aavashyak aahet. nokri gamavanyachya itar moolbhut ghatakanmadhye sanrachanatmak ghatak aanee kamgar-kamachya thikanche ektrikaran yancha samavesh hoto. killsbyne sangitalyapramane, maryadit sanrachanatmak ghatak nokaritil anek ghatkanvar parinam karoo shakatat, jase qee ekhadya olakh asalelya vyaktila kaam karanyachi parvanagi asalelya tasanchi maryadit sankhya. hyachya badalyat, fabian aanee itaranchya matey., yamule yamule sambandh vikasit karnyachya kinwa kamachya thikani adhik changlya prakare ektrikaran karnyachya sandhicha abhav hoto. tarisuddha, jeey nokri sthir karoo shakat naheet tyanna anekada nirash kele jaate. jareed yanni kelelya tyach abhyasanusar, sahbhagi jhalelya anekanna asey aadhalale qee tyanni tyanchya tyanchya tulanet qamee utpann kamavale hote, tyanchyakade kaam naslyamule tyanchya sampoorn divasanmadhye jaast vel hota. tyanna nirasha aanee apayashachya bhavna dekhil hotya. yuu. nusar.ess. apangatvavaril rashtriy sansthemule, lokanna keval satat nirutsahitecha samna karava lagat nahee, tarr anek lock daridrya reshekhali rahatat, kaaran tyanna rojgar shodhane kinwa sthir karane ashakya aahe aanee karmchari olakh kamgaranvar ladalelya ghatkanvar nirbandh ladat aahet. yamule ann, vaidyakeey seva, vahtook aanee ghar yasarkhya moolbhut garjansah swatache bharane shakya houu shakat nahee. garibi. kaam kaam vayache apang asalele lock, apang nasalelya lokanchya tulanet jawaljawal adich putt jaast garibeeche praman balgatat. apangatva aanee garibi heey eka dushtchakra tayar karoo shakatat, jyamadhye sharirik adthale aanee apangatvacha kalank yamule utpann midvane adhik katheen hote, jyamule aarogya seva aanee nirogi jivanasathichya itar garja qamee hotat. rajya nidhisah aarogya aanee samajik seva nasalelya samajanmadhye, apangatvasah jaganyasathi nehamichya kharchasah aushadhe aanee varanvar aarogya sevechya bhetee, gharguti vaiyaktik sahayya aanee anukool upkarane aanee kapade yavar kharch karane aavashyak asoo shakate. apangatvavaril jaagtik ahwal soochit karato qee ardhyahun adhik apang lokanna aarogya seva parvadat nahee, tarr eka trutiyansh apang lokanna. apang praudhansathi sarvajanik seva nasalelya deshanmadhye, tyanchi kutumbe garib houu shakatat. aapatti. sanshodhanache dnyan maryadit aahe, parantu aapatti jevha apang lokanvar parinam karatat tevha kaay hote yabaddal anek upakhyanatmak ahwal aahet. apang vyakti aapattimule mothya pramanat prabhavit hotat. madat upalabdh naslyas sharirik apangatva asalelyanna baher kadhatana dhoka asoo shakato. sandnyanatmak durbalata asalelya vyaktinna aapatti udbhavalyas palalya palalya soochana samajoon ghenyasathi sangharsh karava lagoo shakato. heey serve ghatak apang vyaktinchya aapattichya paristhitit jokhamichya bhinnateche praman vadhavu shakatat. aapatti chakrachya serve tappyanmadhye sanshodhan abhyasanmadhye satatyane apang vyaktinshi bhedbhav aadhalala aahe. sarvat samanya maryada ashee aahe qee lock pratyakshapane imarati kinwa vahtook karoo shakat naheet, tasech aapatti-sambandhit sevanmadhye pravesh karoo shakat naheet. aapatkalin niyojak aanee aapatti madat madat pradan kelelya apangatvashi sambandhit prashikshanachya abhavamule yaa vyaktincha vagalala jaato. samajatil apangatva. vruddhatva. kahee pramanat, sharirik durbalata aanee badalatya mansik sthiticha anubhav lock vayachya oghat jawaljawal sarvatra ghetat. apangatvache praman jaast asalyamule vruddha loksankhyela anekada kalankit kele jaate. cathleen woodward, 'apangatva abhyasasathi mukhya shabdanmadhye' lihitana, yaa ghataneche spashtikaran khalilpramane karateh strivadi, vichitra, crip" madhye, ellison kafarne vruddhatva aanee tyachyashi sambandhit chintecha ullekh keela aahe. kafarchya matey, hii chinta samanyatechya kalpananmadhun udbhavate. tee mhanate, samajik niyam. jyaa sandarbhat tyanche farak disun yetat, tyaa sandarbhat apang vyaktinna anekada kalankala samore jaave lagate. lock apang upasthitila varanvar bheeti, dayaa, aashray, ghuskhorichya najarene, tiraskarane kinwa durlakshane pratikriya detat. yaa pratikriya, aanee aanee, yaa jaaga pradan karatat tyaa laabh aanee sansadhanansah samajik jaganmadhye pravesh karnyapasoon apang vyaktinna vagaloo shakatat. apang lekhak/sanshodhak jeanny mauris yanni apang vyaktinna upekshit karnyasathi kalank kase karya karato yache varnan kele aaheh yavyatirikt, kalankala samore jaanyane kalankit kalankit vyaktichya mansik-bhavnik kalyanala haanee pohochu shakate. apang vyaktinchya mansik-bhavnik aarogyavar viparit parinam honyachya marganpaiki eka mhanje tyanna alpasankhyakanna dadapshahiche antargatkaran, jyamule teey kamkuvat, vede, nirupayogi kinwa itar anek nakaratmak guna aahet ashee bhavna nirman houu shakate. dadapshahiche antargatkaran prabhavit vyaktichya aatmasanmanache nuksan karate aanee tyanchya vartanas asha prakare aakar dete jeey manyataprapt apangatva nasalelya lokanchya varchasvashi susangat aahe. jevha apang lokanvar aanee tyanchya sabhovatalachya sansthankadun tyancha apang farak lapavanyasathi aanee qamee lekhanyasathi dabav aanala jaato, kinwa, 'paas' karnyasathi saksham vicharanche varanvar antargatkaran kele jaate. lekhak siimii lynton yanchya matey, apang vyaktinna samuday, chinta aanee aatm-shanka gamavane anubhavanyas pravrutt karoon, paas karnyachya krutimule tivra bhavnik parinam hoto. apangatvashi sambandhit kalank nirman karnyat aanee tyala balkati denyat prasarmadhyame mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavtat. apangatvache madhyamanmadhye kelele chitran sahasa apang upasthiti mothya pramanat samajat apariharyapane kirkol mhanoon darshavate. hii chitre ekach velee apang bhedabaddalachya lokpriy samajavar pratibimbit karatat aanee prabhav padatat. trop. apang upasthitiche pratinidhitva karnyasathi madhyame varanvar vaparat asaleli vishisht yukti aahe. apangatva nirman karnyachya yaa samanya marganvar amanavipana aanee apang vyaktinchya drushtikonas mahatva denyat ayashasvi tharalyabaddal jordar teeka kelee jaate. apangatva siddhantkar aanee vakte jaya tii yanni namood kelyapramane. dolmage, saksham madhyam prakshepananmadhye apang lokanvishayichya samajachya dantkathanche pratibimb disu shakate aanee tyaa kayam rahoo shakatat. prerana porn. prerana porn mhanje apang vyaktinche chitran jyamadhye tyaa vyaktila apangatva aahe mhanoon teey preranadayi mhanoon sadar kele jaatat. yaa chitranvar teeka kelee jaate kaaran jyaa vyaktila apangatva nahee asha prekshakanna chitrit kelelya vyaktichya tulanet swatahbaddal changle vatel yaa uddeshane teey tayar kele jaatat. apang vyaktinchi manavata olakhanyaivaji, prerana porn tyanna konatyahi manyataprapt apangatva nasalelya prekshakansathi preranadayi vastunmadhye rupantarit karate. supercrip. supercrip trop mhanje asha prasangancha sandarbh jevha prasarmadhyame ekhadya apang vyaktibaddal vrutt detat kinwa chitrit karatat jyane lakshaniy kamgiri kelee aahe parantu tyanni pratyakshat kaay kele tyapeksha tyanchya apangatvavar kendrit aahe. samaan kinwa tatsam paristhiti asalelya itaranchya tulanet apavadatmak asalyabaddal tyanna vismaykarak mhanoon chitrit kele jaate. haah trop apang kheladunchya ahavalat tasech swamagna savantanchya chitranat mothya pramanat vaparla jaato. anek apang lock yaa pratinidhincha nishedh karatat qee lock purn lock mhanoon pahanyaivaji tyanchi sthitee qamee karatat. yavyatirikt, apangatvamadhye kahee prakarchi vishesh pratibha, pratibha kinwa antardrushti asavi ashee avastav apeksha nirman kelyabaddal supercrip chitrananvar teeka kelee jaate. prasarmadhyamanmadhil yaa tolichi udaharane dow. shaun murphy, daad marvels daredeville aanee itarankadun. apang khalnayak. kalpanik kathanmadhil jyaa patranmadhye samajik manakanpeksha bhinnateche sharirik kinwa mansik chinh asate, tyanna varanvar majkurat khalnayak mhanoon sthan dile jaate. yaa samasyeche adhik vishleshan suru karnyasathi vidyarthyanna shikavale jaave asey marg lindsay roow-haveled yanni sangitale aahet. apang lokanmadhye disanare apang bahusankhya lokanmadhil farak prekshakanmadhye bheeti nirman karnyasathi aahet, jyamule apang lokanchi vaiyaktik kinwa sarvajanik hitsambandh aanee kalyanasathi dhoka asalyachi mansikta kayam rahoo shakate. apangatva qamee hote. disability drop' trop mhanje jevha eka kathit apang patra banavat, sushobhit kinwa anyatha tyanchya dawa kelelya apangatvache moort swaroop nasalyache ughad hote. jeey dolmage yanni 'nehamichya sanshayit' yaa chitrapatatil kevin spaciechi vyaktirekha, shabdik kint, yache udaharan mhanoon sadar kelee aahe aanee yasarkhi chitre saksham-sharirik samajacha apang lokanvaril avishvas pratibimbit karoo shakatat. yavyatirikt, ekhadya patrachya asamarthateche heey prakatikaran anekada kathecha varnanatmak charmotkarsh mhanoon karya karate aanee kathankatil sangharshacha srot mhanoon apangatvacha vapar, varnanatmak adthala kinwa varnanatmak sadhan heey itar apangatva abhyas abhyas abhyasakanchya 'varnanatmak krutrimata' yaa siddhantasaha sanrekhit hote, hii sandnya david tii. yanni tayar kelee aahe. michel aanee sharon snider. apang pidit. aanakhi eka varanvar honari ghatana mhanje jevha apang vyakti dukkhi kinwa asahayya asalyache manale jaate. notre demchya kwasimodochi kuchkami, hatti manasacha johnn merrick, khrismas carolcha chhota vel aanee lokanna 'pidit' kinwa 'pidit' mhanoon mhanoon batmyanche prasaran hii yaa rudhiprayogachi kahee udaharane aahet. kayamche nirdosh. chitrapatanmadhye apang patre anekada devdutanchi kinwa balish mhanoon chitrit kelee jaatat. yaa chitrapatanmadhye 'raine mann' (1988), 'forrest gump' (1994) aanee 'aay emm samm' (2001) yancha samavesh aahe, hii serve uttam udaharane aahet. apangatva asaleli nirdosh aanee premal vyakti anekada tyanchya "samanya" praudh samvayaskanchya samvayaskanchya goshtinkade laksh vedhate, jyamule tyanna moksh prapt karnyas madat hote. itar sarvanpramanech, hii rudhiprayog hii keval asatya aanee tyamule hanikarak asalelya sanrakshanatmak dharana kayam thevate. anek apangatvachya ghatana ghadatana, apangatva saundaryashastra qalaa aanee madhyamanmadhye apang shariranche achook chitran karoon tyanna door karnyacha prayatna karate. swasanrakshan. kahee apang lokanni vaidyakeey pratimechya virodhat samajik pratimechya vaparadvare, tyanchya shareer aanee durbalatepasun door teeka karnyachya uddeshane aanee tyanchya apang samvayaskanchya tulanet tyanchyavar atyachar kaam samajik sansthankade durlaksh karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. sulbhatecha abhav, prasarmadhyamanmadhil kharab pratinidhitva, samanya anadar aanee manyatecha abhav yasarkhya anek takrarinche nirakaran karanyachi magani karnari apangatva sakriyata samajik model chaukatitun udbhavate. apangatva sanskruti' chee nirmiti vyapak samajatil kalankanachya samayik anubhavatoon udbhavali aahe. apang samudayanmadhye sahbhagi houn aanee apangatva sanskratit sahbhagi houn apangatwala sakaratmak olakh mhanoon swikarane haah antargat purvgrahaviruddha ladha denyacha eka prabhavi marg asoo shakato; aanee apangatvabaddalchya prabhavi varnananna aavhan deu shakato. chhed. apang lokanna samajik sansthanmadhye navigate karave lagnare anubhav teey itar konatya samajik shreninshi sambandhit asoo shakatat yache karya mhanoon mothya pramanat badaltat. udaharanarth, apang purush aanee apang strila apangatva vegalya prakare anubhavate. heey parasparsanvadachya sankalpaneshi bolate, jeey spasht karate qee ekhadya vyaktichya olakhiche vividh pailu (jase qee tyanche ling, vansh, laingikta, dharm kinwa samajik varg) parasparvirodhi asatat aanee dadapshahi aanee visheshadhikaranche adviteey anubhav nirman karatat. apang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril sanyukt rashtranchya kararat done prakarche apangatva chhedanbindu vegale kele aaheth vansh-apangatva chhedanbindu aanee ling-apangatva chhedanbindu. tathapi, aanakhi anek aantarchhed astitvat aahet. apangatva pratyek vyaktidvare vegalya prakare paribhashit kele jaate; teey drishyaman kinwa adrushya asoo shakate aanee anek vela parasparsambandhit olakh shreninmadhun anek chhed udbhavtat. sharyat. rog abhyasachya jaagtik ozechya paddhatshir vishleshananusar, jagbharatil anek alpasankhyak samudayanmadhye apangatvache praman jaast asalyache nondavale gele aahe. apang lock jeey vanshik alpasankhyak dekhil aahet tyanna samanyatah pathimba qamee midato aanee teey hinsak bhedbhavas balee padanyachi shakyata jaast asate. baal vikas' yaa niyatkalikatil abhyasanusar, alpasankhyak apang mulanna qamee aanee madhyam utpann asalelya deshanmadhye dandatmak shist milanyachi shakyata jaast asate. apangatva nasalelya mulanpeksha apang mulanshi adhik vela gairvartan kele jaate yaa vastusthitimule; yaa shrenitil vanshik mulanmadhye aanakhi jaast dhoka asato. united statesmadhil apangatvachya sandarbhat, camilly aii. berkley journal auph criminal lausathi lihitana, nelson yanni gunhegari nyay vyavasthetun apang vanshik alpasankhyakanna alpasankhyakanna duheri bhedbhavachi nond kelee aahe, asey vyakt karat qee "nakaratmak vanshik lock, mhanje jeey lock pandhare nasalele manale jaatat aanee jyanchyasathi mansik aajaar ektar dnyat aahe kinwa gruheet dharale jaate, tyanchyasathi polisanshi sanvad haah anishchit aanee sambhavya dhokadayak aahe." ling. apang vyaktinche upekshit hone, apang vyaktinna laingik astitvabaddal samajachya apeksha kaay aahet heey pratyakshat aananyat asamarth karoo shakate. tyanchya ling olakhichi olakh nasalyane apang vyaktinna apurepanachya bhavna nirman houu shakatat. thomas jeey. eleanoy steet universitychya gershikne ling olakh nakarnyache kaaran spasht kele aaheh jyaa pramanat divyang mahila aanee purush laingik aahet, tyaa pramanat yaa done olakhinchya parasparsanvadamule vegvegale anubhav yetat. apang mahilanna eka prakarche 'duheri kalank' bhedasavat asate, jyamadhye yaa donhi upekshit varganmadhye tyanche sadasyatva ekach velee pratyekashi sambandhit nakaratmak rudhivadi dharana vadhavate, kaaran teey tyanna shrey dile jaate. tathapi, parasparsanvadachya chaukatinusar, ling aanee apangatva heey eka anokha anubhav nirman karnyasathi ekmekanshi jodale jaatat, joou keval eka stree asanyacha aanee swatantrapane apangatva asanyacha yogayog nahee, tarr apangatva asaleli stree asanyacha anokha anubhav aahe. asey aahe qee, ekhadi vyakti jitkya adhik upekshit gatanshi sambandhit asel, tyancha visheshadhikar kinwa dadapshahicha anubhav badalatoh thodakyat, eka krishnavarniy stree aanee eka shvetvarniy stree yanna apangatva vegalya prakare anubhav yeil. yuu. aine. women watchya matey, "kahee sanskrutik, kayadeshir aanee sansthatmak adthalyancha pathpurava apang mahila aanee mulinna duheri bhedbhawala balee padatoh mahila mhanoon aanee apang vyakti mhanoon."rosemary haar-thomson mhanato tyapramane," apang mahilanna, sarvasadharanpane mahilanpeksha adhik tivratene, samoohik sanskrutik kalpanet kanishth, abhav, atireki, aksham, ayogya aanee nirupayogi mhanoon takale gele aahe." samajik-aarthik parshvabhoomi. vansh aanee apangatva kinwa ling aanee apangatva yaa aantarkhandanpramanech, ekhadya vyaktichi samajik-aarthik parshvabhoomi dekhil tyanchya apangatvachya anubhavat badal karel. qamee samajik-aarthik darjachi apang vyakti uchch samajik-aarthik darjachya apang vyaktipeksha adhik adthale aanee qamee sandhinsah jagacha vegala anubhav gheil. apangatva aanee samajik-aarthik sthitee yanchyatil chhedanbinduche eka changle udaharan mhanje shikshan milane, kaaran aaplyala mahit aahe qee garibi aanee apangatva yanchyat thet sambandh aahet-bahutekda dushtachakrat kaam karane. vishesh shikshan aanee apang mulachi kalji ghenyacha kharch manyataprapt apangatva nasalelya mulapeksha jaast aahe, jyamule yogya shikshan midvanyat prachand adthala nirman hoto. yogya shikshanachi anupalabdhata (konatyahi tappyavar), rojgar shodhanyat adachani nirman karoo shakate, jyacha parinam anekada garib aanee apang vyakti mhanoon aekhadyachya anubhavasah ekach samajik sanrachanet rahnyasathi aanee samajik-aarthik bahishkaran anubhavanyasathi 'bandhane' karnyache dushtchakra hote. thodakyat, heey dushtchakra qamee samajik-aarthik parshvabhoomi asalelya apang lokansathi aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik bhandavalacha abhav vadhavate. dusarikade, uchch samajik-aarthik darjachya apang vyaktila, yogya (vishesh) shikshan kinwa upchar midvanyat adhik sopa vel miloo shakato-udaharanarth, tyanna yashasvi honyas madat karoo karoo changlya sahayya, sansadhane kinwa karyakramanmadhye pravesh milane. apangatva sanskruti. khel. paralympic khel (mhanje "olympicchya bajoone") olympicanantar (unhala aanee hiwala) aayojit kele jaatat. paralympic khelanmadhye vividh prakarchya sharirik apangatva asalelya kheladuncha samavesh hoto. sadasya deshanmadhye, paralympic khelanmadhye manoranjanapasun teey uchchabhru vargaparyantchya staranvar spardha aayojit karnyasathi sanstha astitvat aahet (udaharanarth, apang creeda america aanee sanyukt rajyanmadhye blazesports america). pathichya kanyachya dukhapati asalelya british yuddhaviranchya punarvasan karyakramatun paralympic vikasit jhaale. 1948 madhye, surr ludwig guttman yaa yaa mahayuddhatil pathichya kanyachya dukhapati asalelya majee sainikansobat kaam kaam neurologistne, brittenmadhil eyelsbury yetheel stoke mandeville rugnalayat, tyachya rugnanchya punarvasan karyakramancha bhag mhanoon khelacha vapar karnyas suruvat kelee. 2006 madhye, sharirikdrushtya apang lokansathi, visheshtah avyav gamavane kinwa avayavanmadhil farak, atireki khelanmadhye spardha karnyas saksham honyasathi, aatyantik khel tayar karnyat aale. loksankhyashastra. jagbharatil aanee deshbharat apang lokanchya sankhyecha andaj samasyapradhan aahe. apangatva paribhashit karnyasathi vividh drushtikon sweekarle gele asale taree, loksankhyashastradnya sahmat aahet qee apang vyaktinchi jaagtik loksankhya khoop mothee aahe. udaharanarth, 2012 madhye jaagtik aarogya sanghatnene jagachi loksankhya 6.5 abj asalyacha andaj vartavala. tyapaiki sumare 650 dashalaksh lock kinwa 10 takke lock madhyam kinwa gambhir apang asalyacha andaj aahe. 2018 madhye aantarrashtriy kamgar sanghatnene andaj vartavala qee sumare eka abj lock, jagachya loksankhyechya satvya bhagache, apangatva hote, tyapaiki 80 takke vikasansheel deshanmadhye aanee 80 takke kamkajachya vayache hote. apanganna kamgarvargatun vagalalyas ekoon deshantargat utpadanachya 7 takkyanparyant kharch yeil asey manale gele. united states. rog niyantran kendranchya rugnata aanee mrutyu darr saptahik ahavalanusar, united statesmadhil eka chaturthansh lock apang asalyache nondavale gele aahe kaaran 2016. 10% tarun praudhanna mansik apangatva asalyache nondavale gele hote. madhyamvayin lock aanee vruddha lokanmadhye, anukrame 18.1% aanee 26.9% saha, halchalinshi sambandhit samasyanche praman sarvadhik hote. vansh kinwa vanshikatechya babatit, ashiyai lokanmadhye apangatvacha darr sarvat qamee nondavala gela aahe, sumare 10 takke, tarr sarvadhik nondavalelya ghatana asalelya vanshik gatatil mool american lokanmadhye apangatvacha darr andaje 30 takke praudhanmadhye nondavala gela aahe. african american lokanmadhye apangatvacha darr 25 takke itka jaast nondavala gela, tarr takke praudhansathi 16 takke aanee hyspanic lokansathi 17 takke hota. canada. 22.apangatva ahavalanvaril 2017 chya canadian sarvekshananusar, 15 varshanvaril canadian lokanpaiki 3 takke lock apangatva kinwa 6,246,640 lock asalyache nondavale gele aahe. canadamadhye, kamgar vargachya purushanpeksha mahila aanee vruddha lock apang honyachi shakyata jaast aahe. 25 teey 65 vayogatatil kaam kaam vyaktinchya tulanet, 65 varshanvaril jyeshthanmadhye apangatvacha darr 38 takke nondavala gela, joou jawaljawal duppat aahe. canadamadhye, 15 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya mahilancha apangatvacha darr purushanchya 20 takkyanchya tulanet 24.3% nondavala gela. apangatvavaril 2017 chya canadian sarvekshanatil ahavalannusar, canadamadhye 15 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya dakshin ashiyai lokanche apangatvache praman sarvadhik 4 takke hote, tarr lattin american lokanche praman 1 takke itake qamee hote. austreliya. austreliyan sankhyiki vibhagane andaje 5 paiki 1 austreliyan kinwa 44 laakh lokanna apangatva asalyacha andaj vartavala hota. 25 takkyanhun adhik apang austreliyamadhye mansik kinwa vartanukichi samasya nondavali gelee. purushanmadhye 17.6 laakh, tarr striyanmadhye 17.8 laakh, heey praman kahise jaast hote. 65 aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya 49.6% chya tulanet, austreliyatil 0 teey 64 vayogatatil 11.6% praudhanna apangatva hote. 53.apangatva asalelya 15 teey 64 vayogatatil 4 takke austreliyan lock nokri karatat. united kingdam. haus auph commons librarinusar, yuu. keey. madheel 14.6 dashalaksh kinwa 22 takke loksankhya, 2020-2021 madhye apang asalyache nondavale gele hote. yuu. keey. madhye 9 takke mule, 21 takke kamkajachya vayache lock aanee 42 takke rajya nivruttivetan vayavareel vyakti apang kinwa apang hotya. 2011 madhye 35,875 lokanchya jeevan sandhinchya sarvekshananusar, andaje 29 takke takke vyakti, 27 takke mishra vanshache lock, 22 takke ashiyai lock, 21 takke krishnavarniy lock aanee itar vanshik gatatil 19 takke lokanna apangatva kinwa apangatva asalyache nondavale gele. purushanchya tulanet striyanna apangatva yenyachi shakyata thodi jaast aahe, tyach varshi kelelya dusarya sarvekshananusar, purushanchya 26 takkechya tulanet 31 takke mahilanna apangatva asanyachi shakyata aahe. chean. national library auph medicinechya vaidyakeey prakashananusar, chinmadhye apangatvachya prasaratil vees varshanchya kalanusar, 2006 madhye andaje 84.6 dashalaksh chiinii vyakti apangatvasah jagat hote. 2006 chya 83,342 purush aanee 78,137 mahilanchya sarvekshanat, apangatvache sarvadhik darr nondavalele vayogat 18-44-varshiy purush (22.5%) aanee 65-74-varshiy mahila (22.8%) aahet, asey sampoorn deshache pratinidhi asalelya niyatkalikat prakashit jhalelya sarvekshanat mhatale aahe. chinmadhye, shahari aanee grameen pradeshanmadhye apang lokanchi takkewari lakshaniyaritya badalate, grameen chinmadhye anukrame 72.4% aanee 72.2% heey darr nondavale gele aahet, tarr shahari chinmadhye anukrame 27.6% aanee 27.8% heey darr nondavale gele aahet. chinmadhye shravan aanee bhashanatil apangatva heey sarvat jaast nondavale jaate, jyamadhye apang lokanmadhye anukrame 39.6% aanee 36.2% darane mahilanpeksha purush adhik prabhavit hotat. dakshin koria. dakshin koriyamadhye, 2018 madhye ekoon, mhanjech loksankhyechya andaje 5 takke, apang asalele 2.517 dashalaksh lock hote. apang nasalelya corian lokanchya tulanet, apang lokanni sarasari 56.5 divas vaidyakeey suvidhanmadhye ghalavale, jeey rashtriy sarasaripeksha 2.6 adhik hote. 34.ekoon kamgaranpaiki 9 takke lock apangatvashi sambandhit sambandhit karyarat hote. apang kutumbanni sarasari utpann 41.53 dashalaksh wonn kinwa ekoon kautumbik utpannachya 71.3% kamavale. corian 2020 chya apanganchya aakadevarinusar, bahusankhya apang vyaktinna itar dainandin kamansah "swachchata" aanee "vahtook vaparnyat" madatichi aavashyakta hotee. vikasansheel desh. vikasit deshanpeksha vikasansheel deshanmadhye apangatva adhik samanya aahe. apangatva aanee garibi yanchyatil sambandh haah eka 'dushtachakra' chaa bhag asalyache manale jaate jyamadhye yaa rachana paraspar balkat hott aahet.

ashaktata ashaktata bhaneko kunai pani awasthako anubhav how jasle wyaktilai nishchit gatiwidhiharu garna wa diieko samajbhitra saman pahunch pauna gahro banaunchha. ashaktata sangyanatmak, wikasatmak, baudhik, manasik, sharirik, sanvedi, wa dherai karakharuko sanyojan huna sakchha. ashaktata janmadekhi nai huna sakchha wa wyaktiko jiwankalma prapta garna sakinchha. aitihasik rupma, ashaktataharu matra mapdandako sanghuro setko adharma pahichan garieko chha-yadyapi, ashaktataharu dwiadhari hundainan rar wyaktiko adharma adwitiya visheshtaharuma upasthit huna sakchhan. ashaktata sajilai dekhna sakinchha, wa prakritima adrishya huna sakchha. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikarsambandhi sanyukta rashtrasanghiya mahasandhima ashaktatalai nimna rupma paribhashit garieko chhah vibhinna saidhantik lensharu marfat itihasbhari ashaktataharu farak tarikale herieka chhan. hamro samajma ashaktatalai wyakhya garne prayas garne dui mukhya modelharu chhanh medical model rar samajik model. chikitsa modelle ek saidhantik dhanchako rupma kaam gardacha jasle ashaktatalai ek awanchhaniya chikitsa awasthako rupma vichar gardacha jaslai vishesh upchar awashyak pardachha. chikitsa modellai shreya dineharule ashaktatako muel karanharu patta lagaunama dhyan kendrit garchhan, sathai kunai pani upcharharu-jastai sahayak prawidhi. samajik modelle ashaktatalai samajik rupma sirjana garieko simako rupma kendrit gardacha june wyaktiharuma janasankhyako bahumatko saman kshamata chhaina. yadyapi chikitsa model rar samajik model ashaktataka lagi sabaibhanda samanya fremharu hun, tyahan anya modelharuko ek bhid chha jasle ashaktatalai siddhanta dinchha. ashaktatasanga sambandhit vibhinna pakshaharuko wyakhya garna tyahan dherai farak sartaharu awasthit chhan. jabki kehi shabdaharu kewal ashaktatasanga sambandhit ghatanaharuko warnan garna awasthit chhan, aruharu ashaktaharulai kalankit rar bahishkrit garne waripari kendrit chhan. kehi shabdaharuko yasto nakaratmak artha hunchha kii tiniharulai apashabd manincha. wyakti-pahilo bhasha (i) prayog garnu upayukta chha kii chhaina bhanne wiwadko halko bindu how.ei. ashakta wyakti) wa pahichan-pahilo bhasha (i.ei. ashakta wyakti) jab ashaktata rar ek wyaktilai sandarbha gardai. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko simantakaranka karan, samajma saman wyawahar rar pahunchka lagi dabab dine dherai karyakartaharu chhan. apangata karyakartaharule kanunantargat saman rar nyayasangat adhikarharu prapta garna ladeka chhan-yadyapi ajhai pani rajnitik muddaharu chhan jasle apangata bhaeka manisharuko utpidanlai saksham wa agadi badhaunchhan. yadyapi ashaktata sakriyatale saksham pranaliharulai wighatan garna kaam gardacha, ashaktatako dharanasanga sambandhit samajik mapdandharu prayaha midiadwara prayog garieka trapharudwara sudridha hunchhan. adhunik samajma ashaktatako nakaratmak dharana wyapak bhaekale, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu afno simantakaranko viruddhama pachhadi dhakelne prayasma atma-wakalatma parinat bhaeka chhan. wyaktiko anya bahuayamik pahichanko adharma farak tarikale anubhav garieko pahichanko rupma ashaktatalai manyata dine karya prayaha ashakta atma-wakilharudwara nirdeshit garinchha. mukhyadharako samajbata apangatalai bahishkar garnale apangata sanskritiko udayako awasar sirjana gareko chha. jabki apangata karyakartaharule ajhai pani apangata manisharulai mukhyadharako samajma ekikaran garna prawardhan garchhan, kala, samajik midia rar khelkud jasta apangata samudayalai badhawa dina dherai apangata-matra thaaunharu sirjana garieko chha. itihas. ashaktatako samakalin bujhaiharu paschimma vaigyanik gyanko samayama utpanna bhaeka awadharanaharubata utpanna hunchhan; gyanko aghi, sharirik bhinnataharu farak lens marfat herinthyo. pragaitihasik samayama manisharule apangata bhaeka manisharuko herchah gareko praman chha. windover puratatwik sthalma fela pareko kankalmadhye euta lagbhag 15 warsha umerko purush thiyo, jaslai spina bifida thiyo. yass awasthako artha key thiyo bhane sambhawatah kammarmuni lakawagrasta chhoroko sikar-sankalan samudayama herchah garieko thiyo. ashaktatalai ishwariya sajayako madhyamko rupma herieko thiena rar tyasaile ashakta wyaktiharulai naha tata unmulan garieko thiyo naha tata uniharuko kamajoriharuka lagi bhedbhawa garieko thiyo. yasako satta dherailai mesopotamiali samajko vibhinna starharuma niyukta garieko thiyo jasma dharmik mandirharuma dewataharuko sewakko rupma kaam garne samawesh thiyo. prachin egyptma, samajma prayaha lathiharu prayog garinthyo. tiniharuka lagi euta samanya prayog apangata bhaeka wriddha wyaktiharulai hindna maddat garne thiyo. puratan grissma mandira rar upchar abhayaranyaharuma pahunch garna ashakta gatishilta bhaeka wyaktiharulai saksham parney prawadhanharu banaiyo. vishesh gari, 370 bee dwara.see.epidorusma raheko esclepiusko abhayaranya, wyapak kshetrako sabaibhanda mahatwapurna upchar abhayaranyama, kamtima 11 sthayi dhungako rampharu thie jasle nau farak sanrachanaharuma gatishilta-ashakta agantukharulai pahunch pradan swikar; puratan grissma kamtima anshik rupma apangata bhaeka manisharulai manyata rar herchah garieko praman. wastawma, prachin grikharule apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai adhik saksham-sharirik wyaktiharubhanda farak rupma hereka nahun sakchhan kinbhane uniharuko abhilekhma tiniharulai warnan garne shabdaharu dherai aspashta dekhinchhan. jabasamma vicharadhin apanga wyaktile samajma yogdan garna sakchha, grikharule tiniharulai sahan gareko dekhinchha. madhya yugma, pagalpan rar anya awasthaharu rakshasharuko karanle bhaeko manincha. tiniharu pani prakritik wyawasthako hissa maninthyo, vishesh gari callo mrityuko samayama rar patanma, jasle samanya janasankhyama kamajoriharu lyayo. prarambhik adhunik awadhima sharirik rar manasik bhinnataharuka lagi jaivik karanharu khojnama pariwartan bhaeko thiyo, sathai shreniharuko simankan garnama chaso badheko thiyoh udaharanka lagi, sohraun shatabdima ambrois perele "rakshasharu", "pradijiharu", rar "apangharu" bare lekhe. manav pragatiko lagi prakritik vigyanko mulya rar tarkabata prapta gyanma europeli gyanko jodle manav praniharuko awalokan rar wargikaran garne sansthaharu rar sambandhit gyan pranaliharuko janmalai janma dina maddat garyo; yee madhye, ashaktatako ajko awadharanaharuko vikaska lagi mahatwapurnharu ashraya, clinic rar jelharu thie. ashaktatako samakalin awadharanaharu atharaun rar unnaisaun shatabdiko vikasma nihit chhan. yee madhye sabaibhanda pramukh clinical medical prawachanko vikas thiyo, jasle manav sharirlai herfer, adhyayan rar rupantaran garne wastuko rupma dekha paryo. yee vaigyanik prawachanharusanga milera kaam gare jasle wargikaran rar wargikaran garna khoje rar tyaso garda, samanyikaranka vidhiharu bane. manak" ko awadharana yass awadhima wiksit bhayo, rar belgiumka tathyankawid, samajashastri, ganitashastri, rar khagolshastri adolf quetletko kamma sanket garieko chha, jasle 1830 ko dashakma "law 'home moyen"-ausat manis lekhe. queteletle ek diieko janasankhyama sabai manisharuko wisheshtaharuko yogfal lyne sakchha (jastai tiniharuko uchai wa taul) rar tiniharuko ausat fela parne sakchha rar yo tathyankale ek sankhyikiya manakko rupma kaam garnuparchha june sabaile akanksha garnuparchha bhanera anuman gare. yass awadhima belayat, sanyukta rajya america rar paschimi europeli rajyaharudwara tathyanka sankalanko druta grahanko madhyambata sankhyikiya manak threadko yo vichar, rar yo yujeniksko udaysanga jodieko chha. ashaktata, sathai anya awadharanaharu sahitah asamanya, gaira-samanya, rar samanyata yasabata ayo. yee awadharanaharuko prasar vichitra karyakramko lokapriyatama spashta chha, jahaan shomyanharule tee mapdandharubata wichlit bhaeka manisharuko pradarshanbata faida uthae. unnaisaun shatabdiko uttarardhama yujeniksko udayasangai, tyasta wichalanharulai sampurna janasankhyako swasthyaka lagi khatarnak manieko thiyo. ashaktatalai wyaktiko jaivik banawatko bhagko rupma herieko rar yasari tiniharuko anuwanshik virasatka sath, vaigyanikharule zin pulbata "vichalan" jasta jharapatko dharnaharuma afno dhyan kendrit gare. wyaktiko anuwanshik swasthya mulyankan garna vibhinna metriksharu nirdharan gariyo rar tyasapachhi ayogya manineharulai nirvasana, nasabandi, wa sansthagat garna prayog gariyo. germanyma nazi shasandwara laxit samuhaharu madhye apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu ek thie, jasko parinamswarup lagbhag 2,50,000 apangata bhaeka manisharu holocastko samayama marie. dosro wishwayuddhako antyama, nazi yujeniksko udaharanko sath, eugenics sarvajanik prawachanbata harae, rar badhdo ashaktatale aushadhile dhyan dina sakne wisheshtaharuko setma samawesh bhayo-chahe wriddhi, punarwas, wa upchar marfat. samakalin rar adhunik itihas duwaima, ashaktatalai prayaha pratham-degree afantaharu wa dwitiya-degree afantaharu bichko anacharko upa-utpadanko rupma herinthyo. ashaktata vidwanharule samantawadbata punjiwadma arthik pariwartansangai audyogik krantilai pani ashaktatako bujhaiko pramukh aitihasik kshanka rupma aunlyaeka chhan. madhya yugma ashaktatalai liera nishchit matrama dharmik andhawishwas bhae tapani, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule ajhai pani gramin utpadanma adharit arthatantrama mahatwapurna bhumika khelna saksham thie, jasle uniharulai dainik arthik jiwanma wastawik yogdan dina anumati diyo. audyogik kranti rar punjiwadko agamanle yasalai yasari banayo kii manisharu ab jaminma bandhieka thienan rar tyasapachhi banchnaka lagi jyala dine kaam khojna badhya bhae. audyogik utpadansanga sanyojanma, jyala pranalile nikayaharulai herne tarikalai pariwartan swikar kinki manisharulai messinharu jastai utpadan garne kshamatako lagi badhdo rupma mulya diiyo. punjiwad rar audyogik krantile prabhawkari rupma "apanga" manisharuko nayan warga sirjana swikar jo manak shramikko sharira wa karya shaktiko starsanga mail khaandainathe. falaswarup, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai samadhan wa metaune samasyako rupma manna thalio. sann 1970 ko dashakko suruma, apangata adhikar andolan sthapit bhayo, jab apangata karyakartaharule samajle apangata bhaeka manisharulai kasari wyawahar garchha rar apangataprati chikitsa drishtikonlai chunauti dina thale. yass kamko karan, pahunchka lagi bhautik awarodhharu pahichan gariyo. yee awasthaharule tiniharulai karyatmak rupma asaksham banayo, rar jaslai ahile ashaktatako samajik model bhanera chininchha. sann 1983 maa mick olibhardwara sirjana garieko, yo wakyanshle ashaktatako chikitsa model-jasma kamajorilai thik garna awashyak chha-rar ashaktatako samajik model-jasma wyaktilai simit garne samajlai thik garna awashyak chha-bitch bhinnata dekhaunchha. siddhanta. dherai samajik kotiharu jastai, "apangata" ko awadharana shikshawid, chikitsa rar kanuni sansar, rar apangata samudayabich bhari chhalfalko adhinma chha. ashaktata adhyayan. apangata siddhantama kendrit shaikshik anushasana apangata adhyayan how, june bisaun shatabdiko uttaradhadekhi wistar hundai aeko chha. yass kshetrale apangatako vigat, wartaman rar bhawishyaka nirmanharuko anusandhan gardacha, sathasathai apangata ek jatil samajik pahichan how jasbata hammy sabaile antardrishti prapta garna sakchaun bhanne drishtikonlai agadi badhaunchha. ashaktata vidwan clair mulanile bhaneka chhan, "yasako wyapak rupma, ashaktata adhyayanharule vidwanharulai sanskritik bhinnatako rupma ashaktatalai mahatwa dina protsahit gardacha. yo khetra badhdo antar-anushasanatmak chha, prayaha darshan, itihas, angreji adhyayan, bayanbaji adhyayan, jatiya rar jatiya adhyayan, laingik rar yauna adhyayan, chikitsa manawiki, sanchar, shikshashastra, rar adhikka kshetraharusanga overlapping hunchha. yass kshetraka vidwanharule naitikta, niti rar kanuna, itihas, apangata samudayako kala, rar adhik jasta apangata-sambandhit wishayaharuko dayarama dhyan kendrit garchhan. yass kshetraka ullekhaniya vidwanharuma marta rasel, robert macruera, johanna heda, laura hersey, irving jola, rar anya dherai samawesh chhan. pramukh ashaktata vidwan lenard jey. devisle key tippani garchhan bhane ashaktata adhyayanlai wishishta wa vishesh anushasana mannupardaina, tara yasako satta khetra rar wishayaharuko wistrit shrinkhalama lagu hunchha. antarrashtriya wargikaran. vishwa swasthya sangathandwara utpadit karya, ashaktata rar swasthyako antarrashtriya wargikaran (icf) ley sharirka karyaharu (sharirik wa manovaigyanik, jastai drishti) rar sharira sanrachanaharu (sharirik bhagharu, jastai aankha rar sambandhit sanrachanaharu) beach bhinnata dekhaunchha. sharirik sanrachana wa karyama kamajorilai visangati, dosh, hani wa kehi samanyataya swikrit janasankhya mapdandharubata anya mahatwapurna vichalan samawesh bhaeko rupma paribhashit garieko chha, june samayasangai utar chadhawa huna sakchha. gatiwidhilai karya wa karyako karyanwayanko rupma paribhashit garieko chha. icfle karyaka nauwata wyapak kshetraharu suchibadha gardacha june prabhawit huna sakchhah apangata vidwanharusanga melmilapma, icfko parichayale ashaktata rar karyalai bujhna rar wyakhya garna vibhinna awadharanatmak modelharu prastawa garieko chha, jaslai yasale ekikrit garna khojchha. yee modelharuma nimna samawesh chhanh medical model. chikitsa modelle ashaktatalai wyaktiko samasyako rupma herchha, pratyaksha rupma rog, aghat, wa anya swasthya awasthaharuka karan jasle garda wyawasayikharudwara wyaktigat upcharko rupma nirantar chikitsa herchah awashyak pardachha. chikitsa modelma, ashaktatako wyawasthapanko uddeshya "upchar", wa wyaktiko samayojan rar wyawahar pariwartan how jasle "lagbhag-upchar" wa prabhawkari upchar nimtyaunchha. yass awasthama, wyaktile chikitsa herchahdwara afno ashaktata parr garnuparchha. chikitsa modelma, chikitsa herchahlai mukhya muddako rupma herinchha, rar rajnitik starma, pramukh pratikriya swasthya sewa niti parimarjan wa sudhar garnu how. chikitsa modelle ashaktatako karan rar upchar patta lagaunama kendrit chha. karanharu. ashaktataka dherai farak karanharu chhan jasle prayaha dainik jiwanka adharbhut gatiwidhiharulai asar gardacha, jastai khana, luga lagaunu, sthanantaran, rar wyaktigat swachchata kayam rakhnu; wa dainik jiwanka unnat gatiwidhiharu jastai kinmail, khana tayari, driving, wa kaam garnu. yadyapi, ashaktataka karanharu samanyataya dainik jiwanka gatiwidhiharu garne wyaktiko kshamatabata nirdharan garinchha. marta rasel rar ravi malhotrale tarka garejhain, "ashaktatako 'chikitsakikaran' rar wargikaranka upkaranharule spashta rupma 'ashakta' rar 'saksham-sharira' bitch vibhajan sthapana garna mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko chha. yasale ashaktatalai chikitsa hastakshepko madhyambata samadhan garnuparne samasyako rupma rakhchha, jasle ashaktatako artha key huna sakchha bhanne bare hamro bujhaima badha puryaunchha. americi apangata adhiniyam 1990 ko uddeshyaka lagi, sanyukta rajya america saman rojgar awasar ayog niyamharule ashaktata bhanera sajilai nishkarshma pugna sakine awasthaharuko suchi pradan gardachhah bahirapan, andhopan, baudhik akshamta, anshik wa purna rupma haraeko anga wa gatishilta kamajoriharu jaslai wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, madhumeha, mirgi, hiv/aids, multiple sclerosis, mansapeshi dystrophy, pramukh awasadgrastata vikar, spina bifida, dwidhruwi vikar, post-traumatic stress disarder, jununi badhyakari vikar, rar schizophrenia. yo wistrit suchi hoina rar dherai chotpatak rar chikitsa samasyaharule ashaktata nimtyaunchha. ashaktataka kehi karanharu, jastai chotapatakharu, samayasangai samadhan huna sakchha rar tiniharulai "asthayi ashaktata" manincha. arjit ashaktata" bhaneko ashaktataka sath janmeko viparit, jiwankalma achanak wa dirghakalin rupma hune kamajoriharuko parinam how. "adrishya ashaktata" spashta rupma dhyan dina sakindaina. upchar. chikitsa modelle apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi upchar, upchar, wa punarwas abhyasharu fela parnama dherai dhyan kendrit gardacha. sahayak prawidhi. sahayak prawidhi upkaranharu rar parimarjanharuka lagi ek samanya shabda how (ek wyakti wa samaj bhitra) jasle ashaktatalai parr garna wa hatauna maddat gardacha. prosthesisko prayogko pahilo record garieko udaharan kamtima 1800 isa purwako how. whilchair 17 aun shatabdiko how. curb cutt ek sambandhit sanrachanatmak navinta how. anya udaharanharu standing fremharu, text telephonharu, pahunchayogya kiboardharu, thula print, brail, rar spitch recognison suftware hun. ashakta wyaktiharule prayaha anukulanharu vikas garchhan june wyaktigat huna sakchha (jastai.zee. sarvajanik rupma tiksharu dabaune rananitiharu) wa samudaya (jastai.zee. dee/bahira samudayharuma sanket bhasha). wyaktigat computer adhik sarvavyapi hundai jaanda, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi computerharu thap pahunchayogya banauna suftware rar hardware vikas garna vibhinna sansthaharu gathan bhaeka chhan. kehi suftware rar hardwareharu, jastai bhwaisa finger, friedom scientificko "jabada", swatantra rar khula srota vaikalpik "orka" adi. vishesh gari ashakta wyaktiharuka lagi design garieko chha jabki anya suftware rar hardware, jastai nyunansko dragon prakritik rupma bolne, vishesh gari ashakta wyaktiharuka lagi wiksit garieko thiena, tara pahunch badhauna prayog garna sakinchha. lomak keyboard vishesh gari ashakta wyaktiharuka lagi newzealandma design garieko thiyo. world wide web consortiumle apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi web pahunchka lagi antarrashtriya mapdandako awashyaktalai manyata diyo rar web pahunch pahal (wai) sirjana garyo. december 2012 maa manak wkag 2 (wkag = web samagri pahunch dishanirdeshharu) how. samajik model. ashaktatako samajik modelle "ashaktata" lai samajik rupma sirjana garieko samasya rar samajma wyaktiharuko purna ekikaranko wishayako rupma herchha. yass modelma, ashaktata kunai wyaktiko visheshta hoina, baru samajik watawarandwara sirjana garieko awasthaharuko jatil sangraha how. samasyako wyawasthapanka lagi samajik karya awashyak chha rar apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi nyunatam simaharu bhaeko samaj sirjana garnu samajko samuhik jimmewari how. akshamta srishtiko sanskritik rar vaicharik duwai how. samajik modelanusar, ashaktata/ashaktata bhaeka wyaktiko lagi saman pahunch manav adhikarko chinta how. ashaktatako samajik model alochanako vishaya baneko chha. samajko jimmewarima jode dina samajik modelle kheleko mahatwalai manyata dindai, tom shekspeare lagayat vidwanharule modelko simaharu aunlyae rar nayan modelko awashyaktalai agraha gare jasle "medical banam medical" lai parr garnechha. samajik "dwibhajan. yass modelko simitataharuko artha yo how kii prayaha apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule samana garne mahatwapurna sewaharu rar suchanaharu prayaha uniharulai samarthan garna simit arthik pratifalka karan upalabdha hundainan. kohi bhanchhan kii chikitsa manawiki ek faldayi khetra how jahaan chikitsa rar ashaktatako samajik model bichko antarlai cum garna sakinchha. samajik nirman. ashaktatako samajik nirman bhaneko jaivik bhinnataharu bhanda samajik apekshaharu rar sansthaharudwara ashaktata nirman garinchha bhanne vichar how. samaj rar sansthaharule apangata nirman garne tarikaharulai ujagar garnu yass wicharko mukhya kendrabinduharu madhye ek how. jasari jaati rar ling jaivik rupma nishchit chhainan, naha tata ashaktata how. sann 1970 ko dashakko prarambhatira, samajashastriharu, vishesh gari aliot friedsonle, ashaktata adhyayanharuma labeling siddhanta rar samajik vichalan lagu garna sakinchha bhanera tarka garna thale. yasale apangata siddhantako samajik nirmanko sirjanama netritwa swikar. ashaktatako samajik nirman bhaneko ashaktatalai manakbata wichlit hune samajik pratikriyako rupma nirman garieko vichar how. chikitsa udyog birami rar apanga samajik bhumikako nirmata how. swasthyama visheshagyata prapta garne chikitsa wyawasayi rar sansthaharusanga swasthya rar sharirik rar manasik mapdandharu paribhashit garne kshamata hunchha. jab ek wyaktisanga swasthyako samajik paribhasama pugnabata kamajori, pratibandha, wa sima sirjana garne suwidha hunchha, wyaktilai ashaktako rupma lebel garinchha. yass vicharantargat, ashaktatalai sharirko sharirik visheshtaharudwara paribhashit garindaina tara swasthyako samajik paramparabata wichlit bhaera paribhashit garinchha. ashaktatako samajik nirmanle tarka gardacha kii ashaktatako drishtikonko chikitsa model ashaktata ek kamajori, pratibandha, wa sima galat how. yasako satta jaslai ashaktatako rupma herinchha tyo samajma "samanya" manine bhanda wyaktima bhinnata matra how. shabdawali. janata-pahilo bhasha. manis-pahilo bhasha ashaktatako barema kura garne euta tarika how june kehi manisharule ruchaunchhan. manis-pahilo bhashako prayog garda wyaktilai apangatabhanda agadi rakhchha bhaninchha. tee wyaktiharu jasle manisharulai-pahilo bhasha munn paraunchhan, "apangata bhaeko wyakti" bhanna ruchaunchhan. yo shaili apangata adhikarka lagi americi apangata aina rar apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikarka lagi sanyukta rashtrasanghako mahasandhi lagayat pramukh kanunharuma pratibimbit hunchha. "delaware vishwavidyalayama "cerebral palsihi herchahka lagi ek guide" ley manis-pahilo bhashalai warnan gardachhah belayatma 'ashakta wyaktiharu' (jastai 'drishtiwihin wyaktiharu') ko rupma 'wyakti-pahilo shabdawali' prayog garinchha. yadyapi, belayatma, pahichan-pahilo bhashalai samanyataya manis-pahilo bhashalai prathamikta diinchha. wyakti-pahilo shabdawaliko prayogle apangata (wa ashaktata) bhaeka wyakti (wa wyaktiharu) lai bujhauna sankshipta pwd ko prayoglai janma dieko chha. yadyapi anya wyakti rar samuhaharule apangatale manisharuko pahichanlai kasari asar garna sakchha bhanne kurama jode dina pahichan-pahilo bhasha ruchaunchhan. prayog garieko bhashako shaili vibhinna desh, samuha rar wyaktiharu bitch bhinna hunchha. pahichan-pahilo bhasha. pahichan-pahilo bhashale wyaktilai "ashakta" bhanera warnan gardacha. kehi wyaktiharule yasalai ruchaunchhan rar yo wyakti-pahilo bhasha bhanda ashaktatako samajik modelma ramrosanga fitt hunchha bhanera tarka garchhan, kinki yasale wyakti afno sharirdwara hoina, tara uniharulai samayojan nagarne sansardwara ashakta chha bhanne kurama jode dinchha. yo vishesh gari belayatma satya how, jahaan samajik model antargat tarka garinchha kii kasaiko kamajori (udaharanka lagi, merudandama chot lageko) ek wyaktigat sampatti how, "ashaktata" pahunchko abhawa jasta bahya samajik karakharudwara sirjana garieko kura how. ashaktatako wyaktigat sampatti rar ashaktatako samajik sampatti bichko yo bhinnata samajik modelko kendrabindu how. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu" shabdalai rajnitik nirmanko rupma apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko antarrashtriya sangathanharu, jastai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko antarrashtriyadwara pani wyapak rupma prayog garinchha. pahichan-pahilo bhashako prayogle manisharule pahichan rar wiwidhatako anya pakshaharuko barema kasari kura garchhan bhannesanga pani mildojuldo chha. udaharanka lagihi tyastai, americama bahira samudayharu.ess. pahichanko pakshama manisharulai aswikar garnuhos-pahilo bhasha-pahilo bhasha. sann 2021 maa, uccha shiksha rar ashaktata (agadi) maa americi sanghale uniharuko samagrima pahichan-pahilo bhasha prayog garne nirnayako ghoshana gardai wyakhya garyoh "pahichan-pahilo bhashale pratyaksha rupma ashaktata davi garera nakaratmak arthaharulai chunauti dinchha. pahichan-pahilo bhashale hamro sharira rar mastishkale awasthit asankhya awasthaharusanga kasari kaam gardacha, rar kasailai ashakta banaunama durgam wa damankari pranali, sanrachanaharu, wa watawaranko bhumikama awasthit vividhatalai sandarbha gardacha." adrishya akshamta. adrishya ashaktata, jaslai lukeko ashaktata wa gaira-drishyaman ashaktata (nvd) pani bhaninchha, tee ashaktata hun june turuntai spashta hundainan, wa dekhna sakine hundainan. tiniharu prayaha purano rog rar awasthaharu hun jasle dainik jiwanko samanya gatiwidhiharulai ullekhaniya rupma bigarchha. adrishya ashaktatale wyaktiharuko schol jaane, kaam garne, samajik hune rar anya prayasharuma badha hani sakchha. adrishya ashaktataka kehi udaharanharuma baudhik ashaktata, autism spectrum disarder, dhyan ghata ati sakriyata vikar, manasik vikar, asthama, mirgi, allergy, migrain, gathiya, rar chronic thakan cindrome samawesh chhan. manasik rogko nidan garneharuma berojgariko uccha darma rojgar bhedbhawle mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko bataieko chha. episodic ashaktata. gathiya, bipolar disarder, hiv, wa multiple sclerosis jasta swasthya awasthaharu bhaeka wyaktiharuma rogko episodharu bichko swasthyako awadhi hunchha. rogko episodko samayama manisharuko samanya karyaharu garne kshamata, jastai kaam, bitch-bitch huna sakchha. ashaktata sakriyata. apangata sakriyata nai upayukta bhashako sanshodhanko karan baneko chha, jab apangata rar apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko barema chhalfal garinchha. udaharanka lagi, 'manda' ko chikitsa wargikaranlai yasako nakaratmak prabhawka karan bewasta garieko chha. yasabahek, ashaktata sakriyatale apangata bhaeka wyaktiharudwara apamanjanak bhashalai punah prapta garna pani netritwa gareko chha. merr (1986) ley kasari apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule afulai 'panga' ko rupma warnan garna chhanauta garna sakchhan bhanera wyakhya gare. yo achammako lagna sakchha kii tiniharule afulai warnan garna, ashaktatasanga sambandhit rudhiwadi nakaratmak bhasha prayog gariraheka chhan; yadyapi yasako uddeshya chikitsa peshewarharubata 'ashakta pahichan' punah prapta garnu how, rar yasalai ashakta wyaktiharuko manaparne bhashasanga punah wyawasthit garnu how. mathi pradarshit bhashako sudharle samajik modelbhitra afulai sthapit gardacha, kinki yasale samajko rupma hammy kasari apangatako awadharana rar dharanaharu nirman gardachaun bhanne kuralai prakash parchha.apangata karyakartaharule nimna muddaharuma dhyan akarshit gareka chhanh adhikar rar nitiharu. adhikar andolan. apangata adhikar andolanko uddeshya apangata bhaeka manisharulai saman awasar rar saman adhikarharu sunishchit garnu how. andolanko wishishta lakshya rar magharu yatayat, wastukla rar bhautik watawaranma pahunch rar suraksha; swatantra jiwan, rojgar, shiksha rar awasma saman awasarharu; rar durwyawahar, upeksha rar biramiharuko adhikarko ullanghanbata swatantrata hun. yee awasarharu rar adhikarharu surakshit garna prabhawkari nagarik adhikar kanunharu khojine garinchha. prarambhik apangata adhikar andolan ashaktatako chikitsa modeldwara prabhutwa thiyo, jahaan apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai upchar wa upchar garnama jode diieko thiyo taaki uniharule samajik manakko palana garna sakun, tara 1960 ko dashakma suru bhaera, adhikar samuhaharu ashaktatako samajik modelma sarna thale, jahaan ashaktatalai bhedbhawko muddako rupma wyakhya garinchha, jasle garda adhikar samuhaharulai kanuni madhyambata samanta prapta garne marga prashasta bhayo. purva sobhiyat sanghako ganatantraharuma ashaktata muddaharu rar pahunchka lagi wakalat niti nirmanma adhik sangathit rar prabhawashali bhaeko chha. ashaktata nyaya andolan. apangata adhikar andolanbata wiksit bhaeko apangata nyaya andolan how, jasko uddeshya vidhayi pariwartan rar paramparagat nagarik adhikarharulai prathamikta dinuko viparit samuhik muktilai prathamikta diera apangata bhaeka manisharuko jiwan sudhar garnu how. apangata adhikarko "dosro lahar" bhanine yo dhanchale sakshamatawad, yasto upaniweshwad, seto sarvochchata rar visham-deshbhaktipurna punjiwadsanga jodieko damanka dherai pranaliharuko jaanch garna khojchha. apangata nyaya" shabda sann 2005 maa elgibitkyu rangin apangata bhaeka mahilaharu, miya mingus, patricia bern rar stacy milburndwara prayog garieko thiyo, jasle mukhyadharako apangata adhikarharu bhanda antarkriyama thulo jode diera ek sakshamatawadi virodhi andolan nirman garna khojeka thie. uniharuko samuha, apangata nyaya samuhik, sebastian margaret, leroy ef jasta ullekhaniya apangata karyakartaharu pani samawesh thie. murr junier., afno kawita rar crip hup andolanko sthapanaka lagi parichit, rar alie clair, ashaktata adhyayan bhitra sharirko awadharana lokpriya banaunaka lagi prasidha. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikarsambandhi mahasandhi. 13 december 2006 maa, sanyukta rashtra sanghale wishwako anumanit 650 million apangata bhaeka manisharuko adhikar rar awasarharuko raksha rar wriddhi garna 21 aun shatabdiko pahilo manav adhikar sandhi, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikar sambandhi mahasandhima aupacharik rupma sahamati janaeko thiyo. 182 rashtraharule mahasandhima praweshlai anumodan wa swikar gareka chhan. mahasandhima hastakshar garne deshharule rashtriya kanunharu apanauna rar purana kanunharu hatauna awashyak chha, taaki apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai shiksha, rojgar rar sanskritik jiwanma saman adhikar hunechha; sampattiko swamitwa rar uttaradhikarko adhikar; vivahama bhedbhawa nagarnu, adi.; rar chikitsa prayogharuma anicchuk vishayaharu nahunu. manav adhikarka lagi uchchayuktasahitka yuen adhikariharule samajik modelko anurup ashaktatako adhik adhikar-adharit drishtikontarfa manowrittiko pratiman pariwartanko pratinidhitwa garne rupma vidheyaklai chitran gareka chhan. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko antarrashtriya warsha. sann 1976 maa, sanyukta rashtra sanghale apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi afno antarrashtriya warsha (1981) kaa lagi yojana banauna thalyo, pachhi yasalai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko antarrashtriya warsha naam diiyo. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko dashak (1983-1993) ley apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu sambandhi karyako vishwa karyakram prastut garyo. sann 1979 maa, frank bow iidp-1981 ko yojanama kunai pani deshko pratinidhitwa garne ek matra apangata bhaeko wyakti thie. az, dherai deshharule tyasta pratinidhiharuko naam rakheka chhan jo afai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu hun. robert devilale mahasabhalai sambodhan gardai dashakko samapan gareka thie. bow rar devilla duwai bahira chhan. sann 1984 maa unescole bahiraharu rar yuwaharuko shikshama prayogka lagi sanket bhashalai swikar swikar. purva sobhiyat sangha ganatantraharuma nitiharu. yuen program rar osele purva sobhiyat sanghako hissa raheka deshharuma niti rar karyakramharulai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikar sambandhi mahasandhima sanrekhit garna kaam gardacha. rajnitik muddaharu. wiksit rar kehi vikasonmukh deshharuma rajnitik adhikar, samajik samaweshikaran rar nagarikta agadi aeka chhan. yo bahas ashrit apangata bhaeka manisharulai kayam rakhne kathit lagatko barema chintako vishayabhanda bahira gaera apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule jiwanko sabai kshetrama samajma bhag lyne rar yogdan dina sakchhan bhanne sunishchit garne prabhawkari tarikaharu khojna pugeko chha. vikasonmukh rashtraharuma, jahaan anumanit 650 million apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko vishal thulo bhag baschha, pahunch rar shikshadekhi atma-sashaktikaran, atma-samarthan rojgar rar bahirka chintaharulai sambodhan garna thulo kaam awashyak chha. pachhilla kehi warshaharuma, apangata adhikar karyakartaharule apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko purna nagarikta prapta garnama dhyan kendrit gareka chhan. kehi deshharuma purna rojgari prapta garnama badhaharu chhan; apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko barema sarvajanik dharana farak huna sakchha. durupyog. ashaktatako durupyog taba hunchha jab ek wyakti sharirik, arthik, maukhik wa manasik rupma ashaktatako karanle durwyawahar garinchha. dherai ashaktataharu dekhine chhainan (udaharanka lagi, dam, sikne ashaktata) kehi durwyawaharkartaharule bujhne, samarthan, rar yastai anya awashyaktako sath gaira-sharirik ashaktatalai tarkasangat banauna sakdainan. ashaktatako wyapakta rar ashaktatalai samarthan garne lagat chikitsa pragati rar samanyataya dirghayuka sath badhdai jaanda, samajko yo paksha ajha badhi rajnitik mahatwako hunchha. rajnitik dalharule afna apangata bhaeka ghatakharusanga kasari wyawahar garchhan bhanne kura vishesh gari apangatako samajik modelma rajnitik partyko apangata bujhne upaya banna sakchha. bima. ashaktata labh, wa ashaktata penson, ek pramukh prakarko ashaktata bima how june sarkari agencyharudwara ashaktataka karan asthayi wa sthayi rupma kaam garna asamartha wyaktiharulai pradan garinchha. yu maa.ess., ashaktata labh purak suraksha ayako shrenima pradan garieko chha. canadama, yo canada penson yojanabhitra chha. anya deshharuma, samajik suraksha pranaliharuantargat ashaktata labhharu pradan garna sakinchha. paschimi deshharuma, mukhyataya europe rar sanyukta rajya americama ashaktata pensonko lagat nirantar badhdai gairaheko chha. yo report garieko thiyo kii, belayatma, ashaktata pensonma kharcha sann 1980 maa sakal gharelu utpadan (gdp) ko 0.9% thiyo; dui dashak pachhi yo jidipiko 2.6% pugeko thiyo. dherai adhyayanharule rogko karan kambata badhdo anupasthiti rar bhawishyako ashaktata pensonko badhdo jokhim bichko sambandha report gareka chhan. denmarka shodhkartaharule gareko ek adhyayanle rogka karan anupasthitika atma-report garieka dinharuko jankarilai bhawishyaka sambhawit samuhaharulai ashaktata pensonka lagi prabhawkari rupma pahichan garna prayog garna sakinchha bhanne sujhawa dinchha. yee adhyayanharule niti nirmataharu, cases wyawasthapan adhikariharu, rojgardataharu, rar chikitsakharuka lagi upayogi jankari pradan garna sakchhan. swizerlandma, apangata kshetrama samajik nitiharu vigat dui dashakharuma pradan garieko bhattako sankhya ghataera rar wyawasayik punahsthapana upayaharuko sahara badhaera ullekhaniya rupma punah akar diieko chha. swis ashaktata bima dwara sthapit karyakramharuma sanlagna wyaktiharusanga garieko antarwartama rekhangkan gardai, ek adhyayanle uniharuko anishchitta rar samajma uniharuko sthansanga sambandhit chintaharu, sathai ashaktata bimako hastakshepprati uniharuko pratikriyaharu highlite gardacha. niji, nafaka lagi ashaktata bimale apangata bhaeka manisharulai aya pradan garna bhumika khelchha, tara rashtriyakrit karyakramharu suraksha zaal hun jasle dherai dawikartaharulai samatchha. rojgar. adhyayanharule ashaktata rar garibi bichko sambandhalai chitran gareka chhan. vishesh gari, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai pradan garine rojgariharu durlabh chhan. marta raselle tippani gare kii "[ae] apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu (jo awaska sath kaam garna sakchhan) ko damanko prathamik adhar uniharulai jyala majdurko rupma shoshanbata bahishkar garnu how." baudhik akshamta. dherai deshharuma yasta karyakramharu chhan jasle baudhik rupma ashakta (id) manisharulai karyabalma awashyak sipharu prapta garna maddat gardacha. tyasta karyakramharuma ashraya karyashalaharu rar wayaskaharuko dina herchah karyakramharu samawesh chhan. ashraya karyakramharuma bagwani, nirman rar sanyojan jasta dinko gatiwidhiharu samawesh hunchhan. yee gatiwidhiharule niyamit-unmukh karyaharulai suwidha dinchha jasle id manisharulai karyabalma prawesh garnu aghi anubhav prapta garna anumati dinchha. tyastai gari, wayaska day care karyakramharuma pani dinko gatiwidhiharu samawesh chhan. yadyapi, yee gatiwidhiharu shaikshik watawaranma adharit chhan jahaan id wyaktiharu shaikshik, sharirik, rar sanchar-adharit karyaharuma sanlagna huna saksham chhan jasle sanchar, smriti, rar samanya jiwan kaushalharulai sajilo banauna maddat gardacha. thap rupma, wayaska day care karyakramharule sarvajanik sthanharuma field tripharu (jastai) taya garera samudayik gatiwidhiharuko wyawastha gare.zee. chidiakhana, rar chalchitra thietarharu). karyabalma prawesh garnuaghi baudhik rupma apanga wyaktiharuka lagi awashyak sipharu pradan garne duwai karyakramharuka bawajud, shodhkartaharule patta lagaeka chhan kii id wyaktiharu samudaya-ekikrit rojgarima sanlagna huna ruchaunchhan. grahak sewa, lipic, prahari, atithya rar utpadan padaharu jasta vibhinna wyawasayaharuma nyunatam wa uccha jyalama samudaya-ekikrit rojgarka awasarharu prastawa garinchha. id karmachariharule apangata nabhaeka karmachariharusanga kaam garchhan jasle uniharulai prashikshanma sahayog garna saksham chhan. tinai wikalpaharule baudhik rupma ashakta manisharulai dainik jiwanka lagi mahatwapurna samajik sipharu vikas garna rar abhyas garna anumati dinchha. yadyapi, id karmachariharule id bina karmachariharu jastai wyawahar prapta garchhan bhanne guarantee chhaina; lindstrome att alka anusar.samudaya-ekikrit karmachariharule wriddhi prapta garne sambhawana cum hunchha, rar kewal 26 pratishat purna-samaya sthiti kayam rakhna saksham chhan. sthira karyabal khojda thap chunautiharu utpanna hunchhan. baudhik ashaktatama applied research journal" maa prakashit ek adhyayanle sanket garyo kii jagira fela parne gahro huna sakchha, tara jagira sthira garnu ajha gahro chha. chadse-rashle id manisharuka lagi rojgar surakshit garna paryapta utpadan kaushal rar prabhawkari samajik sipharu awashyak chha bhanera prastawa gare. rojgari gumaune anya antarnihit karakharuma sanrachanatmak karakharu rar kamdar-karyasthal ekikaran samawesh chhan. killsbyle bhanejhain, simit sanrachanatmak karakharule jagirma dherai karakharulai asar garna sakchha, jastai ek id wyaktilai kaam garna anumati diieko ghantaharuko simit sankhya. yo badalama, fabian att alka anusar.yasale sahakarmiharusanga sambandha vikas garne wa karyasthalbhitra ramrosanga ekikrit hune awasarko abhawa nimtyaunchha. jey hose, jo ek kaam sthira garna asamartha chhan prayaha nirutsahit chhan. jaridle gareko sohi adhyayananusar sahabhagi bhaeka dheraile afna sahakarmiharuko tulanama cum amdani gareko, kaam nabhaeko karan dinbhari samaya badhi bhaeko patta lagaeka thie. uniharusanga nirasha rar asafaltako bhawana pani thiyo. yu anusar.ess. apangata sambandhi rashtriya sangathanle id manisharule nirantar nirutsahitako samana matra gardainan, tara dherai garibi rekha muni baschhan, kinbhane tiniharu rojgar fela parne wa sthira garna asamartha chhan rar id kamadarharuma rakhieka karakharulai karmachariharule pratibandhit gareka karan. yasale id manisharulai khana, chikitsa herchah, yatayat, rar awas jasta adharbhut awashyaktaharu sahit afno lagi pradan garna asamartha banaunchha. garibi. kaam garne umerka apangata bhaeka manisharuko garibi darr apangata nabhaeka manisharuko tulanama lagbhag sadhe dui guna badhi chha. ashaktata rar garibile euta dushta chakra banauna sakchha, jasma sharirik awarodh rar ashaktatako kalankale aya prapta garna gahro banaunchha, jasle falaswarup swastha jiwanka lagi swasthya sewa rar anya awashyakataharuma pahunch cum gardacha. rajyadwara witta poshit swasthya rar samajik sewaharu nabhaeka samajharuma, ashaktataka sath banchnaka lagi samanya jiwan kharchaka sath aushadhi rar barambar swasthya sewa bhraman, gharbhitra wyaktigat sahayata, rar anukulan upkaran rar kapadaharuma kharcha garna awashyak pardachha. apangata sambandhi vishwa pratiwedanle ek tihai apangata bhaeka manisharuko tulanama adha apangata bhaeka manisharule swasthya sewa kharcha garna sakdainan bhanne sanket gardacha. apangata bhaeka wayaskaharuka lagi sarvajanik sewaharu nabhaeka deshharuma, tiniharuko pariwar garib huna sakchha. vipadharu. tyahan simit anusandhan gyan chha, tara dherai upakhyan reportharu, jab prakopharule ashakta manisharulai asar garchha bhane key hunchha bhanne bare. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu prakopbata dherai prabhawit hunchhan. yadi sahayata upalabdha chhaina bhane sharirik ashaktataharu nikasi garda jokhimma huna sakchhan. sangyanatmak kamajori bhaeka wyaktiharule nirdeshanharu bujhna sangharsh garna sakchhan june prakop bhaema palana garnupardacha. yee sabai karakharule apangata bhaeka wyaktiharusanga vipad paristhitiharuma jokhimko bhinnatako degree badhauna sakchha. anusandhan adhyayanharule vipad chakrako sabai charanharuma apangata bhaeka wyaktiharu viruddha bhedbhawa lagatar fela pareko chha. sabaibhanda samanya sima bhaneko manisharule bhawanharu wa yatayatma sharirik rupma pahunch garna sakdainan, sathai vipad-sambandhit sewaharuma pahunch garna sakdainan. yee wyaktiharuko bahishkaran anshik rupma apatkalin yojanakarharu rar vipad rahat karmachariharulai pradan garieko ashaktata-sambandhit prashikshanko abhawako karanle hunchha. samajma ashaktata. budheskal. ek nishchit hadasamma, sharirik kamajoriharu rar pariwartanshil manasik awasthaharu manisharule umera badhdai jaanda lagbhag sarvavyapi rupma anubhav garchhan. wridhawriddha janasankhyalai prayaha ashaktatako uccha wyapaktaka lagi kalankit garinchha. cathlin woodwardle "apangata adhyayanka lagi mukhya shabdaharu" lekhdai yass ghatanalai nimnanusar wyakhya garchhinh nariwadi, kweer, crip" maa, alison kafarle budheskal rar yasasanga sambandhit chintako ullekha gareka chhan. kafarka anusar yo chinta samanyatako vicharbata utpanna hunchha. uni bhanchhinh samajik niyamharu. jahaan tiniharuko bhinnata dekhinchha, tyahan apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule prayaha kalanko samana garchhan. manisharu prayaha ashakta upasthitilai darr, daya, sanrakshan, ghusapaitha garne nazar, tiraskar, wa awahelanaka sath pratikriya dinchhan. yee pratikriyaharule, rar prayaha, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai samajik sthanharuma pahunch garnabata bahira nikalna sakchhan sathai yee sthanharule pradan garne labh rar srotharu pani. apangata lekhak/anusandhankarta jeny morisle apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai simantakaran garna kalankale kasari karya gardacha bhanera warnan garchhanh thap rupma, kalanko samana garnale kalankit wyaktiko mano-bhawanatmak kalyanlai hani hani sakchha. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko mano-bhawanatmak swasthyalai pratikul rupma asar garne euta tarika uniharule anubhav garne utpidanko antarikaran how, jasle uniharu kamjor, pagal, bekar wa anya kunai pani nakaratmak wisheshtaharu chhan bhanne mahasus garna sakchha. damanko antarikkaranle prabhawit wyaktiko atmasammanlai kshati puryaunchha rar uniharuko wyawaharlai kunai manyata prapta ashaktata nabhaeka wyaktiharuko prabhutwasanga anupalan garne tarikama akar dinchha. saksham vicharharu prayaha antarik hunchhan jab ashakta wyaktiharulai uniharuko warparka manisharu rar sansthaharudwara uniharuko ashakta bhinnata lukauna rar cum garna dabab diinchha, wa, "pass". lekhak simi lintonka anusar, pass garne karyale apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai samudaya, chinta rar atma-shanka gumaune anubhav garaera gahiro bhawanatmak kshati kshati. mediale apangata sambandhi kalank sirjana garna rar baliyo banauna mahatwapurna bhumika khelchha. ashaktatako midia chitranharule samanyataya apangata upasthitilai samajbhitra wyapak rupma simantako rupma dekhaunchhan. yee chitranharule ekaisath apangata bhinnatako lokpriya dharanalai pratibimbit rar prabhawa parchhan. trapharu. tyahan farak rananitiharu chhan june mediale prayaha ashakta upasthitiko pratinidhitwa garna prayog gardacha. ashaktata dhakne yee samanya tarikaharu amanawiya bhaeko rar ashaktata bhaeka wyaktiharuko drishtikonma mahatwa dina asafal bhaekoma bhari alochana garinchha. ashaktata siddhantakar rar alankarik jey tea dwara ullikhit. dalmage, saksham midia trapharule apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko barema samajko mithakharulai pratibimbit garna rar kayam rakhna sakchha. prerana porna. inspiration pornle apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko chitranlai janaunchha jasma uniharulai wyaktiko apangata bhaeko karan matra preranadayiko rupma prastut garinchha. yee chitranharuko alochana garinchha kinbhane tiniharu kunai manyata prapta ashaktata bhaeka darshakharulai chitrit wyaktiko tulanama afno barema ramro mahasus garaune uddeshyale sirjana garieko how. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko manawatalai chinnuko satta, prerana pornle uniharulai kunai manyata prapta ashaktata nabhaeka darshakharuka lagi preranako wastuharuma parinat gardacha. supercrip. supercrip trople tee udaharanharulai janaunchha jab mediale ek apanga wyaktilai report gardacha wa chitran gardacha jasle ullekhaniya upalabdhi hasil gareko chha tara uniharule wastawma key gare bhanne bhanda uniharuko ashaktatama kendrit chha. saman wa saman awasthaharu bhaeka aruko tulanama asadharan bhaekoma uniharulai wismayakariko rupma chitran garieko chha. yo trop apangata bhaeka kheladiharuko reportingka sathai autistic seventharuko chitranma wyapak rupma prayog garinchha. dherai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule yee pratinidhitwaharulai purna wyaktiko rupma hernuko satta manisharulai uniharuko awasthama ghataune bhanera ninda garchhan. yasabahek, supercrip chitranharu kunai vishesh prakarko pratibha, pratibha, wa antardrishtisanga ashaktata hunuparchha bhanne awastawik apeksha sirjana garekoma alochana garinchha. mediama yass tropka udaharanharuma dah. asal doctor, chamatkarko sahasikta, rar anyabata shunn marfi. ashakta khalanayak. kalpanik kathaka patraharu jasle kathit samajik niyamharubhanda bhinnatako sharirik wa manasik chinhaharu bokchhan prayaha pathbhitra khalanayakko rupma rakhinchhan. lindsey row-hebhaldle yass muddako thap vishleshan suru garna vidyarthiharulai sikaune tarikaharu sajha gardacha. ashakta wyaktiharuko saksham bahumatbata dekhine bhinnataharu darshakharuma darr jagaune uddeshyale chhan jasle ashakta wyaktiharuko wyaktigat wa sarvajanik hita rar kalyanka lagi khatara bhaeko manasiktalai kayam rakhna sakchha. ashaktata ghatyo. disability drop" trop taba hunchha jab ek kathit ashakta charitrale nakkali, alankaran, wa anyatha wastawma uniharuko davi garieko ashaktatalai murta roop dieko khulasa garieko hunchha. jey dalmejle kebhin speciko charitra, maukhik kint, chalchitra "samanya sandigdhaharu" maa yasako udaharanko rupma prastut gardacha, rar yass prakarka chitranharule ashakta wyaktiharuprati saksham-sharira samajko awishwaslai pratibimbit garna sakchha. thap rupma, charitrako asakshamtako yo khulasa prayaha kathako kathatmak charmotkarshako rupma karya gardacha, rar kathanak, kathatmak badha, wa charitra chitranko upkaranma dwandwako srotko rupma ashaktatako prayog anya ashaktata adhyayan widwanharuko "kathatmak prosthesis" ko siddhantasanga mail khanchha, june shabda devid tea dwara sirjana garieko how. michel rar sharon snider. ashakta pidit. arko barambar hune ghatana bhaneko jab apangata bhaeko wyaktilai dukhi wa asahaya manincha. notre demko kwasimodoko kunchback, hattiko maniska john merrick, christmas carolko sano samaya, rar manisharulai "pidit" wa "pidit" bhanera ullekha garne samachar prasaranharu pani yass stereotypeka kehi udaharanharu hun. ananta nirdosh. apangata bhaeka patraharulai prayaha chalchitraharuma swargadut wa balbachchaka rupma chitran garinchha. yee chalchitraharuma "rain myan" (1988), "forrest gampa" (1994) rar "aie emm saam" (2001) samawesh chhan, yee sabai utkrishta udaharanharu hun. ashaktata bhaeka nirdosh rar priya wyaktile prayaha afna "samanya" wayaska sathiharuko aparyaptatalai aunlyaunchhan, jasle uniharulai mukti prapta garna maddat gardacha. anya sabai jastai, yo stereotypelay kewal asatya rar yasaile hanikarak dharanaharulai sanrakshan gardacha. jabki tyahan dherai ashaktata trapharu chhan, ashaktata saundaryashastrale kala rar mediama ashakta sharirharulai sahi rupma chitran garera tiniharulai hatauna prayas gardacha. atma-samarthan. kehi apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule chikitsa modelko virodhma samajik modelko prayogko madhyambata simantakaranko pratirodh garne prayas gareka chhan; uniharuko sharira rar kamajoriharubata alochanalai tadha sarne uddeshyaka sath rar uniharuko saksham sathiharuko tulanama uniharulai utpidan garne samajik sansthaharutira. pahunchko abhawa, mediama kharab pratinidhitwa, samanya anadar, rar manyatako abhawa jasta dherai gunasoharu sambodhan garna mag garne ashaktata sakriyata samajik model dhanchabata utpanna hunchha. apangata sanskriti' ko nirman wyapak samajma kalankit garne sajha anubhawabata utpanna bhaeko how. apangata samudayharuma sanlagna bhaera rar apangata sanskritima bhag liera ashaktatalai sakaratmak pahichanko rupma angaalnu antarik purwagrahako samana garne prabhawkari tarika huna sakchha; rar ashaktatako barema pramukh kathaharulai chunauti dina sakchha. antar-khandaharu. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharule samajik sansthaharuma navigate garnuparne anubhawharu tiniharu anya samajik kotiharuma sambandhit huna sakchhan bhanne karyako rupma dherai farak hunchhan. udaharanka lagi, ek apanga purush rar ek apanga mahilale bhinnai rupma apangata anubhav garchhan. yasale antarkriyako awadharanasanga kura gardacha, jasle wyaktiko pahichanka vibhinna pakshaharu (jastai uniharuko ling, jaati, yaunata, dharma, wa samajik warga)-ley antarkriya gardacha rar daman rar wisheshadhikarko adwitiya anubhawharu sirjana gardacha bhanera wyakhya gardacha. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko adhikarsambandhi sanyukta rashtrasanghiya mahasandhima dui prakarka apangata antarkriyalai farak parieko chhah jaati-apangata antarkriya, rar laingik-apangata antarkriya. yadyapi, dherai anya chhedakharu awasthit chhan. ashaktatalai pratyek wyaktidwara farak tarikale paribhashit garieko chha; yo dekhine wa adrishya huna sakchha, rar dherai antaracchedanharu prayaha overlapping pahichan kotiharubata utpanna hunchhan. daud. rog adhyayanko vishwawyapi bojhko wyawasthit vishleshananusar vishwabharka dherai alpasankhyak samudayharuma apangatako ghatana badhi bhaeko report garieko chha. apangata bhaeka manisharu jo jatiya alpasankhyak pani chhan samanyataya samarthanma cum pahunch hunchha rar hinsatmak bhedbhawko lagi badhi jokhimma hunchhan. ball vikas" journalma prakashit euta adhyayanle nyun rar madhyam aya bhaeka deshharuma alpasankhyak apangata bhaeka balbalikaharule dandatmak anushasana prapta garne sambhawana badhi raheko sanket gareko chha. yass tathyako karan kii ashaktata bhaeka bachchaharu ashaktata nabhaeka bachchaharu bhanda badhi durwyawahar garinchha; yass shrenika jatiya balbalikaharu ajha badhi jokhimma chhan. sanyukta rajya americama ashaktatako sandarbhama, camill ae. berkley journal aff criminal laka lagi lekhdai nelsonle apangata bhaeka jatiya alpasankhyakharule aparadhik nyaya pranalibata anubhav garne dohoro bhedbhawlai note gardai wyakta gare kii "nakaratmak jatiwadi wyaktiharuka lagi, tyo manisharu jo gaira-setoka rupma maninchhan, rar jaska lagi manasik rog yaa tata chininchha wa manieko chha, policesangko antarkriya anishchit rar sambhawit khatarnak chha." ling. apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko simantakaranle apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai laingik astitwabata samajle key apeksha garchha bhanne wastawiktama asamartha parne sakchha. uniharuko laingik pahichanko lagi manyatako yo abhawale apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai aparyaptatako bhawana chhodna sakchha. thomas jey. eleanois rajya wishwawidyalayako gersikle laingik pahichanko yo aswikar kinn hunchha bhanera warnan gardachhah apangata bhaeka mahila rar purushharu jati laingik chhan, yee dui pahichanharuko antarkriyale farak anubhawharu nimtyaunchha. apangata bhaeka mahilaharule ek prakarko "dohoro kalank" ko samana garchhan jasma yee duwai simantakrit kotiharuma uniharuko sadasyatale ekaisath pratyeksanga sambandhit nakaratmak rudhiwadi dharanaharulai badhaunchha kinki tiniharu uniharusanga sambandhit chhan. yadyapi, antarkriyako dhancha anusar, laingik rar ashaktatale ek adwitiya anubhav sirjana garna antarkriya gardacha june kewal mahila bhaeko rar chhuttai ashaktata bhaeko sanyog matra hoina, tara ashaktata bhaeko mahila bhaeko adwitiya anubhav how. yasale key bhancha bhane ek wyakti jati badhi simantakrit samuhsanga sambandhit chha, uniharuko visheshadhikar wa utpidanko anubhav pariwartan hunchhah sankshepma, ek callo mahila rar ek seto mahilale bhinna rupma ashaktata anubhav garnechan. yuen women wachka anusar, "kehi sanskritik, kanuni rar sansthagat awarodhharuko dridhatale apangata bhaeka mahila rar ketiharulai dui guna bhedbhawko sikar banaunchhah mahilako rupma rar apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko rupma."rosemary malah-thumsonle bhaneka chhan," apangata bhaeka mahilaharu, samanya mahilaharubhanda pani badhi tiwra rupma, samuhik sanskritik kalpanama nyun, abhawa, atyadhik, asamartha, ayogya rar bekarka rupma lagaieka chhan." samajik-arthik prishthabhumi. jaati rar ashaktata wa ling rar ashaktatako chhedanharu jastai, wyaktiko samajik-arthik prishthabhumile pani uniharuko ashaktatako anubhav pariwartan garnechha. cum samajik-arthik sthitiko apanga wyaktile uccha samajik-arthik sthitiko apangata bhaeko wyaktiko tulanama badhi awarodh rar cum awasarharuko sath sansarlai farak tarikale anubhav garnechha. ashaktata rar samajik-arthik sthiti bichko antarko ramro udaharan shikshama pahunch how, kinki hamilai thaha chha kii garibi rar ashaktata bitch pratyaksha sambandha chha-prayaha dushchakrama kaam gardai. vishesh shiksha rar apangata bhaeka balbalikako herchahko lagat kunai manyata prapta apangata nabhaeka bachchako tulanama badhi chha, jasle upayukta shikshako pahunchama thulo badha khada gardacha. upayukta shikshako pahunchahinata (kunai pani charanma), rojgar khojnama kathinaiharu nimtyauna sakchha, jasko parinamswarup prayaha garib rar apanga wyaktiko rupma saman samajik sanrachanama rahan rar samajik-arthik bahishkaranko anubhav garna afno anubhawabata 'badhya' hune duschakra hunchha. sankshepma, yo dushta chakrale cum samajik-arthik prishthabhumika apangata bhaeka manisharuka lagi arthik, samajik rar sanskritik punjiko abhawalai badhaunchha. arkotarf, uccha samajik-arthik sthitiko apangata bhaeka wyaktilai upayukta (vishesh) shiksha wa upchar prapta garna sajilo samaya huna sakchha-udaharanka lagi uniharulai safal huna maddat garne ramro sahayata, srota wa karyakramharuma pahunch bhaeko. ashaktata sanskriti. khelkud. paralympic khelharu (jasko artha "olampikko sathama") (garmi rar jado) olympic pachhi ayojit garinchha. paralympic khelharuma sharirik ashaktatako wistrit shringkhalaka kheladiharu samawesh chhan. sadasya deshharuma, manoranjandekhi abhijat wargasammaka starharuma (udaharanka lagi, sanyukta rajya americama apangata khelharu america rar blazesports america) paralympic khelharuma pratiyogita ayojana garna sansthaharu awasthit chhan. merudandama chot lageko britis yuddhaka diggajharuka lagi punarwas karyakrambata paralympics wiksit bhaeko how. sann 1948 maa, belayatko ayalsburyko stoke mandeville aspatalma merudandama chot lageko dosro vishwayuddhaka diggajharusanga kaam garne neurologist sear loodwig gutmanle afna biramiharuko punahsthapana karyakramko bhagko rupma khellai prayog garna thale. sann 2006 maa, charam khelharu sharirik rupma ashakta wyaktiharuka lagi gathan garieko thiyo, vishesh gari anga hani wa anga bhinnata, charam khelharuma pratispardha garna saksham huna. janasankhyiki. vishwawyapi rar deshwyapi apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko sankhyako anuman samasyagrasta chha. ashaktatalai paribhashit garna liieka vibhinna drishtikonharu bhae tapani, janasankhyikiwidharu yass kurama sahamat chhan kii apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko vishwa janasankhya dherai thulo chha. udaharanka lagi, sann 2012 maa vishwa swasthya sangathanle wishwako janasankhya 6.5 arba raheko anuman gareko thiyo. timadhye lagbhag 65 karod manisharu, wa 10 pratishat, madhyam wa gambhir rupma ashakta raheko anuman garieko thiyo. sann 2018 maa antarrashtriya shram sangathanle anuman gareko thiyo kii lagbhag ek arba manisharu, wishwako janasankhyako sataun bhag, apangata bhaeka thie, timadhye 80 pratishat vikasonmukh deshharuma thie, rar 80 pratishat kaam garne umerka thie. karyabalbata apangata bhaeka wyaktiharulai bahek kull garhastha utpadanko 7 pratishatsamma kharcha hune ganana garieko thiyo. sanyukta rajya america. rog niyantran kendraka rugnata rar mrityu darr saptahik reportanusar, sanyukta rajya americama ek chauthai manisharu apangata bhaeko report garieko chha kinki yuwa wayaskaharuko 2016. 10% manasik ashaktata bhaeko report garieko thiyo. gatishilta-sambandhit samasyaharuko darr kramashah 18.1% rar 26.9% kaa sath madhyam umerka manisharu rar wriddha wyaktiharuma sabaibhanda badhi thiyo. jaati wa jatiyatako sandarbhama, asialiharuma lagbhag 10 pratishatma ashaktatako sabaibhanda cum report garieko darr chha, jabki muel amerikiharu, sabaibhanda badhi report garieko ghatana bhaeko jatiya samuha, wayaskaharuko anumanit 30 pratishatma ashaktata darr bhaeko report garieko chha. africi amerikiharuma 25 pratishatko uccha report garieko ashaktata darr thiyo, jabki seto wayaskaharuka lagi 16 pratishat rar hispainik manisharuka lagi 17 pratishat thiyo. canada. 22.apangata reportharuma 2017 canadali sarwekshanka anusar 15 warsha mathika canadaliharu madhye 3 pratishatma apangata, wa 6,246,640 wyaktiharu raheko report garieko chha. canadama, mahila rar wriddha wyaktiharu shramik-wargaka purushharu bhanda ashakta hune sambhawana badhi chha. 25 dekhi 65 warsha umera samuhaka kaam garne umerka wyaktiharuko tulanama 65 warsha mathika warishthaharule 38 pratishatko ashaktata darr report gare, june lagbhag dui guna badhi how. canadama, 15 warsha mathika mahilaharuma purushharuko 20 pratishatko tulanama 24.3% ko report garieko ashaktata darr thiyo. sann 2017 ko canadako apangata sarwekshanka reportharuanusar, canadama 15 warshabhanda mathika dakshin asialiharuma apangatako anupata sabaibhanda badhi 4 pratishat thiyo, jabki lattin amerikiharuma 1 pratishatma cum darr thiyo. australia. astreliyali tathyanka byurole lagbhag 5 madhye 1 australiali, wa 4.4 lakh manisharulai ashaktata bhaeko anuman gareko thiyo. 25 pratishatbhanda badhi apangata bhaeka astreliyaliharuma manasik wa wyawahar sambandhi samasya report garieko thiyo. purushharuko wyapakta 1 karod 76 lakh thiyo, jabki mahilaharuko wyapakta 1 karod 78 lakh thiyo. umera-anusar, australiama 0 rar 64 bichka wayaskaharuko 11.6% lai ashaktata thiyo, 65 rar mathika warishthaharuko 49.6% ko tulanama. 53.15 dekhi 64 warsha umera samuhaka apangata bhaeka astreliyaliharu madhye 4 pratishat karyarat chhan. sanyukta adhirajya. house aff commons libraryka anusar belayatko 14.6 lakh wa 22 pratishat janasankhya 2020-2021 maa apanga raheko report garieko thiyo. belayatma 9 pratishat balbalika, 21 pratishat kaam garne umerka manisharu rar 42 pratishat rajya penson umerbhanda mathika wyaktiharu apangata wa ashakta thie. sann 2011 maa 35,875 janako jiwan awasar sarwekshanma, lagbhag 29 pratishat shwet, 27 pratishat mishrit jaati, 22 pratishat asealy, 21 pratishat callo rar anya jatiya samuhaka 19 pratishat manisma ashaktata wa ashaktata raheko report garieko thiyo. purushharuko tulanama mahilaharuma apangata hune sambhawana thorai badhi chha, 31 pratishat mahilaharuma 26 pratishat purushharuko tulanama apangata hune sambhawana thorai chha. chinn. chinma ashaktatako wyapakta beas warshako prawritti anusar, chikitsa ko rashtriya pustakalayako ek chikitsa prakashan, tyahan ek anumanit 84.6 lakh chiniyan wyaktiharu 2006 maa ashaktata sanga banchiraheka thie. 2006 ko 83,342 purush rar 78,137 mahilaharuko sarwekshanma, ashaktatako uchchatam report garieko darr bhaeka umera samuhaharu 18-44-warshiya purush (22.5%) rar 65-74-warshiya mahila (22.8%), journalma prakashit sarwekshanharu anusar june samagrama deshko pratinidhi thie. chinma, apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuko pratishat sahari rar gramin kshetraharu bichma paryapta rupma bhinna hunchha, gramin chinma kramashah purush rar mahilaharuko 72.4% rar 72.2% ko darharu chhan, sahari chinma kramashah 27.6% rar 27.8% ko darharuko tulanama. shrawan rar bolne ashaktata chinma sabaibhanda badhi report garieko chha, ashakta wyaktiharuma kramashah 39.6% rar 36.2% darma mahilaharu bhanda purushharu badhi prabhawit chhan. dakshin korea. sann 2018 maa dakshin koreama kull apangata bhaeka 2.517 million manisharu thie, wa janasankhyako lagbhag 5%. apangata nabhaeka korealiharuko tulanama apangata bhaeka manisharule ausat 56.5 dina chikitsa suwidhaharuma bitae, june rashtriya ausat bhanda 2.6 badhi thiyo. 34.sampurna karyabalko 9 pratishat apangata sambandhi kamma karyarat thie. apangata bhaeka pariwarharule kull pariwarik amdaniko ausat aya 41.53 million wone, wa 71.3% banae. koreako 2020 ko tathyankaanusar apangata bhaeka adhikansh wyaktiharulai anya dainik karyaharu bitch "safai" rar "yatayat prayog" maa maddat chahinchha. vikasashil rashtraharu. wiksit rashtraharuma bhanda vikasonmukh deshharuma apangata badhi samanya chha. ashaktata rar garibibichko sambandhalai "dushta chakra" ko hissa manincha jasma yee nirmanharu parasparik rupma baliyo chhan.

akhyamata akhyamata heuchhi kaunasi paristhitira abhigyata jaahaa jane byaktinka paain nirdista karjyakalapa kariba kimba eka nirdista samaj madhyare nyajasangata prabeshaku adhika kastakara karithae . akhyamata gyanatmaka, bikashamulaka, boudhika, manasika, sharirika, sambedanasheela kimba ekadhika karanara eka mishran hoipare . akhyamata janmaru upasthita hoipare kimba jane byaktinka jeebanakala madhyare arjit hoipare . aitihasika drustiru, akhyamataku kebala eka sankirna manadanda aadhaarare swekruti diajaichhi-tathapi, akhyamata dwita nuhen ebong byakti upare nirbhara curry ananya baisistyare upasthita hoipare . eka akhyamata sahajare drushyamana hoipare, kimba prakrutire adrushya hoipare . dibyanga byaktinka adhikara upare milita jatisanghara sammilani akhyamataku ehipari byakhya karichhih bibhinna prakarara tatwika lens madhyamare, samagra itihasare bhinna bhinna akhyamata anubhuta hoichhi . aama samajare akhyamataku byakhya karibaku duiti mukhya model chesta kareh daktari model ebong samajika model . daktari model eka tatwika dhancha bhabare karjya kare jaahaa akhyamataku eka abanchhita chikitsa abastha bhabare bibechana kare jaahaa swatantra chikitsa aabasyaka kare . jeunmane daktari madelaku daie karanti semane akhyamatara moola kaaran khojiba sahita jekaunasi chikitsa-jepariki sahajaka technology upare dhyana dianti . samajika model akhyamataku samajika bhabare srusti hoithiba eka seema bhabare kendra kare jaahaa adhikansha janasankhya sahita samaana khyamata nathiba byaktinka upare . jadio daktari model ebong samajika model heuchhi akhyamata paain sabutharu sadharana frame, anya aneka model achhi jaahaa akhyamataku siddhanta die . akhyamata sambandheeah bibhinna digaku byakhya kariba paain aneka bhinna bhinna sabda rahichhi. keteka sabda kebala akhyamata sambandheeah ghatanagudiku barnana kariba paain bidyamana thibabele anyagudika akhyamata thiba lokanku kalankita kariba ebong bahishkara kariba upare kendrit . keteka shabdar nakaratmaka artha rahichhi, jaahaaku apasabda bolly bibechana karajae. bartamana bibadara eka bindu heuchhi byakti-pratham bhasha byabahara kariba upajukta kii naahin (i.ee. akhyama byakti) kimba parichai-pratham bhasha (i.ee. akhyama byakti) jetebele akhyama ebong jane byaktiku ullekha karanti . bhinnakhyamanka abahelita heba karanaru, samajare nyajasangata byabahara ebong upalabdhata paain aneka karjyakarta kaaran srusti karichanti. dibyanga karjyakartamane ine adheenare samaana ebong nyajasangata adhikara paiba paain ladhichhanti-jadio tathapi rajanaitika prasanga achhi jaahaa dibyanga lokanka atyacharaku sakhyama kare kimba aagaku badhaithae . jadio akhyamata sakrijata sakhyamabadee byabasthaku uchheda karibare karjya kare, akhyamata dharana sahita jadita samajika niam prajatah ganamadhyama dwara byabahruta trop dwara sudrudha hue . jehetu adhunika samajare akhyamata bishajare nakaratmaka dharana byapaka, tenu bhinnakhyama lokamane semananka abahelaku pratihata kariba paain aatma-samarthan aadaku gati karichanti. bhinnakhyamanku eka parichai bhabe swekruti deba, jaahaa byaktira anya bahumukhi parichai aadhaarare bhinna bhabe anubhaba karajaithae, taaha prajatah bhinnakhyama swa-okilamananka dwara suchita hoithae. samajara mukhyadhararu bhinnakhyamanku bahishkara kariba dwara eka bhinnakhyama sanskruti srusti hebara sujoga srusti hoichhi. bhinnakhyama karjyakarta maane ebe bii bhinnakhyamamananku mukhyadharara samajare samil kariba paain prostahita karuthibabele, eka bhinnakhyama sampradajaku prostahita kariba paain aneka bhinnakhyama-kebala sthana srusti karajaichi-jepariki kalaa, social midia ebong krida. itihas. baidhata bishajare samasamajika bujhamana paschatyare baigyanika gyaana prapti samajare utpanna hoithiba dharanaru utpanna hoithae; gyaana prapti purbaru, sharirika parthakyaku eka bhinna drustikonaru dekhajaithila . pragaitihasika kaalare manishamane bhinnakhyama lokanka jatna neuthibara pramana rahichhi. windovara pratnatatwika sthanare milithiba kankala madhyaru gotie thila praiah 15 barsha bayaska jane purush, jahanka spina biphida thila. ehi abasthara artha thila je bodhahue anta tale pakhyaghatagrasta hoithiba balakatira jatna eka shikari-sangrahaka sampradajare niajaithila. akhyamataku dibya dandara eka madhyama bhabare bibechana karajainathila ebong tenu akhyama byaktimananku semananka durbalata paain binash kimba vedabhaba karajainathila . ehaa paribarte anekanku mesopotamiar samajara bibhinna starare nijukta karajaithila, jeunthire dharmika mandirare debatamananka sebaka bhabare karjya karajaithila. pracheen egyptare, samajare lathira byabahara barambar heuthila. semananka paain eka sadharana byabahara thila bayaska dibyanga byaktimananku chaliba paain sahajya kariba . pracheen greesare epari byabastha karajaithila jaahaa dwara gatishila byaktimane mandira ebong aarogya abhajaranyaku prabesha kariparibe. bisesh curry, 370 bii.sii., byapaka anchalara sabutharu gurutwapurna aarogya abhajaranya, epidorasra asaklepiyasra abhajaranyare, ati kamare 11 tii sthajee pathara ramp thila jaahaa nauty bhinna bhinna sanrachanaku gatisheelata-durbala paridarshakamananku prabesha pradan karithila; pramana je dibyanga lokanku swekruti diajaithila ebong jatna niajaithila, ati kamare aanshika bhabare, pracheen greesare . bastabare, pracheen greekmane bhinnakhyama byaktimananku adhika sakhyama-sharirika byaktinka thaaru bhinna bhabare dekhi naah thibe kaaran semananka recordre semananku barnana karuthiba shabdagudika atyanta aspasta bolly dekhajae . jetedina parjyanta ukta dibyanga byakti samajare yogdan kariparibe, greekmane semananku sahibaku lagile. madhyajugare pagalami ebong anyanya paristhiti asuramananka dwara srusti hoithiba anumana karajauthila. segudika madhya prakrutika byabasthara anshabisesha bolly bibechana karajauthila, bisesh curry kalaa mrutyu samajare ebong ehara absan samajare, jaahaa samagra sadharana janasankhyare durbalata srusti karithila. adhunika jugara prarambhare sharirika ebong manasika parthakya paain jaibika kaaran khojiba prati eka paribartana hoithila, ebong shrenigudikara seema nirdharana prati agraha brudhi paithilah udaharana swaroopa, shodash shatabdire, embroise pere "rakhyas", "pradiji" ebong "bikalanga" bishajare lekhithile. manab pragati paain prakrutika bigyanara mulya ebong juktiru prapta gyaana upare europeah gyanara gurutwa anusthana ebong samprukta gyaana pranalira janmaku janma debare sahajya karithila jaahaa manishaku parjyabekhyana ebong bargeekruta karithila; egudika madhyare, aajira akhyamatara dharanara bikash paain gurutwapurna thila aashrajasthali, clinic ebong karagara . dibyangatara samasamajika dharana astadasha ebong unabinsha shatabdir bikashare nihita . ethimadhyaru sarbagre thila clinical daktari alochanara bikash, jaahaa manab shareeraku eka jinish bhabare drushyamana karithila jaahaa herfer, adhyajana ebong rupantarita heba uchit . egudika baigyanika baktabyagudika sahita talamela rakhi karjya karithila, jaahaa bargikarana ebong bargikarana karibaku chesta karithila ebong epari kariba dwara ehaa swabhabikakaranara upaajare parinata hoithila. niam" rahr dharana ehi samajare bikashita hoithila, ebong belgian parisankhyanabit, samajabigyani, ganitabit, ebong jyotirbigyanee adolph queteletanka karjyare sanketa diajaichhi, jie 1830 dashakare "laal 'home moen"-madhyama manishar lekhithile . quetelet kahithile je jane byakti eka nirdista janasankhyare samasta lokanka gunabalira samasti neipariba (jepariki semanankara uchchata kimba ojana) ebong semanankara harahari khoji bahara karipariba ebong ehi sankhya eka parisankhyana manaka bhabare karjya kariba uchit jaahaa prati samaste aakankhya kariba uchit . ehi samai madhyare britten, juktarastra america ebong paschima europeah rajyagudika dwara parisankhyana sangrahaku druta gatire grahan kariba madhyamare parisankhyana manaka sutrara ehi dharana, ebong ehaa sujanan bigyanara utthana sahita jadita . akhyamata, ebong anyanya dharana jeparikih aswabhabika, anah-sadharana, ebong swabhabikata ethiru asithila . ehi dharanagudikara prasarana ehi adbhuta shoe 'rahr lokaprijatare spust, jeunthare shomenmane sehi nijamaru bichyuta hoithiba lokanku pradarshan curry labhabana hoithile. unabinsha shatabdir shesh bhagare eugenicsor utthana sahita, ehipari bichyutiku samagra janasankhyara swasthya paain bipajjanaka bhabare bibechana karajaithila . jane byaktinka jaibika gathan ebong ehipari semanankara aanubanshika uttaradhikarara ansha bhabare apabyakti bibechana karajiba sahita, baigyanikamane zin pulru "bichyuti" pari kalana dharana upare dhyana deithile. jane byaktinka genetic fitness akalana kariba paain bibhinna metricks sthira karajaithila ebong taa 'parey jeunmane anupajukta bolly bibechana karajae semananku nirbasana, bandhyakarana kimba sansthagata kariba paain byabahruta hoithila . bhinnakhyama byaktimane germanyra nazi shasson dwara lakhya karajaithiba gosthi madhyaru gotie thile, jahara phalaswaroopa holocast samajare praiah 250,000 bhinnakhyama lock prana haraithile. dwiteeja biswajudhara sheshare, nazi eugenics udaharana sahita, eugenics sarbasadharana alochanaru mlan hoigala, ebong bardhita akhyamata eka gunabali setare joga delah jaahaa oushadhare dhyana deipare-brudhi, punarbasa kimba chikitsa madhyamare . ubhaja samasamajika ebong adhunika itihasare, akhyamataku prajatah pratham-degree samparkeeah kimba dwiteeja-degree samparkeejanka madhyare ajachar eka upa-utpada bhabare bibechana karajauthila . dibyanga bidwanamane shilpa biplaba sahita samantabadaru punjibadaku arthika paribartanaku madhya akhyamata bishajare bujhibara pramukh aitihasika muhurta bhabare darshaichhanti. jadio madhyajugare akhyamataku nei eka nirdista parimanara dharmika andhabiswasa thila, tathapi dibyangamane grameena utpadana aadharita arthaneetire gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karibaku sakhyama hoithile, jaahaa semananku dainandina arthika jeebanare prakruta yogdan karibaku anumathi deithila . shilpa biplaba ebong punjibadara agman ehaaku epari karithila je lokamane aau jami sahita bandha hoinathile ebong taa 'parey banchiba paain majuri debaku badhya hoithile. majuri byabastha, shilpajita utpadana sahita mishi, sansthagudiku dekhibara upajaku paribartana karithila kaaran lokamane messin pari utpadana karibara khyamata paain adhika mulyabana hoithile . punjibada ebong shilpa biplaba phalaprad bhabare "akhyama" lokanka eka nutan shreni srusti karithila jeunmane manaka shramikanka sharira kimba karjya shaktira stara sahita mela khaiparinathile . phalaswaroopa, bhinnakhyamamananku eka samasya bhabe bibechana karajauthila, jahara samadhan kimba bilopa karajibara thila. 1970 dashkar prarambhare, dibyanga adhikara andolana pratistha hoithila, jetebele dibyanga karjyakarta samaj kipari dibyangamananku byabahara kare ebong dibyangata prati daktari aabhimukhyaku challenge kariba arambha karithile . ehi karjya karanaru, prabesha paain bhautika pratibandhaka chinhat karajaithila. ehi paristhitigudika semananku karjyakhyama bhabare akhyama karideithila, ebong jaahaa bartamana akhyamatara samajika model bhabare janashuna, taaha ubha hoithila. 1983 masihare mick alibhar dwara udbhabita, ehi bakyansha akhyamatara daktari model-jaahaa adheenare eka durbalata thick karajiba aabasyaka-ebong akhyamatara samajika model-jaahaa adheenare jane byaktinku seemita karuthiba samajaku sthira karibara abashyakata achhi . siddhanta. aneka samajika berg bhali, "akhyamata" rahr dharanati sikhya jagata, daktari ebong aaingata jagata ebong akhyamata sampradai madhyare byapaka alochanara bishai hoichhi. akhyamata adhyajana. akhyamatara siddhanta upare dhyana kendrit karuthiba academic shrunkhala heuchhi akhyamata adhyajana, jaahaa binsha shatabdir sheshabhagaru bistara pauchhi . ehi khetrati dibyangatara ateeta, bartamana ebong bhabisyata nirmanara anusandhana karithae, ebong ehi drustikonaku aagaku badhaithae je dibyangata heuchhi eka jatila samajika parichai, jeunthiru aame samaste antardrusti hassel karipariba. jepari dibyanga bidwana clair mulani kahichanti, "ehara byapaka starare, dibyangata adhyajana bidwanamananku dibyangataku sanskrutika parthakyara eka roop bhabare mulya debaku utsahita kare. ehi khetrati adhikaru adhika aantahbishajaka, jaahaa darshan, itihas, ingraji adhyajana, alankara adhyajana, jatigata ebong jatigata adhyajana, linga ebong jouna adhyajana, daktari manabika, jogajoga, sikhyadana ebong ahuri aneka khetra sahita atiprakruta. ehi khetrara bidwanamane bibhinna prakarara akhyamata sambandheeah bishai upare dhyana dianti, jepariki naitikata, neeti ebong ine, itihas, akhyamata sampradayara kalaa ebong ahuri aneka kichhi. ehi khetrara ullekhaneeah bidwanamananka madhyare marta russel, robert macruera, johanna hedbha, lura harshe, irbhing zola ebong ahuri aneka achanti . bisista dibyanga bidwana lenard jay. devis ullekha karichanti je akhyamata adhyajanaku eka bisesh kimba swatantra shrunkhala bhabare bibechana karajiba uchit nuhen, barang ehaa bibhinna khetra ebong bishai paain prajujya . antarjatija bargikarana. biswa swasthya sangathana dwara utpadita karjyakarita, akhyamata ebong swasthyara antarjatija bargikarana (aai. sii. aif.), sharirara karjya (sharirika kimba manastatwika, jepariki drusti) ebong sharira sanrachana (sharirara anga, jepariki aakhi ebong sambandhita sanrachana) madhyare parthakya kare . sharirika sanrachana kimba karjyare durbalataku eka asangati, truti, khyati kimba keteka sadharana bhabare swekruta janasankhya manakaru anyanya gurutwapurna bichyuti sahita jadita bhabare byakhya karajaichi, jaahaa samai sahita abanati hoipare . karjyakalapaku eka karjya kimba karjyara karjyakarita bhabare byakhya karajae . aai. sii. aif. karjyakaritara nauty byapaka khetra talikabhukta karichhi jaahaa prabhabita hoipareh dibyanga bidwanamananka saha mishi, aai. sii. aif. rahr parichajare kuhajaichhi je bhinnakhyamata ebong karjyakaritaku bujhiba ebong byakhya kariba paain bibhinna dharanagata model prastaba diajaichhi, jaahaaku ehaa ekeekruta karibaku chesta kare . ehi madelagudika nimnalikhita antarbhukta kare . daktari model. daktari model akhyamataku byaktira eka samasya bhabare bibechana kare, jaahaa sidhasalakha roga, aaghata kimba anyanya swasthya abastha dwara hoithae jaahaa tenu bruttigatamananka dwara byaktigata chikitsa aakarare nirantara chikitsa jatna aabasyaka kare . daktari madelare, akhyamatara parichalana eka "aarogya", kimba byaktira samajojana ebong acharanagata paribartanaku lakhya kare jaahaa eka "praiah aarogya" kimba prabhabasali aarogya aadaku neijiba . byakti janaka, ehi khetrare, daktari jatna dwara semanankara akhyamataku doora kariba aabasyaka . daktari madelare, chikitsa sebaku mukhya prasanga bhabare bibechana karajae, ebong rajanaitika starare, mukhya pratikrija heuchhi swasthyaseba neetire sanshodhana kimba sanskara kariba . daktari model akhyamatara kaaran ebong aarogya khojiba upare dhyana deithae . kaaran. akhyamatara aneka bhinna bhinna kaaran rahichhi, jaahaa prajatah dainandina jeebner moulika karjyakalapaku prabhabita karithae, jepariki khaiba, poshaka pindhiba, sthanantara kariba ebong byaktigata swachata bajaiah rakhiba; kimba dainandina jeebner unnat karjyakalapa jepariki kinakini, khadya prastuti, gaadi chalaiba kimba karjya kariba. tebe, akhyamatara kaaran sadharanatah jane byaktinka dainandina jeebner karjyakalapa sampadana karibara khyamata dwara nirdharita hoithae. marta russel ebong rabi malhotra jukti karanti je, "akhyamatara 'daktarikarana' ebong bargeekaranara upakaranagudika 'akhyama' ebong 'sakhyama-sharira' madhyare bibhajan pratistha karibare spust bhabare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithila. ehaa akhyamataku daktari hastakhyepa madhyamare samadhan karajibaku eka samasya bhabare sthanita kare, jaahaa akhyamatara artha qa "naa shay bishajare ammer bujhibare baadha srusti kare . 1990 masihar americae dibyanga adhiniam uddeshyare, jayu. ess. equail employment opportunity commission nijamabali eka talika pradan kare jaahaa sahajare dibyangata bolly siddhanta neba uchitah badhirata, andhata, eka boudhika akhyamata, aanshika kimba sampurna nikhoja anga kimba gatishila durbalata jaahaa eka huilcheyara byabahara aabasyaka kare, autigim, karkata, cerebral palsy, madhumeh, epilepsy, etch. aai. bhi/aids, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, mejara depression disorder, spina biphida, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, abasesibh compulsive disorder, ebong schizophrenia . ehaa eka sampurna talika nuhen ebong aneka aaghata ebong daktari samasya akhyamata srusti kare . akhyamatara keteka kaaran, jepariki aaghata, samai sahita samadhan hoipare ebong ehaaku "asthajee akhyamata" bolly bibechana karajae. eka "arjit akhyamata" heuchhi durbalata sahita janma heba paribarte, jeebanakala madhyare hathat kimba deerghakaleena bhabare ghatuthiba durbalatara parinam . "adrushya akhyamata" spust bhabare ullekhaneeah hoinapare . aarogya. daktari model bhinnakhyamanka paain chikitsa, aarogya kimba punarbasa abhyasa khojiba upare adhika dhyana deithae . sahajaka prajukti. sahajaka prajukti heuchhi upakarana ebong paribartana (jane byakti paain kimba samaj madhyare) paain eka sadharana sabda jaahaa eka akhyamataku doora karibare kimba apasarana karibare sahajya kare . krutrima angara byabaharara pratham record udaharana ati kamare 1800 khreestapoorbare hoithila. huilcheyara 17shaa shatabdir atte. corb cott heuchhi eka sambandhita dhanchagata nabasrujana . anya udaharanagudika heuchhi standing frame, text telephone, sulabh keyboard, budd print, brail ebong bhashana chinhat saphtawer . akhyama byaktimane prajatah anukulana bikashita karanti jaahaa byaktigata hoipare (udaa.jii. sarbasadharanare uttejanaku daman kariba paain ranneeti) kimba gosthi (udaa.jii. dii/badhira sampradajare sanketa bhasha). jehetu byaktigata computer adhika sarbabyapee hoijaichhi, bhinnakhyama lokanka paain kampyutaraku adhika sulabh kariba paain saphtawer ebong hardware bikashita karibaku bibhinna sangathana gathan karichanti . kichhi saphtawer ebong hardware, jepariki bhaes phingara, friedom scientific rahr "jabada", free ebong open source bikalpa "orka" ityadi . bhinnakhyamanka paain bisesh bhabe design karajaithiba bele anya saphtawer ebong hardware, jepariki prakrutika bhabe kahiba bhali, bhinnakhyamanka paain bisesh bhabe bikashita hoinathila, kintu ehara upajoga sulabhata brudhi kariba paain karajaipariba. lomac keyboard nyujilyandare bisesh bhabare bhinnakhyama byaktinka paain design karajaithila . warld wide web consortium dibyanga byaktinka paain web abhigamyata paain antarjatija manaka aabashyakataaku sweekara karithila ebong web abhigamyata padakhyepa (wai) srusti karithila. december 2012 ray manaka heuchhi wakag 2 (wakag = web bishajabastu abhigamyata nirdeshabali) . samajika model. akhyamatara samajika model "akhyamata" ku samajika bhabare srusti hoithiba eka samasya ebong samajare byaktibisheshanka sampurna ekeekaranara bishai bhabare dekhuchhi . ehi madelare, akhyamata jane byaktira eka biseshatwa nuhen, barang samajika paribesha dwara srusti hoithiba paristhitira eka jatila sangraha . samasyara parichalana paain samajika karjyanusthanara abashyakata rahichhi ebong eka samaj gathan kariba samajara samuhika dajitwa, jeunthire bhinnakhyamanka paain seemabaddhata sarbanimna rahichhi. srusti khetrare akhyamata ubhaja sanskrutika ebong adarshika. samajika model anujai, durbalata/akhyamata thiba byaktinka paain samaana prabesha eka manabadhikara chinta. akhyamatara samajika model samalochanara sammukheen hoichhi. samajara dajitwa upare gurutwa deba paain samajika model dwara khelajaithiba gurutwaku sweekara curry, tomm shakespijaranka sameth bidwanamane modelor seema darshaichhanti ebong eka nutan modelor abashyakata upare gurutwaropa karichanti jaahaa "medical banam... samajika "dwitata. ehi modelor seemabaddhatara artha heuchhi je aneka samajare bhinnakhyama byaktimane sammukheen heuthiba gurutwapurna seba ebong suchana kebala upalabdha hoinathae, prajatah semananku samarthan karibare seemita arthika return hetu . keteka kahanti je daktari manabikata eka phalaprad khetra jeunthare daktari ebong samajika modelor akhyamata madhyare thiba byabadhanaku purana karajaipariba. samajika nirmana. akhyamatara samajika nirmana heuchhi ehi dharana je akhyamata jaibika parthakya paribarte samajika aasha ebong anusthana dwara nirmita . samaj ebong anusthanagudika kipari akhyamata srusti karanti taaha upare alokapata kariba ehi bichar mukhya kendrabindu madhyaru gotie . sehipari jaati ebong linga jaibika drustiru sthira nuhen, naa akhyamata. 1970 dashkar prarambhare, samajabigyani, bisesh curry elliot friedson jukti karibaku arambha karithile je akhyamata adhyajanare lebel siddhanta ebong samajika bichyuti prajoga karajaipariba . ehaa samajika akhyamata siddhantara nirmanara kaaran hoithila. akhyamatara samajika nirmana heuchhi ehi dharana je akhyamata nijamaru bichyutira samajika pratikrija bhabare nirmita . chikitsa udyoga heuchhi asustha ebong akhyama samajika bhumikara nirmata. swasthya upare bisheshagyata thiba daktari bruttidharee ebong anusthanagudikara swasthya ebong sharirika ebong manasika manadandaku byakhya karibara khyamata achhi . jetebele jane byaktinka pakhare epari eka baisistya thaae jaahaa swasthyara samajika sangyare pahanchiba paain eka durbalata, pratibandhaka kimba seema srusti kare, setebele sehi byaktinku akhyama bhabare chinhita karajae . ehi bichara anujai, akhyamata sharirara sharirika baisistya dwara byakhya karajae naahin, barang swasthyara samajika parampra thaaru bichyuta heba dwara byakhya karajae . akhyamatara samajika gathan jukti kariba je akhyamatara daktari model drustikona je eka akhyamata eka durbalata, pratibandhaka, kimba seemabaddhata bhul . barang jaahaaku eka akhyamata bhabare dekhajaithae taaha kebala byaktire eka parthakya jaahaa samajare "sadharana" bhabare bibechana karajae . paribhasha. lock-pratham bhasha. lock-pratham bhasha heuchhi akhyamata bishajare kathaa hebara eka upaiah jaahaaku kichhi lock pasanda karanti . kuhajae je lock-pratham bhasara byabahara byaktiku akhyamata thaaru aagare rakhe. jeun byaktimane pratham bhasha pasanda karanti, semane "jane bhinnakhyama byakti" bolly abhihita hebaku pasanda karibe. ehi sailee americae dibyanga adhiniam ebong dibyanga byaktinka adhikara upare jayu. enn. sammilani sameth dibyanga adhikara upare pramukh aainare pratiphalita hue . "delawejara biswabidyalajare "cerebral palsihi aii guide pharr kear" lock-pratham bhasha barnana kareh britenare 'pipul-forst' shabdabali 'pipul with impairment' (jepariki 'drustishaktiheena byakti') roopare byabahruta hue. tebe, britenare, parichai-pratham bhasha sadharanatah lock-pratham bhasha apekhya pasanda karajae . lock-pratham' paribhashara byabahara dwara 'pii. dablyu. dii.' rahr sankhipta naama byabahara karajaichi, jaahaa dibyanga (kimba bhinnakhyama) byakti (kimba byakti) nku suchita karithae. tebe anya byakti ebong gosthimane parichai-pratham bhashaku pasanda karanti, jaahaa eka akhyamata kipari lokanka parichajaku prabhabita karipare taaha upare gurutwa deithae. keun prakarara bhasha byabahruta hue taaha bibhinna desh, gosthi ebong byaktimananka madhyare bhinna bhinna hoithae. parichai-pratham bhasha. parichai-pratham bhasha byaktiku "akhyama" bhabare barnana kare . kichhi lock ehaaku pasanda karanti ebong jukti karanti je ehaa lock-pratham bhasha apekhya bhinnakhyamatara samajika madelaku bhal bhabare fitt kare, kaaran ehaa gurutwa deithae je byakti taanka sharira dwara nuhen, barang eka dunia dwara akhyama jaahaa semananku sthana die naahin . ehaa bisesh curry britenare satya, jeunthare samajika model adheenare ehaa jukti karajae je kahari durbalata (udaharana swaroopa, merudanda aaghata) eka byaktigata sampatti hoithibabele, "akhyamata" heuchhi bahya samajika karaka jepariki abhigamyata abhaba dwara srusti . byaktigata akhyamata sampatti ebong samajika akhyamata sampatti madhyare ehi parthakya samajika modelor kendrabindu. dibyanga byakti" shabdati eka rajanaitika nirmana bhabare dibyanga lokanka antarjatija sangathana dwara madhya byapaka bhabare byabahruta hue, jepariki dibyanga lokanka antarjatija . parichai-pratham bhasara byabahara madhya lokamane parichai ebong bibidhatara anyanya diga bishajare kipari kathabartta karanti taaha sahita samaana. udaharana swaroopah sehibhali, jayu. aii. ray badhira sampradai.ess. parichai sapakhyare pratham bhasha-pratham bhasha-lokamananku pratyakhyana karantu. 2021 ray, uccha sikhya ebong akhyamata upare jayu. ess. association (aagaku) semananka saamagreere parichai-pratham bhasha byabahara karibaku semanankara nishpatti ghoshana curry byakhya karithileh "parichai-pratham bhasha pratyakhya akhyamata daabi curry nakaratmaka arthaku aahwana kare . parichai-pratham bhasha sehi bibidhataku suchita kare jaahaa aama sharira ebong mastishka kipari asankhya paristhiti sahita karjya kare ebong kahaku akhyama karibare durgama kimba damanakaree system, sanrachana kimba paribeshara bhumika ." adrushya akhyamata. adrushya akhyamata, jaahaaku lukkajita akhyamata kimba anah-drushyamana akhyamata (enn. bhi. dii.) madhya kuhajae, heuchhi akhyamata jaahaa turanta spust hue naahin, kimba drushyamana hue naahin. segudika prajatah dirghasthaji roga ebong abastha jaahaa dainandina jeebner sadharana karjyakalapaku ullekhaneeah bhabare prabhabita kare . adrushya akhyamata jane byaktinka bidyalaja jiba, karjya kariba, samajikata ebong ahuri aneka prajasare baadha srusti karipare . adrushya akhyamatara keteka udaharana madhyare rahichhi boudhika akhyamata, autigim spectrom disorder, dhyana abhaba hyperactivity disorder, manasika byadhi, aajma, epilepsy, allergy, migraine, arthritis ebong chronic klanti cindrome. manasika rogara nidan karuthiba lokanka madhyare bekari haarare nijukti vedabhaba eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karuthiba suchana diajaichhi. episodic akhyamata. arthritis, bipolar disorder, etch. aai. bhi., kimba multiple sclerosis bhali swasthya samasya thiba byaktimanankara asusthatara parjyaja madhyare susthatara samai thaae. asusthata samajare, karjya bhali sadharana karjya sampadana karibara lokanka khyamata madhyantara hoipare. akhyamata sakrijata. akhyamata sakrijata nije upajukta bhasara sanshodhanaku nei aasichhi, jetebele akhyamata ebong dibyanga lokanka bishajare alochana karajae . udaharana swaroopa, 'retarded' rahr daktari bargeekaranaku ehara nakaratmaka prabhaba hetu agrahya karajaichi. ehaa byatita, akhyamata sakrijata madhya bhinnakhyamanka dwara nindaniah bhashaku punahprapta karichhi. mayers (1986) barnana karithile je kipari akhyama lokamane nijaku 'pangu' bhabare barnana karibaku bachhiparanti . ehaa ashcharjyajanaka laguthaipare je semane nijaku barnana kariba paain, akhyamata sahita jadita gatanugatika nakaratmaka bhasha byabahara karuchanti; tathapi ehara uddeshya heuchhi daktari bruttigatankatharu 'akhyama parichai' punaruddhara kariba, ebong ehaaku akhyama lokanka pasandajogya bhasha sahita punah sanlapa kariba . uparokta bhasatira punaruddhara samajika model madhyare nijaku sthanita kare, kaaran ehaa eka samaj bhabare aame kipari bhinnakhyamatara dharana ebong dharana nirmana karu taaha upare alokapata kare .bhinnakhyama karjyakartamane nimnalikhita prasangagudika prati dhyana akarshana karichantih adhikara ebong neeti. adhikara andolana. dibyanga adhikara andolanara uddeshya heuchhi dibyangamananka paain samaana sujoga ebong samaana adhikara surakhita kariba. ehi andolanara nirdista lakhya ebong dabigudika heuchhi paribahana, sthapatya ebong bhautika paribeshare upalabdhata ebong surakhya; swadheena jeebanajapana, nijukti, sikhya ebong abas khetrare samaana sujoga; ebong durbyabahara, abahela ebong rogeenka adikarara ullanghanaru mukti. ehi sujoga ebong adhikaragudiku surakhita rakhiba paain prabhabasali nagarika adhikara ine pranajan karajibara prayasa karajauchhi. prarambhika akhyamata adhikara aandolanare akhyamatara chikitsa modelor pradhanya rahithila, jeunthare bhinnakhyamamananku aarogya kariba kimba chikitsa upare gurutwa diajaithila, jahadwara semane samajika manadandaku palana karibe, kintu 1960 dashakaru, adhikara gosthimane akhyamatara samajika madelaku sthanantara karibaku arambha karithile, jeunthare akhyamataku vedabhabara prasanga bhabare byakhya karajae, jaahaa dwara adhikara gosthi paain aaingata upaiah madhyamare samanata hassel karibara marga prasasta hue . purbatana sobhieta sanghara ganatantre akhyamata samasya ebong abhigamyata paain okilati neeti nirdharanare adhika sangathita ebong prabhabasali hoijaichhi . akhyamata nyaaja andolana. dibyanga adhikara aandolanaru bikashita heuchhi dibyanga nyaaja andolana, jahara uddeshya baidhanika paribartana ebong paramparika nagarika adhikaraku prathamikata deba paribarte samuhika muktiku prathamikata dei dibyanga lokanka jeebanare unnati aaniba . ehi dhancha, jaahaaku akhyamata adikarara "dwiteeja taranga" bolly kuhajae, khyamata, upanibeshabada, sweta pradhanya ebong bhinnadharmeeya punjibada sahita jadita aneka atyachara pranalira parikhya karibaku chesta kare . akhyamata nyaaja" shabdati 2005 ray ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu. rahr dibyanga mahila, miah mingas, petricia burn ebong stacy milabarnka dwara srusti karajaithila, jeunmane mukhyadharara akhyamata adhikara apekhya aantahsanjoga upare adhika gurutwa dei eka sakhyamabadee birodhi andolana nirmana karibaku chahunthile, jepari kendrikruta abahelita swara . semananka gosthi, dibyangata nyaaja gosthi, madhya sebastian margaret, lerai aif pari ullekhaneeah dibyangata karjyakarta antarbhukta . moor juniara.shay taanka kabita ebong crip hup andolanara pratistha paain janashuna, ebong elie clair, akhyamata adhyajana madhyare sharira munn dharanaku lokpriya kariba paain janashuna . bhinnakhyama byaktinka adhikara upare sammilani. 13 december, december, milita jatisangha ekabingsha shatabdir pratham manabadhikara sandhi, dibyanga byaktinka adhikara upare eka sammilani upare aanusthanika bhabe sahmat hoithila, jaahaa biswara aanumanika 650 nijuta dibyanga lokanka adhikara ebong sujogara surakhya ebong brudhi paain uddista. uddista। desh ehi sammilaneeku anumodana karichanti kimba grahan karichanti. ehi sammilaneere swakhyara karuthiba desagudika jatiah ine grahan kariba ebong brudhamananku hataiba aabasyaka, jahadwara dibyanga byaktimanankara sikhya, nijukti ebong sanskrutika zeeban paain samaana adhikara rahiba; sampattira malikana ebong uttaradhikari hebara adhikara; bibaha ityadi khetrare vedabhaba naah heba ityadi.; ebong daktari parikhyanare anichhuka bishai huantu naahin . manabadhikara paain uccha commissioneranka sameth jayu. enn. adhikarimane ehi bilku samajika model sahita samanjasya rakhi akhyamata prati adhika adhikara-aadharita drustikona prati manobruttire eka drustanta paribartanaku pratinidhitwa karuthiba darshaichhanti. dibyangamananka paain antarjatija barsha. 1976 masihare, milita jatisangha dibyangamananka paain ehara antarjatija barsha (1981) paain yojana arambha karithila, parey ehaaku antarjatija dibyanga barsha bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila. dibyanga byaktinka eka dashandhi (1983-1993) bhinnakhyama byaktinka bishajare karjyanusthanara eka biswa karjyakramaku pradarshita karithila . 1979 masihare, aai. aai. dii. dii jojanare kaunasi deshaku pratinidhitwa karuthiba phranka bow ekamatra dibyanga byakti thile. aaji, aneka desh nijaswa bhinnakhyama byaktimananka pratinidhinka naama ghoshana karichanti. sadharana sabha sammukhare robert devilanka abhibhashanare ehi dashandhi shesh hoithila. ubhaja bow ebong debhila badhira. 1984 masihare, yunesko badhira shishu ebong jubakamananka sikhyare byabahara paain sanketika bhashaku sweekara karithila. purbatana sobhieta sangha ganarajyare neeti. jayu. enn. karjyakram ebong oh. ess. ee. sehi deshagudikare neeti ebong karjyakramaku sanrekhita kariba paain karjya kare jaahaa purbatana sobhieta sanghara anshabisesha thila ebong bhinnakhyama byaktinka adhikara upare sammilani sahita. rajanaitika prasanga. bikashita ebong keteka bikashashila deshare rajanaitika adhikara, samajika antarbhuktikarana ebong nagarikatwa aagare aasichhi. nirbharashila dibyangamananku bajaiah rakhiba paain anubhuta kharcha bishajare ehi bitarka eka chintara bahare jaichhi, jaahaa dwara dibyangamane jeebner samasta khetrare samajare anshagrahana kariparibe ebong yogdan kariparibe bolly sunishchita kariba paain prabhabasali upaiah khojuchhanti. bikashashila rastragudikare, jeunthare aanumanika 650 nijuta bhinnakhyamanka madhyaru adhikansha basabasa karanti, sethare sulabhata ebong sikhya thaaru arambha curry aatma-sashaktikarana, aatma-sahajaka nijukti ebong taa 'bahare thiba samasyagudikara samadhan paain bahuta karjyara abashyakata rahichhi. bigata kichhi barsha madhyare, bhinnakhyama adhikara karmeemane bhinnakhyamanka paain sampurna nagarikatwa hassel kariba upare dhyana deichhanti. keteka deshare purna nijukti paibare pratibandhaka rahichhi; bhinnakhyamanka bishajare janasadharananka dharana bhinna bhinna hoipare. durbyabahara. akhyamata durbyabahara setebele hoithae jetebele jane byakti akhyamata thiba byaktinka karanaru sharirika, arthika, moukhika kimba manasika bhabare nirjatita huanti . jehetu aneka akhyamata drushyamana hue naahin (udaharana swaroopa, aajma, sikhyana akhyamata) kichhi durbyabaharakaree bujhapadibara, samarthan ityadi abashyakata sahita anah-sharirika akhyamataku juktijukta kariparibe naahin . jehetu akhyamatara prasara ebong akhyamataku samarthan karibara kharcha chikitsa pragati ebong sadharanatah deerghaju sahita brudhi pauchhi, samajara ehi diga adhika rajanaitika gurutwa bahn kare . rajanaitika dalagudika semananka bhinnakhyamanka prati kipari byabahara karanti taaha eka rajanaitika dalara bhinnakhyamata bishajare, bisesh curry bhinnakhyamatara samajika madelare, bujhibara eka mapakathi hoipare. beema. akhyamata laabh, kimba akhyamata penson, eka pramukh prakarara akhyamata beema jaahaa sarkari agency dwara sehi lokamananku pradan karajae jeunmane eka akhyamata karanaru asthajee kimba sthajee bhabare kaama karibaku asamartha . jayu. ray.ess., dibyangata laabh paripuraka surakhya aaja bargare pradan karajae . kanadare, ehaa kanada penson yojana madhyare achhi . anya deshamanankare, samajika surakhya byabastha adheenare akhyamata subidha pradan karajaipare. paschatya deshagudikare, mukhyatah europe ebong aamerikare, akhyamata pensoner mulya kramagata bhabe brudhi pauchhi. suchana diajaithila je, britenare, 1980 masihare, mote gharoi utpada (jii. dii. pii.) rahr 0.9% akhyamata penson upare kharcha hoithila; dui dashandhi parey ehaa jii. dii. pii. rahr 2.6% ray pahanchithila. aneka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je asusthata karanaru kaamaru anupasthiti brudhi ebong bhabishyatare akhyamata pensoner bipada brudhi madhyare eka samparka rahichhi. denmarker gabeshakamananka dwara karajaithiba eka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je asusthata karanaru anupasthitira swajang-report hoithiba dinagudika sambandheeah suchanaku bhabishyatare dibyangata penson paain sambhabya gostheegudiku prabhabi bhabare chinhat kariba paain byabahara karajaipariba. ehi adhyajanagudika neeti nirdharaka, mamla parichalana kartrupakhya, nijuktidata ebong chikitsakamananka paain upajogee suchana pradan karipare. swijaralyandare, pradan karajaithiba bhatta sankhyaku hrass curry ebong bruttigata punarbasa padakhyepaku brudhi curry gata dui dashandhi madhyare akhyamata khetrare samajika neetiku ullekhaneeah bhabare punah roop diajaichhi. swis dibyangata beema dwara sthapita karjyakramare samprukta thiba byaktinka saha karajaithiba sakhyatakara upare eka adhyajana samajare semanankara sthana sambandheeah anishchitata ebong chinta sahita dibyangata beemara hastakhyepa prati semanankara pratikrija upare alokapata kare . gharoi, labhprad akhyamata beema dibyangamananku aaja pradan karibare eka bhumika grahan kare, kintu jatijakruta karjyakram heuchhi surakhya nett jaahaa adhikansha dabidaranku dharithae . nijukti. adhyajanagudika akhyamata ebong daridrya madhyare eka parasparika samparkaku darshaichhanti. bisesh curry, bhinnakhyamamananku diajauthiba chakiri durlabh. marta russel ullekha karichanti je "[qa] bhinnakhyama byaktimananka (jeunmane abas sahita kaama kariparibe) upare atyacharara prathamika aadhara heuchhi majuri sramika bhabare shoshanaru semananku baada deba ." boudhika akhyamata. aneka deshare epari karjyakram rahichhi jaahaa boudhika bhabe akhyama (id) lokanku karjyabalare aabasyaka dakhyata hassel karibare sahajya karithae. ebhali karjyakram madhyare ashrajaprapta karmasala ebong bajaskamananka paain dibasara jatna karjyakram antarbhukta. ashrajaprapta karjyakramagudikare bagicha, utpadana ebong ekatra kariba bhali dinara karjyakalapa antarbhukta . ehi karjyakalapagudika nijamita-bhittika karjyagudiku sugama karithae jaahaa phalare aai. dii. lokamane karmabalare prabesha kariba purbaru abhigyata hassel kariparibe. sehibhali, bayaska dibasara jatna karjyakramagudikare dibasara karjyakalapa madhya antarbhukta . tebe, ehi karjyakalapagudika eka sikhyagata paribeshare aadharita jeunthare aai. dii. lokamane sikhyagata, sharirika ebong jogajoga aadharita karjyare nijojita hebaku sakhyama huanti jaahaa jogajoga, smruti ebong sadharana zeeban kaushalaku sahaja karibare sahajya kare . ehaa byatita, bayaska dibasebakarjya karjyakramagudika sarbasadharana sthanaku khetra bhramanara samai nirdharana curry gosthi karjyakalapa ayojan karithile (jathahji. prani udyan, ebong chalachitra theatre). karjyabalare prabesha kariba purbaru boudhika akhyama lokanka paain atyabashyaka dakhyata pradan karuthiba ubhaja karjyakram satwe, gabeshakamane janibaku paichanti je aai. dii. lokamane gosthi-samanwita nijukti sahita jadita hebaku pasanda karanti . grahaka seba, lipic, prahari, aatithya ebong utpadana padabee thaaru arambha curry bibhinna bruttire sarbanimna kimba ucchatara majureere aai. dii. lokanku gosthi-samanwita nijukti sujoga pradan karajae . aai. dii. karmacharimane dibyangata nathiba karmacharinka sahita kaama karanti jeunmane semananku talimare sahajya karibaku sakhyama . ehi tinoti bikalpa boudhika bhabe akhyama lokamananku dainandina zeeban paain gurutwapurna samajika kaushala bikashita kariba ebong prajoga kariba paain anumathi deithae. tebe, lindstrome ebong anya mananka anujai, parichai patra karmachari maane parichai patra bina karmacharinka bhali samaana byabahara paibe, ehara kaunasi guaranti naahin.gosthi-samanwita karmacharimananka betana brudhi hebara sambhabana comm, ebong kebala 26 pratishata purnakalina manyata bajaiah rakhibare sakhyama. eka sthira karjyabala khojiba atirikta aahwana srusti karithae. boudhika akhyamatare prajogika gabeshana" patrikare prakashita eka adhyajana suchai deichi je jadio chakiri khojiba kastakara hoipare, chakiri sthira kariba ahuri kastakara . chadsey-rush prastaba deithile je aai. dii. lokamananka paain nijukti sunishchita kariba paain parjyapta utpadana dakhyata ebong prabhabasali samajika dakhyata aabasyaka. chakiri haraiba paain anyanya antarnihita karanagudika madhyare sanrachanatmaka karaka ebong sramika-karjyasthalee ekikarana antarbhukta . kilsweenka kahiba anujai, seemita dhanchagata karaka eka chakirire aneka karakanku prabhabita karipare, jepariki jane parichai byaktinku kaama karibaku anumathi diajaithiba seemita sankhyaka ghanta . ehaa pratibadalare, fabian ebong anya mananka anujai., jaahaa sahakarmeemananka sahita samparka bikashita kariba kimba karjyasthalee madhyare adhika samanwita hebara sujogara abhaba srusti karithae. tathapi, jeunmane eka chakiriku sthira karibare asamartha, semane prajatah nirutsahita huanti . jeridanka dwara karajaithiba samaana adhyajana anujai, anshagrahana karithiba aneka lock janibaku paile je semane semananka sahakarmeenka tulanare comm aaja karithile, dinasara adhika samai thile, kaaran semananka pakhare kaama nathila. semananka manare ashahinata ebong biphalata madhya thila. jayu anujai.ess. dibyangata upare jatiah sangathana, kebala aai. dii. lokamane nirantara nirutsahita hebara sammukheen huanti naahin, barang aneka daridrya seemarekha tale rahuchanti, kaaran semane nijukti khojibare kimba sthira karibare asamartha ebong karmachari aai. dii. shramikanka upare rakhajaithiba seemita karaka hetu . ehadwara khadya, chikitsa seba, paribahana ebong abas bhali moulika abashyakata sahita niz paain khadya jogaibare asamartha heuchhanti lock. daridrya. karmakhyam baisar dibyangamananka paain daridrya haara bhinnakhyamanka tulanare praiah adhei guna adhika. akhyamata ebong daridrya eka dusta chakra gathan karipare, jeunthire sharirika pratibandhaka ebong akhyamatara kalanka aaja paiba adhika kastakara karithae, jaahaa phalaswaroopa eka sustha zeeban paain swasthyaseba ebong anyanya aabashyakataaku hrass karithae. rajya panthi jogaana swasthya ebong samajika seba nathiba samajare, eka bhinnakhyama jeebanajapana paain sadharana jeebanajapana kharcha sahita oushadha ebong barambar swasthyaseba paridarshan, ghare byaktigata sahajata, ebong anukula upakarana ebong poshaka upare kharcha karibaku padipare. dibyangata upare biswa report suchita kare je samasta dibyanga lokanka madhyaru adhaa swasthyaseba bahn kariparibe naahin, eka trutijansha dibyanga lokanka tulanare . jeun deshagudikare dibyanga bajaskamananka paain sarbajaneena seba naahin, semananka paribara gariba hoiparanti. biparjya. gabeshana sambandheeah gyaana seemita, kintu aneka upakhyanagata bibaranee rahichhi, jetebele biparjyajagudika bhinnakhyamamananku prabhabita karithae, setebele qa "naa ghate. bhinnakhyama byaktimane biparjya dwara bahuta prabhabita hoithanti. jadi sahajata upalabdha nathaae, tebe sharirika akhyamata thiba byaktimananku sthanantara kariba samajare bipada hoipare. gyaana sambandheeah durbalata thiba byaktimane bujhibara nirdeshabali sahita sangharsha kariparanti jaahaa biparjya ghatiba paristhitire anusarana karajiba aabasyaka . ehi samasta karanagudika dibyanga byaktinka khetrare biparjya paristhitire bipadara bhinnatara matra brudhi karipare. biparjya chakrara samasta parjyajare bhinnakhyama byaktinka prati vedabhaba gabeshana adhyajanare kramagata bhabe dekhibaku milichi. sabutharu sadharana seema heuchhi je lokamane bhautika bhabare kotha kimba paribahana sahita biparjya sambandheeah sebagudiku prabesha kariparibe naahin . ehi byaktimananku baad deba aanshika bhabe jarureekaleena jojanakari ebong biparjya releaf karmacharinku pradan karajaithiba akhyamata sambandheeah prashikhyanara abhaba karanaru hoithae. samajare akhyamata. bardhakya. eka nirdista matrare, sharirika durbalata ebong paribartita manasika abastha prajatah sarbabyapee anubhaba kare lokamane bayasa sahita . bayaska janasankhyaku prajatah akhyamatara eka uccha prasara paain kalankita karajae . cathlin udward, "akhyamata adhyajana paain mukhya sabda" ray lekhanti, ehi ghatanaku nimnare byakhya karantih naribadi, kujira, crip" ray allison caffer bardhakya ebong ehaa sahita jadita udwega bishajare ullekha karichanti. kafarnka matare, ehi udwega swabhabikatara bichararu utpanna hoithae. shay kahantih samajika niam. jeun sandarbhare semananka madhyare parthakya dekhajae, bhinnakhyama byaktimane prajatah kalankara sammukheen hoithanti. lokamane prajatah akhyama upasthiti prati bhaja, daiah, prusthaposhakata, anuprabeshakaree drusti, ghruna kimba abahela sahita pratikrija karanti . ehi pratikrijagudika, ebong prajatah, dibyanga byaktimananku samajika sthanagudikare prabesharu baada deipare, ebong ehi sthanagudika pradan karuthiba subidha ebong sambala madhya deipare. dibyanga lekhaka/gabeshaka jeny morris barnana karichanti je kipari kalanka dibyangamananku abahelita karibare karjya kare . ehaa byatita, kalankara sammukheen heba dwara kalankita byaktinka manasika-aabegika kalyanaku khyati pahanchaipare. bhinnakhyama byaktimananka manasika-aabegika swasthya upare pratikula prabhaba pakaiba upajagudika madhyaru gotie heuchhi semane anubhaba karuthiba atyacharara abhyantareenakarana, jaahaa anubhaba karaipare je semane durbala, pagala, mulyaheena kimba anya kaunasi nakaratmaka guna jaahaa semananka abastha sahita jadita hoipare. atyacharara abhyantareenakarana prabhabita byaktinka aatmasammanaku khyati pahanchaithae ebong semananka acharanaku epari bhabare aakaar deithae jaahaa kaunasi sweekrutiprapta akhyamata nathiba lokanka adhipatya sahita anuroopa . sakhyamabadee bicharagudika prajatah aabhyantareen hoithae jetebele akhyama byaktimane semananka akhpakhar lock ebong anusthana dwara semananka akhyama parthakyaku luchai rakhiba ebong comm kariba paain chapagrasta huanti, kimba, "passes" . lekhaka simi lintannka anujai, ehi gatibidhi eka gabhira bhabapraban prabhaba pakaithae, jaahaa dwara akhyama byaktimane sampradai, udwega ebong aatma-sandeha haraibaku anubhaba karanti. akhyamata sahita jadita kalanka srusti ebong sudrudha karibare ganamadhyama eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithae. dibyangatara ganamadhyama chitrana sadharanatah samaj madhyare dibyanga upasthiti jaruri bhabare namamatra bhabare darshaithae . ehi chitragudika ekasangare bhinnakhyamanka madhyare thiba parthakya bishajare lokpriya dharanaku pratiphalita ebong prabhabita karithae. trop. bhinna bhinna kaushala rahichhi, jaahaaku ganamadhyama prajatah akhyama upasthiti upasthapana kariba paain byabahara karithae. akhyamata gathan karibara ehi sadharana upajagudika amanabiah ebong bhinnakhyama byaktinka drustikonaku gurutwa debare biphal hoithibaru tibra samalochana karajae . akhyamata siddhantabadi ebong alankarabid jay tii nka dwara barnana karajaichi . dolmage, sakhyama ganamadhyama trop dibyanga lokanka bishajare samajara mithyaku pratiphalita karipare ebong chirasthajee rakhipariba . prerana parna. anuprerana parna heuchhi bhinnakhyama byaktinka chitrana jeunthire semananku kebala byaktira eka bhinnakhyamata thibaru preranadaji bhabare upasthapita karajae . ehi chitragudika samalochita hoithae kaaran segudika kaunasi sweekrutiprapta akhyamata nathiba darshakamananku chitrita byaktinka tulanare niz bishajare bhal anubhaba karaibara uddeshya sahita srusti karajaichi. bhinnakhyamanka manabataku swekruti deba paribarte, prerana parna semananku kaunasi sweekrutiprapta akhyamata nathiba darshakanka paain preranara basture parinata kare . supercrip. supercrip trop sehi udaharanaku bujhae jetebele ganamadhyama jane dibyanga byaktinka upare report kare kimba chitrita kare jie eka ullekhaneeah saphalata hassel karichhi kintu semane prakrutare qa 'naa karichanti taaha paribarte semananka akhyamata upare dhyana deithae . samaana kimba samaana abastha thiba anyamananka tulanare segudika asadharana hoithibaru semananku bismaikara bhabare chitrita karajaichi . ehi trop byapaka bhabare dibyanga aathaletnka upare report kariba sahita autistic savantanka chitranare byabahruta hue . aneka dibyanga byakti ehi upasthapanaku ninda curry lokamananku purna byakti bhabare dekhiba paribarte semananka abastha hrass karuthiba kahichanti. ehaa byatita, supercrip chitranagudika ehi abastaba aasha srusti karithibaru samalochita huanti je akhyamata sahita kaunasi prakarara swatantra pratibha, pratibha kimba antardrusti rahiba uchit. ganamadhyamare ehi tropper udaharana madhyare dodd. bhal daktaranka thaaru shaun morphy, chamatkarara sahasikata, ebong anyamane . akhyama khalanajaka. kalpanika kathaare thiba charitragudika, jeungudika samajika nijamatharu bhinnatara sharirika kimba manasika chinha bahn karithanti, semananku prajatah eka pathya madhyare khalanajaka bhabe sthanita karajaithae. ehi prasangaku adhika bisleshana kariba paain chhatrachhatrimananku kipari sikhya diajiba uchita taaha lindsay roe-heaveld seyara karichanti. dibyangamananka madhyare thiba parthakya darshakanka madhyare bhaja srusti kariba paain uddista, jaahaa dibyangamananka manasikataku sthajee curry pariba, jaahaa byaktigata kimba janaswartha ebong kalyana paain eka bipada. akhyamata hrass. disability drop" trop heuchhi jetebele eka kathita akhyama charitra nakali, alankarana, kimba anyatha prakrutare semanankara daabi karajaithiba akhyamataku moorta karinathiba prakash karajae . jay dolmage kebhin spesinka charitra, moukhika kint, chalachitrara eka udaharana bhabare "sadharana sandigdha" pradan karanti, ebong ehipari chitrana akhyama lokanka prati sakhyama-sharirika samajara abiswasaku pratiphalita karipare . ehaa byatita, eka charitrara akhyamatara ehi prakash prajatah eka kahanira barnanatmaka climax bhabare karjya kare, ebong kahani, barnanatmaka pratibandhaka, kimba charitrakaranara eka upakaranare sangharshara utsa bhabare akhyamatara byabahara anya akhyamata adhyajana bidwananka "barnanatmaka prosthesis" siddhanta sahita samanjasya rakhe, devida tii dwara srusti hoithiba eka sabda . michel ebong shaaran snider. akhyama peedita. anya eka sadharana ghatana heuchhi jetebele jane bhinnakhyama byakti durdanta kimba asahaiah bolly anumana karajae. notre demnka quasimodo, haatee manishanka zohn merrick, eka christmas caroll rahr chhot samai, ebong epariki khabara prasarana jaahaa lokanku "shikara" kimba "peedita" bhabare ullekha kare, ehi stereotypre kichhi udaharana . chirdin nirdosha. bhinnakhyama charitramananku prajatah chalachitrare debadoota kimba shishu bolly chitrita karajae . ehi chalachitragudika madhyare "raine myan" (1988), "forrest gump" (1994) ebong "aai aam saam" (2001) antarbhukta, jaahaa samasta utkrusta udaharana . eka akhyama nirdosha ebong priya byakti prajatah semanankara "sadharana" bayaska sathimananka apratulata upare alokapata karanti, jaahaa semananku paritrana hassel karibare sahajya kare . anya samasta pari, ehi stereotype prusthaposhaka dharana sthajee kare jaahaa kebala mithya ebong tenu khyatikaraka . aneka bhinnakhyamanka upare prabhaba thiba bele, bhinnakhyama saundarjya bigyana kalaa ebong ganamadhyamare bhinnakhyamanka shareeraku sathik bhabe chitrana curry segudiku doora kariba paain prayasa karithae. aatma-samarthan. keteka bhinnakhyama byakti samajika modelor byabahara madhyamare, chikitsa modelor birodha curry, semananka sharira ebong durbalata thaaru samalochanaku hataiba uddeshyare ebong semananka akhyama sathimananka tulanare semananka upare atyachara karuthiba samajika anusthanagudika prati, abahelaku pratirodha karibaku chesta karichanti. akhyamata sakrijata jaahaa aneka abhijogara samadhan daabi kare, jepariki sulabhatara abhaba, ganamadhyamare kharap pratinidhitwa, sadharana asamman ebong swekruti abhaba, eka samajika model phremawarkaru utpanna hue . akhyamata sanskruti "rahr srusti byapaka samajare kalankita hebara sahabhagee abhigyataru udbhuta hoichhi. bhinnakhyama sampradajare samil hoi ebong bhinnakhyama sanskrutire anshagrahana curry bhinnakhyamataku eka sakaratmaka parichai bhabare grahan kariba aabhyantareen purbadharanara mukabila kariba paain eka prabhabasali upaiah hoipare; ebong bhinnakhyamata bishajare prabhabasali barnanaku challenge karipare . chheda. bhinnakhyamamananku samajika anusthanagudikare jatajata karibara jeun anubhuti rahichhi, taaha semane keun samajika bargare rahiparanti, tahar eka karjya bhabe bhinna bhinna hoithae. udaharana swaroopa, jane akhyama purush ebong jane akhyama mahila bhinna bhinna bhabe akhyamata anubhaba karithanti. ehaa aantahsanjogara dharana sahita kathaa hue, jaahaa byakhya kare je jane byaktinka parichaira bibhinna diga (jepariki semanankara linga, jaati, jounata, dharma, kimba samajika berg) parasparaku chheda kare ebong atyachara ebong bisheshadhikarara ananya abhigyata srusti kare . bhinnakhyama byaktinka adhikara upare milita jatisanghara sammilani dui prakarara bhinnakhyama aantahchhedaku pruthaka kareh jaati-bhinnakhyama aantahchheda ebong linga-bhinnakhyama aantahchheda. tebe, ahuri aneka chheda rahichhi. akhyamata pratyeka byaktinka dwara bhinna bhabare byakhya karajae; ehaa drushyamana kimba adrushya hoipare, ebong ekadhika chheda prajatah ovaralapinga parichai bargaru utpanna hue . dauda. roga adhyajanara baiswika bojhaku nei eka byabasthita bisleshana anujai, biswabyapee aneka sankhyalaghu sampradai madhyare akhyamatara ghatana adhika bolly suchana milichi. bhinnakhyama byakti, jeunmane jatigata sankhyalaghu madhya, semanankara samarthan paiba sadharanatah comm ebong semane hinsatmaka vedabhabara adhika shikara hoithanti. child development" patrikare prakashita eka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je, sankhyalaghu dibyanga pilamane nimna ebong madhyama aajakaree deshare dandatmaka anushasana paibara sambhabana adhika. jehetu bhinnakhyama thiba pilamananka sahita bhinnakhyama nathiba pilamananka tulanare adhika durbyabahara karajae; ehi bargare jatigata pilamane ahuri adhika bipadare achanti . juktarastrare akhyamata sambandhare, kamili aii. berkley journal off criminal laal paain lekhuthiba nelson, aparadhika nyaaja byabastharu bhinnakhyama jatigata sankhyalaghumane anubhaba karuthiba dwita bhedabhabaku ullekha curry prakash karichanti je "jeun lokamane nakaratmaka bhabare jatigata atanti, arthat jeunmane anah-sweta bhabare bibechita huanti, ebong jeunmananka paain manasika asusthata janashuna kimba anumana karajae, police sahita kathabartta anischita ebong sambhabya bipajjanaka ." linggata. bhinnakhyamanka abahelita heba dwara bhinnakhyama byaktimane linggata astitwaru samaj qa "naa aasha kare taaha bastaba roop debare asamartha hoiparanti. semananka linggata parichai paain swekruti abhaba dwara bhinnakhyama byaktimane apratulatara bhabana sahita rahiparanti . thomas jay. eleanois rajya biswabidyalajara gersiki barnana karichanti je kahinki linggata parichajaku pratyakhyana karajaeh jeun parjyanta mahila ebong bhinnakhyama purushamane linggata, ehi duiti parichaira parasparika kriya bhinna bhinna anubhuti srusti karithae. bhinnakhyama mahilamane eka prakarara "dwita kalanka" rahr sammukheen huanti jeunthire ehi ubhaja abahelita bargare semanankara sadasyata ekaa samajare pratyeka sahita jadita nakaratmaka stereotype ku brudhi kare kaaran semane semananka sahita jadita . tebe, paraspara madhyare milana karibara dhancha anujai, linga ebong akhyamata paraspara madhyare milana curry eka ananya anubhuti srusti karithae, jaahaa kebala jane mahila heba ebong bhinna bhinna bhabe akhyamata anubhaba karibara sanjoga nuhen, barang jane bhinnakhyama mahila hebara ananya abhigyata. ehaa anusarana kare je jane jete adhika abahelita gosthi sahita jadita, semanankara bisheshadhikara kimba atyacharara abhigyata badalithaeh sankhyepare, jane kalaa mahila ebong jane sweta mahila bhinna bhabare akhyamata anubhaba karibe . jayu. enn. wimena watch anujai, "keteka sanskrutika, aaingata ebong sansthagata pratibandhakagudikar drudhata dibyanga mahila ebong balikamananku dwigunita vedabhabara shikara karithaeh mahila ebong dibyanga byakti bhabare."jepari rosemary maalaa-thumson kahichanti," dibyanga mahilamane, sadharana mahilanka tulanare ahuri adhika tibratara saha, samuhika sanskrutika kalpanare nimnamanara, abhaba, atyadhika, akhyama, anupajukta ebong byarta bhabare sthana paichanti." samajika-arthika prusthabhumi. jaati ebong akhyamata kimba linga ebong akhyamatara chheda pari, jane byaktinka samajika-arthika prusthabhumi madhya semananka akhyamatara abhigyataku badalaiba . nimna samajika-arthika sthiti thiba jane dibyanga byakti, uccha samajika-arthika sthiti thiba jane dibyanga byaktinka tulanare, adhika pratibandhaka ebong comm sujoga sahita, biswaku bhinna bhabare anubhaba karibe. akhyamata ebong samajika-arthika sthiti madhyare thiba sanjogara eka bhal udaharana heuchhi sikhyara upalabdhata, kaaran aame jaanu je daridrya ebong akhyamata madhyare sidhasalakha samparka achhi-prajatah eka dusta chakrare karjya kariba . swatantra sikhya ebong eka akhyama sisura jatna neba kharcha kaunasi sweekrutiprapta akhyamata nathiba shishu apekhya adhika, jaahaa upajukta sikhya paibare eka birata pratibandhaka srusti kare . upajukta sikhyara (jekaunasi parjyajare) anupalabdhata, nijukti paibare asubidha srusti karipare, jahara phalaswaroopa prajatah jane gariba ebong dibyanga byakti bhabare niz abhigyata dwara samaana samajika dhanchare rahiba ebong samajika-arthika barjan anubhaba karibara 'aabadha' hebara dusta chakra srusti hue . sankhyepare, ehi dusta chakra nimna samajika-arthika prusthabhumi thiba dibyangamananka paain arthika, samajika ebong sanskrutika punjira abhabaku ahuri badhaithae. anyapakhyare, uccha samajika-arthika sthitira jane dibyanga byakti upajukta (swatantra) sikhya kimba chikitsa paiba paain sahaja samai paiparanti-udaharana swaroopa unnat sahajata, sambala kimba karjyakramara upalabdhata jaahaa semananku saphala hebare sahajya karipare . akhyamata sanskruti. krida. paralympic khela (jahara artha "olympics sahita") (grishma ebong sheeta) olympics parey anusthita hue . paralympic kreedare bibhinna prakarara sharirika akhyamata thiba kreedabitamane antarbhukta. sadasya rastragudikare, manoranjan thaaru arambha curry abhijata berg parjyanta (udaharana swaroopa, juktarastra aamerikare dibyanga krida america ebong blazesports america) starare paralympic kreedare pratijogita ayojan kariba paain sangathanman rahichhi. merudanda aaghaatare peedita british juddha veteransanka paain eka punarbasa karjyakramaru paralympic bikashita hoithila . 1948 masihare, brittener ailesabereesthita stoke mandevil daktarakhanare merudanda aaghaatare peedita dwiteeja biswajudhara veteranmananka saha karjya karuthiba jane snajubigyanee saar ludwig gottman taanka rogeenka punarbasa karjyakramara ansha bhabare khelara byabahara arambha karithile. 2006 masihare, sharirika akhyama byaktimananka paain, bisesh curry anga-khyati kimba anga-parthakya, charam kreedare pratidwandita karibaku sakhyama heba paain, charam khela gathan karajaithila. janasankhyika. biswabyapee ebong deshabyapee bhinnakhyamanka sankhya akalana kariba samasyapurna. bhinnakhyamanku paribhashita kariba paain niajaithiba bhinna bhinna abhimukhya satwe, janasankhyikamane sahmat je bisware bhinnakhyama byaktinka sankhya bahuta adhika. udaharana swaroopa, 2012 masihare biswa swasthya sangathana biswara janasankhya 6.5 koti bolly akalana karithila. semananka madhyaru praiah 650 nijuta lock, baa 10 pratishata, madhyama kimba gurutara akhyama bolly akalana karajaithila. 2018 masihare antarjatija shrama sangathana akalana karithila je biswa janasankhyara eka-saptama bhaga, praiah eka billion lock, jeunmane bikashashila deshagudikare 80 pratishata ebong karjyakhyama baisar 80 pratishata, bhinnakhyama thile. karmashaktiru bhinnakhyamamananku baada dele mote gharoi utpada 7 pratishata parjyanta kharcha heba bolly akalana karajaithila. america. roga nijantrana kendra asusthata ebong mrutyu haara saptahika report anujai, aamerikare eka chaturthansha lock akhyama hoithiba suchana milichi kaaran 2016. 10% jubaka bajaskanka manasika akhyamata thiba suchana milichi. gatisheelata sambandheeah samasya haara madhyabajaska ebong bayaska lokanka madhyare sarbadhika thila, jathakrame 18.1% ebong 26.9% sahita. jaati kimba jaati drustiru, eseejamananka akhyamata haara sarbanimna, pakhapakhi 10 pratishata, jetebele kii sthaniah americae, sarbadhika report hoithiba jatigata gosthi, bajaskamananka aanumanika 30 pratishata akhyamata haara thiba suchana diajaichhi. african aamerikeejamananka akhyamata haara 25 pratishata adhika thila, jetebele kii sweta bajaskamananka paain 16 pratishata ebong hyspanic lokanka paain 17 pratishata thila. kanada. କାନାଡା। kanadare karajaithiba eka sarbekhyana anujai, 15 barsharu adhika baisar 3 pratishata kanadijanankathare akhyamata kimba 6,246,640 lock thiba suchana milichi. kanadare, sramika berger purushanka tulanare mahila ebong bayaska byaktimane akhyama hebara sambhabana adhika . 25 ru 65 barsha madhyare karjyakhyama baisar byaktinka tulanare, 65 barsharu adhika bayaska byaktimananka akhyamata haara 38 pratishata bolly report karichanti, jaahaa praiah duiguna adhika . kanadare, 15 barsharu adhika baisar mahilamananka akhyamata haara purushanka 20 pratishata tulanare 24.3% thila. thila। kanadare karajaithiba bikalangata sarbekhyanara report anujai, kanadare 15 barsharu adhika baisar dakhina eseejamananka akhyamata anupata sarbadhika 4 pratishata thibabele latin aamerikeejamananka akhyamata haara 1 pratishatare comm thila. astrelia. astrelia parisankhyana byurora akalana anujai, prati 5 john astrelia nagarikanka madhyaru praiah 1 john kimba 44 lakhya lock akhyamata anubhaba karuchanti. 25 pratishataru adhika akhyamata thiba astreleejanka thaare eka manasika kimba acharanagata samasya report karajaithila. purushanka khetrare ehara prasara 17.6 nijuta thibabele mahilamananka khetrare ehara prasara kichhi matrare adhika thila, jaahaa linggata drustiru 17.8 nijuta thila. 65 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar bajaskanka tulanare astreliaare 0 ru 64 barsha baisar bajaskamananka madhyaru 11.6% nka akhyamata thila. 53.15 ru 64 barsha baisar astreliaare 4 pratishata lock jeunmane bhinnakhyama, semane nijukta achanti. juktarajya. house off commons library anujai, brittener janasankhyara 14.6 nijuta baa 22 pratishata lock lock ray akhyama thiba suchana milithila. britenare 9 pratishata pila, 21 pratishata karjyakhyama baisar lock ebong 42 pratishata rajya penson bajasaru adhika byakti thile jeunmane akhyama kimba akhyama thile. 2011 masihare 35,875 john lokanka upare karajaithiba zeeban sujoga sarbekhyana anusare, praiah 29 pratishata sweta, 27 pratishata mishrit-jaati, 22 pratishata asiah, 21 pratishata kalaa ebong 19 pratishata anya jatigata gostheere thiba lock bikalanga kimba akhyama thiba suchana milithila. sehi barsha karajaithiba anya eka sarbekhyanara phalaphal anujai, purushanka tulanare mahilamanankathare bhinnakhyama hebara sambhabana purushanka tulanare tike adhika, purushanka tulanare 31 pratishata mahilankathare bhinnakhyama hebara sambhabana adhika thila. chean. jatiah oushadha library eka daktari prakashan, cheenare akhyamatara prasarare kodie barshar dhaara anujai, 2006 ray aanumanika 84.6 nijuta chean byakti akhyamata sahita rahuthile . 2006 ray 83,342 purush ebong 78,137 mahilanka eka matadanare, akhyamata haara sarbadhika report hoithiba bayasa gosthi 18-44-barsha bayaska purush (22.5%) ebong 65-74-barsha bayaska mahila (22.8%), jarnalare prakashita matadana anujai jaahaa samagra deshar pratinidhi thila . cheenare, saharanchal ebong gramanchala madhyare bhinnakhyamanka pratishata yathesta bhinna hoithae, saharanchal cheenare jathakrame 27.6% ebong 27.8% report karajaithiba haara tulanare, grameena cheenare purush ebong mahilanka jathakrame 72.4% ebong 72.2% haara report karajaichi. cheenare shrabana ebong bhashana akhyamata sarbadhika report hoichhi, purushamane jathakrame 39.6% ebong 36.2% haarare mahilanka apekhya adhika prabhabita huanti . dakhina korea. 2018 masihare dakhina koriaare mote 1 nijutaru comm kimba mote janasankhyara 5 pratishata bhinnakhyama thile. jetebele bhinnakhyama koriara lokamananka tulanare bhinnakhyamamane harahari 56.5 deane chikitsa subidha khetrare bitaithile, jaahaa jatiah harahari tulanare 2.6 adhika thila. 34.samagra karjyabalara 9 pratishata bhinnakhyamanka sahita jadita karjyare nijojita thile. bhinnakhyama paribaragudika harahari aaja 41.53 nijuta waan, kimba mote paribarika ayara 71.3% karithile. akhyamanka upare corian 2020 parisankhyana anujai, adhikansha bhinnakhyama byakti anya dainandina karjya madhyare "saphei" ebong "paribahana byabahara" ray sahajya aabasyaka karanti . bikashashila rastra. bikashita desh tulanare bikashashila rastrare akhyamata adhika sadharana atte. akhyamata ebong daridrya madhyare thiba samparkaku eka "dusta chakra" rahr ansha bolly bibechana karajae jeunthire ehi nirmanagudika parasparika bhabare sudrudha heuchhi .

apangta apangta kise vee sathiti daa tajraba haii joe kise viakati laee kujh gatividhiaan karna jaan kise ditte gaye samaaj dey ander barabar pahunch rakkhna vadhere mushkal bnaa dinda haii. apahajta bodhatmak, vikasatmak, baudhik, mansik, sarirak, sanvedi jaan kaee karkan daa sumel hoow sakadi haii. apahajta janam toon maujood hoow sakadi haii jaan kise viakati dey jeevan qaal dauran prapat keeti jaa sakadi haii. itihasak taur utte, apahajtavan noon siraf mapdandan dey ikk tang samooh dey adhaar utte maanta ditti gaee haii-halanki, apahajtavan binary naheen hunn atey viaktigat adhaar utte vilakkhan visheshtavan witch maujood hoow sakdiaan hunn. apangta aasani naal dikhai dey sakadi haii, jaan kudrat witch adikh hoow sakadi haii. apahaj viaktiaan dey adhikaran baare sanyukat rashter sammelan apangta noon iss tarahan paribhashit karda haiyav apahajtavan noon poore itihaas witch vakkh-vakkh tarahan dey vakkh-vakkh sidhantak lenses raahin vakkh-vakkh tarahan naal dekhiaa giaa haii. saade samaaj witch apangta dee viaakhiaa curran dee koshish curran vaale doou mukkh maadal hann medical maadal atey smajik maadal. medical maadal ikk sidhantak dhanche vajon kamm karda haii joe apangta noon ikk anchahe medical sathiti mannada haii jiss laee vishesh ilaaj dee zaroorat hundi haii. uh joe medical maadal noon mannade hunn, apahajtavan dey mool kaarnan noon labbhan dey naal-naal kise vee ilaaj-jiven kii sahaik technology-'teey dhiaan kendrat karde hunn. smajik maadal apangta noon uhanan viaktiaan utte smajik taur utte banayi gaee seema vajon kendrit karda haii jinhan cole bahuginti aabadi dey barabar samratha naheen haii. halanki apangta laee medical maadal atey smajik maadal sabh toon aam frame hunn, parr apangta noon sidhantak banaun vaale horr bahut saare maadal hunn. apangta naal sabandhat vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan dee viaakhiaa curran laee bahut saare vakkh-vakkh shabad maujood hunn. jadon kii kujh shabad siraf apangta naal sabandhat vartare daa varnan curran laee maujood hunn, doosre apangta vaale lokan noon kalankit curran atey unhan noon bahr kaddhan dey duaale kendrit hunn. kujh shabdan daa inna nakaratmak arth hunda haii kii uhanan noon galran manniaa jaanda haii. vivaad daa ikk maujuda bindu ih haii kii qee viakati-pahili bhasha (i.ee. apahaj viakati) jaan pachanh-pahili bhasha (i.ee. apahaj viakati) jadon apahajta atey kise viakati daa havala ditta jaanda haii. apahjan dey hashiye 'teey jaanh caarn, samaaj witch barabar vivhaar atey pahunch laee kaee karkun caarn rahey hunn. apahajta karkunan neey kanoon dey tehat barabar atey barabar dey adhikar prapat curran laee sanghrash keeta haii-halanki ajey vee ajihe rajneetik mudde hunn joe apahjan dey zulam noon samrath banaunde hunn jaan agge vadhaunde hunn. halanki apangta sargarmi samrath pranaliaan noon khatam curran daa kamm kardi haii, apangta dee dharna naal sabandhat smajik niyaman noon aksar media duaara varte jaanh vaale tropan duaara mazboot keeta jaanda haii. kiunki apangta baare nakaratmak dharnavan aadhunik samaaj witch viaapak hunn, apang lokan neey aapne hashiye 'teey jaanh dey virudh pichhe hattan dee koshish witch sway-vakalat vall rukh keeta haii. apangta noon ikk ajihi pachanh vajon maanta denna joe viakati dee horr bahupakhi pachanh dey adhaar utte vakkhre tarike naal anubhav keeti jaandi haii, aksar apang sway-vakilan duaara darsai jaandi haii. samaaj dee mukkh dhaara toon apangta noon bahr kaddhan naal apangta sabheyachar dey ubbharan daa mauka miliaa haii. jadon kii apahaj karkun ajey vee apahjan dey samaaj dee mukkh dhaara witch ekikaran noon utshahit karde hunn, apahaj bhaichare noon utshahit curran laee kaee apahjan laee-siraf thaavan banaiaan gaeeaan hunn-jiven kii qalaa, soshal media atey khedan. itihaas. apangta dee samkali samajh uhanan dharnavan toon prapat hundi haii joe pachham witch vigiaanak giaan dey dauran ubbhardiaan sunn; giaan toon pahilan, sarirak antran noon ikk vakkhre drishtikon duaara dekhiaa jaanda see. purav-itihaas dauran manukkhan dey apahaj lokan dee dekhbhal curran dey saboot hunn. windover puratattav sathaan 'teey, joe pinjar mille sunn, unhan vicchon ikk lagbhag 15 saal daa ikk marad see, jiss noon spina bifida see. iss sathiti daa matlab see kii shayed cummer dey hethan adhrang hoow gaye munde dee dekhbhal ikk shikari-ikkatha curran vaale bhaichare witch keeti gaee see. apangta noon ishwari sazaa dey saadhan vajon naheen dekhiaa jaanda see atey iss laee apang viaktiaan noon naa taan khatam keeta jaanda see atey naa hii unhan deeaan kamzoriaan laee unhan naal vitkara keeta jaanda see. iss dee bajaae bahut saare lokan noon mesopotamiaai samaaj dey vakkh-vakkh padhran witch niyukat keeta giaa see jiss witch dharmik mandran witch devtiaan dey sevakan vajon kamm karna shamal see. prachin misser witch, samaaj witch aksar lathian dee varton keeti jaandi see. apahjan vaale bazurgan laee uhanan laee ikk aam varton uhanan noon turan witch sahaita curran laee see. prachin yunan witch ajihe parbandh keete gaye sunn joe kamzor gatishilta vaale viaktiaan noon mandran atey ilaaj curran vaale panahgahan takk pahunchan dey yog banaunde sunn. vishesh taur utte, 370 bee.see.viaapak khetar witch sabh toon mahattavpuran ilaaj panahgar, epidors vikhe esclipius dey panahgar witch, ghatto ghatt 11 sathayi patthar deeaan raimpan sunn joe gatishilta-kamzor sailaniaan noon naun vakkh-vakkh dhanchiaan takk pahunch pardan kardiaan sunn; iss gall daa saboot haii kii apahaj lokan noon prachin yunan witch ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey maanta ditti gaee see atey unhan dee dekhbhal keeti gaee see. vastav witch, prachin yoonaniaan neey apahaj viaktiaan noon vadhere yog viaktiaan toon vakkhre taur 'teey naheen dekhiaa hovega kiunki unhan dey ricard witch uhanan daa varnan curran vaale shabad bahut aspasht jaapde hunn. jadon takk apahaj viakati ajey vee samaaj witch yogdan paa sakda haii, yunani unhan noon sehann karde dikhai ditte. maddh yugg dauran, pagalpan atey horr sathitiaan noon bhutan caarn manniaa jaanda see. uhanan noon kudrati vivastha daa hissa vee manniaa jaanda see, khaskar kaali maut dey dauran atey natije vajon, jiss neey aam aabadi witch kamzoriaan paida keetiaan. shuruati aadhunik qaal witch sarirak atey mansik antran laee jaivik kaarnan dee bhaal curran dey naal-naal vargan dee haddbandi witch dilchaspi vadhan vall ikk tabdili aaee udaharan vajon, 16 veen sadee witch, ambroise pere neey "rakhash", "shandar" atey "apahaj" baare likhiaa. european giaan neey tarak toon prapat giaan atey manukkhi tarakki laee kudrati vigiaan dey mull 'teey zor ditta, jiss neey sansthavan atey sambandhit giaan pranaliaan dey janam noon janam denh witch sahaita keeti jinhan neey manukkhan daa nirikhan atey shrenibadh keeta; inhan vicchon, apangta deeaan ajj deeaan dharnavan dey vikas laee mahattavpuran sunn ashram, clinic atey jelhan. apangta deeaan samkali dharnavan atharvin atey unhivin sadee dey vikas witch jadahn hunn. inhan vicchon sabh toon pramukh clinical medical bhashan daa vikas see, jiss neey manukkhi sareer noon heraferi, adhiaen atey parivartan curran vaali cheez vajon darsaiaa. ih uhanan vigiaanak bhashnan naal mill keey kamm karde sunn jinhan neey vargikaran atey vargikaran dee koshish keeti atey ajiha curran naal, sadharankaran dey tarike bann gaye. aadrash" dee dharna iss samein dey arse witch vikast hoee, atey belgian ankada vigiaani, samaaj vigiaani, ganit shastari atey khagol vigiaani adolf quetlet dey kamm witch sanket ditta giaa haii, jiss neey 1830 dey dahake witch "ail home moine"-ausat aadmi dee likhat likhi see. quetlet neey manniaa kii koee vee viakati kise ditti gaee aabadi witch saare lokan dey gunan daa jode lae sakda haii (jiven kii uhanan dee uchaee jaan bhaar) atey uhanan dee ausat labbh sakda haii atey ih ankada ikk ankada niyam vajon kamm karna chahida haii jiss vall saariaan noon ichha rakkhni chahidi haii. ankada niyaman daa ih vichaar iss samein dauran britten, sanyukat raaj amrica atey pachmi european raajan duaara ankade ikkathe curran dey tezi naal lainn duaara haii, atey ih eugenics dey ubhaar naal judiaa hoiaa haii. apangta dey naal-naal horr sankalpan sametaa asdharan, gair-aam atey aam sathiti iss toon aaee haii. inhan sankalpan daa sanchar ajib shoa dee prasidhi witch spasht haii, jitthe shoaman neey unhan niyaman toon bhatkan vaale lokan noon pradarshit curran toon laabh uthaiaa. unhivin sadee dey akhirle hisse witch eugenics dey ubhaar dey naal, ajihe parivartanan noon samucchi aabadi dee sihat laee khatarnak manniaa jaanda see. apangta noon kise viakati dey jaivik banatar dey hisse vajon dekhiaa jaanda haii atey iss tarahan uhanan dee genetic virasat, vigiaaniaan neey aapna dhiaan jangli booty dee dharnavan vall modiaa jiven kii jeane pool toon bahr "vichlan". kise viakati dee genetic tandrusti daa mulankan curran laee vakkh-vakkh matricks nirdharat keete gaye sunn atey firr ayog manne jaanh vaale lokan noon desh nikala, nasbandi jaan sansthagat banaun laee varte gaye sunn. apahaj lock germany witch naazi shasan duaara nishana banaae gaye samoohan vicchon ikk sunn, jiss dey natije vajon holocast dauran lagbhag 250,000 apahaj lock maare gaye sunn. dooje vishav yuddh dey ant witch, naazi eugenics dee udaharan dey naal, eugenics jantak bhashan toon alop hoow giaa, atey vadh rahee apangta neey gunan dey ikk samooh witch shamal keeta jiss witch dawai shamal hoow sakadi haii-bhaven uh vaadhe, mudd vasebe jaan ilaaj duaara howay. samkali atey aadhunik itihaas dovan witch, apangta noon aksar pahile darje dey rishtedaran jaan dooje darje dey rishtedaran darmiaan anvichhanta dey upp-utpaad vajon dekhiaa jaanda see. apahajta vidvanan neey samantvad toon poonjivad vall aarthik tabdili dey naal-naal udyogik kranti noon apahajta dee samajh dey pramukh itihasak palaan vajon vee darsaiaa haii. halanki maddh yugg dauran apangta dey aale-duaale dharmik andhvishwas dee ikk nishchit matra see, apang lock ajey vee pendu utpadan adharat arthvivastha witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaun dey yog sunn, jiss naal uh rozana aarthik jeevan witch saccha yogdan paa sakde sunn. sanati inqalaab atey poonjivad dey aaunn neey iss noon iss laee banaiaa taan joe lock hunn zameen naal bnnhe naa rahinn atey firr unhan noon ajiha kamm labbhan laee majbur keeta jaave joe zinda rahinn laee tankhah daa bhugtan qarey. ujarti pranali neey, sanati utpadan dey naal mill keey, sansthavan noon vekhan dey tarike noon badal ditta kiunki lokan noon uhanan dee masheen dee tarahan utpadan curran dee yogta laee tezi naal mahattav ditta jaanda see. poonjivad atey udyogik kranti neey prabhavshali dhang naal "apahjan" lokan daa ikk navaan varag banaiaa joe miaari mazdoor dey sareer jaan kaaraj shakti dey paddhar dey anukool naheen hoow sakde sunn. natije vajon, apahjan noon ikk samassiaa manniaa jaanh lagga, jiss noon hall keeta jaanha see jaan mitta ditta jaanha see. 1970 dey dahake dey arambh witch, apangta adhikar andolan dee sathapana hoee, jadon apangta karkunan neey samaaj duaara apang lokan naal kiven pesh keeta jaanda haii atey apangta pratee medical pahunch noon chunhauti denni shuru qarr ditti. iss kamm dey caarn, pahunch laee bhautik rukawatan dee pachanh keeti gaee see. ih sathitiaan uhanan noon karajsheel taur 'teey ayog qarr dindiaan hunn, atey joe hunn apangta daa smajik maadal vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, uh ubbhar keey sahmane aaiaa. mike olivar duaara 1983 witch ghadiaa giaa, ih vakansh apangta dey medical maadal-jiss dey tehat ikk kamzori noon theek curran dee zaroorat haii-atey apangta dey smajik maadal-jiss dey tehat ikk viakati noon seemat curran vaale samaaj noon theek curran dee zaroorat haii, dey vichkaar farak karda haii. sidhant. kaee smajik shreniaan dee tarahan, "apangta" dee dharna akadamik, medical atey kanunni sansar atey apangta bhaichare witch bhaari charcha adheen haii. apangta adhiaen. apangta dey sidhant utte kendrit akadamik anushasana apangta adhiaen haii, joe veehvin sadee dey akheer toon fail riha haii. ih khetar apangta dey ateet, varatman atey bhavikh dey nirman dee jaanch karda haii, iss drishtikon noon agge vadhaun dey naal kii apangta ikk gunjhaldar smajik pachanh haii jiss toon aseen saare samajh prapat qarr sakde haan. jiven kii apahajta vidwan clair mulleni neey kiha, "aapne viaapak paddhar 'teey, apahajta adhiaen vidvanan noon apahajta noon sabheyacharak antar dey ikk roop vajon mahattav denh laee utshahit karde hunn. ih khetar tezi naal antar-anushasani hoow riha haii, aksar falsafe, itihaas, angrezi adhiaen, bhashan adhiaen, nasli atey nasli adhiaen, ling atey lingakta adhiaen, medical manukhta, sanchar, sikkhiaa shastar atey horr bahut saare khetran naal overlapping hunda haii. iss khetar dey vidwan apangta naal sabandhat vishiaan dee ikk luddy 'teey dhiaan kendrat karde hunn, jiven kii naitikta, neeti atey kanoon, itihaas, apangta bhaichare dee qalaa, atey horr bahut kujh. iss khetar dey prasidh vidvanan witch marta rasel, robbert macruer, johanna hadwa, laura harshi, irving zola atey horr bahut saare shamal hunn. pramukh apangta vidwan lenard jey. davis neey nott keeta kii apangta adhiaen noon ikk vishesh jaan vishesh anushasana naheen manniaa jaanha chahida, balki iss dee bajaae ih khetran atey vishiaan dee ikk vishal shreni utte lagu hunda haii. antarashtari vargikaran. vishav sihat sangathan duaara tiaar keeta giaa kammkaj, apahajta atey sihat daa antarashtari vargikaran (aaee. see. eff.), sareer dey kaarjan (sarirak jaan mnovigiaanak, jiven kii drishti) atey sareer dey dhanchiaan (sareer dey angaan, jiven kii akkh atey sabandhat dhanchiaan) witch farak karda haii. sarirak banatar jaan kaaraj witch kamzori noon ikk visangata, nuks, nuksan jaan kujh aam taur 'teey savikar keete gaye aabadi dey miaaran toon horr mahattavpuran vicholgi dey roop witch paribhashit keeta giaa haii, joe samein dey naal utaar-chadhaa qarr sakde hunn. gatividhi noon kise kaaraj jaan kaaraj noon lagu curran vajon paribhashit keeta jaanda haii. aaee. see. eff. neey kammkaj dey naun viaapak khetran dee suchi ditti haii joe prabhavit hoow sakde hann apangta vidvanan dey naal mill keey, aaee. see. eff. dee jaanh-pachanh witch kiha giaa haii kii apangta atey karajkushalta noon samjhan atey samjhaun laee kaee tarahan dey sankalpik maadlan daa prastav ditta giaa haii, jiss noon ih ekikrit karna chahunda haii. ihanan maadlan witch heth likhe shamal hann medical maadal. medical maadal apangta noon viakati dee ikk samassiaa dey roop witch vekhda haii, joe siddhe taur utte bimari, sadme jaan horr sihat sathitiaan caarn hundi haii, jiss laee peshevaran duaara viaktigat ilaaj dey roop witch nirantar medical dekhbhal dee zaroorat hundi haii. medical maadal witch, apangta dey parbandhan daa udesh ikk "ilaaj", jaan viakati dey anukulta atey vivharak tabdili haii joe ikk "lagbhag-ilaaj" jaan prabhavshali ilaaj vall lae javegi. iss mamle witch, viakati noon medical dekhbhal duaara aapni apangta noon door karna chahida haii. medical maadal witch, medical dekhbhal noon mukkh mudde vajon dekhiaa jaanda haii, atey rajneetik paddhar 'teey, mukkh pratikiriaa sihat sambhal neeti noon sodhna jaan sudharna haii. medical maadal apahajta dey kaarnan atey ilaajan noon labbhan 'teey kendrat karda haii. caarn. apangta dey bahut saare vakkh-vakkh caarn hunn joe aksar rozana jeevan deeaan buniaadi gatividhiaan noon prabhavat karde hunn, jiven kii khaana, kappde pahinana, tabadala karna atey nijji safai banayi rakkhna; jaan rozana jeevan deeaan unnat gatividhiaan jiven kii khariddari, bhojan dee tiaari, gaddi chalauna jaan kamm karna. halanki, apangta dey caarn aam taur utte ikk viakati dee rozana jeevan deeaan gatividhiaan noon curran dee samratha duaara nirdharat keete jaande hunn. jiven kii marta rasel atey ravee malhotra daleel dinde hunn, "apahajta dey 'medicalisation' atey vargikaran dey sadhanan neey 'apahjan' atey 'yog-sareer' vichkaar vandd sathapat curran witch sapshat taur 'teey mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai. ih apangta noon ikk samassiaa vajon pesh karda haii jiss noon medical dakhal raahin hall keeta jaanha haii, joe apangta daa qee arth hoow sakda haii iss baare saadi samajh witch rukawat paunda haii. americans vid apahajta aikat 1990 dey udeshan laee, us equal employment opportunity commission dey niyam uhanan sathitiaan dee ikk suchi pardan karde hunn jinhan noon asani naal apahajta manniaa jaanha chahida haiyav bolepan, annhepan, ikk baudhik apahajta, anshak jaan puurii tarahan gumm hoye anga jaan gatishilta witch qamee jiss laee wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsi, shugar, mirgi, hiv/aids, multiple schlorosis, maspeshi dystrophy, pramukh udasi vikaar, spina bifida, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, janunni lazmi vikaar atey schizophrenia dee varton dee zaroorat hundi haii. ih ikk vistrit suchi naheen haii atey bahut saariaan sattan atey medical samassiaavan apangta daa caarn bandiaan hunn. apangta dey kujh caarn, jiven kii sattan, samein dey naal hall hoow sakdiaan hunn atey uhanan noon "asthai apangta" manniaa jaanda haii. ikk "prapat apangta" uhanan apangta daa natija haii joe jeevan qaal dauran achanak jaan lambe samein takk vapardiaan hunn, isade ulat apangta dey naal paida hundiaan hunn. "adikh apahajtavan" spasht taur 'teey dhiaan denh yog naheen hoow sakdiaan. ilaaj. medical maadal apahjan laee ilaaj, ilaaj jaan punarvas abhiaasan noon labbhan 'teey bahut dhiaan kendrat karda haii. sahaik technology. sahaik technology upkarnan atey sodhan (kise viakati laee jaan samaaj dey ander) laee ikk aam shabad haii joe kise apangta noon door curran jaan door curran witch sahaita karda haii. ikk prosthesis dee varton dee pahili daraj keeti gaee udaharan ghatto ghatt 1800 ee. poo. dee haii. wheelchair 17veen sadee dee haii. karab katt ikk sabandhat dhanchagat navinata haii. horr udaharnan hunn standing frame, text telephone, pahunchyog keyboard, vadde print, brail atey speech recognition software. apahaj lock aksar anukultavan daa vikas karde hunn joe nijji hoow sakdiaan hunn (jiven kii.jee. jantak taur utte tikkan noon dabaun laee rannitiaan) jaan community (jiven kii.jee. dee/bolle bhaichariaan witch sanketak bhasha). jiven kii nijji computer vadhere sarav viaapak hoow giaa haii, apahjan laee computeran noon vadhere pahunchyog banaun laee software atey hardware vikast curran laee vakkh-vakkh sangathanan daa gathan keeta giaa haii. kujh software atey hardware, jiven kii awaz dee ungli, sutantarta vigiaanak dey "jabade", mufat atey open soars vikalpik "orka" aadi. vishesh taur utte apahjan laee tiaar keeta giaa haii jadon kii horr software atey hardware, jiven kii kudrati taur utte bolann vaale sookham dragon, vishesh taur utte apahjan laee vikast naheen keete gaye sunn, parr pahunch noon vadhaun laee varte jaa sakde hunn. lomak keyboard noon newzealand witch vishesh taur utte apahjan laee tiaar keeta giaa see. world wide web sangh neey apahjan laee web pahunch laee antarashtari mapdandan dee zaroorat noon maanta ditti atey web pahunchyogta pahil (aimm. aii. aaee.) banayi. dasambar 2012 takk standard w. see. aii. jee. 2 (w. see. aii. jee. = web samaggari pahunch disha nirdesh) haii. smajik maadal apangta daa smajik maadal "apangta" noon smajik taur utte paida keeti gaee samassiaa atey samaaj witch viaktiaan dey pooran ekikaran dey mamle vajon vekhda haii. iss maadal witch, apangta kise viakati daa gunn naheen haii, balki smajik vatavaran duaara banaiaan gaeeaan sathitiaan daa ikk gunjhaldar sangrah haii. samassiaa dey parbandhan laee smajik karvai dee zaroorat hundi haii atey ih samaaj dee samoohik zimmevari haii kii uh ikk ajiha samaaj banaae jiss witch apahjan laee seemavan ghatt honn. apangta sirjan witch sabheyacharak atey vichardharak doven haii. smajik maadal dey anusar, kise vee apahajta/apahajta vaale viakati laee barabar pahunch manukkhi adhikaran dee chinta haii. apangta daa smajik maadal alochna dey ghere witch aaa giaa haii. samaaj dee zimmevari utte zor denh witch smajik maadal duaara nibhai gaee mahatta noon pachande hoye, tomm shakespeare samet vidwan, maadal deeaan seemavan vall ishara karde hunn atey ikk navein maadal dee zaroorat dee apeel karde hunn joe "medical banaam medical" noon door karega. smajik "decotomy. iss maadal deeaan seemavan daa arth haii kii apahjan noon aksar mahattavpuran sevavan atey jankari daa sahmana karna painda haii, joe aksar uhanan dee sahaita witch seemat aarthik laabh dey caarn upalbadh naheen hunde hunn. kujh lokan daa kahina haii kii medical humanities ikk faldaik khetar haii jitthe apangta dey medical atey smajik maadal dey vichkaar paade noon door keeta jaa sakda haii. smajik nirman. apangta daa smajik nirman ih vichaar haii kii apangta daa nirman jaivik antran dee bajaae smajik umeedan atey sansthavan duaara keeta jaanda haii. samaaj atey sansthavan duaara apangta dey nirman dey tarikiaan noon ujagar karna iss vichaar daa ikk mukkh kendra haii. isey tarahan nasal atey ling jaivik taur utte nishchit naheen hunn, naa hii apangta haii. 1970 dey dahake dey arambh witch, samaaj shastariaan, khaas taur utte eliot friedson neey daleel denni shuru qarr ditti kii labeling thioori atey smajik vicholgi noon apangta dey adhiaenan utte lagu keeta jaa sakda haii. iss naal apangta sidhant dee smajik usari dee sirjana hoee. apangta daa smajik nirman ih vichaar haii kii apangta noon niyaman toon bhatkan dey smajik pratikiriaa vajon banaiaa jaanda haii. medical udyog bimar atey apahjan dee smajik bhumika daa sirjanhar haii. sihat utte muharat rakkhan vaale medical peshevaran atey sansthavan witch sihat atey sarirak atey mansik niyaman noon paribhashit curran dee yogta hundi haii. jadon kise viakati witch koee visheshta hundi haii joe sihat dee smajik paribhasha takk pahunchan toon ikk kamzori, pabandi jaan seema paida kardi haii, taan viakati noon apahaj vajon label keeta jaanda haii. iss vichaar dey tehat, apangta noon sareer deeaan sarirak visheshtavan duaara paribhashit naheen keeta jaanda haii balki sihat dey smajik sammelan toon bhatak keey paribhashit keeta jaanda haii. apangta dee smajik usari ih daleel devegi kii apangta dey drishtikon daa medical maadal kii apangta ikk kamzori, pabandi jaan seema haii galat haii. iss dee bajaae jiss noon apangta dey roop witch dekhiaa jaanda haii uh viakati witch samaaj witch "aam" manne jaanh vaale naalon siraf ikk antar haii. shabdawali. lock-pahili bhasha. apangta baare gall curran daa ikk tarika lock-pahili bhasha haii jiss noon kujh lock pasand karde hunn. kiha jaanda haii kii lock-pahili bhasha dee varton apangta toon pahilan viakati noon rakkhdi haii. uh viakati joe lokan dee pahili bhasha noon tarjih dinde hunn, uh "apahaj viakati" kiha jaanha pasand karange. ih shaili apahajta adhikaran baare pramukh kanoonan witch pratibimbat hundi haii, jiss witch apahajta vaale viaktiaan dey adhikaran baare amriki aikat atey sanyukat rashter convention shamal hunn. "delaware university witch "cerebral palsia dekhbhal laee ikk guide" lokan dee pahili bhasha daa varnan kardi haiyav lock-pahili shabdawali dee varton yuke witch "apahjan vaale lock" (jiven kii "drishtihinta vaale lock") dey roop witch keeti jaandi haii. halanki, yuu. keey. witch, aam taur utte lokan dee pahili bhasha dee bajaae pachanh-pahili bhasha noon tarjih ditti jaandi haii. lock-pahili shabdawali dee varton neey apahaj (jaan apahajta) vaale viakati (jaan lokan) noon darsaun laee sankhep pwd dee varton noon janam ditta haii. halanki horr viakati atey samooh pachanh-pahili bhasha noon tarjih dinde hunn taan joe iss gall 'teey zor ditta jaa sake kii apangta lokan dee pachanh noon kiven prabhavat qarr sakadi haii. bhasha dee kihadi shaili varti jaandi haii, ih vakkh-vakkh deshan, samoohan atey viaktiaan witch vakkh-vakkh hundi haii. pachanh-pahili bhasha. pachanh-pahili bhasha viakati noon "apahaj" vajon darsaundi haii. kujh lock iss noon tarjih dinde hunn atey daleel dinde hunn kii ih apangta dey smajik maadal noon lokan dee pahili bhasha naalon bihtar fitt karda haii, kiunki ih iss gall 'teey zor dinda haii kii viakati aapne sareer duaara naheen, balki ikk ajihi dunia duaara apang haii joe unhan noon anukool naheen kardi. ih vishesh taur utte yuu. keey. witch sacch haii, jitthe smajik maadal dey tehat ih daleel ditti jaandi haii kii jadon kii kise dee kamzori (udaharan vajon, reedh dee haddi dee satt laggna) ikk viaktigat jaidad haii, "apangta" baahari smajik karkan jiven kii pahunch dee ghaat duaara banayi gaee cheez haii. apahajta dee viaktigat sampati atey apahajta dee smajik sampati vichkaar ih antar smajik maadal dey kendra witch haii. apahaj lock" shabad dee varton apahaj lokan dey antarashtari sangathanan, jiven kii apahaj lokan dey antarashtari sangathanan duaara ikk rajneetak nirman dey roop witch vee viaapak taur utte keeti jaandi haii. pachanh-pahili bhasha dee varton ih vee darsaundi haii kii lock pachanh atey vibhinnta dey horr pahiluaan baare kiven gall karde hunn. udaharan laee isey tarahan, yuu. aii. witch bolle bhaichare.aiss. lokan noon radd crow-pachanh dey huck witch pahili bhasha-pahili bhasha. 2021 witch, us association aana hier aijukeshan aind apangta (agge) neey aapni samaggari witch pachanh-pahili bhasha dee varton curran dey aapne faisle dee ghoshna keeti, jiss witch samjhaiaa giaa "pachanh-pahili bhasha siddhe apangta daa daava karke nakaratmak arthan noon chunhauti dindi haii. pachanh-pahili bhasha uss vibhinnta daa havala dindi haii joe saade sareer atey dimagan witch maujood anginat sathitiaan naal kiven kamm karde hunn, atey kise noon apahaj banaun witch pahunch toon bahr jaan damankari pranaliaan, dhanchiaan jaan vatavaran dee bhumika witch maujood haii." adikh apangta. adikh apahajtavan, jinhan noon lukvin apahajtavan jaan gair-pratakh apahajtavan (ainn. vee. dee.) vee kiha jaanda haii, uh apahajtavan hunn joe turant spasht naheen hundiaan, jaan dekhan yog naheen hundiaan. ih aksar puraniaan bimariaan atey sathitiaan hundiaan hunn joe rozana jeevan deeaan aam gatividhiaan noon kaafi kamzor kardiaan hunn. adikh apahajta kise viakati dey school jaanh, kamm curran, smajik honn atey horr bahut kujh curran dey yatnan witch rukawat paa sakadi haii. adikh apahajtavan deeaan kujh udaharnan witch baudhik apahajtavan, autism spectrum disorder, dhiaan dee ghaat hyperactivity disorder, mansik vigaad, damaa, mirgi, allergy, migraine, gathiye atey purani thakawat syndrome shamal hunn. mansik bimari dee jaanch curran valiaan witch beruzgari dee ucch darr witch rozgaar bhedbhav mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaunda haii. episodic apangta. gathiye, bipolar disorder, aich. aaee. vee., jaan multiple schlorosis vargiaan sihat sathitiaan vaale lokan witch bimari dey episodan dey vichkaar tandrusti daa samaan hunda haii. bimari dey episodan dauran lokan dee aam kamm curran dee yogta, jiven kii kamm, rook-rook keey hoow sakadi haii. apangta sargarmi. apangta sargarmi neey apangta atey apang lokan baare charcha karde samein aapne aap witch uchit bhasha witch sodh keeti haii. udaharan dey laee, iss dey nakaratmak prabhavan dey caarn 'mandee' dey medical vargikaran noon nazarandaz qarr ditta giaa haii. iss toon ilava, apangta sargarmi neey apang lokan duaara apmanjanak bhasha noon mudd prapat curran daa caarn vee baniaa haii. meraz (1986) neey dassiaa kii apahaj lock aapne aap noon 'apahaj' vajon kiven darsa sakde hunn. ih hairani vaali gall jaapadi haii kii uh apangta naal judee rudhiwadi nakaratmak bhasha dee varton qarr rahey hunn, aapne aap noon darsaun laee; halanki udesh medical peshevaran toon 'apang pachanh' noon mudd prapat karna haii, atey iss noon apang lokan dee tarjihi bhasha naal mudd sanrachit karna haii. uppar darsai gaee bhasha dee sudhar smajik maadal dey ander aapne aap noon sathapit kardi haii, kiunki ih iss gall noon ujagar kardi haii kii ikk samaaj dey roop witch aseen apangta deeaan dharnavan atey dharnavan kiven banaunde haan.apangta karkunan neey heth likhe muddiaan vall dhiaan khichiaa haiyav adhikar atey neeti. adhikar andolan. apahajta adhikar andolan daa udesh apahjan laee barabar dey mauke atey barabar dey adhikar surakhiat karna haii. aavajai, architecture atey bhautik vatavaran witch pahunch atey surakhiaa; sutantar jeevan, rozgaar, sikkhiaa atey rihaish witch barabar dey mauke; atey durvivhar, angahili atey mareezan dey adhikaran dee ulanghna toon aazadi andolan dey vishesh teeche atey mangan hunn. inhan maukiaan atey adhikaran noon surakhiat curran laee prabhavshali nagrik adhikar kanoon dee mung keeti jaandi haii. shuruati apangta adhikar andolan witch apangta dey medical maadal daa dabdaba see, jitthe apang lokan dey ilaaj jaan ilaaj utte zor ditta giaa see taan joe uh smajik niyaman dee palna qarr sakann, parr 1960 dey dahake toon, adhikar samoohan neey apangta dey smajik maadal vall jaanha shuru qarr ditta, jitthe apangta noon vitkare dey mudde vajon darsaiaa jaanda haii, jiss naal adhikar samoohan laee kanunni sadhanan raahin samanta prapat curran daa raah padhra hunda haii. apangta dey muddiaan atey sabka soviat union dey ganrajan witch pahunchyogta dee vakalat neeti nirman witch vadhere sangathit atey prabhavshali hoow gaee haii. apangta niaan andolan. apangta adhikar andolan apangta niaan andolan toon viksit hoow riha haii, jiss daa udesh vidhanak tabdili atey ravaiti nagrik adhikaran noon tarjih denh dey ulat, samoohak aazadi noon tarjih dey keey apang lokan dey jeevan noon bihtar banauna haii. apahajta adhikaran dee "duji lahir" vajon jaane jaande iss dhanche witch zulam deeaan bahut saariaan pranaliaan dee jaanch keeti gaee haii joe samratha, ajihe bastivad, chitte sarabuchta atey bhinn-pakkhi poonjivad naal judiaan hoiaan hunn. apangta niaan shabad 2005 witch ail. jee. bee. tii. kioo. rung deeaan apahaj aurtan, miaa mings, patricia barne atey stacy milburn duaara ghadiaa giaa see, jinhan neey apangta adhikaran dee mukkh dhaara dee tulna witch ikk dooje noon joden utte vadda zor dinde hoye ikk samratha virodhi lahir banaun dee koshish keeti see. uhanan dey samooh, apangta niaan samooh, witch sebastian margaret, leroi eff varge mahattavpuran apangta karkun vee shamal sunn. morr junier.uh aapni kavita atey crip hopp andolan dee sathapana laee jaane jaande hunn, atey ellie clair, apangta adhiaenan dey ander sareer dey munn dee dharna noon prasidh banaun laee jaane jaande hunn. apahjan dey adhikaran baare sammelan. sanyukat rashter neey 13 dasambar, 2006 noon apahjan dey adhikaran baare sammelan, 21veen sadee dee pahili manukkhi adhikar sandhi, vishav dey andazan 650 million apahjan dey adhikaran atey maukiaan dee rakkhiaa atey vadhaun laee rasmi taur 'teey sehmati pragtai. 182 deshan neey sammelan witch shamal honn dee pushti jaan savikar keeta haii. convention utte dastkhat curran vaale deshan noon rashtari kanoonan noon apnaun atey bazurgan noon hataun dee zaroorat haii, taan joe apahaj viaktiaan noon sikkhiaa, rozgaar atey sabheyacharak jeevan dey barabar adhikar milann; jaidad dey maalak bannan atey virasat witch milann daa adhikar; viaah aadi witch vitkara naa keeta jaave.; atey medical prayogan witch anchahe vishe naa bannan laee. manukkhi adhikaran laee hyee kamishnar samet yuu. ainn. adhikariaan neey iss bill noon smajik maadal dey anusar apangta dey vadhere adhikar-adharat drishtikon pratee ravaiye witch ikk aadrash tabdili dee numaindagi curran vajon darsaiaa haii. apahjan daa antarashtari saal. sann 1976 witch sanyukat rashter neey apahjan laee aapne antarashtari saal (1981) dee yojnabandi shuru keeti, jiss daa naam baad witch apahjan laee antarashtari saal rakkhiaa giaa. apahjan dey dahake (1983-1993) witch apahjan naal sabandhat karvai daa ikk vishav program pesh keeta giaa see. sann 1979 witch, frank boow iklauta apahaj viakati see joe aaee. aaee. dee. pee.-1981 dee yojnabandi witch kise vee desh dee numaindagi karda see. ajj, bahut saare deshan neey unhan numaindiyan dey naam lae hunn joe khud apahaj viakati hunn. dahake noon robbert devilla duaara general assembly dey sahmane ikk sambodhan witch bnd keeta giaa see. boow atey devilla doven bolle hunn. 1984 witch, unesco neey bolle bacchiaan atey naujwanan dee sikkhiaa witch varton laee sanketak bhasha noon savikar keeta. sabka soviat union ganrajan witch neeti. yuu. ainn. program atey ou. aiss. see. ou. uhanan deshan witch neeti atey programan noon iksaar curran laee kamm karde hunn joe apahjan dey adhikaran baare sammelan naal sabka soviat union daa hissa sunn. rajneetak mudde. vikast atey kujh vikashsheel deshan witch rajneetak adhikar, smajik samavesh atey nagrikta sahmane aaa gaee haii. ih bahis nirbhar apahjan noon kaaim rakkhan dee laagat baare chinta toon parey hoow gaee haii taan joe ih sunishchit curran laee prabhavshali tarike labbhe jaa sakann kii apahjan dey lock jeevan dey saare khetran witch samaaj witch hissa lae sakann atey yogdan paa sakann. vikashsheel deshan witch, jitthe andazan 650 million apahjan daa vadda hissa rahinda haii, pahunchyogta atey sikkhiaa toon lae keey sway-sashaktikaran, sway-sahaik rozgaar atey iss toon bahr deeaan chintavan noon door curran laee bahut kamm curran dee zaroorat haii. pichle kujh saalan witch, apahajta adhikar karkunan neey apahjan laee puurii nagrikta prapat curran 'teey dhiaan kendrat keeta haii. kujh deshan witch poora rozgaar prapat curran witch rukawatan hunn; apahjan baare jantak dharna vakkhari hoow sakadi haii. durvivhar. apangta durvivhar udon hunda haii jadon apangta vaale viakati dey caarn kise viakati naal sarirak, vitti, zubani jaan mansik taur 'teey durvivhar keeta jaanda haii. jiven kii bahut saariaan apahajtavan dikhai naheen dindiaan (udaharan vajon, damaa, sikkhan deeaan apahajtavan) kujh durvivhar curran vaale gair-sarirak apahajta noon samajh, sahaita aadi dee zaroorat naal taraksangat naheen bnaa sakde. jiven-jiven apangta daa prasaar atey apangta daa samarthan curran dee laagat medical tarakki atey aam taur 'teey lambi umar dey naal vadhadi haii, samaaj daa ih pahilu vadhere rajneetik mahattav daa bann jaanda haii. rajneetak partiaan aapne apahjan naal kiven pesh aaundiaan hunn, ih kise rajneetak party dee apahajta dee samajh daa maap bann sakda haii, khaas karke apahajta dey smajik maadal witch. beema. apangta laabh, jaan apangta pension, ikk pramukh kisam daa apangta beema haii joe sarkari agencies duaara uhanan lokan noon pardan keeta jaanda haii joe apangta dey caarn asthai jaan pakke taur 'teey kamm curran witch asamrath hunn. yuu witch.aiss.apangta laabh poorak surakhiaa aamdan dee shreni witch pardan keeta jaanda haii. canada witch, ih canada dee pension yojna dey ander haii. horr deshan witch, smajik surakhiaa pranaliaan tehat apangta laabh pardan keete jaa sakde hunn. apangta pensionan deeaan lagtan pachmi deshan witch, mukkh taur utte yoorap atey sanyukat raaj amrica witch nirantar vadh rahiaan hunn. ih dassiaa giaa see kii sann 1980 witch sanyukat raaj witch apahajta pensionan utte kharach kull gharelu utpaad (jee. dee. pee.) daa 0.9% see; doou dahakiaan baad ih jee. dee. pee. dey 2.6% takk pahunch giaa see. kaee adhiaenan neey bimari caarn kamm toon vaddh rahee gairhazari atey bhavikh witch apangta pension dey vaddh rahey jokham dey vichkaar ikk sambandh dassiaa haii. danmark witch khojkartavan duaara keete gaye ikk adhiaen toon pataa chalda haii kii bimari caarn gairhazari dey sway-report keete dinan dee jankari dee varton apangta pension laee bhavikh dey sambhavit samoohan dee prabhavshali dhang naal pachanh curran laee keeti jaa sakadi haii. ih adhiaen neeti nirmatavan, case parbandhan adhikariaan, malkan atey doctor laee labhdaik jankari pardan qarr sakde hunn. switzerland witch, apangta dey khetar witch smajik nitiaan noon pichle doou dahakiaan witch ditte gaye bhattiaan dee ginti noon ghataa keey atey kittamukhi punarvas upavan daa sahara vadha keey mahattavpuran roop ditta giaa haii. swis apangta beema duaara sathapat programan witch shamal viaktiaan naal keeti gaee interview utte adharat, ikk adhiaen samaaj witch uhanan dey sathaan naal sabandhat uhanan deeaan anishchittavan atey chintavan dey naal-naal apangta beema dey dakhalandazi pratee uhanan deeaan pratikriaavan noon ujagar karda haii. nijji, munafe laee apangta beema apahjan noon aamdan pardan curran witch bhumika nibhaunda haii, parr rashtrikrit program surakhiaa jaal hunn joe ziaadaatar daaviaan noon fadade hunn. rozgaar. adhiaenan neey apangta atey garibi dey vichkaar sabndh noon darsaiaa haii. vishesh taur utte, apahjan noon dittiaan jaanh valiaan naukariaan dee ghaat haii. marta rasel neey nott keeta kii "apahjan (joe rihaish naal kamm qarr sakde hunn) utte zulam daa muddhala adhaar unhan noon mazdoori curran vaale mazdooran vajon shoshan toon bahr rakkhna haii." baudhik apangta. bahut saare deshan witch ajihe program hunn joe baudhik taur utte apahaj (id) lokan noon cargeable witch lodinde hunar prapat curran witch sahaita karde hunn. ajihe programan witch panaah prapat workshopan atey baalag divas dekhbhal program shamal hunn. panaah prapat programan witch dinn deeaan gatividhiaan jiven kii baghbani, nirman atey assembling shamal hunn. ih gatividhiaan rutein-oriented kaarjan dee sahulat dindiaan hunn joe badle witch aaee. dee. lokan noon cargeable witch dakhal honn toon pahilan tajraba prapat curran dee aagiaa dindiaan hunn. isey tarahan, baalag daye cair programan witch dinn deeaan gatividhiaan vee shamal hunn. halanki, ih gatividhiaan ikk viddiak vatavaran witch adharat hunn jitthe lock viddiak, sarirak atey sanchar adharat kaarjan witch shamal honn dey yog hunde hunn joe sanchar, yadadashat atey aam jeevan dey hunran noon suvidhajanak banaun witch sahaita karde hunn. iss toon ilava, baalag daye cair programan neey jantak sathanan (jiven kii.jee. chidiaghar atey film theatre). cargeable witch dakhal honn toon pahilan baudhik taur 'teey apahjan laee zaruri hunar pardan curran vaale doven programan dey bavjood, khojkartavan neey paaiaa haii kii aaee. dee. lock community-ekikrit rozgaar witch shamal honaa pasand karde hunn. community-ekikrit rozgaar dey mauke ghatto ghatt jaan ucch tankhah 'teey lokan noon gaahak seva, clerk, darban, parahunchari atey nirman ahudiaan toon lae keey vakkh-vakkh kittiaan witch pesh keete jaande hunn. id karamchari apahaj karamchariaan dey naal kamm karde hunn joe sikhlai witch uhanan dee sahaita curran dey yog hunde hunn. ih tinnon wicklup baudhik taur utte apahaj lokan noon smajik hunran noon vikast curran atey abhiaas curran dee aagiaa dinde hunn joe rozana jeevan laee mahattavpuran hunn. halanki, iss gall dee grunty naheen haii kii id karamchariaan noon binan id dey karamchariaan dey samaan vivhaar prapat hunda haii; lindstrom atey horaan dey anusar.community-ekikrit karamchariaan noon tankhahan milann dee sambhavna ghatt haii atey siraf 26 pratishat poore samein daa darja barkarar rakkhan dey yog hunn. ikk sathir cargeable labbhna vadhu chunotiaan pesh karda haii. baudhik apangta witch uplied risarch dey journal" witch prakashit ikk adhiaen neey sanket ditta haii kii halanki naukari labbhna mushkal hoow sakda haii, parr naukari noon sathir karna horr vee mushkal haii. chadsey-rusch neey prastav ditta kii aaee. dee. lokan laee rozgaar surakhiat curran laee dhukven utpadan hunar atey prabhavshali smajik hunar dee zaroorat haii. naukari guaun dey horr underlying karkan witch dhanchagat kaarak atey karamchari-kaaraj sathaan ekikaran shamal hunn. jiven kii killsby neey kiha haii, seemat dhanchagat kaarak naukari witch bahut saare karkan noon prabhavat qarr sakde hunn, jiven kii ikk aaee. dee. viakati noon kamm curran dee aagiaa ditti gaee ghantiaan dee seemat ginti. ih badle witch, fabian atey horaan dey anusar.iss naal sahikarmiaan naal sabndh vikast curran jaan kamm vaali thaan dey ander bihtar dhang naal ekikrit honn dey mauke dee ghaat hoow jaandi haii. firr vee, joe lock naukari noon sathir curran witch asamrath hunde hunn, uh aksar nirash hoow jaande hunn. jairid duaara keete gaye isey adhiaen dey anusar, bahut saare jinhan neey hissa liaa see, unhan neey paaiaa kii unhan neey aapne sahi-karamchariaan dee tulna witch ghatt aamdan keeti see, unhan dey dinan dauran ziaada samaan see, kiunki unhan cole kamm naheen see. unhan witch umeed atey asafalta deeaan bhavnavan vee sunn. yuu dey anusar.aiss. apangta baare rashtari sangathan, naa siraf id lokan noon nirantar nirasha daa sahmana karna painda haii, balki bahut saare garibi rekha toon hethan rahinde hunn, kiunki uh rozgaar labbhan jaan sathir curran witch asamrath hunn atey id karamchariaan utte rakkhe gaye karkan noon karamchari duaara seemat curran caarn. iss naal lock bhojan, medical dekhbhal, aavajai atey rihaish vargiaan buniaadi zaruratan samet aapne laee muhaiya karvaun witch asamrath hoow jaande hunn. garibi. apahaj lokan dee garibi darr apahaj lokan dee tulna witch kamm curran dee umar dey apahaj lokan dee garibi darr lagbhag dhaai gunna vaddh haii. apangta atey garibi ikk dusht chakkar bnaa sakde hunn, jiss witch sarirak rukawatan atey apangta daa clunk aamdan prapat karna vadhere mushkal bnaa dinda haii, jiss naal sihat sambhal atey tandrusti jeevan laee horr zaruratan takk pahunch ghatt hoow jaandi haii. raaj duaara fund prapat sihat atey smajik sevavan toon binan samajan witch, apahajta dey naal rahinn laee aam jeevan dey kharchiaan dey naal-naal davaiaan atey aksar sihat dekhbhal dey daure, gharr witch nijji sahaita, atey anukool upkarnan atey kappdiaan 'teey kharach curran dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii. apahajta baare vishav report darsaundi haii kii saare apahjan vicchon addhe sihat dekhbhal daa kharcha naheen chukk sakde, jadon kii ikk tihai apahjan dee tulna witch. apahjan vaale balgan laee jantak sevavan toon binan deshan witch, unhan dey parivaar garib hoow sakde hunn. aaftan. khoj daa giaan seemat haii, parr bahut saariaan kisse deeaan reportan, jadon aaftan apahjan noon prabhavat kardiaan hunn taan qee hunda haii. apahaj viakati aaftan toon bahut prabhavit hunde hunn. jacker sahaita upalbadh naheen haii taan sarirak apahaj lokan noon bahr kaddhan vele khatra hoow sakda haii. bodhatmak kamzoriaan vaale viakati uhanan nirdeshan noon samjhan laee sanghrash qarr sakde hunn jinhan dee koee aafat aaunn dee sathiti witch palna keeti jaanhi chahidi haii. ih saare kaarak apahjan naal aapda sathitiaan witch jokham dey bhinntavan dee digri noon vadha sakde hunn. khoj adhiaenan witch lagatar aapda chakkar dey saare padavan dauran apahaj viaktiaan naal vitkara paaiaa giaa haii. sabh toon aam seema ih haii kii lock imaratan jaan aavajai dey naal-naal aafat naal sabandhat sevavan takk pahunch naheen qarr sakde. inhan viaktiaan noon bahr kaddhana kujh hadd takk emergency yojnakaran atey aafat raahat karamchariaan noon ditti gaee apangta naal sabandhat sikhlai dee ghaat caarn hunda haii. samaaj witch apangta. umar vadh rahee haii. ikk nishchit hadd takk, umar dey naal-naal lock sarirak kamzoriaan atey badaldiaan mansik sathitiaan daa lagbhag harr jagha anubhav karde hunn. umardaraz aabadi noon aksar apangta dey ucch prasaar laee kalankit keeta jaanda haii. cathleen woodward, "apangta adhiaen laee mukkh shabdan" witch likhdi hoee, iss vartare noon heth likhe anusar samjhaundi haiyav narivadi, queer, crip" witch, ellison kaafar neey budhape atey iss naal judee chinta daa zikar keeta haii. kaafar dey anusar, ih chinta aam sathiti dey vicharan toon paida hundi haii. uh kahindi haiyav smajik niyam. uhanan prasangan witch jitthe uhanan dey antar dikhai dinde hunn, apahaj viaktiaan noon aksar clunk daa sahmana karna painda haii. lock aksar apahaj maujudgi pratee darr, daiaa, sarprasti, ghuspaith curran valiaan nazaran, nafrat jaan angahili naal pratikiriaa dinde hunn. ih pratikriaavan, atey aksar, apahaj viaktiaan noon smajik sathanan takk pahunchan toon bahr rakkh sakdiaan hunn atey naal hii ih sathaan pardan karde laabh atey sarot vee. apahaj lekhak/khojkarta jaini mauris dassde hunn kii apahaj viaktiaan noon hashiye 'teey paunh laee clunk kiven kamm karda haiyav iss toon ilava, clunk daa sahmana karna uss viakati dee mansik-bhavnatmak tandrusti noon nuksan pahuncha sakda haii jiss noon clunk banaiaa jaa riha haii. apahjan dee mano-bhavnatmak sihat utte buraa prabhav paunh daa ikk tarika haii unhan utte hoow rahey zulam noon andruni roop denna, jiss naal ih mahisus hoow sakda haii kii uh kamzor, pagal, bekaar jaan horr bahut saare nakaratmak gunn hunn joe unhan deeaan sathitiaan naal jude hoow sakde hunn. zulam daa andrunikaran prabhavit viakati dey sway-maann noon nuksan pahunchaunda haii atey unhan dey vivhaar noon unhan tarikiaan naal aakaar dinda haii joe binan kise apangta dey lokan dey dabdabe dey anukool hunn. yogtavadi vichaar aksar andruni hunde hunn jadon apahjan noon aapne aas paas dey lokan atey sansthavan duaara aapne apahjan dey antar noon lukaun atey ghatt curran laee dabaa paaiaa jaanda haii, jaan, "paas". lekhak simee lynton dey anusar, apahaj viaktiaan noon community, chinta atey sway-shakk dey nuksan daa anubhav curran laee prerit karke paas curran daa kamm dungha bhavnatmak prabhav paunda haii. apangta naal jude clunk noon banaun atey mazboot curran witch media mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaunda haii. apangta dey media chittarkari aam taur utte apangta dee maujudgi noon samaaj dey ander zaruri taur utte mamuli darsaundi haii. ih chittarkari apahjan dey antar dee prasidh dharna noon ikko samein darsaundiyan hunn atey prabhavit kardiaan hunn. trocks. apahjan dee maujudgi dee numaindagi curran laee media aksar vakkhariaan rannitiaan varatda haii. apangta noon tiaar curran dey inhan aam tarikiaan dee anmanukhi honn atey apangta vaale viaktiaan dey drishtikon noon mahattav denh witch asfal rahinn laee bhaari alochna keeti jaandi haii. jiven kii apangta sidhantkar atey bhashankar jaii tii duaara darsaiaa giaa haii. dolmage, yog media trops apahjan baare samaaj dey mithan noon darsa sakde hunn atey kaaim rakkh sakde hunn. prerna poran. prerna poran apahaj viaktiaan dey chittran noon darsaundi haii jiss witch uhanan noon siraf iss laee prernadaik vajon pesh keeta jaanda haii kiunki viakati apahaj haii. inhan chittran dee alochna keeti jaandi haii kiunki ih binan kise apangta dey darshakan noon darsaae gaye viakati dee tulna witch aapne baare bihtar mahisus karaun dey iraade naal banaae gaye hunn. apahaj viaktiaan dee manukhta noon pachanan dee bajaae, prerna poran uhanan noon uhanan darshakan laee prerna dey vastuaan witch badal dindi haii jinhan witch koee apahajta naheen haii. supercrip. supercrip trop uhanan udaharnan noon darsaunda haii jadon media ikk apahaj viakati baare report karda haii jaan uss noon darsaunda haii jiss neey ikk mahattavpuran prapati keeti haii parr uhanan dee apangta 'teey kendrit haii naa kii uhanan neey asal witch qee keeta. uhanan noon ikko jihiaan jaan samaan sathitiaan vaale doojiaan dee tulna witch bemisal honn laee hairan curran vaale vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. iss trop dee varton apahaj athleetan dee reporting dey naal-naal autistic swents dey chittran witch viaapak taur 'teey keeti jaandi haii. bahut saare apahaj lock inhan numaindiyan dee ninda karde hunn kii lokan noon poore lokan vajon vekhan dee bajaae unhan dee sathiti noon ghataunde hunn. iss toon ilava, supercrip chittran dee alochna iss avishvashpuran umeed noon paida curran laee keeti jaandi haii kii apangta kise kisam dee vishesh pratibha, pratibha jaan soojh dey naal honee chahidi haii. media witch iss trop deeaan udaharnan witch daa. shaun marfi change doctor, marwal dee bahadari atey horaan toon. apahaj khalnaik. glup witch uh paatar joe smajik niyaman toon vakkhre sarirak jaan mansik chinnh rakkhde hunn, aksar ikk paath dey ander khalnaik vajon sathapit keete jaande hunn. lindsey roow-hayweld neey iss mudde daa horr vishleshan shuru curran laee vidiaarthiaan noon sikhaye jaanh dey tarikiaan noon sanjha keeta haii. apahjan dey apahjan dee bahuginti toon pratakh antar darshakan witch darr paida curran laee hunde hunn joe apahjan dee mansikta noon viaktigat jaan jantak hittan atey tandrusti laee khatra bnaa sakde hunn. apangta witch girawat. apangta drop" trop udon hunda haii jadon ikk manniaa jaanda apang paatar nakli, alankar curran vaala, jaan asal witch uhanan dee daava keeti apangta noon darsaunda naheen see. jaii dalmage neey film witch kevin spacy dey charittar, zubani kint dee peshkash keeti haii, iss dee ikk udaharan dey roop witch "aam shakki", atey iss tarahan dey chittar apahjan dey yog sareer vaale samaaj dey avishvas noon darsa sakde hunn. iss toon ilava, ikk paatar dee gair-apahajta daa ih khulasa aksar ikk kahani dey birtantak sikhar dey roop witch kamm karda haii, atey apangta dee varton noon kahani, birtantak rukawat, jaan charittarkaran dey ikk upkaran witch takraa dey sarot dey roop witch vartiaa jaanda haii joe horr apangta adhiaenan dey vidvanan dey "birtant prosthesis" dey sidhant naal mail khanda haii, ikk shabad david tii duaara ghadiaa giaa haii. michel atey sharon snider. apahaj peedat. ikk horr aksar vaparan vaali ghatna udon hundi haii jadon apangta vaale viakati noon dukhi jaan bevass manniaa jaanda haii. notare daim dey casimodo dee kunji, haathi aadmi daa john marrick, ikk christmas caroll daa chhota samaan, atey ithon takk kii khabran daa prasaran joe lokan noon "peedat" jaan "peedat" vajon darsaunde hunn, iss rudhiwadi deeaan kujh udaharnan hunn. sadaa laee nirdosh. apahjan vaale patran noon aksar filman witch doot jaan bacche vajon darsaiaa jaanda haii. inhan filman witch 'raine maen' (1988), 'forrest gump' (1994) atey 'aaee aim saim' (2001) shamal hunn, ih saariaan shandar udaharnan hunn. apahajta vaala nirdosh atey piaara viakati aksar aapne "aam" baalag sathiaan deeaan kamiaan vall ishara karda haii, joe unhan noon mukti prapat curran witch sahaita karda haii. horr saare lokan dee tarahan, ih rudhiwadi dharnavan noon kaaim rakkhdi haii joe siraf galat hunn atey iss laee nuksandeh hunn. jadon kii bahut saare apangta dey trop hunn, apangta suhaj shastar qalaa atey media witch apang sariran noon sahee dhang naal darsa keey uhanan noon door curran dee koshish karda haii. sway-vakalat. kujh apahjan neey aapne sareer atey apahjan toon alochna noon door curran atey smajik sansthavan vall joe unhan dey apahjan dey mukabale unhan utte zulam kardiaan hunn, dey udesh naal medical maadal dey virodh witch smajik maadal dee varton raahin hashiye utte jaanh daa virodh curran dee koshish keeti haii. apangta sargarmi joe bahut saariaan shikaitan noon hall curran dee mung kardi haii, jiven kii pahunch dee ghaat, media witch maadi numaindagi, aam beizzati atey maanta dee ghaat, ikk smajik maadal dhanche toon paida hundi haii. apangta sabheyachar' dee sirjana viaapak samaaj witch clunk dey sanjhe anubhav toon paida hoee haii. apahaj bhaichariaan witch shamal hoow keey apahajta noon ikk skaratmak pachanh vajon apnauna atey apahajta sabheyachar witch hissa laina andruni pakhpat daa mukabala curran daa ikk prabhavshali tarika hoow sakda haii; atey apahajta baare pramukh birtantan noon chunhauti dey sakda haii. intersex. apahjan noon smajik sansthavan witch jaanh dey tajrabe iss gall dey kamm dey taur utte bahut vakkhre hunde hunn kii uh horr smajik shreniaan naal sabandhat hoow sakde hunn. udaharan dey laee, ikk apahaj aadmi atey ikk apahaj aurat apahajta daa anubhav vakkhre tarike naal karde hunn. ih intersectionality dee dharna dee gall karda haii, joe dassdi haii kii kise viakati dee pachanh dey vakkh-vakkh pahilu (jiven kii unhan daa ling, nasal, lingakta, dharam jaan smajik varag) ikk dooje noon jodade hunn atey zulam atey vishesh adhikar dey vilakkhan anubhav paida karde hunn. apahjan dey adhikaran baare sanyukat rashter sammelan doou kisman dey apahajta intersection noon vakkhra karda haiyav nasal-apahajta intersection atey ling-apahajta intersection. parr firr vee, bahut saare horr antar-antar maujood hunn. apangta noon harek viakati duaara vakkhre tarike naal paribhashit keeta jaanda haii; ih dikhai jaan adikh hoow sakda haii, atey kaee intersection aksar overlapping pachanh shreniaan toon paida hunde hunn. daud. bimari adhiaen dey vishwaviaapi bojh dey ikk yojnabadh vishleshan anusar, dunia bharr dey kaee ghatt ginti bhaichariaan witch apangta deeaan ghatnavan vadhere dassiaan gaeeaan hunn. apahaj lock joe nasli ghatt gintiaan vee hunn, aam taur utte sahaita takk ghatt pahunch rakkhde hunn atey hinsk vitkare laee vadhere kamzor hunde hunn. baal vikas" journal witch ikk adhiaen neey sanket ditta haii kii ghatt ginti apahaj bacchiaan noon ghatt atey maddh aamdan vaale deshan witch dandatmak anushasana prapat curran dee vadhere sambhavna haii. iss tatth dey caarn kii apahaj bacchiaan naal apahaj bacchiaan naalon vadhere badsaluki keeti jaandi haii; iss shreni witch nasli bacchiaan noon horr vee vaddh jokham hunda haii. sanyukat raaj witch apangta dey sambandh witch, camill aii. barkale journal aaf criminal laa laee likhade hoye, nelson neey apradhik niaan pranali toon apahaj nasli ghatt gintiaan dey dohre vitkare noon nott keeta, jiss witch kiha giaa haii kii "jinhan lokan noon nakaratmak naslikaran keeta giaa haii, uh lock hunn jinhan noon gair-chitte manniaa jaanda haii, atey jinhan laee mansik bimari jaan taan jaanhi jaandi haii jaan manni jaandi haii, pulis naal gallbat anishchit atey sambhavat taur 'teey khatarnak haii." ling. apahaj lokan daa hashiye 'teey jaanha apahaj viaktiaan noon ih samjhan witch asamrath bnaa sakda haii kii samaaj lingak hond toon qee umeed karda haii. aapni ling pachanh laee maanta dee ih ghaat apahaj viaktiaan noon ayogta deeaan bhavnavan naal chhadd sakadi haii. thamas jey. eleanois state university dey garshik neey dassiaa haii kii lingak pachanh toon inkaar kiun hunda haiyav iss hadd takk kii apahjan aurtan atey mardan daa lingak haii, inhan dovan pachanan dee persper kriaa vakkh-vakkh anubhavan vall lae jaandi haii. apahaj aurtan noon ikk kisam dey "dohre clunk" daa sahmana karna painda haii jiss witch inhan dovan hashiye 'teey rahinn valiaan shreniaan witch unhan dee membership ikko samein harek naal judiaan nakaratmak rudhiwadi dharnavan noon vadhaundi haii kiunki uh uhanan naal sabandhat hunn. halanki, intersectionality dey dhanche dey anusar, ling atey apangta ikk vilakkhan anubhav paida curran laee ikk dooje noon jodade hunn joe kii siraf ikk aurat honn atey apangta honn daa ikk vakkhra mauka naheen haii, balki apangta vaali aurat honn daa vilakkhan tajraba haii. iss toon baad ih hunda haii kii koee vee viakati jinne ziaada hashiye 'teey rahinda haii, unhan daa vishesh adhikar jaan zulam daa tajraba badalda haiyav sankhep witch, ikk kaali aurat atey ikk chitty aurat apangta daa anubhav vakkhre tarike naal karange. yuu. ainn. wooman vaach dey anusar, "kujh sabheyacharak, kanunni atey sansthagat rukawatan dee dridhta apahaj aurtan atey ladkiaan noon dohre vitkare daa shikar banaundi haiyav aurtan dey roop witch atey apahjan dey roop witch."jiven kii rosemary maala-thomson kahinda haii," apahaj aurtan, aam taur utte aurtan naalon vee vadhere tibarta naal, samoohak sabheyacharak kalpana witch ghatiaa, ghaat, bahut ziaada, asamrath, ayog atey bekaar vajon pesh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn." smajik-aarthik pichokad. nasal atey apangta jaan ling atey apangta dey antar-antar dey samaan, ikk viakati daa smajik-aarthik pichokad vee apangta dey aapne anubhav noon badal devega. ghatt smajik-aarthik sathiti vaala ikk apahaj viakati ucch smajik-aarthik sathiti vaale apahaj viakati naalon vadhere rukawatan atey ghatt maukiaan dey naal dunia daa vakkhra anubhav karega. apahajta atey smajik-aarthik sathiti dey vichkaar ikk changi udaharan sikkhiaa takk pahunch haii, kiunki aseen janade haan kii garibi atey apahajta dey vichkaar siddha sambandh hunn-aksar ikk dusht chakkar witch kamm karna. vishesh sikkhiaa atey apahaj bacche dee dekhbhal daa kharcha binan kise apahajta vaale bacche naalon vaddh haii, joe uchit sikkhiaa takk pahunch witch ikk vaddi rukawat haii. dhukvin sikkhiaa (kise vee padaa 'teey) dee pahunch dee ghaat, rozgaar labbhan witch mushkilan daa caarn bann sakadi haii, jiss dey natije vajon aksar ikk garib atey apahaj viakati dey roop witch ikko smajik dhanche witch rahinn atey smajik-aarthik bedkhali daa anubhav curran dey aapne tazarbe naal' bnnhe 'rahinn daa dusht chakkar hunda haii. sankhep witch, ih dusht chakkar ghatt smajik-aarthik pichokad vaale apahjan laee aarthik, smajik atey sabheyacharak poonji dee ghaat noon vadhaunda haii. dooje paase, ucch smajik-aarthik sathiti vaale apahaj viakati noon uchit (vishesh) sikkhiaa jaan ilaaj takk pahunch curran witch assan samaan mill sakda haii-udaharan vajon bihtar sahaita, sarot jaan programan takk pahunch joe uhanan noon safal honn witch sahaita qarr sakde hunn. apangta sabheyachar khedan. paralympic khedan (bhaav "olympic dey naal") olympic (garmiaan atey sardiaan) toon baad aayojit keetiaan jandiaan hunn. paralympic khedan witch sarirak apahajtavan dee ikk vishal shreni vaale athleet shamal hunn. member deshan witch, sangathan manoranjak toon lae keey kuleen varag takk dey padhran (udaharan vajon, apahaj khedan amrica atey sanyukat raaj amrica witch blazesports amrica) utte paralympic khedan witch mukabale aayojit curran laee maujood hunn. paralympics reedh dee haddi deeaan sattan vaale british jangi bazurgan laee ikk punarvas program toon vikast hoye. sann 1948 witch, sarr ludwig guttman, ikk neurologist, joe kii yuke dey oilsbury witch stoke mandeville hospital witch reedh dee haddi deeaan sattan naal dooje vishav yuddh dey bazurgan naal kamm qarr riha see, neey aapne mareezan dey mudd vasebe programan dey hisse vajon khedan dee varton curney shuru qarr ditti. sann 2006 witch, att deeaan khedan sarirak taur 'teey apahaj lokan laee banaiaan gaeeaan sunn, khaas karke angaan dey nuksan jaan angaan dey antar, atiant khedan witch mukabala curran dey yog honn laee. jansankhiaa. dunia bharr witch atey desh bharr witch apahjan dee ginti dey andaze samasyapuran hunn. apangta noon paribhashit curran laee vakkh-vakkh drishtikon apnaye gaye hunn, iss dey bavjood, jansankhiaa vigiaani iss gall naal sehmat hunn kii apangta vaale viaktiaan dee vishav aabadi bahut vaddi haii. udaharan vajon, 2012 witch, vishav sihat sangathan neey vishav dee aabadi 6.5 arab lokan daa anuman lagaiaa see. inhan vicchon lagbhag 650 million lock jaan 10 pratishat, madham jaan gambhir roop witch apahaj honn daa andaza lagaiaa giaa see. saal 2018 witch antarashtari mazdoor sangathan neey andaza lagaiaa see kii lagbhag ikk arab lock, joe kii vishav dee aabadi daa sattvan hissa haii, apahaj sunn, jinhan vicchon 80 pratishat vikashsheel deshan witch sunn atey 80 pratishat kamm curran dee umar dey sunn. apahjan noon cargeable toon bahr rakkhan dee laagat kull gharelu utpaad daa 7 pratishat takk manni gaee see. sanyukat raaj amrica. rogg niyantaran kendran dee bimari atey maut darr haftavari report dey anusar, sanyukat raaj witch ikk chauthai lokan noon apahaj dassiaa giaa haii kiunki naujwan balgan vicchon 2016. 10% noon mansik apahaj dassiaa giaa see. gatishilta naal sabandhat muddiaan deeaan daraan adhkhad umar dey lokan atey bazurgan witch kramvaar 18.1% atey 26.9% dey naal sabh toon vaddh sunn. nasal jaan jaati dey mamle witch, aci lokan witch apangta dee darr sabh toon ghatt lagbhag 10 pratishat haii, jadon kii mool amriki, sabh toon vaddh report keete gaye nasli samooh, andazan 30 pratishat balgan witch apangta darr haii. african amrikiaan witch apangta dee darr 25 pratishat vaddh daraj keeti gaee see, jadon kii chitte balgan laee 16 pratishat atey hyspanic lokan laee 17 pratishat see. canada. 22.apahajta reportan baare 2017 dey canadian sarvekhan anusar, 15 saal toon vaddh umar dey 3 pratishat canadianan noon apahajta, jaan 6,246,640 lokan dee report keeti gaee haii. canada witch, aurtan atey bazurgan dey apahaj honn dee sambhavna mazdoor varag dey mardan naalon vadhere haii. 25 toon 65 saal dee umar dey kammkaji viaktiaan dee tulna witch, 65 saal toon vaddh umar dey bazurgan witch apangta darr 38 pratishat dassi gaee, joe kii lagbhag duggani haii. canada witch, 15 saal toon vaddh umar deeaan aurtan dee apangta darr purshan dey 20 pratishat dey mukabale 24.3% see. apahajta dey 2017 canadian sarvekhan deeaan reportan dey anusar, canada witch 15 saal toon vaddh umar dey dakkhni aci lokan witch apahajta daa sabh toon vadda anupat 4 pratishat see, jadon kii latini amrikiaan witch 1 pratishat dee ghatt darr see. australia. australia dey ankada vibhag neey andaza lagaiaa haii kii 5 vicchon 1 australia vaasi jaan 44 lakkh lokan noon apangta haii. apahaj australia dey 25 pratishat toon vaddh lokan witch ikk mansik jaan vivharak mudda dassiaa giaa see. mardan witch 17.6 lakkh lokan daa prasaar see, jadon kii aurtan witch lingan witch 17.8 lakkh lokan daa prasaar see. australia witch 0 toon 64 saal dey balgan witch 65 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar dey balgan witch 49.6% dee tulna witch 11.6% apangta see. 53.apahaj 15 toon 64 saal dee umar dey 4 pratishat australiaai lock naukari karde hunn. united kingdom. haaoos aaf commons library dey anusar, yuu. keey. witch 14.6 million jaan 22 pratishat aabadi noon apahaj dassiaa giaa see. yuu. keey. witch 9 pratishat bacche, 21 pratishat kamm curran dee umar dey lock atey 42 pratishat raaj dee pension dee umar toon vaddh dey viakati apahaj jaan apahaj sunn. saal 2011 witch 35,875 lokan dey jeevan dey maukiaan dey sarvekhan anusar, lagbhag 29 pratishat gorey viakati, 27 pratishat mishrat nasal dey lock, 22 pratishat aci lock, 21 pratishat kaale lock atey 19 pratishat horr nasli samoohan dey lokan noon apahajta jaan apahajta honn dee report keeti gaee see. jadon mardan dee tulna witch, aurtan noon apahajta honn dee sambhavna mardan naalon thodhi ziaada haii, 31 pratishat aurtan noon apahajta honn dee sambhavna haii, jadon kii use saal keete gaye ikk horr sarvekhan dey natije anusar, 26 pratishat mardan dey mukabale, 31 pratishat aurtan noon apahajta honn dee sambhavna haii. cheen. cheen witch apangta dey prasaar dey veeh saalan dey rujhanan dey anusar, national library aaf maddison dey ikk medical parkashan, 2006 witch andazan 84.6 million cheeni viakati apangta naal rahi rahey sunn. 2006 dey 83,342 purshan atey 78,137 aurtan dey sarvekhan witch, apangta dee sabh toon vaddh report keeti gaee darr vaale umar samoohan witch 18-44-saal dey marad (22.5%) atey 65-74-saal deeaan aurtan (22.8%) hunn, journal witch prakashit pole anusar joe samuche taur 'teey desh dey numainde sunn. cheen witch, apahaj lokan dee pratishatata shahiri atey pendu khetran witch kaafi vakkhari hundi haii, pendu cheen witch purshan atey aurtan dee darr kramvaar 72.4% atey 72.2% haii, jadon kii shahiri cheen witch kramvaar 27.6% atey 27.8% dee darr haii. cheen witch sunan atey bolann witch asamratha sabh toon vaddh darsai jaandi haii, apahjan witch kramvaar aurtan naalon marad 39.6% atey 36.2% dee darr naal vadhere prabhavit hunde hunn. dakkhni koria. dakkhni koria witch, 2018 witch kull apahaj viaktiaan dee ginti 1 million toon ghatt see, jaan aabadi daa lagbhag 5 pratishat see. jadon apahaj koriaai lokan dee tulna witch apahaj lokan neey austan 56.5 dinn medical sahulatan witch bitaae, joe kii rashtari ausat naalon 2.6% vaddh see. 34.samuche cargeable daa 9 pratishat apahajtavan naal judiaan naukariaan witch kamm karda see. apahaj parivaran neey kull parivarak kamai daa 41.53 million vone, jaan 71.3% dee ausat aamdan keeti. apahjan baare koriaai 2020 dey ankadiaan anusar apahjan dey bahuginti viaktiaan noon horr rozana dey kamman dey naal-naal "safai" atey "aavajai dee varton" witch sahaita dee zaroorat haii. vikashsheel rashter. vikastan witch apangta vikast deshan naalon vadhere aam haii. apangta atey garibi dey vichkaar sabndh noon ikk "dusht chakkar" daa hissa manniaa jaanda haii jiss witch ih nirman aapsi taur 'teey mazboot hoow rahey hunn.

akshamata akshamata iti kasyaapi sthitehe anubhawah asti yena vyaktihi katipayaani karyani kartum vaa nirdishtasamaajasy antah nyaayyapraveshaah praaptum vaa kashtah bhavati. akshamataah sandnyaanaatmakah, vikaasaatmakah, bauddhikah, maanasikah, shaareerikah, samvedanaatmakah, athavaa bahuvidha-karakanam samyojanam iti bhavitum arhati. akshamataah janmaat eva upasthitah bhavet athavaa vyaktehe jeevanakaale praaptah bhavet. aitihaasikadrushtyaa, akshamataah kevalam sankeern-manadandasya aadhaaren eva ankitaah santi-tathaapi, akshamataah dwaiyaa naa bhavanti, vyakti-aadhrutya vishishta-laxan-rupena cha upasthitum shaknuvanti. akshamata sahajataya drushyamaanam, adrushyam vaa bhavitum arhati. vikalangajananam adhikaaravishaye samyuktaraashtrasanghasya mahasandhihi akshamatam yathaa vyaakhyaayatah. bhinnabhinnaih saiddhaamtika-drushtaantebhyah, sampoorne itihaase bhinnabhinnaih vikalaangaanaam vishaye bhinnatayaa avajnate. asmakam samaaje akshamataayaah vyaakhyaanam kartum prayatamanaha dwau mukhya-pratiroopau stah-chikitsaa-pratiroopam, samajika-pratiroopam cha. chikitsaa-pratiroopam ekam saiddhaamtika-samrachanaaroopena karyam karoti yat vikalataam avaamchhaneeya-chikitsaa-sthitihi iti manayati yasya krute vishesha-chikitsayaha aavashyakataa bhavati. ye chikitsaa-pratimaanam anugunam kurvanti te vikalangatanam mulakaranani anveshtum, tathaiva sahaayak-tantradnyaanam ityadinam chikitsaasu cha dhyanam dadati. samajika-pratiroopam, bahusankhyakajanasankhyaayah samaanam kshamatam naa janaanaam krute saamaajikaroopen nirmitaam parimitihi iti vikalataam kendrayati. yadyapi chikitsaa-pratiroopam samajika-pratiroopam cha akshamataayaah samanya-samrachanaah santi, tathaapi anyaani anekaani pratiroopaani santi ye akshamataayaah siddhaantam kurvanti. vikalaangataa-sambadhaanaam bhinnan pakshan vyaakhyaay bahubhihi bhinnan padaan upayujyante. kechan padaani kevalam vikalaangataa-sambadhaanaam ghatana-varnanaay eva vidyante, anye cha vikalaangaanaam apamaanaay bahishkaare cha kendritaah santi. keshuchit padanam nakaratmakam artham asti yat te apashabdaani iti manyante. vyakti-prathamabhashayaha upayogah uchitah asti vaa iti vartamaanah vivaadah asti (i.ee. vikalaamgah vyaktihi) athavaa parichayah-prathamabhasha (i.ee. vikalaamgah vyaktihi) yadaa vikalaamgah vyaktihi cha iti soochayati. vikalangajananam prantikatayaha karanat samaaje nyaayya-vyavahaarasya, sulabhataayaah cha krute aneke karyakartaraha kaaranaani santi. viklang-karyakartaraha vidhim antargatam samanan nyayan cha adhikaran praaptum sangharsham krutavantah-yadyapi adyaapi raajanaitik-vishayaah santi ye vikalaangajanaanaam utpeedanam samarthayanti vaa agre netum vaa shaknuvanti. yadyapi akshamata-sakriyataa samarthavadi-pranaalim vighatayitum karyam karoti tathaapi akshamata-bodhasambaddhah samajika-niyamaah praayah madhyamena prayukttaih trops-dwara prabalitaah bhavanti. yatah adhunikasamaje akshamata-vishaye nakaratmaka-dharanaha vyaapakaah santi, ataha vikalaamgajanaah swa-samarthanam prati swa-prantikatayaha viruddham pratidhaatuh prayatante. bhinna-vyaktitvasya, bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna - mukhyadharayaha samajat vikalaangataam bahishkaaren vikalaangasamskruteh udayah avasarah abhavat. yadyapi viklang-karyakartaraha adyaapi mukhyadharayam samaaje vikalaamgaanaam ekeekaranam pravardhayanti, tathaapi viklang-samudaayasy poshanartham kalaa, samajika-madhyamena, kreedayaa cha bahavah viklang-maatra-sthanani nirmitaani santi. itihaasah. vaikalyasya samakaaleen-bodhah pashchimadeshe vaidnyaanik-gyaanodayasya samaye udbhootaih avadhaaranaih udbhootah; gyaanodayaat poorvam bhautika-bhedaan bhinna-drushtikone drushtah aasit. pragaitihasikakale vikalaamgaanaam paricharyamananam manavanam pramaanaani santi. windower puraatatva-sthale, praptanam asthipanjareshu ekaha praayah 15 varsheeyah purushah aasit, yasya spina bifida aasit. asya sthitehe arthah aasit yat praayah katibhagat adhah pakshaghatagrastaha baalakah, shikaaree-sangraahaka-samudaye paricharitah aasit iti. akshamata daiveeshikshaayaah saadhanaroopen naa drushtaa aasit, ataha vikalaangajanaanaam naa nirasteekaranam jaatam, naa teshaam durbalataayaah karanat bhedabhaawah krutah. tasya sthaane bahavah mesopotamian-samajasya vividhastareshu niyuktaah aasan, yatra dhaarmik-mandireshu devataanaam sewakaah rupena karyam cha aasan. prachina-easypt-deshe samaaje praayah dandanam upayogah bhavati sma. teshaam krute samanyaha upayogah vikalaamgaanaam vruddhajanaanaam krute aasit yat taan chalayitum sahayyam karoti sma. prachina-grees-deshe mandireshu, chikitsaa-abhayaaranyeshu cha praveshtum ashakta-chalanashilatayuktan vyaktin samarthayantah upavidhaah kalpitaah aasan. visheshatah, 370 b.sii.vishaalakshetrasya mahattvapoornatamam chikitsaa-abhayaaranyam, epidorus-nagarasya esclepius-abhayaaranyam, nyunatinyoonam 11 sthayee-prastar-remp-sthanani aasan, ye nava bhinna-samrachanaashu gatisheelataawirakt-agantukanam krute abhigamyam pradaasyanti; prachina-grees-deshe nyunatinyoonam aamshikaroopena vikalaangajanaanaam parichayah, parichayah cha krutah iti pramanam. vastutah, prachina-greek-janaah vikalaamgaan adhika-shaareerik-vyaktayah iti naa drushtavantah, yatah teshaam abhilekheshu teshaam varnanam kurwantah padaani ateeva aspashtaani drushyante. yaavat yaavat vichaaraadheenah vikalaamgah vyaktihi samajaya yogadam kartum shaknoti, yaavat greek-janaah taan sahayanti sma iti prateeyate sma. madhyayuge, unmaadanam anyaani cha sthitayah rakshasebhyah eva bhavanti iti manyate sma. te praakrutikavyavasthayaah angam api iti manyante sma, visheshatah krushnamaranasya samaye tathaa tasya patanakaale cha, yena sampoorne samanyajanasankhyayam durbalataam jaatam. aadhunikakaalasy aarambhe shaareerik-manasika-bhedanam jaivikakaaranam anveshtum parivartanam abhavat, tathaiva shreninam seemaankanasy vishaye ruchihi api cha vardhitaa aasit, yathaa, shohratamashataabdyaam embroyis pere, "raakshasah", "prodigies", "da mammed" ityetaan likhitavaan. europiya-gyaanodayasya tarkaat praaptajnaanasya, maanavapragatih prati praakrutikavidnyaanasya mulyasya cha upari uddipena, maanavasya nirikshanam vargeekaranam cha kurvataam samsthanam sambaddhadnyaanavyavasthaanam cha janma abhavat; eteshu, adyatanasy vikalaangataa-avadhaaranaanaam vikaasasya krute mahattvapoornaani aashrayaah, chikitsaalayaah, karagarani cha aasan. akshamataayaah samakalinakalpanaha ashtaadash-oonabimshati-shataabdayoh vikaaseshu nihitaani santi. eteshu pramukhah chikitsaa-chikitsaa-pravachanasya vikaasah aasit, yena maanavashareeram parivartaneeyam, adhyayanartham, parivartanaay cha vastu iti drushyamaanam. ete vaidnyaanik-pravachanaihi saha saha sangatah karyam krutavantah, ye vargeekaranam vargeekaranam cha kartum prayatante sma, tathaa cha tadanusaram saamaanyeekaranasy vidhaanaani abhavan. asmin kaale "maanadandah" iti avadharana vikasitah, tathaa cha belgian-saankhyikeeshaastrajnasya, samaajashaastrajnasya, ganitashaastrajnasya, khagolashaastrajnasya cha adolph quetelet ityasya kaarye sanketitah asti, yah 1830 tame dashake "ell-home moyen"-madhyam-purushah iti likhitavaan. quetelet ityanena pratipaaditam yat, vyaktihi nirdishtajanasankhyayam (yathaa teshaam oordhvataa vaa bhaarah vaa) jananam sarvanam lakshananam yogafalam agruhnaat, teshaam madhyam dnyaatum shaknoti, tathaa cha etat ankam saankhyikeey-maanadandaroopen karyam karaneeyam, yasyaam prati sarve aakaamkshaam kurvanti. asya kaale britton, samyuktarajyamerika, pashchim-europiya-raajyaih cha saankhyikeesangrahasy drutagatyaa grahanasya madhyamena saankhyikeey-manakasya eshaa kalpanaa, sujananashaastrasya udayena saha sambaddham asti. vikalaangataa, tathaiva anyakalpanaah api cha asaamaanyah, samanyaha, samanyaha cha etebhyah eva udbhootaah. eteshaam avadhaaranaanaam prasaarah vichitrasya pradarshanasy lokapriyatayam spashtah asti, yatra pradarshanakaaraah tebhyah maanadandaih vyatikramam kurvataam jananam pradarshanat laabham praaptaah aasan. oonabimshatishataabdyaah uttarardhabhage eugenics ityasya udayena, etaadrushaani vichalanaani sampornajanasankhyaayaah swaasthyaay haanikaraani iti manyante sma. vyaktihi jaivika-rachanaayaah bhagarupena tathaa teshaam aanuvamshika-uttaradhikararupena drushtaa akshamataabhih, vaidnyaanikah vamshavaahi-pool-taha "vichalanam" ityadinam niraksharan-dharananam prati dhyanam dattavantah. vyaktehe aanuvamshika-swaasthyasya mulyankanaya vividhaah metriks nirdhaaritaah, tatah ayogyaan nirvodum, nirjantukam kartum, samsthaneekaranam kartum vaa upayujyante sma. germany-deshe nazi-shasanena lakshyikrutanam samooheshu vikalaamgajanaah anyatamaah aasan, yasya parinaamen holocast-samaye praayah 250,000 vikalaamgajanaah maaritaah abhavan. dviteeyavishvayuddhasya ante, nazi-eugenics ityasya udaharanena, eugenics-ityasya saarwajanik-pravachanaat ksheenam jaatam, tathaa cha vikalaangataa cha lakshananam samuhe parinatam, yat aushadham vardhayitum shaknoti-vardhanena, punarvasanena, chikitsayaa vaa. samakaaleen-aadhunik-itihaase cha, prathama-shrenee-bandhunam athavaa dwiteeya-shrenee-bandhunam madhye, vikalaangataa praayah vivaahetar-kriyayaha upotpaadaroopen drushtaa aasit. vikalaang-vidvaamsaha, saamanteevaadaat poonjeevaadam prati aarthik-parivartanam, audyogikakraantim api vikalaangataa-bodhasya pramukha-aitihaasika-kshanaroopen suchayan. yadyapi madhyayuge vikalaangataam paritah nishchitaparimaanasy dhaarmik-andhawishwaasah aasit, tathaapi vikalaangajanaah graameen-utpaadana-aadhaarit-arthavyavasthaayaam mahattvapoornaani paatraani nirvahitum samarthaah aasan, yena te dainandina-aarthik-jeevane vaastavikam yogadam kartum shaknuvanti sma. audyogikakraantih, poonjeevaadasya agamanam cha etat niramaat yena janaah bhumya saha naa bandhitaah, tatah jeevitum vetanam daatum karyam anveshtum baadhyaah abhavan. vetanavyavasthayaa, audyogeekruta-utpadanena saha, yantraani iva utpadanakshamatayaha karanat janaah adhikatayaa moolyayutaah iti samsthanam drushtehe reetih parivartitaa. poonjeevaadah audyogikakraantih cha prabhaawen "vikalaamgaanaam" jananam nootanavargam nirmitavantah, ye maanak-shramika-sharirasya athavaa kaaryashakteh starasya anuroopam naa bhavitum ashaknot. parinaamatah, vikalaangajanaani samasyaa iti manyante, pariharayitum vaa nirmulanartham vaa. 1970 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam aandolanasy sthapana abhavat, yadaa vikalaamgaanaam karyakartaraha samaajah vikalaamgaanaam prati katham vartayati, vikalaamgaanaam prati chikitsaa-drushtikonah cha iti prashnim kartum aarabhant. asya karyasya karanat, praveshasya bhautika-badhanam parichayah krutah. eteshaam avasthaasu te kriyaatmakaroopen akshamaah abhavan, adhunaa vikalaangataayaah samajika-pratiroopam iti namna prasidhah cha udabhawah. 1983 tame varshe maik olivar ityanena nirmitam etat vaakyam, vikalaangataayaah chikitsaa-pratimaanam-yasya antargatam vikalaangataam nivaaraneeyam bhavati-tathaa cha vikalaangataayaah samajika-pratimaanam-yasya antargatam vyaktim seemitam samaajam nishchayitavyam bhavati-iti bhedam karoti. siddhantah. anekanam saamaajikavargebhyah iva "akshamata" iti avadharana api shikshaavishveshu, chikitsaawidhey-kshetreshu, viklang-samudayeshu cha gahan-charchaayaam vartate. akshamata adhyayanm. vikalaangataa siddhaante kendreekrutah shaikshanik-vishayah asti vikalaangataa-adhyayanm, yah vimshatishataabdyaah antebhyah vistrutaa asti. idam kshetram, vikalaangataayaah atitasya, vartamaanasya, bhavishyasya cha nirmanasya anveshanam karoti, api cha vikalaangataa ekaa jatilah samajika-parichayah asti iti drushtim cha agre neeyate, yasmaat vayam sarve antardrushtim praaptum shaknuvanti. yathaa viklang-vidvaamsaha clair mulleni ityayam vadati, "tasya vistrutatayaa, viklang-adhyayanaani vidvaamsaan vikalaangataam saamskrutika-bhinnataayaah ruparupena moolyayitum protsaahayanti" iti. ayam kshetrah adhikatayaa antarshistreeyah asti, praayah darshanashastram, itihaasah, aangl-adhyayanm, vaakchaturya-adhyayanm, jaateey-jaateey-adhyayanm, linga-yaunataa-adhyayanm, chikitsaa-manaviki, sampreshanam, adhyaapan-shaastram ityaadibhih kshetraih saha ativyaaptih bhavati. asya kshetrasya vidvaamsaha neetih, neetih, vidhaanah, itihaasah, viklang-samudaayasy kalaa ityaadishu akshamata-sambaddh-vishayanam shrenyaah vishayeshu dhyanam dadati. asmin kshetrasya ullekhaneey-vidvaamsaha marta russell, rabert macruyer, johannaa hedwa, lauraa harshe, irving zolaa ityaadayah santi. pramukhah vikalaamgah vidvaanaha lenard jey. davis ityanena suchitam yat, akshamata-adhyayanm vishishtam vaa vishesha-vishayam vaa naa manyate, apitu vividhakshetreshu vishayeshu cha prayujyate iti. antarashtriya-vargeekaranam. vishva-swaasthya-sanghatanen nirmitam karya-akshamata-swaasthyasya antarashtriya-vargeekaranam (aii. sii. ef.) shareer-kaaryeshu (shaareerik-manovaidnyaanik-drushtihi) shareer-samrachanaasu (shareer-rachanaa-angaani, yathaa netra-sambaddh-samrachanaah) cha bhedam karoti. shaareerik-samrachanaayaam athavaa kaarye vaa durbalataayaah paribhasha, visangatihi, doshah, haanih athavaa katipayaih samanyataya sweekrutaih janasankhyaa-maanakebhyah anyaih mahattwapoornaih vichalanena saha sambadhaah iti, ye kalantare asthiratam praapnuyuh. karyasya athavaa kriyayaha nishpaadanam iti kriyayaha paribhasha asti. aii. sii. ef. samsthaayaam karyasya nava vistrutakshetraani suchyam kurvanti, ye prabhaavitaani bhavitum arhanti. aii. sii. ef. ityasya parichaye vikalaang-vidvaamsaihi saha saha, vikalaangataam kaaryakaarinim cha bodhayitum, vyaakhyaam kartum cha vividhaah parikalpanaatmak-pratiroopaah prastutah santi iti kathyate, ye ekeekrutam kartum prayatante. eteshaam pratimananam madhye nimnalikhitaani antarbhavanti. chikitsaa-pratiroopam. chikitsaa-pratiroopam vikalataam vyaktehe samasyaa iti manyate, yaa pratyakshataya rogena, aaghaaten, anyaih swaasthya-avasthaihi vaa bhavati, ataha vyaavasaayikaih vyaktigata-chikitsayaha rupena nirantar-chikitsaa-sewaayaah aavashyakataa bhavati. chikitsaa-pratimanasya anusaaram, vikalaangataayaah vyavasthaapanam "upachaarah" athavaa vyaktehe samaayojanam vyavahaar-parivartanam iti lakshyeekruty bhavati, yena "praayah-upachaarah" athavaa parinaamakaari-upachaarah bhavishyati. asmin kshetre vyaktihi chikitsayaha madhyamena swa-akshamataayaah nivaaranam avashyam kartavyam. chikitsaa-pratimanasya chikitsaa-sevaa mukhyavishayaa drushtaa bhavati, raajanaitik-stare cha swaasthya-neetau parivartanam athavaa sudhaaranam pramukhapratikriyaa bhavati. chikitsaa-pratimaanam, vikalaangataam kaaranaani, chikitsaani cha anveshtum kendritam asti. kaaranaani. vikalaangataayaah aneke bhinnani kaaranaani santi ye praayah dainandinajeevanasya mulabhutakriyakalapan prabhaavayanti, yathaa bhojanam, vastradhaaranam, sthanantaranam, vyaktigata-swacchataam cha nirvahaneeyam cha; athavaa krayanm, bhojan-tayaaree, vaahanachaalanam, kaaryam ityadini dainandinajeevanasya unnatakriyaakalaapah. parantu, ashaktataayaah kaaranaani praayah vyaktihi dainandinajeevanasya karyan kartum samarthah bhavati. marta russell tathaa ravi malhotraa ityeshaa tarkayanti yat, "vikalaamgataayaah 'chikitsaakaranam', vargeekaranasya sadhanani cha 'vikalaamgaanaam' 'sakshamanam' madhye vibhaajanasya sthapanayam spashtatayaa mahattvapoornaam bhumikam nirvahanti sma. anena vaikalyam chikitsaa-hastakshepasya madhyamena pariharaneey-samasyaa iti pratishtaapyate, yena vaikalyasya arthah kim iti asmakam bodhane avarodhah bhavati. americans vitha disabilities aakt 1990 ityasya prayojanartham, yoo. ess. ikwal employment apportunity commission ityasya niyamaah, akshamata iti sahajataya nirdharita sthitihi suchim pradadaatih-badhirataa, andhataa, bauddhika akshamata, aamshikaroopena vaa purnataya vaa anupasthitah angah vaa gatishilatayaha durbalataayaah krute wheel-chair, autism, karkarogah, cerebral palsy, madhumeha, mrugee, echa. aii. vee/eds, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, measure depressive disorder, spina bifida, dvidhruvee vikaarah, aaghaat-pashchata tanaava vikaarah, junooni baadhyakaari vikaarah, schizophrenia cha. eshaa samagrasuchi naasti, anekaah vranaah, chikitsaa-samasyaah cha vikalaangataam janayanti. akshamataayaah kechan kaaranaani, yathaa aghataha, kalantare parihartum shaknuvanti, tathaa cha "asthayee-akshamataah" iti manyante. arjita-akshamata" iti aayuhkaale aakasmikaroopen vaa dirghakalam yaavat vaa ghatitanam durbalatanam parinaamah asti, api cha durbalatayaa saha janmasya parinaamah bhavati. "adrushya-akshamataah" spashtatayaa naa lakshaneeyah bhavet. chikitsaam. chikitsaa-pratimaanam, vikalaamgaanaam krute chikitsaam, chikitsaam, punarvasana-abhyasan vaa anveshtum atyadhikam kendreekrutam asti. sahayakapraudyogiki. sahaayak-praudyogikee iti samanyam padam yantranam, parivartanaam cha (vyaktehe krute athavaa samajasya antah) krute asti, ye vikalataam nivaarayitum vaa sahayyam kurvanti. prosthesis ityasya upayogasya prathamam abhilekhitam udaharanam nyunatinyoonam saa. sha. poo. 1800 tamam bhavati. asya wheel-chair ityasya kaalah 17 shataabdyaah asti. curb-cutt iti sambaddham samrachanaatmakam naaveenyam asti. anyaani udaaharanaani santi-sthayee-frame, paathya-doorabhaashah, sulabha-keyboard, bruhad-mudranam, brell, bhaashan-parichaayak-tantraamshah cha. vikalaamgajanaih praayah anukoolanaani vikasanti yaani vyaktigataani bhavitum arhanti (udaa.jii. saarvajanikeshu vishanunam damanartham rananeetih) athavaa samudayah (udaa.jii. dee/badhira-samudayeshu sanketabhasha). yathaa vaiyaktika-sanganakah sarwawyaapitah abhavat, tathaiva bhinna-samsthah api cha tantraamsha-yantraamsha-vikasaya nirmitaani santi yena vikalaamgaanaam krute sanganakanam sulabhataa vardhate. kechan tantraamshah yantraamshah cha, yathaa dhwani-angulee, swatantra-vaidnyaanikasya "jabadaah", mukta-mukta-srota-vikalpah "orkaa" ityadini. vikalaangaanaam krute visheshatayaa parikalpitaah santi, anye tantraamshah yantraamshah cha yathaa newns-ityasya dragon-praakrutikaroopen bhaashante, vikalaangaanaam krute visheshatayaa naa vikasitaah, parantu sulabhatam vardhayitum upayujyante. lomac keyboard iteedam newzealand-deshe visheshatah vikalaamgaanaam krute parikalpitam aasit. world-vaid-web-consortium ityanena vikalaamgaanaam krute web-sulabhataayaah krute antarashtriya-manakanam aavashyakataam ankitam, tathaa web-sulabhataa-upakramah (vi. aii.) nirmitah. december 2012 paryantam maanakam doubleu. key. e. jee. 2 (doubleu. key. e. jee. = jaala-vishaya-vastu-abhigamyata-maargadarshikaah) asti. samajikam pratiroopam. vikalaangataayaah samajika-pratiroopam "vikalaangataam" saamaajikaroopen srushtaayaah samasyaaroopen, samaaje vyaktinaam poorna-ekikaranasya cha vishaye drushtam. asmin pratimanasya anusaaram, akshamata iti vyaktehe lakshanam naa bhavati, apitu samajika-paryaawaranen nirmitanam paristhitinam sankeernasangrah asti. samasyaayaah prabandhane samajika-karyasya aavashyakataa bhavati, tathaa cha samajasya saamoohik-daayitvam bhavati yat vikalaamgaanaam krute nyoonatam-seemaah yuktasya samajasya nirmanam karaneeyam. srushtau akshamata saamskrutikam tathaa vichaaradhaaraatmakam cha bhavati. samajika-pratiroopasy anusaaram, vikalaangasya/vikalaangasya krute samaanapraveshaadhikaarah maanav-adhikaar-vishaye chintyate. vikalaangataayaah samajika-pratiroopam vimarshane aagatam. samajasya daayitvasya upari balam adadat samajika-pratimanasya mahattvam sveekrutya, taam shekspiyar ityanena saha vidvaamsaha, pratimanasya simam avadhaanam krutvaa, nootan-pratimanasya aavashyakataam prerepayanti yat "chikitsaa-viruddha-chikitsaa" iti siddhaantam atikramayishyati. samajikaha "dwaitam. asya pratimanasya parimitayah iti arthah asti yat praayah vikalangajananam mahattwapoornasewaah soochanaah cha naa upalabhyante, praayah teshaam samarthane seemita-aarthik-pratiphalasya karanat. kechan vadanti yat chikitsaa-manaviki-kshetram phalapradam asti yatra chikitsaa-samajika-pratiroopayoh madhye vibhedam poorayitum shakyate. samajikam nirmanam. vikalaangataayaah samajikanirmanam, vikalaangataa jaivikavibhedanam apekshayaa samajika-apekshaih samsthaih cha nirmeeyate iti vichaarah asti. samajasya, samsthanam cha vikalaangataam nirmayamananam margan udghaatayitum asya vichaarasya mukhyah kendrabinduhu asti. tathaiva jaatih lingah cha jaivikadrushtyaa naa nishchitaah, naa cha akshamata. 1970 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe samaajashaastradnyaah, visheshatah elit friedson, tarkam kartum aarabhant yat akshamata-adhyayanasya krute labeling-siddhantah samajika-vichalanam cha upayoktum shakyate iti. anena samajika-nirmanasya akshamata-siddhaantasy nirmaanam abhavat. akshamataayaah samajikanirmanam, niyamaat vyatikramasya samajikapratikriyarupena akshamata nirmeeyate iti vichaarah asti. chikitsaa-udyogah roginah vikalaamgaah cha samajika-bhumikayaha nirmata asti. swaasthyasya vishaye visheshadnyataa praaptaah chikitsaa-vyaavasaayikaah samsthah cha swaasthyasya shaareerik-manasika-manadandan vyaakhyaayitum samarthah santi. yadaa kasyaapi vyaktehe swaasthyasya samajikavyakhyam praaptum durbalataam, pratibandham, parimitihi cha kalpayati, tadaa vyaktihi vikalaamgah iti mudritah bhavati. asya vichaarasya antargatam, akshamata sharirasya bhautikavisheshaih naa, apitu swaasthyasya samajika-paramparaah vyatikramena cha vyaakhyaayate. vikalaangataayaah samajikanirmanam tarkayati yat vikalaangataa durbalataayaah, pratibandhasya, parimitehe vaa iti vikalaangataayaah drushtikonasya chikitsaa-pratiroopam galatam asti iti. tasya sthaane, yah vikalaangah iti manyate, saha eva samaaje "samanyaha" iti manyate tasya apekshayaa vyaktau bhinnah bhavati. paribhaashaayaah. prajaa-prathamabhasha. jaann-prathamabhasha iti vikalaangataayaah vishaye vaartaalaapasy ekaha upaayah asti, yah kechan janaah rochanti. jaann-prathamabhashayaha prayogah, vyaktim akshamata-apekshayaa agre sthaapayati iti kathyate. ye janaah prathamabhasham janaan rochanti te "vikalaamgah vyaktihi" iti aahvayitum rochanti. americans vith disabilities aakt, da yoo enn convention aan da rats aaf persons vith disabilities ityaadishu vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam vishaye pramukheshu vidhishu eshaa shailee pratibimbitaa asti. "delaware-vishvavidyaalaye "cerebral paalseeh e gaid faar kerr" iti bhashayam prathamabhashayaha janaanaam varnanam asti. yoo. key.-deshe "durbalajananam" (yathaa "drushti-durbalatayuktanam janaanaam") rupena peepal-first iti paribhaashaayaah upayogah bhavati. parantu, yoo. key.-deshe, samanyataha prathamabhashayaha apekshayaa prathamabhashayaha parichayah adhikah bhavati. vyakti-prathama-paribhaashaayaah upayogena vikalaamgaanaam (athavaa vikalaamgaanaam) vyaktinaam (athavaa jananam) krute pi. doubleu. dii. iti sankshipta-namasya upayogah abhavat. parantu anye janaah samoohaah cha vyaktitvam-prathamabhasham icchanti yena vikalaangataa jananam vyaktitvam katham prabhaavayati iti adhokshyate. bhashayaha kaashailyaah upayogah bhavati iti bhinnadesheshu, samooheshu, vyaktishu cha bhinnam asti. bhasha-prathama-bhasha. vyaktitva-prathamabhasha vyaktim "vikalaamgah" iti varnayati. kechan janaah etat rochanti, tarkayanti yat etat janaanaam-prathamabhashayaha apekshayaa vikalaangataayaah samajika-pratiroopam uttamm yojayati iti, yatah etat vyaktihi swashareerena naa, apitu teshaam sthaanam naa sveekrutya jagaten vikalaangah iti adhokshayati. etat yoo. key.-deshe visheshatayaa satyam asti, yatra samajika-pratiroope tarkah bhavati yat yadyapi kasyaapi durbalataa (yathaa, merudandasya kshatihi) vyaktigata-sampattih asti, "akshamata" iteedam baahya-samajika-karakabhihi yathaa sulabhataayaah abhavena nirmitam asti. vikalaangaanaam vyaktigatasampatteh, vikalaangaanaam samajikasampattehe cha madhye ayam bhedah samajika-pratiroopasy kendrabinduhu asti. vikalaangajanah" iti padam raajanaitikanirmaanaroopen api vikalangajananam antarashtriya-sanghatanen, yathaa vikalangajananam antarashtriya-sanghatanen, vyaapakaroopen upayujyate. identity-prathamabhashayaha prayogah api janaah identity-vaividhyam cha anyaan vishaye katham vadanti iti samaantaram asti. udaharanartham - tathaiva, yoo. e. madhye badhirasamudaayah.ess. vyaktitvasya pakshe prathamabhasha-prathamabhasha iti janaan niraakarotu. 2021 tame varshe, ucchashikshaayaah akshamataayaah cha vishaye yu. ess.-sanghah (agre) swasaamagreeshu prathamabhashayaha upayogasya nirnayam avadat, vivaranam dattavaan. "parichayah-prathamabhasha, pratyakshataya akshamata-abhivedanam krutvaa nakaratmaka-arthaan pratidhvanitavatee. asmaabhih sharirasya mastishkasya cha karyasya vividhataayaah, vidyamananam asankhyaabhihi avasthaanaam cha, tathaa kasminshchit akshamam kartum apraapyasya athavaa damanakaari-vyavasthaayaah, samrachanaah, vaa vaataavaranasya cha bhumikayaha, parichayah-prathamabhasha iti soochayati." adrushya-akshamata. adrushya-akshamataah, gupta-akshamataah athavaa adrushya-akshamataah (enn. vee. dee.) iti namna api prasiddha, taani akshamataah santi yaani tatkshanameva naa drushyante, naa drushyante. te praayah deerghakaalikarogaah, sthitayah cha santi ye dainandinajeevanasya samanyakriyakalapan mahateeroopen baadhayanti. adrushya-akshamataah vyaktihi vidyaalayam gantum, karyam kartum, samajikikaranam kartum cha prayasam baadhayitum shaknoti. adrushya-akshamata-lakshananam keshuchit udaaharaneshu bauddhika-akshamataah, svalinata-varnapata-vikaarah, dhyaana-abhaava-atisakriyataa-vikaarah, manasika-vikaarah, asthamaa, mrugee, allergy, magren, arthratis, chronic-thaak-lakshanam cha antarbhavanti. manasikarogasya nidanasya krute uccha-berojagaari-darasya krute rojagaar-bhedabhaawah mahattvapoornam paatram poshayati iti kathyate. episodic akshamata. arthuratis, bapolar disorder, ech. aii. vi., multiple sclerosis ityadinam swaasthya-avasthayuktanam janeshu rogasya prakaranayoho madhye swaasthya-kaalah bhavati. rogasya kaale samanyakaryani yathaa karyam kartum jananam kshamata antarena bhavet. akshamata sakriyataa. akshamata-sakriyatayaha karanena, akshamata-vikalaamgaanaam cha vishaye charchaam kurvan, samuchitabhashayaha samshodhanam abhavat. yathaa, 'mandah' ityasya chikitsaa-vargeekaranam, tasya nakaratmaka-prabhaavasya karanat, tatah param avahelitam abhavat. api cha, vikalaamgaanaam sakriyatayaha karanat api vikalaamgaihi apamanatmakabhasha punah prapta. mers (1986) ityanena vivrutaha yat katham vikalaamgajanaah swasyaah 'apaamgah' iti varnanam kartum chinoyuh iti. etat ashcharyakaram bhavet yat te svavivaranaartham, vikalaangataa-sambaddham roodigataroopena nakaratmakabhasham upayunjanti; tathaapi chikitsaa-vyaavasaayikaih 'vikalaang-parichayam' punah praapnuh, vikalaangaanaam pasandidabhashaya saha punah samrekhitum cha asya uddeshyah asti. upari pradarshita bhashayaha punarpraaptih samajika-pratiroope eva sthitavatee, yatah samaajaroopen vayam katham vikalaangataam avadhaaranaam dharanaha cha nirmeeyaamah iti etat prakaashayati.viklang-karyakartaraha nimnalikhitavishayeshu avadhaanam dattavantah. adhikaarah tathaa neetayah. adhikaar-andolanam. vikalaamgaanaam krute samanavakashan, samaan-adhikaran cha surakshitum viklang-adhikaar-aandolanasy uddeshyam vartate. parivahanasya, vaastukalaayaah, bhautika-paryaavaranasya cha sulabhataa, surakshaa, swatantra-jeevanam, rojagaarah, shiksha, aavaasam cha samaan-avasarah, roginaam durupayogaat, upekshayaa, adhikaranam ullamghanaat cha mukttih cha aandolanasy vishishta-lakshyani, agrahani cha santi. eteshaam avasaraanaam, adhikaranam cha surakshartham prabhaawashaalinah nagarika-adhikaar-vidhaanaah prayujyante. praarambhik-viklang-adhikaar-aandolanasy adhipatyam viklang-chikitsaa-pratimaanena aasit, yatra viklang-janaanaam upacharasya chikitsayaha vaa vishaye mahattvam dattam, yena te samajika-manadandasya palanam kurvanti sma, parantu 1960 tame dashake adhikaar-samoohah vikalaamgataayaah samajika-pratimaanam prati sthanantaram kartum aarabhant, yatra vikalaamgataam bhedabhaavasya vishayatvena vyaakhyaayate, yena adhikaar-samuhanam krute vidhi-madhyamena samanatam praaptum maargah prashastah bhavati. poorva-soviyat-sanghasya ganaraajyeshu akshamata-samasyanam krute, sulabhataayaah cha samarthanam nitinirdharane adhikatayaa sangathitam prabhaavasheelam cha abhavat. akshamata-nyaya-andolanam. vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam andolanat vikasitam vikalaamgaanaam nyayasya andolanam asti, yasya uddeshyam vidhaayeeparivartanasya paramparikanam nagarika-adhikaranam cha praadhaanyasy viruddham saamoohik-vimochanasya pradhanyena vikalaamgaanaam jeevanasya unnatihi karaneeyam asti. vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam "dwiteeya-tarangam" iti namna khyaatam etat samrachanaa, samarthawaaden saha, etaadrushena upaniweshawaaden, shveta-aadhipatyen, bhinna-desha-poonjeevaadena cha saha sambadhaanaam damana-vyavasthaanaam parikshanam kartum prayatate. disability justice" iti padam 2005 tame varshe ell. jee. bee. tea. kyoo.-varna-viklang-mahilaabhih, miah mingus, petricia burn, stacy milburn ityetaabhih nirmitam, ye mukhyadharayaha disability-adhikaranam apekshayaa kendra-upekshita-dhwanyaah apekshayaa antara-prati adhikapradhanam adadan, ekam ablist-virodhee-andolanam nirmantum prayatanta. teshaam samoohah, da disability justice collective, api sebastian margaret, leraay ef ityaadayah ullekhaneeyaah disability-karyakartaraha aasan. moor-joo., swasya kaavyasya, crip-haap-aandolanasy sthapanayaha cha krute prasidhah, tathaa cha eli-clair, vikalangata-adhyayanasya antah shareer-munn-avadhaaranaam lokapriyam kartum prasidhah. vikalangajananam adhikaranam vishaye mahasandhihi. 2006 december 13 dinaanke samyuktaraashtrasanghah vishvasya anumanitanam 650 dashalakshanam vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam avasaraanaam cha rakshanarthm vardhayitum cha 21 shataabdyaah prathamasya maanav-adhikaar-sandhihi, vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam vishaye mahasandhihi aupachaarikaroopena sveekrutavaan. 182 rashtrani sammelanm sveekrutavantah vaa sveekrutavantah vaa. sammelanasy hastaaksharam kurwantah deshaah rashtriyaniyaman sveekrutya vruddhaan apasaaritum arhanti, yena vikalangajanan, yathaa, shikshayaha, rojagarasya, saamskrutikajeevanasya cha samaan-adhikaarah praaptah bhavet; sampattyaah svaamitvasya, uttaradhikarasya cha adhikaarah; vivaaheshu vivaaheh naa bhavitum ityaadi.tathaa cha chikitsaa-prayogeshu anicchukavishayaah naa bhaveyuhu. maanav-adhikaar-ucchaayuktah saha yu. enn. adhikaarinah, samajika-pratiroopasy anuroopam akshamataayaah vishaye adhikadhikara-aadhaarit-drushtikonasya prati manovruttyaam pratimaana-parivartanasya pratinidhitvam kurwantah iti vidheyakam varnayan. antarashtriya-viklang-varsham. 1976 tame varshe samyuktaraashtrasanghah vikalaamgaanaam krute antaaraashtriyavarshasy (1981) yojanam prarabhata, tadanantaram tasya naam antarashtriya-viklang-varsham iti parivartitam. vikalangajananam dashakasy (1983-1993) vishaye vikalangajananam vishaye vishvakaaryakramah aasit. 1979 tame varshe, aii. aii. dii. pi-1981 ityasya yojanayam kasyaapi deshasya pratinidhitvam kurvatee ekamaatrah vikalaamgah vyaktihi frank bow aasit. adyatve aneke deshaah pratinidhinam namakaranam krutavantah ye svayameva viklang-vyaktihi santi. rabert devilla ityanena samanyasabhayaha samaksham bhashane dashakasy samaaptih abhavat. bow-daveelaa cha dwau badhirau stah. 1984 tame varshe, yunesko-samsthaa badhira-balanam yuvaanaam cha shikshane upayogaay sanketabhasham sveekrutavatee. poorva-soviyat-sangha-ganaraajyeshu neetih. yu. enn. prograams tathaa o. ess. ess. ee. ityete poorva-soviyat-sanghasya bhaageshu desheshu neeti-karyakraman cha vikalaamgaanaam adhikaranam sammelanen saha samrekhitum karyam kurvanti. raajanaitikavishayaah. vikasiteshu keshuchit vikaasasheeleshu cha desheshu raajanaitik-adhikaraha, samajika-samaaveshanam, naagarikatvam cha agrasthaane aagataah santi. vivaatam ashrita-vikalangajananam rakshanarthm anubhootavyayasya vishaye chintayaha apekshayaa, jeevanasya sarveshu kshetreshu samajasya krute api vikalaangajanaanaam sahabhaagitvam yogadam cha sunishchitum parinaamakaari-margan anveshtum, agre gataa. vikaasasheel-desheshu, yatra praayah 650 dashalakshanam vikalaamgaanaam vishaalah bhaagah nivasati, tatra sulabhataayaah shikshayaha, swa-sashakteekaranasya, swa-sahaayak-rojagarasya, atirichya cha chintanam nivaaranaartham mahatim karyam aavashyakam asti. bigata-katipayeshu varsheshu, viklang-adhikaar-karyakartaraha, vikalaamgaanaam krute poorna-naagarikatvam praaptum dhyanam dattavantah. keshuchit desheshu poorna-rojagaar-praaptih badhita asti; vikalaamgaanaam vishaye janaanubhootih bhinnah bhavet. durupayogah. vikalaamgasya durbyabahaarah tadaa bhavati yadaa vyaktihi shaareerikaroopen, aarthikaroopen, maukhikaroopena athavaa maanasikaroopen vikalaamgasya karanat shoshitah bhavati. yato hii bahavah akshamataah naa drushyante (yathaa, asthamaa, shikshan-akshamata) kechan shoshakaah, bodhasya, samarthanaayaah, ityadinam aavashyakataayah karanat, shaareerik-niraksharataayaah tarkabaddham kartum naa shaknuvanti. yathaa-yathaa vaikalyasya vyaapakataa, tathaa vaikalyasya samarthanartham vyayah cha chikitsayaha pragatinaa, samanyataya deerghaayuveh cha vardhate, tathaiva samajasya ayam bhaagah adhikaraajaneetik-mahattvasya bhavati. raajanaitikadalaani swasyaah viklang-ghatakanam prati katham vartante iti rajanaitikapakshasya akshamataayaah bodhasya mapakam bhavitum arhati, visheshatah akshamataayaah samajika-pratiroope. aashwastih. akshamata-labha athavaa akshamata-nivruttivetanam, ekaha pramukhah prakaarah akshamata-aashwastih asti yah sarvakaareey-samsthaih vikalaamgataayaah karanat asthaayeeroopen vaa sthayirupena vaa karyam kartum asamarthah janaan pradadaati. yoo madhye.ess.vikalaangataa-labha pooraka-pratibhooti-aay-shrenimadhye pradatta asti. kenada-deshe, etat kenada-nivruttivetana-yojanayam antarbhavati. anyeshu desheshu samajikasurakshayaha vyavasthaayaah antargatam akshamata-labhani pradattaah bhaveyuhu. pashchatyadesheshu, mukhyataya europe-deshe, samyuktarajyamerika-deshe cha, ashaktataa-nivruttivetanasya vyayah nirantaram vardhamaanah asti. 1980 tame varshe yoo. key.-deshe, ashaktataa-nivruttivetana-vyayasya samagra-gruhotpaadasya (jee. dee. pee.) 0.9 pratishatam yogadanam aasit iti soochitam; dashakadwayaanantaram saha jee. dee. pee. ityasya 2.6 pratishatam yaavat aasit. aneke adhyayanaani rogasya karanat karyat vardhitasya anupasthitih, bhavishye ashaktataayaah nivruttivetanasya vardhitasya apayam cha ityetayoho madhye sambandham soochayanti. denmark-deshasya samshodhakaih krutasya adhyayanasya anusaaram rogasya karanat anupasthitehe swa-suchitadinanam soochanaah bhavishye sambhaavyasamoohaanaam ashaktataa-nivruttivetanasya prabhaavapoorakam parichaayayitum prayujyate. ete adhyayanaani nitinirdharakanam, prakaranprabandhan-adhikarinam, niyoktrunaam, vaidyaanaam cha krute upayogisuchanaha pradaatum shaknuvanti. switzerlyaand-deshe, gatadwishakeshu vikalaamgaanaam kshetre samajikanitihi, pradattabhatyanam sankhyaam nyooneekartum, vyaavasaayik-punarvasana-upayanam aashrayam vardhitum cha mahattvapoornaroopena punah roopitaah santi. swis-deshasya ashaktataa-aashvasti-samsthayaa sthapita-karyakrameshu samlagnaah vyaktibhihi saha aayojit-saakshaatkaarasy aadhaaren, ekaha adhyayanah samaaje teshaam sthanasya vishaye teshaam anishchitatam chintaam cha, tathaiva vikalangata-aashvasti-samsthaayaah hastakshepasya vishaye teshaam pratikriyam cha prakaashayati. nihswaamya-laabh-krute-ashaktataa-aashwastih vikalangajananam aayam pradaateshu bhumika nirvahati, parantu raashtriyeekrut-kaaryakramaah eva surakshaa-jaalah santi ye adhikaamshaah davedaran graheeyuh. karmani. adhyayaneshu vikalaangataayaah daaridryasya cha madhye parasparasambandhah spashtah asti. visheshatayaa, vikalaamgaanaam krute pradattaani karyani viralaani santi. marta russell ityeshaa ullikhati yat "vikalaamgaanaam (ye nivaasasthaanaih saha karyam kartum shaknuvanti) utpidanayaha praathamikah adharaha vetana-shramikaroopen shoshanaat teshaam bahishkaranam asti." bauddhika-akshamata. anekeshu desheshu kaaryakramaah santi ye bauddhikadrushtyaa vikalaamgaan (aii. dii.) janaan karyakshetre aavashyakaan kaushalaan praaptum sahayyam kurvanti. etaadrusheshu karyakrameshu ashraya-karyashalaha, vayaskaanaam divasa-paricharyaa-kaaryakramaah cha santi. aashrayaprakriyeshu udyaana-nirmaanam, utpaadanam, samyojanam ityadini dinacharyaam antarbhavanti. ete karyani nitya-abhimukheekaran-karyan sulabham kurvanti, yena karyakshetre praveshya poorvam aii. dii. janaah anubhavam arjayitum shaknuvanti. tathaiva, vayaskaanaam divasa-paricharyaa-karyakrameshu dina-call-kriyaah api antarbhavanti. parantu ete karyani shaikshanik-vaataavarane eva aadharitaha santi yatra aii. dii. janaah shaikshanik-shaareerik-samvaada-aadhaarit-kaaryeshu bhaagam graheetum shaknuvanti, yena sampreshanam, smruti-kaushalam, samanya-jeevan-kaushalam cha sulabham bhavati. tadatiriktam, vayaskaanaam divasa-paricharyaa-kaaryakramaah sarvajanikasthananam kshetra-yatranam samayanirdharanam krutvaa samudayika-karyan aayojayanti (udaa.jii. pranisanketaha, chalachchitragruhaani cha). karyakshetre praveshyaat poorvam bauddhikadrushtyaa vikalaamgaanaam krute aavashyakakaushalaani pradadati dwayoh karyakramanam cha madhye api, samshodhakaah pashyan yat aii. dii. janaah samudaay-ekeekruta-rojagaaren saha sambaddhum rochanti iti. graahakasevaa, lipikah, dwarapalaha, aatithy-nirmaana-padaihi cha vividheshu vyavasaayeshu, nyunatamam vaa ucchataram vetanam vaa praapya samudaay-ekeekruta-rojagaar-avasarah aii. dii. jananam krute pradaditaah santi. aii. dii. karmachaarinah nihshaktakarmachaaribhih saha karyam kurvanti ye prashikshanen teshaam sahayyam kartum shaknuvanti. trayah api vikalpaah bauddhikadrushtyaa vikalaangaan dainandinajeevanasya krute aavashyakaan samajika-kaushalaan vikasayitum, prayogayitum cha anumanyante. parantu, lindstrom ityaadibhih mataanugunam, aii. dii. karmachaarinah aii. dii. vinaa karmachaaribhih saha samaanam vyavahaaram praapnuyuh iti naa sunishchitam.samudaay-ekeekruta-karmachaarinah vetanavruddhim nyooneekartum shaknuvanti, kevalam 26 pratishatam janaah eva purnakaalikam sthaanam dhaarayitum shaknuvanti. sthira-karyabalasya anveshanam atirikta-samasyam cha udabhavati. bauddhika-akshamata-vishaye upayojita-shodha-patrikaayaam" prakashitasya adhyayanasya suchanena dnyaayate yat yadyapi karyam anveshtum kashtapradm bhavet tathaapi karyam sthireekaranam kathinam bhavati iti. chaadse-rush ityanena prastaawitah yat aii. dii. jananam krute rojagarasya surakshayai paryaaptam utpaadana-kaushalam, parinaamakaari-samajika-kaushalam cha aavashyakam iti. karmahanyaha anyeshu antarnihita-karakeshu samrachanaatmak-kaarakaah, karmasthal-shramika-ekeekaranam cha antarbhavanti. killsby ityanena yathaa pratipaaditam asti, seemita-samrachanaatmak-kaarakaah kaarye anekaan kaarakam prabhaavayitum shaknuvanti, yathaa, vyakti-parichaya-praaptasya karyasya anumatehe seemita-ghantaah. asya pratidaane, fabian ityaadibhih., sahakarmachaaribhih saha sambandham vikasayitum athavaa kaaryasthale uttamarupena ekeekrutum avasarasya abhaavam janayati. tathaapi, ye karyasya sthireekaranam kartum asamarthah santi te praayah nirutsaahitaah bhavanti. jaareed ityanena aayojite eva adhyayanasya anusaaram, bhaagam agruhnan bahavah, swasahakarmacharinam apekshayaa nyoonam aayam arjitavantah iti dnyaatavantah, teshaam kaaryam naa aasit iti karanat sampoorne dineshu adhikah samayah aasit. teshaam api nirasha-asaphalataayaah bhaawah aasit. yoo ityasya anusaaram.ess. vikalaamgataayaah vishaye rashtriya-samsthaa, naa kevalam aii. dii. janaah nirantaram nirutsaaham sammukheekartum shaknuvanti, apitu bahavah daridrasimayam adhah jeevanti, yatah te rojagaram anveshtum vaa sthireekartum vaa asamarthah santi, tathaa cha aii. dii. karmacharinam krute niyuktaanaam karmacharinam simitakarakanam karanat cha. anena janaah aharaha, chikitsaseva, parivahanam, aavaasam ityadini mulabhutani aavashyakaani vastooni swaartham daatum asamarthah bhavanti. daridryam. karmakshamavayaskaanaam vikalaamgaanaam krute daridryam, nishaktajanaanaam apekshayaa praayah ardhagunitam adhikam vartate. akshamata, daridrya cha dushtachakrm nirmaatum shaknuvanti, yasmin shaareerik-badhayaha, akshamataayaah kalankasya cha karanat aayam praapnuh kathinam bhavati, yena swaasthyasewaayaah, svasthajeevanasya anyasya cha aavashyakataam cha praapyate. rajya-vittaposhita-swaasthya-samajika-sevaa-vinaa samaajeshu, vikalaang-jeevanam yaapayitum samanya-jeevan-vyayena saha aushadham, aavartanam swaasthya-sevaa-bhramanam, gruha-vyaktigata-sahayyam, anukoolan-upakaranani vastraani cha cha vyayam aavashyakam bhavet. vikalaamgaanaam vishaye vishva-prativedanam soochayati yat, truteeyaamshasya vikalaamgaanaam apekshayaa, ardhabhagasya vikalaamgaanaam swaasthya-rakshanm kartum naa shakyate iti. vikalaamgaanaam vayaskaanaam krute saarwajanikasewaah vinaa desheshu teshaam parivaarah daridrah bhavitum arhati. vipattayah. samshodhane gyaanam seemitam asti, parantu yadaa vipattayah vikalaamgaan prabhaavayanti tadaa kim bhavati iti vishaye aneke upakhyanani vivaranaani santi. vikalaangajanaah vipattaih mahatim prabhaawitaah bhavanti. yadi sahayyam naa praapyate tarhi shaareerik-vikalaamgaah nirvaasanasamaye apaaktum shaknuvanti. sandnyaanaatmak-durbalataayuktaah janaah anudeshaan graheetum kashtam anubhavanti, ye vipattyaah sandarbhe avashyam palaniyaha. ete sarve kaarakaah vikalaamgaanaam krute vipattisadrushyeshu apakasya bhinnataayaah matra vardhayitum shaknuvanti. vipad-chakrasya sarveshu charaneshu, samshodhana-adhyayanaani nirantaram vikalaamgaanaam prati bhedabhaavam jaanaati. samanyatamaha parimitihi asti yat janaah bhautikaroopena bhavanaani vaa parivahanam vaa naa praapnuyuh, tathaiva vipattisambaddhaah sewaah api praapnuyuh. aapatkaaleen-yojanakaranam, vipad-nivaarak-karmacharinam cha krute pradattasy akshamata-sambaddh-prashikshanasy abhaavaat eteshaam vyaktinaam bahishkaranam amshatah bhavati. samaaje akshamata. vruddhah. katipayaparimaanena shaareerik-durbalataam, parivartanaam manasika-avasthaam cha janaah vayaha yaavat praayah sarvavyaapyena anubhavanti. vruddhajanasankhyaayaah praayah vikalaangataa-vyaapakataayaah karanat apamaanam bhavati. kaithleen woodward ityeshaa "akshamata-adhyayanasya mukhyashabdaani" iti likhantee, iyam ghatana nimnarupena vyaakhyaayati. narivadi, vichitra, crip" ityasmin, elison kaafar ityeshah vruddhaavasthaayaah, tena sambaddhasy chintayaha cha ullekham karoti. kaafar ityasya matena eshaa chintaa samanyatayaha vichaaraih udbhootavatee. saa vadati - saamaajikaniyamaah. yatra vibhedaah drushyante tatra praayah vikalaangajanaani apamaanam sammukheekartum shaknuvanti. janaah praayah vikalaangaanaam upasthitim prati bhayena, karunayaa, samrakshanayaa, ghusanasheel-drushtyaa, tiraskaaren, avajnayaa vaa pratikriyaa kurvanti. etaani pratikriyaah, praayah, vikalaamgaan samajikasthanani praaptum, eteshaam sthanani pradaatum labhan samsadhanan cha nishkaasayitum shaknuvanti. viklang-lekhakah/shodhakah jennie morris ityeshah varnayati yat viklang-vyaktinaam durlakshitum kalamkah katham karyam karoti iti. tadatiriktam, kalankasya sammukheekaranam, kalankitasya vyaktehe mano-bhaavanaatmak-kalyanasya haanim kartum shaknoti. vikalaamgaanaam mano-bhaavanaatmak-swaasthyasya pratikolaprabhaavam teshaam utpidanasya aantarikaroopen bhavati, yena te durbalah, unmattah, moolyaheenah athavaa anyaani nakaratmakavisheshani santi iti bhaavayitum shaknuvanti, ye cha teshaam sthityaa sambadhaah bhaveyuhu. damanasya aantarikatvam prabhaavitasya vyaktehe atmasammanasya haanim karoti, teshaam vyavahaaraan api cha etaadrusheshu roopayati yena teshaam adhipatyam anugunam bhavati, yaasu akshamata naa sweekrutah. samarthavadiyaha vichaaraah praayah aantarikaroopen bhavanti yadaa vikalaamgajanaah swapariweshaah janaah samsthah cha swawiweshaah bhedam lapichya nyoonam darshayitum vaa, athavaa "paas" iti kartum cha chaapam kurvanti. lekhakasy simee linton ityasya matena, vikalangajananam samudaayasy, chintayaha, aatma-sandehasya cha haanih anubhavayitum pravruttehe kriyayaha parinaamen ateeva bhaavanaatmakah prabhaawah bhavati. vikalaangataa sambadhaanaam kalamkanam nirmanasya, sudrudeekaranasya cha kshetre madhyamaha mahattvapoornaam bhumikam nirvahanti. madhyamanam vikalaangataam varnane samanyataya samaaje samanyataha vikalaangaanaam upasthitihi atyantam alparupena drushyate. ete chitraani ekayoge viklang-bhedasya lokapriy-dharana pratibimbitavantah prabhaawitaah cha bhavanti. trops. bhinna-yuktayah santi ye madhyamaha praayah viklang-upasthitim niroopayitum prayujyante. vikalaangataam nirmanena ete samanya-vidhaanaani amaanaveekaranam tathaa cha vikalangajananam drushtikonasya mahattvam naa sthaapayitum cha bahudhaa ninditaah santi. yathaa akshamata-siddhantakarena tathaa vaachanashaastradnyen cha jey tea ityanena niroopitam. dalmage, samartha-maadhyam-trops ityete vikalaangajanaanaam vishaye samajasya mithakan pratibimbitum arhanti, nirantaram cha sthaapayitum shaknuvanti. preranaa porna. inspiration porn iti akshamata-vyaktinaam chitranam soochayati yasmin te kevalam vyaktihi akshamata asti ityatah eva prerakaah iti upasthapitaha bhavanti. eteshaam chitraanaam vimarshah bhavati yatah te vyaktehe varnanena tulanam, aprasiddh-vikalaang-prekshakaah svavishaye uttamm bhaavayanti iti uddeshyena nirmitaani santi. vikalaamgaanaam manavatam ankayitum naa, prerane porna-chalacchitram taan, aprasiddhanam prekshakanam krute preraneshu vastooni rupena parivartayati. supercrip. supercrip trope iti udaaharanaani soochayati yadaa madhyamaha vikalaangasya vishaye vaa vivaranam kurvanti, yah ullekhaneeyam saafalyam saadhayati sma, parantu swakeeya-akshamatam kendreekaroti, naa tu te vastutah yat krutavantah iti. samaan-samaan-sthitiyuktaanaam anyaih apekshayaa asaadhaaran-rupena te vismayaavahitaah iti chitritaah santi. vikalaamgaanaam kridapatunam vishaye prativedanam kartum tathaa cha svalinanam swants-janaanaam chitrane cha asya trope ityasya vyaapakaroopen upayogah bhavati. bahavah vikalaamgajanaah eteshaam pratinidhitvanam nindaam kurvanti yat janaah poornajanaroopen naa drushtvaa swasthitim nyooneekartum shaknuvanti iti. api cha, sooparkrip-chitraani, vikalaangataam kimapi vishesha-pratibhayaa, pratibhayaa, antardrushtyaa vaa saha bhavitavyam iti awaastawik-apekshaam kalpayitum vimarshitaah santi. maadhyameshu asya troop ityasya udaaharaneshu daa. uttama-vaidyah, marvels derdeville, ityadini shaan-marfi iti. vikalaangah khalanaayakah. kalpitaanaam kathanam paatraani, ye samajika-maanadandaih bhinnanam shaareerik-manasika-chihnaani dhaarayanti, te praayah paathasya antah khalanaayakaroopen sthaapitaah bhavanti. lindsey row-hayweld ityeshaa, asya vishayasya vishleshanam aarabhayitum chhatranam shikshanehe margan vivari. vikalaamgaanaam drushyamaanavibhedaah, vikalaamgaanaam bahusankhyayaha apekshayaa, prekshakeshu bhayam udrekayitum prayujyante, yena vikalaamgaanaam manasikatayaha, vyaktivisheshasya athavaa saarwajanik-hitasya kalyanasya cha krute vighaatah iti manovruttihi shaashvateekartum shakyate. akshamata-hraasah. disability drap" trop tadaa bhavati yadaa ekaha kathitah disablet-paatrah, tasya kathita-disabletti iti kalpita-kalpita-paatram, kalpita-varnam, alankaranm vaa anyathaa naa cha prakatayati. jey dalmage ityayam "samanya-shankitaanaam" chalachchitre kevin spacy ityasya paatram, maukhika-kint iti, udaaharanaroopen pradadaati, tathaa cha etaadrushaah chitraani vikalaamgaanaam vishaye saksham-sharirasya samajasya avishvaasam pratiphalivishyanti. etadatirichya, paatrasya asangatatvam praayah kathayaha varnanaatmakaparamparoopen karyam karoti, kathaavastuve, varnanaatmak-badhayam, athavaa varnanaatmak-yantre, sangharshasya srotatvena akshamataayaah upayogah anyaih akshamata-adhyayanaih saha samaroopate, vidvaamsaanaam "varnanaatmak-krutrima-siddhantah" iti padam david tea ityanena nirmitam. mitchel tathaa shaaran snider cha. vikalaamgah peeditah. anyaa praayah ghatitaa ghatana bhavati yadaa vikalaangah kashchit durdashitah asahaayah vaa iti manyate. notre-dem-ityasya kwaasimodo ityasya kunchbyaak, da-elephant-myaan-ityasya jaan-merrick, chrismus-caroll ityasya laghu-samayakramah, tathaa cha janaan "peeditah" athavaa "peeditah" iti nirdishyamaanaani varta-prasaaranam cha asya roodipaddhateh kechan udaaharanaani santi. anantam nirdosham. chalacchitreshu praayah vikalaang-paatraani dootaraah athavaa baalishaah iti chitryante. eteshu chalacchitreshu "renn myaan" (1988), "forrest gamp" (1994), "aii aam syaam" (2001) cha santi, ye sarve utkrushtaani udaaharanaani santi. nihsahaayatah, priyah cha vikalaamgah vyaktihi praayah swasyaah "samanyasya" vayaskaanaam samavayaskaanaam aparyaptatam soochayati, yena saha moksham praaptum sahayyam karoti. anyaih sarwebhyah iva, eshaa roodiprakrutihi, kevalam asatyaani, ataha haanikaraani cha, samrakshanaatmak-dharanaha cha shaashvateekaroti. yadyapi bahavah viklang-trop-ityete santi, tathaapi viklang-saundaryashaastram kalaa-maadhyameshu cha viklang-shariran yatharthataya chitrya taan nishkaasayitum prayatate. swa-samarthanam. kechan vikalaamgajanaah chikitsaa-pratimanasya viruddham samajika-pratimanasya upayogena, vimarsham svasharirat, durbalatat cha doore gantum, tathaa cha samajika-samsthanam prati, ye swasyaah viklang-samavayaskaanaam apekshayaa taan utpeedayanti, simanta-pratirodham kartum prayatanta. abhigamyata-abhaawah, maadhyameshu nyoon-pratinidhitvam, samanya-anaadarah, manyatayaha abhaawah ityadini aneka-abhiyoganam nivaaranaartham apekshamaanaani akshamata-sakriyataah samajika-pratiroop-samrachanaayaah mularupena pravartante. akshamata-samskrutihi' ityasya nirmaanam, vishaal-samaaje kalankeekaranasy saazaa-anubhavaat udbhootam. viklang-samudayeshu samlagnatayaa, viklang-samskrutehe sahabhagina cha, akshamatam sakaratmaka-parichayah iti sveekrutya, aantarik-poorvagrahasya pratirodhasya prabhaawasheelah upaayah bhavitum arhati; tathaa cha akshamataayaah vishaye prabal-kathanan cha chunauteem daatum shaknoti. praticchedanaani. vikalangajananam samajika-samsthanam sancharanartham anubhawah, anyeshu samajika-vargeshu te kaasu santi iti kaaryaroopen bahu bhinnah bhavati. yathaa, vikalaamgah purushah, vikalanga mahilaa cha bhinnarupena vikalaangataam anubhavanti. etat antara-bhedasya avadhaaranaam kathayati, yat vyakhyaayati yat vyaktehe parichayah (yathaa teshaam lingah, jaatih, yaunataa, dharmah, saamaajikavargah) bhinna-bhinna-pakshaah parasparam chhedanti, utpidanasya visheshaadhikaarasy cha vishishta-anubhavaan cha srushtayanti. vikalangajananam adhikaaravishaye samyuktaraashtrasanghasya mahasandhihi, jaati-viklang-praticchedanam, linga-viklang-praticchedanam iti dwayoh prakarayoho viklang-praticchedanasya bhedam karoti. parantu, itoapi bahavah antahcchedah santi. pratyekena vyaktyaa vikalaangataa bhinnatayaa vyakhyita bhavati; etat drushyamaanam adrushyam vaa bhavet, bahu-praticchedanaani praayah ativyaapti-vyaktitva-vargaihi utpadyante. jaatih. rogasya vaishvikabhaarasya vyavasthitavishleshanasya anusaaram, vishvasya anekeshu alpasankhyak-samudayeshu vikalaangataa-ghatanaah adhikaah iti kathyate. vikalaamgajanaah, ye jaati-alpasankhyakaah api santi, teshaam samarthanam samanyataya nyoonam bhavati, himsaatmakavivechanasya krute cha adhikapravanataah bhavanti. chaild development" iti patrikaayaam prakashitasya adhyayanasya anusaaram alpasankhyak-viklang-baalakaah nyoon-madhyam-aay-desheshu dandaatmak-anushaasanam praaptum adhikaah sambhaavyate iti. yatah ashaktaanaam balanam prati nishaktaanaam apekshayaa bahudhaa durwyawahaarah bhavati; asmin varge jaativaadeeyaah baalakaah itoapi adhika-apaya-sthitau santi. samyuktarajyamerikadesha akshamata vishaye, camille e. berkley-journal aaf criminal-low-patrikaayaah krute lekhayan nelson, aparaadh-nyaayavyavasthaayaah krute vikalaang-alpasankhyakaah dvivaarshika-bhedabhaavam anubhavanti iti ullikhati, yat "nakaratmaka-jaativiruddhaanaam jananam krute, yaani shwetawarneeyaah iti manyante, ye cha maanasikarogaah dnyaataah vaa anumitaah vaa santi, teshaam krute aarakshakaih saha samvaadaha anishchitah, sambhaavyah cha apaayakarah cha bhavati iti vyaktayati." lingam. vikalaamgaanaam paarshveekaranen, vikalaangajanaanaam lingiya-astitvasya vishaye samaajah kim apekshate iti sakarum asamarthah bhavet. teshaam linga-parichayah iti manyatayaha abhaawah, vikalangajanan aparyaptatayaha bhavanaya saha prerayitum shaknoti. thaamas jey. ileanois-raajyavishvavidyaalayasya gershik ityeshah varnayati yat kena linga-parichayah aprakatitah iti. yaavat mahilaah, purushaah cha vikalaangaah santi, etayoho vyaktitvayoho parasparakriyaah bhinnan anubhavaan janayati. vikalaamgamahilaah ekena prakaaren "dvigunita-kalamkam" sammukheekrutyante yasmin eteshaam dwayoapi upekshitavargeshu teshaam sadasyatvam ekena samaye pratyekena saha sambadhaah nakaratmaka-roodigata-dharanaha teevrataram karoti yatah te teshaam krute anubhaawitaah santi. parantu, antara-vyavasthaayaah samrachananusaram, linga-akshamata cha ekam ananyam anubhavam kalpayitum parasparm vibhajyante, yat naa kevalam stree iti samyogam, api cha bhinnatayaa akshamata iti, apitu akshamata-stree iti vishishtah anubhawah asti. ataha yah adhikah upekshitasamoohasy sadasyah bhavati, tasya visheshaadhikaarasy athavaa utpidanayaha anubhawah parivartate, sankshepah krushnavarneeyaayaah shwetawarneeyaayaah cha bhinnatayaa akshamata anubhavitaa bhavishyati. yoo. enn. vuman-vaach ityasya matena, "katipayanam samskrutikanam, vidhi-vyavasthaanaam cha badhanam drudhataa, mahilaah, baalikaah cha dvigunitavivechanasya peeditau bhavanti-mahilaah, vikalanga cha iti."rosemary maalaa-thamson ityayam avadat," samanya-mahilanam apekshayaa api adhika-teevratayaa, viklang-mahilaah saamoohik-saamskrutika-kalpanaashaktau nyoon-, abhaava-, atyadhika-, akshama-, ayogya-, nirupayogee cha iti drushtaah santi." samajika-aarthik-prushtabhoomihi. jaati-akshamata-khandanam athavaa linga-akshamata-khandanam cha iva, vyaktehe samajika-aarthik-prushtabhoomyaa api tasya akshamata-anubhawah parivartyate. nimna-samajika-aarthik-sthitiyuktah vikalaamgah vyaktihi, uccha-samajika-aarthik-sthitiyuktasya vikalaamgasya apekshayaa, adhika-baadhaayuktena, nyoon-avasaraihi cha, bhinnatayaa vishvam anubhavati. vikalaangataa tathaa samajika-aarthik-sthitau cha antare vidyaayaah praaptih uttamah udaaharanah asti, yatah vayam jaaneemah yat daridrya, vikalaangataa cha madhye pratyaksham sambandhah asti-praayah dushtachakrasyam madhye karyam karoti. visheshashikshaayaah, vikalaamgasya balasya paricharyayaha cha vyayah, manyataprapta-akshamata-yuktasya balasya apekshayaa adhikam bhavati, yena samuchitashikshaayaah praapyate atha atha mahatee baadhaa bhavati. samuchitashikshaayaah (kasyaapi stare) anupalabdhataayaah karanat, rojagarasya anveshanasya kashtaani bhavitum arhanti, yasya parinaamen praayah daridrah vikalaamgah cha iti vyaktehe anubhavena samanasamajika-samrachanaayaam tishtitum samajika-aarthik-bahishkaranasy cha anubhawah bhavitum 'baddhah' iti dushtachakrm bhavati. sankshepam, etat dushtachakrm nyoon-samajika-aarthik-prushtabhoomivaryataam vikalaamgaanaam krute aarthik-samajika-saamskrutika-poonjee-abhaavam vardhayati. aparam, uccha-samajika-aarthik-sthitim praaptah vikalaamgah vyaktihi, samuchitam (vishesham) shikshanm vaa chikitsaam vaa sulabhataya praaptum shaknoti-udaharanartham uttama-sahayyani, samsaadhanaani, kaaryakramaah vaa praapya yat taan safalataam kartum sahayyam kartum shaknoti. akshamata samskrutihi. kreedaam. (greeshmakaal-sheetakaalayoh) olympic-kreedaayaah anantaram paralympic-kreedaah (arthaat "olympic-kreedaayaah sangatah") aayojyante. paralympic-kreedaasu shaareerik-ashaktataayaah vistruta-shrenyaah kreedakaah santi. sadasydesheshu, paralympic-kreedaasu manoranjanaat ucchavargaparyantam stareshu spardhaam aayojayitum samsthah santi (yathaa, vikalaamgakreedaah america, samyuktarajyamerika-deshe blazesports america). paralympic-kreedaayaah vikaasah merudandasya vranaihi piditanam british-yuddha-purvasainikanam punarvasana-karyakramena abhavat. 1948 tame varshe, yoo. key.-deshasya aayalsbari-nagarasya stoke-mandevil-chikitsaalaye, dviteeyavishvayuddhasya poorvasainikaih saha kaaryam kurwantah neurologist surr-ludwig-guttman ityeshah, swasya roginaam punarvasanakaryakraman bhagarupena kreedaayaah upayogam aarabdhavaan. 2006 tame varshe, shaareerik-vikalaamgaanaam krute, visheshatah anga-kshayah athavaa anga-bhedah, charam-kreedaasu spardhaam kartum samarthanam krute, charam-kreedaayaah nirmanam krutam. janasaamkhyikee. vishvavyaapeenaam deshavyaapi cha vikalaamgaanaam sankhyaah samasyaayuktaah santi. vikalaangataam paribhaashitum sweekrutaah bhinna-bhinna-drushtikonaan avalambya, janasaamkhyikee-lekhakaah vishva-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna-bhinna - yathaa, 2012 tame varshe vishva-swaasthya-sanghatanam vishvasya janasankhyaa 6.5 koti-janaah iti anumanyata. teshu praayah 650 dashalakshajanaah, athavaa 10 pratishatam janaah madhyamaroopen vaa gambhirataya vaa vikalaamgaah iti anumaanitam. 2018 tame varshe antarashtriya-shrama-sanghatanasy anumanam aasit yat praayah eka-shatakotijanaah, vishvasya janasankhyaayaah saptamm bhaagah, vikalaamgaah aasan, teshu 80 pratishatam janaah vikaasasheeladesheshu, 80 pratishatam janaah karya-vayasaha cha aasan iti. karmakshetrebhyah vikalaamgaan bahishkrutya sakal-gruhotpaadanasya 7 pratishatam yaavat vyayah bhavati iti ganitam. samyuktaraajyam. roganiyantranakendrasy roga-mrutyu-saaptaahik-prativedanasya anusaaram samyuktarajyamerikadesha chaturthaamshah janaah vikalaamgaah iti kathyate yatah yuva-vayaskaanaam manasika-akshamataah iti kathyate. madhyavayaskaanaam vruddhaanaam cha madhye kramashah 18.1% tathaa 26.9% ityetaih saha chalana-sambadhaanaam samasyanam manam sarvaadhikam aasit. jaati-jaatim vaa drushtyaa, asiadesheshu akshamata-daraha praayah 10 pratishatam nyoonah iti soochitah asti, yadaa kii sarvaadhikam prativeditam janaamgeeyasamoohah, desheeyaah american ityeteshu, vayaskaanaam praayah 30 pratishatam akshamata-daraha asti iti soochitam asti. aafrikan-american-jananam vikalaangataa-daraha 25 pratishatam adhikah aasit, shveta-vayaskaanaam krute 16 pratishatam hispaanik-jananam krute 17 pratishatam cha aasit. kenada-deshe. 22.15 varshaat adhikanam 3 pratishatam kanadavasinaha, athavaa 6,246,640 janaah, 2017 tame varshe kenadaadeshasy vikalangata-prativedanaanaam sarvekshanasya anusaaram, vikalaangataa-lakshanayuktaah iti dnyaayate. kenada-deshe, shramikavargasya purushaanaam apekshayaa mahilaah vruddhaha cha vikalaamgaah bhavitum adhikaah sambhaawitaah santi. 25 taha 65 varshaanaam madhyakaalasy karya-vayovruddhaanaam tulanayam 65 varshaanaam adhikaah vruddhaha 38 pratishatam akshamata-manam soochayanti, yat praayah dwigunitam bhavati. kenada-deshe 15 varshaanaam adhikaah mahilaah purushaanaam 20 pratishatasya apekshayaa 24.3% iti vikalaangataa-manam praaptaah iti dnyaayate. 2017 tame varshe kenada-deshasya vikalaamgataayaah sarvekshanasya prativedanaanusaaram kenada-deshe 15 varshaat adhikavayaskaanaam dakshina-asiayinam vikalaamgataayaah anupaatah sarwaadhikah 4 pratishatam aasit, lattin-amerikiyaanaam cha 1 pratishatam nyoonam aasit. australia. australia-deshasya saankhyikee-vibhagena praayah 5 madhye 1 australia-deshasya athavaa 4.4 lakshajananam krute ashaktataa iti anumaanitam. 25 pratishatatah adhikaah australia-deshasya vikalaamgeshu manasika-vyavahaar-samasyaa vaa abhilikhitaa. purushaanaam vyaapakataayaah matra 17.6 miliyanuh aasit, mahilaa-vyaapakataayaah matra api tu 17.8 miliyanuh aasit. australia-deshe 0 taha 64 varshaanaam madhye vayaskaroopen, 65 varshaanaam adhikanam vayaskaraanaam vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskaroopen, vayaskar 53.15 taha 64 varshaparyantam vayasishu australia-deshasya 4 pratishatam yaavat vikalaamgaah karmakaraah santi. samyuktaraajyam. house aaf commons-pustakaalayasy anusaaram, yoo. key.-deshasya 14.6 dashalakshm, athavaa 22 pratishatam janasankhyaa, <aii. dee. 1> ityasmin vikalanga aasit iti kathyate. yoo. key.-deshe 9 pratishatam baalakaah, 21 pratishatam kaaryasheel-aayuh, 42 pratishatam rajya-nivruttivetana-aayuh adhikaah janaah cha vikalaamgaah athavaa ashaktaah aasan. 2011 tame varshe 35,875 jananam jeevan-avasar-sarvekshanasya anusaaram, praayah 29 pratishatam shwetawarneeyaah, 27 pratishatam mishra-jaati-janaah, 22 pratishatam asean-janaah, 21 pratishatam krushnavarneeyaah, 19 pratishatam cha anyajanam janaanaam ashaktataa vaa akshamata vaa aasit iti dnyaayate. purushaanaam apekshayaa mahilaah alpatayaa adhikatayaa akshamata-lakshanam anubhavanti, 31 pratishatam mahilaah akshamata-lakshanam anubhavanti iti dnyaayate, parantu 26 pratishatam purushah asya lakshanam anubhavanti iti tasmin eva varshe anyasya sarvekshanasya parinamam. cheenadeshah. cheenadeshe, rashtriya-chikitsaa-pustakaalayasy chikitsaa-prakashanasya, vimshativarshasya vikalataayaah pravanataayaah anusaaram, 2006 tame varshe 84.6 dashalax-chinadeshiyaha janaah vikalaangataa saha jeevanti iti anumaanitam aasit. 2006 tame varshe 83,342 purushaah 78,137 mahilaah cha iti janamatasangrahasya mate, vikalaangataa-pramanasya sarvaadhikam vivaranam praaptaani aayuh 18-44-vruddhah purushah (22.5%), 65-74-vruddhaa mahilaah (22.8%) iti, samagraroopen deshasya pratinidhihi iti patrikaayaam prakashitanam janamataganaayaah anusaaram. cheenadeshe, nagar-graameen-pradeshayoho madhye vikalaamgaanaam jananam pratishatam gananeeyaroopen bhinnam asti, cheena-deshasya graamya-pradeshe kramashah 72.4% tathaa 72.2% iti purushaanaam mahilanam cha daraha, kramashah 27.6% tathaa 27.8% iti suchitanam daranam apekshayaa, cheena-deshasya nagariya-pradeshe. cheenadeshe shravana-bhaashan-akshamataah sarvadhikataya abhilikhitaani santi, vikalaamgeshu kramashah mahilanam apekshayaa purushaah 39.6% tathaa 36.2% iti shrenyaah adhikatayaa prabhaawitaah santi. dakshinakoriya. dakshinakoriyaadeshe 2018 tame varshe, kularupena, athavaa janasankhyaayaah praayah 5 pratishatam, aii. dii. 1. dashalakshat adhikaah vikalaamgaah aasan iti ganitam. yadaa vikalaangaanaam korea-deshasya tulanayam, vikalaangaanaam janaah, chikitsaasevaasu, praayah 56.5 dinaani vyateetavantah, yat rashtriya-madhyasya apekshayaa 2.6 adhikam aasit. 34.samagra-karyabalasya 9 pratishatam bhaagam vikalaamgaanaam kaaryeshu niyojitam aasit. vikalaangaparivaaraanaam ausata-aayah 41.53 dashalax-vaan, athavaa kula-parivaar-ayasya 71.3% aasit. corian-deshasya 2020 tamavarshasya vikalaamgaanaam saankhyikeey-anusaaram, bahusankhyakaah vikalangajanan anyaih dainandinakaaryeshu "swacchataa", "parivahanasya upayogah" cha kartum saahaayyasy aavashyakataa aasit. vikaasasheelaraashtraani. vikasitebhyah rashtranam apekshayaa vikasiteshu kshetreshu vikalaangataa adhikatayaa drushyate. akshamata-daridrya cha sambandhah "dushtachakrasya" bhaagah iti manyate yasmin ete rachanaah parasparam balavardhante.

iyalaamai iyalaamai enbathu oru nabarukku sila seyalpaadugalaich seivathu allathu oru kuripitta samoogaththirkul samamaana anugalaip peruvathu migavum kadinamaaga irukkum endhavoru nilaimaiyin anubavamaagum. kuraipaadugal arivaattral, valarchi, arivusaar, mana, udal, unarchchi allathu pala kaaranigalin kalavaiyaaga irukkalaam. kuraipaadugal pirappilirunthae irukkalaam allathu oru nabarin vaazhnaalil perappadalaam. varalaattru reethiyaaga, kuraipaadugal oru kurugiya alavukoalgalin adippadaiyil mattumae angkeekarikkappattullana-iruppinum, kuraipaadugal binary alla, maelum thaninabaraip porutthu thaniththuvamaana panbugalil irukkalaam. oru iyalaamai elithil theriyum allathu iyarkaiyil kannukkuth theriyaathathaaga irukkalaam. maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa aikkiya naadugalin maanaadu uunamutrtravargalai pinvarumaaru varaiyarukkirathu palvaeru vagaiyaana thathuvaarththa lenskal moolam, varalaaru muzhuvathum kuraipaadugal vaerupatta muraiyil unarapattullana. namathu samoogaththil iyalaamaiyai vilakka muyarchikkum irandu mukiya maathirigal ullanah maruththuva maathiri mattrum samooga maathiri. maruththuva maathiri oru thathuvaarththa kattamaippaaga seyalpadugirathu, idhu iyalaamaiyai oru virumbaththagaatha maruththuva nilai endru karudhugiradhu, adharku sirappu sigichchai thaevaippadukirathu. maruththuva maathiriyai pinpattrupavargal, kuraipaadugalukkaana moola kaaranangalaiyum, udhavi thozhilnutpam poantra aethaenum gunappaduththalgalaiyum kandupidippadhil kavanam seluththa munaigiraargal. samooga maathiri, perumbaanmaiyaana makkalthogaiyaip poalavae thiramai illaatha thaninaparkalukku samoogaththaal uruvaakkappatta varambaaga uunamutrtra thanmaiyai maiyamaagak kondullathu. maruththuva maathiriyum samooga maathiriyum iyalaamaikku migavum podhuvaana kattamaippugal entraalum, iyalaamaiyai koatpaattirku udpaduththum pala pira maathirigal ullana. iyalaamai thodarpaana palvaeru amsangkalai vilakka pala vevvaeru sorkal ullana. sila sorkal iyalaamai thodarpaana nigazhvugalai vivarikka mattumae ullana, mattravai maattruththiranaalikalai kazhangappaduththuvathaiyum purakkanippathaiyum maiyamaagak kondullana. sila sorkal ethirmaraiyaana arththatthaik kondullana, avai avathoorugalaagak karudhappadugindrana. tharpoothaiya sarchaikkuriya vishayam ennaventraal, nabar-muthal mozhiyaip payanpaduththuvathu poruthamaanathaa (i.ii. uunamutrtra nabar) allathu adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi (i.ii. uunamutrtra nabar) uunamutrtravar mattrum oru thaninabaraik kurikkum poathu. uunamutrtroar oorangattappattathaal, samoogaththil samamaana sigichchai mattrum anugalukkaaga pala aarvalar kaaranangal ullana. uunamutrtroar meethaana odukkumuraiyai ookkuvikkum allathu munneduththuch sellum arasiyal pirachchanaikal innum irunththaalum, uunamutrtroar aarvalargal sattaththin keezh samamaana mattrum samamaana urimaigalaip pera poaraadinar. uunamutrtra seyalpaadu tiramaiyaana amaippugalai agattra uthavukirathu entraalum, uunamutrtroar pattriya karutthu thodarpaana samooga vithimuraigal perumpaalum uudakangkalaal payanpaduththappadum tropugalaal valuppaduththappadugindrana. naveena samoogaththil uunamutrtroar pattriya ethirmaraiyaana unarvugal paravalaaka iruppathaal, uunamutrtroar thangal oorangattalukku ethiraaga pinvaangkum muyarchiyil suya vaathaththirku thirumbiyullanar. uunamutrtravargalin pira panmuga adaiyaalangkalin adippadaiyil vaerupatta anubavaththai anubavikkum oru adaiyaalamaaga uunamutrtravargalai angkeekarippathu uunamutrtra suya vazhakkarinyargalaal perumpaalum suttikkaattappadukirathu. pirathaana samoogaththilirunthu uunamutrtroar odhukki vaippathu uunamutrtroar kalacharam uruvaagum vaaippai uruvaakkiyullathu. uunamutrtroar samoogaththin pirathaana neeroattaththil uunamutrtravargalai orunginaippathai ookkuvikkum aarvalargal innum irukkumpoathu, kalai, samooga uudakangkal mattrum vilayaattu poantra uunamutrtroar samoogaththai valarppatharkaaka uunamutrtroar mattumae vaazhum pala idangkal uruvaakkappattullana. varalaaru. iyalaamaiyaip pattriya samagaala purithalkal merkaththiya naadugalil ariviyal arivoliyin poathu ezhunththathu; arivolikku munbu, udal vaerupaadugal vaeru kannoattaththil paarkkappattana. varalaattrukku munththaiya kaalaththil maattruththiranaalikalai manitharkal kavaniththatharkaana saandrugal ullana. vindvar tholliyal thalaththil, kandupidikappatta elumbukkoodugalil ondru sumar 15 vayathu aann, avarukku spina baifida irunththathu. inththa nilai, anegamaaga iduppukkuk keezhae mudangkiya siruvan, vaettaikkaara-sekarippaalar samoogaththil paraamarikkappattathaaka arththam. iyalaamai theiveega thandanaiyin oru vazhimuraiyaaga paarkkappadavillai, enavae uunamutrtra nabarkal thangal kuraipaadugalukkaaga azhikkappadavoa paagupaadu kattappadavo illai. adharku pathilaaka palar madhak koayilgalil kadavulgalin oozhiyargalaaka paniyaattruvathu udpada mesoppothaemiya samoogaththin palvaeru nilaigalil paniyamarthappattanar. pandaiya egypthil, samoogaththil thandugal adikkadi payanpaduththappattana. maattruththiranaalikal vayathaanavarkalukku nadakka uthavuvathu avarkalukku oru podhuvaana payanpaadaagum. pandaiya kiraekkaththil, iyangku thalarvugal ulla thaninabarkal koayilgal mattrum gunappaduththum saranaalayangkalai anugakkoodiya vithigal seiyappattana. kurippaaga, kii. pii. 370aam aandukkul.chii.parantha paguthiyil ulla miga mukkiyamaana gunappaduththum saranalayamaana epitaarasil ulla aslebius saranalayaththil, kurainthathu 11 niranthara cull valaivugal irunththana, avai onbathu vevvaeru kattamaippugalukku iyakkam-kuraipaadulla paarvaiyaalarkalukku anugalai vazhangkina; maattruththiranaalikal angkeekarikkappattu paraamarikkappattanar enbatharkaana saandrugal, kurainthapatcham oralavu, pandaiya kiraekkaththil. unmaiyil, pandaiya greakergal uunamutrtra nabarkalai thangal pathivukalil vivarikkum sorkal migavum thelivattrathaagath thoandruvathaal, adhiga thiran konda nabarkalidamirunthu viththiyaasamaaga paarthirukka maattaargal. uunamutrtra nabar samoogaththirku pankalikka mudiyum varai, greakergal avarkalai sagiththukkondathaagath thoantriyathu. idaikkaalaththil, paiththiyakkaaraththanam mattrum pira nilaimaigal paeikalaal aerpattathaaka karudhappattathu. avai iyarkaiyaana ozhungkin oru paguthiyaagavum karudhappattana, kurippaaga karuppu maranaththin poathum adhan veezhchchiyilum, idhu podhu makkal muzhuvathum kuraipaadugalai aerpaduththiyathu. naveena kaalaththin murpaguthiyil udal mattrum mana vaerupaadugalukkaana uyiriyal kaaranangalaith thaeduvathil oru maattram aerpattathu, athae poal pirivugalai varaiyaruppathil adhiga aarvam irunthathu eduththukkaattaaga, pathinaaraam noottraandil, ambroise paerae, "arakkarkal", "athisayangkal" mattrum "uunamutrtravarkal" pattri ezhuthinaar. manitha munnaettraththirku iyarkai ariviyalin mathippu mattrum kaaranaththilirunthu perappatta arivu kuriththa iroappiya arivoli valiyuruththalkal manitharkalaik kankaanitthu vagaippaduththum niruvanangal mattrum thodarpudaiya arivu muraigalin pirapai uruvaakka uthaviyathu; ivatrtril, intraiya uunamutrtra karuththukkalin valarcchikku kurippidatthakkavai viduthigal, kilinikkugal mattrum siraichchaalaigal aagum. iyalaamai pattriya samagaala karuththukkal pathinettaam mattrum paththonpathaam noottraandin valarchchigalil vaeroontriyullana. ivatrtril muthanmaiyaanathu maruththuva maruththuva sorpozhivugalin valarchchiyaagum, idhu manitha udalai kaiyaalappada vaendiya, aaivu seiyappada vaendiya mattrum maattrappada vaendiya oru porulaagath theriyappaduththiyathu. ivai vagaippaduththavum vagaippaduththavum muyandra ariviyal sorpozhivugaludan inainthu seyalpattana, avvaaru seivathan moolam, iyalpaakkuvatharkaana muraigalaaka maariyathu. nerimurai" endra karutthu inththa kaalakattathil uruvaanathu, maelum beljiya pulliyiyalaar, samoogaviyalaalar, kanidhaviyalaalar mattrum vaaniyalaar adolph quedelet aagiyoarin padaippugalil idhu samignai seiyappadugirathu, avar 1830 kazhil "ell hoam moen"-sarasari manithar endru ezhuthinaar. oru kuripitta makkal thogaiyil ulla anaitthu makkalin panbukkoorugalin koottuththogaiyaiyum (avarkalin uyaram allathu edai poantravai) eduththu avarkalin saraasariyaik kandariya mudiyum endrum, inththa ennikkai anaivarum virumba vaendiya pullivivara nerimuraiyaaga seyalpada vaendum endrum quedelet munvaitthaar. inththa kaalakattathil brittan, america mattrum maerku iroappiya maanilangkal sekariththa pullivivarangkalai viraivaaga eduththukkolvathan moolam pullivivara nerimurai pattriya inththa yoasanai noolgal, maelum idhu eugenixin ezhuchchiyudan pinaikkappattullathu. iyalaamai, athae poal pira karuthukkal asaathaaranamaana, iyalpattra mattrum iyalpaana thanmai idhilirunththu vanthathu. inththa karuththukkalin puzhakkam visithiramaana nigazhchchiyin pirabalaththil thelivaagath therikirathu, angku antha vithimuraigalilirunthu vilagich sendravargalaik kaatchippaduththuvathan moolam shomenkal laapam eettinar. paththonpathaam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil eugenics ezhuchchi adainthathaal, iththagaiya vilagalgal ottumoththa makkalin aaroakkiyaththirkum aabaththaanavai endru karudhappattana. iyalaamai oru nabarin uyiriyal oppanaiyin oru paguthiyaagak karudhappaduvadhaalum, ithanaal avarkalin marabanu parambarai, vinjnaanigal marabanuk kulaththilirunthu "vilagalgal" poantra kalaiyedukkum karuththukkalil thangal kavanaththai seluththinar. oru nabarin marabanu thaguthiyai mathippiduvatharkaana palvaeru alaveedugal theermaanikkappattana, pinnar thaguthiyattravarkal endru karudhappadupavargalai naadukadaththavoa, karuththadai seiyavo allathu niruvanamayamaakkavo payanpaduththappattana. jermaniyil naji aatchiyaal kurivaikappatta kuzhukkalil maattruththiranaalikalum ontraakum, idhan vilaivaaga sumar 250,000 uunamutrtroar paerazhivin poathu kollappattanar. irandaam ulagap poarin mudivil, naji eugenics uthaaranaththudan, eugenics podhu sorpozhivilirunthu marainthuvittathu, maelum perugiya muraiyil iyalaamai maruthuvam kavanikkakoodiya panbugalin thoguppaaga inainthathu-perukkam, maruvaazhvu allathu sigichchai moolam. samagaala mattrum naveena varalaattril, iyalaamai perumpaalum muthal nilai uravinargal allathu irandaam nilai uravinargalidaiyae udaluravu kolvathan thunai thayaarippaagak karudhappattathu. uunamutrtra arinyarkal thozhilthurai puratchiyaiyum, nilappirapuththuvaththilaru muthalaaliththuvaththirku porulaathaara maattraththaiyum uunamutrtroar pattriya purithalin mukiya varalaattru tharunangalaaga suttikkaattiyullanar. idaikkaalaththil uunamutrtravargalaich suttri oru kuripitta alavu madha moodanambikkaikal irunththapoathilum, uunamutrtra makkal graamappura urpaththi adippadaiyilaana porulaathaaraththil kurippidatthakka pangaik kondirukka mudinthathu, ithanaal avarkal andraada porulaathaara vaazhkkaiyil unmaiyana pankalippukalaich seiya mudinthathu. thozhilthurai puratchiyum muthalaaliththuvaththin varugaiyum makkal nilaththudan pinaikkappadaamal irukkavum, pinnar uyirvaazhvatharkaaga uuthiyam kodukkum vaelaiyaik kandupidikka vaendiya kattaayam aerpadavum idhaich seithana. uuthiya amaippu, tholilmayamaakkappatta urpaththiyudan inainthu, iyanththirangkalaip poala urpaththi seiyum thiranukkaaga makkal perugiya muraiyil mathikkappattanar endru amaippugal paarkappatta vithaththai maattriyathu. muthalaaliththuvam thozhilthurai puratchiyum tharamaana thozhilaazhar amaippu allathu panii sakthiyin nilaikku inangka mudiyaatha "uunamutrtra" makkalin oru puthiya vaguppai thirampada uruvaakkina. idhan vilaivaaga, uunamutrtravarkal theerkkappada vaendiya allathu azhikkappada vaendiya oru pirachchanaiyaaga karudhappattanar. 1970kalin murpaguthiyil, uunamutrtravargalai samoogam evvaaru nadaththukirathu mattrum uunamutrtravarkalukku maruththuva anugumurai aagiyavattrai uunamutrtra aarvalargal sawal seiyath thodangiyapoathu, uunamutrtroar urimaigal iyakkam niruvappattathu. inthap panii kaaranamaaga, anuguvatharkaana udal reethiyaana thadaigal adaiyaalam kaanappattana. inththa nilaimaigal avattrai seyalpaattu reethiyaaga mudakkina, ippoathu uunamutrtravargalin samooga maathiri endru azhaikkappaduvathu uruvaanathu. 1983 aam aandil maik olivar uruvaakkiya inththa sottrodar, iyalaamaiyin maruththuva maathiriyaiyum-idhan keezh oru kuraipaattai sariseiya vaendum-mattrum iyalaamaiyin samooga maathiriyaiyum-idhan keezh oru nabarai kattuppadutthum samoogam sariseiyappada vaendum. koatpaadu. pala samoogap pirivugalaip poalavae, "iyalaamai" endra karuththum kalviyaalargal, maruththuva mattrum satta ulagangkal mattrum uunamutrtra samoogaththinaridaiye perum vivaathaththil ullathu. iyalaamai padippugal. iyalaamaiyai koatpaattirku udpaduththuvathil kavanam seluththum kalvi thurai iyalaamai aaivugal aagum, idhu irupathaam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil irunthu virivadainthu varukirathu. iyalaamaiyin kadantha, nigazhkaalam mattrum ethirkaala kattamaippugalai inthath thurai aaraaikirathu, athoadu iyalaamai enbathu oru sikkalaana samooga adaiyaalam endra kannoattaththai munnaettruvathoadu, athilirunthu naam anaivarum nunnarivaip peralaam. kuraipaadugal arinyar clyer mulleni kooruvathu poal, "adhan parantha alavil, kuraipaadugal pattriya aaivugal uunamutrtravargalai kalaachaara vaerupaattin oru vadivamaaga mathikka ookkuvikkintrana". inthath thurai perugiya muraiyil idainilaip paadamaaga ullathu, perumpaalum thathuvam, varalaaru, aangkila aaivugal, sollaatchik aaivugal, ina mattrum ina aaivugal, paalinam mattrum paaliyal aaivugal, maruththuva manithanaeyam, thagavalthodarpugal, karpiththal mattrum pala thuraikaludan ondrudan ondru inaikirathu. inthath thuraiyin arinyarkal nerimuraigal, kolgai mattrum sattam, varalaaru, uunamutrtra samoogaththin kalai mattrum pala poantra uunamutrtroar thodarpaana thalaippukalil kavanam seluththugiraargal. inthath thuraiyaich saerntha kurippidatthakka arinyarkalil martha russell, robbert mccrewer, johanna hetwa, laura hershey, irving soolaa mattrum palar adangkuvar. pirabala uunamutrtra arinyar lenard jay. iyalaamai padippugal oru mukiya allathu sirapputh thuraiyaaga karudhappadakkoodaathu, maaraaga parantha alavilaana thuraikal mattrum thalaippukalukku porunthum endru davis kurippidugiraar. sarvadesa vagaippaadu. ulaga sugaathaara amaippaal uruvaakkappatta seyalpaadu, iyalaamai mattrum aaroakkiyaththin sarvadesa vagaippaadu (icf), udal seyalpaadugal (udaliyal allathu ulaviyal, paarvai poantravai) mattrum udal kattamaippugal (kann mattrum thodarpudaiya kattamaippugal poantra udarkooriyal pakuthikal) aagiyavattrukku idaiyae vaerupadukirathu. udal amaippu allathu seyalpaattil ulla kuraipaadu enbathu oru ozhungkinmai, kuraipaadu, izhappu allathu podhuvaaga aetrtrukkollappatta sila makkal thogai tharanilaigalilirunthu pira kurippidatthakka vilagal aagiyavattrai ulladakkiyathu endru varaiyarukkappadukirathu, idhu kaalappoakkil aetrtra irakkamaaka irukkalaam. seyalpaadu enbathu oru panii allathu seyalai niraivaettruvathaaka varaiyarukkappadukirathu. icf paathikkappadakkoodiya onbathu parantha seyalpaattu kazhangalai pattiyalidugirathu uunamutrtra arinyarkaludan inainthu, ICF inn arimugaththil, uunamutrtroar mattrum seyalpaattaip purinthukolvatharkum vilakkuvatharkum palvaeru karutthiyal maathirigal munmozhiyappattullana, avai orunginaikka muyalgindrana. inththa maathirigal pinvaruvanavattrai ulladakkiyavaih maruththuva maathiri. maruththuva maathiri iyalaamaiyai oru nabarin pirachchanaiyaaga karudhugiradhu, idhu noai, athirchi allathu pira sugaathaara nilaimaigalaal neradiyaaga aerpadukirathu, enavae nipunarkalaal thanipatta sigichchaiyin vadivaththil neediththa maruththuva kavanippu thaevaippadukirathu. maruththuva maathiriyil, iyalaamaiyai nirvagippathu oru "gunappaduththudhal" allathu oru nabarin sariseithal mattrum nadaththai maattraththai nokkamaagak kondullathu, idhu oru "kittatthatta gunappaduththudhal" allathu payanulla sikitchaikku vazhivagukkum. inththa vishayathil, thaninabar maruththuva kavanippu moolam thangal iyalaamaiyai samaalikka vaendum. maruththuva maathiriyil, maruththuvap paramarippu mukkiyap pirachchanaiyaagak karudhappadugiradhu, arasiyal mattaththil, sugaathaarak kolgaiyai maattriyamaippathu allathu seerthiruththuvathu mukkiyap pirathipalippaakum. maruththuva maathiri kuraipaadugalukkaana kaaranangal mattrum gunappaduththudhalgalaik kandupidippadhil kavanam seluththukirathu. kaaranangal. unavu, udai anivathu, idamaattram seithal mattrum thanipatta sugaathaaraththaip paraamariththal poantra andraada vaazhkkaiyin adippadai seyalpaadugalai perumpaalum paathikkum pala vaerupatta kaaranangal iyalaamaikku ullana; allathu shopping, unavu thayaarippu, vaaganam oottuthal allathu vaelai poantra andraada vaazhkkaiyin maempatta nadavadikkaikal. iruppinum, iyalaamaiyin kaaranangal podhuvaaga andraada vaazhkkaiyin seyalpaadugalaich seiyum oru nabarin tiranaal theermaanikkappadugindrana. martha russell mattrum ravee malhotra vaathiduvathu poal, "uunamutrtroar mattrum 'thiramaiyaanavarkal' idaiyaeyaana pirivugalai niruvuvathil uunamutrtroar 'maruthuvamayamaakkal mattrum vagaippaattin karuvigal thelivaaga mukiya pangku vagiththana. idhu iyalaamaiyai maruththuva thalayeedu moolam theerkkappada vaendiya oru pirachchanaiyaaga nilainiruththukirathu, idhu iyalaamai endraal enna enbathaip pattriya namathu purithalaith thadukkirathu. 1990 aam aandin america maattruththiranaalikal sattaththin nokkangkalukkaaga, america sama vaelaivaaippu vaaippu aanaiyaththin ozhungkumuraigal kuraipaadugal endru elithil mudivu seiya vaendiya nilaimaigalin pattiyalai vazhangkukintrana kaathu kelaamai, kuruttutthanmai, arivusaar iyalaamai, pakuthi allathu muttrilum kaanaamal poana kaikaalgal allathu nagarum kuraipaadugal sakkara narkali, autism, puttrunoai, perumoolai vaatham, neerizhivu, kaall-kaii valippu, ech. aii. vii/eids, multible sclerosis, thasai azharchi, periya manachoarvu koolaaru, muthukelumbu baifida, irumunaik koolaaru, pinththaiya athirchchigaramaana mana azhuththam koolaaru, verithanamaana kattaaya koolaaru mattrum schizophrenia. idhu oru muzhumaiyaana pattiyal alla, maelum pala kaayangal mattrum maruththuva pirachchanaikal iyalaamaiyai aerpaduththukintrana. kaayangal poantra iyalaamaiyin sila kaaranangal kaalappoakkil theerkkappadalaam mattrum avai "thartkaalika kuraipaadugal" endru karudhappadugindrana. perappatta iyalaamai" enbathu, iyalaamaiyudan pirappatharku maaraaga, vaazhnaalil thideerendru allathu neendakaalamaaga aerpadum kuraipaadugalin vilaivaagum. "kannukkuth theriyaatha kuraipaadugal" velippadaiyaaga kavanikkappadaamal irukkalaam. gunappaduththudhal. maruththuva maathiri uunamutrtravarkalukku sigichchaigal, gunappaduththalgal allathu maruvaazhvu nadaimuraigalaik kandupidippadhil perithum kavanam seluththukirathu. udhavi thozhilnutpam. udhavi thozhilnutpam enbathu oru iyalaamaiyai samaalikka allathu agattra udhavum saathanangal mattrum maattrangkalukkaana (oru nabarukku allathu oru samoogaththirkul) oru podhuvaana soll. seyarkaikkoalaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana muthal pathivu seiyappatta eduththukkaattu kurainthathu kimu 1800 aagum. sakkara narkali 17 aam noottraandaich saernthathu. kattuppaadu vettu enbathu oru thodarpudaiya kattamaippu kandupidippaagum. mattra eduththukkaattukal nilaiyaana sattagangal, urai tholaipaesigal, anugakkoodiya visaippalakaikal, periya achu, brailey mattrum paechchu angkeekaara menporul aagum. uunamutrtravarkal perumpaalum thanipatta (eeyee.jii. podhu idangkalil ulla kasivugalai adakkum uththigal) allathu samoogam (eeyee.jii. dii/kaathu kelaatha samoogangalil saigai mozhi). thanipatta kanini engkum nirainthiruppathaal, uunamutrtravarkalukku kanenegalai maelum anugakkoodiya vagaiyil menporul mattrum vanporulai uruvaakka palvaeru niruvanangal uruvaakkappattullana. kural viral, sudhanthira ariviyal "thaadai", ilavasa mattrum thirantha moola maattru "orga" poantra sila menporul mattrum vanporul. uunamutrtravarkalukkaaka kurippaaga vadivamaikkappattullana, athae neraththil nuyans tragon iyarkaiyaagap paesum pira menporul mattrum vanporul, uunamutrtravarkalukkaaka kurippaaga uruvaakkappadavillai, aanaal anugalai athikarikka payanpaduththappadalaam. lomac visaippalakai newzealaandhil kurippaaga maattruththiranaalikalukkaa vadivamaikkappattathu. ulagalaaviya valai koottamaippu maattruththiranaaligalukkaana valai anugalukkaana sarvadesa tharangalin thevaiyai angkeekariththathu mattrum valai anugal munmuyarchiyai (viai) uruvaakkiyathu. disambar 2012 nilavarappadi, tharanilaiyaanathu dabluegagy 2 (dabluegagy = valai ulladakka anugal vazhikaattuthalgal) aagum. samooga maathiri. iyalaamaiyin samooga maathiri "iyalaamaiyai" samoogaththaal uruvaakkappatta oru pirachchanaiyaagavum, thaninabarkalai samoogaththudan muzhumaiyaaga orunginaikkum vishayamaagavum paarkkirathu. inththa maathiriyil, iyalaamai enbathu oru thaninabarin panbu alla, maaraaga samooga soozhalaal uruvaakkappatta nilaimaigalin sikkalaana thoguppaagum. inthap prachchinaiyai nirvagippatharku samooga nadavadikkai thaevaippadukirathu, maelum uunamutrtravarkalukku varambugal kuraivaaga irukkum oru samoogaththai uruvaakkuvathu samoogaththin koottu poruppaagum. iyalaamai enbathu padaippil kalaachaara mattrum karutthiyal aagiya irandaiyum kurikkirathu. samooga maathiriyin puddy, kuraipaadu/uunamutrtra oruvarukku samamaana anugal enbathu manitha urimaigal pattriya akkaraiyaagum. uunamutrtra samooga maathiri vimarsanangkalukku ullaakiyullathu. samoogaththin poruppai valiyuruththuvathil samooga maathiri vagikkum mukkiyatthuvaththai angkeekarikkum athae neraththil, daam shakespeare ullitta arinyarkal, maathiriyin varambugalai chuttikatti, maruthuvam mattrum maruthuvam aagiya irandaiyum kadakkum oru puthiya maathiriyin avasiyaththai valiyuruththukintranar. samooga "irumai. inththa maathiriyin varambugal perumpaalum maattruththiranaalikal ethirkollum mukiya sevaigal mattrum thagaval perumpaalum kidaikkavillai, perumpaalum avarkalukku aatharavalippathil mattuppaduthappatta porulaathaara varuvaai kaaranamaaga. maruththuva manithanaeyam enbathu maruththuva mattrum samooga maatruththiranukkaana maathirigalukku idaiyilaana idaiveliyaik kuraikkum oru payanulla thurai endru silar koorukiraargal. samoogak kattamaippu. iyalaamaiyin samoogak kattamaippu enbathu iyalaamai enbathu uyiriyal vaerupaadugalai vida samooga ethirpaarppukal mattrum niruvanangalaal kattamaikkappadugiradhu endra karuththaagum. samoogamum niruvanangalum iyalaamaiyai uruvaakkum vazhigalai munnilaippaduththuvathu inththa yoasanaiyin mukiya maiyangkalil ontraakum. athae poal inam mattrum paalinam uyiriyal reethiyaaga nilaiyaanavai alla, uunamutrtravai alla. 1970 kalin murpaguthiyil, samoogaviyalaalargal, kurippaaga eliot frietson, labling koatpaadu mattrum samooga vilagal aagiyavai uunamutrtroar aaivugalukku payanpaduththappadalaam endru vaathidath thodangkinar. idhu iyalaamai koatpaattin samooga kattamaippai uruvaakka vazhivaguththathu. iyalaamaiyin samoogak kattamaippu enbathu iyalaamai enbathu nerimuraiyilirunthu vilaguvatharkaana samoogap pirathipalippaaka kattamaikkappadugiradhu endra karuththaagum. marutthuvath thozhil noaivaaippatta mattrum uunamutrtra samoogap pangai uruvaakkiyavar. sugaathaaraththil nibunaththuvam pettra maruththuva vallunargal mattrum niruvanangal, sugaathaaram mattrum udal mattrum mana vithimuraigalai varaiyarukkum thiranaik kondullana. oru thaninabar aaroakkiyaththin samooga varaiyaraiyai adaivathilirunthu oru kuraipaadu, kattuppaadu allathu varambai uruvaakkum oru amsaththaik kondirukkumpoathu, antha nabar uunamutrtravar endru mutthirai kuththappadugiraar. inththa yoasanaiyin keezh, iyalaamai enbathu udalin udal amsangkalaal varaiyarukkappadavillai, aanaal aaroakkiyaththin samooga marabilirunthu vilaguvathan moolam varaiyarukkappadukirathu. iyalaamaiyin samoogak kattamaippu, iyalaamai enbathu oru kuraipaadu, kattuppaadu allathu varambu endra iyalaamaiyin maruththuva maathiriyin paarvai thavaraanathu endru vaathidukirathu. adharku pathilaaka, oru uunamutrtravaraakak karudhappaduvadhu, samoogaththil "iyalpaana" endru karudhappaduvadhilirundhu thaninabarukku oru vaerupaadu mattumae. sorkal. makkal-muthal mozhi. makkal-muthal mozhi enbathu uunamutrtravargalaip pattri paesuvatharkaana oru vazhiyaagum, idhu silar virumbukiraargal. makkal-muthal mozhiyaip payanpaduththuvathu uunamutrtravarukku muun nabarai vaippathaagak koorappadugiradhu. makkal-muthal mozhiyai virumbum nabarkal, "uunamutrtra nabar" endru azhaikkappada virumbuvaargal. inththa paani maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa mukiya sattangalil pirathipalikkirathu, idhil maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa americkarkal sattam mattrum yuu. enn. maanaadu aagiyavai adangkum. "delaware palkalaikkazhagaththil "perumoolai vaatham kavanippukkaana vazhikaatti" makkal-muthal mozhiyai vivarikkirathuh makkal-muthal sorkal englaanththil "kuraipaadugal ullavargal" ("paarvaik kuraipaadugal ullavargal" poantravai) vadivaththil payanpaduththappadugindrana. iruppinum, englaanththil, makkal-muthal mozhiyai vida adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi podhuvaaga virumbappadugirathu. makkal-muthal sorkalin payanpaadu maattruththiranaalikal (allathu uunamutrtravarkal) konda nabar (kall) (allathu nabarkal) kurikka surukkamaana pii. doublue. dii. payanpaattirku vazhivaguththullathu. iruppinum, pira thaninaparkalum kuzhukkalum adaiyaalaththai virumbukiraargal-oru iyalaamai makkalin adaiyaalangkalai evvaaru paathikkalaam enbathai valiyuruththa muthal mozhi. endha mozhi paani payanpaduththappadukirathu enbathu vevvaeru naadugal, kuzhukkal mattrum thaninaparkalukku idaiyae vaerupadukirathu. adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi. adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi nabarai "uunamutrtravar" endru vivarikkirathu. silar idhai virumbukiraargal, maelum idhu makkal-muthal mozhiyai vida uunamutrtra samooga maathirikku nandraaga porunthukirathu endru vaathidugiraargal, aenenil idhu nabar thangal udalaal alla, aanaal avarkalukku idamalikkaatha oru ulagaththaal uunamutrtrullaar enbathai valiyuruththukirathu. idhu kurippaaga englaanththil unmai, angku oruvarin kuraipaadu (eduththukkaattaaga, muthukelumbu kaayam) oru thanipatta soththaaga irunththaalum, "iyalaamai" enbathu anugal illaathathu poantra velippura samooga kaaranigalaal uruvaakkappatta ondru endru samooga maathiriyin keezh vaathidappadukirathu. kuraipaadulla thaninabar soththirkum, uunamutrtra samooga soththirkum idaiyilaana inththa vaerupaadu samooga maathiriyin maiyamaagum. uunamutrtroar" endra soll oru arasiyal kattamaippaaga uunamutrtroar sarvadesa amaippugal poantra uunamutrtroar sarvadesa amaippugalaalum paravalaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu. adaiyaalam-muthal mozhiyaip payanpaduththuvathu adaiyaalam mattrum panmugaththanmaiyin pira amsangkalaip pattri makkal paesum vithaththirkum inaiyaaga ullathu. udaaranaththirkuh idhaepoal, americavil kaathu kelaatha samoogangalum ullana.ess. makkalai niraagarikkavum-adaiyaalaththirku aatharavaaka muthal mozhi-muthal mozhi. 2021 aam aandil, uyarkalvi mattrum uunamutrtroar thodarpaana america sangam (munnoakki) thangal porutkalil adaiyaala-muthal mozhiyaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana thangal mudivai ariviththathu, vilakki "adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi iyalaamaiyai neradiyaagak kooruvathan moolam ethirmaraiyaana arththangkalai sawal seikirathu. adaiyaalam-muthal mozhi enbathu namathu udalgal mattrum moolai evvaaru ennattra nilaimaigaludan seyalpadugindrana enbathilum, oruvarai uunamutrtravarkalaaka maattruvathil anuga mudiyaatha allathu odukkumurai amaippugal, kattamaippugal allathu soozhalgalin pangkilum ulla palvaeru thanmaiyaik kurikkirathu." kannukkuth theriyaatha iyalaamai. kannukkuth theriyaatha kuraipaadugal, maraikappatta kuraipaadugal allathu kannukkuth theriyaatha kuraipaadugal (enn. vii. dii) endrum azhaikkappadugindrana, avai udanadiyaagath theriyavillai allathu paarkka mudiyaatha kuraipaadugal aagum. avai perumpaalum naalpatta noaikal mattrum andraada vaazhkkaiyin iyalpaana seyalpaadugalai kanisamaaga paathikkum nilaimaigal aagum. kannukkuth theriyaatha kuraipaadugal pallikkuch selvatharkum, vaelai seivatharkum, samookamayamaakkuvatharkum mattrum palavattrirkum oru nabarin muyarchigalukku idaiyooraaka irukkalaam. kannukkuth theriyaatha kuraipaadugalukku sila eduththukkaattukal arivusaar kuraipaadugal, mana irukkam spectrum koolaaru, kavanam pattraakkurai hyberactivity koolaaru, manak koolaarugal, astuma, kaall-kaii valippu, ovvamai, ottraith thalaivali, keelvaatham mattrum naalpatta soarvu noaikkuri aagiyavai adangkum. mananoyaik kandarivoarukku vaelaiyinmai vigitham athigamaaga iruppathil vaelaivaaippu paagupaadu kurippidatthakka pangaik kondiruppathaagak koorappadugiradhu. episotic iyalaamai. moottuvali, irumunaik koolaaru, ech. aii. vii allathu multible sclerosis poantra sugaathaara nilaimaigalaik kondavargalukku noayin aththiyaayangkalukku idaiyil aaroakkiyamaana kaalangal ullana. noai aththiyaayangkalin poathu vaelai poantra saathaarana panigalaich seiyum makkalin thiran idaividaamal irukkalaam. uunamutrtra seyalpaadu. uunamutrtroar mattrum uunamutrtroar pattri vivaathikkumpoathu, uunamutrtroar seyalpaadu porutthamaana mozhiyin thiruththaththirku vazhivaguththullathu. eduththukkaattaaga, 'manthanilai' endra maruththuva vagaippaadu adhan ethirmaraiyaana thaakkangkal kaaranamaaga purakkanikkappattullathu. maelum, uunamutrtroar seyalpaadu uunamutrtravargalaal izhivupaduththum mozhiyai meettedukka vazhivaguththullathu. mairs (1986) uunamutrtravarkal thangalai oru 'uunamutrtravar' endru suyamaaga vivarikka eppadi thaervu seiyalaam enbathai vilakkinaar. avarkal thangalai vivarikka, uunamutrtravargaludan thodarpudaiya oray maathiriyaana ethirmaraiyaana mozhiyaip payanpaduththukiraarkal enbathu aachariyamaagath thoandralaam; iruppinum maruththuva nipunarkalidamirunthu 'uunamutrtra adaiyaalaththai' meetteduppathum, uunamutrtravargalin viruppamaana mozhiyudan adhai maruseeramaippathum idhan nokkamaagum. maerkooriya mozhiyin meetpu samooga maathiriyin udpattu nilainiruththappadukirathu, aenenil idhu oru samoogamaaga naam evvaaru kuraipaadugal pattriya karuththugalaiyum unarvugalaiyum uruvaakkukiroam enbathai eduththukkaattukirathu.uunamutrtroar pinvarum pirachchanaikal kuritthu kavanaththai eerthullanar urimaigal mattrum kolgaigal. urimaigal iyakkam. uunamutrtravarkalukku samamaana vaaippugalaiyum sama urimaigalaiyum paathukaappathai uunamutrtroar urimaigal iyakkam nokkamaagak kondullathu. poakkuvaraththu, kattidakkalai mattrum udal soozhalil anugal mattrum paathukaappu; suyaatheenamaana vaazhkkai, vaelaivaaippu, kalvi mattrum veettuvasathi aagiyavattril samamaana vaaippugal; dushprayogam, purakanippu mattrum noayaaligalin urimaigal meeralgalilirunthu suthanthiram aagiyavai iyakkaththin kuripitta kurikkoalgal mattrum koorikkaikal aagum. inththa vaaippugalaiyum urimaigalaiyum paathukaappatharkaaka payanulla sivil urimaigal sattam muyarchikkappadukirathu. aarambagaala uunamutrtroar urimaigal iyakkam uunamutrtroar maruththuva maathiriyaal aathikkam seluththappattathu, angku uunamutrtroar samooga nerimuraigalai kadaippidikkum vagaiyil avarkalaik gunappaduththuvatharkoo allathu sigichchaiyalippatharkoa mukkiyathuvam alikkappattathu, aanaal 1960 kazhil thodangi, urimaik kuzhukkal uunamutrtroar samooga maathirikku maarath thodangkina, angku uunamutrtroar paagupaadu kaattum oru pirachchanaiyaaga vilakappattanar, idhan moolam urimaik kuzhukkal satta vazhigalil samaththuvatthai adaiya vazhi vaguththathu. munnaal soviyath ontriyaththin kudiyarasugalil uunamutrtroar pirachchanaikal mattrum anugal aagiyavattrukkaana vaatham kolgai vaguppil migavum ozhungamaikkappattathaakavum selvaakku mikkathaakavum maarivittathu. uunamutrtroar neethi iyakkam. uunamutrtroar urimaigal iyakkaththilirunththu uruvaagi varum uunamutrtroar neethi iyakkam, idhu sattareethiyaana maattram mattrum paarambariya sivil urimaigalukku munnurimai alippathai vida, koottu viduthalaiyai munnurimai alippathan moolam uunamutrtravargalin vaazhkkaiyai maempaduththuvathai nokkamaagak kondullathu. uunamutrtroar urimaigalin "irandaavathu alai" endru azhaikkappadum inththa kattamaippu, thiran, aththagaiya kaalanitthuvam, vellai melathikkam mattrum panmugap paerarasin muthalaaliththuvaththudan pinnip pinainthulla pala odukkumurai muraigalai aaraya muyalkirathu. uunamutrtra neethi" endra soll 2005 aam aandil ell. jii. pii. dii. kae uunamutrtra penkal, miah mingus, patricia bern mattrum stacey milbern aakiyoaraal uruvaakkappattathu, avarkal pirathaana uunamutrtra urimaigalai vida kurukkuvettu meethu adhiga mukkiyathuvam aliththu oru iyalaamai ethirppu iyakkaththai uruvaakka muyantranar, maiya oorangattappatta kuralgal. avarkalin kuzhuvil, uunamutrtroar neethik kuzhuvil, sebastian margared, leroy eff poantra kurippidatthakka uunamutrtroar aarvalargalum adangkuvar. muur juuniyar.avarathu kavidhai mattrum gribb haap iyakkaththai niruviyatharkaaga nanku ariyapattavar, mattrum elii clar, iyalaamai aaivugalukkul udal mana karutthai pirabalappaduththiyatharkaaka nanku ariyapattavar. maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa maanaadu. disambar 13,2006 andru, aikkiya naadugal sabai 21 aam noottraandin muthal manitha urimaigal oppanthamaana maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa maanaatil, ulagin mathippidappatta 650 million maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal mattrum vaaippugalaip paathukaakkavum maempaduththavum muraiyaaga oppuk kondadhu. 182 naadugal inththa maanaatil inaivathai angkeekariththullana allathu aetrtrukkondullana. inththa udanpadikkaiyil kaiyezhuththidum naadugal thaesiya sattangalai pinpattra vaendum, maelum vayathaanavargalai agattra vaendum, ithanaal maattruththiranaalikal kalvi, vaelaivaaippu mattrum kalaachaara vaalkkaikku sama urimaigalaik kondiruppaargal; soththai sonthamaakkuvatharkum vaarisaagap peruvatharkum urimai; tirumanam poantravattril paagupaadu kaattappadaamal irukka vaendum.maruththuva parisoathanaikalil viruppamillaatha paadangkalaaka irukkakkoodaathu. manitha urimaigalukkaana uyar stanikar udpada yuu. enn. athikaarikal, inththa masoathaavai samooga maathirikku aerpa iyalaamai pattriya adhiga urimaigal adippadaiyilaana paarvaiyai noakkiya anugumuraigalil oru munnuthaarana maattraththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu vagaippaduththiyullanar. maattruththiranaalikalin sarvadesa aandu. 1976 aam aandil, aikkiya naadugal sabai adhan sarvadesa maattruththiranaaligalukkaana aandai (1981) thittamidath thodangiyathu, pinnar maattruththiranaalikalin sarvadesa aandu endru marupeyaridappattathu. uunamutrtra nabarkalin dasaaptham (1983-1993) uunamutrtra nabarkalaip pattriya ulagalaaviya seyal thittatthai kondirundhadhu. 1979 aam aandil, aii. aii. dii. pii-1981 inn thittamidalil endhavoru naattaiyum pirathinithiththuvappaduththum oray uunamutrtra nabar frank poa aavaar. intru, pala naadugal uunamutrtra thaninaparkalaaka irukkum pirathinithikalai peyarittullana. inththa dasaaptham robbert davilawal podhuchchabaiyil oru uraiyil mudikkappattathu. vaanththiyum thaavilaavum kaathu kelaathavarkal. 1984 aam aandil, kaathu kelaatha kuzhandhaigal mattrum ilainyargalin kalviyil payanpaduththuvatharkaana saigai mozhiyai unesco aetrtrukkondathu. munnaal soviyath union kudiyarasugalil kolgaigal. munnaal soviyath ontriyaththin oru paguthiyaaga irunththa naadugalil ulla kolgaigalaiyum thittangalaiyum maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa maanaattudan seeramaikka yuun thittangal mattrum osec vaelai seigindrana. arasiyal pirachchanaikal. arasiyal urimaigal, samooga ulladakkam mattrum kudiyurimai aagiyavai valarntha mattrum sila valarum naadugalil munnukku vanththullana. uunamutrtroar vaazhvin anaitthuth thuraikalilum samoogaththil pankerpathaiyum, pankalikkavum mudiyum enbathai uruthi seivatharkaana payanulla vazhigalaik kandupidippadharku, uunamutrtravargalaip paraamarippatharkaana selavu kuriththa kavalaiyaith thaandi inththa vivaatham nagarnthullathu. 650 million uunamutrtroar vasikkum valarum naadugalil, anugal mattrum kalvi muthal suya athikaaram, suya aatharavu vaelaivaaippu mattrum adharku appaal ulla pirachchanaikalai theerkka adhiga vaelai thaevaippadukirathu. kadantha sila aandugalaaka, uunamutrtravarkalukku muzhu kudiyurimaiyaip peruvathil uunamutrtroar urimai aarvalargal kavanam seluththi varukintranar. sila naadugalil muzhu vaelaivaaippaip peruvathil thadaigal ullana; uunamutrtravargalaip pattriya podhu karutthu maarupadalaam. dushprayogam. uunamutrtravar kaaranamaaga oru nabar udal reethiyaagavoa, nidhi reethiyaagavoa, vaaimozhiyaagavoa allathu mana reethiyaagavoa dushprayogam seiyappadumpoathu uunamutrtra dushprayogam nigazhkirathu. pala kuraipaadugal kaanappadaathathaal (eduththukkaattaaga, astuma, karral kuraipaadugal) sila dushprayogam seibavargalaal purithal, aatharavu mattrum palavattrin thaevaiyudan udal allaatha kuraipaattai paguththarivupaduththa mudiyaathu. maruththuva munnaettram mattrum podhuvaaga neenda aayul aagiyavattrudan iyalaamaiyin paraval mattrum uunamutrtravargalai aatharippatharkaana selavu athikarikkum poathu, samoogaththin inththa amsam adhiga arasiyal mukkiyatthuvaththai perukirathu. arasiyal katchigal thangal uunamutrtra thoguthigalai evvaaru nadaththugindrana enbathu uunamutrtroar pattriya oru arasiyal katchiyin purithalin alaveedaaga maarum, kurippaaga uunamutrtroar samooga maathiriyil. kaappeedu. uunamutrtroar nalan allathu uunamutrtroar oaivoothiyam enbathu oru mukiya vagaiyaana uunamutrtroar kaappeedaagum, idhu uunamutrtroar kaaranamaaga thartkaaligamaagavoo allathu nirantharamaagavoa vaelai seiya mudiyaathavarkalukku arasu niruvanangalaal vazhangkappadukirathu. U ill.ess.uunamutrtroar nalan, koodudhal paathukaappu varumaanam endra pirivil vazhangkappadukirathu. kanadaavil, idhu kanada oaivoothiyath thittaththirkul ullathu. pira naadugalil, samoogap paathukaappu muraigalin keezh uunamutrtroar nalangal valangkappadalaam. uunamutrtroar oaivoothiyaththirkaana selavugal merkaththiya naadugalil, mukkiyamaaga iropa mattrum americavil seeraaga adhigariththu varukintrana. 1980aam aandil, englaanththil, uunamutrtroar oaivoothiyangkalukkaana selavu moththa ullnaattu urpaththiyil (jii. dii. pii) 0.9 sathaveethamaaga irunththathu; irandu thasaapthankalukkup piragu idhu jii. dii. pii. yill 2.6 sathaveethamaaga uyarnthathu. pala aaivugal noai kaaranamaaga vaelaiyilirunthu veliyaeriyatharku idaiyaeyaana thodarbaip pukaaraliththullana, maelum ethirkaala uunamutrtroar oaivoothiyaththin adhiga aabaththu ullathu. denmarkil ulla aaraaychchiyaalarkalin oru aaivu, noai kaaranamaaga illaatha naatkal kuriththa thagavalkalai uunamutrtroar oaivoothiyaththirkaana ethirkaala saathiyamaana kuzhukkalai thirampada adaiyaalam kaana payanpaduththalaam endru koorukirathu. inthak aaivugal kolgai vaguppaalargal, vazhakku maelaanmai athikaarikal, muthalaalikal mattrum maruthuvarkalukku payanulla thagavalkalai vazhangkakkoodum. switcherlaandhil, uunamutrtroar thuraiyil samoogak kolgaigal kadantha irandu thasaapthankalaaka valangkappatta koduppanavugalin ennikkaiyaik kuraippathan moolamum, thozhil maruvaazhvu nadavadikkaikalukkaana aatharavai athikarippathan moolamum kanisamaaga maruvadivamaikkappattullana. suvis uunamutrtroar kaapeettu niruvanatthaal amaikappatta thittangalil eedupattulla thaninaparkaludan nadatthappatta nerkaanalkalaip pattri eduththuraiththu, oru aaivu samoogaththil avarkalin idam thodarpaana nichchayamatra thanmaigalaiyum kavalaigalaiyum, uunamutrtroar kaappeettin thalaiyeedugal kuriththa avarkalin ethirvinaigalaiyum eduththukkaattukirathu. thaniyar, ilaaba noakkattra uunamutrtroar kaappeedu uunamutrtravarkalukku varumaanathai vazhangkuvathil oru pangaik kondullathu, aanaal thesiyamayamaakkappatta thittangal perumpaalaana urimaikoaralkaargalaip pidikkum paathukaappu valaiyaagum. vaelai vaaippu. iyalaamaikkum varumaikkumidaiyaeyana thodarbai aaivugal vilakkiyullana. kurippaaga, uunamutrtravarkalukku vazhangkappadum vaelaigal migak kuraivu. martha russell kurippidugaiyil, "uunamutrtroar (thangkumidangaludan vaelai seiyakkoodiyavargal) meethaana odukkumuraikaana muthanmaiyaana adippadai, avarkal uuthiyath thozhilaazhargalaaga surandappaduvathilirunthu vilakkappaduvathae aagum." arivusaar kuraipaadu. pala naadugalil arivusaar uunamutrtra (aidi) makkal paniyaalarkalukkuth thevaiyaana thirankalaip pera udhavum thittangal ullana. iththagaiya thittangalil adaikkalam pettra pattaraikal mattrum vayathu vanthoar thina paramarippu thittangal adangkum. thottakkalai, urpaththi mattrum orunginaiththal poantra pakalnaera seyalpaadugalai adaikkala thittangal ulladakkiyathu. inththa nadavadikkaikal valakkamaana saarntha panikalai elithaakkukintrana, idhu aidi nabarkal paniyaalarkalukkul nuzhaivatharku munbu anubavaththaip pera anumathikkirathu. idhaepoal, vayathu vanthoar thinapparamarippu thittangalilum pakal naera nadavadikkaikal adangkum. iruppinum, inththa nadavadikkaikal kalvich soozhalai adippadaiyaagak kondavai, angku aidi makkal kalvi, udal mattrum thagaval thodarbu adippadaiyilaana panikalil eedupada mudiyum, idhu thagaval thodarbu, ninaivagam mattrum podhuvaana vaazhkkaith thirankalai elithaakka uthavukirathu. koodudhalaaga, vayathu vanthoar thinapparamaripputh thittangal podhu idangkalukku kazhap payanangkalai thittamiduvathan moolam samooga nadavadikkaikalukku aerpaadu seithana (eeyee.jii. uyiriyal poongkaakkal mattrum thiraippada arangkugal). irandu thittangalum paniyaalarkalukkul nuzhaivatharku munbu arivusaar uunamutrtravarkalukku aththiyaavasiya thirankalai vazhangkinaalum, aidi makkal samooga orunginaintha vaelaivaaippil eedupada virumbukiraargal enbathai aaraaychchiyaalarkal kandarindhullanar. vaadikkaiyaalar saevai, ezhuththar, kaappaalar, virunthoambal mattrum urpaththi pathavikal poantra palvaeru thozhilkalil kurainthapatcha allathu adhiga uuthiyaththil samooga orunginaintha vaelai vaaippugal makalukku vazhangkappadugindrana. aidi oozhiyargal payirchiyil avarkalukku udhavakkoodiya kuraipaadugal illaatha oozhiyargaludan inainthu seyalpadugiraargal. inththa moontru viruppangkalum arivusaar uunamutrtravarkalukku andraada vaalkkaikku intriyamaiyaatha samooga thirankalai valarththu payanpaduththa anumathikkintrana. iruppinum, aidi oozhiyargal aidi illaatha oozhiyargalaip poalavae athae sigichchaiyaip perukiraarkal enbatharku uththaravaatham illai; lindstrome mattrum palar puddy.samooga orunginaintha oozhiyargalukku uuthiya uyarvu kidaippatharkaana vaaippu kuraivaaga ullathu, maelum 26 sathaveetham paer mattumae mulunaera anthasthaith thakkavaitthuk kolla mudigirathu. nilaiyaana paniyaalarkalaik kandupidippadhu koodudhal savaalgalai aerpaduththukirathu. arivusaar kuraipaattil payanpaattu aaraaichi idhazhil" veliyidappatta oru aaivu, oru vaelaiyaik kandupidippadhu kadinamaaga irunththaalum, oru vaelaiyai uruthippaduththuvathu innum kadinam enbathaik kurikkirathu. aidi makalukku vaelaivaaippaip pera poathumaana urpaththi thirankal mattrum payanulla samooga thirankal thaevai endru satsy-rush munmozhinthaar. vaelai izhappukkaana pira adippadai kaaranigalil kattamaippu kaaranigal mattrum thozhilaali-paniyida orunginaippu aagiyavai adangkum. killspy kooriyapadi, oru aidi nabar vaelai seiya anumathikkappatta maninaerangkalin varaiyarukappatta ennikkai poantra varaiyarukappatta kattamaippu kaaranigal oru vaelaiyil pala kaaranigalai paathikkalaam. idharku eedaaga, fabian mattrum palar koorugindranar.saga oozhiyargaludan uravugalai valarppatharkaana allathu paniyidaththirkul sirappaaga orunginaikka vaaippin pattraakkuraikku vazhivagukkirathu. iruppinum, oru vaelaiyai uruthippaduththa mudiyaathavargal perumpaalum ookkamalikkappadugiraargal. jaarit nadaththiya athae aaivinpadi, pankettra palar thangal saga oozhiyargaludan oppidumpoathu kuraindha varumaanathai eettiyiruppathaik kandarindhanar, avarkalukku vaelai illaathathaal, avarkalin naatkal muzhuvathum adhiga neram irunththathu. nambikkaiyinmai mattrum thoalviyin unarvugalum avarkalukku irunththana. U inn puddy.ess. iyalaamai kuriththa thaesiya amaippu, aidi makkal thodarchchiyaana ookkamoottalai ethirkolvathu mattumallaamal, palar varumaik koattirkuk keezhae vaazhkiraargal, aenenil avarkalaal vaelaiyaik kandupidikkavoa allathu uruthippaduththavo mudiyavillai, maelum aidi thozhilaazhargal meethu vaikkapattulla oozhiyargalin kattupaattu kaaranigal kaaranamaagavum. ithanaal unavu, maruththuvap paramarippu, poakkuvaraththu, veettuvasathi poantra adippadai thaevaigal udpada thangalaith thaangkalae poorthi seiya mudiaamal thavikkindranar. varumai. vaelai seiyum vayathu maattruththiranaalikalin varumai vigitham maattruththiranaalikal illaathavargalai vida kittatthatta irandarai madangku athigamaaga ullathu. iyalaamai mattrum varumai oru theeya vattaththai uruvakkalaam, idhil udal thadaigal mattrum iyalaamaiyin kazhangam varumaanam peruvathai migavum kadinamaakkukirathu, idhu aaroakkiyamaana vaalkkaikkaana sugaathaarap paathukaappu mattrum pira thevaikalukkaana anugalaik kuraikkirathu. arasu nidhiyudhavi perum sugaathaaram mattrum samooga sevaigal illaatha samoogangalil, uunamutrtravargaludan vaazhvatharku valakkamaana vaazhkkaich selavugaludan marunthu mattrum adikkadi sugaathaarap paramarippu varugaigal, veettilaeyae thanipatta udhavi mattrum thagavamaippu saathanangal mattrum aadaikal aagiyavattrirku selavu seiya vaendiyirukkum. uunamutrtravargalil moontril oru paguthiyinarudan oppidugaiyil, uunamutrtravargalil paathikkum maerpattavargalukku sugaathaarap paramarippu vazhangka mudiyaathu endru uunamutrtroar kuriththa ulaga arikkai suttikkaattukirathu. maattruththiranaaligalukkaana podhu sevaigal illaatha naadugalil, avarkalin kudumbangal variyavargalaaka irukkalaam. paerazhivugal. aaraaichi arivu kuraivaagavae ullathu, aanaal pala kadhai arikkaikal, paerazhivugal uunamutrtravargalai paathikkum poathu enna nadakkum enbathu kuritthu. maattruththiranaalikal paerazhivugalaal perithum paathikkappadukiraarkal. udal uunamutrtravarkal udhavi kidaikavittaal veliyaettrappadumpoathu aapaththil irukkakkoodum. arivaattral kuraipaadugal ulla nabarkal oru paerazhivu aerpattaal pinpattrappada vaendiya arivuruththalkalaip purinthukolvathil siramappadalaam. inththa kaaranigal anaiththum uunamutrtra nabarkaludan paerazhivu soozhnilaigalil aabaththin maarupaattin alavai athikarikkalaam. paerazhivu suzharchiyin anaitthu kattangalilum maattruththiranaalikalukku ethiraana pagupattai aaraaichi aaivugal thodarnthu kandarindhullana. migavum podhuvaana varambu ennaventraal, makkal kattidangal allathu poakkuvaraththai anuga mudiyaathu, athae poal paerazhivu thodarpaana sevaigalaiyum anuga mudiyaathu. avasarakaala thittamidupavargal mattrum paeridar nivaaranap paniyaalarkalukku uunamutrtroar thodarpaana payirchi illaathathaal inththa thaninabarkal vilakkappattullanar. samoogaththil iyalaamai. muthumai. oru kuripitta alavirku, udal kuraipaadugal mattrum maarivarum mananilaikal makkal vayathaakumpoathu kittatthatta engkum anubavikkappadugindrana. vayathaana makkal perumpaalum adhiga alavil iyalaamai iruppathaik kuritthu kazhangkappadugiraargal. kathleen woodward, "uunamutrtroar aaivugalukkaana mukiya vaarththaigalil" ezhuthukiraar, inththa nigazhvai pinvarumaaru vilakkukiraar penniyavaatham, vinoathamaana, gribb" endra noolil, alison coffer vayathaanathaiyum athanudan thodarpudaiya pathattaththaiyum kurippidugiraar. cofferin koottruppadi, inththa kavalai iyalbu pattriya yoasanaikalilirunthu uruvaagirathu. aval koorukiraal samooga vithimuraigal. vaerupaadugal therinthirukkum soozhalgalil, maattruththiranaalikal perumpaalum kazhangaththai edhirkolgiraargal. uunamutrtroar iruppatharku makkal adikkadi payam, irakkam, puravalar, ooduruvum paarvaikal, veruppu allathu purakanippu aagiyavattrudan pathilalikkindranar. inththa ethirvinaikal, perumpaalum, maattruththiranaalikal samooga idangkalai anuguvathilirunthu vilakkalaam, maelum inththa idangkal vazhangkum nanmaigal mattrum valangkaludan. uunamutrtra ezhuththaalarum aaraaychchiyaalarumaana jennie morris, uunamutrtravargalai oorangattuvathil kazhangam evvaaru seyalpadugirathu enbathai vivarikkiraar koodudhalaaga, kazhangaththai ethirkolvathu kazhangappaduththappadum nabarin mana-unarchchi nalvaalvukku theengku vilaivikkum. maattruththiranaalikalin mana-unarchchi aarokkiyam moasamaaga paathikkappadum vazhigalil ondru, avarkal anubavikkum odukkumuraiyai ulvaangkuvathan moolam, avarkal palaveenamaanavargal, paiththiyam pidiththavarkal, payanattravarkal allathu avarkalin nilaimaigaludan thodarpudaiya vaeru endha ethirmarai panbukkoorugalum iruppathaaka unara vazhivagukkum. odukkumuraiyai ulvaangkuvathu paathikkappatta nabarin suyamariyaathaiyai sethappaduththukirathu mattrum angkeekarikkappatta uunamutrtravargalin maelaathikkaththirku inangka avarkalin nadaththaigalai vadivamaikkirathu. uunamutrtravarkal thangal uunamutrtra vaerupaadugalai maraikkavum kuraitthu mathippidavum allathu "baas" seiya uunamutrtravarkal mattrum avarkalaich suttriyulla niruvanangalaal azhuththam kodukkappadumpoathu tiramaiyaana karuththukkal adikkadi ulvaangkappadugindrana. ezhuththaalar simi linton koottruppadi, uunamutrtra nabarkal samooga izhappu, pathattam mattrum suya santhegaththai anubavippathan moolam kadanthu sellum seyal aazhnththa unarchchipoorvamaana paathippai aerpaduththukirathu. iyalaamaiyudan thodarpudaiya kazhangaththai uruvaakkuvathilum valuppaduththuvathilum uudakangkal kurippidatthakka pangaik kondullana. uunamutrtroar pattriya uudaga siththarippugal podhuvaaga uunamutrtroar samoogaththil oralavu iruppathu avasiyam endru kaattugindrana. inththa siththarippugal oray neraththil uunamutrtra vaerupaadu pattriya pirabalamaana karutthai pirathipalikkintrana mattrum paathikkintrana. tropkal. uunamutrtroar iruppaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththa uudakangkal adikkadi payanpaduththum thaniththuvamaana thanthirangal ullana. iyalaamaiyai kattamaippatharkaana inththa podhuvaana vazhigal manithaapimaanamattravai endrum, maattruththiranaalikalin kannoattangalukku mukkiyathuvam kodukkath thavariyathaagavum kadumaiyaaga vimarsikkappadugindrana. iyalaamai koatpaattaalar mattrum sollaatchik kalaignar jay dii. dalamage, tiramaiyaana uudaga tropkal uunamutrtravargalaip pattriya samoogaththin kattukkadhaigalai pirathipalikkalaam mattrum thodarnthu nilainirutthalaam. uthvaegam poarn. ookkamaana poarn enbathu uunamutrtra nabarkalin sittharippaik kurikkirathu, athil avarkal ookkamalikkum vagaiyil vazhangkappadugiraargal, aenenil antha nabarukku ookkamuttra thanmai ullathu. inththa siththarippugal vimarsikkappadugindrana, aenenil avai angkeekarikkappatta iyalaamai illaatha paarvaiyaalarkal sittharikkappatta thaninaparudan oppidumpoathu thangalaip pattri nandraaga unara vaikkum nokkaththudan uruvaakkappattullana. maattruththiranaalikalin manithanaeyaththai angkeekarippathai vida, uthvaegam tharum poarn avarkalai angkeekarikkappatta uunamutrtravargalaal aana paarvaiyaalarkalukku uthvaegam alikkum porulgalaaka maattrukirathu. suuppar gribb. suuppar gribb trope enbathu oru kurippidatthakka saathanaiyaich seitha oru uunamutrtra nabaraip pattri uudakangkal arikkaiyidum allathu siththarikkum nigazhvugalaik kurikkirathu, aanaal avarkal unmaiyil enna seithaarkal enbathai vida avarkalin iyalaamaiyai maiyamaagak kondullanar. oray maathiriyaana allathu oththa nilaimaigalaik konda mattravargaludan oppidumpoathu avai vithivilakkaaga iruppatharku piramikka vaikkum vagaiyil siththarikkappadugindrana. inththa trope uunamutrtra vilayaattu veerargal pattriya arikkaiyidal mattrum mana irukkamaana savaandkalin siththarippugalil paravalaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu. pala uunamutrtroar inththa pirathinithiththuvangkalai makkalai muzhu makkalaaka paarppathai vida avarkalin nilaikkuk kuraippathaagak kandikkiraargal. maelum, uunamutrtroar oruvitha sirapputh thiramai, maethai allathu nunnarivudan irukka vaendum endra nambaththagaatha ethirpaarppai uruvaakkiyatharkaaka suuppar gribb siththarippugal vimarsikkappadugindrana. uudakangkalil inththa tropin eduththukkaattukalil doctor. nalla maruthuvar, arputhaththin thunichal mattrum piraridamirunthu shhaan marbi. uunamutrtra villan. karpanayil ulla kathaapaaththirangal, samooga vithimuraigalilirunthu vaerupaduvathai udal allathu mana reethiyaagak kurikkum vagaiyil adikkadi oru uraiyil villangalaaka vaikkappadugindrana. inththa sikkalai maelum pakuppaaivu seiyath thodanga maanavargalukku karpikkappada vaendiya vazhigalai lindsay roow-hevelt pagirnthu kolgiraar. uunamutrtroar perumbaanmaiyinaridamirunthu uunamutrtroar pulappadum vaerupaadugal paarvaiyaalargalidaiyae achaththaith thoonduvathaagum, idhu uunamutrtravarkal thanipatta allathu podhu nalangalukkum nalvaalvukkum achchuruththalaaga iruppaargal endra mananilaiyai nilainiruththum. iyalaamai veelchchi. iyalaamai veelchchi" trope enbathu uunamutrtrathaakak koorappadum oru kathaapaaththiram poliyagavo, alangarikkavoa allathu unmaiyil avarkalin urimai koorappatta iyalaamaiyai uruvagappaduththavillai endru velippadum poathu. jay dalmaj, "valakkamaana santhaega nabarkal" endra thiraippataththil kevin spaciyin kathaapaaththiramaana vaaimozhi kinddai idharku oru eduththukkaattaaga valangkukiraar, maelum idhu poantra siththarippugal uunamutrtravarkal meethaana tiramaiyaana samoogaththin avanambikkaiyai pirathipalikkum. koodudhalaaga, oru kathaapaaththiraththin pirikkappadaatha thanmaiyai velippaduththuvathu perumpaalum oru kadhaiyin kadhai uchchakkattamaaka seyalpadugirathu, maelum kadhaikkalaththil moathalin aathaaramaaka iyalaamaiyaip payanpaduththuvathu, kadhaith thadai allathu gunaathisayaththin saathanam aagiyavai mattra iyalaamai aaivugal arinyarkalin koatpaattudan oththuppoakirathu. mitchell mattrum sharon snider. uunamutrtra paathikkappattavar. mattroru adikkadi nigazhum nigazhvu, uunamutrtra oruvar thuyaramaanavar allathu uthaviyattravar endru karudhappadum poathu. notrey damin kuyasimodovin kunjpek, yaanai manithanin john merick, christhumas caroline siriya neram mattrum makkalai "paathikkappattavarkal" allathu "paathikkappattavarkal" endru kurippidum seithi oliparappukal kooda inththa oray maathiriyaana sila eduththukkaattukalaakum. endrendrum appavi. maattruththiranaalikal konda kathaapaaththirangal perumpaalum thiraippatankalil devathootharkalaagavoo allathu kuzhandhaiththanamaagavoo siththarikkappadugindrana. inththa thiraippatankalil "raine maen" (1988), "forrest kamb" (1994) mattrum "aii aam saam" (2001) aagiyavai adangkum, ivai anaiththum sirantha eduththukkaattukalaakum. oru uunamutrtra appavi mattrum anbaana nabar perumpaalum thangal "saathaarana" vayathu vantha sagaakkalin kuraipaadugalai suttikkaattukiraar, idhu avarkalukku iratchippai adaiya uthavukirathu. mattra anaiththaiyum poalavae, inththa oray maathiriyaana karuththum poiyaana mattrum enavae theengku vilaivikkum purithal unarvugalai nilainiruththukirathu. pala uunamutrtroar kurukkuvettugal irukkumpoathu, uunamutrtroar udalgalai kalai mattrum uudakangkalil thulliyamaaga siththarippathan moolam avattrai agattra uunamutrtroar azhaguraviyal muyarchikkirathu. suya vaatham. sila uunamutrtroar maruththuva maathirikku ethiraaga samooga maathiriyaip payanpaduththuvathan moolam oorangattappaduvathai ethirkka muyarchitthullanar; thangal udalgal mattrum kuraipaadugalilirundhu vimarsanangkalai maattrum nokkaththudan mattrum thangal uunamutrtra sagaakkaludan oppidumpoathu avarkalai odukkum samooga niruvanangalai noakki. anugal illaamai, uudakangkalil moasamaana pirathinithiththuvam, podhuvaana avamariyaathai mattrum angkeekaaram illaathathu poantra pala kuraigalai nivarthi seiya vaendum endru koarum uunamutrtra seyalpaadu oru samooga maathiri kattamaippilirunthu uruvaagirathu. uunamutrtroar kalacharam' uruvaakkam parantha samoogaththil kazhangappaduththappatta anubavaththin pakirappatta anubavaththilirunthu uruvaanathu. uunamutrtra samoogangalil eedupaduvathan moolamum, uunamutrtra kalaachaaraththil pankerpathan moolamum uunamutrtroarai oru nermaraiyaana adaiyaalamaaga thazhuvuvathu ullnoakkiya thappennatthai ethirththup poaraaduvatharkaana oru payanulla vazhiyaagum; maelum uunamutrtroar pattriya maelaathikkak kadhaigalai sawal seiyalaam. kurukkuvettugal. uunamutrtroar samooga niruvanangalil payanikka vaendiya anubavangkal avarkal endha samoogap pirivugalaich saernthavargal enbathan seyalpaadaaga perithum maarupadum. uthaaranamaaga, oru uunamutrtra aanum uunamutrtra pennum uunamutrtra thanmaiyai vevvaeru vithaththil anubavikkiraargal. idhu oru nabarin adaiyaalaththin palvaeru amsangkal (avarkalin paalinam, inam, paaliyal, madham allathu samooga varkkam poantravai) ontroadondru inainthu odukkumurai mattrum salugaigalin thaniththuvamaana anubavangkalai uruvaakkukintrana enbathai vilakkum inachaerkkai endra karuththudan paesukirathu. maattruththiranaalikalin urimaigal kuriththa aikkiya naadugalin maanaadu irandu vagaiyaana uunamutrtroar kurukkuvettai vaerupaduththukirathu inam-uunamutrtroar kurukkuvettu mattrum paalina-uunamutrtroar kurukkuvettu. iruppinum, innum pala vettukkal ullana. iyalaamai ovvoru nabarum viththiyaasamaaga varaiyarukkappadukirathu; idhu pulappadum allathu kannukkuth theriyaathathaaga irukkalaam, maelum pala vettukkal perumpaalum ondrudan ondru adaiyaala vagaikalilirunthu ezhugindrana. inam. ulagalaaviya noai aaivin sumai pattriya muraiyaana paguppaaivinpadi, ulagengkilum ulla pala sirupaanmai samoogangalidaiye uunamutrtroar ennikkai athigamaaga iruppathaaka therivikkappattullathu. ina sirupaanmaiyinaraaga irukkum uunamutrtravarkalukku podhuvaaga aatharavu kidaippadhu kuraivaaga ullathu maelum avarkal vanmurai paakupaattaal paathikkappadakkoodiyavargal ullanar. kuzhandhai maempaadu" idhazhil veliyidappatta oru aaivu, sirupaanmai uunamutrtra kuzhandhaigal kuraindha mattrum naduththara varumaana naadugalil thandanaiyaana ozhukkaththaip peruvatharkaana vaaippugal adhigam enbathaik kurikkirathu. maattruththiranaalikal illaathavargalai vida maattruththiranaalikal kuzhandhaigal adikkadi thavaraaga nadaththappadugiraargal endra unmai kaaranamaaga, inththa pirivil inamayamaakkappatta kuzhandhaigal innum adhiga aapaththil ullanar. americavil ulla iyalaamaiyaip porutthavarai, camill aee. berkley journal off criminal laavukkaaga ezhuthum nelson, kuraipaadugal ulla ina sirupaanmaiyinar kuttraviyal neethi amaippilirunthu anubavikkum irattai paakupaattaik kurippidugiraar, "ethirmaraiyaaka inamayamaakkappatta nabarkalukku, athaavathu vellaiyarallaathavargal endru karudhappadum nabarkalukku, mananoai ariyapatta allathu karudhappattavargalukku, kaavalthuraiyudanaana thodarbu nichchayamatrathu mattrum aapaththaanathu." paalinam. maattruththiranaalikalin oorangattuthal maatruththiranaalikalaal paalina iruppaip pattri samoogam enna ethirpaarkkirathu enbathai unara mudiyaathu. paalina adaiyaalaththirkaana angkeekaaram illaathathaal, maattruththiranaalikal poathumaana unarchchiyattravarkalaaka maaralaam. thamas jay. illinoys maanila palkalaikkazhagaththin kersick, paalina adaiyaala maruppu aen nigazhkirathu enbathai vivarikkiraar maattruththiranaalikalla penkalum aangalum paalina reethiyaaga irukkum alavirku, inththa irandu adaiyaalangkalin thodarbugalum vevvaeru anubavangkalukku vazhivagukkintrana. maattruththiranaalikal penkal oru vagaiyaana "irattai kazhangaththai" edhirkolgiraargal, idhil inththa irandu oorangattappatta pirivugalilum avarkal uruppinar oray neraththil ovvondrudanum thodarpudaiya ethirmaraiyaana stereodypegalai athikarikkiraarkal, aenenil avai avarkalukkuk kaaranam. iruppinum, inachaerkkai kattamaippin puddy, paalinamum uunamutrtra thanmaiyum oru thaniththuvamaana anubavaththai uruvaakkukintrana, idhu oru pennaaga iruppatharkum thaniththaniyaaga uunamutrtriruppatharkum thartseyal nigazhvu mattumalla, aanaal uunamutrtra pennaaga iruppatharkaana thaniththuvamaana anubavamaagum. oruvar migavum oorangattappatta kuzhukkalaich saernthavaraaga irunthaal, avarkalin salugai allathu odukkumurai anubavam maarukirathu surukkamaaga, oru karuppinap pennum oru vellai pennum maattruththiranai viththiyaasamaaga anubavippaarkal. yuu. enn. magalir kankaanippin puddy, "sila kalaachaara, satta mattrum niruvana thadaikalin nilaiththanmai maattruththiranaalikal mattrum penkal aagiya irutharappu paakupaattaal paathikkappadugiraargal penkal mattrum maattruththiranaalikal yena."rosemary maalai-thamson kooruvathu poal," maattruththiranaalikal penkal, podhuvaaga penkalai vida migavum theeviramaaga, koottu kalaachaara karpanayil thaazhnthavarkal, pattraakkurai, athigappadiyaanavargal, iyalaamai, thaguthiyattravarkal mattrum payanattravarkal endru koorappadugiraargal." samoogap porulaathaarap pinnani. inam mattrum iyalaamai allathu paalinam mattrum iyalaamai aagiyavattrin kurukkuvettugalaip poalavae, oru nabarin samooga-porulaathaara pinnaniyum avarkalin iyalaamai anubavaththai maattrum. kuraindha samooga-porulaathaara anthasthu konda oru uunamutrtra nabar, adhiga samooga-porulaathaara anthasthu konda oru uunamutrtra nabarai vida, adhiga thadaigal mattrum kuraindha vaaippugaludan ulagai viththiyaasamaaga anubavippaar. iyalaamaikkum samooga-porulaathaara nilaikkum idaiyilaana kurukuvettukku oru nalla eduththukkaattu kalvikaana anugal aagum, aenenil varumaikkum iyalaamaikkum idaiyae neradi thodarbugal ullana enbathai naam arivoam-perumpaalum oru theeya suzharchiyil vaelai seikiroam. angkeekarikkappatta uunamutrtra kuzhandhaiyai vida sirappuk kalvi mattrum uunamutrtra kuzhandhaiyaip paraamarippatharkaana selavugal athigamaaga ullana, idhu porutthamaana kalviyai peruvathil magaththaana thadaiyai aerpaduththukirathu. porutthamaana kalviyai (endha kattaththilum) anuga mudiyaathathu, vaelai kandupidippadhil siramangalukku vazhivagukkum, idhu perumpaalum oru aezhai mattrum uunamutrtra nabaraaga oruvarin anubavaththaal oray samooga kattamaippil irunthu samooga-porulaathaara vilakkuthalai anubavikkum theeya suzharchikku vazhivagukkirathu. surukkamaaga, inththa theeya suzharchi kuraindha samooga-porulaathaara pinnani konda uunamutrtravarkalukku porulaathaara, samooga mattrum kalaachaara moolathanaththin pattraakkuraiyai athikarikkirathu. marupuram, uyar samooga-porulaathaara anthasthu konda oru uunamutrtra nabar, porutthamaana (sirappu) kalvi allathu sigichchaiyai elithil anugalaam-eduththukkaattaaga, sirantha uthavigal, valangkal allathu thittangal aagiyavattrai anuguvathan moolam avarkal vetrtripera udhava mudiyum. uunamutrtroar kalacharam. vilayaattu. paralympic vilaiyaattukal (olimpikkudan) (koadai mattrum kulirkaalam) olimpikkirkup piragu nadaththappadugindrana. paralympic vilaiyaattukalil parantha alavilaana udal uunamutrtra vilayaattu veerargal adangkuvar. uruppu naadugalil, paralympic vilaiyaattukalil pozhuthupoakku muthal uyaradukku varayilaana nilaigalil poattiyai aerpaadu seiya amaippugal ullana (eduththukkaattaaga, uunamutrtra vilayaattu america mattrum americavil placeports america). muthukelumbu kaayangaludan british poar veerargalukkaana maruvaazhvuth thittaththilirunthu paralympics uruvaakkappattathu. 1948 aam aandil, englaandhin ilusburyil ulla stoke maandevil maruthuvamanaiyil muthukelumbu kaayangaludan irandaam ulagap poar veerargaludan panipuriyum narambiyal nipunar charr ludwick cudman, thanathu noayaaligalin maruvaazhvuth thittangalin oru paguthiyaaga vilaiyaattaip payanpaduththath thodangkinaar. 2006 aam aandil, udal uunamutrtravarkalukku, kurippaaga moottu izhappu allathu moottu vaerupaadu, theevira vilaiyaattukalil poattiyida mudiyum enbatharkaaka, uchchanilai vilaiyaattukal uruvaakkappattana. makkalthogai. ulagalaaviya mattrum naadu muzhuvathum ulla uunamutrtravargalin ennikkaiyin mathippeedugal sikkalaanavai. iyalaamaiyai varaiyaruppathil edukkappatta maarupatta anugumuraigal irunththapoathilum, ulagalaaviya maattruththiranaalikalin makkal thogai migap periyathu enbathai makkalthogai nipunarkal oppukkolkiraargal. uthaaranamaaga, 2012 aam aandil, ulaga sugaathaara amaippu ulaga makkal thogai 6.5 billion endru mathippittathu. avarkalil, kittatthatta 650 million makkal, allathu 10 sathaveetham, mithamaana allathu kadumaiyaana uunamutrtravarkal endru mathippidappattullathu. 2018 aam aandil sarvadesa thozhilaazhar amaippu mathippittapadi, ulaga makkal thogaiyil aezhil oru paguthiyinar, sumar oru billion makkal, uunamutrtravarkalaaka ullanar, avarkalil 80 sathaveetham paer valarum naadugalil ullanar, maelum 80 sathaveetham paer vaelai seiyum vayathinaraaka ullanar. uunamutrtravargalaith thozhilaazhargalil irunthu vilakkinaal moththa ullnaattu urpaththiyil 7 sathaveetham varai selavaagum endru kanakkidappattathu. america. noai kattuppaadu maiyangkalin noayuttra thanmai mattrum irappu vaaraanthira arikkaiyinpadi, americavil naangil oru pangku makkal uunamutrtrathaaka therivikkappattullathu, aenenil ilainyargalil 2016. 10% paerukku mananala kuraipaadugal iruppathaaka therivikkappattullathu. naduththara vayathu mattrum muthiyavarkalidaiyae nadamaattam thodarpaana pirachchanaikalin vigithangkal muraiyae 18.1% mattrum 26.9% udan miga athigamaaga irunththana. inam allathu inaththaip porutthavarai, aasiyargal migavum kuraindha kuraipaadulla vigithaththil sumar 10 sathaveethamaagak kondullanar, athae neraththil adhiga ennikkaiyilaana nigazhvugalaik konda inakkuzhuvaagum poorveega americkarkal, periyavarkalil 30 sathaveetham paer kuraipaadullavargalaaga iruppathaaka mathippidappattullathu. aaprikka americkarkal 25 sathaveetham adhiga kuraipaadu vigithaththaik kondirunthanar, idhu vellai periyavarkalukku 16 sathaveethamaagavum, hispanian makalukku 17 sathaveethamaagavum irunththathu. kanada. 22.15 vayathirku maerpatta kanaediyargalil 3 sathaveetham paer uunamutrtravarkal allathu 6,246,640 nabarkalaik kondullanar endru 2017 kanediya kanakkeduppu therivikkindrana. kanadaavil, thozhilaala varkka aangalai vida penkal mattrum muthiyavarkal uunamutrtravarkalaaka irukka adhiga vaaippullathu. 25 muthal 65 vayathukkutpatta vaelai seiyum vayathinarudan oppidugaiyil, 65 vayathukku maerpatta mooththavargal 38 sathaveetham uunamutrtroar endru theriviththanar, idhu kittatthatta irandu madangku athigamaagum. kanadaavil, 15 vayathukku maerpatta penkal aangalin 20 sathaveethaththudan oppidumpoathu, 24.3% endra kuraipaadu vigithaththaik kondirunthanar. 2017 kanediya uunamutrtroar kanakkeduppin arikkaikalinpadi, kanadaavil 15 vayathukku maerpatta therkaasiyarkal 4 sathaveethamaaga adhiga alavil uunamutrtranar, athae neraththil latheen americkarkal 1 sathaveethamaaga kuraindha vigithaththil irunththanar. australia. australian pullivivara paniyagaththaal kittatthatta 5 australiergalil oruvar allathu 4.4 million makkal uunamutrtravarkal endru mathippidappattullathu. maattruththiranaalikalil 25 sathaveethaththirkum athigamaana australiergalil mana allathu nadaththai prachchinai pathivaakiyullathu. aann noai paravalaanathu 17.6 milliyanaaga irunththathu, athae neraththil penn noai paravalaanathu paalinangkalukku idaiyae 17.8 milliyanaaga irunththathu. vayathu vaariyaaga, australiavil 0 muthal 64 vayathukkutpatta periyavarkalil 11.6% oru uunamutrtravaraaka irunthaar, 65 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta mooththavargalil 49.6% udan oppidumpoathu. 53.15 muthal 64 vayathukkutpatta australiergalil 4 sathaveetham paer uunamutrtravarkal. aikkiya raachchiyam. havus off commons noolagaththin koottruppadi, englaanththil ulla makkal thogaiyil 14.6 million allathu 22 sathaveetham paer aidi1 ill uunamutrtravarkal endru therivikkappattullathu. englaanththil, 9 sathaveetha kuzhandhaigal, 21 sathaveetha vaelai seiyum vayathu makkal mattrum 42 sathaveetha arasu oaivoothiya vayathirku maerpatta nabarkal uunamutrtravarkal allathu uunamutrtravarkal. 2011aam aandil 35,875 paer meethu nadatthappatta vaazhkkai vaaippugal kanakkeduppinpadi, sumar 29 sathaveetham vellaiyargal, 27 sathaveetham kalappu ina makkal, 22 sathaveetham aasiya makkal, 21 sathaveetham karuppina makkal mattrum 19 sathaveetham pira inakkuzhukkalaich saerntha makkal kuraipaadugal allathu kuraipaadugal iruppathaaka therivikkappattullathu. aangaludan oppidumpoathu, aangalai vida penkalukku kuraipaadu aerpaduvatharkaana vaaippu sattru athigamaaga ullathu, athae aandu edukkappatta mattroru kanakkeduppin mudivugalinpadi, aangalil 26 sathaveetham paerukku maaraaga 31 sathaveetham penkalukku kuraipaadu iruppathaaka therivikkappattullathu. cheena. thaesiya maruththuva noolagaththin maruththuva veliyeedaana seenaavil uunamutrtroar irupathaandu poakkugalinpadi, 2006 aam aandil 84.6 million seenargal uunamutrtravargaludan vaazhnththathaaga mathippidappattullathu. 2006 aam aandu 83,342 aangal mattrum 78,137 penkal nadaththiya karutthukkanippil, adhiga uunamutrtroar vigitham ulla vayathinaril 18-44-vayathu aangal (22.5%) mattrum 65-74-vayathu penkal (22.8%) ullanar endru ottumoththa naattin pirathinithiyaaga irunththa idhazhil veliyidappatta karuththukkanippugal therivikkindrana. seenaavil, maattruththiranaalikalin sathaveetham nagarppura mattrum graamappura pakuthikalukku idaiyil kanisamaaga vaerupadukirathu, aangalum penkalum muraiyae graamappura seenaavil 72.4% mattrum 72.2% vigithangkalaik kondullanar, nagarppura seenaavil muraiyae 27.6% mattrum 27.8% vigithangkaludan oppidumpoathu. seenaavil seviththiran mattrum paechchu kuraipaadugal migavum podhuvaaga pathivaakiyullana, uunamutrtravargalidaiyae muraiyae 39.6% mattrum 36.2% vigithangkalil penkalai vida aangal adhigam paathikkappadukiraarkal. thenn koria. 2018aam aandil, thenn koreavil, moththamaaga aii. dii. 1 million allathu moththa makkal thogaiyil sumar 5 sathaveetham paer maattruththiranaalikalaaka irunththanar. maattruththiranaalikal illaatha koriyarkaludan oppidumpoathu, maattruththiranaalikal saraasariyaaga 56.5 naatkal maruththuva vasathigalil kazhiththanar, idhu thaesiya saraasariyai vida 2.6 sathaveetham athigamaagum. 34.moththa paniyaalarkalil 9 sathaveetham paer maattruththiranaalikal thodarpaana vaelaigalil panipurinthanar. maattruththiranaalikal konda kudumbangal saraasariyaaga 41.53 million ventra allathu moththa kudumba varuvaayil 71.3% sambaathiththana. maattruththiranaalikal kuriththa koriya 2020 pullivivarangkalinpadi, maattruththiranaalikalil perumpaaloarukku mattra andraada panigaludan "suththam" mattrum "poakkuvaraththaip payanpaduththa" udhavi thaevaippadukirathu. valarum naadugal. valarntha naadugalai vida valarum naadugalil iyalaamai migavum podhuvaanathu. iyalaamaikkum varumaikkumaana thodarbu, inththa kattamaippugal parasparam valuppaduththum oru "theeya suzharchiyin" oru paguthiyaaga karudhappadugiradhu.

vaikalyam vaikalyam anedi oka vyaktiki konni karyakalapalu cheyadam ledhaa icchina samaajamlo samaanamaina praapyatanu kaligi undatam marinta kashtataram chese edainaa paristhiti yokka anubhavam. vaikalyalu abhignaa, abhivruddhi, medho, manasika, saareeraka, indriya ledhaa bahula kaarakaala kalayika kaavacchu. vaikalyalu puttinappati nundi undavacchu ledhaa oka vyakti jeevitakaalamlo pondavacchu. chaaritraatmakamgaa, vaikalyalu irukaina pramaanaala aadhaaramgaa matrame gurtinchabaddaayi-ayithe, vaikalyalu dwaipaakshikamainavi kaavu mariyu vyaktini batti pratyaekamaina lakshanaalalo undavacchu. vaikalyam takshaname kanipinchedi ledhaa prakrutilo kanipinchanidi kaavacchu. vikalaangula hakkulapai aikyaraajyasamiti samavesam vaikalyanni ilaa nirvachistundihi vaikalyalu charitra antataa vividha rakaala saiddhaantika katkamula dwara vibhinnamgaa grahinchabaddaayi. mana samaajamlo vaikalyanni vivarinchadaaniki prayatninche rendu pradhana namuunaalu unnaih vaidya namuunaa mariyu saamaajika namuunaa. vaidya namuunaa vaikalyanni pratyeka chikitsa avasaramayye avaanchaneeya vaidya paristhitigaa pariganinche saiddhaantika chatramgaa panichestundi. vaidya namuunaaku aapaadinche vaaru vaikalyala muula kaaranaalanu, alaage sahayaka saanketikata vanti edainaa nivaaranalanu kanugonadampai drushti pedataaru. saamaajika namuunaa anedi janabhalo adhikasankhyaakulatho samaanamaina saamarthyam laeni vyaktulapai samajikamga srushtinchabadina parimitigaa vaikalyanni kendrikaristundi. vaikalyaaniki vaidya namuunaa mariyu saamaajika namuunaa atyanta saadhaarana chatraalu ayinappatikee, vaikalyanni siddhaantaparache aneka itara namuunaalu unnaayi. vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchina vividha amsaalanu vivarinchadaaniki aneka vibhina padaalu unnaayi. konni padaalu vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchina drugvishayaanni vivarinchadaaniki matrame unnappatikee, marikonni vaikalyalunna vaarini kalankaparachadam mariyu bahishkarinchadam chuttoo kendrikrutamai unnaayi. konni padaalu pratikuula ardhaanni kaligi untaayi, avi apasabdaalugaa pariganinchabadataayi. prastuta vivaadaaspadamaina amsam emitante, vyakti-modati bhashanu upayoginchadam samuchitamainadaa (i.ii. vikalanga vyakti) ledhaa gurtimpu-modati bhasha (i.ii. vikalanga vyakti) vaikalyam mariyu oka vyaktini suchinchetappudu. vikalaangula anagaarina kaaranamgaa, samaajamlo samaanamaina chikitsa mariyu praapyata kosam aneka kaaryakarta kaaranaalu unnaayi. vikalaangula anachivetaku veelu kalpinche ledhaa munduku teesukelle raajakeeya samasyalu ippatikee unnappatikee, vikalanga kaaryakartalu chattam prakaram samaanamaina mariyu samaanamaina hakkulanu pondadaaniki poraadaaru. vaikalya kriyaaseelata samarthavanthamaina vyavasthalanu tolaginchadaaniki upayoginchinappatiki, vaikalyala avagahanaku sambandhinchina saamaajika nibandhanalu tarachugaa media upayoginche tropla dwara balopetam cheyabadataayi. aadhunika samaajamlo vaikalyam gurinchi pratikuula avagahanalu vistrutamgaa unnanduna, vikalaangulu tama attadugu sthaayiki vyatiraekamgaa venakki nette prayatnamlo sweeya-nyaayavaada vaipuku maararu. vyakti yokka itara bahumukha gurtimpula aadhaaramgaa bhinnamaina anubhavanni choope gurtimpugaa vaikalyanni gurtinchadam anedi tarachugaa vikalanga sweeya-nyaayavaadulu suuchistaaru. pradhana sravanti samajam nundi vaikalyanni bahishkarinchadam vaikalya samskruti udbhavinchadaaniki avakaasaanni srushtinchindi. vikalanga kaaryakartalu ippatikee vikalaangulanu pradhana sravanti samaajamlo vileenam cheyadaanni prothsahistunnappatiki, kala, soshal media mariyu kreedalu vanti vikalaangula samajanni pempondinchadaaniki aneka vikalaangulu-matrame unde pradaesaalu srushtinchabaddaayi. charitra. vaikalyam gurinchi samakaaleena avagahanalu paaschaatya deshaalalo shaastreeya ghnaanoodayam samayamlo udbhavinchina bhavanala nundi udbhavinchaayi; ghnaanoodayam mundu, bhouthika vyatyaasaalanu vaerae konamlo chuusaaru. charitrapurva kaalamlo vikalaangulanu chusukune manavulaku aadharalu unnaayi. vindover puraavastu pradaesamloe, kanugonabadina asthipanjaraalalo okati spina beefida unna sumaru 15 samvatsaraala magadi. eee paristhiti antey bahusha nadumu krinda pakshavaataaniki guraina baaludini vaetagaadu-sekarinche samaajamlo chusukunnaru. vaikalyam anedi daivika sikshaku saadhanamgaa pariganinchabadaledu, anduvalla vikalaangulanu vaari balaheenatala kaaranamgaa nirmoolinchaledu ledhaa vivaksha chuupaleedu. badulugaa chaalaa mandhi mesopotamia samaajamlooni vividha sthaayilalo niyaminchabaddaaru, mataparamaina devalayalalo devatala sevakulagaa panicheesaaru. puraatana egyptulo, samaajamlo karralanu tarachugaa upayoginchevaaru. vikalaangulaina vruddhulaku nadavadaniki sahayam cheyadam vaariki saadhaarana upayogam. praacheena greesulo devalayalu mariyu vaidyam chese abhayaaranyaalanu cherukovadaniki balaheenamaina kadalika unna vyaktulaku veelu kalpinche nibandhanalu roopondinchabaddaayi. mukhyamgaa, 370 bii.sii.epidarus vadda unna aslepius abhayaaranyam, vistruta praantamlooni atyanta mukhyamaina vaidyam chese abhayaaranyam vadda, kaneesam 11 shaashwata raathi ramplu unnaayi, ivi tommidi ververu nirmaanaalaku chalanasheelata-balaheena sandarsakulaku praapyatanu andinchaayi; puraatana greeslo vikalaangulanu kaneesam paakshikamgaa gurtinchabadi, chusukunnaru. vaastavaaniki, puraatana greekulu vikalaangulanu marinta samarthulaina vyaktula nundi bhinnamgaa chudakapovachhu, endukante vaari recordulalo vaarini vivarinche padaalu chaalaa aspashtamgaa kanipistaayi. vikalangudu ippatikee samaajaaniki thodpadagaliginantha kaalam, greekulu vaarini sahinchinatlu kanipinchaaru. madhya yugaalalo, picchi mariyu itara paristhitulu rakshasulu valla sambhavinchaayani bhaavinchaaru. avi sahaja kramamlo bhaagamgaa kooda bhaavinchabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa nalla maranam samayamlo mariyu patanam samayamlo, idhi saadhaarana janabha antataa balaheenatalanu kaliginchindi. aadhunika kaalam praarambhamlo saareeraka mariyu manasika vyatyaasaalaku jeevasambandhamaina kaaranaalanu vetakadam, alaage vargeekarinche vargaalapai aasakti peragadam vanti maarpulaku daariteesindihi udaaharanaku, padahaarava sataabdamloo, ambrois paerae, "rakshasulu", "adbhutaalu" mariyu "angavaikalyam" gurinchi raasaaru. maanava purogatiki kaaranam mariyu sahaja shaastram yokka viluva nundi pondina ghnaanampai european ghnaanoodayam yokka nokkicheppadam maanavulanu pariseelinchi, vargeekarinche samsthalu mariyu anubandha ghnaana vyavasthala puttukaku sahaayapadindi; veetilo, neti vaikalyam yokka bhavanala abhivruddhiki mukhyamainavi aasramaalu, kliniklu mariyu jaillu. vaikalyam yokka samakaaleena bhavanalu paddenimidava mariyu pantommidava sataabdapu parinamalalo paatukupooyaayi. veetilo clinical medical discourse abhivruddhi anedi agragami, idhi maanava sariiraanni taarumaaru cheyalsina, adhyayanam cheyalsina mariyu maarchaalsina vishayamgaa kanipinchela chesindi. ivi vargeekarinchadaaniki mariyu vargeekarinchadaaniki prayatninchina shaastreeya upanyaasaalato kalisi panicheesaayi mariyu alaa cheyadam dwara, saadhaaraneekarana paddhatulugaa marai. pramaanam" anae bhavana eee kaalamlo abhivruddhi chendindi, mariyu 1830laloe "ell 'home moen"-sagatu manishi anie vraasina belgian ganankavetta, saamaajika shaastravetta, ganita shaastravetta mariyu khagola shaastravetta adolph quetelet rachanalo soochinchabadindi. icchina janabhalo prajalandari lakshanaala mottaanni (vaari etthu ledhaa baruvu vantivi) teesukoni vaari sagatunu kanugonavacchani mariyu eee sankhya ganaanka pramaanamgaa panicheyaalani, dheeni vaipu andaruu aakaankshinchaalani quetelet pratipaadinchaaru. ganaanka pramaanaala yokka eee aalochana eee kaalamlo britton, united states mariyu paschima european rashtraalu ganaanka sekarananu vaegamgaa chepattadam dwara daaraalu, mariyu idhi sujanana shaastram perugudalato mudipadi undhi. vaikalyam, alaage itara bhavanalu asaadhaaranamainavi, saadhaaranam kaanivi mariyu saadhaaranamainavi dheeni nundi vachayi. eee bhavanala prasarana vichitramaina pradarsana yokka prajaadaranaloo spashtamgaa kanipistundi, ikkada aaa nibandhanala nundi vaidoligina vyaktulanu pradarsinchadam dwara pradarsanakaarulu labham pondaaru. pantommidava sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo sujanana shaastram peragadamtho, ituvanti vichalanalu mottam janabha aarogyaaniki pramaadakaramgaa pariganinchabaddaayi. vaikalyam oka vyakti yokka jeevasambandhamaina alankaranalo bhaagamgaa mariyu vaari janyu vaarasatvamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnanduna, saastravettalu janyu pool nundi "vichalanalu" vanti kalupu teeyadam yokka bhaavanalapai tama drushtini mallinchaaru. oka vyakti yokka janyu saamarthyaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki vividha kolamanalu nirnayinchabaddaayi, aapai anarhata gala vaarini bahishkarinchadaaniki, krimirahitam cheyadaaniki ledhaa samsthaagatheekarinchadaaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. germanylo naajii paalana lakshyamgaa chesukunna samoohaalalo vikalaangulu okaru, phalitamgaa holocast samayamlo sumaru 250,000 mandhi vikalaangulu maraninchaaru. rendava prapancha yuddham mugimpulo, naajii sujanana shaastram udaaharanhatho, sujanana shaastram prajala charcha nundi masakabaarinadi, mariyu perugutunna vaikalyam anedi aushadham-perugudala, punaravasam ledhaa chikitsa dwara-chikitsaku dohadapade lakshanaala samitigaa maarindi. samakaaleena mariyu aadhunika charitralo, vaikalyam tarachugaa modati-sthaayi bandhuvulu ledhaa rendava-sthaayi bandhuvula madhya vivaahetara sambandham yokka upa-utpattigaa pariganinchabadindi. vaikalya panditulu paarisraamika viplavamtho paatu bhuusvaamyavaadam nundi pettubadidaarii vidhaanaaniki aardhika maarpu, vaikalyam gurinchi avagaahanalo pramukha chaaritraka kshanaluga kooda suuchimchaaru. madhya yugaalalo vaikalyam chuttoo kontha mataparamaina muudanammakaalu unnappatikee, vikalaangulu ippatikee graameena utpatti aadhaarita aardhika vyavasthalo mukhyamaina paatralu pooshinchagaligaaru, idhi rojuvaaree aardhika jeevitaaniki nijamaina sahakaranni andinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. paarisraamika viplavam, pettubadidaarii vidhanam raakato prajalu ikapai bhoomitho mudipadi undakunda, manugada saaginchadaaniki vetanam chellinche panini vetakavalasi vachindi. vaetana vyavastha, paarisraamika utpattitoe kalipi, yantraala vanti utpatti saamardhyaaniki prajalu ekkuvagaa viluvainavarugaa bhaavinche vidhananni maarchindi. pettubadidaarii vidhanam mariyu paarisraamika viplavam samarthavantamgaa praamaanika kaarmikula sariiraaniki ledhaa pani saktiki anugunamgaa laeni "vikalaangula" kotta taragatini srushtinchaayi. phalitamgaa, vikalaangulanu parishkarinchavalasina ledhaa tolaginchavalasina samasyaga pariganinchaaru. 1970la praarambhamlo, vikalaangula hakkula udyamam sthaapinchabadindi, vikalanga kaaryakartalu vikalaangulanu samajam elaa chusukuntundo mariyu vaikalyaaniki vaidya vidhananni savaalu cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. eee pani kaaranamgaa, praapyataku bhouthika addamkulu gurtinchabaddaayi. eee paristhitulu vaatini kriyaatmakamgaa nilipivesaayi, ippudu vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namoonaga pilavabadedi udbhavinchindi. 1983loe mike olivar roopondinchina eee padabandham vaikalyam yokka vaidya namuunaa-dheenilo balaheenatanu parishkarinchaalsina avasaram undhi-mariyu vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namuunaa-dheeni kinda oka vyaktini parimitam chese samajanni parishkarinchaalsina avasaram undhi. siddhaantam. aneka saamaajika vargaala maadirigaane, "vaikalyam" anae bhavana vidyaavaettalu, vaidya mariyu chattaparamaina prapanchaalu mariyu vaikalya samajam madhya bhaarii charchalo undhi. vaikalya adhyayanalu. vaikalyanni siddhaantaparachadampai drushti saarinchina vidya vibhagam vaikalya adhyayanalu, idhi iravayyava sataabdam chivari nundi vistaristondi. vaikalyam anedi manamandaram antardrushtini pondagala sanklishtamaina saamaajika gurtimpu anae drukkoonaanni munduku teesukelladamto paatu, vaikalyam yokka gatha, prastuta mariyu bhavishyat nirmaanaalanu eee rangam parisoedhistumdi. vaikalyala panditudu clyer mullenee cheppinatlugaa, "daani vistrutamaina vaikalya adhyayanalu vaikalyanni saamskrutika vyatyaasamgaa pariganinchamani panditulanu prothsahistaayi". eee rangam tarachugaa tatvasaastram, charitra, aangla adhyayanalu, vakchaturya adhyayanalu, jaathi & jaathi adhyayanalu, linga mariyu laingika adhyayanalu, vaidya maanaveeya saastraalu, samachara marpidi, bodhana shaastram mariyu marinni rangaalato ativyaapti chendutuu, kramasikshanalo undhi. eee rangaaniki chendina panditulu neethi, vidhanam mariyu chattam, charitra, vaikalya samaja kala mariyu marinni vanti vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchina amsaala shrenipai drushti pedataaru. eee rangaaniki chendina pramukha panditulalo marta russell, robbert mccruer, johannah hedwa, laura hershey, irving jolaa mariyu marenno unnaaru. pramukha vikalanga vidyaarthi lenard zhe. vaikalya adhyayanalanu samuchitamaina ledhaa pratyaekamaina vibhagamga pariganincharaadani, badulugaa vistruta shreni rangaalu mariyu amsaalaku vartistundani davis paerkonnaadu. antarjaateeya vargeekarana. prapancha aarogya samstha roopondinchina paniteeru, vaikalyam mariyu aarogyam yokka antarjaateeya vargeekarana (ii. sii. eff), shareera vidhulu (saareeraka ledhaa manasika, drushti vantivi) mariyu shareera nirmaanaalu (kanti mariyu sambandhita nirmaanaalu vanti shareera nirmaana bhagalu) madhya thedaanu gurtistundi. saareeraka nirmaanam ledhaa paniteerulo balaheenata anedi kalakramena hecchutaggulaku gurayye konni saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchabadina janabha pramaanaala nundi kramaraahityam, lopam, nashtam ledhaa itara mukhyamaina vichalananni kaligi untundi. kaaryaacharana anedi oka pani ledhaa charyanu amalu cheyadam anie nirvachinchabadindi. ii. sii. eff. prabhaavitam cheyagala tommidi vistruta domainla paniteerunu jabita chestundih vaikalyam panditulatoe kalisi, ii. sii. eff. parichayam prakaram, vaikalyam mariyu paniteerunu ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu vivarinchadaaniki vividha rakaala sambhaavita namuunaalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi, veetini ekikrutam cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi. eee namuunaalu eee krindi vaatini kaligi untayih vaidya namuunaa. vaidya namuunaa vaikalyanni vyakti yokka samasyaga, vyaadhi, gaayam ledhaa itara aarogya paristhitula valla neerugaa sambhavinchedigaa chustundi, anduvalla nipunula vyaktigata chikitsa roopamlo nirantara vaidya samrakshana avasaram. vaidya namoonaalo, vaikalyam nirvahana anedi "nayam" ledhaa vyakti yokka sardubaatu mariyu pravartanaa maarpunu lakshyamgaa chesukuni untundi, idhi "daadaapu nayam" ledhaa samarthavanthamaina nivaaranaku daariteestundi. eee sandarbhamlo, vyakti vaidya samrakshana dwara vaari vaikalyanni adhigaminchaali. vaidya namoonaalo, vaidya samrakshananu pradhana samasyaga chuustaaru, mariyu raajakeeya sthaayilo, pradhana pratispandana aarogya samrakshana vidhananni savarinchadam ledhaa samskarinchadam. vaidya namuunaa vaikalyalaku kaaranaalu mariyu nivaaranalanu kanugonadampai drushti pedutundi. kaaranaalu. tinadam, dustulu dharinchadam, badilee cheyadam mariyu vyaktigata parisubhratanu nirvahinchadam vanti rojuvaaree jeevitamlooni praathamika karyakalapalanu tarachugaa prabhaavitam chese vaikalyaaniki aneka kaaranaalu unnaayi; ledhaa shopping, aahara tayari, driving ledhaa pani vanti rojuvaaree jeevitamlooni adhunaatana karyakalapalu unnaayi. ayithe, vaikalyaaniki kaaranaalu saadhaaranamgaa rojuvaaree jeevita karyakalapalanu nirvahinchagala vyakti saamarthyam dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. martha russell mariyu ravi malhotra vaadinchinatlugaa, "vikalaangula 'vaidyeekarana' mariyu vargeekarana sadhanalu 'vikalaangulu' mariyu 'samarthula' madhya vibhajanalanu sthaapinchadamlo spashtamgaa mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchaayi. idhi vaikalyanni vaidya jokyam dwara parishkarinchaalsina samasyaga unchutundi, idhi vaikalyam antey emito mana avagahanaku aatamkam kaligistundi. 1990 naati americans vith vaikalyala chattam prayojanaala kosam, us eekwal employment opportunity commission regulations vaikalyaluga sulabhamgaa nirdhaarinchavalasina paristhitula jaabitaanu andistaih chevititanam, andhatvam, medho vaikalyam, paakshikamgaa ledhaa puurtigaa kolpoyina avayavalu ledhaa chalanasheelata balaheenatalaku wheel chair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, muurcha, hechaivi/aids, multiple sclerosis, kandaraala balaheenata, pradhana nispruha rugmata, spina baifida, bipolar desorder, post traumatic stress desorder, obsessive compulsive desorder mariyu schizophrenia. idhi samagra jabita kaadu mariyu aneka gayalu mariyu vaidya samasyalu vaikalyaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. gayalu vanti vaikalyaaniki konni kaaranaalu kalakramena parishkarinchabadavachhu mariyu vaatini "taatkaalika vaikalyalu" gaa pariganistaaru. sampaadinchina vaikalyam" anedi balaheenatatoo janminchadaaniki badulugaa, jeevitakaalamlo akasmaattugaa ledhaa deerghakaalikamgaa sambhavinche balaheenatala phalitam. "adrushya vaikalyalu" spashtamgaa gurtinchabadakapovachhu. nivaaranalu. vaidya namuunaa vikalaangulaku chikitsalu, nivaaranalu ledhaa punaravasa paddhatulanu kanugonadampai ekkuvagaa drushti pedutundi. sahayaka saanketikata. sahayaka saanketikata anedi vaikalyanni adhigaminchadaaniki ledhaa tolaginchadaaniki sahayapade parikaraalu mariyu maarpulaku (oka vyaktiki ledhaa samaajamlo) oka saadhaarana padam. prosthesis vaadakaaniki modati namodu cheyabadina udaaharana kaneesam cree puu 1800 naatidi. wheel chair 17va sataabdaaniki chendinadi. curb cutt anedi sambandhita nirmaanaatmaka aavishkarana. itara udaaharanalu standing framelu, text telephones, access cheyagala keyboardulu, pedda print, brailey mariyu speach recognition software. vikalaangulu tarachugaa vyaktigatamaina (udhaa.zii. bahirangamgaa chikaakulanu anachiveyadaaniki vyuuhaalu) ledhaa samajam (udhaa.zii. dii/cheviti samajalalo sanketha bhasha). vyaktigata computer marinta sarvavyaapti chendadamtho, vikalaangulaku computerlu marinta andubaatulo undela cheyadaaniki software mariyu hardwarenu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki vividha samsthalu erpaddaayi. vois vaelu, friedam scientific yokka "davadalu", uchita mariyu open soars pratyaamnaaya "orkaa" modalaina konni software mariyu hardware. vikalaangula kosam pratyaekamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi, ayithe sahajamgaa matlade sookshmabhedam yokka dragon vanti itara software mariyu hardware, vikalaangula kosam pratyaekamgaa abhivruddhi cheyabadaledu, conny praapyatanu penchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. lomac keyboard nyoojilaandlo pratyaekamgaa vikalaangula kosam roopondinchabadindi. varald wide web consortium vikalaangulaku web accessibility kosam antarjaateeya pramaanaala avasaranni gurtinchindi mariyu web accessibility initiative (vi) nuu roopondinchindi. december 2012 natiki pramaanam doubleukag 2 (doubleukage = web content accessibility maargadarsakaalu). saamaajika namuunaa. vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namuunaa "vaikalyam" nuu samajikamga srushtinchabadina samasyaga mariyu samaajamlo vyaktula puurti ekikaranaku sambandhinchina vishayamgaa chustundi. eee namoonaalo, vaikalyam anedi oka vyakti yokka lakshanam kaadu, conny saamaajika vaataavaranam dwara srushtinchabadina paristhitula sanklishta sekarana. samasya nirvahanaku saamaajika charya avasaram mariyu vikalaangulaku parimitulu takkuvagaa unna samajanni srushtinchadam samajam yokka saamuuhika baadhyata. srushtilo vaikalyam anedi saamskrutika mariyu saiddhaantika rendoo. saamaajika namuunaa prakaram, balaheenata/vaikalyam unnavaariki samaana praapyata anedi maanava hakkula aandolana. vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namuunaa vimarsalaku guraindi. samajam yokka baadhyatanu nokki cheppadamlo saamaajika namuunaa pooshinchina praamukhyatanu gurtistuu, tomm shakespearetho sahaa panditulu, namuunaa yokka parimitulanu etthi chuupaaru mariyu "vaidya verses" nuu adhigaminche kotta namuunaa avasaranni koraru. saamaajika "dwaipaakshikata. eee namuunaa yokka parimitulu antey tarachugaa vikalaangulu edurkone mukhyamaina sevalu mariyu samacharam andubaatulo undavu, tarachugaa vaariki maddatu ivvadamlo parimita aardhika rabadi kaaranamgaa. vaidya maanaveeya shaastram anedi vaidya mariyu saamaajika vaikalyam namuunaa madhya antaraanni tagginche phalavantamaina rangam anie kondaru chebutaaru. saamaajika nirmaanam. vaikalyam yokka saamaajika nirmaanam anedi vaikalyam anedi jeevasambandhamaina vyatyaasaala kante saamaajika anchanaalu mariyu samsthala dwara nirminchabadutundane aalochana. samajam mariyu samsthalu vaikalyanni nirminche maargaalanu highlight cheyadam eee aalochana yokka pradhana kendraalalo okati. adhe vidhamgaa jaathi mariyu lingam jeevasaastraparamgaa sthiramgaa laevu, vaikalyam kooda kaadu. 1970la praarambhamlo, saamaajika saastravettalu, mukhyamgaa elliot friedson, label siddhaantam mariyu saamaajika vichalananni vaikalyam adhyayanalaku vartimpajeyavachani vaadinchadam praarambhinchaaru. idhi vaikalyam siddhaantam yokka saamaajika nirmaanaaniki daariteesindi. vaikalyam yokka saamaajika nirmaanam anedi vaikalyam anedi pramaanam nundi vaidolagadaaniki saamaajika pratispandanagaa nirminchabadindane aalochana. vaidya parisrama anaarogyamtho mariyu vikalaangula saamaajika paatraku srushtikarta. aarogyampai naipunhyam kaligina vaidya nipunulu mariyu samsthalu aarogyam mariyu saareeraka mariyu manasika nibandhanalanu nirvachinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. oka vyaktiki aarogyam yokka saamaajika nirvachanaaniki cherukokunda balaheenata, parimiti ledhaa parimitini srushtinche lakshanam unnappudu, aaa vyakti vikalaangudigaa gurtinchabadataadu. eee aalochana prakaram, vaikalyam anedi sareeram yokka bhouthika lakshanaala dwara nirvachinchabadadu, conny aarogyam yokka saamaajika sampradaayam nundi vaidolagadam dwara nirvachinchabadutundi. vaikalyam yokka saamaajika nirmaanam vaikalyam anedi balaheenata, parimiti ledhaa parimiti anae vaikalyam yokka vaidya namuunaa abhiprayam tappu anie vaadistundi. badulugaa vaikalyamgaa chudabadedi samaajamlo "saadhaarana" gaa pariganinchabade daanikante vyaktilo unna vyatyaasam matrame. paribhasha. prajalu-modati bhasha. kontamandi ishtapade vaikalyam gurinchi maatlaadataaniki prajalu-modati bhasha oka maargam. vyaktula-modati bhashanu upayoginchadam anedi vaikalyaaniki mundu vyaktini unchutundani chebutaaru. prajalu-modati bhashanu ishtapade vyaktulu "vikalanga vyakti" anie pilavadaaniki ishtapadataaru. vikalaangula hakkulapai americanla vikalaangula chattam mariyu vikalaangula hakkulapai un convention thoo sahaa vaikalya hakkulapai pradhana chattaalalo eee shaili pratibimbistumdi. "delaware vishwavidhyaalayamlo "cerebral palsy eah guide pharr cair" prajala-modati bhashanu vivaristundihi yukelo peepul-fust padajaalam "balaheenatalu unna vyaktulu" ("drushti lopam unna vyaktulu" vantivi) roopamlo upayoginchabadutundi. ayithe, UKloe, gurtimpu-modati bhashaku saadhaaranamgaa prajala-modati bhasha kante praadhaanyata istaaru. vyaktula-modati paribhasha yokka upayogam vikalaangulu (ledhaa vaikalyam) unna vyakti (luu) (ledhaa vyaktulanu) suuchimchadaaniki pidablyudi anae sankshipta namam yokka upayogaaniki daariteesindi. ayithe itara vyaktulu mariyu samuuhaalu vaikalyam prajala gurtimpulanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundo nokki cheppadaniki gurtimpu-modati bhashanu ishtapadataaru. upayoginchina bhasha yokka shaili vividha deshaalu, samuuhaalu mariyu vyaktula madhya maarutuu untundi. gurtimpu-modati bhasha. gurtimpu-modati bhasha vyaktini "vikalangudu" gaa varnistundi. kontamandi dheenini ishtapadataaru mariyu idhi vyaktula kante vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namuunaaku baga saripotundani vaadistaaru-modati bhasha, endukante idhi vyakti vaari sareeram dwara kaadu, vaariki vasati kalpinchani prapancham dwara vikalangudani nokki chebutundi. idhi mukhyamgaa UKloe vartistundi, ikkada saamaajika namuunaa kinda okari balaheenata (udaaharanaku, vennupamu gaayam undatam) anedi vyaktigata aasti ayinappatikee, "vaikalyam" anedi praapyata lekapovadam vanti bahya saamaajika kaarakaala dwara srushtinchabadina vishayam. vaikalyam yokka vyaktigata aasti mariyu vaikalyam yokka saamaajika aasti madhya eee vyatyaasam saamaajika namuunaaku kendramgaa undhi. vikalaangulu" anae padaanni raajakeeya nirmaanamgaa vikalaangula antarjaateeya samsthalu vanti vikalaangula antarjaateeya samsthalu kooda vistrutamgaa upayogistunnaayi. gurtimpu-modati bhashanu upayoginchadam anedi gurtimpu mariyu vaividhyam yokka itara amsaala gurinchi prajalu elaa matladataro kooda samaantaramgaa untundi. udaaharanakuh adevidhamgaa, yuu. ess loe cheviti sanghaalu.ess. gurtimpuku anukuulamgaa prajalanu-modati bhashanu-modati bhashanu tiraskarinchandi. 2021loe, yuu. ess. association aann hayyar education und disability (munduku) tama vishayaalalo gurtimpu-modati bhashanu upayoginchaalane tama nirnayaanni prakatinchindi, vivarinchindihi "gurtimpu-modati bhasha vaikalyanni neerugaa claim cheyadam dwara pratikuula ardhaalanu savaalu chestundi. gurtimpu-modati bhasha anedi mana sareeraalu mariyu medadulu unikilo unna aneka paristhithulatho elaa panichestaayane daanilo unna vaividhyaanni mariyu evarinainaa vikalaangulanu cheyadamlo cherukoleni ledhaa anachivese vyavasthalu, nirmaanaalu ledhaa vaataavaranaala paatranu suuchistumdi." adrushya vaikalyam. adrushya vaikalyalu, daachina vaikalyalu ledhaa kanipinchani vaikalyalu (envidi) anie kooda pilustaaru, ivi ventane kanipinchani ledhaa chudaleni vaikalyalu. avi tarachugaa deerghakaalika anaarogyaalu mariyu rojuvaaree jeevana saadhaarana karyakalapalanu gananeeyamgaa debbatise paristhitulu. adrushya vaikalyalu paatasaalaku velladaaniki, pani cheyadaaniki, samajikamga maaradaaniki mariyu marinnintini cheyadaaniki oka vyakti chese prayatnaalaku aatamkam kaliginchavacchu. adrushya vaikalyalaku konni udaaharanalalo medho vaikalyalu, autism spectrum desorder, attension deficit hyperactivity desorder, manasika rugmatalu, ubbasam, muurcha, alerjeelu, migrainelu, arthuritis mariyu chronic fettig syndrome unnaayi. manasika anaaroogyam nirdhaarana unnavaarilo nirudyogam adhika retulo upaadhi vivaksha mukhyamaina paatra pooshistundani nivedinchabadindi. episodic vaikalyam. arthuritis, bipolar desorder, hechaivi ledhaa multiple sclerosis vanti aarogya paristhitulu unna vyaktulu anaaroogyam yokka bhagala madhya aarogyakaramaina kaalaalanu kaligi untaaru. anaaroogyam samayamlo pani vanti saadhaarana panulanu cheyagala prajala saamarthyam appudappudu undavacchu. vaikalya kriyaaseelata. vaikalyam mariyu vikalaangula gurinchi charchinchetappudu vaikalyam kriyaaseelata tagina bhasha yokka savaranaku daariteesindi. udaaharanaku, 'mandaginchina' vaidya vargeekarana daani pratikuula chikkula kaaranamgaa appati nundi vismarinchabadindi. antekakunda, vikalaangula kriyaaseelata kooda vikalangulache avamaanakaramaina bhashanu tirigi pondadaaniki daariteesindi. vikalaangulu tamanu taamu 'vikalaangulu' gaa elaa varninchukovachho mairs (1986) vivarinchindi. vaaru tamanu taamu vivarinchukovadaaniki, vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchina moosa bhashanu upayogistunnanduku idhi aascharyakaramgaa anipinchavacchu; ayithe dheeni uddesyam vaidya nipunula nundi 'vikalanga gurtimpu' nii tirigi pondadam mariyu vikalaangula ishtapade bhaashatho daanini tirigi amarchadam. paina pradarsinchina bhasha yokka punaruddharana saamaajika namoonaalone untundi, endukante idhi oka samajamga manam vaikalyam yokka bhaavanalanu mariyu avagahanalanu elaa nirmistaamo highlight chestundi.vikalanga kaaryakartalu eee krindi samasyalapai drushtini aakarshinchaaruh hakkulu mariyu vidhanalu. hakkula udyamam. vikalaangula hakkula udyamam vikalaangulaku samaana avakaasaalu mariyu samaana hakkulanu pondadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. ravana, nirmaanam mariyu bhouthika vaataavaranamloo praapyata mariyu bhadrata; swatantra jeevanam, upaadhi, vidya mariyu gruhanirmaanamlo samaana avakaasaalu; mariyu durviniyogam, nirlakshyam mariyu rogula hakkula ullanghana nundi swechcha udyamam yokka nirdishta lakshyalu mariyu demandlu. eee avakaasaalu mariyu hakkulanu bhadraparachadaaniki samarthavanthamaina poura hakkula chattam prayatninchabadindi. prarambha vikalaangula hakkula udyamamlo vaikalyam yokka vaidya namuunaa aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, ikkada vikalaangulanu nayam cheyadaaniki ledhaa chikitsa cheyadaaniki praadhaanyata ivvabadindi, tadwara vaaru saamaajika pramaanaalaku kattubadi untaaru, conny 1960la nundi, hakkula samuuhaalu vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namuunaaku maaradam praarambhinchaayi, ikkada vaikalyam vivaksha samasyaga ardham chesukobadindi, tadwara hakkula samuuhaalu chattaparamaina maargaala dwara samaanatvaanni saadhinchadaaniki maargam sugamam chesindi. maajee soviet union yokka ganatantraalalo vaikalyam samasyalu mariyu praapyata kosam vaadinchadam vidhana roopakalpanalo marinta vyavastheekrutamgaa mariyu prabhaavavantamgaa maarindi. vikalaangula nyaya udyamam. vikalaangula hakkula udyamam nundi udbhavinchina vikalaangula nyaya udyamam, idhi chattaparamaina maarpu mariyu saampradaaya poura hakkulaku praadhaanyata ivvadaaniki badulugaa, saamuuhika vimuktini praadhaanyata ivvadam dwara vikalaangula jeevitaalanu meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. vikalaangula hakkula "rendava tarangam" gaa piluvabade eee chatram, samardhyam, valasavaadam, tella aadhipatyam mariyu binna deshavaalii pettubadidaarii vidhaanamtho mudipadi unna aneka anachiveta vyavasthalanu pariseelinchadaaniki prayatnistundi. vaikalyam nyayam" anae padaanni 2005loe elgibitique vikalanga mahilalu, miah mingus, patricia bern mariyu stacey milburn roopondinchaaru, veeru pradhana sravanti vaikalya hakkula kante paraspara vibhajanaku ekkuva praadhaanyatanistuu, kendra attadugu swaraalaku sambandhinchi samarthavaada vyatiraeka udyamaanni nirminchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. vaari brundam, dhi disability justice collective, sebastian margaret, leroy eff vanti pramukha vikalanga kaaryakartalanu kooda kaligi undhi. moor juuniyar.ayana kavitvam mariyu crip haap udyamaanni sthaapinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru, mariyu eli clair, vaikalya adhyayanaalalo bodymind bhavananu prachuryam pondadaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru. vikalaangula hakkulapai samavesam. december 13,2006naa, prapanchamlooni anchanaa vesina 650 millionla mandhi vikalaangula hakkulu mariyu avakaasaalanu parirakshinchadaaniki mariyu penchadaaniki 21va sataabdapu modati maanava hakkula oppandam ayina vikalaangula hakkulapai samavesaniki aikyaraajyasamiti adhikarikamga angeekarinchindi. 182 deshaalu eee oppandaaniki aamodam telipayi ledhaa aamodinchaayi. eee oppandampai santakam chese deshaalu jaateeya chattalanu sweekarinchi, paatha vaatini tolaginchaalsina avasaram undhi, tadwara vikalaangulaku vidya, upaadhi mariyu saamskrutika jeevitaaniki samaana hakkulu untaayi; aastini kaligi undataaniki mariyu vaarasatvamgaa pondhe hakku; vivaham modalaina vaatilo vivaksha chuupabadakuudadu.; mariyu vaidya prayogaalalo ishtapadakudani vishayalugaa undakudadu. maanava hakkula haikamishanartho sahaa un adhikarulu, eee billu saamaajika namuunaaku anugunamgaa vaikalyam gurinchi marinta hakkula aadhaarita drukpatham patla vaikharilo oka namuunaa maarpunu suuchistumdani paerkonnaaru. vikalaangula antarjaateeya samvatsaram. 1976loe, aikyaraajyasamiti vikalaangula kosam thana antarjaateeya samvatsaraaniki (1981) pranaalika veyadam praarambhinchindi, taruvaata dheenini antarjaateeya vikalaangula samvatsaramgaa paeru marcharu. vikalaangula dasaabdam (1983-1993) vikalaangulaku sambandhinchina prapancha kaaryaacharana karyakramanni kaligi undhi. 1979loe, iidp-1981 pranaalikaloo yea deshaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchina ekaika vikalanga vyakti fraank boow. nedu, aneka deshaalu vaikalyalunna vyaktulugaa unna pratinidhulanu niyaminchaayi. robbert davilla general assembly mundu prasangamlo dasaabdaanni muginchaaru. bove mariyu davila iddaroo chevitivaaru. 1984loe, cheviti pillalu mariyu yuvata vidyalo upayoginchadaaniki sanketha bhashanu unesco aamodinchindi. maajee soviet union republiclalo vidhanalu. maajee soviet unionlo bhaagamaina deshaalalo vidhanalu mariyu kaaryakramaalanu vikalaangula hakkulapai samavesamto samalekhanam cheyadaaniki un karyakramalu mariyu ose pani chestaayi. raajakeeya samasyalu. abhivruddhi chendina mariyu konni abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo raajakeeya hakkulu, saamaajika cherika mariyu pourasatvam terapaiki vachayi. vikalaangulu jeevitamlooni anni rangaalalo samaajamlo paalgonadaaniki mariyu dohadapadataniki samarthavanthamaina maargaalanu kanugonadaaniki, aadhaarapadina vikalaangulanu nirvahinchadaaniki grahinchina kharchu gurinchi charcha aandolanaku minchi maarindi. anchanaa vesina 650 millionla mandhi vikalaangulaloo ekkuva mandhi nivasistunna abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo, praapyata mariyu vidya nundi swayam-saadhikaarata, swayam-sahayaka upaadhi mariyu antaku minchina samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki chaalaa krushi avasaram. gatha konni samvatsaraalugaa, vikalaangula hakkula kaaryakartalu vikalaangulaku puurti pourasatvam pondadampai drushti pettaru. konni deshaalalo puurti upaadhi pondadamlo addamkulu unnaayi; vikalaangula gurinchi prajala avagahana maaravacchu. durviniyogam. vaikalyam unna vyakti kaaranamgaa oka vyakti saareerakamgaa, aardhikamgaa, moukhikamgaa ledhaa maanasikamgaa vedhimpulaku gurainappudu vaikalyam durviniyogam jarugutundi. chaalaa vaikalyalu kanipinchavu (udaaharanaku, ubbasam, abhyasa vaikalyalu) kontamandi durviniyogadaarulu avagahana, maddatu modalaina vaati avasaramtho saareeraka vaikalyanni hetubaddheekarinchaleru. vaikalyam yokka praabalyam mariyu vaikalyaaniki maddatu ichhe kharchu vaidya purogati mariyu saadhaaranamgaa deerghaayuvuto perige koddi, samaajamlo eee amsam ekkuva raajakeeya praamukhyatanu santarinchukuntundi. raajakeeya paarteelu tama vikalaangulatoe elaa vyavaharistaayo, adhi vaikalyam gurinchi, mukhyamgaa vaikalyam yokka saamaajika namoonaalo, oka raajakeeya party avagahanaku kolatagaa maaravacchu. beema. vaikalyam prayojanam ledhaa vaikalyam pinchanu anedi vaikalyam kaaranamgaa tatkalikamga ledhaa saasvatamgaa pani cheyaleni vyaktulaku prabhutva samsthalu andinche oka pradhana rakamaina vaikalyam beema. yuu loe.ess.vaikalyam prayojanam anubandha bhadrata aadaayam vibhaagamlo andinchabadutundi. kenadaalo, idhi kenada pension pranaalikaloo undhi. itara deshaalalo, saamaajika bhadrata vyavasthala kinda vaikalya prayojanaalanu andinchavacchu. paaschaatya deshaalalo, pradhanamgaa eurup mariyu united stateslo vikalaangula pinchanla kharchulu kramamga perugutunnaayi. 1980loe united kingdamlo, vikalaangula pinchanlapai kharchu sthuula jatiyotpatti (zii. dii. pii) loe 0.9 saatamgaa undani nivedinchabadindi; rendu dasaabdaala taruvaata idhi zii. dii. pii. loe 2.6 saataaniki cherukundi. anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa pani nundi lekapovadam mariyu bhavishyattulo vaikalyam pension vachhe pramaadam madhya sambandhaanni aneka adhyayanalu nivedinchaayi. denmarklo parisoedhakulu chesina oka adhyayanam prakaram, anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa swayam-nivedinchabadina rojula gairhajaru samacharanni vaikalyam pinchanu kosam bhavishyat sambhaavya samuuhaalanu samarthavantamgaa gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. eee adhyayanalu vidhana nirnetalu, kesu nirvahana adhikarulu, yajamaanulu mariyu vaidyulaku upayogakaramaina samacharanni andinchavacchu. switzerlandlo, gatha rendu dasabdaluga pradaanam cheyabadina bhatyaala sankhyanu tagginchadam dwara mariyu vrutti punaravasa charyalaku aasrayaanni penchadam dwara vaikalyam rangamlo saamaajika vidhanalu gananeeyamgaa punarnirminchabaddaayi. swiss vaikalya beema erpaatu chesina karyakramalalo palgonna vyaktulatoe nirvahinchina interviewlanu aadhaaramgaa chesukuni, oka adhyayanam samaajamlo vaari sthaanaaniki sambandhinchina vaari anischitulu mariyu aandolanalanu, alaage vaikalya beema jokyalapai vaari pratispandanalanu highlight chestundi. private, labhapeksha kosam vaikalyam beema vikalaangulaku aadaayaalanu andinchadamlo paatra poeshistumdi, ayithe jaateeyam cheyabadina karyakramalu chaalaa mandhi hakkudaarudini pattukune bhadrata valayam. upaadhi. adhyayanalu vaikalyam mariyu pedarikam madhya paraspara sambandhaanni vivarinchaayi. mukhyamgaa, vikalaangulaku andinche udyogaalu chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. marta russell ilaa paerkonnaadu, "vikalaangula (vasati soukaryaalato pani cheyagala) anachivetaku praathamika aadharam vaetana karmikuluga dopidi nundi vaarini minahaayinchadam." medho vaikalyam. aneka deshaalalo medho vikalaangulaku (idi) sraamikasaktiloo avasaramaina naipunhyaalanu pondadaaniki sahayapade karyakramalu unnaayi. ituvanti karyakramalalo aasrayam pondina varkshaaplu mariyu vayojanula day cair karyakramalu unnaayi. rakshita karyakramalalo thotapani, tayari mariyu sameekarinchadam vanti pagati karyakalapalu untaayi. eee karyakalapalu saadhaarana-aadhaarita panulanu sulabhataram chestaayi, idhi panisaktiloki pravesinche mundu gurtimpu pondina vyaktulu anubhavanni pondadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. adevidhamgaa, vayojanula day cair karyakramalalo pagati karyakalapalu kooda untaayi. ayithe, eee karyakalapalu vidya vaataavaranamloo aadharapadi untaayi, ikkada vyaktulu communication, memory mariyu saadhaarana jeevana naipunhyaalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki sahayapade vidya, saareeraka mariyu communication aadhaarita panulalo nimagnam kagalaru. adanamgaa, vayojanula day cair karyakramalu bahiranga pradaesaalaku kshetra parytanalanu schedule cheyadam dwara samaja karyakalapalanu erpaatu chesaayi (udhaa.zii. jantupradarsanasaalalu, mariyu cinema theatres). rendu karyakramalu sraamikasaktiloki pravesinche mundu medho vikalaangulaku avasaramaina naipunhyaalanu andinchinappatikii, gurtimpu pondina vyaktulu samaja-samagra upaadhiki ishtapadataarani parisoedhakulu kanugonnaru. viniyogadaarula seva, clerical, kaapalaadaaru, aatithya mariyu tayari sthaanaala nundi vividha vruttulalo kaneesa ledhaa ekkuva vaetanaalatoe prajalaku community-integrated upaadhi avakaasaalu andinchabadataayi. gurtimpu pondina udyogulu shikshanhato vaariki sahayam cheyagala vikalaangulaina udyogulato kalisi panicheestaaru. eee moodu empikalu medho vikalaangulaku rojuvaaree jeevitaaniki mukhyamaina saamaajika naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu upayoginchadaaniki anumatistaayi. ayithe, lindstrome mariyu itarula prakaram, gurtimpu pondina udyogulu gurtimpu laeni udyogulato samanamga vyavaharistaarani haamii ledhu.community-integrated udyogulaku vaetanaalu pondhe avakaasam takkuvagaa undhi, mariyu kevalam 26 saatam mandhi matrame puurti samayam hodaanu nilupukogalugutaaru. sthiramaina sraamika saktini kanugonadam adanapu savaallanu kaligistundi. journal off uplied research inn intellectual disability" loe prachurinchina oka adhyayanam udyogam kanugonadam kashtamgaa unnappatikee, udyogaanni sthireekarinchadam marinta kashtamani suuchimchimdi. gurtimpu pondina vyaktulaku upaadhini pondadaaniki tagina utpatti naipunyaalu mariyu samarthavanthamaina saamaajika naipunyaalu avasaramani chadse-rush pratipaadinchaaru. udyoga nashtaniki itara antarleena karakalu nirmaanaatmaka karakalu mariyu kaarmika-karyalaya samaikyata. killsby cheppinatlugaa, parimita nirmaanaatmaka karakalu udyogamlo aneka amsaalanu prabhaavitam chestaayi, udaaharanaku oka gurtimpu pondina vyakti pani cheyadaaniki anumatinchabadina parimita gantala sankhya. dheeniki badulugaa, fabian mariyu itarula prakaram.idhi sahodyogulato sambandhaalanu pempondinchukovadaaniki ledhaa karyalayamlo baga kalisipovadaniki avakaasam lekapovadaniki daariteestundi. ayinappatikee, udyogaanni sthireekarinchaleni vaaru tarachugaa nirutsaahapadataaru. jarid nirvahinchina adhe adhyayanam prakaram, palgonna chaalaa mandhi tama sahodyogulato poliste takkuva aadaayaanni sampaadinchaarani, vaariki pani lenanduna vaari rojanta ekkuva samayam undani kanugonnaru. vaariki niraasa mariyu vaiphalya bhavalu kooda undevi. U prakaram.ess. vaikalyampai jaateeya samstha, gurtimpu pondina vyaktulu nirantaram nirutsaahaanni edurkovadame kakunda, chaalaa mandhi pedarika rekhaku diguvana nivasistunnaaru, endukante vaaru upaadhini kanugonalekapovadam ledhaa sthireekarinchalekapovadam mariyu gurtimpu pondina kaarmikulapai unchina employee parimitula kaaranamgaa. idhi aaharam, vaidya samrakshana, ravana mariyu gruhanirmaanam vanti praathamika avasaraalatoe sahaa tamanu taamu teerchukolekapoye vyaktulanu chestundi. pedarikam. vikalaangulaina pani chese vayassu gala vyaktula pedarikam raetu vikalaangula kante daadaapu rendunnara retlu ekkuva. vaikalyam mariyu pedarikam oka dushta vruttaanni yerparustaayi, dheenilo saareeraka addamkulu mariyu vaikalyam yokka kalankam aadaayaanni pondadam marinta kashtataram chestaayi, idhi aarogyakaramaina jeevitaaniki aarogya samrakshana mariyu itara avasaralanu taggistundi. prabhutva nidhulatho kuudina aarogya mariyu saamaajika sevalu laeni samajalalo, vaikalyamtho jeevinchadaaniki mandulu mariyu tarachugaa aarogya samrakshana sandarsanalu, intlo vyaktigata sahayam mariyu anukuula parikaraalu mariyu dustulapai, saadhaarana jeevana kharchulatho paatu kharchu cheyalsi untundi. vikalaangulapai prapancha nivedika suuchistunna prakaram, vikalaangulaloo moodinta oka vanthu manditho poliste, vikalaangulaloo sagam mandhi aarogya samrakshananu pondaleru. vikalaangulaina peddalaku praja sevalu laeni deshaalalo, vaari kutumbaalu pedarikamlo undavacchu. vipattulu. parimita parisoedhana parignaanam undhi, conny vipattulu vikalaangulanu prabhaavitam chesinappudu emi jarugutundane daanipai aneka vruttaanta nivedikalu unnaayi. vikalaangulu vipattula valla baga prabhaavitamavutaaru. sahayam andubaatulo lekapothe bhouthika vaikalyalunna vaarini taralinchetappudu pramaadam untundi. abhignaa balaheenatalu unna vyaktulu vipattu sambhavinchina sandarbhamlo anusarinchaalsina suuchanalanu ardham chesukovadamlo ibbandi padavacchu. eee karakalanni vikalanga vyaktulatoe vipattu paristhitulalo pramaada vaividhyam yokka sthaayini penchutaayi. vipattu chakram yokka anni dasalalo vikalaangula patla vivakshanu parisoedhanaa adhyayanalu sthiramgaa kanugonnayi. atyanta saadhaarana parimiti emitante, prajalu bhouthikamgaa bhavanalu ledhaa ravaanaanu, alaage vipattu sambandhita sevalanu pondaleru. atyavasara pranaalikadaarulu mariyu vipattu sahaya sibbandiki andistunna vaikalyam sambandhita sikshana lekapovadam valla eee vyaktulanu minahaayinchadam kontavaraku sambhavistundi. samaajamlo vaikalyam. vruddhaapyam. kontavaraku, saareeraka balaheenatalu mariyu maarutunna manasika sthithulu prajalu vaari vayassutho daadaapu sarvavyaaptamgaa anubhavistaaru. vruddhaapya janabha tarachugaa vaikalyam yokka adhika praabalyam kaligi unnanduku kalankam kaligistaaru. cathleen woodward, "vaikalyam adhyayanala kosam keelaka padaalaloo" vraastuu, eee drugvishayaanni eee krindi vidhamgaa vivaristundihi feminist, kweer, crip" loe, alyson coffer vruddhaapyam mariyu daanitoe sambandham unna aandolana gurinchi prastaavinchaaru. coffer prakaram, eee aandolana saadhaaranam aalochanala nundi udbhavinchindi. aame ilaa chebutondih saamaajika niyamaalu. vaari thedaalu kanipinche sandarbhaallo, vikalaangulu tarachugaa kalankaanni edurkontaaru. prajalu tarachugaa vikalaangula unikiki bhayam, karuna, poeshanha, chorabaatlu, dvesham ledhaa nirlakshyam thoo pratispandistaaru. eee praticharyalu, mariyu tarachugaa, vikalaangulanu eee pradaesaalu andinche prayojanaalu mariyu vanarulatho paatu saamaajika pradaesaalanu access cheyakunda minahaayinchavacchu. vikalanga rachayita/parisoedhakudu gennie morris vikalaangulanu attaduguna pettadaniki kalankam elaa panichestundo vivarinchaaduh adanamgaa, kalankaanni edurkovadam anedi kalankam kaliginchabadina vyakti yokka manasika-bhavodvega sreyassuku haani kaligistundi. vikalaangula manasika-bhavodvega aarogyam pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitamayye margalalo okati vaaru anubhavinche anachivetanu antargatamgaa cheyadam, idhi vaaru balaheenamgaa, verriga, panikiranivaru ledhaa vaari paristhithulatho sambandham unna aneka itara pratikuula lakshanaala bhavanaku daariteestundi. anachiveta yokka antargatata prabhaavita vyakti yokka aatmagouravaanni debbateestundi mariyu gurtinchabadina vaikalyam laeni vaari aadhipatyaaniki anugunamgaa vaari pravartanalanu roopondistundi. vikalaangulu tama vaikalya vyatyaasaanni daachadaaniki mariyu takkuvagaa choopinchadaaniki ledhaa "paas" cheyadaaniki vaari chuttoo unna vyaktulu mariyu samsthalachae ottidi cheyabadinappudu samarthavanthamaina aalochanalu tarachugaa antargatamgaa untaayi. rachayita simi linton prakaram, vikalaangulu samajanni kolpovadam, aandolana mariyu sweeya-sandehaanni anubhavinchadam dwara paas chese charya lothaina bhavodvega debbanu kaligistundi. vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchina kalankaanni srushtinchadamlo mariyu balopetam cheyadamlo media mukhyamaina paatra poeshistumdi. vaikalyam yokka media chitranalu saadhaaranamgaa samaajamlo vikalaangula unikini tappanisarigaa upaantamgaa chuuputaayi. eee chitranalu ekakaalamlo vikalaangula vyatyaasam gurinchi prajaadarana pondina avagahananu pratibimbistaayi mariyu prabhaavitam chestaayi. tropes. vikalaangula unikini soochinchadamlo media tarachugaa upayoginche vibhina vyuuhaalu unnaayi. vaikalyanni roopondinche eee saadhaarana margalu amaanaveeyamainavi mariyu vaikalyalunna vyaktula drukpathaalaku praamukhyata ivvadamlo viphalamainanduku teevramgaa vimarsinchabaddaayi. vaikalyam siddhaantakarta mariyu vaakchaaturyavetta jay tii vivarinchinatlugaa. dalmage, samarthavanthamaina media troplu vikalaangula gurinchi samajam yokka apohalanu pratibimbistaayi mariyu konasaagistaayi. prerana porne. prerana porne anedi vikalaangula chitranalanu suuchistumdi, dheenilo vaaru kevalam vaikalyam unnanduna sphuurtidaayakamgaa pradarsinchabadataaru. eee chitranalu vimarsinchabaddaayi endukante avi chithreekarinchina vyaktitoe poliste gurtinchabadina vaikalyam laeni veekshakulu tama gurinchi manchi anubhooti chendela cheyalane uddesyamto srushtinchabaddaayi. vikalaangula maanavatvaanni gurtinche badulu, prerana porne vaarini gurtimpu pondina vaikalyam laeni prekshakulaku preranagaa maarustundi. suupar crip. supercrip trope anedi media nivedinchina sandarbhaalanu suuchistumdi ledhaa oka gurtinchadagina vijayam saadhinchina vikalanga vyaktini chithreekarinchina sandarbhaalanu suuchistumdi, conny vaaru vaastavaaniki chesina daanikante vaari vaikalyampai kendrikrutamai untaaru. adhe ledhaa saaruupya paristhitulu unna itarulatoe poliste avi asadhaaranamainavigaa bhaavinchi, vismayaanni kaligistaayi. vikalaangulaina kreedaakaarula gurinchi nivedinchadamlo alaage autistic savants yokka chitranalalo eee trope vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. chaalaa mandhi vikalaangulu eee praatinidhyaalanu prajalanu puurti vyaktulugaa chudatam kante vaari paristhitini taggistunnatlu khandinchaaru. antekakunda, supercrip chitranalu vaikalyam anedi oka rakamaina pratyeka pratibha, medhavi ledhaa antardrushtini kaligi undaalane avaastavika anchanaanu srushtinchinanduku vimarsinchabaddaayi. medialo eee trope yokka udaaharanalalo daa. manchi vaidyudu, adbhutam yokka saahasopetamaina mariyu itarula nundi shaan marfi. vikalaangudaina vilan. kalpita kathalalo bhaavinchina saamaajika nibandhanala nundi bhinnamaina saareeraka ledhaa manasika gurtulanu kaligi unna paatralu tarachugaa oka vachanamlo pratinaayakulugaa unchabadataayi. lindsay roow-heaveld eee samasyanu marinta vislaeshimchadam praarambhinchadaaniki vidyaarthulaku neerpinchaalsina maargaalanu panchukuntundi. vikalaangula nundi vikalaangula majorityki kanipinche thedaalu prekshakulalo bhayanni rekettinchadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, idhi vikalaangula manastatvam vyaktigata ledhaa praja prayojanaalaku mariyu sreyassuku muppuga undadaanni saasvatam chestundi. vaikalyam taggutundi. disability drop" trope antey vikalanga paatra nakilee, alankarinche ledhaa vaastavaaniki vaari perkonna vaikalyanni kaligi ledani velladinchinappudu. jay dalmaz eee chitramlo kevin spacey paatra, verbal kintnu "saadhaarana anumaanitulu" anae chitraaniki udaaharanagaa andinchaadu, mariyu ilanti chitranalu vikalaangula patla samarthavanthamaina samajam yokka apanammakanni pratibimbistaayi. adanamgaa, oka paatra yokka asthirata yokka eee bahirgatam tarachugaa katha yokka kathana climaxga panichestundi, mariyu kathaamsam, kathana addanki ledhaa paatraatmaka parikaramlo vaikalyanni sangharshanaku muulamgaa upayoginchadam itara vaikalya adhyayanala panditula siddhaantamtoe sardubaatu chestundi. michel mariyu shahron snider. vikalanga baadhituraalu. vaikalyam unna vyakti durbharamgaa ledhaa nissahayamgaa unnatlu bhavinchinappudu maroka saadhaarana sanghatana. notre daam yokka kwasimodo yokka kunchback, enugu manishi yokka zaan merick, chrismus karol yokka chinna samayam, mariyu prajalanu "baadhitulu" ledhaa "baadhitulu" anie piliche vaartaa prasaralu kooda eee moosa dhoraniki konni udaaharanalu. saasvatamgaa amayakuralu. vaikalyalunna paatralu tarachugaa cinemaallo devadutudiga ledhaa pillaluga chitreekarinchabadataayi. eee chitraalalo "raine myaan" (1988), "forrest gump" (1994) mariyu "ii yaam saam" (2001) unnaayi, ivanni adbhutamaina udaaharanalu. vikalaangudaina amayaka mariyu priyamaina vyakti tarachugaa vaari "saadhaarana" vayojana sahacharula asamarthathalanu etthi chuuputaaru, idhi vaariki mokshaanni saadhinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. migataa anninti maadirigaane, eee moosa dhorani kevalam asatyamaina mariyu anduvalla haanikaramaina avagahanalanu poeshistumdi. aneka vaikalya troplu unnappatikee, vaikalya soundaryam kala mariyu madhyamalalo vikalanga sariiraalanu khachitamgaa chithreekarinchadam dwara vaatini tolaginchadaaniki prayatnistundi. sweeya maddatu. kontamandi vikalaangulu vaidya namuunaaku vyatiraekamgaa saamaajika namuunaanu upayoginchadam dwara anagaarina sthithiki vyatiraekamgaa pooraadataaniki prayatninchaaru; vaari sareeraalu mariyu balaheenatala nundi vimarsalanu mariyu vaari vikalanga sahacharulatho poliste vaarini anachivese saamaajika samsthala vaipu mallinche lakshyamtho. praapyata lekapovadam, medialo paelavamaina praatinidhyam, saadhaarana agouravam mariyu gurtimpu lekapovadam vanti aneka firyaadulanu parishkarinchaalani korukune vaikalya kriyaaseelata saamaajika namuunaa framework nundi udbhavinchindi. vaikalya samskruti' srushti vistruta samaajamlo kalankam yokka bhaagaswaamya anubhavam nundi udbhavinchindi. vikalanga samajalalo palgonadam dwara vaikalyanni saanukuula gurtimpunu sweekarinchadam mariyu vaikalyam samskrutilo palgonadam anedi antargata pakshapaataanni edurkovadaniki samarthavanthamaina maargam; mariyu vaikalyam gurinchi aadhipatya kathanaalanu savaalu cheyavachu. vibhajanalu. vikalaangulu saamaajika samsthalanu nadapadaniki anubhavalu vaaru yea itara saamaajika vargaalaku chendinavaaro anae daani panitiirugaa chaalaa bhinnamgaa untaayi. udaaharanaku, vikalanga purushudu mariyu vikalanga mahila vaikalyanni bhinnamgaa anubhavistaaru. idhi oka vyakti yokka gurtimpu yokka vividha amsaalu (vaari lingam, jaathi, laingikata, matam ledhaa saamaajika taragati vantivi) parasparam kalusukuni anachiveta mariyu pratyeka hakkula yokka pratyaekamaina anubhavalanu srushtistaayani vivarinche paraspara vibhajana bhaavanatho maatlaadutundi. vikalaangula hakkulapai aikyaraajyasamiti samavesam rendu rakaala vaikalya vibhajanalanu vaeru chestundih jaathi-vaikalyam vibhajana mariyu linga-vaikalyam vibhajana. ayithe, inca aneka koodallu unnaayi. vaikalyam prati vyaktichae bhinnamgaa nirvachinchabadutundi; idhi kanipinche ledhaa adrusyamgaa undavacchu, mariyu bahula koodali tarachugaa ativyaapti chendutunna gurtimpu vargaala nundi utpannamavutundi. jaathi. vyaadhi adhyayanam yokka prapancha bhaaram yokka kramabaddhamaina vislaeshanha prakaram, prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka minority samajalalo vaikalyam sambhavam ekkuvagaa unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. jaathi alpasankhyakulugaa unna vikalaangulaku kooda saadhaaranamgaa maddatu labhinchadam takkuva mariyu vaaru himsaatmaka vivakshaku gurayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. chiled development" jarnallo prachuritamaina oka adhyayanam prakaram, alpasankhyaaka vikalanga pillalu takkuva mariyu madhya aadaaya deshaalalo sikshaatmaka kramasikshananu pondhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi. vaikalyam laeni vaari kante vaikalyalunna pillalu ekkuvagaa durviniyogam cheyabadataru anae vaastavam kaaranamgaa; eee vargamlooni jaatiparamaina pillalu marinta ekkuva pramaadamloo unnaaru. united stateslo vaikalyaaniki sambandhinchi, kamille eah. berkley journal off criminal laa kosam vraastuu, nelson, naera nyaya vyavastha nundi vikalaangulaina jaathi minoritylu anubhavinche dwandwa vivakshanu paerkontuu, "pratikuulamgaa jatiparamga unna vyaktulu, antey tellavaaru kanivaruga bhaavinche vyaktulu, mariyu manasika anaaroogyam telisina ledhaa oohinchina vaariki, pooliisulatoe paraspara charya anischitamainadi mariyu pramaadakaramainadi." lingam. vikalaangula anagaarina sthithilo undatam valla vikalaangulu linga uniki gurinchi samajam emi aasistundo grahinchalekapovachhu. vaari linga gurtimpuku gurtimpu lekapovadam valla vikalaangulaku asamarthatha bhavalu kalugutaayi. thamus zhe. illinais state universityki chendina gershik linga gurtimpu yokka eee tiraskarana enduku sambhavistundo vivaristundihi vikalaangulaina mahilalu mariyu purushulu enthavaraku lingabhedam kaligi unnaro, eee rendu gurtimpula paraspara charyalu ververu anubhavaalaku daariteestaayi. vikalanga mahilalu oka vidhamaina "double stigmatization" nuu edurkontaaru, dheenilo eee rendu attadugu vargaalaku vaari sabhyatvam ekakaalamlo pratidaanitoe anubandhinchabadina pratikuula muusapoetalanu teevrataram chestundi, endukante vaaru vaariki aapaadinchabaddaaru. ayithe, paraspara vibhajana yokka chatram prakaram, lingam mariyu vaikalyam oka pratyaekamaina anubhavanni srushtinchadaaniki kalustaayi, idhi kevalam oka mahilagaa undatam mariyu vidigaa vaikalyam kaligi undatam yokka yaadruchikam kaadu, conny vaikalyam unna mahilagaa undatam yokka pratyaekamaina anubhavam. okaru entha anagaarina vargaalaku chendinavaaraite, vaari hakku ledhaa anachiveta anubhavam marutundihi sankshiptamgaa, oka nallajati mahila mariyu oka tellajati mahila vaikalyanni bhinnamgaa anubhavistaaru. un umen watch prakaram, "konni saamskrutika, chattaparamaina mariyu samsthaagata addankula pattudala vikalanga mahilalu mariyu baalikalanu rendu retlu vivakshaku gurichestundihi mahilalugaa mariyu vikalaangulugaa."rosemary haaram-thamson cheppinatlugaa," vikalanga mahilalu, saadhaaranamgaa mahilala kante marinta teevramgaa, saamuuhika saamskrutika kalpanalo takkuvasthaayi, lopam, mitimeerina, asamarthulu, anarhata mariyu panikiraniviga chuupabaddaaru." saamaajika-aardhika nepathyam. jaathi mariyu vaikalyam ledhaa lingam mariyu vaikalyam yokka vibhajanala maadirigaane, oka vyakti yokka saamaajika-aardhika nepathyam kooda vaari vaikalyam yokka anubhavanni maarustundi. takkuva saamaajika-aardhika sthithi unna vikalanga vyakti, adhika saamaajika-aardhika sthithi unna vikalanga vyakti kante, ekkuva addamkulu mariyu takkuva avakaasaalatoe prapanchaanni bhinnamgaa anubhavistaadu. vaikalyam mariyu saamaajika-aardhika sthithi madhya vibhajanaku oka manchi udaaharana vidyaku praapyata, endukante pedarikam mariyu vaikalyam madhya pratyaksha sambandhaalu unnayani manaku telusu-tarachugaa dushta chakramlo pani cheyadam. pratyeka vidya mariyu vikalanga pillala samrakshana kharchulu gurtimpu pondina vaikalyam laeni pillala kante ekkuvagaa untaayi, idhi tagina vidyanu pondadamlo apaaramaina addankigaa nilustundi. tagina vidya (yea dasaloonainaa) andubaatulo lekapovadam, upaadhini kanugonadamlo ibbandulaku daariteestundi, idhi tarachugaa paedha mariyu vikalanga vyaktigaa okari anubhavam dwara oke saamaajika nirmaanamloo undataaniki mariyu saamaajika-aardhika minahaayimpunu anubhavinchadaaniki 'kattubadi' unde dushta chakraniki daariteestundi. sankshiptamgaa, eee dushtachakram takkuva saamaajika-aardhika nepathyam unna vikalaangulaku aardhika, saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika muuladhanam lekapovadaanni teevrataram chestundi. marovaipu, adhika saamaajika-aardhika hodha kaligina vikalanga vyakti, tagina (pratyeka) vidya ledhaa chikitsanu pondadaaniki sulabhamgaa samayam gadapavacchu-udaaharanaku, vaariki vijayavantam kaavadaaniki sahayapade merugaina sahayalu, vanarulu ledhaa kaaryakramaalanu pondadam dwara. vaikalya samskruti. kreedalu. paralympic kreedalu (antey "olympicsto paatu") (vesavi mariyu sheethaakaalam) olympics tarvaata jarugutaayi. paralympic creedalalo vistruta shreni saareeraka vaikalyalunna kreedaakaarulu unnaaru. sabhya deshaalalo, paralympic creedalalo vinodaatmaka nundi unnata sthaayi varaku sthaayilalo pootiini nirvahinchadaaniki samsthalu unnaayi (udaaharanaku, vikalanga kreedalu usa mariyu united stateslo blazesports america). vennemuka gaayaalato badhapaduthunna british yuddha anubhavagnula punaravasa karyakramam nundi paralympics abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. 1948loe, surr ludwig guttman, rendava prapancha yuddham anubhavagnulatho kalisi vennemuka gaayaalato unnavaaritho kalisi UKలోనii ayilsbareeloni stoke mandeville aasupatrilo panichestunna naraala shaastravetta, thana rogula punaravasa karyakramalalo bhaagamgaa kreedanu upayoginchadam praarambhinchaadu. 2006loe, saareerakamgaa vikalaangulaina vyaktula kosam, mukhyamgaa avayavaala nashtam ledhaa avayavaala vyatyaasam, teevramaina creedalalo pootii padataniki extremity games erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. janabha. prapanchavyaaptamgaa mariyu desavyaaptamgaa vikalaangula sankhya anchanaalu samasyaatmakamainavi. vaikalyanni nirvachinchadaaniki teesukunna vividha vidhanalu unnappatikee, prapanchamlooni vikalaangula janabha chaalaa peddadani janabha saastravettalu angeekaristunnaaru. udaaharanaku, 2012loe prapancha aarogya samstha prapancha janabha 6.5 biliyanlugaa anchanaa vesindi. vaarilo daadaapu 650 millionla mandhi ledhaa 10 saatam mandhi madhyastamgaa ledhaa teevramgaa vikalaangulugaa anchanaa veyabaddaaru. 2018loe antarjaateeya kaarmika samstha anchanaa prakaram prapancha janabhalo edava vanthu mandhi, daadaapu oka billion mandhi prajalu vikalaangulu, vaarilo 80 saatam mandhi abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo, mariyu 80 saatam mandhi pani chese vayassulo unnaaru. sraamika shakti nundi vikalaangulanu minahayinchi sthuula jaateeyotpattilo 7 saatam varaku kharchu avtundani lekkinchaaru. united states. centers pharr disease controll yokka anaaroogyam mariyu maranaala varapu nivedika prakaram, united stateslo naaluginta oka vanthu mandhi prajalu vikalaangulugaa nivedinchabaddaaru, endukante yuvakulalo 2016. 10% manasika vaikalyalu unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. madhya vayaskulu mariyu vruddhulalo chalanasheelata sambandhita samasyala raetlu varusaga 18.1% mariyu 26.9% thoo atyadhikamgaa unnaayi. jaathi ledhaa jaathi paramgaa, aseanlu atyanta takkuva namodaina vaikalyam retunu kaligi unnaaru, daadaapu 10 saatam, ayithe sthaanika americanlu, atyadhika namodaina sanghatanalu kaligina jaathi samuuham, peddavaarilo 30 saatam mandhi vaikalyam retunu kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. african americanlalo 25 saatam adhika nivedinchabadina vaikalyam raetu undhi, tella peddalalo 16 saatam mariyu hysponic prajalaku 17 saatamtoe poliste. kenada. 22.vaikalyam nivedikalapai 2017 kenadian survey prakaram, 15 ellu paibadina kenadiyanlalo 3 saatam mandhi vaikalyam ledhaa 6,246,640 vyaktulanu kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. kenadaalo, sraamika-taragati purushula kante mahilalu mariyu vruddhulu vikalaangulu ayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi. 25 mariyu 65 madhya pani chese vayassu gala vyaktulatoe poliste, 65 ellu paibadina seeniyarlu 38 saatam vaikalyam retunu nivedinchaaru, idhi daadaapu rettimpu ekkuva. kenadaalo, 15 ellu paibadina mahilallo purushula 20 saatamtoe poliste, 24.3% yokka nivedinchabadina vaikalyam raetu undhi. 2017 kenadian survey off disability nivedikala prakaram, kenadaalo 15 ellu paibadina dakshinasiyalo 4 saatam mandhi vaikalyamtho unnaaru, latin americanlalo 1 saatam takkuva raetu undhi. australia. daadaapu 5 mandhi australionlalo okaru ledhaa 4.4 millionla mandhi prajalu vaikalyam kaligi unnaarani australian beuro off statistics anchanaa vesindi. vikalaangulaina australialo 25 saataaniki paiga manasika ledhaa pravartanaa samasya nivedinchabadindi. purusha praabalyam 17.6 millionlu kaga, stree praabalyam kontha ekkuvagaa 17.8 millionlu undhi. vayassu vaareegaa, australialo 0 mariyu 64 madhya vayaskulalo 11.6% vaikalyam kaligi unnaaru, 65 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 49.6% thoo poliste. 53.vaikalyam unna 15 nundi 64 samvatsaraala vayassu gala australionlalo 4 saatam mandhi udyogam chestunnaru. united kingdom. house off commons library prakaram, UK looni janabhalo 14.6 millionlu ledhaa 22 saatam mandhi, 2020-2021 loe vikalaangulugaa nivedinchabaddaaru. UK loe, 9 saatam mandhi pillalu, 21 saatam pani chese vayassu gala prajalu mariyu 42 saatam mandhi rashtra pinchanu vayassu paie vikalaangulu ledhaa vikalaangulu unnaaru. 2011loe 35,875 mandhi vyaktulapai nirvahinchina jeevita avakaasaala survey prakaram, sumaru 29 saatam swethajaatheeyulu, 27 saatam mishrama jaathi prajalu, 22 saatam asea prajalu, 21 saatam nallajaateeyulu, 19 saatam itara jaathi samuuhaalaku chendina prajalu balaheenatalu ledhaa vaikalyalu kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. purushulatho poliste, mahilalu vaikalyam kaligi unde avakaasam purushulatho poliste konchem ekkuvagaa undhi, adhe samvatsaram nirvahinchina maroe survey phalitaala prakaram, purushulalo 26 saatam mandhi mahilalaku vaikalyam kaligi undagaa, 31 saatam mandhi mahilalaku vaikalyam kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. chaina. national library off medicine nundi vacchina vaidya prachurana ayina chainaalo vaikalyam praabalyamlo iravai samvatsaraala dhoranula prakaram, 2006loe 84.6 millionla mandhi chainees vyaktulu vaikalyamtho jeevistunnaarani anchanaa. 2006loe 83,342 mandhi purushulu mariyu 78,137 mandhi mahilalatho nirvahinchina sarvelo, vaikalyam yokka atyadhika namodaina raetlu unna vayassu samuuhaalu 18-44-vayassu gala purushulu (22.5%) mariyu 65-74-vayassu gala mahilalu (22.8%), mottam deshaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchina jarnallo prachurinchina poles prakaram. chainaalo, vikalaangula saatam pattana mariyu graameena praantaala madhya gananeeyamgaa maarutuu untundi, pattana chainaalo nivedinchabadina 27.6% mariyu 27.8% retlatho poliste, graameena chainaalo purushulu mariyu mahilalu varusaga 72.4% mariyu 72.2% retlanu kaligi unnaaru. chainaalo vinikidi mariyu matlade vaikalyalu sarvasadhaaranamgaa nivedinchabaddaayi, vikalaangulaloo mahilala kante purushulu varusaga 39.6% mariyu 36.2% retlatho ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamavutunnaaru. dakshina korea. dakshina korealo, 2018loe mottam vikalaangula sankhya 1 million kante ekkuva ledhaa janabhalo sumaru 5 saatam mandhi unnaaru. vikalaangulu laeni koreanlatho polchinappudu, vikalaangulu sagatuna 56.5 rojulu vaidya soukaryaalalo gadiparu, idhi jaateeya sagatu kante 2.6 ekkuva. 34.mottam sraamikasaktiloo 9 saatam mandhi vikalaangulaku sambandhinchina udyogaalalo panicheestunnaaru. vikalanga kutumbaalu sagatu aadaayam 41.53 million vaan ledhaa mottam kutumba aadaayamlo 71.3% sampaadinchaayi. vikalaangulapai korea 2020 ganaamkaala prakaram, vikalaangulaloo ekkuva mandiki itara rojuvaaree panulatho paatu "subhraparachadam" mariyu "ravaanaanu upayoginchadam" loe sahayam avasaram. abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalu. abhivruddhi chendina deshaala kante abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo vaikalyam sarvasaadhaaranam. vaikalyam mariyu pedarikam madhya sambandham eee nirmaanaalu parasparam balopetam chese "dushta chakram" loe bhaagamgaa bhaavistaaru.

mazuri mazuri kasee bhee haalat kaa tajarbah hay juu kasee shaqs kay liye kachh sargarmiyan karnaa yaa kasee deeye gayey muashiray mein masawi rasayi haasil karnaa ziyadah mashkal banaa deeta hay. mazuriyan elmi nashonuma fakri zahni jismani hasee yaa mutadid awamil kaa majmuah how sakti haine. mazuriyan paidaish say mojud how sakti haine yaa kasee shaqs kii zindagi kay doraan haasil kii jaa sakti haine. tarikhi toor parr maazuriyon kuu sarf mayaar kay eek tung seet kii bunyaad parr pehchana gayaa hay-tahim mazuriyan binery nahein haine aur fard kay lahaaz say manfard khususiyat mein mojud how sakti haine. mazuri aasani say nazar aaney waali yaa ghair maryee noiyat kii how sakti hay. maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq aqwam muthadah kay convention mein mazuri kii tareef iss tarah kii gayee hay: maazuriyon kuu poori tareekh mein mukhtalif nazaryati einak kay zariye mukhtalif tareeqe say samjha gayaa hay. hamaray muashiray mein mazuri kii wazahat karnay kii koshish karnay waalay duu aham maadal haine: tabee maadal aur samaji maadal. tabee maadal eek nazaryati freem wark kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay juu mazuri kuu eek naapsandidah tabee haalat samajhta hay jiss kay liye khususi alaaj kii zarurat hoti hay. juu loag tabee maadal say mansub kartay haine wah maazuriyon kii bunyadi wajuhaat kay saath saath kasee bhee alaaj-jeesay maawan technology kuu talaash karnay parr taujah markoz kartay haine. samaji maadal mazuri kuu inn afraad parr samaji toor parr paida kardah hadd kay toor parr markoz kartaa hay jinn kay paas aabadi kii aksariyat kay baraabar salahiyat nahein hay. agarcha tabee maadal aur samaji maadal mazuri kay liye sabb say aam freem haine leakin deegar behat say maadal haine juu mazuri kuu nazariyah banatay haine. mazuri say mutaliq mukhtalif pahluwon kii wazahat kay liye behat see mukhtalif astalahat mojud haine. agarcha kachh astalahat sarf mazuri say mutaliq mazahir kuu biyaan karnay kay liye mojud haine leakin deegar kaa markaz maazur afraad kuu badnaam karnay aur inn kaa bay dakhal karnay parr markoz hay. kachh astalahat kaa matlab atnaa manfi hotaa hay kahh inhein gaali samjha jaataa hay. maujudah tanazah yaha hay kahh aayaa shaqs-pehli zabaan kaa istemaal karnaa munasib hay (i.ayee. wah shaqs juu maazur hay) yaa shanakhat-pehli zabaan (i.ayee. maazur shaqs) jabb mazuri aur kasee fard kaa hawalah deetay haine. maazur afraad kay pasmandah honay kii wajah say muashiray mein masawi salok aur rasayi kay liye kayee srgarm kaarkan wajuhaat saamney aayee haine. mazuri kay karkanon nay qanoon kay tahat masawi aur masawi haqoq haasil karnay kay liye jadujahad kii hay-halankah abb bhee aisey seyasi masail haine juu maazur afraad parr zulam woo satam kuu qaabil banatay haine yaa aagay badhatay haine. agarcha mazuri kii srgarmi qaabil nazaam kuu khatam karnay kaa kaam karti hay mazuri kay adraak say mutaliq samaji asulon kuu aksar mediya kay zariah istemaal honay waalay tropez say taqwiyat milti hay. chonkah jadeed muashiray mein mazuri kay baaray mein manfi tasvaraat wasee paimanay parr paaye jaatay haine iss liye maazur afraad nay apnee pasmandgi kay khalaaf peeche hatnay kii koshish mein khood wakalat kii taraf rakh kiyaa hay. mazuri kuu eek aisi shanakhat kay toor parr tasleem karnaa jiss kaa tajarbah fard kii deegar kaseer jehti shanakhaton kii bunyaad parr mukhtalif tareeqe say kiyaa jaataa hay aksar maazur khood waklaa kay zariye iss kii nishandahi kii jaati hay. markazi dhaaray kay muashiray say mazuri kuu bay dakhal karnay nay mazuri kii saqafat kay ubharnay kaa moqaa paida kiyaa hay. jabb kahh maazur karknan abb bhee maazur afraad kuu markazi dhaaray kay muashiray mein zam karnay kuu farogh deetay haine mazuri kii community kuu farogh deenay kay liye kayee mazuron kay liye sarf jaghein banayi gayee haine-jeesay aart soshal mediya aur kheel. tareekh. mazuri kii asree tafheem inn tasvaraat say haasil hoti hay juu maghrab mein sciency roshan khayali kay doraan paida hoay vovo roshan khayali say pehley jasmani ikhtelafat kuu eek mukhtalif einak kay zariye dekha jaataa thaa. qabal az tareekh kay doraan insaanon kay aisey shawahid mojud haine jinhon nay maazur afraad kii deekh bhaal kii. wandowar aasaar qadimah kay maqaam parr juu kankaal milay inn mein say eek taqriba 15 saal kaa eek mard thaa jasay spina bifeda thaa. iss haalat kaa matlab yaha thaa kahh ladkay juu shayed kamar kay neechey mafluj how gayaa thaa kii deekh bhaal shikaari jamaa karnay waali baradari mein kii gayee thee. mazuri kuu alhee sazaa kay zariah kay toor parr nahein dekha jaataa thaa aur iss liye maazur afraad kuu naha tuu inn kii kamzooriyon kii wajah say khatam kiyaa jaataa thaa aur naha hyee inn kay saath imtiyazi salok kiyaa jaataa thaa. iss kay bajaye behat say logon kuu mesopotimia kay muashiray kii mukhtalif sathon mein mulazimat dee gayee thee jiss mein mazhabi mandaron mein dewataon kay nokaron kay toor parr kaam karnaa bhee shaamil thaa. qadeem misar mein muashiray mein laathi aksar istemaal hoti thee. inn kay liye eek aam istemaal maazur buzurg afraad kay liye thaa kahh wah inhein chalnay mein madad karein. aisi dafaat juu kamzor nql woo harkat waalay afraad kuu mandaron aur shafa bakhash panah gaahon takk rasayi kay qaabil banaati thein qadeem yunaan mein banayi gayee thein. khaas toor parr 370 bee takk.see.wasee tarr elaqay mein sabb say aham shafa yaabi kii panah gaah epidors mein esclipius kii panah gaah mein kumm az kumm 11 mustaqil pathar kay remp thay juu nql woo harkat say mahroom zaireen kuu noow mukhtalif dahanchon takk rasayi farahim kartay thay. iss baath kaa sabut hay kahh maazur afraad kuu tasleem kiyaa jaataa thaa aur inn kii deekh bhaal kii jaati thee kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr qadeem yunaan mein. darhaqiqat qadeem yunaniyon nay maazur afraad kuu ziyadah qaabil jasm afraad say mukhtalif nahein dekha hoga keunkah inn kay record mein inn kii wazahat karnay waali astalahat behat mubham malum hoti haine. jabb takk zeer bahas maazur shaqs muashiray mein apnaa hasah ddaal saktaa hay yunani inhein bardasht kartay dikhayi deetay haine. qaroon wastee kay doraan paagal punn aur deegar halaat kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh yaha badruhon kii wajah say hotaa hay. inhein qadarti tartib kaa hasah bhee samjha jaataa thaa khaas toor parr seeyah moth kay doraan aur iss kay natijay mein jiss nay poori aam aabadi mein kharabiyan paida kein. ibtadayi jadeed door mein jasmani aur zahni ikhtelafat kay liye hayatiyati wajuhaat kii talaash mein tabdili aayee saath hyee saath darjah bundi kay zamron mein dilchaspi mein izafah hawaa: misaal kay toor parr solahvein sadee mein ambroise peer nay "rockshison"yee "ajubah"yee aur "mazuron" kay baaray mein likhaa. europi roshan khayali kay istedlal say haasil kardah alam aur insani tarqi kay liye qadarti science kii qadr parr zoor deenay say idaaron aur mutaliqah elmi nizamon kii paidaish mein madad milly jinhon nay insaanon kaa mashahidah aur darjah bundi kii. inn mein say mazuri kay aaj kay tasvaraat kii tarqi kay liye aham loag panah gaahein cleank aur jailein thein. mazuri kay asree tasvaraat kii jadein utharahwein aur aneeswein sadee kii paish raft mein haine. inn mein sabb say aham tabee tabee guftagu kii tarqi thee jiss nay insani jasm kuu eek aisi cheez kay toor parr zahir kiyaa jiss mein heera phairi mutalah aur tabdili kii jaa sakti hay. inn nay sciency lectures kay saath mill kirr kaam kiyaa jinn mein darjah bundi aur darjah bundi karnay kii koshish kii gayee aur aisa kartay huay mamul kay tareeqe bunn gayey. asul" kaa tasavur iss door mein tayaar hawaa aur iss kaa asharah belgium kay maahir shumariyat maahir samajiyat riyaazi daan aur maahir falkiyaat adolf quitlet kay kaam say milta hay jinhon nay 1830 kii dahayi mein "eel hoam moyan"-ausat aadmi likhaa thaa. quitlet nay paish kiyaa kahh koyee bhee kasee dee gayee aabadi mein logon kii tamaam sifaat kaa majmuah lay saktaa hay (jeesay inn kaa qadd yaa wazan) aur inn kii ausat talaash kirr saktaa hay aur yaha aidaad woo shamaar eek shumariyati mayaar kay toor parr kaam karnaa chahiye jiss kii taraf sabb kuu khwahish karnee chahiye. shumariyati mayaar kaa yaha khayaal iss arsey kay doraan bartaniah riyasathaye muthadah america aur maghrabi europi riyasaton kii taraf say aidaad woo shamaar jamaa karnay kay teez raftaar amal kay zariye dhagay banata hay aur yaha ujeniks kay arooj say jadaa hawaa hay. mazuri kay saath saath deegar tasvaraat bashmol: ghair mamuli ghair mamul aur mamul iss say aayaa. inn tasvaraat kii gardash iss ajeeb woo gharib show kii maqboliyat mein waazah hay jehaan show meenon nay inn asulon say hatnay waalay logon kii numaish say fayedah uthaya. aneeswein sadee kay aakhir mein ujeniks kay arooj kay saath iss tarah kay inharaf kuu poori aabadi kii sehat kay liye khatarnaak samjha jaataa thaa. mazuri kuu kasee shaqs kay hayatiyati meek app kay hasay kay toor parr dekha jaataa hay aur iss tarah inn kii jinyati warasat kay saath science daanon nay apnee taujah nikasi kay tasvaraat jeesay jaine poul say baahir "inharaf" kii taraf mabzool karayee. kasee shaqs kii jinyati tandrasti kaa andazah laganay kay liye mukhtalif paimaishon kaa tayeen kiyaa gayaa aur phir inn logon kuu milk badr karnay jaraseem say paak karnay yaa idaarah jaati bananay kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa jinhein naahil samjha jaataa hay. maazur afraad germani mein naazi hukumat kay zariye nishanah banaye gayey grohon mein say eek thay jiss kay natijay mein holocast kay doraan taqriba 250,000 maazur afraad maaray gayey. dosri jung azeem kay ikhtatam parr naazi ujeniks kii misaal kay saath ujeniks awami guftagu say ghaib how gayaa aur teezi say mazuri inn sifaat kay eek majmuay mein shaamil how gayee jinn mein adviyaat shaamil how sakti haine-chahay wah izaafah bahaali yaa alaaj kay zariye how. asree aur jadeed tareekh donon mein mazuri kuu aksar frust digri rishtah daaron yaa second digri rishtah daaron kay darmiyan badantazami kii zamni paidawar kay toor parr dekha jaataa thaa. mazuri kay scholars nay sanaati inqilaab kay saath saath jagirdarana nazaam say sarmayah daari kii taraf maashi tabdili kii taraf bhee asharah kiyaa hay juu mazuri kii tafheem kay numayan tarikhi lamhaat haine. agarcha qaroon wastee kay doraan mazuri kay ard gird eek khaas maqdar mein mazhabi toham parasti thee leakin maazur loag abb bhee deehi paidawar parr mubni maeshat mein aham kirdaar adaa karnay kay qaabil thay jiss say wah rozmarah kii maashi zindagi mein haqeeqi sharakat kirr saktay thay. sanaati inqilaab aur sarmayah daari kii aamad nay asay iss tarah banaya kahh loag abb zameen say jaday naha rahein aur phir inhein aisa kaam talaash karnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa juu zindah rehney kay liye ajrat adaa karay. ajrat kay nazaam nay sanaati paidawar kay saath mill kirr idaaron kuu dekhnay kay tareeqe kuu tabdil kirr diyaa keunkah logon kuu machinon kii tarah paida karnay kii salahiyat kay liye teezi say qadr kii jaati thee. sarmayah daari aur sanaati inqilaab nay moasir tareeqe say "maazur" logon kaa eek neeya tabqah paida kiyaa juu mayari mazdoor kay jasm yaa kaam kii taaqat kii satah kay mutabiq nahein how saktay thay. iss kay natijay mein maazur afraad kuu eek masilah samjha jaanay lagaa jasay hall kiyaa jaana thaa yaa mitaa diyaa jaana thaa. 1970 kii dahayi kay awail mein mazuri kay haqoq kii tehreek iss waqat qayem hoyee jabb mazuri kay karkanon nay muashiray kay maazur afraad kay saath salok aur mazuri kay liye tabee naqtah nazar kuu challenge karnaa sharoo kiyaa. iss kaam kii wajah say rasayi mein jasmani rukawaton kii nishandahi kii gayee. inn halaat nay inhein faal toor parr ghair faal kirr diyaa aur juu abb mazuri kaa samaji namunah kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay wah abb abb saamney aayaa. mayik auliver nay 1983 mein wazaa kiyaa yaha faqrah mazuri kay tabee maadal-jiss kay tahat kasee kharaabi kuu theek karnay kii zarurat hay-aur mazuri kay samaji maadal-jiss kay tahat kasee shaqs kuu mahdud karnay waalay muashiray kuu theek karnay kii zarurat hay kay darmiyan farq kartaa hay. nazariyah. behat say samaji zamron kii tarah "mazuri" kaa tasavur taleemi adaaron tabee aur qanuni duniyaon aur mazuri baradari kay darmiyan shadeed bahas kay tahat hay. mazuri kaa mutalah. mazuri kuu nazariyah saazi parr markoz taleemi nazam woo zabt mazuri kaa mutalah hay juu beswein sadee kay aakhir say badh rehaa hay. yaha medaan mazuri kay maazi haal aur mustaqabil kii tamirat kii tehqiqat kartaa hay iss naqtah nazar kuu aagay badhanay kay saath kahh mazuri eek paichidah samaji shanakhat hay jiss say humm sabb basirat haasil kirr saktay haine. jaisa kahh maazuriyon kay scholar clair milani kaa kehna hay kahh "apnay wasee tarr mazuri kay mutalay scholars kuu mazuri kuu saqafati farq kii eek shakal kay toor parr ahmiyat deenay kii targhib deetay haine. yaha shobah teezi say beenn alzabta hay juu aksar falsafah tareekh angrezi mataalah biyaan baazi kay mataalay nasli aur nasli mataalay sanfi aur jansiyat kay mataalay tabee humanities mawasilat tadrisi aur behat kachh kay shoabon kay saath auvar leep hotaa hay. iss shobay kay scholars mazuri say mutaliq mutadid mozuaat parr taujah markoz kartay haine jeesay akhlaqiyat palisi aur qanoon saazi tareekh mazuri baradari kaa funn aur behat kachh. iss medaan kay qaabil zakar scholars mein maarta rasal raabart mackerveer johana headwa laura harshi airong zolaa aur behat say dosray shaamil haine. mamtaz mazuri kay scholar lenard jay. ddios nott kartay haine kahh mazuri kay mutalay kuu eek khaas yaa khususi shobah nahein samjha jaana chahiye balkah iss kaa itlaaq mukhtalif shoabon aur mozuaat parr hotaa hay. beenn alaqwami darjah bundi. aalimi idaarah sehat kay zariah tayaar kardah kaam karnay mazuri aur sehat kii beenn alaqwami darjah bundi (aayee see aif)yee jasmani afaal (jasmani yaa nafsiyati jeesay basarat) aur jasmani dahanchay (jasmani hasay jeesay aankh aur mutaliqah dahanchay) kay darmiyan farq karti hay. jasmani saakhat yaa faal mein kharaabi kii tareef iss tarah kii gayee hay kahh iss mein aam toor parr qabool shadah aabadi kay kachh mayaraat say bay zabitgi eib nqsan yaa deegar aham inharaf shaamil hay juu waqat kay saath ataar chadhao kaa baais bunn saktaa hay. srgarmi kii tareef kasee kaam yaa amal kay anjaam kay toor parr kii jaati hay. aayee see aif mein kaam karnay kay noow wasee domains kii fehrist dee gayee hay juu mutasir how saktay haine: mazuri kay scholars kay saath mill kirr aayee see aif kay taaruf mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh mazuri aur kaam kii wazahat karnay kay liye mukhtalif qasm kay tasvarati maadal tajweez kiye gayey haine jinhein yaha marbut karnaa chahta hay. inn models mein darj zeel shaamil haine: tabee maadal. tabee maadal mazuri kuu shaqs kay eek masilay kay toor parr dekhta hay juu braah raast bemari sadmey yaa sehat kii deegar haalaton kii wajah say hotaa hay jiss kii wajah say paishah warr afraad kay zariah infiradi alaaj kii shakal mein mustaqil tabee deekh bhaal kii zarurat hoti hay. tabee maadal mein mazuri kay intezam kaa maqsad "alaaj"yee yaa fard kii adjustment aur tarz amal mein tabdili hay juu "taqriba alaaj" yaa mosar alaaj kaa baais banay gee. fard cow iss soorat mein tabee deekh bhaal kay zariye apnee mazuri parr qaabu paanaa hoga. tabee maadal mein tabee deekh bhaal kuu bunyadi masilah kay toor parr dekha jaataa hay aur seyasi satah parr bunyadi radamil sehat kii deekh bhaal kii palisi mein tarmim yaa aslaah karnaa hay. tabee maadal maazuriyon kii wajuhaat aur alaaj talaash karnay parr markoz hay. wajuhaat. mazuri kii behat see mukhtalif wajuhaat haine juu aksar rozmarah kii zindagi kii bunyadi sargarmiyon kuu mutasir karti haine jeesay khaana labaas pehanna muntaqli aur zaati hifzan sehat kuu barqarar rakhna vovo yaa rozmarah kii zindagi kii aalee darjay kii sargarmiyan jeesay kharidari khaaney kii tayaari driving yaa kaam karnaa. tahim mazuri kii wajuhaat kaa tayeen aam toor parr kasee shaqs kii rozmarah kii zindagi kii sargarmiyan anjaam deenay kii salahiyat say hotaa hay. jaisa kahh maarta rasal aur rawi malhutra kaa istedlal hay "mazuri kii 'tabee kaaree' aur darjah bundi kay aalat nay waazah toor parr 'maazur' aur 'qaabil jasm' kay darmiyan taqsim qayem karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. yaha mazuri kuu tabee madakhilat kay zariye hall kiye jaanay waalay masilay kay toor parr paish kartaa hay juu mazuri kaa kiyaa matlab how saktaa hay iss kay baaray mein hamaari samajh mein rukawat banata hay. americiyon kay mazuri aikat 1990 kay maqasid kay liyay yuu aiss masawi rozgaar kay mawaqa commission kay qawaid woo zuabit inn halaat kii eek fehrist farahim kartay haine jinn kaa aasani say mazuri kaa natijah akhz kiyaa jaana chahiye: behra punn andhaa punn zahni mazuri jazwi yaa makmal toor parr gumshidah aizaa yaa nql woo harkat kii kharabiyan jinn kii zarurat hoti hay waheel chair autzam cancer dimaghi falij ziyabetas margee aich aayee wee/aidz milty pull seclerosis pathon kii kharaabi bury afsardah kharaabi spina bifeda bayee polar diss arder post traumatic strais diss arder januni lazmi kharaabi aur shizophrenia. yaha eek makmal fehrist nahein hay aur behat say zakham aur tabee masail mazuri kaa sabab bantay haine. mazuri kii kachh wajoohaat jeesay chootein waqat kay saath hall how sakti haine aur inhein "aarizi mazuri" samjha jaataa hay. haasil kardah mazuri" inn kharabiyon kaa natijah hay juu zindagi kay doraan achanak yaa daaimi toor parr hoti haine iss kay barakas kahh wah kharaabi kay saath paida hoti haine. "poshidah mazuriyan" waazah toor parr qaabil taujah nahein how sakti haine. alaaj. tabee maadal maazur afraad kay liye alaaj alaaj yaa bahaali kay tareeqon kuu talaash karnay parr behat ziyadah taujah markoz kartaa hay. maawan technology. maawan technology aalat aur tabdiliyon (kasee shaqs kay liye yaa muashiray kay andar) kay liye eek aam astalah hay juu mazuri parr qaabu paaney yaa asay door karnay mein madad karti hay. prosthesas kay istemaal kii pehli record shadah misaal kumm az kumm 1800 qabal maseeh kii hay. waheel chair 17 wein sadee kii hay. karb cutt eek mutaliqah saakhti akhtaraa hay. deegar misalein khaday freem text teeli phone qaabil rasayi kii board baday parant brail aur taqrir kii shanakhat kaa saaft wayer haine. maazur afraad aksar aisi mawafiqat paida kartay haine juu zaati how sakti haine (misaal kay toor parr.jee. awami satah parr ticks kuu dabanay kii hakmat emli) yaa community (misaal kay toor parr.jee. ddee/behri baradariyon mein ashaaron kii zabaan). jeesay jeesay personnel computer ziyadah harr jagah phail gayaa hay mukhtalif tanzimon nay saaft wayer aur haard wayer tayaar karnay kay liye tashkil dee hay taakah computer kuu maazur afraad kay liye ziyadah qaabil rasayi banaya jaa sakay. kachh saaft wayer aur haard wear jeesay waais funger fredam scientfic kay "jabday"yee mufta aur open soars muthbadil "aurka" waghairah. khaas toor parr maazur afraad kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay jabkah deegar saaft wayer aur haard wear jeesay kahh qadarti toor parr bolnay waala naveens kaa dragon khaas toor parr maazur logon kay liye tayaar nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin rasayi kuu badhanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. lomak kii board newzi lend mein khaas toor parr maazur afraad kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa. world wide waib consortium nay maazur afraad kay liye waib takk rasayi kay liye beenn alaqwami mayaraat kii zarurat kuu tasleem kiyaa aur waib takk rasayi kii pehal (wee aey aayee) banayi. dasambar 2012 takk mayaar dabliyo see aey jee 2 (dabliyo see aey jee = waib mawaad takk rasayi kay rehnuma khatut) hay. samaji maadal. mazuri kaa samaji namunah "mazuri" kuu samaji toor parr paida honay waalay masilay aur muashiray mein afraad kay makmal inzamam kay muamile kay toor parr dekhta hay. iss maadal mein mazuri kasee fard kii khaasiyat nahein hay balkah samaji maahul kay zariah paida kardah halaat kaa eek paichidah majmuah hay. masilay kay intezam kay liye samaji kararwai kii zarurat hoti hay aur yaha muashiray kii ijtemayi zamah daari hay kahh wah eek aisa muashirah banaye jiss mein maazur afraad kay liye hadood kumm say kumm hoan. takhliq mein mazuri saqafati aur nazaryati donon hay. samaji maadal kay mutabiq kasee maazur/mazuri waalay shaqs kay liye masawi rasayi insani haqoq kaa masilah hay. mazuri kaa samaji namunah tanqeed kaa nishanah bunn chakaa hay. muashiray kii zamah daari parr zoor deenay mein samaji maadal kii taraf say adaa kii jaanay waali ahmiyat kuu tasleem kartay huay tomm shakespear sameet scholars maadal kii hadood kii nishandahi kartay haine aur eek aisey nayey maadal kii zarurat parr zoor deetay haine juu "medical bamuqablah medical" parr qaabu paa lay. samaji "dicotomy. iss maadal kii hadood kaa matlab yaha hay kahh aksar maazur afraad kuu jinn aham khidmaat aur malumat kaa saamna karnaa padta hay wah dastiyaab nahein hoti haine aksar inn kii madad mein mahdud maashi munafa kii wajah say. kachh kaa kehna hay kahh tabee humanities eek natijah khaiz shobah hay jehaan mazuri kay tabee aur samaji maadal kay darmiyan farq kuu kumm kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. samaji tameer. mazuri kii samaji tameer yaha khayaal hay kahh mazuri hayatiyati ikhtelafat kay bajaye samaji tauqaat aur idaaron say paida hoti hay. muashiray aur idaaron kay mazuri paida karnay kay tareeqon kuu ajagar karnaa iss khayaal kii bunyadi taujah mein say eek hay. asee tarah nasal aur jans hayatiyati toor parr tay shadah nahein haine naha hyee mazuri hay. 1970 kii dahayi kay awail mein mahireen samajiyat khaas toor parr elite friedson nay yaha bahas karnaa sharoo kii kahh labling theori aur samaji inharaf kaa itlaaq mazuri kay mutalay parr kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss kii wajah say mazuri kay nazariyah kii samaji tameer kii takhliq hoyee. mazuri kii samaji tameer yaha khayaal hay kahh mazuri kuu mamul say inharaf kay samaji radamil kay toor parr banaya jaataa hay. tabee sanaat beemaar aur maazur samaji kirdaar kaa khaaliq hay. tabee paishah warr afraad aur adaaray juu sehat parr maharat rakhtay haine sehat aur jasmani aur zahni asulon kii wazahat karnay kii salahiyat rakhtay haine. jabb kasee fard mein koyee aisi khususiyat hoti hay juu sehat kii samaji tareef takk pahunchnay say rukawat pabandi yaa hadd paida karti hay tuu fard kuu maazur qaraar diyaa jaataa hay. iss khayaal kay tahat mazuri kii tareef jasm kii jasmani khususiyat say nahein balkah sehat kay samaji rawaj say inharaf say hoti hay. mazuri kii samaji tameer yaha dalil day gee kahh mazuri kaa tabee namunah yaha nazariyah kahh mazuri eek kharaabi pabandi yaa hadd hay ghalat hay. iss kay bajaye jasay mazuri kay toor parr dekha jaataa hay wah fard mein sarf eek farq hay jasay muashiray mein "aam" samjha jaataa hay. astalahat. loag-pehli zabaan. loag-pehli zabaan mazuri kay baaray mein baath karnay kaa eek tariqah hay jasay kachh loag tarjih deetay haine. kahaa jaataa hay kahh logon kii pehli zabaan kaa istemaal karnay say shaqs kuu mazuri say pehley rakhaa jaataa hay. wah afraad juu logon kii pehli zabaan kuu tarjih deetay haine wah "maazur shaqs" kahalanay kuu tarjih dain gay. iss andaaz kii akaasi mazuri kay haqoq say mutaliq baday qanoon saazi mein hoti hay bashmol americanz wad abilities aikat aur maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq yuu aine convention. "delaveer university mein "dimaghi faalij: deekh bhaal kay liye eek guide" logon kii pehli zabaan biyaan kartaa hay: bartaniah mein logon kii pehli astalah "maazur afraad" (jeesay "basarat kii kharaabi waalay loag") kii shakal mein istemaal hoti hay. tahim bartaniah mein shanakhat-pehli zabaan kuu aam toor parr logon kii pehli zabaan say ziyadah tarjih dee jaati hay. logon kii pehli astalahat kay istemaal nay maazur afraad (yaa afraad) (yaa mazuri) kay hawalah say pee dabliyo ddee kay mukhfif kay istemaal kuu janam diyaa hay. tahim dosray afraad aur garwah shanakhat kuu tarjih deetay haine-pehli zabaan iss baath parr zoor deenay kay liye kahh mazuri logon kii shanakhat kuu kiss tarah mutasir kirr sakti hay. istemaal honay waali zabaan kaa coone saa andaaz mukhtalif mamalik grohon aur afraad kay darmiyan mukhtalif hotaa hay. shanakhat-pehli zabaan. shanakhat-pehli zabaan mein shaqs kuu "maazur" qaraar diyaa jaataa hay. kachh loag asay tarjih deetay haine aur yaha dalil deetay haine kahh yaha mazuri kay samaji maadal kuu logon kii pehli zabaan say behatar toor parr fitt bethta hay keunkah iss mein iss baath parr zoor diyaa gayaa hay kahh wah shaqs apnay jasm say nahein balkah eek aisi duniya say maazur hay juu inhein adjust nahein karti hay. yaha bartaniah mein khaas toor parr sach hay jehaan samaji maadal kay tahat yaha dalil dee jaati hay kahh agarcha kasee kii kharaabi (misaal kay toor parr reedh kii huddy mein choot lagna) eek infiradi malkiyat hay "mazuri" wah cheez hay juu rasayi kii kamee jeesay beruni samaji awamil say paida hoti hay. mazuri kii infiradi malkiyat aur mazuri kii samaji malkiyat kay darmiyan yaha farq samaji maadal kaa markazi hasah hay. maazur afraad" kii astalah kuu eek seyasi tameer kay toor parr maazur afraad kii beenn alaqwami tanzimein bhee baday paimanay parr istemaal karti haine jeesay kahh maazur afraad kii beenn alaqwami tanzimein. shanakhat-pehli zabaan kaa istemaal bhee matwazi hay kahh loag shanakhat aur tanoo kay deegar pahluwon kay baaray mein kisay baath kartay haine. misaal kay toor parr: asee tarah yuu mein behri baradariyan.aiss. logon kuu mustarid karein-shanakhat kay haqh mein pehli zabaan-pehli zabaan. 2021 mein yuu aiss aisosi aishan aann higher ajucation aind mazuri (forward) nay apnay mawaad mein shanakhat-pehli zabaan istemaal karnay kay apnay faislay kaa aalaan kartay hoay wazahat kii: "shanakhat-pehli zabaan braah raast mazuri kaa daawi karkay manfi maanee kuu challenge karti hay. shanakhat-pehli zabaan iss tanoo kaa hawalah deeti hay juu hamaray jasm aur dimagh kay bay shamaar halaat kay saath kaam karnay kay tareeqe mein mojud hay aur kasee kuu maazur karnay mein naqabil rasayi yaa jabranah nazaam dahanchay yaa maahul kaa kirdaar." poshidah mazuri. poshidah mazuri jasay poshidah mazuri yaa ghair maryee mazuri (aine wee ddee) bhee kahaa jaataa hay wah mazuriyan haine juu fouri toor parr zahir nahein hotein yaa qaabil deed nahein hotein. wah aksar daaimi beemariyan aur halaat hotay haine juu rozmarah kii zindagi kii mamul kii sargarmiyon kuu numayan toor parr kharaab kartay haine. poshidah mazuri kasee shaqs kii school jaanay kaam karnay samaji honay aur behat kachh karnay kii koshishon mein rukawat bunn sakti hay. poshidah maazuriyon kii kachh misalon mein danishwarana mazuri autzam spectrum diss arder taujah kii kamee hyper activaty diss arder zahni awaariz damah margee alraji dard shaqiqah gathiya aur daaimi thakawat cendrome shaamil haine. atlaa dee gayee hay kahh mulazimat kay imtiyazi salok nay zahni bemari kii tashkhis karnay waalon mein bay rozgaari kii aalee sharah mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa hay. qast kii mazuri. sehat kay halaat jeesay gathiya doibarowi aarzah aich aayee wee yaa eek say ziyadah seclerosis waalay logon mein bemari kii aqsaat kay darmiyan tandrasti kay adwaar hotay haine. bemari kii aqsaat kay doraan logon kii mamul kay kaam anjaam deenay kii salahiyat jeesay kaam waqfe waqfe say how sakti hay. mazuri kii srgarmi. mazuri kii srgarmi nay khood hyee mazuri aur maazur afraad parr bahas kartay waqat munasib zabaan parr nazar saani kii hay. misaal kay toor parr iss kay baad say 'kamzor' kii tabee darjah bundi kuu iss kay manfi mazmaraat kii wajah say nazar andaaz kirr diyaa gayaa hay. iss kay alawah mazuri kii srgarmi nay bhee maazur afraad kay zariah toheen aamiz zabaan kuu dobarah haasil karnay kaa baais bunny hay. meirz (1986) nay wazahat kii kahh kiss tarah maazur loag khood kuu 'apahij' qaraar deenay kaa intekhaab kirr saktay haine. yaha hairat angez lugg saktaa hay kahh wah khood kuu biyaan karnay kay liye mazuri say waabistah daqyanosi toor parr manfi zabaan istemaal kirr rahay haine vovo tahim iss kaa maqsad tabee paishah warr afraad say 'maazur shanakhat' kuu dobarah haasil karnaa aur asay maazur afraad kii tarjihi zabaan kay saath dobarah tartib deena hay. oopar dikhayi gayee zabaan kii bahaali khood kuu samaji maadal kay andar rakhti hay keunkah iss say iss baath parr roshni padti hay kahh kiss tarah eek muashiray kay toor parr humm mazuri kay tasvaraat aur adraak banatay haine.mazuri kay karkanon nay darj zeel masail kii taraf taujah mabzool karayee hay: haqoq aur polician. haqoq kii tehreek. mazuri kay haqoq kii tehreek kaa maqsad maazur afraad kay liye masawi mawaqa aur masawi haqoq haasil karnaa hay. nql woo hamal funn tameer aur jasmani maahul mein rasayi aur hifazat vovo aazadana zindagi rozgaar taleem aur rehaish mein masawi mawaqa vovo aur badsaloki nazrandaz aur mareezon kay haqoq kii khalaaf warziyon say aazadi tehreek kay makhsus ahdaaf aur mutalibat haine. inn mawaqa aur haqoq kuu mahfuz bananay kay liye shehri haqoq kay mosar qanoon saazi kii koshish kii jaati hay. mazuri kay haqoq kii ibtadayi tehreek mein mazuri kay tabee maadal kaa ghalbah thaa jehaan maazur afraad kay alaaj yaa alaaj parr zoor diyaa gayaa thaa taakah wah samaji mayaar parr amal karein leakin 1960 kii dahayi mein haqoq kay gropon nay mazuri kay samaji maadal kii taraf muntaqil honaa sharoo kirr diyaa jehaan mazuri kuu imtiyazi salok kay masilay kay toor parr taabir kiyaa jaataa hay iss tarah haqoq kay gropon kay liye qanuni zaraye say masawaat haasil karnay kii raah hamwaar hoti hay. saabiq soweet union kii jamhuria mein mazuri kay masail aur rasayi kii wakalat palisi saazi mein ziyadah manzam aur baasir how gayee hay. mazuri insaaf kii tehreek. mazuri kay haqoq kii tehreek say tayaar honay waali mazuri insaaf kii tehreek hay jiss kaa maqsad qanoon saazi kii tabdili aur rawayati shehri haqoq kuu tarjih deenay kay bajaye ijtemayi aazadi kuu tarjih day kirr maazur afraad kii zindagiyon kuu behatar banana hay. yaha freem wark jasay mazuri kay haqoq kii "dosri lehar" kahaa jaataa hay jabar kay behat say nizamon kaa jaizah leenay kii koshish kartaa hay juu istedad iss tarah kii nawabadiyat safed faam baladasti aur mutafariq watan sarmayah daari kay saath jaday hoay haine. mazuri insaaf" kii astalah 2005 mein eel jee bee tye kiyo kii maazur khwateen miyaa mangas patricia burn aur steesi mulbarn nay wazaa kii thee jinhon nay mazuri kay markazi dhaaray kay haqoq kay muqabilay mein intersection parr ziyadah zoor deenay kay saath eek mukhalif tehreek kii tameer kii koshish kii thee jaisa kahh pasmandah aawazon kuu markaz mein rakhna. inn kay group mazuri insaaf ijtemayi mein qaabil zakar mazuri kay karknan jeesay sebistin margaret leraye aif bhee shaamil thay. morr juniyar.yee juu apnee shayeri aur crip hopp tehreek kii bunyaad kay liye mashhur haine aur ailee clair juu mazuri kay mutalay kay andar baadi mind kay tasavur kuu maqbool bananay kay liye mashhur haine. maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq convention. 13 dasambar 2006 kuu aqwam muthadah nay duniya kay andazay kay mutabiq 650 millin maazur afraad kay haqoq aur mawaqa kay tahfuz aur badhanay kay liye maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq convention juu kahh 21 wein sadee kaa pehla insani haqoq kaa muahidah hay parr bazabtah toor parr ittefaq kiyaa. 182 mamalik nay convention mein shamoliyat kii tausiq yaa qabool kii hay. convention parr dastakhat karnay waalay mamalik kuu qomi qawanin apnanay aur boodhon kuu hatanay kii zarurat hay taakah maazur afraad cow misaal kay toor parr taleem rozgaar aur saqafati zindagi kay masawi haqoq haasil hoan vovo jayedad kay maalik honay aur warasat kay haqh vovo shaadi waghairah mein imtiyazi salok naha kiyaa jaaye.vovo aur tabee tajarbaat mein naapsandidah mazamin naha bunna. insani haqoq kay hayee commissioner sameet aqwam muthadah kay hakaam nay iss bull kuu samaji maadal kay mutabiq mazuri kay baaray mein haqoq parr mubni ziyadah naqtah nazar kii taraf raviyon mein eek misali tabdili kii numaindagi karnay kay toor parr paish kiyaa hay. maazur afraad kaa beenn alaqwami saal. 1976 mein aqwam muthadah nay maazur afraad kay liye apnay beenn alaqwami saal (1981) kay liye mansubah bundi sharoo kii jasay baad mein maazur afraad kaa beenn alaqwami saal qaraar diyaa gayaa. maazur afraad kii eek dahayi (1983-1993) mein maazur afraad say mutaliq eek aalimi prograam paish kiyaa gayaa. 1979 mein frank bow waahid maazur shaqs thaa juu aayee aayee ddee pee-1981 kii mansubah bundi mein kasee bhee milk kii numaindagi kartaa thaa. aaj behat say mamalik nay aisey numaindon kay naam liye haine juu khood maazur afraad haine. dahayi kaa ikhtatam general assembly say pehley raabart devla kay khataab mein hawaa. kamaan aur doilah donon behray haine. 1984 mein unisco nay behray bachon aur naujawanon kii taleem mein istemaal kay liye ashaaron kii zabaan kuu qabool kiyaa. saabiq soweet union jamhuria mein polician. yuu aine prograam aur awo aiss see ayee inn mamalik mein palisi aur programon kuu marbut karnay kay liye kaam kartay haine juu saabiq soweet union kaa hasah thay aur maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq convention kay saath. seyasi masail. tarqi yaaftah aur kachh tarqi pazeer mamalik mein seyasi haqoq samaji shamoliyat aur shahriyat saamney aayee haine. yaha bahas inhasaar karnay waalay maazur afraad kuu barqarar rakhnay kii samjhi jaanay waali laagat kay baaray mein tashwesh say balatar how gayee hay taakah iss baath kuu yaqeeni bananay kay liye mosar tareeqe talaash kiye jaa sakein kahh maazur afraad zindagi kay tamaam shoabon mein muashiray mein hasah lay sakein aur hasah ddaal sakein. tarqi pazeer mamalik mein jehaan takhmina 650 millin maazur afraad kaa badaa hasah rehta hay rasayi aur taleem say lay kirr khood mukhtari khood kafeel rozgaar aur iss say aagay kay khadshaat kuu door karnay kay liye behat ziyadah kaam karnay kii zarurat hay. pachlay kachh saalon mein mazuri kay haqoq kay karkanon nay maazur afraad kay liye makmal shahriyat haasil karnay parr taujah markoz kii hay. kachh mamalik mein makmal rozgaar haasil karnay mein rukawatein haine vovo maazur afraad kay baaray mein awami taasraat mukhtalif how saktay haine. badsaloki. mazuri kaa istehsaal iss waqat hotaa hay jabb kasee shaqs kuu mazuri kii wajah say jismani maalee zabani yaa zahni toor parr ziyadati kaa nishanah banaya jaataa hay. chonkah behat see mazuriyan nazar nahein aatee haine (misaal kay toor parr damah seekhnay kii mazuri) kachh badsaloki karnay waalay ghair jasmani mazuri kuu samajh madad waghairah kii zarurat kay saath maqool nahein banaa saktay. jeesay jeesay mazuri kaa phailao aur mazuri kii himayat karnay kii laagat aam toor parr tabee tarqi aur lambi amar kay saath badhti hay muashiray kaa yaha pehlu ziyadah seyasi ahmiyat kaa haamil hotaa hay. seyasi jamaatein apnay maazur halqon kay saath kiss tarah kaa salok karti haine yaha kasee seyasi jamaat kii mazuri kay baaray mein tafheem kaa eek paimanah bunn saktaa hay khaas toor parr mazuri kay samaji maadal mein. bemah. mazuri kaa fayedah yaa mazuri pension eek bury qasm kaa mazuri kaa bemah hay juu sarkaari agenciyon kay zariye inn logon kuu farahim kiyaa jaataa hay juu mazuri kii wajah say aarizi yaa mustaqil toor parr kaam karnay say qaasir haine. yuu mein.aiss.mazuri kaa fayedah izaafi hifazati aamadni kay zamray mein farahim kiyaa jaataa hay. canada mein yaha canada pension plaan kay tahat hay. dosray mamalik mein mazuri kay fawaid samaji tahfuz kay nazaam kay tahat farahim kiye jaa saktay haine. mazuri pension kay ikhrajat maghrabi mamalik mein khaas toor parr europ aur america mein muslisil badh rahay haine. yaha atlaa dee gayee thee kahh bartaniah mein mazuri pension parr honay waalay ikhrajat 1980 mein majmuyi gharilo paidawar (jee ddee pee) kaa 0.9 faisad thay vovo duu dahayiyon baad yaha jee ddee pee kay 2.6 faisad takk pahunch gayaa thaa. kayee mutaliat nay bemari kii wajah say kaam say ghair haaziri mein izaafe aur mustaqabil mein mazuri pension kay badhtay hoay khatray kay darmiyan taaluq kii atlaa dee hay. dunmark mein mohqaqeen kii eek tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh bemari kii wajah say ghair haaziri kay khood report shadah dunon kii malumat kuu mazuri pension kay liye mustaqabil kay mamkanah gropon kii moasir shanakhat kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. yaha mutaliat palisi saazon kees minijing hakaam aajron aur doctoron kay liye mufeed malumat farahim kirr saktay haine. sweatzerland mein mazuri kay shobay mein samaji policiyon kuu guzashta duu dahayiyon kay doraan alauns kii taadad kuu kumm karkay aur paishah waranah bahaali kay iqdamat kaa sahara badhaa kirr numayan toor parr nayee shakal dee gayee hay. sois mazuri bemah kay zariye qayem kardah programon mein shaamil afraad kay saath kiye gayey interviews parr mubni eek mutalah muashiray mein inn kii ghair yaqeeni surathaal aur inn kay maqaam say mutaliq khadshaat kay saath saath mazuri bemah kii madakhilaton parr inn kay radh amal kuu bhee ajagar kartaa hay. najee munafa bakhash mazuri kaa bemah maazur afraad kuu aamadni farahim karnay mein kirdaar adaa kartaa hay leakin qomi prograam hifazati jaal haine juu ziyadah tarr dawedaron kuu pakadtay haine. rozgaar. mutaliat nay mazuri aur gharbat kay darmiyan irtabaat kii akaasi kii hay. khaas toor parr maazur afraad kuu paish kii jaanay waali mulazimatein kumm haine. maarta rasal nott karti haine kahh "[a] maazur afraad (juu rehaish kay saath kaam kirr saktay haine) parr zulam kii bunyadi bunyaad inhein ajrat waalay mazdooron kii haisiyat say istehsaal say khaarij karnaa hay." zahni mazuri. behat say mamalik mein aisey prograam haine juu zahni toor parr maazur (aayee ddee) logon kuu afraadi qoot mein matlubah maharatein haasil karnay mein madad kartay haine. iss tarah kay programon mein panah gaah workshops aur balighon kii day kiar kay prograam shaamil haine. panah gaah prograam dunn kii sargarmiyon jeesay baghbani menofecturing aur assembling parr mushtamil hotay haine. yaha sargarmiyan mamul parr mubni kaamon kuu aasaan banaati haine juu badlay mein aayee ddee logon kuu afraadi qoot mein daakhil honay say pehley tajarbah haasil karnay kii ajazat deeti haine. asee tarah balighon kii day kiar kay programon mein dunn kii sargarmiyan bhee shaamil haine. tahim yaha sargarmiyan eek aisey taleemi maahul mein mubni haine jehaan aayee ddee loag taleemi jasmani aur mawasilat parr mubni kaamon mein mashghul how saktay haine juu mawasilat yaaddasht aur amumi zindagi kii maharaton kuu aasaan bananay mein madad kartay haine. iss kay alawah balighon kay day kiar programon nay awami maqamat parr feld trips kaa sheedol banaa kirr community sargarmiyon kaa ahtamam kiyaa (misaal kay toor parr.jee. chadiya gahar aur film theater). afraadi qoot mein daakhil honay say pehley zahni toor parr maazur afraad kay liye zaruri maharatein farahim karnay waalay donon programon kay bawajood mohqaqeen nay paaya hay kahh aayee ddee loag community say marbut rozgaar mein shaamil honaa pasand kartay haine. community kay marbut rozgaar kay mawaqa logon kuu customer saroos clerical darbaan mahman nawazi aur menofecturing kay ahadon say lay kirr mukhtalif paishon mein kumm az kumm yaa ziyadah ajrat parr paish kiye jaatay haine. aayee ddee mulazimin baghair kasee mazuri kay inn mulazimin kay saath kaam kartay haine juu tarbiyat mein inn kii madad karnay kay qaabil hotay haine. teenon akhtiyarat zahni toor parr maazur afraad kuu samaji maharaton kuu farogh deenay aur inn kaa istemaal karnay kii ajazat deetay haine juu rozmarah kii zindagi kay liye aham haine. tahim iss baath kii zamanat nahein hay kahh aayee ddee mulazimin kuu bhee wahee salok milay gaa juu mulazimin kuu aayee ddee kay baghair milta hay. landstrom aur deegar kay mutabiq.community say marbut mulazimin kuu tankhwahon mein izafah milnay kaa amkaan kumm hotaa hay aur sarf 26 faisad kill waqti haisiyat barqarar rakhnay kay qaabil hotay haine. eek mustahkam afraadi qoot kii talaash izaafi challenges kaa baais banti hay. journal aaf applied recerch inn intellectual diss ability" mein shaye honay waali eek tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh agarcha nokari talaash karnaa mashkal how saktaa hay leakin nokari kuu mustahkam karnaa aur bhee mashkal hay. cheedsi-rash nay tajweez paish kii kahh aayee ddee logon kay liye rozgaar haasil karnay kay liye munasib paidawari maharat aur mosar samaji maharat kii zarurat hoti hay. mulazimat say mahroom honay kay deegar bunyadi awamil mein saakhti awamil aur kaarkan-kaam kii jagah kaa inzamam shaamil haine. jaisa kahh kalsabi nay kahaa hay mahdud saakhti awamil mulazimat mein behat say awamil kuu mutasir kirr saktay haine jeesay kahh mahdud taadad mein ghantay juu eek shanakhti shaqs kuu kaam karnay kii ajazat hay. fabyan aur deegar kay mutabiq yaha badlay mein hay.yee saathi karkanon kay saath taluqat astawaar karnay yaa kaam kii jagah kay andar behatar tareeqe say zam honay kay mawaqa kii kamee kaa baais bantaa hay. iss kay bawajood juu loag nokari kuu mustahkam karnay say qaasir haine inn kii aksar huslah shakni kii jaati hay. jaireed kay zariye kii gayee asee tehqeeq kay mutabiq hasah leenay waalay behat say logon nay paaya kahh inhon nay apnay saathi karkanon kay muqabilay mein kumm aamadni kamayi thee inn kay puray dunon mein waqat ziyadah thaa keunkah inn kay paas kaam nahein thaa. inhein naa ameed aur nakami kay ehsasaat bhee thay. yuu kay mutabiq.aiss. mazuri say mutaliq qomi tanzeem naha sarf aayee ddee logon kuu muslisil huslah shakni kaa saamna karnaa padta hay balkah behat say loag khath gharbat say neechey rehtay haine keunkah wah rozgaar talaash karnay yaa mustahkam karnay say qaasir haine aur aayee ddee workers parr rakhay gayey mulazimin kay mahdud awamil kii wajah say. iss say loag apnay liye khuraak tabee deekh bhaal nql woo hamal aur rehaish jaisi bunyadi zaruriyat sameet farahim karnay say qaasir how jaatay haine. gharbat. kaam karnay kii amar kay maazur afraad kii gharbat kii sharah maazur afraad kay muqabilay mein taqriba dahayee ganaa ziyadah hay. mazuri aur gharbat eek shaitani dairah bunn saktay haine jiss mein jasmani rukawatein aur mazuri kaa badnuma daagh aamadni haasil karnaa mazeed mashkal banaa deeta hay jiss kay natijay mein sehat mund zindagi kay liye sehat kii deekh bhaal aur deegar zaruriyat takk rasayi kumm how jaati hay. riyasati maali aanat say chalnay waali sehat aur samaji khidmaat kay baghair muashiron mein mazuri kay saath rehney kay liye mamul kay ikhrajat kay saath adviyaat aur sehat kii deekh bhaal kay baar baar dooron gahar mein zaati madad aur mawafiqat pazeer aalat aur labaas parr kharch karnay kii zarurat parh sakti hay. mazuri say mutaliq aalimi report say patah chalta hay kahh tamaam maazur afraad mein say nasf sehat kii deekh bhaal kay muthamil nahein haine iss kay muqabilay mein eek tahayi maazur afraad. maazur balighon kay liye awami khidmaat kay baghair inn mamalik mein inn kay khaandaan gharib how saktay haine. aafaat. tehqiqi alam mahdud hay leakin behat see qasey kii reportein jabb aafaat maazur logon kuu mutasir karti haine tuu kiyaa hotaa hay. maazur afraad aafaat say behat ziyadah mutasir hotay haine. agar madad dastiyaab naha how tuu ankhala kartay waqat jasmani mazuri waalay afraad kuu khatrah lahiq how saktaa hay. elmi kamzooriyon waalay afraad kuu inn hidayaat kuu samajhne mein dushwari kaa saamna karnaa parh saktaa hay jinn parr kasee aafat kii soorat mein amal karnaa zaruri hay. yaha tamaam awamil maazur afraad kay saath aafaat kay halaat mein khatray kii taghir kii digri mein izafah kirr saktay haine. tehqiqi mutaliat mein muslisil aafaat kay chakar kay tamaam marahil kay doraan maazur afraad kay khalaaf imtiyazi salok paaya gayaa hay. sabb say aam hadd yaha hay kahh loag emaraton yaa nql woo hamal kay saath saath aafaat say mutaliq khidmaat takk jasmani toor parr rasayi haasil nahein kirr saktay. inn afraad kuu khaarij karnaa jazwi toor parr hungami mansubah saazon aur aafaat say namatnay waalay ahalkaron kuu farahim kii jaanay waali mazuri say mutaliq tarbiyat kii kamee kii wajah say hay. muashiray mein mazuri. badhapa. eek khaas hadd takk jasmani kamzooriyon aur badalti hoyee zahni haalaton kaa tajarbah loag apnee amar kay saath taqriba harr jagah kartay haine. amar rasidah aabadi kuu aksar mazuri kay ziyadah phailao kii wajah say badnuma qaraar diyaa jaataa hay. cathleen wodward "mazuri kay mutalay kay liye kaleedi alfaz" mein likhtay huay iss rajhaan kii wazahat mandarjah zeel karti haine: haqoq naswaan koyar crape" mein elison kaafar nay badhapay aur iss say waabistah iztaraab kaa zakar kiyaa hay. kaafar kay mutabiq yaha iztaraab mamul kay khayalat say paida hotaa hay. wah kehti hay: samaji asul. aisey seyaq woo sabaaq mein jehaan inn kay ikhtelafat nazar aatay haine maazur afraad kuu aksar badnuma daagh kaa saamna karnaa padta hay. loag aksar maazur maujudgi parr khoof raham sarparasti ghasnay waali nazaron nafrat yaa nazrandaz kay saath radh amal zahir kartay haine. yaha radamil aur aksar maazur afraad kuu inn jighon kay fawaid aur wasail kay saath samaji maqamat takk rasayi say khaarij kirr saktay haine. maazur masnaf/mohqaq jeanny moris biyaan kartay haine kahh kiss tarah badnuma daagh maazur afraad kuu pasmandah karnay kay liye kaam kartaa hay: mazeed baraan badnuma daagh kaa saamna karnaa badnuma daagh paaye jaanay waalay shaqs kii nafsiyati jazbati tandrasti kuu nqsan pahuncha saktaa hay. maazur afraad kii nafsiyati jazbati sehat parr manfi asar daalnay kaa eek tariqah yaha hay kahh inn parr honay waalay zulam kuu androni shakal dee jaaye jiss say yaha mahsus how saktaa hay kahh wah kamzoor paagal bekaar yaa deegar manfi sifaat kii koyee bhee taadad haine juu inn kay halaat say waabistah how sakti haine. jabar kii androni kaaree mutasirah shaqs kii khood aetemadi kuu nqsan pahunchati hay aur inn kay tarz amal kuu inn tareeqon say tashkil deeti hay juu inn logon kay taslat kay mutabiq haine jinn mein koyee tasleem shadah mazuri nahein hay. qaabil khayalat aksar iss waqat androni hotay haine jabb maazur afraad parr inn kay aas paas kay logon aur idaaron kii taraf say dabao daala jaataa hay kahh wah apnay maazur farq kuu chhapayein aur kumm karein yaa "paas" karein. masnaf samee lantan kay mutabiq guzarnay kaa amal maazur afraad kuu community iztaraab aur khood shakk kaa saamna karnay kaa baais bunn kirr gehra jazbati nqsan pahunchata hay. mediya mazuri say waabistah badnuma daagh paida karnay aur asay mazboot karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. mazuri kii mediya kii tasveer kashee aam toor parr muashiray mein baday paimanay parr mazuron kii maujudgi kuu lazmi toor parr mamuli qaraar deeti hay. yaha akaasi beek waqat maazur farq kay maqbool tasavur kii akaasi aur asar andaaz karti haine. trop. aisey alg alg harbey haine juu mediya aksar mazuron kii maujudgi kii numaindagi karnay kay liye istemaal kartaa hay. mazuri kuu tashkil deenay kay inn aam tareeqon kuu ghair insani bananay aur maazur afraad kay naqtah nazar kuu ahmiyat deenay mein nakami parr shadeed tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya jaataa hay. jaisa kahh mazuri kay theorest aur biyaan nigaar jay tye nay biyaan kiyaa hay. dolmage qaabil mediya trop maazur logon kay baaray mein muashiray kay afsanon kii akaasi kirr saktay haine aur inhein barqarar rakh saktay haine. mutasir kunn fahash. mutasir kunn fahash say maraad maazur afraad kii tasveer kashee hay jiss mein inhein sarf iss wajah say mutasir kunn kay toor parr paish kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah shaqs mazuri kaa shikaar hay. inn tasveeron kuu tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya jaataa hay keunkah wah iss araday say banaye gayey haine kahh baghair kasee tasleem shadah mazuri kay nazireen kuu paish kiye gayey fard kay muqabilay mein apnay baaray mein behatar mahsus how. maazur afraad kii insaniyat kuu tasleem karnay kay bajaye mutasir kunn fahash inhein inn saamayin kay liye tehreek kay ashya mein tabdil kirr deeti hay juu inn logon parr mushtamil hotay haine jinn mein koyee tasleem shadah mazuri nahein hoti. spir crip. supercrip trope say maraad wah misalein haine jabb mediya kasee aisey maazur shaqs kii report kartaa hay yaa iss kii tasveer kashee kartaa hay jiss nay eek qaabil zakar kamiyabi haasil kii hay leakin iss kii taujah inn kii mazuri parr markoz hoti hay bajaye iss kay kahh inhon nay asl mein kiyaa thaa. inhein eek jeesay yaa asee tarah kay halaat waalay dosron kay muqabilay mein ghair mamuli honay kay liye hairat angez kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha trope maazur khiladiyon kay baaray mein reporting kay saath saath autistic sevents kii tasveer kashee mein baday paimanay parr istemaal hotaa hay. behat say maazur loag inn numaindagiyon kii mazmat kartay haine kahh wah logon kuu makmal logon kay toor parr dekhnay kay bajaye inn kii haalat kuu kumm kirr rahay haine. mazeed baraan supercrip kii tasveer kashee kuu yaha ghair haqeeqi toqaa paida karnay parr tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya jaataa hay kahh mazuri kay saath kasee qasm kii khususi salahiyat zahanat yaa basirat hony chahiye. mediya mein iss trope kii misalon mein doctor shaamil haine. achhay doctor kii shaan marfi hairat kii bahadari aur deegar. maazur walan. afsanay mein aisey kirdaar juu samjhay jaanay waalay samaji asulon say farq kay jasmani yaa zahni nishanaat rakhtay haine aksar mutan kay andar walan kay toor parr position mein hotay haine. landsi ruu-hewald nay iss masilay kaa mazeed tajziya sharoo karnay kay liye talbaa kuu sikhanay kay tareeqon kaa ashtaraak kiyaa. maazur afraad kay qaabil aksariyat say zahir honay waalay ikhtelafat kaa maqsad saamayin mein khoof paida karnaa hay juu maazur afraad kii zahniyat kuu infiradi yaa awami mufadat aur falaah woo behbood kay liye khatrah banaa saktaa hay. mazuri mein kamee. mazuri drop" trope iss waqat hotaa hay jabb eek mubinah toor parr maazur kirdaar kaa inkshaf hotaa hay kahh wah jaali aarasta karnay waalaa yaa basurat deegar inn kii daawi kardah mazuri kuu majsam nahein kirr rehaa thaa. jay dolmage nay film mein cune speesi kaa kardaar zabani cunt "mamul kay mushtabah afraad" kuu iss kii misaal kay toor parr paish kiyaa hay aur iss tarah kii akaasi maazur logon kay qaabil jasm muashiray kay adam aetemad kii akaasi kirr sakti hay. iss kay alawah kasee kirdaar kii ghair faaliyat kaa yaha inkshaf aksar kahaani kay dastani arooj kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay aur plaat biyani kii rukawat yaa khususiyat kay aalay mein tanazah kay zariah kay toor parr mazuri kaa istemaal deegar mazuri kay mutalay kay scholars kay nazariyah "bayaniah prosthesas" kay saath mutabiqat rakhta hay juu astalah dude tye nay wazaa kii thee. macheel aur sharoon snider. maazur shikaar. eek aur baar baar honay waala waaqiah yaha hay kahh jabb mazuri kaa shikaar kasee shaqs kuu dakhee yaa bay buss samjha jaataa hay. notari ddaim kay kawasimodo kaa kandali haathi kay aadmi kaa jaan meerak karsams kirol kaa chhota saa waqat aur yahaan takk kahh aisi khabrein nashar karnaa juu logon kuu "shikaar" yaa "shikaar" kay toor parr hawalah deeti haine iss daqyanosi tasavur kii chand misalein haine. hamishah kay liye bay qasoor. filmon mein maazur kirdaron kuu aksar farishta yaa bachpati kay toor parr paish kiyaa jaataa hay. inn filmon mein "raine meen" (1988)yee "farst gump" (1994) aur "aayee ayem seem" (2001) shaamil haine yaha sabb behtareen misalein haine. maazur bay gunah aur pyaar karnay waala shaqs aksar apnay "aam" baaligh saathiyon kii nakafi kii taraf asharah kartaa hay jiss say inhein najaat haasil karnay mein madad milti hay. deegar tamaam tasvaraat kii tarah yaha daqyanosi tasvaraat aisey tahfuz kay tasvaraat kuu barqarar rakhtay haine juu mahaz jhootay haine aur iss wajah say nqsan dhah haine. agarcha mazuri kay behat say trop haine mazuri kay jamaliyat aart aur mediya mein maazur jismon kuu darsat tareeqe say paish karkay inhein door karnay kii koshish kartay haine. khood wakalat. kachh maazur afraad nay tabee maadal kay khalaaf samaji maadal kay istemaal kay zariye pasmandgi kay khalaaf mazahimat karnay kii koshish kii hay. iss kaa maqsad tanqeed kuu apnay jasm aur kamzooriyon say door karnaa aur inn samaji idaaron kii taraf juu inn parr apnay maazur saathiyon kay muqabilay mein zulam kartay haine. mazuri kii srgarmi juu behat see shikayaat kuu door karnay kaa mutalibah karti hay jeesay rasayi kii kamee mediya mein naqis numaindagi amumi bay aztee aur pehchaan kii kamee eek samaji maadal freem wark say paida hoti hay. mazuri saqafat' kii takhliq wasee tarr muashiray mein badnami kay mushtarkah tajarbay say paida hoyee. maazur baradariyon mein shaamil how kirr mazuri kuu eek masbat shanakhat kay toor parr apnana aur mazuri kii saqafat mein hasah leena androni taasib say namatnay kaa eek mosar tariqah how saktaa hay vovo aur mazuri kay baaray mein ghalib bayaniye kuu challenge kirr saktaa hay. chorahay. maazur afraad kuu samaji idaaron mein jaanay kay tajarbaat iss baath kay toor parr behat mukhtalif hotay haine kahh inn kaa taaluq dosray samaji zamron say how saktaa hay. misaal kay toor parr eek maazur mard aur eek maazur aurat kuu mazuri kaa mukhtalif tajarbah hotaa hay. yaha bahami taamil kay tasavur say baath kartaa hay juu iss baath kii wazahat kartaa hay kahh kasee shaqs kii shanakhat kay mukhtalif pehlu (jeesay inn kii jins nasal janseet mazhab yaa samaji tabqah) eek dosray kuu kaattay haine aur zulam woo satam aur istehqaq kay manfard tajarbaat paida kartay haine. maazur afraad kay haqoq say mutaliq aqwam muthadah kaa convention duu qasm kay mazuri kay chorahay kuu alg kartaa hay: nasal-mazuri kaa choraha aur sanfi-mazuri kaa choraha. tahim behat say aur chorahay mojud haine. mazuri kii tareef harr shaqs kay zariah mukhtalif tareeqe say kii jaati hay. yaha nazar aaney waala yaa poshidah how saktaa hay aur aksar shanakhat kay zamray say mutadid chorahay paida hotay haine. rees. bemari kay mutalay kay aalimi bojh kay eek manzam tajziye kay mutabiq duniya bhar mein kayee aqliyati baradariyon mein mazuri kay waaqiaat ziyadah honay kii atlaa hay. maazur afraad juu nasli aqliyatein bhee haine aam toor parr inn kii himayat takk kumm rasayi hoti hay aur wah pratashdad imtiyazi salok kaa ziyadah shikaar hotay haine. child development" jareede mein shaye honay waali eek tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh aqliyati maazur bachon kuu kumm aur darmiyani aamadni waalay mamalik mein taaziri nazam woo zabt haasil honay kaa ziyadah amkaan hay. iss haqeeqat kii wajah say kahh maazur bachon kay saath maazur bachon kay muqabilay mein ziyadah kasrat say badsaloki kii jaati hay vovo iss zamray mein nasli bachon kuu aur bhee ziyadah khatrah hotaa hay. riyasathaye muthadah mein mazuri kay hawalay say camely aey. neelson barkalay journal aaf creaminal laah kay liye likhtay huay mujarimanah nazaam insaaf say maazur nasli aqliyaton kay darmiyan honay waalay dohray imtiyazi salok kaa zakar kartay huay iss baath kaa izhaar kartay hoay kahh "inn logon kay liye juu manfi toor parr nasli haine yauni wah loag jinhein ghair safed faam samjha jaataa hay aur jinn kay liye zahni bemari yaa tuu jaanee jaati hay yaa farz kii jaati hay police kay saath taamil ghair yaqeeni aur mamkanah toor parr khatarnaak hay." jans. maazur afraad kii pasmandgi maazur afraad kuu yaha haqeeqat samajhne say qaasir kirr sakti hay kahh muashirah sanfi wajood say kiyaa toqaa rakhta hay. inn kii sanfi shanakhat kay liye pehchaan kii kamee maazur afraad kuu nakafi kay ehsasaat kay saath chhod sakti hay. thamas jay. aleenwaye steat university kay gairsik biyaan kartay haine kahh sanfi shanakhat say ankaar kiyon hotaa hay: iss hadd takk kahh maazur khwatin aur mard sanfi haine inn donon shanakhaton kaa taamil mukhtalif tajarbaat kaa baais bantaa hay. maazur khwatin kuu eek tarah kii "dohri badnami" kaa saamna karnaa padta hay jiss mein inn donon pasmandah zamron mein inn kii rakniyat beek waqat harr eek say waabistah manfi daqyanosi tasvaraat kuu badhaa deeti hay keunkah wah inn say mansub haine. tahim bahami taamil kay dahanchay kay mutabiq sanaf aur mazuri eek manfard tajarbah paida karnay kay liye aaps mein milti haine juu sarf eek aurat honay aur alg say mazuri kaa ittefaq nahein hay balkah mazuri waali aurat honay kaa manfard tajarbah hay. iss kay baad yaha hotaa hay kahh kasee kaa taaluq jitna ziyadah pasmandah grohon say hogaa inn kaa istehqaq yaa zulam kaa tajarbah badal jaataa hay: mukhtasra eek seeyah faam aurat aur eek safed faam aurat kuu mazuri kaa tajarbah mukhtalif andaaz mein hoga. yuu aine weeman waach kay mutabiq "baaz saqafati qanuni aur idaarah jaati rukawaton kaa mustaqil honaa maazur khwatin aur ladkiyon kuu dogna imtiyazi salok kaa shikaar banata hay: batoor khwatin aur batoor maazur afraad."jaisa kahh rozmeeri garland thamson kehtay haine" maazur khwateen aam toor parr khwatin say bhee ziyadah shadat say ijtemayi saqafati takheel mein kamtar kamee hadd say ziyadah naahil naahil aur bekaar qaraar dee gayee haine." samaji woo iqtesadi piss manzar. nasal aur mazuri yaa sanaf aur mazuri kay chorahon kii tarah kasee shaqs kaa samaji woo iqtesadi piss manzar bhee inn kay mazuri kay tajarbay kuu tabdil kirr day gaa. kumm samaji woo iqtesadi haisiyat waala maazur shaqs aalee samaji woo iqtesadi haisiyat waalay maazur shaqs kay muqabilay mein ziyadah rukawaton aur kumm mawaqa kay saath duniya kaa mukhtalif tajarbah karay gaa. mazuri aur samaji woo iqtesadi haisiyat kay darmiyan taamil kii eek achhi misaal taleem takk rasayi hay jaisa kahh humm jaantay haine kahh gharbat aur mazuri kay darmiyan braah raast rawabit haine-aksar eek shaitani chakar mein kaam karnaa. khususi taleem aur maazur bachay kii deekh bhaal kay ikhrajat baghair kasee tasleem shadah mazuri waalay bachay kay muqabilay mein ziyadah haine juu munasib taleem takk rasayi mein bay panah rukawat paida kartaa hay. munasib taleem (kasee bhee marhalay parr) kii adam rasayi rozgaar talaash karnay mein mashkalaat kaa baais bunn sakti hay jiss kay natijay mein aksar eek gharib aur maazur shaqs kay toor parr apnay tajarbay say eek hyee samaji dahanchay mein rehney aur samaji woo iqtesadi akhraaj kaa tajarbah karnay kay liye 'paband' honay kaa shaitani chakar hotaa hay. mukhtasra yaha shaitani chakar kumm samaji woo iqtesadi piss manzar waalay maazur afraad kay liye maashi samaji aur saqafati sarmaye kii kamee kuu badhata hay. dosri taraf aalee samaji woo iqtesadi haisiyat kay maazur shaqs kuu munasib (khususi) taleem yaa alaaj takk rasayi haasil karnay mein aasaan waqat mill saktaa hay-misaal kay toor parr behatar amdaad wasail yaa programon takk rasayi haasil karnay say juu inhein kamiyab honay mein madad kirr saktay haine. mazuri kii saqafat. kheel. paralympic games (jiss kaa matlab hay "olympics kay saath") olympics (mosam garma aur sardiyon) kay baad munaqid hotay haine. paralympic kheelon mein jasmani maazuriyon kii eek wasee renj waalay khilaadi shaamil haine. rakan mamalik mein piraa olympic kheelon mein tafrihi say lay kirr ashrafiya takk kii sathon parr muqabilay kay anaqad kay liye tanzimein mojud haine (misaal kay toor parr riyasathaye muthadah mein maazur kheelon kaa america aur bleez sports america). paralympics reedh kii huddy kii chooton kay saath bartanvi jangi saabiq fojiyon kay liye bahaali kay prograam say tayaar hoay. 1948 mein bartaniah kay ellsbury mein stock mendiville hospital mein reedh kii huddy mein chooton kay saath dosri jung azeem kay saabiq fojiyon kay saath kaam karnay waalay eek neurologist sarr ladweg gutmain nay apnay mareezon kay bahaali kay programon kay hasay kay toor parr kheel kuu istemaal karnaa sharoo kiyaa. 2006 mein intehayi kheelon mein muqabilah karnay kay qaabil honay kay liyay jasmani toor parr maazur afraad khaas toor parr aizaa kay nqsan yaa aizaa kay farq kay liye inteha kay kheel tashkil diye gayey thay. aabadi. duniya bhar mein aur milk bhar mein maazur afraad kii taadad kay takhmine dushwari kaa baais haine. mazuri kii wazahat kay liye mukhtalif tareeqon kay bawajood aabadiyati mahireen iss baath say mutafiq haine kahh maazur afraad kii aalimi aabadi behat bury hay. misaal kay toor parr 2012 mein aalimi idaarah sehat nay duniya kii aabadi kaa takhmina 6.5 arb afraad lagaya. inn mein say taqriba 650 millin afraad yaa 10 faisad kaa takhmina aitedal pasand yaa shadeed toor parr maazur thay. 2018 mein beenn alaqwami leebar organization nay andazah lagaya kahh taqriba eek arb loag juu duniya kii aabadi kaa saatwaan hasah haine maazur thay inn mein say 80 faisad tarqi pazeer mamalik mein thay aur 80 faisad kaam karnay kii amar kay thay. maazur afraad kuu afraadi qoot say khaarij karnay kii laagat majmuyi gharilo paidawar kaa 7 faisad takk shamaar kii gayee. riyasathaye muthadah. centres faar ddeziz control kii bemari aur amwaat kii haftah waar report kay mutabiq riyasathaye muthadah mein eek chothayi afraad kuu maazur honay kii atlaa hay keunkah 2016. 10% naujawan balighon mein zahni mazuri kii atlaa hay. nql woo harkat say mutaliq masail kii sharah darmiyani amar kay logon aur buzurgon mein sabb say ziyadah thee baltarteeb 18.1% aur 26.9% kay saath. nasal yaa nasal kay lahaaz say aishiyayi baashindon mein mazuri kii sharah sabb say kumm 10 faisad hay jabkah maqami americiyon juu kahh sabb say ziyadah report shadah waaqiaat waalay nasli garwah haine mein mazuri kii sharah takhmina 30 faisad balighon kay baaray mein batayi gayee hay. afriqi americiyon mein mazuri kii sharah 25 faisad ziyadah thee jabkah safed faam balighon mein 16 faisad aur hispanvi logon mein 17 faisad thee. canada. 22.mazuri kii reporton parr 2017 kay canadian sarway kay mutabiq 15 saal say ziyadah amar kay 3 vovo canadian afraad kuu mazuri yaa 6,246,640 afraad honay kii atlaa hay. canada mein khwatin aur bodhay logon kay maazur honay kaa amkaan mahnat kash tabqe kay mardon kay muqabilay mein ziyadah hay. 25 say 65 saal kii amar kay kaam karnay waalay afraad kay muqabilay mein 65 saal say ziyadah amar kay buzurgon nay mazuri kii sharah 38 faisad batayi juu kahh taqriba dagni hay. canada mein 15 saal say ziyadah amar kii khwatin mein mazuri kii sharah mardon kay 20 faisad kay muqabilay mein 24.3% batayi gayee thee. mazuri kay 2017 kay canadian sarway kii reporton kay mutabiq canada mein 15 saal say ziyadah amar kay janubi aishiyayi baashindon mein mazuri kaa sabb say ziyadah tanasib 4 faisad thaa jabkah laatini americiyon mein 1 faisad kii sharah kumm thee. australia. austrailvi beuro aaf statistics kay mutabiq 5 mein say taqriba 1 austrailvi yaa 44 laakh afraad kuu mazuri kaa saamna thaa. 25 faisad say ziyadah maazur australiyayi baashindon mein zahni yaa tarz amal kaa masilah report kiyaa gayaa thaa. mardon mein iss kaa phailao 17.6 millin thaa jabkah khwatin mein iss kaa phailao kachh ziyadah thaa juu jinson kay darmiyan 17.8 millin thaa. amar kay lahaaz say australia mein 0 aur 64 kay darmiyan kay balighon mein say 65 aur iss say ziyadah amar kay buzurgon mein say 49.6% kay muqabilay mein 11.6% mazuri thee. 53.15 say 64 saal kii amar kay 4 faisad austrailvi juu mazuri kaa shikaar haine mulazimat kartay haine. bartaniah. house aaf kaamanz library kay mutabiq bartaniah mein 14.6 maleen yaa 22 faisad aabadi 2020-2021 mein maazur honay kii atlaa hay. bartaniah mein 9 faisad bachay 21 faisad kaam karnay kii amar kay loag aur 42 faisad riyasati pension kii amar say ziyadah afraad juu maazur yaa maazur thay. 2011 mein 35,875 afraad kay sarway mein taqriba 29 faisad safed faam afraad 27 faisad makhlut nasal kay loag 22 faisad aishiyayi loag 21 faisad seeyah faam loag aur deegar nasli grohon kay 19 faisad logon kuu mazuri yaa mazuri kaa shikaar bataya gayaa thaa. asee saal kiye gayey eek aur sarway kay nataij kay mutabiq mardon kay muqabilay mein khwatin mein mazuri kaa amkaan mardon kay muqabilay mein thoda ziyadah hay 31 faisad khwatin mein mubinah toor parr mazuri kaa amkaan 26 faisad mardon kay muqabilay mein hay. cheen. cheen mein mazuri kay phailao kay bees saalah rujhanat kay mutabiq juu kahh national library aaf medison kii eek tabee ashaat hay 2006 mein eek andazay kay mutabiq 84.6 millin cheeni afraad mazuri kay saath rahh rahay thay. 2006 kay 83.342 mardon aur 78.137 khwatin kay sarway mein mazuri kii sabb say ziyadah sharah darj kardah amar kay gropon mein 18-44-saalah mard (22.5%) aur 65-74-saalah khwatin (22.8%) haine jareede mein shaye honay waalay sarway kay mutabiq juu majmuyi toor parr milk kii numaindah thein. cheen mein shehri aur deehi elaqon kay darmiyan maazur afraad kii faisad kaafi hadd takk mukhtalif hoti hay deehi cheen mein mardon aur khwatin kii sharhein baltarteeb 72.4% aur 72.2% haine jabkah shehri cheen mein baltarteeb 27.6% aur 27.8% kii sharhein darj kii gayee haine. samaat aur taqrir kii mazuri cheen mein sabb say ziyadah report kii jaati hay maazur afraad mein baltarteeb 39.6% aur 36.2% kii sharah say khwatin kay muqabilay mein mard ziyadah mutasir hotay haine. janubi koriya. janubi koriya mein 2018 mein kill 10 laakh say ziyadah maazur afraad thay yaa aabadi kaa taqriba 5.5 faisad. jabb maazur koriyayi baashindon kay muqabilay mein maazur afraad nay austa 56.5 dunn tabee sahuliyaat mein guzaray juu kahh qomi ausat say 2.6 ziyadah thaa. 34.poori afraadi qoot kaa 9 faisad maazuriyon say mutaliq mulazimaton mein mulazim thaa. maazur khandanon nay austa aamadni 41.53 millin winn yaa 71.3% kill khaandaani aamadni kaa kamaya. mazuron kay baaray mein koriyayi 2020 kay aidadushmar kay mutabiq maazur afraad kii aksariyat kuu rozmarah kay deegar kaamon kay elawah "safayi" aur "nql woo hamal kay istemaal" mein madad kii zarurat hay. tarqi pazeer mamalik. tarqi yaaftah mamalik kay muqabilay tarqi pazeer mamalik mein mazuri ziyadah aam hay. mazuri aur gharbat kay darmiyan taaluq kuu eek "shaitani chakar" kaa hasah samjha jaataa hay jiss mein yaha tamirat bahami toor parr mazboot hoti haine.

0008981626d6e27e2c244836a3d8abd049ea38bdb94d599660818e739ef21baa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56167698

Football in São Paulo

Football in São Paulo Football is the popular sport, both in terms of participants and spectators, in São Paulo. São Paulo has several of Brazil's significant football clubs, and the city is home to many football clubs. Clubs. There are many successful football clubs in São Paulo. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sau paulur football sau paulur ongxogrohonkari aaru dorxok ubhoyore khetrote football hoise jonopriyo khel. sau paulut brajilor keibatau guruttopurno football club aase, aaru sohorkhonot bohutu football club aase. klabxomuh. sau paulut bohutu xofol football club aase.

saao paolote football saao paolote ongshogrohonkari ebong dorshok ubhoyer dick thekei football janapriya khela. saao paolote braziler besh koyekti ullekhjoggo football club royeche ebong eyi shohore onek football club royeche. club. saao paolote onek sofol football club royeche.

saao paauloma football saao paauloma football aee sahbhagio aneey darshakoni drashtiae lokpreey ramat chhe. saao paulo brazilni ghanee nondhpaatra football clubo dharaave chhe, aneey aaa shaherma ghanee football clubo aaveli chhe. club. saao paauloma ghanee safal football club chhe.

saao paulo mein football football ack lokpriya khel haye, pratibhagiyon aur darshakon donon key mamle mein, saao paulo mein. saao paulo mein brazil key kaee mahatvapurna football club hain, aur shahar mein kaee football club hain. club. saao paulo mein kaee safal football club hain.

savo palodalli football savo palodalli bhagavahisuvavaru mattu prekshakara drashtiyinda football janapriya krideyagide. savo paulo brazilna halavaaru pramukha football klabgalannu hondide mattu ee nagaravu aneka football klabgalige neleyagide. klabgalu. savo palodalli aneka yashasvi football klabgalive.

saavo pouloyile football saavo pouloyil pankedukkunnavarudeyum kaanikaludeyum kaaryatthil football janapriya kaayika vinodamaanu. saavo pouloyil brazeelile niravadhi pradhana football klabbukalundu, koodaathe niravadhi football klabbukalude aasthaanamaanu eee nagaram. clubbukal. saavo pouloyil niravadhi vijayakaramaya football klabbukalundu.

saao paulomadhil football saao paulomadhye, sahbhagi aanee prekshak yaa donhinchya drushtine football haah lokpriy khel aahe. saao paulomadhye brazilche anek mahattvapoorn football club aahet aanee yaa shaharat anek football club aahet. club. saao paulomadhye anek yashasvi football club aahet.

sao pauloma football sao pauloma sahabhagi rar darshak duwaiko sandarbhama football lokpriya khel how. sao pauloma brazilka dherai mahatwapurna football clubharu chhan, rar yo sahar dherai football clubharuko ghar how. clubharu. sao pauloma dherai safal football clubharu chhan.

sao paolore football sao paolore, ubhaja anshagrahanakaree ebong darshakanka drustiru, football heuchhi eka lokpriya khela. sao paolore brazilara aneka gurutwapurna football club rahichhi, ebong ehi saharare aneka football club rahichhi. club. sao paolore aneka saphala football club achhi .

saao paulo witch football saao paulo witch, football hissa lainn valiaan atey darshakan dovan dey mamle witch prasidh khed haii. saao paulo witch braazeel dey kaee mahattavpuran football club hunn, atey ih shehar bahut saare football kalabban daa gharr haii. club. saao paulo witch bahut saare safal football club hunn.

saao-paulo-deshe football-kreedaayaah ayojanam. saav-paulo-kridaayaam, pratibhaginam prekshakanam cha drushtyaa, football-creedaa lokapriya asti. saavo-paulo-nagare brazil-deshasya aneke mahattvapoornaani football-club-ityete santi, tathaa cha asmin nagare bahavah football-club-ityete santi. clubs. saavo-paalo-nagare bahavah safal-football-club-samsthah santi.

saavo paaloavil kaalpandhu kaalpandhu enbathu saavo paaloavil pankerpaalarkal mattrum paarvaiyaalargalaip porutthavarai pirabalamaana vilaiyaattaakum. saavo paaloavil brazilil pala kurippidatthakka kaalpandhu kilappugal ullana, maelum inththa nagaram pala kaalpandhu kilapkalin thaayagamaagum. kilappugal. saavo paaloavil pala vetrtrikaramaana kaalpandhu kilappugal ullana.

saavo paalolo football saavo paalolo paalgonevaaru mariyu prekshakula paramgaa football prajaadarana pondina creeda. saavo paalolo brazil yokka aneka mukhyamaina football clubbulu unnaayi, mariyu eee nagaram aneka football klablaku nilayam. clubbulu. saavo paalolo aneka vijayavantamaina football clubbulu unnaayi.

saao pollo mein fitt baal saao pollo mein sharkaa aur tamashaiyon donon kay lahaaz say fitt baal maqbool kheel hay. saao paolo mein brazeel kay kayee aham fitt baal kalb haine aur yaha shehar behat say fitt baal kalbon kaa gahar hay. kalb. saao pollo mein behat say kamiyab fitt baal kalb haine.

00089b82e1e6749f6ee79611d25973948163928b2f56c5577d76eed47c73962e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7035318

Tribute to Duke Ellington

Tribute to Duke Ellington Tribute to Duke Ellington is a big band jazz album recorded in New York in 1999 and is the seventh recording released by the Toshiko Akiyoshi Jazz Orchestra featuring Lew Tabackin. The first three tracks make up the "Tribute To Duke Ellington Suite" which was composed by Akiyoshi and commissioned by the Monterey Jazz Festival. Track listing. All orchestrations by Toshiko Akiyoshi: Personnel. Guests References / external links. BMG Novus J BVCJ-34005

diuk ellingtonoloi sroddhanjoli diuk ellingtonoloi sroddhanjoli hoise 1999 sonot niuyorkot record koraa etaa dangor bendo jez elbam aaru ee tuxiku aakiyo 'chi jez orkestrar dwara mukoli koraa xoptom recording zo' too leb tebakinor boixistyo aase. prothom tinita trekor bhitorot aase "diuk ellington suitoloi sroddhanjoli" jitu akiyuxiye rosona korisil aaru monteri jez utxobe nirdex disil. trekk talika. tuxiku aakiyuxir xokolu orchestrationoh kormosari. otithixokol tothyo-proxongo/bahyik xongzug. bmg nubhas je bibhixije-34005

diuka ellingtonke shroddha diuka ellingtoner proti shraddhanjali 1999 saale neu iyarke record koraa ekti borh banned jyaja album ebong etty toshiko akiyoshi jyaja orchestra dwara prokashito saptam recording jaa leey tabakin baisistyajukta. prothom tinti gaan "diuka ellington suiter proti shroddha" toiri korey jaa akiyoshi dwara rachito ebong monterry jyaja utsab dwara kamishana koraa hoyechilo. track talika. toshiko akioshir samasta orchestration karmi. atithira reference/bahyik link. bii. emm. zii novas jeey bii. vee. shee. jeey-34005

duke eleentanne shraddhaanjali duke eleentanne shraddhaanjali aee aee newyorkma reqorda karaayel aek motoo benned jaaz album chhe aneey teey toshiko akiyoshi jaaz orchestra dwara prakashit karaayel saatmu reqordina chhe jemaa leeva tabakin darshavvama aavyu chhe. pratham trana track "duke ellinton suitne shraddhaanjali" banaave chhe jeey akiyoshi dwara rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey monterry jaaz festival dwara sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. track soochi. toshiko akiyoshi dwara tamaam orchestration karmchaareeo. mahemaano sandarbho/baahy kadeeo. bmg novas jeey bvcj-34005

duke ellinton koo shraddhanjali duke ellinton koo shraddhanjali 1999 mein newyork mein record kiya gayaa ack badaa baind jaiz album haye aur yeh toshiko akiyoshi jaiz orchestra dwara jaari kii gaee saatvin recording haye jisamen lev tabakin kii visheshta haye. pahale teen track "duke ellinton soot koo shraddhanjali" banaate hain jise akiyoshi dwara rachit kiya gayaa thaa aur monterry jaiz utsav dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa. track soochi. toshiko akiyoshi dwara sabhi vaadyayantrah karmi. mehmaanon sandarbh/baahari link. bmg novas jey bvcj-34005

duke ellingtonge gaurava duke ellingtonge gaurava sallisuvudu 1999ralli newyorknalli dhwanimudritawaada dodda byaand jaajh album aagide mattu idu lev tabakin annu olagonda toshiko akiyoshi jaajh archestra bidugade maadida elane dhwanimudranawaagide. modala mooru haadugalu "duke ellington sootge gaurava" vannu roopisuttave, idannu akiyoshi samyojisiddaare mattu monterry jaajh utsavadinda niyojisalagide. track patti. toshiko akiyoshi avara ellah vaadyavrundagaluh sibbandi. atithigalu ullekhagalu/baahya kondigalu. bii. emm. zii. novas zhe bii. vii. sii. zhe-34005

duke ellingtoninu adaranjali 1999ll newyorkkil record cheytha oru valia baand jaas aalbamaan duke ellingtoninulla adaranjali, leeii tabakin avatharippikkunna toshiko akiyoshi jaas oorkkastra puratthirakkunna ezhaamathe recordinganith. aadyathe moonnu trackukal akiyoshi rachichathum monterry jaas festival kammeeshan cheythathumaaya "duke ellington suitinulla adaranjali" aanu. track listt. toshiko akiyoshiyude ellah oorkkastreshanukalum udyogasthar. athidhikal referenceukal/baahya linkukal. bii. emm. jii novas jeey bii. vii. sii. jeey-34005

duke ellintonla shraddhanjali duke ellingtonla shraddhanjali haah 1999 madhye newyorkmadhye reecord kelela eka motha band jaz album aahe aanee toshiko akiyoshi jaz aurkestrane prakashit kelele satve recording aahe jyat lev tabackin aahe. pahilya teen ganyanmadhye 'duke ellingtonchya sutala shraddhanjali' aahe, jee akiyoshine sangitbaddha kelee hotee aanee monterry jaz mahotsavane suru kelee hotee. track yadee. toshiko akiyoshiche serve vadyavrundah karmchari. pahune sandarbh/bahya duve. bmg novas jeey bvcj-34005

duke alngtonlai shraddhanjali duke alngtonlai shraddhanjali sann 1999 maa newyorkma record garieko thulo banned jyaj album how rar ley tabakinko visheshta bhaeko toshiko akiyosi jyaj arkestradwara jaari garieko sataun recording how. pahilo tinn trackharule "duke alngton suitlai shraddhanjali" banaunchhan june akiyosidwara rachana garieko thiyo rar monteri jyaj festivaldwara commission garieko thiyo. track suchi. toshiko akiyosidwara sabai arkestresonharuh karmachariharu. atithiharu sandarbha/bahya linkharu. bmg novas jey bibhisije-34005

dick elingtonanku shradhanjali diuka elingtonanku shradhanjali heuchhi 1999 ray nyujarkare record hoithiba eka budd banned jaz album ebong ehaa leey tabakinnku darshai toshiko akioshi jaz arkestra dwara muktilabha karithiba saptama recording . pratham tinoti geeta "diuka ellington suitaku shradhanjali" gathan kare jaahaa aakijoshinka dwara rachna karajaithila ebong monterry jaz festival dwara commission karajaithila . track talika. toshiko aakioshinka dwara samasta arkestresanah karmachari. atithimane sandarbha/bahya linka. bii. emm. jii. novas jay. bii. bhi. sii. jay-34005

diook elnington noon shardhanjali diook elnington noon shardhanjali ikk vadde baind jaiz album haii joe 1999 witch newyork witch ricard keeti gaee see atey ih toshiko akiyoshi jaiz archestra duaara jaari keeti gaee sattvin recording haii jiss witch lev tabakin dee visheshta haii. pahile tinn track "diook elnington soot noon shardhanjali" banaunde hunn joe kii akiyoshi duaara tiaar keeta giaa see atey monteri jaiz festival duaara commission keeta giaa see. track suchi. toshiko akiyoshi duaara saare archestration karamchari. mehmann havale/baahari link. bee. aimm. jee. noves jey. bee. vee. see. jey.-34005

duke ellinton prati shraddhaanjali duke ellington ityasya prati shraddhaanjalih 1999 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagare dhwanimudritam ekam bruhad-vaadyavrundasya jaiz-aalbam asti, tathaa cha toshiko akiyoshi-jaiz-vaadyavrundena lev-tabakin iti visheshena prakaashitam saptamm dhwanimudranam asti. prathamam treeni geetaani "duke ellington soot prati shraddhaamjali" iti nirmeeyante, yat akiyoshi ityanena rachitam, monteri-jaiz-utsavena cha niyojitam. anusuchyam soochayati. toshiko akiyoshi ityasya sarvaani vaadyavrundaani karmachaarinah. atithayah. sandarbhah/baahya-link. bee. emm. jee. novasa jey. bee. vee. see. jey.-34005

tuke ellingtonukku anjali tuke ellingtonukku anjali enbathu 1999 aam aandil newyoarkil pathivu seiyappatta oru periya isaikkuzhuvin jaas aalbamaagum, maelum idhu leeii tabakin idampettra doshiko akiyoshi jaas isaikkuzhuvaal veliyidappatta aezhaavathu pathivaagum. muthal moontru paadalkal "tuke ellington soottirku anjali" enbathai uruvaakkukintrana, idhu akyoshiyaal iyatrtrappattu monterry jaas thiruvilaavaal niyamikkappattathu. thadap pattiyal. doshiko akiyoshi aall anaitthu isaikkuzhukkalum paniyaalarkal. virunththinargal kurippugal/velippura inaippugal. pmg novas jay pvcj-34005

duke ellington kuu nivaali duke ellingtonku nivaali anedi 1999loe newyorklo record cheyabadina oka pedda byaand jaz album mariyu idhi lev tabakin kaligi unna toshiko akiyoshi jaz archestra vidudala chesina edava recording. modati moodu paatalu "duke ellington suut kuu nivaali" gaa roopondinchabaddaayi, dheenini akiyoshi swaraparichaaru mariyu monterry jaz festival chetha niyaminchabaddaaru. track jabita. toshiko akiyoshi anni archestrations sibbandi. atithulu suuchanalu/bahya linkulu. bmg novas zhe bvcj-34005

ddiok ellington kuu kharaaj tehseen ddiok ellington kuu kharaaj tehseen eek badaa bend jaaz album hay juu 1999 mein neoyork mein record kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha saatwein recording hay jasay toshiko akyushi jaaz archistra nay jaari kiyaa hay jiss mein liyo tabakin shaamil hay. pehley teen track "ddiok ellington sout kuu kharaaj tehseen" banatay haine jasay akyushi nay tartib diyaa thaa aur montari jaaz festival nay commission kiyaa thaa. track listing. toshiko akyushi kay tamaam archestration: ahalkaar. mahmanon hawalah jaat/beruni lunks. bee ayem jee nauvas jay bee wee see jay-34005

00089d5da2aae60e5f8d5706bbad5d8a368a28f90d7449f8f847c41573ff118f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3662284

Mark Tinkler

Mark Tinkler English footballer Mark Roland Tinkler (born 24 October 1974) is an English football coach and former professional footballer, who is the assistant manager at EFL Championship side Middlesbrough. As a player, he played as a midfielder, most notably in the Premier League for Leeds United. He also played in the Football League for York City, Southend United and Hartlepool United. He appeared in Scotland for Livingston before going on to feature in non-league for Whitby Town, Shildon, Esh Winning and Newton Aycliffe. Club career. Born in Bishop Auckland, Tinkler started his career in Leeds United's youth team. Tinkler was part of the youth team that made the FA Youth Cup Final and played against a Manchester United side that fielded a mass of future internationals including David Beckham, Gary Neville, Phil Neville, Paul Scholes and Nicky Butt. Leeds United won 4–1 on aggregate. In April 1993, Tinkler was promoted to the first team aged 18 and made his debut in the 2–1 defeat to Sheffield United. However, Tinkler suffered a serious ankle injury early on in the 1993–94 season in a reserves match against Manchester United. In his first four seasons at Leeds, Tinkler started just 19 first team matches and made 5 substitute appearances. He left Leeds United in March 1997 and joined York City permanently for a fee of £85,000. Mark Tinkler went on to play a key role for York in the 1997/98 season and played in all but 2 of their 46 league matches, scoring 4 goals in the process. Tinkler made a similar impact for the following season and added another 36 league appearances to his tally. In August 1999, Tinkler joined Southend United on a three-year deal for a fee of £40,000, with Southend managed by Alan Little, whom he played under at York City. He made 41 league appearances for Southend across the 1999–2000 season. Mark Tinkler started his second season at Southend strongly but it was unfortunately cut short after he fell off his ladder. In November 2000, Tinkler signed for Third Division side Hartlepool United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. Tinkler's Hartlepool debut came against Scunthorpe United on 4 November 2000, in which they lost 3–0, and he immediately cemented his place in the first team and he formed a formidable partnership alongside Paul Stephenson and Tommy Miller. He managed to play a pivotal role in helping Hartlepool make the play-offs making 30 appearances, scoring 3 goals. The 2001–02 season saw Tinkler score nine goals in forty league appearances as Hartlepool finished 7th, and qualified for the play-offs. Tinkler was part of Hartlepool's promotion-winning team in the 2002–03 season, in which he scored 13 goals in 45 league appearances, and was named in the PFA Third Division Team of the Year. One of Tinkler's most notable performances came in the 4–3 win against Wrexham where he managed to score his first hattrick. During the following seasons, Tinkler would once again play a vital part in Hartlepool's team as he helped establish them in League One. Unfortunately, injury has hampered Tinkler's career and he has struggled to play the number of games that he had previously. He was released by Hartlepool in May 2007 and joined Scottish First Division side Livingston in July 2007. He was released by Livingston when his contract expired in May 2008 and joined Whitby Town in the Northern Premier League Premier Division in June.<ref name="News 2007/08"></ref> He joined Shildon from Whitby Town in December 2008, before joining Esh Winning in November 2009. Following his spell at Esh Winning, he joined for Newton Aycliffe in 2010, and made his debut in a 3–0 win over Whitehaven. International career. He was part of the England under-18 squad for the 1993 UEFA European Under-18 Championship. Coaching career. Tinkler is employed as an Academy Coach at Middlesbrough. He was appointed as first team assistant manager at Middlesbrough when Michael Carrick became manager in October 2022. Personal life. Tinkler is a fan of Sunderland. He has two daughters and a son. Honours. Hartlepool United Individual References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

tinkler sinhito korok mark ror 'lend tinklor (jonmo 24 octobor 1974) ejon ingraj football proxikhyok aaru prakton pesadari football kheluwoi, ji hoise ee. ef. el. championswipor side middlesbro' ror xohokari menezar. ejon kheluwoi hisape teu midfielder hisape khelisil, bixexkoi leads unitedor baabe primiyar leegot. teu eork chiti, southand united aaru hartlepool unitedor hoi football ligotou khelisil. huitbi taaun, swild 'noo, ix winning aaru newton iclifor baabe nono-leegot ongxogrohon korar aagote teu livingstonor baabe scotlandot uposthito hoisil. clubber keriyar. bixop ocklandot jonmogrohon koraa tinklore leads unitedor juwo dolot teur keriyar aarombho korisil. tinkler ef. e. yuth kaapor finalot sthan laabh koraa juwo dolor ongxo aasil aaru manchestar united dolor biruddhe khelisil jiye david bekham, geree nebhil, fill nebhil, poll scolls aaru niki baatoke dhori bhobisyotor antohrastriyo kheluoixokolok khelpotharot utorisil. leads united united joylabh korisil. 1993 sonor aprilot, tinklorok 18 bosor boyoxor prothom dololoi podunnoti diya hoisil aaru swefield unitedor biruddhe 2-1ror porajoyot aatmoprokax korisil. obosye, 1993-94 sijonor aarombhonite manchestar unitedor biruddhe reserve mesot tinklor gurutorbhabe aaghat paisil. lidsot teur prothom sarita sijonot, tinklere maatro 19 khon prothom dolor khel aarombho korisil aaru 5 khon bikolpo khelot ongxogrohon korisil. 1997 sonor march maahot teu leads united eri 85,000 pound masulot sthayibhabe eork sitir xoite jugdan korisil. mark tinklere 1997/98 sijonot iyorkor baabe ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil aaru teulukor teulukor leeg mesor bhitorot bhitorot baahire xokolute khelisil, ei prokriyat prokriyat go "lo orjon korisil. tinklere poroborti sijonor baabe eke probhab pelaisil aaru teur talikat aaru 36taa leeg uposthiti jug korisil. 1999 sonor aagosto maahot, tinklore 40,000 pound masulor tini bosoriya suktit southand unitedot jugdan kore, aaru southand porisalona kore elaan littlor dwara, jaar odhinot teu eork sitir odhinot khelisil. teu gutei 1999-2000 sijonot southandor baabe 41taa leegot ongxogrohon korisil. mark tinklere teur dwitiyo sijon dokhyinot xoktixalibhabe aarombho korisil kintu durbhagyojonokbhabe teu teur sirir poraa pori juwar pisot iyak hraax koraa hoisil. 2000 sonor novembor maahot, tinklere der bosoror suktit tritiyo bibhagor pokhyo hartlepool unitedor baabe swakhyor kore. 2000 sonor 4 novemborot scanthorpo unitedor biruddhe tinkloror hartlepoolor aatmoprokax hoisil, zo 'too teuluke 3-0ror porajoyboron korisil, aaru teu loge loge prothom dolot nijor sthan drirho korisil aaru teu poll stephenson aaru tommy milaror xoite ek xoktixali ongxidaritwo gothon korisil. teu hartlepoolok 30taa uposthitir xoite play-ofot prosthan korat xohay korat ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil, 3taa go "lo korisil. 2001-02 sijonot tinklore sollixkhon leegot ongxogrohon kori notaa go "lo korisil, kiyonu hartlepool 7moo sthanot aasil aaru play-ofor baabe jugyota orjon korisil. tinklor 2002-03 sijonot hartlepoolor prosar bijoyi dolor ongxo aasil, zo 'too teu 45 khon leegot ongxogrohon kori 13 taa go' lo korisil, aaru bosoror pfa tritiyo bibhagor dolot naam ghuxona koraa hoisil. tinkleror ataitkoi ullekhjugyo prodorxonburor bhitorot etaa aasil rexhemor biruddhe 4-4ror joy zo 'too teu teur prothom hetrik go' lo koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. poroborti sijonburot, tinklere aakou ebaar hartlepoolor dolot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon koribo kiyonu teu teulukok leeg ekot protistha korat xohay korisil. durbhagyojonokbhabe, aaghator folot tinkloror keriyarot baadha aahise aaru teu purbote khelaa khelor xongkhyar baabe xonggram korise. 2007 sonor mey "maahot hartlepoolor dwara teuk mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 2007 sonor julyte scotlandor prothom bibhagor doll livingstonot jugdan korisil. 2008 sonor mey" maahot teur suktir myad xex huwar pisot leavingstone teuk mukoli kori disil aaru june maahot nordan primiyar leeg primiyar dibhijonor huitbi townot jugdan korisil.<ref naam = "niuj 2007/08"> </ref> teu 2008 sonor disembor maahot huitbi townor poraa swildonot jugdan korisil, 2009 sonor novembor maahot iswot jugdan korar aagote. iswot joylabh korar pisot teu 2010 sonot newton iclifor hoi jugdan korisil, aaru howaithevenor biruddhe 3-0ror joyot aatmoprokax korisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. 1993 sonor uefa europiyo 18 bosor boyoxor tolor championswipor baabe teu englandor 18 bosoror tolor dolor ongxo aasil. proxikhyon jiwan. tinklorok middlesbrut academyr proxikhyok hisape nijukti diya hoy. 2022 sonor octobor maahot michael kerik menezar huwar xomoyot teuk middlesbrut prothom dolor xohokari menezar hisape nijukti diya hoisil. byoktigoto jiwan. tinkler hoise sunderlandor ejon onuragi. teur dugoraki konya aaru ejon putro aase. xonman. hartlepool united byoktigotobhabe

marqa tinkler marqa roland tinkler (jonmo 24 octobor 1974) ekjon ingrez football coach ebong praktan peshadar football kheload, jini ee. eff. ell championshiper side middlesbroor sahokari byabosthapok. ekjon kheload hisabe, tini ekjon modhyomatther kheload hisabe khelechilen, biseshoto leads uniteder jonno premiere lige. tini eork city, southend united ebong hartlepool uniteder hoye football ligeo khelechen. tini livingstoner hoye scotlande uposthito hohn ebong whiteby town, shildon, isha winning ebong neuton iclifer hoye nonn-lige ongsho nene. club carrier. bishop ocklande jonmogrohonkari tinkler leads uniteder jubo doley taanr karmajiban shuru corren. tinkler seii jubo doler ongsho chhilen jaaraa fa jubo kaaper finale uthechilo ebong ekti manchester united doler biruddhe khelechilo jaaraa david beckham, gyari neville, phila neville, poll scholls ebong niqi butt soho bhabishyater antorjatik kheloader maathe namiechilo. leads united 4-1 byabodhane joylav korey. 1993 saaler aprile, tinkler 18 bochor boyse prothom doley unnito hohn ebong shafield uniteder kachhe 2-1 gole herey atmoprokash corren. tobey, manchester uniteder bipokkhe ekti reserve matche 1993-94 morshumer shurute tinkler godalite gurutoro aghat paan. leadsey taar prothom charti morshume, tinkler matro 19tii prothom doler match shuru korechilen ebong 5tii bikalpa khelay ongsho niyechilen. 1997 saaler march maase tini leads united chhede 85,000 pounder binimoye sthayibhabe eork sitite jog deena. marqa tinkler aaee. dii. 1 morshume iyarker hoye guruttopurno bhumika palon corren ebong taader 46tii ligg matcher modhye 2tii chhada bucky sabgulotei khelechen, 4tii goal korechen. tinkler porer morshume ekoi dharaner prabhab felechilen ebong taar talika arow 36tii ligg uposthiti jog korechilen. 1999 saaler auguste, tinkler 40,000 pounder binimoye tinn bochorer chuktite southend united-ayee jog deena, jekhane southend porichalona corren allan little, jaar adhine tini eork sitite khelten. tini 1999-2000 morshum judey southender jonno 41tii ligg uposthiti korechilen. marqa tinkler taar dwitiya morshumti dakkhin dike shoktishalibhabe shuru korechilen kintu durbhagyoboshoto tini taar sindi theke porey yawar porey etty ketey deoa hoyechilo. 2000 saaler novembore, tinkler adai bochorer chuktite tritiya bibhager pokkho hartlepool uniteder jonno swakkhar corren. 2000 saaler 4thhaa navembar scanthorp uniteder bipokkhe tinkler hartlepool abhishek hoy, jekhane taaraa 3-0 gole herey yaay ebong tini abilambe prothom doley taanr sthan dridha corren ebong tini poll stephenson ebong tommy miller saathe ekti shaktishali angshidaritto gadey tolen. tini hartlepoolke 30tii uposthiti diye 3tii goal korey play-offe uthte sahajyo korar khettre guruttopurno bhumika palon korte sokkhom hohn. 2001-02 morshume tinkler challishti lige noyti goal corren ebong hartlepool 7maum sthane theke play-ofer jonno jogyata orjon corren. tinkler 2002-03 morsume hartlepooler prochar-vijayi doler ongsho chhilen, jekhane tini 45tii lige 13tii goal korechilen ebong pfa-rawr bochorer tritiya bibhager doley sthan peyechilen. tinkler sabcheye ullekhjoggo performancegulir modhye ekti chhilo rexhamer biruddhe 4-3-err joye jekhane tini taar prothom hatrick korte sokkhom hohn. poroborti morshume, tinkler abaro hartlepooler doley guruttopurno bhumika palon korben kaaron tini taader prothom leagay protisthito korte sahayata korechilen. durbhagyoboshoto, injuri tinkler kormojibone badha srishti koreche ebong tini ager moto khelar sankhya badate ladai korechen. 2007 saaler meey maase tini hartlepool dwara mukti paan ebong 2007 saaler julai maase scottish first dibhishana side livingstone jog deena. 2008 saaler meey maase chuktir meyad shesh holey livingston taanke mukti deena ebong june maase uttor premiere liger premiere bibhage whiteby shohore jog deena.<ref naam = "newz 2007/08"> </ref> tini 2008 saaler decembere whiteby town theke shieldone jog deena, 2009 saaler novembore jetar somoy isha-ayee jog deoar agey. isha jetar somoy taanr speler porey, tini 2010 saale neuton iclifer hoye jog deena ebong whitehavener biruddhe 3-0 byabodhane joylav korey atmoprokash corren. antorjatik karmajiban. 1993 saaler uefa europea anurdho-18 championshiper jonno tini englander anurdho-18 doler ongsho chhilen. coaching pesha. tinkler middlesbroate academyr coach hisabe nijukto. 2022 saaler octobore michael caric manager howar porr tini middlesbroate prothom doler sahokari manager hisabe nijukto hohn. byaktigato jeebon. tinkler sunderlander bhokto. taanr dui meye oo eka chhele royeche. sommanona. hartlepool united swatantra

marqa tinkler marqa rolland tinkler (janm 24 october 1974) aek angreji football coach aneey bhutpurv vyaavsaayik footballer chhe, jeey ee. aef. aela. championship side middlesbroma sahayak manager chhe. aek khelaadi tareeke, teey midfielder tareeke ramyo hato, khaas kareene leads united maate premiere leegma. teo york ciity, southand united aneey hartlepool united maate football leegma pann ramyaa hataa. whiteby taaun, shieldon, ishh winning aneey neuton eicliffe maate none-leegma bhaag letaa pahelaa teo livingston maate skotlendmaa dekhaaya hataa. club karkirdi. bishop oaklandma janmela tinklere leads unitednee yuvaa team potaani karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. tinkler yuvaa teamno bhaag hato jene aef. aee. yuvaa kapnee finalmaan pravesh karyo hato aneey teey manchester united team saame ramyo hato jene david bekham, geree neville, phila neville, poola scholes aneey nikee butt saheet bhavishyanaa aantarrashtriy khelaadioni motee sankhyaane medaanmaa utaarya hataa. leads united coole maleene maleene jeetyu hatoo. april april, tinklerne 18 varshnee umarnee pratham team badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey shafield united saame saame haar saathe tene padaarpan karyoo hatoo. jooe keey, tinklerne 1993-94 seasonni sharuaatmaa manchester united saameni reserve mechamaa pagnee ghoontima gambhir ijaa thaee hatee. leads khaateni tenee pratham chaar seasonma, tinklere maatra 19 pratham team mecho sharoo curry hatee aneey 5 aveji dekhaav karyaa hataa. temane march march leads united chhodi didhu aneey 85,000 poundnee phii saathe kaayamee dhorane york shaherma jodaya. marqa tinklere 1997/98 seasonma york maate mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee aneey temnee 46 leag mechomathi 2 sivaaynee tamama ramyaa hataa, aaa prakriyaamaa 4 goal karyaa hataa. tinklere pachhini season maate samaan assar curry aneey tenee yaadimaa vadhu 36 leag dekhaav umeryaa. august august, tinkler 40,000 poundnee phii saathe trana varshnaa sodaa parr southand unitedma jodaayo, jemaa southendnu sanchalan aelan little dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jenee hethal teey york cityma ramyo hato. tene samagr 1999-2000 seasonma southend maate 41 leag dekhaav karyaa hataa. marqa tinklere tenee beejee seasonni sharuaat southand khaate jordaar reete curry hatee parantu kamanaseebe teey tenee seedee parthee puddy gayaa pachhi temaa ghataado thayo hato. november november, tinklere trija vibhag tarafnaa hartlepool maate sanyukt thaine dodhh varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. tinklerni hartlepulni sharuaat 4 november november roj scunthorp united saame thaee hatee, jemaa teo saame haaree gayaa hataa aneey temane tarat jaj pratham team potaanu sthaan majboot karyoo hatoo aneey temane poola stephenson aneey tommy miller saathe prachand bhagidari curry hatee. teey hartlepoolne 30 dekhaav kareene 3 goal kareene play-offma pahonchvaamaa madad karvaamaa nirnayak bhoomika bhajavvama safal rahyo hato. 2001-02 seasonma tinklere chaalis leag dekhavma nava goal karyaa hataa kaaran keey hartlepool hartlepool sthaane rahyu hatoo aneey play-off maate kwolifay thayu hatoo. tinkler 2002-03 seasonma hartlepulni promotion vijeta teamno bhaag hato, jemaa tene 45 leag dekhavma 13 goal karyaa hataa aneey tene varshnee pii. aef. aee. triji division team naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. tinklernu sauthee nondhpaatra pradarshan raxham saameni saameni jeetma aavyu hatoo, jyaan teey tenee pratham hetrick karvaamaa safal rahyo hato. pachhini season darmiyan, tinkler pharii aekvaar hartlepulni team mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajavashe kaaran keey tene temne leag vanmaa sthaapit karvaamaa madad curry hatee. kamanaseebe, ijaane kaarane tinklerni kaarkirdimaa avrodh aavyo chhe aneey tene agau jetali ramato ramee hatee tetali ramvaa maate sangharsh karyo chhe. temne meey julai hartlepool dwara mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey julai julai skotlendnee pratham vibhag baaju livingstonma jodaya hataa. meey december temno karaar samaapt thayo tyaare livingston dwara temne mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey junamaa uttari premiere leag premiere vibhagma whiteby townma jodaya hataa.<repha naam = "samachar 2007/08"> november november jeetya baad aesh saathe jodaata pahelaa, december december teo whiteby townthi shieldon saathe jodaya hataa. aesh jeetya baad, teo teo neuton eicliffe saathe jodaya hataa aneey whitehaven saame saame jeet saathe padaarpan karyoo hatoo. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. teo 1993 uefa european under-18 championship maate englandnee under-18 teamno bhaag hataa. coaching karkirdi. tinkler middlesbro khaate academy coach tareeke kaaryarat chhe. october october jyaare michael caric manager banyaa tyaare temne middlesbro khaate pratham teamnaa sahayak manager tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. angat jeevan. tinkler sunderlandno chaahak chhe. temne beey dikareeo aneey aek dikaro chhe. sanmaan. hartlepool united vyaktigat

maark tinkler maark roland tinkler (janm 24 octuber 1974) ack angreji football coach aur poorv peshevar footballer hain, joe ee. aff. ell. championship side middlesbro mein sahayak prabandhak hain. ack khilaadi key roop mein, vaha ack midfielder key roop mein khele, vishesh roop seey leads united key liye premiere leag mein. unhone york city, southand united aur hartlepool united key liye football leag mein bhee khela. vaha whiteby town, shildon, ish winner aur neuton icliffe key liye gair-leag mein bhaag lene seey pahale livingston key liye scotland mein dikhaai diye. club carrier. bishap ockland mein janme, tinkler ney leads united kii yuva team mein apana currier shuru kiya. tinkler usa yuva team kaa hissa thaa jisane aff. aeye. yuva cup final mein jagah banaai aur manchester united paksh key khilaf khela jisane david beckham, gairi neville, phil neville, paul scholes aur niki butt sahit bhavishya key antarrashtriya khilaadiyon koo maidan mein utaara. leads united ney kull milakar 4-1 seey jeet hassil kii. aprail 1993 mein, tinkler koo 18 varsh kii ayu kii pahali team mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa aur schafield united key khilaf 2-1 seey haar mein unhone apani shuruat kii thee. haalaanki, tinkler koo manchester united key khilaf ack reserve match mein 1993-94 season kii shuruat mein takhane mein gambhir chot luggy. leads mein apane pahale chaar satron mein, tinkler ney kewal 19 pahale team match shuru kiye aur 5 pratisthaapan pradarshan kiye. unhone march 1997 mein leads koo sanyukt chhod diyaa aur 85,000 pound key shulk key liye sthaayi roop seey york shahar mein shamil hoe gaye. maark tinkler ney 1997/98 season mein york key liye ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai aur apane 46 leag maichon mein seey 2 koo chhodkar sabhi mein khela, iss prakriya mein 4 goal kiye. tinkler ney agale satra key liye isi tarah kaa prabhaav daala aur apani soochi mein 36 aur leag upasthiti jodee. agast 1999 mein, tinkler 40,000 pound key shulk key liye teen saal key saude parr southand united mein shamil hoe gaye, jisamen southand kaa prabandhan ellen little ney kiya, jisake tahat vaha york shahar mein khele they. unhone 1999-2000 season mein dakshin key liye 41 leag pradarshan kiye. maark tinkler ney apane dusare season kii shuruat dakshin mein jordar tareeke seey kii, lekin durbhagya seey vaha apani seedhi seey girane key baad cumm hoe gayaa. navambar 2000 mein, tinkler ney dhaaee saal key saude parr thurd division side hartlepool united key liye hastakshar kiye. tinkler kaa hartlepool debue 4 navambar 2000 koo scunthorp united key khilaf huaa, jisamen way 3-0 seey haar gaye, aur unhone turant pahali team mein apani jagah pakki curr lii aur unhone paul stephenson aur tommy miller key saath ack durjeya saajhedaari kii. vaha hartlepool koo 30 pradarshan karke play-off mein jagah banaane mein madad karane mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane mein kamyab rahey, jisamen unhone 3 goal kiye. 2001-02 season mein tinkler ney chaalees leag pradarshanon mein nau goal kiye kyonki hartlepool 7vein sthaan parr rhaa, aur play-off key liye arhata praapt kii. tinkler 2002-03 satra mein hartlepool kii padonnati vijeta team kaa hissa they, jisamen unhone 45 leag pradarshanon mein 13 goal kiye, aur varsh kii pee. aff. aeye. tritiya shreni team mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. tinkler kaa sabse ullekhaniya pradarshan rexham key khilaf 4-3 seey jeet mein aaya, jahan vaha apani pahali hatrick banaane mein kamyab rahey. agale satron key dauran, tinkler ack baar phir hartlepool kii team mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaayenge kyonki unhone unhein leag vann mein sthaapit karane mein madad kii. durbhagya seey, chot ney tinkler key currier koo baadhit kiya haye aur unhone pahale key khel kii sankhya koo khelane key liye sangharsh kiya haye. unhein maee 2007 mein hartlepool dwara riha kiya gayaa thaa aur julaai 2007 mein scotland key pratham shreni paksh livingston mein shamil hoe gaye they. unhein livingston dwara maee 2008 mein riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba unakaa anubandh samaapt hoe gayaa thaa aur juuna mein uttari premiere leag premiere division mein whiteby shahar mein shamil hoe gaye they.<riff naam = "samachar 2007/08"> </ref> vaha disambar 2008 mein whiteby shahar seey shildon mein shamil hoe gaye, navambar 2009 mein aish jeetane mein shamil honey seey pahale. ish jeetane mein apane spell key baad, vaha 2010 mein neuton icliffe key liye shamil hoe gaye, aur whitehaven parr 3-0 seey jeet mein apani shuruat kii. antarrashtriya currier. vaha 1993 yuu. ee. aff. aeye. europeeya under-18 championship key liye ingland under-18 team kaa hissa they. coaching currier. tinkler koo middlesbro mein ack akadami coach key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa haye. octuber 2022 mein michael caric key prabandhak banane parr unhein middlesbro mein pahale team sahayak prabandhak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vyaktigat jeevan. tinkler sunderland kaa prashansak haye. unaki dou betiyaan aur ack betaa haye. sammaan. hartlepool united vyaktigat

maark tinkler maark roland tinkler (janana 24 october 1974) obba inglish football tarabetudaara mattu maaji vruttipara football aatagararagiddu, avaru efl championship tandada middlesbrona sahayaka vyavasthapakaraagiddaare. obba atagaranagi, avaru midfielder aagi aadidaru, mukhyavaagi leads unitedna premiere leagnalli. avaru football leigh nalli newyork city, southend united mattu hartlepool united tandagala paravagi aadidaru. avaru livingstongaagi scotlandnalli kanisikondaru, nantara white bii town, shieldon, ish winning mattu neuton aiklifgaagi naan-leagnalli kanisikondaru. club vrattijeevana. bishop acclandnalli janisida tinkler, leads unitedna yuva tandadalli tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru. tinkler avaru efa yooth cup finalge praveshisida yuva tandada bhagavagiddaru mattu manchester united tandada viruddha aadidaru, adhu david beckham, gyaari neville, phil neville, paul scalles mattu nikki butt seridante bhavishyada antararashtriya pandyagalannu kanakkilisitu. leads united 4-1 antaradinda jayagalisitu. 1993rahra aprilnalli, tinkler 18neey vayassinalli modala tandakke badti padedaru mattu shefield united viruddha 2-1 antarada solinalli paadaarpane maadidaru. aadaagyoo, manchester united viruddhada meesalu pandyavondaralli tinkler avaru aidi1 rtuvina aarambhadalli paadada gambhira gayavannu anubhavisidaru. leadsnelly tanna modala naalku rtugalalli, tinkler kevala 19 modala tandada pandyagalannu praarambhisidaru mattu 5 paryaya pandyagalalli kanisikondaru. avaru march 1997 ralli leads united annu toredaru mattu 85,000 pound shulkadondige shaashvatavaagi yark nagaravannu seridaru. maark tinkler avaru aidi1 rtuvinalli yark para pramukha patra vahisidaru mattu avara 46 leigh pandyagalalli 2 annu horatupadisi ulidella pandyagalalli aadidaru, ee prakriyeyalli 4 golugalannu galisidaru. tinkler mundina rtuvinalli idhe reetiya prabhaavavannu beeridaru mattu avara pattiyalli innoo 36 leigh pradarshanagalannu serisidaru. august 1999ralli, tinkler southend yunaitedge £40,000 shulkada mooru varshagala oppandadalli seridaru, southend annu avaru newyork nagaradalli aadida alan little nirvahisuttiddaru. avaru 1999-2000 rtuvinalli southendgaagi 41 leigh pandyagalalli kanisikondaru. maark tinkler tamma eradane season annu southendnalli balavagi praarambhisidaru aadare duradrushtavashat avaru eniya melininda bidda nantara adannu kaditagolisalaayitu. 2000rahra novembernalli, tinkler moorane vibhagada hartlepoolge eradoovare varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru. tinkler avara hartlepool chocchala pandyavu scontherp united viruddha 4 november 2000 randu nadeyitu, idaralli avaru 3-0 rinda sotaru, mattu avaru takshanave modala tandadalli tamma sthaanavannu bhadrapadisikondaru mattu avaru paul stephenson mattu tommy miller avarondige asadharana paaludaarikeyannu rachisidaru. avaru hartlepoolge 30 pandyagalalli bhagavahisi 3 golugalannu galisi play-aafgalannu maadalu sahaaya maduvalli pramukha patra vahisuvalli yashasviyaadaru. 2001-02 rtuvinalli tinkler nalavattu leigh pandyagalalli ombattu golugalannu galisidaru, ekendare hartlepool 7neey sthana galisi play-afge arhate galisitu. tinkler avaru <aii. dii. 1> rtuvinalli hartlepoolna prachara-vijeta tandada bhagavagiddaru, idaralli avaru 45 leigh pandyagalalli 13 golugalannu galisidaru mattu varshada pii. eff. aa. moorane vibhagada tandadalli hesarisalpattaru. tinkler avara atyanta gamanarha pradarshanagalalli ondaada rexum viruddhada 4-3 geluvinondige avaru tamma modala hatrick galisuvalli yashasviyaadaru. mundina rtugalalli, tinkler mattomme hartlepool tandadalli pramukha patra vahisidaru, ekendare avaru avarannu leigh wandaralli sthapisalu sahaaya maadidaru. duradrushtavashat, gayavu tinkalarra vrattijeevanakke addiyagide mattu avaru ee hinde aadida atagala sankhyeyannu aadalu henagaduttiddare. aata mayee 2007ralli haartalpoolninda bidugadeyaadaru mattu julai 2007ralli scottish prathama vibhagada tanda livingstonge seridaru. mayee 2008ralli avara oppandada awadhi mugida nantara livingstanninda bidugadeyaadaru mattu zoon nalli uttara premiere leigh premiere vibhagada whitby pattanakke seridaru.<ref hesaru = "suddi 2007/08"> avaru december 2008 ralli whiteby pattanadinda shieldonge seridaru, november 2009 ralli gelluva moolaka ishge seruva modalu. ish gelluva moolaka avara spell nantara, avaru 2010 ralli neuton aiklifge seridaru, mattu whitehaven viruddha 3-0 geluvu saadhisidaru. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. avaru 1993rahra uefa european under-18 champiyanshipgagi inglend under-18 tandada bhagavagiddaru. tarabeti vrutti. tinker avarannu middlesbronalli academy tarabetudaararaagi nemisalaagide. october 2022ralli micheal caric vyavasthapakaraadaaga avarannu middlesbronalli modala tandada sahayaka vyavasthaapakaraagi nemisalaayitu. vaiyaktika jeevana. tinkler avaru sunder land naa abhimaniyagiddare. avarige ibbaru putriyaru mattu obba maganiddaane. gouravagalu. hartlepool united vaiyaktika

maarkk tinkler maarkk rolland tinkler (jananam october 24,1974) oru engleesh football pariseelakanum muun professional football kalikkaaranum aanu, addeham efl chaambyanshippu side middlesbroyile asisttant maanejarumaan. oru kalikkaaranenna nilayil, addeham oru midfielderaayi kalichu, prathyekichu leads yunaittadinaayulla premiier leagil. york sitti, southand yunaittad, hartlepool yunaittad ennivaykku vendiyulla football leagilum addeham kalichu. vittbi taunn, shildon, ishh winning, nyoottan icliffe ennivarkkaayi noonn-leag kalikkaan pookunnathinumumbu addeham livingstaninaayi skotlandil prathyakshappettu. club currier. bishop ookklaandil janicha tinkler leads yunaitadinte yoothu teamilaanu thante currier aarambhichath. phaa yoothu kapp finalil ethiya yoothu teaminte bhagamaayirunna tinkler, david beccam, gaari neville, phil neville, pooll scholes, nikki butt ennivarulppede bhaaviyile niravadhi anthaaraashtra malsarangal kalicha maanchastar yunaittad teaminethire kalichu. leads yunaittad 4-1nuu vijayichu. 1993 eprilil, tinkler 18 vayassulla aadya teamilek sthaanakkayattam nedukayum shefield unitadinode 2-1 nuu paraajayappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, maanchastar yunaitadinethiraaya reserve malsarathil aii. dii. 1 seasoninte thudakkathil tinklerinu kanankaalinu gurutharamaayi parikkettu. leadsile thante aadya naalu seasonukalil, tinkler 19 phastt team malsarangal maathram aarambikkukayum 5 pakarakkaare avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 1997 maarchil leads yunaittad vitta addeham 85,000 poundinu sthiramaayi york sittiyil chernnu. maarkk tinkler aii. dii. 1 seasonil yorkkinaayi oru pradhana punk vahikkukayum avarude 46 leag malsarangalil 2 ennam ozhike matellaa malsarangalilum kalikkukayum cheythu, eee prakriyayil 4 golukal nedi. adutha seasonil samanamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiya tinkler 36 leag malsarangal koodi koottichertthu. 1999 augustil, tinkler 40,000 poundinte feesumaayi moonnu varshathe karaaril southand yunaitadil chernnu, southand kaikaaryam cheythath alan littil aanu, addehathinte keezhil addeham york sittiyil kalichu. 1999-2000 seasoniludaneelam southandinaayi 41 leag malsarangal addeham kalichu. maarkk tinkler thante randaam season southandil shakthamayi aarambhichuvenkilum nirbhagyavashaal addeham thante govanil ninnu veenathode athu vettikkurachu. 2000 novemberil, tinkler randara varshathe karaaril moonnaam division side hartlepool unitadinaayi oppuvachu. 2000 november 4 nuu scunthorp unitadinethire tinklerude hartlepool arangettam, athil avar 3-0 nuu parajayappettu, addeham udan thanne aadya teamil thante sthaanam urappikkukayum pooll steefansaninum tommy millarinum oppam sakthamaaya oru pankaalittham roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 30 malsarangal kalichu 3 golukal nedi hartlepooline play oof nedaan sahayikkunnathil addehathinu oru pradhana punk vahikkaan kazhinju. hartlepool ezhaam sthaanathethukayum play-oofilekku yogyatha nedukayum cheythathode naalpat leag malsarangalil ninnu tinkler onpathu golukal nediyirunnu. 45 leag malsarangalil ninnu 13 golukal nediya hartlepoolinte pramoshan nediya teaminte bhaagamaayirunnu tinkler, koodaathe pii. eph. eiii. moonnaam division teaminte aaa varshathe thaaramaayi thiranjedukkappettu. tinklerude ettavum sradheyamaaya prakadanangalilonnu ruxhaminethiraaya 4-3 vijayathil addehathinu thante aadya hatrick nedaan kazhinju. adutha seasonukalil, haarttilpoolinte teamil tinkler veendum oru pradhana punk vahikkum, kaaranam addeham avare leag onnil sthaapikkaan sahayichu. nirbhagyavashaal, parikk tinklerude kariyarine thadassappeduthukayum munbu kalichirunna malsarangalude ennam kalikkaan addeham paadupedukayum cheythu. 2007 meyy maasathil hartlepool addehathe mochippikkukayum 2007 joolaiyil scotish phastt division team livingstanil cherukayum cheythu. 2008 meyy maasathil karar kaalavadhi avasaanichappol livingstan addehathe mochippikkukayum juunil northen premiier leag premiier divisionile vaitbi tounil cherukayum cheythu.<2009 novemberil vijayicha ishinoppam cherunnathinu munbu 2008 desemberil vaitbi tounil ninnu shildonil chernna addeham 2010 ll nyoottan iclifinaayi chernnu, vaitthevanethire 3-0 vijayathode arangettam kurichu. anthaaraashtra currier. 1993leeii yuvefa europian under-18 chaambyanshippinulla englandu under-18 teaminte bhaagamaayirunnu addeham. coaching currier. middlesbroyil akkadami parisheelakanaayi tinkler jolie cheiyunnu. 2022 octoberil maikkal caric maanejaraayappol addeham middlesbroyile aadya team asisttant manejaraayi niyamithanaayi. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. sunderlaandinte aaraadhakanaanu tinkler. addehathinu rund penmakkalum oru makanumundu. bahumathikal. hartlepool yunaittad vyakthi

chinhankit tinkler marqa roland tinkler (janm 24 aktoobar 1974) haah eka ingraji football prashikshak aanee majee vyavsayik footballpatu aahe, joou eae. eff. ell. ajinkyapad sanghachya middlesbro yethe sahayyak vyavasthapak aahe. eka kheladu mhanoon, too midfielder mhanoon khelala, visheshtah leads unitedsathichya premiere leegmadhye. too football leegmadhye york ciity, southend united aanee hartlepool unitedsathihi khelala. whiteby tauun, shieldon, ishh winning aanee neuton icliffe yanchyasathi naun-leegmadhye khelanyapurvi too livingstensathi scotlandmadhye disala. club karkird. bishop auklandmadhye janmalelya tinklerne leads unitedchya yuva sanghatoon aaplya karkirdichi suruvat kelee. tinkler haah yuva sanghacha bhag hota, jyane eff. aii. yuva chashak antim fereet pravesh keela aanee manchester united sanghaviruddha khelala, jyane david bekham, garry neville, phil neville, paul scholz aanee nikee buts bhavishyatil anek aantarrashtriy samne khelale. leads unitedne ekoon 4-1 assa vijay midavala. april 1993 madhye, tinklerla vayachya 18 vya varshi pahilya sanghat badhati denyat aalee aanee shafield unitedkadun 2-1 assa parabhav karoon tyane padarpan kele. tathapi, manchester yunayatedviruddhachya rakheev samnyat 1993-94 hangamachya suruvatila tinklerchya ghotyala gambhir dukhapat jhaali. leads yetheel tyachya pahilya chaar hangamanmadhye, tinklerne keval 19 pahilya sanghik samne suru kele aanee 5 paryayi samne khelale. march 1997 madhye tyane leads united sodale aanee 85,000 poundchya shulkane kayamswarupi york citymadhye sameel jhaala. marqa tinklerne pudhe jaaun jaaun hangamat yorksathi mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aanee tyanchya 46 paiki 2 leag samnyanmadhye khelala, yaa prakriyet 4 goal kele. tinklerne pudhil hangamasathi asach prabhav padala aanee tyachya yadeet aanakhi 36 leag samne jodale. august 1999 madhye, tinkler 40,000 poundchya shulkasah teen varshanchya kararavar southend unitedmadhye sameel jhaala, aanee southendche vyavasthapan alan litilane kele, jyachya netrutvakhali too york citymadhye khelala. tyane sampoorn 1999-2000 hangamat dakshinela 41 samne khelale. marqa tinklerne tyachya tyachya hangamachi suruvat dakshinela jordarpane kelee parantu durdaivane too tyachya shidivarun padlyanantar too baad jhaala. november 2000 madhye, tinklerne sadeaath varshanchya kararavar third division side hartlepool unitedsathi swakshari kelee. tinklerche hartlepool padarpan 4 november 2000 roji scunthorp yunayatedviruddha jhaale, jyamadhye tyanna 3-0 assa parabhav patkarava lagla aanee tyane lagechach pahilya sanghat aapale sthan majboot kele aanee tyane paul stephenson aanee tommy miller yanchyasobat eka jabardast bhagidari kelee. hartlepoolala 30 samne kheloon, 3 goal karoon play-offmadhye pohochavanyat madat karnyat too mahattvachi bhoomika bajavanyat yashasvi jhaala. 2001-02 hangamat tinklerne chalis leag samnyanmadhye nauu goal kele, kaaran hartlepool hartlepool sthanavar rahila aanee play-aufsathi patra tharala. tinkler haah 2002-03 hangamat hartlepoolchya padonnati-vijeta sanghacha bhag hota, jyamadhye tyane 45 leag samnyanmadhye 13 goal kele aanee tyala pii. eff. aii. chya varshatil varshatil vibhag sanghat sthan denyat aale. tinklerchi sarvat ullekhaneey kamgiri rexhamviruddhachya 4-3 chya vijayat aalee, jithe too tyachi pahili hatrick karnyat yashasvi jhaala. pudhil hangamat, tinkler punha ekada hartlepoolchya sanghat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavel kaaran tyane tyanna pahilya leegmadhye sthapit karnyat madat kelee. durdaivane, dukhapatimule tinklerchya karkirdit adthala aala aahe aanee tyane purvi khelalelya samnyanchi sankhya vadhavanyasathi tyala sangharsh karava lagla aahe. meey 2007 madhye tyala hartlepoolne sodale aanee julai 2007 madhye too scottish first division side livingstonmadhye sameel jhaala. meey 2008 madhye tyacha karar sampala tevha livingstone tyala sodale aanee junmadhye northern premiere leag premiere divisionmadhil whiteby townmadhye sameel jhaala.<november 2009 madhye madhye ishmadhye sameel honyapurvi, december 2008 madhye too whiteby shaharatoon shieldonmadhye sameel jhaala. ishh jinkanyachya tyachya spelanantar, too 2010 madhye neuton aayklifsathi sameel jhaala aanee whitehavenver 3-0 chya vijayat padarpan kele. aantarrashtriy karkird. karkird yuu. eae. eff. aii. european under-18 ajinkyapad spardhesathi too englandchya under-18 sanghacha bhag hota. prashikshan karkird. tinkler haah middlesbro yethe akadami prashikshak mhanoon karyarat aahe. aktoobar 2022 madhye michael caric vyavasthapak jhaala tevha middlesbro yethe tyala sangh sahayyak vyavasthapak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. vaiyaktik jeevan. tinkler haah sunderlandcha chahata aahe. tyanna done mulee aanee eka mulga aahe. sanman. hartlepool united vyaktishah

mark tinkler mark roland tinkler (janma 24 october 1974) ek angreji football prashikshak rar purva wyawasayik footballer hun, jo efl championship side middlesbroma sahayak prabandhak hun. ek kheladiko rupma, unle midfielderko rupma khele, vishesh gari leads unitedka lagi premiere ligma. unle york city, southand united rar hartlepool unitedka lagi football ligma pani khele. whiteby tauna, sildon, iss winning rar neuton aiklifka lagi gaira-ligma bhag linuaghi uni livingstonka lagi scotlandma dekha pare. club currier. bishop aklandma janmeka tinklerle lids unitedko yuwa tolima afno currier suru gare. tinkler yuwa toliko hissa thie jasle fa yuwa cup final banayo rar manchester united pakshako viruddha khelyo jasle devid bekham, gyari nebhil, fill nebhil, pall sculls rar niki butt sahit bhawishyaka antarrashtriya kheladiharulai maidan utareko thiyo. lids unitedle samagrama 4-1 ley jityo. april 1993 maa, tinklerlai 18 warshako umerma pahilo tolima padonnati gariyo rar sayfield unitedsanga 2-1 ley harma afno debue gare. yadyapi, tinklerlai 1993-94 sijanko suruma manchester united wiruddhako rijarbha khelma khuttama gambhir chot lageko thiyo. lidsma afno pahilo chaar sijanma, tinklerle kewal 19 pahilo tolly khelharu suru gare rar 5 wata pratisthapan upasthiti banae. unle march 1997 maa lead united chhode rar £85,000 ko shulkama sthayi rupma york saharma samel bhae. mark tinklerle 1997/98 sijanma yorkaka lagi mahatwapurna bhumika khele rar uniharuko 46 ligg matchharu madhye 2 bahek sabaima khele, yass prakriyama 4 goal gare. tinklerle arko sijanka lagi yastai prabhawa parey rar unko talikama thap 36 wata ligg upasthitiharu thape. august 1999 maa, tinkler £40,000 ko shulkama tean warshako samjhautama southand unitedma samel bhae, southendlai alan little wyawasthapan gare, jasko adhinma unle york cityma khele. unle 1999-2000 sijanma southendka lagi 41 wata ligg upasthiti banae. mark tinklerle afno dosro sijan southendma baliyo rupma suru gare tara durbhagyawash uni afno sindhibata khaskiepachi yo chhoto bhayo. november 2000 maa, tinklerle sadhe dui warshako samjhautama tesro division side hartlepool unitedka lagi hastakshar gare. tinklerko hartlepool debue 4 november 2000 maa sconthorp united viruddha ayo, jasma uniharule 3-0 ley haare, rar unle turuntai pahilo tolima afno sthan pakka gare rar unle pall stefenson rar tomy millersanga ek durjeya sajhedari banae. unle hartlepullai 3 goal gardai 30 upasthiti banaera play-afma pugna maddat garna mahatwapurna bhumika khelna safal bhae. 2001-02 sijanma tinklerle chalis ligg upasthitima nau goal gareko dekhyo kinki hartlepool 7 aun sthanma rahyo, rar play-afka lagi yogya bhayo. tinkler 2002-03 sijanma hartlepulko padonnati-vijeta toliko hissa thie, jasma unle 45 ligg upasthitima 13 goal gare, rar warshako pfa tesro division tolima naam diieko thiyo. tinklerko sabaibhanda ullekhaniya pradarshanharu madhye ek rexum wiruddhako 4-3 ko jitma ayo jahaan unle afno pahilo hatrick score garna safal bhae. tyasapachhika sijanharuma, tinklerle feri ekpatak hartlepulko tolima mahatwapurna bhumika khelnechhan kinbhane unle uniharulai ligg ekma sthapit garna maddat gare. durbhagyawash, chotle tinklerko careerma badha puryaeko chha rar unle pahile kheleka khelharuko sankhya khelna sangharsh gareka chhan. unlai mey 2007 maa hartlepoolle riha gareko thiyo rar july 2007 maa scottish first division side livingstonma samel bhae. mey 2008 maa unko anubandha samapta bhaepachi livingstonle unlai riha gare rar junema uttari premiere ligg premiere divisionko whiteby taunama samel bhae.<ref naam = "samachar 2007/08"> </ref> uni december 2008 maa whiteby tounbata sildenma samel bhae, november 2009 maa isma samel hunu aghi. iss jitnama unko spell pachhi, uni 2010 maa neuton aiklifka lagi samel bhae, rar whiteheabhanmathi 3-0 ko jitma debue gare. antarrashtriya currier. uni sann 1993 ko uefa europeli under-18 championshipka lagi england under-18 toliko hissa thie. coaching currier. tinkler middlesbroma ekedemy prashikshakko rupma karyarat chhan. october 2022 maa micheal caric prabandhak banepachhi unlai middlesbroma pahilo tolly sahayak prabandhakko rupma niyukta garieko thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. tinkler sandarlandko fyan how. unka dui chhori rar ek chhora chhan. samman. hartlepool united wyaktigat

tinkalaraku chinhita karantu marck roland tinkalara (janma 24 october 1974) jane ingraji football prashikhyaka ebong purbatana pesadara football khelali, jieki ee. aif. ell. championship parswa middlesbroar sahakaree manager atanti. jane khelali bhabe shay jane midfielder bhabe khelithile, bisesh curry leads united paain premiyara ligre. shay yarka city, southand united ebong hartlepool united paain football ligre madhya khelithile. whiteby tauna, sildon, ish wining ebong neuton icliffe paain anah-ligg ray abhinai kariba purbaru shay livingston paain skatalyandare upasthita hoithile. club kyariyara. bishop akalyandare janmagrahana karithiba tinkalara leads unitedara juba dalare nijara kyariyara arambha karithile. tinkalara juba dalara ansha thile jie aif. aii. juba cop phainalare prabesha karithile ebong eka manchester united dala bipakhyare khelithile jaahaa devida beckham, gaari nebhila, phil nebhila, pull scholes ebong nikki butt sameth bhabisyatara antarjatija dalagudiku field karithila . leads united mote 4-1 ray jitithila. 1993 masiha april maasare, tinkalaranku 18 barsha bajasare pratham dalaku padonnati diajaithila ebong sayfield united bipakhyare 2-1 ray parajaya barana curry debyu karithile. tebe, tinkalara 1993-94 sijinara prarambhare manchester united bipakhyare eka rijarbha myachare goda godare gurutara aaghata paithile. lidsre nijara pratham chariti sijanare, tinkalara maatra maatra pratham dala match arambha karithile ebong ebong bikalpa match khelithile. shay march 1997 ray leads united chhadi 85,000 pound dejare sthajee bhabare yarka saharare joga deithile. marck tinkalara 1997/98 sijinare yarka paain eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile ebong semanankara 46 tii ligg match madhyaru 2 byatita anya samastare khelithile, ehi prakrijare 4 goal score karithile. tinkalara parabarti rutu paain samaana prabhaba pakaithile ebong taanka talikare aau 36 tii ligg upasthiti joga karithile . august 1999 ray, tinkalara 40,000 pound dejare tini barshar chuktinama upare southand junaitedare joga deithile, sauthendaku alan little parichalana karithile, jahanka adheenare shay yarka sitire khelithile. shay 1999-2000 ruture southand paain 41 tii ligg pradarshan karithile. marck tinkalara nijara dwiteeja sijin dakhinare zordar bhabe arambha karithile, kintu durbhagyabashatah shay taanka sidi uparu khasi padiba parey ehaa batil hoijaithila. 2000 masiha navember maasare, tinkalara eka adhei barshar chuktinama swakhyara curry truteeja divijana pakhya hartlepool united paain swakhyara karithile. tinkalaranka hartlepool debyu 4 navember 2000 ray scanthorp united bipakhyare asithila, jeunthire semane 3-0 ray harithile, ebong shay turanta pratham dalare nijara sthana pakka karithile ebong shay pull stephenson ebong tommy milarnka saha eka shaktishali bhagidari gathan karithile. shay hartlepulku hartlepulku pradarshan curry curry goal curry play-off ray pahanchaibare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karibare saphala hoithile. 2001-02 ruture tinkalara chalishati ligg pradarshanare naaa goal score karithile, kaaran hartlepool 7maha sthanare rahi play-off paain jogyata arjan karithile. tinkalara 2002-03 sijanare hartlepulra padonnati-bijeta dalara ansha thile, jeunthire shay 45 tii ligg pradarshanare 13 goal score karithile, ebong barshar pfa truteeja divijana dalare namit hoithile. tinkalaranka sabutharu ullekhaneeah pradarshan madhyaru gotie thila reksahamnka bipakhyare 4-3 bijajare jeunthare shay tankara pratham hatrick score karibare saphala hoithile. parabarti ruture, tinkalara punithare hartlepulara dalare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile kaaran shay semananku semananku pratisthita karibare sahajya karithile. durbhagyabashatah, aaghata tinkalaranka kyarijaraku badhaprapta karichhi ebong shay purbaru jetiki match khelithile setiki khelibaku sangharsha karichanti. shay meey 2007 ray hartlepool dwara mukta hoithile ebong july 2007 ray scottish pratham divijana parswa libhingstanare joga deithile. meey 2008 ray taanka chuktinama samapta heba parey libhingstana dwara mukta hoithile ebong june ray uttara premiyara ligg premiyara divijanara whiteby taaunare joga deithile.<ref naama = "khabara 2007/08"> navember 2009 ray jitithiba shh ray jogadeba purbaru shay december 2008 ray whiteby taunaru sildanare joga deithile. shh jitiba parey, shay 2010 ray neuton icliffe paain joga deithile, ebong whitehaven upare 3-0 bijajare debyu karithile. antarjatija kyariyara. shay 1993 uefa europeah under-18 championship paain englanda under-18 dalara ansha thile. koching kyariyara. tinkalara middlesbrore jane ekademy prashikhyaka bhabare nijukta hoichhanti. october 2022 ray michael caric manager heba parey shay middlesbrore pratham team assistant manager bhabare nijukta hoithile. byaktigata zeeban. tinkalara heuchhanti sunderlander jane prashansaka. tankara dui jhia ebong gotie pua achanti. sammana. hartlepool united byaktigata

chinnh tinkler maarak roland tinkler (janam 24 aktubar 1974) ikk angrezi football coach atey sabka peshevar footballer haii, joe ee. eff. aill. championship side middlesbro witch sahaik manager haii. ikk khidari dey roop witch, uh ikk midfielder dey roop witch khediaa, khaas taur utte leads united laee premiere leeg witch. uh yarak city, southand united atey hartlepool united laee football leeg witch vee khediaa. uh whiteby taoon, shildon, eesh winning atey neuton icliffe laee gair-leeg witch hissa lainn toon pahilan livingston laee scotland witch dikhai ditta. club carrier. bishop ockland witch paida hoye tinkler neey aapne crear dee shuruat leads united dee youth team witch keeti. tinkler uss yuva team daa hissa see jiss neey eff. aii. youth kapp final witch thaan banayi atey manchester united team dey virudh khediaa jiss neey david bekham, gairi neville, phil neville, paal scalls atey nikki butt samet bhavikh dey antarashtari khidariaan noon maidaan witch utariaa. leads united neey kull milaa keey 4-1 naal jitt daraj keeti. aprail 1993 witch, tinkler noon 18 saal dee umar dee pahili team witch tarakki ditti gaee see atey shafield united toon 2-1 dee haar witch aapni shuruat keeti see. halanki, tinkler noon manchester united dey virudh ikk reserve match witch 1993-94 season dey shuru witch gitte dee gambhir satt lagg gaee see. leads vikhe aapne pahile chaar seezanan witch, tinkler neey siraf 19 pahili team dey match shuru keete atey 5 badalven pardarshan keete. uss neey march 1997 witch leads united noon chhadd ditta atey 85,000 pond dee fees naal pakke taur utte yarak city witch shamal hoow giaa. maarak tinkler neey aaee. dee. 1 season witch yarak laee ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai atey aapne 46 leeg maichan vicchon 2 noon chhadd keey saare witch khediaa, iss prakiriaa witch 4 goal keete. tinkler neey agle season laee isey tarahan daa prabhav paaiaa atey aapni suchi witch 36 horr leeg peshkariaan shamal keetiaan. agast 1999 witch, tinkler 40,000 pond dee fees laee tinn saal dey saude 'teey southand united witch shamal hoiaa, jiss witch southand daa parbandhan ellen little duaara keeta giaa, jiss dey adheen uh yarak city witch khediaa. uss neey 1999-2000 season dauran southand laee 41 leeg pardarshan keete. maarak tinkler neey aapne dooje season dee shuruat southand toon keeti parr badkismati naal uh aapni paudi toon dhiggan toon baad iss witch katauti qarr ditti gaee. navambar 2000 witch, tinkler neey dhaai saal dey saude utte tiji division side hartlepool united laee dastkhat keete. tinkler dee hartlepool dee shuruat 4 navambar 2000 noon scoonthorp united dey virudh hoee see, jiss witch uh 3-0 naal haar gaye sunn, atey usne turant pahili team witch aapni jagha mazboot qarr laee atey usne paal stephenson atey tommy miller dey naal ikk shandar bhaiwali keeti. uh hartlepool noon playf witch 30 pardarshan curran witch madad curran witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaun witch kamyab riha, jiss witch usne 3 goal keete. 2001-02 season witch tinkler neey chaali leeg witch naun goal keete kiunki hartlepool 7ven sathaan 'teey riha atey playf laee qualify keeta. tinkler 2002-03 season witch hartlepool dee tarakki jetu team daa hissa see, jiss witch usne 45 leeg witch hissa lae keey 13 goal keete, atey saal dee pee. eff. aii. tiji division team witch namzad keeta giaa see. tinkler daa sabh toon mahattavpuran pardarshan rareksham virudh 4-3 naal jitt witch aaiaa jitthe uh aapni pahili hatrick banaun witch kamyab riha. agle seezanan dauran, tinkler neey ikk vaar firr hartlepool dee team witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai kiunki usne unhan noon leeg ikk witch sathapat curran witch sahaita keeti. badkismati naal, satt neey tinkler dey crear witch rukawat paida keeti haii atey uss neey pahilan jinne match khede sunn, unhan noon khedan laee sanghrash keeta haii. uss noon maee 2007 witch hartlepool duaara rihaa keeta giaa see atey julai 2007 witch scottish fust division side livingston witch shamal hoow giaa see. uss noon livingston duaara rihaa qarr ditta giaa see jadon maee 2008 witch uss daa ikrarnama khatam hoow giaa see atey juun witch uttri premiere leeg premiere division witch whiteby taoon witch shamal hoow giaa see.<uh dasambar 2008 witch whiteby taoon toon shildon witch shamal hoiaa, navambar 2009 witch jittan toon pahilan. eesh jittan dey aapne spell toon baad, uh 2010 witch neuton icliffe laee shamal hoiaa, atey whitehaven utte 3-0 dee jitt naal aapni shuruat keeti. antarashtari carrier. uh 1993 yuu. ee. eff. aii. european under-18 championship laee england dee under-18 team daa hissa see. coaching carrier. tinkler middlesbro vikhe academy coach vajon kamm karda haii. jadon michael caric aktubar 2022 witch manager baney taan unhan noon middlesbro witch pahile team sahaik manager vajon niyukat keeta giaa see. nijji jeevan. tinkler sunderland daa parshansak haii. unhan deeaan doou dhiaan atey ikk puttar haii. sanman. hartlepool united viaktigat

maark tinkler maark roland tinkler (janma 24 october 1974) ekaha aangl-football-prashikshakah poorva-vyaavasaayik-football-kreedakah cha asti, yah ee. ef. ell.-championship-pakshasya middles-bro-madhye sahaayak-prabandhakah asti. kreedakatvena saha madhya-kreedaakaaratven kreeditavaan, visheshatah leads unated ityasya premiyar-leag-madhye. saha football-leag-madhye, sauthend-unated tathaa hartlepool-unated ityetayoho krute api kreeditavaan. vait bai town, sildon, ess vinning, newton aiklif ityetayoho krute naan-leag ityasmin pradarshanm kartum poorvam saha livingston ityasya krute scatland-nagare abhyanayt. club-vruttihi. bishap aaklaand-nagare janma praapnot, tinkler ityeshah leads unated ityasya yuva-dale swasya vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan. tinkler ityayam yuva-dalasya bhaagah aasit yah ef. e.-yooth-cup-antimam kreedaam krutavaan, tathaa cha maanchestar-unated-pakshasya viruddham kreeditavaan, yah david bekhyaam, gyaaree-neville, phil-neville, paal-scholes, nikee-butt ityadeen bhavishyasya antarashtriya-kreedaasu bhaagam agruhnaat. leads unated-sanghah 4-1 ityanena jitavaan. 1993 april-maase, tinkler ityeshah 18 varsheeyah prathamadale padonnatah abhavat, tathaa cha shafield unated-viruddham 2-1 parajaye padaarpanam krutavaan. parantu, 1993-94 kreedaarutuve aarambhe, maanchestar unated-viruddham reserve-kridaayaam, tinkler-varyaha padasya gambheeram kshatam praapnot. leads-kridaayaam swasya prathamachaturthasu rutushu, tinkler kevalam 19 prathamadal-spardhaasu aarabhat, 5 paryaay-pradarshanani cha krutavaan. saha 1997 maarch-maase leads-unated-ityenam parityajy 85,000 paund-shulken sthayirupena yaark-nagare sammilitah. maark-tinkler ityeshah, 1997/98 creedaa-rutau yaark-nagarasya krute mahattvapoornam paatram niravahat, teshaam 46 leag-spardhaasu 2 vihaay sarveshu kreeditavaan, prakriyayam 4 goals krutavaan. tinkler ityeshah agrime rutau api tathaiva prabhaavam akarot, tathaa cha swasya ganyaam 36 leag-pradarshanani api yojayat. 1999 august-maase, tinkler ityeshah sauthend-unated-samsthaayaam 40,000 paund-shulkasya trivarsheeya-kararasya krute sammilitah, sauthend-samsthaayaah prabandhakah alan-little aasit, yasya adheene saha yaark-nagare kreeditavaan. saha sampoorne 1999-2000 kreedaarutuve sauthend-krute 41 leag-pradarshanani krutavaan. maark tinkler ityeshah dakshinabhaage swasya dwiteeya-satram drudatayaa aarabdhavaan, parantu saha sopanat patitvaa durbhagyataya tatt kshiptam abhavat. 2000 tame varshe november-maase, tinkler ityeshah truteeyavibhaagasya pakshasya hartlepool-unated ityasya krute dvaivaarshika-kararasya krute hastaaksharam krutavaan. tinkler ityasya hartlepool-kreedaayaah prathamapraveshanam 4 november 2000 tame dine skanthorp unated-viruddham abhavat, yasmin te 3-0 ityanena parajitaha abhavan, saha tatkshanameva prathamadale swasya sthaanam drudeekrutavaan, tathaa cha saha paal stephenson tathaa tomy miller ityetaih saha durjeya-sahabhaagitvam cha nirmitavaan. saha hartle pool-kreedaam 30 pradarshanani krutvaa 3 goals krutvaa play-aaf-kridaayaam sahayyam kartum mahattvapoornam paatram nirvahati sma. 2001-02 kreedaarutuve tinkler ityeshah nalvimshati leag-pradarshaneshu nava goals krutavaan, yatah hartlepool 7 tame sthaane samapya play-aaf-krute arhati sma. tinkler ityeshah 2002-03 kreedaarutuve hartlepool ityasya padonnati-vijetru-dalasya bhaagah aasit, yasmin saha 45 leag-pradarshaneshu 13 goals krutavaan, tathaa cha varshasya pee. ef. e. truteeya-vibhaga-dale namankitaha abhavat. tinkler ityasya ullekhaniyatamam pradarshanam anyatam aasit, yatra saha reksam-viruddham 4-3-vijayam praapnot, yatra saha swasya prathamam hatrick-score kartum samarthah abhavat. agrimeshu rutushu, tinkler ityeshah punah ekadaa hartlepool ityasya dale mahattvapoornam paatram nirvahati sma, yatah saha taan prathama-leag-madhye sthaapayitum sahayyam krutavaan. durbhagyataya, kshatehe karanat tinkler ityasya vruttijeevanam baadhitam asti, saha poorvam yaavat kreedaasu kreeditavaan taavat kreedayitum sangharsham krutavaan. 2007 tame varshe mey-maase hartlepool ityanena muktah, 2007 tame varshe julai-maase skaatish-prathamavibhaagasya livingston-pakshasya sadasyah abhavat. 2008 tame varshe mey-maase yadaa tasya anubandhah samaaptah abhavat tadaa livingston ityanena muktah abhavat, joon-maase naartarn-premiyar-leag-premiyar-vibhaagasya whitby-nagare cha sadasyah abhavat.<riff-naam = "nyoos 2007/08"> </ref> saha 2008 december-maase vait-bai-nagaraat sildon-nagare sammilitah, 2009 november-maase ess-madhye vijayam praaptum poorvam. ess-vijayam praaptum swasya spell ityasya anantaram, saha 2010 tame varshe newton-aiklif-krute sammilitah, vaithevan-viruddham 3-0-vijayam abhyanayt cha. antarashtriya-vruttihi. saha 1993 tame varshe yoo. ee. e. e.-europe-18-varsha-nyoon-pratiyogitaayaah england-deshasya 18-varsha-nyoon-dalasya bhaagah aasit. prashikshan vruttihi. tinkler ityeshah middles-bro ityatra akadami-prashikshakatvena niyuktah asti. 2022 october-maase yadaa mckell-carrick-varyaha vyavasthaapakaroopen niyuktah tadaa saha middlesbro-nagare prathama-dala-sahaayak-vyavasthaapakaroopen niyuktah. vyaktigatajeevanam. tinkler ityeshah sunderland ityasya bhaktah asti. tasya dwau putraah, ekaha cha asti. sammaanah. hartlepool unated vyaktivisheshah.

maark dingler maark roland dingler (prappu october 24,1974) oru aangkila kaalpandhu payirchiyaalar mattrum munnaal thozhilmurai kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar efl saambiyanship pakka middlesprovin udhavi maelaalaraaka ullaar. oru veeraraaga, avar oru mitpeeldaraaga vilaiyaadinaar, kurippaaga leats united premiier leakil. avar yark chitty, southend united mattrum hardlebool united aagiyavattrirkaaga kaalpandhu leekkilum vilaiyaadinaar. avar livingstanukkaaga scatlandil thoantrinaar, pinnar avar vitpi down, shilton, ishh winning mattrum neuton icliffe aakiyoarukkaaga leak allaatha poattikalil pankettraar. kilap vaazhkkai. bishab aaklaandil pirantha dingler, leats unitetine ilaignar aniyil thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. dingler, phay ilaignar kooppai iruthip poattikku munnaeriya ilaignar aniyin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar, maelum davit beccom, carrie neville, pill neville, paal scallus mattrum nikki butt ullitta ethirkaala sarvadesa poattikalil pankerkum monsester united anikku ethiraaga vilaiyaadinaar. leats united 4-1 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettrathu. aepral 1993 ill, dingler 18 vayathil muthal anikku padhavi uyarvu pettraar, maelum shefield united aniyidam 2-1 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthaar. iruppinum, monsester unitettukku ethiraana recerve poattiyil 1993-94 season thodakkaththil dinglerukku kadumaiyaana kanukkaal kaayam aerpattathu. leatsil thanathu muthal naanku seesangalil, dingler 19 muthal anii poattikalai mattumae thodangi 5 maattru thoattrangalil thoantrinaar. avar maarch 1997 ill leats unitetai vittu veliyaeri, 85,000 pavundugal kattanaththil nirantharamaaga yark nagaril saernthaar. maark dingler 1997/98 seasonil yaarkkirkaaga mukiya pangku vagiththaar, maelum avarkalin 46 leak poattikalil 2 aith thavira mattra anaiththilum vilaiyaadinaar, inththa seyalpaattil 4 koolgalai adiththaar. dingler aduththa seasonil idhaepoandra thaakkatthai aerpaduththinaar, maelum 36 leak thoattrangalai thanathu ennikkaiyil serththaar. august 1999 ill, dingler 40,000 pavundugal kattanaththil moontru aandu oppanthaththil southend unitetle saernthaar, southend aalan little enbavaraal nirvagikkappattathu, avar yark nagaril vilaiyaadinaar. avar 1999-2000 season muzhuvathum savuthendirkaaga 41 leak thoattrangalil thoantrinaar. maark dingler thanathu irandaavathu seesanai souththendil valuvaagath thodangkinaar, aanaal thurathirshtavasamaaga avar thanathu aeniyil irunthu vilunththa piragu adhu kuraikkappattathu. navambar 2000 ill, dingler irandarai aandu oppanthaththil moontraam pirivu pakka hardlebool united oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. dinglerin hardlebool arimugamaanathu scuntorp unitettukku ethiraaga 4 navambar 2000 andru vanthathu, athil avarkal 3-0 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthanar, avar udanadiyaaga muthal aniyil thanathu idaththai uruthippaduthinaar, maelum avar paal stephenson mattrum daami millarudan inainthu oru valimaiyana koottaniyai uruvaakkinaar. hardlebool 30 thoattrangalil 3 koolgalai adiththu pilae-off seiya udhavuvathil avar mukiya pangku vagiththaar. 2001-02 seasonil dingler naarpathu leak thoattrangalil onbathu koolgalai adiththaar, hardlebool 7 vadhu idaththaip pidiththathu, maelum pilae-off poattikalukku thaguthi pettrathu. dingler 2002-03 seasonil hardleboolin padhavi uyarvu ventra aniyin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar, idhil avar 45 leak thoattrangalil 13 koolgalai adiththaar, maelum aandin pii. eff. aee moontraam pirivu aniyil peyaridappattaar. dinglerin migavum kurippidatthakka seyalthirangalil ondru, avar thanathu muthal haadrik adiththa idaththil, rexamuku ethiraana 4-3 vetrtriyil vanthathu. aduththa seesangalil, dingler meendum hardleboolin aniyil oru mukiya pangaik kondirundhaar, aenenil avar avarkalai leak onnil nilainiruththa udhavinaar. thurathirshtavasamaaga, kaayam dinglerin vaazhkkaiyai paathiththullathu, maelum avar munbu vilaiyaadiya vilaiyaattukalin ennikkaiyai vilaiyaada siramappattaar. mae 2007 ill hardleboolaal viduvikkapatta avar, juulai 2007 ill skaatlaanthu muthal pirivu anii livingstonil saernthaar. mae 2008 ill avarathu oppantham kaalaavathiyaagivittapoathu livingstonol viduvikkappattaar, juun maatham vadakku premiier leak premiier pirivil ulla viid pii downill saernthaar.<ref peyar = "seithi 2007/08"> avar disambar 2008 ill whiteby nagaraththilirunthu shiltonil saernthaar, navambar 2009 ill eesh vettri peruvatharku munbu. eesh vetrtriyil avarathu ezhuththuppizhaiyaith thodarnthu, avar 2010 ill neuton icliffe aniyil saernthaar, maelum whidehavenukku ethiraaga 3-0 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettraar. sarvadesa thozhil. 1993 uefa iroappiya 18 vayathukkutpatta saambiyanshippirkaana englaanthu 18 vayathukkutpatta aniyin oru paguthiyaaga avar irunthaar. payirchi vaazhkkai. dingler middlesprovil akaadami payirchiyaalaraaka paniyaattrukiraar. october 2022 ill michael caric maelaalaraaka aanapoathu avar middlesprovil muthal anii udhavi maelaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. dingler enbathu chanderlandine rasikar. ivarukku irandu magalgal mattrum oru magan ullanar. gowravangal. hardlebool united thaninabar

maark tinkler maark roland tinkler (jananam 24 october 1974) oka aangla football coach mariyu maajee professional football kreedaakaarudu, athanu efl championship side middlesbro vadda assistant manager. oka aatagadiga, athanu midfielderga aadadu, mukhyamgaa leads united kosam premiere leaglo aadadu. athanu football leag loe kooda newyork city, southend united mariyu hartlepool united tarapuna aadadu. athanu whitby town, shildon, ish winning mariyu neuton icliffe kosam naan-leag loe kanipinche mundu livingston kosam scatlandlo kanipinchaadu. club kereer. bishop aaklaandlo janminchina tinkler leads united yokka yuva jattulo thana vruttini praarambhinchaadu. phaa yooth cup finallo chotu dakkinchukunna yuva jattulo tinkler oka bhaagam mariyu david beckham, gyaarii neville, phil neville, paal scholes mariyu nikki butt vanti bhavishyat antarjaateeya aatagallanu nilabettina manchester united jattutho aadadu. leads united united vijayam saadhinchindi. april april, tinkler 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo modati jattuku padoonnati pondaadu mariyu shefield unitedto 2-1 thedaatho odipoyi arangetram chesaadu. ayithe, manchester unitedto jarigina reserve matchlo 1993-94 season praarambhamlo tinkler cheelamandaku teevramaina gaayam ayyindi. leadslo thana modati naalugu seasonlalo, tinkler kevalam 19 modati jattu myaachlanu praarambhinchaadu mariyu 5 pratyaamnaaya pradarsanalu icchaadu. athanu marchi marchi leads unitednu vidichipetti, 85,000 poundla feezu chellinchi saasvatamgaa yark citylo cheraadu. maark tinkler 1997/98 seasonlo yark kosam keelaka paatra poeshinchaadu mariyu vaari 46 leag matchlalo 2 minaha annintiloo aadadu, eee prakriyaloo 4 goals chesaadu. tinkler taruvaati seasonlo idhe vidhamaina prabhavanni chuupaadu mariyu athani jaabitaalo maroe 36 leag pradarsanalanu jodinchaadu. aagashtu aagashtu, tinkler southend unitedlo £40,000 feezu kosam moodu samvatsaraala oppandamlo cheraadu, southendnu alan little nirvahinchevaadu, ayana aadhvaryamlo athanu yark citylo aadadu. athanu 1999-2000 seasonlo southend kosam 41 leag pradarsanalu icchaadu. maark tinkler thana rendava seejannu southendlo balamgaa praarambhinchaadu, conny duradrushtavasaattu athanu thana nicchena nundi padipoyina taruvaata adhi taggipoyindi. 2000 navambarulo, tinkler moodava division vaipu hartlepool united kosam rendunnara samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu. tinkler yokka hartlepool toli match 4 november 2000naa sconthorp unitedto jarigindi, indulo vaaru whitehavenpy odipoyaaru, athanu ventane modati jattulo thana sthaanaanni susthiram chesukunnadu mariyu athanu paal stephenson mariyu tommy millarlatho kalisi baleeyamaina bhagaswamyanni yerparachukunnadu. athanu hartlepool 30 pradarsanalu icchi, 3 goals saadhinchi play-offs cheyadamlo sahaayapadatamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchagaligaadu. 2001-02 seasonlo tinkler nalabhai leag pradarsanalalo tommidi goals saadhinchaadu, hartlepool 7va sthaanamlo nilichi, play-offsku arhata saadhinchindi. tinkler 2002-03 seasonlo hartlepool yokka promotion-vijaeta jattulo bhaagamgaa unnadu, dheenilo athanu 45 leag pradarsanalalo 13 goals chesaadu mariyu aaa samvatsaramlo PFA moodava division jattulo empikayyaadu. tinkler yokka atyanta mukhyamaina pradarsanalalo okati, athanu thana modati haatriknu score cheyagaligina rexhampy 4-3 vijayamlo vachindi. taruvaati seasonlalo, tinkler marosari hartlepool jattulo keelaka paatra poeshinchaadu, endukante athanu vaarini leag vanlo sthaapinchadaaniki sahayapaddadu. duradrushtavasaattu, gaayam tinkler kereerku aatamkam kaliginchindi mariyu athanu gatamlo aadina aatala sankhyanu aadataaniki chaalaa kashtapaddadu. athanu mae juulai hartlepool dwara vidudala cheyabaddaadu mariyu juulai juulai scottish fust division side livingstonlo cheraadu. athani oppandam mae december gaduvu mugisinappudu livingston chetha vidudala cheyabaddaadu mariyu juunloo northern premiere leag premiere divisionloni whitby townloo cheraadu.<reifer paeru = "nyuus 2007/08"> athanu december december whiteby town nundi shildon loe cheraadu, november november shh loe chaeradaaniki mundu. shh gelichinapudu athani spell taruvaata, athanu athanu neuton icliffe kosam cheraadu, mariyu whitehavenpy whitehavenpy vijayam saadhinchi arangetram chesaadu. antarjaateeya vrutti. 1993 uefa european under-18 championship kosam ingland under-18 jattulo bhaagamgaa unnadu. coaching kereer. tinkler middlesbro vadda academy kochga panicheestunnaaru. october october maikhel caric managerga baadhyatalu sweekarinchinappudu athanu middlesbro vadda modati jattu assistant managerga niyaminchabaddaadu. vyaktigata jeevitam. tinkler anedi sunderland yokka abhimani. aayanaku iddaru kumartelu, oka kumarudu unnaaru. gowravaalu. hartlepool united vyaktigatam

nashaan laganay waala maark roland tunkler (paidaish 24 aktobar 1974) eek angrez fitt baal coach aur saabiq paishah warr fitt baalar haine juu ayee aif eel champine ship side muddles brow mein assistent maneejar haine. eek khilaadi kay toor parr wah mudfelder kay toor parr khailay khaas toor parr premier leeg mein leads united kay liye. wah fitt baal leeg mein yark stee southend united aur hartlepol united kay liye bhee khelay. wah waait bee town shelden aish wanang aur neuton aaikalf kay liye naan leeg mein shaamil honay say pehley leongston kay liye scott lend mein nazar aayey. kalb carrier. bashp aaklaind mein paida huay tunkler nay apnay carrier kaa aaghaz leads united kii youth team say kiyaa. tunkler iss youth team kaa hasah thaa jiss nay aif aey youth cup kaa final banaya aur manchister united kii team kay khalaaf kheela jiss nay dude beckham geeri neweal fill neweal paal schools aur nakee butt sameet mustaqabil kay beenn alaqwami khiladiyon kuu medaan mein ataara. leads united nay majmuyi toor parr 4-1 say kamiyabi haasil kii. apreel 1993 mein tunkler kuu 18 saal kii amar kii pehli team mein tarqi dee gayee aur sheefeld united kay khalaaf 2-1 say shakast kay saath iss nay apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. tahim tunkler kuu manchister united kay khalaaf reserve meech mein 1993-94 seezan kay sharoo mein takhnay mein shadeed choot lagee. leads mein apnay pehley chaar seezan mein tunkler nay sarf 19 frust team meech sharoo kiye aur 5 muthbadil paishi kii. inhon nay maarch 1997 mein leads united kuu chhod diyaa aur 85,000 pound kii fees parr mustaqil toor parr yark stee mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. maark tunkler nay 1997/98 seezan mein yark kay liye kaleedi kirdaar adaa kiyaa aur apnay 46 leeg meechon mein say 2 kay elawah tamaam mein khaila iss amal mein 4 goal score kiye. tunkler nay aglay seezan kay liye bhee asee tarah kaa asar daala aur apnee fehrist mein mazeed 36 leeg kii paishi kaa izafah kiyaa. agast 1999 mein tunkler nay southend united mein 40,000 pound kii fees parr teen saalah muahide parr shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jiss mein southend kaa intezam ailan luttle kay zariye kiyaa gayaa jiss kay tahat wah yark stee mein kheela kartay thay. inhon nay 1999-2000 seezan mein southend kay liye 41 leeg mein sharkat kii. maark tunkler nay apnay dosray seezan kaa aaghaz southend say mazbuti say kiyaa leakin badqismati say wah seedhi say garnay kay baad iss mein kamee waaqa hoyee. nomber 2000 mein tunkler nay dahayee saal kay muahide parr thard devision side hartle poul united kay liye dastakhat kiye. tunkler kaa hartlepol debio 4 nomber 2000 kuu sconthorp united kay khalaaf hawaa jiss mein wah 3-0 say haar gayey aur inhon nay fouri toor parr pehli team mein apnee jagah mustahkam kirr lee aur inhon nay paal stephenson aur tommy miller kay saath mill kirr eek mazboot sharakat daari qayem kii. wah hartle poul kuu 3 goal score kartay hoay 30 paishi kartay hoay play aaf mein jagah bananay mein aham kirdaar adaa karnay mein kamiyab rahay. 2001-02 seezan mein tunkler nay leeg mein chalis martabah sharkat kartay hoay noow goal kiye keunkah hartlepol 7 wein number parr rehaa aur play aaf kay liye kawalifai kiyaa. tunkler 2002-03 seezan mein hartlepol kii promotion jeetnay waali team kaa hasah thay jiss mein inhon nay 45 leeg mein sharkat mein 13 goal kiyay aur saal kii pee aif aey thard devision team mein namzad hoay. tunkler kii sabb say qaabil zakar karkardgi mein say eek reksham kay khalaaf 4-4 say jeeth mein aayee jehaan wah apnee pehli heatrik score karnay mein kamiyab rahay. aglay seezan kay doraan tunkler eek baar phir hartlepol kii team mein aham kirdaar adaa karein gay keunkah inhon nay inhein leeg winn mein qayem karnay mein madad kii. badqismati say choot nay tunkler kay carrier mein rukawat paida kii hay aur iss nay pehley kii tarah kheel khelnay kay liye jadujahad kii hay. asay mayee 2007 mein hartlepol nay rehaa kiyaa aur jolayi 2007 mein scotsh frust devision side leongston mein shaamil how gayaa. mayee 2008 mein jabb iss kaa muahidah khatam hawaa tuu asay leongston nay rehaa kirr diyaa aur joone mein naardarn premier leeg premier devision kay whiteby town mein shaamil how gayaa.<reef naam = "newz 2007/08"> nomber 2009 mein jeetnay waalay aish mein shaamil honay say pehley dasambar 2008 mein wah whiteby town say shelden mein shaamil hoay. aish jeetnay kay apnay speel kay baad inhon nay 2010 mein neuton aaikalf kay liye shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur waait hayon parr 3-0 say jeeth mein apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. beenn alaqwami carrier. wah 1993 kii yuu ayee aif aey europi inder 18 champine ship kay liye england kay inder 18 schwad kaa hasah thay. coaching carrier. tunkler mudlesbro mein academy coach kay toor parr mulazim hay. aktobar 2022 mein michael keerak kay meniger bannay parr inhein mudlesbro mein pehley team assistent maneejar kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa gayaa. zaati zindagi. tunkler sinder lend kaa parastaar hay. inn kii duu betiyan aur eek betaa hay. aizazat. hartlepol united infiradi

00089d9b1c1395f89a97b600f9d741708013d44fa7e841ea4e329d61ba7e1131

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37655117

Mrs. Mills (film)

Mrs. Mills (film) 2018 film by Sophie Marceau Mrs. Mills () is a 2018 French comedy written and directed by Sophie Marceau, starring herself, Pierre Richard and Nicolas Vaude. It was shot and set in Shanghai and Paris in French, English and Chinese. The film premiered at the 2018 L'Alpe d'Huez Film Festival, and was released theatrically in France and Belgium on 7 March 2018. Synopsis. An elderly professional French crook (Mr. Rosenberg / Léonard Chomsky) who would do anything including cross-dressing to commit his mischiefs manages to make his way as "Mrs. Mills" into the home of Hélène Mercier, a workaholic woman obsessed with books. There, he discovers an invualuable object inherited from her grandmother which she would not sell. Mercier is a head of publishing looking for "an optimistic heroine" whom she found in Mrs. Mills. She makes him a big star until the usurpation is revealed and she needs him to stay in character. The film deals with the extraordinary situations generated by this premise. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>* Sophie Marceau as Hélène Mercier References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

srimoti. kolbur srimoti. mils () hoise sofi marchiur dwara likhito aaru porisalito 2018 sonor ekhon forasi comedy, zo 'too teu, piyere rechard aaru nikulax bhaude obhinoy korisil. iyak forasi, ingraji aaru china bhaxat sanghai aaru perisot swuting aaru set koraa hoisil. sobikhonor primiyar 2018 sonor el 'aalpe di' huyez solositro mohutxowot hoisil, aaru 2018 sonor 7 marchot france aaru beljiyamor theaterot mukti diya hoisil. xongkhipto biboron. ejon briddho pesadari forasi kruk (mii. rosenberg/leonard somoski) ji teur dustota koriboloi croch-dressingke dhori jikunu kaam koribo paare teu "srimoti" hisape nijor poth prostut koriboloi byowostha kore. milse "helen marchiyaror ghoroloi yaay, egoraki kormorot mohila ji kitapor proti abegito. taat teu taair thakumar poraa uttoradhikari hisape puwa etaa omulyo bostu abiskar kore jitu taai bikri nokore. marchiyer hoise "egoraki axabadi nayika" bisari thoka prokaxonor murobbi jaak teu srimoti hisape paisil. kolbur. teu teuk ek dangor taroka kori tule jetiyaloike dokhol prokax nohoy aaru teu teuk soritrot thokar proyujon. ei sobikhone ei bhittir dwara sristi huwa oxadharon poristhitir bixoye alusona korise.

misses. kalguli misses. mills () sophi marcio dwara likhito ebong porichalito ekti 2018 saaler farasi comedy, jekhane tini, piyere richarda ebong nicolas voud abhinoy korechen. etty farasi, ingrezi ebong cheena bhasay sanghai ebong pyarise shyuta ebong seeta koraa hoyechilo. cholochchitroti 2018 saaler ell 'alpe dii' huez cholochchitro utsabe premiere hoyechilo ebong 2018 saaler 7 march france oo belgiume prekkhagrihe mukti paay. sarsongkhep. ekjon boyosko peshadar farasi protarok (mii. rosenberg/leonard chamsky) jini taanr dushtumi korar jonno cross-dressing soho jey konao kichhu korten tini "misses" hisabe nijer poth toiri korte sokkhom hohn. boi niye achchonno eka karmajibi mohila helen mercier barite. sekhane, seey taar dadir kachh theke uttoradhikar sutre pawa ekti amulya bostu abishkar korey jaa seey bikri korbe naa. marcier ekjon prokashona prodhan jini "ekjon ashabadi nayika" khunjchen jaake tini misses hisabe khunje peyechen. kalguli. dokholer vishayti prakash naa haoya porjonto seey taake ekti borh tarka korey toley ebong taake choritrer modhye thakte hobey. eyi prekkhapote srishto asadharan poristhiti niye cholochchitroti kaaj korey.

shrimati. meelo shrimati. mills () aee 2018nee french komedi chhe, jeey sophee marcio dwara lakhaayeli aneey nirdeshit chhe, jemaa tenee, pier richard aneey nicolaus vaude abhinay karey chhe. tenu shooting aneey seeta french, angreji aneey chaineezma shanghai aneey pereesmaa karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa filmnun premiere 2018naa aela 'aalp dii' hyuz film festivalmaa thayu hatoo aneey 7 march 2018naa roj france aneey belgium theatrema rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. saransh. aek vruddh vyaavsaayik french badmash (shree. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) jeey potaani tofaano karvaa maate cross-dressing saheet kaneepan karey chhe teey "shrimati" tareeke potaano maarg banaavvaanu manage karey chhe. pustako pratye obsessed aek workholic maheela, hellen merciernaa ghare mills. tyaan, tene tenee daadi pasethi varsama malelee aek amoolya vastu maley chhe, jene teey vechashe nahee. mercier "aashavadi nayika" nee shodhamaa prakashanna vadaa chhe, jene tenee shrimati tareeke malee hatee. meelo. jyaan sudhee uchapat jaaher naa thaay tyaan sudhee teey tene aek moto staar banaave chhe aneey teneene tenaa patramaa rahevani jaroor chhe. aaa film aaa aadhaar dwara pedaa thayelee asadharan paristhitio saathe vyavhaar karey chhe.

shrimati. milon shrimati. mills () 2018 kii ack francisi comedy haye jise sophi marcio dwara likhit aur nirdeshit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen unhone khud, piyare richard aur nicolaus woud abhineet kiya haye. ise french, angreji aur cheeni mein shanghai aur peris mein shoot aur sett kiya gayaa thaa. film kaa premiere 2018 ell 'aalp dee' sways film festival mein huaa thaa aur ise 7 march 2018 koo france aur belgium mein cinemagharon mein release kiya gayaa thaa. saransh. ack bujurg peshevar francisi badmash (shree. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) joe apani shararaton koo anjam dene key liye cross-dressing sahit kuchh bhee kartaa haye, vaha "shrimati" key roop mein apana raasta banaane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. mill "helen mercier key ghar mein, ack kamkaji mahila joe kitaabon key prati jununi thee. vahaan, usey usaki daadi seey viraasat mein millie ack amulya vastu kaa pataa chalata haye jise vaha naheen bechegi. mercier ack ashawadi nayika kii talash mein prakaashan kii pramukh haye jise vaha shrimati mein paati haye. mill. vaha usey taba taka ack badaa sitara banaati haye jaba taka kii hadataali kaa khulasa naheen hoe jaataa aur usey charitra mein baney rahane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. film iss aadhar seey utpann asadharan sthitiyon seey sambandhit haye.

srimati. giranigalu srimati. mills () sophi marcio baredu nirdeshisida 2018rahra french haasya chitravagiddu, idaralli swatah pier richard mattu nicolus vaade natisiddaare. idannu french, inglish mattu chainees bhasegalalli shanghai mattu parisonalli chitrikarisalaayitu mattu hondisalaayitu. ee chalanachitravu 2018rahra ell 'alp dii' hyooj chalanachitrotsavadalli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu france mattu belgiumnalli 7 march 2018 randu chitramandiragalalli bidugadeyaayitu. saramsha. hiriya vruttipara french crooke (shree. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) tanna kidigedigalannu maadalu adda-udupugalannu dharisuvudu seridante enannaadaroo maaduttaane, "srimati" endu tanna daariyannu maadikolluttaane. pustakagala bagge olavulla kelasagaartiyaada helen markiern manege mills. allie, aata tanna ajjige aanuvamshikavaagi doreta amoolyavaada vastuvannu kandukolluttaane, adannu aake marata maduvudilla. marseer avaru srimati emba hesarinalli "ashavadi nayaki" yaya hudukaatadalli prakashanada mukhyastharagiddare. giranigalu. durakramanavu bahirangavaguvavarege avalu avanannu dodda taareyannaagi maaduttaale mattu avanu tanna patradalli uliyuvudu avalige agatyavagide. ee prameyadinda untaaguva asadharana sanniveshagalannu ee chitravu vivarisuttade.

srimati. millukal srimati. sophi marso rachana samvidaanavum nirvvahicha 2018 leeii franch komadiyaanu mills (), piyari richard, nicolas vaudu ennivar pradhana veshangalilethi. franch, engleesh, chainees bhashakalil shanghayilum paareesilum chithreekarikkukayum settu cheyyukayum cheythu. 2018 leeii ell alpe dii hyoos chalachithrothsavathil pradharshippicha eee chithram 2018 march 7 nuu fraansilum beljiyathilum theaterukalil puratthirangi. sangraham. prayamaaya oru professional franch crook (mii. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) thante kuzhappangalkk cross dressing ulppede enthum cheiyunnayaalkku "srimati" enna nilayil thante vazhi nirthaanaakum. pusthakangalodu abhiniveshamulla oru varkaholik sthreeyaaya helen mercierude veettilekku mills. avidevechu, muthasshiyil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha oru vilamathikkaanaavaatha vasthu aval wilkan pokunnillennu addeham kandethunnu. srimati enna nilayil kandethiya "shubhaapthivishwaasamulla oru naayika" yeei thirayunna prasidheekaranatthinte thalavanaan mercier. millukal. pidichedukkal velippeduthunnathuver aval avane oru valia thaaramaakkukayum avan swabhaavathil thudarendathundennum aval parayunnu. eee pashchaathalam srishtikkunna asaadhaarana saahacharyangalaanu chithram kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu.

shrimati. giranya shrimati. mills () haah 2018 salcha french vinodi chitrapat aahe, jyache lekhan aanee digdarshan sophi marseune kele aahe, jyat tine, piyare richard aanee nicolaus woud yanni abhinay keela aahe. yache chitrikaran aanee mandani french, ingraji aanee chiinii bhashet shanghai aanee parismadhye karnyat aalee hotee. yaa chitrapatacha 2018 chya ell 'aalp dii' huez chitrapat mahotsavat pratham pradarshan jhaala aanee 7 march 2018 roji france aanee belgiummadhye chitrapatgruhanmadhye pradarshit jhaala. saransh. eka vruddha vyavsayik french badmash (shree. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) joou tyachya dusht krutyansathi cross-dressings kahihi karel, too 'misses' mhanoon margkraman karnyas vyavasthapit karato. pustakanche waid asaleli eka kaam karnari stree, helen mercierchya gharat mills. tithe tyala tichya aajikadoon varshane midaleli eka amoolya vastoo sapadate jee tee vikanar nahee. mercier hii 'aashavadi nayika' shodhat prakashan pramukh aahe, jee teela shrimatimadhye sapadali. giranya. joparyant too hadapoon ughad hott nahee aanee teela too charitrat rahnyasathi havah aahe toparyant tee tyala eka motha starr banavate. yaa aadharamule nirman jhalelya vilakshan paristhitivar haah chitrapat bhashya karato.

shrimati. milharu shrimati. mills () sofi marciodwara likhit rar nirdeshit sann 2018 ko francelli kamedi how, jasma uni, piyare richard rar nicolus bhaudle abhinaya gareka chhan. yasako chhayangkan francelli, angreji rar chiniyan bhashama sanghai rar perisma garieko thiyo. yass chalchitrako premiere sann 2018 ko ell 'alp dee' hyuz film festivalma bhaeko thiyo rar france rar belgiumma 7 march 2018 maa thieterma rilij bhaeko thiyo. saransh. ek wriddha peshewar francelli badmash (shree. rosenberg/leonard chamsky) jasle afno dushtata garna cruss-dressing sahit kehi pani garne gardacha "shrimati" ko rupma afno bato banauna prabandha gardacha. milsle "heylen marsierako gharma, pustakharuma asakta ek karyashil mahila. tyahan, unle afnie hajuramabata virasatma prapta euta amulya wastu patta lagaunchhan june unle bechne thiinan. merciera "ashawadi nayika" khojdai prakashanko pramukh hun jaslai unle shrimatima bheteki thiin. milharu. unle usalai thulo starr banaunchhin jabasamma kabja khulasa hundaina rar unlai usako charitrama rahan awashyak chha. yass chalchitrale yass adharbata utpanna asadharan paristhitiharulai sametchha.

srimati. mill srimati. mills () heuchhi 2018 masihar eka farasi kamedi jaahaa sophi marsijonka dwara likhita ebong nirdeshita, jeunthire shay, pijere richard ebong nicolas bhaud abhinai karichanti. ehara suting ebong seting sangai ebong pyarisare french, ingraji ebong chainij bhasare karajaithila. ehi chalachitrati 2018 ell 'alpe dii' huez chalachitra mahostabare premiyara hoithila, ebong 7 march 2018 ray frances ebong belajijamare thietarare muktilabha karithila . saransha. jane bayaska peshadara french crook (mea. rosenberg/leonard chamaski) jie nijara dusta karjya kariba paain cross-dressing sameth kichhi bii karanti, shay "srimati" bhabare nijara rasta tiari karibare saphala huanti . mills "helen marsiarnka ghare, jane karmajibi mahila jaahaa bahi prati aasakta . sethare shay taanka jejema 'nka thaaru uttaradhikarare milithiba eka mulyabana jinish abishkara karanti jaahaaku shay bikri karibe naahin. mercier heuchhanti jane prakashan mukhya jieki "jane ashabadi najika" nku khojuchhanti, jahanku shay shrimatinka roopare paithile. mill. shay tanku eka budd starr karanti je parjyanta hadapa prakash naah hue ebong shay charitrare rahiba aabasyaka karanti . ehi chalachitrati ehi parisara dwara srusti hoithiba asadharana paristhiti upare aadharita.

shriman jee. millan shriman jee. mills () ikk 2018 dee franch kamedi haii joe sophi marso duaara likhi atey nirdeshit keeti gaee haii, jiss witch usne khud, peear richard atey nicholls woud neey abhinai keeta haii. iss dee shooting atey sett francisi, angrezi atey cheeni witch shanghai atey paris witch keeta giaa see. film daa premiere 2018 dey ail 'elpe dee' hoose film festival witch keeta giaa see, atey 7 march 2018 noon france atey belgium witch theatre witch rileez keeta giaa see. sankhep. ikk bazurg peshevar franch dhokhebaaz (shriman. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) joe aapniaan shararat curran laee karaas-dressing samet kujh vee karda see, uh "shrimati" vajon aapna raah banaun daa parbandh karda haii. mills "hallen mercier dey gharr witch, ikk vercaholic aurat joe kitaban naal janoon haii. utthe, uss noon uss dee daadi toon virasat witch millie ikk anmol vastu dee khoj hundi haii jiss noon uh naheen vechegi. mercier "ikk aashavadi naika" dee bhaal witch parkashan daa mukhi haii jiss noon uss neey shrimati witch labhiaa. millan. uh uss noon udon takk ikk vadda starr banaundi haii jadon takk hadappan daa khulasa naheen hunda atey uss noon uss dey charittar witch baney rahinn dee zaroorat hundi haii. ih film iss adhaar toon paida hoiaan asadharan sathitiaan naal najithdi haii.

shrimati. mill - shrimati. mills () iti sofee marcio ityanena likhitam nirdeshitam cha 2018 tamavarshasya french-hasya-chalacchitram asti, yasmin piyare richard, nicolas vaade cha abhinayam akurvan. asya chitreekaranam french, aangl, cheeni bhaashaasu shanghay-bhashayam, pyaris-bhashayam cha krutam. asya chalacchitrasya prathamapradarshanm 2018 tame varshe ell 'aalpe dii' hyooz chalachchitramahotsave abhavat, tathaa cha 2018 maarch 7 dinaanke france-belgium-deshe cha naatakeshu pradarshitam. saaraamshaha. ekaha vruddhah vyaavasaayikah french-crook (shree. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) yah swasya dushtakarmanam krute cross-dressing sahitam kimapi karoti sma, saha "shreemati" iti rupena maargam aarabhate. mills "helen mercier ityasya gruhe, ekaa karyashilayaha mahilaa, yaa pustakeshu aasaktaa aasit. tatra saha tasyaah matamahyaha uttaradhikarat praaptam amoolyam vastu anvishyati yat saa naa vikriyata. marseer ityeshaa "aashaavaadee nayika" iti anvishya prakashana-pramukhah asti yaa saa shrimati ityasmin drushtaa. girani. yaavat apavitrataa prakatitam naa bhavati taavat saa tam bruhat taram karoti, tathaa cha saha paatre tishtitum saa apekshate. asmin prekshanena utpadyamananam asadharananam paristhitim chalacchitram niroopayati.

thirumathi. aalaikal thirumathi. mills () enbathu 2018 aam aandu pirenchu nagaichchuvai thiraippatamaagum, idhu sofi marcioval ezhuthappattu iyakkappattathu, idhil avar, piyari richard mattrum nicolaus vaat aagiyoar nadiththullanar. idhu pirenchu, aangkilam mattrum seena mozhigalil shankoy mattrum baris mozhigalil padamaakkappattathu mattrum amaikkappattathu. inththa padam 2018 ell 'aalp dii' hiyus thiraippada vizhaavil thiraiyidappattathu, maelum brance mattrum beljiyaththil 7 maarch 2018 andru thiraiyarangukalil veliyidappattathu. surukkam. oru vayathaana thozhilmurai pirenchu vanjagan (thiru. rosenberg/leonard somsky) thanathu kilarchchigalaich seiya kurukku udai anivathu udpada ethaiyum seivaar, avar "thirumathi. puththagangkal meethu verithanamaana oru vaelaikkaarap pennaagiya heleen mercierine veettirkul mills. angku, avar thanathu paattiyidamirunthu maraburimaiyaagap pettra oru vilaimathippattra porulaik kandupiditthaar, adhai aval virka mattaal. mercier oru veliyeettuth thalaivar, avar oru "nambikkaiyaana kathaanaayagiyaith" thaedugiraar, avarai avar thirumathi. aalaikal. kollaiyadippu velippadum varai aval avarai oru periya natchaththiramaaga aakkukiraal, maelum avar thanmaiyil irukka vaendum. inththa munmaathiriyaal uruvaakkappatta asaathaarana soozhnilaigalai padam kaiyaalgiradhu.

srimati. millulu srimati. mills () anedi sophi marcio rachinchi darsakatvam vahinchina 2018 french comedy, indulo aame, pierry richard mariyu nicolus vaade natinchaaru. dheenini french, inglish mariyu chainees bhaashalalo shanghai mariyu paarislo chitreekarinchaaru mariyu sett chesaaru. eee chitram 2018 ell 'alp dii' hyooj film festivallo pradarsinchabadindi mariyu france mariyu belgiumlo 7 marchi 2018naa theatres vidudalaindi. saaraamsam. oka vruddha professional french crook (mister. rosenberg/leonard chomsky) thana allarlaku paalpadataaniki cross-dressingtho sahaa edainaa chesevadu "srimati" gaa thana marganni yerparachukogaladu. pustakaala patla makkuva kaligina pani chese mahila ayina heleen mercier intiki mills. akkada, aame ammamma nundi vaarasatvamgaa vacchina oka viluvaina vastuvunu athanu kanugontaadu, daanini aame vikrayinchadu. mercier, srimatigaa aame kanugonna "aasaajanaka kathaanaaika" kosam vetukutunna prachurana adhipati. millulu. durakramana velladi ayye varaku aame atanni pedda starga chestundi mariyu athanu thana paatranu konasaaginchaalsina avasaram aameku undhi. eee nepathyam valla erpadina asaadhaarana paristhitulanu eee chitram vivaristundi.

mohtarmah. milon mohtarmah. milz () eek 2018 kii francisi mazahiya film hay jasay soofi marso nay likhaa aur hidayat kii hay jiss mein khood paiyar richard aur nakolas wowd nay adakari kii hay. iss kii shoting aur seet francisi angrezi aur cheeni mein shanghayi aur peers mein kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss film kaa premier 2018 kay eel alpay ddee hoveez film festival mein hawaa aur asay 7 maarch 2018 kuu france aur belgium mein theaters mein release kiyaa gayaa. khalasah. eek buzurg paishah warr francisi badmuash (mister. rosenberg/leonard chomaski) juu apnee shararatein anjaam deenay kay liye karaas dressing sameet kachh bhee kartaa hay wah "mohtarmah" kay toor parr apnaa raastah bananay kaa intezam kartaa hay. milz "helin mercier kay gahar mein eek kaam karnay waali aurat juu kitaabon kaa janun rakhti hay. wahaan asay iss kii daadi say warasat mein milnay waali eek invelivial cheez kaa patah chalta hay jasay wah farokhat nahein karay gee. mercare "eek parr ameed heroin" kii talaash mein ashaat kii sarbarah hay jasay wah mohtarmah mein payee. milon. wah asay iss waqat takk eek badaa staar banaati hay jabb takk kahh iss kay qabze kaa inkshaf naha how jaaye aur asay iss kay kirdaar mein rehney kii zarurat hay. yaha film iss bunyaad say paida honay waalay ghair mamuli halaat say namatti hay.

00089f5f1d442ad9ac70dabc16d98757a0b124518e70e58783388d5ddf699aef

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50437966

Scopan Lake

Scopan Lake Lake in Maine Scopan Lake is a "V" shaped lake in northern Maine. The lake was known as Squa Pan Lake by early European settlers, but was renamed in 2011 to eliminate what Native Americans in the United States interpreted as a racial slur. The lake is mostly in Scopan township (formerly Squapan township), but the north end of the eastern arm of the "V" extends into Maine township 11, range 4; and the north end of the western arm extends into Masardis and Ashland. The lake discharges to Scopan Stream (formerly Squa Pan Stream) through a dam in Masardis. Scopan Stream flows into the Aroostook River downstream of the dam, and the Aroostook River is a tributary to the Saint John River. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad crosses the northern tip of both arms of the lake. Recreation. The dam created the shallow western arm of the lake and increased the depth of the original lake forming the eastern arm. The lake is drawn down every winter to generate hydroelectric power. The dam prevents migration from downstream, but brook trout and rainbow smelt spawn in tributaries Nowland Brook, Bogan Brook, Aluson Brook, Dunn Brook, Cold Spring Brook, West Branch, and Scopan Inlet (formerly Squa Pan Inlet.) Boat launching facilities are available for public use at the dam and at the north end of the eastern arm south of Maine State Route 163. The eastern shore of the eastern arm is a reserve of public land available for fishing, hunting, birding and camping. Sources. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

scopan hrod scopan hrod hoise uttor mainot thoka etaa "bhi" aakritir hrod. prarombhik europiyo boxoti sthaponkarixokole ei hrodtuk scowa paan hrod buli jonaa goisil, kintu 2011 sonot aamerika juktorastror sthaniyo aamerikanxokole iyak ek jatigoto opobad hisape byakhya korar baabe iyak namakoron koraa hoisil. hrodtu besibhagei scopan townswipot (purbote squapon townswip) aase, kintu "bhi" ror pubo xakhar uttor prantotu maine townswip 11, porixor 4 loi bistrito; aaru poschim xakhar uttor prantotu masardis aaru aasribhumiloi bistrito. hrodtu masardisor etaa bandhor joriyote scopan dharaloi (purbote scowa paan dhaara) niskaxito hoy. scopan nodee bandhor tolmuwa orustuk nodiloi boi yaay, aaru orustuk nodee hoise saint john nodir uponodi. bangur aaru erustuk railpothoi hrodor duyuta baahur uttor pranto paar kore. binudon. bandhotuwe hrodtur ogobhir poschim ongxo sristi korisil aaru mool hrodtur gobhirota briddhi kori pubo ongxo gothon korisil. jolobidyut utpadonor baabe proti xitkalot ei hrodtu nirman koraa hoy. bandhotuwe nimnomukhi poraa probrojon protirudh kore, kintu brook trout aaru rainbuwe uponodiburot spon spon kore, etiyar sthol brock, bogan brock, aaluson brock, donn brock, cold spring brock, poschim xakha, aaru scopan inlet (purbote skwa penn inlet).) bandhotut aaru maine rajyik poth 163-ror dokhyinot pubo xakhar uttor prantot rajohuwa byoboharor baabe naau mukoli korar xubidha upolobdho. pubo xakhar pubo paar hoise maach dhora, sikar, sorai aaru xibiror baabe upolobdho rajohuwa bhumir ek xongrokhito sthan.

scopan hrod scopan hrod uttor meine-ayee ekti "vee" akritir hrod. hrodti prathomik europea bosoti sthaponkarider dwara squa pyana hrod hisabe porichito chhilo, kintu 2011 saale markin juktorashtre sthaniya americanra jaa jatigoto apobad hisabe byakhya korechilo taa nirmul korar jonno err naam poriborton koraa hoyechilo. hrodti beshirbhagi scopan townshipe (purbe squapan township) abosthito, tobey "vee"-err purbo ongsher uttor prantoti meine township 11, renz 4 porjonto prosarito; ebong poschim ongsher uttor prantoti massardies ebong ashlande prosarito. hrodti massardicer ekti bandher madhyome scopan srote (purbe squa pyana stream) probahito hoy. scopan probaho bandher neecher dike aerostook nodiite probahito hoy ebong aerostook nodee seenta john nadeer ekti uponodi. banger ebong aerostook railpoth hroder ubhoy bahute uttor pranto atikram korey. binodan. bandhti hroder agabhir poschim ongsho toiri korey ebong purbo ongsho gathon korey mool hroder govirota briddhi korey. proti shitkale jolobidyut utpadoner jonno hrodti teney aanaa hoy. bandhti nimnamukhi theke ovibasonke badha deyo, tobey brook trout ebong renbo ekhonkar uponodigulite spon korey, bogan brook, alussion brook, dunn brook, colled spring brook, poschim shakha ebong scopan inlet (purbe squa pyana inlet).) bandher ebong meine rajyo poth 163-err dakkhine purbo ongsher uttor prante jonosadharoner byaboharer jonno nauka chaalu korar subidha royeche. purbo ongsher purbo teere machh dhora, shicker, pakhi palon ebong campingyer jonno upolobdho jonosadharoner jomir ekti reserve royeche.

scopan talaav scopan talaav aee uttareey mainma "vee" aakaarnu talaav chhe. praarambhik european vasaahateeo dwara aaa talaavne squa paan talaav tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtu hatoo, parantu united statesma mool americnoae jeey vansheey apshabd tareeke arthghatan karyoo hatoo tene door karvaa maate 2011 maan tenu naam badalvama aavyu hatoo. aaa talaav mote bhaage scopan township (agau squan township) maan chhe, parantu "vee" naa purveey haathno uttar chhedo maine township 11, rainz 4 sudhee vistare chhe; aneey pashchim haathno uttar chhedo massardice aneey ashland sudhee vistare chhe. aaa talaav masaardimaa bundh dwara scopan pravaah (agau squa paan pravaah) maan vahe chhe. scopan pravaah demnaa neechala bhagma aerostook nadimaa vahe chhe, aneey aerostook nadee saint john nadeeni upanadi chhe. bengor aneey aerostook railroad talaavnaa banne haathnee uttareey tochne paar karey chhe. manoranjan. aaa bandhthi talaavni chhichhari pashchimi baaju bunny aneey mool talaavni undaima vadhaaro thayo aneey purveey baaju bunny. darr shiyaalaamaa jalvidhyut pedaa karvaa maate aaa talaav neeche khenchvaamaa aave chhe. aaa bundh neecheni tarafnaa sthalaantarne atkaave chhe, parantu brook trout aneey meghadhanush havenee upanadeeo, bogan brook, elussen brook, dunn brook, colled spring brook, vesta shaakha aneey skopana inlet (agau squa payne inlet) maan smelt spon karey chhe.) dame parr aneey maine raajy maarg 163 nee dakshine purveey haathnaa uttar chhede jaaher upyog maate hoady sharoo karvaanee suveedhao uplabdh chhe. purveey haathno purveey kinara machhimari, shikaar, paksheeo aneey camping maate uplabdh jaaher jameenno anaamat chhe.

scopan jheel scopan jheel uttari mukhya mein ack "vee" aakar kii jheel haye. iss jheel koo praarambhik europeeya basane vaalon dwara squa paine jheel key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, lekin sanyukt raajya america mein mool amerikiyon dwara nasleeya apshabd key roop mein vyakhya kiye jaane koo samaapt karane key liye 2011 mein iska naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa. jheel jyaadaatar scopen township (poorv mein squappen township) mein haye, lekin "vee" kii purvi shakha kaa uttar chhor maine township 11, renz 4 taka faila huaa haye; aur paschimi shakha kaa uttar chhor massardis aur ashland taka faila huaa haye. jheel masardis mein ack baandh key madhyam seey scopen dhaara (poorv mein squa paine dhaara) mein bahati haye. scopen dhaara baandh key neeche kii or arustook nadee mein bahati haye, aur arustook nadee sent johnn nadee kii ack sahayak nadee haye. bangor aur arustook railmarg jheel key donon bhujaaon key uttari sire koo paar karate hain. manoranjan. baandh ney jheel kii uthali paschimi bhuja banaai aur mool jheel kii gaharaai koo badhaakar purvi bhuja banaa diyaa. panbijali utpaadan key liye harr sardiyon mein jheel koo kheencha jaataa haye. baandh neeche kii or seey pravaas koo rokta haye, lekin brook trout aur indradhanush abb sahayak nadiyon mein aataa haye, abb bhoomi brook, bogan brook, alussen brook, dunn brook, colled spring brook, paschim shakha aur scopen inlet (poorv mein squa paine inlet).) baandh parr aur mukhya raajya maarg 163 key dakshin mein purvi bhuja key uttar chhor parr saarvajanik upayog key liye naav launch karane kii suvidhaaen upalabdh hain. purvi bhuja kaa purvi tata machhali pakadane, shikaar, pakshi paalan aur shivir key liye upalabdh saarvajanik bhoomi kaa ack aarakshit kshetra haye.

scopen sarovara scopen sarovaravu uttarada maine nalliruva "vii" aakaarada sarovaravagide. ee sarovaravannu arambhika european vasaahatugaararu skwa pyaan sarovara endu kareyuttiddaru, aadare united statesnalli sthaliya americannaru janangiya nindane endu arthaisikondiddannu todeduhaakalu 2011 ralli marunamakarana maadalaayitu. ee sarovaravu hechchaagi scopen pattanadallide (hinde squapan pattana), aadare "vii" naa purva bhagada uttara tudiyu maine pattana 11, shreni 4 ravarege vistariside; mattu paschima bhagada uttara tudiyu masardis mattu aash land varege vistariside. ee sarovaravu masaardisnalliruva anekattina moolaka scopen torege (hinde skwa pyaan stream) hariyuttade. scopen tore anekattina kelamukhadalliruva aroostook nadige hariyuttade mattu aroostook nadiyu saint zaan nadiya upanadiyagide. bangor mattu aroostook railumaargavu sarovarada eradoo tolugala uttara tudiyannu daatuttade. manaranjane. ee anekattu sarovarada aalavillada paschima bhagavannu srushtisitu mattu moola sarovarada aalavannu hechchisi purva bhagavannu roopisitu. jalavidyut utpaadisalu prati chaligaaladalli ee sarovaravannu kettalaaguttade. anekattu kelamukhadinda valase hoguvudannu tadeyuttade, aadare egiruva nadhi, bogan nadhi, aleusen nadhi, dunn nadhi, colled spring nadhi, paschima shaakhe mattu scopen olaharivu (hinde skwa pyaan inlet) emba upanadigalalli brook trout mattu malebillu ubbuttave.) anekattinalli mattu mukhya raajya maarga 163rahra dakshinada purva bhagada uttara tudiyalli dooni udavana soulabhyagalu saarvajanika balakegagi labhyavive. purva bhagada purva tiravu meenugaarike, beteyaaduvudu, pakshidhama mattu shibirakkagi labhyaviruva saarvajanika bhumiya meesalu pradeshavaagide.

scopen thadaakam vadakkan mainil "vii" aakruthiyilulla thadaakamaan scopen thadaakam. aadyakaala europian kudiyettakkaar eee thadaakathe skwa paan thadaakam ennu vilichirunnuvenkilum amerikkayile thaddesheeya amerikkakkar vamseeya apamanam ennu vyaakhyaanichathine illaathaakkunnathinaayi 2011 ll punarnaamakaranam cheythu. thadaakam kooduthalum scopen tounshippilaanu (munbu schwappen tounshippu), ennaal "vii" yude kizhakkan bhaagatthinte vadakke attathu mine tounshippu 11, rench 4 vare vyaapikkunnu; padinjaaran bhaagatthinte vadakke attathu masardisilekkum ashlandilekkum vyaapikkunnu. masardiyile oru anakkettiloode eee thadaakam scopan aruviyilekku (munbu skwa paan aruvi) ozhukunnu. anakkettinte thaazhekku arustookku nadiyilekku scopen aruvi ozhukunnu, koodaathe arustookku nadhi sent joonn nadiyude poshakanadiyaanu. bangor, aroostookku railway enniva thadaakatthinte iruvashangaludeyum vadakke attam kadakkunnu. vinodam. anakkett thadaakatthinte aazham kuranja padinjaaran bhagam srishtikkukayum yadhaartha thadaakatthinte aazham vardhippichu kizhakkan bhagam roopappeduthukayum cheythu. jalavaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathina ellah shaithyakaalathum thadaakam thaazheyirakkunnu. anakkett thaazhekku ninnulla kudiyettatthe thadayunnu, ennaal aruvi trauttum mazhavillum poshakanadikalaaya naulaand brook, bogan brook, aloosan brook, dunn brook, colled spring brook, vestt branch, scopen inlettu (munbu skwa paan inlettu) ennivayil ninnu manakkunnu.) anakkettil pothu upayogathinaayi boat vikshepana soukaryangal labhyamaan, koodaathe maine stettu root 163 nuu thekk kizhakkan bhaagatthinte vadakke attathu. kizhakkan bhaagatthinte kizhakkan theeram malsyabandhanam, vettayaadal, pakshippani, camping ennivaykku labhyamaya pothubhoomiyude oru reservaanu.

scopan talav scopan talav haah uttar mainimadhil 'vhee' aakaracha talav aahe. suruvatichya european vasahati yaa talawala squa panne talav mhanoon olakhat hotya, parantu americetil mool american lokanni vanshik apshabd mhanoon jyacha arth lavala hota, too kadhoon taknyasathi 2011 madhye tyache naav badalanyat aale. haah talav mukhytah scopan townshipmadhye (purvi squappen township) aahe, parantu 'vhee' chya purv bhagacha uttar toke 11 vya shrenitil maine townshipparyant vistarla aahe; aanee paschim bhagacha uttar toke massardies aanee aashlandparyant vistarla aahe. haah talav masaradimadhil dharanatun scopen pravahat (purvicha squa panne pravah) vahato. scopen pravah dharanachya khalchya dishene arustook nadeet vahato aanee arustook nadee hii seent johnn nadichi upanadi aahe. bangor aanee arustook railway talavachya donhi bajunchya uttar tokala olandate. manoranjan. dharnamule talavacha uthal paschim bhag tayar jhaala aanee mool talavachi kholee vadhoon purv bhag tayar jhaala. jalvidhyut nirmitisathi darr hivalyat haah talav khalee odhala jaato. dharan khalchya dishene sthalantar karnyapasoon rokhate, parantu upanadyanmadhye aatachya bhoomigat zara, bogan zara, aleusen zara, dunn zara, sheet zara zara, paschim shakha aanee scopan inlet (purvi squa panne inlet) madhye zara trout aanee indradhanushyacha vaas yeto.) dharnavar aanee maine rajya marg 163 chya dakshinekadil purv bajuchya uttar tokala sarvajanik vaparasathi nauka prakshepan suvidha upalabdh aahet. purv bajucha purv kinara haah masemari, shikar, pakshi vihar aanee shibirasathi upalabdh asalelya sarvajanik jaminicha rakheev bhag aahe.

scopan taal scopan taal uttari mainema raheko "bhi" akarko taal how. tallai prarambhik europeli basobaskartaharule skwa paan taal bhanera chinthe, tara sanyukta rajyama muel amerikiharule jatiya apashabdako rupma wyakhya gareko hatauna 2011 maa yasako naam pariwartan gariyo. taal prayaha scopan tounship (pahile squan tounship) maa chha, tara "v" ko purvi bhagko uttar chheuma maina tounship 11, dayara 4 samma failieko chha; rar paschimi bhagko uttar chheuma masardis rar ashlandsamma failieko chha. yo taal masardisko bandha hundai scopan stream (pahile skwa paan stream) maa bagchha. scopan khol baandhako tallo bhagma raheko arustuk nadima bagchha, rar arustuk nadi cent john nadiko sahayak nadi how. bangor rar arustuk railmargle talko duwai hatko uttari tuppo parr gardacha. manoranjan. baandhale talko uthalo paschimi bhag sirjana gyoa rar purvi bhag banaune muel talko gahirai badhae. jalavidyut utpadan garna pratyek jadoma taal tall khasalinchha. baandhale downstreambata basain saran rokchha, tara brook trout rar indradhanushle sahayak nadiharu nauland brook, bogan brook, alussion brook, dunn brook, cold spring brook, west shakha, rar scopan inlet (pahile skwa pyan inlet) maa span gareko chha.) bandhama sarvajanik prayogka lagi dunga prakshepan suwidhaharu upalabdha chhan rar maine rajya marga 163 ko dakshinma purvi bhagko uttar chheuma. purvi bhagko purvi kinar machha marney, sikar garne, charaune rar shivirka lagi upalabdha sarvajanik bhumiko arakshit khetra how.

scopan hrada scopan hrada heuchhi uttara mine ray eka "bhi" aakrutira hrada . prarambhika europeah basati sthapanakareemane ehi hradaku squa paan hrada bhabare janithile, kintu 2011 ray americara sthaniah aamerikeejamane eka jatigata upbad bhabare byakhya karithiba apasarana karibaku ehara naama paribartana karajaithila . ehi hradati mukhyatah scopan tounship (purbaru squapan tounship) ray rahichhi, kintu "bhi" rahr purba bahur uttara pranta maine tounship 11, renz 4 parjyanta prasarita; ebong paschima bahur uttara pranta massardice ebong ashland parjyanta prasarita . ehi hradati masardisre thiba eka dyam jariaare scopan prabaha (purbaru squa paan prabaha) ku nishkasita hoithae. scopan prabaha dyamra nimnamukhi arustuk nadeere prabahita hue, ebong arustok nadee heuchhi cent zohn nadira eka upanadi . bangora ebong arustuka relpath hradara ubhaja bahur uttara prantaku atikrama karithae. manoranjan. ehi dyam hradara agabhira paschima bhaga srusti karithila ebong purba bhaga gathan curry moola hradara gabhirata brudhi karithila. jalabidyuta shakti utpadana paain ehi hradaku prati sheeta ruture talaku khasai diajae. ehi dyam nimna digaru sthanantaranaku rokithae, kintu upanadi naulanda brook, bogan brook, alussion brook, donn brook, colled springa brook, westa branch ebong scopan inlet (purbaru squa paan inlet) ray brook trout ebong indradhanu gandhita spon spon .) dyamre ebong maine rajya marga 163rahr dakhinare purba bahur uttara parsware sarbasadharananka byabahara paain danga utakhyepana subidha upalabdha . purba bahur purba koolare maacha dhariba, shikara, pakhi palana ebong camping paain upalabdha sarbajaneena jamira eka rijarbha .

scopen jheel scopen jheel uttri maine witch ikk "vee" aakaar dee jheel haii. iss jheel noon shuruati european vasnikan duaara sakua paen jheel vajon janhiaa jaanda see, parr sanyukat raaj witch mool amrikiaan duaara nasli gler vajon viaakhiaa noon khatam curran laee 2011 witch isda naam badal ditta giaa see. jheel ziaadaatar scopen township (pahilan squapan township) witch haii, parr "vee" dee purbi shakha daa uttri ant maine township 11, rainz 4 takk failiaa hoiaa haii; atey pachmi shakha daa uttri ant masardies atey ashland takk failiaa hoiaa haii. jheel masardies witch ikk bnnh raahin scopen dhaara (pahilan sakua paen dhaara) witch nikaldi haii. scopen dhaara daim dey hethan dee orustook nadee witch vahindi haii, atey arustook nadee cent john nadee dee ikk sahaik nadee haii. bangor atey arustuk railmarg jheel dey doven pasiaan dey uttri sire noon paar karda haii. manoranjan. iss bnnh neey jheel dee ghatt pachmi baanh banayi atey purbi baanh banaun vaali mool jheel dee dunghai noon vadha ditta. iss jheel noon harr sardiaan witch pann-bijli paida curran laee hethan khichiaa jaanda haii. daim hethan vall toon parvas noon rokada haii, parr nadee dey hethan aaunn vaale nadiaan witch brook trout atey satrangi dhund daa spone, hunn dey nadiaan, bogan nadiaan, alussion nadiaan, dunn nadiaan, colled spring nadiaan, pachmi shakha atey scopen inlet (pahilan sakua paen inlet) witch spone dee samaggari haii.) daim utte atey maine raaj maarag 163 dey dakkhan witch purbi shakha dey uttri sire utte jantak varton laee kishti lanch curran deeaan sahulatan upalbadh hunn. purbi shakha daa purbi kandhe machhi fadan, shikar, panchhiaan dee bhaal atey camp laee upalbadh jantak zameen daa ikk reserve haii.

scopen sarovarah scopen-sarovarah uttar-maine-pradeshe "vee" aakaarasy sarovarah asti. praarambhik-europiya-nivaasinah ayam sarovarah skwaa-paan-sarovarah iti namna prasidhah aasit, parantu samyuktarajyamerikadesha moolanivaasinah jaativairoopen bhashamanam vishaadarogaan nirmoolayitum 2011 tame varshe asya namakaranam krutam. sarovarah adhikatayaa scopen-nagare (poorvam skvaapan-nagare) asti, parantu "vi" ityasya poorvabhaagasya uttar-praantah maine-janapadam 11, shrenihi 4 paryantam vistrutah asti; pashchimabhagasya uttar-praantah masardis-ashland-pradeshaparyantm cha vistrutah asti. ayam sarovarah masardis-nagarasya jalabandhasy madhyamena scopen-pravaaham (poorvam skwaa-paan-pravaahah) prati utsarjate. scopen-dhaaraa jalabandhasy adhah aroostook-nadeem pravishati, arustook-nadee api cha sent-jaan-nadyaah upanadee asti. baangor tathaa aroostuk relamaargah sarovarasya ubhayatalayoh uttar-agram atikramati. manoranjanam. jalabandhen sarovarasya pashchim-bhagasya agaccham nirmanam krutvaa poorva-bhagasya nirmanam kurvan mool-sarovarasya gabhiratam vardhayat. jalavidyut-utpadanartham prativarsham shitakale ayam sarovarah adhah nikshiptah bhavati. jalabandha adhahbhagat pravaasam pratihatavaan, parantu upanadyeshu naulend-brook, bogan-brook, aloosan-brook, dunn-brook, colled-spring-brook, vest-braanch, scopen-inlet (poorvam skwaa-paan-inlet iti namna api parichitam) ityeteshu brook-trat tathaa gandhita-indradhanuhu cha utpadyante.) jalabandhe, maine-rajya-margasya dakshinadishi poorva-shaakhaayaah uttar-praante cha saarwajanik-upayogartham naukaayaan-prakshepana-suvidhaah upalabhyante. poorva-shaakhaayaah poorva-tate matsyapalanartham, shikarartham, pakshinam krute, shibirartham cha upalabhyamanam saarwajanik-bhoomih aarakshitah asti.

scoban aeri scoban aeri enbathu vadakku mainil ulla oru "vii" vadiva aeri aagum. inththa aeri aarambagaala iroappiya kudiyaeriyavargalaal skwa paan aeri endru azhaikkappattathu, aanaal 2011 aam aandil americavil ulla poorveega americkarkal inaverik kasappu endru vilakkappattathai agattruvatharkaaga marupeyaridappattathu. inththa aeri perumpaalum scoban nagariyaththil (munbu schwapen nagariyaththil) ullathu, aanaal "vii" inn kilakku pirivin vadakku munai mainae downship 11, varambu 4 varai neendullathu; mattrum maerku pirivin vadakku munai massardies mattrum ashland varai neendullathu. inththa aeri massardicil ulla oru anai vazhiyaaga scoban neeroattaththirku (munbu skwa paan stream) veliyaettrappadukirathu. anaiyin keezhppagudhiyil ulla arustook aattril scoban neerodai paaikirathu, maelum arustook nadhi saint john aattrin thunai nadhiyaagum. bangor mattrum arustook irayil paathai aeriyin iru karangalin vadakku munaiyaiyum kadakkirathu. pozhuthupoakku. inththa anai aeriyin aazhamattra merkaththiya paguthiyai uruvaakki, asal aeriyin aalaththai adhigariththu kilakku paguthiyai uruvaakkiyathu. neermin urpaththikkaaga ovvoru kulirkaalaththilum inththa aeri varaiyappadukirathu. inththa anai keezhnilaiyilirundhu idampeyarvathaith thadukkirathu, aanaal brook trowt mattrum vaanavil ippoathu nilaththadi brook, poagan brook, alussen brook, dunn brook, kulir vasantha brook, maerku kilai mattrum scoban inlet (munbu skwa paan inlet.) anai mattrum pirathaana maanila paathai 163 inn therkae kilakku pirivin vadakku munaiyil podhu payanpaattirkaaga padagu thuvaka vasathigal ullana. kilakku pirivin kilakkuk karaiyil meenpidiththal, vaettaiyaaduthal, paravaip paravai mattrum mugaamiduthal aagiyavattrirkaaga podhu nilaththin iruppu ullathu.

scopen sarassu scopan sarassu uttara mainlo "vii" aakaaramlo unna sarassu. eee sarasunu prarambha european setilarlu squa paan sarassu anie pilicheevaaru, conny united stateslo sthaanika americanlu jaathi duushanhagaa ardham chesukunna vaatini tolaginchadaaniki 2011loe paeru marcharu. eee sarassu ekkuvagaa scopen township (gatamlo squapan township) loe undhi, conny "vii" yokka thoorpu bhaagam yokka uttara chivara 11va shreni varaku vistarinchi undhi, mariyu paschima bhaagam yokka uttara chivara masardis mariyu ashland varaku vistarinchi undhi. eee sarassu masardisloni anakatta dwara scopen pravaahaaniki (gatamlo squa paan pravaham) pravahistundi. scopan pravaham anakatta diguva bhaagamlo arustook nadiloki pravahistundi, mariyu arustook nadhi seyint zaan nadiki upanadi. bangor mariyu arustuk railroad sarassu yokka rendu bhujaala uttara konanu daatutundi. vinodam. anakatta sarassu yokka lotuleni paschima bhaganni srushtinchindi mariyu thoorpu bhaganni yerparustunna asalu sarassu yokka lothunu penchindi. jalavidyut utpatti cheyadaaniki prati sheethaakaalamlo eee sarasunu krindiki laagutaaru. anakatta diguva nundi olasalanu nirodhistundi, conny ippudu pravahinche upanadulalo brook trout mariyu indradhanassu smelt spaan, bogan brook, alusson brook, dunn brook, colled spring brook, west branch mariyu scopan inlet (gatamlo squa paan inlet.) anakatta vadda mariyu maine state ruut 163kii dakshinaana thoorpu bhujam yokka uttara chivaralo padava prayoga soukaryaalu andubaatulo unnaayi. thoorpu bhujam yokka thoorpu teeram chepalu pattadam, vaeta, pakshula vaeta mariyu camping kosam andubaatulo unna praja bhoomi yokka reserve.

scopen jheel scopen jheel shamali meen mein "wee" kii shakal kii jheel hay. iss jheel kuu ibtadayi europi aabaad kaaron nay schwa peen jheel kay naam say jaana thaa leakin 2011 mein iss kaa naam badal kirr iss kaa khaatima kiyaa gayaa jasay riyasathaye muthadah mein maqami americiyon nay nasli gaaliyan qaraar diyaa thaa. yaha jheel ziyadah tarr scopin town ship (sabqah scopin town ship) mein hay leakin "wee" kay mashriqi baazo kaa shamali saray meen town ship 11yee renj 4 takk phaila hawaa hay vovo aur maghrabi baazo kaa shamali saray masardi aur aish lend takk phaila hawaa hay. yaha jheel masaardi mein eek ddaim kay zariye scopen nadee (sabqah schwa peen nadee) mein khaarij hoti hay. scopen nadee ddaim kay neechey kii taraf arostik nadee mein behti hay aur arostik nadee sent jaan nadee kii maawan nadee hay. bangor aur arostak railway jheel kay donon bazoon kay shamali saray kuu abur karti hay. tafrih. ddaim nay jheel kaa atlee maghrabi baazo banaya aur mashriqi baazo bananay waali asl jheel kii gahrayi mein izafah kiyaa. aab bajli paida karnay kay liye harr mosam sarma mein jheel kuu neechey kheencha jaataa hay. ddaim bahao say nql makaani kuu rokta hay leakin brok trout aur andardakhsh kii songh maawan nadiyon mein abb lend broke bogan broke alwasan broke dunn broke couled spring broke vest branch aur scopen inlet (pehley schwa peen inlet) mein hoti hay.) ddaim parr aur meen steat roat 163 kay janub mein mashriqi baazo kay shamali saray parr kashti laanch karnay kii sahuliyaat dastiyaab haine. mashriqi baazo kaa mashriqi saahil maahi gairee shakaar parindon kii talaash aur camping kay liye dastiyaab awami zameen kaa eek zakhirah hay.

0008a7e80e59903f4c42f46fae99b081e8eeb302c0946fa9c244a7efced1d25f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50361969

MVP Colony bus station

MVP Colony bus station

aema. vee. pii. kolonee bus station

aim. vee. pee. coloney buss station

emm. vhee. pii. collany bus sthanak

emm. bhi. pii. coloney bus station

aimm. vee. pee. cloney buss station

emm. vee. pee. coloney bassthaanakam

0008a8d01818b60d50634cb9d55f25d010daef5b54509e6022a99d42cbf27a35

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68312333

Vaidya (film)

Vaidya (film) Vaidya is a 2021 short film. The film was digitally released at Hotstar and was also screened at London Indian Film Festival. Plot. The film follows the story of Kabir, a regular corporate guy who meets Vaidya on a beach at his vacation. The two gets attracted to each other and spend time together. However, Kabir has to leave and he promises to come back for Vaidya. Kabir doesn't honor his promise and gets busy with his life. Vaidya confronts him in Gurgaon and the identity of Vaidya is told. Reception. Gaysi referred to "Vaidya" as an "ambiguous and endearing tale of queer love". Dhyanvi Katharani described in her review, "Set outside the restraints of society on a remote beach in Goa, the film creates a utopia of queer love, and at the same time reminds us that this utopia only exists outside society. This is not a film that gives you precise conclusions; on the contrary it leaves room for ambiguity. The lack of a definitive answer keeps the audience gripped throughout the film" Pune Mirror wrote, "The fact that the film doesn't addresses critical issues like homophobia and plays in its own surreal world where there are no questions asked for being gay pinches and hurts, but also helps the film to stay away from being characterized as another queer movie where key premise is social oppressions or lack of acceptance." Daiji World penned a review about the film and described, "The beauty of the film is in its message which is rather simple and plays on the fundamental concept of love, togetherness, and separation..."Vaidya" is an important film not just because it does that but it is also important because it establishes and encourages that it's okay to play with genres and go where no one has been." Anwesh Sahoo at "Gaylaxy" Magazine wrote in his review, "The film is authentic, also because the actors play it with such simplicity. The subtle moments work. There’s no moment in the film really where they out and about proclaim their love for each other, but you see it in their eyes, the longing, the angst, the fondness and in the end the uncertainty and frustration (again, watch the film to know why!). The film stays true to its namesake, mysterious yet gripping for most parts." Amar Ujala wrote about the film (translated from Hindi), ""Vaidya"'s story is not just different because it is story of love between two men. It is also different because it ends at an interesting turn. It leaves an emptiness in the mind after watching the film." Festivals. Apart from London India Film Festival, "Vaidya" will be screened at KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

boidyo (solositro) boidyo hoise 2021 sonor ekhon suti solositro. sobikhon hotstarot digitalvawe mukti diya hoisil aaru london bharotiyo solositro mohutxowotu prodorxon koraa hoisil. plot. solositrokhone kobiror kahini onuxoron kore, ejon niyomiya korpo "rett luk ji teur sutir xomoyot xomudrotirot boidyok log paay. duyujone ijone xijonor proti aakorxito hoy aaru ekeloge xomoy kotay. obosye, kobire jaabo lagibo aaru teu boidyor baabe ubhoti ohaar protisruti diye. kobire nijor protisrutik xonman nokore aaru nijor jiwanat byosto hoi pore. boidyoi gurgaont teur mukhamukhi hoy aaru boidyor porisoy kuwa hoy. obhyorthona. geise "boidyo" koo "rer premor ek osposto aaru priyo kahini" buli ullekh korisil. dhyanwi katharaniye teur porzaluchonat bornona korise, "guwar ek duroborti xomudrotirot xomajor niyontronor bahirot sthapon koraa, solositrokhone ruchi premor ek eutopia sristi kore, aaru eke xomoyote aamak monot pelai je ei eutopia kewol xomajor bahirot bidyoman. eitu aapunak xothik xiddhanto diya sobi nohoy; iyar biporite ee ospostotar baabe thaai eri diye. ek nischito uttoror obhabe xomogro solositrokhonot dorxokok aakore raakhe " pune aainaye likhisil, "solositrokhone xomokamitar proti bidwexor dore guruttopurno bixoixomuhok xombudhon nokore aaru iyar nijor bastob jogotot khele zo 'too xomokami huwar baabe kunu prosno xudha nohoy aaru aaghat kore, kintu logote solositrokhonok aan ek kuir chinema hisape sinhito huwar poraa aatori thakiboloi xohay kore zo' too mool aadhartu hoise xamajik otyasar baa grohonjugyotar obhab." daiji world-e sobikhonor bixoye ek porzaluchona likhisil aaru bornona korisil, "sobikhonor xoundorjyo iyar bartat aase ji bor xohoj aaru prem, ekotrota aaru prithokikoronor moulik dharonar uporot aadharito..."boidyo" kewol xeitu korar baabei nohoy, ee guruttopurno kiyonu ee protistha kore aaru utxahito kore je dharar xoite khelatu thik aase aaru zo 'too kunuwe juwa naai." ge 'lexi" alusonir aanwex xahuwe teur porzaluchonat likhisil, "sobikhon prokrito, kiyonu obhinetaxokole iyak ene xorolotare khele. xukhmo muhurtobure kaam kore. sobikhonot xosakoiye ene kunu muhurto naai zo 'too teuluke ijone xijonor proti teulukor prem ghuxona kore, kintu aapuni iyak teulukor sokut, dirghayu, atongko, prem aaru xexot onischoyota aaru hotaxa (punor, kiyo janibor baabe sobikhon sauk!). sobikhon iyar naamor xoite xosa hoi thaake, rohosyomoy tothapiu besibhag ongxor baabe aakorxoniyo." omor ujalai sobikhonor bixoye likhisil (hindeer poraa onubad koraa), "boidyo" ror kahini kewol beleg nohoy kaaron ee dujon puruxor maajor premor kahini. eituu beleg kaaron ee ek aakorxoniyo poribortonot xomapto hoy. sobikhon suwar pisot ee monot ek xunyota eri diye." utxobxomuh. london bharot solositro mohutxowor uporiu, "boidyo" kaxix mumbai antohrastriyo kuir solositro mohutxowot prodorxon koraa hoh 'bob.

boidyo (cholochchitro) boidyo 2021 saaler ekti swalpodoirgho cholochchitro. cholochchitroti hotstare digitalvabe mukti paay ebong london bharatiya cholochchitro utsabeo prodorshito hoy. plot. cholochchitroti kobirer golpo anusaran korey, ekjon niyamita corporate looka jey taar chhutir diney soikote boidyer saathe dekha korey. dujone eke oporer proti akrishto hoy ebong eksange somoy katay. tobey, kobirke choley jete hoy ebong seey boidyer jonno firey aasaar protishruti deyo. kobir taar protishruti somman korey naa ebong taar jeebon niye byasto hoye porey. boidyo taanr mukhomukhi hoy gurgaoye ebong boidyer porichoy bolla hoy. abhyarthana. geisi "boidyo" keey "adbhuto premer ekti osposhto ebong priya golpo" hisabe ullekh korechen. dhyanvi katharani taanr porjalochonai bornona korechen, "goar ekti prottonto soikote samajer simabaddhatar baire seeta koraa, cholochchitroti adbhuto premer ekti eutopia toiri korey ebong ekoi saathe amader money koriye deyo jey eyi eutopia shudhumatra samajer baire vidyaman. etty emon konao cholochchitro noy jaa aponake sunirdishto siddhanta deyo; onnodike etty osposhtotar jaiga chhede deyo. ekti sunirdishto uttorer abhab dorshokder puro cholochchitro judey dhorey rakhe." puney ayna likheche, "eyi satya jey cholochchitroti somokamitar moto samalochanamulak vishaygulike sambodhan korey naa ebong taar nijaswa porabastob jogote khele jekhane samakami pinch ebong byatha howar jonno konao proshno jigyasa koraa hoy naa, tobey cholochchitrotike onno ekti adbhuto cholochchitro hisabe chinnito haoya theke doore thakte sahayata korey jekhane mool vitti holl samajik nipidan baa grohonjoggotar abhab." deiji worled cholochchitroti somporke ekti porjalochona likhechilo ebong bornona korechilo, "cholochchitrer soundorjo taar barta royeche jaa borong sahaj ebong prem, ekattota ebong prithokikoroner moulik dharonar upor vitti korey..."boidyo" ekti guruttopurno cholochchitro, shudhumatra etty korar karone noy, etty guruttopurno kaaron etty protisthito korey ebong utsahito korey jey gharanar saathe khela thhik achhe ebong jekhane keu yayni sekhane yawa thhik achhe." galaxy" magaziner anbesh sahu taanr porjalochonai likhechen, "cholochchitroti khanti, kaaron abhinetara etike eto sarlatar saathe khelen. sukkho muhurtaguli kaaj korey. chhobite emon konao muhurta nei jekhane taaraa eke oporer proti taader bhalobasa ghoshana korey, tobey upney etty taader chokhe, akangkha, udweg, anurag ebong shesh porjonto anishchayata ebong hatasha dekhte paan (abar, keena taa jaante cholochchitroti dekhun!). cholochchitroti taar naamer proti satya, rahasyamay tobuo beshirbhag ongsher jonno akarshaniya." amar ujala' cholochchitroti somporke likhechen (hindi theke anubad), 'boidyo'-err golpoti cable alada noy kaaron etty dui purusher modhye premer golpo. etio alada kaaron etty ekti akarshaniya moder saathe shesh hoy. cholochchitroti dekhar porr etty moner modhye ekti shunnota chhede deyo." utsab. london india film festival chharao, 'boidyo' kashish mumbai antorjatik quier film festivale prodorshito hobey.

vaidhya (film) vaidhya 2021nee tunkee film chhe. aaa film digital reete hotstar khaate rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey london indian film festivalmaa pann pradarshit karvaamaa aavee hatee. plooat. aaa film niyameet corporate vyaktee kabirni vaarta anusare chhe, jeey tenaa vacation parr beach parr vaidhyane maley chhe. banne aekbeeja taraf aakarshaay chhe aneey saathe samay pasaar karey chhe. joke, kabeerne javu padey chhe aneey teey vaidhya maate paachha aavvaanu vachan aape chhe. kabir tenaa vachannu sanmaan karato nathee aneey tenaa jeevanma vyast thaee jaay chhe. gudgaonma vaidhya teno saamno karey chhe aneey vaidhyani odakh janavama aave chhe. swaagat. gesiae "vaidhya" neey "vichitra premnee aspasht aneey preey vaarta" tareeke odakhaavi hatee. dhyanvi katharani potaani samikshaamaa varnavyu chhe keey, "govaana durnaa dariyakinare samajna niyantranoni bahaar seeta kareene, film vichitra premno aadarsh banaave chhe, aneey teey jaj samaye aapanne yaad apaave chhe keey aaa aadarsho fakt samajni bahaar jaj astitva dharaave chhe. aaa aevee film nathee jeey tamane chokkas taarano aape; tenaathi vipareet teey aspashtata maate avkaash chhodi deey chhe. chokkas javabno abhaav samagr filmmaan prekshakone pakadato rahe chhe." pune mirare lakhyu, "hakeekat aee chhe keey aaa film homophobia jevaa nirnayak muddaaone sambodhit karatee nathee aneey tenee potaani ativastavni duniyama ramey chhe jyaan geey pinch aneey pidaa maate koee prashno puchhvama aavtaa nathee, parantu filmne anya kweer movie tareeke darshavvamathi door rahevama pann madad karey chhe jyaan mukhya aadhaar saamaajik julmo athavaa svikrutino abhaav chhe." deiji worlde film vishe samiksha lakhee hatee aneey varnavyu hatoo keey, "filmnee sundarta tenaa sandeshma chhe jeey saral chhe aneey prem, aektaa aneey algataanaa mulbhoot khyaal parr aadharit chhe..."vaidhya" aek mahatvapurn film chhe, maatra etalaa maate nahee keey teey teey karey chhe, parantu teey etalaa maate pann mahatvapurn chhe kaaran keey teey shaileeo saathe ramvaanu aneey jyaan koee nahotu tyaan javaanu theek chhe teey sthaapit karey chhe aneey protsaahit karey chhe." galaxy" megezeenna anvesh saahuae temnee samikshaamaa lakhyu hatoo keey, "aaa film pramanik chhe, kaaran keey abhinetao tene aatali saraltaa saathe bhajve chhe. sookshm kshano kaama karey chhe. filmmaan aevee koee kshan nathee keey jyaan teo aekbeeja pratyenaa temnaa premnee jaaherat karey, parantu tame tene temnee aankhoma, zankhna, gusso, prem aneey ante anishchitataa aneey hatasha (fareethi, shaa maate teey jaanvaa maate film juo!). aaa film tenaa naam parr saachee chhe, rahasyamay chhataa motabhagna bhaago maate aakarshak chhe." amar ujala film vishe lakhyu hatoo (hindimathi anuvaadit), "vaidhya" nee vaarta maatra alag nathee kaaran keey teey beey purusho vachchena premnee vaarta chhe. teey alag pann chhe kaaran keey teey aek rasprad valaank parr samaapt thaay chhe. film joyaa pachhi teey manmaa khaalipanu chhodi deey chhe." tahevaro. london india film festival upraant, 'vaidhya' kashish mumbai aantarrashtriy kweer film festivalmaa pradarshit karvaamaa aavashe.

vaidya (film) vaidya 2021 kii ack laghu film haye. film koo hotstar mein digital roop seey release kiya gayaa thaa aur landan bhaaratiya film samaroh mein bhee pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. plot. yeh film kabir kii kahani kaa anusaran karati haye, joe ack niyamit corporate vyakti haye joe apani chhutti parr ack samudra tata parr vaidya seey milata haye. donon ack-dusare kii or aakarshit hotey hain aur saath mein samay bitaate hain. haalaanki, kabir koo jaanaa padata haye aur vaha vaidya key liye vaapas aaney kaa vaadaa kartaa haye. kabir apane vaade kaa sammaan naheen kartaa haye aur apane jeevan mein vyast hoe jaataa haye. gudgaon mein vaidya uska saamana kartaa haye aur usaki pehchaan bataai jaati haye. swaagat. gessy ney "vaidya" koo "vichitra prem kii aspasht aur priya kahani" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. dhyanvi katharani ney apani sameeksha mein varnit kiya, "gova mein ack doorasth samudra tata parr samaaj key pratibandhon key baahar sett, film vichitra prem kaa ack aadarsh banaata haye, aur saath hii hamein yaad dilaati haye kii yeh aadarsh kewal samaaj key baahar maujood haye. yeh ack aisee film naheen haye joe aapako sateek nishkarsh detee haye; isake vipareet yeh aspashtata key liye jagah chhodati haye. ack nishchit uttar kii kamee darshakon koo poori film mein pakad mein rakhti haye." puney mirror ney likhaa, "yeh tathya kii film homophobia jaise mahatvapurna muddon koo sambodhit naheen karati haye aur apani vaastavik duniya mein khelati haye jahaan samlaingik honey key liye koee sawal naheen poochhe jaate hain aur dard hotaa haye, lekin film koo ack aur vichitra film key roop mein chihnit honey seey door rahane mein bhee madad karati haye jahaan pramukh aadhar samajik utpeedan yaa sweekriti kii kamee haye." daaji worled ney film key baare mein ack sameeksha likhi aur varnan kiya, "film kii sundarta isake sandesh mein haye joe kii saral haye aur prem, ekjutata aur algaav kii maulik avadharana parr adharit haye..."vaidya" ack mahatvapurna film haye, naa kewal isaliye kii yeh aisaa karati haye, balki yeh isaliye bhee mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh sthaapit karati haye aur protsaahit karati haye kii shailiyon key saath khelna thheek haye aur jahaan koee naheen gayaa haye." galaxy" patrika mein ansh saahuu ney apani sameeksha mein likhaa, "film pramanik haye, kyonki abhineta ise itani sadgi key saath khelate hain. sookshm kshan kaam karate hain. film mein aisaa koee kshan naheen haye jaba way ack-dusare key liye apane pyaar kii ghoshana karate hain, lekin aap ise unaki aankho mein, lalsa, krodh, sneh aur anta mein anishchitata aur hatasha mein dekhate hain (phir seey, yeh jaanane key liye film dekhein kii kyon!). film apane naam key anusaar sach haye, rahasyamay lekin adhikansh bhaagon key liye pakad mein haye." amar ujala ney film key baare mein likhaa (hindi seey anuvaadit), "vaidya" kii kahani kewal alag naheen haye kyonki yeh dou purushon key beach prem kii kahani haye. yeh alag bhee haye kyonki yeh ack dilchasp modd parr samaapt hotaa haye. yeh film dekhane key baad munn mein ack khalipan chhod detaa haye." tyauhar. landan india film festival key alawa, 'vaidya' koo kashish mumbai antarrashtriya kweer film festival mein pradarshit kiya jaayega.

vaidya (chalanachitra) vaidya 2021rahra kiruchitravagide. ee chalanachitravu hotstarnalli digital roopadalli bidugadeyaayitu mattu london bhaaratiya chalanachitrotsavadalli saha pradarshanagonditu. kathaavastuvu. ee chitravu niyamita corporate vyaktiyaada kabir avara katheyannu anusarisuttade, avaru tamma rajadinagalalli kadalatiradalli vaidyarannu bhetiyaguttare. ibbaroo obbarigobbaru akarshitaraguttare mattu ottige samaya kaleyuttaare. aadaagyoo, kabir horatu hogabekaguttade mattu avanu vaidyanige marali baruva bharavase niiduttaane. kabir tanna vaagdaanavannu gouravisuvudilla mattu tanna jeevanadalli niratanaaguttaane. vaidyanu gurgaonalli avanannu edurisuttaane mattu vaidyana gurutannu tilisalaaguttade. svaagata. gaisi "vaidya" vannu "vichitra preetiya aspashta mattu preetiya kathe" endu ullekhisiddaare. dhyanvi katharani tanna vimarsheyalli vivarisuttaa, "govaada doorada kadalatiradalli samajada nirbandhagala horage, chalanachitravu vichitra preetiya aadarshavannu srushtisuttade, mattu adhe samayadalli ee aadarshadhaamavu samajada horage maatra astitvadallide endu namage nenapisuttade. idu nimage nikharavaada tirmaanagalannu needuva chalanachitravalla; idakke viruddhavaagi idu aspashtatege avakasha niiduttade. nirnayaka uttarada korateyu chalanachitraduddakku prekshakarannu hididittukolluttade " pune kannadi baredide, "salingakaamigala pichgalu mattu novuntumaduvantaha yaavude prashnegalannu kelada tannade aada ativaastavika jagattinalli salingakaamadantaha vimarshaatmaka samasyegalannu ee chalanachitravu pariharisuvudilla mattu aaduttade, aadare samajika dabbaalikegalu athawa sweekaarada korateya pramukha prameyavagiruva mattondu vichitra chalanachitravendu niroopisalpaduvudarinda duraviralu saha chalanachitravu sahaaya maaduttade." daiji worled ee chitrada bagge vimarsheyannu baredu, "chitrada soundaryavu adara sandeshadallide, idu saralavagide mattu preeti, oggattu mattu berpadisuvikeya moolabhoota parikalpaneya mele aaduttade..."vaidya" ondu pramukha chalanachitravagiddu, adhu adannu maaduttade emba kaaranakke matravalla, idu mukhyavaagide ekendare idu prakaaragalondige aaduvudu sariyendu sthaapisuttade mattu proothsaahisuttade mattu yaaroo illada stalakke hoguttade." gaylaxy" niyatakaalikeya anvesh sahoo tamma vimarsheyalli barediddaare, "chalanachitravu adhikrutavaagide, ekendare nataru adannu ashtu saralateyinda aduttare. sukshma kshanagalu kelasa maaduttave. chitradalli avaru nijavagiyoo tamma pritiyannu ghooshisuva yaavude ksanavilla, aadare neevu adannu avara kannugalalli, hambala, kopa, preeti mattu koneyalli anishchitate mattu hataasheyalli noduttiri (matte, eke endu tiliyalu chalanachitravannu nodi!). ee chitravu tanna hesarinondige nijavagi uliyuttade, nigoodhavaagiddaru hecchina bhagagalige hiditavannu hondide." amar ujala ee chitrada bagge barediddaare (hindininda anuvaadisalaagide), "vaidya" avara katheyu kevala bhinnavagilla ekendare idu ibbaru purushara naduvina preetiya katheyaagide. idu vibhinnavaagide ekendare idu asaktidayaka tiruvinalli konegolluttade. idu chalanachitravannu nodida nantara manassinalli shoonyateyannu biduttade." habbagalu. london india chalanachitrotsavada horataagi, "vaidya" vannu kashish mumbai antaaraashtriya kweer chalanachitrotsavadalli pradarshisalaaguvudu.

vaidya (sinima) 2021ll purathirangiya oru hraswachithramaanu vaidya. hottstaaril digitalaayi release cheytha eee chithram lunden indian philim festivalilum pradharshippichirunnu. plott. avadhikkaalathu oru kadaltheerathu vaidya kandumuttunna oru saadhaarana korpparettu vyakthiyaya kabeerinte kathayaanu chithram parayunnath. iruvarum parasparam aakarshikkappedukayum orumichu samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, kabeerinu pokendivarunnu, vaidyaykkaayi madangivarumennu avan vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. kabir thante vaagdaanam maanikkaathathinaal thante jeevithathil thirakkilaanu. gurgavil vaidya avane abhimukeekarikkukayum vaidyante vyakthithvam parayukayum cheiyunnu. sweekaranam. vichitramaaya pranayatthinte avyakthavum manoharavumaaya katha" ennaanu gaisi "vaidya" yeei visheshippichathu. govayile oru vidoora kadaltheerathu samoohathinte niyanthranangalkk purathulla eee chithram vichitramaaya snehathinte oru uttopiya srishtikkunnu, athe samayam eee uttopiya samoohathinu purathu maathrame nilanilkkunnulloovennu oormmippikkunnu" ennu dhyani kathaaraani thante avalokanathil vivarichu. ithu ningalkk krithyamaaya nigamanangal nalkunna oru sinimayalla; marichu ithu avyakthathaykku idam nalkunnu. krithyamaaya utharathinte abhavam sinimayiludaneelam prekshakare pidichunirtthunnu " poone mirror ezhuthi, "swavarggaanuraagam polulla nirnaayaka prashnangale eee chithram abhisambodhana cheiyunnilla ennathum swavarggaanuraagikale pinch cheiyunnathinum vedanippikkunnathinumayi chodyangal chodikkaattha swantham sarriyalal lokath kalikkunnathum, marichu saamoohika adichamarthalukalo sveekaaryathayude abhaavamo pradhana prameyamaaya mattoru vichithra sinimayaayi chithreekarikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkaanum sinimaye sahayikkunnu." daayiji waled chithrathekkurichu oru avalokanam ezhuthukayum vivarikkukayum cheythu, "chithratthinte soundaryam athinte sandeshathilaan, athu valare lalithavum sneham, aikyam, verpiriyal ennee adisthaana ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathum..."vaidya" oru pradhana chithramaanu, athu cheiyunnathinaal mathramalla, athu pradhaanamaan, kaaranam ithu vibhagangalumaayi kalikkunnathum aarum illaathirunnidathekku pookunnathum sariyaanennu sthaapikkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnu." gaelaxy" maasikayile anvesh saahu thante avalokanathil ezhuthi, "abhinethaakkal athra laalithyathode avatharippikkunnathinaal chithram aadhikaarikamaanu. sookshumamaaya nimishangal pravartthikkunnu. avar parasparam thangalude sneham prakhyaapikkunna oru nimishavum sinimayil illa, pakshe ningal athu avarude annukalilum, vaanchayilum, deshyathilum, snehathilum, oduvil anishchithathvathilum niraashayilum kaanunnu (veendum, enthukondaanennu arian sinima kaanuka!). chithram athinte perinodu chernnunilkkunnu, nigoodavum ennaal mikka bhagangalilum pidichunilkkunnathumaanu." amar ujala chithrathekkurichu (hindiyil ninnu vivarthanam cheytha) ezhuthi, "vaidyayude katha vyathyasthamalla, kaaranam ithu rund purushanmaar thammilulla pranayatthinte kathayaanu. rasakaramaaya oru vazhithirivilaan avasaanikkunnathennathil ithu vyathyasthamaan. sinima kandathinushesham athu manassil shoonyatha srishtikkunnu." uthsavangal. lunden india chalachitramelaykku purame, 'vaidya' yum kashish mumbai anthaaraashtra kweer chalachithrothsavathil pradarshippikkum.

vaidya (chitrapat) vaidya haah 2021 salcha laghupat aahe. haah chitrapat hotstarvar digital paddhatine pradarshit jhaala aanee london bharatiy chitrapat mahotsavatahi pradarshit jhaala. plot. haah chitrapat kabir yaa niyamit corporate vyaktichi katha sangato, joou tyachya suttichya velee durgam vaidyala bhetato. doghe ekmekankade aakarshit hotat aanee ekatra vel ghalavatat. matra, kabirla nighave lagate aanee too vaidyasathi parat yenyache vachan deto. kabir tyachya vachanacha aadar karat nahee aanee tyachya jeevanat vyast hoto. gudgavmadhye vaidya tyacha samna karato aanee vaidyachi olakh sangitali jaate. swagat. gessy yanni 'vaidya' chaa ullekh 'vichitra premachi sandigdha aanee premal katha' assa keela. dhyanvi katharanine tichya punaravalokanat varnan kele aahe, "govyatil durgam durgam samajachya nirbandhanchya baher, haah chitrapat vichitra premacha aadarsh nirman karato aanee tyach velee aaplyala aathvan karoon deto qee haah aadarsh drushti keval samajabaher astitvat aahe. haah chitrapat tumhala achook nishkarsh denara nahee; ulatpakshi too sandigdhatesathi jaaga sodato. nishchit uttaracha abhav prekshakanna sampoorn chitrapatbhar khilavun thevato " pune mirarne lihile, "haah chitrapat homophobia sarkhya gambhir samasyankade laksh dett nahee aanee tyachya swatachya avastav jagaat khelato jithe samalingi asalyache konatehi prashna vicharale jaat naheet aanee dukhavtat, parantu chitrapatala vegale rahnyas dekhil madat karate." daeeji worldney yaa chitrapatabaddal eka punaravalokan lihile aanee varnan kele, "chitrapatache saundarya tyachya sandeshat aahe jeey agadi sope aahe aanee prem, ekatmata aanee vegalepana yaa moolbhut sankalpanevar aadharit aahe..."vaidya' haah eka mahattvacha chitrapat aahe, too keval too karato mhanoon nahee tarr too dekhil mahattvacha aahe kaaran too shailisah khelane aanee jithe konee navhate tithe jaane theek aahe heey sthapit karato aanee protsahit karato." galaxy' masikatil anvesh sahoo yanni tyanchya samikshet lihile, "haah chitrapat assal aahe, kaaran kalakarhi too itakya sopya paddhatine sadar karatat. sookshm kshan kaam karatat. chitrapatat assa konatahi kshan nahee jithe teey ekmekanvaril prem jaheer karatat, parantu tumhala teey tyanchya dolhyat, utkatatene, bhitine, prembhavane aanee shevati anishchitata aanee nairashyane disate (punha, qaa heey jaanun ghenyasathi chitrapat pahaa!). haah chitrapat tyachya navapramanech aahe, rahasyamay asala taree bahutek bhaganna khilavun thevato." amar ujala yanni yaa chitrapatabaddal (hinditoon anuvadit) lihile aahe qee, 'vaidya' chee katha keval vegali nahee kaaran tee done purushanmadhil premachi katha aahe. heey dekhil vegale aahe kaaran teey eka manoranjak valanavar sampate. chitrapat pahilyanantar manat eka pokali nirman hote." sann. london india chitrapat mahotsavasah, 'vaidya' haah chitrapat kashish mumbai aantarrashtriy kweer chitrapat mahotsavat pradarshit keela jaeel.

vaidhya (chalchitra) vaidhya sann 2021 ko chhoto film how. yo film hotstarma digital rupma rilij garieko thiyo rar london indian film festivalma pani pradarshan garieko thiyo. plut. yo chalchitrale niyamit corporate keta kabirko kathalai pachhyauncha, jasle afno chhuttima samudra tatama vaidhyalai bhetchha. duwai ekarkama akarshit hunchhan rar sangai samaya bitaunchhan. tara, kabirle janu parchha rar usale vaidhyaka lagi farkane wacha garchha. kabirle afno pratigyako samman gardaina rar afno jiwanma wyasta hunchha. vaidhyale gudgaonma unko samana garchha rar waidyako pahichan bhanieko chha. swagat. gasile "vaidhya" lai "vichitra premko aspashta rar manmohak katha" ko rupma ullekha gare. dhyanvi katharanile afno samikshama warnan garin, "gowako durgam samudra tatama samajko niyantran bahira sett garieko, filmle kweer premko adarsha kalpana sirjana gardacha, rar ekai samayama hamilai yo adarshawad samaj bahira matra awasthit chha bhanera samjhaunchha. yo chalchitrale tapainlai satik nishkarsh dinchha bhanne hoina; yasako viparit yasale aspashtatako lagi thaaun chhodchha. nishchit jawafko abhawale darshakharulai filmbhari samatchha " pune mirrorle lekheko chha, "yo tathya kii filmle homophobia jasta alochanatmak muddaharulai sambodhan gardaina rar yasako afnai wastawik sansarma khelchha jahaan samalingi pinch rar dukhai bhaekoma kunai prashnaharu sodhidainan, tara filmlai arko kweer chalchitrako rupma chitran garnabata tadha rahan pani maddat gardacha jahaan mukhya adhar samajik utpidan wa swikritiko abhawa how." daji worldle filmko barema samiksha lekhdai warnan gare, "filmko sundarta yasako sandeshma chha june saral chha rar prem, ekta rar alagawako maulik awadharanama khelchha..."vaidhya' euta mahatwapurna film how kinbhane yasale tyaso garchha matra hoina tara yo mahatwapurna pani chha kinbhane yasale vidhaharusanga khelnu rar kohi nabhaeko thaunma janu thik chha bhanera sthapit rar protsahit gardacha." galaxy" patrikaka anwesh sahule afno samikshama lekheka chhan, "yo film pramanik chha, kinbhane kalakarharule yasalai yati saraltaka sath khelchhan. sukshma kshanharule kaam garchhan. filmma wastawma kunai kshan chhaina jahaan uniharu ekarkaprati afno premko ghoshana garchhan, tara tapainle yasalai uniharuko ankhama dekhnuhunchha, lalsa, chinta, prem rar antyama anishchitta rar nirasha (feri, kinn bhanera janna film hernuhos!). film yasako namama saancho rahanchha, rahasyamaya tara dherai bhagharuka lagi gripping." amar ujalale chalchitrako barema (hindibata anuwad garieko) lekhe, "waidyako katha matra farak chhaina kinbhane yo dui purushabichko premko katha how. yo pani farak chha kinbhane yo ek rochak modma samapta hunchha. yasale film herepachhi manma khalipan chhodchha." chadaparwaharu. london india film festivalbahek, 'vaidhya' cassis mumbai antarrashtriya kweer film festivalma pradarshan garinechha.

baidya (chalachitra) baidya heuchhi 2021 masihar eka khudra chalachitra. ehi chalachitrati hatstarare digital bhabare muktilabha karithila ebong london bharatiah chalachitra mahostabare madhya pradarshita hoithila . plut. ehi chalachitrati kabir namaka jane sadharana corporate byaktinka kahaniku anusarana kare, jie chhutidinare eka belabhumire baidyanku bhetithae . duhen paraspara prati akarshita huanti ebong ekathi samai bitanti. tebe, kabeeranku jibaku padiba ebong shay baidya paain pheribe bolly pratishruti dianti. kabir taanka pratigyaku sammana dianti naahin ebong taanka jeebanare byasta hoijanti . baidya gudagaonre tanku samnah karanti ebong baidyanka parichai kuhajae . swagata. gesi "baidya" ku "adbhuta premer eka aspasta ebong priya kahani" bhabare ullekha karithile. dhyanabi katharani taanka samikhyare barnana karichanti, "goara eka durgama belabhumire samajara pratibandhaka bahare, chalachitrati adbhuta premer eka adarsha srusti kare, ebong sehi samajare aamaku maneh pakai die je ehi aadarshikata kebala samaj bahare achhi . ehaa epari kaunasi chalachitra nuhen jaahaa aapananku sathik siddhanta deithae; aparapakhyare ehaa aspastata paain sthana chadithae . eka nirdista uttarar abhaba darshakanku samagra chalachitrara kabalare rakhithae." pune mirara lekhichhanti, "ehi chalachitrati homophobia bhali gurutwapurna prasangaku sambodhita kare naahin ebong ehara nijaswa bastaba duniaare khelijae jeunthare samalingi pinch ebong jantrana paain kaunasi prashna pacharajae naahin, kintu chalachitraku anya eka cure chalachitra bhabare chinhita heba thaaru doorare rahibaku madhya sahajya kare jeunthare mukhya aadhara heuchhi samajika atyachara kimba swekruti abhaba ." deiji warld ehi chalachitra bishajare eka samikhya lekhithile ebong barnana karithile, "chalachitrara saundarjya ehara barta madhyare achhi jaahaa barang sarala ebong prem, ekataa ebong pruthakeekaranara moulika dharana upare khelijae ....."baidya" kebala ehaa kariba karanaru nuhen, barang ehaa madhya gurutwapurna kaaran ehaa pratisthita ebong prostahita kare je sailee sahita kheliba ebong jeunthare kehi nathile sethaku jiba thick achhi ." gey 'laxie" patrikara anwesha saahu taanka samikhyare lekhichhanti, "ehi chalachitrati pramanika, kaaran kalakaramane ehaaku ete saralatara saha abhinai karanti . sukshma muhurtagudika kaama kare. chalachitrare epari kaunasi muhurta naahin jeunthare semane paraspara prati semanankara bhal paiba ghoshana karanti, kintu apana ehaaku semananka aakhire, utkantha, krodha, sneha ebong sheshare anishchitata ebong hatasha dekhanti (puni, kahinki janiba paain chalachitra dekhantu!). chalachitrati ehara naama anusare satya, rahasyamai kintu adhikansha ansha paain aakarshaneeah ." amara ujala ehi chalachitra bishajare lekhithile (hindiru anubadita), "baidyanka kahani kebala bhinna nuhen kaaran ehaa dui purushanka madhyare premer kahani . ehaa madhya bhinna kaaran ehaa eka aakarshaneeah modare shesh hue . chalachitra dekhiba parey ehaa manare eka shunyata chadithae ." parbaparbani. london india chalachitra mahostaba byatita, 'baidya "kashish mumbai antarjatija quire chalachitra mahostabare pradarshita heba.

vaidiaa (film) vaidiaa 2021 dee ikk laghu film haii. ih film digital taur utte hotstar vikhe rileez keeti gaee see atey london indian film festival witch vee pradarshit keeti gaee see. plaat. ih film kabir dee kahani dee palna kardi haii, joe ikk niyamat corporate munda haii joe vaidiaa noon uss deeaan chhuttiaan dey samein ikk beach utte milda haii. doven ikk dooje vall aakarshit hoow jaande hunn atey ikkathe samaan bitaunde hunn. halanki, kabir noon jaanha painda haii atey uh vaidiaa laee waps aaunn daa vaada karda haii. kabir aapne vaade daa sanman naheen karda atey aapni zindagi witch rujh jaanda haii. vaidiaa gudgaon witch uss daa sahmana karda haii atey vaidiaa dee pachanh dassi jaandi haii. suagat. gesi neey "vaidiaa" noon "queer piaar dee aspasht atey piaari kahani" vajon darsaiaa. dhianvi katharani neey aapni samikhiaa witch dassiaa, "goa dey ikk door-durade dey samundari kandhe utte samaaj deeaan rukawatan toon bahr, film queer piaar daa ikk eutopia banaundi haii, atey use samein saanoon yaad divaundi haii kii ih eutopia siraf samaaj toon bahr maujood haii. ih koee ajihi film naheen haii joe tuhanun sahee sitte dindi haii; iss dey ulat ih aspashtata laee jagha chaddadi haii. ikk nishchit jawab dee ghaat darshakan noon puurii film witch fadadi rahindi haii." poone mirror neey likhiaa, "ih tatth kii film homophobia varge nazuk muddiaan noon sambodhan naheen kardi atey aapni asli dunia witch khedadi haii jitthe samlingi pinch atey darad honn laee koee parshan naheen puchhe jaande, parr film noon ikk horr queer film vajon darsaae jaanh toon door rahinn witch vee sahaita kardi haii jitthe mukkh adhaar smajik zulam jaan savikarta dee ghaat haii." daiji world' neey film baare ikk samikhiaa likhi atey dassiaa, "film dee sundarta iss dey sandesh witch haii joe kii kaafi saral haii atey piaar, ekta atey alagg honn dey buniaadi sankalap utte adharat haii..."vaidiaa" ikk mahattavpuran film haii joe naa siraf iss laee haii kiunki ih ajiha kardi haii balki ih iss laee vee mahattavpuran haii kiunki ih sathapit kardi haii atey utshahit kardi haii kii shailiaan naal khedna atey utthe jaanha theek haii jitthe koee naheen riha haii." galaxy" magazine dey anvesh saahu neey aapni samikhiaa witch likhiaa, "ih film pramanik haii, iss laee vee kiunki adakar iss noon inni sadgi naal khedade hunn. sookham pall kamm karde hunn. film witch asal witch ajiha koee pall naheen haii jitthe uh ikk dooje laee aapne piaar daa ailaan karde hunn, parr tusin iss noon unhan deeaan akkhan witch, ichha, gussa, piaar atey ant witch anishchitta atey nirasha witch dekhde hoow (dubara, ih jaanan laee film dekho kii kiun!). film aapne naam dey anusar haii, rahassmai parr ziaadaatar hissiaan laee khichdi haii." amar ujala neey film (hindi toon anuvadit) baare likhiaa, "vaidiaa dee kahani siraf vakkhari naheen haii kiunki ih doou aadmiaan dey piaar dee kahani haii. ih vakkhra vee haii kiunki ih ikk dilchsap modd 'teey khatam hunda haii. ih film dekhan toon baad munn witch ikk khalipan chhadd dinda haii." tiuhar. london india film festival toon ilava, "vaidiaa" kashish mumbai international queer film festival witch pradarshit keeti javegi.

vaidyah (chalacchitram) vaidya iti 2021 tamavarshasya laghupatah asti. etat chalacchitram hotstar-madhye digitaly pradarshitam, landan-indian-chalacchitra-mahotsave api pradarshitam. plut. chalacchitram kabeer ityasya kathaam anusarati, yah niyamitah corporate-purushah asti, yah viraamasamaye samudratate vaidyena saha militavaan. tau parasparm aakrushtau, saha samayam yaapayatah cha. parantu kabeer-varyaha nirgamati, saha vaidyaay punah aagacchati iti pratijnaam karoti. kabeer swapratyasham naa paalayati, swajeevane vyagrah bhavati. vaidyah gudagaamv-nagare tasya sammukhe bhavati, vaidyasya parichayah cha kathyate. sweekaranam. gasee "vaidya" iti "vichitra-premasya aspashtam, priyam cha kathaa" iti ullikhat. dhyaanvee kathaaraani swasamikshaayaam varnayat, "govaa-rajyasya durastha-samudratate samajasya pratibandhaat bahihi sthite, etat chalacchitram vichitra-premasya aadarsham srushtayati, tathaiva etat aadarsh-drushtihi kevalam samajat bahihi eva asti iti smaranam karoti. etat chalacchitram naa yat bhavantam yathartham nishkarsham dadati, apitu aspashtataayaah avakaasham avasarati. nishchitasy uttarasy abhaawah sampoorne chalachchitre prekshakaah graheetaah bhavanti "." poone-mirror ityanena likhitam, "etat chalacchitram homophobia ityadinam vimarshaatmakaan vishayaan naa abhisambodhanam karoti, tathaa cha swakeeya-vaastavika-jagate kreedati, yatra samalingi-pinch-peedanam cha iti naa prashnaah prucchante, apitu chalacchitram anyasya vichitra-chalacchitraroopena varnanaat doore tishtitum api sahayyam karoti, yatra samajika-utpeedanaani athavaa sweekaaryataayaah abhaawah iti mukhyah adharaha asti." dayiji world ityanena chalacchitrasya vishaye samiksham likhitvaa varnitam, "chalacchitrasya saundaryam tasya sandeshe eva asti, yat tu saralam bhavati, premasya, ekataayaah, pruthakkaranasya cha muladharayaha vishaye cha vartate..."vaidya" iti mahattvapoornam chalacchitram naa kevalam tatt karoti iti apitu mahattvapoornam api asti yatah etat vidhyaabhih saha kreeditum, yatra kashchit naa aasit tatra gantum cha uchitam iti sthaapayati, protsahayati cha." galaxy" patrikaayaah anvesh saahu ityeshah swasya samikshayam likhati, "etat chalacchitram pramanikam asti, yatah abhinetaarah api tatt saralataya bhajanti. sookshmaani kshanaani karyam kurvanti. chalachchitre vastutah etaadrushah kshanah naasti yatra te parasparm swapremam ghoshayanti, parantu bhavaan teshaam drushtau, utkantaayaam, krodhe, sneham, ante anishchitatam, nirasham cha pashyati (punah chalacchitram pashyantu, kimartham jaanaatu!) iti. chalacchitram swasya namasya anuroopam satyameva bhavati, rahasyapoornam tathaapi adhikamshabhaganam krute akarshakam bhavati." amar ujala ityayam chalacchitrasya vishaye (hindibhashaya anuvaaditah) likhati yat "vaidyasya kathaa naa kevalam bhinnam asti yatah iyam dwayoh purushayoho premakathaayaah kathaa asti. etat api bhinnam asti yatah tatt rochak-modena samaapyate. chalacchitram drushtvaa manasi shunyata cha bhavati." utsavaah. landan-india-chalacchitra-mahotsavam vihaay, "vaidya" chalacchitram kashish-mumbai-antarashtriya-kweer-chalacchitra-mahotsave pradarshitam bhavishyati.

vaitya (thiraippadam) vaitya enbathu 2021 aam aandu veliyaana kurumpadamaagum. inththa padam hotstaril digital muraiyil veliyidappattathu mattrum lundon inthiya thiraippada vizhaavilum thiraiyidappattathu. sathi. inththa padam oru valakkamaana corporate baiyan kabir kadhaiyaip pinthodarkirathu, avar thanathu vidumuraiyil oru kadarkaraiyil vaithyaavai santhikkiraar. iruvarum oruvarukkoruvar eerkkappattu ontraaka neraththai selavidugiraargal. iruppinum, kabir veliyaera vaendum, avar vaithyaavukkaaga thirumbi varuvaar endru uruthiyalikkiraar. kabir thanathu vaakkuruthiyai mathikkavillai, thanathu vaazhkkaiyil pisiyaaga irukkiraar. vaitya gurgaonil avarai ethirkolkiraar, vaithyaavin adaiyaalam koorappadugiradhu. varavaerpu. kaaisi "vaithya" vaii "vinoathamaana anbin thelivinmai mattrum anbaana kadhai" endru kuripittaar. thiyanvi katharani thanathu mathippaaivil vivaritthaar, "koavaavin tholaithoora kadarkaraiyil samoogaththin kattuppaadugalukku veliyae amaikappattu, padam vinoathamaana anbin karpanaiyai uruvaakkukirathu, athae neraththil inththa karpanai samoogaththirku veliyae mattumae ullathu enbathai ninaivoottukirathu. idhu thulliyamaana mudivugalai ungkalukkuth tharum padam alla; maaraaga idhu thelivinmaikku idamalikkirathu. oru uruthiyaana pathil illaathathu padam muzhuvathum paarvaiyaalargalaip pidiththuk kolgiradhu " punae mirar ezhuthinaar, "orinachchaerkkai poantra mukkiyamaana pirachchanaikalai inththa padam uraiyaattravillai mattrum adhan sontha sarriyal ulagil vilaiyaadugirathu, angku orinachchaerkkai pinsugal mattrum valikkak kaetkappadaatha kaelvigal ethuvum illai, aanaal mukiya adippadaiyaaga irukkum mattroru vinoathamaana thiraippatamaaga vagaippaduththappaduvathilaru vilagi irukkavum uthavukirathu samooga odukkumuraigal allathu aetrtrukkollaamai." taiji world inththa thiraippataththaip pattri oru vimarsanaththai ezhuthi, "padaththin azhagu adhan seithiyil ullathu, idhu migavum elimaiyaanathu mattrum kaathal, ottrumai mattrum pirivinai aagiyavattrin adippadai karutthai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu..."vaitya" oru mukkiyamaana padam, adhu athaich seivathaal mattumalla, adhu mukkiyamaanathu, aenenil idhu vagaikaludan vilaiyaaduvathu surry endrum yaarum illaatha idaththirkuch selvathu surry endrum niruvugirathu mattrum ookkuvikkirathu." cayoxy" idhazhil ulla anvesh saahuu thanathu mathippaaivil ezhuthinaar, "padam unmaiyaanathu, aenentraal nadigargal adhai ivvalavu elimaiyudan vilaiyaadugiraargal. nutpamaana tharunangal vaelai seigindrana. avarkal oruvarukkoruvar thangal anbai arivikkum tharunam padaththil illai, aanaal neengkal adhai avarkalin kankalil, aekkam, koopam, paasam mattrum iruthiyil nichchayamatra thanmai mattrum virakthi aagiyavattril kaankireerkal (meendum, aen enbathai ariya thiraippataththaip paarungkal!). padam adhan peyarukku unmaiyaagavae ullathu, marmamaana aanaal perumpaalaana pakuthikalukku pidipadugiradhu." amarr ujala inthap padaththaip pattri (inthiyil irunthu mozhipeyarkkappattullathu) ezhuthinaar, "vaithyaavin kadhai vaerupattathalla, aenenil idhu irandu aangalukku idaiyilaana kaathal kadhai. idhu oru suvarasyamaana thiruppaththil mudivadaivathaal idhu vaerupattathu. padam paarththa piragu manathil oru vetrtruththanmaiyai vittuch selkirathu." thiruvizhaakkal. lundon inthiya thiraippada vilaavaith thavira, 'vaitya' kasish mumbai sarvadesa kweer thiraippada vizhaavil thiraiyidappadum.

vaidya (cinema) vaidya anedi anedi vacchina laghu chitram. eee chitram hotstar loe digital gaa vidudalaindi mariyu london indian film festivallo kooda pradarsinchabadindi. plaatlu. eee chitram kabir anae saadhaarana corporate vyakti kathanu anusaristundi, athanu thana selavulo beachlo vaidyanu kalustaadu. iddaroo okarinokaru aakarshinchukoni, kalisi samayam gaduputaaru. ayithe, kabir vellipovalasi untundi mariyu athanu vaidya kosam tirigi vastaanani vaagdaanam chestaadu. kabir thana vaagdaanaanni gowravinchadu mariyu thana jeevitamlo bijeegaa untaadu. vaidya gurgavlo atanni edurkontaadu mariyu vaidyudi gurtimpunu teliyajestaaru. reception. gesi "vaidya" nuu "vichitramaina prema yokka aspashtamaina mariyu manoharamaina katha" gaa paerkonnaadu. dhyanvi kathaaraani thana sameekshalo vivaristuu, "govaloni maarumuula beachlo samajam yokka parimitula velupala, eee chitram vichitramaina prema yokka aadarsadhaamaanni srushtistundi, adhe samayamlo eee aadarsadhaamam samajam velupala matrame undani manaku gurthu chestundi. idhi meeku khachitamaina teermaanaalanu ichhe chitram kaadu; dheeniki viruddhamgaa idhi aspashtataku avakaasam istundi. khachitamaina samadhanam lekapovadam cinema antataa prekshakulanu pattukuntundi " puunhae addam ilaa rasindi, "eee chitram homophobia vanti klishtamaina samasyalanu parishkarinchadu mariyu swalinga samparkulu mariyu badhalu kosam adige prasnalu laeni daani swantha adhivaastavika prapanchamlo aadutundi, conny saamaajika anachivetalu ledhaa angeekaaram lekapovadam anae keelaka aavarana unna maroka vichitramaina chitramgaa vargeekarinchabadataaniki dhooramgaa undataaniki kooda sahaayapadutundi." diazy varald eee chitram gurinchi oka sameekshanu vraasi, "eee chitram yokka andam daani sandesamlo undhi, idhi chaalaa saralamainadi mariyu prema, samaikyata mariyu vibhajana anae praathamika bhaavanapai aadharapadi untundi..."vaidya" oka mukhyamaina chitram, adhi alaa cheyadam valla matrame kaadu, idhi kooda mukhyamainadi endukante idhi kalaa prakriyalatho adatam mariyu evaruu laeni chotiki velladam sarainde anie sthaapistundi mariyu prothsahistundi." galaxy" patrikalo anvesh sahuu thana sameekshalo ilaa vraasaadu, "eee chitram praamaanikamainadi, endukante natulu daanini antha saralathatho aadataaru. suukshma kshanaalu pani chestaayi. eee chitramlo vaaru okarinokaru preminchukuntunnaarani, vaari premanu prakatinchukune sandarbham ledhu, conny meeru vaari kallalo, vaancha, kopam, abhimanam mariyu chivariki anischiti mariyu niraasanu chuustaaru (mallii, enduku anie telusukovadaaniki cinema chudandi!). eee chitram daani paeruku anugunamgaa untundi, chaalaa bhagalaku marmamainadi ayinappatikee pattukuntundi." amar ujala eee chitram gurinchi (hindhi nundi anuvadinchabadindi), "vaidya" katha kevalam bhinnamgaa ledhu endukante idhi iddaru purushula madhya prema katha. idhi kooda bhinnamgaa untundi endukante idhi oka aasaktikaramaina malupulo mugustundi. cinema chusina tarvaata adhi manasulo shoonyatanu vadilivestundi." pandugalu. london india film festivaltho paatu, 'vaidya' kashish mumbai antarjaateeya kweer film festivallo pradarsinchabadutundi.

waidiya (film) waidiya 2021 kii eek mukhtasir film hay. yaha film degital toor parr hott staar parr release hoyee thee aur landan indeen film festival mein bhee dikhayi gayee thee. plaat. yaha film kabeer kii kahaani parr mubni hay juu eek baqayedah corporate ladka hay juu apnee chhatiyon kay doraan eek saahil samandar parr waidiya say milta hay. donon eek dosray kii taraf raghib how jaatay haine aur eek saath waqat guzartay haine. tahim kabeer kuu jaana padta hay aur wah waidiya kay liye waps aaney kaa waadah kartaa hay. kabeer apnay waaday kii pasdari nahein kartaa aur apnee zindagi mein masruf how jaataa hay. waidiya gargaon mein iss kaa saamna karti hay aur waidiya kii shanakhat batayi jaati hay. isteqbaliya. geesi nay "waidiya" kuu "ajeeb woo gharib mohabat kii mubham aur dilkash kahaani" kay toor parr hawalah diyaa. dhiyanvi katharani nay apnay jaizay mein biyaan kiyaa "gawaa kay eek door daraaz saahil samandar parr muashiray kii rukawaton say baahar yaha film ajeeb woo gharib mohabat kaa eek utopia paida karti hay aur saath hyee hamein yaad dilaati hay kahh yaha utopia sarf muashiray say baahir mojud hay. yaha koyee aisi film nahein hay juu aap kuu darsat nataij deeti how vovo iss kay barakas yaha abhaam kay liye gunjaish chhodti hay. hatmi jawaab kii kamee poori film mein saamayin kuu mahzooz rakhti hay "." ponay aayiney nay likhaa "haqeeqat yaha hay kahh yaha film humm jans parasti jeesay tanqidi masail kuu hall nahein karti hay aur apnee hyee haqeeqi duniya mein khailti hay jehaan humm jans paraston kay pinch aur taklif dhah honay kay liye koyee sawaal nahein pooche jaatay haine balkah film kuu eek aur ajeeb woo gharib film kay toor parr numayan honay say door rehney mein bhee madad karti hay jehaan kaleedi bunyaad samaji jabar yaa qabuliyat kii kamee hay." deeji world nay film kay baaray mein eek jaizah likhaa aur biyaan kiyaa "film kii khubsurati iss kay paigham mein hay juu kahh kaafi aasaan hay aur mahbat yakjehti aur alaihadgi kay bunyadi tasavur parr mubni hay..."waidiya" eek aham film hay naha sarf iss liye kahh yaha aisa karti hay balkah yaha iss liye bhee aham hay keunkah yaha iss baath kuu qayem aur farogh deeti hay kahh anwaa kay saath khelna aur wahaan jaana theek hay jehaan koyee nahein rehaa hay." galaxy" megzin kay anvesh saahu nay apnay jaizay mein likhaa "yaha film mustand hay iss liye bhee kahh adakaar asay atnee aasani say adaa kartay haine. lateef lamhaat kaam kartay haine. film mein aisa koyee lamhah nahein hay jabb wah eek dosray kay liye apnee mohabat kaa aalaan karein leakin aap asay inn kii aankhon mein khwahish khoof pyaar aur aakhir mein ghair yaqeeni surathaal aur mayusi mein dekhtay haine (dobarah yaha jaannay kay liye film dekhein kahh kiyon!). yaha film apnay naam kay mutabiq hay prasrar leakin ziyadah tarr hasoon kay liye pakadnay waali hay." amar ajlaa nay film kay baaray mein likhaa (hindy say tarjumah shadah)yee "waidiya kii kahaani sarf mukhtalif nahein hay keunkah yaha duu mardon kay darmiyan mohabat kii kahaani hay. yaha bhee mukhtalif hay keunkah yaha eek dilchasp moad parr khatam hotaa hay. yaha film dekhnay kay baad zahan mein eek khaali punn chhod deeta hay." tehwaar. landan indiya film festival kay elawah "waidiya" kashish mumbayi international koyar film festival mein dikhaya jaaye gaa.

0008afaebe824c6a5f1b1bd9d0d8dc448f20847f9aa85b07ea73baf1330976a6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1476089

Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (14 June 1753 in Prenzlau – 6 April 1830 in Darmstadt) was "Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt" (as "Louis X") and later the first "Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine". Louis was the son of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, and succeeded his father in 1790. He presided over a significant increase in territory for Hesse-Darmstadt during the imperial reorganizations of 1801–1803, most notably the Duchy of Westphalia, hitherto subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. Allied to Napoleon I of France, Louis in 1806 was elevated to the title of a "Grand Duke of Hesse" and joined the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the dissolution of the Empire. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Louis had to give up his Westphalian territories, but was compensated with the district of Rheinhessen on the left bank of the Rhine. Because of this addition, he amended his title to "Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine". Early life. Louis was born on 14 June 1753 as the third child and eldest son of the later Landgrave Louis IX of Hessen-Darmstadt, and his spouse Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken, a daughter of Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. He was born in the town of Prenzlau in Brandenburg, where his father, who was in Prussian military service, was stationed. The children grew up with the mother in the town of Buchsweiler, which had previously been the residence of the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg, while the father stayed mainly in the town of Pirmasens to attend his military career. In 1766, when Louis was 13, his mother's court moved from Buchsweiler to Darmstadt. At the death of his grandfather on 17 October 1768, his father succeeded as landgrave, and Louis himself became heir to the landgraviate with the title of hereditary prince. Ludwig studied at the University of Leiden from 1769 and subsequently undertook his Grand Tour to London and Paris. In France he met, among others, the French philosophers Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot, who were some of the prominent figures of the Age of Enlightenment, and editors of the first modern encyclopedia. In 1773 he traveled with the German-born French writer and critic Friedrich Melchior Grimm to the court of Frederik the Great in Prussia, where his sister Frederica Louisa was married to the heir presumptive Frederick William. Finally, he traveled on to Russia, where in 1773 he attended the wedding of his second sister Wilhelmina Louisa in St. Petersburg to the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Paul. As a Russian general Ludwig fought in 1774 in the Russo-Turkish War, and the same year he became freemason in the lodge "To the crowned flag "in Moscow. Marriage. In 1776, he became engaged to Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, eldest daughter of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. The engagement was broken off so that Sophia Dorothea could marry Louis's recently widowed brother-in-law Tsarevich Paul Petrovich, son and heir of Catherine II "the Great", Empress of Russia. He received a monetary compensation when the engagement was broken. After this humiliating incident, Louis spent the summer at his sister Louise's court in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, where he associated with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Even after the stay, Louis was in correspondence with the Weimar court and Goethe, and also with Friedrich von Schiller. Louis married his cousin Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of his uncle Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt, on 19 February 1777 in Darmstadt. The couple lived alternately in Darmstadt and in "Fürstenlager Auerbach". They had six children. Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. Louis succeeded as Landgrave of Hessen-Darmstadt on the death of his father in 1790. He presided over a significant increase in territory for Hesse-Darmstadt during the imperial reorganizations of 1801–1803, most notably the Duchy of Westphalia, hitherto subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. Grand duke of Hesse. Allied to Napoleon I of France, Louis was elevated to the title of a "Grand Duke of Hesse" in 1806 and joined the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the dissolution of the Empire. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Louis had to give up his Westphalian territories, but was compensated with the district of Rheinhessen, with his capital Mainz on the left bank of the Rhine. Because of this addition, he amended his title to "Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine". Grand Duke Louis I died at the age of 76 on 6 April 1830 in his capital Darmstadt. He was succeeded as Grand Duke by his eldest son Louis II. In 1844, a 33-meter column called "Langer Ludwig" (meaning "Long Louis"), was set up in his commemoration in the middle of the "Luisenplatz", the largest square of Darmstadt. Marriage and family. On 19 February 1777, Louis married his first cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (15 February 1761 – 24 October 1829), a daughter of Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt. Together, they had eight children: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lui aai, heser grand diuk lui aai, heser grand diuk (14 june 1753 prenjolau-6 april 1830 darmstadtot) aasil "hese-darmstadtor bhumi-goru" ("lui ex" hisape) aaru pisoloi prothom "hese aaru rainor grand diuk". luis aasil hese-darmstadtor bhumi-goraki luis aaikxor putro, aaru 1790 sonot teur pitrir uttoradhikari hoisil. teu 1801-1803 ror xamrajyiyo punorgothonor xomoyot hese-darmstadtor baabe oncholor ek ullekhjugyo briddhir xobhapotitwo korisil, bixexkoi dosi owo westfelia, ji etiyaloike kolunor aarsobixopor odhin aasil. francer francer xoite mitrota koraa luisok 1806 sonot "grand diuk owo hese" upadhire unnit koraa hoisil aaru rainor confederationot jugdan koraa hoisil, jaar folot xamrajyor poton hoisil. 1814/15-too bhiyenar congressot luise teur poschimphalor oncholxomuh tyag koribo logaa hoisil, kintu rainor baau paarot thoka rainhesen jilaar xoite khyotipuron diya hoisil. ei xongzujonor baabe teu nijor upadhi xongxudhon kori "grand diuk owo hese endo baai raain" rupe ghuxona korisil. prarombhik jiwan. 1753 sonor 14 junot luisor jonmo hoisil hesen-darmstadtor poroborti landgrave luis aaikxor tritiyo xontan aaru jyestho putro hisape, aaru teur potni countes pelletin kerulin, khristan tritiyor egoraki konya, jeweibrukenor count pelletin. teur jonmo brendenborgor prenjlau sohorot hoisil, zo 'too teur pitri, ji prasian xamorik xewat aasil, teu owosthito aasil. xontanxokol maakor xoite busweilar sohorot dangor hoisil, ji aagote hanau-listenbergor countor baxosthan aasil, aanhate pitri teur xamorik keriyarot uposthito thakiboloi mulotoh pyrmachance sohorot aasil. 1766 sonot jetiya luisor boyox 13 bosor aasil, tetiya teur matrir dorbar busweileror poraa darmstadoloi sthanantorito hoisil. 1768 sonor 17 octoborot teur kokakor mrityur xomoyot teur pitri bhumi-gorbhor uttoradhikari hoisil, aaru lui nijei bongxogot rajkumaror upadhire bhumi-gorbhodharonor uttoradhikari hoisil. 1769 sonor poraa ludwige leiden biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil aaru poroborti xomoyot teu london aaru perisoloi bixal bhromon korisil. franceot teu aanxokolor bhitorot, forasi darxonik jinn ley rondo di 'elembort aaru denis diderutok log paisil, jixokol aasil gyan jugor keibajonu bixisto byokti, aaru prothom aadhunik biswokuxor xompadok. 1773 sonot teu german bongxudbhut forasi lekhok aaru xomalusok freidrik melsiyor grimor xoite pruchiyar frederic dyo greator dorbaroloi jatra korisil, zo 'too teur bhogni frederica luisar xombhobotoh uttoradhikari frederic uiliamor xoite bibah hoisil. owoxexot teu rasiyaloi jatra korisil, zo 'too 1773 sonot teu teur dwitiyo bhogni uilhelmina luisar bibahot uposthito aasil. rasian xinghaxonor uttoradhikari grand diuk pololoi pietersberg. 1774 sonot rasiyar ejon xenapoti hisape ludwige rusu-turkey juddhot juj disil aaru xei bosorei teu moskut "mukut pindhi thoka potaka" ror lojtut freemation hoisil. bibah. 1776 sonot teu wurtemberor diuk frederic dwitiyo eugenor jyestho konya wurtemberor xufi doruthiyar xoite bagdan kore. biyar byowosthatu enedore bhongo koraa hoisil jaate sofiya doruthiyai luisor xehotiyakoi bidhowa bhayek sarebhis poll petruvisok biyaa korabo paare, jijon ketherin dwitiyor putro aaru uttoradhikari aasil, rasiyar mohamoti. bagdan bhongo huwar xomoyot teu ek bittiyo khyotipuron laabh korisil. ei opomanjonok ghotonar pisot, luise grishmokaltu sex-weimaror dusir teur bhogni luisor dorbarot otibahito korisil, zo 'too teu juhann ulfgang bhon go' ter xoite jorito aasil. aanoki thokar pisotu luise weimar aadalot aaru guther xoite jugajug korisil, aaru logote friedris bhon swilaror xoiteu aasil. luise 1777 sonor 19 februaryt darmstadtot teur khurak hess-darmstador rajkumar jorjo uiliamor konya hess-darmstador khurak rajkumari luisok biyaa koraisil. dompotihale xoloni hoi dermstadt aaru "farstenlegger oh" rwasot "baax korisil. teulukor soita xontan aasil. hese-darmstadtor bhumibhandar. 1790 sonot teur pitrir mrityur pisot luise hesen-darmstadtor bhumibhandar hisape xofol hoisil. teu 1801-1803 ror xamrajyiyo punorgothonor xomoyot hese-darmstadtor baabe oncholor ek ullekhjugyo briddhir xobhapotitwo korisil, bixexkoi dosi owo westfelia, ji etiyaloike kolunor aarsobixopor odhinot aasil. heser grand diuk. francer francer xoite mitrota koraa luisok 1806 sonot "grand diuk owo hese" upadhire unnit koraa hoisil aaru rainor confederationot jugdan koraa hoisil, jaar folot xamrajyor poton hoisil. 1814/15-too bhiyenar congressot luise teur poschimphalor oncholxomuh tyag koribo logaa hoisil, kintu rainor baau paarot rainhesen jilaar xoite teur rajdhani mainzor xoite khyotipuron diya hoisil. ei xongzujonor baabe teu nijor upadhi xongxudhon kori "grand diuk owo hese endo baai raain" rupe ghuxona korisil. grand diuk lui aai-ror mrityu hoisil 76 bosor boyoxot 1830 sonor 6 aprilot teur rajdhani darmstadtot. teur jyestho putro lui dwitiyoi grand diuk hisape uttoradhikar laabh korisil. 1844 sonot, "lenger ludwig" (orthat "dighol luis") naamor etaa 33 mitter stombho, teur smoronot darmstadtor ataitkoi dangor borgo "louisenplatz" ror maajot sthapon koraa hoisil. bibah aaru poriyal. 1777 sonor 19 februaryt luise teur prothom khurak-bhonee, hese-darmstadtor rajkumari luis (15 february 1761-24 octobor 1829), hise-darmstador rajkumar jorjo uiliamor egoraki konyar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. ekeloge teulukor aathta xontan aasiloh

lui aaee, heser granned diuka lui aaee, granned diuka off hesses (14 june 1753 saale prenjlau-6 april 1830 saale dermstade) chhilen "landgrave off hesses-dermstad" ("lui eksa" hisabe) ebong porey prothom "granned diuka off hesses anned baai raine". lui chhilen lui ixer putro, hesses-dermstader bhumi-gobadi poshu, ebong 1790 saale taanr pitar stholabhishikto hohn. tini 1801-1803-err samrajya punargathankale hesses-dermstader jonno ekti ullekhjoggo briddhir sovapotitto korechilen, biseshoto westfalier duchi, jaa ekhon porjonto koloner archobishoper adheen chhilo. francer napoleon aaee-err saathe mitro, luike 1806 saale "granned diuka off hesses" upadhite unnito koraa hoy ebong rainer confederatione jog deoa hoy, jaar foley samrajyer bilupti ghote. 1814/15-ayee vienner congresse, luike taar poschimphalian anchalguli tyag korte hoyechilo, tobey rainer baam teere reinhessen jelara saathe khatipuran deoa hoyechilo. eyi joger karone, tini taanr upadhi sangshodhan korey "granned diuka off haze anned baai raine" corren. prathomik jeebon. lui 14 june 1753 saale tritiya santan ebong hessen-dermstader poroborti landgrave lui ixer jyestho putro hisabe jonmogrohon corren ebong taanr stree countes paletin caroline, christian tritiya, kaunta paletin off zeibrooken-err konna. tini brandenberger prenjlau shohore jonmogrohon korechilen, jekhane taanr baba, jini prussian samrik porishebai chhilen, abosthan korchilen. bachchara booksweller shohore mayer saathe borh hoyechilo, jaa agey hanau-lichtenberger kaunter basosthan chhilo, ebong baba taar samrik kormojibone jog deoar jonno mulat pyrmacense shohore thakten. 1766 saale, jokhon luier boyce 13 bochor, tokhon taar mayer darbar butchwiller theke dermstade sthanantorito hoy. 1768 khristabder 17ee octobor taanr dadar mrityute taanr pita bhumi-gobadi hisabe sofol hohn ebong lui nijei bongshogoto rajkumar upadhi soho bhumi-gobadi poshur uttoradhikari hohn. ludouig 1769 saal theke leiden bishwobidyaloye padashona corren ebong porobortikale london oo pyarise taanr bishal sofor shuru corren. france tini onnoder modhye farasi darshonik zina leey ronned dii 'alembert ebong dennis dideroter saathe dekha korechilen, jaaraa chhilen alokito juger koyekjon bishishto byaktitto ebong prothom adhunik bishwokosher sompadok. 1773 saale tini german bongshodbhuto farasi lekhok ebong somalochok friedrich melchior grimer saathe prussier fredrick dya greta-err dorbare bhromon corren, jekhane taanr boone fredrick luisa sombhabbo uttoradhikari fredrick uiliamer saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn. abosheshe, tini rashiya bhromon corren, jekhane 1773 saale tini seenta petersonite taanr dwitiya boone uilhelmina louiser biyete jog deena. pietersberg russian singhasaner uttoradhikari, granned diuka poll. ekjon russian general hisabe ludouig 1774 saale rusho-turkey juddhe ladai korechilen ebong ekoi bochor tini moscore lodge "mukutdhari potakar" freemason hoyechilen. biye. 1776 saale, tini wartemberger diuka fredrick dwitiya eugener jyestho konna sophi dorothere saathe baghdan corren. baghdan venge deoa hoyechilo jaate sofiya dorothea luier samprati bidhoba shallock tosserevich poll petrovichke biye korte paare, putro ebong cathryn dwitiya "mohan", russier samragyi. baghdan venge yawar porr tini arthik khatipuran peyechilen. eyi opomanjonok ghotonar porr, lui taar boone luier adalte sax-weimer duchite grissokal katiechilen, jekhane tini johann olfgang vone goether saathe jukto chhilen. thucker poreo, lui oyemara court ebong goether saathe ebong friedrich vone shiller satheo jogajog rekhechilen. lui 19 february 1777 saale dermstade taanr caca prince george uilium off haze-dermstater konna taanr khudtuto boone rajkumari luike biye corren. eyi dampati porjaykrome dermstad ebong "firstainlager awarbache" bosobas korten. taader chhoyti santan chhilo. hesses-dermstader bhumibhitti. 1790 khristabde taanr pitar mrityur porr lui hessen-dermstader bhu-gobadi poshu hisabe sofol hohn. tini 1801-1803-err samrajya punargathankale hesses-dermstader jonno ekti ullekhjoggo briddhir sovapotitto corren, biseshoto westfalier duchi, jaa ekhon porjonto koloner archobishoper adhine chhilo. heser granned diuka. francer napoleon aaee-err saathe mitro, luike 1806 saale "granned diuka off hesse" upadhite unnito koraa hoy ebong rainer confederatione jog deoa hoy, jaar foley samrajyer bilupti ghote. 1814/15-ayee vienner congresse, luike taar poschimphalian anchalguli tyag korte hoyechilo, tobey rainer baam teere taar rajdhani mainz soho reinhessen jelara saathe khatipuran deoa hoyechilo. eyi joger karone, tini taanr upadhi sangshodhan korey "granned diuka off haze anned baai raine" corren. granned diuka lui aaee taanr rajdhani dermstade 6ee april 1830 saale 76 bochor boyse maaraa zaan. taanr jyestho putro dwitiya lui taanr stholabhishikto hohn. 1844 saale, dermstader brihottomo borgokhetro "luisenplatz"-err majhkhane taanr smarane "langer ludouig" (jaar ortho "deergho lui") naame ekti 33 mitter kolam sthapon koraa hoyechilo. biye ebong poribar. 19shhey february 1777 saale, lui taanr prothom chachat bhai, prince george uilium off haze-dermstader konna, prince luiz off haze-dermstad (15ee february 1761-24shhey octobor 1829)-keey biye corren. eksange, taader atti santan chhiloh

louis pratham, hesnaa grand duke luis pratham, hesnaa grand duke (14 juuna 1753 prenzlaaumaa-6 april 1830 darmstedtma) "hese-darmstedtnee jameen" ("luis ex" tareeke) aneey pachhithi pratham "hese aneey raainnaa grand duke" hataa. luis hese-darmsteadna jameenna kabrastan luis ix naa putra hataa aneey 1790 maan temnaa pitana anugaamee banyaa hataa. temane 1801-1803 naa shaahee punargathan darmiyan hese-darmsted maate pradeshmaa nondhpaatra vadhaaro karyo hato, jemaa sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra reete westfeliyana duchy, jeey atyaar sudhee kolonnaa aarkbishapne aadheen hatoo. francenaa napolean pratham saathe jodaan dharaavtaa, 1806maan louisne "grand duke off hese" naa khitaab parr chadhavvama aavyaa hataa aneey teey raainnaa sanghamaa jodaayo hato, jenaa kaarane saamraajynu visarjan thayu hatoo. 1814/15 maan viyenaani kongresamaa, louise tenaa paschimphalian pradesho chhodva padyaa hataa, parantu tene gendaana daaba kaanthe aavela rainhesson jilla saathe valtar aapvama aavyu hatoo. aaa umerathi, temane temnaa khitaabmaa sudhaaro kareene "grand duke off hese anned baay raain" karyoo. praarambhik jeevan. louisno janm 14 juuna 1753naa roj hessen-darmsteadna pachhinaa landgrave luis ixna trija baadak aneey sauthee motaa putra tareeke thayo hato, aneey temnee patnee countess pelletin kerolin zvebrukenni, khristi IIInee putri, zvebrukenni kaaunt pelletin. temno janm brandenbergna prenzlau shaherma thayo hato, jyaan temnaa pitaa, jeo prussian lashkari sevama hataa, tainaat hataa. baadako maataa saathe booksweller shaherma uchharya hataa, jeey agau hanaau-lichtenbergnee countsnu nivassthan hatoo, jyaare pitaa mukhyatve temnee lashkari kaarkirdimaa bhaag levaa maate pirmassence shaherma rokaaya hataa. 1766maan, jyaare luis 13 varshno hato, tyaare tenee maatano darbaar booksvillerthi darmstedtma khasedvama aavyo hato. 17 october 1768naa roj temnaa daadana mrutyu pachhi, temnaa pitaa jameenna kabrastan tareeke safal thayaa, aneey luis pote vaarsaagat rajkumarna khitaab saathe jameenna kabajaana vaarasdaar banyaa. ludvige 1769thee leaden universityma abhyaas karyo hato aneey tyarbad london aneey perisano bhavya pravaas karyo hato. francemaa teo anya loko saathe, french filosoofo jiina leey ronda dii 'elembert aneey dennis dederotne malyaa, jeo gnyanna yugnee ketalik agranee hasteeo hatee aneey pratham aadhunik gnyankoshna sampadako hataa. 1773maan temane germanma janmela french lekhak aneey vivechak friedrich melchiyar grima saathe prussaamaa fredarika dhaa gretnaa darbarma pravaas karyo, jyaan temnee bahen fredarika louisana lagna vaarasdaar anumanit fredarika veeliyam saathe thayaa hataa. chhevate, teo russia gayaa, jyaan 1773maan teo saint pietersbergma temnee beejee bahen wilhelmina louisana lagnamaa haajari aapee hatee. pietersbergne russian sinhasanna vaarasdaar, grand duke poola. aek russian general tareeke ludvige 1774maan russia-turkey yuddhmaa ladat aapee hatee aneey teey jaj varshe teey moskomaa "taaj paheraavelo dhvaj" maan freemeson banyo hato. lagna. 1776maan, temane wrttembergna duke fredarika dhviteey yujeennee sauthee motee putri, wrttembergna sophee dorothea saathe sagaai curry. sagaai todee nakhvama aavee hatee jethee sofiya dorothea louisna taajetarma vidhavaa banelaa saalaa tsarevich poola petrovic saathe lagna curry shake, jeo kethrin II "dhaa greta", russiani maharanina putra aneey vaarasdaar hataa. jyaare sagaai tutee tyaare tene nanakiy valtar malyun hatoo. aaa apmanjanak ghatnaa pachhi, louise unaalo tenee bahen louisna darbarma seqsa-weimernaa duchyma vitaavyo, jyaan teey johann wolfgang voona gothe saathe sankalaayo hato. rokaan pachhi pann, luis weimer court aneey goaethe saathe aneey friedrich voona shiller saathe pann patravyavhaarmaa hataa. louise 19 februari 1777naa roj darmsteadma temnaa kaaka prince george veeliyam off hese-darmstednee putri, temnaa pitarai bhaai rajkumari louis off hese-darmsted saathe lagna karyaa hataa. aaa dampati vaarafarti darmsted aneey "firstenlagger oyarbaach" maan raheta hataa. temne chh baadako hataa. hese-darmstedtnee jameen. 1790maan temnaa pitana mrutyu parr luis hessen-darmsteadna jameen kabrastan tareeke safal thayaa. temane 1801-1803 naa shaahee punargathan darmiyan hese-darmstedt maate pradeshmaa nondhpaatra vadhaaro karyo, jemaa sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra reete westfeliyana duchy, jeey atyaar sudhee kolonnaa aarkbishapne aadheen hatoo. hesnaa grand duke. francenaa napolean pratham saathe jodaan dharaavtaa, louisne 1806maan "grand duke off hese" naa khitaab parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey teey raainnaa sanghamaa jodaayo hato, jenaa kaarane saamraajynu visarjan thayu hatoo. 1814/15 maan viyenaani kongresamaa, louise tenaa paschimphalian pradesho chhodva padyaa hataa, parantu tene rhinessen jeello saathe valtar aapvama aavyu hatoo, tenee raajdhaani raainnaa daaba keenare hatee. aaa umerathi, temane temnaa khitaabmaa sudhaaro kareene "grand duke off hese anned baay raain" karyoo. grand duke luis pratham 76 varshnee vaye 6 april 1830naa roj temnee raajdhaani darmstedtma avsaan pamya hataa. temnaa motaa putra luis dhviteey dwara grand duke tareeke temnaa anugaamee banyaa hataa. 1844maan, "langer loodwig" (jeno arth thaay chhe "laambaa luis") naamnee 33 meterni aek stambhni sthaapnaa, darmsteadna sauthee motaa choras "leusenplatz" nee madhyamaa temnee smrutimaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. lagna aneey parivaar. 19 februari 1777naa roj, louise tenaa pratham pitarai bhaai, prince louis off hese-darmsted (15 februari 1761-24 october 1829) saathe lagna karyaa, jeey hese-darmsteadna prince george veeleeyamni putri hatee. eksaathe, temne aath baadako hataah

lui aaee, hese key grand duke luis aaee, hese key grand duke (14 juuna 1753 mein prenzlaau mein-6 aprail 1830 mein darmstad mein) "hese-darmstad kaa landgrave" ("luis aiks" key roop mein) aur baad mein pahale "hese aur raain key grand duke" they. luis, hesse-darmstad key bhoomi-sanrakshak, lui aiks key putra they, aur 1790 mein apane pitaa key uttaradhikari baney. unhone 1801-1803 key shaahi punargathan key dauran hesse-darmstad key liye kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna vriddhi kii adhyakshata kii, vishesh roop seey westfelia key duchy, joe abb taka collon key archbishop key adheen thaa. france key napolean I key saath sambaddh, 1806 mein lui koo "grand duke off hese" kii upaadhi key liye padonnat kiya gayaa aur vaha raain key sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa, jisase samrajya kaa vighatan hoe gayaa. 1814/15 mein vienna kii congress mein, lui koo apane paschimi kshetra koo chhodana padaa, lekin raain key baaen kinare parr rhinessen key jile key saath kshatipurti kii gaee. iss jodd key kaaran, unhone apane khitaab koo "grand duke off hese aind baay raain" mein sanshodhit kiya. praarambhik jeevan. lui kaa janm 14 juuna 1753 koo teesare bachche aur baad mein hessen-darmstad key landgrave luis key sabse badey bete key roop mein huaa thaa, aur unaki patni countess palatin carolin, christian III kii betty, zwebrooken kii count palatin. unakaa janm brandenberg key prenzlau shahar mein huaa thaa, jahan unake pitaa, joe prussian sainya seva mein they, tainaat they. bachche booksweeler shahar mein maan key saath badey hue, joe pahale hanau-lichtenberg key count kaa nivaas sthaan thaa, jabaki pitaa mukhya roop seey apane sainya currier mein bhaag lene key liye pirmacence shahar mein rahey. 1766 mein, jaba lui 13 varsh key they, unaki maan kaa darbar butchsweeler seey darmstead mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. 17 octuber 1768 koo apane daadaa kii mrityu parr, unake pitaa bhoomi-adhigrah key roop mein safal hue, aur lui swayam vanshaanugat rajkumar kii upaadhi key saath bhoomi-adhigrahit key uttaradhikari bunn gaye. ludwig ney 1769 seey leiden vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya aur baad mein landan aur peris kaa apana bhavya daura kiya. france mein way anya logon key saath-saath francisi daarshnikon jeane leey rond dee 'alumbert aur dennis diderot seey mille, joe gyaan key yug key kuchh pramukh vyakti they, aur pahale aadhunik vishvakosh key sampaadak they. 1773 mein unhone german mein janme francisi lekhak aur aalochak friedrich melchier grim key saath prussia mein fredrick dha grate key darbar mein yatra kii, jahan unaki bahan fredrick louisa kaa vivaah anumaanit uttaradhikari fredrick villium seey huaa thaa. anta mein, unhone roose kii yatra kii, jahan 1773 mein unhone sent mein apani doosari bahan wilhelmina louisa kii shaadi mein bhaag liya. pietersberg russie simhaasan key uttaradhikari, grand duke paul koo. ack russie general key roop mein ludwig ney 1774 mein russo-turkey yuddh mein ladaai ladee, aur usee varsh vaha masco mein lodge mein "taaj pahane hue dhwaj" mein freemason bunn gaye. shaadi. 1776 mein, unhone wrttemberg key duke fredrick dwiteeya eugene kii sabse badee betty, wrttemberg key sophi dorothea seey sagaai curr lii. sagaai toot gaee thee taaki sofiya dorothea luis key haal hii mein vidhwa behnoi tsarevic paul petrovic, bete aur catherine II key uttaradhikari, "mahaan", roose kii maharani seey shaadi curr sakey. jaba sagaai toot gaee tou unhein maudrik muaavaja milaa. iss apmaanjanak ghatana key baad, luis ney sax-wimer key duchy mein apani bahan luis key darbar mein garmiyon kaa samay bitaaya, jahan vaha johann wolfgang wonn goethe key saath judey they. thaharaav key baad bhee, lui wimer court aur goethe key saath patrachar mein thaa, aur friedrich wonn shiller key saath bhee. luis ney 19 farwari 1777 koo darmstad mein apane chaacha prince george villium off hese-darmstad kii betty, hese-darmstad kii apani chachere bhaai rajkumari luis seey shaadi kii. dampati baari-baari seey darmstad aur "firstenlegger oyerbatch" mein rahate they. unake chhah bachche they. hesse-darmstad kaa bhoo-sangrah. 1790 mein apane pitaa kii mrityu parr luis hessen-darmstad key bhoo-kabr key roop mein safal hue. unhone 1801-1803 key shaahi punargathan key dauran hese-darmstad key liye kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna vriddhi kii adhyakshata kii, vishesh roop seey westfelia key duchy, joe abb taka collon key archbishop key adheen thaa. hese key grand duke. france key napolean I key saath sambaddh, lui koo 1806 mein "grand duke off hese" kii upaadhi key liye padonnat kiya gayaa thaa aur vaha raain key sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa, jisase samrajya kaa vighatan hoe gayaa. 1814/15 mein vienna kii congress mein, lui koo apane paschimi kshetra koo chhodana padaa, lekin usey rhinessen jile key saath kshatipurti kii gaee, jisamen raain key baaen kinare parr usaki rajdhani menz thee. iss jodd key kaaran, unhone apane khitaab koo "grand duke off hese aind baay raain" mein sanshodhit kiya. grand duke luis pratham kaa 76 varsh kii ayu mein 6 aprail 1830 koo unaki rajdhani darmstead mein nidhan hoe gayaa. unake baad unake sabse badey bete luis dwiteeya ney grand duke key roop mein padbhar sambhala. 1844 mein, "langer ludwig" (jiska arth haye "lamba lui") naamak ack 33 meater kaa stambh, darmstad key sabse badey varg "leusenplatz" key beach mein unake smaran mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. shaadi aur parivaar. 19 farwari 1777 koo, luis ney apane pahale chachere bhaai, rajkumari luis off hese-darmstad (15 farwari 1761-24 octuber 1829) seey shaadi kii, joe hese-darmstad key rajkumar george villium kii betty thee. ack saath, unake aathh bachche theh

louis I, grand duke off hesse louis I, grand duke off hesse (14 zoon 1753, prenzlou-6 april 1830, darmstadt) "landgrave off hesse-darmstadt" (louis x endu) mattu nantara modala "grand duke off hesse mattu raine". louis, hesse-darmstadtne bhoograhi louis louis maganagiddanu mattu bhugraha tanna tandeya uttaradhikariyadanu. aata 1801-1803 saamraajyashahi marusanghataneya samayadalli hesse-darmstadtne pradeshadallina gamanarha hechchalada adhyakshateyannu vahisidanu, mukhyavaagi duchy off westfalia, idu illiyavarege colone archbishapge olapattittu. louis fransna nepolian nepolian maitri madikonda louis, "grand duke off hesse" emba birudige airisalpattanu mattu raine okkootakke serikondanu, idu saamraajyada visarjanege kaaranavaayitu. viyennaada kangresnalli, louis tanna paschima fallion pradeshagalannu tyajisabekayitu, aadare rainna eda dandeyalliruva rainhessen jilleyinda parihaaravannu padeyalaayitu. ee serpadeyindaagi, aata tanna birudannu "grand duke off hesse und bye raine" endu tiddupadi maadidanu. arambhika jeevana. louis 1753rahra zoon zoon hessen-darmstadtne nantarada landgrave louis louis moorane maga mattu hiriya maganagi janisidanu mattu avana sangaatiyaada christian III, count palatine off jhweebrooken avara magalaada jhweebrooken avara countess palatine caroline janisidalu. avaru brandenbergn prenzlou pattanadalli janisidaru, allie prashyan military seveyallidda avara tande nelesiddaru. makkalu ee hinde hanaa-lichtenberg kountgala nivaasavaagidda booksweeler pattanadalli taayiyondige beledaru, aadare tande tamma military vrattijeevanadalli palgollalu mukhyavaagi pyrmacence pattanadalli tangiddaru. tangiddaru, louis 13 varshadavanagiddaga, avana taayiya aasthaanavu booksweelerninda darmstadtge sthalaantaragonditu. 1768rahra october october tanna ajjana maranada nantara, avana tande bhoograhada uttaraadhikaariyaadaru mattu louis swatah aanuvamshika rajakumara emba birudinondige bhoograhada uttaradhikariyadanu. ludwig ludwig lyden vishvavidyaalayadalli adhyayana maadidaru mattu taruvaaya london mattu pyaarisge tamma bhavya pravaasavannu kaigondaru. fransonalli aata itarara jotege, gnanodayada yugada kelavu pramukha vyaktigalaada french tatvagnaanigalaada zeane leey raand dii 'alembert mattu denis diderotrannu mattu modala aadhunika vishvakoshada sampadakarannu bhetiyaadaru. allie aata german moolada french barahagara mattu vimarshaka friedrich melchier grim avarondige prussiyaada frederic dhii gratena asthaanakke prayana belesidaru, allie avara sahodari frederica louisa avaru sambhaavya uttaraadhikaari frederic vilium avarannu vivaahavaadaru. antimavagi, avaru russacke prayana belesidaru, allie allie avaru sentnalli tamma eradane sahodari wilhelmina louisaravara maduveyalli bhagavahisiddaru. pietersburg, rashyaada simhaasanada uttaradhikariyada grand duke palge. palge rashyaada general ludwig russia-turkish yuddhadalli horadidanu mattu adhe varsha avanu maskoda "kiritadhari dhwajakke" vasatigruhadalli freemason aadanu. maduve. maduve, aata wrttembergn duke frederic II eugene hiriya magalaada wrttembergn sophi dorothealondige nishchitaartha maadikondanu. sofiya dorothea ittichege louisna vidhaveyaada bhaava, catherine II rahra "dhii grate", saamraagniya putra mattu uttaradhikariyada tsarevic paul petrovic avarannu maduveyagalu nishchitaarthavannu muriyalaayitu. nishchitaartha muridubiddaaga aatanige hanakasina parihara doreyitu. ee avamanakara ghataneya nantara, louis besigeyannu sacks-weamern dachiyalliruva tanna sahodari louisna asthaanadalli kaledaru, allie avaru johann wolfgang vaan gothe avarondige sambandha hondiddaru. vaastavyada nantaravoo, louis wimer asthaana mattu gothe mattu friedrich vaan shiller avarondige patravyavahaaradalliddaru. louis tanna sodarasambandhi rajakumari louis off hesse-darmstat, tanna chikkappa rajakumara georg vilium off hesse-darmstatna magalannu 19 phebravari 1777 randu darmstatnalli vivaahavaadanu. ee dampatigalu paryayavagi darmstadt mattu "firstenlogger ourbatch" nalli vaasisuttiddaru. avarige aaru makkaliddaru. hesse-darmstadtne bhugraha. bhugraha tanna tandeya maranada nantara louis hessen-darmstadtne bhookusitada bhoomiyaagi yashasviyaadanu. aata 1801-1803 saamraajyashahi marusanghataneya samayadalli hesse-darmstadtne pradeshadallina gamanarha hechchalada adhyakshateyannu vahisidanu, mukhyavaagi duchy off westfalia, illiyavarege colone archbishapge olapattittu. grand duke off hesse. fransna nepolian nepolian maitri madikonda louis louis "grand duke off hesse" emba birudige airisalpattanu mattu raine okkootakke serikondanu, idu saamraajyada visarjanege kaaranavaayitu. viyennaada kangresnalli, louis tanna paschima-fallion pradeshagalannu tyajisabekayitu, aadare rainhessen jilleyinda parihaaravannu padeyalaayitu, rainna eda dandeyalli avana rajadhani mainz ittu. ee serpadeyindaagi, aata tanna birudannu "grand duke off hesse und bye raine" endu tiddupadi maadidanu. modalane grand duke louis tanna 76neey vayassinalli, 1830rahra april april, tanna rajadhani darmstadtnalli nidhanaraadaru. avana nantara avana hiriya maga eradane louis grand duke aadanu. aadanu, darmstadtne atidodda chaukavaada "louisenplatz" naa madhyadalli aatana smaranaarthavaagi "langer ludwig" (andare "udda louis") emba 33 meater uddada kambavannu sthaapisalaayitu. maduve mattu kutumba. 19 phebravari 1777 randu, louis tanna modala sodarasambandhi, hesse-darmstadtne rajakumari louis (15 phebravari 1761-24 october 1829) avarannu vivaahavaadanu, avaru hesse-darmstadtne rajakumara georg vilium avara magalaagiddaru. ottaagi, avarige entu makkaliddaruh

luis onnaaman, hesseyude grand duke luis onnaaman, hesseyude grand duke (14 juun 1753 pranslauvil-6 epril 1830 darmstaadil) "hesse-daarmstaadinte landgrave" ("luis ex" enna peril) pinneedu aadyathe "grand duke oof hesse aandu bye raine" aayirunnu. luis Ix-nte makan 1790-ll pithaavinte pingaamiyumaaya luis Ix-nte makanaayirunnu luis. 1801-1803-nte saamraajyathva punasamghadanayude samayat, prathyekichu duchy oof westfaaliya, ithuvare kolonile aarch bishappin vidheyamaayirunna, luis-darmstaadinte pradeshathu ganyamaaya vardhanavinu addeham adhyakshatha vahichu. fraansile nepolian onnaamanod sakhyamundaakkiya luis 1806-ll "grand duke oof hess" enna padavikku uyarthappedukayum raine konfedareshanil cherukayum cheythu, ithu saamraajyathinte thakarchayilekku nayichu. 1814/15 leeii vienna kongrasil, louisinu thante westphalian pradeshangal upekshikkendivannenkum kaandaamrigatthinte idathu theerathulla rainhezen jillaykku nashtapariharam nalki. eee kootticherkkal kaaranam, addeham thante padavi "grand duke oof hesse aandu bye raine" ennu bhedagathi cheythu. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1753 juun 14 nuu hesson-daarmstaadinte pilkkala landgrave luis Ix-nte moonnaamathe kuttiyayum mootha makanayum luis janichu, addehathinte bhaarya kaundes paletin carolin oof swebrookan, kristhyan III-nte makal, swebrookan kaundu paletin. prussian sainika sevanathilundaayirunna pithaav nilayurappichirunna brandenbergile pranslau pattanathilaanu addeham janichathu. munbu hanau-lichenberginte vasathiyaayirunna booksweiler pattanatthil ammayodoppam kuttikal valarnnu, athesamayam pithaav pradhaanamaayum thante sainika jeevithathil pankedukkaan pirmassance pattanathilaanu thaamasichathu. 1766-ll, louisinu 13 vayassullappol, ammayude rajasabha booksweeleril ninnu daarmstaadtilekk maari. 1768 october 17 nuu muthachante maranashesham, pithaav bhookarmmathil pinvaangukayum luis thanne paarambarya rajakumaran enna padavi upayogichu bhookarmmathinte anantharaavakaashiyaakukayum cheythu. 1769 muthal lyden sarvakalashaalayil padicha ludwig pinneedu landanilekkum pareesilekkum thante mahathaaya paryadanam nadatthi. fransilvechu addeham parichayapetta franch thathwachinthakaraaya jeane leeii rondu dii alambert, denis dederot ennivare kandumutty, avar njaanodaya yugathile chila pramukha vyakthikalum aadyathe aadhunika vijnjaanakoshathinte edittarmaarum aayirunnu. 1773-ll addeham germmaniyil janicha franch ezhuthukaaranum niroopakanumaaya friedrich melchiyar griminoppam prashyayile frederic dhii grettinte kottaratthilekku yaatra cheythu, avide addehathinte sahodari frederica louisa anantharaavakaashiyaaya frederic vilyamine vivaham kazhichu. oduvil addeham russiayilekku yaatra cheyyukayum avide 1773ll sent wilhelmina louisayile thante randaamathe sahodari wilhelmina louisayude vivaahathil pankedukkukayum cheythu. russian simhaasanathinte anantharaavakaashiyaaya grand duke polinu peettezhsburg. 1774ll russian generalaya ludwig russian-turkish yudhathil pooraadukayum athe varsham thanne moscoyile lodjil "kireedavakashi" aayi maarukayum cheythu. vivaham. 1776-ll addeham wurtemberg duke frederic randaaman yoojeeninte mootha makalaaya wurtembergile sophi dorotheayumaayi vivaahanischayam nadatthi. sophiya dorotheaykk looyisinte aduthide vidhavayaya bhaaryaasahodaran russiayile "mahanaaya" chakravarthiyaaya catherine randaamante makan anantharaavakaashiyumaaya sarevichu pooll petrovichine vivaham kazhikkaan kazhiyunnathinaalaan vivaahanischayam avasaanippichathu. vivaahanischayam avasaanichappol addehathinu saambathika nashtapariharam labhichu. eee apamanakaramaaya sambhavathin sesham, luis venalkkaalam saxe-veymarile dachiyile thante sahodari louisinte kottaaratthil chelavazhichu, avide addeham johann wolfgang voonn goydheyumaayi bandhappettirunnu. thamasam kazhinjathinusheshavum, luis weimer courtumaayum goytheyumaayum friedrich voonn shillerumayum kathidapaadukal nadathiyirunnu. 1777 februvari februvari darmstaadil vachu luis thante ammavan rajakumaran jorjju vilyam oof hess-daarmstaadinte makalaaya luis oof hess-daarmstaad rajakumari vivaham kazhichu. dambathikal marimari darmstaadilum "farstanlaagar aurbaakkilum" thaamasichu. avarkk aarr kuttikalundaayirunnu. hesse-daarmstaadinte bhoopradesam. 1790-ll pithaavinte maranashesham luis hesson-daarmstaadinte bhoopradeshamaayi pinwangi. 1801-1803-nte saamraajyathva punasamghadanayude samayat hesse-daarmstaadinte pradeshathu ganyamaaya vardhanavinu addeham adhyakshatha vahichu, prathyekichu duchy oof westfaaliya, ithuvare koloninte aarch bishappin vidheyamaayirunnu. hesseyude grand duke. fraansile nepolian onnaamanod sakhyamundaakkiya luis 1806-ll "grand duke oof hess" enna padavikku uyarthappedukayum raine konfedareshanil cherukayum cheythu, ithu saamraajyathinte thakarchayilekku nayichu. 1814/15 leeii vienna kongrasil, louisinu thante westphalian pradeshangal upekshikkendivannuvel reinhezen jillaykku nashtapariharam nalki, kaandaamrigatthinte idathu karayil addehathinte thalasthaanam mains undaayirunnu. eee kootticherkkal kaaranam, addeham thante padavi "grand duke oof hesse aandu bye raine" ennu bhedagathi cheythu. grand duke luis onnaaman thante 76-aamm vayassil 1830 epril 6-nuu thalasthaanamaaya darmstaadil vachu antharichu. addehathinte pingamiyaayi addehathinte mootha makan luis randaaman grand ducayi. 1844-ll, daarmstaadinte ettavum valia chathuramaaya "lucenplatsy" nte madhyathil addehathinte anusmaranathil "langer ludwig" ("neelamulla luis" ennartham) enna peril 33 meter nira sthaapichu. vivaahavum kudumbavum. 1777 februvari februvari luis thante aadya cussin, hesse-daarmstaad rajakumaran jorjju vilyam raajakumaarante makalaaya luis rajakumari (15 februvari 1761-24 october 1829) vivaham kazhichu. avarkk orumichu ettu kuttikalundaayirunnu

louis pahila, hesecha grand duke louis pahila, hesecha grand duke (14 juuna 1753, prenzlaumadhye-6 april 1830, darmstadmadhye) haah "hese-darmstadcha bhoo-sangrah" (lui ex mhanoon) aanee nantar pahila "hesecha grand duke aanee rayan" hota. louis haah louis ikescha mulga hota, joou hese-darmstadcha bhoo-kabaricha adhikari hota aanee 1790 madhye tyachya vadilanchya jaagi aala. tyane 1801-1803 chya shahee punarrachanedarmyan hese-darmstadsathichya pradeshat lakshaniy vaadh kelee, visheshtah westfeliacha duchy, joou aataparyant kolonchya aarchbishapchya adheen hota. francechya napolean pahila yachyashi sanlagn asalelya luila 1806 madhye 'grand duke auph hese' yaa padvivar badhati denyat aalee aanee too rayanchya mahasanghat sameel jhaala, jyamule samrajya visarjit jhaale. 1814/15 madheel viennachya congressmadhye, luila tyache westfellion pradesh sodave lagale, parantu tyala gendyachya davya kathavaril reinhessen jilhyane bharpai denyat aalee. yaa jodanimule, tyane tyachya padveet sudharana karoon 'grand duke auph hese andd buy rine' asey kele. prarambhik jeevan. luicha janm 14 juuna 1753 roji hessen-darmstadchya nantarchya landgrave lui Ix chey tisare mool aanee motha mulga mhanoon jhaala aanee tyachi patni, zvebrukenchi mulgi, khrishchan III, zvebrukenchi count paletin, hii zvebrukenchi patni hotee. tyacha janm brandenbergmadhil prenzlau shaharat jhaala, jithe tyache vadil, jeey russian lashkari sevet hote, tainat hote. mule isobat booksweller shaharat mothee jhaali, jeey purvi hanau-lichtenbergchya ganiteche nivassthan hote, tarr vadil pramukhyane tyanchya lashkari karkirdit sahbhagi honyasathi pirmasans shaharat rahile. 1766 madhye, jevha lui 13 varshancha hota, tevha tyachya aaicha darbar booksweller yethoon darmstad yethe halavanyat aala. 17 aktoobar 1768 roji tyachya aajobanchya nidhananantar, tyache vadil bhoo-kabari mhanoon yashasvi jhaale aanee lui swatah vanshparamparagat rajkumar yaa padvisah bhoo-kabaricha varas banala. ludvigne 1769 pasoon leiden vidyapithat shikshan ghetale aanee tyanantar london aanee parisacha bhavya daura keela. francemadhye teey itarambarobarach, french tatvadnya jeane leey rond dii 'alembert aanee dennis diderot yanna bhetale, jeey dnyanachya yugatil kahee pramukh vyakti aanee pahilya aadhunik vishvakoshatil sampadak hote. 1773 madhye tyane german-janmalele french lekhak aanee samikshak friedrich melchiyar griim yanchyasobat prushiyatil fredrick daad gretchya darbarat pravas keela, jithe tyachi baheen fredrick louisane sambhavya varas fredrick viliyamshi lagn kele. akheris, too russiala gela, jithe 1773 madhye too seent pietersbergmadhye tyachi dusari baheen wilhelmina louisachya lagnat sahbhagi jhaala. pietersberg, russian sinhasanacha varasdar, grand duke paul. russian senapati mhanoon ludwig 1774 madhye russia-turkey yuddhat ladhala aanee tyach varshi too moscotil lodgemadhye 'mukut asalelya dhvajavar' freemason banala. vivah. 1776 madhye, tyacha vivahsophi dorothea auph wrttembergshee jhaala, joou wrttembergcha duke fredrick dusra yujeen yachee sarvat mothee mulgi hotee. sophiya dorothea sakharpuda tutala, jenekarun tee luichya alikadech vidhva jhalelya mehuna tsarevich paul petrovichshi, joou rashiyachi maharani catherine iicha mulga aanee varasdar hota, lagn karoo shakel. sakharpuda tutala tevha tyala aarthik nuksan bharpai midali. yaa apmanaspad ghatanenantar, luine unhala sacks-weimerchya duchymadhil tyachi baheen louischya darbarat ghalavala, jithe too johann wolfgang wonn gotheshi sambandhit hota. mukkamanantarhi lui heey weimer darbar aanee goethe aanee friedrich wonn shiller yanchyashi patravyavahar karat hote. luine 19 februwari 1777 roji darmstad yethe, tyache kaka prince george william auph hese-darmstad yanchi mulgi, tyachi chulat baheen rajkumari louis auph hese-darmstadshee vivah keela. heey jodape darmstad aanee "firstainlager aurbach" madhye eka eka karoon rahat hote. tyanna sahaa mule hotee. hese-darmstadcha bhukhand. 1790 madhye tyachya vadilanchya mrutyunantar louis hessen-darmstadchya bhoo-kabarichya rupat yashasvi jhaala. 1801-1803 chya shahee punarrachanedarmyan, visheshtah westfeliyachya dachichya kalat, hessen-darmstadchya pradeshat lakshaniy vaadh karnyachya adhyakshatekhali tyane kaam kele, jeey aataparyant kolonchya aarchbishapchya adheen hote. grand duke auph hese. francechya napolean pahila yachyashi sanlagn asalelya luila 1806 madhye 'grand duke auph hese' yaa padvivar badhati denyat aalee aanee too rayanchya mahasanghat sameel jhaala, jyamule samrajya visarjit jhaale. 1814/15 madheel viennachya congressmadhye, luila tyache westfellion pradesh sodave lagale, parantu tyachi rajdhani menz gendyachya davya kathavar asalelya reinhessen jilhyane tyala bharpai dilee gelee. yaa jodanimule, tyane tyachya padveet sudharana karoon 'grand duke auph hese andd buy rine' asey kele. grand duke louis pahila yanche vayachya 76 vya varshi 6 april 1830 roji tyanchya rajdhanichya darmstad yethe nidhan jhaale. tyacha motha mulga lui dusra grand duke mhanoon tyachya jaagi aala. 1844 madhye, darmstadchya sarvat mothya chauras asalelya "leusenplatz" chya madhyabhagi, tyachya smaranarth "langer ludwig" (mhanje "lamb lui") navacha 33 metercha stambh ubharanyat aala. lagn aanee kutumb. 19 februwari 1777 roji luine tyacha pahila chulat bhau, prince louis auph hese-darmstad (15 februwari 1761-24 aktoobar 1829) hishee vivah keela, joou hese-darmstadcha rajkumar george viliyamchi mulgi hotee. ekatra, tyanna aath mule hotih

lui pratham, hesra grand dick lui pratham, hesra grand diuka (14 june 1753, prenjlaure-6 april 1830, darmastadtare) "hese-darmstadtra landgrave" (lui x bhabare) ebong parey pratham "hese ebong reiner grand diuka" thile. louis louis ixer putra thile, jie hess-darmstader bhumi-samadhi, ebong 1790 ray taanka pitanka uttaradhikari hoithile. shay 1801-1803 rahr samrajya punargathana samajare hess-darmstat paain anchalare eka ullekhaneeah brudhi sabhapatitwa karithile, bisesh curry westphaliara douchy, jaahaa eparjyanta kolonra arch bishapnka adheenare thila . francer pratham nepolijananka saha sahajogee hoi 1806 masihare luisnku "grand diuka off hese" upadhira shirshaku unneet karajaithila ebong raine confederationre joga deithile, jaahaa phalare samrajyara absan ghatithila. aai. dii. 1. ray bhiena kangresare luisnku taanka paschimaphalian anchala chhadibaku padithila, kintu reiner baama koolare thiba rhinesen zillah sahita khyatipurana diajaithila. ehi sanjojana karanaru, shay taanka upadhiku "grand diuka off hese ebong baai raine" ray sanshodhana karithile. prarambhika zeeban. louis 1753 masiha june 14 tarikhare truteeja santan ebong parabarti samajare hessen-darmstader landgrave lui ixer jyestha putra bhabe janmagrahana karithile ebong taanka patni countess palatin carolin, khristian truteejanka jhia, count palatin, joweibrukenanka jhia bhabe janmagrahana karithile. shay brandenberger prenjlau saharare janmagrahana karithile, jeunthare taanka pita, jieki prusian samarika sebare thile, abasthapita thile. pilamane maa 'nka saha booksweler saharare badhithile, jaahaa purbaru hanau-lichtenberg counter basabhabana thila, jetebele kii pita taanka samarika kyarijarare jogadeba paain mukhyatah pyrmacence saharare rahithile. 1766 masihare, jetebele lui 13 barsha baisar hoithile, taanka maa 'nka darbar bookswellraru darmastadtaku sthanantarita hoithila. 17 october 1768 ray taanka jejebapanka mrutyu parey, taanka pita jami adhigrahan bhabare saphala hoithile, ebong louis nije banshanukramika rajkumar upadhi sahita jami adhigrahanara uttaradhikari hoithile. ludwig 1769 ru lyden biswabidyalajare adhyajana karithile ebong parabarti samajare london ebong pyarisaku tankara bhabya gasta karithile. francere shay anyamananka madhyare, farasi darshanika zin leey rond dii 'alumbert ebong denis diderotanku bhetithile, jeunmane gyaana jugare keteka pramukh byaktitwa thile ebong pratham adhunika biswakoshara sampadaka thile. 1773 masihare shay germanre janmita farasi lekhaka tatha samalochaka friedrich melchiyara grimanka saha prusiara frederic daa gretanka darabaraku jatra karithile, jeunthare taanka bhaunee frederica louisa uttaradhikari frederic wilijamnku bibaha karithile. sheshare, shay rushia jatra karithile, jeunthare 1773 masihare shay tankara dwiteeja bhaunee wilhelmina luisanka bibaahare joga deithile. rusher singhasanara uttaradhikari grand diuka palanku pietersberg. jane rushiah senapati bhabe ludwig 1774 masihare russo-turkey juddhare ladhithile ebong sehi barsha shay muscore loz 'tuu daa cround flag' ray freemason hoithile. bibaha. 1776 masihare, shay wurtembergra sophi dorothianka saha nirbandha karithile, jie wurtembergra dick fredrick dwiteeja jujennka budd jhia thile. nirbandha bhangi diajaithila, jahadwara sophia dorothea luisnka nikatare bidhaba bhinoi, sorivich pull petrobhichnku bibaha kariparibe, jie rushiaara samragyee catherine dwiteejanka pua ebong uttaradhikari thile. nirbandha bhangigala parey shay eka arthika khyatipurana paithile. ehi apamanajanaka ghatana parey, louis grishma ruture taanka bhaunee luijnka darabarare saxe-weimarara douchy ray bitaithile, jeunthare shay johann walfagang bhann gothenka saha jadita thile. ehi rahani parey madhya lui weimara court ebong goethe ebong friedrich bhann shilarnka saha jogajogare thile. louis 19 februari 1777 ray darmastadre taanka maamun prince george wilijamnka jhia, taanka samparkeeah rajkumari louis off hess-darmastadtanku bibaha karithile. ehi dampati darmstad ebong "forstenlegger ourabak" ray bikalpa bhabare rahuthile . semanankara chhaa john santan thile. hese-darmstader bhumi-samadhi. 1790 masihare taanka pitanka mrutyu parey louis hessen-darmstader bhumi-samadhi bhabare saphala hoithile. shay 1801-1803 rahr samrajya punargathana samajare hese-darmstad paain anchalare eka ullekhaneeah brudhi sabhapatitwa karithile, bisesh curry douchy off westphalia, jaahaa eparjyanta kolonra arch bishapnka adheenare thila . hesra grand dick. francer pratham nepolijananka saha sahajogee hoi lui 1806 masihare "grand diuka off hese" upadhiku unneet hoithile ebong raine confederationre joga deithile, jaahaa phalare samrajyara absan ghatithila. aai. dii. 1. ray bhiena kangresare luisnku taanka paschimaphalian anchala chhadibaku padithila, kintu rhinesen zillah sahita khyatipurana diajaithila, reiner baama koolare tankara rajdhani menz thila . ehi sanjojana karanaru, shay taanka upadhiku "grand diuka off hese ebong baai raine" ray sanshodhana karithile. grand diuka lui prathamankara 76 barsha bajasare, 6 april april, taanka rajdhani darmastadtre dehant hoithila. taanka budd pua lui dwiteeja grand diuka bhabe taanka uttaradhikari hoithile. 1844 masihare, darmstader sarbabruhata bargakhetra "lucenplatz" majhire taanka smaranare "langara ludwig" (jahara artha "lamba louis") namaka eka 33 mitter stambha sthapana karajaithila. bibaha ebong paribara. 19 februari 1777 ray, louis taanka pratham samparkeeah, rajkumari louis off hess-darmstadt (15 februari 1761-24 october 1829) nku bibaha karithile, jie hess-darmstadter prince george wilijamnka jhia thile. ekathi, semanankara athati santan thileh

luis I, hese daa grand diook luis I, grand diook aaf hese (14 juun 1753 noon prenzlau witch-6 aprail 1830 noon darmstead witch) "landgrave aaf hese-darmstead" ("luis x" vajon) atey baad witch pahila "grand diook aaf hese atey rine" see. luis luis Ix daa puttar see, joe hess-darmstead daa bhumi grave see, atey 1790 witch aapne pitaa daa sathaan lae liaa. usne 1801-1803 dey shaahi punargathan dauran hess-darmstead laee khetar witch mahattavpuran vaadhe dee pardhangi keeti, khaas taur 'teey duchy aaf westfalia, joe hunn takk colone dey archbiship dey adheen see. france dey napolean pahile naal sehyogi, 1806 witch luis noon "grand diook aaf hese" daa khitaab ditta giaa atey uh rine dey sangh witch shamal hoow giaa, jiss naal samraj bhang hoow giaa. 1814/15 witch vienna dee congress witch, luis noon aapne pachmi-felian khetran noon chaddna piaa, parr uss noon rine dey khabbe kandhe utte reinhesson zilhe naal muaavze vajon ditta giaa. iss vaadhe dey caarn, usne aapne sirlekh noon sodh keey "grand diook aaf hese aind baaee rine" qarr ditta. mudhla jeevan. louis daa janam 14 juun 1753 noon teeje bacche atey baad witch hesson-darmstead dey landgrave louis Ix dey sabh toon vadde puttar vajon hoiaa see, atey uss dee patni countase paletin caroline, joe kii isai III dee ikk dhee haii, joe kii zvebrooken dee ginti paletin haii. uss daa janam brandenberg dey prenjlau kasbe witch hoiaa see, jitthe uss dey pitaa, joe kii russie fauji seva witch sunn, tainat sunn. bacche buchsweeler kasbe witch maan naal vadde hoye, joe pahilan hanaoo-lichtenberg dey kaoontan daa nivas sathaan see, jadon kii pitaa aapne fauji carrier witch shamal honn laee mukkh taur 'teey pirmacence shehar witch rahey. 1766 witch, jadon luis 13 saalan daa see, uss dee maan daa darbar buchsweeler toon darmstead chaley gaye. 17 aktubar 1768 noon aapne daada dee maut toon baad, uss dey pitaa zameen utte kabza curran dey yog hoow gaye atey luis khud vanshvadi rajkumar dey khitaab naal zameen utte kabza curran vaale dey vaaras bann gaye. ludwig neey 1769 toon leiden university witch padahi keeti atey baad witch london atey paris daa shandar daura keeta. france witch uh horaan dey naal-naal, franch darshnik jeane leey rond dee 'elembert atey danis dederot noon miliaa, joe giaan dey yugg deeaan kujh pramukh shakhsiatan sunn, atey pahile aadhunik vishwakosh dey sampadak sunn. sann 1773 witch uss neey german witch jamme francisi lekhak atey aalochak friedrich melchier grimm naal roos witch fredrik mahaan dee adalat witch yaatra keeti, jitthe uss dee bhainn frederica louisa daa viaah sambhavit vaaras fredrik viliam naal hoiaa see. ant witch, uh roos giaa, jitthe 1773 witch uh aapni duji bhainn vilhalmina louisa dey viaah witch shamal hoiaa. pietersburg noon russie singhasan dey vaaras, grand diook paal noon. ikk russie general vajon ludwig neey 1774 witch roos-turki yuddh witch ladai luddy see atey use saal uh masco witch "taaj dey jhande" dey lauj witch freemason bann giaa see. viaah. 1776 witch, uss neey vertemberg dey diook, fredrik II eugene dee sabh toon vaddi dhee, vertemberg dey sophi dorothea naal mangani qarr laee. mangani todd ditti gaee see taan joe sophia dorothea louis dey haal hii witch vidhwa jeeja zarevic paal petrovic, puttar atey catherine II dey vaaras, roos dee maharani, mahaan, naal viaah qarr sake. mangani tuttan 'teey uss noon vitti muaavze dee rakam millie. iss apmanjanak ghatna toon baad, luis neey garmiaan sexe-wimer dey duchy witch aapni bhainn luis dey darbar witch bitai, jitthe uh johann wolfgang vaan goethe naal judiaa hoiaa see. thehran toon baad vee, luis wimer court atey goethe atey friedrich vaan shiller naal vee pattar vihaar qarr riha see. luis neey 19 farvari 1777 noon darmstead witch aapne chaache prince jaaraj viliam dee dhee, aapni chachere bharaa rajkumari luis aaf hese-darmstead naal viaah karvaiaa. ih jodda badalven taur utte darmstead atey frustainlager aurbakh witch rahinda see. uhanan dey chhe bacche sunn. hese-darmstead daa bhumi-grave. 1790 witch aapne pitaa dee maut utte luis neey hesson-darmstead dey bhumi-grave dey roop witch safalta prapat keeti. usne 1801-1803 dey shaahi punargathan dauran hesson-darmstead dey khetar witch mahattavpuran vaadhe dee pardhangi keeti, khaas taur utte duchy aaf westfalia, joe hunn takk colone dey archbiship dey adheen see. hese daa grand diook. france dey napolean pahile naal sehyogi, luis noon 1806 witch "grand diook aaf hese" daa khitaab ditta giaa see atey uh rine dey sangh witch shamal hoow giaa see, jiss naal samraj bhang hoow giaa see. 1814/15 witch vienna dee congress witch, luis noon aapne pachmi-felian khetran noon chaddna piaa, parr uss noon reinhasson zilhe naal muaavze vajon ditta giaa, jiss witch uss dee rajdhani rine dey khabbe kandhe utte see. iss vaadhe dey caarn, usne aapne sirlekh noon sodh keey "grand diook aaf hese aind baaee rine" qarr ditta. grand diook luis pahile dee 76 saal dee umar witch 6 aprail 1830 noon aapni rajdhani darmstead witch maut hoow gaee. uss dey sabh toon vadde puttar luis II neey grand diook vajon uss dee thaan laee. 1844 witch, ikk 33 meeter kaalam jiss noon "langer ludwig" (bhaav "lamba luis") kiha jaanda haii, noon darmstead dey sabh toon vadde varag "lucenplats" dey vichkaar uhanan dee yaad witch sathapat keeta giaa see. viaah atey parivaar. 19 farvari 1777 noon, luis neey aapne pahile chachere bharaa, rajkumari luis aaf hese-darmstead (15 farvari 1761-24 aktubar 1829) naal viaah karwa liaa, joe hese-darmstead dey prince jaaraj viliam dee dhee see. uhanan dey atth bacche sanauu

louis-I, hess ityasya grand duke louis-prathamah, hess-ityasya grand-duke (14 joon 1753 prenzlau-6 april 1830 darmstat-nagare) "hess-darmstat-ityasya bhoo-samaadhih" ("louis-x" iti namna), pashchat prathamah "hess-ityasya grand-duke tathaa rain" iti aasit. louis, hess-darmstat ityasya bhoo-samaadhih, louis-ix ityasya putrah aasit, 1790 tame varshe swapituh uttaraadhikaari abhavat. saha 1801-1803 ityasya samrajyika-punargatanasya samaye hess-darmstat ityasya kshetre mahattvapoornavruddheh adhyakshah abhavat, visheshatah duchy aaf westfalia, yat etaavatkaalam kolonasya aarch bishap ityasya adheenam aasit. 1806 tame varshe, france-deshasya napolean-prathamena saha sambadhah louis-nagarah "grand duke aaf hess" iti upaadhim praapya rain-sanghe sammilitah, yena samrajyasya vighatanam jaatam. 1814/15 madhye viyannaa-kaangres-madhye, louis-varyaha swasya pashchim-faaliyan-pradeshaan tyaagam kartum baadhyah abhavat, parantu rain-nadyaah vaamatate sthitena rainhesan-mandalena tasya pratipooranam krutam. asya yojanena saha swasya upaadhim "grand duke aaf hess end bai rain" iti samshodhayat. praarambhikajeevanam. louis ityasya janma 1753 joon 14 dinaanke, hesson-darmstat ityasya pashchat landgrave-louis-icks ityasya truteeyah putrah jyeshtah cha putrah, tasya patnee countes pyalatin kerolin, christian III ityasya putree, zvebruken ityasya kaunt pyalatin iti cha abhavat. saha brandenberg-nagarasya prenzlau-nagare ajayata, yatra tasya pitaa, yah prussian-sainyasevaayaam aasit, saha sthitah aasit. baalaah maaten saha booksweeler-nagare, yat poorvam hanaau-lichtenberg-nagarasya nivaasasthaanam aasit, vardhitaah, yadaa pitaa mukhyataya pirmaasans-nagare swasya sainya-kaarye bhaagam graheetum aashritah. 1766 tame varshe, yadaa louis 13 varshaanaam aasit, tadaa tasya matayaha sabhaa booksweeler ityatah darmstat ityasmai sthanantarita. 17 october 1768 tame dine tasya pitamahanam mrutyoho samaye tasya pitaa bhoo-samaadhi-rupena saphalah abhavat, tathaa cha louis-varyaha vamshaanugata-rajakumaraha iti upadhya saha bhoo-samaadhi-kshetrasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. ludwig 1769 tame varshe laiden-vishvavidyaalaye adhyanam akarot, tadanantaram landan-pyaris-nagarayoho bhavyam paryatanam krutavaan. france-deshe saha anyaih saha, french-tatvajnaani jeane leey rond dii 'alembert tathaa denis dederot ityetaan militavaan, ye gyaanodaya-yugasya kechan pramukha-vyaktitvau aasan, prathama-aadhunik-vishvakoshasya sampaadakaah cha aasan. 1773 tame varshe saha german-deshiyena french-lekhaken vimarshakena cha friedrich melchiyar grim ityanena saha prussia-deshasya frederic-da-gret-ityasya sabhaam prati yatram krutavaan, yatra tasya bhaginyaah frederica-luisa ityasyaah vivaahah uttaraadhikaari frederic-vilium ityanena saha abhavat. ante saha rashyaa-desham gatavaan, yatra 1773 tame varshe saha sent-nagare swasya dwiteeya-bhaginyaah vilhelminaa-luisa ityasyaah vivaah-kaaryakrame upasthitah aasit. pietersburg-russian-simhaasanasya uttaraadhikaari grand duke paal-ityasmai. 1774 tame varshe rus-turkee-yuddhe rus-deshasya senaapatih ludwig-varyaha yuddham krutavaan, tasmin eva varshe maasko-nagarasya "mukuta-dhvajasya" vasatigruhasya freemason abhavat. vivaahah. 1776 tame varshe, saha wrttemberg-nagarasya sophi dorothea ityanena saha vivaahabandhane aabaddhah, yah wrttemberg-nagarasya duke fredrick dwiteeyasya eugene ityasya jyeshtaa putree aasit. sofiyaa dorothea ityeshaa, louis-varyasya sadyameva vidhavaa, syaarevich-paal-petrovic-varyaa, catherine-dwiteeyasya "mahaan", rashiyaadeshasy samraajnee, varyaa cha, saha vivaaham kartum shaknoti sma iti karanat vivaahabandhanam vicchinnam abhavat. yadaa vivaah-viraamah abhavat tadaa saha arthikam pratiphalam praptavan. asya apamanajanakasya ghatanaayaah anantaram, louis ityeshah greeshmakaalam saakse-weemer-nagarasya duchy-nagare swasahotree louis-ityasya sabhayam vyateetavaan, yatra saha johann wolf-gyaang vaan gothe ityanena saha sambaddhavaan. nivaasaanantaram api, louis-varyaha weemer-sabhayaa, gothe ityanena cha, tathaa cha friedrich-vaan-shiller ityanena saha cha patravyavahaaram krutavaan. louis ityayam 19 februvari 1777 tame dine darmstat-nagare, swasya pitrutulyasya rajakumari, hess-darmstat ityasya raajaputryaah, hess-darmstat ityasya rajakumarasya jaarj vilium ityasya putreem, louis-aaf-hess-darmstat ityetaam parineetavaan. dampatee darmstat-nagare tathaa "firstainlegger aurbaak" ityatra cha paryaayaroopen nivasan. teshaam shut putraah aasan. hesse-darmstat ityasya bhoo-samaadhih. 1790 tame varshe swapituh mrutyoho anantaram louis-varyaha hessen-darmstat ityasya bhoo-samaadhi-rupena saphalah abhavat. saha 1801-1803 ityasya samrajyika-punargatanasya samaye hesse-darmstat ityasya kshetre mahattvapoornavruddheh adhyakshah abhavat, visheshatah duchy aaf westfalia iti, yat etaavatkaalam kolonasya aarch bishap ityasya adheenam aasit. hesse ityasya grand duke. france-deshasya napolean-prathamena saha sambadhah, louis 1806 tame varshe "grand duke aaf hess" iti upaadhim praapya rain-sanghe sammilitah, yena samrajyasya vighatanam jaatam. 1814/15 madhye viyannaa-kaangres-madhye, louis-varyaha swasya pashchim-faaliyan-pradeshaan tyaagam kartum baadhyah abhavat, parantu rainhessen-mandale tasya rajadhani mains-ityanena rain-nadyaah vaamatate pratipoortim praapnot. asya yojanena saha swasya upaadhim "grand duke aaf hess end bai rain" iti samshodhayat. grand duke louis prathamah 6 april 1830 dinaanke 76 varsheeyah tasya rajadhani darmstat-nagare mrutah. tasya jyeshtaputrah louis dwiteeyah tasya grand duke iti uttaraadhikaari abhavat. 1844 tame varshe, "lengar ludwig" (arthaat "deergham louis") iti namna 33 meater-parimitam stambhah, tasya smaranaartham darmstat-nagarasya bruhattamasya vargasya "leusenplatz" ityasya madhye sthaapitah. vivaahah tathaa parivaarah. 19 februvari 1777 tame dine, louis-varyaha swasya prathama-bhraatruvamsham, hess-darmstat ityasya rajakumari louis (15 februvari 1761-24 october 1829) ityanaya saha vivaaham akarot, yaa hess-darmstat ityasya rajakumarasya jaarj vilium ityasya putree aasit. militvaa teshaam ashta putraah aasan.

luis aii, hessin grand tuke luis aii, hessin grand tuke (14 juun 1753 brenslavil-6 aepral 1830 darmstaddle) "hessie-darmstat nilakattai" ("luis ex" yena) mattrum pinnar muthal "hessin grand tuke mattrum raine". luis luis ix inn magan, hess-darmstat nilappirabuvan, 1790 ill avarathu thanthaikkup piragu vanthaar. 1801-1803 inn aekaathipaththiya maruseeramaippin poathu hess-darmstat piraanthiyaththil kurippidatthakka athikarippukku avar thalaimai thaangkinaar, kurippaaga maerkpaaliyaavin duchy, idhuvarai colone paeraayarukku udpattathu. brancin neppoliyan I udan inaintha luis, 1806 aam aandil "grand tuke off hess" endra pattaththirku uyarththappattu raine koottamaippil saernthaar, idhu paerarasin kalaippukku vazhivaguththathu. 1814/15 ill nadantha vienna maanaatil, luis thanathu maerkup pakuthikalai vittukkodukka vaendiyirunththathu, aanaal rainin idathu karaiyil ulla rainhesson maavattaththudan eeduseiyappattathu. inththa koodudhalaaga, avar thanathu pattatthai "grand tuke off hess mattrum raine" endru thirutthiyirunthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. luis 1753 juun 14 andru hessen-darmstat inn moontraam kuzhandhai mattrum pirkaala nila grave luis aiksin mooththa maganaagap piranthaar, maelum avarathu manaivi countess paaladain caroline off swebrooken, christian III inn magal, swebrooken count paaladain. avar brandenberkil ulla brenslav nagaril piranthaar, angku avarathu thanthai, prashya iraanuva sevaiyil irunthaar. munbu hanoo-lichenberkin ennikkaiyin illamaaga irunththa puchsveelar nagaril kuzhandhaigaludan valarnththanar, athae neraththil thanthai thanathu iraanuva vaazhkkaiyil kalandhu kolvatharkaaga mukkiyamaaga birmassense nagaril thangiyirunthaar. 1766 aam aandil, luis 13 vayathaaka irunththapoathu, avarathu thaayin neethimandram puchsveelarilirunthu darmstadukku maattrappattathu. 1768 october 17 andru avarathu tatta iranththapoathu, avarathu thanthai nilakkalaip padaippaaliyaaga pathaviyaettraar, maelum luis thannai parambarai ilavarasar endra pattaththudan nilakkalaip padaippaalikku vaarisaaga aakkinaar. ludwick 1769 muthal lyden palkalaikkazhagaththil padiththaar, pinnar lundon mattrum paarisukku thanathu piramaanda suttruppayanaththai maerkondaar. brancil avar, mattravargaludan, pirenchu thaththuvagnaanigargalaana jeane leeii rond dii 'alumbert mattrum tennis deterode aagiyoarai sandhiththaar, avarkal arivoli yugaththin sila mukiya nabarkalaagavum, muthal naveena kalaikkalanjchiyaththin aasiriyargalaagavum irunththanar. 1773 aam aandil avar germanyil pirantha pirenchu ezhuththaalarum vimarsagarumaana fredrich melsier kirimmudan proosiyaavil ulla frederic thii grade neethimantraththirku payanam seithaar, angku avarathu chakoothari frederica louisa vaarisaana frederic villiyatthai mananthaar. iruthiyaaka, avar rashyaavukkuch sentraar, angku 1773 aam aandil avar thanathu irandaavathu chakoothari wilhelmina louisavin thirumanaththil kalandhu kondaar. russia simmaasanaththin vaarisaana grand tuke paal enbavarukku beatersburg. oru russia general ludwick 1774 aam aandil ruzzo-turkiya poaril poaraadinaar, athae aandu avar mascovil ulla ladgeil "kireedam anintha kodikku" freemation aanaar. tirumanam. 1776 aam aandil, avar wordemberkin sofi dorotheavudan nichchayathaarththam seithu kondaar, avar wordemberkin tuke frederic II yujeenin mooththa magal. sobia dorothea sameepaththil louisin vidhavai maiththunar sarevich paal petrovich, magan mattrum keththarin II inn vaarisaana "periya", russiavin paerarasi tirumanam seithu kolla mudiyum endru nichchayathaarththam murikkappattathu. nichchayathaarththam murinththapoathu avar pana izhappeedu pettraar. inththa avamaanagaramaana sambavaththirkup piragu, luis thanathu chakoothari louisin neethimandraththil sax-veemarin duchyil koadaiyaik kaliththaar, angku avar johann wolfgang vaan koathaevudan thodarpudaiyaar. thangkiyiruntha piragum, luis weimer neethimantraththudanum, koathaevudanum, frietrich vaan shillarudanum kadidhap parimaattraththil irunthaar. luis thanathu maama ilavarasar jaarj villiamin magalaana hess-darmstat ilavarasi louisai pipravari 19,1777 andru darmstaddle tirumanam seithu kondaar. inththa jody darmstat mattrum firstainlager avurbaakkil maari maari vaalnththathu. avarkalukku aaru kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. hess-darmstat nilakattai. nilakattai thanathu thanthaiyin maranaththin poathu luis hessen-darmstat nilakkalaip paguthiyaaga vettri pettraar. 1801-1803 inn aekaathipaththiya maruseeramaippin poathu hess-darmstat piraanthiyaththil kurippidatthakka athikarippukku avar thalaimai thaangkinaar, kurippaaga maerkepaaliyaavin duchy, idhuvarai colone paeraayarukku udpattathu. hessin grand tuke. brancin neppoliyan I udan inaintha luis, 1806 aam aandil "grand tuke off hess" endra pattaththirku uyarthappattaar, maelum raine koottamaippil saernthaar, idhu paerarasin kalaippukku vazhivaguththathu. 1814/15 ill nadantha vienna maanaatil, luis thanathu maerkup pakuthikalai vittukkodukka vaendiyirunththathu, aanaal rainhesson maavattaththudan izhappeedu vazhangkappattathu, rainin idathu karaiyil avarathu thalaynagaram mains irunththathu. inththa koodudhalaaga, avar thanathu pattatthai "grand tuke off hess mattrum raine" endru thirutthiyirunthaar. grand tuke luis I thanathu 76 vayathil aepral 6,1830 andru thanathu thalaynagaraana darmstaddle iranthaar. avarukkup piragu avarathu mooththa magan irandaam luis grand diyookkaaga pathaviyaettraar. 1844 aam aandil, darmstat migapperiya sathuramaana "louisonplats" inn naduvil avarathu ninaivaaga "lanker ludwick" ("neenda luis" endru porulpadum) endru azhaikkappadum 33 meettar neduvarisai amaikkappattathu. tirumanam mattrum kudumbam. pipravari 19,1777 andru, luis thanathu muthal uravinaraana ilavarasi luis off hess-darmstat (15 pipravari 1761-24 october 1829), hess-darmstat ilavarasar jaarj villiyaththin magalai mananthaar. avarkal ontraaka, ettu kuzhandhaigalaip pettranar

luis ii, grand duke off hessey luis ii, grand duke off hessey (14 juun juun prenjloulo-6 april april darmstadtlo) "landgrave off hessey-darmstadt" ("luis x" gaa) mariyu taruvaata modati "grand duke off hessey und bye raine". luis, hessey-darmstadt yokka bhuswamy ayina luis ikes kumarudu, mariyu bhoomi thana tandri taruvaata vacchaadu. athanu 1801-1803 saamraajya punarvyavastheekaranala samayamlo hessey-darmstadt kosam bhoobhaagamlo gananeeyamaina perugudalaku adhyakshata vahinchaadu, mukhyamgaa duchy off westfalia, idhi colone yokka arch bishapku lobadi undhi. fraansku chendina nepolian I thoo anubandham kaligi unna luis luis "grand duke off hessey" biruduku edigi raine samakhyalo cheraadu, idhi saamrajyam raddu kaavadaaniki daariteesindi. 1814/15 loe jarigina vienna congress loe, luis thana paschima bangaalaakhaatam bhuubhaagaalanu vadulukovalasi vachindi, conny raine yokka edama odduna unna rainhessen jillaatho bharti cheyabadindi. eee adanamgaa, athanu thana birudunu "grand duke off hessey und bye raine" gaa savarinchaadu. prarambha jeevitam. luis 1753 juun 14naa hessen-darmstadt yokka moodava bidda mariyu taruvaata landgrave luis ix yokka pedda kumarudiga, mariyu athani jeevita bhagaswamy christian III, count palatine off zweebrooken kumarte ayina zweebrooken yokka countess palatine carolin gaa janminchaadu. athanu brandenbergloni prenzlou pattanamlo janminchaadu, akkada prussian sainika sevalo unna athani tandri unnaaru. pillalu gatamlo hanah-lichtenberg kountla nivasamga unna butchsweeler pattanamlo thallitho kalisi perigaaru, tandri thana sainika vruttiki haajaru kaavadaaniki pradhanamgaa pirmassense pattanamlo basa chesaaru. chesaaru, luis 13 samvatsaraala vayassulo unnappudu, athani talli aasthaanaanni butchsweeler nundi darmstadtku marcharu. 17 october 1768naa thana taata maraninchinappudu, athani tandri bhuswamuluga vijayam saadhinchaadu, mariyu luis swayamgaa vamsapaaramparya yuvaraju birudutho bhuuswaamiki varasudu ayyadu. ludwig 1769 nundi leiden vishwavidhyaalayamlo chaduvukunnadu, tadanantaram london mariyu paarislo thana goppa parytananu chepattadu. fraanslo athanu itarulatoe paatu, french tatvavettalu zeane leey rond dii 'alembert mariyu denis diderotnu kalusukunnadu, veeru ghnaanoodayam yugamloni pramukha vyaktulalo kondaru, mariyu modati aadhunika encyclopedia sampaadakulu. akkada athanu german-janminchina french rachayita mariyu vimarsakudu friedrich melchier grimto kalisi pruusiyaalooni frederic dhi grate aasthaanaaniki prayaaninchaadu, akkada athani sodari frederica louisa bhaavi varasudu frederic viliyamnu vivaham chesukunnadu. chivaraku, athanu russiaku prayaaninchaadu, akkada akkada athanu thana rendava sodari wilhelmina louisa vivaahaaniki hajarayyadu. pietersburg russian simhaasanaaniki varasudu, grand duke paal. paal russia-turkish yuddhamlo oka russian generalga ludwig poraadaadu, adhe samvatsaram athanu mascoloni ladgelo "kireetam jendaaku" freemason ayyadu. vivaham. vivaham, athanu wrttemberg duke ayina frederic II yujeen pedda kumarte ayina wrttemberg yokka sophi dorotheatho nischitaartham chesukunnadu. sofiya dorothea iteevala vitantuvu ayina luis baava sorevic paal petrovic, kumarudu mariyu catherine II "dhi grate", russia saamraagni vaarasudini vivaham chesukovadaniki veelugaa nischitaartham vichchinnamaindi. nischitaartham mugisinappudu athanu aardhika pariharam pondaadu. eee avamaanakaramaina sanghatana taruvaata, luis thana sodari luis aasthaanamlo saxe-veemarloni duchylo vesavi gadipadu, akkada athanu johann wolfgang vaan gothetho sambandham kaligi unnadu. basa chesina taruvaata kooda, luis weamer kortu mariyu gothetho mariyu friedrich vaan shillartho kooda sambandham kaligi unnadu. luis thana maama yuvaraju georg vilium off hessey-darmstadt kumarte ayina hessey-darmstadt yokka thana bandhuvu yuvarani louisnu 19 fibravari 1777naa darmstadtlo vivaham chesukunnadu. eee janta darmstadtlo mariyu "firstainlager ourbatch" loe pratyamnaayamgaa nivasinchaaru. vaariki aruguru pillalu unnaaru. hessey-darmstadt yokka bhoomi. bhoomi thana tandri maranaanantaram luis hessen-darmstadt yokka bhuswamiga vijayam saadhinchaadu. 1801-1803 saamraajya punarvyavastheekaranala samayamlo hessey-darmstadt kosam bhoobhaagamlo gananeeyamaina perugudalaku adhyakshata vahinchaadu, mukhyamgaa duchy off westfalia, idhi varaku colone arch bishapku lobadi undhi. grand duke off hessey. fraansku chendina nepolian I thoo anubandham kaligi unna luis luis "grand duke off hessey" biruduku edigi raine samakhyalo cheraadu, idhi saamrajyam raddu kaavadaaniki daariteesindi. 1814/15 loe jarigina vienna congress loe, luis thana paschima bangaalaakhaatam bhuubhaagaalanu vadulukovalasi vachindi, conny rainhessen jillaatho bharti cheyabadindi, raine yokka edama odduna athani rajadhani mainzto. eee adanamgaa, athanu thana birudunu "grand duke off hessey und bye raine" gaa savarinchaadu. grand duke luis I thana 76 samvatsaraala vayassulo 6 april 1830naa thana rajadhani darmstadtlo maraninchaadu. ayana taruvaata ayana pedda kumarudu luis II grand duke gaa baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu. sweekarinchaadu, "langer ludwig" (antey "podavaina luis") anie piluvabade 33 meterla niluvu varusa, darmstadt yokka atipedda chadarapu "lucenplatz" madhyalo athani ghnaapakaartham erpaatu cheyabadindi. vivaham mariyu kutumbam. 19 fibravari 1777naa, luis thana modati bandhuvu, hessey-darmstadt yuvarani luis (15 fibravari 1761-24 october 1829) nuu vivaham chesukunnadu, aame hessey-darmstadt yuvaraju georg vilium kumarte. kalisi, vaariki enimidi mandhi pillalu unnaru

lois awal grend ddiok aaf hessis lois awal grend ddiok aaf hessis (14 joone 1753 mein paranzlao-6 apreel 1830 mein darmistedt mein) "lend greve aaf hessis-darmistedt" (batoor "lois aiks") aur baad mein pehla "grend ddiok aaf hessis aind bayee raain" thaa. lois lois Ix kaa betaa thaa juu hessis dermistedt kaa araazi kaa maqbarah thaa aur 1790 mein apnay waalid kaa jansheen banaa. iss nay 1801-1803 kii shaahi tanzim noow kay doraan hessis dermistedt kay elaqay mein numayan izaafe kii sadarat kii khaas toor parr vest feliya kaa dochi juu abb takk coloon kay aarch bashp kay taabaa thaa. france kay napoleen awal say waabista lois kuu 1806 mein "grend ddiok aaf hees" kay khataab parr buland kiyaa gayaa aur wah raain confeedration mein shaamil how gayaa jiss kii wajah say sultanat tehlil how gayee. 1814/15 mein wayana kii congress mein lois kuu apnay maghrabi faleen elaqon kuu turk karnaa padaa leakin asay gainday kay bayein kinaray parr waaqa zalaa raain hasson say maawazah diyaa gayaa. iss izaafe kii wajah say iss nay apnay laqab mein tarmim kartay hoay "grend ddiok aaf haisey aind bayee raain" kirr diyaa. ibtadayi zindagi. lois 14 joone 1753 kuu teesre bachay aur baad mein husson dermistedt kay lend grew lois Ix kay sabb say baday betay kay toor parr paida huay aur inn kii shareek hayaat countees pellitin caroline juu zuvebarkan kii betty haine juu eisayi III kii betty haine juu zuvebarkan kii count pellitin haine. wah branden burg kay shehar paranzlao mein paida hawaa jehaan iss kay waalid juu rosee foji khadmat mein thay tayinaat thay. bachay maan kay saath buxweller qasbey mein play badhay juu pehley haanao-lekhtanbarg kay counts kii rehaish gaah thee jabkah waalid bunyadi toor parr apnay foji carrier mein sharkat kay liye pairmasens kay qasbey mein rahay. 1766 mein jabb lois 13 saal kaa thaa iss kii maan kaa darbaar buxweller say darmistedt muntaqil how gayaa. 17 aktobar 1768 kuu apnay daada kii moth kay baad inn kay waalid zameen kii qabar kay toor parr kamiyab huay aur lois khood maurusi shahzadah kay khataab kay saath zameen kii qabar kay waaris bunn gayey. ladweg nay 1769 say leaden university mein taleem haasil kii aur iss kay baad landan aur peers kaa apnaa shandar dorah kiyaa. france mein inn kii mulaqat dosron kay alawah francisi falsafiyon jaine lee rond ddee elembert aur dense dedroat say hoyee juu roshan khayali kay door kii kachh numayan shaqsiyat aur pehley jadeed encyclopaedia kay editor thay. 1773 mein inhon nay german nazaad francisi masnaf aur nqad frederk melcheer garm kay saath roos mein frederk dee great kay darbaar kaa safar kiyaa jehaan inn kii behan frederka loisa kii shaadi mamkanah waaris frederk waleem say hoyee thee. aakhir kaar inhon nay roos kaa safar kiyaa jehaan 1773 mein inhon nay sent mein apnee dosri behan walhelmina loisa kii shaadi mein sharkat kii. pattersburg rosee takht kay waaris grend ddiok paal kuu. eek rosee general kay toor parr ladweg nay 1774 mein roos-tarki jung mein hasah liyaa aur asee saal wah maasko mein "taaj pehney hoay parcham" kay laaj mein free mession bunn gayey. shaadi. 1776 mein iss kii mangani vertemberg kay ddiok frederk dom yujeen kii sabb say bury betty vertemberg kay soofi dorothia say hoyee. mangani iss liye toad dee gayee thee kahh sufiyah dorothia lois kay haal hyee mein bewah behnuyi saryoch paal patrovich say shaadi kirr sakay juu roos kii maharani catherine dom "azeem" kay betay aur waaris thay. mangani tootnay parr asay maali maawazah milaa. iss zulat aamiz waaqiye kay baad lois nay mosam garma seks weemar kay dochi mein apnee behan lois kay darbaar mein guzara jehaan wah johaan wolf gaing waan goytay say waabistah thaa. qayaam kay baad bhee lois vimaar court aur goytay kay saath aur frederk waan shuller kay saath bhee khath woo kitaabat mein thaa. lois nay 19 faroori 1777 kuu dermistedt mein apnay chachaa shahzadah jaarj waleem aaf hasees dermistedt kii betty apnee kazan shahzadi lois aaf hasees dermistedt say shaadi kii. yaha jodaa baari baari darmistedt aur "frustinlegger aurbakh" mein rehta thaa. inn kay chh bachay thay. haisey-darmistedt kaa lend grew. lois 1790 mein apnay waalid kii moth parr husson-darmistedt kay araazi kay toor parr kamiyab hawaa. iss nay 1801-1803 kii shaahi tanzim noow kay doraan hasees-darmistedt kay elaqay mein numayan izaafe kii sadarat kii khaas toor parr vest feliya kaa dochi juu abb takk coloon kay aarch bashp kay taabaa thaa. grend ddiok aaf hessis. france kay napoleen awal say waabista lois kuu 1806 mein "grend ddiok aaf hees" kay khataab parr buland kiyaa gayaa aur wah raain confeedration mein shaamil how gayaa jiss kii wajah say sultanat tehlil how gayee. 1814/15 mein wayana kii congress mein lois kuu apnay maghrabi faleen kay elaqon kuu turk karnaa padaa leakin asay zalaa raain hasson say maawazah diyaa gayaa iss kaa darulhukumat menz gainday kay bayein kinaray parr thaa. iss izaafe kii wajah say iss nay apnay laqab mein tarmim kartay hoay "grend ddiok aaf haisey aind bayee raain" kirr diyaa. grend ddiok lois awal kaa 76 saal kii amar mein 6 apreel 1830 kuu inn kay darulhukumat darmistedt mein inteqal hawaa. iss kay baad iss kaa sabb say badaa betaa lois dom grend ddiok banaa. 1844 mein eek 33 metter kaa kaalim jasay "langer ladweg" (jiss kaa matlab hay "lamba lois") kahaa jaataa hay darmistedt kay sabb say baday marbaa "locenplatz" kay beach mein inn kii yaad mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. shaadi aur khaandaan. 19 faroori 1777 cow lois nay apnay pehley kazan shahzadi lois aaf hessis dermistedt (15 faroori 1761-24 aktobar 1829) say shaadi kii juu hessis dermistedt kay shahzadah jaarj waleem kii betty thee. inn kay saath mill kirr aath bachay hoay:

0008b05f0bca9487e176c6ca1772cc25a317c7480110828981fb62daa9455d60

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51252926

Strain pattern

Strain pattern In electrocardiography, a strain pattern is a well-recognized marker for the presence of anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the form of ST depression and T wave inversion on a resting ECG. It is an abnormality of repolarization and it has been associated with an adverse prognosis in a variety heart disease patients. It has been important in refining the role of ECG LVH criteria in cardiac risk stratification. It is thought that a strain pattern could also reflect underlying coronary heart disease. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

strainor aarhi electro "cardio" graphit, strainor aarhi hoise saint depression aaru ti wave inversionor rupot anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy (lvaes) ror uposthitir baabe ek xu-swikrito marker. ee punordhrobikoronor ek oswabhabikota aaru ee bibhinno dhoronor hridrugor rugir protikul purbanumanor xoite jorito hoi aase. ee hridjontror bipodaxongka storikoronot isiji lvaes mandondor bhumika poribortito korat guruttopurno hoi aahise. eitu dharona koraa hoy je etaa strainor arhiye ontornihito koo "runari hridrugoku protipholito koribo paare.

strain pattern electrocardiography, strain pattern holl ekti suporichito chinnitkari jaa ekti bishramkari ee. shee. zii-teey seenta depression ebong tii taranga biporito akare sharirbrittiya baam ventricular hypertrophy (lvh)-err uposthitir jonno. etty punohdhrubikikoroner ekti aswabhabikata ebong etty bivinno hridroger rogider modhye ekti protikul purbabhaser saathe jukto hoyeche. etty cardiac risk stratiphikeshana-ayee ee. shee. zii. ell. vee. eich-err mandander bhumika parimarjan korte guruttopurno. money koraa hoy jey ekti strain pattern antarnihito coronary hridrogkeo protifolito korte paare.

taannee pattern electrocardiographym, strain pattern aee saint depressionna swarupma anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) nee haajari maate saaree reete odakhaayel marker chhe aneey aaraam kartaa ekjee parr tii wave inversion chhe. teey punahdhruvikaranni asamanyata chhe aneey teey viveedh hraday rognaa dardiomaa pratikool purvasuchan saathe sankalaayelu chhe. teey cardiac riska starikaranma ecg lvh maapdandni bhoomikane sudharvama mahatvapurn rahyu chhe. aevu manvama aave chhe keey taannee pattern antargat coronary hraday rogne pann pratibimbit curry shake chhe.

tanaav kaa swaroop electrocardiography mein, ack tanaav pattern ack achchi tarah seey pahachaana gayaa marker haye joe shareer rachana mein baaen nilay hypertrophy (lvh) kii upasthiti key liye st avasaad key roop mein aur ack vishram ekg parr tii tarang vyutkram key roop mein hotaa haye. yeh punarpareekaran kii ack asamanyata haye aur yeh vibhinn prakaar key hriday roga rogiyon mein ack pratikool purvanuman key saath judaa huaa haye. yeh hriday jokhim stareekaran mein ee. see. jee. ell. vee. aich. mandand kii bhoomika koo parishkrit karane mein mahatvapurna rhaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii ack tanaav pattern antarnihit coronary hriday roga koo bhee pratibimbit curr sakata haye.

strain maadari electrocardiographyllial, strain maadariyu angarachanaashaastrada eda kuharada hypertrophy (lvh) yaya upasthitiyannu ess. tii. depression mattu vishraanti ecgyalli tii taranga vilomada roopadalli gurutisuttade. idu marudhruveekaranada asahajateyagide mattu idu vividha hrudroga rogigalalli pratikoola munnarivinondige sambandhiside. hridaya apaayada starikaranadalli ii. sii. zii. lvh manadandagala patravannu parishkarisuvalli idu mukhyavaagide. ondu ottadada maadariyu paridhamani hridaya kayileya aadhaaravannu saha pratibimbisabahudu endu bhaavisalaagide.

strain paatten electrocardiographyl, oru strain paatten ennathu sent depression, tii taranga vipareeta roopathil shareeraghadanayude idathu ventricular hypertrophy (elvh) yude saannidhyathin nannayi amgeekarikkappetta oru markeraanu. ithu repolarisationte asaadhaaranathayaanu, ithu vividha hrudroga rogikalil prathikoola roganirnayavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. hridaya apakadasaadhyatha sthareekaranathil isiji elvh maanadandangalude punk parishkarikkunnathil ithu pradhaanamaan. oru strain paatten antharleenamaaya coronary hrudrogathe prathifalippikkumennu karuthappedunnu.

taana namuna electrocardiography, taana namuna haah vishrantichya ekgavar seent depression aanee tii wave inversionchya swarupat sharirik davya ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) upasthitisathi eka suprasiddha chinhak aahe. hii punardhruvikaranachi eka vikrutee aahe aanee vividh hrudayroganchya rugnanmadhye pratikool purvasuchanashi sambandhit aahe. hriday jokhim starikaranat eae. see. jee. ell. vhee. etch. nikashanchi bhoomika parishkrut karnyat heey mahattvache rahile aahe. asey manale jaate qee tanacha namuna antarnihit coronary hriday rog dekhil pratibimbit karoo shakato.

tanawa dhancha electrocardiagraphy, strain dhancha cent depression rar aram garne ekjama tea wave inversionko rupma anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) ko upasthitika lagi ramrosanga manyata prapta marker how. yo punahdhruwikaranko asamanyata how rar yo vibhinna hridaya rogka biramiharuma pratikul purwanumansanga sambandhit chha. yo hridaya jokhim starikaranma isiji lvh mapdandako bhumikalai parishkrit garna mahatwapurna bhaeko chha. yo sochna sakinchha kii ek tanawa dhanchale antarnihit coronary hridaya roglai pani pratibimbit garna sakchha.

strain dhancha electrocardiographyraphy, strain dhancha heuchhi eka sweekrutiprapta marker jaahaa eka bishram ee. sii. jii. ray ess. tii. depression ebong tii. taranga bipareet roopare sharirika baama ventrikulara hypertrophy (ell. bhi. etch.) rahr upasthiti paain. ehaa ehaa eka aswabhabikata ebong ehaa bibhinna hrudrog rogeenka thaare eka pratikula purbanumana sahita jadita . hrudrog bipada stareekaranare ee. sii. jii. ell. bhi. etch. mandandar bhumikaku parimarjita karibare ehaa gurutwapurna hoichhi. ehaa biswasa karajae je eka strain dhancha madhya antarnihita karonari hrudarogaku pratiphalita karipare .

tanaa pattern electrocardiography witch, ikk tanaa pattern ikk aaram curran vaale ee. see. jee. utte anatomic khabbe ventricular hypertrophy (aill. vee. aich.) dee maujudgi laee ikk changi tarahan maanta prapat marker haii. ih repolarisation dee ikk asdharanta haii atey ih dill dee bimari dey mareezan witch ikk ulat bhavikhbani naal judee hoee haii. ih dill dey jokham dey paddhar witch ee. see. jee. ail. vee. aich. mapdandan dee bhumika noon sudharan witch mahattavpuran riha haii. ih manniaa jaanda haii kii ikk tanaa daa pattern underlying coronary dill dee bimari noon vee darsa sakda haii.

strain-swaroopam electrocardiography ityasmin, strain-swaroopam, ess. tii. depression tathaa vishraant-ee. see. jee. ityatra tea-tarang-vyutkramasya rupena shariraghatanasya vaama-ventricular-hapertrophy (ell. vee. ech.) ityasya upasthitehe krute su-maanyah marker asti. etat punahdhruveekaranasya asamanyata asti, tathaa cha vividha-hrudroga-roginaam pratikool-purvasuchanaya saha sambaddham asti. hrudaya-apaya-starikaranasya ee. sii. jii. ell. vi. ech. manadandasya bhumikam parishkartum etat mahattvapoornam asti. ekaha strain-namuna antarnihitam coronary-hrudrogam api pratibimbayitum shaknoti iti manyate.

strain vadivam electra cardiography, oru strain murai enbathu oru oaivedukkum eee. chii. jii. yill ess. dii manachoarvu mattrum dii alai thalaikeezh vadivaththil udarkooriyal idathu ventricular hybertropy (elvh) iruppatharkaana nanku angkeekarikkappatta kurippaanaagum. idhu marunilaiyaakkaththin oru asaathaaranaththanmai mattrum idhu palvaeru idhaya noai noayaaligalukku paathakamaana munkanippudan thodarpudaiyathu. idhaya aabaththu adukkuppaduththalil eee. chii. jii. elvh alavukoalgalin pangai semmaippaduththuvathil idhu mukkiyamaanathu. oru thiribu murai adippadai caronary idhaya noyaip pirathipalikkum endru karudhappadugiradhu.

strain namuunaa electrocardiography, strain namuunaa anedi vishraanti egpy esty depression mariyu tii wave inversion roopamlo anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy (elwehetch) unikiki baga gurtinchabadina marker. idhi repolarisation yokka asaadhaaranata mariyu idhi vividha rakaala gunde jabbula rogulalo pratikuula rooga niroopanhatho mudipadi undhi. cardiac risk stratificationlo eesiji elvihech pramaanaala paatranu meruguparachadamlo idhi mukhyamainadi. oka jaathi namuunaa antarleena coronary haart diseasenu kooda pratibimbistumdani bhaavistunnaaru.

tanao kaa namunah electro cardiography mein tanao kaa namunah sent depression aur tye view anwars kii shakal mein anatomic leaft ventricular hyper trophy (eel wee aich) kii maujudgi kay liye eek achhi tarah say pehchana hawaa maarkar hay. yaha ree polarization kii eek ghair mamuli haisiyat hay aur yaha dall kii bemari kay mukhtalif mareezon mein manfi tashkhis say waabistah hay. yaha cardic rusk stratification mein ayee see jee eel wee aich mayaar kay kirdaar kuu behatar bananay mein aham rehaa hay. yaha khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh tanao kaa namunah bunyadi dall kii bemari kii akaasi bhee kirr saktaa hay.

0008b1ba452509a1cd769893cc74587e8f1c724e47f4c3506caa09ede4760653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33806032

Al Montreuil

Al Montreuil American baseball player (1943–2008) Allan Arthur Montreuil (August 23, 1943 – January 18, 2008) was an American Major League Baseball second baseman who appeared in five games for the 1972 Chicago Cubs. Montreuil was listed as tall and . He threw and batted right-handed. A graduate of De La Salle High School in New Orleans, Montreuil attended Loyola University before being signed by the Boston Red Sox in 1964. He was sent to the Cubs in 1969 after spending almost four full years at the Double-A level in the Boston organization. Montreuil made his Major League debut on September 1, 1972, at Wrigley Field in a 14–3 win against the San Diego Padres. He collected his lone MLB hit in the fourth inning of that game, a single off right-hander Bill Greif. Montreuil started three games at second base for Chicago in the waning weeks of 1972, handling 15 chances without making an error. He played in the Cubs' organization through 1975. After his retirement from baseball, Montreuil worked as a small business owner and realtor before retiring in 1999. For the last 40 years of his life, he lived in Terrytown, Louisiana. He died on January 18, 2008, and was interred at Westlawn Memorial Park & Mausoleum in Gretna, Louisiana. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aal montreuil elen aarthar montreuil (ingrajih Allan Arthur Montreuil) (23 aagosto, 1943-18 january, 2008) egoraki aamerikan mejor leeg besbol dwitiyo besmen aasil ji 1972 sonor sikagu xabosor baabe pasta khelot ongxogrohon korisil. montreuil ukh aaru uscho hisape talikabhukto koraa hoisil. teu xu haatere nikhyep korisil aaru batting korisil. niu orlinsor di laa chell haiskulor snatok montreuile 1964 sonot bob 'ston redd cho' korr dwara swakhyorito huwar aagote loyula biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. bob 'ston xongothonot daabol-e porzayot pray chaari bosor xompurno korar pisot 1969 sonot teuk xabokor usoroloi preron koraa hoisil. montreuile 1972 sonor 1 septemborot rigoli khelpotharot chaan diyegu pedresor biruddhe 14-3 too joylabh kori teur prodhan leegot aatmoprokax korisil. xei khelor soturtho inningsot teu teur ekmatro em. el. bi. hitt xongroho korisil, xufalor kheluwoi bill graifor poraa etaa ekok. montreuile 1972 sonor hraax puwa xoptahot sikagur baabe dwitiyo besot tinita khel aarombho korisil, kunu bhul nokorakoi 15taa xujug porisalona korisil. 1975 sonoloike teu xabokor xongothonot khelisil. besbolor poraa owoxor luwar pisot, montreuile 1999 sonot owoxor luwar aagote ejon khyudro byowoxayi aaru realter hisape kaam korisil. teu jiwanor xex 40 bosor dhori luisianar territownot baax korisil. 2008 sonor 18 januaryt teur mrityu hoy aaru luisianar greatner westlon mem "real park aaru xomadhikhyetrot teuk xomadhistho koraa hoy.

all montreuil allan arthar montreuil (23shhey august, 1943-18ee januari, 2008) ekjon american mejor leeg baseball dwitiya baseman chhilen jini 1972 saaler shikago shabokder hoye panchti khelay uposthito hoyechilen. montreuilke lomba ebong hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo. tini dunn haate chhunde byata corren. neu orlinser deey laa saale uchcho bidyalayer snatok, montreuil 1964 saale boston reeda socks dwara swakkhorito howar agey loyola bishwobidyaloye padashona korechilen. boston sangosthai double-ayee store pray puro chaar bochor katanor porey 1969 saale taake shabokder kachhe pathano hoyechilo. montreuil 1972 saaler 1laa septembara rigli maathe shaan diego paddresser biruddhe ekti 14-3 joye taar prodhan leagay atmoprokash corren. seii khelar choturtho inningse tini taanr ekmatro mlb hitt sangraha corren, danhati bill griffer eka ekok. 1972 saaler shesher saptahogulite montreuil shikagor dwitiya bese tinti gema shuru korey, konao bhul naa korey 15 tii sujog porichalona korey. tini 1975 saal porjonto shabokder sangathane khelechen. baseball theke abosar grohoner porr, montreuil 1999 saale abosar neoar agey ekjon chhoto byabosar malik ebong realter hisabe kaaj korechilen. jeeboner shesh 40 bochor tini louigianar territowne bosobas korechilen. tini 18ee januari, 2008-ayee maaraa zaan ebong louigianar gretner westlon memorial park oo samadhite taanke somahito koraa hoy.

all montrail aelan arther montrail (23 august, 1943-18 january, 2008) aek american mejar leag baseball second baseman hataa, jeo montreuille shikago cubes maate paanch ramatomaa dekhaaya hataa. montrailne unchu aneey unchu tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tene jamnaa haathe fenkyu aneey batting curry. nyu orlinsmaa dii laa saale haai skoolnaa snaatak, montreuille montreuille boostana reeda soaks dwara hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa teey pahelaa loyola universityma haajari aapee hatee. boostana sansthama double-aee stare lagbhag chaar varsh gaadyaa pachhi pachhi temne shaavko paase mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa. montreuille 1 september, montreuille roj rigli fieldma seena diyego paddress saame 14-3 jeet saathe tenee mukhya leegnee sharuaat curry hatee. tene teey ramatnee chothee inningma tenee ekmatra mlb hita melvee, jamnaa haathnaa bill griffany aek single. montreuille montreuille ghatata athvadiyama shikago maate beeja bays parr trana ramato sharoo curry hatee, jemaa koee bhool karyaa vinaa 15 takno saamno karyo hato. teo 1975 sudhee bachchaani sansthama ramyaa hataa. baseballmanthi nivrutti leedha pachhi, montreuille montreuille nivrutti letaa pahelaa naana vyavsaaynaa maaleek aneey realter tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. temnaa jeevannaa chhella 40 varsh sudhee teo louisiana territownmaa raheta hataa. temnu 18 january, january roj avsaan thayu hatoo aneey temne louisiana gretnaamaa westlon memorial paark aneey makbaromaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa.

all montrail ellen arther montruil (23 agast, 1943-18 janwari, 2008) ack americi pramukh leag baseball dwiteeya baseman they joe 1972 key shikago cubes key liye paanch khelon mein dikhaai diye. montrell koo lamba aur soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. unhone fenka aur daaen haath seey ballebaji kii. nyu orleans mein dee laa saile hyee school key snaatak, montruil ney 1964 mein boston redd sokes dwara hastaaksharit honey seey pahale loyola vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya. unhein boston sangathan mein double-aeye star parr lagbhag chaar poore saal bitaane key baad 1969 mein shaavakon key paas bheja gayaa thaa. montrail ney 1 sitambar, 1972 koo rigli feeled mein saine diago padresses key khilaf ack 14-3 jeet mein apani pramukh leag kii shuruat kii. unhone usa khel kii chauthi paari mein apana ekmatra mlb hitt ekatra kiya, daaen haath key bill grief parr ack single. montrail ney 1972 key samaapt honey vaale hafton mein shikago key liye dusare aadhar parr teen game shuru kiye, binaa koee truti kiye 15 avsaron koo sambhala. unhone 1975 taka shaavakon key sangathan mein khela. baseball seey apani sevaanivritti key baad, montril ney 1999 mein sevaanivritt honey seey pahale ack chhote vyavasaay key malik aur realter key roop mein kaam kiya. apane jeevan key antim 40 varshon taka, vaha territown, louisiana mein rahey. 18 janwari, 2008 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein gretna, louisiana mein westlon memorial park aur makbare mein dafnaya gayaa.

all montrule alan orther montruil (august 23,1943-janavari 18,2008) americada majer leigh baseball eradane baseman aagiddu, avaru 1972 rahra chikago kyubsgagi aidu pandyagalalli kanisikondaru. montrail annu ettarada mattu ettarada endu patti maadalaagide. avaru balagai esetavannu esedu batting maadidaru. nyoo arleansna deey laa saale proudhashaaleya padavidhararaada montruil 1964ralli boston redd soksninda sahi haakuva modalu layola vishvavidyaalayakke haajaraagiddaru. boston samstheyalli double-aa mattadalli sumaru naalku purna varshagalannu kaleda nantara 1969ralli avarannu marigala balige kaluhisalaayitu. montruil avaru september 1,1972 randu syaan diego padress viruddha rigli maidaanadalli 14-3 geluvinondige tamma pramukha leagge paadaarpane maadidaru. aaa aatada nalkane inningsnalli avaru tamma ekaika emm. ell. bii. hitt annu galisidaru, balagai atagara bill graphe avara eka runn. montruil 1972rahra kshinisuttiruva vaaragalalli chikagoda eradane besnalli mooru aatagalannu praarambhisi, yaavude tappu maadade 15 avakaashagalannu nibhaayisidaru. avaru 1975ravaregoo marigala samstheyalli aadidaru. basebalninda nivruttiyaada nantara, montruil 1999ralli nivruttaraguva modalu sanna vyaapaarada maalikaraagi mattu real estate maalikaraagi kelasa maadidaru. tamma jeevanada koneya 40 varshagala kaala, avaru louisianada terri tounnalli vaasisuttiddaru. aata janavari 18,2008 randu nidhanaraadaru mattu louisianada gretnaadalliruva westlan smaaraka udyaanavana mattu samadhiyalli samadhi maadalaayitu.

all montrail elon arther montrail (23 august 1943-18 janewari 2008) haah american mejar leag basebalcha dusra baseman hota, joou 1972 chya shikago kyubsasathi paach samnyanmadhye disala. montrail unch aanee mhanoon soochibaddha hote. tyane fekale aanee ujavya hatane falandaji kelee. nyu orlinsmadhil day laa salley highschoolche padvidhar, montreuil yanni 1964 madhye boston reed socksney swakshari karnyapurvi loyola vidyapithat shikshan ghetale. boston sansthemadhye jawaljawal chaar purn varshe duheri-aii staravar ghalavalyanantar 1969 madhye tyanna shavkankade pathvanyat aale. montreuilne 1 september 1972 roji rigli maidanavar sann diego paddressviruddhachya 14-3 vijayat pramukh leegmadhye padarpan kele. tyaa khelachya chauthya davat tyane tyacha ekmev emm. ell. bii. fatka jamavala, ujavya hatachya biil griefchya chenduvar eka dhaav. montrailne montrailne qamee hott chalalelya aathvadyanmadhye shikagosathi shikagosathi talavar teen samne suru kele, jyat tyane konatihi chook naan karata 15 sandhee hatalalya. 1975 paryant too shavkanchya sanghatanet khelala. baseballmadhun nivrutt jhalyanantar, montrailne 1999 madhye nivrutt honyapurvi eka lahan vyavasay malak aanee realter mhanoon kaam kele. tyachya aayushyachi shevatchi 40 varshe too louisianatil territownmadhye rahila. 18 janewari 2008 roji tyanche nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna louisiana yetheel gretna yetheel westlon memorial park aanee makbara yethe daphan karnyat aale.

all montrail alon arther montrail (august 23,1943-janawari 18,2008) ek americi pramukh ligg baseball dosro baseman thie jo 1972 shikago kyubska lagi paanch khelharuma dekha pare. montrail aglo rar rupma suchibadha garieko thiyo. unle dahine hatle prahar rar batt gare. nyu orlinsko day lah sale hai schoolbata snatak, montreuille 1964 maa boston redd soksadwara hastakshar hunu aghi loyola vishwavidyalayama padheka thie. boston sangathanma double-ae starma lagbhag chaar warsha bitaepachhi unlai 1969 maa bachchaharuma pathaieko thiyo. montraile september 1,1972 maa rigli maidanma saan diyego paddress viruddha 14-3 jitma afno pramukh ligg debue gare. unle tyas khelko chautho parima afno ekal mlb heat sankalan gare, dayan hatka bill grefbata ekal. montreuille sann 1972 ko ghatdo haptama sikagoka lagi dosro adharbata tean khelharu suru gare, kunai truti nagari 15 awasarharu samhale. unle sann 1975 samma bachchaharuko sangathanma khele. besbalbata sewaniwritta bhaepachi, montraile 1999 maa sewaniwritta hunu aghi sano wyawasaya malik rar realterko rupma kaam gare. afno jiwanko antim 40 warshasamma, uni territown, louisianama basthe. unko mrityu janawari 18,2008 maa bhayo, rar unlai greatna, luisianako westlon memorial park rar makbarema dafanaiyo.

all montreul alan arther montreul (august 23,1943-januari 18,2008) jane americae mejara ligg baseball dwiteeja baseman thile jie 1972 chikago cobbs paain panchti khelare abhinai karithile. montreuilaku uchchata ebong uchchata bhabe talikabhukta karajaithila. shay dahana haatare phingi byating karithile. nyu arlinsra dii laa saale haiskularu snataka hoithiba montreuil 1964ray boston redd socks dwara swakhyarita heba purbaru loyola biswabidyalajare adhyajana karithile. boston sangathanare praiah chaari barsha double-aii starare bitaiba parey 1969ray tanku shabakamananka nikataku pathajaithila. montreuil 1972 masiha september 1 tarikhare rigli padiaare saana diego padros bipakhyare eka 14-3 bijajare nijara pramukh ligg debyu karithile. sehi khelara chaturtha palire shay tankara ekamatra emm. ell. bii. heat sangraha karithile, dahanahati bill grephnka thaaru gotie. 1972rahr hrass pauthiba saptahare, bina kaunasi trutire 15tii sujogaku sambhali, montreul chikago paain dwiteeja besare tinoti khela arambha karithile. shay 1975 parjyanta shabaka sangathanare khelithile. baseball ru absar neba parey, montreul 1999 ray absar neba purbaru jane chhot byabasai malika ebong realtor bhabare karjya karithile. taanka jeebner shesh 40 barsha paain shay louisianara tereetaunare rahuthile. shay januari 18,2008 ray mrutyubarana karithile ebong louisianara gretnare westlan memorial park ebong samadhi sthanare tanku kabara diajaithila.

all montrel ailan arther montrel (23 agast, 1943-18 janwari, 2008) ikk amriki mejar leeg baseball dooja baseman see joe 1972 dey shikago kibbs laee panj geman witch dikhai ditta. montrel noon lamba atey suchibadh keeta giaa see. uss neey sajje hatth naal suttiaa atey ballebazi keeti. nioo orleans dey dee laa saile hyee school toon graduate, montrail neey 1964 witch boston redd socks duaara hastakhar keete jaanh toon pahilan loyola university witch padahi keeti. uss noon boston sangathan witch double-aii paddhar 'teey lagbhag poore chaar saal bitaun toon baad 1969 witch bacchiaan cole bhejiaa giaa see. montrail neey 1 satambar, 1972 noon sainn diago pedress dey virudh ikk 14-3 jitt witch rigli feeled witch aapni pramukh leeg dee shuruat keeti. uss neey uss khed dee chauthi paari witch sajje hatth dey bill grief dee gend utte ikk single naal aapna iklauta aimm. aill. bee. hitt haasal keeta. montrel neey 1972 dey ghatt rahey haftiaan witch shikago laee dooje adhaar utte tinn geman dee shuruat keeti, binan koee galti keete 15 maukiaan noon sambhaliaa. uh 1975 takk kibbs sangathan witch khediaa. baseball toon retirement toon baad, montrail neey 1999 witch retire honn toon pahilan ikk chhote carobar dey maalak atey realter vajon kamm keeta. aapni zindagi dey aakhri 40 saalan laee, uh territown, luciana witch rahinda see. uss dee maut 18 janwari, 2008 noon hoee atey uss noon gretna, luciana witch westlon memorial park atey makbare witch dafnaiaa giaa.

all montreul aalan aarthar montrayil (august 23,1943-janavaree 18,2008) amerikaadeshasy pramukha-leag-bess baal-dwiteeya-bess-myaan aasit yah 1972 tame varshe chikaago-cubes-kreedaayaah krute panchasu kreedaasu abhyanayt. montrayil iteedam uccham tathaa iti suchyam dattam. saha dakshinahasten praharam, byaat cha krutavaan. nyoo orleans-nagarasya day laa saale-ucchavidyaalayasya snaatakah montrayil 1964 tame varshe boston-redd-sokes ityanena hastaksharitat poorvam loyola-vishvavidyaalaye abhyanayt. boston-samsthaayaam praayah chaturvarshaani double-e-stare vyateetvaa 1969 tame varshe saha shavan prati preshitah. montrayil ityeshah 1972 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 1 dinaanke rigley-kshetre syaan-diyego-padres-viruddham 14-3 vijayam akarot. saha tasmin kreedaayaah chaturthaayaam innings-madhye swasya ekamaatram emm. ell. bii. hitt-hitt-ankitavaan, dakshinahastasya bill-graph ityasya ekam. montrayil-kreedakah 1972 tame varshe shikaago-nagarasya krute dwiteeya-bess-madhye treeni kreedaani aarabhat, 15 avasaraan vinaa trutim nirvahat. saha 1975 tamavarshaparyantam kibbs-samsthaayaam kreeditavaan. besball-kreedaayaah nivruttehe anantaram montrayil 1999 tame varshe nivruttaat poorvam laghu-vyaapaar-swami, realtor iti cha rupena karyam krutavaan. swasya jeevanasya antima-40 varshaani yaavat saha louisiana-nagarasya territown-nagare nivasat. saha 2008 janavaree 18 dinaanke mrutah, louisiana-nagarasya gretna-nagare vest-laan-smaarak-udyaane tathaa samaadhisthale cha samaadhisthah.

all montruil allan aarthar montruil (august 23,1943-janavari 18,2008) oru america mejar leak baseball irandaavathu baseman aavaar, avar 1972 sikago kuttigalukkaaga ainthu poattikalil thoantrinaar. montruil uyaramaana mattrum pattiyalidappattathu. avar valathu kaiyil veechi paet seithaar. neu arleancil ulla dii laa salae uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettra montruil, 1964 aam aandil baston redd soksal kaiyezhuththidappaduvadharku munbu layola palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar. baston amaippil irattai-oru mattaththil kittatthatta naanku muzhu aandugalai kaliththa piragu 1969 aam aandil avar kuttigalukku anuppapattaar. montruil septumber 1,1972 andru rigli kazhaththil chaan tiago patrace anikku ethiraaga oru 14-3 vetrtriyil thanathu mukiya leak arimugamaanaar. antha vilaiyaattin naankaavathu inningsil avar thanathu oray emm. ell. pii. hiid, valathu kaii pill graphe oru single pettraar. 1972 aam aandin veezhchchiyadaiyum vaarangkalil sikakovin irandaavathu thalaththil montruil moontru aattangkalaith thodangkinaar, endha thavarum seiyaamal 15 vaaippugalaik kaiyandar. avar 1975 varai kuttigal amaippil vilaiyaadinaar. baseball vilaiyaattil irunthu oaivu pettra piragu, montruil 1999 ill oaivu peruvatharku munbu oru siru vaniga urimaiyaalaraagavum riyal estate niruvanamaagavum paniyaattrinaar. thanathu vaazhkkaiyin kadaisi 40 aandugalil, avar louisianavin terri downill vasiththu vanthaar. avar janavari 18,2008 andru iranthaar, maelum louisianavin grednavil ulla westlan ninaivu poongaa mattrum kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar.

all montreel allan orther montruil (aagashtu 23,1943-janavari 18,2008) oka american majer leag baseball rendava baseman, athanu 1972 chikago cubes kosam aidu aatalalo kanipinchaadu. montrail podavainadigaa jabita cheyabadindi. athanu kudi chethitho visiri batting chesaadu. nyuu orleensloni dii laa salle unnata paatasaalalo pattabhadrudaina montruil 1964loe boston redd sokes chetha santakam cheyabadataaniki mundu layola vishwavidhyaalayaaniki hajarayyadu. boston samsthalo double-eah sthaayilo daadaapu naalugu puurti samvatsaraalu gadipina taruvaata 1969loe pillala vaddaku pampabaddaadu. montrail thana pradhana leag arangetram september 1,1972naa, rigley feeldlo shaan diego padresto jarigina 14-3 vijayamlo chesaadu. athanu aaa aata yokka naalugo inningslo thana ekaika mlb hitnu, kudicheti vaatam bill graphe chetilo oka single saadhinchaadu. montrail 1972 ksheenistunna varallo chikago kosam rendava bays vadda moodu atalanu praarambhinchindi, etuvanti porapaatu cheyakunda 15 avakaasaalanu nirvahinchindi. athanu 1975 varaku pillala samsthalo aadadu. bays baall nundi padavee viramana chesina taruvaata, montrail 1999loe padavee viramana cheyadaaniki mundu chinna vyapara yajamani mariyu real estate yajamaniga panicheesaaru. thana jeevitamlo chivari 40 samvatsaraalu, athanu louisianaloni terri townloo nivasinchaadu. athanu janavari 18,2008naa maraninchaadu mariyu louisianaloni gretnaloni westlan memorial park & samaadhilo khananam cheyabaddaadu.

ill montriol ailan aarthar montriyal (23 agast 1943-18 januri 2008) eek americi meejar leeg bees baal second bees meen thaa juu 1972 kay shikago cubus kay liye paanch kheelon mein nazar aayaa. montriol kuu lamba aur kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss nay daayein haath say phaink kirr batting kii. neo orleans kay ddee laa seelay hayee school say faarig altahseel montriol nay 1964 mein bostan reed soks kay dastakhat karnay say pehley loyola university mein taleem haasil kii. inhein bostan tanzim mein double-aey satah parr taqriba puray chaar saal guzarnay kay baad 1969 mein bachon kay paas bheja gayaa. montriol nay yakam satambar 1972 kuu raglay feld mein saan diago pedress kay khalaaf 14-3 jeeth mein apnee bury leeg kaa aaghaz kiyaa. iss nay iss kheel kii chothi anangz mein apnaa waahid ayem eel bee hutt aktha kiyaa daayein haath kay bull greef say eek sangal. montriol nay 1972 kay zawal pazeer hafton mein shikago kay liye dosray bees parr teen kheel sharoo kiyay baghair ghalti kiye 15 mawaqa kuu sanbhala. wah 1975 takk bachon kii tanzim mein khelay. bees baal say retirement kay baad montriol nay 1999 mein retire honay say pehley eek chhotay say karobar kay maalik aur railter kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. apnee zindagi kay aakhri 40 saalon takk wah terry town loisiana mein rahay. inn kaa inteqal 18 januri 2008 kuu hawaa aur inhein greatna loisiana mein vest laan memorial paark aur maqbaray mein dafan kiyaa gayaa.

0008b363d6226e27f4b65b7fa9f6efc09c090bbca9821446e0a28e68e2f6a4ad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43125157

Alias French Gertie

Alias French Gertie 1930 film by George Archainbaud Alias French Gertie is an American pre-Code crime film directed by George Archainbaud from a screenplay by Wallace Smith, based upon the unproduced play "The Chatterbox" by Bayard Veiller. The film stars Bebe Daniels and Ben Lyon, who were making their first on-screen appearance together. A copy of this film survives in the Library of Congress. Plot. French Gertie is a jewel thief posing as French maid named Marie, and she plans to rob the safe of her employer. However, on the night of the robbery, a thief named Jimmy appears, also intending to empty the safe. Jimmy opens the safe and the two agree to divide the contents evenly. However, when the police arrive, Jimmy hides Gertie and is arrested, later admitting to perpetrating the crime alone. After serving a year-long prison sentence, Jimmy is reunited with Gertie, and they form a crime partnership. After several bank robberies, Marie and Jimmy agree that after one last haul, they will turn straight. Marie, along with her friends and neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Matson, persuade Jimmy to invest his $30,000 savings in Matson's business. However, the Matsons are also crooks who have stolen Jimmy's life's savings. After Jimmy determines to return to safecracking, planning to begin with Marie's former employers, Marie hatches a plot to encourage him to turn straight. When Detective Kelcey agrees to allow them to remain free if they will turn straight, they agree. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>* Bebe Daniels as Marie Production. "Alias French Gertie" is the first film to feature both Daniels and Lyon. They were married a short time later in June 1930, and they remained married until Daniels' death in 1971. The film was a remake of the 1925 FBO silent film "Smooth as Satin", starring Evelyn Brent and Bruce Gordon and directed by Ralph Ince. Reception. In a contemporary review for "The New York Times", critic Mordaunt Hall wrote: "[T]his film has not been handled with the subtlety and smoothness it deserves. Nevertheless, up to a certain point, it is a production that holds the interest, but what should have been the main idea is sacrificed for a more obvious turn of events. ... This might have been a more engrossing piece of work had the climax been kept to the uncovering of the evil doings of the Matsons, instead of carrying on the story to another attempt at stealing." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uponam forasi gerti urbor france gerti hoise beyard weileror prokaxito nuhuwa naatok "dyo setterbox" ror uporot aadharito wales smithor sitronatyor poraa jorjo archainbade porisalona koraa ekhon aamerikan praak-code oporadh solositro. solositro taroka daniels aaru benn liyone ekeloge teulukor prothom pordat uposthiti dekhuwaisil. ei sobikhonor etaa protilipi congressor puthibhoralot aase. plot. bosoror xasti bhug korar pisot jimmiye gertir xoite punor milito hoy, aaru duyujone oporadhor khetrot ongxidaritwo gothon kore. keibatau benk lutpator pisot, meree aaru jimeeye ekmot hoy je etaa xex dakonir pisot, teuluk pune hoi jaabo. meree, ji teur apartment bhowonor kaxor suburiyar xoite bondhutwo korise, shree. aaru srimoti. metson, ji jimmik teur 30,000 dollar xonchoy metsonor byowoxayot biniyug koriboloi proluvito kore. durbhagyojonokbhabe, metsonbure nijoke oporadhi buli prokax kore, aaru jimmik teur jiwanor xonsoyor poraa protaron korise. jetiya jimeeye merir prakton niyugkortaxokolor poraa aarombho kori xefkrekingloi ubhoti juwar xiddhanto loy, meriye teuk punpotiyakoi jaboloi utxahito koriboloi etaa xorojontro kore. jetiya ejon xothridoyor surangsuwa, kelsei, teulukok punkoi jaabo buli protisruti di haator poraa aatorai diye, teuluke xonmot hoy. obhyorthona. "dyo nework times" ror xomalusok mordant hole benn liyonor proti dorxok nuhuwar biporite bey danielsor obhinoyor proxongxa kori sobikhonok ek mridu xomaluchona korisil. xamogrikbhabe, teu sobikhonok koichil, "... iyar jugyo xukhmota aaru moxrinotare niyontron koraa huwa naai. tothapiu, etaa nirdisto porzayoloike, ee hoise ek projujona ji aagroh raakhe, kintu mool dharonatu ki huwa usit aasil xeya ghotonar odhik sposto poribortonor baabe tyag koraa hoy." noot. eikhon prothomkhon sobi zo 'too bey daniels aaru benn liyone xoho-obhinoy korisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote, 1930 sonor june maahot, teulukor bibah hoy aaru 1971 sonot teur mrityu huwaloike duyu bibahito hoi aasil. jikhon natokor poraa ei sitronatyotu obhijujit koraa hoisil, "dyo setterbox", xeikhon ketiyau prostut huwa zen logaa huwa naai. ei sobikhon aasil 1925 sonor ef. bi. oh '. nirob sobi "smuth ej satin" ror punor nirman, zo "too evlin brent aaru bruch go" rdone obhinoy korisil aaru ralof inchor dwara porisalito hoisil.

orofe farasi garty beard viller aprokashito natok "dya chatterbox"-err upor vitti korey walles smither chitronatto theke george archainbod porichalito ekti american praka-code aporadh cholochchitro holl orofe french garty. cholochchitro tarkara hollen daniels ebong beena leone, jaaraa eksange pordai taader prothom uposthiti toiri korchilen. eyi cholochchitrer ekti anulipi congresser gronthagare sanrakkhito royeche. plot. taar bochorer saja bhog korar porey, jimmy gartyr saathe punra milit hoy ebong dujone aporadhe angshidaritto gathon korey. besh koyekti bank dakatir porr, merry ebong jimmy ekmat hoy jey shesh baarer moto dakatir porr taaraa soja choley jaabe. merry, jey taar apartment buildinger pasher protibeshider saathe bondhutto koreche, mih. ebong misses. matson, jini jimmike matsoner byabosai taar 30,000 dollar sanchaya biniyog korte prolubdho corren. durbhagyoboshoto, matsonerai nijerderke protarok boley money korey ebong jimmy-keey taar jeeboner sanchaya theke protarito korey. jokhon jimmy merir praktan niyogkortader theke shuru korey safecracking-ayee firey yawar siddhanta neyo, tokhon merry taake soja jete utsahito korar jonno ekti chokranto korey. jokhon ekjon sathridayer goenda, kelsey, taader eyi protishruti diye chhede deyo jey taaraa soja jaabe, tokhon taaraa raji hoy. abhyarthana. "dya neu eork times"-err somalochok, mordant holl, beena leoner proti sadaya naa hoyeo, beey danielser abhinoyer proshongsha korey cholochchitrotike ekti halka porjalochona diyechilen. samogrikbhabe, tini bollen, "... etir prapyo sukkhota ebong masrinata diye porichalona koraa hoyney. taa sotteo, ekti nirdishto bindu porjonto, etty emon ekti prajojana jaa agroho dharon korey, tobey mool dharonati jaa haoya uchito chhilo taa arow susposhto ghotona poribortoner jonno tyag koraa hoy." note. ate prothom cholochchitro jekhane beey daniels ebong beena leone soho-abhinoy korechilen. err alpo kichudin porei, 1930 saaler june maase, taanra biye corren ebong 1971 saale taanr mrityur augh porjonto taanra bibahito chhilen. jey natok theke eyi chitronattoti abhijojito hoyechilo, "dya chatterbox", taa kokhono nirmito hoyney boley money hoy. cholochchitroti 1925 saaler fbo nirab cholochchitro "smooth ayaja suttin"-err punarnirman chhilo, jekhane evlin brent ebong bruce gordon abhinoy korechilen ebong ralf inns dwara porichalito hoyechilo.

upnaam french gerty upnaam french gerty aee george arcanboud dwara nirdeshit aek american purv-qoda gunaahit film chhe, jeey wallace smithnee patkathaa parthee bayered weilernaa aprakashit naatak "dhaa chatterbox" parr aadharit chhe. aaa filmna kalakaro daniels aneey bayne leone chhe, jeo eksaathe screen parr temnee pratham haajari aapee rahyaa hataa. aaa filmnee aek nakal library off kongresamaa chhe. plooat. tenee varshnee sajaa bhogvyaa pachhi, jimmine gerty saathe fareethi jodvama aave chhe, aneey banne gunaama bhagidari banaave chhe. ghanee benk lunt pachhi, meerii aneey jimmi sammat thaay chhe keey aek chhelli lunt pachhi, teo seedha jaj jashe. meerii, jeey tenaa apartment buildingma bajunaa padoshio saathe mitrataa bunny gaee chhe, shree. aneey shrimati. matson, jeey jimmine tenee 30,000 dollarni bachat metasannaa vyavsayma rokaan karvaa maate lalchaave chhe. kamanaseebe, aaa matsons pote jaj badmasho bunny jaay chhe, aneey jimmine tenaa jeevanni bachatmathi bahaar kaadhee naakhe chhe. jyaare jimmi mereena bhutpurv nokaridataothi sharoo kareene safecracking parr paachha javaanu nakki karey chhe, tyaare meerii tene seedha javaa maate protsaahit karvaa maate kaavtaru banaave chhe. jyaare aek saaraa deelno jasus, calcy, temne vachan aapeene javaa deey chhe keey teo seedha jaj jashe, tyaare teo sammat thaay chhe. swaagat. "dhaa newyork times" naa vivechak, mordont holley, bayne leone pratye dayaalu naa hovaa chhataa, beey danielsna abhinayni prashansa kareene, filmne hadvee samiksha aapee hatee. ekandare, temane kahyoo hatoo keey film "... tene laayak sukshmataa aneey saraltaa saathe niyantrit karvaamaa aavyu nathee. tema chhataa, aek chokkas bindu sudhee, teey aek utpaadan chhe jeey rus dharaave chhe, parantu jeey mukhya vichaar hovo joiae teey ghatanaona vadhu spasht valaank maate balidan aapvama aave chhe." nondho. aaa pahelee film chhe jemaa beey daniels aneey bayne leone saathe kaama karyoo hatoo. thodaa samay pachhi, juuna juuna temnaa lagna thayaa aneey aneey temnaa mrutyu sudhee banne lagna kartaa rahyaa. jeey natakmathi aaa patkathaa rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee, "dhaa chatterbox", teey kyaarey banavvama aavyu hoya tevu laagtu nathee. aaa film film aef. bii. oo. nee mook film 'smooth aej satin' nee remack hatee, jemaa avaline brent aneey bruce gorden hataa aneey ralf inns dwara nirdeshit hatee.

urf french gerty urf french gerty ack americi poorv-code aparaadh film haye jiska nirdeshan george archenboud ney kiya haye aur yeh bared weiler key aprakaashit naatak "dha chatterbox" parr adharit haye. film key sitaare daniels aur bayne leone they, joe ack saath pahali baar parde parr dikhaai dey rahey they. iss film kii ack prati congress key pustakalaya mein bachee hui haye. plot. apani ack saal kii sajaa kaatane key baad, jimmi kaa phir seey gerty key saath millen hoe jaataa haye, aur donon aparaadh mein saajhedaari karate hain. kaee baink dakaiti key baad, mairi aur jimmi sahmat hain kii ack antim dakaiti key baad, way seedhe chaley jaayenge. mairi, joe apane apartment kii imarat mein buggle key padosiyon key saath dosti curr chuki haye, shree. aur shrimati. matson, joe jimmi koo apani 30,000 dollar kii bachat koo matson key vyavasaay mein nivesh karane key liye lubhaata haye. durbhagya seey, matson khud badmash bunn jaate hain, aur jimmi koo usake jeevan kii bachat seey baahar nikaal dete hain. jaba jimmi mairi key poorv niyoktaon seey shuru karate hue, surakshit sthaan parr vaapas jaane kaa faisala kartaa haye, tou mairi usey seedhe jaane key liye protsaahit karane key liye ack sajish rachati haye. jaba ack nekdil jasus, kelsey, unhein iss vaade key saath chhod detaa haye kii way seedhe chaley jaayenge, tou way sahmat hoe jaate hain. swaagat. "dha newyork times" key aalochak, mordant holl ney bayne leone key prati dayalu naheen honey key saath-saath, bebe daniels key abhinay kii prashansa karate hue film koo ack udaseen sameeksha dee. kull milakar, unhone film key baare mein kahaa... ise usa sookshmata aur sahajata key saath naheen sambhala gayaa haye jisake vaha hakdar hain. phir bhee, ack nishchit bindu taka, yeh ack aisaa utpaadan haye jisamen ruchi haye, lekin joe mukhya vichaar honah chaahiye thaa, vaha ghatnaaon key adhik spasht modd key liye tyag diyaa jaataa haye." notes. yeh pahali film haye jisamen bey daniels aur bayne leone ney saha-abhinay kiya haye. kuchh samay baad, juuna 1930 mein unaki shaadi hui, aur donon 1971 mein unaki mrityu taka shadishuda rahey. jiss naatak seey iss patkatha koo rupaantarit kiya gayaa thaa, "dha chatterbox", aisaa kabhi naheen lagata kii kabhi nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh film 1925 kii aff. bee. oh. mook film, smooth aij saatan kii remake thee, jisamen avalin brent aur broose gorden ney abhinay kiya thaa aur ralf inns dwara nirdeshit thee.

french gerty emba upanaama alias french gurty embudu georg arcainbad nirdeshisida american purva-code aparadha chalanachitravagiddu, bared wheeler avara utpattiyagada nataka "dhii chatterbox" annu aadharisida vallace smith avara chitrakatheyinda nirdeshisalpattide. ee chalanachitrada taareyaru daniels mattu benn leone, avaru ottige tamma modala tereya mele kanisikolluttiddaru. ee chitrada ondu pratiyu library off kangresnalli ulidide. plat. tanna varshada siksheyannu anubhavisida nantara, jimmi gertiyondige matte seruttaane mattu ibbaroo aparaadhadalli paaludaarikeyannu rupisuttaare. halavaaru bank darodegala nantara, merrie mattu jimmi ondu koneya dochida nantara, avaru neravagi hoguttaare endu opputtaare. tanna apartment kattadadalli pakkada maneya nerehoreyavarondige sneha belesikondiruva merrie, shree. mattu srimati. matson, tanna 30,000 dollar ulitaayavannu matson vevahaaradalli hoodike maaduvante jimmiyannu pralobhisuttaane. duradrushtavashat, matsongalu tammannu taavu vanchakarendu kandukolluttaare mattu jimmiyannu avana jeevanada ulitaayadinda vanchisiddare. jimmi, meriya maaji udyogadatarinda praarambhisi, saphe crackinge maralalu nirdharisidaaga, merrie avanannu neravagi hogalu proothsaahisalu sanchu roopisuttaane. kelse emba olleya-hrudayada pattedaaranu, avaru neravagi hoguttaare emba bharavaseyondige avarannu bidisidaaga, avaru opputtaare. svaagata. "dhii newyork times" naa vimarshaka, mordant haal, beb daniels avara natane bagge mechchuge vyaktapadisuttaa, benn leone avarante daye torisade, ee chitrakke soumya vimarsheyannu niididaru. ottaareyaagi, avaru chalanachitravannu helidaru... adakke arhavaada sookshmate mattu mrudutvadinda nirvahisalaagilla. aadaagyoo, ondu nirdishta hantadavarege, idu aasaktiyannu hondiruva ondu utpaadaneyaagide, aadare mukhya kalpaneyagiddannu ghatanegala hecchu spashta tiruvugaagi tyaga maadalaaguttade." tippanigalu. idu beey daniels mattu benn leone saha-natisida modala chitravagide. swalpa samayada nantara, zoon 1930 ralli avaru vivaahavaadaru, mattu 1971 ralli aakeya maranadavaregu ibbaroo vivaahavaadaru. ee chitrakatheyannu alavadisikonda nataka, "dhii chatterbox" annu endigoo nirmisalaagilla. ee chitravu 1925rahra eff. bii. oo. mooka chalanachitravaada "smooth aus sattin" naa remake aagiddu, idaralli evelin brent mattu broose garden natisiddaare mattu ralf inns nirdeshisiddare.

franch gerty enna peru bared veellarude nirmmikkaatha naadakamaaya "dhii chatterbox" adisthaanamaakki jorjju arcainboad samvidaanam cheytha oru american pree-coode crime chithramaanu franch gerty enna vilipperu. daniels benn leone aadyamaayi screenil onnichu prathyakshappettavaraan. eee sinimayude oru pakarpp library oof kongrasil avasheshikkunnu. plott. oru varshathe shiksha anubhavicha sesham, jimmy gertyumaayi veendum onnikkukayum iruvarum kuttakrithyatthil pankaalittham sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. niravadhi baank kavarchakalkku sesham, avasaanathe oru thavanakkushesham avar nere pookumennu maariyum jimmy sammathikkunnu. thante appaartment kettidatthile aduthulla ayalkkaarumaayi sauhrudam pularthiya merii, misttar. oppam srimati. maatsan, thante 30,000 dollar sambaadyam maattsante bisinessil nikshepikkaan jimmy pralobhippikkunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, maatsans thangaletthanne vanjakanmaaraayi maarukayum jimmy avante jeevita sambaadyathil ninnu kabalippikkukayum cheythu. maariyude muun thozhiludamakalil ninnu aarambhich saphe crackinglake madangaan jimmy theerumaanikkumbol, nere pookaan prolsaahippikkunnathi merii oru goodaalochana nadathunnu. oru nalla hridayamulla detective, kelsey, avar nere pookumennu vaagdaanam cheyth avare vittayakkumbol, avar sammathikkunnu. sweekaranam. "dhii newyork times" niroopakanaaya mordond haal, benn leoninode athra daya kaanikkaathappol, beeii daaniyalsinte abhinayathe prashamsichukondu chithrathinu oru nalla avalokanam nalki. mothatthil, addeham paranju, "... athu arhikkunna sookshumathayum sugamatayum upayogichu kaikaaryam cheythitilla. ennirunnaalum, oru nischitha ghattam vare, ithu thalpparyam nilanirthunna oru nirmmaanamaan, ennaal pradhana ashayam enthaayirikkanam ennathu kooduthal vyakthamaaya sambhavavikasangalkkaayi thyagam cheyyappedunnu." kurippukal. beeii daniels benn leone orumichu abhinayicha aadya chithramaanith. kurachu samayathinu sesham, 1930 juunil avar vivahitharaayi, 1971ll avarude maranam vare iruvarum vivahitharaayi. eee thirakkatha sweekaricha "chatterbox" enna naadakam orikkalum nirmmichathaayi thonnunnilla. 1925ll evelin brantum broose gorden abhinayichathum ralph ins samvidaanam cheythathumaaya "smooth aas saattin" enna eph. bii. oo. nisshabdachithrathinte remakeayirunnu eee chithram.

french gerty asey upnav urf french gerty haah george aarkenbaudne digdarshit kelela eka american purv-code gunhegari chitrapat aahe, joou wallace smithchya patkathevar aadharit aahe, joou bayered vhilarchya aprakashit natak 'daad chatterbox' varr aadharit aahe. yaa chitrapatatil kalakar daniels aanee baine lyon heey hote, jeey ekatra padadyavar pahilyanda jhalkat hote. yaa chitrapatachi eka prat library auph congressmadhye aahe. plot. tyachi varshachi shiksha bhogalyanantar, jimmichi gertishee punha bhet hote aanee doghe gunhyat bhagidari karatat. anek banq darodyannantar, merrie aanee jimmi sahmat hotat qee eka shevatchya ferinantar, teey saral jaatil. merrie, jichi tichya sadnika imaratit shejarchya shejayanshi maitri jhaali aahe, shree. aanee shrimati. matson, joou jimmila tyachi 30,000 dollarschee bachat matsonchya vyavasayat guntavanyasathi mohato. durdaivane, matson swatach badmash asalyache nishpann hote aanee tyanni jimmila tyachya aayushyatil bachatitoon baher kadhale aahe. jevha jimmine mereechya majee niyoktyanpasun suruvat karoon sefcrackingkade parat jaanyacha nirnay ghetala, tevha merrie tyala saral jaanyasathi protsahit karnyasathi cutt rachate. jevha eka sadguni guptaher, kelsey, tyanna teey saral jaatil asey vachan deuun hook sodoon deto, tevha teey sahmat hotat. swagat. "daad newyork times' chey samikshak, mordont holl yanni baine lyonshi dayalu nasatanahi, bebe danielschya abhinayache kautuk karat, chitrapatache saumya punaravalokan kele. ekandarit, too chitrapat mhanala, "... tyala patra asalelya sookshmatene aanee gulgulitpane hatalale gele nahee. tathapi, eka vishisht tappyaparyant, hii eka ashee nirmiti aahe jyat swarasya aahe, parantu mukhya kalpana kaay asayala havee hotee tee ghatananchya adhik spasht valanasathi tyagali jaate." nondi. haah pahilach chitrapat aahe jyamadhye bebe daniels aanee baine lyon yanni saha-abhinay keela aahe. tyanantar kahee kalanantar, juuna 1930 madhye tyanche lagn jhaale aanee 1971 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant doghanche lagn jhaale. jyaa natkatoon hii patkatha rupantarit karnyat aalee hotee, 'daad chatterbox', teey kadhihi tayar jhalele disat nahee. haah chitrapat 1925chya eff. bii. oo. mook chitrapatachi punarnirmiti hotee, 'smooth aij satin', jyat evelin brent aanee broos gorden yanni abhinay keela hota aanee ralf inns yanni digdarshit keela hota.

upanam french gerty urf french gerty ek americi purva-code aparadh chalchitra how june george archenbadle walls smithko patakathabata nirdeshan gareka hun, june beyard weilerko aprakashit natak "da chatterbox" maa adharit chha. film starharu daniels rar bayne leone hun, jasle sangai pahilo patak pardama dekha pardai thie. yass chalchitrako euta pratilipi congressko pustakalayama chha. plut. afno warshako sajaya bhogisakepachhi, zimmi gartisanga punah milcha, rar duwaile aparadhma sajhedari banaunchhan. dherai bank dakaitipachi, merry rar zimmi sahamat hunchhan kii ek antim paltapachhi, tiniharu sidhai janechhan. merry, jo afno apartment bhawanma chheuko gharka chhimekiharusanga mitrata bhaeko chha, shree. rar shrimati. matson, jasle jimmilai matsonko wyawasayama afno $30,000 bachat lagani garna pralobhan dinchha. durbhagyawash, matsonharu afai badmash baneka chhan, rar jimmilai usako jiwanko bachatbata thageka chhan. jab jimmile merika purva niyoktaharubata suru garera safecrackingma farkane nirnaya garchha, merile usalai sidhai zahn protsahit garna shadyantra banaunchha. jab ek asal hridayako jasus, kelsile, uniharulai sidhai jaane wacha garera hookbata bahira nikalchha, tiniharu sahamat hunchhan. swagat. "da newyork times" kaa alochak, mordant halle bayne leonprati dayalu nabhaeko bela, bey danielsko abhinayako prashansa gardai filmlai ek susta samiksha die. samagrama, unle film bhane, "... yasalai yogya sukshmata rar sahajataka sath handle garieko chhaina. jey hose, ek nishchit bindusamma, yo ek utpadan how jasle chaso rakhchha, tara mukhya vichar key hunupardacha ghatanaharuko thap spashta modka lagi tyag garinchha." noteharu. yo pahilo film how jasma bey daniels rar bayne leonle saha-abhinaya gareka thie. tyasko kehi samayapachi, june 1930 maa uniharule vivaha gare, rar duwaile sann 1971 maa unko mrityu nabhaesamma vivaha gare. june natakbata yo patakatha anukulit garieko thiyo, "da chatterbox", tyo kahilyai nirman bhaeko jasto lagdaina. yo film sann 1925 ko fbo silent film "smooth age satin" ko remake thiyo, jasma ebhlin brent rar bruce gordenle abhinaya gareka thie rar ralf insdwara nirdeshit thiyo.

upanama french gerty french gerty' naamare janashuna eka americae pri-code aparadha chalachitra, jahara nirdeshana deichhanti george archenbad, wallace smithnka dwara likhita eka chitranatya, jaahaa bayard bhilarnka anah-nirmita nataka 'daa chatter bucks' upare aadharita. ehi chalachitrara tarka daniels ebong bayne leone, jeunmane pratham thara paain paradare ekathi abhinai karuthile. ehi chalachitrara eka nakal congress laibrereere achhi . plut. eka barshar danda bhogiba parey, zimmi gartinka saha puni ekathi huanti, ebong duhen aparadhare bhagidari karanti . aneka byanka dakajati parey, maari ebong zimmi raaji huanti je gotie shesh dakajati parey, semane sidha chalijibe . merry, jieki taanka apartment bildingre padosheenka saha bandhuta karichanti, mea. ebong srimati. matson, jie jiminku taanka $30,000 sanchajaku myatsanka byabasajare binijoga karibaku pralubdha karanti . durbhagyabashatah, matsonmane nije thaka bolly janapadanti, ebong jimminku taanka jeebner sanchajaru thakichanti . jetebele jimi sayf krakingku pheribaku sthira karanti, merinka purbatana nijuktidatankatharu arambha curry, maari tanku sidha jibaku utsahita kariba paain eka sadajantra karanti . jetebele jane bhal hrudayara guptachar, kelsey, semananku ehi pratishruti dei hukaru bahara karidianti je semane sidha jibe, semane raaji huanti . swagata. "daa nyujarka timeser" samalochaka, mordant hull, bayne lionanka prati dajashila naah thiba bele, bay denijalsanka abhinajaku prashansa curry chalachitratiku eka mrudu samikhya deithile. motamoti bhabe, shay ehi chalachitra bishajare kahithile..... ehara jogya sukshmata ebong masrunata sahita parichalana karajai naahin . tathapi, eka nirdista bindu parjyanta, ehaa eka utpadana jaahaa agraha dhaaran kare, kintu jaahaa mukhya dharana heba uchit taaha ghatanara eka adhika spust mode paain tyaga karajae ." note. ehaa heuchhi pratham chalachitra jeunthire bay daniels ebong bayne leone saha-abhinai karithile. ehara kichhi samai parey, june 1930 ray, semane bibaha karithile, ebong 1971 ray taanka mrutyu parjyanta duhen bibaha karithile. jeun natakaru ehi chitranatyaku rupantarita karajaithila, "daa chatterbox", kadapi nirmita hoinathiba pari dekhajae . ehi chalachitrati 1925 masihar aif. bii. oh. neerab chalachitra 'smooth ages satin' rahr remake thila, jeunthire evalin brent ebong brus gerden abhinai karithile ebong ralf insanka dwara nirdeshita hoithila.

uraf franch gerty uraf franch gerty ikk amriki pree-code crime film haii jiss daa nirdeshan jaaraj archenboad neey keeta haii, joe kii valace smith duaara ikk screenplay toon haii, joe bared wheeler duaara ann-nirmit natak "dha chatterbox" utte adharat haii. film starr daniels atey baine leone hunn, joe ikkathe aapni pahili aana-screen peshkari qarr rahey sunn. iss film dee ikk kaapi library aaf congress witch bachi hoee haii. plaat. aapni saal dee sazaa kattan toon baad, jimmi gerty naal dubara mill jaanda haii, atey doven apradh witch bhaiwali banaunde hunn. kaee baink dakaitiaan toon baad, mairi atey jimmi iss gall 'teey sehmat hunde hunn kii ikk aakhri dakaiti toon baad, uh siddhe chaley jaange. mairi, joe aapne apartment dee imaarat witch guaandhiaan naal dosti qarr gaee haii, shriman. atey shriman jee. matson, joe jimmi noon matson dey carobar witch aapni 30,000 dallar dee bacchat daa nivesh curran laee lubhaunda haii. badkismati naal, matson aapne aap witch dhokhebaaz bann jaande hunn, atey unhan neey jimmi noon uss dee zindagi dee bacchat vicchon thhagg ditta haii. jadon jimmi neey mairi dey sabka malkan toon shuru karde hoye safecracking vall waps jaanh daa faisla keeta, taan mairi uss noon siddha jaanh laee utshahit curran laee ikk sazish rachdi haii. jadon ikk change dill daa jasus, calcy, uhanan noon ih vaada curran dinda haii kii uh siddhe jaange, taan uh sehmat hoow jaande hunn. suagat. "dha newyork times" dey aalochak, mordount haal neey film noon ikk nigghi samikhiaa ditti, jiss witch baine leone pratee dialu naa hunde hoye, beey daniels dee adakari dee parshansa keeti gaee. kull milaa keey, unhan neey film noon kiha... iss noon uss sookhmata atey nirvighanta naal naheen sambhaliaa giaa haii jiss daa uh hakkdaar haii. firr vee, ikk nishchit bindu takk, ih ikk ajiha utpadan haii jiss witch dilchaspi hundi haii, parr joe mukkh vichaar honaa chahida see, uh ghatnavan dey vadhere spasht modd laee kurban keeta jaanda haii." notes. ih pahili film haii jiss witch beey daniels atey baine leone neey sahi-abhinai keeta haii. uhanan daa viaah kujh samein baad, juun 1930 witch hoiaa see, atey doven 1971 witch uhanan dee maut takk viaahe rahey. jiss natak toon iss screenplay noon anukulit keeta giaa see, "dha chatterbox", kadey vee tiaar naheen keeta giaa japda. ih film 1925 dee eff. bee. ou. dee chupp film 'smooth aiz saatan' daa remake see, jiss witch avalin brent atey broos gorden neey abhinai keeta see atey iss daa nirdeshan ralf ins neey keeta see.

upanaama french gerty alias french gerty iti amerikaadeshasy poorva-code-aparaadh-chalacchitram asti, yasya nirdeshanm jaarj archenbad ityanena krutam asti, yat beyard wheeler ityasya aprastuta-natakasya "da chetterbox" ityasya aadhaaren vyaales smit ityasya chitrakathaayaah aadhaaren nirmitam asti. chalacchitra-taarakaah daniels tathaa benn leone cha aasan, ye prathamavaaram ekasmin paradayam militvaa drushyante sma. asya chalacchitrasya pratilipihi labrary aaf kaangres ityatra asti. plut. ekavarshasya dandaadeshasy anantaram jimmi, gerty ityanena saha punah militah bhavati, tau aparaadhakshetre sahabhaagitvam cha kalpayanti. anekeshaam byaank-dakaiteenaam anantaram, maaree jimmi cha ekena antima-dakaitee-anantaram te sakshat gacchanti iti angeekrunti. maaree, yaa svagruhasya bhavane paarshva-prativeshineem saha mitrataa krutaa, shree. tathaa cha shrimati. matson, yah jimmi ityenam swasya $30,000 sanchayam matson ityasya vyavasaaye niveshayitum pralobhayati. durbhagyataya, matsons-janaah svayameva vanchakaani bhavanti, tathaa cha jimmi ityasya jeevanasya sanchayaat vanchitaah santi. yadaa jimmi, merry ityasya poorvaniyojakaih aarabhy, sefkreking-krute punah gantum nirdhaarayati, tadaa mairee tam sakshat gantum protsaahayitum shadyantram karoti. yadaa kelsey iti sadhrudayah gupta-anweshakah, te sakshat gacchanti iti pratijnayaa tam nishkaasayati, tadaa te sammatam kurvanti. sweekaranam. "da nyoo yaark tams" ityasya sameekshakah mordan haal ityeshah bey daniels ityasya abhinayasy prashamsaam krutvaa, benn leone ityasya prati naa krutena saha, chalacchitrasya alpa-samiksham dattavaan. samagratayaa saha chalacchitram avadat "iti... yat sukshmata, susthityaa cha yogyam asti, tatt naa nirvahitam. tathaapi, nishchit-binduparyantam, etat utpaadanam bhavati yasya ruchihi bhavati, parantu mukhya-vichaarah yat bhavitum arhati tatt ghatana-spashta-parivartanaartham tyaagam bhavati." tippanyah. etat prathamam chalacchitram asti yasmin bey daniels tathaa benn leone cha saha-natitaah aasan. tadanantaram kinchitkalam yaavat, 1930 joon-maase, te vivaahitaah, 1971 tame varshe tasyaah mrutyuparyantam te vivaahitaa cha aasan. yasmaat chitrakathaayaah roopaantaram krutam, "da chetterbox" iti naatakam kadaapi nirmitam iti naa drushyate. etat chalacchitram 1925 tame varshe evalin brent tathaa brus garden ityetabhyam abhineetasy ralf inns ityanena nirdeshite "smoot aas saatin" iti ef. bee. o. ityasya nishshabdachalacchitrasya punarnirmitam aasit.

pirenchu jerdy endra peyar pirenchu jerdy endra peyar jaarj arkainpat iyakkiya oru america muun-kuriyeettu kuttrath thiraippatamaagum, idhu vales smithin thiraikkathaiyilirunthu, bayert veellarin thayaarikkappadaatha naadagamaana "thii satterbox" aii adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. thiraippada natchaththiranggal daniels mattrum penn leone, avarkal ontraaka thiraiyil muthal muraiyaaga thoantrinar. inthap padaththin oru nagal congress noolagaththil ullathu. sathi. thanathu aandu thandanaiyai anubaviththa piragu, jimmi kerdiyudan meendum inaikiraar, maelum iruvarum kuttraththil oru koottaniyai uruvaakkukiraargal. pala vangkik kollaigalukkup piragu, maeriyum jimmiyum oru kadaisi oottaththirkup piragu, avarkal neraagach selvaargal endru oppukkolkiraargal. maeri, thanathu adukumadi kattidaththil pakkaththu veettu andai veettukkaarargaludan natpu kondullaar, thiru. mattrum thirumathi. matson, thanathu 30,000 dollar semippai matson vanigaththil muthaleedu seiya jimmi kavarnthizhukkiraar. thurathirshtavasamaaga, maetchankal thangalaith thaangkalae vanjchagargalaaka maari, jimmi avarathu vaazhkkaiyin semippilirunthu aemaattriyullanar. maeriyin munnaal muthalaaligalil thodangi, jimmi meendum paathukaappaana idangkalukkuch sella mudivu seiyum poathu, maeri avarai neraagach sella ookkuvikka oru sathiththittatthai vagukkiraar. oru nalla idhaya thuppariyum, kelsey, avarkal neraaga selvaargal endra vaakkuruthiyudan avarkalaith thallumpoathu, avarkal oppukkolkiraargal. varavaerpu. "thii newyorg times" vimarsagaraana mortand haal, pepp danielsin nadippaip paratti, penn leonidam karunaiyudan illaatha nilaiyil, padaththirku oru menmaiyaana vimarsanaththaik kodutthaar. ottumoththamaaga, avar padam koorinaar, "... adhu thaguthiyaana nutpaththudanum menmaiyudanum kaiyaalappadavillai. iruppinum, oru kuripitta pulli varai, idhu aarvatthaik konda oru thayaarippu, aanaal mukiya yoasanaiyaaka irunthirukka vaendum enbathu migavum velippadaiyaana thiruppaththirkaana thiyaagam aagum." kurippugal. bebe daniels mattrum penn leone inainthu nadiththa muthal padam idhuvaagum. sirithu kaalaththirkup piragu, juun 1930 ill avarkal tirumanam seithu kondanar, 1971 ill avar irakkum varai iruvarum tirumanam seithu kondanar. inththa tiraikkathai thazhuvi edukkappatta naadagamaana "thii satterbox" orupoathum thayaarikkappattathaagath theriyavillai. inththa padam 1925 aam aandu eff. pii. ooo. vinn amaithiyaana thiraippatamaana "smooth aus saattin" inn maruu aakkamaakum, idhil evlin brent mattrum broose carden aagiyoar nadiththanar, maelum ralf inns iyakkiyullaar.

alias french gerty alias french gerty anedi georg archainbad darsakatvam vahinchina oka american prii-code crime chitram, idhi bared wheeler roopondinchani natakam "dhi chatterbox" aadhaaramgaa valles smith screen play nundi vachindi. eee chitra taaralu daniels mariyu benn leone, veeru kalisi terapai tolisaarigaa kanipinchaaru. eee chitram yokka oka coppy library off congresslo migili undhi. plaat. thana samvatsaram sikshanu anubhavinchina taruvaata, jimmy gerteetho tirigi kalustaadu, mariyu iddaroo neeramloo bhagaswamyanni yerparuchukuntaru. aneka byaanku dopidila taruvaata, oka chivari dopidi tarvaata, vaaru neerugaa veltaarani maerii mariyu jimmy angeekaristaaru. thana apartment bhavanamlo pakkinti poruguvaaritho sneham chesina maerii, mister. mariyu srimati. matson, jimmeeni thana $30,000 podupunu matson vyaparamlo pettubadi pettamani pralobhapedataadu. duradrushtavasaattu, matsonlu tamanu taamu mosagaallugaa marchukuntaru, mariyu athani jeevita podupu nundi jimmeeni mosam chesaaru. maerii maajee yajamaanulato praarambhinchi, jimmy saphe crocking kuu tirigi vellaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu, atanni neerugaa vellamani prothsahinchadaaniki maerii oka kutranu roopondistundi. kelsey anae manchi hrudayangala detective, vaaru neerugaa veltaarani vaagdaanam chestu vaarini vidichipettinappudu, vaaru angeekaristaaru. swaagatam. "dhi newyork times" vimarsakudu, mordant haall, beb daniels natnanu prasamsistuu, benn leone patla antha daya choopakapoyina, eee chitraaniki takkuva sameeksha icchaaru. mottam meeda, ayana eee cinema gurinchi chepparu "... daaniki arhamaina suukshmata mariyu sunnitatvamto nirvahinchabadaledu. ayinappatikee, oka nirdishta dasha varaku, idhi aasaktini kaligi unna utpatti, conny pradhana aalochana emi ayi undaali anedi marinta spashtamaina malupu kosam tyaagam cheyabadutundi." gamanikalu. bebby daniels mariyu benn leone kalisi natinchina modati chitram idhi. kontakaalam tarvaata, juun 1930loe vaaru vivaham chesukunnaru, 1971loe aame maraninche varaku iddaroo vivaham chesukunnaru. eee screen plaeni sweekarinchina natakam, "dhi chatterbox", eppuduu nirminchabadinatlu kanipinchadam ledhu. eee chitram 1925loe evelin brent mariyu broose garden natinchina, ralf inns darsakatvam vahinchina, "smooth yaz sattin" anae fBO nissabda chitraaniki punarnirmaanam.

araf francisi gerty araf francisi gerty eek americi paree code karaem film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree jaarj archenbad nay walis samath kay screen play say kii hay juu beard weller kay ghair tayaar kardah dramay "dee cheater baaks" parr mubni hay. film kay sataray denails aur beenn leone haine juu eek saath apnee pehli aann screen paishi kirr rahay thay. iss film kii eek kaapi library aaf congress mein mojud hay. plaat. apnee eek saal kii sazaa poori karnay kay baad jamee kuu gairti kay saath dobarah milaa diyaa jaataa hay aur donon jaraim mein sharakat daari banatay haine. kayee benak dakiti kay baad meeri aur jamee iss baath parr mutafiq haine kahh eek aakhri dakiti kay baad wah seedhay chalay jayein gay. meeri jiss kii apnay apartment kii emarat mein padosi parosiyon say dosti how gayee hay mister. aur mohtarmah. meaton juu jamee kuu apnee 30,000 ddaalar kii bachat meaton kay karobar mein laganay kay liye aamadah kartaa hay. badqismati say metson khood badmuash bunn jaatay haine aur jamee kuu iss kii zindagi kii bachat say dhokah deetay haine. jabb jamee meeri kay saabiq aajron say sharoo kartay hoay saif cracking parr waps jaanay kaa faislah kartaa hay tuu meeri asay seedha jaanay kii targhib deenay kay liye eek sazish banaati hay. jabb eek neek dall jasus calcy inhein iss waaday kay saath chhod deeta hay kahh wah seedhay jayein gay tuu wah raazi how jaatay haine. isteqbaliya. "dee neoyork times" kay nqad mordont haal nay film kuu eek halka saa jaizah diyaa jiss mein beenn leone kay saath maharban naha honay kay bawajood beeb denails kii adakari kii tareef kii gayee. majmuyi toor parr inhon nay film kuu bataya "... iss kii ziyadah bariki aur narmi kay saath nahein sanbhala gayaa hay. iss kay bawajood eek khaas naqtah takk yaha eek aisi paidawar hay jiss mein dilchaspi hoti hay leakin juu bunyadi khayaal honaa chahiye thaa wah waaqiaat kay ziyadah waazah moad kay liye qurban kiyaa jaataa hay." nott. yaha pehli film hay jiss mein bee denials aur beenn leone nay shareek adakari kii hay. iss kay kachh hyee arsey baad joone 1930 mein inn kii shaadi hoyee aur donon 1971 mein inn kii moth takk shaadi shadah rahay. jiss dramay say iss screen play kuu dahaala gayaa thaa "dee cheater baaks"yee aisa lagtaa hay kahh kabhi tayaar nahein hawaa thaa. yaha film 1925 kii aif bee awo khamush film "samath aiz saatan" kaa remake thee jiss mein avaleen brent aur brose gorden nay adakari kii thee aur iss kii hidayat kaaree raalif ins nay kii thee.

0008b6d5a8ce9fcca41a7316cad2a45aca82ed863de15c0e8d5b769a76a38049

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4702483

George F. Wilson

George F. Wilson American baseball player (1889-1967) George Francis "Squanto" Wilson (March 29, 1889 – March 26, 1967) was an American professional baseball player. He played six games in Major League Baseball, primarily as a catcher. He batted .188 in five games for the Detroit Tigers in 1911, and appeared in one game for the Boston Red Sox in 1914 as a pinch runner. In 1923, he served as manager of the Hanover Rebels in the Blue Ridge League. The reason for Wilson's nickname is unknown, but he was raised in New England, and "Squanto" was a Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. Wilson graduated from Bowdoin College of Brunswick, Maine, in 1912, and went on to become one of only seven Bowdoin alumni who played in the major leagues during the 20th century. After his baseball career, Wilson was a high school principal in Winthrop, Maine, and later started a variety store chain. He died in Maine in March 1967; he was survived by his wife and a daughter. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jorjo ef. uilson jorjo francis "squantu" uilson (ingrajih جارج francis "scowantu" uilson) (29 march, 1889-26 march, 1967) egoraki aamerikan pesadari besbol kheluwoi aasil. teu prodhan leeg besbolot soikhon khel khelisil, mulotoh ejon kesar hisape. 1911 sonot detroit tigeror hoi pasta khelot teu. 188 batting korisil, aaru 1914 sonot bob 'ston redd cho' khyor hoi etaa khelot pinch ranar hisape obhinoy korisil. 1923 sonot teu blue riz leegot hanubhar bidruhixokolor porisalok hisape karzonirbah korisil. uilsonor daknamor kaaron ogyat, kintu teu niu englandot dangor-dighol hoisil, aaru "squantu" ejon sthaniyo aamerikan aasil jiye mesasusetsor ingraji uponibexbadixokolok krixi kouxol bikoxito korat xohay korisil aaru uponibexbadi aaru wampan 'gor maajot dubhaxi hisape kaam korisil. uilsone 1912 sonot mainor branxuisikor boad 'yinn collegeor poraa snatok degree laabh kore aaru bingxo xotikat prodhan leegot khelaa maatro xatjon boad' yinn prakton satror bhitorot ejon hoi pore. teur besbol karrier pisot, uilson winthrop, mainor haiskulor odhyokhyo aasil aaru pisoloi ek bibhinno dhoronor sto "ror sein aarombho korisil. 1967 sonor march maahot mainet teur mrityu hoy; teur potni aaru egoraki konya aasil.

george eff. willson george francis "squanto" willson (29shhey march, 1889-26shhey march, 1967) chhilen ekjon markin peshadar baseball kheload. tini prodhan leeg baseball-ayee chhoyti match khelechen, prathomikbhabe ekjon catcher hisabe. tini 1911 saale detroit tigerder hoye panchti khelay byata corren. 1923 saale tini blue riz leagay hannover bidrohider manager hisabe dayitto palon corren. willsoner daknamer kaaron ajana, tobey tini neu englande bede othen ebong "squanto" ekjon sthaniya american chhilen jini massachusetser ingrez uponibeshbadider krishi kaushal bikashe sahayata korechilen ebong uponibeshbadi ebong wampanoger modhye dovashi hisabe kaaj korechilen. willson 1912 saale brunswicker bodoin college theke snatok hohn ebong bingsho shotabdite prodhan liggulite khela matro satjon bodoin praktan chhatrer modhye ekjon hoye othen. baseball carrier porr, willson winthrop, miner hye skooler adhyakkha chhilen ebong porey ekti bivinno dharaner dokaner chein shuru corren. 1967 saaler march maase tini mainete maaraa zaan; tini taanr stree oo eka konna rekhe gechen.

george aef. willson george frances "squanto" willson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967) aek american vyaavsaayik baseball khelaadi hataa. temane mukhya leag baseballma chh ramato ramee hatee, mukhyatve aek pakadnaar tareeke. temane 1911maan detroit tigers maate paanch ramatomaa. 188 runn banaavya hataa aneey 1914maan boostana reeda soaks maate aek ramatmaa pinch runner tareeke dekhaaya hataa. 1923maan temane blue rij leegma hanovar badvakhorona manager tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. vilsananaa upnaamnu kaaran agnaat chhe, parantu temno uchher nyu englandma thayo hato, aneey "squanto" aek mool american hataa jemane mesatusatesma angreji vasaahatione krushee takneeko vikasavvama madad curry hatee aneey vasaahateeo aneey vempanog vachche dubhashiya tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. willson 1912maan brunswick, mainni bodoin collegemathi snaatak thayaa hataa aneey 20mee sadee darmiyan mukhya leegma ramnara maatra saat bodoin bhutpurv vidhyarthiomana aek banyaa hataa. temnee baseball karkirdi pachhi, willson winthrop, mainemaa uchch shaalaana aachaary hataa aneey baadmaa viveedh store chain sharoo curry hatee. march 1967maan teo mainma mrutyu pamya hataa; temnaa parivaarmaa temnee patnee aneey aek putri hatee.

george aff. willson george francis "squanto" willson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967) ack americi peshevar baseball khilaadi they. unhone pramukh leag baseball mein chhah khel khele, mukhya roop seey ack catcher key roop mein. unhone 1911 mein detroit tiger key liye paanch maichon mein ballebaji kii. 1818, aur 1914 mein ack pinch dhaavak key roop mein boston redd sokes key liye ack khel mein dikhaai diye. 1923 mein, unhone blue riz leag mein hanovar vidrohiyon key prabandhak key roop mein kaary kiya. willson key upnaam kaa kaaran agyaat haye, lekin unakaa paalan-poshan nyu ingland mein huaa thaa, aur "squanto" ack mool americi they jinhone massachusets mein angreji upaniveshvadiyon koo krishi takneekon koo vikasit karane mein madad kii aur upaniveshvadiyon aur vampenogue key beach ack dubhashiya key roop mein kaam kiya. willson ney 1912 mein brunswick, maine key bodoin college seey snaatak kii upaadhi praapt kii aur 20veen shatabdi key dauran pramukh leegon mein khelane vaale kewal saat bodoin poorv chhatron mein seey ack bunn gaye. apane baseball currier key baad, willson winthrope, maine mein ack hyee school key principle they, aur baad mein ack vividh store shrinkhala shuru kii. march 1967 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee; unake parivaar mein unaki patni aur ack betty thee.

georg eff. willson georg francis "squanto" willson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967) americada vruttipara baseball atagararagiddaru. avaru majer leigh basebalnalli aaru pandyagalannu aadidaru, mukhyavaagi catcher aagi. avaru 1911ralli detroit tigergaligaagi aidu pandyagalalli. 188 runn galisi batting maadidaru mattu 1914ralli boston redd soksgagi pinch runner aagi kanisikondaru. 1923ralli, avaru blue ridge leagnalli hannover bandukorara vyavasthaapakaraagi seve sallisidaru. willson avara addahesarina kaarana tilidilla, aadare avaru nyoo englendnalli beledaru, mattu "squanto" obba sthaliya american aagiddu, avaru masachusetsna inglish vasaahatugaararige krishi tantragalannu abhivraddhipadisalu sahaaya maadidaru mattu vasaahatugaararu mattu vampanogna naduve vyakhyaanakaararaagi seve sallisidaru. willson 1912ralli maine brunswickn boudoin kaalejininda padavi padedaru mattu 20neey shatamaanadalli pramukha leeggalalli aadida kevala elu boudoin haleya vidyarthigalalli obbaraadaru. tanna baseball vrattijeevanada nantara, willson maine vinthropnalli proudhashala pradhaaniyaagiddaru mattu nantara vividha angadi sarapaliyannu praarambhisidaru. avaru 1967rahra marchnalli mainenalli nidhanaraadaru; avaru patni mattu magalannu agaliddaare.

jorjju eph. vilson oru american professional baseball kalikkaranayirunnu jorjju francis "squanto" vilson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967). mejar leag baseball aarr malsarangal addeham kalichu, pradhaanamaayum oru catcheraayi. 1911ll detroit tigerukalkkaayi anchu malsarangalil ninnu. 188 baatt cheytha addeham 1914ll boosttan redu soxinu vendi oru malsarathil pinch rannaraayi prathyakshappettu. 1923ll blue ridge leagil hannover vimatharude maanejarayi addeham sevanamanushtichu. vilsante vilipperinulla kaaranam anjjaathamaanu, pakshe addeham nyoo englandilaanu valarnnathu, masaachyusetsile engleesh kolanikkaare kaarshika saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkaan sahayikkukayum kolanikkaarum wampanog thammilulla vyaakhyaathaavaayi pravartthikkukayum cheytha oru thaddesheeya amerikkakkaaranaayirunnu "squanto". 1912ll mainsile brunswickile bodoin collegil ninnu birudam nediya vilson irupathaam noottaandil pradhana leagukalil kalicha ezhu bodoin poorvva vidyaarthikalil oralaayi maari. baseball kariyarinu sesham, vilson mainil vinthroppil haiskool prinsippalaayirunnu, pinneedu vaividhyamaarnna store shringhala aarambhichu. 1967 maarchil addeham maineyil vachu marichu; bharya oru makalum addehathinundaayirunnu.

george eff. willson george francis "squanto" willson (29 march 1889-26 march 1967) haah eka american vyavsayik baseball kheladu hota. too pramukh leag baseballmadhe sahaa samne khelala, pramukhyane catcher mhanoon. tyane 1911 madhye detroit tigersasathi paach samnyanmadhye. 188 dhawa kelya aanee 1914 madhye boston reed soxsathi eka samnyat pinch dhavpatu mhanoon disala. 1923 madhye tyanni blue rij leegmadhye hannover bandkhoranche vyavasthapak mhanoon kaam kele. willsonchya topananamache kaaran adnyat aahe, parantu too nyu englandmadhye vadhala aanee 'squanto' haah eka mool american hota jyane massatucetsmadhil ingraji vasahativadyanna krishi tantre vikasit karnyas madat kelee aanee vasahatvadi aanee vampanog yanchyat dubhashiya mhanoon kaam kele. willsonne 1912 madhye brunswick, menchya bodoin mahavidhyalayatun padvi prapt kelee aanee 20 vya shatkat pramukh leegmadhye khelana keval saat bodoin majee vidyarthyanpaiki eka banala. tyachya baseball karkirdinantar, willson heey winthrop, maine yethe highschoolche pracharya hote aanee nantar tyanni vividh prakarchya dukananchi sakhali suru kelee. march 1967 madhye tyanche meine yethe nidhan jhaale; tyanchya pashchat tyanchi patni aanee eka mulgi assa parivar hota.

george ef. wilson george francis "squanto" wilson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967) ek americi wyawasayik baseball kheladi thie. unle mukhya ligg besbalma chhawata khel khele, mukhyataya catcherko rupma. unle sann 1911 maa detroit tigerka lagi paanch khelma. 188 runn banae, rar sann 1914 maa boston redd soksaka lagi euta khelma pinch dhawakko rupma dekha pare. sann 1923 maa unle blue riz ligma hanobhar vidrohiharuko prabandhakko rupma sewa gare. wilsonko upanamko karan agyat chha, tara uni nyu englandma hurkeka thie, rar "squanto" ek muel americi thie jasle massachusetsma angreji upaniweshwadiharulai krishi prawidhiharu vikas garna maddat gare rar upaniweshawadiharu rar wampanog bichko dobhasheko rupma sewa gare. wilsonle sann 1912 maa brunswicko bodoin college, mainsbatt snatak gare, rar 20 aun shatabdima pramukh ligharuma khelne saat bodoin purva vidyarthiharu madhye ek bane. afno baseball kariyarpachi, wilson winthrop, mainema hai schol principle thie, rar pachhi vibhinna store chenn suru gare. march 1967 maa mainema unko mrityu bhayo; uni afnie shrimati rar aut chhorisanga bancheka thie.

george aif. wilson george francis "squanto" wilson (march 29,1889-march 26,1967) jane americae peshadara baseball khelali thile. shay pramukh ligg baseball ray chhaati match khelithile, mukhyatah jane catcher bhabare . shay 1911 ray detroit tiger paain panchti myachare. 188 byating karithile, ebong 1914 ray boston redd socks paain gotie myachare pinch runner bhabare abhinai karithile. 1923 masihare shay blue riz ligre hanovara bidroheenka manager bhabe karjya karithile. wilsonanka upanamara kaaran agyata, kintu shay nyu englandare badhithile, ebong "squanto" jane sthaniah americae thile jie masachusetsare ingraji upanibeshabadeemananku krushi kaushala bikashita karibare sahajya karithile ebong upanibeshabadee ebong wampanoagnka madhyare jane anubadaka bhabare karjya karithile. wilson 1912 ray brunswick, minor bodoin kalejaru snataka hoithile ebong binsha shatabdire pramukh ligre khelithiba kebala saata john bodoin purbatana chhatranka madhyaru jane hoithile. taanka baseball kyariyara parey, wilson winthrop, mine ray highschooler pradhanashikhyaka thile ebong parey eka bibidha store chenn arambha karithile . 1967 masiha march maasare shay mainethare mrutyubarana karithile; taanka patni ebong gotie jhia thile.

jaaraj eff. wilson jaaraj francis "skwanto" wilson (29 march 1889-26 march 1967) ikk amriki peshevar baseball khidari see. uss neey mukkh taur utte ikk catcher dey roop witch mejar leeg baseball witch chhe match khede. unhan neey 1911 witch detroit tigers laee panj maichan witch ballebazi keeti atey 1914 witch ikk pinch runner vajon boston redd socks laee ikk khed witch dikhai ditta. sann 1923 witch, uss neey blue rij leeg witch hannover vidrohiaan dey manager vajon seva nibhai. wilson dey upnam daa caarn anjaan haii, parr uss daa paalan-poshan nioo england witch hoiaa see, atey "skwanto" ikk mool amriki see jiss neey massachusets witch angrezi bastivadiaan noon khetibadi taknikan vikast curran witch sahaita keeti atey bastivadiaan atey vempanoag darmiaan ikk dubhashie vajon kamm keeta. wilson neey 1912 witch brunswick, maine dey bodoin kaalaj toon graduation keeti atey 20veen sadee dauran pramukh leegan witch khedan vaale siraf satt bodoin sabka vidiaarthiaan vicchon ikk bann giaa. aapne baseball carrier toon baad, wilson winthrop, maen witch ikk hyee school principle see atey baad witch ikk vakkh-vakkh store chenn shuru keeti. march 1967 witch maen witch uhanan dee maut hoow gaee; uh aapne pichhe aapni patni atey ikk dhee chhadd gaye.

jaarj ef. willson jaarj fraamsis "squanto" willson (maarch 29,1889-maarch 26,1967) ekaha amerikeeyah vyaavasaayikah besball-kreedakah aasit. saha measure-leag-besball-kridaayaam shut kreedaah akreedat, mukhyataya catcher-rupena. saha 1911 tame varshe detroit-vyaghranam krute panchasu kreedaam kreeditavaan. 188, tathaa cha 1914 tame varshe boston-redd-sokes ityasya krute ekasmin kridaayaam pinch-dhavakarupena abhyanayt. 1923 tame varshe, saha bloo ridge-leag ityasmin hanovar-vidrohinaam vyavasthaapakaroopen karyam krutavaan. willson ityasya upanaamasy karanam adnyaatam asti, parantu saha nyoo-england-deshe utthaapitah, tathaa cha "squanto" iti mool-amerikeeyah aasit, yah massachusets-nagarasya aangl-upaniveshavaadinah krushi-tantraan vikasayitum sahayyam krutavaan, upaniveshavaadinaam vaampaanog-ityeteshaam cha madhye dubhaashinah cha aasit. willson 1912 tame varshe brunswick-nagarasya bodoyin mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, 20 tame shatake pramukheshu leag-kreedaasu kreeditaasu sapta bodoyin-poorvavidyaarthishu anyatamah abhavat. besball-kreedaayaah jeevanaanantaram willson, vinthrop, maine ityasmin ucchavidyaalayasya mukhyadhyapakaha aasit, anantaram vividha-bhandaar-shrunkhalaam aarabhat. 1967 maarch-maase maine-nagare saha mrutah, tasya patnee, putree cha jeevitau.

jaarj eff. willson jaarj francis "squando" willson (maarch 29,1889-maarch 26,1967) oru america thozhilmurai baseball veerar aavaar. avar mejar leak baseball poattiyil aaru poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar, muthanmaiyaaga oru kaechcharaaga. 1911 aam aandil tetroid pulikalukkaaga ainthu poattikalil avar batting seithaar. 1818, maelum 1914 aam aandil baston redd soaksukkaaga oru poattiyil oru pinch rannaraaga thoantrinaar. 1923 aam aandil, avar blue ridge leakil hanovar kilarchchiyaalargalin maelaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar. wilson punaippeyarukkaana kaaranam theriyavillai, aanaal avar neu englaanththil valarnthaar, maelum "squando" oru poorveega americar aavaar, avar maasoosetsil ulla aangkila kaalaniththuvaathigalukku vivasaaya nutpangalai uruvaakka udhavinaar mattrum kaalaniththuvavaadhigalukkum vaambanoakkirkum idaiyil oru mozhipeyarppaalaraaga paniyaattrinaar. willson 1912 aam aandil mainevin broonswickin poadoayin kallooriyil pattam pettraar, maelum 20 aam noottraandil mukiya leekkugalil vilaiyaadiya aezhu poadoayin munnaal maanavargalil oruvaraaga aanaar. thanathu baseball vaazhkkaikkup piragu, willson mainevin vintroppil uyarnilaip palli muthalvaraaga irunthaar, pinnar palvaeru vagaiyaana kadai sangkiliyaith thodangkinaar. avar 1967 maarch maatham mainaeyil iranthaar; avarukku manaivi mattrum oru magal irunththanar.

georg eff. willson georg frances "squanto" willson (marchi 29,1889-marchi 26,1967) oka american professional baseball aatagadu. athanu majer leag baseballo pradhanamgaa catcherga aaru atalu aadadu. athanu 1911loe detroit tigers kosam aidu aatalalo. 188 batting chesaadu, mariyu 1914loe boston redd sokes kosam oka aatalo pinch rannarga kanipinchaadu. 1923loe, athanu blue ridge leaglo hanover tirugubaatudaarulaku nirvahakudiga panicheesaadu. willson maaruperuku kaaranam teliyadu, conny athanu nyuu inglandlo perigaadu, mariyu "squanto" oka sthaanika american, athanu masaachusetslooni aangla valasavaadulaku vyavasaya paddhatulanu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo sahayapaddadu mariyu valasavaadulu mariyu vampanogla madhya vyakhyaatagaa panicheesaadu. willson 1912loe brunswick, mainlooni bodoin kalaasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu 20va sataabdamloo pradhana leaglalo aadina eduguru bodoin puurva vidyaarthulaloo okarigaa maaradu. thana bays baall kereer taruvaata, willson maine looni winthrope loe haiskool principal gaa panicheesaaru, taruvaata vividha rakaala dukaanaala golusunu praarambhinchaaru. athanu 1967 maarchilo mainlo maraninchaadu; ataniki bhaarya mariyu oka kumarte unnaaru.

jaarj aif. walasan jaarj frances "squanto" walasan (29 maarch 1889-26 maarch 1967) eek americi paishah warr bees baal khilaadi thaa. inhon nay meejar leeg bees baal mein chh kheel khailay bunyadi toor parr batoor catcher. inhon nay 1911 mein detervite tigers kay liye paanch kheelon mein. 188 kii batting kii aur 1914 mein bostan reed soks kay liye eek kheel mein batoor pinch runner nazar aayey. 1923 mein inhon nay blue rajj leeg mein hanovar baghiyon kay meniger kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. walasan kay arfiyat kii wajah malum nahein hay leakin inn kii prorish neo england mein hoyee aur "squanto" eek maqami americi thaa jiss nay misachosts mein angrez nawabadiyat kuu zarayi taknik tayaar karnay mein madad kii aur nawabadiyat aur vempanog kay darmiyan tarjuman kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. walasan nay 1912 mein bronsok meen kay bodoin college say graduation kii aur 20 wein sadee kay doraan bury leegon mein khelnay waalay sarf saat bodoin saabiq talbaa mein say eek bunn gayey. apnay bees baal carrier kay baad walasan wanthrop meen mein hayee school kay principle thay aur baad mein mukhtalif store cheen sharoo kiyaa. maarch 1967 mein meen mein inn kaa inteqal hawaa. inn kay peeche inn kii bewi aur eek betty thee.

0008b74e85216604fe1b9388a2c09095d0d26bd03681a0b0b5998992f60c127b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45657257

Katherine Ng (book artist)

Katherine Ng (book artist) Katherine Ng is a book artist and letterpress printer in Southern California whose work often references her Chinese-American heritage. Ng is an alumna of the Women's Building and California State University, Northridge. She went on to be an educator, teaching at Otis College of Art and Design and serving as the director of the letterpress studio at the Armory Center for the Arts in the 1990s. Some of her artists' books are published under the imprint Pressious Jade. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ketherin enji (kitap xilpi) ketherin enji dokhyin californier egoraki kitap xilpi aaru laterpress printer jaar kambure praye teur china-aamerikan oitijyor kotha ullekh kore. eno. ji. hoise northorijor mohila bhowon aaru california rajyik biswobidyaloyor egoraki prakton saatro. teu egoraki xikhyabid hisape oh 'tiss kolej owo art endo designot xikhyokota korisil aaru 1990-ror doxokot kolar ostro-xostro kendror laterpress studio' ror xonsalok hisape xewa aagborhaisil. teur kisuman xilpir kitap print presiyas jedor odhinot prokaxito hoy.

cathryn enji (boi shilpi) cathryn enji dakkhin californier ekjon boi shilpi ebong laterpress printer, jaar kaaj prayashai taar cheena-american oitijhyer ullekh korey. enji holl northories mohila bhobon ebong california steta universityr ekti praktan shikkharthi. tini ekjon shikkhika hoye othen, ottis college off art anned designe shikkhokota corren ebong 1990-err doshke armory center phara dya artsey laterpress studior porichalok hisabe dayitto palon corren. taanr kichhu shilpir boi chhaper chaaper jeeda-err adhine prokashito hoy.

katherine enji (pustak kalakar) kethrin enji dakshin californiama aek pustak kalakar aneey laterpress printer chhe, jemnaa kaaryamaa ghanivaar temnaa cheeni-american vaarsaano sandarbh aapvama aave chhe. enji aee maheela imaarat aneey california state university, northrijni purv vidhyarthini chhe. teo ottis college off aart anned designma shikshan aaptaa aneey 1990naa daykama aart maate shastragar kendramaa laterpress studiyonaa nirdeshak tareeke sevaa aaptaa aek shikshak banyaa. temnaa kalakarona ketlaak pustako chhapvala dabanwala jaid hethal prakashit thaay chhe.

catherine ng (pustak kalakar) catherine ng dakshini california mein ack pustak kalakar aur laterpress printer hain, jinka kaam aksar unaki cheeni-americi viraasat kaa sandarbh detaa haye. ng mahila bhawan aur california raajya vishvavidyalaya, northridge kaa ack poorv chhaatr haye. vaha ack shikshika baneen, ottis college off art aind design mein padhaati theen aur 1990 key dashak mein art key liye shastragar kendra mein laterpress studio kii nideshak key roop mein kaary karati theen. unake kalakaron kii kuchh pustaken chhaap vaale dabaav key tahat prakaashit hoti hain.

catherine enn. zii. (pustaka kalaavida) catherine enn. zii. daksina californiada pustaka kalaavide mattu letterpress mudrakiyagiddu, avara krutiyu aagaagge avara cheenee-american parampareyannu ullekhisuttade. enn. zii. mahila kattada mattu california raajya vishvavidyaalaya, northridgen haleya vidyaarthiniyaagide. aake otees college off art und designalli bodhisutta, shikshakiyaagi 1990rahra dasakadalli armarry centerna letterpress studiyoda nirdeshakaragi seve sallisidaru. aakeya kelavu kalaavidara pustakagalannu ottadaviruva jaded emba mudreya adiyalli prakatisalaagide.

catherine enn. jii. (pusthaka kalaakaaran) thekkan kaaliforniyayile oru pusthaka kalakariyum lettarpras printarumaanu catherine enjinte kruthikal palappozhum avalude chainees-american paithrukathe paraamarsikkunnu. north ridjile vanita kettidatthinteyum california stettu yooniversittiyudeyum poorvva vidyaarthiniyaanu enji. avar oru adhyapikayaayi, oottis koleju oof art aandu designil padippikkukayum 1990-kalil armoury sentarile lettarpras studiyoyude director sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. avarude kalakaaranmaarude chila pusthakangal sammarddapoorithamaaya jedinu keezhil prasidheekarikkappedunnu.

catherine enji (pustak kalakar) catherine enji hii dakshin californiatil eka pustak kalakar aanee patrapatrika mudrak aahe, jichya karyat anekada tichya chiinii-american varshacha sandarbh deela jaato. enji hii mahilanchya imaratichi aanee california rajya vidyapithachi, northridge majee vidyarthini aahe. pudhe tee eka shikshika bunley, ottis college auph aart andd designmadhye shikavat hotee aanee 1990 chya dashakat aart center phaur arms yetheel laterpress studiochi sanchalak mhanoon kaam karat hotee. tichya kalakaranchi kahee pustake chhapil dabav asalelya jaid antargat prakashit jhaali aahet.

catherine ng (pustak kalakar) catherine enji dakshini californiako ek pustak kalakar rar laterpress printer hun jasko kamle prayaha unko chiniyan-americi sampadalai sandarbha gardacha. ng mahila bhawan rar california rajya vishwavidyalaya, narthrijko purva chhatra how. uni ottis college aff art anned designma padhaune rar sann 1990 ko dashakma artca lagi hatiyar kendrama laterpress studioko nirdeshakko rupma sewa garne shikshika banin. unka kehi kalakarka pustakharu chhap dabawa jade antargat prakashit hunchhan.

catherine ng (pustaka kalakara) catherine ng dakhina californier jane pustaka kalakara ebong later press printer, jahanka karjya prajatah taanka chean-americae aitihyaku ullekha kare . enn. jii. mahila bhaban ebong northrijara california rajya biswabidyalajara jane purbatana chhatra. shay jane sikhyaka bhabare jaithile, ottis college off art anded designre sikhyadana karithile ebong 1990 dashakare arts paain astragara kendrare laterpress studiora nirdeshaka bhabare karjya karithile. tankara keteka kalakaranka pustaka imprint pressias jaded adheenare prakashita hoichhi .

catherine ainn. jee. (pustak kalakar) catherine ainn. jee. dakkhni california witch ikk pustak kalakar atey latter presses printer haii jiss daa kamm aksar uss dee cheeni-amriki virasat daa havala dinda haii. ainn. jee. mahila imaarat atey california state university, northridge dee ikk sabka vidiaarthi haii. uh ikk sikkhiak bann gaee, ottis kaalaj aaf aart aind design witch padhaundi atey 1990 dey dahake witch armari center phaar arts witch latterpress studio dee director vajon seva nibha rahee see. uss dey kalakaran deeaan kujh kitaban chhapiaan gaeeaan jaded dey tehat prakashit keetiaan gaeeaan hunn.

kethareen enn. jii. (pustaka-kalakaraha) catherine enn. jee. ityeshaa dakshina-california-deshasya pustaka-kalakaraha, patra-mudrana-mudrikaa cha asti, yaanra krutihi praayah tasyaah cheenaa-american-paramparayaha ullekham karoti. enn. jii. iti mahilaa-bhavanasya tathaa northridge-nagarasya california-rajya-vishvavidyaalayasya cha poorvavidyaarthinee asti. saa otees college aaf art end desain ityatra adhyapika shikshikaa abhavat, 1990 tame dashake aarmarri-center-faar-arts ityatra later-press-studio ityasya nirdeshikaa cha aasit. tasyaah keshaanchan kalakaranam pustakaani imprint-presiyas-jaid ityasya adheene prakaashyante.

keththarin enji (puththaga kalaignar) keththarin enji therku californiavil ulla oru puththaga kalaignar mattrum kadidha achchaga achuppori aavaar, avarathu padaippugal perumpaalum avarathu seena-america bhaarambariyaththai kurippidugindrana. enji enbathu magalir kattidam mattrum california maanila palkalaikkazhagaththin munnaal maanavar, northridge aagum. avar oru kalviyaalaraagap paniyaattrinaar, oodis kalai mattrum vadivamaippu kallooriyil karpitthaar mattrum 1990 kazhil kalaikalukkaana aayutha maiyaththil letter piras studiovin iyakkunaraaka paniyaattrinaar. avarathu kalaignargalin sila puththagangkal achidappatta aluththamaana jaded keezh veliyidappadugindrana.

catherine enn. zii. (pustaka kalaakaarini) catherine ng dakshina californialo oka pustaka kalaakaarini mariyu letter press printer, aame rachanalu tarachugaa aame chainees-american vaarasatvaanni suuchistaayi. engy anedi mahilala bhavanam mariyu california state university, northridgeku chendina puurva vidyaarthi. aame oka vidyaavettagaa, otis college off art und designlo bodhistuu, bodhistuu armoury center pharr dhi artsloni letterpress studioku directorga panicheesaaru. aame kalaakaarula konni pustakaalu mudrinchina ottiditoe kuudina jade kinda prachurinchabaddaayi.

catherine aine jee (kitaab fankaar) catherine aine jee janubi california mein eek kitaab fankaar aur latter prais prenter haine jinn kaa kaam aksar inn kay cheeni-americi warsay kaa hawalah deeta hay. aine jee khwatin kii emarat aur california steat university northrage kii eek saabiq talibah hay. wah oats college aaf aart aind design mein padhanay waali eek astaad bunain aur 1990 kii dahayi mein aarmari center faar dee arts mein latter prais studio kii director kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inn kay funkaron kii kachh kitabein imprent presher jaid kay tahat shaye hoti haine.

0008bf42a39ce09fa266cad8dabaa1d025db7f4a9e07feda47c26f8bfd64b96b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27754145

Building-integrated agriculture

Building-integrated agriculture Building-integrated agriculture (BIA) is the practice of locating high-performance hydroponic greenhouse farming systems on and in mixed-use buildings to exploit synergies between the built environment and agriculture. Typical characteristics of BIA installations include recirculating hydroponics, waste heat captured from a building's heating-ventilation-air condition system (HVAC), solar photovoltaics or other forms of renewable energy, rainwater catchment systems, and evaporative cooling. The earliest example of BIA may have been the Hanging Gardens of Babylon around 600 BC. Modern examples include Eli Zabar's Vinegar Factory Greenhouse, Gotham Greens, Dongtan, Masdar City, and Lufa Farms. The term building-integrated agriculture was coined by Ted Caplow in a paper delivered at the 2007 Passive and Low Energy Cooling Conference in Crete, Greece. Background. Applications of BIA are motivated by trends in patterns of energy use, global population, and global climate change. Specific observations include: Environmental advantages. Proponents maintain that BIA is an environmentally sustainable strategy for urban food production that reduces our environmental footprint, cuts transportation costs, enhances food security/safety, conserves water, protects rivers, improves health, reduces waste, cools buildings, and combats global warming. For example, hydroponics uses ten to twenty times less land and ten times less water than conventional agriculture, while eliminating chemical pesticides, fertilizer runoff, and carbon emissions from farm machinery and long-distance transport. Using a building's waste heat and solar photovoltaic panels reduce fossil fuel emissions that typically result from production and distribution. Rainwater catchment systems help to manage stormwater, much like a green roof. Economics. Integrating a farm into a building offers all of the building performance benefits of a more conventional green roof, and results in a lower combined energy bill than if the components were separate. These systems are achievable with extant technology. Projects such as Gotham Greens greenhouse will cost approximately $1.4 million to build. Shulman, Robin. "Raising the Root: Some City Dwellers Are Hoping Rooftop Farming Will Bear Fruit.". The economics of BIA were the subject of a 2011 article in the business section of "The New York Times". Applications. BIA systems may be integrated into commercial, educational, and residential buildings of varying sizes. Feasibility varies based on building size, climate, availability of light, and new build vs. retrofit. BIA farms are located on the building's envelope to make maximum use of normal light. Both horizontal (rooftop) and vertical (façade) surfaces may be used. A sprinkling of rooftop hydroponic greenhouses can be found around the world, including at academic centers in the United States (Washington University and Barnard College, among others); on a hospital (Changi) in Singapore; in the Netherlands, in India, and in parts of the developing world. The Science Barge, while not on a building, is widely credited with an invigorating interest in BIA in New York City, following its 2007 public debut. Retrofit. Example retrofit projects include: Eli Zabar's Vinegar Factory Greenhouse, which has been growing vegetables since 1995 heats his rooftop greenhouse with waste heat from the store's bakery, and Gotham Greens, a company building New York City's first commercial-scale, hydroponic rooftop farm. New build. Example new build projects include the Forest Houses greenhouse, a fully integrated rooftop farm integrated onto the rooftop of an affordable housing complex, and Solar Two, an environmental learning center that will feature a Vertically Integrated Greenhouse. Proposed. Proposed projects include Masdar City, a carbon-neutral city being built in Abu Dhabi, UAE, and India. Related concepts. Vertical farming is a proposed agricultural concept in which entire urban high-rise buildings, not just the building envelope, are dedicated to large-scale farming. According to various researchers, to be realized vertical farms would require significant technological breakthroughs with regards to energy consumption and lighting. It has been estimated that a prototype five-story farm would cost between $20 million to $30 million. In compost-heated greenhouses, heat and carbon dioxide are generated from a manure-based compost contained in a special chamber attached to one side of the greenhouse. The New Alchemy Institute designed and built an experimental composting greenhouse in 1983 to research opportunities for the production of biothermal energy. Growing Power utilizes heat produced through vermicomposting to provide heat for their greenhouse. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nirman-xonghot krixi building-integrated krixi (biyaa) hoise nirmito poriwex aaru krixir maajot xomonwoyor xuxon koriboloi misrito-byobohar koraa ottalikaxomuhot uscho-karjyokhyomotar jolbahigriho krixi byowostha sthapon korar protha. biyaa sthaponor xadharon boixistyoxomuhor bhitorot aase punorbyowohar koraa jolobidyut, etaa ottalikar uttap-bayusolasol-bayu owostha pronali (eis. bhi. e. chi.) ror poraa aahoron koraa aworjona taap, xour aaluk-torol baa onyanyo dhoronor nobikoronjugyo xokti, borxunor jolo aahoron pronali, aaru baspibhut xitol koraa. biyar ataitkoi prasin udahoron hoh "bob paare pray 600 khristopurbot babylonor jhulonto bagisa. aadhunik udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase eli jabaror vinegar karkhanar greenhouse, gutham greenos, dongtan, masdar sohor, aaru lufa firm. greechor creetet 2007 sonot onusthito huwa pesibh endo lu energy kuling conferenceot prodan koraa ekhon kagojot ted kepolur dwara building-integrated krixi xobdotur sristi koraa hoisil. potobhumi. bayar proyugxomuh xokti byoboharor aarhi, biswo jonoxongkhya aaru biswo jolobayu poribortonor probonotar dwara onupranito. nirdisto porzobekhyonxomuhor bhitorot aaseh poriwexgot xubidha. prosarokxokole koy je biyaa hoise nogoriya khadyo utpadonor baabe ek poriwexgotobhabe bohonkhyom kouxol ji aamar poriwexgot podosinho hraax kore, poribohon byoy hraax kore, khadyo xurokhya/xurokhya briddhi kore, paanee xongrokhyon kore, nodixomuh xurokhito kore, swasthyo unnot kore, aworjona hraax kore, ottalikabur xitol kore, aaru biswo usnota briddhir biruddhe juj diye. udahoronsworupe, jolobidyute poromporagot krixir tulnat dohor poraa bix guno komm bhumi aaru doh guno komm paanee byobohar kore, aanhate raxayonik kitnaxok, xaaror oposoy, aaru krixi xojuli aaru dirgho durotwor poribohonor poraa carbon nirgomon aatorai diye. etaa ottalikar aworjona taap aaru xour aaluk-voltaik penel byobohar korile jiwashmo indhon nirgomon hraax hoy jitu xadharonote utpadon aaru bitoronor folot hoy. borxunor panir jologrohon pronaliye dhumuhar paanee porisalona korat xohay kore, onekta xeujiya sador dore. orthoniti. etaa khamorak etaa ottalikat ekotrito korile odhik poromporagot xeujiya sador xokolu building prodorxonor xubidha prodan kore, aaru iyar folot upadanbur prithok hoh 'ley komm xongzukto xokti bill hoy. ei byowosthaxomuh bidyoman projuktir dwara prapto koribo poraa yaay. gutham greenos greenhousor dore prokolpoxomuh nirman koriboloi pray 14 laakh dollar byoy hoh 'bob. sulman, robin. "xipa briddhi korah kisuman sohorbaxiye aaxa korise je sador kheti foll dibo.". dyo nework times" ror byowoxayik khondot 2011 sonor etaa probondhor bixoybostu aasil biyar orthoniti. application. biyaa pronalibur bibhinno aakaror banijyik, xoikhyik aaru awaxik ottalikaxomuhot ekotrito koribo paari. nirmanor aakar, jolobayu, puhoror upolobdhota, aaru notun nirman bonam notun nirmanor uporot bhitti kori xombhawona xoloni hoy. retro "fitt. xadharon puhoror xorbadhik byobohar koriboloi buildingor khaamot biyaa pharmoxomuh owosthito. onubhumik (sador uporot) aaru ulombo (mukhmondol) pristhobhag duyuta byobohar koribo paari. sador uporot jolbahi xeuj grihor sotiyai xomogro biswote puwa yaay, zo 'too aamerika juktorastror xoikhyik kendroxomuh (waswington biswobidyaloy aaru bernard kolej, aanburor bhitorot); xingapuror ekhon sikitsaloyot (sangi); bharotor netherlandot, aaru unnoyonxil biswor kichu ongxot. 2007 sonot rajohuwabhabe aatmoprokax korar pisot, bigyan barztu etaa ottalikat nothokar biporite nework sohoror biyar proti ek xoktixali aagrohor baabe byapokbhabe krititwo diya hoy. retro "fitt. udahoronsworupe retro "fitt prokolpoxomuh hoh" loh 1995 sonor poraa xaak-pasoli utpadon kori ohaa eli jabaror vinegar karkhanar greenhouse, jiye dukanor bekarir poraa aworjonar taapore teur sador greenhousetu uttopto kore, aaru nework sohoror prothom banijyik-scale, jolbahi sador firm nirman koraa company gutham greenos. notun nirman. notun nirman prokolpor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase bonn grihoxomuhor greenhouse, ek xulobh griho complexor sador uporot ekotrito ek xompurno xonghot sador firm, aaru xour tu, ek poriwex xikhya kendro zo 'too etaa ulombobhabe xonghot greenhouse thakibo. prostawito. prostawito prokolpoxomuhor bhitorot aase aabu dhaabi, eu. e. ee. aaru bharotot nirman koraa ekhon carbon-nirpekhyo sohor masdar sohor. xomporkito dharonaxomuh. ulombo krixi hoise ek prostawito krixi dharona zo 'too kewol ottalikar khaam nohoy, xomogro nogoriya ukh ottalikabur brihot porimanor krixir baabe utxorgito. bibhinno gowexokor mote, ulombo khetir upolobdhi koriboloi xoktir byobohar aaru puhoror khetrot guruttopurno projuktigot xofolotar proyujon hoh 'bob. onuman koraa hoise je etaa paas moholar protutype firmor baabe 20 nijut dollar poraa 30 nijut dollar bhitorot khoros hoh 'bob. compost-hitt greenhousot, greenhousor etaa faale xonglogno etaa bixex chamberot thoka xaar-aadharito compostor poraa taap aaru carbon daai oxide utponno hoy. notun roxayon protisthane 1983 sonot joibo-taapiyo xokti utpadonor baabe gowexonar xujugor baabe ek porikhyamulok composting greenhousor aarhi aaru nirman korisil. bordhito xoktiye vormicompostingor joriyote utpadito taap byobohar kori teulukor greenhousor baabe taap prodan kore.

samanwito krishi bilding-integrated agriculture (bii. aaee. ayee) holl nirmito poribesh ebong krishir modhye samanwayake kaaje laganor jonno mishra-byaboharer bhabangulite uchcho-karjokarita somponno jolobidyut chaash byabostha sthapon korar anushilan. buyer sthaponagulir sadharan baisistagulir modhye royeche punorbyoboharjoggo jolobidyut, ekti bhabaner heating-ventilation-aire condition system (eichvisi) theke neoa borjyo taap, sour photovoltaic baa punornobikoronjoggo shaktir anyanno roop, brishtir joll dhorey rakhar byabostha ebong bashpibhuto shitalkaran. pray 600 khristopurbabde byabilaner jhulonto baganguli buyer prachintama udaharan hotey paare. adhunik udahorongulir modhye royeche elly jabarer vinegar karkhana greenhouse, gotham greens, dongtan, masdar shohor ebong lufa khamar. bilding-integrated krishi shobdoti greecer krete 2007 saaler passive ebong loow energy cooling conference deoa ekti kagoje teeda caplo dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo. patabhumi. buyer prayogguli shakti byaboharer dhoron, bishwobyapi jonosongkha ebong bishwobyapi jalbayu poribortoner probonota dwara anupranito hoy. nirdishto porjobekkhoner modhye royeche poribeshgoto subidha. proboktara money corren jey, shahure khaddo utpadoner jonno baya ekti poribeshgotobhabe teksoi kaushal jaa amader poribeshgoto podochinno hrass korey, poribohon kharach hrass korey, khaddo nirapatta/nirapatta briddhi korey, joll sanrakkhan korey, nadigulike rakkha korey, swasther unnoti korey, borjyo hrass korey, bhabangulike sheetal korey ebong bishwa ushnayaner biruddhe ladai korey. udahoronsorup, jolobidyutbidda procholito krishir tulna dosho theke kudi guno qama jommy ebong dosho guno qama joll byabohar korey, jokhon rasayanik kitnashok, saarer apachay ebong khamar jontropati ebong deergho durotter poribohon theke carbon nisshoron door korey. ekti bhabaner borjyo taap ebong sour alok-voltia panel byabohar korey jeebashmo jalani nirgomon hrass koraa hoy jaa sadharonoto utpadon ebong bitoroner foley hoy. brishtir joll abobahika byabostha jhorer joll porichalona korte sahajyo korey, anekta sobuj chhader moto. arthaniti. ekti khamarke ekti bhobone ekibhuto koraa arow procholito sobuj chhader samasta bilding performance subidha pradan korey ebong upadanguli prithak howar cheye qama sommilito shakti biler folafol deyo. eyi byabosthaguli vidyaman prajuktir sahajye orjonjoggo. gotham greens greenhouser moto prokolpoguli nirmane pray 14 lokkho markin dollar kharach hobey. shulman, robin. "shikad tuley dhorar jonnoh kichhu nagarbasi aasha korchen jey chhader chaash foll debe.". 2011 saale 'dya neu eork times'-err byabasayik bibhage 'biah'-rawr arthaniti ekti nibondher vishay chhilo. application. bivinno akarer banijyik, shikkhamulak ebong abasik bhabangulite biah byabostha sanghato koraa jete paare. sombhabyota buildinger akaar, jalbayu, alor prapyota ebong notun billed bonam err upor vitti korey poribortito hoy. retrophit. sadharan alor sorbadhik byabohar korar jonno buildinger khamargulite biah khamarguli abosthito. anubhumik (chhaad) ebong ullamba (sammukh) ubhoy pristho byabohar koraa jete paare. chhader jolobidyut kendrogulir ekti chhitano vishwajude pawa yaay, jaar modhye royeche markin juktorashtrer academic kendraguli (washington vishwavidyalaya ebong bernard college, onnoder modhye); singapur ekti hospitale (changi); bharoter netherlands ebong unnayanshil bishwer kichhu ongshe. bigyan burge, ekti buildinge naa thakleo, 2007 saale jonosadharoner atmoprokasher porey neu eork sitite buyer proti ekti uddipok agroher jonno byapokbhabe krititto deoa hoy. retrophit. udahoronsorup, retrophit prokolpogulir modhye royeche elly jabarer vinegar factory greenhouse, jaa 1995 saal theke taar chhader greenhouseke dokaner bekari theke borjyo taap diye gorom korey choleche, ebong gotham greens, neu eork shohorer prothom banijyik-scale, jolobidyut chhader khamar nirmankari ekti sangostha. notun bhobon. notun nirman prokolpogulir udahoroner modhye royeche bonghorer greenhouse, ekti sampurna samanwito chhaad khamar jaa ekti sashrayi mulyer abason complexer chhade ekibhuto koraa hoyeche, ebong sour dui, ekti poribeshgoto shikkha kendra jaa ekti ullombobhabe samanwito greenhouse baisistyajukta korbe. prostab koraa hoyeche. prostabito prokolpogulir modhye royeche abudhabi, eu. ayee. ee ebong bharte nirmito ekti carbon-niropekkho shohor masdar shohor. somporkito dharonaguli. ullamba chaash ekti prostabito krishi dharona jekhane shudhumatra bilding khaam noy, puro shahure unchu bhabanguli borh akarer chasher jonno nibedito. bivinno gobeshokder motey, ullamba khamarguli upolobdhi korar jonno shakti kharach ebong alor khettre ullekhjoggo projuktigoto aggrogotir prayojan hobey. anuman koraa hoyeche jey ekti panchtala khamarer prototyper jonno 2 kotee theke 3 kotee dollar kharach hobey. compost-uttopto greenhouse, greenhouser ekpashe sangjukto ekti bishesh chembare thaka shaar-vittik compost theke taap ebong carbon dye oxide utponno hoy. notun alkemi institute 1983 saale joibo-tapiya shakti utpadoner jonno gobeshonar sujoger jonno ekti poriikkhamulok composting greenhouse design oo nirman korey. kromobordhoman shakti taader greenhouse jonno taap pradan korar jonno vermicomposting madhyome utpadito taap byabohar korey.

sankaleet krushee building-integrated agriculture (bii. aaee. aee.) aee bandhvama aavela paryaavaran aneey krushee vachchena samnvayno upyog karvaa maate mishra-upyogni imaarato parr aneey temaa uchch-pradarshanvali hydroponic greenhouse khetee pranaalio stheet karvaanee prathaa chhe. baay installation lakshaneek lakshaniktaoma punahparichalan hydroponics, buildingni heating-ventilation-air condition system (aechveeaeae) maanthi melveli kacharo garamee, saur photovoltaics athavaa navinikaraniy urjaana anya swarupo, varsadi paaninaa catchment systems aneey bashpibhavan thandakno samaavesh thaay chhe. biyaanu sauthee pahelu udaaharan ee. saes. purve purve aaspaas babylone lataktaa bageechao hoi shake chhe. aadhunik udaharanoma aelee zabarni sarakona karkhanani greenhouse, gotham greens, dongton, masdaar shaher aneey lufa farmno samaavesh thaay chhe. greesnaa kretemaa kretemaa yojaayeli nishkreey aneey ochhi urjaa dharaavati sheetalan parishadma aapvama aavela kaagalma teda caplo dwara 'building-integrated agriculture' shabdno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. prushthbhumi. biyaanee upyogitao urjaana upyogni paddhateeo, vaishvik vastee aneey vaishvik aabohva parivartannaa pravaaho dwara prereet chhe. chokkas avaloknomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh paryaavaraniy laabho. samarthako maane chhe keey biyaa aee shaheri khaadhy utpaadan maate paryavaranni drashtiae takaau vyooharachnaa chhe jeey aapana paryaavaraniy padchinhne ghataade chhe, parivahan kharchamaa ghataado karey chhe, khaadhy suraksha/salamatima vadhaaro karey chhe, paaninu sanraxan karey chhe, nadeeonu rakshan karey chhe, aarogyama sudhaaro karey chhe, kacharo ghataade chhe, imaaratone thandu karey chhe aneey vaishvik tapmanma vadhaaro karey chhe. udaaharan tareeke, hydroponics paramparagat khetee karataa dasthee vees ganee ochhi jameen aneey dass ganee ochhi paanino upyog karey chhe, jyaare rasayanik jantunashako, khaatarnaa pravaah aneey khetarni machinary aneey laambaa antarnaa parivahanmathi carbon utsarjanne door karey chhe. imaaratni nakaami garamee aneey saur photovoltaic panelno upyog karvaathi ashmibhoot indhannu utsarjan ghate chhe jeey saamanya reete utpaadan aneey vitaranaa parinaame thaay chhe. varsadi paaninaa jalgrahan pranaalio leela chhatni jaim tofaannaa paaninu sanchalan karvaamaa madad karey chhe. arthshaastra. khetarne makaanmaa aekeekrut karvaathi vadhu paramparagat hariyaadee chhatna tamaam bandhkam pradarshan laabho maley chhe, aneey ghatako alag hoya tenaa karataa sanyukt urjaa bill ochhu thaay chhe. aaa pranaalio haalnee technology saathe praapt curry shakaay chhe. gotham greens greenhouse jevaa projectnaa nirmanma aashre $14 laakhno kharch thashe. shulman, robin. "mool ubhoo karvu ketlaak shahervasio aashaa raakhe chhe keey chhat parnee khetee fala aapshe.". dhaa nyu york times" naa business vibhagma vibhagma lekhamaa biyaanu arthshaastra vishhay hato. kaarykramo. bii. aaee. aee. pranalione viveedh kadnee vyaapaari, shaikshanik aneey rahenank imaaratomaa sankaleet curry shakaay chhe. shakyata makaannaa qada, aabohva, prakashni uplabdhataa aneey navaa bandhkam viruddhnaa aadhare badalaay chhe. retrophit. saamanya prakashno mahattam upyog karvaa maate beeyaa pharma makaannaa parbidiyu parr stheet chhe. aadee (chhat) aneey oobhi (agrabhaag) banne sapationo upyog curry shakaay chhe. united states (washington university aneey barnard college, anya loko vachche) maan shaikshanik kendro saheet, vishvbharma chhat parr jalvidhyut greenhousesno chhantkav jovaa maley chhe; singaporma aek hospital (changi) parr; bharatma netherlandma aneey vikasshil vishvanaa bhagoma. science barge, jyaare koee imaarat parr naa hoya, tyaare tenaa 2007 naa jaaher padaarpan pachhi, nyu york shaherma biyaamaa utsaahjanak rus dharaavto hovaano shrey vyaapakpane aapvama aave chhe. retrophit. udaaharan tareeke, retrophit projectmaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh aelee zabarni vinegar factory greenhouse, jeey 1995 thee shakbhaji ugaadi rahee chhe, teey storeni bekarimathi nakaami garamee saathe tenaa chhat parnaa greenhousene garam karey chhe, aneey gotham greens, jeey nyu york citynun pratham vyaapaari-scale, hydroponic rooftop pharma banaave chhe. navoo bandhkam. navaa nirmanna udaharanoma vana gruho greenhouse, aek sampoorn sankaleet chhat parnoo pharma jeey sastu aavaas sankulni chhat parr sankaleet chhe, aneey solara too, aek paryaavaraniy shikshan kendra keey jeey oobhi reete sankaleet greenhouse darshaavshe. darkhaast curry hatee. prastaavit pariyojanaoma abu dhaabi, yuu. aee. ee. aneey bharatma bandhvama aavee rahelu carbon-tatasth shaher, masdaar shaherno samaavesh thaay chhe. sambandhit vibhavnao. oobhi khetee aee aek prastaavit krushee khyaal chhe jemaa maatra makaan parbidiyu jaj nahee, parantu samagr shaheri unchee imaarato motaa paaye khetee maate samarpeet chhe. viveedh sanshodhakona janaavya anusaar, oobhi kheteene samjavaa maate urjaa vapraash aneey prakashna sandarbhma nondhpaatra takneeki pragatini jaroor padashe. aevo andaaj lagavvama aavyo chhe keey aek paanch maalnun prototype pharma $20 millionthi $30 millionni vachche kharch karashe. khaatar-garam greenhousema, greenhouseni aek bajuae jodaayela vishesh chamberma rahela khaatar-aadharit khatarmathi garamee aneey carbon dioxide utpann thaay chhe. navee rasaayan sansthaae biothermal urjaana utpaadan maateni tako maate sanshodhan karvaa maate maate prayogik khaatar greenhouseni rachnaa aneey nirmaan karyoo hatoo. vadhati jatee shaktee temnaa greenhouse maate garamee pradaan karvaa maate vermicomposting dwara utpaadit garameeno upyog karey chhe.

ekikrit krishi bhawan-ekikrit krishi (bee. aaee. aeye.) nirmit paryaavaran aur krishi key beach talmel kaa dohan karane key liye mishrit upayog vaali imaraton parr aur unamen uchch-pradarshan vaali hydroponic greenhouse kheti pranaliyon kaa pataa lagaane kaa abhyaas haye. biyaa pratishthanon kii vishisht visheshtaon mein punarchakran hydroponics, ack imarat key taap-vayu-vayu sthiti pranali (hvac) seey lii gaee apashisht garmi, saur photovoltic yaa akshay oorjaa key anya roop, varsha jall jalgrahan pranali aur vashpikaran sheetlan shamil hain. biyaa kaa sabse pahala udaaharan lagbhag 600 eesaa poorv babylone key latakate hue bageeche hoe sakate hain. aadhunik udaharanon mein ellie zaabar key sirka karkhane kaa greenhouse, gotham greens, dongton, masdar shahar aur lufaa farm shamil hain. imarat-ekikrit krishi shabd koo greesak krete mein 2007 key nishkriya aur cumm oorjaa sheetlan sammelan mein diye gaye ack pepper mein taid caplo dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa. prishthabhoomi. biyaa key anuprayog oorjaa upayog key pattern, vaishvik aabaadi aur vaishvik jalavaayu parivartan key rujhaanon seey prerit hain. vishisht tippaniyon mein shamil hainh paryavaraniya laabh. prastavakon kaa kahana haye kii biyaa shahari khaadya utpaadan key liye ack paryaavaran kii drishti seey tikaau ranneeti haye joe hamaare paryavaraniya padchinh koo cumm karati haye, parivahan laagat mein katauti karati haye, khaadya suraksha/suraksha koo badhaati haye, paani kaa sanrakshan karati haye, nadiyon kii raksha karati haye, swaasthya mein sudhaar karati haye, apashisht koo cumm karati haye, imaraton koo thandaa karati haye aur vaishvik tapman mein kamee kaa mukabala karati haye. udaaharan key liye, hydroponics paaramparik krishi kii tulanaa mein duss seey bees gunaa cumm bhoomi aur duss gunaa cumm paani kaa upayog kartaa haye, jabaki rasayanik keetnashakon, urvarak pravaah aur krishi machinary aur lambi doori key parivahan seey carbon utsarjan koo samaapt kartaa haye. ack imarat kii apashisht garmi aur saur photovoltic panels kaa upayog karane seey jeevaashm eendhan utsarjan cumm hotaa haye joe aamtaur parr utpaadan aur vitaran key parinamswarup hotaa haye. varsha jall jalgrahan pranali toofaan key paani kaa prabandhan karane mein madad karati haye, bahut hudd taka ack hurry chhat kii tarah. arthshastra. ack khet koo ack imarat mein ekikrit karane seey adhik paaramparik hurry chhat key sabhi bhawan pradarshan laabh milate hain, aur isake parinamswarup ghatakon key alag honey kii tulanaa mein cumm sanyukt oorjaa bill hotaa haye. yeye pranaaliyan maujooda praudyogiki key saath praapt kii jaa sakati hain. gotham greens greenhouse jaisi pariyojanaon key nirmaan mein lagbhag 14 laakh dollar kii laagat aaegi. shulman, robbin. "jadein badhanah kuchh shaharwasi ummeed curr rahey hain kii chhat parr kheti seey phal milega.". dha newyork times" key vyaapaar khand mein 2011 key lekh mein biyaa kaa arthshastra vishay thaa. anuprayog. biyaa pranaliyon koo vibhinn aakaron key vaanijyik, shaikshik aur aavaasiya bhavanon mein ekikrit kiya jaa sakata haye. vyavaharyata bhawan key aakar, jalavaayu, prakaash kii upalabdhata aur nae nirmaan banaam jalavaayu key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. retrofit. samanya prakaash kaa adhikatam upayog karane key liye imarat key lifafe parr biyaa farm sthit hain. kshaitij (chhat) aur urdhvaadhar (agrabhag) donon satahon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. sanyukt raajya america (washington vishvavidyalaya aur barnard college, anya key beach) mein shaikshanik kendron sahit duniya bhar mein chhat parr hydroponic greenhouse kaa chhidkaav paaya jaa sakata haye; singapur mein ack aspatal (changi) parr; neetherland mein, bhaarat mein, aur vikaasheel duniya key kuchh hisson mein. vigyaan bajra, jabaki ack imarat parr naheen haye, vyaapak roop seey newyork shahar mein biyaa mein ack utsaahjanak ruchi key saath shreya diyaa jaataa haye, isake 2007 key saarvajanik padaarpan key baad. retrofit. udaaharan key liye retrofit pariyojanaon mein shamil hainh ellie zaabar kaa sirka karkhana greenhouse, joe 1995 seey sabjiyan ugaa rhaa haye, store kii bekari seey apashisht garmi key saath usaki chhat parr greenhouse koo germ kartaa haye, aur gotham greens, joe newyork shahar kaa pahala vaanijyik paimaane parr, hydroponic rooftop farm banaane vaali company haye. nayaa nirmaan. udaaharan key liye naee nirmaan pariyojanaon mein vann ghar greenhouse, ack kifayati awas parisar kii chhat parr ekikrit ack poori tarah seey ekikrit chhat farm, aur ack saur dou, ack paryaavaran shikshan kendra shamil haye jisamen ack urdhvaadhar roop seey ekikrit greenhouse hoga. prastaavit. prastaavit pariyojanaon mein aboo dhaabi, yuu. aeye. ee. aur bhaarat mein nirmit ack carbon-tatasth shahar, masdar shahar shamil haye. sambandhit avadhaaranaaen. urdhvaadhar kheti ack prastaavit krishi avadharana haye jisamen naa kewal bhawan lifafa balki poori shahari oonchi imaaraten badey paimaane parr kheti key liye samarpit hain. vibhinn shodhkartaon key anusaar, urdhvaadhar kheton koo mahsoos karane key liye oorjaa kii khapat aur prakaash key sambandh mein mahatvapurna takniki safaltaon kii aavashyakta hogi. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii ack prototype paanch manjila khet kii laagat $20 million seey $30 million key beach hogi. khaad-germ greenhouse mein, garmi aur carbon dioxide greenhouse key ack taraf judey ack vishesh kaksh mein nihit khaad-adharit khaad seey utpann hotey hain. nae keemiya sansthaan ney jaiv-taapiya oorjaa key utpaadan key liye anusandhaan key avsaron key liye 1983 mein ack prayogaatmak khaad greenhouse kaa design aur nirmaan kiya. badhati shakti vermicomposting key madhyam seey utpaadit garmi kaa upayog unake greenhouse key liye garmi pradaan karane key liye karati haye.

samagra krishi kattada-samyojita krishi (bii. aii. aa.) yuu, nirmita parisara mattu krushiya naduvina samanvayavannu balsikollalu, mishra-balakeya kattadagala mele mattu avugala mele hecchina-kaaryakshamateya jalajanaka hasirumane krishi vyavasthegalannu sthaapisuva abhyaasavaagide. bayo sthapanegala vishishta gunalaksanagalalli maruparichalane jalacharagalu, kattadada taapana-gaali-vaayu sthiti vyavastheyinda (etch. vii. aa. sii) serehidiyalaada tyajya shakha, soura dyutividyutika athawa navikarisabahudaada shaktiya itara roopagalu, maleneeru jalanayana vyavasthegalu mattu aaviyaaguva tampagisuvike serive. sumaru cree. poo. 600rahra sumaarige babylone nenu haakalaaguva udyaanagalu biyaada arambhika udaaharaneyaagirabahudu. aadhunika udaaharanegalalli elie jhabarna vinegar karkhaneya hasirumane, gotham greens, dongton, masdar nagara mattu lufa faarmgalu serive. greesna kreetnalli nadeda 2007rahra nishkriya mattu kadime shaktiya cooling sammelanadalli niidalaada kagadadalli ted caplo emba padavannu building-integrated agriculture emba padavannu srushtisalaayitu. hinnele. biyaada anvayagalu indhana balakeya maadarigalu, jagatika janasankhye mattu jagatika havamana badalaavaneya pravruttigalinda prerepisalpattive. nirdishta avalokanagalu seriveh parisarada anukulagalu. namma parisarada hejjegurutannu kadime maaduva, saarige vechchavannu kaditagolisuva, aahara bhadrate/surakshateyannu hechchisuva, neerannu samrakshisuva, nadigalannu rakshisuva, aarogyavannu sudhaarisuva, tyajyavannu kadime maaduva, kattadagalannu tampagisuva mattu jagatika taapamaana erikeyannu edurisuva parisara susthira kaaryatantravannu biah endu pratipaadakaru samarthisuttaare. udaaharanege, hydroponics saampradaayika krushiginta hattarinda ippattu pattu kadime bhoomiyannu mattu hattu pattu kadime neerannu balasuttade, rasayanika kitanashakagalu, rasagobbar harivu mattu krishi yantropakaranagalinda ingaalada horasusuvikeyannu mattu doorada sarigeyannu tegeduhaakuttade. kattadada tyajya shakha mattu soura dyutividyutika phalakagalannu balasuvudarinda paleyulike indhana horasusuvikeyannu kadime maaduttade, idu samanyavagi utpaadane mattu vitaraneyinda untaaguttade. maleneeru jalanayana vyavasthegalu birugaaliya neerannu nirvahisalu sahaaya maaduttave, hasiru chaavaniyante. arthashaastra. ondu form annu kattadadalli samyojisuvudarinda hecchu saampradaayika hasiru chaavaniya ellah kattada kaaryakshamateya prayojanagalannu niiduttade mattu ghatakagalu pratyekavagiddare kadime samyojita shaktiya bilge kaaranavaaguttade. ee vyavasthegalannu astitvadalliruva tantragyaanadinda saadhisabahudu. gotham greens hasirumanegalantaha yojanegalu nirmisalu sumaru $1.4 million vechchavaaguttave. schullman, rabin. "beru ettuvuduh kelavu nagaravasigalu meelchaavaniya krushiyu phala niiduttade endu bhavisuttare."endu baredukondiddaare. dhii newyork times" naa vevahaara vibhagadalli 2011rahra lekhanavondaralli "biah" dha arthashaastravu vishayavaagittu. applicationgalu. biah vyavasthegalannu vanijya, shaikshanika mattu vividha gatragala vasati kattadagalli samyojisabahudu. kattadada gaatra, havamana, belakina labhyate mattu hosa kattadada viruddha hosa kattadada labhyateya aadhaarada mele kaaryasaadhyate badalaaguttade. retrofit. saamaanya belakannu garishthavaagi balasalu kattadada lakoteya mele biah phaarmgalive. samatala (meelchaavani) mattu lamba (mumbhaga) melmaigalannu balasabahudu. meelchaavaniya jalajanaka hasirumanegala simpadaneyannu united statesna shaikshanika kendragalalli (washington vishvavidyaalaya mattu barnard kaaleju, itararalli); singapurada aaspatreyalli (changi); netherlands, bhaaratadalli mattu abhivraddhishila prapanchada bhagagalalli vishvadaadyanta kaanabahudu. vignaana dooni, kattadadallilladiddaru, 2007 ralli saarvajanikavaagi praarambhavaada nantara, newyork nagaradalli biyaadalli utsaahabharita aasaktiyannu vyaapakavaagi salluttade. retrofit. udaharanegagi retrofit yojanegalu heegiveh 1995rinda tarakaarigalannu beleyuttiruva elie jhabarna vinegar karkhaneya hasirumane, angadia bekariyinda tyajya shaakhadondige tanna meelchaavaniya hasirumanegalannu bisi maaduttade, mattu newyork nagarada modala vanijya-pramanada, hydroponic meelchaavani form annu nirmisuva kampaniyaada gotham greens. hosa kattada. hosa nirmaana yojanegalalli aranya manegala hasirumane, kaigetakuva vasati sankeernada meelchaavaniya mele samyojisalaada sampoorna samyojita meelchaavani form mattu lambavaagi samyojita hasirumane hondiruva parisara kalika kendravaada soura eradu serive. prastaapisalaagide. prastaavita yojanegalalli abu dhaabi, yuu. aa. ii mattu bhaaratadalli nirmisalaaguttiruva ingala-tatastha nagaravaada masdar nagaravoo seride. sambandhita parikalpanegalu. lamba krushiyu ondu prastaavita krishi parikalpaneyagiddu, idaralli kevala kattadada hodikeyalla, idee nagara ettarada kattadagalu dodda pramanada krushige misalaagive. vividha samshoodhakara prakara, sthiravaada krishi kshetragalannu aritukolla indhana balake mattu belakina vishayadalli gamanarha taantrika pragatigala agatyaviruttade. aidu antastina mulamaadariya formge $20 dashalakshadinda $30 dashalakshadashtu vechchavaaguttade endu andaajisalaagide. compost-heated hasirumanegalalli, hasirumanegala ondu badige jodisalaada vishesha kotadiyalli iruva rasagobbar aadhaarita compostninda shakha mattu ingaalada dioxide utpattiyaguttade. hosa rasavidye samstheyu jaivika ushna shaktiya utpaadanege samshodhanaa avakashagaligagi 1983ralli prayogika composting hasirumane vinyaasagolisi nirmisitu. beleyuva shaktiyu vermicomposting moolaka utpattiyaguva shakhavannu avugala hasirumanegalige shakhavannu odagisalu balasuttade.

kettidanirmmaana samyojitha krishi nirmmitha paristhithiyum krishiyum thammilulla samanvayam prayojanappeduthunnathi mishra-upayoga kettidangalilum uyarnna prakadanamulla hydroponic harithagriha kaarshika samvidaanangal kandethunnathinulla sanbradaayamaanu building-integrated agrikalchar (biya). bio instaaleshanukalude savisheshathakalil hydroponics punachamkramanam cheyyuka, oru kettidatthinte heating-ventilation-eyar contition sisttathil (echu. vii. eiii. sii) ninnu pidichedukkunna maalinya thapam, solar photovolteykkukal allengil mattu tharatthilulla punarupayoga oorjjam, mazhavella vrishtipradesha samvidaanangal, baashpeekarana thanuppikkal enniva ulppedunnu. bisi 600 oode baabilonile thoongikkidakkunna poonthottangalaayirikkam biyayude aadyakaala udaaharanam. elie sabarinte vinagiri factory harithagriham, godham greens, dongtan, masdar sitti, lufa faamukal enniva aadhunika udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. greasil nadanna 2007 leeii nishkriyavum kuranja oorjjamullathumaaya thanuppikkal konfaransil tedu caplo nalkia oru prabandhathilaanu building-integrated agrikalchar enna padam upayogichathu. pashchaathalam. oorjja upayoga reethikal, aagola janasamkhya, aagola kalavastha vyathiyaanam ennivayile pravanathakal biyayude prayogangalkku prachodanamaanu. prathyeka nireekshanangalil iva ulppedunnu paaristhithika nettangal. nammude paaristhithika kaalppaadukal kuraykkuka, gathagatha chelavu kuraykkuka, bhakshyasuraksha/suraksha vardhippikkuka, vellam samrakshikkuka, nadikale samrakshikkuka, aarogyam mechappeduthuka, maalinyangal kuraykkuka, kettidangale thanuppikkuka, aagolathaapanathe neriduka enniva cheiyunna nagara bhakshya ulppaadanathinulla paristhithi susthira thanthramaan biya ennu vakthaakkal abhipraayappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, hydroponics parambaraagatha krishiyekkaal patthu muthal irupathu madangu vare kuranja bhoomiyum patthu madangu kuranja vellavum upayogikkunnu, athesamayam raasa keedanashinikal, valam ozhukal, kaarban udvamanam enniva kaarshika yanthrangalil ninnum deerghadoora gathaagathathil ninnum illaathaakkunnu. oru kettidatthinte maalinya thapavum sourorjja photovoltaic paanalukalum upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadanathinteyum vitharanathinteyum falamaayundaakunna phoosil indhana udvamanam kuraykkunnu. mazhavella vrishtipradesha samvidaanangal oru pacha melkoora pole kodunkaattu jalam kaikaaryam cheyyaan sahayikkunnu. saambathikashaasthram. oru phaam oru kettidavumaayi samyojippikkunnath kooduthal parambaraagathamaaya pacha melkkoorayude ellah kettida prakadana aanukoolyangalum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, ithu gadakangal verittathaanenkil ullathinekkaal kuranja samyojitha oorjja billinu kaaranamaakunnu. nilavilulla saankethikavidya upayogichu eee samvidaanangal kaivarikkaan kazhiyum. godham greens harithagriham polulla padhathikal nirmmikkaan ekadesham 14 laksham dollar chelavu varum. shulman, robin. "verukal uyarthunnu chila nagaravaasikal melkoora krishi phalam nalkumennu prathekshikkunnu.". 2011ll newyork timesinte bisinus vibhaagathil biyayude saambathikashaasthram enna lekhanam prasidheekarikkappettu. aaplikkeshanukal. vividha valuppathilulla vaanijya, vidyaabhyaasa, paarppida kettidangalumayi biyaa samvidaanangal samyojippikkaam. kettidatthinte valuppam, kaalavastha, prakaashatthinte labhyatha, puthiya nirmmaanam enniva adisthaanamaakki saadhyataa vyathyaasangal vyathyaasappedunnu. retrophit cheyyuka. saadhaarana velicham paramavadhi upayogikkunnathinaayi kettidatthinte kavaril biyaa faamukal sthithicheyyunnu. thirashcheena (melkoora), lamba (munbhagam) prathalangal upayogikkaam. american aikyanaadukalile academic kendrangalilum (washington sarvakalaashaalayilum barnard collegilum) singappoorile oru aashupathriyilum (chanki) netherlandsilum indiayilum vikaswara raajyangalude chila bhagangalilum ulppede lokamembaadum melkkoorayile hydroponic harithagrihangalude oru thalika kaanam. oru kettidatthilallengilum, 2007 ll pothu arangettathetthudarnnu newyork nagaratthile biyayil oorjjaswalamaaya thaalpparyathinu sayans barj parakke bahumati nalkappedunnu. retrophit cheyyuka. udaaharanathinu, retrophit padhathikalil iva ulppedunnu 1995 muthal pachakkarikal valarthunna elii saabarinte vinagiri factory harithagriham, storinte bekariyil ninnulla maalinya choodu upayogichu melkkoorayile harithagrihathe choodaakkunnu, newyork nagaratthile aadyathe vaanijya-thothilulla hydroponic melkoora phaam nirmmikkunna kambaniyaaya godham greens. puthiya kettidam. puthiya nirmmaana padhathikalil udaaharanamaayi vanabhavanangalude harithagriham, thaangaanaavunna bhawana samuchayathinte melkkoorayil samyojippicha poornnamaayum samyojitha melkoora phaam, lambamaayi samyojitha harithagriham avatharippikkunna paristhithi patana kendramaaya solar tuu enniva ulppedunnu. nirddeshichu. abu dhabi, yuu. eiii. iii, india ennividangalil nirmmikkunna kaarban neutral nagaramaya masdar sitti nirddishta padhathikalil ulppedunnu. bandhapetta ashayangal. kettida cover mathramalla, nagaratthile muzhuvan uyarnna kettidangalum valia thothilulla krishikkaayi samarppikkunna nirddishta kaarshika aashayamaanu lamba krishi. vividha gaveshakarude abhipraayathil, lambamaya krishiyidangalkku oorjja upabhogavum prakashavum sambandhichu kaaryamaaya saankethika munnettangal aavasyamaanu. oru prototype anchu nila phaam 20 dasalaksham muthal 30 dasalaksham dollar vare chelavaakumenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. compoost choodaakkiya harithagrihangalil, harithagrihathinte oru vashath gadippichirikkunna oru prathyeka arayil adangiyirikkunna valam adisthaanamaakkiyulla compostil ninnaan choodum kaarban dye ooksaidum uthpaadippikkunnathu. biothermal energy uthppaadippikkunnathinu avasarangal gaveshanam cheiyunnathinaayi puthiya alchemy instittyoott 1983 ll oru pareekshanathmaka composting harithagriham roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu. valarunna oorjjam mannira compostingiloode ulppaadippikkunna thapam avayude harithagrihathinu thapam nalkunnu.

ekatmik bandhkam shetee imarat-ekatmik shetee (bii. aay. aii.) hii bandhalele paryavaran aanee shetee yanchyatil samanvay sadhanyasathi mishra-vaparachya imaratinvar aanee imaratinmadhye uchch-karyakshamatechya jalvidhyut haritgruh shetee pranali shodhanyachi pratha aahe. biya pratishthapananchya vaishishtyapurn vaishishtyanmadhye hydroponics punarparichalan, imaratichya heating-ventilation-air condition system (etch. vhee. aii. see.) madhoon milanari kachara ushnata, saur photovoltic kinwa akshay urjeche itar prakar, pavasachya panyache panlot pranali aanee bashpibhavak shitkaran yancha samavesh hoto. biyache sarvat june udaharan ii. sha. puu. 600 chya sumaras babylonechi latkanari udyane asoo shakatat. aadhunik udaharananmadhye ellie zabarcha vinegar karkhana haritgruh, gotham greens, dongton, masdar shahar aanee lufa shete yancha samavesh hoto. greesmadheel krete yethe 2007 chya nishkriy aanee qamee urja shitalan parishadet vitarit kelelya kagdamadhye teed caplone imarat-ekatmik shetee hii sandnya tayar kelee hotee. parshvabhoomi. biyache anuprayog urja vaparachya paddhati, jaagtik loksankhya aanee jaagtik hawaman badalatil kalanni prerit aahet. vishisht nirikshananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh paryavaraniy fayade. biya heey shahari ann utpadanasathi paryavaranasathi shashvat dhoran aahe, jeey aapale paryavaraniy paul qamee karate, vahtook kharchat kapat karate, ann suraksha/suraksha vadhavate, panyachi bachat karate, nadyanche sanrakshn karate, aarogya sudharate, kachara qamee karate, imarati thund karate aanee jaagtik tapmanvadhishi ladha dete, asey samarthakanche mhanane aahe. udaharanarth, hydroponics paramparik shetipeksha daha teey vees putt qamee jameen aanee daha putt qamee paanee vaparte, tarr rasayanik kitakanashake, khatancha ogh aanee shetichya yantrasamagritun aanee lamb pallyachya vahatukitoon honare carbon utsarjan door karate. imaratichi kachara ushnata aanee saur prakashvoltik patalancha vapar kelyane jivashma indhan utsarjan qamee hote jeey samanyatah utpadan aanee vitaranamule hote. pavasachya panyache panlot pranali, hiravya chhapparapramane, vadalachya panyache vyavasthapan karnyas madat karatat. arthshastra. shetala imaratit ektrit kelyane adhik paramparik hiravya chhapparanche serve bandhkam kamgiriche fayade midatat aanee parinami ghatak vegale asanyapeksha ektrit urja biil qamee hote. yaa pranali vidyaman tantradnyanadvare sadhya karata yetat. gotham greens haritgruh yasarkhya prakalpanchya bandhkamasathi andaje 14 laakh dollars kharch yeil. schullman, robbin. "mule vadhavaneh kahee shaharvasi aasha karat aahet qee chhatavaril shetee faldayi tharel.". daad newyork times' chya vyavasay vibhagat 2011 chya lekhacha vishay 'biya' chey arthshastra hota. anuprayog. biya pranali vegvegalya aakaranchya vyavsayik, shaikshanik aanee nivasi imaratinmadhye ektrit kelya jaau shakatat. imaraticha aakar, hawaman, prakashachi upalabdhata aanee naveen bandhani viruddha naveen bandhani yavar vyavharyata badalate. punarprapti. samanya prakashacha jastit jaast vapar karnyasathi imaratichya lifafyavar biya shete aahet. aadve (chhatavar) aanee anulamb (samore) prushthbhag donhi vaparale jaau shakatat. chhatavaril hydroponic haritgruhanchi favarani jagbharat aadhalu shakate, jyat united statesmadhil shaikshanik kendranmadhye (washington vidyapith aanee barnard college, itaransah); singapurmadhil rugnalayat (changi); netherlandsmadhye, bharatat aanee vikasansheel jagachya kahee bhaganmadhye aadhalate. science barge, imarativar nasatanahi, 2007 madhye sarvajanik padarpananantar newyork shaharatil biya madhye utsahavardhak swarsyache shrey mothya pramanat dile jaate. punarprapti. udaharanadakhal, punarnirmit prakalpanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh 1995 pasoon bhajipala pikavat asalela ellie zabarcha vinegar karkhana haritgruh, tyachya chhatavaril haritgruhala dukanachya bekaritoon bekaritoon apashisht ushnatene garam karato aanee newyork shaharatil pahile vyavsayik-praman, hydroponic chhatavaril shet bandhanari company gotham greens. naveen imarat. naveen bandhkam prakalpanchya udaharananmadhye vangruh haritgruh, haritgruh gruhnirman sankulachya chhatavar ekatmik kelele eka purnapane ekatmik chhatavaril shet aanee eka anulamb ekatmik haritgruh asalele paryavaraniy shikshan kendra, saur done yancha samavesh hoto. prastavit. prastavit prakalpanmadhye aboo dhabi, yuu. aii. eae. aanee bharatat bandhale jaanare carbon-tatasth shahar, masdar shaharacha samavesh aahe. sambandhit sankalpana. ubhi shetee hii eka prastavit krishi sankalpana aahe jyamadhye keval imaratichya lifafyat navhe tarr sampoorn shahari unch imarati mothya pramanavar shetisathi samarpit aahet. vividh sanshodhakanchya matey, ubhya shetanna urja vapar aanee prakashyojanachya sandarbhat lakshaniy tantrik pragatichi aavashyakta aahe. assa andaj vartavala gela aahe qee eka paach majali shetasathi 2 kotee teey 3 kotee dollarschya darmyan kharch yeil. khat-garam haritgruhanmadhye, haritgruhachya eka bajula jodalelya vishesh kakshat asalelya khat-aadharit compostmadhun ushnata aanee carbon dioxide tayar hoto. naveen rasayana sansthene jaivushnik urja utpadanachya sandhinchya sanshodhanasathi 1983 madhye prayogik composting haritgruhachi rachana aanee bandhani kelee. vadhanari urja tyanchya haritgruhala ushnata puravanyasathi varmikampostingdware tayar jhalelya ushnatecha vapar karate.

ekikrit krishi bhawan bhawan-ekikrit krishi (biya) bhaneko nirmit watawaran rar krishi bichko samanwayako dohan garna mishrit-prayog bhawanharuma uccha-pradarshan hydroponic haritgriha kheti pranaliharu patta lagaune abhyas how. biya sthapanaharuko wishishta visheshtaharuma punarchakran hydroponics, bhawanko taap-hawadar-wayu awastha pranali (echbhyak), saur photovoltic wa nawikaraniya urjaka anya rupharu, warsha jaal jalgrahan pranali, rar washpikaran shitalanbata khichieko fohor taap samawesh chha. biyako prarambhik udaharan lagbhag 600 isa purva babylonko jhundyairaheko bagaincha huna sakchha. adhunik udaharanharuma alie jabarko bhinegar karkhana greenhouse, gotham greens, dongton, masdar sahar, rar lufa farmharu samawesh chhan. bhawan-ekikrit krishi shabda ted caplodwara sann 2007 maa crete, grissma bhaeko nishkriya rar cum urja shitlan sammelanma pradan garieko kagajma prayog garieko thiyo. prishthabhumi. biyaka anuprayogharu urja prayogko dhancha, vishwawyapi janasankhya rar vishwawyapi jalawayu pariwartanko prawrittibata prerit chhan. wishishta awalokanharu samawesh chhanh watawarniya labh. samarthakharule key bataunchhan bhane biya sahari khadya utpadanka lagi watawarniya rupma digo ranniti how jasle hamro watawarniya padachinha ghataunchha, yatayat lagat ghataunchha, khadya suraksha/suraksha badhaunchha, pani sanrakshan gardacha, nadiharuko raksha gardacha, swasthya sudhar gardacha, fohor ghataunchha, bhawanharulai chiso banaunchha, rar global warmingko samana gardacha. udaharanka lagi, hydroponicsle paramparagat krishiko tulanama dasdekhi beas guna cum jamin rar das guna cum pani prayog gardacha, jabki rasayanik kitnashak, malko bahawa, rar krishi messinary rar lamo duriko yatayatbata carbon utsarjanlai hataunchha. bhawanko fohor taap rar saurya photovoltic panelharuko prayogle jiwashma indhan utsarjan ghataunchha june samanyataya utpadan rar witaranko parinam how. warshako pani jalgrahan pranalile aandhiko pani wyawasthapan garna maddat gardacha, dherai hariyo chhat jastai. arthashastra. euta khetlai bhawanma ekikrit garnale bhawanko sabai pradarshan labhharu adhik paramparagat hariyo chhatko pradan gardacha, rar componentharu chhuttai bhae bhanda cum sanyukta urja bilma parinam dinchha. yee pranaliharu vidyaman prawidhiko sath prapta garna yogya chhan. gotham greens greenhouse jasta pariyojanaharu nirman garna lagbhag $14 lakh kharcha hunechha. sulman, robin. "jara uthaundaihi kehi saharawasiharule chhat khetile fall dine asha gariraheka chhan.". biyako arthashastra "da newyork times" ko wyapar khandama 2011 ko lekhko vishaya thiyo. awedanharu. biya pranaliharu vibhinna akarka wyawasayik, shaikshik rar awasiya bhawanharuma ekikrit garna sakinchha. sambhawyata bhawanko akar, jalawayu, prakashko upalabdhata, rar nayan nirman banam maa adharit hunchha. punahprapta. samanya prakashko adhikatam prayog garna bhawanko khamma biya farmharu awasthit chhan. kshaitij (chhat) rar thado (agrabhag) satahaharu duwai prayog garna sakinchha. sanyukta rajya america (wassington vishwavidyalaya rar barnard college, anya) kaa shaikshik kendraharu; singapurko aspatal (changi); netherlands, bharat rar vikasashil vishwaka kehi bhagharuma sahit chhana hydroponic greenhausharuko chhirkai vishwabhar fela parne sakinchha. vigyan bajra, bhawanma nabhae pani, yasako 2007 sarvajanik debue pachhi, newyork saharko biyama ek sfurtidayak chasoko lagi wyapak rupma shreya diinchha. punahprapta. udaharan retrofit pariyojanaharuma samawesh chhanh alie jabarko bhinegar karkhana greenhouse, jasle 1995 dekhi tarkariharu utpadan gardai aeko chha, storeko bekaribata fohor garmile unko chhatko greenhouslai tato gardacha, rar gotham greens, nyu york shaharko pahilo wyawasayik-scale, hydroponic rooftop farm nirman garne company. nayan bhawan. udaharanko rupma nayan nirman pariyojanaharuma wann gharharu haritgriha, ek kifayati awas parisarko chhatma ekikrit purna rupma ekikrit rooftop farm, rar solar too, ek watawarniya sikai kendra jasle thado rupma ekikrit haritgriha suwidha pradan gardacha. prastawa gare. prastawit pariyojanaharuma abu dhabi, uae rar bharatma nirman bhairaheko carbon-tatastha sahar masdar sahar samawesh chha. sambandhit awadharanaharu. thado kheti euta prastawit krishi awadharana how jasma bhawanko kham matra nabhai sampurna sahari agla bhawanharu thulo matrama khetima samarpit chhan. vibhinna shodhkartaharuka anusar, thado farmharu mahasus garna urja khapat rar prakashko sandarbhama mahatwapurna prawidhik safalataharu awashyak pardachha. yo anuman garieko chha kii ek prototype paanch tale farmako lagat $2 karod dekhi $3 karodko bichma hunechha. compost-tato haritgrihaharuma, garmi rar carbon dioxide haritgrihako ek chheuma jodieko vishesh kakshama raheko malma adharit compostbata utpanna hunchha. nayan kimiya sansthanle biothermal urjako utpadanka lagi awasarharu anusandhan garna sann 1983 maa prayogatmak composting greenhouse design rar nirman gareko thiyo. badhdo shaktile uniharuko haritgrihaka lagi taap pradan garna wormicomposting marfat utpadit tapko prayog gardacha.

nirmana-samanwita krushi building-integrated krushi (bii. aai. aii.) heuchhi nirmita paribesha ebong krushi madhyare samanwajaku upajoga kariba paain mishrit-byabahara bhaban upare ebong sethire uccha-karjyakarita hydroponic greenhouse krushi pranalira sandhan karibara abhyasa . bajara sthapanara biseshatwagudika madhyare punarbyabaharajogya jalaprabaha, kothara uttapa-baaju sanchalana-baaju sthiti pranali (echa. bhi. aii. sii.) ru uttolita barjya uttapa, saura aloka-voltaika kimba anya prakarara akshaiah shakti, barsha jala ababahika pranali ebong bashpibhuta sheetalata antarbhukta . praiah 600 khreestapoorbare babylonra jhulanta bagicha bajara prarambhika udaharana hoithaipare . adhunika udaharanagudika madhyare elie jabarnka bhinegar karkhana greenhouse, gotham greens, dongatan, masdar sahara ebong lufa farm antarbhukta . greecer kretare 2007 ray nishkriya ebong nimna shakti shital sammilani samajare eka kagajare ted caplo dwara building-samanwita krushi sabda srusti karajaithila . prusthabhumi. bii. aai. aii. rahr prajoga shakti byabaharara dhaara, biswa janasankhya ebong biswa jalabaju paribartanara dhaara dwara prerita . nirdista parjyabekhyanagudika madhyare rahichhih paribesagata laabh. prabaktamane kahichanti je saharanchal khadya utpadana paain bii. aai. aii. heuchhi eka paribesha anukula sthajee ranneeti jaahaa ammer paribesagata padachinhaku hrass karithae, paribahana kharcha hrass karithae, khadya surakhya/surakhya brudhi karithae, jala sanrakhyana karithae, nadigudikara surakhya karithae, swasthyare unnati karithae, barjyabastu hrass karithae, attalika gudiku thanda karithae ebong biswa tapmatra brudhi saha ladhuchhi. udaharana swaroopa, hydroponics paramparika krushi tulanare dasharu kodie guna comm jami ebong dasha guna comm jala byabahara karithae, jetebele kii rasajanika kitanashaka, saara prabaha, ebong krushi jantrapati ebong durgami paribahanaru angarakamla nirgamanaku doora karithae. eka kothara barjya uttapa ebong saura aloka-voltaic panel byabahara kariba dwara jeebashma indhan nirgamana hrass paithae jaahaa sadharanatah utpadana ebong bitaranaru hoithae. barsha jala ababahika byabastha jhada jala parichalana karibare sahajya kare, eka sabuja chhaata pari . arthabyabastha. eka khamaraku eka attalika sahita ekeekruta kariba adhika paramparika sabuja chhaata rahr samasta building pradarshan laabh pradan kare, ebong ehara phalaswaroopa upadanagudika pruthaka heba apekhya comm milita shakti bill hue . ehi byabastha gudika barttamanara prajukti bidya dwara hassel karajaipariba. gotham greens greenhouse bhali prakalpa nirmana paain pakhapakhi 14 lakhya dollar kharcha heba. shulman, rabin. "moola badheibah saharar kichhi basinda aasha karuchanti je chhaata upare chaash phalaprad heba.". dee nyujarka times' rahr byabasai bibhagare 2011 masihar eka nibandhare 'dee economics off biah' bishai thila. application. bibhinna akarara banijyika, sikhyagata ebong abasic attalika madhyare bii. aii. aii. byabastha ekeekruta hoipare. kothara aakaar, jalabaju, alokar upalabdhata ebong nutan nirmana banam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. punahsthapana karantu. sadharana alokar sarbadhika byabahara kariba paain kothara kham upare bajapharmagudika abasthita . ubhaja aanubhumika (chhaata upare) ebong ullamb (sammukhabhaga) prustha byabahara karajaipare . chhaata upare jala-prakrutika greenhouser eka chhinchiba samagra bisware dekhibaku milithae, jeunthire americara academic centre (washington biswabidyalaja ebong barnard college, anyamananka madhyare); singapurara eka daktarakhana (changi) ray; netherland, bharatara ebong bikashashila biswara kichhi anshare . bigyana barge, eka bildingre naah thibabele, nyujarka saharar biah prati eka utsahajanaka agraha paain byapaka bhabare shreya diajae, ehara 2007 sarbajaneena debyu parey . punahsthapana karantu. udaharana swaroopa, retrofit prakalpagudika helah elie jabaranka bhinegar karkhana greenhouses, jaahaa 1995 masiharu panipariba utpadana kariasuchhi, storer bekariru barjya uttapa sahita taanka chhaata greenhusku garam kare, ebong gotham greens, nyujarka saharar pratham banijyika-scale, hydroponic chhaata farm nirmana karuthiba eka company . nooa kotha. udaharana swaroopa nutan nirmana prakalpagudika madhyare rahichhi jangala gruha greenhouse, eka sampurna samanwita chhaata upare thiba farm jaahaa eka sulabh abas complexes chhaata upare ekeekruta hoichhi, ebong saura dwiteeja, eka paribesha sikhya kendra jaahaa eka ullamb samanwita greenhouse pradan kariba. prastaba deithile. prastabita prakalpagudika madhyare abu dhabi, jayu. aii. ee. ebong bharatare nirmita heuthiba eka carbon-nirapekhya sahara, masdar sahara antarbhukta. samprukta dharana. ullamb chaash heuchhi eka prastabita krushi dharana jeunthire kebala building kham nuhen, samagra saharanchal uccha-brudhi kotha, bruhata akarara chaash paain utsargeekruta . bibhinna gabeshakanka matare, urdhwamukhee krushi khetragudika upalabdhi kariba paain shakti byabahara ebong alokikarana khetrare gurutwapurna baishajika saphalata aabasyaka heba. akalana karajaichi je eka prototype pancha mahla farm $20 nijuta ru $30 nijuta madhyare kharcha heba . compost-uttapta greenahausare, greenhausra gotie parsware sanlagna eka swatantra kothareere thiba saara-aadharita composteru uttapa ebong carbon dioxide utpanna hue . jaiba-tapaja shakti utpadana paain gabeshana sujoga paain nutan alchemy institute 1983 ray eka parikhyamulaka composting greenhouser parikalpana ebong nirmana karithila. bardhita shakti semananka greenhouse paain uttapa pradan kariba paain bharmikamposting madhyamare utpadita taap byabahara kare .

ekikrit khetibadi building-integrated agriculture (bee. aaee. aii.) mishrat varton valiaan imaratan witch ucch-pardarshan vaali hydroponic greenhouse farming pranaliaan daa pataa lagaun daa abhiaas haii taan joe billed vatavaran atey khetibadi darmiaan talmel daa faida uthaiaa jaa sake. bee. aaee. aii. sthapnavan deeaan vishesh visheshtavan witch hydroponics daa punar-sanchar, ikk imaarat dey heating-havadari-havaa dee sathiti pranali (aich. vee. aii. see.), solar photovoltack jaan naviaunyog oorja dey horr roopan, meenh dey paanee dey catchment pranaliaan atey bhafu thandha karna shamal hunn. biaa dee sabh toon purani udaharan lagbhag 600 ee. poo. babylone dey latakde baag hoow sakde hunn. aadhunik udaharnan witch ellie zabar dee sirke dee factory greenhouse, gotham greens, dongton, masdar shehar atey lufa farm shamal hunn. shabad building-ekikrit khetibadi noon greece dey crate witch 2007 dey paisiv atey ghatt energy cooling conferences witch ditte gaye ikk paper witch taid caplo duaara ghadiaa giaa see. pichokad. bee. aaee. aii. deeaan applicationan, oorja dee varton dey patternan, vishwaviaapi aabadi atey vishwaviaapi jalvayu tabdili dey rujhanan toon prerit hunn. vishesh nirikhanan witch shamal hann vatavaran laabh. samarthak mannade hunn kii bee. aaee. aii. shahiri bhojan utpadan laee ikk vatavarnak tikaoo ranniti haii joe saade vatavaran dey nakshe noon ghataundi haii, aavajai deeaan lagtan witch katauti kardi haii, bhojan surakhiaa/surakhiaa noon vadhaundi haii, paanee dee sambhal kardi haii, nadiaan dee rakkhiaa kardi haii, sihat witch sudhar kardi haii, rahind-khunhad noon ghataundi haii, imaratan noon thanda kardi haii atey vishav tapash daa mukabala kardi haii. udaharan dey laee, hydroponics ravaiti khetibadi naalon dass toon veeh gunna ghatt zameen atey dass gunna ghatt paanee dee varton karda haii, jadon kii rasayanak keetnashak, khaad dey vahaa atey farm machinary atey lambi doori dee aavajai toon carbon nikas noon khatam karda haii. imaarat dee rahind-khunhad dee garmi atey solar photovoltack painlan dee varton jaivik baalan dey nikas noon ghataundi haii joe aam taur 'teey utpadan atey vandd dey natije vajon hundi haii. meenh dey paanee dee catchment pranaliaan toofan dey paanee daa parbandhan curran witch madad kardiaan hunn, jiven kii ikk hurry chhatt. arth shastar. ikk farm noon ikk imaarat witch ekikrit karna ikk vadhere ravaiti hurry chhatt dey saare imaarat pardarshan laabh pesh karda haii, atey natije vajon ikk ghatt sanyukat bijli bill hunda haii jey hisse vakkhre hunde hunn. ih pranaliaan maujuda technology naal prapat keetiaan jaa sakdiaan hunn. gotham greens greenhouse varge projectan dey nirman witch lagbhag 14 lakkh dallar dee laagat aavegi. schullman, robin. "jadah puttnaae shehar dey kujh vasneek umeed qarr rahey hunn kii chhattan dee kheti fall devegi.". bee. aaee. aii. daa arth shastar "dha newyork times" dey busions section witch 2011 dey ikk lekh daa visha see. application. bee. aaee. aii. pranaliaan noon vakkh-vakkh akaar deeaan vaparak, viddiak atey rihaishi imaratan witch ekikrit keeta jaa sakda haii. sambhavna imaarat dey aakaar, jalvayu, roshni dee uplabbadhta atey naveen usari banaam dey adhaar teey vakkhari hundi haii. retrofit. aam roshni dee vaddh toon vaddh varton curran laee beeaa farm imaarat dey lifafe utte sathit hunn. harizotal (chhatt) atey vertical (agge) satah dovan dee varton keeti jaa sakadi haii. chhattan utte hydroponic greenhouses daa chhidkaa dunia bharr witch paaiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch sanyukat raaj amrica (washington university atey barnard kaalaj, horaan dey naal) dey akadamik kendran witch; singapur dey ikk hospital (changi) witch; needarlands, bharat witch atey vikashsheel dunia dey kujh hissiaan witch. science bajj, jadon kii ikk imaarat utte naheen haii, noon viaapak taur utte iss dey 2007 dey jantak daibioo toon baad, newyork shehar witch bee. aaee. aii. witch ikk shaktishali dilchaspi daa sihra ditta jaanda haii. retrofit. udaharan vajon, retrofit projectan witch shamal hann ellie zabar dee sirke dee factory greenhouse, joe kii 1995 toon sabziaan ugaa rahee haii, uss dee chhatt dey greenhouse noon store dee bekari toon rahind-khunhad dee garmi naal garam kardi haii, atey gotham greens, joe kii ikk company haii joe newyork shehar daa pahila vaparak-paimane, hydroponic rooftop farm bnaa rahee haii. naveen imaarat. udaharan vajon navein nirman projectan witch janglat dey gharan daa greenhouse, ikk kifaiti rihaishi complexes dee chhatt utte ekikrit ikk puurii tarahan ekikrit chhatt farm, atey solar too, ikk vatavaran sikhlai kendra shamal haii jiss witch ikk lambkari ekikrit greenhouse dee visheshta hovegi. prastavit. prastavit projectan witch masudar shehar, aboo dhaabi, yuu. aii. ee. atey bharat witch banaiaa jaa riha ikk carbon-nirpakh shehar shamal haii. sabandhat sankalpan. vertical farming ikk prastavit khetibadi sankalap haii jiss witch samucchiaan shahiri ucchiaan imaratan, naa kii siraf building lifafa, vadde paddhar 'teey kheti laee samarpit hunn. vakkh-vakkh khojkartavan dey anusar, lambkari farman noon sakar curran laee, bijli dee khapat atey roshni dey sambandh witch mahattavpuran takniki safalta dee zaroorat hovegi. ih andaza lagaiaa giaa haii kii ikk prototype panj manzila farm dee laagat $20 million toon $3 croad dey vichkaar hovegi. compost-heated greenhouses witch, garmi atey carbon dioxide greenhouse dey ikk paase naal jude ikk vishesh chamber witch maujood khaad adharat khaad toon paida hunde hunn. naveen alkimi sanstha neey biothermal energy dey utpadan laee khoj dey maukiaan laee 1983 witch ikk prayogatmak khaad greenhouse tiaar keeta atey banaiaa. vadh rahee shakti uhanan dey greenhouse laee garmi pardan curran laee vermi composting duaara paida keeti garmi dee varton kardi haii.

ekeekruta krushi bhavana-ekeekruta-krushihi (bee. aii. e.) iti mishrita-upayog-bhavaneshu tathaa cha uccha-karyakshamatayuktanam jala-haritagruha-krushi-pranalinam sthanasya abhyaasah asti yena nirmita-paryaavaranasya krusheh cha madhye samanvayasya upayogah bhavet. bia-samsthapananam vishishtalakshaneshu punarcharchakran-jala-vaayu-vaataanukoolan-vaayu-sthiti-pranaali (echa. vee. e. see.) ityatah praaptam apashisht-taapam, saura-prakasha-vidyutkramah athavaa anyaroopaani akshaya-oorjaa, varshajala-jalagrahan-pranaaleeh, baashpeebhav-shitalikaranam cha antarbhavanti. bia ityasya prarambhikam udaharanam praayah saa. sha. poo. 600 tame varshe byabilon-nagarasya zulanta-udyaanaani syaat. aadhunik-udaaharaneshu elee-zabar ityasya vinegar-karakhana haritagruhah, gotham-greens, dongton, masdar-nagaram, lufa-krushikshetraani cha santi. grees-deshasya crate-nagare 2007 tame varshe nishkriya-nyoon-oorjaa-shitalikaran-sammelane tedd-caplo ityanena dattasy lekhasya aadhaaren bhavana-ekeekruta-krushihi iti padam nirmitam. prushtabhoomau. bia ityasya upayojanani oorjaa-upayogasya prakaranam pravruttyaa, vaishvika-janasankhyaya, vaishvika-jalavaayu-parivartanena cha preritaah santi. vishishtaani nireekshanaani santi - paryaavaranasya labha. pratipadakanam matanusarena bia iti nagariya-khaadya-utpadanasya paryaawaran-susthira-rananeetih asti yaa asmakam paryaawaran-padachihnam nyooneekaroti, parivahana-vyayam nyooneekaroti, khadyasuraksham/surakshaam vardhayati, jalasya samrakshanam karoti, nadyaam samrakshayati, swaasthyam sudhaarayati, apashishtam nyooneekaroti, bhavanaani sheetaleekaroti, jaagatik-ushnatayaha viruddham cha yuddham karoti. yathaa, hydroponics-samsthaa paaramparikakrushyaah apekshayaa dashatah vimshatigunitam nyoonam bhoomih, dashagunitam nyoonam jalam cha upayujyate, tathaa cha rasayanika-kitanashakani, urvarakasya apavaahah, krushi-yantranam deerghadoorasy parivahanasya cha carbon-nirgamanam cha nivaarayati. bhavanasya apashisht-tapasya, saura-prakasha-vidyutkosheey-falakaanaam cha upayogena jeevaashm-indhana-utsarjanam nyooneebhavati yat samanyataya utpaadana-vitarana-parinamat bhavati. varshaa-jala-jalagrahan-pranaaleeh, harita-chhaadah iva, vaatal-jalasya prabandhanartham sahayyam kurvanti. arthashastram. ekasmin krushikshetrasya bhavanasya ekeekaranam adhika-paaramparika-harita-chaadasya sarvaan bhavana-pradarshana-labhan pradadaati, tathaa cha ghatakaah pruthak aasan iti apekshayaa samyukta-oorjaa-vyayah nyoonah bhavati. etaaha pranaaleeh vidyamaan-tantrajnaanena saadhayitum shaknuvanti. gotham greens haritagruham ityadinam pariyojanaayaah nirmaane praayah $14 laksham vyayah bhavishyati. shulman, rabin. "moolam uddeeptavantah-kechan nagaravaasinah asha kurvanti yat chatasya krushihi phalam udabhavet iti."iti. da nyuyaark tams" ityasya vyaapaaravibhaage 2011 tame varshe bia-ityasya arthashastram lekhasya vishayah aasit. aavedanaani. bia-pranalayah vividha-akaranam vaanijya-shaikshanik-aawaaseey-bhavaneshu ekeekrutaani bhavitum arhanti. bhavanasya aakaarasy, vaayugunasya, prakashasya upalabdhata, nootananirmaanasy cha viruddhatah, sambhavyata bhinnah bhavati. punah sthaapitam karotu. samanya-prakashasya adhikatam-upayogartham bhavanasya aavarane bia-krushikshetraani santi. kshaitijam (chhatam) oordhvaadharam (agrabhaagam) cha prushtabhaagayoho upayogah bhavet. samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya shaikshanikakendreshu (washington-vishvavidyaalayaha, barnard-mahaavidyaalayaha cha, anyeshu cha), singaapur-nagarasya chikitsaalaye (chaangee), netherlands-deshe, bhaarate, vikaasasheel-vishvasya keshuchit bhaageshu cha, sampoorne vishve chattasya upari jala-haritagruhanam charshanam drushyate. vijnaana-naukaayaah, bhavanasya upari naa bhavati, tathaapi 2007 tame varshe saarvajanikapraarambhasya anantaram nyuyaark-nagarasya bia-nagare utsaahawardhak-ruchihi vyaapakaroopen prapta. punah sthaapitam karotu. udaharanartham, retrofit-pariyojanaayaam antarbhavanti-1995 tamaat varshaat shaakaani utpaadyamaanah elee zabar ityasya vinegar-karakhana haritagruhah, tasya chatasya haritagruham, bhandarasya bekaree-kshetraat apashisht-tapena taapayati, tathaa cha gotham greens iti nyuyaark-nagarasya prathamam vaanijya-starasya, jala-uparitala-krushikshetram nirmati samsthaa. nootanam nirmanam. udaharanartham nutananirmanaprakalpeshu vanagruhaanaam haritagruham, sulabha-aawaas-sankeernasy chatasya upari ekeekrutam purnataya ekeekrutam chhata-krushikshetram, saura-dwitayam, paryaawaran-shikshan-kendram cha santi yatra oordhvaroopen ekeekrutam haritagruham bhavishyati. prastutah. prastaavitaprakalpeshu abudhabi, yoo. e. ee., bhaarate cha nirmitam carbon-neutral-nagaram masdaar-nagaram antarbhavati. sambaddhaani avadhaaranaah. oordhvaadharakrushih ekaha prastaavitakrushi-avadharana asti yasmin naa kevalam bhavanasya aavaranam, apitu sampoornah nagar-uccha-bhawanah, bruhadaakaarasya krushim prati samarpitaah santi. vividha-samshodhakaanaam matena, oordhvaadhar-krushikshetraanaam sakshatkarartham oorjaavyaapaay, prakashasya cha vishaye mahattvapurnanam praudyogikeeya-pragatihi aavashyakah bhavishyati. panchastariyam mularupakam krushikshetrasya moolyam $20 dashalakshat $30 dashalakshaparyntam bhavishyati iti anumaanitam asti. compost-heated-greenhouse-madhye, greenhouse-ityasya ekasyaam dishi sanlagnasya vishesha-prakoshte nihitaat khaad-aadhaarit-compost-taha taapah carbon-dai-oxad cha utpaadyate. nootan-rasavidyaasamsthaa 1983 tame varshe jaiva-taapeey-urjaayaah utpadanasya avasaraanaam shodhanaay prayogaatmak-composting-haritagruhasya parikalpanam nirmaati cha. vardhamaanashaktih vermicomposting dwara utpaadyamaanam ushnam teshaam haritagruhasya krute taapam pradadat.

orunginaintha vivasaayam kattida orunginaintha vivasaayam (piyaa) enbathu kattamaikappatta soozhalukkum vivasaayaththirkum idaiyilaana orunginaippugalai suranduvatharkaaga kalappu payanpaattu kattidangalil uyar seyalthiran konda hydrophonic greenhowse vivasaaya muraigalai amaikkum nadaimuraiyaagum. piyaa niruvalkalin podhuvaana panbugalil marusuzharchi hytrophonics, oru kattidaththin veppa-kaattroattam-kaattru nilai amaippilirunthu (ech. vii. aee. chii) kaipattrappatta kazhivu veppam, sooriya oliminnazhuththam allathu puthuppikkaththakka aattralin pira vadivangkal, mazhaineer pidippu amaippugal mattrum aaviyaathal kuliroottal aagiyavai adangkum. piyaavin aarambagaala udhaaranam kimu 600 ill babylone thongkum thoattangalaaka irunthirukkalaam. naveena eduththukkaattukalil elii jaabarin vinikar thozhirchaalai greenhowse, koatham greens, tangton, mastar nagaram mattrum lufa pannaikal aagiyavai adangkum. kiraekkaththin creetle nadantha 2007 seyalattra mattrum kuraindha aattral kuliroottum maanaatil valangkappatta oru kaakithaththil tett caplowall kattida orunginaintha vivasaayam endra soll uruvaakkappattathu. pinnani. piyaa payanpaadugal aattral payanpaattu muraigal, ulagalaaviya makkal thogai mattrum ulagalaaviya kaalanilai maattraththin poakkugalaal unththappadugindrana. kuripitta avathaanippukal pinvarumaaru suttruchchoozhal nanmaigal. nagarppura unavu urpathtikkaana suttruchchoozhal nilaiyaana utthi piyaa endru aatharavaalarkal paraamarikkiraarkal, idhu namathu suttruchchoozhal thadaththai kuraikkirathu, poakkuvaraththu selavugalaik kuraikkirathu, unavup paathukaappu/paathukaappai maempaduththukirathu, thanneeraip paathukaakkirathu, aarukalaip paathukaakkirathu, aaroakkiyaththai maempaduththukirathu, kazhivugalaik kuraikkirathu, kattidangalai kulirvikkirathu mattrum puvi veppamadaithalai ethirththup poaraadugirathu. eduththukkaattaaga, hytrophonics valakkamaana vivasaayaththai vida paththu muthal irupathu madangku kuraivaana nilaththaiyum, paththu madangku kuraivaana thanneeraiyum payanpaduththukirathu, athae neraththil irasaayana poochchikkolligal, ura oottam mattrum pannai iyanththirangkal mattrum neenda thoora poakkuvaraththilirunthu corbon umizhvai neekkukirathu. oru kattidaththin kazhivu veppam mattrum sooriya oliminnazhuththa paenalgalaip payanpaduththuvathu podhuvaaga urpaththi mattrum viniyoagaththin vilaivaaga aerpadum pudhaipadiva eriporul umizhvaik kuraikkirathu. mazhaineer neerppidippu amaippugal oru pacchai kooraiyaip poalavae puyal neerai nirvagikka uthavukintrana. porulaathaaram. oru pannaiyai oru kattidaththudan orunginaippathu migavum valakkamaana pacchai kooraiyin anaitthu kattida seyalthiran nanmaigalaiyum valangkukirathu, maelum koorugal thaniththaniyaaga irunthaal adhai vida kuraindha orunginaintha aattral kattanatthai vilaivikkirathu. inththa amaippugal tharpoothulla tholilnutpaththudan adaiyakkoodiyavai. koatham greens greenhowse poantra thittangalukku sumar $1.4 million selavaagum. shulman, raabin. "vaer ezhupputhal sila nagaravaasigal koorai vivasaayam palanalikkum endru nambukiraargal."endru koorinaar. thii newyorg times" endra vanigap pirivil 2011 aam aandu veliyaana oru katturaiyil piyaa porulaathaaram endra katturai idampettrirunththathu. payanpaadugal. piyaa amaippugal vaniga, kalvi mattrum palvaeru alavugalil ulla kudiyiruppu kattidangalil orunginaikkappadalaam. kattidaththin alavu, kaalanilai, olii kidaikkum thanmai mattrum puthiya kattidam mattrum puthiya kattidaththin adippadaiyil saaththiyakkoorugal maarupadum. retrofit. saathaarana oliyai athigapatchamaaga payanpaduththuvatharkaaka kattidaththin urai meethu piyaa pannaikal amainthullana. kidaimatta (koorai) mattrum sengkuththu (mugappu) maerparappugal irandum payanpaduththappadalaam. americavil ulla kalvi maiyangkal (washington palkalaikkazhagam mattrum barnard kalluri, mattravattrudan) udpada ulagengkilum koorai hydrophonic pasumaik koodangalin thelippu kanalaam; singappooril ulla oru maruthuvamanaiyil (saanki); netherlaandhil, inthiyaavil, mattrum valarum ulagin sila pakuthikalil. ariviyal padagu, oru kattidaththil illaathapoathu, newyorg nagaril piyaa meethu oru puththunarchiyoottum aarvaththudan paravalaaka paaraattappadukirathu, adhan 2007 podhu arimugaththaith thodarnthu. retrofit. eduththukkaattaaga, retrofit thittangalil pinvaruvana adangum 1995 muthal kaaikarigalai valarkkum elii jaabarin vinikar thozhirchaalai greenhowse, kadaiyin backeryil irunthu varum kazhivu veppaththudan avarathu koorai greenhowsai veppappaduththukirathu, maelum newyorg nagaraththin muthal vaniga alavilaana, hydrophonic koorai pannaiyai uruvaakkum niruvanamaana koatham greens. puthiya kattidam. puthiya kattumaanath thittangalil vana illangkal greenhowse, oru malivu vilai veettuvasathi valaagaththin kooraiyil orunginaikkappatta oru muzhumaiyaana orunginaintha koorai pannai mattrum sooriya olii irandu, sengkuththaaga orunginaintha greenhowsike konda oru suttruchchoozhal karral maiyam aagiyavai adangkum. munmozhiyappattathu. munmoliyappatta thittangalil mustar nagaram, abuu thaabi, uae mattrum inthiyaavil kattappadum oru corbon-nadunilai nagaram aagiyavai adangkum. thodarpudaiya karuththukkal. sengkuththu vivasaayam enbathu munmoliyappatta vivasaayak karuththaagum, idhil muzhu nagarppura uyaramaana kattidangalum, kattida urai mattumalla, periya alavilaana vivasaayaththirku arppanikkappattullana. palvaeru aaraaychchiyaalarkalin koottruppadi, sengkuththu pannaikalai unara aattral nugarvu mattrum olii thodarbaaga kurippidatthakka thozhilnutpa munnaettrangkal thaevaippadum. oru munmathiri ainthu maadi pannaikku 20 million dollar muthal 30 million dollar varai selavaagum endru mathippidappattullathu. uram-veppappaduthappatta pasumai illangkalil, greenhowsin oru pakkaththil inaikappatta oru sirappu araiyil ulla uram adippadaiyilaana uraththilirunthu veppam mattrum corbon dye accide uruvaakkappadugindrana. puthiya rasavaatha niruvanam 1983 aam aandil uyiriyal veppa aattral urpathtikkaana aaraaichi vaaippugalukkaaga oru soathanai uram thayaarikkum greenhowsai vadivamaiththu kattiyadhu. valarum sakthi vermicomposting moolam urpaththi seiyappadum veppatthai avattrin greenhowsukku veppatthai vazhangka payanpaduththukirathu.

samagra vyavasayam building-integrated agriculture (biah) anedi nirminchina paryaavaranam mariyu vyavasayam madhya samanvayaanni dopidi cheyadaaniki mishrama-viniyoga bhavanaalapai mariyu vaatilo adhika-paniteeru gala hydroponic greenhouse vyavasaya vyavasthalanu gurtinche paddhati. bio samsthaapanala yokka vilakshanhamaina lakshanaalalo hydroponics punarviniyogaparachadam, bhavanam yokka taapana-ventilation-air condition system (hcvc) nundi sangrahinchina vyardha vaedi, soura kaantivipeedana ledhaa punarutpaadaka shakti yokka itara roopaalu, varshapu neeti pareevaahaka vyavasthalu mariyu aaviri sheetaleekarana unnaayi. biyaku mottamodati udaaharana cree puu 600 loe babylone yokka velaadutunna thotalu kaavacchu. aadhunika udaaharanalalo eli jabar yokka venigar factory greenhouse, gotham greens, dongton, masdar city mariyu lufa polaalu unnaayi. grease looni creat loe jarigina 2007 nishkriyaatmaka mariyu takkuva shakti sheetaleekarana samavesamlo pampinhee chesina kaagitamlo ted caplo dwara building-integrated agriculture anae padaanni roopondinchaaru. nepathyam. biyaku sambandhinchina anuvartanaalu shakti viniyogam, prapancha janabha mariyu prapancha vaataavarana maarpula namuunaala dwara prerepinchabaddaayi. nirdishta pariseelanalu paryaavarana prayojanaalu. mana paryaavarana paadamudranu tagginche, ravana kharchulanu tagginche, aahara bhadrata/bhadratanu penche, neetini samrakshinche, nadulanu rakshinche, aarogyaanni merugupariche, vyardhaalanu tagginche, bhavanalanu challabarache, mariyu global warmingnu edurkone pattana aahara utpattiki paryaavaranaparamgaa sthiramaina vyuuham biah anie pratipaadakulu vaadistunnaaru. udaaharanaku, hydroponics sampradaaya vyavasayam kante padhi nundi iravai retlu takkuva bhoomini mariyu padhi retlu takkuva neetini upayogistundi, adhe samayamlo rasayana purugumandulu, eruvula pravaham mariyu vyavasaya yantraalu mariyu suduura ravana nundi carbon udgaaraalanu tolagistundi. bhavanam yokka vyardha vaedi mariyu soura kaantivipeedana phalakaalanu upayoginchadam valana saadhaaranamgaa utpatti mariyu pampinhee phalitamgaa vachhe shilaja indhana udgaaraalanu taggistundi. varshapu neeti pareevaahaka vyavasthalu tuphaanu neetini nirvahinchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi, chaalaa varaku aakupaccha paikappu laaga. aardhikasaastram. oka vyavasaya kshetraanni oka bhavanamlo vileenam cheyadam valla marinta sampradaaya pacchani paikappu yokka anni bhavana paniteeru prayojanaalanu andistundi, mariyu bhagalu vaerugaa unte kante takkuva ummadi shakti billuku daariteestundi. eee vyavasthalu prastuta saanketika parignaanamtho saadhinchadaginavi. gotham greens greenhouse vanti prajectulanu nirminchadaaniki sumaru $1.4 millionla kharchu avutundi. shulman, rabin. "muulaanni penchadamh kontamandi nagaravasulu paikappu vyavasayam phalistundani aasistunnaaru."anie paerkonnaaru. dhi newyork times" yokka vyapara vibhaagamlo 2011 vyaasamlo biah yokka aardhikasaastram amsam. applications. biah vyavasthalanu vividha parimaanaala vaanijya, vidya mariyu nivaasa bhavanaalalo vileenam cheyavachu. bhavanam parimaanam, vaataavaranam, kaanti labhyata mariyu kotta nirmaanam verses kotta bhavanam aadhaaramgaa saadhyasaadhyaalu maarutuu untaayi. retrofit. saadhaarana kaantini garishtamgaa upayoginchadaaniki bhavanam yokka kavarupai biah polaalu unnaayi. kshitija samaantara (paikappu) mariyu niluvu (mukhabhagam) uparitalaalu rendintinee upayoginchavacchu. united states (washington vishwavidyaalayam mariyu barnard kalaasaala, itarulatoe sahaa) looni vidya kendraalalo sahaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa paikappu hydroponic greenhousela challadam chudavachu; singapoorloni oka aasupatrilo (chaangi); netherlands, bharatadesam mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna prapanchamlooni konni praantaalalo. sains barge, oka bhavanamlo laenappatikee, 2007 loe bahirangamgaa praarambhamaina taruvaata, newyork nagaramlo bialo uttejakaramaina aasaktini kaligi undhi. retrofit. udaaharanalu retrofit prajectulalo 1995 nundi kuuragaayalanu pandistunna eli jabar yokka venigar factory greenhouse, dukaanam yokka bakery nundi vyardha vaedini thana paikappu greenhousenu vaedi chestundi, mariyu newyork nagaram yokka modati vaanijya-sthaayi, hydroponic rooftop faamnu nirmistunna company gotham greens. kotta bhavanam. kotta nirmaana prajectulalo atavee gruhaala greenhouse, sarasamaina gruha samudaayam paikappupai puurtigaa sameekruta paikappu phaam mariyu niluvugaa samagra greenhousenu kaligi unde paryaavarana abhyasa kendram solar too unnaayi. pratipaadinchaaru. pratipaadita prajectulalo masdar nagaram, abu dhaabi, uae mariyu bhaaratadesamlo nirminchabadutunna carbon-neutral nagaram unnaayi. sambandhita bhavanalu. niluvu vyavasayam anedi pratipaadita vyavasaya bhavana, dheenilo bhavana kavaru matrame kakunda mottam pattana ettaina bhavanalu pedda ettuna vyavasaayaaniki ankitam cheyabaddaayi. vividha parisoedhakula prakaram, niluvu polaalu grahinchaalante shakti viniyogam mariyu lightingku sambandhinchi gananeeyamaina saanketika purogati avasaram. oka namuunaa aidu antastula polaniki $20 millionla nundi $30 millionla madhya kharchu avtundani anchanaa veyabadindi. compost-heated greenhouselalo, greenhouseku oka vaipuku jatacheyabadina pratyeka gadilo unde eruvu aadhaarita compost nundi vaedi mariyu carbon dioxide utpatti avtayi. kotta rasavidyaasamstha 1983loe jeevaushna shakti utpattiki parisoedhana avakaasaala kosam prayogaatmaka composting greenhousenu roopondinchi nirminchindi. perugutunna shakti vaati greenhouseku vaedini andinchadaaniki vermicomposting dwara utpatti cheyabadina vaedini upayogistundi.

building integrated agreculture building integrated agreculture (bee aayee aey) tameer shadah maahul aur zaraat kay darmiyan humm aahingi say fayedah uthanay kay liye makhlut istemaal waali emaraton parr aur inn mein aalee karkardgi waalay hydroponic grain house farming system kaa patah laganay kaa amal hay. bee aayee aey tansibaat kii makhsus khususiyat mein hydroponics kuu dobarah gardash karnaa emarat kay heating-ventilation-aiyar condition system (aich wee aey see) say haasil honay waali fazlah garmi shamsi foto voltak yaa qaabil tajdid tawanayi kii deegar shaklein baarish kay paani kay catchment system aur bakharaat kuu thandaa karnaa shaamil haine. biyaa kii ibtadayi misaal taqriba 600 qabal maseeh mein baabal kay lataktay hoay baghat how saktay haine. jadeed misalon mein ailee zaabir kii sarkah factory grain hows gotham grenz dongton masdaar stee aur lofa faarm shaamil haine. building integrated agreculture kii astalah tead caplo nay crate yunaan mein 2007 kii ghair faal aur kumm tawanayi waali coling conference mein paish kardah eek kaghiz mein banayi thee. piss manzar. bee aayee aey kay istemaal tawanayi kay istemaal kay namunon aalimi aabadi aur aalimi aab woo hawaa kii tabdili kay rujhanat say mutasir hotay haine. makhsus mashahidat mein shaamil haine: mahuliyati fawaid. haamiyon kaa kehna hay kahh biyaa shehri khuraak kii paidawar kay liye eek mahuliyati toor parr payedar hakmat emli hay juu hamaray mahuliyati nqsh qadm kuu kumm karti hay nql woo hamal kay ikhrajat mein kamee karti hay ghazayi tahfuz/hifazat mein izafah karti hay paani kaa tahfuz karti hay driyaon kii hifazat karti hay sehat kuu behatar banaati hay fazlah kuu kumm karti hay emaraton kuu thandaa karti hay aur globel warming kaa muqabilah karti hay. misaal kay toor parr hydroponics rawayati zaraat kay muqabilay mein duss say bees ganaa kumm zameen aur duss ganaa kumm paani istemaal kartaa hay jabkah kimiyayi keeday maar adviyaat khaad kay bahao aur zarayi machinary aur taweel fasilay kii nql woo hamal say carbon kay akhraaj kuu khatam kartaa hay. emarat kii fazlah garmi aur shamsi foto voltak penals kaa istemaal fosal aindhan kay akhraaj kuu kumm kartaa hay juu aam toor parr paidawar aur taqsim kay natijay mein hotaa hay. baarish kay paani kay catchment system toofan kay paani kuu sanbhalne mein madad kartay haine balkal sabz chhat kii tarah. muashiyat. faarm kuu emarat mein zam karnay say ziyadah rawayati sabz chhat kay tamaam emarat kii karkardgi kay fawaid paish hotay haine aur iss kay natijay mein ajzaa kay alg honay kay muqabilay mein kumm mushtarkah tawanayi kaa bull aataa hay. yaha nazaam maujudah technology kay zariye haasil kiye jaa saktay haine. gotham grain grain house jeesay mansubon kii tameer parr taqriba 14 laakh ddaalar laagat aayey gee. shalman raaban. "judd uthana: shehar kay kachh baashinde ameed kirr rahay haine kahh chhaton parr kashtkari say fayedah hoga.". beyaa kii muashiyat "dee neoyork times" kay buznis section mein 2011 kay mazmun kaa mozua thee. apply cashions. biyaa nazaam kuu mukhtalif size kii tajaarti taleemi aur rehaishi emaraton mein zam kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. emaraat kay saaiz aab woo hawaa roshni kii dastiyabi aur nayee tameer bamuqablah tameer kii bunyaad parr physibility mukhtalif hoti hay. retrifiet. aam roshni kaa ziyadah say ziyadah istemaal karnay kay liye biyaa faarm emarat kay lifafay parr waaqa haine. afqi (chhat) aur amudi (agwada) donon sathon kaa istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. chhaton parr hydroponic grain houses kaa chhadakna duniya bhar mein paaya jaa saktaa hay bashmol riyasathaye muthadah kay taleemi marakaz (washington university aur barnard college dosron kay darmiyan) vovo sangapur kay eek hospital (chaangi) parr vovo netherlands hindustan mein aur tarqi pazeer duniya kay kachh hasoon mein. science baarij agarcha kasee emarat parr nahein hay asay 2007 mein awami toor parr sharoo honay kay baad neoyork shehar mein biyaa mein huslah afza dilchaspi kaa baday paimanay parr sehra diyaa jaataa hay. retrifiet. misaal kay toor parr retroft mansubon mein shaamil haine: ailee zaabir kii sarkah factory grain hows juu 1995 say sabziyan agarahi hay store kii bekari say zaaye honay waali garmi say iss kii chhat kay grain house kuu garm karti hay aur gotham grenz juu neoyork shehar kaa pehla tajarti paimanay parr hydroponic roof topp faarm bananay waali company hay. nayee emarat. misaal kay toor parr nayey tamirati mansubon mein jangal kay makanaat kaa grain hows eek makmal toor parr marbut chhat faarm juu eek sastee housing complex kii chhat parr marbut hay aur solar tue eek mahuliyati taleemi markaz juu amudi toor parr marbut grain house kii khususiyat rakhta hay shaamil haine. tajweez kardah. majuzah mansubon mein masdar shehar juu aboo dhaabi yuu aey ayee aur hindustan mein banaya jaa rehaa carbon ghair janibdar shehar hay shaamil haine. mutaliqah tasvaraat. amudi kashtkari eek majuzah zarayi tasavur hay jiss mein poori shehri oonchi imaaratein naha sarf emarat kaa lifafah baday paimanay parr kashtkari kay liye waqaf haine. mukhtalif mohqaqeen kay mutabiq amudi kheeton kuu samajhne kay liye tawanayi kii khipat aur roshni kay hawalay say aham takniki paishrafton kii zarurat hogi. yaha andazah lagaya gayaa hay kahh eek proto type paanch manzilah faarm kii laagat 2 karod ddaalar say 3 karod ddaalar kay darmiyan hogi. khaad say garm grain houses mein garmi aur carbon daayee oxide khaad parr mubni khaad say paida hoti hay juu grain house kay eek taraf say mansalk eek khaas chamber mein mojud hoti hay. nayey kimiya insity teut nay biothermal tawanayi kii paidawar kay mawaqa parr tehqeeq kay liye 1983 mein eek tajarbati khaad bananay waala grain house design aur banaya. badhti hoyee taaqat inn kay grain house kay liye hararat farahim karnay kay liye warmi composting kay zariye paida honay waali garmi kaa istemaal karti hay.

0008bfa6fe75be29fe55e033df9bd774041d77fe25a1158cb7ec8295d7dbb5f5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954601

The Super (TV series)

The Super (TV series) The Super is an American sitcom television series starring Richard S. Castellano which centers on the superintendent of an apartment building in New York City. The show aired on ABC from June 21, 1972 to August 23, 1972. Synopsis. Joe Girelli, the Italian-American superintendent (or "super") of an apartment building in a lower-middle-class section of New York City, is a big man (260 pounds; 118 kg) who prefers to be left alone so that he can drink beer while watching television. However, he rarely gets left alone. His family – wife Francesca, daughter Joanne, son Anthony, and brother Frankie, a big-shot lawyer – continually bothers him, the building's tenants are constantly banging on the pipes and complaining about him and one another, and city officials always are trying to condemn his building. His children are disrespectful toward him, and an endless series of ethnic and cultural disputes break out among the tenants, which include political revolutionaries, homosexuals, social workers, and police officers, and Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, African Americans, and Puerto Ricans. Production notes. After CBS's "All in the Family" debuted in 1971, both NBC and ABC tried to emulate its success with situation comedies similarly centered on blue-collar families. NBC's show, "Sanford and Son", premiered in January 1972 and became a major hit. For ABC, meanwhile, Rob Reiner, Phil Mishkin, and Gerry Isenberg created "The Super", which premiered in June 1972. Reiner and Mishkin wrote the show's first episode. Mishkin appeared in "The Super" as Frankie Girelli, while Richard Castellano's real-life daughter Margaret played Joe Girelli's daughter Joanne. Coincidentally, Richard Castellano and Bruno Kirby, who played Joe Girelli's son Anthony in "The Super", both portrayed Pete Clemenza in the "Godfather" movies, Castellano in "The Godfather" in 1972 and Kirby as Clemenza as a younger man in "The Godfather Part II" in 1974. Broadcast history and cancellation. "The Super" aired on ABC at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Wednesday throughout its brief run. It never gained the audience that "All in the Family" and "Sanford and Son" did, and was cancelled after only 10 episodes had aired; its eleventh and twelfth episodes, preempted by television coverage of the 1972 Summer Olympic Games on August 30 and September 6, 1972, respectively, were never broadcast. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

supar (tibhi sirij) dyo supar hoise rechard ess-e obhinoy koraa etaa aamerikan chitcom television dharabahik. nework sohoror etaa apartment bhowonor odhikhyokor uporot kendribhut custellanu. ei onusthan 1972 sonor 21 junor poraa 1972 sonor 23 aagostoloike e. bi. chi.-too xomprosarito hoisil. xongkhipto biboron. nework sohoror nimno-modhyobitto shrenir etaa apartment bhowonor italy-aamerikan odhikhyok (baa "supar") ju gireli ejon dangor manuh (260 pound; 118 keji) ji okolxoriya hoi thakiboloi posondo kore jaate teu television suwar xomoyot biyer khaabo paare. obosye, teu khubo komhe okole thaake. teur poriyal-potni francesca, konya joanne, putro enthoni, aaru bhatri franky, ejon dangor swot odhibokta-ee teuk nirontor kosto diye, ottalikar bharatiyaxokole nirontor paipot aaghat kori teur aaru ijone xijonor bixoye obhijug kori aase, aaru sohoror bixoyaxokole xoday teur ottalikak ninda koriboloi chesta kori aase. teur xontanxokole teur proti oxomman prokax kore, aaru bharatiyarxokolor maajot ek ontohin jatigoto aaru xangoskritik bibador dhaara aarombho hoy, jaar bhitorot aase rajnoitik biplowi, xomokamita, xomaj kormi, aaru aarokhyi bixoya, aaru italy aamerikan, aairis aamerikan, poo 'los aamerikan, ihudi aamerikan, african aamerikan, aaru purt' rikan. utpadonor noot. 1971 sonot chi. bi. ess.-ror "ol inn dyo parmi" aarombho huwar pisot, eno. bi. chi. aaru e. bi. chi. duyutai ekedhorone blue-kolor poriyalor uporot kendribhut poristhitir comedyr xoite iyar xofolota onukoron koriboloi chesta korisil. eno. bi. chi. ess.-ror swo ', "senford endo cho' noo", 1972 sonor januaryt primiyar koraa hoisil aaru ek brihot hitt hoi porisil. ei xomoisuwat e. bi. chi.-ror baabe robo rainer, fill miskin aaru geree eisenberge "dyo supar" sristi korisil, jitu 1972 sonor june maahot primiyar hoisil. rainer aaru miskine ei onusthanor prothom khondotu likhisil. miskine "dyo supar" too franky girelir soritrot obhinoy korisil, aanhate rechard kestelanur bastob jiwanor konya margarete ju girelir konya juwanor soritrot obhinoy korisil. kakotaliyobhabe, "dyo supar" too ju girelisor putro enthonir soritrot obhinoy koraa rechard kestelanu aaru brunu kirbi, duyujone "godfadar" sobit piti clemenza, 1972 sonot "dyo godfadar" too kestelanu aaru 1974 sonot "dyo godfadar part 2" too kirbi ejon juwok hisape clemenzer soritrot obhinoy korisil. xomprosaror itihax aaru batilkoron. "dyo supar" e. bi. chi.-too xondhiya 8 bojat xomprosarito hoisil.em. pubo xomoyor budhbare iyar xongkhipto porjyayor xomoyot. poriyalor xokoluwe" aaru "senford endo cho 'noo" ye koraa dorxokok ee ketiyau laabh koraa nasil, aaru maatro 10taa khondo xomprosaror pisot baatil koraa hoisil; iyar ekadox aaru dwadox khondo, krome 30 aagosto aaru 6 septembor, 1972-too grishmokalin olympic gamesor television coverageor dwara purbore poraa rokha hoisil, ketiyau xomprosar koraa huwa nasil.

dya super (tibhi sirij) dya super ekti american sitcom television sirij jaa richarda esha abhineet. castellano jaa neu eork shohorer ekti apartment buildinger superintendentke kendra korey. anusthanti 1972 saaler 21shhey june theke 1972 saaler 23shhey august porjonto abc-teey somprocharito hoy. sarsongkhep. neu eork shohorer nimno-modhyobitto bibhage ekti apartment buildinger italiya-american superintendent (baa "super") jooe gireli ekjon borh manush (260 pound; 118 keji) jini ekaa thakte pochondo corren jaate tini television dekhar somoy bear paan korte paren. tobey, khub komoi tini ekaa thaken. taar poribar-stree francesca, meye joann, chhele anthony ebong bhai franki, ekjon borh maper aainjibi-taake kromagoto birokto korey, buildinger bhadatera kromagoto piper upor aghat korche ebong taar ebong eke oporer somporke abhijog korche ebong shohorer kormokortara sarbada taar buildinger ninda korar chesta korche. taar santanra taar proti osommanjonok, ebong bhadateder modhye jatigoto oo sangoskritik birodher ekti antahin sirij chhoriye porey, jaar modhye royeche rajnaitik biplobi, samakami, samajkarmi ebong pulish officer, ebong italiya american, airish american, polisha american, ihudi american, african american ebong puerto rican. utpadon note. 1971 saale cbs "oll inn dya family"-err abirbhaber porr, nbc ebong abc ubhayi ekibhabe blue-collar poribargulike kendra korey poristhiti comedy diye err safalya anukaran korar chesta korechilo. enn. bii. shee. esha shoe, "sunford anned sonn", 1972 saaler januaryte premiere hoy ebong ekti borh hitt hoye othe. edike, abc-rawr jonno, robb renara, phila miskin ebong jerry eisenberg "dya super" toiri korechilen, jaa 1972 saaler june maase premiere hoyechilo. renara ebong miskin shoyer prothom porboti likhechilen. miskin 'dya super'-ayee franki girelir choritre abhinoy corren, onnodike richarda castellano-err bastob jeeboner meye margareta jooe girelir meye joaner choritre abhinoy corren. kaktaliyobhabe, richarda castellano ebong bruno curby, jini "dya super"-ayee jooe giriliser putro anthonir bhumikai abhinoy korechilen, dujonei "godfadar" cholochchitre pitty clemenza, 1972 saale "dya godfadar"-ayee castellano ebong 1974 saale "dya godfadar parta 2"-ayee clemenza hisabe kirbi choritre abhinoy korechilen. somprocharer itihas ebong batilkaran. "dya super" raat 8taay abc-teey somprocharito hoy.emm. budhbar purbo somoy taar sangkhipto daud judey. etty kokhono dorshokder kachhe pouchoyoni jaa "poribarer sobai" ebong "sunford ebong putro" korechilo, ebong matro 10tii porbo procharito howar porey batil koraa hoyechilo; err ekadosh ebong dwadosh porbo, jothakrome 30shhey august ebong 6ee septembara, 1972-err grissokalin olympic gameser television coverage dwara purbonirdharito, kokhono somprocharito hoyney.

super (tivi shrenee) dhaa super aee richard aesa. abhineet american sitcom television shrenee chhe. castellano jeey newyork shaherma aek apartment buildingna adhikshak parr kendrit chhe. aaa shho 21 juuna, juuna 23 august, 1972 sudhee abc parr prasaarit thayo hato. saransh. newyork shahernaa neechala-madhyam vargnaa vibhagma aek apartment buildingna italian-american adhikshak (athavaa "super") jooe gireli aek moto maanas (260 pound; 118 keelo) chhe, jeey ekalaa rahevaanu pasand karey chhe jethee teey television jotee vakhate bear pii shake. joke, teey bhagye jaj aekalo rahe chhe. teno parivaar-patnee francesca, putri joen, putra aenthanee aneey bhaai franky, aek motaa vakeel-tene satat pareshaan karey chhe, makaannaa bhaaduto satat pipe parr thokee rahyaa chhe aneey temnaa aneey aekbeeja vishe fariyad curry rahyaa chhe, aneey shahernaa adheekario hammesha tenee imaaratni ninda karvaano prayaas curry rahyaa chhe. temnaa baadako temnaa pratye anaadar karey chhe, aneey bhaaduto vachche vansheey aneey saanskrutik vivaadoni anant shrenee faatee nikale chhe, jemaa raajkeey krantikario, homosexual, saamaajik kaaryakaro aneey police adheekario aneey italian americno, irish americno, polisha americno, yahudi americno, african americno aneey puerto ricansano samaavesh thaay chhe. utpaadan nondho. nondho cbs "ola ina dhaa femili" nee sharuaat thayaa pachhi, nbc aneey abc banneae blue-collar parivaaro parr kendrit paristhiti komedi saathe tenee safalataanu anookaran karvaano prayaas karyo. aena. bii. see. aesa. shho, "sanford anned sunn" noon january clemenza premiere thayu hatoo aneey teey motee hita bunny hatee. abc maate, teey darmiyan, rooba rainer, phila mishkin aneey geree issenberge "dhaa super" banaavyu, jenu premiere juuna clemenza thayu. rainer aneey mishkine shono pratham episode lakhyo. mishkin 'dhaa super' maan franky gireli tareeke jovaa malyaa hataa, jyaare richard castellanoni vaastavik jeevanni putri margarette jooe gireleenee putri joaennee bhoomika bhajvi hatee. sanyogthi, 'dhaa super' maan jooe girelisna putra anthonyni bhoomika bhajavnar richard castellano aneey bruno kirbi, banneae 'godfadhar' feelmoma petee clemenza, clemenza 'dhaa godfadhar' maan castellano aneey aneey 'dhaa godfadhar paart II' maan aek yuvan maanas tareeke clemenza tareeke kirbini bhoomika bhajvi hatee. prasaaran itihas aneey rada. "dhaa super" abc parr raatre 8 vaagye prasaarit thayu hatoo.aema. tenaa tunkaa gaadaa darmiyan budhvaare purveey samay. ola ina dhaa femili" aneey "sanford anned sunn" neey kyaarey prexako malyaa nahee, aneey maatra 10 episode prasaarit thayaa pachhi tene rada karvaamaa aavyo hato; tenaa ageeyarma aneey baarmaa episode, anukrame 30 august aneey 6 september, 1972 naa roj 1972 naa unaalu olympic ramatona television coverage dwara agaauthi door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, kyaarey prasaarit karvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa.

super (tv shrinkhala) dha super ack americi sitcom television shrinkhala haye jisamen richard aiss ney abhinay kiya haye. castellano joe newyork shahar mein ack apartment imarat key adheekshak parr kendrit haye. yeh show 21 juuna, 1972 seey 23 agast, 1972 taka aeye. bee. see. parr prasaarit huaa. saransh. newyork shahar key ack nimn-madhyam varg khand mein ack apartment imarat key italvi-americi adheekshak (yaa "super") joe gireli, ack badaa aadami (260 pound; 118 kilogram) haye joe akela rehna pasand kartaa haye taaki vaha television dekhate hue bear pee sakey. haalaanki, vaha shayed hii kabhi akela reh jaataa haye. uska parivaar-patni francica, betty joen, betaa anthany, aur bhaai franky, ack badaa vakeel-lagaatar usey pareshan karate hain, imarat key kirayedar lagaatar pipes parr ladkhadaate hain aur usake aur ack dusare key baare mein shikayat karate hain, aur shahar key adhikaari hamesha usaki imarat kii ninda karane kii koshish curr rahey hain. unake bachche unake prati anadar karate hain, aur kiraayedaron key beach jaatiya aur saanskritik vivaadon kii ack antaheen shrinkhala chhid jaati haye, jisamen raajneetik krantikari, samlaingik, samajik karyakarta aur pulis adhikaari, aur italvi americi, ayrish americi, polish americi, yahudi americi, african americi aur puerto ritch shamil hain. utpaadan nott. 1971 mein see. bee. aiss. "aul inn dha family" kii shuruat key baad, aine. bee. see. aur aeye. bee. see. donon ney blue-collar parivaaron parr kendrit sthiti haasya key saath isaki safalata kaa anukaran karane kii koshish kii. aine. bee. see. aiss. show, "sanford aind sunn" kaa premiere janwari 1972 mein huaa aur yeh ack badee hitt bunn gaee. iss beach, abc key liye, robb rainer, phil miskin aur jairi eisenberg ney "dha super" banaaya, jiska premiere juuna 1972 mein huaa. rainer aur miskin ney show kaa pahala episode likhaa. mishkin 'dha super' mein franky gireli key roop mein dikhaai diye, jabaki richard castellano kii vaastavik jeevan kii betty margaret ney joe girelis kii betty joen kii bhoomika nibhai. sanyog seey, "dha super" mein joe girelis key bete kii bhoomika nibhaane vaale richard castellano aur bruno kirbi, donon ney "godfather" filmon mein petty clemenza, 1972 mein "dha godfather" mein castellano aur 1974 mein "dha godfather part II" mein ack yuva vyakti key roop mein kirbi koo clemenza key roop mein chitrit kiya. prasaran itihas aur radd karna. "dha super" aeye. bee. see. parr raat 8 baje prasaarit huaa.aim. budhwar koo purvi samay apane sankshipt daud key dauran. isane kabhi bhee darshakon koo praapt naheen kiya joe "parivaar mein sabhi" aur "sanford aur bete" ney kiya, aur kewal 10 episode prasaarit honey key baad radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa; isake gyaarahaven aur baarahaven episode, kramshah 30 agast aur 6 sitambar, 1972 koo 1972 key grishmakaaleen olympic khelon key television coverage dwara poorv-nirdhaarit, kabhi prasaarit naheen kiye gaye they.

suuper (duradarshana sarani) dhii suuper embudu richard ess natisida american sitcom duradarshana saraniyagide. newyork nagarada apartment kattadada superintendent mele kendrikrutavagiruva castellano. ee kaaryakramavu 1972rahra zoon zoon 1972rahra august august abc vaahiniyalli prasaaravaayitu. saramsha. newyork nagarada kela-madhyama vargada vibhagadalliruva apartment kattadada italian-american superintendent (athawa "suuper") zoo girelli, obba dodda vyakti (260 pound; 118 keji), aata dooradarshanavannu noduvaga bear kudiyalu saadhyavaaguvante obbantiyagiralu bayasuttaare. aadaagyoo, avanu aparoopavaagi ekangiyagi uliyuttaane. avana kutumba-patni francesca, magalu joen, maga anthony, mattu sahodara franky, obba dodda-shaat vakeela-avanannu nirantaravagi tondaregolapadisuttaare, kattadada baadigedaararu nirantaravagi kolavegala mele hodeyuttiddaare mattu avana bagge mattu obbarigobbaru dooruttaare, mattu nagarada adhikaarigalu yavagalu avana kattadavannu khandisalu prayatnisuttiddaare. avana makkalu avana bagge agourava toruttaare, mattu rajakiya kraantikaarigalu, salingakaamigalu, samajika kaaryakartaru mattu police adhikaarigalu mattu italian americannaru, airish americannaru, polish americannaru, yahoodi americannaru, african americannaru mattu porto rikannaru seridante badigedarara naduve antyavillada janangiya mattu saamskrutika vivaadagalu bhugileddavu. utpadana tippanigalu. tippanigalu cbs "aall inn dhii family" aarambhavaada nantara, enbc mattu abc eradoo blue-collar kutumbagalannu kendrikarisida sanniveshada haasyagalondige adara yashassannu anukarisalu prayatnisidavu. enn. bii. sii. ess. naa "sanford und sunn" pradarshanavu 1972rahra janavariyalli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu dodda yashassannu kanditu. etanmadhye, ebisigaagi, robb rainer, phil mishkin mattu gerri aisenberg avaru "dhii suuper" annu rachisidaru, idu zoon 1972 ralli prathama pradarshanagonditu. rainer mattu mishkin kaaryakramada modala sanchikeyannu baredaru. mishkin avaru "dhii suuper" nalli franky girelliyaagi kanisikondare, richard castellano avara nija jeevanada magalu margarate avaru zoo girelliyavara magalu joyan patradalli kanisikondaru. kakataliyavagi, "dhii suuper" nalli zoo girellis maga anthony patravannu nirvahisida richard castellano mattu bruno kirbi ibbaroo "godfather" chalanachitragalalli peat clemenza, 1972 ralli "dhii godfather" nalli castellano mattu 1974 ralli "dhii godfather paart II" nalli kiriya vyaktiyagi kirbi clemenza patravannu nirvahisidaru. prasaarada itihaasa mattu raddati. "dhii suuper" abc yalli ratri 8 gantege prasaaravaayitu.emm. purva samayavu budhavaaradandu adara alpavadhiya avadhiyalli. idu "aall inn dhii family" mattu "sanford und sunn" maadidante prekshakarannu endigoo galisalilla, mattu kevala 10 kantugalu prasaaravaada nantara raddugolisalaayitu; adara hannondane mattu hanneradane kantugalu, kramavagi august 30 mattu september 6,1972 randu 1972 rahra besige olympic kridaakootagala duradarshana prasaaradinda poorvabhaaviyaagiddavu, endigoo prasaravagalilla.

suuppar (television parambara) richard ezz. abhinayicha oru american sitcom television parambarayaanu dhii suuppar. newyork nagaratthile oru appaartment kettidatthinte sooprandine kendreekarikkunna castellano. 1972 juun 21 muthal 1972 august 23 vare abc yill eee paripadi sampreshanam cheythu. sangraham. newyork nagaratthile thaazhnna madhyavarga vibhaagathile oru appaartment kettidatthinte itaaliyan-american sooprandaaya (allengil "suuppar") joou girelli, television kaanumbol bear kudikkaan kazhiyunnathinayi ottaykku nilkkaan eshtappedunna oru valia manushyanaan (260 poundu; 118 kilogram). ennirunnaalum, apoorvvamaayi maathrame addeham ottaykku avasheshikkunnulloo. bhaarya francesca, makal joann, makan aanthani, sahodaran franky, oru valia abhibhaashakan-ennivar addehathe nirantharam vishamippikkunnu, kettida vaadakakkaar nirantharam paippukalil adikkukayum avanekkurichum parasparam paraathippedukayum cheiyunnu, nagara udyogasthar ellaayppozhum shramikkunnu. addehathinte makkal addehathodu anaadaravu kaanikkunnu, rashtreeya viplavakaarikal, swavarggaanuraagikal, saamoohika pravartthakar, police officermaar, itaaliyan amerikkakkar, airish amerikkakkar, poolish amerikkakkar, jootha amerikkakkar, aafrikkan amerikkakkar, puerto rickens ennivarulppede kudiyanmarkkidayil ananthamaaya vamsheeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya tharkkangal pottippurappedunnu. nirmmaana kurippukal. 1971ll cbs "ool inn dhaa famili" aarambhichathinusesham, enbc abc blue collar kudumbangale kendreekarichulla saahacharya haasyachithrangaliloode athinte vijayam anukarikkaan shramichu. 1972 januvariyil enn. bii. sii. sii. yude "sanford aandu soonn" enna shhow pradarshippikkukayum athu valia vijayamaavukayum cheythu. athesamayam, ebisic vendi, roob rainar, phil mishkin, jerry aisenberg ennivar 1972 juunil pradharshippicha "dhii suuppar" srishtichu. reiner mishkin shoyude aadya episode ezhuthi. mishkin "dhii suuppar" enna chithratthil franky girelliyaayi prathyakshappettu, athesamayam richard castellaanooyude yadhaartha jeevithathile makal maargarat joou girelliyude makal joyan aayi abhinayichu. yaadrishchikamaayi, "dhii suuppar" enna chithratthil joou gireliyude makan anthoniyaayi abhinayicha richard castellaanoyum bruno kirby "godfather" sinimakalil peett clemenza 1972 ll "dhii godfather" enna chithratthil castellanoyeyum 1974 ll "dhii godfather part II" enna chithratthil kirby clemenza enna cheruppakkaaranaayum avatharippichu. prakshepana charithravum radhakkal. "ratri 8 manikk abc yill 'dhii suuppar' sampreshanam cheythu.emm. kizhakkan samayam budhanaazhcha athinte hrasvamaaya oottathiludaneelam. kudumbatthile ellaavarum", "sanford aandu sann" ennivar cheythathupole ithu orikkalum prekshakare nediyilla, koodaathe 10 episodukal maathram sampreshanam cheythathinu sesham raddaki; 1972 august 30, septambar 6 theeyathikalil yathaakramam 1972 venalkkaala olimbiku geyimsinte television kavarej munkootty nischayicha athinte pathinonnaamatheyum panthrandaamattheyum episodukal orikkalum prakshepanam cheythilla.

daad super (durchitravani malika) daad super hii richard ess. abhineet eka american sitcom durchitravani malika aahe. castellano jeey newyork shaharatil eka sadnika imaratichya adhikshakavar kendrit aahe. haah karyakram 21 juuna 1972 teey 23 august 1972 yaa kalavadhit aii. bii. see. varr prasarit jhaala. saransh. newyork shaharachya nimn-madhyamvargiy vibhagatil eka sadnika imaraticha italian-american adhikshak (kinwa 'super') joou gireli haah eka motha manus (260 paund; 118 kilo) aahe joou durchitravani pahatana bear piuu shakel mhanoon ekta rahane pasant karato. matra, kvachitach too ekta rahato. tyache kutumb-patni francesca, mulgi joenne, mulga anthany aanee bhau franky, eka motha vakeel-tyala satat tras dett asatat, imaratiche bhadekaru satat paipavar thokat asatat aanee tyachyabaddal aanee ekmekambaddal takrar karat asatat aanee shaharatil adhikari nehmich tyachya imaraticha nishedh karnyacha prayatna karat asatat. tyachi mule tyacha anadar karatat aanee bhadekarunmadhye vanshik aanee sanskrutik vadanchi eka antaheen malika suru hote, jyat rajkiy krantikarak, samalingi, samajik karyakarte aanee polis adhikari aanee italian american, ayrish american, polish american, jyoo american, african american aanee puerto ricans yancha samavesh aahe. utpadan notes. 1971 madhye 'aul inn daad family' yaa see. bii. ess. chya prarambhanantar, aine. bii. see. aanee aii. bii. see. yaa doghannihi blue-collar kutumbanvar kendrit asalelya paristhititil vinodi chitrapatansah tyachya yashache anukaran karnyacha prayatna keela. aine. bii. see. ess. chaa 'sanford andd sunn' haah karyakram janewari 1972 madhye pradarshit jhaala aanee too eka motha yashasvi tharala. darmyan, aii. bii. see. sathee, robb reiner, phil mishkin aanee jairie eisenberg yanni 'daad super' tayar kele, jyacha premiere juuna 1972 madhye jhaala. reiner aanee mishkin yanni karyakramacha pahila bhag lihila. mishkin 'daad super' madhye franky girelichya bhoomiket disala, tarr richard castellanochi vastavik jivanatil mulgi margaretne joou girelichi mulgi joenchi bhoomika sakarli. yogayogane, 'daad super' madhye joou girelisachya mulachi anthonychi bhoomika sakarnanya richard castellano aanee bruno kirbi yaa doghanni 'godfather' chitrapatanmadhye 'piit clemenza', 'daad godfather' madhye 'castellano' aanee 'daad godfather part II' madhye 'clemenza' mhanoon kirbi yaa doghanchi bhoomika sakarli. prasaran itihas aanee radd karane. "daad super' heey aii. bii. see. varr ratri 8 vajata prasarit jhaale.emm. tyachya alpavadhichya pravasadarmyan budhwari purv vel. aul inn daad family' aanee 'sanford andd sunn' yanni jeey kele teey prekshakanna kadhich midale nahee aanee keval 10 bhag prasarit jhalyanantar radd karnyat aale; tyache akarave aanee barave bhag, anukrame 30 august aanee 6 september 1972 roji 1972 chya unhali olympic khelanchya durchitravani prasaranadvare purvavat kele gele, teey kadhihi prasarit kele gele naheet.

da super (television shringkhala) da super richard ess abhinit ek americi sitcom television shringkhala how. castellano june newyork saharko euta apartment bhawanko superitendentma kendrit chha. yo karyakram 21 june 1972 dekhi 23 august 1972 samma abcma prasarit bhaeko thiyo. saransh. newyork saharko tallo-madhyam-wargako khandama raheko apartment bhawanko italian-americi adhikshak (wa "super") jo gireli, ek thula manis (260 pound; 118 kilogram) hun jasle television herdai bear piuna sakun bhanera eklai chhodna ruchaunchhan. tara, uni wirlai eklai banchhan. unko pariwar-patni francesca, chhori joena, chhora anthony, rar bhai franky, ek thula goli wakil-lagatar usalai sataunchhan, bhawan bhadama lineharule lagatar pipema prahar gariraheka chhan rar unko rar ekarkako barema gunaso gariraheka chhan, rar saharka adhikariharule sadhain unko bhawanko ninda garne prayas gariraheka chhan. unka chhorachhoriharu uniprati anadar garchhan, rar bhadama lineharu bitch jatiya rar sanskritik wiwadharuko ananta shringkhala suru hunchha, jasma rajnitik krantikariharu, samalingiharu, samajik karyakartaharu, rar prahari adhikariharu, rar italian amerikiharu, ayrish amerikiharu, polish amerikiharu, yahudi amerikiharu, africi amerikiharu, rar puerto reconsharu samawesh chhan. utpadan noteharu. sann 1971 maa cbs "all inn da femily" ko suruwat bhaepachi, nbc rar abc duwaile blue-coller pariwarharuma kendrit paristhiti kamediharusanga yasako safaltako anukaran garne prayas gare. enbisiko karyakram, "sanford anned sunn", janawari 1972 maa premiere bhayo rar thulo heat bhayo. abcka lagi, yasaibich, robe reiner, fill miskin, rar jery aisenbergle "da super" sirjana gare, jasko premiere june 1972 maa bhaeko thiyo. reiner rar miskinle soko pahilo episode lekhe. miskin "da super" maa franky gireliko rupma dekha pare, jabki richard castellanoko wastawik jiwanki chhori margaretle jo jo chhori joenko bhumika nibhaeki thiin. sanyogawash, "da super" maa jo jo chhora anthonyko bhumika nirvaha garne richard castellano rar bruno kirbi, duwaile "gadfadar" chalchitraharuma pitt clemenza, 1972 maa "da gadfadar" maa castellano rar 1974 maa "da gadfadar part II" maa clemenzako rupma kirbiko bhumika nibhaeka thie. prasaran itihas rar radda. "da super" abcma raati 8 baje prasaran bhayo.emm. purvi samaya budhwar yasako chhoto daudan. yasale "pariwarma sabai" rar "sanford rar chhora" ley gareko darshakharu kahilyai prapta garena, rar kewal 10 episodharu prasaran bhaepachi radda gariyo; yasako egharaun rar bahraun episodharu, kramashah august 30 rar september 6,1972 maa 1972 grishmakalin olympic khelharuko television kabharejdwara purwanirdharit, kahilyai prasaran bhaena.

super (tibhi sirij) daa super heuchhi eka americae sitcom television sirij jeunthire richard ess abhinai karichanti. castellano jaahaa nyujarka saharar eka apartment kothara adheekhyakanka upare kendra kare . ehi shoe 21 june 1972 ru 23 august 1972 parjyanta ebisire prasarita hoithila. saransha. nyujarka saharar eka nimna-madhyabitta berg bibhagare eka apartment kothara italiah-americae adhikhyaka (kimba "super") joe gireli jane budd byakti (260 pound; 118 kilogram) jieki ekutia rahibaku pasanda karanti jaahaa dwara shay television dekhiba samajare biara pieparibe . tebe, shay kwachit ekutia rahanti. taanka paribara-patni francesca, jhia joen, pua anthony, ebong bhai phranki, jane budd-guli okil-tanku nirantara birakta karanti, kothara bhadatiamane kramagata bhabare paipare pitichanti ebong taanka bishajare ebong paraspara bishajare abhijoga karuchanti, ebong saharar adhikarimane sarbada taanka kothaku ninda karibaku chesta karuchanti . taanka pilamane taanka prati asamman karanti, ebong bhadatianka madhyare jatigata ebong sanskrutika bibadara eka antahina shrunkhala srusti hue, jeunthire rajanaitika biplabee, samalingi, samajika karmi ebong police adhikari, ebong italiah americae, iris americae, polish americae, ihudi americae, african americae ebong puerto rican antarbhukta . utpada note. 1971 masihare cbs "all inn daa family" arambha heba parey, ubhaja nbc ebong abc ehara saphalataku anukaran karibaku chesta karithile, ebong samaana bhabe blue-colour paribara upare kendrit paristhiti kamedi sahita. enn. bii. sii. ess. shoe, "sanford anded sunn", januari 1972 ray premiyara hoithila ebong eka pramukh heat hoithila . aii. bii. sii. paain, ehi samajare, robb reiner, phil mishkin ebong jairie eisenberg "daa super" srusti karithile, jahara premiyara june 1972 ray hoithila. reiner ebong mishkin shoe 'rahr pratham episode lekhithile. daa super "ray mishkin phranki gireli bhumikare abhinai karithibabele richard castellanonka bastaba jeebner jhia margaret joe girelinka jhia joen bhumikare abhinai karithile. sanjogabashatah, 'daa super "ray joe girelisnka pua anthony bhumikare abhinai karithiba richard castellano ebong bruno kirbi, ubhaja' gadafadara" chalachitrare pitt clemenza, 1972 ray 'daa gadafadara "ray castellano ebong 1974 ray' daa gadafadara part 2" ray clemenza bhabare kirbi bhumikare abhinai karithile. prasarana itihas ebong batilakarana. "daa super" aii. bii. sii. ray raati 8taare prasarita hoithila.emm. budhbar deane ehara sankhipta dauda samajare purba samai. paribarara samaste" ebong "sanford ebong pua" jaahaa karithile taaha darshakanku kadapi milinathila, ebong kebala 10tii episode prasarita heba parey ehaaku batil karajaithila; ehara ekadash ebong dwadasha episode, jathakrame august 30 ebong september 6,1972 ray 1972 grishma alympic khelara television kabharej dwara purbaru, kadapi prasarita hoinathila .

super (tii. vee. ladiwar) super ikk amriki sitcom television luddy haii jiss witch richard aiss neey abhinai keeta haii. castellano joe kii newyork shehar witch ikk apartment imaarat dey superdent utte kendrit haii. ih shoa 21 juun, 1972 toon 23 agast, 1972 takk aii. bee. see. utte prasarit hoiaa. sankhep. joye gireli, joe kii newyork shehar dey hethle-maddh-varag vaale hisse witch ikk apartment imaarat daa italvi-amriki superdent (jaan "super") haii, ikk vadda aadmi (260 pond; 118 kilogram) haii joe ikalla rahina pasand karda haii taan joe uh television dekhde hoye beear pee sake. parr firr vee, uh ghatt hii ikalla rahi jaanda haii. uss daa parivaar-patni francesca, dhee joann, puttar anthony atey bharaa franky, ikk vadda vakeel-lagatar uss noon pareshan karda haii, imaarat dey kiraedar lagatar pipes 'teey kutt rahey hunn atey uss baare atey ikk dooje baare shikait qarr rahey hunn, atey shehar dey adhikari hamesha uss dee imaarat dee ninda curran dee koshish qarr rahey hunn. uss dey bacche uss pratee beizzati karde hunn, atey kiraedaran witch nasli atey sabheyacharak vivadan dee ikk beant luddy shuru hoow jaandi haii, jiss witch rajneetik krantikari, samlingi, smajik karamchari atey pulis adhikari atey italvi amriki, irish amriki, polish amriki, yahudi amriki, african amriki atey porto reekan shamal hunn. utpadan notes. 1971 witch see. bee. aiss. "aal inn dha femily" dee shuruat toon baad, ainn. bee. see. atey aii. bee. see. dovan neey sathiti comedies naal iss dee safalta dee nakal curran dee koshish keeti joe isey tarahan blue-kaalar parivaran 'teey kendrit see. ainn. bee. see. aiss. shoa, "sanford aind sunn", daa premiere janwari 1972 witch hoiaa atey ih ikk vaddi hitt bann giaa. aii. bee. see. laee, iss dauran, raub rainer, phil mishkin atey gairi eisenberg neey "super" banaiaa, jiss daa premiere juun 1972 witch hoiaa see. rainer atey miskin neey shoa daa pahila episode likhiaa see. mishkin 'super' witch franky gireli dey roop witch dikhai ditta, jadon kii richard castellano dee asal zindagi dee dhee margaret neey joe gireli dee dhee joann dee bhumika nibhai. sanjog naal, "super" witch joye girelis dey puttar anthony dee bhumika nibhaun vaale richard castellano atey bruno kirbi, dovan neey "godfater" filman witch petty clemenza, 1972 witch "godfater" witch castellano atey 1974 witch "godfater bhaag II" witch ikk naujwan aadmi dey roop witch kirbi dee bhumika nibhai. prasaran itihaas atey radd karna. "super" aii. bee. see. utte raat 8 vaje prasarit hoiaa.aim. purbi samaan budhwar noon aapni sankhep daud dauran. iss neey kadey vee darshakan noon prapat naheen keeta joe "parivaar witch saare" atey "sanford atey puttar" neey keeta, atey siraf 10 episodan dey prasarit honn toon baad radd qarr ditta giaa see; iss dey giaarven atey barahven episode, kramvaar 30 agast atey 6 satambar, 1972 noon 1972 deeaan garmiaan deeaan olympic khedan dey television coverage duaara pahilan toon hii prasarit keete gaye sunn, kadey vee prasarit naheen keete gaye sunn.

da super (dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa) da soopar iteedam amerikaadeshasy sitcom-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa asti yasmin richard ess. ityanena abhinayah krutah asti. castellano nyuyaark-nagarasya apartment-bhavanasya adheekshake kendritah asti. 1972 joon 21 taha 1972 august 23 paryantam e. bee. see. ityatra ayam kaaryakramah prasaaritah. saaraamshaha. nyuyaark-nagarasya nimna-madhyamawarg-vibhaagasya apartment-bhavanasya italian-american-superintendant (athavaa "soopar") jo gireli ityeshah ekaha mahaan purushah (260 paund; 118 kii. graa.) asti yah dooradarshanam pashyan bear-paniyam sevitum ekaakim cha icchati. parantu saha viralatayaa ekaki eva vikshiptah bhavati. tasya parivaarah-patnee francesca, putree joen, putrah enthonee, tathaa bhrata franki, ekaha bruhad-prahaara-adhivaktaa-nirantaram tam vyathitavantah, bhavanasya bhaatakah nirantaram pipe-dwara praharam kurwantah, tasya vishaye parasparm cha abhiyogam kurwantah santi, nagar-adhikaarinah sarvadaa tasya bhavanasya nindaam kartum prayatante. tasya santatihi tasya prati anaadaram kurvanti, tathaa cha bhatakanam madhye jaateey-saamskrutika-vivaadaanaam ananta-shrunkhalaah utpadyante, yeshu raajanaitik-kraantikaaraah, samalingi-janaah, samajika-karmachaarinah, arakshakadhikarinaha cha santi, italian-american-janaah, airish-american-janaah, polish-american-janaah, jyoo-american-janaah, aafrikan-american-janaah, puerto-rican-janaah cha santi. utpaadana-tippanyah. 1971 tame varshe see. bee. ess. "aal inn da family" ityasya aarambhasy anantaram, enn. bee. see. tathaa e. bee. see. ityetaah cha bloo-caller-parivaaraanaam vishaye eva kendreekrutaih paristhiti-hasya-chitraihi saha tasya safalataam anukarayitum prayatanta. enn. bee. see. ess. ityasya "sanford and sunn" iti pradarshanasy prathamapradarshanm 1972 janavaree-maase abhavat, tathaa pramukham hitt abhavat. etasmin samaye e. bee. see. krute, raab-reiner, phil-mishkin, gairee-issenberg cha "da-soopar" iteedam nirmitavantah, yasya prathamapradarshanm 1972 joon-maase abhavat. reiner tathaa mishkin ityeshaa prathama-prakaranam likhitavantah. mishkin "da soopar" ityasmin franky gireli iti paatram niravahat, richard castellano ityasya vaastavika-jeevan-putree margaret ityeshaa jo gireli ityasyaah putree joyen iti paatram niravahat. samyogavashaat, "da soopar" ityasmin ityasmin ityasya putrasya enthonee iti paatram niravahan richard-castellano, bruno-kirbi cha, ubhau "gaadfaadar" chalacchitreshu peet-clemenza iti, 1972 tame varshe "da-gaadfaadar" ityasmin castellano iti, 1974 tame varshe "da-gaadfaadar paart-II" ityasmin kirbi iti cha yuvakaroopen clemenza iti paatraani niravahan. prasaaran-itihaasah tathaa raddah. "da soopar" iti e. bee. see. ityatra raatri 8 vaadane prasaaritam.emm. poorva-samayah budhavaasare tasya alpakaalaparyantam bhavati. aal inn da family" tathaa "sanford and sunn" ityetayoho prekshakaah kadaapi naa praaptavantah, kevalam 10 prakarananam prasaranena nirasitaani cha; 1972 tamasya varshasya august-masasya 30 dinaanke, 1972 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 6 dinaanke cha greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kreedaayaah dooradarshan-prasaranena poorvamev nishkaasy, ekaadasha-dvaadasha-prakaranaani kadaapi prasaaritam naa abhavan.

thii suuppar (tholaikaatchi thodar) thii suuppar enbathu richard ess nadiththa oru america sitcom tholaikaatchi thodaraagum. newyorg nagaril ulla oru adukumadi kattidaththin kankaanippaalarai maiyamaagak konda castellano. inththa nigazhchchi juun 21,1972 muthal august 23,1972 varai aepici ill oliparappappattathu. surukkam. newyorg nagaraththin keezh naduththara varkkap paguthiyil ulla oru adukumadi kattidaththin itaaliya-america kankaanippaalar (allathu "suuppar") joow grelli, oru periya manithar (260 pavundugal; 118 kiloo), avar tholaikaatchi paarkkumpoathu peer kudikka mudiyum enbatharkaaka thaniyaaga irukka virumbukiraar. iruppinum, avar arithaagavae thaniyaaga vidappadugiraar. avarathu kudumbaththinar-manaivi francesca, magal joann, magan anthoni, cakootharar franki, oru periya shhaat vazhakkarinyar-thodarnthu avarai thontharavu seikiraargal, kattidak kuththagaithaarargal thodarnthu kuzhaaigalil adiththu avaraip pattriyum oruvarukkoruvar bugar seikiraargal, nagara athikaarikal eppoathum avarathu kattidaththai kandikka muyarchikkindranar. avarathu kuzhandhaigal avarai avamathikkiraarkal, maelum arasiyal puratchiyaalarkal, oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkal, samoogap paniyaalarkal mattrum bolees athikaarikal mattrum itaaliya americkarkal, airish americkarkal, bolish americkarkal, yootha americkarkal, aaprikka americkarkal mattrum puerto rikkankal ullitta kuththagaithaarargalidaiye mudivattra ina mattrum kalaachaara moathalkal vediththana. thayaarippu kurippugal. 1971 aam aandil cps "aall inn thii family" arimugappaduththappatta piragu, enn. pii. chii mattrum aepici irandum neela kaalar kudumbangalai maiyamaagak konda soozhnilai nagaichchuvaigaludan adhan vetrtriyaip pinpattra muyantrana. sanford andd suunn" endra enn. pii. chii. ess nigazhchchi 1972 janavariyil thiraiyidappattu periya vetrtriyaip pettrathu. aepici-kku, idharkidaiyil, raap rainer, pill mishkin mattrum jerri aisanperk aagiyoar "thii suuppar" aii uruvaakkinar, idhu juun 1972 ill thiraiyidappattathu. rainer mattrum mishkin nigazhchchiyin muthal aththiyaayatthai ezhuthinar. mishkin "thii suuppar" padaththil franki kirelliyaaga thoantrinaar, athae neraththil richard castellanovin nija vaazhkkai magal margared joow grelliyin magal joannaevaaga naditthaar. thartcheyalaaka, "thii suuppar" padaththil joow crellisin magan anththoaniyaaga nadiththa richard castellano mattrum bruno kirbi iruvarum "kadfather" thiraippatankalil beat clemensaavaagavum, 1972 ill "thii kadfather" padaththil castellanovagavum, 1974 ill "thii kadfather pakuthi II" ill kirbi oru ilaiya manithanaaga clemensaavaagavum nadiththanar. oliparappu varalaaru mattrum rathuseidhal. "thii suuppar" aepici-yill iravu 8 manikku oliparappappattathu.emm. kilakku neram puthankizhamai adhan kurugiya oottam muzhuvathum. kudumbaththil anaivarum" mattrum "sanford mattrum magan" seithathaip poala idhu orupoathum paarvaiyaalargalaip peravillai, maelum 10 aththiyaayangkal mattumae oliparapappatta piragu rathu seiyappattathu; adhan pathinoaraavathu mattrum pannirandaavathu aththiyaayangkal, muraiyae august 30 mattrum septumber 6,1972 andru nadantha 1972 koadaikkaala olympic vilaiyaattukalin tholaikaatchi seithigalaal munkoottiyae nirutthappattana, avai orupoathum oliparappappadavillai.

suupar (tv syries) dhi suupar anedi richard ess natinchina oka american sitcom television syries. newyork nagaramloni oka apartment bhavanam superintendentpai kendrikrutamai unna castellano. eee karyakramam 1972 juun 21 nundi 1972 augustu 23 varaku ebisi loe prasaram cheyabadindi. saaraamsam. newyork nagaramloni diguva-madhyataragati vibhaagamlo oka apartment bhavananiki italian-american superintendent (ledhaa "suupar") ayina jooe girelli, oka pedda vyakti (260 poundlu; 118 kilolu), athanu television chustunnappudu beeru taagadaaniki ontarigaa undataaniki ishtapadataadu. ayithe, athanu chaalaa arudugaa ontarigaa migilipotadu. athani kutumbam-bhaarya francesca, kumarte joyan, kumarudu anthony, sodarudu franky, oka pedda-shaat nyaayavaadi-nirantaram atanni ibbandi pedutunnaaru, bhavana addedaarulu nirantaram paipulapai kottadam mariyu athani gurinchi mariyu okari gurinchi okaru firyadu chestunnaru, mariyu nagara adhikarulu ellappuduu athani bhavananni khandinchadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru. athani pillalu athani patla agouravamgaa unnaaru, mariyu raajakeeya viplavakaarulu, swalinga samparkulu, saamaajika kaaryakartalu mariyu pooliisu adhikarulu mariyu italian americanlu, airish americanlu, polish americanlu, yoodu americanlu, african americanlu mariyu puerto rikanlu vanti kouludaarulalo antuleni jaathi mariyu saamskrutika vivaadaalu chelaregaayi. utpatti gamanikalu. 1971loe cbs "aall inn dhi family" praarambhamaina taruvaata, enbisi mariyu ebisi rendoo blue-collar kutumbaalapai kendreekrutamaina paristhitula haasya chitraalato daani vijayanni anukarinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi. enbisi show, "sanford und sunn", janavari 1972loe pradarsinchabadindi mariyu pedda hitt ayindi. ebisi kosam, adhe samayamlo, raab rainer, phil mishkin mariyu gerry issenberg "dhi suupar" nuu srushtinchaaru, idhi juun 1972loe pradarsinchabadindi. rainer mariyu mishkin pradarsana yokka modati episodenu raasaaru. mishkin "dhi suupar" loe franky girelligaa kanipinchagaa, richard castellano nija jeevita kumarte margaret jooe girelli kumarte joyanga natinchaaru. yaadrucchikamgaa, "dhi suupar" loe jooe girellis kumarudu anthoniga natinchina richard castellano mariyu bruno kirbi iddaroo "gaad father" chitraalalo peat clemenza, 1972loe "dhi gaad father" loe castellano mariyu 1974loe "dhi gaad father paart II" loe kirbi clemenza gaa yuvakudigaa natinchaaru. prasaara charitra mariyu raddu. "dhi suupar" raatri 8 gantalaku ebisi loe prasaram cheyabadindi.emm. thoorpu samayam daani swalpakaalam paatu budhavaram naadu. kutumbamlo andaruu" mariyu "sanford und sunn" chesinantagaa idhi prekshakulanu ennadoo sampadinchaledu, mariyu kevalam 10 episodelu matrame prasaram ayina tarvaata raddu cheyabadindi; 1972 vesavi olympic kreedala television coverage dwara mundugaane nilipiveyabadina daani padakondava mariyu pannendava episodelu, varusaga augustu 30 mariyu september 6,1972, eppuduu prasaram kaaledu.

spir (tye wee seerez) dee spir eek americi seet kaam teeli vision seerez hay jiss mein richard aiss nay adakari kii hay. castilano juu neoyork shehar mein eek apartment kii emarat kay sprintendent parr markoz hay. yaha show 21 joone 1972 say 23 agast 1972 takk aey bee see parr nashar hawaa. khalasah. neoyork shehar kay nichley matusat tabqe kay hasay mein eek apartment kii emarat kay atalvi-americi sprintendent (yaa "spir") juu garily eek badaa aadmi (260 pound vovo 118 clogram) hay juu akeela rehna pasand kartaa hay taakah wah teeli vision dekhtay hoay bayer pee sakay. tahim wah shaaz woo naadir hyee akeela rahh jaataa hay. iss kaa khaandaan-bewi francesca betty joaan betaa anthoni aur bhayee franki juu eek badaa wakeel hay-asay muslisil preshan kartaa hay emaraton kay karayah daar muslisil paipon parr takratay haine aur iss kay aur eek dosray kay baaray mein shikayat kartay haine aur shehar kay hakaam hamishah iss kii emarat kii mazmat karnay kii koshish kirr rahay haine. iss kay bachay iss kii bay azti kartay haine aur karayah daaron kay darmiyan nasli aur saqafati tanazaat kaa eek lamtanahi silsilah sharoo hotaa hay jiss mein seyasi inqilabi humm jans parsat samaji karkanan aur police afsaran aur atalvi americi aairish americi poland kay americi yahudi americi afriqi americi aur porto rekan shaamil haine. production nott. 1971 mein see bee aiss "aal inn dee femli" kay aaghaz kay baad aine bee see aur aey bee see donon nay neeli kaalar kay khandanon parr markoz jaisi hyee surathaal parr mubni mazahiya filmon kay saath iss kii kamiyabi kii taqlid karnay kii koshish kii. aine bee see aiss show "senford aind sunn"yee kaa premier januri 1972 mein hawaa aur yaha eek bury hutt bunn gayaa. aey bee see kay liyay asee doraan raab reiner fill mashkan aur geeri aaizan burg nay "dee spir" takhliq kiyaa jiss kaa premier joone 1972 mein hawaa. reiner aur mashkan nay show kii pehli qast likhee. mashkan "dee spir" mein frenki greeli kay toor parr nazar aayey jabkah richard castilano kii haqeeqi zindagi kii betty margaret nay juu garily kii betty jawaan kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. ittefaq say richard castilano aur barno karbi jinhon nay "dee spir" mein juu garilees kay betay anthoni kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa donon nay "gaadd faadir" filmon mein peetay clemenza 1972 mein "dee gaadd faadir" mein castilano aur 1974 mein "dee gaadd faadir paart II" mein eek naujawan aadmi kay toor parr karbi kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. nashriyati tareekh aur mansukhi. "dee spir" aey bee see parr shaam 8 bajay nashar hawaa.ayem. mashriqi waqat badh kuu apnay mukhtasir door mein. iss nay kabhi bhee saamayin kuu haasil nahein kiyaa juu "aal inn dee femli" aur "senford aind sunn" nay kiyaa aur sarf 10 aqsaat nashar honay kay baad mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii gayarahwein aur barahwein aqsaat juu baltarteeb 30 agast aur 6 satambar 1972 kuu 1972 kay summer olympic games kii teeli vision courage kay zariye pehley say rook dee gayee thein kabhi nashar nahein kii gayein.

0008c522fb3d3a4c9c5697a599e883e15a1926c3c571dd1e1c807174487286b5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50902848

Odette Pavlova

Odette Pavlova Russian fashion model (born 1994) Victoria "Odette" Pavlova (Russian: Одетте (Виктория) Павлова; born 25 April 1994) is a Russian fashion model. Odette Pavlova was born in Pskov, Pskov Oblast, but currently lives in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Victoria has a twin sister Lia (Yulia), who is also a top model. She has appeared in editorials of "Bon Magazine", "Dazed", "Heroine Magazine", "i-D", "Interview", "LOVE", "November Magazine", "Numéro" (French and Russian), "Self Service", "Vogue Germany", "Vogue Italia", "Vogue Japan", "Vogue Spain", "Vogue Paris", "Vogue Russia" and "W Magazine". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

audet pavluva victoria "audet" pavluva (rasianoh оdette (victoríya) πavlova; jonmo 25 april 1994) hoise egoraki rasian feswan model. audet pabhlubhar jonmo hoisil pscove oh 'blastor poscovot, kintu bortoman teu rasiyar saint pietersburgot baax kore. victoriyar egoraki jomoj bhogni lia (eulia) aase, ji egoraki xirxo model. teu "bonn alusoni", "dazed", "nayika alusoni", "aai-di", "xakhyatkar", "prem", "novembor alusoni", "niumeru" (forasi aaru rasian), "swoxewa", "bho 'go germany", "bho' go italya", "bho 'go jaapan", "bho' go spain", "bho 'go peris", "bho' go rasiya" aaru "wo 'alusoni" ror xompadokiyot uposthito hoise.

odet pavlova victoria "odet" pavlova (rushah одате (отория) πavlova; jonmo 25 april 1994) ekjon russian fashion model. odet pavlova piskov oblaste jonmogrohon korechilen, tobey bortomane tini russier seenta pietersberge bosobas korchen. victoria ekti jomoj boone royeche lia (eulia), jey ekjon sheersho modelo. tini "bonn magazine", "daged", "hiroin magazine", "aaee-dii", "sakkhatkar", "laav", "navembar magazine", "numero" (farasi ebong russian), "swa-porisheba", "bhog germany", "bhog italia", "bhog japan", "bhog spena", "bhog parris", "bhog rashiya" ebong "dobleeu magazine"-err sampadakiyate uposthito hoyechen.

audet pavlova viktoriya "audet" pavlova (russianh одате (отория) πavlova; janm 25 april 1994) aek russian fashion model chhe. audet pavlovano janm pskov, pskov oblastma thayo hato, parantu haalmaa teey russiana saint pietersbergma rahe chhe. viktoriyaane aek jodeeya bahen liyaa (yulia) chhe, jeey tochnee model pann chhe. teo "booan magazine", "dased", "hiroin magazine", "aaee-dii", "interview", "lava", "november magazine", "numero" (french aneey russian), "swa-sevaa", "voga germany", "voga italia", "voga japan", "voga spain", "voga paris", "voga russia" aneey "doubleu magazine" naa sampadkiyma jovaa malyaa chhe.

odet pavlova victoria "odet" pavlova (rooseeh одате (отете) πалоva; janm 25 aprail 1994) ack russie fashion model haye. odet pavlova kaa janm pskov, pskov oblast mein huaa thaa, lekin vartamaan mein vaha roose key sent pietersberg mein rahati haye. victoria kii ack judvaan bahan liya (yulia) haye, joe ack sheersh model bhee haye. vaha "bone patrika", "dazed", "nayika patrika", "aaee-dee", "sakshatkar", "lava", "navambar patrika", "numero" (french aur russie), "swa seva", "vog germany", "vog italia", "vog japan", "vog spen", "vog peris", "vog roose" aur "patrika" key sampadakiya mein dikhaai dee hain.

odette pavlova victoria "odette" pavlova (russian одате (отория) πavlova; janana 25 april 1994) obba rashyaada fashion rupadarshi. odette pavlova avaru pskov oblastna pskovnalli janisidaru, aadare prastuta avaru rashyaada saint petersburgnalli vasisuttiddare. viktoriyage avali sahodari liah (yulia) iddaare, aake saha obba unnata rupadarshiyaagiddaare. avaru "baan niyatakaalike", "dozed", "heroine niyatakaalike", "aii-dii", "sandarshana", "love", "november niyatakaalike", "numero" (french mattu russian), "swayam seve", "wog germany", "wog italia", "wog japan", "wog spain", "wog paris", "wog russia" mattu "doubleu magazine" gala sampadakiyagalalli kanisikondiddare.

odettu pavlova victoria "odettu" pavlova (russian одате (отория) πavlova; jananam epril 25,1994) oru russian fashion modalaan. odettu pavlova janichathu pscove oblaasttile pscovillaanu, ennaal ippol russiayile sent peettezhsbargilaanu thaamasikkunnath. victoriyaykku oru eratta sahodari lia (eulia) undu, avar oru mikacha model koodiyaanu. boonn magazin", "daised", "naayika maasika", "aii-dii", "abhimukham", "lavu", "november magazin", "numero" (franch, russian), "svayam sevanam", "wog jarmmani", "wog itaaliya", "wog jappan", "wog spain", "wog paarees", "wog russia", "dablyu magazin" ennivayude edittoriyalukalil avar prathyakshappettittundu ".

odet pavlova victoriya "odet" pavlova (russianh одате (отория) πavlova; janm 25 april 1994) hii eka russian fashion model aahe. odet pavlovacha janm pskov, pskov oblast yethe jhaala hota, parantu sadhya too rashiyatil seent pietersberg yethe rahato. victoriyala eka julee baheen liah (yulia) aahe, jee dekhil eka uttam model aahe. tee 'bonn masika', 'daysed', 'nayika masika', 'aay-dii', 'mulakhat', 'prem', 'november masika', 'numero' (french aanee russian), 'swayamseva', 'vog germany', 'vog italia', 'vog japan', 'vog spain', 'vog parris', 'vog russia' aanee 'doubleu magazin' chya sampadkiyanmadhye disali aahe.

odet pawalobha victoria "odet" pawlobha (rusih оdette (victoríya) πavlova; janma 25 april 1994) ek rusi fasion model hun. odet pawalobhako janma paskobh, paskobh oblastma bhaeko thiyo, tara hall uni cent pietersberg, rasiyama baschhin. wictoriako jumlyaha bahini lia (yulia) chhin, jo pani ek shirsha model hun. uni "bone patrika", "dazed", "nayika patrika", "ai-dee", "antarwarta", "prem", "november patrika", "nyumero" (francelli rar rusi), "swa-sewa", "bhog germany", "bhog italy", "bhog japan", "bhog spain", "bhog peris", "bhog rasiya" rar "w patrika" kaa sampadakiyaharuma dekha parin.

odet pavlova victoria "odet" pavlova (rusheejah оdette (отория) πavlova; janma 25 april 1994) jane rushiah fashion model. odet pavlova pskov, pskov oblastare janmagrahana karithile, kintu bartamana rushiaara cent pitarsabargare rahuchanti. victoriara eka yamaja bhaunee liah (yulia) achanti, jie madhya jane shirsha model. shay "bunn patrika", "desed", "hiroin patrika", "aai-dii", "sakhyatakara", "labh", "navember patrika", "numero" (french ebong rushiah), "self sarbhis", "bhog germany", "bhog italia", "bhog japan", "bhog spain", "bhog paris", "bhog rushia" ebong "waa" patrikara sampadakijare abhinai karichanti.

odet pavlova victoria "odet" pavlova (rucia одате (отория) πavlova; janam 25 aprail 1994) ikk russie fashion maadal haii. odet pavlova daa janam piskov, piskov oblast witch hoiaa see, parr varatman witch uh roos dey cent pietersburg witch rahindi haii. victoria dee ikk judvan bhainn leea (yulia) haii, joe ikk choti dee maadal vee haii. uh "bohn magazine", "dazed", "naika magazine", "aaee-dee", "interview", "lava", "navambar magazine", "numaro" (franch atey russie), "sway seva", "vog germany", "vog italia", "vog japaan", "vog spain", "vog paris", "vog roos" atey "w magazine" dey sampadaki witch dikhai ditti haii.

odete pavlova victoria "odet" pavlova (rooseeh оdette (victoríya) πavlova; janma 25 april 1994) ekaa rusie-fyaashan-rupadarshini asti. odet pavlova ityasya janma pskov-oblast-nagare abhavat, parantu samprati rashiyaadeshasy sent pietersberg-nagare nivasati. victoriyaayaah ekasyaah dwaiwinyaah bhaginee asti, lia (eulia), yaa shirsha-rupadarshini api asti. saa "baan-patrikaa", "dazed", "nayika-patrikaa", "aii-dee", "sakshatkaraha", "love", "november-patrikaa", "nyoomero" (french tathaa rashyan), "svasevaa", "vog-germany", "vog-italia", "vog-japaan", "vog-spen", "vog-perisa", "vog-rashyaa" tathaa "doubleu-patrikaa" ityetayoho sampadakiyeshu abhyanayt.

odate bavlova victoria "oodet" bavlova (urusiyam отете (отория) πavlova; prappu aepral 25,1994) oru russia fasion maadal aavaar. odet bavlova pskov oblastin pscovil piranthaar, aanaal tharpoothu russiavin saint petersburkil vasikkiraar. viktoariyaavukku oru irattai chakoothari liah (eulia) ullaar, avarum oru sirantha maadal aavaar. paan paththirigai", "taast", "kathaanaayagi idhazh", "aii-dii", "nerkaanal", "kaathal", "navambar idhazh", "numero" (pirenchu mattrum russia), "suya saevai", "voak jermani", "voak italia", "voak jappan", "voak speyin", "voak baris", "voak russia" mattrum "doublue idhazh" aagiyavattrin thalaiyangangalil avar thoantriyullaar.

odette pavlova victoria "odette" pavlova (russian одате (отория) πavlova; jananam 25 april 1994) oka russian fyaashan modal. odette pavlova pskov oblastloni pskovlo janminchindi, conny prastutam rashyaalooni seyint petersberglo nivasistondi. victoriaku oka kavala sodari liah (yulia) undhi, aame kooda oka agrashreni modal. aame "baan magazine", "dodged", "heroine magazine", "ii-dii", "interview", "love", "november magazine", "numero" (french mariyu russian), "selph servies", "vog germany", "vog italia", "vog japan", "vog speyin", "vog paris", "vog russia" mariyu "doubleu magazine" sampadakeeyalalo kanipinchindi.

odet pawlowa victoria "odet" pawlowa (rosee: одате (отория) πavlova vovo paidaish 25 apreel 1994) eek rosee fashion maadal hay. odet pawlowa pascof paskof oblist mein paida hoyein leakin phee alhaal wah roos kay sent pattersburg mein rehti haine. victoriah kii eek jadwaan behan liyaa (yuliya) hay juu eek topp maadal bhee hay. wah "boone megzin"yee "desed"yee "heroin megzin"yee "aayee-ddee"yee "intervieve"yee "low"yee "nomber megzin"yee "neomero" (francisi aur rosee)yee "seilf saros"yee "wog germani"yee "wog ataliya"yee "wog japaan"yee "wog speen"yee "wog peers"yee "wog roos" aur "dabliyo megzin" kay idaarti mazamin mein nazar aaa chaki haine.

0008c5d74037ffe613428b21213508032f1feb749d95e254805fd6f4a9de0136

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=830890

Mitchell v. First National Bank of Chicago

Mitchell v. First National Bank of Chicago <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" /> Court Documents Opinion of the Court United States Supreme Court180 U.S. 471Mitchell  v.  First National Bank of Chicago Argued: October 11, 12, 1900. --- Decided: for reargument October 29, 1900 "Messrs." "T. M. Maltbie" and "C. E. Mitchell" for petitioner. "Messrs." "Percy S. Bryant" and "Wm. C. Case" for respondent. Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court: Notes.

misel bhi. prothom rastriyo benk owo sikagu aadalotor nothipotroxomuh aadalotor motamot aamerika juktorastror uschotom nyayaloy 180 eu.ess. 471 misel bonam. prothom nesnel benk owo sikaguwe jukti disiloh 11 octobor, 12,1900.-----xiddhanto loisiloh punor bitorkor baabe 29 octobor, 1900 "raaj."ti. em. multby "aaru" chi. ee. abedonkarir baabe misel. "raaj."parchi ess. bryant "aaru" dobliu. em.. chi. protibadir baabe "gusor. shree. nyayadhix harlane aadalotor motamot prodan korisiloh noot.

mitchel vee. first national bank off shikago adaloter nothi adaloter motamot markin juktorashtrer supreme court 180 eu.esha. 471 mitchel bonam. shikago first national bank jukti diyechilah 11ee octobor, 1900,12.---- siddhanta niyecheh punarbibechanar jonno 29shhey octobor, 1900 "messers."tii. emm. multby "ebong" shee. ee. abedonkarir jonno mitchel. "messers."percy esha. bryant ebong dabluem. shee. mamla "uttordatar jonno. mii. bicharpati harlan adaloter motamot pradan korenoh note.

mishel vee. shikagoni pratham raashtriy benk adalatna dastavejo courtno abhipray united states suprem court 180 yuu.aesa. 471 michel wii. shikagoni pratham raashtriy benke daleel curry hateeh october 11,12,1900.---- nakki karyunh october 29,1900 naa roj fareethi daleel maate "gandee."tii. aema. maltibi "aneey" see. ee. michel "arajdaar maate. "gandee."persey aesa. bryant "aneey" doubleu. aema. see. cases "prativaadi maate. shree. nyaymurti haarlne adaalatno abhipray aapyoh nondho.

michel vee. shikago kaa pahala rashtriya baink adalati dastavej adalat kii raay sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya 180 yuu.aiss. 471 michel banaam. shikago key pahale rashtriya baink ney tark diyaah 11 octuber, 12 1900.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ "messers."tii. aim. malty "aur" see. ee. michel "yachikakarta key liye. "messers."persey aiss. bryant "aur" doubleu. aim.. see. prativaadi key liye mamla. shree. nyaayamurti harlen ney adalat kii raay deeh notes.

mitchel vii. chikagoda modala rashtriya bank nyaayaalayada daakhalegalu nyaayaalayada abhipraya united states supreme court 180 yuu.ess. 471 mitchell vii. chikagoda modala rashtriya bank vaadisituh october 11,12,1900.---- nirdharisideh maruhanchikegaagi october 29,1900 "mister."tii. emm. maltby "mattu" sii. ii. arjidaararige mitchel. "mister."pursey ess. bryant "mattu" doubluem. sii. prakarana "prativaadige. shree. nyayamurthy harlen nyaayaalayada abhiprayavannu niididaruh tippanigalu.

michel vii. phastt naashanal baank oof chikkago kodathi rekhakal kodathiyude abhiprayam yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi 180 yuu.ezz. 471 michel vii. phastt naashanal baank oof chikkago vaadichu october 11,12,1900.---- theerumaanichu 1900 october 29 nuu punarvaadatthinaayi "misttars."tii. emm. maltby ", sii. iii. harjikkaaran michel. "misttars."" pezhsi ezz. brayaant "," doubleum. sii. cases "prathikarikkunnayaalkk. emm. justice harlan kodathiyude abhiprayam paranju kurippukal.

michel wii. shikagochi pahili rashtriy banq nyayalayin kagadpatre nyayalayache mutt united states sarvoch nyayalay 180 yuu.ess. 471 michel wii. shikagochya pahilya rashtriy bankene yuktivad kelah 11 aktoobar, 12 1900.-----nirnay ghetalah 29 aktoobar, 1900 roji punha vaad ghalanyasathi "gaddar."tii. emm. malty "aanee" see. eae. michel "yachikakartyasathi. "gaddar."persey ess. bryant aanee doubleu. emm. see. prativadisathi prakaran. shree. nyaymurti harlen yanni nyayalayache mutt mandaleh nondi.

michel wee. sikagoko pahilo rashtriya bank adalati kagajatharu adalatko mutt sanyukta rajya americako sarvochcha adalat 180 yu.ess. 471 michel banam. sikagoko pahilo rashtriya bankley tarka garyoh october 11,12,1900.---- nirnaya gariyoh october 29,1900 maa punah bahaska lagi. "messers."tea. emm. malty "rar" see. ei. yachikakarta ko lagi michel. "messers."" percy ess. bryant "rar" wm. see. pratiwadika lagi "cases. shree. nyayadhish harlenle adalatko raaya dieh noteharu.

michel bhi. chikago pratham jatiah byanka adalat kagajpatra nyajalajanka matamata juktarastra americara sarbocha nyajalaja-180 jayu.ess. 471 michel banam. chikago pratham jatiah byanka jukti karithilah october 11,12,1900.---- nishpattih october 29,1900 ray punah tarka paain "gandagola."tii. emm. maltby "ebong" sii ". ee. aabedanakareenka paain michel ". "gandagola."" percy ess. bryant "ebong" wi. emm.. sii. mamla "uttaradatanka paain. mea. bicharapati harlan adalatanka matamata pradan karithileh note.

michel vee. shikago daa pahila rashtari baink adalati dastavez adalat dee raae sanyukat raaj dee superim court 180 yuu.aiss. 471 michel banaam. shikago dey pahile rashtari baink neey daleel dittia 11 aktubar, 12,1900.---- faisla keetaau 29 aktubar, 1900 noon mudd bahis laee "gusse witch aaa."tii. aim. maltby "atey" see. ee. michel "patishnar laee. "gusse witch aaa."" parsi aiss. bryant "atey" w. aimm. see. case "jawabdeh laee. sriman jee. justice harlen neey adalat dee raae dittia notes.

mitchel vi. shikaago-deshasya prathama-rashtriya-byaank nyayalayasya dastaawejah nyayalayasya abhiprayah samyuktarajyamerika-sarwochchanyaayaalayah 180 yoo.ess. 471 mitchel vi. shikaago-deshasya prathama-rashtriya-byaank-samsthaayaah tarkah october 11,12,1900 iti aasit.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - "mesrs."tea. emm. malty "tathaa" see. ee. mitchel "yachikakarta krute. "mesrs."persey ess. bryant "tathaa" doubleu. emm.. sii. prakaranam "pratyarthee krute. shree. nyaayamoortih haarlan ityeshah nyayalayasya abhiprayam adadat. tippanyah.

mitchell vii. sikakovin muthal thaesiya vangki neethimandra aavanangkal neethimandraththin karutthu aikkiya america uchcha neethimandram 180 yuu.ess. 471 mitchell vii. sikakovin muthal thaesiya vangki vaathittathu october 11,12,1900.---mudivu seithathu october 29,1900 maruu vaathaththirkaaka "mess."dii. emm. maltpi "mattrum" chii. ii. manuthaararukku mitchell. "mess."percy ess. bryant mattrum "dablyuem. chii. vazhakku "pathilaliththavarukku. thiru. neethipathi haarlan neethimandraththin karutthai vazhangkinaar kurippugal.

michel vii. chikago modati jaateeya byaanku kortu patraalu kortu abhiprayam united states supreme court 180 yuu.ess. 471 mitchell vii. chikago modati jaateeya byaanku vaadinchindihi aktobaru 11,12,1900.---- nirnayinchabadindih aktobaru 29,1900loe tirigi vaadana kosam "mess."tii. emm. maltby "mariyu" sii. ii. petitioner kosam mitchell. "mess."" pursey ess. bryant "mariyu" doubluem. sii. prativaadi kosam kesu. mister. justice harlen kortu abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaru gamanikalu.

macheel wee. shikago kaa pehla qomi benak adalati dastawezaat adaalat kii raaye riyasathaye muthadah kii suprem court 180 yuu.aiss. 471 machal bamuqablah. shikago kay pehley qomi benak nay istedlal kiyaa: 11 aktobar 12yee 1900.---- faislah kiyaa: 29 aktobar 1900 kuu dobarah bahas kay liye "gunahgaar."tye. ayem. maltby "aur" see. ayee. macheel "darkhwast guzaar kay liye. "gunahgaar."" parsi aiss. braint aur "dabliyo ayem. see. madaa aliyah kay liye "kees. mister. justice harlen nay adaalat kii raaye paish kii: nott.

0008c9f82ec64296b14fb66e19a66a177dc1c0593db0093e6772812b348743b3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42333804

Silver Rails

Silver Rails Silver Rails is the fourteenth and final studio album by Scottish musician Jack Bruce, released in March 2014. It was recorded at Abbey Road Studios with producer Rob Cass. The song "Rusty Lady" is about Margaret Thatcher. The cover art was created by artist Sacha Jafri. Bruce died 7 months after the album's release, making it his final studio work. Track listing. All songs by Jack Bruce and Pete Brown unless otherwise stated. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rupali railxomuh 2014 sonor march maahot mukti puwa sko 'tiss xongitogyo jek bruchor soturdox aaru suranto studio' elbam hoise silver rails. iyak projujok robo kesor xoite ebe road studio 'too record koraa hoisil. rosti leady" gittu margaret thesaror bixoye. proschod kolatu xilpi sasa jaforiye sristi korisil. elbamtu mukti puwar 7 maahor pisot bruchor mrityu hoisil, jaar folot eitu teur ontim studio 'kaam aasil. trekk talika. jek bruch aaru pitt braunor xokolu geet jodihe onyotha kuwa nohoy.

rupore railpoth sylver rails holl scottish sangitagya jack brucer chaturdash ebong chudanta studio album, jaa 2014 saaler march maase mukti paay. etty projojok robb casser saathe abby road studiote record koraa hoyechilo. rosty lady" ganti margareta thatcherke niye. prochchod shilpoti shilpi sacha jafri toiri korechilen. albumty prokasher 7 maas porr bruce maaraa zaan, jaa etike taanr shesh studio kaaj korey toley. track talika. onnothai naa bolla porjonto jack bruce ebong pitt braun-err samasta gaan.

chaandinaa pattaao silver rails aee skotisha sangeetkaar jeeka brusenun chaudma aneey anteem studiyo album chhe, jeey march 2014maan rajoo thayu hatoo. teey nirmata rooba qaasa saathe abby rooad studiyomaa reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. rusty lady" geet margaret thatcher vishe chhe. cover aart kalakar saacha jaffrey dwara banavvama aavee hatee. aalbamni rajuaatnaa 7 maheena pachhi brusenun avsaan thayu, jeey tene tenu anteem studiyo kaary banaavyu. track soochi. jeeka bruce aneey piit braaunnaa tamaam geeto sivaay keey anyatha janavama aave.

chaandi kii rail silver rails scotish sangeetkaar jack broose kaa chaudahavaan aur antim studio album haye, jise march 2014 mein release kiya gayaa thaa. ise nirmaata robb cases key saath abby road studio mein record kiya gayaa thaa. rusty lady" geet margaret thatcher key baare mein haye. aavaran kalaa kalakar saacha jaffrey dwara banaai gaee thee. album key release honey key 7 maheene baad broose kii mrityu hoe gaee, jisase yeh unakaa antim studio kaary bunn gayaa. track soochi. jack broose aur pett braun key sabhi gaane jaba taka kii anyatha naheen kahaa gayaa hoe.

belliya haligalu sylver rails scottish sangeetagaara jack brucera hadinalkane mattu antima studio album aagiddu, march 2014 ralli bidugadeyaayitu. idannu nirmaapaka robb casnondige abbe road studiyodalli record maadalaagide. rusty lady" haadu margarate thatcher bagge ide. cover art annu kalaavida sacha jaffrey rachisiddaare. album bidugadeyaada 7 tingala nantara broose nidhanaraadaru, idu avara koneya studio kelasavaayitu. track patti. bere reetiyalli helada horatu ellah haadugalannu jack broose mattu peat braun barediddaare.

velli reyilukal 2014 maarchil purathirangiya scotish samgeethajnjanaaya jacq broosinte pathinaalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum studiyo aalbamaan silver rails. nirmmathaavaaya roob kaasinte koode abbe rooad studiyoyil ithu record cheythu. rusty lady" enna gaanam maargarat thaadunnanekkurichaanu. kalakaaranaaya sacha jaafriyaanu cover art srishtichathu. aalbam puratthirangi 7 maasathinu sesham broose marichu, ithu addehathinte avasana studiyo varkkayi maari. track listt. mattuvidhathil paranjittillenkil jacq broosinteyum peett brouninteyum ellah gaanangalum.

chandichya pattya march 2014 madhye pradarshit jhalela scottish sangitkar jacq brusecha 'sylver rails' haah chaudavya aanee antim studio album aahe. too nirmata robb casus ebii road studiomadhye reecord karnyat aala hota. rusty lady' heey gaane margaret thatcherbaddal aahe. cover aart kalakar sacha jaffrey yanni tayar kelee hotee. album pradarshit jhalyanantar 7 mahinyanni broosecha mrutyu jhaala, jyamule teey tyache studioche shevatche kaam tharale. track yadee. jacq broos aanee piit braunchi serve ganee anyatha sangitalyashivay.

chaandiko railharu silver rails scottish sangitkar jack brusko chaudhaun rar antim studio album how, june march 2014 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo nirmata robe kyassanga ebi road studioma record garieko thiyo. rusty leady" geet margaret thyacharko barema how. awaran kala kalakar sacha jafridwara sirjana garieko thiyo. album rilij bhaeko 7 mahinapachhi brusko mrityu bhayo, jasle yasalai unko antim studioko kaam banayo. track suchi. jack bruce rar pitt braunaka sabai githaru anyatha bhanieko nabhaesamma.

rupa rela silvar rails heuchhi scottish sangeetagya jack brusnka dwara nirmita chaturdasha ebong antim studio album, jaahaa march 2014 ray muktilabha karithila. ehaa nirmata robb kasnka saha aabe road studiore record karajaithila. rusty ledi" geetati margaret hyacharnka bishajare . prachada kalati kalakara sacha jafrinka dwara srusti karajaithila. album muktilabha karibara 7 maasa parey bruce mrutyubarana karithile, jaahaa ehaaku tankara shesh studio karjya karithila . track talika. jack bruce ebong pitt braunnka samasta geeta jadi anyatha kuhajai nathaae .

chaandi deeaan relan silver rails scottish sangeetkar jaik broos dee chaudanvin atey aakhri studio album haii, joe march 2014 witch jaari keeti gaee see. iss noon nirmata raub cass naal aibe road studios witch ricard keeta giaa see. geet "jangal aurat" margaret thatcher baare haii. cover aart kalakar chaacha jaffrey duaara banayi gaee see. album dey rileez honn dey 7 mahiniaan baad broos dee maut hoow gaee, jiss naal ih uss daa aakhri studio kamm bann giaa. track suchi. jaik broos atey piit baraoon dey saare gaane jadon takk horr naheen dasse jaande.

rajat-rail silver rails iti skaatish-sangeetajnasya jyaak brus ityasya chaturdashah antimah cha studio-aalbam asti, yah 2014 maarch-maase pradarshitah aasit. etat nirmata raab-kyaas ityanena saha ebee-road-studios ityatra dhvanimudritam aasit. rusty leady" iti geetam margaret-thyaachar ityasya vishaye asti. asya aavaranakalaayaah nirmanam kalakaraha sacha jaffrey ityanena krutam. aalbam ityasya vimochanasya 7 masanantaram broos ityeshah mrutah, yena tasya antimam studio-kaaryam abhavat. anusuchyam soochayati. sarvaani geetaani jyaak brus tathaa peet braun ityetayoho, anyathaa naa vadati chet.

velli thandavaalangal silvar rails enbathu skaatlaanthu isaikkalainar jaak bruzin pathinaankaavathu mattrum iruthi studio aalbamaagum, idhu maarch 2014 ill veliyidappattathu. idhu thayaarippaalar raap kaasudan abae saalai studiyoakkalil pathivu seiyappattathu. thuruppidikkum penn" endra paadal margared thavalaiyaip pattriyathu. kavar ard kalaignar sacha jaffriyal uruvaakkappattathu. aalbam veliyaana 7 maathangkalukkup piragu broose iranthaar, idhu avarathu kadaisi studio paniyaaga amainthathu. thadap pattiyal. mattrapadi koorappadaavittaal jaak broose mattrum beat pravun aagiyoarin anaitthu paadalkalum.

vendi pattalu sylver rails anedi scottish sangeetakaarudu jaak broose roopondinchina padnaalugo mariyu chivari studio album, idhi marchi 2014loe vidudalaindi. idhi nirmaata raab kaasto kalisi abbe road studiolo record cheyabadindi. rusty laedii" paata margaret thatcher gurinchi. cover artnu kalakarudu saacha jaffrey roopondinchaaru. album vidudalaina 7 nelala tarvaata broose maraninchaadu, idhi athani chivari studio panigaa nilichindi. track jabita. vaerae vidhamgaa perkonakapothe jaak broose mariyu peat braun raasina anni paatalu.

chaandi kii railein salor rails scotsh mausiqar jeek brose kaa chudahwan aur aakhri studio album hay juu maarch 2014 mein release hawaa thaa. asay producer raab kees kay saath abee road studios mein record kiyaa gayaa thaa. zing aalud khaatun" gaana margaret thichar kay baaray mein hay. coor aart fankaar saacha jafri nay banaya thaa. album kii release kay 7 maah baad brose kaa inteqal how gayaa jiss say yaha inn kaa aakhri studio kaam bunn gayaa. track listing. jeek brose aur peetay brown kay tamaam gaaney jabb takk kahh dosri soorat mein biyaan naha kiye jayein.

0008cb9c6611fa539ed27bc5d4d5bbc52c133c8d78d9dd7324527a512cb7b1b8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28071272

Rural Municipality of Lake of the Rivers No. 72

Rural Municipality of Lake of the Rivers No. 72 Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada The Rural Municipality of Lake of the Rivers No. 72 (2016 population: ) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 3 and SARM Division No. 2. It is located in the southwest portion of the province. History. The RM of Lake Of The Rivers No. 72 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 11, 1911. Geography. Communities and localities. The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM. The following unincorporated communities are within the RM. Demographics. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Lake of the Rivers No. 72 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Lake of the Rivers No. 72 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. Government. The RM of Lake of the Rivers No. 72 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Friday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Norm Nordgulen while its administrator is Shanese Mielke. The RM's office is located in Assiniboia. Transportation. The Assiniboia Airport is located in the rural municipality. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nodir hrodor gramyo pouroxobha nong. 72 nodir hrodor gramyo pouroxobha nong. 72 (2016 sonor jonoxongkhyah) hoise kanadian prodex xaxkatsewanor lukpiyol bibhag nong 72-ror bhitorot thoka ekhon gramyo pouroxobha (aar. em.). 3 aaru bibhag nong. 2. ee prodexor dokhyin-poschim ongxot owosthito. itihax. nodir hrodor aar. em. nong. 1911 sonor 11 disemborot 72 khon gramyo pouroxobha hisape ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. bhugul. xomproday aaru sthaniyo onchol. nimnolikhito nogor pouroxobhabur rmor dwara aaguri aase. nimnolikhito onigomito xomprodayxomuh rmor bhitorot aase. jonogathoni. 2021 sonor porixongkhya kanadar dwara porisalito jonoxongkhyar lukopiyolot, nodir hrodor aar. em. nong. iyar muth byoktigoto baxosthanor bhitorot 72 jonor jonoxongkhya aasil, ji iyar 2016 sonor jonoxongkhyar poraa poriworton. 2021 sonot iyar jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. 2016 sonor jonoxongkhyar lukopiyolot, nodixomuhor hrodor aar. em. nong. iyar muth byoktigoto baxosthanor bhitorot 72 john luke baax koraa jonoxongkhya record korisil, jitu iyar 2011 sonor jonoxongkhyar poriworton. 2016 sonot iyar jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. sorkar. nodir hrodor aar. em. nong. 72 ekhon nirbasito pour porixod aaru ejon nijukto proxaxokor dwara porisalito hoy ji proti maahor dwitiyo xukrobare milito hoy. rmor ribh hoise normo nordgulane aanhate iyar proxaxok hoise swanij milke. aar. em.-ror karzaloy asinibo "aai-too owosthito. poribohon. asinibo "yaa bimanbondortu gramyo pouroxobhat owosthito.

nadeer hroder gramin pourosobha nong. 72 nadeer hroder gramin pourosobha nong. 72 (2016 jonosongkhah) kanadar saskatcheoan prodesher ekti gramin pourosobha (rm). 3 ebong bibhag nong. 2. etty prodesher dakkhin-poschim ongshe abosthito. itihas. nadeer hroder rm nong. 1911 saaler 11ee december 72 grama pourosobha hisabe antarbhukta hoy. bhugol. sampradai oo elaka. nimnolikhito nogor pourosobhaguli rm dwara beshtito. nimnolikhito onigomito sampradayguli rm-err modhye royeche. jonosongkha. kanadar porisongkhyan dwara porichalito 2021 saaler jonosongkhar jonogonona anujayi, nadeer hroder rm nong. moat byaktigato basosthaner modhye 72 joner bosobaser jonosongkha chhilo, jaa 2016 saaler jonosongkhar theke poribortito hoyeche. 2021 saale err jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo 1 kotee. 2016 saaler adamshumari onusare, nadeer hroder arr. emm nong. moat byaktigato basosthaner modhye bosobaskari jonosongkhar record 72, jaa 2011 saaler jonosongkhar theke poriborton. 2016 saale err jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo 1 kotee. sarkar. nadeer hroder rm nong. 72 ekti nirbachito pour porishod ebong ekjon nijukto proshashok dwara porichalito hoy jaa proti maaser dwitiya shukrobar boithok korey. rm-err ribha holl normo nordgulen ebong err proshashok hollen shannis mileke. rm-err karjaloy asynabia abosthito. poribohon. asynabia bimanbandarti gramin pourosobhai abosthito.

nadeeona talaavni graameen nagarpalika nann. 72 nadeeona talaavni graameen nagarpalika nann. 72 (2016 nee vasteeh) aee vastee ganatari vibhag nann. 3 aneey vibhag nann. 2. teey praantnaa dakshin-pashchim bhagma stheet chhe. itihas. nadeeona talaavno aar. aema. nann. 11 december, december roj graameen nagarpalika tareeke tareeke samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. bhugol. samudaayo aneey vistaaro. neecheni shaheri nagarpalikao aar. aema. thee gheraayeli chhe. neechena binsangathit samudaayo aar. aema. nee andar chhe. vastee vishhayak. aankada keneda dwara haath dharvaamaa aaveli vastee ganatari chhe, nadeeona talaavno aar. aema. nann. tenaa coole khangi rahethanoma 72 lokonee vastee hatee, jeey tenee hatee vastee karataa badalaay chhe. chhe tenee vastee gichataa jameen vistaar saathe hatee. hatee vastee ganatarimaa nadeeona talaavno aar. aema. nann. nann tenaa coole khangi rahethanoma rahevani vastee nondhvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey tenee tenee vastee karataa vadhu chhe. chhe tenee vastee gichataa jameen vistaar saathe hatee. sarkaar. nadeeona talaavno aar. aema. nann. nann sanchalan chuntayeli municiple council aneey niyukt vahivatkartaa dwara karvaamaa aave chhe jeey darr mahinaanaa beeja shukravaare maley chhe. aar. aema. noon reev nordgulen chhe jyaare teno sanchaalak sheniz milke chhe. aar. aema. nee offices asiniboyama stheet chhe. parivahan. aseniboia hawaimathak graameen nagarpalikama aavelu chhe.

nadiyon kii jheel kii graameen nagarpalika nam. 72 nadiyon kii jheel kii graameen nagarpalika nam. 72 (2016 kii jansankhyaah) kanada key saskatchevan praant mein ack graameen nagarpalika (aar. aim.) haye. 3 aur division nam. 2. yeh praant key dakshin-paschim bhaag mein sthit haye. itihas. nadiyon kii jheel kaa aar. aim. nam. 11 disambar, 1911 koo graameen nagarpalika key roop mein 72 koo shamil kiya gayaa. bhugol. samudaay aur ilaake. nimnalikhit shahari nagarpaalikaaen aar. aim. seey ghiri hui hain. nimnalikhit anigamit samudaay aar. aim. key bheetar hain. jansankhyiki. kanada key aankadon dwara aayojit jansankhya kii 2021 kii janganana mein, nadiyon kii jheel kaa aar. aim. nam. 72 kii kull niji aavason mein rahane vaali aabaadi thee, joe isaki 2016 kii aabaadi seey badal gaee thee. 2021 mein isake bhoomi kshetra mein jansankhya ghanatva thaa. 2016 kii jansankhya kii janganana mein, nadiyon kii jheel kaa aar. aim. nam. 72 ney apane kull niji aavason mein rahane kii aabaadi darj kii, joe isaki 2011 kii aabaadi seey ack badalaav haye. 2016 mein isake bhoomi kshetra mein jansankhya ghanatva thaa. sarkaar. nadiyon kii jheel kaa aar. aim. nam. 72 ack nirvaachit nagar parishad aur ack niyukt prashaasak dwara shaasit hotaa haye joe harr maheene key dusare shukravaar koo milata haye. aar. aim. kaa reev norm nordgulen haye jabaki iska prashaasak shaniz meeleke haye. aar. aim. kaa karyalaya asiniboya mein sthit haye. parivahan. asiniboya havaai adda graameen nagarpalika mein sthit haye.

nadigala sarovarada grameena purasabheya namm. 72 nadigala sarovarada grameena purasabheya namm. 72 (2016rahra jansankhyeh) embudu janaganati vibhaga namm. 3 mattu vibhaga namm. 2. idu praantyada nairtya bhagadallide. itihaasa. nadigala rm sarovarada namm. 72 annu 1911rahra december 11randu grameena purasabheyagi serisalaayitu. bhougolika. samudaayagalu mattu pradeshagalu. ee kelagina nagara purasabhegalu aarr. emm. ninda suttuvaridive. ee kelagina asanghatita samudaayagalu aarr. emm. vyaaptige olapattive. janasankhyaashaastra. ankiamshagala prakara kenadaada 2021rahra janaganatiyalli, nadigala sarovarada rm namm. adara ottu khasagi vasatigalalli 72 janasankhyeyu vasisuva janasankhyeyannu hondittu, idu adara 2016rahra janasankhyeginta badalaagide. 2021ralli idu jansankhyeya saandrateyannu hondiddu, vistirnavu sumaru. 2016rahra janaganatiyalli, nadigala sarovarada rm namm. adara ottu khasagi vasatigalalli vasisuva janasankhyeyannu 72 daakhaliside, idu adara 2011 rahra janasankhyeginta badalaagide. 2016ralli idu jansankhyeya saandrateyannu hondiddu, vistirnavu sumaru. sarkara. nadigala rm sarovarada namm. 72 annu chunaayita purasabheya mandali mattu prati tingala eradane shukravaaradandu sabhe seruva niyojita aadalitaadhikaariyu nirvahisuttaare. armna reeve normal nordgulen agiddare, adara nirvaahakaru shanees milke. armna kacheriyu asinibiyoyaadallide. saarige. asiniboya vimaana nildaanavu grameena purasabheyallide.

nadyanchya talavachi grameen nagarpalika kra. 72 nadyanchya talavachi grameen nagarpalika kra. 72 (2016 loksankhyah) hii janganana vibhag kra. 3 aanee vibhag kra. 2. heey prantachya nairutya bhagat sthit aahe. itihas. nadyanchya talavache aar. emm. kra. 11 december 1911 roji grameen nagarpalika mhanoon 72 samavisht karnyat aale. bhoogol. samuday aanee sthanik. khaleel shahari nagarpalika aar. emm. neey vedhalelya aahet. khaleel anigamit samuday aar. emm. madhye aahet. loksankhyashastra. canadachya aakadevarinusar 2021 chya jangananenusar, nadyanchya talavacha aar. emm. kra. ekoon khajgi nivassthananpaiki nivassthananpaiki loksankhya loksankhya loksankhyepeksha badalali aahe. 2021 madhye, jaminichya kshetrafalasaha, tyachi loksankhya ghanata 1 laakh itaki hotee. 2016 chya jangananenusar, nadyanchya talavacha aar. emm. kra. 72 madhye ekoon khajgi nivassthananpaiki rahnari loksankhya nondavali gelee, jee 2011 chya loksankhyepeksha badal aahe. 2016 madhye, jaminichya kshetrafalasaha, tyachi loksankhya ghanata 1 laakh hotee. sarkar. nadyanchya talavache aar. emm. kra. 72 heey nivadoon aalelya nagarpalika parishadedvare aanee niyukt prashaskadvare shasit kele jaate, jeey pratyek mahinyachya mahinyachya shukravari bhetatat. aar. emm. chee reve norm nordgulen aahe tarr tyache prashasak shanies milke aahet. aar. emm. chey karyalay asiniboya yethe aahe. vahtook. asiniboya vimantal grameen nagarpaliket aahe.

nadiko talko gramin nagarpalika nan. 72 nadiko talko gramin nagarpalika nan. 72 (2016 janasankhyah) janagana division nan bhitra canadako saskachewan prantako gramin nagarpalika (rm) how. 3 rar division nan. 2. yo prantako dakshinapashchim bhagma awasthit chha. itihas. nadiko talko rm nan. december 11,1911 maa gramin nagarpalikako rupma 72 samawesh gariyo. bhugol. samudaya rar sthaniya. nimna sahari nagarpalikaharu aremle gherieka chhan. nimna anigamit samudayharu arembhitra chhan. janasankhyiki. canadako tathyankadwara garieko janasankhyako 2021 ko janaganama, nadiharuko talko rm nan. sann 2016 ko janasankhyako tulanama yasako kull niji awasharu madhye 72 ko janasankhya pariwartan bhaeko thiyo. 2021 maa yasako janasankhya ghanatwa kshetrafalko sath thiyo. sann 2016 ko janaganaanusar nadiko talko rm nan. 72 ley yasako kull niji awasharu madhye basne janasankhya record garyo, yasako 2011 ko janasankhyako tulanama pariwartan. sann 2016 maa yasako janasankhya ghanatwa kshetrafalko sath thiyo. sarkar. nadiko talko rm nan. 72 euta nirvachit nagarpalika parishad rar ek niyukta prashasakdwara shasit hunchha june pratyek mahinako dosro shukrabar baithak hunchha. aremko ribh manak nordgulen how jabki yasako prashasak sanis milke how. aremko karyalaya asiniboyama awasthit chha. yatayat. asiniboya vimansthal gramin nagarpalikabhitra awasthit chha.

hradara grameena pourapalika nadee nong. 72 hradara grameena pourapalika nadee nong. 72 (2016 janasankhyah) heuchhi kanadara saskatchewan pradeshar eka grameena pourapalika (aarr. emm.) jaahaa janganana bibhaga nong. 3 ebong divijana nong. 2. ehaa pradeshar dakhina-paschima bhagare abasthita. itihas. hradara nadee nong. 11 december 1911ray 72ku eka grameena pourapalika bhabe antarbhukta karajaithila. bhugol. sampradai ebong sthaniah anchala. nimnalikhita saharanchal pourapalika gudika aara. emm. dwara paribestita. nimnalikhita anigamita sampradajagudika aarr. emm. madhyare achanti. janasankhyika. parisankhyana kanada dwara parichalita 2021 janganana anusare, nadira hradara aara. emm. nong. ehara mote gharoi basagruha madhyaru 72tii baasa karuthiba janasankhya thila, jaahaa ehara 2016 masihar janasankhya thaaru eka paribartana. 2021 masihare ehara janasankhya ghanatwa thila, jahara khetraphala thila 1 koti. 2016 masihar janganana anusare, hradara nadigudikara aarr. emm. nong. ehara mote gharoi basagruha madhyaru 72tii basabasa karuthiba janasankhya record karichhi, jaahaa ehara 2011 janasankhya thaaru paribartana. ehara khetraphala 2016 masihare pakhapakhi thila, jahara janasankhya ghanatwa thila. sarkar. hradara nadee nong. 72 eka nirbachita poura parishad ebong jane nijukta prashasakanka dwara parichalita hue jaahaa prati masser dwiteeja shukrabarare baithaka kare . aarr. emm. rahr ribh heuchhi narma nordgulen ebong ehara prashasaka heuchhanti shaniz milke . aara. emm. rahr karjyalaja aasiniboare abasthita. paribahana. asiniboa bimanbandar grameena pourasabhare abasthita .

nadiaan dee jheel dee pendu nagarpalika nann. 72 nadiaan dee jheel dee pendu nagarpalika nann. 72 (2016 dee abadia) canada dey sasketchevan soobe witch ikk pendu municipality (aar. aimm.) haii joe mardamshumari division nann. 3 atey division nann. 2. ih soobe dey dakkhan-pachmi hisse witch sathit haii. itihaas. nadiaan dee jheel daa aar. aimm. nann. 72 noon 11 dasambar, 1911 noon ikk pendu municipality vajon shamal keeta giaa. bhugol. bhaichariaan atey sathanak khetran witch. heth likhiaan shahiri nagar palikavan aar. aimm. naal ghiriaan hoiaan hunn. heth likhe gair-sangathit bhaichariaan aar. aimm. dey ander hunn. jansankhiaa. canada dey ankadiaan duaara keeti gaee 2021 dee aabadi dee mardamshumari witch, nadiaan dee jheel daa aar. aimm. nann. iss dey kull nijji gharan vicchon 72 dee aabadi rahindi see, joe kii iss dee 2016 dee aabadi naalon badal gaee see. 2021 witch iss dey bhumi khetar dee jansankhiaa ghanta see. saal 2016 dee aabadi dee mardamshumari witch, nadiaan dee jheel daa aar. aimm. nann. iss dey kull nijji gharan vicchon 72 witch rahinn dee aabadi daraj keeti gaee, joe iss dee 2011 dee aabadi naalon ikk tabdili haii. iss dey bhumi khetar dey naal, saal 2016 witch iss dee jansankhiaa ghanta see. sarkaar. nadiaan dee jheel daa aar. aimm. nann. 72 daa parbandh ikk chunhi hoee mioonspal consul atey ikk niyukat parshasak duaara keeta jaanda haii joe harr maheene dey dooje shukkarwar noon milda haii. aar. aimm. daa reev sadharan nordgulan haii jadon kii isda parbandhak shaniz myelke haii. aar. aimm. daa daftar asiniboa witch sathit haii. aavajai. asiniboa havaai adda pendu municipality witch sathit haii.

nadinam sarovarasya graameen-nagarapalika nam. 72 nadinam sarovarasya graameen-nagarapalika nam. 72 (2016 janasankhyaah) iti kanaadaadeshasy saskatchevan-prantasya graameen-nagarapalika (aar. emm.) asti, yaa janaganana-vibhaga-nam. 3 tathaa vibhaga nam. 2. ayam prantasya nairutyabhaage sthitah asti. itihaasah. nadyaah sarovarasya aar. emm. nam. 11 december 1911 tame dine 72 graamin-nagarapaalikaarupen nigamitam. bhoogolah. samudayah, pradeshah cha. nimnalikhitaani nagar-nagarapalikani aar. emm. ityanena pariveshtitaani santi. nimnalikhitaani asanghatita-samudayani aar. emm. madhye santi. janasaamkhyikee. 2021 tame varshe kenada-deshasya saankhyikee-dwara sanchaalite janasankhyaayaah anusaaram, nadyaah sarovarasya aar. emm. nam. 72 jananam kula-nijee-nivaaseshu nivaasinah aasan, yat 2016 tamavarshasya janasankhyaayaah apekshayaa parivartanam. 2021 tame varshe asya bhoobhaagasy janasankhyaaghanatvam 2021 tame varshe aasit. 2016 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram, nadyah aar. emm. iti hradam nam. 72 janaah svakeeyavaaseshu nivasantah janasankhyam abhilekhitavantah, yat 2011 tame varshe janasankhyaayaah apekshayaa parivartanam aasit. asya bhoobhaagah 2016 tame varshe janasankhyaaghanatvena yuktah aasit. sarwakaarah. nadyaah sarovarasya aar. emm. nam. 72 nirvaachita-nagaraparishada, niyukta-prashasakena cha shaasyate, yah pratimaasasya dwiteeya-shukravaasare militum shaknoti. aar. emm. ityasya reev-naam nardgulen iti asti, tasya prashaasakah shaanes milke iti asti. aar. emm. ityasya karyalayaha asiniboyaa-nagare asti. parivahanam. asiniboyaa-vimaanasthaanakam graamya-nagarapalikayam sthitam asti.

aarukalin aeriyin graamappura nagaraatchi enn. 72 aarukalin aeriyin graamappura nagaraatchi enn. 72 (2016 makkal togaih) enbathu kanadiya maagaanamaana suscotsevenil ulla oru graamappura nagaraatchi (aarr. emm) aagum. 3 mattrum pirivu enn. 2. idhu maagaanaththin thenmaerkup paguthiyil amainthullathu. varalaaru. aarukalin aeriyin arm enn. 72 disambar 11,1911 andru graamappura nagaraatchiyaaga inaikkappattathu. puviyiyal. samoogangal mattrum vattaarangkal. pinvarum nagarppura nagaraatchigal arm aall soozhappattullana. pinvarum inaikkappadaatha samoogangal arm-kkul ullana. makkalthogai. kanadaavin pullivivarangkalaal nadatthappatta 2021 makkal thogai kanakkeduppil, aarukalin aeriyin arm enn. adhan moththa thaniyar kudiyiruppugalil 72 makkal vasiththu vanthanar, idhu adhan 2016 makkal thogaiyilirunthu oru maattram. nilapparappudan, idhu 2021 aam aandil makkal thogai adarththiyaik kondirundhadhu. 2016 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, aarukalin aeriyin arm enn. 72 adhan moththa thaniyar kudiyiruppugalil vaazhum makkal thogaiyaip pathivu seithathu, idhu adhan 2011 makkal thogaiyilirunthu oru maattram. nilapparappudan, idhu 2016 aam aandil makkal thogai adarththiyaik kondirundhadhu. arasu. aarukalin aeriyin arm enn. 72 thernthedukkappatta nagaraatchi mandram mattrum ovvoru maathamum irandaavathu vellikkilamai koodum niyamikkapatta nirvaagi aagiyavattraal nirvagikkappadukirathu. arm-inn reeve norm nortculen aagum, athae neraththil adhan nirvaagi shanees milke aavaar. arm aluvalagam asinipoyaavil amainthullathu. poakkuvaraththu. aseniboia vimaana nilaiyam graamappura nagaraatchiyil amainthullathu.

nadula sarassu yokka graameena municipality nem. 72 nadula sarassu yokka graameena municipality nem. 72 (2016 janabha) anedi kenadian provins suscotchevan looni graameena municipality (arm), idhi janabha lekkala vibhagam nem. 3 mariyu division nem. 2. idhi provins yokka nairuti bhaagamlo undhi. charitra. nadula sarassu yokka rm nem. 72 december 11,1911naa graameena purapalaka sanghamgaa vileenam cheyabadindi. bhougolikam. communitylu mariyu praantaalu. eee krindi pattana purapalaka sanghaalu rm thoo chuttumuttabadi unnaayi. eee krindi incorporated communitylu arm paridhiloo unnaayi. janabha. ganaamkaalu kenada nirvahinchina 2021 janabha gananalo, nadula sarassu yokka rm nem. mottam private nivasalalo 72 mandhi nivasinche janabha undhi, idhi 2016 janabha nundi maarpu. 2021 loe dheeni janabha saandrata visteernam 2 saatamgaa undhi. 2016 janabha lekkala prakaram, nadula sarassu yokka rm nem. 72 daani mottam private nivasalalo nivasistunna janabhanu namodu chesindi, idhi daani 2011 janabha nundi maarpu. 2016loe dheeni visteernam janabha saandratatoe sumaruga undhi. prabhutvam. nadula sarassu yokka rm nem. 72 prati nela rendava sukravaaram naadu samavesamayye ennikaina purapalaka mandali mariyu niyaminchabadina nirvaahakudiche nirvahinchabadutundi. arm yokka reeve norm nordgulen kaga, daani nirvahakudu shanis milke. rm karyalayam asiniboyalo undhi. ravana. asiniboya vimaanaasrayam graameena munisipaalitiiloo undhi.

driyaon kii jheel kii deehi baldiyah number. 72 driyaon kii jheel kii deehi baldiyah number. 72 (2016 aabadi:) canada kay subah saskatchwan mein mardam shumari devision number 72 kay andar eek deehi baldiyah (aar ayem) hay. 3 aur devision number. 2. yaha soobay kay janub maghrabi hasay mein waaqa hay. tareekh. driyaon kii jheel kaa aar ayem number. 72 kuu 11 dasambar 1911 kuu deehi baldiyah kay toor parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa. geografiya. communities aur maqami elaqay. darj zeel shehri baldiyaat aar ayem say gharaa hawaa hay. darj zeel ghair marbut communities aar ayem kay andar haine. aabadi. canada kay aidaad woo shamaar kay zariah kii gayee 2021 kii mardam shumari mein driyaon kii jheel kaa aar ayem number. iss kii kill najee rehaish gaahon mein say 72 kii aabadi 2016 kii aabadi say tabdil how kirr rahh rahee thee. 2021 mein iss kay raqbe kay saath iss kii aabadi kii kasafat 1.0 thee. 2016 kii aabadi kii mardam shumari mein driyaon kii jheel kaa aar ayem number. 72 nay apnee kill najee rehaish gaahon mein rehney kii aabadi record kii juu iss kii 2011 kii aabadi say tabdili hay. 2016 mein iss kay raqbe kay saath iss kii aabadi kii kasafat 1.0 thee. hukumat. driyaon kii jheel kaa aar ayem number. 72 eek muntakhib municiple konsal aur eek muqarar kardah muntazim kay zeer intezam hay juu harr mahinay kay dosray jamaah kuu milta hay. aar ayem kaa reeyo naarm nordgolan hay jabkah iss kaa muntazim shineez melke hay. aar ayem kaa daftar asenibia mein waaqa hay. nql woo hamal. aseniboya hawai addah deehi baldiyah mein waaqa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21127559

1980–81 Winnipeg Jets season

1980–81 Winnipeg Jets season NHL hockey team season The 1980–81 Winnipeg Jets season was the Winnipeg Jets' second season in the National Hockey League. In the 1980-81 season they finished fifth (and last) in the NHL's Smythe Division. The team scored 246 goals and conceded 400 goals. The Jets won 9 games, lost 57 games and tied 14 games. They scored 32 points. The Jets were coached by Tom McVie (1 win, 20 losses and 7 ties), Bill Sutherland (6 wins, 20 losses and 3 ties), and Mike Smith (2 wins, 17 losses and 4 ties). <templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> Offseason. The Jets named Morris Lukowich as team captain during the off-season, as former captain Lars-Erik Sjöberg announced his retirement at the end of the 1979-80 season. Lukowich had been with Winnipeg since their final season in the WHA, helping the club win the Avco Cup in 1979. On June 11, 1980, Winnipeg selected defenseman Dave Babych with the second overall pick in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. Babych was a high scoring defenseman with the Portland Winterhawks of the WHL, recording 22 goals and 82 points in 50 games with Portland. With their second pick, the Jets selected Moe Mantha from the Toronto Marlboros of the OMJHL, and in the seventh round, the team selected Brian Mullen from the United States national ice hockey team. Winnipeg made a few small trades during the off-season, most notably acquiring Rick Bowness from the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Craig Norwich. The Jets also acquired Norm Dupont from the Montreal Canadiens for the Jets second round pick in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. Dupont was selected by the Canadiens in the first round of the 1977 NHL amateur draft, however, he picked up only a goal and four points in 35 games with Montreal in the 1979-80 season. Playoffs. For the second straight season, the Jets failed to qualify for the playoffs, as they had an NHL worst record of 9-57-14, earning 32 points, 39 points behind the Toronto Maple Leafs for the final playoff position. Player statistics. Regular season. Note: :Pos = Position; GPI = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals: Min, TOI = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T,T/OT = Ties; OTL = Overtime losses; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage; Draft picks. Winnipeg selected the following players at the 1980 NHL Entry Draft, which was held at the Montreal Forum in Montreal, Quebec on June 11, 1980. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1980-81 winnipeg jets sijon 1980-81 winnipeg jets sijon aasil rastriyo hockey leegot winnipeg jetsor dwitiyo sijon. 1980-81 sijonot teuluke eno. eis. el.-ror smith xakhat ponchom (aaru xex) sthan laabh korisil. doltuwe 246taa go "lo korisil aaru 400taa go" lo swikar korisil. jetxomuhe jetxomuhe khelot joylabh korisil, korisil khelot porasto hoisil aaru aaru khelot taai hoisil. teuluke 32 point laabh korisil. jett bimanxomuhok tomm macvi (1taa joy, 20taa porajoy aaru 7taa taai), bill sh (6taa joy, 20taa porajoy aaru 3taa taai), aaru maik smith (2taa joy, 17taa porajoy aaru 4taa taai)-ror dwara proxikhyon diya hoisil. offsijon. prakton odhinayok lars-erik jo 'barge 1979-80 sijonor xexot owoxor ghuxona korar loge loge, bimanxomuhe off sijonor xomoyot dolor odhinayok hisape moris lukuwisor naam disil. waar suranto sijonor poraa lukuwise winnipegor xoite aasil, jiye clubtuk 1979 sonot ebhoku kaap joy korat xohay korisil. 1980 sonor 11 junot, uinipege 1980 sonor eno. eis. el. prowex khosorat dwitiyo xamogrik pikor xoite defencemen debh babysok nirbasito korisil. bebis welor poo 'rtland winterhoksor xoite uscho sko' ring thoka defencemen aasil, poo 'rtolandor xoite 50 khon khelot 22 go' lo aaru 82 point record korisil. teulukor dwitiyo basair xoite, jetxomuhe umojolor torontu marlborsor poraa mu montha basoni korisil, aaru xoptom roundot, doltuwe aamerika juktorastror rastriyo aais hockey dolor poraa bryan mulen basoni korisil. uinipege off-sijonor xomoyot keitaman xoru xoru byoboxai korisil, bixexkoi saintor poraa rick buwenes laabh korisil. craig noruisor binimoyot luis blues. jete 1982 sonor eno. eis. el. prowex khosorat jete dwitiyo round pikor baabe montoriyel kanariyanor poraa normo dupontou laabh korisil. 1977 sonor eno. eis. el. emesaur draftor prothom roundot kanadiyanxokole dupontok basoni korisil, obosye, teu 1979-80 sijonot montrailor xoite 35 khon khelot maatro etaa go 'lo aaru sarita point laabh korisil. play-off. dwitiyo punpotiya sijonor baabe, jetbure play-ofor baabe jugyota orjon korat byortho hoisil, kiyonu teulukor 9-57-14 ror ataitkoi beyaa obhilekh aasil, suranto play-off owosthanor baabe torontu mapleor paator poraa 39 point pich pori 32 point orjon korisil. khosora nirbasonxomuh. 1980 sonor 11 junot kwebekor montreyalor montreyal pho "raamot onusthito huwa 1980 sonor eno. eis. el. prowex khosorat uinipege nimnolikhito kheluoixokolok basoni korisil.

1980-81 winnipeg jeeta morsum jatiya hockey leagay winnipeg jetser dwitiya morshum chhilo winnipeg jetser 1980-81 morshum. 1980-81 morshume taaraa enn. eich. ell-err smith bibhage pancham (ebong shesh) sthan orjon korey. dolti 246tii goal korey ebong 400tii goal sweekar korey. jeeta 9tii match jiteche, 57tii match hereche ebong 14tii match tye koreche. taaraa 32 point orjon korey. jetgulike tomm mcvy (1tii joy, 20tii porajoy ebong 7tii tye), bill esha. esha. (6tii joy, 20tii porajoy ebong 3tii tye) ebong maik smith (2tii joy, 17tii porajoy ebong 4tii tye) dwara proshikkhito koraa hoyechilo. off sijon. praktan adhinayak lears-erik sjoberg 1979-80 morshumer sheshe abosarer ghoshana koray, bimanguli morris lukouichke off-morshume doler adhinayak hisabe namkaran korey. 1979 saale clubtike avoca cup jitote sahajyo korey, dobleeu. eich. ayee-teey taader shesh morshum theke uinipeger saathe chhilen lukouich. 1980 saaler 11ee june, winnipeg 1980 saaler enn. eich. ell entry drafte dwitiya samogrik bachhai soho defenceman debha bebichke nirbachito corren. bebich portland winterhocks off dya dobleeu. eich. ell-err ekjon uchcho scoring defaceman chhilen, portlander saathe 50tii khelay 22tii goal ebong 82 point record korechilen. taader dwitiya bachhaiyer saathe, jetguli omjaler torronto marlboros theke moe manthake beche neyo ebong saptam rounde, dolti markin juktorashtrer jatiya aise hockey doll theke bryan mulenke beche neyo. winnipeg off-sijone koyekti chhoto byabosa korechilo, biseshoto seenta theke rick bonnes orjon korechilo. craig noruicher binimoye lui blue. 1982 saaler enn. eich. ell entry drafte jetguli dwitiya round picker jonno montrial kanadiander kachh theke adarsha duponto orjon korechilo. 1977 saaler enn. eich. ell apeshadar khasdar prothom rounde kanadianra dupontke nirbachito korechilo, tobey, tini montrialer saathe 35 tii khelay matro ekti goal ebong chaar point tulechilen. play-off. taanaa dwitiya morshume, jetguli play-ofer jonno jogyata orjon korte byartho hoy, kaaron taader 9-57-14-err ekti sabcheye kharap record chhilo, jaa chudanta play-off abosthaner jonno torronto mappel patar theke 39 point pichhiye 32 point orjon korechilo. khasda bachhai. winnipeg 1980 saaler enn. eich. ell entry drafte nimnolikhito kheloader nirbachan korechilen, jaa 11 june, 1980-ayee montrial, cubecker montrial forame onusthito hoyechilo.

1980-81 winnipag jett season raashtriy hockey leegma winnipeg jetnee beejee season winnipeg jetnee beejee season hatee. 1980-81 seasonma teo aena. aech. aela. naa smith vibhagma paanchmaa (aneey chhella) sthaane rahyaa hataa. teame 246 goal karyaa aneey 400 goal sweekarya. aaa vimaanoae 9 ramato jeetee, 57 ramato haaree aneey 14 ramato barabari parr rahee. temane 32 point melvyaa hataa. jett vimaanone tooma mekavi (1 jeet, 20 haar aneey 7 tye), bill aesa. aesa. (6 jeet, 20 haar aneey 3 tye), aneey mike smith (2 jeet, 17 haar aneey 4 tye) dwara prashikshit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. offsision. bhutpurv sukani lars-erick sjoberge 1979-80 seasonna ante temnee nivruttini jaaherat curry hovathi, jetse off-season darmiyan morris lukovichne teamnaa sukani tareeke naam aapyu hatoo. lukovic doubleu. aech. aee. maan temnee anteem seasonthi winnipeg saathe hataa, jene klabne 1979maan aevako cup jitvama madad curry hatee. 11 juuna, 1980naa roj, vinipege 1980 aena. aech. aela. entry draftma beejee ekandar pasandagi saathe defencemen dave bebichni pasandagi curry. babich portland winterhox off dhaa doubleu. aech. aela. saathe uchch scoring defencemen hataa, jemane portland saathe 50 ramatomaa 22 goal aneey 82 point nondhaavya hataa. temnee beejee pasandagi saathe, jetse omajalnaa torrento marlborosemathi moow manthaani pasandagi curry, aneey saatmaa roundma, teame united statesnee raashtriy aais hockey teamathi bryan mulennee pasandagi curry. vinnipege off-season darmiyan ketlaak naana sodaa karyaa hataa, jemaa sauthee nondhpaatra reete saint pasethi rick bonnes melavyu hatoo. craigg norvichnaa badalaama luis blues. jetse 1982 aena. aech. aela. entry draftma jetnaa beeja roundnee pasandagi maate montriyal kenediyan pasethi norm dupent pann melavyu hatoo. 1977 aena. aech. aela. kalapremi draftnaa pratham roundma kenediyan dwara dupontnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee, jooe keey, tene 1979-80 seasonma montriyal saathe 35 ramatomaa maatra aek goal aneey chaar point melvyaa hataa. playoffs. satat beejee season maate, jett playoff maate kwolifay thavama nishfal rahyaa, kaaran keey temno 9-57-14 noow sauthee kharaab reqorda hato, jene anteem playoff sthitee maate torrento maple leafsthee 39 point paachhal, 32 point melvyaa hataa. draft pasandgio. vinipege 1980 aena. aech. aela. entry draftma neechena khelaadioni pasandagi curry hatee, jeey 11 juuna, 1980naa roj montriyal, kyubekma montriyal forum yojai hatee.

1980-81 winnipeg jett kaa mausam rashtriya hockey leag mein winnipeg jets kaa doosara season winnipeg jets kaa doosara season thaa. 1980-81 season mein way aine. aich. ell. key smeeth division mein paanchven (aur antim) sthaan parr rahey. team ney 246 goal kiye aur 400 goal sweekaar kiye. jett ney 9 game jeete, 57 game haare aur 14 game barabari parr rahey. unhone 32 ank praapt kiye. jett vimaanon koo tomm mcvee (1 jeet, 20 haar aur 7 tyee), bill aiss. aiss. (6 jeet, 20 haar aur 3 tyee), aur mike smith (2 jeet, 17 haar aur 4 tyee) dwara prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. off season. poorv kaptan lars-erich sjoberg ney 1979-80 satra key anta mein apani sevaanivritti kii ghoshana kii, kyonki off-season key dauran team key kaptan key roop mein morris lukovic naam key vimaanon ney ghoshana kii. lukauich doubleu. aich. aeye. mein apane antim satra key baad seey winnipeg key saath they, jisase club koo 1979 mein avco cup jeetane mein madad millie. 11 juuna, 1980 koo, winnipeg ney 1980 aine. aich. ell. pravishti masaude mein dusare samagr chayan key saath defenceman dave bebich kaa chayan kiya. bebich portland winterhox off dha doubleu. aich. ell. key saath ack uchch scoring defenceman they, jinhone portland key saath 50 khelon mein 22 goal aur 82 ank darj kiye. apane dusare chayan key saath, jett ney omjal key toronto marlboros seey moe mantha kaa chayan kiya, aur saatven daur mein, team ney sanyukt raajya america kii rashtriya aais hockey team seey bryan mullen kaa chayan kiya. winnipeg ney off-season key dauran kuchh chhote vyaapaar kiye, vishesh roop seey sent seey rick bouness praapt kiya. kregg norwich key badale mein lui blues. jets ney 1982 key aine. aich. ell. pravesh masaude mein jets key dusare daur key liye montrial kanadian seey maanak dupont bhee praapt kiya. dupont koo 1977 aine. aich. ell. shaukiya draft key pahale daur mein kanadai khilaadiyon dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, haalaanki, unhone 1979-80 season mein montrial key saath 35 khelon mein kewal ack goal aur chaar ank hassil kiye. pleoff. dusare seedhe season key liye, jett playoff key liye arhata praapt karane mein whiffle rahey, kyonki unakaa sabse kharaab record 9-57-14 thaa, joe antim playoff sthiti key liye toronto maple leaf seey 39 ank peechhe 32 ank arjit kartaa thaa. draft pick. winnipeg ney 1980 aine. aich. ell. pravishti masaude mein nimnalikhit khilaadiyon kaa chayan kiya, joe 11 juuna, 1980 koo montrial, quebeck mein montrial forum mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.

1980-81 winnipeg jetgala kaala rashtriya hockey leagnalli winnipeg jetgala eradane season winnipeg jetgala rtuvagittu. 1980-81 rtuvinalli avaru enhlna smithe vibhagadalli aidane (mattu koneya) sthana galisidaru. tandavu 246 golugalannu galisitu mattu 400 golugalannu oppikonditu. jetgalu 9 pandyagalannu geddavu, 57 pandyagalannu sotavu mattu 14 pandyagalannu samabalagolisidavu. avaru 32 ankagalannu galisidaru. jetgalige tomm mcvee (1 geluvu, 20 solugalu mattu 7 taigalu), bill s (6 geluvugalu, 20 solugalu mattu 3 taigalu), mattu mike smith (2 geluvugalu, 17 solugalu mattu 4 taigalu) tarabeti niididaru. off season. maaji nayaka lars-erich sjoberg avaru 1979-80 rtuvina koneyalli tamma nivruttiyannu ghooshisida kaarana, jetgalu off-seesannalli tandada naayakaraagi maris lukovic avarannu hesarisidavu. lukovic avaru whhalli tamma koneya rtuvininda vinnipegnondige iddaru, 1979 ralli club avoco cup gellalu sahaaya maadidaru. 1980rahra zoon 11randu, winnipeg 1980rahra nhl entry draftnalli eradane ottare aaykeyondige defenceman dave babich avarannu ayke maadidaru. babich avaru portland winterhox off dhii dablyuechelnondige hecchina ankagalannu galisida defensmannagiddaru, portlandnondige 50 atagalalli 22 golugalannu mattu 82 ankagalannu galisidaru. tamma eradane aaykeyondige, jetgalu omjhalna toronto marlborosninda moow mantha avarannu ayke maadidavu mattu elane suttinalli, tandavu united states rashtriya ais hockey tandadinda brian muellen avarannu ayke maaditu. winnipeg off-seesannalli kelavu sanna vahivaatugalannu maadidaru, mukhyavaagi sentninda rick bouness annu padedaru. kraigg norwichge badalaagi louis blues. jetgalu 1982rahra nhl pravesha draftnalli jetgala eradane suttina aaykegaagi montrial kenadiyangalinda saamaanya dupant annu saha padedukondavu. 1977rahra nhl havyasi draftna modala suttinalli kenadiyannaru dupant avarannu ayke maadidaru, aadaagyoo, avaru maantriyalnondige 35 atagalalli kevala ondu golu mattu naalku ankagalannu padedaru. playafgalu. satata eradane rtuvinalli, jetgalu playafgalige arhate padeyalu viphalavaadavu, ekendare avaru antima playoff sthaanakkaagi toronto maypal elegaliginta 39 ankagalannu hindirugisi 32 ankagalannu galisi, 9-57-14 naa atyanta ketta daakhaleyannu hondiddaru. draft aaykegalu. 1980rahra nhl pravesha karadinalli winnipeg ee kelagina aatagararannu ayke maadidaru, idu zoon 11,1980 randu quebechna montriyalnalli nadeda montrial vedikeyalli nadeyitu.

1980-81 winnipeg jettu season deseeya hockey leagile winnipeg jettsinte randaam seasonaayirunnu winnipeg jetts season. 1980-81 seasonil avar enechellinte smaith divisionil anchaam sthaanathum (avasana sthaanathum) finish cheythu. 246 golukal nediya team 400 golukal vazhangi. 9 kalikal jayicha jetts 57 kalikal paraajayappedukayum 14 kalikal samanilayil avasaanikkukayum cheythu. avar 32 pooyint nedi. toom makvi (1 vijayam, 20 tholvi, 7 samanilakal), bill s (6 vijayangal, 20 tholvikal, 3 samanilakal), mike smith (2 vijayangal, 17 tholvikal, 4 samanilakal) ennivaraanu jettukale parisheelippichathu. oof season. muun kyapttan larse-eric sjoberg 1979-80 seasoninte avasaanathil viramikkal prakhyaapichathinaal oof seasonil team captanaayi morris lukovichine jettukal namakaranam cheythu. 1979ll avco kapp nedaan klabbine sahaayicha lukovic avasana season muthal vinnipeginoppamundayinu. 1980 juun 11 nuu, 1980 enll entry draafttile randaamathe mothatthilulla pikkumaayi winnipeg defensman dave bebichine thiranjedutthu. portlaandumaayi 50 kalikalil ninnu 22 golukalum 82 pooyintukalum nediya babich portland winterhoxinoppam uyarnna scoring nediya defensmaanaayirunnu. avarude randaamathe thiranjedukkaliloode, jettukal oomjal torrento marlborosil ninnu moow manthaye thiranjedutthu, ezhaam roundil, team yunaittad stetts deseeya aise hockey teamil ninnu bryan mullane thiranjedutthu. winnipeg oof seasonil kurachu cheria vyapaarangal nadatthi, prathyekichu sent. craig norvichinu pakaramaayi luis blues. 1982 leeii enll entry draafttil jettu randaam raundu pikkinaayi montriyal kanediyansil ninnu jettukal norm dupond nedi. 1977 leeii enhl amachwar draafttinte aadya roundil canadians dupontine thiranjedutthu, ennirunnaalum, 1979-80 seasonil montriyalinoppam 35 geyimukalil ninnu oru goalum naalu pooyintum maathramaan addeham nediyathu. play oofukal. thudarchayaaya randaam seasonil, avasana playoff sthaanathekkulla torrento maple leefukalekkaal 39 pooyint pinnilayi 32 pooyint nedi, 9-57-14 enna ettavum mosham record ullathinaal jettukalkk playofilekku yogyatha nedaanaayilla. draaft thiranjedukkalukal. 1980 juun 11 nuu cubeckile montriyalile montriyal foratthil nadanna 1980 enhl entry draafttil winnipeg inipparayunna kalikkaare thiranjedutthu.

1980-81 winnipeg jetcha hangam winnipeg jetscha hangam haah rashtriy hockey leegmadhil winnipeg jetscha dusra hangam hota. 1980-81 hangamat teey aine. etch. ell. chya smith vibhagat pachvya (aanee shevatchya) kramankavar rahile. sanghane 246 goal kele aanee 400 goal gamavale. yaa vimananni 9 samne jinkale, 57 samne gamavale aanee 14 samne barobarit sodavale. tyanni 32 guna midavale. tomm mcvey (1 vijay, 20 parabhav aanee 7 barobari), biil ess. ess. (6 vijay, 20 parabhav aanee 3 barobari) aanee mike smith (2 vijay, 17 parabhav aanee 4 barobari) yanni vimananna prashikshan dile. auph season. majee karnadhar lars-erich sjobergne 1979-80 hangamachya shevati nivruttichi ghoshana kelee mhanoon, vimananni auph-season darmyan morris lukovic yanna sanghacha karnadhar mhanoon naav dile. lukovic doubleu. etch. aii. madheel tyanchya shevatchya hangamapasun vinnipegasobat hota, jyamule clubla 1979 madhye evko cup jinkanyas madat jhaali. 11 juuna 1980 roji, vinnipegne 1980 aine. etch. ell. pravesh masudyat dusya ekoon nivadisah defenceman dave bebichi nivad kelee. bebich haah portland winderhox auph daad doubleu. etch. ell. sobat uchch guna midavanara bachavpatu hota, tyane portlandsobatchya 50 samnyanmadhye 22 goal aanee 82 guna nondavale. tyanchya dusya nivadisah, jett vimananni omajalachya toronto marlborosmadhun moow manthachi nivad kelee aanee satvya fereet, sanghane united stateschya rashtriy aais hockey sanghatoon bryan mulenchi nivad kelee. vinnipegne auph-seasonmadhye kahee lahan saude kele, visheshtah sentkadoon rick bonnes midvane. kregg norwichya badalyat lui blues. 1982 chya aine. etch. ell. pravesh masudyat jetschya dusya ferichya nivadisathi jetsney montriyal canadiankadun norm dupont dekhil midavale. 1977 chya aine. etch. ell. haushi masudyanchya pahilya fereet canadian sanghane dupontchi nivad kelee hotee, tathapi, tyane montrielberober 35 samnyanmadhye keval eka goal aanee chaar guna midavale. playoff. salag dusya hangamat, jets playofsathi patra honyas ayashasvi tharale, kaaran tyanchi 9-57-14 chee sarvat white nond hotee, antim playoff sthanasathi toronto mepalachya pananpeksha 39 gunanni mage rahoon 32 guna midavale. draft nivadi. 11 juuna 1980 roji montriyal, cubec yetheel montriyal forummadhe aayojit 1980 aine. etch. ell. pravesh masudyat vinipegne khaleel kheladunchi nivad kelee.

1980-81 winnipeg jett sijan winnippig jetko sijan rashtriya hakki ligma winnippig jetko dosro sijan thiyo. 1980-81 sijanma tiniharule nllko smith divisionma panchaun (rar antim) samapta gare. tolile 246 goal gareko thiyo rar 400 goal swikar gareko thiyo. jetle 9 khel jityo, 57 khel haare rar 14 khel barabarima rahyo. uniharule 32 anka prapta gare. jetharulai tom mcvey (1 jiit, 20 haar rar 7 tye), bill ss (6 jiit, 20 haar rar 3 tye), rar mick smith (2 jiit, 17 haar rar 4 tye) dwara prashikshit garieko thiyo. aff sijan. purva kaptan lars-erich sjobergle 1979-80 sijanko antyama afno sewaniwrittiko ghoshana gare pachhi, jetharule aff-sijanma morris lukovichlai toliko kaptanko rupma naam die. lukovich wahma uniharuko antim sijandekhi winnipegsanga thie, jasle clublai 1979 maa ebhko cup jitna maddat गऱ्यो।. june 11,1980 maa, winnipegle sann 1980 nll prawishti draftma dosro samagra chhanotka sath defencemon debh bebich chayan gare. bebich portland winterhox aff da dabluechelka sath uccha score garne defaceman thie, portlandsanga 50 khelma 22 goal rar 82 anka record gare. afno dosro chhanotka sath, jetharule omajalko toranto marlborosbata moe mantha chayan gare, rar sataun charanma, tolile sanyukta rajya americako rashtriya ais hakki tolibata bryan mulena chayan garyo. winnipegle aff-sijanma kehi sanah wyaparharu gare, vishesh gari centbata rick bonnes prapta gare. kregg norawichko satama luis blues. jetharule sann 1982 ko nll prawishti draftma jetko dosro round pikaka lagi montrial canadianharubata manak dupent pani prapta gare. dupantalai canadaliharule 1977 nll amateur draftko pahilo charanma chayan gareka thie, yadyapi, unle 1979-80 sijanma montriyalko sath 35 khelma kewal ek goal rar chaar anka uthae. playuff. dosro lagatar sijanka lagi, jetharu playafka lagi yogya huna asafal bhae, kinki tiniharusanga 9-57-14 ko sabaibhanda kharab record thiyo, jasle antim playuff sthanka lagi toranto maple patharubhanda 39 anka pachhadi 32 ankaharu kamaeko thiyo. draft chhanotharu. winnipegle sann 1980 nll prawishti draftma nimna kheladiharu chayan gare, june june 11,1980 maa montrial, kyubekko montrial forumma ayojit bhaeko thiyo.

1980-81 winnipeg jett rutu jatiah hockey ligre 'winnipeg jett' rahr dwiteeja rutu thila 'winnipeg jett' rahr '1980-81' rutu. 1980-81 ruture semane enn. echa. ell. rahr smith bibhagare pancham (ebong shesh) ray samapta karithile. dala 246tii goal deithila ebong 400tii goal sweekara karithila. ehi biman 9tii match jitithila, 57tii match harithila ebong 14tii match tye karithila. semane 32 point hassel karithile. ehi jetgudika tomm myakabhi (1 bijai, 20 parajaya ebong 7 tye), bill swi (6 bijai, 20 parajaya ebong 3 tye), ebong mick smith (2 bijai, 17 parajaya ebong 4 tye) nka dwara prasikhita hoithile. offsigion. purbatana adhinajaka lars-erich sjoberg 1979-80 sijin sheshare absar ghoshana kariba parey, ehi juddha bimanagudika maris lukovichnku off-sijan samajare dalara adhinajaka bhabe namit karithile. waere semanankara shesh sijin paratharu lukovich winnipeg sahita thile, jaahaa klabaku 1979 ray aabhko cop jitibare sahajya karithila . june 11,1980 ray, winnipeg 1980 enn. etch. ell. entry draftre dwiteeja samagrika pick sahita defenceman debh bebichnku chayan karithile. bebich portland winterhox off daa wech sahita jane uccha scoring defenceman thile, portland sahita 50 tii gemre 22 goal ebong 82 point record karithile. semanankara dwiteeja chayan sahita, jetmane omjalra torranto marlaborosaru moe manthanku chayan karithile, ebong saptama roundre, dala juktarastra americara jatiah ices hockey dalaru brian mullennku chayan karithile. winnipeg off-sijinare kichhi chhot karbar karithile, bisesh curry sentaru rick bonnes hassel karithile. kregg narwich badalare louis blues. 1982 enn. etch. ell. entry draftre dwiteeja round pick paain jetgudika montreal kanadianmananka thaaru narma dupont madhya hassel karithile. 1977 enn. etch. ell. amateur draftra pratham roundre kanadijamananka dwara dupont chayan karajaithila, tathapi, shay <aai. dii. 1> sijinare montreal sahita 35 tii gemre kebala gotie goal ebong chaari point hassel karithile. play off. kramagata dwiteeja rutu paain, jett playoff paain jogyata hassel karibare biphal hoithile, kaaran semanankara 9-57-14 rahr eka enn. etch. ell. sabutharu kharap record thila, 32 point arjan karithile, antim playoff sthiti paain torranto mapal patratharu 39 point pachare . draft chayan. 1980 masiha enn. etch. ell. entry draftre winnipeg nimnalikhita khelalimananku chayan karithile, jaahaa june 11,1980ray kyubekra montreal phoramare anusthita hoithila.

1980-81 winnipeg jett season rashtari hockey leeg witch winnipeg jettan daa dooja season winnipeg jettan daa season see. 1980-81 season witch uh ainn. aich. aill. dey smith division witch panjven (atey aakhri) sathaan 'teey rahey. team neey 246 goal keete atey 400 goal keete. jahazan neey 9 match jitte, 57 match haare atey 14 match barabar rahey. unhan neey 32 ank haasal keete. jettan noon tomm mcvey (1 jitt, 20 haar atey 7 tyee), bill aiss. aiss. (6 jittan, 20 haar atey 3 tyee), atey mike smith (2 jittan, 17 haaran atey 4 tyee) duaara sikhlai ditti gaee see. aaf season. jettan neey aaf-season dauran morris lukovic noon team daa kaptan namzad keeta, kiunki sabka kaptan lars-erik sjoberg neey 1979-80 season dey ant witch aapni retirement daa ailaan keeta. lukovic w. aich. aii. witch aapne aakhri season toon winnipeg naal riha see, jiss neey club noon 1979 witch avico kapp jittan witch sahaita keeti see. 11 juun, 1980 noon, winnipeg neey 1980 ainn. aich. ail. entary draft witch duji samucchi chunhi dey naal defenceman dave bebich dee chonh keeti. bebich w. aich. aill. dey portland winterhox naal ikk ucch scorer defenceman see, jiss neey portland naal 50 geman witch 22 goal atey 82 ank daraj keete. aapni duji chonh naal, jettan neey omjal dey torranto marlboros vicchon moow mantha dee chonh keeti, atey sattven daur witch, team neey sanyukat raaj dee rashtari aaees hockey team vicchon bryne mullen dee chonh keeti. winnipeg neey aaf-season dauran kujh chhote vapaar keete, khaas taur 'teey cent toon rick bonnes prapat keeta. cragg norwich dey badle witch luis blues. jettan neey 1982 ainn. aich. ail. entary draft witch jett dey dooje daur dee chonh laee montrial canadians toon sadharan dupant vee prapat keeta. dupant noon 1977 ainn. aich. ail. shukin draft dey pahile daur witch canadians duaara chunhiaa giaa see, halanki, usne season witch montrial naal 35 geman witch siraf ikk goal atey chaar ank haasal keete. playf. lagatar dooje season laee, jett playf laee qualify curran witch asfal rahey, kiunki unhan daa 9-57-14 daa sabh toon bhaida ricard see, jiss neey 32 ank kamaae, joe antim playf sathiti laee torranto maple pattiaan toon 39 ank pichhe see. draft chunho. winnipeg neey 1980 ainn. aich. ail. entary draft witch heth likhe khidariaan dee chonh keeti, joe kii 11 juun, 1980 noon montrial, cuback witch montrial forum witch aayojit keeta giaa see.

1980-81 winnipeg jets season winnipeg-jets-kreedaah rashtriya-haakee-leag-madhye winnipeg-jets-kreedaah dwiteeya-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa - 1980-81 rutau te enn. ell. ell. s-smaith-vibhaagasya panchamam (antimam cha) samaapyanta. dalah 246 goals krutavaan, 400 goals cha sveekrutavaan. vimaanaani 9 kreedaah jitavantah, 57 kreedaah parajitaha, 14 kreedaah samatulyaani cha abhavan. te 32 ankaan praaptavantah. vimaanaani taam-mcvee (1 vijayam, 20 parajaya, 7 tai), bill-ess. ess. ess. (6 vijayah, 20 parajaya, 3 tai), maik-smit (2 vijayah, 17 parajaya, 4 tai) ityetebhyah prashikshitaah aasan. anavatsare. poorva-naayakah lars-rikk sjoberg ityeshah 1979-80 ityasya satrasya ante swasya nivruttim aghoshayat, ataha, aaf-season madhye morris lukovich iti vimaanaani dalasya nayakatvena naamaankitaah aasan. lukovich ityayam doubleu. e. e. madhye antima-satraat eva winnipeg ityanena saha aasit, yena 1979 tame varshe club eva evko cup jitum sahayyam krutam. 1980 joon 11 dinaanke, winnipeg ityanena 1980 enn. ell. pravesha-praaroopasy dwiteeyena samagra-chayanena saha defenceman dave bebich iti chitah. bebeech ityayam portland winterhoks aaf da doubleu. ech. ell. ityanena saha uccha-anka-rakshaka aasit, portland ityanena saha 50 kreedaasu 22 goals, 82 ankaani cha abhilekhitavaan. dwiteeya-chayanena, jets-vimaanaih omzl-ityasya torrento-marlboros-taha mo-manthaa-pakshasya chayanam krutam, saptama-charane, dalah samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya rashtriya-ais-haakee-dalaat brian-mullen-pakshasya chayanam krutavaan. winnipeg ityeshah aaf-season madhye kechan laghuvyaapaaraani krutavaan, visheshatah ess. tii. taha rick bovens iteedam praptavan. kregg naarvich ityasya badalyam louis blues iti. 1982 tame varshe enn. ell. ell. pravesha-praaroopasy dwiteeya-charana-chayanartham jett-vimaanaih montriyal-canadians-pakshaat samanya-dwipadee-padam api praaptam. 1977 enn. ell. emm. e. tea. aar. draft ityasya prathamapande kenadan-deshavaasinah dupant-kreedaayaah chayanam krutavantah, tathaapi saha <aii. dii. 1> kreedaarutuve montriyal-kreedaayaah 35 kreedaasu kevalam ekam goal, chatwaarah ankaani cha praptavan. play-aaf-kreedaam. dwiteeya-krama-rutau, vimaanaani play-aaf-krute arhataa praaptum asaphalaani abhavan, yatah teshaam 9-57-14 ityasya enn. ech. ell.-nikrushtatama-abhilekhah aasit, antima-play-aaf-sthanasya krute 32 ankaan, torrento-maple-patranam apekshayaa 39 ankaan nyoonam praapya. draft-picus. 1980 enn. ell. ell. pravesha-praaroopasy krute winnipeg ityanena nimnalikhitaani kreedakaah chitaani, yat 1980 joon 11 dinaanke montriyal, cubec-nagare montriyal-forum ityatra aayojitam aasit.

1980-81 winnibeck jedd season winnibeck jedd season thaesiya haakki leakil winnibeck jetsin irandaavathu seesanaaga irunththathu. 1980-81 paruvaththil avarkal enn. ech. ell smith pirivil ainthaavathu (mattrum kadaisi) idaththaip pidiththanar. antha anii 246 koolgalai adiththu 400 koolgalai oppukkondathu. inththa jedd vimaanangkal 9 poattikalil vettri petrtrana, 57 poattikalil thoalviyadainthana mattrum 14 poattikalil saman seithana. avarkal 32 pulligalaip pettranar. jedd vimaanangkalukku daam mcvee (1 vettri, 20 izhappugal mattrum 7 dye), pill sh (6 vetrtrikal, 20 izhappugal mattrum 3 dye), mattrum maik smith (2 vetrtrikal, 17 izhappugal mattrum 4 dye) aagiyoar payirchi aliththanar. off season. munnaal capton lars-erik sjoberg 1979-80 season mudivil oaivu peruvathaaka ariviththathaal, off-season poathu jedd vimaanangkal morris lukovichai anii kaeptanaaga peyarittana. lukovich winnibeck udan avarkalin iruthi seasonil irunthu irunthaar, idhu 1979 ill kilap avco kooppaiyai vella uthaviyathu. juun 11,1980 andru, winnibeck 1980 enn. ech. ell nuzhaivu varaivu irandaavathu ottumoththa thaervudan defenceman dave paepichchaith therntheduththaar. portland winderhox off thii dabluechl udan paepich adhiga mathippen pettra tharkaappu veeraraaga irunthaar, portlandudon 50 poattikalil 22 koolgalaiyum 82 pulligalaiyum pathivu seithaar. thangal irandaavathu thaervudan, jedd vimaanangkal oomjalin torrando marlboros irunthu moow manthaavaith thaerntheduththana, maelum aezhaavathu suttril, anii america thaesiya aiz haakki aniyil irunthu praiyan mullanaith thaerntheduththathu. winnibeck off-seasonil sila siriya varththagangkalai seithaar, kurippaaga saint niruvanaththidamirunthu rick poanasaip pettraar. grake naarvichukku eedaaga luis blues. 1982 enn. ech. ell nuzhaivu varaivuth thittaththil jedd vimaanangkal irandaavathu suttru thaervukkaaga montrial kanadiyangalilirundhu valakkamaana doopaandaiyum jedd vimaanangkal petrtrana. 1977 enn. ech. ell amechur traftin muthal suttril kanadiyargalaal duband thernthedukkappattaar, iruppinum, avar 35 aattangkalil oru koalaiyum naanku pulligalaiyum mattumae eduththaar. playoff. irandaavathu thodarchchiyaana seasonil, jedd vimaanangkal playofgalukku thaguthi perath thavarivittana, aenenil avai 9-57-14 inn moasamaana saathanaiyaik kondirunthana, 32 pulligalaip petrtrana, iruthi playoff nilaikku torrando maple ilaikalukku 39 pulligal pinthangkiyirunthana. varaivu thaervugal. juun 11,1980 andru kwebekin montrialil ulla montrial mandraththil nadaipettra 1980 enn. ech. ell nuzhaivu varaivu poattiyil pinvarum veerargalaith therntheduththaar.

1980-81 winnipeg jett season winnipeg jets season jaateeya hockey leaglo winnipeg jets rendava season. 1980-81 seasonlo vaaru enhetchl yokka smaith vibhaagamlo aidava (mariyu chivari) sthaanamlo nilichaaru. aaa jattu 246 goals chesi, 400 goals chesindi. jetlu 9 atalanu geluchukunnayi, 57 atalanu odipoyaayi mariyu 14 atalanu samamga muginchaayi. vaaru 32 paayintlu saadhinchaaru. jetlaku tomm mcvey (1 vijayam, 20 otamulu mariyu 7 tailu), bill s (6 vijayalu, 20 otamulu mariyu 3 tailu), mariyu mike smith (2 vijayalu, 17 otamulu mariyu 4 tailu) sikshana icchaaru. off season. maajee kepten lars-eric sjoberg 1979-80 season mugimpulo padavee viramana prakatinchadamtho, jetlu off-seasonlo morris lukovichnu jattu keptenga niyaminchaayi. lukovic vaari chivari season nundi vinnipegtho kalisi unnaaru, 1979loe club avoco kapnu geluchukovadamlo sahayapaddaru. juun 11,1980naa, winnipeg 1980 enhetchl entry draftlo rendava mottam empikatho defence maan dave bebichnu empika chesaaru. babeach portland winterhox off dhi doubleuhetchel thoo adhika skoru kaligina defence maan, portlandto 50 aatalalo 22 goals mariyu 82 paayintlu saadhinchaadu. vaari rendava empikatho, jetlu omjhl yokka torranto marlboros nundi moe mantha nuu enchukunnaayi, mariyu edava roundloo, jattu united states jaateeya ice hockey jattu nundi brian mullennu enchukundi. winnipeg off-seasonlo konni chinna lavadevilu chesaadu, mukhyamgaa seyint nundi rick bovensenu pondaadu. craigg norwich kuu badulugaa luis blues. jetlu 1982 enhetchl entry draftlo jett rendava round pick kosam montrial canadians nundi praamaanika dupantnu kooda pondaayi. 1977 enhetchl autsaahika draft modati roundloo kenadiyanlu dupantnu empika chesaaru, ayithe, athanu 1979-80 seasonlo montriyaltho 35 aatalalo oka goal mariyu naalugu paayintlu matrame saadhinchaadu. playoffs. varusaga rendava seasonlo, jetlu playoffsku arhata saadhinchadamlo viphalamayyayi, endukante vaaru 9-57-14 yokka atyanta chettha rikaardunu kaligi unnaaru, tudi playoff sthaanam kosam torranto mapul aaku kante 39 paayintlu venukabadi 32 paayintlu sampaadinchaaru. draft empikalu. 1980 nhl entry draftlo winnipeg eee krindi aatagallanu empika chesaaru, idhi juun 11,1980naa kwebekloni montriyalloni montrial forumlo jarigindi.

1980-81 veneepeg jait seezan wanpeeg jets kaa seezan qomi haaki leeg mein wanpeeg jets kaa dosra seezan thaa. 1980-81 seezan mein wah aine aich eel kay sameeth devision mein panchwen (aur aakhri) parr rahay. team nay 246 goal kiye aur 400 goal tasleem kiye. jait tayaron nay 9 kheel jeetay 57 kheel haaray aur 14 kheel baraabar hoay. inhon nay 32 points haasil kiye. jait tayaron kuu tomm mikwi (1 jeeth 20 haar aur 7 tayee)yee bull seeyon (6 jeeth 20 haar aur 3 tayee)yee aur mayik samath (2 jeeth 17 haar aur 4 tayee) nay tarbiyat dee. aaf seezan. jets nay aaf seezan kay doraan morse lokovach kuu team kaa kaptaan namzad kiyaa keunkah saabiq kaptaan laarz airak sajubarg nay 1979-80 seezan kay ikhtatam parr apnee retirement kaa aalaan kiyaa. lokovach dabliyo aich aey mein apnay aakhri seezan say veneepeg kay saath thay jiss say kalb kuu 1979 mein ayoko cup jeetnay mein madad milly. 11 joone 1980 cow veneepeg nay 1980 aine aich eel intery draft mein dosray majmuyi intekhaab kay saath defense meen ddio bebeach kaa intekhaab kiyaa. bebeach port lend winter hocks aaf dee dabliyo aich eel kay saath aalee score karnay waala dafayi khilaadi thaa jiss nay port lend kay saath 50 kheelon mein 22 goal aur 82 points record kiye. apnay dosray intekhaab kay saath jets nay omajal kay torrento marlboros say muu mantha kaa intekhaab kiyaa aur saatwein round mein team nay riyasathaye muthadah kii qomi aais haaki team say brine molan kaa intekhaab kiyaa. veneepeg nay aaf seezan kay doraan chand chhoti tajarat kii khaas toor parr sent say rakk bownees haasil kiyaa. kareeg noroch kay badlay lois blues. jait tayaron nay 1982 kay aine aich eel intery draft mein jait tayaron kay dosray round pukk kay liye montriyal canadines say naarm dopont bhee haasil kiyaa. dopont kuu 1977 kay aine aich eel shoqia draft kay pehley round mein canadines nay muntakhib kiyaa thaa tahim iss nay 1979-80 seezan mein montriyal kay saath 35 kheelon mein sarf eek goal aur chaar points haasil kiye. play aaf. dosray muslisil seezan kay liyay jait play aaf kay liye kawalifai karnay mein nakaam rahay keunkah inn kaa 9-57-14 kaa badtareen record thaa jiss nay 32 points haasil kiyay juu final play aaf position kay liye torrento mepal kay patoon say 39 points peeche thay. draft chantaa hay. veneepeg nay 1980 aine aich eel intery draft mein darj zeel khiladiyon kaa intekhaab kiyaa juu 11 joone 1980 kuu montriyal cuback mein montriyal forum mein munaqid hawaa thaa.

0008d75dd024964e363b9fb55330430dc5398c08417faa038cd02c35b0d69b24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33885245

1956 Finnish presidential election

1956 Finnish presidential election Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1956. On 16 and 17 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Urho Kekkonen, who won on the third ballot over Karl-August Fagerholm. The turnout for the popular vote was 73.4%. Kekkonen had been Juho Kusti Paasikivi's heir apparent since the early 1950s, given his notable political skills for building coalitions, bargaining, risk-taking and adjusting his tactics, actions and rhetoric with regard for the prevailing political wind. On the other hand, his behaviour and political tactics, including sharp-tongued speeches and writings, utilization of political opponents' weaknesses, and rather close relations with the Soviet leaders, were severely criticized by several of his political opponents. Kekkonen's colourful private life, including occasional heavy drinking and at least one extramarital affair, also provided his fierce opponents with verbal and political weapons to attack him. Several other presidential candidates were also criticized for personal issues or failures. Despite all the anti-Kekkonen criticism, his political party, the Agrarians, succeeded for the first time in getting the same share of the vote in the presidential elections' direct stage as in the parliamentary elections. President Paasikivi had neither publicly agreed nor refused to be a presidential candidate. He considered himself morally obliged to serve as president for a couple of more years, if many politicians urged him to do so. Between the first and second ballots of the Electoral College, one National Coalitioner phoned him, asking him to become a dark-horse presidential candidate of the National Coalitioners, Swedish People's Party and People's Party (liberals). At first, Paasikivi declined, requiring the support of Social Democrats and most Agrarians. Then he moderated his position, but mistakenly believed that he would receive enough Social Democratic, Agrarian and Communist and People's Democratic electors' votes to advance to the crucial third ballot. This did not happen, because all Agrarian electors remained loyal to Kekkonen, all Social Democratic electors remained loyal to Fagerholm, and the Communist and People's Democratic electors split their votes to help Fagerholm and Kekkonen advance to the third ballot. The bitterly annoyed and disappointed President Paasikivi publicly denied his last-minute presidential candidacy two days later. Kekkonen was elected president with the narrowest possible majority, 151 votes to 149. For several decades, the question of who cast the decisive vote for him has been debated among Finnish politicians and some Finnish journalists (see, for example, Lauri Haataja, "A Reconstructing Finland" (Jälleenrakentava Suomi), pgs. 825–827, 829–831 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki: WSOY, 2003; Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia, volumes 1&2. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura), 2009, pg. 954; Tuomo Polvinen, J.K. Paasikivi - A Statesman's Life Work (Valtiomiehen elämäntyö), volume 5: 1948–1956. Helsinki: WSOY, 2003). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1956 sonor finlandor rastropoti nirbason 1956 sonot finlandot dutaa porzayor rastropoti nirbason onusthito hoisil. 16 aaru 17 januaryt rajohuwabhabe nirbasito rastropoti nirbasonkarixokol ekhon nirbasoni mohabidyaloyoloi. iyar pholsworupe teuluke rastropoti nirbasito kore. folafol aasil carl-aagosto fegerholmor uporot tritiyo beltot joyee huwa urhu kekunenor baabe ek bijoy. jonopriyo bhutor baabe bhutdan aasil 73.4%. 1950-ror doxokor aarombhonire poraa kekkunen juhu kusti paxikibhir uttoradhikari aasil, teur ullekhjugyo rajnoitik dokhyotar baabe mitrota gorhi tulaa, dordam koraa, bipodaxongka grohon koraa aaru prosolito rajnoitik botahor xondorbhot teur kouxol, karjyo aaru olongkaror xoite khaap khuwai luwar baabe. aanhate, teur aasoron aaru rajnoitik kouxol, jaar bhitorot tikhno bhaxar bhaxon aaru likhoni, rajnoitik birudhir durbolotar byobohar, aaru iyar biporite sobhiyet netaxokolor xoite ghonistho xomporko, teur keibajonu rajnoitik birudhir dwara tibro xomaluchona koraa hoisil. kekkunenor rongin byoktigoto jiwan, maaje maaje otyadhik modyopan aaru komeu etaa bibah bohirbhut xomporkoke dhori, teur tibro birudhixokolok teuk aakromon koriboloi moukhik aaru rajnoitik ostro prodan korisil. aan keibajonu rastropoti podor prarthik byoktigoto bixoy baa bifolotar baabe xomaluchona koraa hoisil. xokolu kekkunen birudhi xomaluchonar pisotu, teur rajnoitik doll, krixijibixokole prothombaror baabe xongxodiyo nirbasonor dore rastropoti nirbasonot bhutor eke ongxo laabh korat xofol hoisil. rastropoti pasibhibiye rajohuwabhabe xonmot huwa nasil baa rastropoti podor prarthi hoh "boloi oswikar koraa nasil. jodi bohutu rajneetibidoi teuk ene koriboloi aahban jonay, tente teu nijoke aaru keibosormanor baabe rastropoti hisape xewa aagborhaboloi noitikbhabe badhyo buli bibesona korisil. electrol collegeor prothom aaru dwitiyo beltor maajot, ejon rastriyo mitroxoktiye teuk phone kori rastriyo mitroxokti, suidenor pipols party aaru pipols party (liberal) ror ejon ondhokar-ghura rastropoti podor prarthi hoh 'boloi koichil. prothomote, pasikibi hraax paisil, jaar baabe xamajik gonotontrobadi aaru besibhag krixibidor xomorthonor proyujon hoisil. taar pisot teu nijor sthiti niyontron korisil, kintu bhulkoi biswax korisil je teu guruttopurno tritiyo beltoloi aagbarhi jaboloi porzapto xamajik gonotantrik, krixibhittik aaru communist aaru jonoxadharonor gonotantrik nirbasokor bhut laabh koribo. eitu huwa nasil, kiyonu xokolu krixibhittik nirbasok kekunenor proti onugoto aasil, xokolu xamajik gonotantrik nirbasok fegerholmor proti onugoto aasil, aaru communist aaru jonoxadharonor gonotantrik nirbasokxokole faggerholm aaru kekunenok tritiyo beltoloi aagbarhi jaboloi xohay koriboloi teulukor bhut bibhajon korisil. tiktobhabe khyubdho aaru hotax rastropoti pasikibiye dudinor pisot rajohuwabhabe teur xex muhurtor rastropoti podor prarthitwo oswikar korisil. kekkunen ataitkoi xongkusito xongkhyagoristhotare rastropoti nirbasito hoisil, 149ror biporite 151 bhut. keiba doxok dhori, teur baabe nirnayok bhut kune disil xei prosnotu finlandor rajneetibid aaru kisuman finlandor xangbadikor maajot bitorko hoi aahise (udahoronsworupe, sauk, laari hataja, "finlandor punor nirman" (jalolinorakentabha suumi), pi. ji. ess. 825-827,829-831 cheppu jetterberg aaru onyanyot., eds., finlandor itihaxor etaa xoru doityo/xumen itihaxbid pikujatilain. helxingkih wuy, 2003; penty virankusky, finland/sumen histo "rear itihax, khondo 1 aaru 2. helxingkih finnix litoresar sosaiti (suumalaisen kirzalisuden seura), 2009, pristha. 954; tuumu polvinen, je.key. pasikivi-egoraki rajneetibidor jiwanor kaam (valtiumihen elamanti), volume 5:1948-1956. helsinkih wuy, 2003).

1956 saaler finlander rashtrapati nirbachan 1956 saale finlande dui porjayer rashtrapati nirbachan onusthito hoy. 16 oo 17 januari ekti nirbachoni colleger jonno rashtrapati nirbachankarider nirbachito koraa hoy. taaraa rashtrapati nirbachito corren. folti chhilo urho kekonener jonno ekti joy, jini curl-august feggerholmer biruddhe tritiya ballote jitechilen. janapriya bhoter jonno bhotdan chhilo 73.4%. 1950-err doshoker godar dick theke kekkonen juho kusti pasikivir uttoradhikari chhilen, taanr ullekhjoggo rajnaitik dokkhotar karone joat gathon, dorr kashakashi, jhunki grohon ebong procholito rajnaitik bataser khettre taanr kaushal, kormo ebong olongkarer samanwaya ghotano hoyechilo. onnodike, taanr besh koyekjon rajnaitik birodhi taanr acharan oo rajnaitik kaushal, jaar modhye royeche teekkhno bhasagoto boktrita oo lekha, rajnaitik birodhider durbolotar byabohar ebong borong soviet netader sange ghonistho somporko, kathorbhabe samalochana korechilen. kekkonener rongin byaktigato jeebon, jaar modhye majhe majhe bharee madyapan ebong kompokkhe ekti bibah bohirbhuto somporko, taar teebro birodhider taake akraman korar jonno moukhik ebong rajnaitik ostro sarbaraha korechilo. anyanno besh koyekjon rashtrapati prarthio byaktigato samasya baa byarthotar jonno samalochito hoyechilen. samasta kekkonen birodhi samalochana sotteo, taanr rajnaitik doll, krishakra, prothombar rashtrapati nirbachoner sarasari porjaye sangsadiya nirbachoner moto bhoter ekoi ongsho petey sofol hoyechilo. rashtrapati pasikivi prokashye raji hononi baa rashtrapati padaprarthi hotey aswikar korenni. onek rajnitibid jodi taanke taa korar ahoban zanan, taa holey tini nijeke arow koyek bochor rashtrapati hisabe dayitto palon korte noitikbhabe badhyo boley money korechilen. electoral colleger prothom ebong dwitiya balloter modhye, ekjon jatiya joter sadasya taake phone korey, taake jatiya joat, suidish pipples party ebong pipples party (liberal)-err ondhokar-ghodar rashtrapati prarthi hotey boley. prothome, pasikivi prottakhyan korey, jaar jonno samajik ganotantrobadi ebong beshirbhag krishibider samarthan prayojan hoy. tarpor tini taanr abosthanke songjoto korechilen, kintu bhul korey biswas korechilen jey tini guruttopurno tritiya ballote egiye yawar jonno jotheshto samajik ganotantrik, krishibhittik ebong communist ebong jonogoner ganotantrik bhotarder bhot paben. etty ghateni, kaaron samasta krishi nirbachakra kekonener proti onugoto chhilen, samasta samajik ganotantrik nirbachakra feggerholmer proti onugoto chhilen ebong communist oo jonogoner ganotantrik nirbachakra feggerholm oo kekonenke tritiya ballote egiye jete sahayata korar jonno taader bhot bhag korey niyechilen. tiktovabe birokto ebong hotash rashtrapati pasikivi doo 'deane porey prokashye taar shesh muhurter rashtrapati poder prarthita aswikar korechilen. kekonen sombhabbo sangkirnatama sankhyagarishthata niye rashtrapati nirbachito hoyechilen, 149-err biporite 151 bhot. koyek doshok dhorey, keey taanr pokkhe siddhantamulak bhot diyechen taa niye finlander rajnitibid ebong kichhu finlander sangbadikder modhye bitorko hoyeche (udahoronsorup, dekhun, laurie hataza, "ekti punargathan finland" (jallinrekentava suomi), pgs. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg ebong anyanno., aids., finish itihas/sumen itihasbider ekti chhoto daitya pikujatilin. helsinki soy, 2003; penty virankoski, finland/suomen historia itihas, khondo 1 oo 2. helsinki finnish sahitya samiti (suomalaisen kirzalisuden seura), 2009, pri. 954; tuomo polvinen, jeey.keey. pasikivi-ekjon rashtranaiker jeebonkormo (valtiomihen elamanti), khondo 5:1948-1956. helsinki oyoy, 2003).

1956nee rashtrapramukhni chuntani finlandma 1956maan beey tabakkani rashtrapatini chuntanio yojai hatee. 16 aneey 17 januaryna roj jaaher chuntani mandalma chuntayela pramukhpadnaa matdaaro. teo badalaama pramukh tareeke chuntaya. parinam uro kekonen maate jeet hatee, jemane carle-august faggerholm parr trija matpatrak parr jeet melvee hatee. lokpreey mutt maate matdaan 73.4% hatoo. 1950naa daaykaani sharuaatthi kekkonen juho kustee pasikivina vaarasdaar hataa, jeey gathbandhan banaavvaa, sodabaji, jokham levaa aneey pravartmaan raajkeey pavannaa sandarbhma temnee yukteeo, kreeyao aneey retarikne samaayojit karvaa maate temnee nondhpaatra raajkeey kushalataane dhyanma rakheene spasht hataa. beejee taraf, temnaa vartan aneey raajkeey yukteeo, jemaa tikshna bhashana bhashano aneey lakhaano, raajkeey virodhioni nabalaiono upyog aneey soviyet netaao saathena najiknaa sambandho saamel chhe, temnee ghanaa raajkeey virodheeo dwara gambhir teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. kekonennu rangeen khangi jeevan, jemaa prasangopaat bhaare daaru pivo aneey ochhama ochhu aek lagnettar sambandhno samaavesh thaay chhe, tenaa ugra virodhione tenaa parr humalo karvaa maate maukheek aneey raajkeey shastro pann puuraa paadya hataa. anya ketlaak pramukhpadnaa umedvaaroni pann vyaktigat muddaao athavaa nishfaltao maate teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. tamaam kekonen veerodhi tikaao chhataa, temno raajkeey paksh, khedoot, pratham vakhat rashtrapatini chuntaninaa seedha tabakkama matno samaan hisso melavaamaa safal rahyo hato. rashtrapati pasikivi naa too jaaherma sammat thayaa hataa aneey naa too rashtrapati padnaa umedvaar banvaano incar karyo hato. jooe ghanaa raajkaaranioae temne aama karvaa maate vinanti curry hoya too teo potaane vadhu beey varsh maate rashtrapati tareeke sevaa aapvaa maate naiteek reete bandhaayela maantaa hataa. chuntani mandalni pratham aneey beejee matpatro vachche, aek raashtriy gathbandhankaare temne phone kareene raashtriy gathbandhankaro, swedish pipples party aneey pipples party (udaarvaadio) naa rashtrapati padnaa umedvaar banvaa maate kahyoo hatoo. sharuaatmaa, pasikivi ghataado karyo, jemaa saamaajik lokshahivadio aneey motabhagna krushividonaa samarthanni jaroor hatee. pachhi temane potaani sthiteene niyantrit curry, parantu bhulthi maantaa hataa keey teo nirnayak trija matpatramaa aagad vadhvaa maate purtaa saamaajik lokshaahi, krushee aneey saamyavaadi aneey lokonaa lokshaahi matdaaronaa mutt melavashe. aavu naa thayu, kaaran keey tamaam krushee matdaaro kekonen pratye vafaadaar rahyaa, tamaam saamaajik lokshaahi matdaaro faggerholm pratye vafaadaar rahyaa, aneey saamyavaadi aneey lokonaa lokshaahi matdaaroae faggerholm aneey kekonenne trija matpatramaa aagad vadhvaamaa madad karvaa maate temnaa mutt vibhajit karyaa. kadvaa naraj aneey nirash rashtrapati pasikivi beey divas pachhi jaaherma temnee chhelli ghadiae rashtrapatini umedvarino incar karyo hato. kekonen sauthee saankadi shakya bahumatee saathe rashtrapati tareeke chuntaya hataa, jeey 149 thee 151 mutt hataa. ghanaa daaykaao sudhee, temnaa maate nirnayak mutt kone aapyo teey prashna parr finish rajkarnio aneey ketlaak finish patrakaaro vachche charcha thaee chhe (juo, udaaharan tareeke, lorii hataja, "aek punnirman finland" (jallinarekentava suomi), pgs. 825-827,829-831 seppo zetterberg aneey anyamaa., aeda., finnish itihas/sumen itihaaskaarni aek naanee vishaal. helsinki vasoy, 2003; penty virankoski, aee histree off finland/suomen hysteria, volume 1 & 2. helsinki finish literature sosayati (suomalaisen kirjaluden seura), 2009, prushth. 954; tuomo polvinen, jeey.keey. pasikivi-aek raajnetaa jeevan kaary (valtiomihen elamanti), volume 5:1948-1956. helsinki vasoy, 2003).

1956 kaa finish rashtrapati chunaav 1956 mein finland mein dou charanon mein rashtrapati chunaav hue they. 16 aur 17 janwari koo ack nirvaachak mandal key liye janata dwara nirvaachit rashtrapati nirvaachak. unhone rashtrapati koo chunaa. parinam uro kekonen key liye ack jeet thee, jinhone carle-august faggerholm parr teesare matpatra parr jeet hassil kii. lokpriya vote key liye matdan 73.4% thaa. 1950 key dashak kii shuruat seey kekonen juho kusti pasikivi key uttaradhikari they, joe gathbandhan banaane, saudebaji, jokhim lene aur prachalit raajneetik havaa key sambandh mein apani ranneeti, karyon aur bayanbaji koo samaayojit karane key liye unake ullekhaniya raajneetik kaushal koo dekhate hue spasht they. doosari or, unake kaee raajneetik virodhiyon ney unake vyavhaar aur raajneetik ranneetiyon kii, jisamen teekhe bhasha vaale bhaashan aur lekhan, raajneetik virodhiyon kii kamjoriyon kaa upayog aur soviyat netaaon key saath ghanishth sambandhon kii, kadee aalochana kii. kekonen kaa rangeen niji jeevan, jisamen kabhi-kabhaar bhaari sharaab peena aur cumm seey cumm ack vivaahetar sambandh shamil thaa, ney bhee unake ugra virodhiyon koo una parr hamla karane key liye maukhik aur raajneetik hathiyar pradaan kiye. kaee anya rashtrapati ummidvaaron kii bhee vyaktigat muddon yaa viphaltaon key liye aalochana kii gaee thee. sabhi kekkonen virodhi aalochanaon key bavjood, unaki raajneetik party, krishijeeviyon ney pahali baar rashtrapati chunaav key pratyaksh charan mein sansadiya chunaavon key samaan vote praapt karane mein safalata hassil kii. rashtrapati pasikivi ney naa tou saarvajanik roop seey sahamati vyakt kii thee aur naa hii rashtrapati pada key ummidwar banane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. aggar kaee raajnetaon ney unase aisaa karane kaa aagrah kiya tou way khud koo kuchh aur varshon key liye rashtrapati key roop mein seva karane key liye naitik roop seey baadhya maanate they. electoral college key pahale aur dusare matpatron key beach, ack rashtriya gathbandhankarta ney unhein phone kiya, unhein rashtriya gathbandhan, swedish peepuls party aur peepuls party (liberal) key rashtrapati pada key ummidwar banane key liye kahaa. sabse pahale, pasikivi ney girawat laaee, jisake liye samajik loktantravadiyon aur adhikansh krishijeeviyon key samarthan kii aavashyakta thee. phir unhone apani sthiti koo niyantrit kiya, lekin galati seey vishvaas kiya kii unhein mahatvapurna teesare matpatra mein aage badhane key liye paryaapt samajik loktaantrik, krishi pradhaan aur communist aur logon key loktaantrik matdaataon key vote praapt honge. aisaa naheen huaa, kyonki sabhi krishi matadaata kekonen key prati wafadar rahey, sabhi samajik loktaantrik matadaata faggerholm key prati wafadar rahey, aur communist aur logon key loktaantrik matdaataon ney faggerholm aur kekonen koo teesare matpatra mein aage badhane mein madad karane key liye apane vote vibhajit kiye. kadve roop seey naraj aur nirash rashtrapati pasikivi ney dou dinn baad saarvajanik roop seey apani antim samay kii rashtrapati pada kii ummidwari seey incar curr diyaa. kekonen koo sabse cumm sambhav bahumat key saath rashtrapati chunaa gayaa thaa, joe kii 149 key liye 151 mutt they. kaee dashakon seey, unake liye nirnaayak vote kise diyaa gayaa, iss sawal parr finish raajnetaon aur kuchh finish patrakaron key beach bahas hoe rahee haye (udaaharan key liye, dekhein, laurie hataja, "ack punarnirmaan finland" (jalalinarekentava suomi), pee. jee. aiss.. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg aur anya mein., aid., finish itihas/sumen itihaaskaar kaa ack chhota saa vishalkay pikujatilain. helsinkih vsoy, 2003; penty virrankosky, aeye histry off finland/suomen histry, khand 1 aur 2. helsinkih finish literature society (suomalaisen kirzaluden seura), 2009, prishth. 954; tuomo polvinen, jey.key. pasikivi-ack rajneta kaa jeevan kaary (valtiomihen alamantyo), khand 5:1948-1956. helsinkih doubleusoy, 2003).

1956rahra finnish adhyakshiya chunawane finlandnalli 1956ralli eradu hantada adhyakshiya chunavanegalu nadedavu. janavari 16 mattu 17randu saarvajanika chunaayita adhyakshiya matadaararu electoral kaalejge aaykeyaadaru. avaru adhyaksharannu ayke maadidaru. idara phalitaamshavu curl-august foggerholm viruddha moorane matapatradalli gedda urho kekonenge vijayavagittu. janapriya matakke matadaanavu 73.4% aagittu. kekonen avaru 1950rahra dashakada aarambhadindalu juho kusti pasikiviya uttaradhikariyagiddaru, avara gamanarha rajakiya kaushalyagalannu okkootagalannu nirmisuvudu, chaukashi maaduvudu, apaayavannu tegedukolluvudu mattu chaaltiyalliruva rajakiya gaalige sambandhisidante avara tantragalu, kramagalu mattu vakchaturyavannu sarihondisuvudu. mattondede, tikshnavaada bhashanagalu mattu barahagalu, rajakiya virodhigala daurbalyagala balake mattu soviyat naayakarondigina nikata sambandhagalu seridante avara nadavalike mattu rajakiya tantragalannu avara halavaaru rajakiya virodhigalu tivravagi tikisidaru. kekonen avara varnaranjita khasagi jeevana, sandarbhikavagi atiyaada madyapana mattu kanishta ondu vivaahetara sambandha seridante, avara viruddha daali maadalu avara ugra virodhigalige moukhika mattu rajakiya shastrastragalannu odagisitu. halavaaru itara adhyakshiya abhyarthigalannu vaiyaktika samasyegalu athawa vaiphalyagaligaagi tikisalaayitu. ellah kekonen virodhi tikegala horataagiyoo, avara rajakiya pakshavaada krushikaraada avaru modala baarige samsadeeya chunavanegala nera hantadalli adhyakshiya chunavanegalalli adhe pramanada matavannu padeyuvalli yashasviyaadaru. adhyaksha pasikivi avaru adhyakshiya abhyarthiyagalu saarvajanikavaagi oppikondiralilla athawa nirakarisiyu iralilla. aneka raajakaaranigalu avarannu haage maaduvante ottayisidare, innoo wanderadu varshagala kaala adhyaksharaagi seve sallisalu avaru naitikavagi baddharaagiddaarendu pariganisidaru. electoral collegina modala mattu eradane matapatragala naduve, ondu rashtriya okkootadavanu avanige phone maadi, rashtriya okkootada, sweedish peeples party mattu peeples party (liberals) yaya kappu-kudure adhyakshiya abhyarthiyagalu kelikondanu. modalige, pasikivi nirakarisitu, idakke samajika prajaprabhutvavadigalu mattu hecchina krishikaru bembalavannu niidabeekaayitu. nantara avaru tamma sthaanavannu mitagolisidaru, aadare nirnayaka moorane matapatrakke munnadeyalu avaru saakashtu samajika prajaprabhutva, krishi mattu communist mattu janara prajaprabhutvada matadaarara matagalannu padeyuttaare endu tappagi nambiddaru. idu sambhavisalilla, ekendare ellah krishi matadaararu kekonenge nishtaraagiddaru, ellah samajika prajaprabhutva matadaararu feggerhomege nishtaraagiddaru, mattu communist mattu janara prajaprabhutva matadaararu tamma matagalannu vibhajisi feggerhome mattu kekonen moorane matapatrakke munnadesalu sahaaya maadidaru. tivravagi kopagonda mattu nirashegonda adhyaksha pasikivi eradu dinagala nantara tamma koneya nimishada adhyakshiya umeduvaarikeyannu saarvajanikavaagi nirakarisidaru. kekonen avaru saadhyavaadashtu kadime bahumatadondige adhyaksharaagi aaykeyaadaru, avarige yaaru nirnayaka matavannu chalaayisidaru emba prashneyu halavaaru dasakagalinda finnish raajakaaranigalu mattu kelavu finnish patrakartaralli charchege olagaagide (udaaharanege, nodi, lori hataja, "punarnirmana finland" (jallinkrentava suyomi), pii. zii. ess. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg mattu itararalli., eds., finnish itihaasada ondu sanna daitya/sumen itihaasakaara pikkujattilainen. helsinki vsoy, 2003; penty virrankosky, aa history off finland/sumen historia, samputagalu 1 & 2. helsinki finnish literature society (sumalaisen kirjallisuden sera), 2009, pue. 954; tumo polvinane, zhe.keey. pasikivi-obba rajaneetignana jeevana kruti (valtiomehen elamanti), samputa 5:1948-1956. helsinki vsoy, 2003).

1956 finnish president thiranjeduppu 1956ll finlandil rund ghattangalilayi president thiranjeduppu nadannu. januvari 16,17 theeyathikalil pothujanangal oru electoral kolejilekku president vottarmaare thiranjedutthu. avar presidentine thiranjedutthu. kaal-august faagarhominethiraaya moonnaam baalattil vijayicha urho kekkonante vijayamayirunnu phalam. janakeeya vottinu 73.4% aayirunnu polling. sakhyangal kettippadukkuka, vilapeshuka, risk edukkuka, nilavilulla rashtreeya kaattinte kaaryatthil thante thanthrangal, pravartthanangal, vaachaadopangal enniva krameekarikkuka ennivayil sradheyamaaya rashtreeya kazhivukal kanakkiledukkumbol 1950kalude thudakkam muthal kekkonan juho kusthi paasikiviyude anantharaavakaashiyaayirunnu. maruvashathu, moorchayulla bhaashayilulla prasamgangalum rachanakalum, rashtreeya athiraalikalude balaheenathakalude upayogam, soviyatt nethaakkalumaayulla adutha bandham ennivayulppede addehathinte perumattavum rashtreeya thanthrangalum addehathinte niravadhi rashtreeya athiraalikal rookshamaayi vimarshichu. idaykkide amita madyapaanavum kuranjathu oru vivaahethara bandhavum ulppede kekkonante varnnabhamaaya swakaarya jeevitam addehathe akramikkaan addehathinte kadutha athiraalikalkku vaakkaalullathum raashtreeyavumaaya aayudangal nalki. mattu niravadhi president sthaanaarthikalum vyakthiparamaaya prashnangalko paraajayangalko vimarsikkappettu. kekkonan virudhamaaya ellah vimarsanangalum undaayirunnittum, addehathinte rashtreeya partyaya kaarshikar paarlamentari thiranjeduppilennapole rashtrapathy thiranjeduppinte nerittulla ghattathil athe vottu nedunnathil aadyamaayi vijayichu. president paasikivi president sthaanaarthiyaakaan parasyamaayi sammathikkukayo nirasikkukayo cheythitilla. pala raashtreeyakkaarum thannodu angane cheyyaan aavasyappettenkil kurachu varshangal koodi presidentaayi pravartthikkaan addeham dhaarmmikamaayi baadhyasthanaanennu karuthi. electoral kolejinte onnum randum baalattukalkkidayil, oru deseeya sakhyakakshi addehathe vilichu deseeya sakhyakakshikal, sweedish peeples party, peeples party (liberalukal) ennivayude irunda kuthira president sthaanaarthiyaakaan aavasyappettu. thudakkathil, paasikivi nirasikkapettu, soshyal demokraattukaludeyum mikka kaarshikarudeyum pinthuna aavashyamaayirunnu. thudarnnu addeham thante nilapad mithamakki, ennaal nirnayakamaaya moonnaamathe baalattilekk munneraan mathiyaya saamoohika janaadhipathya, kaarshika, communist, janangalude janaadhipathya vottarmaarude vottukal labhikkumenn thettidharichu. ellah kaarshika votermaarum kekkonanodu vishwasthatha pularthiyathinaal ithu sambhavichilla, ellah saamoohika janaadhipathya votermaarum fegerhominode vishwasthatha pulartthi, communist, peeples demookratik watermar avarude vottukal vibhajichu feggerhomin kekonan moonnaam baalattilekk munneraan sahayichu. kadutha deshyavum nirashayum thonniya president paasikivi rund divasathinu sesham avasana nimisham president sthaanaarthithvam parasyamaayi nishedhichu. kekkonan saadhyamaaya ettavum cheria bhooripakshathode presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu, 149 nethire 151 vottukal. niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi, aaraan addehathinu nirnnayaka vottu cheythathenna chodyam finnish raashtreeyakkaarum chila finnish pathrapravartthakarum thammil charcha cheyyappedunnu (udaaharanathinu, kaanuka, laurie hataja, "oru punarnirmmaana finland" (jaalenkrakentava sumi), pii. jii. ezz. sepo settarberg muthalaayavayil 825-827,829-831., eds.finnish charithratthile oru cheria bheeman/suman charitrakaaranaaya pikkujaattilainan. helsinghia vsaay, 2003; penti virangosky, eiii histtari oof finland/sumen historiya, vaalyangal 1 & 2. helsinghia finnish littarechar sosaitti (sumalaisen kirjalisyuden sura), 2009, peju. 954; tumo polvinan, jeey.keey. paasikivi-oru raashtrathanthranjante jeevithapravarthanam (valtiomehen elamento), vaalyam 5:1948-1956. helsinghia vsaay, 2003).

1956 saalee jhalelya finlandchya rashtradhyakshapadachya nivadanuka finlandmadhye 1956 madhye done tappyanchya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanuka jhalya. 16 aanee 17 janewari roji sarvajanikaritya nivadoon aalelya rashtrapatipadachya matdaranni eka nirvachak mandalachya nivadisathi matdan kele. tyanni adhyaksh nivadle. tisra matpatrika nikal carl-august feggerholmwar jinkalelya uro kekonencha vijay hota. lokpriy matdanache matdan 73.4% hote. 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun kekkonen juho kusti pasikiviche varasdar hote, kaaran yutee nirman karane, saudebaji karane, jokhim ghene aanee sadhyachya rajkiy rajkiy sandarbhat tyanchi ranniti, krutee aanee vaktrutve samayojit karane yasathiche tyanche ullekhaneey rajkiy kaushalya hote. dusarikade, tikshna bhashane aanee lekhan, rajkiy virodhkanchya kamkuvatpanacha vapar aanee soviet netyanshi jawalche sambandh yasah tyanchya vartanukivar aanee rajkiy davpechanvar tyanchya anek rajkiy virodhakanni tivra teeka kelee. kekkonenche rangiberangi khajgi jeevan, jyat adhunmadhun atee madyapan aanee kiman eka vivahetar sambandh samavisht hote, tyane tyachya tivra virodhakanna tyachyavar hallah karnyasathi shabdik aanee rajkiy shastre dekhil puravali. itar anek rashtrapatipadachya umedvaranvarhi vaiyaktik samasya kinwa apayashabaddal teeka karnyat aalee. serve kekkonenvirodhi teeka hounahi, tyancha rajkiy paksh, shetkari, rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukanchya thet tappyat, sansadiy nivadanukanpramanech matancha titkach vaataa midvanyat prathamach yashasvi jhaala. adhyaksh pasikivi yanni rashtrapatipadache umedvar honyas jahirpane sahmati darshavali navhati kinwa nakarhi deela navhata. anek rajkarnyanni tyanna tase karnyas sangitale tarr aanakhi kahee varshe adhyaksh mhanoon kaam karane heey naitikdrushtya tyanche kartavya asalyache tyanni manale. electoral collegechya pahilya aanee aanee matpatrikedarmyan, eka rashtriy yutikartyane tyala phone keela aanee tyala rashtriy yutee, swedish peaples party aanee peaples party (liberal) chey adhyakshapadache gadad-ghoda umedvar honyas sangitale. suruvatila, pasikivine nakar deela, jyasathi samajik lokshahivadi aanee bahutek krishi kamgaranchya pathimbyachi aavashyakta hotee. tyanantar tyanni aapale sthan sanyamit kele, parantu tyanna samajik lokshahi, krishi aanee samyavadi aanee lokanchya lokshahi matdaranchi matey nirnayak yanna matpatrikesathi pureshi midatil assa chukun vishvas hota. heey ghadale nahee, kaaran serve krishi matdar kekkonenla eknishth rahile, serve samajik lokshahi matdar feggerholmla eknishth rahile aanee communist aanee lokanchya lokshahi matdaranni feggerholm aanee kekonen yanna yanna matpatrikesathi pudhe jaanyas madat karnyasathi tyanchi matey vibhagali. tivra santapt aanee nirash jhalele adhyaksh pasikivi yanni done divasannantar shevatchya kshani tyanchi rashtrapatipadachi umedvari jahirpane nakarli. kekkonen heey sarvat qamee shakya bahumatasah, 149 viruddha 151 matanni adhyaksh mhanoon nivadoon aale. anek dashakanpasun, tyanna nirnayak mutt konee dile yaa prashnavar finnish rajkarani aanee kahee finnish patrakaranmadhye vadavivad suru aahe (udaharanarth, laurie hataja, "eka punarrachana finland" (jallenrakentava suomi), pii. jee. ess. pahaa. 825-827,829-831 seppo zetterberg aanee itaranmadhye., edd., finnish itihasacha eka chhota rakshas/sumen itihaskar pikujatilayanen. helsinkih vsoy, 2003; penty virrankosky, aaa histree auph finland/sumen histree, khand 1 aanee 2. helsinkih finish literature society (sumalaisen kirjalisuden seura), 2009, prushth. 954; tuomo polvinen, jeey.keey. pasikivi-eka mutsaddiche jeevan karya (valtiomihen elamantyo), khand 5:1948-1956. helsinkih doubleusoy, 2003).

1956 finlandko rashtrapati chunawa sann 1956 maa finlandma dui charanko rashtrapati chunawa bhaeko thiyo. 16 rar 17 janawarima janatale nirvachak mandalma rashtrapati nirvachakharu nirvachit gare. uniharule rashtrapati nirvachit gare. parinam uro kekonenko lagi jiit thiyo, jasle carle-august fegarholmlai tesro matapatrama jityo. lokpriya matka lagi matadan 73.4% thiyo. kekkonen 1950 ko dashakko surudekhi juho kusti pasikibhiko uttaradhikari thie, unko ullekhaniya rajnitik kaushallai gathabandhan nirman garna, moltol garna, jokhim lyne rar prachalit rajnitik hawako sandarbhama afno ranniti, karya rar bayanbaji samayojan garna diieko thiyo. arkatira, unko wyawahar rar rajnitik rananitiharu, jasma tikho bhashaka bhashan rar lekhanharu, rajnitik wirodhiharuko kamajoriharuko upayog, rar sobhiyat netaharusangko ghanishtha sambandha, unka dherai rajnitik virodhiharule kada alochana gare. kekkonenko rangin niji jiwan, kahilekaahin bhari madyapan rar kamtima euta vivahetar sambandha sahit, unko ugra virodhiharulai unlai akraman garna maukhik rar rajnitik hatiyarharu pani pradan गऱ्यो।. anya dherai rashtrapati ummedwarharulai pani wyaktigat mudda wa asafaltaka lagi alochana garieko thiyo. sabai kekkonen virodhi alochanaka bawajud, unko rajnitik dall, kisanharu, pahilo patak rashtrapati chunawako pratyaksha charanma sansadiya chunawako jastai matko saman hissa prapta garna safal bhae. rashtrapati pasikibhi naha tata sarvajanik rupma sahamat bhaeka thie naha tata rashtrapati ummedwar banna aswikar gareka thie. yadi dherai rajnitigyaharule unlai tyaso garna agraha gare bhane unle afulai thap kehi warshasamma rashtrapatiko rupma sewa garna naitik rupma badhya mane. electoral collegeko pahilo rar dosro matapatrako bichma, ekjana rashtriya gathabandhankartale unlai fone gare, unlai rashtriya gathabandhan, swidis pipuls party rar pipuls party (liberal) ko callo-ghoda rashtrapati ummedwar banna agraha gare. suruma, pasikibhile aswikar gare, samajik prajatantrawadiharu rar adhikansh krishiharuko samarthanko awashyakta thiyo. tyasapachhi unle afno sthiti madhyam gare, tara galtile vishwas gare kii unle mahatwapurna tesro matapatrama agadi badhna paryapta samajik loktantrik, krishi rar communist rar janatako loktantrik matadataharuko mutt prapta garnechan. yo bhaena, kinki sabai krishi nirvachakharu kekkonenprati wafadar rahe, sabai samajik loktantrik nirvachakharu fegarholmprati wafadar rahe, rar communist rar janatako loktantrik nirvachakharule feggerholm rar kekkonenlai tesro matapatrama agadi badhna maddat garna afno mutt vibhajan gare. katu rupma risaeka rar nirash rashtrapati pasikibhile dui dinpachhi afno antim-minetko rashtrapati ummedwaratwalai sarvajanik rupma aswikar gare. kekkonen sabaibhanda sankuchit sambhawit bahumatka sath rashtrapati nirvachit bhae, 149 ko viruddhama 151 mataharu. dherai dashakdekhi, unlai nirnayak mutt kasale diyo bhanne prashna finis rajnitigyaharu rar kehi finis patrakarharu (hernuhos, udaharanka lagi, lauri hataja, "ek punarnirman finland" (jallenrakentawa suomi), pgs. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg att alma., addus., finis itihasko euta sano vishal/sumena itihaskar pikujatilainena. helsinkih wsoya, 2003; penty virankosky, finland/sumena historiako itihas, khanda 1 rar 2. helsinkih finis literature society (sumlaisen kirajalisuden seura), 2009, pri. 954; tuomo polbhinena, jey.key. pasikiwi-ek rajnitigyako jiwan karya (waltiomihen alamantyo), khanda 5:1948-1956. helsinkih wsoya, 2003).

1956: finnish rastrapati nirbachana phinalyandare 1956 masihare dui parjyaja rastrapati nirbachana anusthita hoithila. januari 16 ebong 17 tarikhare janasadharana eka electoral kalejaku rastrapati nirbachanakareenku nirbachita karithile. semane rastrapatinku nirbachita karithile. phalaphalati urho kekonenanka paain eka bijai thila, jie carle-august fegaraholmanka upare truteeja balatare jitithile. lokpriya bhota paain matadana thila 73.4%. 1950 dashkar prarambharu kekkonena juho kusti pasikivinka uttaradhikari thile, taanka ullekhaneeah rajanaitika dakhyataku drustire rakhi, ment nirmana, darr kashakashi, bipada-grahan ebong prachlita rajanaitika pabana sambandhare tankara ranneeti, karjya ebong baktabyaku samajojita kariba paain. anyapakhyare, tikhna bhasha bisista bhashana ebong lekha, rajanaitika birodheenka durbalata ebong barang sobhieta netanka sahita ghanistha samparka sameth tankara acharan ebong rajanaitika ranneeti taanka aneka rajanaitika birodheenka dwara gurutara samalochita hoithila. kekkonenanka rangeena byaktigata zeeban, jeunthire belebele atyadhika madyapana ebong atikamre gotie baibahika samparka madhya antarbhukta, taanka ugra birodheemananku taanka upare aakraman kariba paain moukhika ebong rajanaitika astrashastra pradan karithila . anya aneka rastrapati prarthi madhya byaktigata samasya kimba biphalata paain samalochita hoithile. samasta kekkonena birodhi samalochana satwe, taanka rajanaitika dala, krushakamane, pratham thara paain rastrapati nirbachanara sidhasalakha parjyajare bhot rahr samaana ansha paibare saphala hoithile. rastrapati pasikivi rastrapati prarthi hebaku sarbasadharanare raaji hoinathile kimba pratyakhyana karinathile. jadi aneka rajneta tanku epari karibaku anurodha karanti, tebe shay nijaku aau kichhi barsha paain rastrapati bhabare karjya karibaku naitika bhabare badhya bolly bibechana karithile. electoral colleger pratham ebong dwiteeja bhot madhyare, jane jatiah mentkari tanku phone curry jatiah ment, swiden pipuls party ebong pipuls party (liberal) rahr eka dark-hars rastrapati prarthi hebaku kahithile. prathame, pasikivi pratyakhyana karithile, jaahaa paain samajika ganatantrabadee ebong adhikansha krushijeebeenka samarthan aabasyaka thila. ehapare shay nijara sthitiku sanjata karithile, kintu bhulare biswasa karithile je shay gurutwapurna truteeja matadanaku agrasara heba paain parjyapta samajika ganatantrika, krushibhittika ebong communist ebong lock ganatantrika bhotaranka bhot paibe. ehaa hoiparila naahin, kaaran samasta krushi nirbachakamandali kekkonenanka prati biswasta rahithile, samasta samajika ganatantrika nirbachakamandali fegaraholmanka prati biswasta rahithile, ebong communist ebong lock ganatantrika nirbachakamandali feggerholm ebong kekkonenanku truteeja matadanare aagaku badhibare sahajya kariba paain semananka bhot bunton karithile. tikta bhabare birakta ebong nirash rastrapati pasikivi dui deane parey shesh muhoorttare rastrapati prartheetwaku sarbasadharanare asweekara karithile. kekkonena sabutharu comm sambhabya sankhyagarishthata sahita rastrapati nirbachita hoithile, jahanka sapakhyare thila thila, ebong aneka dashandhi dhari, taanka paain kie nirnajaka bhot deichhanti, ehi prashna upare finnish rajneta ebong kichhi finnish sambadikanka madhyare bitarka heuchhi (udaharana swaroopa, dekhantu, lori hataja, "eka punahnirmana finland" (jallenrakentava suomi), pii. jii. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg ebong anya manankare., aids., finnish itihasara eka chhot daitya/sumen aitihasika picujattilinen . helasinkih woe, 2003; penty viranakosky, aii histry off finland/sumen historia, khanda 1 ebong 2. helasinkih finnish literature society (sumalaisena kyrzalisuden seura), 2009, pru. 954; tuomo polavinena, jay.kee. pasikivi-jane rajanetanka zeeban karjya (vultiomihen elamantio), khanda 5:1948-1956. helasinkih woe, 2003).

1956 deeaan rashtarpati chonhan finland witch doou padavan witch rashtarpati chonhan 1956 witch hoiaan sunn. 16 atey 17 janwari noon janata neey ikk chonh kaalaj laee rashtarpati dey chonkaran noon chunhiaa. unhan neey badle witch rashtarpati dee chonh keeti. natija urho kekonen dee jitt see, jiss neey kaaral-august feggerholm utte tiji bellet utte jitt prapat keeti. lock vott laee voting 73.4% see. kekonen 1950 dey dahake dey arambh toon juho kusti pasikivi daa vaaras see, joe maujuda rajneetik havaa dey sambandh witch gathjod banaun, saudebazi curran, jokham lainn atey aapniaan rannitiaan, kaarjan atey bianbazi noon anukool banaun laee uss dey mahattavpuran rajneetik hunran noon vekhda haii. dooje paase, uss dey kaee rajneetak virodhiaan neey uss dey vivhaar atey rajneetik chaalan, jiss witch tikkhe bhashnan atey likhtan, rajneetik virodhiaan deeaan kamzoriaan dee varton atey soviat netavan naal nazdiki sabandhan dee sakhat alochna keeti see. kekonen dee rangeen nijji zindagi, jiss witch kadey-kadayin bahut ziaada sharab peena atey ghatto-ghatt ikk vivaheet sabndh shamal hunn, neey uss utte hamla curran laee aapne bhiaanak virodhiaan noon zubani atey rajneetik hathiaar vee pardan keete. kaee horr rashtarpati ahude dey umidwar vee nijji muddiaan jaan asafaltavan laee alochna keete gaye sunn. kekonen virodhi alochna dey bavjood, uss dee rajneetak party, khetibadi, pahili vaar rashtarpati chonhan dey siddhe padaa witch vott daa ona hii hissa prapat curran witch safal rahee jinna sansadi chonhan witch hoiaa see. rashtarpati pasikivi neey naa taan jantak taur 'teey sehmati pragtai see atey naa hii rashtarpati ahude dey umidwar bannan toon inkaar qarr ditta see. jey bahut saare siaasatdanan neey unhan noon ajiha curran dee apeel keeti taan uh aapne aap noon kujh horr saalan laee rashtarpati vajon seva curran laee naitik taur 'teey paband mannade sunn. electoral kaalaj dey pahile atey dooje bellet dey vichkaar, ikk rashtari gathjod neey uss noon phone keeta, uss noon rashtari gathjod, swedish peeples party atey peeples party (libral) daa ikk kaale ghode vaala rashtarpati daa umidwar bannan laee kiha. sabh toon pahilan, pasikivi neey inkaar qarr ditta, jiss laee smajik loktantarvadiaan atey ziaadaatar khetibadi dey samarthan dee zaroorat see. firr unhan neey aapni sathiti noon sanjam ditta, parr galti naal vishwas keeta kii uh mahattavpuran tiji bellet witch agge vadhan laee kaafi smajik jamhuri, khetibadi atey communist atey lokan dey jamhuri chonkaran deeaan votan prapat karange. ajiha naheen hoiaa, kiunki saare khetibadi votar kekonen pratee vafadar rahey, saare smajik jamhuri votar feggerholm pratee vafadar rahey, atey communist atey lokan dey jamhuri votar feggerholm atey kekonen noon tiji bellet witch agge vadhan witch madad curran laee aapniaan votan vandade rahey. bahut naraz atey nirash rashtarpati pasikivi neey doou dinan baad jantak taur 'teey aapni aakhri mint dee rashtarpati ahude dee umidwari toon inkaar qarr ditta. kekonen noon sabh toon sambhav bahumat naal rashtarpati chunhiaa giaa see, jiss witch sambhav bahumat, 149 dey mukabale 151 vott sunn. kaee dahakiaan toon, iss swal utte bahis keeti jaa rahee haii kii uss noon nirnayak vott kiss neey ditti, finish siaasatdanan atey kujh finish pattarkaran witch (dekho, udaharan vajon, lauri hataja, "ikk punar nirman finland" (jallinerkentava suomi), pee. jee. aiss. 825-827,829-831 sappo zetterberg atey horaan witch., ads., finny itihaas daa ikk chhota jiha daint/suoman itihaskar picujetilinen. helsinki dablioo. soye, 2003; painti virankosky, aii history aaf finland/sumen historia, khand 1 atey 2. helsinki finnis literature suciety (sumalaisena kirjalisuden seura), 2009, pej. 954; tuomo polvinan, jey.keey. pasikivi-ikk rajneta daa jeevan kaaraj (valtiomihen alamentio), valiam 5:1948-1956. helsinki dablioo. soye, 2003).

1956 tame varshe finnish-deshasya raashtrapati-nirvaachanam. 1956 tame varshe finlyaand-deshe dwistareeya-raashtrapati-nirvaachanam jaatam. janavaree 16,17 cha dineshu nirvaachak-mahaavidyaalayaaya raashtrapati-nirvaachakaan janataa nirvaachat. te kramashah raashtrapatim nirvaachanti sma. parinaamatah urho kekkonen ityasya vijayah abhavat, yah carl-august fegarhom ityasya upari truteeya-matapatrake vijayee abhavat. lokapriy-matasya krute matadanm 73.4% aasit. kekkonen 1950 tamadashakasy arambhat eva jooho kusti paasikivee ityasya uttaraadhikaari aasit, tasya ullekhaneeyam raajanaitik-kaushalam, sanghatanam nirmaatum, krayavikrayaartham, jokhima-grahanartham, prachalitasya raajanaitik-vaayupravaahasya vishaye swasya tantram, kaaryam, vaakchaaturyam cha samayojanartham cha aasit. aparam, teekshnabhaashaayuktah bhaashanaah, lekhanani, raajanaitik-virodhinaam durbalatanam upayogah, soviyat-netrubhihi saha nikat-sambandhah cha ityadini tasya vartanaah, raajanaitik-tantraani cha tasya anekeshaam raajanaitik-virodhakaih teevratayaa ninditaah abhavan. kekkonen ityasya varnaranjitam vyaktigatajeevanam, yadaa kadaa atyadhikam madyapanam, nyunatinyoonam ekam vivaahetar-vyavahaaram cha, tasya ugra-virodhinah api tasya upari akramanam kartum maukhikam rajanaitikam cha shastraani pradadat. anye aneke raashtrapati-abhyarthinah api vyaktigata-vishayanam athavaa asaphalataayaah krute ninditaah abhavan. kekkonen-virodhee-alochanaha sarvaasu satsu api tasya raajanaitikadalah krushakaah prathamavaaram raashtrapatinirvaachane pratyaksha-charane matasya samaanam bhaagam praaptum saphalah abhavat yathaa samsadeeya-nirvaachane abhavat. rashtrapatihi pasikivi naa saarvajanikaroopena sahamatah aasit, naa cha raashtrapati-abhyarthitvam niraakarot. yadi aneke rajanetaraha tam tadartham prerayanti tarhi saha swasya naitikaroopen adhikaani varshaani yaavat raashtrapati-rupena karyam kartum baadhyah iti manyat. nirvaachak-mahaavidyaalayasya prathama-dwiteeya-matapatrayoho madhye ekaha rashtriya-gathabandhan-pakshah tam durabhashadvara aahvayata, rashtriya-gathabandhan-pakshasya, swedish-peepals-pakshasya, peepals-pakshasya (liberals) cha raashtrapati-abhyarthitvam praaptum cha ayachata. prathame paasikivi-ityasya avamoolyanam abhavat, yasya krute samajika-janatantrikanam, adhikaamshaah krushakaanaam cha samarthanam apekshitam aasit. tatah saha swasthaanam mitavaan, parantu mahattvapoornam truteeyam matapatram praaptum paryaaptam samajika-lokataantrikam, krushipradhaanam, saamyavaadinah, jaann-lokataantrik-nirvaachakaanaam mataan praapsyati iti bhulena vishvasitavaan. etat naa abhavat, yatah sarve krushi-nirwaachakah kekkonen prati nishtaavaan aasan, sarve samajika-lokataantrik-nirwaachakah fegarhom prati nishtaavaan aasan, saamyavaadinah jaann-lokataantrik-nirwaachakah cha fegarhom tathaa kekkonen ityetau truteeya-matapatrake agre gantum swamataan vibhajyanta. teevratayaa kruddhah, niraashah cha rashtrapatihi paasikivee, dinadwayaanantaram antimanimeshe rashtrapatipadasya abhyarthitvam saarvajanikaroopena niraakrutavaan. kekkonen ityeshah rashtrapatihi nyunatamam sadhyamatam praptavan, tasya pakshe 149 mataani, tathaa cha tasya krute nirnayakam matam kah dattavaan iti vishaye aneka-dashakaan yaavat finnish-raajanetrushu, kechan finnish-patrakaareshu cha vaadavivaadah abhavat (udaharanartham, lauree hataja, "e reconstructing finlyaand" (jaalleenraakentavaa suomi), pi. jii. ess. iti pashyatu. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg ityaadishu., eds.finnish-itihasasya/sumen-itihaasajnasya ekaha laghuhu daityah pikujaatilainan. helsinkeeh vsaay, 2003; penty virraankoskee, e histry aaf finlyaand/sumena historia, khandaah 1 & 2. helsinkeeh finnish literature society (sumalaisen kirjaalisuden seyura), 2009, pru. 954; tuomo polvinen, jey.key. paasikivi-ekaha raajaneetidnyasy jeevanakaaryam (valtiomihen elaamaantyo), khandah 5:1948-1956. helsinkih vsaay, 2003).

1956 finnish janathipathi thaerthal 1956 aam aandil finlandil irandu katta janathipathith thaerthalkal nadaipettrana. janavari 16 mattrum 17 aam thaethigalil podhu makkal oru thaerthal kallurikku janathipathith thaerthalkaarargalaith thaerntheduththanar. avarkal janaathipathiyaith thaerntheduththanar. idhan vilaivaaga curl-august fakerhomai vida moontraavathu vaakkucheettil ventra urho keckonen vettri pettraar. makkal vaakkalippukkaana vaakkuppathivu 73.4% aaga irunththathu. keckonen 1950 kalin murpaguthiyil irunthu juho kusthi paasikiviyin vaarisaaga irunthaar, koottani, paeram paesuthal, aabaththu-eduththal mattrum nilavum arasiyal kaattru thodarbaaga thanathu thanthirangal, nadavadikkaikal mattrum sollaatchigalai sariseivatharkaana kurippidatthakka arasiyal thirankalaik kodutthaar. marupuram, avarathu nadaththai mattrum arasiyal thandhiroabaayangkal, koormaiyaana paechchu mattrum ezhuththukkal, arasiyal ethirigalin palaveenangkalaip payanpaduththuthal mattrum soviyath thalaivarkaludanaana nerungiya uravugal aagiyavai avarathu arasiyal ethirigalaal kadumaiyaaga vimarsikkappattana. avvappoathu adhiga madhu arunthuthal mattrum kurainthapatcham oru thirumanaththirku purampaana uravu udpada keckonan vannamayamaana thanipatta vaazhkkai, avarathu kadumaiyaana ethirigalukku vaaimozhi mattrum arasiyal aayuthangkalai avarukku valangkiyathu. pala janathipathi vaetpaalargalum thanipatta pirachchanaikal allathu thoalvigalukkaaga vimarsikkappattanar. anaitthu kekkonanukku ethiraana vimarsanangkalum irunththapoathilum, avarathu arasiyal katchiyaana vivasaayigal, muthal muraiyaaga janathipathi therthalin neradi kattaththil naadaalumandrath thaerthalkalin athae sathaveetha vaakkugalaip peruvathil vettri pettranar. janathipathi paasikavi janathipathi vaetpaalaraaka irukka pagirangkamaaga oppuk kollavoa marukkavoa illai. pala arasiyalvaathigal avarai avvaaru seiya valiyuruththiyirunthaal, innum sila aandugalukku janaathipathiyaaga paniyaattra vaendiya thaarmeegak kadamai avarukku iruppathaaka avar karuthinaar. thaerthal kallooriyin muthal mattrum irandaavathu vaakkucheettukalukku idaiyil, oru thaesiya koottani avarai tholaipaesiyil azhaiththathu, thaesiya koottani, sweedish makkal katchi mattrum makkal katchi (thaaraalavaathikal) aagiyavattrin irunda kudhirai janathipathi vaetpaalaraaka maarumaaru kaettukkondadhu. muthalil, paasikiviyin nilai kurainthathu, idharku samooga jananaayagavaathikal mattrum perumpaalaana vivasaayigalin aatharavu thevaippattathu. pinnar avar thanathu nilaiyai mithappaduththinaar, aanaal mukkiyamaana moontraavathu vaakkucheettukku munnaera poathumaana samooga jananaayaga, vivasaaya mattrum communist mattrum makkal jananaayaga vaakkaalargalin vaakkugalaip peruvaar endru thavaraaga nambinaar. idhu nadakkavillai, aenentraal anaitthu vivasaaya vaakkaalargalum kekkonanukku visuvaasamaaga irunththanar, anaitthu samooga jananaayaga vaakkaalargalum fegerhomku visuvaasamaaga irunththanar, maelum communist mattrum makkal jananaayaga vaakkaalargal thangal vaakkugalaip piriththu fegurehome mattrum keckonen moontraavathu vaakkucheettukku munnaera udhavinar. kadumaiyaana erichchaladainththa mattrum aemaattramadainththa janathipathi paasikavi irandu naatkalukkup piragu thanathu kadaisi nimida janathipathi vaetpaalarai pagirangkamaaga marutthaar. keckonen kurugiya perumbaanmaiyudan janaathipathiyaaga thernthedukkappattaar, avarukku yaar theerkkamaana vaakkugalai aliththaargal endra kaelvi pala thasaapthankalaaka, finnish arasiyalvaathigal mattrum sila finnish paththirikaiyaalarkalidaiyae vivaathikkappattu varukirathu (eduththukkaattaaga, loari hadaja, "oru punaramaippu finlandhu" (jallinragendava soomi), pgs. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg mattrum palar., eds., finnish varalaattrin oru siriya maaperum/suumen varalaattraasiriyar bikujathilinen. helisinghi vsoy, 2003; benty vrangosky, eeyee histari off finlandhu/suumen hystoria, thoguthigal 1 & 2. helisinghi finish literature society (soomalaisan girjallisuyuden seera), 2009, buck. 954; dumo polvinen, jay.kae. paasikavi-oru arasiyalvaathiyin vaazhkkai vaelai (valtiomene elamonti), thoguthi 5:1948-1956. helinki vaas, 2003).

1956 finnish adhyaksha ennikalu 1956loe finlandlo rendu dasala adhyaksha ennikalu jarigaayi. janavari 16 mariyu 17naa ennikala kalaasaalaku ennikaina adhyaksha ennikalanu prajalu ennukunnaaru. vaaru adhyakshudini ennukunnaaru. phalitamgaa curl-august faggerhompy moodava ballet loe gelichina urho kekonen vijayam saadhinchaadu. prajaadarana pondina ootu kosam oating 73.4%. sankiirnaalanu nirminchadam, berasaaraalu cheyadam, pramaadaanni edurkovadam mariyu prastuta raajakeeya vaataavaranaaniki sambandhinchi thana vyuuhaalu, charyalu mariyu vaakchaaturyaanni sardubaatu chesukovadamlo thana mukhyamaina raajakeeya naipunhyaalanu batti 1950la prarambham nundi kekkonen juho kusti pasikivi yokka varasudiga unnaaru. marovaipu, padunaina bhaashalo prasamgaalu, rachanalu, raajakeeya pratyarthula balaheenatalanu upayoginchukovadam, soviet naayakulatoe sannihita sambandhaalato sahaa athani pravartana, raajakeeya vyuuhaalanu athani raajakeeya pratyarthulu teevramgaa vimarsinchaaru. appudappudu vipareetamaina madyapaanam mariyu kaneesam oka vivaahetara sambandham sahaa kekkonen yokka rangurangula vyaktigata jeevitam, atanipai daadi cheyadaaniki athani teevramaina pratyarthulaku moukhika mariyu raajakeeya aayudhalanu kooda andinchindi. aneka itara adhyaksha abhyardhulanu kooda vyaktigata samasyalu ledhaa vaiphalyala kosam vimarsinchaaru. anni kekkonen vyatiraeka vimarsalu unnappatikee, athani raajakeeya party, vyavasaayadaarulu, parliamentary ennikalaloo pratyaksha dasalo adhyaksha ennikalaloo adhe vatanu pondadamlo modatisaari vijayam saadhinchaaru. adhyakshudu pasikivi bahirangamgaa angeekarinchaledu ledhaa adhyaksha abhyardhigaa undataaniki niraakarinchaledu. chaalaa mandhi raajakeeya nayakulu tananu alaa cheyamani korithe, marikonni samvatsaraalu adhyakshudiga panicheyadaaniki athanu naitikamgaa baadhyata vahinchaadani bhaavinchaadu. electoral college yokka modati mariyu rendava ballet madhya, oka jaateeya sankiirnakarta ataniki phone chesi, jaateeya sankeerna, swedish peeples party mariyu peeples party (liberals) yokka cheekati-gurrapu adhyaksha abhyardhigaa maramani koraadu. modata, pasikivi ksheeninchindi, dheeniki saamaajika prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu chaalaa mandhi vyavasaayadaarula maddatu avasaram. appudu athanu thana sthaanaanni mitamgaa nirvahinchaadu, conny keelakamaina moodava balletku munduku saagadaaniki taginanta saamaajika prajaasvaamya, vyavasaya mariyu communist mariyu prajala prajaasvaamya otarla otlanu andukuntaarani porapaatuna nammadu. idhi jaragaledu, endukante anni vyavasaya otarlu kekkonenku vidheyathatho unnaaru, anni saamaajika prajaasvaamya otarlu feggerhomeku vidheyathatho unnaaru, mariyu communist mariyu prajala prajaasvaamya otarlu moodava balletku munduku saagadaaniki feggerhome mariyu kekkonenlaku sahaayapadataaniki vaari otlanu vibhajinchaaru. teevramgaa kopamgaa mariyu niraasaku guraina adhyakshudu pasikivi rendu rojula taruvaata thana chivari nimishamlo adhyaksha abhyardhitvaanni bahirangamgaa khandinchaaru. kekkonen saadhyamainanta takkuva majoritytho, 149 kuu 151 otlatho adhyakshudiga ennikayyaaru. aneka dasabdaluga, finnish raajakeeya nayakulu mariyu kontamandi finnish journalistlalo nirnayaatmaka ootu evaru vaestaaru anae prasna charchinchabadindi (udaaharanaku, lory hataja, "punarnirmaana finland" (jallinkrentava suomi), pgs. 825-827,829-831 seppo jetterberg mariyu itarulalo., eds., finnish charitra/sumen charitrakaarudu yokka oka chinna diggajam. helsinki vsay, 2003; penti virrankoski, eah history off finland/sumen historia, valuemlu 1 & 2. helsinki finnish literature society (suomalisen kirjallisuden seura), 2009, pg. 954; tumo polvinane, zhe.keey. pasikivi-oka raajaneetignudi jeevita pani (valtiomehen elamantyo), valume 5:1948-1956. helsinki vsay, 2003).

1956 kay funn lend kay sadarati intekhabat funn lend mein 1956 mein duu marahil mein sadarati intekhabat hoay. 16 aur 17 januri kuu awaam nay electoral college kay liye sadarati voters kuu muntakhib kiyaa. inhon nay badlay mein sadr kaa intekhaab kiyaa. natijah aroo keeknan kii jeeth thee jiss nay teesre bellet mein carle aggist faggerholm kuu shakast dee. maqbool woat kay liye voting 73.4% thee. kekonan 1950 kii dahayi kay awail say johoo kosti pascuee kay waaris thay juu kahh itehad saazi sooday baazi khatrah moul leenay aur maujudah seyasi hawaa kay hawalay say apnay hathkandon aamaal aur biyaan baazi kuu adjust karnay kii inn kii qaabil zakar seyasi maharaton kuu dekhtay hoay thay. dosri taraf inn kay royay aur seyasi harbon bashmol teez zabaan waali taqreerein aur tehreerein seyasi mukhalifen kii kamzooriyon kaa istemal aur soweet rehnumaon kay saath qareebi taluqat kuu inn kay kayee seyasi mukhalifen nay shadeed tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya. keeknan kii rangeen najee zindagi bashmol kabhi kabhaar ziyadah sharaab noshi aur kumm az kumm eek ghair azdawaji taluq nay bhee iss kay shadeed mukhalifen kuu iss parr hamlah karnay kay liye zabani aur seyasi hathiyar farahim kiye. kayee deegar sadarati ameedwaron kuu bhee zaati masail yaa nakamiyon parr tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa. tamaam kekonan mukhalif tanqeed kay bawajood inn kii seyasi jamaat zarayi pehli baar sadarati intekhabat kay braah raast marhalay mein woat kaa atnaa hyee hasah haasil karnay mein kamiyab hoyee jitna parlimani intekhabat mein hawaa thaa. sadr pascuee nay naha tuu awami toor parr ittefaq kiyaa thaa aur naha hyee sadarati amidwar bannay say ankaar kiyaa thaa. agar behat say seyasat daanon nay inn parr zoor diyaa kahh wah aisa karein tuu wah khood kuu akhlaqi toor parr mazeed chand saal sadr kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deenay kaa paband samajhte thay. electoral college kay pehley aur dosray bellet kay darmiyan eek qomi itehadi nay asay phone kiyaa aur asay qomi itehadiyon sweadish papples paarti aur papples paarti (libral) kaa seeyah ghoday waala sadarati amidwar bannay kuu kahaa. sharoo mein pascuee nay ankaar kirr diyaa jiss kay liye soshal democrats aur ziyadah tarr zarayi baashindon kii himayat darkaar thee. phir inhon nay apnee position kuu muatadil kiyaa leakin ghalti say yaqeen kirr liyaa kahh inhein aham teesre woat mein aagay badhnay kay liye kaafi samaji jamhuri zarayi aur communist aur awami jamhuri voters kay woat milain gay. aisa nahein hawaa keunkah tamaam zarayi votar cacneen kay wafadar rahay tamaam samaji jamhuri votar faggerholm kay wafadar rahay aur communist aur papples democratic voters nay faggerholm aur cacneen kuu teesre bellet mein aagay badhnay mein madad kay liye apnay woat taqsim kiye. talkh naraaz aur mayus sadr pascuee nay duu dunn baad aakhri lamhaat mein apnee sadarati amidwar kii awami toor parr tardid kii. kekonan kuu sabb say kumm mamkanah aksariyat kay saath sadr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa jiss mein say 149 kay muqabilay mein 151 woat thay. kayee dahayiyon say iss sawaal parr bahas jaari hay kahh inn kay liye faislah kunn woat kiss nay daala (misaal kay toor parr lauri hataja "eek tameer noow funn lend" (jalinerakentava soami)yee pee jaiz. 825-827yee 829-831 seepo zeterberg aur deegar mein.yee aidz.yee funn lend kii tareekh kaa eek chhota saa diyo/someen morakh pacogetyline. helsonki: wasoey 2003 vovo penty virankosky funn lend/someen histry kii tareekh jald 1 aur 2. helsonki: funsh literature society (somalaisan karjalesiyodan seera)yee 2009yee safha. 954 vovo tomo polvenin jay.kay. pascuee-eek seyasatdan kaa zindagi kaa kaam (waltiomehan elamanto)yee jald 5:1948-1956. helsonki: dabliyo suay 2003).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168475

BC United

BC United Provincial political party in Canada BC United (BCU), formerly known as the British Columbia Liberal Party, is a provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party has been described as conservative, neoliberal, and being on the centre-right of the left–right political spectrum. The party commonly describes itself as a "free enterprise coalition" and draws support from members of both the federal Liberal and Conservative parties. Since the 1990s, BC United has been the main centre-right opposition to the centre-left New Democratic Party (NDP). Once affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada, the British Columbia Liberal Party became independent in 1987. The party changed its name to BC United on April 12, 2023. Until the 1940s, British Columbia politics were dominated by the Liberal Party and rival Conservative Party. The Liberals formed government from 1916 to 1928 and again from 1933 to 1941. From 1941 to 1952, the two parties governed in a coalition (led by a Liberal leader) to counter the ascendant Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The coalition was defeated in the 1952 election by the new Social Credit Party, and the party went into decline, eventually losing its presence in the legislature in the 1979 election. It returned to the legislature in the 1991 election, coming in second and forming the Official Opposition, through the efforts of leader Gordon Wilson. Wilson lost a leadership challenge to Gordon Campbell in 1994. Under Campbell's leadership, the BC Liberals began to shift rightwards and distance themselves from the federal party. In the 2001 election, the Liberals won an overwhelming majority, which they held under Campbell and his successor Christy Clark until shortly after the 2017 election. The party remained in Opposition after losing the 2020 election. Eight party leaders have served as premier of British Columbia: Harlan Brewster, John Oliver, John MacLean, Duff Pattullo, John Hart, Boss Johnson, Gordon Campbell, and Christy Clark. Since the 2022 leadership election, the party has been led by Kevin Falcon. History. First government: 1916–1928. The divided Conservatives faced the Liberals in the election of 1916 and lost. The Liberals formed a government under Harlan Carey Brewster. Brewster had become leader of the Opposition, and was elected party leader in March 1912. He lost his seat a few weeks later in the 1912 election, which returned no Liberals at all. In 1916, he won election to the legislature again through a by-election, and led his party to victory in a general election later that year by campaigning on a reform platform. Brewster promised to end patronage in the civil service, end political machines, improve workman's compensation and labor laws, bring in votes for women, and other progressive reforms. The government brought in women's suffrage, instituted prohibition, and combated political corruption before his unexpected death in 1918. He is interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia. John Oliver succeeded Brewster as premier when Brewster died in 1918. Oliver's government developed the produce industry in the Nanook Valley, and tried to persuade the federal government to lower the freight rate for rail transport. The party managed a bare majority win in the 1920 election and only managed to govern after the 1924 election with the support of the 2 Independent Liberals. Opposition and the Great Depression: 1928–1933. The Liberals managed to increase their vote in the 1928 election but lost close to half their seats. With the onset of the Great Depression and the implosion of the government of Simon Fraser Tolmie, the Liberals won the 1933 election. Duff Pattullo: 1933–1941. The 1933 election brought into power Duff Pattullo and introduced into the legislature the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a new social-democratic and democratic socialist opposition party. Pattullo wanted an activist government to try to deal with the depression through social programs and support of the unemployed. Canada has been recognized as the hardest hit by the Great Depression, and western Canada the hardest hit within Canada. Pattullo's attempts were often at odds with the federal government in Ottawa. Pattullo was also an advocate for British Columbia, and suggested the annexation of Yukon by BC, and the construction of the Alaska Highway to reduce the power of eastern Canada over BC. In the 1937 general election, his government was re-elected running on the slogan of "socialized capitalism". "The Coalition": 1941–1951. The alternating government with the Conservatives came to an end with the rise of the CCF, who managed to be Official Opposition from 1933 to 1937 and were one seat less than the Conservatives in the 1937 election. In the 1941 election, the CCF came second. The election did not give the Liberals the majority they hoped for. John Hart became the premier and Liberal leader in 1941 when Pattullo refused to go into coalition with the Conservatives. The Liberal members removed Patullo as leader and Hart formed a Liberal–Conservative coalition government, known in BC history as "the Coalition ". From 1941 to 1945, Hart governed at a time of wartime scarcity, when all major government projects were postponed. The coalition government was re-elected in the 1945 election. In that contest, Liberals and Conservatives ran under the same banner. After 1945, Hart undertook an ambitious program of rural electrification, hydroelectric and highway construction. Hart's most significant projects were the construction of Highway 97 to northern British Columbia (of which the Prince George–Dawson Creek segment is now named in his honour) and the Bridge River Power Project, which was the first major hydroelectric development in British Columbia. He established the BC Power Commission, a forerunner of BC Hydro, to provide power to smaller communities that were not serviced by private utilities. In December 1947, Hart retired as premier. The Conservative Party agitated for its leader, Herbert Anscomb, to succeed Hart as premier, but the Liberals outnumbered the Tories in the coalition caucus and Hart was followed by another Liberal, Byron Johnson, known as "Boss" Johnson, with Anscomb as deputy premier and minister of Finance. Johnson's government introduced universal hospital insurance and a 3% provincial sales tax to pay for it. It expanded the highway system, extended the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, and negotiated the Alcan Agreement, which facilitated construction of the Kenny Dam. The government also coped with the 1948 flooding of the Fraser River, declaring a state of emergency and beginning a program of diking the river's banks through the Fraser Valley. Johnson is also noted for appointing Nancy Hodges as the first female Speaker in the Commonwealth. The Liberal-Conservative coalition government won the 1949 election – at 61% the greatest percentage of the popular vote in BC history. Tensions had grown between the coalition partners and within both parties. The Liberal Party executive voted to terminate the coalition and Johnson dropped his Conservative ministers in January 1952, resulting in a short-lived minority government which soon collapsed. 1952 election. In order to prevent the CCF from winning in a three party competition, the government introduced instant-runoff voting, with the expectation that Conservative voters would list the Liberals as their second choice and vice versa. Voters, however, were looking for alternatives. More voters chose British Columbia Social Credit League ahead of any other party as their second choice. Social Credit went on to emerge as the largest party when the ballots were counted in the 1952 general election. Social Credit's "de facto" leader during the election, W. A. C. Bennett, formerly a Conservative, was formally named party leader after the election. At the 1953 general election, the Liberals were reduced to 4 seats, taking 23.36% of the vote. Arthur Laing defeated Tilly Rolston in Vancouver Point Grey. Although Social Credit won a majority of seats in the legislature, their finance minister Einar Gunderson was defeated in Oak Bay by Philip Archibald Gibbs of the Liberals. Gordon Gibson Sr, a millionaire timber baron, nicknamed the "Bull of the Woods", was elected for Lillooet as a Liberal. Third party status: 1953–1979. During the early period of this time, the Liberals' most prominent member was Gordon Gibson Sr. He was a cigar-smoking and gregarious logging contractor who could have been premier but for a major political error. He was elected in 1953 for the Lillooet riding. In 1955, the Sommers scandal surfaced, and he was the only leader in the legislature to make an issue of it. W. A. C. Bennett and his attorney general tried many tactics to stop the information from coming out. In frustration, Gibson resigned his seat and forced a by-election, hoping to make the Sommers scandal the issue. The voting system had changed, and he came a close second after Social Credit. In the 1956 election, with the Sommers scandal still not resolved, the Liberals fared worse than in 1953. Arthur Laing lost his seat, and the party was reduced to two MLAs and 20.9% of the vote. In the 1960 election, the party won four seats with the same 20.9% of the popular vote as in 1956. In the 1963 election, the party's caucus increased by one more MLA to five, but their share of the popular vote fell to 19.98%. In the 1966 election, the party won another seat, bringing its caucus to six, and had an increase in the vote to 20.24%. In the 1969 vote, the party lost one seat, and its share of the vote fell to 19.03%. In 1972, the party was led into the election by a new leader, David Anderson, who had been elected in the 1968 federal election as an MP for the Liberal Party of Canada. He and four others managed to be elected to the legislature, but with the lowest vote in party history at 16.4%. After the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP) won the 1972 election, many supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties defected to the Social Credit League. This coalition was able to keep the New Democrats out of power from 1975 until the 1990s. MLAs Garde Gardom, Pat McGeer and Allan Williams left the Liberals for Social Credit along with Hugh Curtis of the suddenly rejuvenated Tories. All of them became members of Social Credit Cabinets after 1975. In the 1975 election, the only Liberal to be elected was Gordon Gibson Jr. as the party scored a dismal 7.24%. David Anderson was badly defeated in his Victoria riding, placing behind the New Democrats and Social Credit. In the wilderness: 1979–1991. The 1979 election was the party's lowest point. For the second time in party history, it was shut out of the legislature. Only five candidates ran, none were elected, and the party got 0.5% of the vote. The 1983 election saw a small recovery as the party came close to a full slate of candidates, but won 2.69% of the vote. The 1986 vote was the third and last election in which the party was shut out. Its share of the popular vote improved to 6.74%. In 1987, Gordon Wilson became the leader of the provincial Liberal Party when no one else was interested. Wilson severed formal links between the provincial Liberal party and its federal counterpart. Since the mid-1970s, most federal Liberals in BC had chosen to support the British Columbia Social Credit Party at the provincial level. For the provincial party, the intent of this separation was to reduce the influence of Social Credit members of federal party. From the federal party's perspective, this move was equally beneficial to them, as the provincial party was heavily in debt. Wilson set about to rebuild the provincial party as a credible third party in British Columbia politics. During the same period, the ruling Social Credit party was beset by controversy under the leadership of Bill Vander Zalm. As a result, multiple Social Credit scandals caused many voters to look for an alternative. By the time of the 1991 election, Wilson lobbied to be included in the televised Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) debate between Vander Zalm's successor, Premier Rita Johnston and BC NDP leader Michael Harcourt. The CBC agreed, and Wilson impressed many voters with his performance. The Liberal campaign gained momentum, and siphoned off much support from the Social Credit campaign. While the BC NDP won the election, the Liberals came in second with 17 seats. Wilson became leader of the Opposition. Official Opposition under Wilson: 1991–1993. Wilson's policies did not coincide with many other Liberals both in the legislature and in the party who wanted to fill the vacuum left by the collapse of Social Credit. The Liberals also proved themselves to be inexperienced, both in the legislature and in building a broad-based political movement. They had a difficult time to build a disciplined organization that could mount an effective opposition against the New Democratic Party provincial government. In 1993, Wilson's leadership was further damaged by revelations of his affair with fellow Liberal MLA Judi Tyabji. By this time, most of the caucus was in open revolt against his leadership. Wilson agreed to call for a leadership convention, at which he would be a candidate. Delta South MLA Fred Gingell became the leader of the Opposition while the Liberal leadership race took place. Soon, former party leader Gordon Gibson and Vancouver mayor Gordon Campbell entered the leadership race. Campbell won decisively on the first ballot, with former party leader Gordon Gibson placing second and Wilson third. The leadership election was decided on a one-member, one vote system through which Liberals voted for their choices by telephone. Wilson and Tyabji then left the Liberals and formed their own party, the Progressive Democratic Alliance. Official Opposition under Campbell: 1993–2001. Once Campbell became leader, the Liberals adopted the moniker "BC Liberals" for the first time, and soon introduced a new logo and new party colours (red and blue, instead of the usual "Liberal red" and accompanying maple leaf). The revised name and logo was an attempt to distinguish itself more clearly in the minds of voters from the federal Liberal Party of Canada. In early 1994, Campbell was elected to the legislature in a by-election. Under his leadership, the party began moving to the right, gaining support from members of the former Social Credit Party and, later, the provincial Reform Party. Some moderate Socreds had begun voting Liberal as far back as the Vander Zalm era. The Liberals won two former Socred seats in by-elections held in the Fraser Valley region, solidifying their claim to be the clear alternative to the existing BC NDP government. The Liberal party also filled the vacuum created on the centre-right of the BC political spectrum by Social Credit's collapse. In the 1996 election, the BC Liberals won the popular vote. However, much of the Liberal margin was wasted on large margins in the outer regions of the province; they only won eight seats in Vancouver and the Lower Mainland. In rural British Columbia, particularly in the Interior where the railway was the lifeblood of the local economy – the BC Liberals lost several contests because of discomfort that the electorate had with some of Campbell's policies, principally his promise to sell BC Rail. The net result was to consign the Liberals to opposition again, though they managed to slash the NDP's majority from 13 to three. After the election, the BC Liberals set about making sure that there would be no repeat of 1996. Campbell jettisoned some of the less popular policy planks in his 1996 platform, most notably a promise to sell BC Rail, as the prospect of the sale's consequences had alienated supporters in the Northern Interior ridings. Campbell government: 2001–2011. After a scandal-filled second term for the BC NDP government, the BC Liberals won the 2001 election with the biggest landslide in BC history, taking 77 of 79 seats. They even managed to unseat Premier Ujjal Dosanjh in his own riding. Gordon Campbell became the seventh premier in ten years, and the first Liberal premier in almost 50 years. Campbell introduced a 25% cut in all provincial income taxes on the first day he was installed to office. The BC Liberals also reduced the corporate income tax and abolished the corporate capital tax for most businesses (a tax on investment and employment that had been introduced by the New Democrats). Campbell's first term was also noted for fiscal austerity, including reductions in welfare rolls and some social services, deregulation, the sale of some government assets (in particular the "Fast ferries" built by the previous government, which were sold off for a fraction of their price). Campbell also initiated the privatization of BC Rail, which the Liberals had promised not to sell in order to win northern ridings which had rejected the party in 1996 but reversed this promise after election, with criminal investigations connected with the bidding process resulting in the 2003 British Columbia Legislature raids and the ensuing and still-pending court case. There were several significant labour disputes, some of which were settled through government legislation but which included confrontations with the province's doctors. Campbell also downsized the civil service, with staff cutbacks of more than fifty percent in some government departments, and despite promises of smaller government the size of cabinet was nearly doubled and parliamentary salaries raised. Governance was also re-arranged such that Deputy Ministers were now to report to the Chief of Staff in the premier's office, rather than to their respective ministers. In the course of the cuts, hospitals, courthouses and extended care facilities around the province were shut down, particularly in smaller communities, and enforcement staff such as the BC Conservation Service were reduced to marginal levels. Various provincial parks created during the previous NDP regime were also downgraded to protected area status, meaning they could be opened for resource exploitation, and fees for use of parks were raised. In 2003, a drug investigation known as Operation Everwhichway led to raids on government offices in the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in relation to suspect dealings concerning the sale of BC Rail to CN in a scandal which became known as "Railgate" and the trial of four former ministerial aides for influence peddling, breach of trust and accepting bribes. The Liberals were re-elected in the 2005 election with a reduced majority of 7 seats (46–33). The Liberals were again re-elected in the 2009 election. Shortly after this election the introduction of the HST was announced, contrary to promises made during the election campaign. On November 3, 2010, facing an imminent caucus revolt over his management style and the political backlash against the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) and the controversial end to the BC Rail corruption trial and with his approval rating as low as 9% in polls, Gordon Campbell announced his resignation. Clark government: 2011–2017. The party's 2011 leadership convention was prompted by Gordon Campbell's request to the party to hold a leadership convention "at the earliest possible date". The convention elected Christy Clark as its new leader of the party on February 26, 2011. Clark and her new Cabinet were sworn in on March 14. Under Clark, the party charted a more centrist outlook while continuing its recent tradition of being a coalition of federal Liberal and federal Conservative supporters. She immediately raised the minimum wage from $8/hour to $10.25/hour and introduced a province-wide Family Day similar to Ontario's. Clark became premier during the aftermath of the 2008–09 recession, and continued to hold the line on government spending, introducing two deficit budgets before a balanced one for the 2013–14 fiscal year, which included a tax hike on high-income British Columbians. She also sought to take advantage of BC's liquified natural gas (LNG) reserves, positioning the budding LNG industry as a major economic development opportunity over the next decade. While the final years of Gordon Campbell's administration had seen far-reaching and progressive environmental legislation enacted, Clark was more measured in her approach to environmental policy. While continuing with BC's first-in-North-America carbon tax, she promised to freeze the rate during the 2013 election and her LNG development aspirations seemed to contradict greenhouse gas emissions targets set by the Campbell government in 2007. She also announced in 2012 that any future pipeline that crosses BC would have to meet five conditions that included environmental requirements and Indigenous consultation. Controversially, she indicated that one of her five conditions would be that BC receives its "fair share" of any revenues that accrue from increased pipeline and tanker traffic. This has put her in direct conflict with the province of Alberta, who sought increased market access for its bitumen through BC ports, yet adamantly refuse any arrangement which would see BC receive any royalties. In 2011, Colin Hansen proposed the party change its name in order to avoid confusion with the unrelated Liberal Party of Canada and to better reflect its status as a coalition of many federal Conservative and Liberal voters. He did not propose an alternative name. Clark said she would consider a name change but was not in "any rush to do it". During the 2013 election, Clark entered the campaign low in public opinion polls and trailing her main rival, Adrian Dix of the NDP, by as much as 20 points. The BC Liberals campaign slogan was "Strong Economy, Secure Tomorrow" and highlighted a balanced budget and strong development opportunities in the LNG sector as a reason for voters to elect them for a fourth term in office. Clark brought in strategists affiliated with the Ontario Liberal Party, such as Don Guy and Laura Miller, and federal Liberal figures, such as Mike McDonald, to run her office and campaign. The BC Liberals came from behind to secure a fourth term in office, however Clark was defeated in her Vancouver riding, but won a subsequent by-election in the Okanagan riding of Westside-Kelowna. After the election, she sought a thawing of relations between BC and Alberta over future pipeline projects, signing onto former Alberta premier Alison Redford's National Energy Strategy. In early 2014, the Liberals brought down a second straight balanced budget and introduced legislation to change BC's liquor laws to allow liquor sales in some grocery stores and allow children to sit with adults in pubs and restaurants where liquor is served. In the 2017 election, the BC Liberals' seat count was reduced to 43, one seat short of a majority. On May 29, 2017, after final vote counting had completed, the BC NDP and the BC Green Party agreed to a confidence and supply agreement to ensure a stable minority government. Their combined 44 seats give them an advantage over the BC Liberals' 43 which was sufficient to defeat Clark's government on a confidence vote on June 29, 2017, after which Clark resigned as premier (effective July 18, 2017) and the lieutenant-governor asked NDP leader John Horgan to form a government. Rich Coleman became the party's interim leader following Clark's resignation. Official Opposition under Wilkinson and Bond: 2018–2022. Andrew Wilkinson was elected party leader on February 3, 2018. He served as leader of the Opposition for two years. During the 2020 general election, Wilkinson was criticized by party members, including the membership chair, for his delay in removing Laurie Throness, a candidate and former MLA who had made anti-LGBTQ statements. After the party was defeated in the election, he resigned. Shirley Bond served as the party's interim leader until the 2022 leadership contest. Falcon leadership and name change: since 2022. Kevin Falcon was elected leader of the BC Liberals on February 5, 2022. During his leadership campaign, Falcon pledged to rename and rebrand the party. At the 2022 party convention, delegates passed a resolution to move forward with the name-change process, beginning with consultations with the party membership before putting it to a vote by the end of the year. After a province-wide survey, "BC United" was put forward as the potential new name for the party. The name was then put to party members on November 13, and on November 16, it was announced that the name change had been approved by roughly 80 per cent. The name change was later ratified and took effect on April 12, 2023. The name change preceded a significant drop in polling numbers for the party, with the BC Conservatives – led by former Liberal MLA John Rustad, who defected shortly before the name change was finalized – surpassing them as the second most popular party in the province according to polls. After polling at 33 percent in the immediate aftermath of the name change, BC United suffered a further MLA defection to the Conservatives, and dropped to 19 percent in the polls, 6 points behind the Conservatives by that September. Despite some thinking that the name change led to voters not knowing that BC United was a continuation of the BC Liberals, a Léger poll released in October 2023 confirmed that only a third of voters did not know about the name change. Party leaders. Source: Legislative Library of British Columbia Election results. Source: Elections BC BC United Youth. BC United Youth is the youth wing of the party. The executive board is elected at an annual general meeting and is composed of five youth members: the president, vice president Communications, vice president Events, vice president Operations, and vice president Outreach. As of September 2022, these positions are held by Harman Khosa, Teddy O'Donnell, Olivia Wankling, Mark Dhillon and James Lehmann, respectively. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bi. chi. united purbote britis kolombiya loberal party naamere jonajat bi. chi. united (bi. chi. eu) kanadar britis columbier ekhon pradexik rajnoitik doll. doltuwe rokhyonxil, nobyo-udarponthi aaru baau-xu rajnoitik rupor kendro-xufale thoka buli bornona koraa hoise. doltuwe xadharonote nijoke "mukto udyugor mitrota" hisape bornona kore aaru federal udaar aaru rokhyonxil doll duyutare xodosyor poraa xomorthon laabh kore. 1990-ror doxokor poraa bi. chi. united kendro-bauponthi notun gonotantrik dolor (eno. di. pi.) mukhyo kendro-xuponthi birudhi hoi aahise. ebaar kanadar loberal partyr xoite xongzukto huwar pisot 1987 sonot britis kolombiya loberal party swadhin hoisil. doltuwe 2023 sonor 12 aprilot iyar naam xoloni kori bi. chi. united korisil. 1940 sonoloike britis columbier rajneetit tetiyar udarponthi doll aaru protidondi rokhyonxil dolor aadhipotyo aasil. 1916 sonor poraa 1928 sonoloike aaru punor 1933 sonor poraa 1941 sonoloike, rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastriyo rastro 1952 sonor nirbasonot notun xamajik credit dolor dwara mitrojuti porasto hoisil, aaru doltur owonoti ghotisil, owoxexot 1979 sonor nirbasonot bidhan xobhat uposthiti heruwaisil. 1991 sonor nirbasonot ee dwitiyo sthanot aahi netaa gordon uilsonor prochestar joriyote sorkari birudhi doll gothon kori bidhanmondoloi ghuri aahisil. 1994 sonot uilsone go 'rdon campbelor haatot netritwor proityahban heruwaisil. campbelor netritwot, bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole xufale sthanantorito hoh' boloi aaru federal dolor poraa nijoke dur koriboloi aarombho korisil. 2001 sonor nirbasonot, udarponthixokole ek brihot xongkhyagoristhota laabh korisil, jitu teuluke campbell aaru teur uttoradhikari christi clerkor odhinot 2017 sonor nirbasonor kichu xomoyor aagoloike rakhisil. 2020 sonor nirbasonot porasto huwar pisot doltu birudhi hoi aasil. dolor aathjon netai britis columbier prodhanmontri hisape xewa aagborhaiseh harlan bruster, john olibhar, john mekelan, dof pettulu, john heart, boch jonoson, gordon campbell, aaru christi clerk. 2022 sonor netritwo nirbasonor poraa doltu kebhin falcone netritwo dise. itihax. prothom sorkarh 1916-1928. 1916 sonor nirbasonot bibhokto rokhyonxilxokole udarponthixokolor xonmukhin hoisil aaru porajito hoisil. udarponthixokole harlan keree brusteror odhinot sorkar gothon korisil. bruster birudhi dolor netaa hoi porisil, aaru 1912 sonor march maahot dolor netaa nirbasito hoisil. 1912 sonor nirbasonot keixoptahmanor pisot teu nijor aaxon heruwaisil, ji kunu dhoronor muktomona luk ghurai diya nasil. 1916 sonot teu punor upo-nirbasonor joriyote bidhanmondolot nirbasonot joylabh korisil aaru xei bosoror xexor faale ek xongskar monchot prosar solai teur doltuk xadharon nirbasonot joylabh koriboloi netritwo disil. brustare oxamorik xewat pristhopuxokota xomapto koraa, rajnoitik jontro xomapto koraa, sromikor khyotipuron aaru shrom aain unnot koraa, mohilar baabe bhut onaa, aaru onyanyo progotixil xongskaror protisruti disil. sorkare mohilar bhutadhikar korhiyai aane, nixedhagya protistha kore, aaru 1918 sonot teur oproityaxito mrityur aagote rajnoitik durneetir biruddhe juj diye. teuk britis columbier victoriyar roch bey cemetryt xomadhistho koraa hoy. 1918 sonot brusteror mrityur xomoyot john olibhar brusteror prodhan hisape xofol hoisil. oliveror sorkare nenuk upotyokat utpadon udyug bikoxito korisil, aaru rey "lo poribohonor baabe malbahir haar hraax koriboloi federal sorkarok pronudito koriboloi chesta korisil. 1920 sonor nirbasonot doltuwe ek nirdisto xongkhyagoristhotare joylabh koriboloi xokhyom hoisil aaru 1924 sonor nirbasonor pisote 2 john swotontro muktomonar xomorthonot xaxon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. birudhita aaru mohaa bixonnotah 1928-1933. 1928 sonor nirbasonot udarponthixokole teulukor bhut briddhi koriboloi xokhyom hoisil kintu teulukor aaxonor pray aadha heruwaisil. mohaa bixonnota aarombho huwar loge loge aaru chimon frazer tot 'lomir sorkaror prosolonor loge loge, udarponthixokole 1933 sonor nirbasonot joylabh korisil. dof pettuluh 1933-1941. 1933 sonor nirbasonot dof pyatulu khyomotaloi aahisil aaru bidhanmondolot xomobay commonwealth federation (ccf), ek notun xamajik-gonotantrik aaru gonotantrik xomajbadi birudhi dolor proborton korisil. pyatuluwe xamajik karzoxusi aaru kormohinxokolor xomorthonor joriyote hotaxar xoite mukabila koriboloi chesta koriboloi etaa xokriyo sorkar bisarisil. kanadak mohaa-oboxador dwara ataitkoi besi khyotigrosto huwa dex hisape sinakto koraa hoise, aaru kanadat ataitkoi besi khyotigrosto huwa dex hoise poschim kanada. pottulur prochesta praye ottawar federal sorkaror xoite birudhita korisil. pattulu britis kolombiyaru ejon ukil aasil, aaru khristopurbor dwara yukonor xongzujon aaru khristopurbor uporot pubo kanadar xokti hraax koriboloi alaska ghaipoth nirmanor poramorxo disil. 1937 sonor xadharon nirbasonot teur sorkar "xamajik pujibad" sloganor uporot punor nirbasito hoisil. "mitrota": 1941-1951. 1933 sonor poraa 1937 sonoloike sorkari birudhi hoh "boloi xokhyom huwa aaru 1937 sonor nirbasonot rokhyonxilxokolor tulnat etaa aaxon komm thoka chi. chi. ef.-ror utthanor xoite rokhyonxilxokolor xoite poroborti sorkaror onto porisil. 1941 sonor nirbasonot ccf dwitiyo sthanot aasil. ei nirbasonot muktomonaxokolok teuluke aaxa koraa xongkhyagoristhota diya nasil. 1941 sonot jetiya pyatuluwe rokhyonxilxokolor xoite mitrota koriboloi oswikar korisil tetiya john heart prodhanmontri aaru udarponthi netaa hoisil. udarponthi xodosyoxokole patuluk netaa hisape aatorai disil aaru hearte ek udaar-rokhyonxil mitroxoktir sorkar gothon korisil, jaak khristopurbor itihaxot "mitrota" buli jonaa yaay. 1941 sonor poraa 1945 sonoloike juddhokalin obhawor xomoyot heart xaxon koraa hoisil, jetiya xokolu mukhyo sorkari prokolpo sthogito koraa hoisil. 1945 sonor nirbasonot mitroxokti sorkar punor nirbasito hoisil. xei protijugitat, muktomona aaru rokhyonxilxokole eketa benaror odhinot dourisil. 1945 sonor pisot hearte gramyo vidyutayan, jolobidyut aaru ghaipoth nirmanor ek ussabhilaxi karzoxusi haatot loisil. heartor ataitkoi guruttopurno prokolpoxomuh aasil uttor britis columbier baabe 97 nong ghaipoth nirman (jaar bhitorot etiya teur xonmanot rajkumar jorjo-dauson khaari khondor naam diya hoise) aaru breej nodee xokti prokolpo, ji aasil britis columbier prothom prodhan jolobidyut unnoyon. teu byoktigoto upojugitar dwara xewa prodan nokora xoru xomprodayxomuhok bidyut prodan koriboloi bi. chi. jolobidyutro ogrodut bi. chi. xokti aayug sthapon korisil. 1947 sonor disembor maahot heart prodhanmontri hisape owoxor grohon kore. rokhyonxil doltuwe iyar netaa harbort unscombok prodhanmontri hisape xofol hoh "boloi andulon korisil kintu mitrojura koo" kasot thoka tot "rixokolok odhik xongkhyok udarponthixokole otikrom korisil aaru heartor pisot aan ejon udarponthi," boch "jonoson naamere jonajat byron jonoson, unscombok upo-prodhanmontri aaru bitto montri hisape loisil. jonosonor sorkare iyar baabe xarbojonin sikitsaloy beema aaru 3 xotangxo pradexik bikri korr proborton korisil. ee ghaipoth byowosthatu xomproxaron korisil, proxanto mohaxagoriyo mohan pubo rey "lopoth xomproxarito korisil, aaru elkan suktir bixoye alusona korisil, jiye keni bandho nirmanot xohay korisil. sorkare 1948 sonot freser nodir banpanir xoiteu mukabila korisil, jorurikalin owostha ghuxona korisil aaru freser upotyokar maajere nodir parbur daik korar karzoxusi aarombho korisil. commonwealthor prothomgoraki mohila bokta hisape nensee hojesok nijukti diyar babeu jonoson bikhyat. udaar-rokhyonxil mitroxoktir sorkare 1949 sonor nirbasonot joylabh korisil-khristopurbor itihaxot jonopriyo bhutor xorbadhik xotangxot 61 xotangxo. mitroxoktir ongxidarxokolor maajot aaru duyuta dolor bhitorot uttejona briddhi paisil. loberal partyr karzobahi doltuwe mitrota xomapto koriboloi bhutdan korisil aaru jonosone 1952 sonor januaryt teur rokhyonxil montrixokolok baad disil, jaar folot ek swolpokalin xongkhyaloghu sorkar poton hoisil. 1952 sonor nirbason. ccfok tinita dolor protijugitat joyee huwar poraa rokhya koriboloi, sorkare tatkhyonik-runoff bhutdan proborton korisil, ei aaxare je rokhyonxil voterxokole udarponthixokolok teulukor dwitiyo posondo hisape talikabhukto koribo aaru iyar biporite. obosye, voterxokole bikolpo bisarisil. odhik xongkhyok bhutkare teulukor dwitiyo posondo hisape aan jikunu dolor aagot britis kolombiya cho "siyel credit leegok basoni korisil. 1952 sonor xadharon nirbasonot belot gonona korar xomoyot xamajik krititwo xorbobrihot doll hisape aatmoprokax korisil. nirbasonor xomoyot xamajik krititwor "di facto" netaa, dobliu. e. chi. purbote ejon rokhyonxil benetok nirbasonor pisot anusthanikbhabe dolor netaa hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. 1953 sonor xadharon nirbasonot, muktomonaxokolok 4 khon aaxonoloi hraax koraa hoisil, jaar folot 23.36% bhut laabh korisil. aarthar leinge venkuvar point gretot tilly rolstonok porasto korisil. jodiu xamajik krititwe bidhan xobhat xongkhyagoristho aaxon laabh korisil, teulukor bitto montri enaar gunderson uk upoxagorot liborelxokolor phillip archibald gibbosor haatot porasto hoisil. go 'rdon giboson ess. aar., ek kutipoti kaathor byoron, jaak "bonor xaar" buli daknam diya hoisil, liluator baabe ejon udarponthi hisape nirbasito hoisil. tritiyo pokhyor sthitih 1953-1979. ei xomoyor prarombhik xomoisuwat, udarponthixokolor ataitkoi bixisto xodosyo aasil go 'rdon giboson ess. aar.. teu ejon xigoret xewon koraa aaru ekgut logging thikadar aasil ji prodhan hoh "bob parisil kintu ek dangor rajnoitik bhulor baabe. 1953 sonot teu liluit ridingor baabe nirbasito hoisil. 1955 sonot cho 'march kelenkorar sristi hoisil aaru teu bidhanmondolot ekmatro netaa aasil jiye iyak etaa bixoy hisape gorhi tulisil. dobliu. e. chi. benet aaru teur etornee generale tothyo ulai ohaa bondho koriboloi bohutu kouxol chesta korisil. hotaxat gibosone nijor aaxonor poraa podotyag korisil aaru cho 'march kelengkorak bixoitu kori tular aaxat upo-nirbasonor baabe badhyo korisil. bhutdan byowostha xoloni hoisil, aaru teu xamajik krititwor pisot dwitiyo sthanot aasil. 1956 sonor nirbasonot, cho 'march kelenkora etiyau xomadhan nuhuwar loge loge, udarponthixokole 1953 sonotkoi odhik beyaa owosthat aasil. aarthar leinge teur aaxon heruwaisil, aaru doltu dutaa em. el. e. aaru <aai. di. 1> bhutoloi hraax paisil. 1960 sonor nirbasonot doltuwe 1956 sonor dore jonopriyo bhutor eke 20.9% ror xoite sarita aaxon laabh korisil. 1963 sonor nirbasonot, doltur koo 'kaach aaru ek milir poraa pasoloi briddhi paisil, kintu jonopriyo bhutor teulukor ongxo 19.98% loi hraax paisil. 1966 sonor nirbasonot doltuwe aan ekhon aaxon laabh kori iyar kokchok soita aaxonoloi loi aahisil aaru bhutor poriman 20.24% loi briddhi paisil. 1969 sonor bhutot doltuwe etaa aaxon heruwaisil aaru bhutor iyar ongxo 19.03% loi porisil. 1972 sonot doltur netritwo disil ejon notun netaa david endersonor dwara, ji 1968 sonor federal nirbasonot kanadar loberal partyr xangxod hisape nirbasito hoisil. teu aaru aan sarijon bidhanmondoliloi nirbasito hoh "boloi xokhyom hoisil, kintu dolor itihaxot ataitkoi komm bhutor xoite 16.4%. 1972 sonor nirbasonot britis kolombiya niu demkretik party (bi. chi. eno. di. pi) ye joylabh korar pisot, udaar aaru rokhyonxil dolxomuhor bohutu xomorthok xamajik credit leegoloi dolotyag korisil. ei mitrojute 1975 sonor poraa 1990 sonoloike notun gonotantrikxokolok khyomotar poraa aatorai rakhiboloi xokhyom hoisil. malas guarde gardom, pett mekgir aaru elaan uiliyame hothate punorujjibito huwa torixokolor hoog cortisor xoite xamajik krititwor baabe udarponthixokolok eri disil. 1975 sonor pisot teuluk xokoluwe xamajik credit kebinetor xodosyo hoi porisil. 1975 sonor nirbasonot nirbasito huwa ekmatro udarponthi aasil gordon giboson juniyor. jihetu doltuwe etaa hotaxajonok 7.24% orjon korisil. debhid enderson notun dame "crate aaru xamajik krititwor aarot raakhi teur victoria ridingto beyabhabe porasto hoisil. morubhumitoh 1979-1991. 1979 sonor nirbasontu dolor ataitkoi nimnotomo bindu aasil. dolor itihaxot dwitiyobaror baabe, iyak bidhanmondolor poraa baahir kori diya hoisil. maatro pasjon prarthi protidondita korisil, kunujon nirbasito huwa nasil, aaru doltuwe 0.5% bhut laabh korisil. 1983 sonor nirbasonot dolkhone prarthixokolor xompurno talikar usoroloi ohaar loge loge etaa xoru punoruddhar dekha goisil, kintu bhutor 2.69% too joylabh korisil. 1986 sonor bhut aasil tritiyo aaru xex nirbason zo 'too doltu bondho hoi goisil. jonopriyo bhutor iyar ongxo 6.74% loi unnot hoise. 1987 sonot, gordon uilson pradexik loberal partyr netaa hoisil jetiya aan kunure aagroh nasil. uilsone pradexik loberal party aaru iyar federal counterpartor maajot anusthanik xomporko chinno korisil. 1970-ror doxokor majbhagor poraa, khristopurbor besibhag federal lobarele pradexik porzayot britis kolombiya cho "siyel credit partyk xomorthon koriboloi baasi loisil. pradexik dolor baabe, ei prithokikoronor uddesyo aasil federal dolor xamajik rino xodosyoxokolor probhab hraax koraa. federal dolor dristikunor poraa, ei podokhyep teulukor baabe xomanei labhjonok aasil, kiyonu pradexik doltu prosurbhabe rinot aasil. uilsone britis columbier rajneetit ek biswaxjugyo tritiyo doll hisape pradexik dolok punor nirman koriboloi xaju hoisil. eke xomoisuwat bill vender jaalomor netritwot xaxok xamajik credit doltu bitorkor xonmukhin hoisil. pholsworupe, ekadhik xamajik rino kelenkoriye bohutu bhutdatak bikolpo bisariboloi badhyo korisil. 1991 sonor nirbasonor xomoyot wilsone television kanadian xomprosar nigom (chi. bi. chi.) too bhander jalmor uttoradhikari prodhanmontri ritaa johnston aaru bi. chi. eno. di. pi. netaa michael harcortor maajot huwa bitorkot ontorbhukto hoh "boloi lubi korisil. chi. bi. chi.-ye xonmot hoisil, aaru uilsone teur prodorxonor dwara bohutu bhutdatak probhabito korisil. udarponthi prosartuwe goti laabh korisil, aaru xamajik rino prosaror poraa jothesto xomorthon aatorai loisil. bi. chi. eno. di. pi.-ye nirbasonot joylabh korar biporite, udarponthixokole 17 khon aaxon laabh kori dwitiyo sthan laabh korisil. uilson birudhi dolor netaa hoi porisil. uilsonor odhinot anusthanik birudhih 1991-1993. uilsonor nitibur bidhanmondolot aaru dolor aan bohutu udarponthir xoite mill nasil jixokole xamajik krititwor potonor folot baaki thoka xunyota puron koribo bisarisil. aainxobha aaru ek bistrito rajnoitik andulon gorhi tulaa duyutate udarponthixokole nijoke onobhigyo buli proman korisil. notun gonotantrik dolor pradexik sorkaror biruddhe ek pholoproxu birudhita gorhi tulibo poraa ek sringkholabodho xongothon gorhi tular baabe teulukor baabe kothin xomoy aasil. 1993 sonot, uilsonor netritwor odhik khyoti hoisil teur xotirtho udarponthi bidhayok judie tiyabojir xoite xomporkor prokaxor folot. ei xomoyoloike, odhikangxo kokaxe teur netritwor biruddhe mukoli bidruh korisil. uilsone etaa netritwor xonmilon aahban koriboloi xonmot hoisil, zo 'too teu ejon prarthi hoh' bob. bob-dip dokhyin milaa fred jinjel birudhi dolor netaa hoi porisil, aanhate udaar netritwor dour onusthito hoisil. oti xunkalei dolor prakton netaa gordon giboson aaru venkuvaror meyor gordon campbell netritwor dourot prowex korisil. campbell prothom beltot nirnayokbhabe joyee hoisil, dolor prakton netaa gordon gibosone dwitiyo aaru uilsone tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. netritwo nirbasonor xiddhanto luwa hoisil ejon xodosyor, etaa bhut byowosthar uporot jaar joriyote udarponthixokole telephonor joriyote teulukor posondor baabe bhutdan korisil. uilson aaru toyabojiye tetiya udarponthixokolok eri teulukor nijor doll progotixil gonotantrik mitrota gothon korisil. campbelor odhinot anusthanik birudhih 1993-2001. campbell netaa huwar pisot, udarponthixokole prothombaror baabe "bixi liberals" naamor uponam grohon korisil, aaru oti xunkalei etaa notun lugu aaru notun dolor rong (xadharon "udaar ronga" aaru logot thoka maple paator xoloni ronga aaru neela) proborton korisil. xongxudhito naam aaru lugukhon kanadar federal loberal partyr poraa voterxokolor monot nijoke odhik spostobhabe prithok korar ek prochesta aasil. 1994 sonor aarombhonite campbell ekhon upo-nirbasonot bidhanmondoliloi nirbasito hoisil. teur netritwot doltuwe xufale jaboloi aarombho korisil, purbor xamajik credit dolor xodosyoxokolor poraa aaru pisot, pradexik xongskar dolor poraa xomorthon laabh korisil. kisuman modhyoponthi sokrede bhander jaalom jugor porai udarponthi bhutdan aarombho korisil. freser upotyoka oncholot onusthito upo-nirbasonot udarponthixokole dutaa purbor cho "cred aaxon laabh korisil, jaar folot teulukor daabi bortomanor bi. chi. eno. di. pi. sorkaror sposto bikolpo buli drirho hoisil. loberal dole xamajik krititwor potonor folot bi. chi. rajnoitik spectramor kendro-xufale sristi huwa xunyotau puron korisil. 1996 sonor nirbasonot bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole jonopriyo bhut laabh korisil. obosye, prodexor baahiror oncholxomuhot brihot parthokyot udarponthir odhikangxo parthokyo nosto hoisil; teuluke bhankyubhar aaru nimno mool bhukhondot maatro aathkhon aaxon laabh korisil. gramyo britis kolombiyat, bixexkoi obhyontorin oncholot zo 'too rey' lowe sthaniyo orthonitir jiwanrekha aasil-bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole keibatau protijugitat porasto hoisil kaaron nirbasonkarixokole campbelor kisuman nitir xoite thoka oswostir baabe, mulotoh teur bi. chi. rail bikri korar protisruti. nirdisto folafol aasil muktoponthixokolok punor birudhi dololoi preron koraa, jodiu teuluke eno. di. pi.-ror xongkhyagoristhota 13-ror poraa tiniloi hraax koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. nirbasonor pisot, bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole nischito koriboloi aarombho korisil je 1996 sonor punorabritti noho 'bob. campbelle teur 1996 sonor platformot thoka kisuman komm jonopriyo niti porikolpona baatil korisil, bixexkoi bi. chi. rail bikri korar protisruti, kiyonu bikrir porinamor xombhawonai uttor obhyontorin ridingsot xomorthokxokolok bischinno korisil. campbell sorkarh 2001-2011. bi. chi. eno. di. pi. sorkaror baabe etaa kelenkora-bhora dwitiyo karzokalor pisot, bi. chi. loberalxokole 2001 sonor nirbasonot bi. chi. itihaxor ataitkoi dangor bhumidhwoxor xoite joylabh korisil, 79 khon aaxonor bhitorot 77 khon aaxon laabh korisil. aanoki teuluke prodhanmontri ujjal duxanjok nijor ridingte utkhat koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. go 'rdon campbell doh bosoror bhitorot xoptom prodhanmontri aaru pray 50 bosoror bhitorot prothom udaar prodhanmontri hoisil. campbelot teu karzaloyot nijukti puwar prothom dinaa xokolu pradexik aay korot 25 xotangxo hraax korar proborton koraa hoisil. bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole corporate aay koru hraax korisil aaru besibhag byowoxayor baabe corporate muldhon korr bilupto korisil (notun gonotontrobadixokole proborton koraa biniyug aaru nijuktir uporot korr). campbelor prothom karjokal bittiyo kothurotar babeu ullekh koraa hoisil, jaar bhitorot aase kolyanmulok rul aaru kisuman xamajik xewa hraax koraa, niyontron hraax koraa, kisuman sorkari xompotir bikri (bixexkoi purbor sorkare nirman koraa "fast feri", jibur teulukor mulyor etaa bhognangxot bikri koraa hoisil). campbelle bi. chi. rey 'lor bexorkari koraru aarombhoni korisil, jaak udarponthixokole uttor riding joy koriboloi bikri nokorar protisruti disil, ji 1996 sonot doltuk nakoch korisil kintu nirbasonor pisot ei protisrutitu xoloni korisil, jaar folot 2003 sonor britis kolombiya aainxobhar obhijan aaru taar pisot aaru etiyau bisaradhin aadalotor gusoror xoite jorito oporadhmulok todontor xoite. keibatau guruttopurno shrom bibad aasil, jaar kisuman sorkari aainor joriyote nispotti koraa hoisil kintu zo 'too prodexor sikitsokxokolor xoite xonghat ontorbhukto aasil. campbelor joriyote kichu sorkari bibhagoto ponchax xotangxotkoi odhik kormosarir chaa diyar logote oxamorik xewar porimanou hraax koraa hoisil, aaru xoru sorkaror protisrutir pisotu kebinetor aakar pray dugun koraa hoisil aaru xongxodiyo dormoha briddhi koraa hoisil. proxaxonor punor byowosthau enedore koraa hoisil je upo-montrixokole etiya niz niz montrixokolok jonuwar poriworte prodhanmontrir karzaloyot thoka sif owo stafor usorot protibedon dibo lagisil. ei karjyokromor xomoyot, prodexor sariufale sikitsaloy, aadalot aaru xomproxarito jotnor xubidha bondho kori diya hoisil, bixexkoi xoru xomprodayxomuhot, aaru bi. chi. xongrokhyon xewar dore proyugkari kormosarixokolok prantik storoloi hraax koraa hoisil. purbor eno. di. pi. xaxonkalot sristi koraa bibhinno pradexik udyanxomuhoku xongrokhito oncholor sthitiloi hraax koraa hoisil, orthat xeibur xompod xuxonor baabe mukoli koribo paari, aaru udyanxomuhor byoboharor baabe masul briddhi koraa hoisil. 2003 sonot opareson ebharwe naamere jonajat drugs todontor folot britis kolombiya xongxodor bhowonxomuhot sorkari karzaloyot obhijan soluwa hoisil, zo "too" railgate "naamere jonajat etaa kandot bi. chi. rail bikrir xondorbhot xondehjukto lendenor xondorbhot aaru probhab bistar, biswax bhongo aaru utkuch grohonor baabe sarijon prakton montri xohojugir bisar onusthito hoisil. 2005 sonor nirbasonot 7taa aaxonor xongkhyagoristhota hraax kori (46-33) udarponthixokol punor nirbasito hoisil. 2009 sonor nirbasonot muktomonaxokol punor nirbasito hoisil. ei nirbasonor kichu xomoyor pisote nirbason prosaror xomoyot diya protisrutir biporite eis. ess. ti.-ror proborton ghuxona koraa hoisil. 2010 sonor 3 novemborot teur byowosthapona xoili aaru xuxonggothit bikri korr (eis. ess. ti) aaru bi. chi. rey 'lo durneetir bisaror bitorkito xomaptir biruddhe rajnoitik protikriyar biruddhe ek aaxonno kokcho bidruhor xonmukhin hoi go' rdon campbelle teur podotyag ghuxona kore. clerk sorkarh 2011-2017. doltur 2011 sonor netritwor xonmilontu doltuk "jiman xunkale xombhob tarikhot" netritwor xonmilon onusthito koriboloi go "rdon campbelor onurudhor dwara prerito hoisil. 2011 sonor 26 februaryt ei xonmilonkhone christi clerkok dolor notun netaa hisape nirbasito kore. clerk aaru teur notun montrixobhai 14 marchot xopot grohon kore. clerkor odhinot, doltuwe federal udaar aaru federal rokhyonxil xomorthokxokolor mitrota huwar xehotiya porompora obyahot raakhi odhik kendriyo dristibhongire rosit hoisil. teu loge loge nyuntomo mojuri 8 dollar poraa 1 dolaroloi briddhi korisil aaru ontario 'ror dore ek prodexbyapi poriyal diboxor proborton korisil. 2008-09 mondawosthar pisot clerk prodhan hoisil, aaru sorkari byoyor uporot dhaara bojai rakhisil, 2013-14 bittiyo borxor baabe xontulito bajetor aagote dutaa obhab budget proborton korisil, zo 'too uscho-aay thoka britis kolombiyanxokolor uporot korr briddhi ontorbhukto aasil. teu bi. chi.-ror torol prakritik ges (el. eno. ji.) vandaror xubidha lo "boloi bisarisil, jaar folot udiyoman el. eno. ji. udyugok poroborti doxokot ek prodhan orthonoitik unnoyonor xujug hisape sthapon koraa hoisil. jodiu go 'rdon campbelor proxaxonor ontim bosorburot duroir aaru progotixil poriwex aain pronoyon huwa dekha goisil, clerkok poriwex nitir proti teur dristibhongit odhik porimapito koraa hoisil. bi. chi.-ror prothom uttor aamerikar carbon korr obyahot raakhi, teu 2013 sonor nirbasonor xomoyot haar bondho korar protisruti disil aaru teur el. eno. ji unnoyonor akangkhyabure 2007 sonot campbell sorkare nirdharon koraa greenhouse ges nirgomonor lokhyor birudhita koraa zen lagisil. teu 2012 sonot ghuxona korisil je bi. chi.-koo paar koraa jikunu bhobisyotor pipeline pasta sorto puron koribo lagibo zo 'too poriwexgot proyujoniyota aaru tholuwa poramorxo ontorbhukto thakibo. bitorkitobhabe, teu ingito disil je teur pasta sortor bhitorot etaa hoh 'bob je pipeline aaru tengkaror zaan-jott briddhir poraa aahoron koraa jikunu rajhor "nyajyo ongxo" bixi-ye laabh kore. iyar folot teuk alberta prodexor xoite proityokhyo xonghatot porinot korise, jiye bi. chi. bondoror joriyote iyar bitumenor baabe bojar prowexadhikar briddhi koriboloi bisarisil, tothapiu jikunu byowostha proityakhyan kore ji bi. chi.-ye kunu royelti laabh koribo. 2011 sonot, kolin hanchene kanadar xomporkito nuhuwa udarponthi dolor xoite bibhranti porihar koriboloi aaru bohutu federal rokhyonxil aaru udarponthi voteror mitrota hisape iyar sthitik bhaldore protipholito koriboloi doltuwe iyar naam xoloni korar prostab disil. teu etaa bikolpo naamor prostab diya nasil. clerke koichil je teu naam xoloni korar kotha bibesona koribo kintu "eitu koriboloi kunu drutota" koraa nasil. 2013 sonor nirbasonor xomoyot, clerke jonomot xomikhyat prosar obhijanor nimno storot prowex korisil aaru teur mukhyo protidondi, eno. di. pi.-ror adrian dixok 20 pointor xoman pich porisil. bi. chi. ror udarponthixokolor prosaror slogan aasil "xoktixali orthoniti, xurokhito kailoi" aaru voterxokole teulukok soturtho karzokalor baabe karzosthanot nirbasito korar kaaron hisape el. eno. ji. khondot ek xontulito budget aaru xoktixali unnoyonor xujugor uporot alukpat korisil. clerke ontorio "loberal partyr xoite jorito kouxolbid, jene donn gaai aaru laara milaar, aaru maik mcdonaldor dore federal loberal byoktitwoxokolok teur karzaloy aaru prosar soluwar baabe loi aahisil. bi. chi. ror udarponthixokole pisfalor poraa aahi karzaloyot soturtho karjokal nischito korisil, obosye clerk teur venkuvar ridingto porasto hoisil, kintu poroborti xomoyot poschimor faale-kelunar ukanagon ridingto upo-nirbasonot joylabh korisil. nirbasonor pisot, teu bhobisyotor pipeline prokolpoxomuhor uporot bi. chi. aaru alberter maajot xomporkor ek golon bisarisil, prakton alberta primiyar elison redfordor rastriyo xokti kouxolot swakhyor korisil. 2014 sonor aarombhonite, udarponthixokole dwitiyo punpotiya xontulito budget uliyai aane aaru kisuman gelamalor dukanot xura bikrir onumoti diboloi aaru xixuxokolok paab aaru resturentot praptoboyoskoxokolor xoite bohiboloi onumoti diboloi bi. chi.-ror xura aain xoloni koriboloi aain proborton kore zo 'too xura poriwexon koraa hoy. 2017 sonor nirbasonot bi. chi. ror loberalxokolor aaxonor xongkhya 43 loi hraax paisil, xongkhyagoristhotar poraa etaa aaxon komm aasil. 2017 sonor 29 mey 'too suranto bhut gonona xompurno huwar pisot, bi. chi. eno. di. pi. aaru bi. chi. green party ek xusthir xongkhyaloghu sorkar nischito koriboloi ek aastha aaru jugan suktir baabe xonmot hoisil. teulukor xongzukto 44 khon aaxone teulukok bi. chi. loberalsor 43 khon aaxonor uporot ek xubidha prodan kore, ji 29 june, 2017-too clerkor sorkarok aastha bhutot porasto koriboloi jothesto aasil, jaar pisot clerke prodhanmontri hisape podotyag korisil (18 july, 2017-too karzokori hoisil) aaru leftenent-gowornare eno. di. pi. netaa john horganok sorkar gothon koriboloi koichil. clerkor podotyagor pisot dhoni colleman dolor ontobortikalin netaa hoisil. wilkinxon aaru bondor odhinot anusthanik birudhih 2018-2022. endru wilkinxonok 2018 sonor 3 februaryt dolor netaa hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. teu dubosor dhori birudhi dolor netaa hisape karzonirbah korisil. 2020 sonor xadharon nirbasonor xomoyot wilkinxonok xodosyopodor odhyokhyoke dhori dolor xodosyoxokole lo "ree thro" nes, ejon prarthi aaru prakton bidhayok ji el. ji. bi. ti. kiu. birudhi bibriti disil, teuk aatorai jaboloi polom korar baabe xomaluchona korisil. nirbasonot doltu porajito huwar pisot teu podotyag korisil. swiroli bonde 2022 sonor netritwo protijugitar aagoloike dolor ontobortikalin netaa hisape karzonirbah korisil. baajor netritwo aaru naam poriwortonoh 2022 sonor poraa. kebhin falcon 5 february, 2022-too bi. chi. liberalsor netaa nirbasito hoisil. teur netritwor prosaror xomoyot falcone doltur naam xoloni koraa aaru punor brend korar protisruti disil. 2022 sonor doliyo xonmilonot, protinidhixokole naam-poriworton prokriyar xoite aagbarhi juwar baabe ek prostab grihit kore, bosoror xexor faale bhutdan korar aagote dolor xodosyopodor xoite poramorxor xoite aarombho kore. prodexbyapi ek joripor pisot, "bi. chi. united" koo doltur baabe xombhabyo notun naam hisape aagborhai onaa hoisil. taar pisot 13 novemborot doltur xodosyoxokolor aagot naamtu rokha hoisil, aaru 16 novemborot ghuxona koraa hoisil je naam poriworton pray 80 xotangxor dwara onumudit hoisil. naam poriworton pisot onumudon koraa hoisil aaru 2023 sonor 12 aprilor poraa karzokori hoisil. dolor netaxokol. utxoh britis columbier bidhanik puthibhoral nirbasonor folafol. utxoh bi. chi. nirbason bi. chi. united yuth. bi. chi. united yubhe doltur juwo xakhar netritwo diye. karzobahi porixod etaa barxik xadharon xobhat nirbasito hoy aaru pasjon juwo xodosyore gothito hoyoh xobhapoti, upo-xobhapoti jugajug, upo-xobhapoti onusthan, upo-xobhapoti karjyokolap, aaru upo-xobhapoti prosar. 2022 sonor septembor maholoike ei podbur krome horman khusa, tedi oh 'donnel, olivia wenkling, mark dhilon aaru james lehmene dokhol korise.

bisi united bisi united (bii. shee. eu), jaa purbe british kalambia liberal party naame porichito, kanadar british columbier ekti pradeshik rajnaitik doll. dolti rakkhanshil, nobbo-udarponthi ebong baam-dunn rajnaitik bornalir kendra-dandike royeche boley bornona koraa hoyeche. dolti sadharonoto nijeke ekti "mukto uddog joat" hisabe bornona korey ebong yuktarashtriya udarponthi oo rakkhanshil ubhoy doler sadasyader samarthan paay. 1990-err doshok theke, bisi united kendra-baam notun ganotantrik doler (ndp) prodhan kendra-dunn birodhi doll. ekbar kanadar liberal partyr saathe jukto hoye british kalambia liberal party 1987 saale swadhin hoy. dolti 12ee april, 2023-ayee taar naam poriborton korey bisi united korey. 1940-err doshok porjonto british columbier rajnitite tatkalin udarponthi doll ebong protidwondi rakkhanshil doler adhipatya chhilo. udarponthira 1916 theke 1928 saal porjonto ebong abar 1933 theke 1941 saal porjonto sarkar gathon korey. 1941 theke 1952 saal porjonto, duti doll ekti jotey (ekjon udar netar netritte) shasson korey kromobordhoman somobai commonwealth federationer biruddhe ladai korar jonno. 1952 saaler nirbachone notun samajik credit party dwara jotti porajito hoy ebong dolti potoner dike choley yaay, abosheshe 1979 saaler nirbachone ainsabhai taar uposthiti haray. 1991 saaler nirbachone etty ainsabhai firey aase, dwitiya sthane eshe neta gordon willsoner prochestar madhyome sarkari birodhi doll gathon korey. willson 1994 saale gordon campbeller kachhe netritter challenge harran. campbeller netritte, bisi udarponthira dandike sorey jete shuru korey ebong federal party theke nijeder doore sariye neyo. 2001 saaler nirbachone, udarponthira bipul sankhyagarishthata orjon korey, jaa taaraa 2017 saaler nirbachoner alpo kichudin porey porjonto campbell ebong taar uttarsuri christy clerker adhine dhorey rekhechilo. 2020 saaler nirbachone herey yawar porr dolti birodhi doley theke yaay. doler atjon neta british columbier prodhanmontri hisebe dayitto palon korechenoh harlan bruster, john oliver, john mckellan, doff patulo, john heart, boss johnson, gordon campbell ebong christy clerk. 2022 saaler netritter nirbachoner porr theke, dolti kevin falcon dwara porichalito hoyeche. itihas. prothom sarkarah 1916-1928. 1916 saaler nirbachone bivokto rakkhanshilra udarponthider mukhomukhi hoy ebong herey yaay. udarponthira harlan kerry bruster adhine ekti sarkar gathon korey. bruster birodhi doler neta hoye othen ebong 1912 saaler march maase doler neta nirbachito hohn. koyek saptaha porey 1912 saaler nirbachone tini taanr asson harran, jaa konao udarponthike firiye deyoni. 1916 saale, tini ekti uponirbachoner madhyome abar ainsobhar nirbachone joyee hohn ebong seii bochorer shesher dike ekti sangoskarer monche procharer madhyome sadharan nirbachone taanr dolke joylaver dike porichalito corren. bruster civille service pristhoposhokota shesh korar, rajnaitik jontropati shesh korar, shromiker khatipuran oo shrom aain unnoto korar, mohilader jonno bhot aanar ebong anyanno progotishil sangoskarer protishruti diyechilen. sarkar mohilader bhotadhikar enechilo, nishedhagga jaari korechilo ebong 1918 saale taanr aprotyashito mrityur agey rajnaitik durnitir biruddhe ladai korechilo. taake british columbier victoria ross beey koborsthane somahito koraa hoyeche. 1918 saale bruster maaraa gele john oliver brusterke prodhan hisabe sofol hohn. oliver sarkar nanuk upottokai utpadon shilper bikash ghotay ebong rail poribohoner jonno malbahi haar komate federal sarkarke prorochito korar chesta korey. 1920 saaler nirbachone dolti sankhyagarishthata orjon korey ebong 1924 saaler nirbachoner porey 2 john swadhin udarponthir somorthone shasson korte sokkhom hoy. birodhita ebong moha bishannatah 1928-1933. udarponthira 1928 saaler nirbachone taader bhot badate sokkhom hoyechilo kintu taader ardhek asson hariechilo. mahamander suchona ebong saimon frazer tolmir sarkarer potoner saathe saathe udarponthira 1933 saaler nirbachone joylav korey. doff pyatuloh 1933-1941. 1933 saaler nirbachan doff patuloke khomotai niye aase ebong ekti notun samajik-ganotantrik oo ganotantrik samajtantrik birodhi doll somobai commonwealth phedareshana (ccf) ainsabhai proborton korey. patulo cheyechilen jey ekti sakriya karmi sarkar samajik karmasuchi ebong bekarder somorthoner madhyome bishannata mokabela korar chesta koruk. greta depression dwara kanadake sabcheye beshi khotigrosto hisabe swikriti deoa hoyeche, ebong kanadar modhye poschim kanada sabcheye beshi khotigrosto hoyeche. patullor prochesta prayashai otaoar federal sarkarer saathe dwandwe chhilo. patulo british columbiero ekjon ukil chhilen ebong khristopurber modhye purbo kanadar shakti hrass korar jonno eukonke sangjukto korar ebong alaska mahasadak nirmaner poramorsho diyechilen. 1937 saaler sadharan nirbachone taanr sarkar "samajik punjibad" slogan diye punra nirbachito hoy. "joat": 1941-1951. rakkhanshilder sange porjaykrome sarkar 1933 theke 1937 saal porjonto sarkari birodhi doll hisebe kaaj korte sokkhom haoya ebong 1937 saaler nirbachone rakkhanshilder cheye eka asson qama asson pawa ccf-err utthaner saathe shesh hoy. 1941 saaler nirbachone shee. shee. eff dwitiya sthane aase. nirbachanti udarponthider taaraa jey sankhyagarishthata aasha korechilo taa deyoni. 1941 saale patulo rakkhanshilder sange jotey jete aswikar korle john heart prodhanmontri ebong udarponthi neta hohn. udarponthi sadasyara patulor neta podo theke sorey dandan ebong heart ekti udar-rakkhanshil joat sarkar gathon corren, jaa khristopurbo itihase "joat" naame porichito. 1941 theke 1945 saal porjonto, juddhokalin abhaber somoye heart porichalito hoyechilo, jokhon samasta borh sarkari prokolpo sthogito koraa hoyechilo. 1945 saaler nirbachone joat sarkar punra nirbachito hoy. seii protijogitai, udarponthi ebong rakkhanshilra ekoi banner adhine cholechilo. 1945 saaler porr heart gramin vidyutayan, jolobidyut ebong mahasadak nirmaner ekti uchchabhilashi karmasuchi grohon corren. harter sabcheye guruttopurno prokolpoguli chhilo uttor british kalambia porjonto mahasadak 97 nirman (jaar modhye prince george-dosson khandi ongshoti ekhon taanr sommane namkaran koraa hoyeche) ebong setu nodee bidyut prokolpo, jaa british columbier prothom prodhan jolobidyut unnayan chhilo. tini bisi pawar kamishana protistha corren, jaa bisi jolobidyut-err agraduta, chhoto sampradaygulike bidyut sarbaraha korar jonno jaa besarkari utility dwara porisheba deoa hoto naa. 1947 saaler decembere heart prodhanmontri hisebe abosar grohon corren. rakkhanshil doll taar neta harbert unscomber jonno prodhanmontri hisabe sofol howar jonno andolon korechilo kintu udarponthira joat kokase torider cheye beshi sankhya peyechilo ebong harter porey onno ekjon udarponthi, byron johnson, jini "boss" johnson naame porichito, upo-prodhanmontri ebong arthamantri hisabe unscomber saathe. johnsoner sarkar sorbojonin hospital beema ebong 3 shotangsho pradeshik bikroy corr chaalu korey. etty mahasadak byabosthar samprasaran korey, proshanto mahasagariya greta eastern railpother samprasaran korey ebong alcan chukti niye alochona korey, jaa kennie baandh nirmaner subidharthe kaaj korey. sarkar 1948 saaler frazer nadeer bonnar satheo mokabila korey, joruri abostha ghoshana korey ebong frazer upottokar modhyo diye nadeer tirguli daika korar ekti karmasuchi shuru korey. commonwealther prothom mohila speaker hisabe nancy hojoske niyoger jonnou johnson bikhyato. udar-rakkhanshil joat sarkar 1949 saaler nirbachone joylav korey-jaa khristopurber itihase janapriya bhoter sabcheye borh shotangsho. joat angshidarder modhye ebong ubhoy pokkher modhye uttejona briddhi peyechilo. liberal partyr nirbahi jotke batil korar pokkhe bhot deyo ebong johnson 1952 saaler januaryte taar rakkhanshil montrider baad deena, jaar foley ekti swalpasthayi sankhyalaghu sarkar venge porey jaa shighroi venge porey. 1952 saaler nirbachan. tinn doler protijogitai shee. shee. eff-keey joyee hotey badha deoar jonno, sarkar tatkhonik-raan-off voating chaalu korey, eyi protyasha niye jey rakkhanshil bhotarra udarponthider taader dwitiya pochondo hisabe talikabhukto korbe ebong err biporito. tobey bhotarra bikalpa khunjchilen. arow beshi bhotar onno jey konao doler cheye british kalambia soshyala credit leagueke taader dwitiya pochondo hisabe beche niyechilen. 1952 saaler sadharan nirbachone ballot ganana korar somoy samajik krititto brihottomo doll hisabe abirbhuto hoy. nirbachoner somoy samajik krititter "prokrito" neta, dablu. ayee. shee. nirbachoner porr bennet, jini purbe ekjon rakkhanshil chhilen, anusthanikbhabe doler neta hisabe manoneet hohn. 1953 saaler sadharan nirbachone, udarponthira 4tii asone neme aase, ebong taaraa 23.36% bhot paay. arthar leing vancouver point gray-teey tilly rollstonke porajito corren. jodio samajik krititto ainsabhai sankhyagarishtha asson jitechilo, taader arthamantri enara gunderson udarponthider phillip archibald gibser kachhe oka uposagore porajito hoyechilen. gordon gibson esr, ekjon kotipati kaather barron, jaake "shander bonn" ducknum deoa hoyechilo, ekjon udarponthi hisabe liluter jonno nirbachito hoyechilo. tritiya pokkher abosthah 1953-1979. eyi somoyer godar dike, udarponthider sabcheye bishishto sadasya chhilen gordon gibson esr. tini ekjon sieger-dhumpayee ebong sadharan kaather thikadar chhilen, jini prodhan hotey parten kintu ekti borh rajnaitik bhuler jonno. 1953 saale tini liluate riding-err jonno nirbachito hohn. 1955 saale, soamers kelenkariti saamone aase ebong tiniyi chhilen ainsobhar ekmatro neta jini etike ekti issue korechilen. dobleeu. ayee. shee. bennet ebong taar attorney general tothyoti beriye assa theke biroto rakhar jonno onek kaushal abalamban korechilen. hotashai, gibson taar asson theke podotyag corren ebong ekti uponirbachone badhyo corren, eyi ashay jey somarder kelenkariti eyi vishaytike porinoto korbe. bhotdan byabostha poribortito hoyechilo ebong tini samajik krititter porey dwitiya sthane esechilen. 1956 saaler nirbachone, soamers kelenkarir ekhono samadhan naa howa, udarponthira 1953 saaler cheyeo kharap abosthai chhilo. arthar leing taanr asson hariechilen ebong dolti dui millie ebong 20.9% bhote neme aase. 1960 saaler nirbachone, dolti 1956 saaler moto janapriya bhoter ekoi 20.9% soho charti asson jitechilo. 1963 saaler nirbachone, doler caucus arow eka millie theke bede panch hoye yaay, kintu janapriya bhoter taader ongsho 19.98%-ayee neme aase. 1966 saaler nirbachone, dolti arekti asson jitechilo, jaar foley taader cocks chhoytite niye aase ebong bhot briddhi peye 20.24% hoy. 1969 saaler bhote dolti ekti asson haray ebong bhoter ongsho 19.03%-ayee neme yaay. 1972 saale, dolti ekjon notun neta david andersoner netritte nirbachone aase, jini 1968 saaler federal nirbachone kanadar liberal partyr mp hisabe nirbachito hoyechilen. tini ebong arow charjan ainsabhai nirbachito hotey perechilen, tobey doler itihase sorbonimno bhot 16.4%-ayee peyechilen. british kalambia neu democratic party (bcndp) 1972 saaler nirbachone joylav korar porr, udar oo rakkhanshil dalgulir onek somorthok samajik credit leagay jog deena. eyi joat 1975 theke 1990-err doshok porjonto notun democratder khomotar baire rakhte sokkhom hoyechilo. maalaa guarde gardom, pyata mcjeer ebong allan uilliams hothat punorujjibito torrigulir hoog cartiser saathe udarponthider samajik krititter jonno chhede diyechilen. 1975 saaler porr taanra sokolei samajik credit cabineter sadasya hoye othen. 1975 saaler nirbachone, nirbachito ekmatro udarponthi chhilen gordon gibson junior. jehetu dolti ekti hotashajonok 7.24% score koreche. david anderson taar victoria ridingye kharapbhabe porajito hoyechilen, notun democrat ebong samajik krititter pichhone rekhechilen. morubhumiteh 1979-1991. 1979 saaler nirbachan chhilo doler sorbonimno point. doler itihase dwitiyobarer moto etty ainsabha theke baad deoa hoy. matro panchjon prarthi protidwondita korechilen, keu nirbachito hononi ebong dolti 0.5 shotangsho bhot peyechilo. 1983 saaler nirbachone ekti chhoto punoruddhar dekha yaay kaaron dolti prarthider ekti purno slater kachakachi esechilo, kintu bhoter 2.69% jitechilo. 1986 saaler bhot chhilo tritiya ebong shesh nirbachan jekhane dolti bondho hoye yaay. janapriya bhoter err ongsho 6.74%-ayee unnito hoyeche. 1987 saale, gordon willson pradeshik liberal partyr neta hohn jokhon onno keu agrahi chhilen naa. willson pradeshik liberal party ebong taar federal protipokkher modhye anusthanik sangjog chhinno korey. 1970-err doshoker majhamajhi theke, khristopurber beshirbhag yuktarashtriya udarponthira pradeshik porjaye british kalambia soshyala credit partike samarthan korar jonno beche niyechilo. pradeshik doler jonno, eyi prithokikoroner uddeshya chhilo federal partyr samajik credit sadasyader prabhab hrass koraa. federal partyr drishtikon theke, eyi podokkhepti taader jonno somanbhabe upokari chhilo, kaaron pradeshik dolti prachur riney chhilo. willson british columbier rajnitite ekti biswasjoggo tritiya doll hisabe pradeshik dolke punarnirman korte shuru corren. ekoi somoye, bill vander jalomer netritte khamotasin samajik credit party bitorke joriye porechilo. falaswarup, ekadhik samajik credit kelenkarir karone onek bhotar bikalper sandhan korte badhyo hohn. 1991 saaler nirbachoner somoy, willson vander jalomer uttarsuri, premiere rita johnston ebong bcndp neta michael harcourter modhye television kanadian broadcasting karporeshana (cbc) bitorke antarbhukta howar jonno todobir korechilen. shee. bii. shee raji hoy ebong willson taar performancer madhyome onek bhotarke mugdho korey. udar procharona goti laav korey ebong samajik credit procharona theke onek samarthan sariye neyo. nirbachone bcndp joyee holeo udarponthira 17tii asson niye dwitiya sthane aase. willson birodhi doler neta hoye othen. willsoner adhine sarkari birodhi doloh 1991-1993. willsoner nitiguli ainsabha ebong doler anyanno onek udarponthider saathe mille yayni jaaraa samajik krititter potoner foley aboshishto shunnota puron korte cheyechilo. ainsabhai ebong ekti bistrito rajnaitik andolon gadey tolar khettre udarponthira nijeder onoviggo boley proman korechilo. notun ganotantrik doler pradeshik sarkarer biruddhe karjokor birodhi doll gathon korte paare emon ekti shringkholaboddho sangathan gadey tola taader jonno kathin chhilo. 1993 saale, willsoner netritto sahakarmi udarponthi neta judy tiabjir saathe taar somporker prakash dwara arow khotigrosto hoyechilo. eyi somoyer modhye, beshirbhag caucus taanr netritter biruddhe kholakhuli bidroh korechilo. willson ekti netritter sommeloner ahoban janate sommoto hohn, jekhane tini ekjon prarthi hoben. bow-dweep dakkhin maalaa freda gingel birodhi doler neta hoye othen ebong udar netritter protijogita onusthito hoy. shighroi, doler praktan neta gordon gibson ebong vancouver meyor gordon campbell netritter daude probesh corren. campbell prothom ballote chudantabhabe joyee hoy, doler praktan neta gordon gibson dwitiya ebong willson tritiya sthan adhikar corren. netritter nirbachan eka sadasyer, eka bhot byabosthar upor siddhanta neoa hoyechilo jaar madhyome udarponthira telephoner madhyome taader pochonder pokkhe bhot diyechilo. willson ebong tiabji tokhon udarponthider chhede diye taader nijaswa doll, progotishil ganotantrik joat gathon corren. campbeller adhine sarkari birodhi doloh 1993-2001. ekbar campbell neta hoye gele, udarponthira prothombar "bisi liberal" naame ekti naam grohon korey ebong shighroi ekti notun logo ebong notun daliya rongo (sadharan "udar laal" ebong mappel patar saathe laal ebong neel) chaalu korey. sangshodhito naam ebong logo kanadar federal liberal party theke bhotarder money nijeke arow sposhtobhabe alada korar ekti prochesta chhilo. 1994 saaler godar dike, ekti uponirbachone campbell ainsabhai nirbachito hohn. taanr netritte dolti dandike agrasar hotey shuru korey, praktan samajik credit doler sadasyader ebong porey pradeshik sangoskar doler samarthan laav korey. kichhu madhyapanthi socred vander jaalom juger agey thekei udarponthider bhot ditey shuru korechilo. frasara upottoka anchale onusthito uponirbachone udarponthira duti praktan socred asson jitechilo, jaa vidyaman bcndp sarkarer sposhto bikalpa howar daabi dridha korechilo. udarponthi doll samajik krititter potoner foley bisi rajnaitik bornalir kendra-dandike srishto shunyatao puron korechilo. 1996 saaler nirbachone, bisi liberalguli janapriya bhot jitechilo. tobey, prodesher bairer anchale udar marginer beshirbhagi borh byabodhane noshto hoyechilo; taaraa vancouver ebong nimno mool bhukhande matro atti asson jitechilo. gramin british columbia, bishesh korey abhyantarin anchale jekhane railpoth sthaniya orthonitir pranshakti chhilo-bisi udarponthira besh koyekti protijogitai herey yaay kaaron bhotarder kichhu campbeller neeti niye aswasti chhilo, mulat bisi rail bikri korar protishruti. err moat folafol chhilo udarponthider abar birodhider kachhe preron koraa, jodio taaraa enn. dii. pii-rawr sankhyagarishthata 13 theke komiye tinn korte sokkhom hoyechilo. nirbachoner porr, bisi udarponthira nischito korte shuru korey jey 1996 saaler punorabritti hobey naa. campbell taar 1996 saaler platforme kichhu qama janapriya neeti parikalpana batil korey deyo, biseshoto bisi rail bikri korar protishruti, kaaron bikrir folafoler sombhabona uttorer abhyantarin anchalgulite somorthokder bichchinno korey diyechilo. campbell sarkarah 2001-2011. bcndp sarkarer jonno ekti kelenkari bhora dwitiya meyader porey, bisi udarponthira 2001 saaler nirbachone bisi itihaser sabcheye borh bhumidhwas soho jitechilo, 79 tii asoner modhye 77 tii asson niyechilo. emonki taaraa prodhanmontri uzzal dosanjke nijer ghodaay korey sariye ditey sokkhom hoy. gordon campbell dosho bochorer modhye saptam prodhanmontri ebong pray 50 bochorer modhye prothom udar prodhanmontri hohn. campbell taanke office bosanor prothom dinei samasta pradeshik aykar 25 shotangsho komanor prostab deyo. bii. shee. udarponthira corporate aykaro hrass korey ebong beshirbhag byabosar jonno corporate muldhan corr (notun ganotantrobadider dwara probortito biniyog oo kormosongsthaner upor corr) bilupto korey. campbeller prothom meyadti arthik kathoratar jonnou ullekh koraa hoyechilo, jaar modhye royeche kalyanmulak roll ebong kichhu samajik porisheba hrass, niyantran hrass, kichhu sarkari sompoder bikroy (biseshoto purboborti sarkar dwara nirmito "phasta ferry", jaa taader daamer ekti bhognangshe bikri koraa hoyechilo). campbell bisi railer besorkarikoroner suchona korey, jaa udarponthira uttorer ridingye jetar jonno bikri naa korar protishruti diyechilo jaa 1996 saale doltike prottakhyan korechilo kintu nirbachoner porey eyi protishrutiti biporito korey, 2003 saaler british kalambia ainsabhai abhijan ebong poroborti ebong ekhono bicharadhin adaloter mamler saathe jukto fauzdari todontogulir saathe jukto. besh koyekti ullekhjoggo shrom birodh chhilo, jaar modhye koyekti sarkari aainer madhyome nishpotti koraa hoyechilo tobey jaar modhye prodesher daktarder saathe sangharsha antarbhukta chhilo. kichhu sarkari bibhage panchash shotangshero beshi karmi chhantai soho, ebong chhoto sarkarer protishruti sotteo montrisobhar akaar pray dwigun koraa hoyechilo ebong sangsadiya beton badano hoyechilo. shasson byabosthao emanbhabe punarbinyas koraa hoyechilo jey, upomontrider ekhon taader niz niz montrider kachhe report korar poriborte prodhanmontrir karjalaye chiff off stuffer kachhe report korte hobey. eyi katchant chalakalin, prodesher ashepasher hospital, adalat ebong bordhito jotner subidhaguli bondho korey deoa hoyechilo, biseshoto chhoto sampradaygulite, ebong bisi sanrakkhan porishebar moto prayogkari karmider prantik store hrass koraa hoyechilo. purboborti enn. dii. pii shasonkale nirmito bivinno pradeshik uddangulikeo sanrakkhito elakar morjadai namiye aanaa hoyechilo, jaar ortho eguli sompod shoshoner jonno khola jete paare ebong uddan byaboharer jonno phii badano hoyechilo. 2003 saale, apareshana everway naame porichito ekti madok todonto, jaa ekti kelenkarite cn-err kachhe bisi rail bikrir bishoye sandehabhajan lendener bishoye british kalambia sangsad bhabangulite sarkari office abhijaner dike porichalito korey, jaa "railgate" hisabe porichito hoye othe ebong chaar praktan montrir sahojogider prabhab bistar, biswas bhongo ebong ghush grohoner jonno bitcher koraa hoy. 2005 saaler nirbachone 7tii asoner sankhyagarishthata (46-33) hrass peye udarponthira punra nirbachito hoy. 2009 saaler nirbachone udarponthira abar nirbachito hoy. eyi nirbachoner alpo kichudin porei nirbachoni procharer somoy deoa protishrutir biporite eich. esha. tii-rawr proborton ghoshana koraa hoy. 2010 saaler 3raa navembar, taanr porichalon shaili ebong susongoto bikroy corr (eich. esha. tii) ebong bisi rail durnitir bicharer bitorkito samaptir biruddhe rajnaitik protikriyar biruddhe asonno caucus bidroher mukhomukhi hoye ebong nirbachone taanr onumodoner retting 9 shotangsher moto qama howa, gordon campbell taanr podotyager ghoshana deena. clerk sarkarah 2011-2017. doler 2011 saaler netritter sommelonti doler kachhe "joto tadatadi sombhob tarikhe" ekti netritter sommelon ayojoner jonno gordon campbeller anurodher dwara prorochito hoyechilo. 26shhey february, 2011 tarikhe sommelonti christy clerke doler notun neta hisabe nirbachito korey. clerk ebong taar notun montrisobha 14ee march shopoth neyo. clerker adhine, dolti federal udarponthi ebong federal rakkhanshil somorthokder joat howar samprotik oitijhyo abyahoto rekhe arow madhyapanthi drishtibhongi toiri korechilo. tini abilambe nyuntama majuri 8 dollar/ghanta theke baadiye 1 dollar corren ebong ontarior moto ekti pradesh-byapi paribarik dibos chaalu corren. clerk mondar porey prodhan hoye othe ebong 2008-09 arthik bochorer jonno bharsamyopurno bajeter agey duti ghatoti budget chaalu korey, jaa uchcho ayer british kalambiander upor corr briddhi antarbhukta korey, sarkari byer upor line dhorey rakhe. tini bisi-rawr torol prakritik gyasa (lng) mojuter subidha neoar chesta korechilen, jaa agami doshke udiyaman lng shilpoke ekti prodhan orthonoitik unnoyoner sujog hisabe sthapon korechilo. jodio gordon campbeller proshashoner chudanta bochorgulite sudurprasari ebong progotishil poribeshgoto aain pranayan koraa hoyechilo, clerk poribesh nitir proti taar drishtibhongite arow porimap koraa hoyechilo. bisi-rawr prothom-inn-north-america carbon corr abyahoto rakhar somoy, tini 2013 saaler nirbachoner somoy harti sthogito korar protishruti diyechilen ebong taar lng unnoyoner akangkha 2007 saale campbell sarkar kortrik nirdharito greenhouse gyasa nirgomoner lokkhogulir birodhita korey boley money hoyechilo. tini 2012 saale ghoshana korechilen jey bisi atikram korey jey konao bhabishyater pipelineke panchti shorto puron korte hobey jaar modhye poribeshgoto prayojaniyata ebong deshiya poramorsho antarbhukta chhilo. bitorkitovabe, tini ingito diyechilen jey taar panchti shorter modhye ekti holl jey bisi pipeline ebong tanker traffic briddhi theke arjito jey konao rajaswer "nyajya ongsho" paay. etty taake alberta prodesher saathe sarasari dwandwe feleche, jaaraa bisi bandargulir madhyome bitumen-err jonno bajarer probeshadhikar briddhi korte cheyechilo, tobuo dridhobhabe emon konao byabostha prottakhyan korey jaa bisi-keey konao royalti petey dekhe. 2011 saale, collin hansen kanadar samparkahin udarponthi doler saathe bibhranti edate ebong onek federal rakkhanshil ebong udarponthi bhotarder joat hisabe taar abosthanke arow bhalbhabe protifolito korar jonno doler naam poribortoner prostab deena. tini bikalpa naam prostab korenni. clerk bolechilen jey tini naam poribortoner kotha bibechona korben kintu "etty korar jonno konao tadahudo" korenni. 2013 saaler nirbachoner somoy, clerk janamat joripe prochare nimno store probesh corren ebong taar prodhan protidwondi, enn. dii. pii-rawr adrian dixke 20 pointer moto pichhone feley. bisi-rawr udarponthider procharer slogan chhilo "shaktishali arthaniti, nirapada agamikal" ebong bhotarder choturtho meyader jonno nirbachito korar kaaron hisabe lng sectore ekti bharsamyopurno budget ebong shaktishali unnoyoner sujogke tuley dhorechilo. clerk taanr offices ebong prochar chaalaanor jonno ontario liberal partyr saathe jukto kaushalbidder, jemon donn gaai ebong laura miller ebong maik mcdonalder moto federal udarponthi byaktittoder niye esechilen. bisi udarponthira office choturtho meyade surokkhito howar jonno pichhon theke esechilo, tobey clerk taar vancouver ridingye porajito hoyechilo, tobey poschimdiker-kelona-rawr okanagon ridingye poroborti uponirbachone jitechilo. nirbachoner porr, tini bhabishyater pipeline prokolpogulir upor bisi ebong alberter modhye somporkoke golanor chesta korechilen, praktan alberta premiere allison redforder jatiya shakti kaushaler upor swakkhar korechilen. 2014 saaler godar dike, udarponthira dwitiya sarasari bharsamyopurno budget niye aase ebong kichhu mudi dokane modd bikrir anumati deoar jonno bisi-rawr modd aain poribortoner jonno aain chaalu korey ebong shishuder pub ebong restoran praptoboyoskoder saathe bosar anumati deyo jekhane modd poribeshon koraa hoy. 2017 saaler nirbachone, bii. shee. liberalder asson sankhya 43-ayee neme aase, jaa sankhyagarishthatar theke ekti asson qama. 2017 saaler 29shhey meey chudanta bhot ganana shesh howar porr, bcndp ebong bisi grin party ekti sthitishil sankhyalaghu sarkar nischito korar jonno ekti astha oo sarbaraha chuktite sommoto hoy. taader sommilito 44tii asson taader bisi liberalder 43-err tulna ekti subidha deyo jaa 29shhey june, 2017-ayee asthabhote clerker sarkarke porajito korar jonno jotheshto chhilo, jaar porey clerk prodhanmontri hisabe podotyag corren (karjokor 18ee julai, 2017) ebong leftenant-governor ndp neta john horganke sarkar gathon korte bollen. clerker podotyager porr dhonee colleman doler antarbartikalin neta hohn. wilkinson ebong bonder adhine sarkari birodhita 2018-2022. andru wilkinson 2018 saaler 3 february doler neta nirbachito hohn. tini dui bochor birodhi doler neta hisebe dayitto palon corren. 2020 saaler sadharan nirbachoner somoy, wilkinson laurie singhasone, ekjon prarthi ebong praktan bidhayak jini elgbtq birodhi bibriti diyechilen, taake aposaron korte bilamba korar jonno sadasyapada cheyara soho doler sadasyader dwara samalochito hoyechilen. nirbachone doll porajito howar porr tini podotyag corren. shirli bonned 2022 saaler netritter protijogita porjonto doler antarbartikalin neta hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. baajer netritto ebong naam poribortonoh 2022 saal theke. kevin falcon 5 february, 2022-ayee bisi liberalder neta nirbachito hohn. taanr netritter procharabhijaner somoy, bajpakhi doler naam poriborton ebong punra branned korar protishruti diyechilo. 2022 saaler daliya sommelone, protinidhira bochorer shesher dike bhot deoar agey doler sadasyapader saathe poramorsher madhyome naam-poriborton prokriya niye egiye yawar jonno ekti prostab pusses corren. ekti prodeshbyapi samikkhar porr, doler sombhabbo notun naam hisabe "bisi united"-keey saamone rakha hoyechilo. erpor 13ee navembar doler sadasyader kachhe namti deoa hoy ebong 16ee navembar ghoshana koraa hoy jey, naam poriborton pray 80 shotangsho dwara onumodito hoyeche. naam poribortonti porey onumodito hoy ebong 2023 saaler 12ee april theke karjokor hoy. doler netara. sootroh british columbier aain pranayankari gronthagar nirbachoner folafol. sootroh nirbachan bisi bisi united euth. bisi united euth doler jubo shakhar netritto deyo. nirbahi board ekti barshik sadharan sabhay nirbachito hoy ebong panchjon jubo sadasya niye gathitoh sabhapati, soho-sabhapati jogajog, soho-sabhapati anusthan, soho-sabhapati apareshana ebong soho-sabhapati prochar. 2022 saaler septembara porjonto, eyi padguli jothakrome harman khosa, teddy oo 'donnell, olivia wankling, marqa ddhilon ebong james lehmann dwara onusthito hoy.

bii. see. united bii. see. united (bii. see. yuu.), jeey agau british kolambiya liberal party tareeke odakhaato hato, teey british kolambiya, kenedama aek praantiy raajkeey paksh chhe. pakshne rudhichust, navudarvadi aneey daabi-jamani raajkeey shreneena kendra-jamani bajuae hovaanu varnavama aavyu chhe. paksh saamanya reete potaane "mukt saahas gathbandhan" tareeke varnave chhe aneey sangheey udaar aneey rudhichust paksho bannena sabhyo pasethi samarthan melve chhe. 1975thee daaykaathi, bii. see. united kendra-daberi navaa lokshaahi paksh (aena. dii. pii.) noow mukhya kendra-jamneri veerodh paksh rahyo chhe. aekvaar kenedana liberal party saathe sankalaayelee british kolambiya liberal party thayo swatantra thaee hatee. pakshe 12 april, april roj tenu naam badaline bii. see. united karyoo hatoo. hatoo daaykaa sudhee british columbiana rajkaranma tatkalin udaarvaadi paksh aneey harif rudhichust pakshnu varchsva hatoo. udarvadioae 1916 thee 1928 sudhee aneey fareethi 1933 thee 1941 sudhee sarkaar banaavi. 1941 thee 1952 sudhee, banne pakshoe pragatisheel sahakaari commonwealth federationno saamno karvaa maate gathbandhan (udaar netaani aagevanima) maan shaasan karyoo. curry chuntanima navaa saamaajik dhiraan paksh dwara gathbandhanne haravvama aavyu hatoo aneey pakshnu patan thayu hatoo, aakhare 1979-1991 chuntanima vidhansabhama tenee haajari gumaavee hatee. shodhyo chuntanima teey vidhansabhama parat pharii hatee, beeja krame aavee hatee aneey netaa gorden vilsananaa prayaaso dwara sattavaar vipakshnee rachnaa curry hatee. willson willson gorden campbell saame netrutvano padkaar haaree gayo hato. campbellnaa netrutva hethal, bii. see. udarvadioae jamani taraf sthalaantar karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey potaane sangheey pakshthi door rakhyaa hataa. udarvadioae chuntanima, udarvadioae prachand bahumatee melvee hatee, jeey chhe chuntani pachhi toonk samay sudhee teo campbell aneey temnaa anugaamee christy clark hethal hataa. hatee chuntanima haaryaa baad paksh vipakshma rahyo hato. pakshna aath netaoae british columbiana vadaa tareeke sevaa aapee chheh harlen bruster, john olivara, john mccullin, duff petulo, john haart, booas johnson, gorden campbell aneey christy clark. bonde netrutva chuntanithi, pakshnu netrutva cavin baaj dwara karvaamaa aavee rahyu chhe. itihas. pratham sarkaarah 1916-1928. vibhajit rudhichustoae rudhichustoae chuntanima udaarvaadiono saamno karyo aneey haaree gayaa. udarvadioae harlen keree bruster hethal sarkaar banaavi. bruster vipakshnaa netaa banyaa hataa aneey march march pakshna netaa tareeke chuntaya hataa. thodaa athvadiya pachhi pachhi chuntanima teo potaani bethak gumaavee deedhaa hataa, jemaa koee udaarvaadio paachha nahota aavyaa. aavyaa, temane petachuntani dwara fareethi vidhansabhani chuntani jeetee hatee aneey teey varshnaa antamaa sudharana munch parr prachaar kareene temnaa pakshne saamanya chuntanima jeet apaavi hatee. brustere nagrik sevama aashray samaapt karvaanu, raajkeey machinone samaapt karvaanu, kaamdaarona valtar aneey shram kayadama sudhaaro karvaanu, maheelao maate mutt laavvaanu aneey anya pragatisheel sudhaaraonu vachan aapyu hatoo. sarkaare maheela matadhikar laavyo, pratibandhni sthaapnaa curry aneey jyaare temnaa andhaaryaa mrutyu pahelaa raajkeey bhrashtachar saame ladat aapee. temne british columbiana viktoriyaamaa rose beey kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa chhe. john olivara jyaare jyaare brusternu avsaan thayu tyaare brusternaa vadaa tareeke safal thayaa. oleevarni sarkaare nenook kheenma utpaadan udhyog vikasaavyo, aneey rail parivahan maate noor darr ghatadva maate sangheey sarkaarne samjaavvaano prayaas karyo. paksh paksh chuntanima ekdam bahumatithi jeet melvee shakyo hato aneey aneey chuntani pachhi jaj 2 swatantra udarvadiona samarthan saathe shaasan karvaamaa safal rahyo hato. veerodh aneey mahamandi 1928-1933. udaarvaadio udaarvaadio chuntanima temnaa mutt vadharvama safal rahyaa hataa parantu temnee adadhi bethako gumaavee hatee. mahamandini sharuaat aneey simone fraser tolmini sarkaarnaa visfot saathe, udarvadioae 1933-1941 chuntani jeetee hatee. duff pattuloh 1933-1941. 1933-1941 chuntaniae duff pattulone sattama laavya aneey vidhansabhama sahakaari commonwealth federation (see. see. aef.), aek navo saamaajik-lokshaahi aneey lokshaahi samajvadi vipaksh paksh rajoo karyo. pattulo ichchhata hataa keey aek sakreey sarkaar saamaajik kaarykramo aneey berojgaaronaa samarthan dwara mandeeno saamno karvaano prayaas karey. mahamandithi sauthee vadhu asargrast keneda tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey kenedama sauthee vadhu asargrast pashchimi keneda chhe. pattulonaa prayaaso ghanivaar ottavama sangheey sarkaar saathe virodhabhasi hataa. pattulo british columbiana himayati pann hataa, aneey ee. saes. purve yukonnaa jodaan aneey ee. saes. purve purveey kenedani shaktee ghatadva maate alaska dhorimaargnaa nirmannu soochan karyoo hatoo. aneey saamanya chuntanima, temnee sarkaar "saamaajik mudivaad" naa sootra parr chaaline fareethi chuntai hatee. "gathbandhan": 1941-1951. rudhichusto saatheni vaikalpik sarkaarno anta see. see. aef. naa uday saathe aavyo, jeey 1933 thee 1937 sudhee sattavaar veerodh paksh bunny shakyaa aneey aneey chuntanima rudhichusto kartaa aek bethak ochhi hatee. hatee chuntanima see. see. aef. beeja krame aavee hatee. aaa chuntaniae udaarvaadione taonee apeksha mujab bahumatee aapee naa hatee. john haart haart vadaa pradhaan aneey udaar netaa banyaa jyaare pattuloae rudhichusto saathe gathbandhan karvaano incar karyo. udaar sabhyoae patullone netaa tareeke door karyaa aneey harte udaar-rudhichust gathbandhan sarkaarni rachnaa curry, jeey ee. saes. purvenaa itihaasmaa "gathbandhan" tareeke odakhaati hatee. 1941 thee 1945 sudhee, yuddh samaynee achhatnaa samaye, jyaare tamaam motaa sarkari projects mokuf rakhvama aavyaa hataa, haart shaasan karyoo hatoo. hatoo chuntanima gathbandhan sarkaar fareethi chuntai hatee. teey spardhama udaarvaadio aneey rudhichusto aek jaj benara hethal dodyaa hataa. 1945 pachhi, harte graameen vidhyutikaran, jalvidhyut aneey dhorimaargonaa nirmanno mahatvakankshi kaarykram haath dharyo. hartnaa sauthee nondhpaatra projectmaa uttar british kolambiya tarafnaa dhorimaarg dhorimaarg nirmaan (jemathi prince george-dosson khaadi vibhagnu naam havey temnaa sanmaanmaa rakhvama aavyu chhe) aneey brij rivara power projectno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey british kolambiyama pratham moto jalvidhyut vikaas hato. temane khangi upyogitao dwara sevaa naa aaptaa naana samudaayone vijadee puurii paadvaa maate, bii. see. hydrona agradut, bii. see. power commissionni sthaapnaa curry hatee. december december haart vadaa pradhaan tareeke nivrutt thayaa hataa. rudhichust pakshe tenaa netaa, herbert enscombne vadaa pradhaan tareeke safal thavaa maate aandolan karyoo hatoo, parantu udarvadioae gathbandhan cockusma toreeo karataa vadhu sankhyaa melvee hatee aneey haart pachhi anya udaarvaadi, byron johnson, jene "booas" johnson tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, enscombne nayab vadaa pradhaan aneey naanaa pradhaan tareeke anusaryaa hataa. johnsonni sarkaare tenaa maate saarvtrik hospital veemo aneey 3 takaa praantiy vechaan vero laagu karyo hato. tene dhorimaarg pranaalinu vistaran karyoo, paciphic greta eastern railwaynu vistaran karyoo aneey alkain karaar parr vataghato curry, jenaathi kennie demnaa nirmanma suveedha thaee. sarkaare sarkaare fraser nadeena purno pann saamno karyo, katokatini sthitee jaaher curry aneey fraser khinmathi nadeena kaanthaaone dikingno kaarykram sharoo karyo. johnson nancy hojesne komanvelthamaa pratham maheela vaktaa tareeke niyukt karvaa maate pann jaanita chhe. liberal-conservative gathbandhan sarkaare sarkaare chuntani jeetee hatee-ee. saes. purvenaa itihaasmaa lokpreey matnee sauthee motee takaavaari 61 takaa hatee. gathbandhanna bhagidaro vachche aneey banne pakshoni andar tanaav vadhyo hato. liberal partyni kaarobaariae gathbandhanne samaapt karvaa maate matdaan karyoo aneey johnasne january january temnaa rudhichust mantrione bartaraf karyaa, parinaame alpajivi laghumati sarkaar bunny jeey toonk samayma puddy bhangi. curry chuntani. see. see. aef. neey trana pakshoni spardhama jeetata atkavva maate, sarkaare taatkaalik-runoff matdanni sharuaat curry, aevee apeksha saathe keey rudhichust matdaaro udaarvaadione temnee beejee pasandagi tareeke soochibaddh karashe aneey tenaathi ulatu. joke matdaaro vikalpo shodhee rahyaa hataa. vadhu matdaaroae temnee beejee pasandagi tareeke anya koee pann paksh karataa aagad british kolambiya soshiyal credit leegne pasand curry. curry saamanya chuntanima jyaare matpatroni ganatari karvaamaa aavee tyaare saamaajik shrey sauthee motaa paksh tareeke ubharee aavyo hato. chuntani darmiyan saamaajik shreynaa "vaastavik" netaa, doubleu. aee. see. agau rudhichust rahela benetne chuntani pachhi aupcharik reete pakshna netaa tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. udarvadioae saamanya chuntanima, udaarvaadione 4 bethako parr ghataadi devaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemane 23.36% mutt melvyaa hataa. arther leinge tilly rollstonne vancouver point gremaa haraavyo hato. saamaajik shreyne vidhansabhama bahumatee bethako malee hovaa chhataa, temnaa naanaa pradhaan enaar gundersonne udarvadiona phillip archibald gibbs dwara oak khaadimaa haravvama aavyaa hataa. gorden gibson aesa. aar., aek karodpati lakadana beron, jene "buul off dhaa woods" upnaam aapvama aavyu hatoo, teey lilloot maate udaarvaadi tareeke chuntaya hataa. truteey pakshnee sthiteeh 1953-1979. aaa samaygalani sharuaatnaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, udarvadiona sauthee agranee sabhy gorden gibson aesa. aar. hataa. teo sigar pivaanaa aneey aektra logging thekedaar hataa, jeo mukhya hoi shake parantu aek motee raajkeey bhool maate. teo teo lilloot savaari maate chuntaya hataa. hataa, somers kaubhand saame aavyu aneey teey vidhansabhama ekmatra aevaa netaa hataa jemane teno muddo banaavyo hato. doubleu. aee. see. bennet aneey temnaa atterni generale maahitee bahaar aavtee rokvaa maate ghanee yukteeo ajmavi. hatashama, gibsne temnee bethak parthee raajinaamu aapyu aneey somersne kaubhandno muddo banaavvaani aashama petachuntani maate dabaan karyoo. matdaan pranali badlai gaee hatee aneey teo saamaajik shrey pachhi beeja krame aavyaa hataa. pakshe chuntanima, somers kaubhaandnu hajee samadhan naa thayu hovathi, udarvadioae udarvadioae sarkhaamanimaa vadhu kharaab pradarshan karyoo hatoo. arther leinge temnee bethak gumaavee hatee, aneey paksh beey dharasabhyo aneey 20.9% mutt sudhee ghatee gayo hato. hato chuntanima, pakshe pakshe jaim jaj lokpreey matnee samaan 20.9% saathe chaar bethako jeetee hatee. hatee chuntanima, pakshno cocus vadhu aek miliae vadheene paanch thayo hato, parantu lokpreey matno temno hisso ghateene 19.98% thayo hato. hato chuntanima, pakshe beejee bethak jeetee, tenaa cocusne chh parr laavyo, aneey matmaa 20.24% noow vadhaaro thayo. thayo matmaa, paksh aek bethak haaree gayo, aneey matno teno hisso ghateene 19.03% thaee gayo. gayo, pakshna navaa netaa david enderson dwara chuntaninu netrutva karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeo jeo sangheey chuntanima kenedana liberal partyna saansad tareeke chuntaya hataa. teo aneey anya chaar dharasabhyo vidhansabhama chuntavama safal rahyaa hataa, parantu pakshna itihaasmaa sauthee ochha mutt saathe 16.4%. british kolambiya nyu demokretika party (bii. see. aena. dii. pii.) aee aee chuntani jeetya pachhi, udaarvaadi aneey rudhichust pakshona ghanaa samarthako soshiyal credit leegma jodaya hataa. aaa gathbandhan gathbandhan 1975thee daaykaa sudhee navaa lokshahivadione sattamathi door rakhvama saksham hatoo. mlas garde gardom, payt mcgir aneey aelan viliyamse achaanak kayakalp thayela torionaa hoog curtis saathe udaarvaadione saamaajik shrey maate chhodi deedhaa. 1975 pachhi teey badhaa saamaajik dhiraan mantrimandalnaa sabhyo banyaa. banyaa chuntanima, chuntayela ekmatra udaarvaadi gorden gibson juniyar hataa. kaaran keey pakshe nirashajanak 7.24% sqora karyo hato. david endersonne temnee viktoriya savaarimaa kharaab reete haar malee hatee, jeey navaa lokshahivadio aneey saamaajik shrey paachhal mookie hatee. junglema 1979-1991. 1979-1991 chuntani pakshno sauthee neecho muddo hato. pakshna itihaasmaa beejee vakhat tene vidhansabhamathi bahaar curry devaamaa aavee hatee. maatra paanch umedvaaroae chuntani luddy hatee, aek pann chuntayo naa hato aneey pakshne 0.5 takaa mutt malyaa hataa. hataa chuntanima aek naano sudhaaro jovaa malyo kaaran keey paksh umedvaaroni sampoorn slatney najik aavyo hato, parantu matno 2.69% jeetyo hato. hato matdaan aee triji aneey chhelli chuntani hatee jemaa pakshne bundh curry devaamaa aavyo hato. lokpreey matno teno hisso sudharine 6.74% thayo. thayo, jyaare anya koine rus naa hato tyaare gorden willson praantiy liberal partyna netaa banyaa hataa. veelsane praantiy liberal party aneey tenaa sangheey samkaksh vachchena aupcharik sambandho todee nakhya. nakhya daykana madhyathi, ee. saes. purve motabhagna sangheey udarvadioae praantiy stare british kolambiya soshiyal credit partyne teko aapvaanu pasand karyoo hatoo. praantiy paksh maate, aaa alag thavaano hetu sangheey pakshna saamaajik dhiraan sabhyona prabhaavne ghataadvaano hato. sangheey pakshna drashtikonthi, aaa pagalu temnaa maate pann aetalu jaj faydakarak hatoo, kaaran keey praantiy paksh bhaare devaamaa dooby gayo hato. willson british columbiana rajkaranma aek vishvasneey truteey paksh tareeke praantiy pakshnu punnirman karvaa maate taiyar thayaa. aaa jaj samaygaalaa darmiyan, bill vendara zalamna netrutvamaa shaasak saamaajik dhiraan paksh vivaadthi gheraayelo hato. parinaame, bahuveedh saamaajik dhiraan kaubhaandone kaarane ghanaa matdaaroae vikalp shodhyo. shodhyo chuntaninaa samay sudhimaa, veelsane vendara zalmna anugaamee, premiere reeta johnstone aneey bii. see. aena. dii. pii. naa netaa michael harcott vachche television kenediyan broadcasting corporation (see. bii. see.) nee charchaama saamel thavaa maate lobbing karyoo hatoo. cbc sammat thayu aneey veelsane potaana pradarshanthi ghanaa matdaarone prabhaavit karyaa. udaar abhiyanne veeyg malyo aneey saamaajik dhiraan abheeyanna ghanaa samarthanno durupyog karyo. jyaare bii. see. aena. dii. pii. aee chuntani jeetee hatee, tyaare udaarvaadio 17 bethako saathe beeja krame aavyaa hataa. willson vipakshnaa netaa banyaa. willson hethal sattavaar virodhah 1991-1993. veelsannee niteeo vidhansabha aneey paksh bannemaa anya ghanaa udaarvaadio saathe mela khaatee naa hatee, jeo saamaajik shreynaa patanthi baakee rahelee khaalee jagyaane bharvaa maangtaa hataa. udarvadioae vidhansabhama aneey vyaapak raajkeey aandolanna nirmanma pann potaane binanubhavi saabit karyaa hataa. navee demokretika partyni praantiy sarkaar saame asarkarak veerodh curry shake tevee shistbaddh sanstha oobhi karvaamaa temne mushkeli puddy hatee. hatee, vilsananaa netrutvane saathee udaarvaadi aema. aela. aee. judie tayyabji saathena temnaa sambandhnaa khulasathi vadhu nuksan thayu hatoo. aaa samay sudhimaa, motabhagna cocus temnaa netrutva saame khulleaam badvo curry rahyaa hataa. willson netrutva sammelan bolavva maate sammat thayaa, jemaa teo umedvaar hashe. delta south aema. aela. aee. phreda gingel vipakshnaa netaa banyaa jyaare udaar netrutvani spardhaa thaee. toonk samayma, pakshna bhutpurv netaa gorden gibson aneey venkuvarnaa mayer gorden campbell netrutvani spardhama praveshyaa. campbell pratham matpatra parr nirnayak reete jeetyu hatoo, jemaa pakshna bhutpurv netaa gorden gibson beeja aneey willson trija sthaane rahyaa hataa. netrutvani chuntani aek sabhy, aek mutt pranali parr nakki karvaamaa aavee hatee, jenaa dwara udarvadioae telephone dwara temnee pasandgio maate matdaan karyoo hatoo. willson aneey taiyabji pachhi udaarvaadione chhodi deedhaa aneey potaano paksh, pragatisheel lokshaahi gathbandhanni rachnaa curry. campbell hethal sattavaar virodhah 1993-2001. aekvaar campbell netaa banyaa pachhi, udarvadioae pratham vakhat upnaam "bii. see. udaarvaadio" apnaavyu, aneey toonk samayma aek navo logo aneey navaa pakshna rango (saamanya "udaar laal" neey badale laal aneey vaadadi, aneey maplenaa pandada saathe) rajoo karyaa. sudharel naam aneey logo matdaaronaa manmaa kenedana federal liberal partythi potaane vadhu spasht reete alag paadvaano prayaas hato. hato sharuaatmaa, campbell petachuntanima vidhansabhama chuntaya hataa. temnaa netrutva hethal, paksh jamani taraf aagad vadhvaa laagyo, bhutpurv saamaajik credit pakshna sabhyo aneey baadmaa, praantiy sudhaarana pakshna sabhyo pasethi samarthan melavyu. ketlaak madhyampanthi socredse vendara zalam yug sudhee udarmatvadione mutt aapvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. udarvadioae fraser kheen pradeshmaa yojaayeli petachuntanima beey bhutpurv sokreda bethako jeetee hatee, jeey vartmaan bii. see. aena. dii. pii. sarkaarno spasht vikalp hovaana temnaa daavane majboot banaave chhe. liberal party saamaajik shreynaa patan dwara bii. see. raajkeey varnpatnaa kendra-jamnaa parr sarjaayelee shunyataane pann bharee hatee. hatee chuntanima, bii. see. udarvadioae lokpreey mutt jeetya hataa. jooe keey, praantnaa baahy pradeshomaa motaa margine parr udaar marginno motaabhaagno bagaad thayo hato; temane vancouver aneey neechala mukhya bhoomima maatra aath bethako jeetee hatee. graameen british kolambiyama, khaas kareene aantarik vistaroma jyaan railway sthaaneek arthtantranu jeevan hatoo-bii. see. udaarvaadio campabelani ketalik niteeo saathe matdaarone jeey agavad hatee, mukhyatve bii. see. rail vechvaanu temnu vachan, tene kaarane ghanee spardhao haaree gayaa hataa. chokhkhu parinam udaarvaadione fareethi vipakshma mokalvaanu hatoo, joke teo aena. dii. pii. nee bahumatee 13 thee ghataadine trana karvaamaa safal rahyaa hataa. chuntani pachhi, bii. see. udarvadioae khaatari karvaa maate keey keey punraavartan naa thaay teey nakki karyoo. campbelle temnaa temnaa manchamaa ketlaak ochha lokpreey niteena paatane door karyaa, jemaa sauthee nondhpaatra reete bii. see. rail vechvaanu vachan hatoo, kaaran keey vechanna parinaamoni sambhaavnaae uttareey aantarik parvatmalama samarthakone alag curry deedhaa hataa. campbell sarkaarah 2001-2011. bii. see. aena. dii. pii. sarkaar maate kaubhandthi bharela beeja kaarykaad pachhi, bii. see. udarvadioae udarvadioae chuntanima chuntanima 77 bethako melveene bii. see. naa itihaasmaa sauthee moto bhuskhalan saathe jeet melvee hatee. teo potaani savaarimaa premiere ujjal dosanjane pann pada parthee hatavvama safal rahyaa hataa. gorden campbell dass varshmaa saatmaa vadaa pradhaan banyaa aneey lagbhag 50 varshmaa pratham udaar vadaa pradhaan banyaa. campbell dwara temne karyalayma niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa teey pahelaa divase tamaam praantiy aavkaverama 25 takaano ghataado karvaamaa aavyo hato. bii. see. udarvadioae corporate aavkaverama pann ghataado karyo aneey motabhagna vyavasaayo maate corporate capital takes (navaa lokshahivadio dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavela rokaan aneey rojgaar parno qara) nabud karyo. campabelano pratham kaarykaad nanakiy karaksar maate pann nondhvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa kalyankari rollsmaa ghataado aneey ketalik saamaajik sevaao, niyantranone mukt karvaa, ketalik sarkari sampattionu vechaan (khaas kareene agaauni sarkaar dwara bandhvama aaveli "phasta pherii", jeey temnee keematnaa apurnankma vechvaamaa aavee hatee) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. campbelle bii. see. railnaa khangikaranni pann sharuaat curry hatee, jene udarvadioae uttari ridings jeetva maate vechvaanu vachan naa aapyu hatoo, jene jene pakshne nakaari kaadhyo hato, parantu chuntani pachhi aaa vachanne ultavi didhu hatoo, jemaa bollie prakriyaa saathe sankalaayelee fojdari tapaas hatee british kolambiya vidhansabhana daroda aneey aagaami aneey haju pann baakee rahela adalati kesamaa parinmi hatee. ghanaa nondhpaatra majur vivaado hataa, jemathi ketlaak sarkari kaayada dwara ukelvaamaa aavyaa hataa parantu jemaa praantnaa doctoro saathe sangharshno samaavesh thato hato. campbell dwara pann nagrik sevama ghataado karvaamaa aavyo hato, ketlaak sarkari vibhagoma karmchaariomaa pachaas takaathi vadhu kaap mukvaamaa aavyo hato aneey naanee sarkaarnaa vachano chhataa mantrimandalnu qada lagbhag bamanu karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey sansadeey pagaarmaa vadhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato. shaasannee pann aevee reete punah vyavastha karvaamaa aavee hatee keey nayab mantrioae havey temnaa sambandhit mantrione badale vadaa pradhaanna karyalayma chief off staffne jaana karvaanee hatee. qata darmiyan, praantnee aaspaas hospitalo, courthouse aneey vistrut sambhaal suveedhao bundh karvaamaa aavee hatee, khaas kareene naana samudayoma, aneey bii. see. sanraxan sevaa jevaa amalikaran karmcharione seemant stare ghatadvama aavyaa hataa. agaauna aena. dii. pii. shaasan darmiyan banavvama aavela viveedh praantiy udhyanone pann sanrakshit vistaarno darajjo aapvama aavyo hato, jeno arth chhe keey temne sansadhanna shoshan maate kholee shakaay chhe aneey udhyanona upyog maateni phii vadharvama aavee hatee. hatee, operation everway tareeke odakhaati drugg tapaas, jeey aek kaubhandma cnne bii. see. railnaa vechaan sambandhit shankaspad vyavhaaronaa sambandhma british kolambiya sansadni imaaratomaa sarkari kachereeo parr daroda paadvaa taraf doree gaee hatee, jeey "railgate" tareeke jaanito banyo hato aneey chaar bhutpurv mantree sahayakoni prabhaav felavva, vishvaas bhang karvaa aneey laanch sweekarva maate sunavani thaee hatee. udaarvaadio udaarvaadio chuntanima 7 bethako (46-33) nee ochhi bahumatee saathe fareethi chuntaya hataa. hataa chuntanima udaarvaadio fareethi chuntaya hataa. aaa chuntaninaa thodaa samay pachhi chuntani abhiyaan darmiyan karvaamaa aavela vachanoni viruddh aechaesateeni rajuaatni jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee. 3 november, november roj, temnee vyavsthaapan shailee aneey susangat vechanvero (aechaestee) saame raajkeey pratikriyaano saamno kartaa aneey bii. see. rail bhrashtacharna vivaadit anta saame aneey matdaanmaa 9 takaa jetla neecha temnaa manjuri rating saathe, gorden campbelle temnaa rajinamani jaaherat curry hatee. clark sarkaarah 2011-2017. pakshna 2011 naa netrutva sammelanne "shakya tetali vahelee takey" netrutva sammelan yojvaa maate partyne gorden campabelani vinanti dwara prereet karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa sammelne 26 februari, februari roj christy clarkne pakshna navaa netaa tareeke chuntya hataa. clark aneey temnaa navaa mantrimandale 14 marche shapath leedha hataa. clark hethal, pakshe federal liberal aneey federal rudhichust samarthakona gathbandhanni tenee taajetarni paramparaane chaalu rakheene vadhu madhyamaargi drashtikon darshaavyo. temane tarat jaj laghutam vetan $8/kalaakthee vadhaarine $10.25/hour karyoo aneey ontariyoni jaim jaj praant-vyaapi paarivaarik divasni sharuaat curry. mandee pachhi clark mukhya banyo aneey sarkari kharch parnee rekhaa jaalvi raakhi, nanakiy varsh maate santulit budget pahelaa beey khaadh budget rajoo karyoo, jemaa uchch aavak dharaavtaa british kolambiyano parr karveraamaa vadhaaro saamel hato. temane bii. see. naa liquified natural gases (aela. aena. jee.) bhandarno laabh levani pann maang curry hatee, jeey aagaami daykama ubhartaa aela. aena. jee. udhyogne mukhya aarthik vikaasnee taka tareeke sthaapit karey chhe. jyaare gorden campbellnaa vahivatnaa anteem varshomaa durgaamee aneey pragatisheel paryaavaraniy kaayadao ghadvama aavyaa hataa, tyaare clarkne paryaavaraniy neetee pratyenaa temnaa abhigamma vadhu mapvama aavyaa hataa. bii. see. naa pratham-ina-north-america carbon taxene chaalu raakhtee vakhate, temane nathee" chuntani darmiyan darne stheer karvaanu vachan aapyu hatoo aneey temnee aela. aena. jee. vikaasnee aakankshao aakankshao campbell sarkaar dwara nirdharit greenhouse gases utsarjan lakshyankothi virodhabhasi laagtee hatee. temane temane jaaherat pann curry hatee keey bii. see. neey paar karatee koipan bhaavi pipeline paanch sharatone purn karvee padashe jemaa paryaavaraniy jaruriyaato aneey swadeshi paraamarshno samaavesh thaay chhe. vivadaspad reete, temane sanket aapyo keey temnee paanch sharatomathi aek aee hashe keey pipeline aneey tankernaa vadhata trafficthi uparjit thatee koipan aavakno "vaajbi hisso" bii. see. melve. aanaathi teneene alberta praant saathe seedho sangharsh thayo chhe, jene bii. see. bandaro dwara tenaa bitumen maate bajaarni pahonch vadhaarvaani maang curry hatee, tema chhataa koee pann vyavsthaane makkamataapurvak nakaari kaadhe chhe jeey bii. see. neey koee royalti praapt karey chhe. 2011 maan, collin hensene kenedana asambandhit liberal party saathe munjhavan taalvaa aneey ghanaa federal rudhichust aneey liberal matdaaronaa gathbandhan tarikeni tenee sthiteene vadhu saaree reete pratibimbit karvaa maate pakshne tenu naam badalvani darkhaast curry hatee. temane koee vaikalpik naamno prastaav mookyo naa hato. clarke kahyoo keey teey naam badalvaa parr vichaar karashe parantu "teey karvaa maate koee utavalma nathee". nathee" chuntani darmiyan, clark janmat sarvekshanmaa abhiyaanmaa neechala stare praveshi hatee aneey tenaa mukhya harif, aena. dii. pii. naa adrian dixne 20 pointthi paachhal chhodi hatee. bii. see. udarvadiona abhiyaannu sootra hatoo "majboot arthtantra, suraksheet aavtikaal" aneey matdaaro maate chothee mudat maate chuntavana kaaran tareeke santulit budget aneey aela. aena. jee. kshetramaa majboot vikaasnee tako parr prakaash paadyo hato. clarke ontario liberal party saathe sankalaayela vyooharachanaakaarone, jaim keey doona gaay aneey laura miller, aneey mike mcdonald jevaa federal liberal hasteeone, temnee offices aneey zumbesh chalaavvaa maate laavya hataa. ee. saes. purve udaarvaadio pada parr chothee mudat melavaa maate paachhalthi aavyaa hataa, jooe keey clarkne temnee vancouver savaarimaa haar malee hatee, parantu westside-kelonaani okanagan savaarimaa anugaamee petachuntani jeetee hatee. chuntani pachhi, temane bhavishyanaa pipeline projects parr bii. see. aneey alberta vachchena sambandhone ogalvani maang curry, alberta premiere ellison redfordnee raashtriy urjaa vyooharachnaa parr hastakshar karyaa. karyaa sharuaatmaa, udarvadioae beeju seedhu santulit budget laavyu aneey ketalik kareeyanani dukanoma daarunaa vechaanne manjuri aapvaa aneey baadakone pub aneey restauranma pukht vayanaa loko saathe besvani manjuri aapvaa maate bii. see. naa daarunaa kayadama ferfar karvaa maate kaayado rajoo karyo jyaan daaru pirasvama aave chhe. chhe chuntanima, bii. see. udarvadioni bethaknee sankhyaa ghateene 43 thaee gaee hatee, jeey bahumatithi aek bethak ochhi hatee. 29 meey, juuna roj, anteem matgantari purn thayaa pachhi, bii. see. aena. dii. pii. aneey bii. see. green party stheer laghumati sarkaarne sunishchit karvaa maate vishvaas aneey purvathaa karaar parr sammat thayaa hataa. temnee sanyukt 44 bethako temne bii. see. udarvadioni 43 bethako parr fayado aape chhe, jeey 29 juuna, juuna roj vishvaas mutt parr clarkney sarkaarne haraavvaa maate puratee hatee, tyarbad clarkae vadaa pradhaan tareeke raajinaamu aapyu (18 julai, julai asarkarak) aneey leftnent-governoray aena. dii. pii. naa netaa john horganane sarkaar rachvaa maate kahyoo. clarknaa rajinama baad samruddh colleman pakshna vachgalana netaa banyaa hataa. wilkinson aneey bonned hethal sattavaar virodhah 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson 3 februari, februari roj pakshna netaa tareeke chuntaya hataa. temane beey varsh sudhee vipakshnaa netaa tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. hatee saamanya chuntani darmiyan, wilkinsonni sabhyapad adhyaksh saheet pakshna sabhyo dwara, laurie sinhasana, aek umedvaar aneey bhutpurv dharasabhya keey jemane lgbtq veerodhi nivedno aapyaa hataa, temne door karvaamaa veelamb karvaa badal teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. chuntanima pakshnee haar baad temane raajinaamu aapyu hatoo. sherley bonde bonde netrutva spardhaa sudhee pakshna vachgalana netaa tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. baajnu netrutva aneey naam badalvu 2022 thee. cavin baaj 5 februari, hatee roj bii. see. udarvadiona netaa tareeke chuntaya hataa. temnaa netrutva abhiyaan darmiyan bajoae pakshnu naam badalvani aneey tenu naam badalvani pratigya leedhi hatee. hatee paksh sammelanmaa, pratinidhioae varshnaa anta sudhimaa matdaan kartaa pahelaa pakshna sabhyapad saathe paramarshthi sharoo kareene naam-parivartan prakriyaa saathe aagad vadhvaano tharaav pasaar karyo hato. praant-vyaapi sarvekshan pachhi, paksh maate sambhaveet navaa naam tareeke "bii. see. united" rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tyarbad 13 navembare pakshna sabhyo samaksh naam mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey 16 navembare jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey naam parivartanne aashre 80 takaa lokoae manjuri aapee deedhi chhe. naam parivartanne paachhalthi bahaali aapvama aavee hatee aneey 12 april, april roj amalmaa aavyu hatoo. pakshna netaao. strotah british kolambiyani kaayadaakiy library chuntani parinaamo. strotah chuntanio bii. see. bii. see. united youth. bii. see. united youth pakshnee yuvaa paankhnu netrutva karey chhe. kaarykaari mandalni vaarshik saamanya sabhaama chuntani karvaamaa aave chhe aneey temaa paanch yuvaa sabhyo hoya chheh pramukh, upadhyaksh sanchaar, upadhyaksh kaarykramo, upadhyaksh kamgiri aneey upadhyaksh pahonch. september 2022 sudhimaa, aaa hoddaao anukrame harman khosa, tedee oo 'donnell, olivia wonking, marqa dhhilan aneey james lehmann paase chhe.

bee. see. united bee. see. united (bee. see. yuu.), jise pahale british kolambiya liberal party key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, british kolambiya, kanada mein ack praantiya raajneetik dall haye. party koo roodhivaadi, navudarwadi aur vaam-dakshinpanthi raajneetik spectrum key kendra-dakshinpanthi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. party aamtaur parr khud koo ack "mukt udyam gathbandhan" key roop mein varnit karati haye aur sanghiya udaarvaadi aur roodhivaadi donon dalon key sadasyon seey samarthan praapt karati haye. 1990 key dashak seey, bee. see. united kendra-vaam naee loktaantrik party (aine. dee. pee.) kaa mukhya kendra-dakshinpanthi vipaksh rhaa haye. kanada kii liberal party seey sambaddh honey key baad, british kolambiya liberal party 1987 mein swatantra hoe gaee. party ney 12 aprail, 2023 koo apana naam badalkar bee. see. united curr liya. 1940 key dashak taka british kolambiya kii rajneeti mein tatkalin udaarvaadi party aur pratidvandi roodhivaadi party kaa varchasva thaa. udaarvaadi 1916 seey 1928 taka aur phir 1933 seey 1941 taka sarkaar kaa gathan kiya. 1941 seey 1952 taka, donon dalon ney ack gathbandhan (ack udaar netaa key netritva mein) mein shasson kiya taaki aarohi sahakaari rashtramandal sangh kaa mukabala kiya jaa sakey. 1952 key chunaav mein naee samajik saakh party dwara gathbandhan koo haraaya gayaa thaa, aur party kaa patan hoe gayaa, antatah 1979 key chunaav mein vidhaayika mein apani upasthiti khou dee. yeh 1991 key chunaav mein vidhaayika mein vaapas aaa gayaa, dusare sthaan parr aaya aur netaa gorden willson key prayason key madhyam seey aadhikarik vipaksh kaa gathan kiya. willson ney 1994 mein gherabandi shivir key saamane ack netritva chunauti khou dee. shivir key netritva mein, bee. see. udaarvaadi daaen kii or badhane lagey aur sanghiya party seey khud koo door karane lagey. 2001 key chunaav mein, udaarvaadi bhaari bahumat seey jeete, jise unhone 2017 key chunaav key turant baad taka campbelle aur unake uttaradhikari christy clark key tahat rakhaa. 2020 kaa chunaav haarne key baad party vipaksh mein bunny rahee. party key aathh netaaon ney british kolambiya key pradhaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya haih harlen brooster, johnn oliver, johnn mccullan, duff patulo, johnn haart, boss johnson, gorden campbelle aur christy clark. 2022 key netritva chunaav key baad seey, party kaa netritva cavin falcon curr rahey hain. itihas. pahali sarkaarah 1916-1928. vibhajit roodhivaadiyon ney 1916 key chunaav mein udaarpanthiyon kaa saamana kiya aur haar gaye. udaarvaadi logon ney harlen carrie brooster key tahat ack sarkaar banaai. sharaab banaane vaalaa vipaksh kaa netaa bunn gayaa thaa, aur march 1912 mein party kaa netaa chunaa gayaa thaa. vaha kuchh hafton baad 1912 key chunaav mein apani seat khou baithe, jisamen koee udaarvaadi naheen aaya. 1916 mein, unhone ack upchunaav key madhyam seey phir seey vidhaayika kaa chunaav jeetaa, aur usa varsh key anta mein ack sudhaar munch parr prachaar karke apani party koo aam chunaav mein jeet dilaaee. sharaab banaane vaale ney nagrik seva mein sanrakshan samaapt karane, raajneetik machines koo samaapt karane, shramikon key muaavaje aur shram kaanoonon mein sudhaar karane, mahilaaon key liye vote laane aur anya pragatisheel sudhaaron kaa vaadaa kiya. sarkaar ney mahilaaon key matadhikar koo laaya, nishedh kii sthaapana kii, aur 1918 mein unaki apratyaashit mrityu seey pahale raajneetik bhrashtachar kaa mukabala kiya. unhein victoria, british kolambiya mein rose bey kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa haye. johnn oliver ney pramukh key roop mein sharaab banaane vaale key roop mein safalata praapt kii jaba 1918 mein sharaab banaane vaale kii mrityu hoe gaee. oliver kii sarkaar ney nainook ghaati mein utpaad udyog vikasit kiya, aur rail parivahan key liye maal dhulai darr koo cumm karane key liye sanghiya sarkaar koo manaane kii koshish kii. party ney 1920 key chunaav mein nange bahumat seey jeet hassil kii aur 1924 key chunaav key baad hii 2 swatantra udaarvaadi dalon key samarthan seey shasson karane mein kamyab rahee. virodh aur mahaan avasaadah 1928-1933. udaarvaadi 1928 key chunaav mein apane vote badhaane mein kamyab rahey lekin apani aadhi seeton key karib haar gaye. mahamandi kii shuruat aur saiman fraser tolmi kii sarkaar key tootane key saath, udaarvaadi 1933 kaa chunaav jeet gaye. duff pattuloh 1933-1941. 1933 key chunaav ney duff pattulo koo satta mein laaya aur vidhaayika mein sahakaari rashtramandal mahasangh (see. see. aff.), ack naee samajik-loktaantrik aur loktaantrik samajwadi vipakshi party koo pesh kiya. pattulo chaahte they kii ack karyakarta sarkaar samajik karyakramon aur berojgaaron key samarthan key madhyam seey avasaad seey nipatane kaa prayaas karey. kanada koo mahamandi seey sabse adhik prabhaavit honey key roop mein pahachaana gayaa haye, aur paschimi kanada kanada key bheetar sabse adhik prabhaavit huaa haye. pattulo key prayaas aksar ottawa mein sanghiya sarkaar key saath matbhed mein they. pattulo british kolambiya key liye bhee ack adhivakta they, aur unhone eesaa poorv mein purvi kanada kii shakti koo cumm karane key liye yukon key vilay aur alaska rajmarg key nirmaan kaa sujhaav diyaa. 1937 key aam chunaav mein, unaki sarkaar "samajik poonjeevaad" key naare parr phir seey chuni gaee. "gathbandhan": 1941-1951. roodhivaadiyon key saath vaikalpik sarkaar kaa anta see. see. aff. key uday key saath huaa joe 1933 seey 1937 taka aadhikarik vipaksh banane mein kamyab rahey aur 1937 key chunaav mein roodhivaadiyon kii tulanaa mein ack seat cumm thee. 1941 key chunaav mein see. see. aff. dusare sthaan parr aaya. chunaav ney udaarvaadi logon koo vaha bahumat naheen diyaa jisaki way ummeed curr rahey they. 1941 mein jaba pattulo ney roodhivaadiyon key saath gathbandhan karane seey incar curr diyaa tou johnn haart pradhaanmantri aur udaar netaa bunn gaye. udaarvaadi sadasyon ney patulo koo netaa key roop mein hataa diyaa aur haart ney ack udaar-roodhivaadi gathbandhan sarkaar kaa gathan kiya, jise eesaa poorv key itihas mein "gathbandhan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1941 seey 1945 taka, yuddh key samay kii kamee key samay, jaba sabhi pramukh sarkari pariyojanaon koo sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, haart shaasit thaa. 1945 key chunaav mein gathbandhan sarkaar phir seey chuni gaee. usa pratiyogita mein, udaarvaadi aur roodhivaadi ack hii banner key tahat chaley. 1945 key baad, haart ney graameen vidyuteekaran, panbijali aur rajmarg nirmaan kaa ack mahatvakankshi karyakram shuru kiya. haart kii sabse mahatvapurna pariyojanaaen rajmarg 97 seey uttari british kolambiya (jisamen seey prince george-dosson creak khand kaa naam abb unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa haye) aur pull nadee bijli pariyojana kaa nirmaan thaa, joe british kolambiya mein pahala pramukh panbijali vikas thaa. unhone chhote samudaayon koo bijli pradaan karane key liye bee. see. power commission kii sthaapana kii, joe bee. see. hydro kaa ack agradoot thaa, jinhen niji upayogitaon dwara seva naheen dee gaee thee. disambar 1947 mein, haart pradhaanmantri key roop mein sevaanivritt hue. roodhivaadi party ney apane netaa, herbert enscomb key liye andolan kiya, taaki vaha pradhaanmantri key roop mein safal hoe sakey, lekin liberalon ney gathbandhan cocus mein torry kii sankhya koo peechhe chhod diyaa aur haart key baad ack aur liberal, byron johnson, jinhen "boss" johnson key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney upa pradhaan mantri aur vitt mantri key roop mein enscomb key saath kiya. johnson kii sarkaar ney isake liye bhugtan karane key liye saarvbhaumik aspatal beema aur 3 pratishat praantiya bikri curr kii shuruat kii. isane rajmarg pranali kaa vistaar kiya, prashant mahaan purvi railway kaa vistaar kiya, aur alkan samjhaute parr baatchit kii, jisase kenni baandh key nirmaan mein suvidha hui. sarkaar ney 1948 mein fraser nadee kii baadh kaa bhee saamana kiya, apatkal kii sthiti ghoshit kii aur fraser ghaati key madhyam seey nadee key taton koo jodane kaa ack karyakram shuru kiya. johnson koo rashtramandal mein pahali mahila vaktaa key roop mein nancy hodge koo niyukt karane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. udaar-roodhivaadi gathbandhan sarkaar ney 1949 kaa chunaav jeetaa-eesaa poorv key itihas mein lokpriya vote kaa sabse badaa pratishat 61 pratishat. gathbandhan sahyogiyon aur donon dalon key beach tanaav badh gayaa thaa. liberal party kii karyakari ney gathbandhan koo samaapt karane key liye matdan kiya aur johnson ney janwari 1952 mein apane roodhivaadi mantriyon koo hataa diyaa, jisake parinamswarup ack alpakaalik alpasankhyak sarkaar bunn gaee joe jald hii gir gaee. 1952 kaa chunaav. see. see. aff. koo teen dalon kii pratiyogita mein jeetane seey rokane key liye, sarkaar ney iss ummeed key saath tatkaal matdan shuru kiya kii roodhivaadi matadaata liberal koo apani doosari pasand key roop mein soochibaddh karenge aur isake vipareet. lekin matadaata vikalp kii talash mein they. adhik matdaataon ney apani doosari pasand key roop mein kissy bhee anya party seey pahale british kolambiya soshal credit leag koo chunaa. 1952 key aam chunaav mein matpatron kii ginati key baad samajik shreya sabse badee party key roop mein ubhara. chunaav key dauran samajik shreya key "vaastavik" netaa, doubleu. aeye. see. bennet, joe pahale ack roodhivaadi they, koo aupchaarik roop seey chunaav key baad party netaa naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 1953 key aam chunaav mein, liberalon koo 4 seeton taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa, jinhone 23.36% vote liya. arther laing ney vancouver point gray mein tilly rollston koo haraaya. haalaanki samajik shreya ney vidhaayika mein bahumat seeten jeetin, lekin unake vitt mantri enar gunderson koo ope khaadi mein liberalon key phillip archibald gibbs dwara haraaya gayaa. gorden gibson aiss. aar., ack karodpati lakadi key bairan, jinhen "jangal kaa bail" upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, koo ack udaarvaadi key roop mein liloot key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. tritiya paksh kii sthitih 1953-1979. iss samay kii praarambhik avadhi key dauran, udaarvaadi sabse pramukh sadasya gorden gibson aiss. aar. they. vaha ack sigar peene vaalaa aur ack saath lakadi kaatane vaalaa thekedaar thaa joe pramukh hoe sakata thaa lekin ack badee raajneetik truti key liye. way 1953 mein lilloot sawari key liye chune gaye they. 1955 mein, somers ghotala saamane aaya aur way vidhaayika mein ekmatra netaa they jinhone ise mudda banaaya. doubleu. aeye. see. bennet aur unake attorney general ney jaankaari koo baahar aaney seey rokane key liye kaee ranneeti apnai. hatasha mein, gibson ney apani seat seey istifa dey diyaa aur upchunaav key liye majboor kiya, iss ummeed mein kii somers koo mudda banaaya jaae. matdan pranali badal gaee thee, aur vaha samajik shreya key baad dusare sthaan parr aaa gaye they. 1956 key chunaav mein, somers ghotale kaa abhee bhee samadhan naheen huaa thaa, udaarvaadi 1953 kii tulanaa mein badatar pradarshan curr rahey they. arther laing ney apani seat khou dee, aur party dou millie aur vote key 20.9% taka cumm hoe gaee. 1960 key chunaav mein, party ney 1956 key samaan lokpriya vote key saath chaar seeten jeetin. 1963 key chunaav mein, party kaa cocus ack aur mla badhkar paanch hoe gayaa, lekin lokpriya vote kaa unakaa hissa 19.98% hoe gayaa. 1966 key chunaav mein, party ney ack aur seat jeeti, jisase uska cocus chhah hoe gayaa, aur vote mein vriddhi hui 20.24%. 1969 key vote mein, party ney ack seat khou dee, aur vote kaa uska hissa 19.03% hoe gayaa. 1972 mein, party kaa netritva ack nae netaa, david anderson ney kiya, joe 1968 key sanghiya chunaav mein kanada kii liberal party key liye ack saansad key roop mein chune gaye they. vaha aur chaar anya vidhaayak chune jaane mein kamyab rahey, lekin party key itihas mein sabse cumm vote 16.4% key saath. british kolambiya nyu democratic party (bee. see. aine. dee. pee.) key 1972 kaa chunaav jeetane key baad, udaarvaadi aur roodhivaadi dalon key kaee samarthak samajik credit leag mein shamil hoe gaye. yeh gathbandhan 1975 seey 1990 key dashak taka nae loktantriyon koo satta seey baahar rakhane mein saksham thaa. mlas garde gardam, pait mcjeer aur ellen williams ney achaanak kayakalp kiye gaye tory key hoog curtis key saath samajik shreya key liye udaarvaadi chhod diye. way sabhi 1975 key baad samajik credit cabinet key sadasya bunn gaye. 1975 key chunaav mein, chune jaane vaale ekmatra udaarvaadi they gorden gibson junier. kyonki party ney ack nirashajanak 7.24% score kiya. david anderson koo apane victoria sawari mein buri tarah seey haraaya gayaa thaa, nae loktantriyon aur samajik shreya key peechhe rakhaa gayaa thaa. jangal menh 1979-1991. 1979 kaa chunaav party kaa sabse nichala bindu thaa. party key itihas mein doosari baar ise vidhaayika seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. kewal paanch ummidwar chunaav ladey, koee bhee nirvaachit naheen huaa, aur party koo 0.5% vote mille. 1983 key chunaav mein ack chhoti see sudhaar dekhi gaee kyonki party ummidvaaron kii ack poori soochi key karib aaa gaee, lekin vote kaa 2.69% jeet gaee. 1986 kaa vote teesara aur antim chunaav thaa jisamen party koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. lokpriya vote kaa iska hissa behtar hocker 6.74% hoe gayaa. 1987 mein, jaba kissy aur koo dilchaspi naheen thee, tou gorden willson praantiya liberal party key netaa bunn gaye. willson ney praantiya liberal party aur usake sanghiya samkaksh key beach aupchaarik sambandh toda diye. 1970 key dashak key madhya seey, eesaa poorv mein adhikansh sanghiya udaarvaadi praantiya star parr british kolambiya soshal credit party kaa samarthan karane key liye chune gaye they. praantiya party key liye, iss algaav kaa irada sanghiya party key samajik credit sadasyon key prabhaav koo cumm karna thaa. sanghiya party key drishtikon seey, yeh kadam unake liye bhee utanaa hii fayademand thaa, kyonki praantiya party bhaari curge mein dooby hui thee. willson british kolambiya kii rajneeti mein ack vishvasaniya teesare paksh key roop mein praantiya party kaa punarnirmaan karane key baare mein nirdhaarit kiya. isi avadhi key dauran, sattaaroodh samajik credit party bill wonder zalm key netritva mein vivaad seey ghiri hui thee. parinamswarup, kaee samajik credit ghotalon key kaaran kaee matdaataon koo ack vikalp kii talash karni padee. 1991 key chunaav key samay taka, willson ney vander zalm key uttaradhikari, premiere rita johnston aur bee. see. aine. dee. pee. netaa michael harcourt key beach television kanadai prasaran nigam (see. bee. see.) kii bahas mein shamil honey key liye pairavi kii. see. bee. see. sahmat hoe gayaa aur willson ney apane pradarshan seey kaee matdaataon koo prabhaavit kiya. udaar abhiyaan ney gati praapt kii, aur samajik rinn abhiyaan seey bahut adhik samarthan chheen liya. jabaki bee. see. aine. dee. pee. ney chunaav jeetaa, udaarvaadi 17 seeton key saath dusare sthaan parr aae. willson vipaksh key netaa bunn gaye. willson key tahat aadhikarik vipakshah 1991-1993. willson kii neetiyaan vidhaayika aur party donon mein kaee anya udaarvaadi logon key saath mell naheen khaati theen joe samajik shreya key patan seey bachee riktata koo bharna chaahte they. udaarvaadi bhee vidhaayika mein aur ack vyaapak raajneetik andolan key nirmaan mein anubhavaheen saabit hue. unhein ack anushaasit sangathan banaane mein mushkil hui joe naee loktaantrik party praantiya sarkaar key khilaf ack prabhaavi virodh khadaa curr sakey. 1993 mein, willson key netritva koo saathi udaarvaadi judie tayyabji key saath unake sambandh key rahasyodghatan seey aur nuksan huaa. iss samay taka, adhikansh cocus unake netritva key khilaf khule vidroh mein they. willson ack netritva sammelan key liye bulaane key liye sahmat hue, jisamen way ack ummidwar honge. delta south milaa fred gingel vipaksh key netaa bunn gaye jabaki udaar netritva kii daud hui. jald hii, party key poorv netaa gorden gibson aur vancouver key meyer gorden campbelle ney netritva kii daud mein pravesh kiya. campbelle ney pahale matpatra parr nirnaayak jeet hassil kii, jisamen party key poorv netaa gorden gibson ney doosara aur willson ney teesara sthaan praapt kiya. netritva chunaav ack-sadasya, ack vote pranali parr taya kiya gayaa thaa jisake madhyam seey udaarvaadi telephone dwara apane vikalpon key liye matdan karate they. willson aur tayyabji ney taba udaarvaadi chhod diye aur apani party, pragatisheel loktaantrik gathbandhan kaa gathan kiya. campbelle key tahat aadhikarik virodhah 1993-2001. ack baar jaba campbelle netaa bunn gayaa, tou udaarvaadi pahali baar "bee. see. liberal" upnaam koo apanaate they, aur jald hii ack nayaa logo aur party key nae rung (laal aur neela, samanya "udaar laal" key bajaay aur maple key patte key saath) pesh kiye. sanshodhit naam aur logo kanada kii sanghiya liberal party seey matdaataon key dimag mein khud koo adhik spasht roop seey alag karane kaa ack prayaas thaa. 1994 kii shuruat mein, campbelle koo ack upchunaav mein vidhaayika key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. unake netritva mein, party ney dakshin kii or badhana shuru curr diyaa, poorv samajik credit party key sadasyon aur baad mein, praantiya sudhaar party seey samarthan praapt kiya. kuchh madhyam samajvadiyon ney wonder zalm yug seey pahale udaarmatvaadi matdan shuru curr diyaa thaa. liberalon ney fraser ghaati kshetra mein hue upchunaavon mein dou poorv socred seeten jeetin, jisase maujooda bee. see. aine. dee. pee. sarkaar kaa spasht vikalp honey key apane daave koo majboot kiya. liberal party ney samajik shreya key patan seey bee. see. raajneetik spectrum key kendra-dakshin parr paida hue shoonya koo bhee bhar diyaa. 1996 key chunaav mein, bee. see. liberal ney lokpriya vote jeetaa. haalaanki, praant key baahari kshetron mein udaar antar kaa adhikansh hissa badey antar parr barbad hoe gayaa thaa; unhone vancouver aur nichali mukhya bhoomi mein kewal aathh seeten jeetin. graameen british columbia mein, vishesh roop seey aantarik kshetra mein jahaan railway sthaaniya arthavyavastha kii jeevan-rakt thee-bee. see. udaarvaadi kaee pratiyogitaon mein haar gaye kyonki matdaataon koo campbelle kii kuchh neetiyon key saath asuvidha thee, mukhya roop seey bee. see. rail bechane kaa unakaa vaadaa. shuddh parinam liberalon koo phir seey vipaksh mein bhejane kaa thaa, halanki way aine. dee. pee. key bahumat koo 13 seey ghataakar teen karane mein kamyab rahey. chunaav key baad, bee. see. key udaarvaadi yeh sunishchit karane key liye taiyar hue kii 1996 kii punaravritti naa hoe. campbelle ney apane 1996 key munch mein kuchh cumm lokpriya neeti yojanaon koo hataa diyaa, vishesh roop seey bee. see. rail koo bechane kaa vaadaa, kyonki bikri key parinamon kii sambhavana ney uttari aantarik kshetra mein samarthakon koo alag curr diyaa thaa. campbelle sarkaarah 2001-2011. bee. see. aine. dee. pee. sarkaar key liye ack ghotale seey bharey dusare karyakal key baad, bee. see. liberalon ney 2001 kaa chunaav jeetaa, jisamen bee. see. key itihas mein sabse badaa bhuskhalan huaa, 79 mein seey 77 seeten hassil keen. way apani sawari mein pramukh ujjal dosanjh koo bhee hataane mein kamyab rahey. gorden campbelle duss varshon mein saatven pradhaan mantri baney, aur lagbhag 50 varshon mein pahale udaar pradhaan mantri baney. campbelle ney pahale dinn sabhi praantiya aaykar mein 25 pratishat kii katauti kii, jiss dinn unhein karyalaya mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. bee. see. key udaarvaadi bhee corporate aaykar koo cumm curr dete they aur adhikansh vyavsaayon key liye corporate poonji curr (nivesh aur rojgar parr ack curr joe nae loktantriyon dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa) koo samaapt curr diyaa. campbelle kaa pahala karyakal rajkoshiya tapasya key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen kalyankari roll aur kuchh samajik sevaaon mein kamee, viniyaman, kuchh sarkari sampattiyon kii bikri (vishesh roop seey pichhali sarkaar dwara nirmit "fast ferry", jinhen unaki keemat key ack ansh key liye becha gayaa thaa) shamil they. campbelle ney bee. see. rail key nijikaran kii bhee shuruat kii, jise udaarvaadi logon ney uttari riding jeetane key liye naheen bechane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, jisane 1996 mein party koo khariz curr diyaa thaa, lekin chunaav key baad iss vaade koo ulat diyaa, jisake parinamswarup bolly prakriya seey judee aaparaadhik jaanch key parinamswarup 2003 british kolambiya vidhaayika key chhaape aur agami aur abhee bhee lambit adalat kaa mamla. kaee mahatvapurna shram vivaad they, jinamen seey kuchh koo sarkari kaanoon key madhyam seey nipataaya gayaa thaa, lekin jisamen praant key doctors key saath takraav shamil thaa. campbelle ney sivil seva koo bhee cumm curr diyaa, kuchh sarkari vibhagon mein pachas pratishat seey adhik karmchaariyon kii katauti key saath, aur chhoti sarkaar key vaadon key bavjood mantrimandal kaa aakar lagbhag doguna curr diyaa gayaa aur sansadiya vetan badhaaya gayaa. shasson koo bhee iss tarah seey phir seey vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa kii upa mantriyon koo abb apane-apane mantriyon key bajaay pradhaanmantri karyalaya mein karmchaariyon key pramukh koo report karna thaa. katauti key dauran, praant key aspas aspatal, adaalaten aur vistaarit dekhbhal suvidhaaen bund curr dee gaeen, vishesh roop seey chhote samudaayon mein, aur bee. see. sanrakshan seva jaise pravartan karmchaariyon koo seemant star taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa. pichhale aine. dee. pee. shasson key dauran banaae gaye vibhinn praantiya udyaanon koo bhee sanrakshit kshetra kii sthiti mein downgrade kiya gayaa thaa, jiska arth haye kii unhein sansaadhan dohan key liye khola jaa sakata thaa, aur udyaanon key upayog key liye shulk badhaaya gayaa thaa. 2003 mein, operation everway key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack drugg jaanch, jisake kaaran british kolambiya sansad bhavanon mein sarkari karyalayon parr ack ghotale mein bee. see. rail kii bikri seey sambandhit sandigdh saudon key sambandh mein chhaape maare gaye, jise "railgate" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa aur prabhaav daalane, vishvaasghaat aur rishwat lene key liye chaar poorv mantri sahyogiyon key mukadame key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. udaarvaadi 2005 key chunaav mein 7 seeton (46-33) key cumm bahumat key saath phir seey chune gaye they. 2009 key chunaav mein udaarvaadi phir seey chune gaye. iss chunaav key turant baad hst kii shuruat kii ghoshana kii gaee, joe chunaav abhiyaan key dauran kiye gaye vaadon key vipareet thee. 3 navambar, 2010 koo, apani prabandhan shally parr ack aasann cocus vidroh aur saamanjasyapurna bikri curr (hst) key khilaf raajneetik pratikriya aur bee. see. rail bhrashtachar mukadame key vivadaspad anta aur chunaavon mein 9 pratishat key roop mein cumm anumodan rating key saath, gherabandi campbelle ney apane istife kii ghoshana kii. clark sarkaarah 2011-2017. party key 2011 key netritva sammelan koo party key liye "jald seey jald sambhav tithi parr" netritva sammelan aayojit karane key liye gherabandi shivir key anurodh seey prerit kiya gayaa thaa. 26 farwari, 2011 koo convention ney christy clark koo party key nae netaa key roop mein chunaa. clark aur unake nae mantrimandal ney 14 march koo shapath lii. clark key tahat, party ney sanghiya udaarvaadi aur sanghiya roodhivaadi samarthakon key gathbandhan kii apani halia parampara koo jaari rakhate hue ack adhik madhyamaargi drishtikon banaaya. unhone turant nyuntam majdoori koo 8 dollar/ghante seey badhaakar $10.25/hour curr diyaa aur ontario key samaan ack praant-vyaapi parivaar divas kii shuruat kii. clark mandee key baad pramukh bunn gayaa, aur sarkari kharch parr rekha banaae rakhna jaari rakhaa, vittiya varsh key liye ack santulit bajat seey pahale dou ghaate key bajat kii shuruat kii, jisamen uchch aaya vaale british kolambiyai logon parr curr vriddhi shamil thee. unhone bee. see. key draveekrit praakritik gais (ell. aine. jee.) bhandar kaa laabh uthaane kii bhee maang kii, jisase ubharate hue ell. aine. jee. udyog koo agale dashak mein ack pramukh aarthik vikas avsar key roop mein sthaapit kiya jaa sakey. jabaki gherabandi shivir key prashaasan key antim varshon mein doorgaami aur pragatisheel paryavaraniya kaanoon banaae gaye they, paryaavaran neeti key prati unake drishtikon mein clark koo adhik maapa gayaa thaa. bee. see. key pahale-inn-north-america carbon curr koo jaari rakhate hue, unhone 2013 key chunaav key dauran darr koo freeze karane kaa vaadaa kiya aur unaki ell. aine. jee. vikas aakaankshaen 2007 mein campbelle sarkaar dwara nirdhaarit greenhouse gais utsarjan lakshyon kaa khandan karati prateet huin. unhone 2012 mein yeh bhee ghoshana kii kii bee. see. koo paar karane vaali kissy bhee bhavishya kii pipeline koo paanch sharton koo puuraa karna hoga jisamen paryavaraniya aavashyaktaaen aur swadeshi paramarsh shamil hain. vivadaspad roop seey, unhone sanket diyaa kii unaki paanch sharton mein seey ack yeh hogi kii bee. see. koo pipeline aur tanker yatayat mein vriddhi seey upaarjit kissy bhee rajaswa kaa "uchit hissa" praapt hotaa haye. isane usey alberta praant key saath seedhe sangharsh mein daal diyaa haye, jisane bee. see. bandargaahon key madhyam seey apane bitumen key liye bajar pahunch badhaane kii maang kii thee, phir bhee dridhata seey kissy bhee vyavastha seey incar curr diyaa joe bee. see. koo koee royalty praapt karati. 2011 mein, collin hansen ney kanada kii asambandhit liberal party key saath bhram seey bachane aur kaee sanghiya roodhivaadi aur udaarvaadi matdaataon key gathbandhan key roop mein apani sthiti koo behtar dhang seey pratibimbit karane key liye party koo apana naam badalane kaa prastaav diyaa. unhone koee vaikalpik naam prastaavit naheen kiya. clark ney kahaa kii vaha naam badalane parr vichaar karengi lekin "aisaa karane kii koee jaldbaji naheen" mein theen. 2013 key chunaav key dauran, clark ney janmat sarvekshanon mein abhiyaan mein cumm pravesh kiya aur apane mukhya pratidvandi, aine. dee. pee. key adrian dicks koo 20 ankon seey peechhe chhod diyaa. bee. see. liberal key abhiyaan kaa naaraa thaa "majboot arthavyavastha, surakshit cull" aur matdaataon key liye chauthe karyakal key liye unhein chunane key liye ack kaaran key roop mein ack santulit bajat aur ell. aine. jee. kshetra mein majboot vikas key avsaron parr prakaash daala. clark ney apane karyalaya aur abhiyaan koo chalaane key liye ontario liberal party seey sambaddh rannitikaron, jaise donn gaay aur laura miller, aur mike mcdonald jaise sanghiya udaarvaadi vyaktiyon koo laaya. bee. see. udaarvaadi karyalaya mein chautha karyakal hassil karane key liye peechhe seey aae, halanki clark koo unaki vancouver sawari mein haraaya gayaa thaa, lekin baad mein paschim kii or-kelona kii sawari mein okangan mein upchunaav jeetaa. chunaav key baad, unhone bhavishya kii pipeline pariyojanaon parr bee. see. aur alberta key beach sambandhon koo pighlane kii maang kii, poorv alberta premiere ellison redford kii rashtriya oorjaa ranneeti parr hastakshar kiye. 2014 kii shuruat mein, udaarvaadi ack dusare seedhe santulit bajat koo neeche laae aur kuchh kiraane kii dukaanon mein sharaab kii bikri kii anumati dene key liye bee. see. key sharaab kaanoonon koo badalane key liye kaanoon pesh kiya aur bachchon koo pub aur restaraan mein vayaskon key saath baithane kii anumati dee, jahaan sharaab parosi jaati haye. 2017 key chunaav mein, bee. see. liberal kii seeton kii ginati ghatkar 43 reh gaee, joe bahumat seey ack seat cumm thee. 29 maee, 2017 koo antim maton kii ginati poori honey key baad, bee. see. aine. dee. pee. aur bee. see. green party ack sthir alpasankhyak sarkaar sunishchit karane key liye ack vishvaas aur aapoorti samjhaute parr sahmat hue. unaki sanyukt 44 seeten unhein bee. see. liberal kii 43 parr ack laabh detee hain joe 29 juuna, 2017 koo vishvaas mutt parr clark kii sarkaar koo haraane key liye paryaapt thee, jisake baad clark ney pradhaanmantri key roop mein istifa dey diyaa (prabhaavi 18 julaai, 2017) aur leftinent-governor ney aine. dee. pee. netaa johnn horgen koo sarkaar banaane key liye kahaa. clark key istife key baad ameer colleman party key antarim netaa bunn gaye. wilkinson aur bonned key tahat aadhikarik virodhah 2018-2022. andreau wilkinson 3 farwari, 2018 koo party key netaa chune gaye they. unhone dou saal taka vipaksh key netaa key roop mein kaary kiya. 2020 key aam chunaav key dauran, wilkinson kii sadasyata adhyaksh sahit party key sadasyon dwara laurie simhaasan, ack ummidwar aur poorv vidhaayak koo hataane mein deree key liye aalochana kii gaee thee, jinhone ell. jee. bee. tii. kyu. virodhi bayaan diye they. chunaav mein party kii haar key baad unhone istifa dey diyaa. shirale bonned ney 2022 key netritva pratiyogita taka party key antarim netaa key roop mein kaary kiya. baaz netritva aur naam parivartanah 2022 seey. cavin falcon koo 5 farwari, 2022 koo bee. see. liberal kaa netaa chunaa gayaa thaa. apane netritva abhiyaan key dauran, baaz ney party kaa naam badalane aur uska naam badalane kaa sankalp liya. 2022 key party sammelan mein, pratinidhiyon ney naam-parivartan prakriya key saath aage badhane key liye ack prastaav paarit kiya, jisaki shuruat varsh key anta taka vote dene seey pahale party kii sadasyata key saath paramarsh seey hui. ack praant-vyaapi sarvekshan key baad, "bee. see. united" koo party key liye sambhaavit nae naam key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. isake baad 13 navambar koo party key sadasyon key naam parr naam rakhaa gayaa aur 16 navambar koo yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii naam parivartan koo lagbhag 80 pratishat dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. naam parivartan koo baad mein anumodit kiya gayaa aur 12 aprail, 2023 koo prabhaavi hoe gayaa. party key netaa. srotah british kolambiya kaa vidhaayi pustakalaya chunaav parinam. srotah chunaav bee. see. bee. see. united youth. bee. see. united youth party key yuva wing kaa netritva kartaa haye. karyakari board kaa chunaav ack vaarshik aam baithak mein kiya jaataa haye aur yeh paanch yuva sadasyon seey banaa hotaa haih adhyaksh, upaadhyaksh sanchaar, upaadhyaksh karyakram, upaadhyaksh sanchaalan aur upaadhyaksh outreach. sitambar 2022 taka, inn padon parr kramshah harman khosa, teddy oh 'donnell, olivia wankling, maark dhilon aur james lehmann hain.

bii. sii. united hinde british columbia liberal party endu kareyalaaguttidda bisi united (bii. sii. yuu), kenadaada british kolambiyaada ondu praantiya rajakiya pakshavaagide. pakshavannu sampradaayavaadi, navaudaaravaadi mattu eda-bala rajakiya varnapatalada madhya-balapanthiya pakshavendu varnisalaagide. pakshavu samanyavagi tannannu taanu "mukta udyama okkoota" endu bannisikolluttade mattu okkootada udaaravaadi mattu sampradaayavaadi paksagala sadasyarinda bembalavannu padeyuttade. 1990rahra dasakadindaloo, bii. sii. united kendra-eda hosa prajaprabhutva pakshada (enn. dii. pii.) pramukha kendra-bala virodha pakshavaagide. omme kenadaada liberal pakshadondige samyojitavagidda british columbia liberal pakshavu sudhaariside svatantravaayitu. pakshavu tanna hesarannu 2023rahra april april bii. sii. united endu badalaayisitu. 1940rahra dashakadavarege, british columbia raajakeeyadalli andina udaaravaadi paksha mattu pratispardhi sampradaayavaadi pakshada praabalyavittu. udaaravaadigalu udaaravaadigalu 1916rinda mattu matte 1941-1951 1933rinda sarkaaravannu rachisidaru. rachisidaru 1941rinda, eradoo pakshagalu (udaaravaadi nayakara netrutvadalli) okkootadalli aadalita nadesi, meleruttiruva sahakari kamanwealth okkootavannu edurisidavu. 1952rahra chunavaneyalli hosa samajika credit pakshavu ee maitrikootavannu solisitu, mattu pakshavu avanati honditu, antimavagi 1979rahra chunavaneyalli shasakangadalli tanna upasthitiyannu kaledukonditu. idu 1991rahra chunavaneyalli shasakangakke maralitu, eradane sthaanakkeritu mattu nayaka garden willson avara prayatnagala moolaka adhikruta virodha pakshavannu rachisitu. willson willson garden camp belge naayakatvada savaalannu kaledukondaru. camp bell avara naayakatvadalli, bii. sii. udaaravaadigalu balakke badalaagalu praarambhisidaru mattu federal pakshadinda duraviralu praarambhisidaru. 2001rahra chunavaneyalli, udaaravaadigalu agaadha bahumatavannu geddaru, 2017rahra chunavaneya swalpa samayada nantaravoo avaru camp bell mattu avara uttaradhikariyada christy clark avara adiyalli adannu hondiddaru. 2020rahra chunavaneyalli sotha nantara pakshavu virodha pakshavaagi uliyitu. entu pakshada nayakaru british kolambiyaada pradhaaniyaagi seve sallisiddaareh harlen brooster, zaan olivar, zaan mccullan, duff patulo, zaan haart, baas johnson, garden camp bell mattu christy clark. 2022rahra naayakatvada chunavaneya nantara, pakshavannu kevin falcon munnadesuttiddaare. itihaasa. modala sarkarah 1916-1928. vibhajita sampradaayavaadigalu 1916rahra chunavaneyalli udaaravaadigalannu edurisi sotaru. udaaravaadigalu harlen carrie brooster netrutvadalli sarkaaravannu rachisidaru. brooster virodha pakshada naayakaraadaru mattu 1912rahra marchnalli pakshada naayakaraagi aaykeyaadaru. kelavu vaaragala nantara 1912rahra chunavaneyalli avaru tamma sthaanavannu kaledukondaru, adhu yaavude udaaravaadigalannu hindirugisalilla. hindirugisalilla, avaru upachunaavaneya moolaka matte shasakangada chunavaneyalli geddaru mattu aaa varshada koneyalli nadeda saarvatrika chunavaneyalli sudharana vedikeyalli prachara maaduva moolaka tamma pakshavannu vijayadatta munnadesidaru. brooster nagarika seveyalli proothsaahavannu konegolisuvudaagi, rajakiya yantragalannu konegolisuvudaagi, karmikara parihara mattu kaarmika kaanunugalannu sudharisuvudagi, mahileyarige matagalannu taruttenendu mattu itara pragatipara sudhaaranegalannu taruttenendu bharavase niididaru. maadalaagide avara anireekshita maranada modalu sarkaaravu mahila matadaanada hakkannu tanditu, nishedhavannu sthaapisitu mattu rajakiya bhrashtaachaarada viruddha horaaditu. avarannu british kolambiyaada viktoriyaadalliruva rose bay smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaagide. maadalaagide brooster nidhanaradaga zaan olivar avaru broostern uttaraadhikaariyaadaru. olivarna sarkaaravu nanook kaniveyalli utpanna udyamavannu abhivraddhipadisitu mattu railu saarigeya saraku daravannu kadime maadalu federal sarkaaravannu manavolisalu prayatnisitu. pakshavu 1920rahra chunavaneyalli kevala bahumatada geluvu saadhisitu mattu 1924rahra chunavaneya nantara ibbaru swatantra udaaravaadigala bembaladondige maatra aadalita nadesalu saadhyavaayitu. virodha mattu mahaa kusitah 1928-1933. udaaravaadigalu 1928rahra chunavaneyalli tamma matagalannu heccisikolluvalli yashasviyaadaru tamma ardhadashtu sthaanagalannu kaledukondaru. mahaa arthika kusitada arambha mattu saiman fraser tolmia sarkaarada spotadondige, udaaravaadigalu 1933rahra chunavaneyalli geddaru. duff pattuloh 1933-1941. 1933rahra chunawane duff pattullo avarannu adhikaarakke tanditu mattu hosa samajika-prajaprabhutva mattu prajasattatmaka samajavadi virodha pakshavaada sahakari kamanwealth federation (ccf) annu shasakangakke parichayisitu. samajika kaaryakramagalu mattu nirudyogigala bembalada moolaka khinnateyannu nibhayisalu ondu kaaryakarta sarkaaravu prayatnisabekendu pattullo bayasiddaru. grate depressioninda kenadaavannu atyanta hecchu hanigolagada deshavendu gurutisalaagide mattu kenadaadalli paschima kenadaavannu atyanta hecchu hanigolagada deshavendu gurutisalaagide. pattullona prayatnagalu ottaavaada samyukta sarkaarakke viruddhavaagiddavu. pattullo british kolambiyaada vakilaraagiddaru mattu cree. poo. yaya velege yukan annu svadhinapadisikolluvante mattu cree. poo. yalli purva kenadaada shaktiyannu kadime maadalu alaska heddaariya nirmaanavannu soochisidaru. 1937rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli, avara sarkaaravu "samajika bandavalashahi" emba ghoshaneya mele maru aaykeyaayitu. "okkoota": 1941-1951. 1941-1951 1933rinda adhikruta virodha pakshavaagi kaaryanirvahisida mattu 1937rahra chunavaneyalli sampradaayavaadigaliginta ondu sthana kadime sthaanadallidda sii. sii. eff. naa udayadondige sampradaayavaadigalondige paryaya sarkaaravu konegonditu. 1941rahra chunavaneyalli sii. sii. eff. eradane sthaanadallittu. ee chunavaneyu udaaravaadigalige avaru nirikshisida bahumatavannu niidalilla. niidalilla patullo sampradaayavaadigalondige maitri madikollalu nirakarisidaga zaan haart pradhana mattu udaaravaadi naayakaraadaru. udaaravaadi sadasyaru patullo avarannu naayakaraagi tegeduhaakidaru mattu haart avaru cree. poo. itihaasadalli "okkoota" endu kareyalaaguva udaaravaadi-sampradaayavaadi sammishra sarkaaravannu rachisidaru. rachisidaru 1941rinda, ellah pramukha sarkari yojanegalannu mundudalaadaaga, yuddhakaalada korateya samayadalli haart aadalita nadesitu. 1945rahra chunavaneyalli sammishra sarkara maru aaykeyaayitu. aaa spardheyalli, udaaravaadigalu mattu sampradaayavaadigalu onde dhvajada adiyalli spardhisidaru. 1945rahra nantara, haart grameena vidyuddeekarana, jalavidyut mattu heddaari nirmaanada mahatvakanksheya kaaryakramavannu kaigondaru. haart avara atyanta pramukha yojanegalendare uttara british kolambiyage heddaari 97rahra nirmaana (adaralli eega prince georg-dasson creak vibhagavannu avara gouravaarthavaagi hesarisalaagide) mattu bridge nadhi vidyut yojane, idu british kolambiyaadalli modala pramukha jalavidyut abhivraddhiyaagide. khasagi soulabhyagalinda seve padeyada sanna samudaayagalige vidyut odagisalu avaru bisi hydroda munchooniyalliruva bisi vidyut aayogavannu sthaapisidaru. 1947rahra decembernalli, haart pradhaaniyaagi nivruttaraadaru. conservative pakshavu tanna nayaka herbert unsomb pradhaaniyaagi adhikaarakkeralu prachodane needitu, aadare libaralgalu okkootada kakasnalli torigalannu meerisidaru mattu hartna nantara "baas" johnson endu kareyalpaduva innobba liberal byron johnson, unsomb avarannu upa pradhaaniyaagi mattu hanakasu sachivaraagi anusarisidaru. johnson sarkaaravu saarvatrika aspatre vime mattu 3 pratishata praantiya marata terigeyannu adannu pavatisalu parichayisitu. idu heddaari vyavastheyannu vistarisitu, peciphic grate eestarn railveyannu vistarisitu mattu kenni anekattina nirmanakke anukula madikotta alcon oppandada bagge matukate nadesitu. sarkaaravu 1948rahra fraser nadiya pravaahavannu saha nibhaayisitu, turtu paristhitiyannu ghoshisitu mattu fraser kaniveya moolaka nadiya dadagalannu diking maaduva kaaryakramavannu praarambhisitu. kamanveltna modala mahila bhashanakararagi nancy hodges avarannu nemisiddakkoo johnson hesaruvasiyagiddare. liberal-conservative sammishra sarkaaravu 1949rahra chunavaneyalli jayagalisitu-idu cree. poo. itihaasadalli janapriya matagala shekada shekada hecchina pramaanavaagittu. maitri paludarara naduve mattu eradoo pakshagalolage udvignate hechchaagittu. liberal pakshada kaaryakaarini okkootavannu konegolisalu matha haakitu mattu johnson 1952rahra janavariyalli tamma sampradaayavaadi mantrigalannu kaibittaru, idara parinaamavaagi alpavadhiya alpavadhiya alpavadhiya sarkaaravu shighradalle kusiyitu. 1952rahra chunawane. mooru paksagala spardheyalli sii. sii. eff. gelluvudannu tadeyuva saluvaagi, sampradaayavaadi matadaararu udaaravaadigalannu tamma eradane aaykeyaagi patti maaduttaare mattu pratiyagi endu nirikshisuva moolaka sarkaaravu tvarita-rannaf matadaanavannu parichayisitu. aadare, matadaararu paryaya maargagalannu hudukuttiddaru. hecchina matadaararu tamma eradane aaykeyaagi british columbia soshiyal credit leigh annu bere yaavude pakshakkinta modalu ayke maadidaru. 1952rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli matapatragalannu enisidaaga samajika mannane atidodda pakshavaagi horahommitu. chunavaneya samayadalli samajika mannaneya "vaastavika" nayaka, doubleu. aa. sii. hinde sampradaayavaadi aagidda bennet avarannu chunavaneya nantara pakshada nayaka endu oupachaarikavaagi hesarisalaayitu. 1953rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli, udaaravaadigalu 4 sthaanagalige kuggidaru, 23.36% matagalannu padedaru. orther lying avaru vancouver point greyalli tilly ralston avarannu solisidaru. samajika mannane shasakangadalli bahupalu sthaanagalannu geddiddaroo, avara hanakasu sachiva ainaar gunderson ok kolliyalli libaralgala phillip archibald gibsninda solisalpattaru. kaadina gooli" endu addahesaridalaada kotyadhipati marada dore garden gibson esr, lillootge udaravadigalagi aaykeyaadaru. moorane vyaktiya sthitih 1953-1979. ee kaalada arambhika avadhiyalli, udaaravaadigala atyanta pramukha sadasyaraagi garden gibson esr iddaru. aata sigar seduva mattu oggoodisuva marada guttigedararagiddaru, avaru pradhaaniyaagabahudittu aadare ondu dodda rajakiya tappina kaaranadindaagi. avaru avaru lilloot savarigagi aaykeyaadaru. aaykeyaadaru, somers hagaranavu belakige banditu mattu shasakangadalli adannu prastapisida ekaika naayakaraagiddaru. doubleu. aa. sii. benet mattu avara attorney general mahiti horabaruvudannu tadeyalu aneka tantragalannu prayatnisidaru. hataasheyinda, gibson tamma sthanakke rajiname niididaru mattu somers hagaranavannu samasyeyannagi maaduva aashayadinda upachunaavaneyannu ottayisidaru. matadaanada vyavastheyu badalaagittu, mattu avaru samajika mannaneya nantara eradane sthaanadalliddaru. 1956rahra chunavaneyalli, somers hagaranavu innoo bagehariyada kaarana, udaaravaadigalu udaaravaadigalu kettadaagiddaru. orther lying tamma sthaanavannu kaledukondaru, mattu pakshavu eradu mla mattu 20.9% matagalige kusiditu. 1960rahra chunavaneyalli, pakshavu pakshavu adhe reetiya janapriya matadondige naalku sthaanagalannu geddukonditu. 1963rahra chunavaneyalli, pakshada caucus innoo ondu mla yinda aidakke airitu, aadare janapriya matagalalli avara paalu 19.98% kke kusiyitu. 1966rahra chunavaneyalli, pakshavu mattondu sthaanavannu geddukonditu, adara caucus annu aaru sthaanagalige tanditu mattu matadalli 20.24% rashtu hechchalavannu hondittu. 1969rahra matadalli, pakshavu ondu sthaanavannu kaledukonditu mattu adara matada paalu 19.03% kke kusiyitu. kusiyitu, hosa nayaka david anderson avaru pakshavannu munnadesidaru, avaru 1968rahra samyukta chunavaneyalli kenadaada liberal pakshada samsadaraagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru mattu itara naalvaru shasakangakke aaykeyaadaru, aadare pakshada itihaasadalli athi kadime matagalannu 16.4% galisidaru. british columbia nyoo democratic party (bii. sii. enn. dii. pii) 1972rahra chunavaneyalli gedda nantara, udaaravaadi mattu sampradaayavaadi paksagala aneka bembaligaru samajika credit leagge pakshaantara maadidaru. ee okkootavu okkootavu 1990rahra dashakadavarege hosa prajaprabhutvavadigalannu adhikaaradinda duravidalu saadhyavaayitu. mlas gaard guardom, pyaat mcgear mattu alan villiams avaru udaaravaadigalannu samajika mannanegaagi iddakkiddante punarujjivanagonda toriya hoog curtis jotege bittuhodaru. avarellaroo 1975rahra nantara samajika saala samputagala sadasyaraadaru. 1975rahra chunavaneyalli, aaykeyaada ekaika udaaravaadi endare garden gibson junier. pakshavu nirashaadaayaka 7.24% ankagalannu galisitu. david anderson avaru tamma victoria savaarigalalli kettadaagi solanubhavisidaru, hosa prajaprabhutvavadigalu mattu samajika mannaneyannu hindikkidaru. aranyadallih 1979-1991. 1979rahra chunavaneyu pakshada atyanta kadime mattaddaagittu. pakshada itihaasadalli eradane baarige, adannu shasakangadinda muchchalaayitu. kevala aidu mandi abhyarthigaliddaru, yaaroo aaykeyagiralilla mattu pakshavu shekada shekada matagalannu padeyitu. pakshavu purna sankhyeya abhyarthigalannu talupidaroo, matagala <aii. dii. 1> annu geddukondiddarinda 1983rahra chunavaneyalli ondu sanna chetarike kandubanditu. 1986rahra matadaanavu pakshavannu muchchida moorane mattu koneya chunavaneyagittu. janapriya matagalalli adara paalu 6.74% ge sudhaariside. sudhaariside, bere yaaroo asakti hondiradiddaaga garden willson praantiya liberal pakshada naayakaraadaru. willson praantiya liberal paksha mattu adara samyukta pratiroopada naduvina oupachaarika samparkagalannu kadidukondaru. 1970rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadinda, cree. poo. yaya hecchina samyukta udaaravaadigalu praantiya mattadalli british columbia samajika credit pakshavannu bembalisalu nirdharisiddaru. praantiya pakshakkagi, ee pratyekateya uddeshavu federal pakshada samajika credit sadasyara prabhaavavannu kadime maaduvudu. federal pakshada drashtikonadinda, praantiya pakshavu bhaaree saaladalliddarinda ee kramavu avarige samanavagi prayojanakaariyaagittu. british columbia raajakeeyadalli vishvasarha moorane pakshavaagi praantiya pakshavannu punarnirmisalu willson sajjaadaru. adhe avadhiyalli, bill wander jalm avara netrutvadalli aadalitaaroodha samajika credit pakshavu vivaadagalinda aavrutavaagittu. idara parinaamavaagi, aneka samajika saala hagaranagalu aneka matadaararu paryayavannu hudukalu kaaranavaadavu. 1991rahra chunavaneya hottige, vander jalmna uttaradhikariyada premiere rita johnston mattu bii. sii. enn. dii. pii nayaka micheal harcourt naduvina dooradarshanada kenadian broadcasting corporation (cbc) charcheyalli tammannu serisikollalu willson lobby maadidaru. cbc oppikonditu, mattu willson tanna kaaryakshamateyinda aneka matadaararannu aakarshisidanu. udaaravaadi abhiyaanavu vegavannu galisitu mattu samajika saala abhiyaanadinda hecchina bembalavannu kasidukonditu. chunavaneyalli bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. geddare, udaaravaadigalu 17 sthaanagalondige eradane sthana padedaru. willson virodha pakshada naayakaraadaru. willson adiyalli adhikruta virodhah 1991-1993. willsonra nitigalu shasakangadalli mattu samajika mannaneya kusitadinda untaada nirvaatavannu tumbalu bayasida pakshadallidda itara aneka udaaravaadigalondige hondikeyagalilla. udaaravaadigalu shasakangadalli mattu vishaalavaada rajakiya chalavaliyannu nirmisuvalli tammannu taavu ananubhavigalendu sabitupadisidaru. hosa democratic pakshada praantiya sarkaarada viruddha parinamakari virodhavannu huttuhaakuva shistubaddha sanghataneyannu nirmisalu avarige kashtavaayitu. kashtavaayitu, willson avara naayakatvavu sahavarti udaaravaadi shasaka judie tyaabjiyondigina avara sambandhada bahirangapadisuvikeyinda mattashtu haanigolagaayitu. ee hottige, bahuteka sabhikaru avara naayakatvada viruddha bahiranga dangeyalliddaru. willson avaru abhyarthiyaguva nayakatva samaveshakke karey needalu wappikondaru. delta south mla fred gingel virodha pakshada naayakaraadaru, aadare udaara naayakatvada spardhe nadeyitu. shighradalle, pakshada maaji nayaka garden gibson mattu vancouver mayer garden camp bell naayakatvada spardheyannu praveshisidaru. camp bell modala matapatradalli nirnayakavagi gedditu, pakshada maaji nayaka garden gibson eradane mattu willson moorane sthana padedaru. naayakatvada chunavaneyannu obba sadasya, ondu matha vevastheya mele nirdharisalaayitu, adara moolaka udaaravaadigalu duravani moolaka tamma aaykegalige matha haakidaru. willson mattu tyabji nantara udaaravaadigalannu toredu tammade aada pakshavaada pragatipara prajasattatmaka maitriyannu rachisidaru. camp bell adiyalli adhikruta virodhah 1993-2001. camp bell naayakaraada nantara, udaaravaadigalu modala baarige "bii. sii. liberals" emba upanaamavannu alavadisikondaru mattu shighradalle hosa laanchana mattu hosa pakshada bannagalannu (saamaanya "liberal kempu" mattu adara jotegina maypal eleya badalige kempu mattu neeli) parichayisidaru. parishkruta hesaru mattu laanchanavu kenadaada federal liberal pakshadinda matadaarara manassinalli hecchu spashtavagi pratyekisuva prayatnavagittu. 1994rahra aarambhadalli, upa chunavaneyalli camp bell shasakangakke aaykeyaadaru. avara naayakatvadalli, pakshavu balakke chalisalu praarambhisitu, hindina samajika credit pakshada sadasyarinda mattu nantara, praantiya sudharana pakshada bembalavannu galisitu. kelavu madhyama vargada sakredgalu vandar jalm yugadashtu hindeye udaaravaadigalige matha haakalu praarambhisiddaru. fraser kanive pradeshadalli nadeda upachunaavaneyalli udaaravaadigalu eradu hindina socred sthaanagalannu geddaru, idu astitvadalliruva bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. sarkaarakke spashta paryaya emba tamma hakkannu balapadisitu. samajika mannaneya kusitadinda bii. sii. rajakiya varnapatalada madhya-balabhagadalli srushtiyaada nirvaatavannu saha liberal pakshavu tumbitu. 1996rahra chunavaneyalli, bii. sii. libaralgalu janapriya matagalannu geddaru. aadaagyoo, praantyada horah pradeshagalalli hecchina udaaramatada antaravu dodda antaradalli vyarthavaayitu; avaru vancouver mattu kela mukhya bhoobhagadalli kevala entu sthaanagalannu geddaru. grameena british kolambiyaadalli, visheshavaagi sthaliya aarthikateya jivanaadiyaagidda olanaadinalli-matadaararu camp belna kelavu nitigalondige hondidda asamadhanadindagi, mukhyavaagi avaru bisi railannu marata maaduvudaagi needida bharavaseyindagi bisi udaaravaadigalu halavaaru spardhegalannu kaledukondaru. idara nivvala phalitaamshavendare udaaravaadigalannu matte virodha pakshakke niyojisuvudu, aadaroo avaru enn. dii. pii. yaya bahumatavannu bahumatavannu murakke ilisuvalli yashasviyaadaru. chunavaneya nantara, bii. sii. udaaravaadigalu 1996rahra punaraavartaneyaagadante nodikollalu mundaadaru. camp bell tamma 1996rahra vedikeyallidda kelavu kadime janapriya neeti phalakagalannu, adaralloo visheshavaagi bii. sii. rail annu marata maaduva bharavaseyannu, maaraatada parinaamagala niriksheyu uttarada olaangana raidinggalallina bembaligarannu duraviditu. camp bell sarkarah 2001-2011. bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. sarkaarada eradane avadhiya hagaran bharita adhikaravadhiya nantara, bii. sii. libaralgalu 2001rahra chunavaneyalli, 79 sthanagalalli 77 sthaanagalannu padedu, bii. sii. itihaasadalle atidodda bhookusitadondige geddaru. avaru pradhana ujal dosanjh avarannu avara swanta savaarigalalli kelagilisuvalli yashasviyaadaru. garden camp bell hattu varsagalalli elane pradhaaniyaadaru mattu sumaru 50 varsagalalli modala udaaravaadi pradhaaniyaadaru. camp bell avaru adhikaarakke banda modala dinave ellah praantiya aadaaya terigegalalli shekada shekada kaditavannu parichayisidaru. bii. sii. udaaravaadigalu samsthika aadaaya terigeyannu kadime maadidaru mattu hecchina vyavahaaragalige samsthika bandavaala terigeyannu raddugolisidaru (hosa prajaprabhutvavadigalu parichayisida hoodike mattu udyogada melina terige). camp belna modala awadiyu, kalyana pattigalalina kadita mattu kelavu samajika sevegalu, niyantranavannu tegeduhaakuvudu, kelavu sarkari svattugala marata (visheshavaagi hindina sarkaaravu nirmisida "phaast ferrigalu", avugala beleya ondu bhagakke maaraatavaadavu) seridante hanakasina kathinategu hesaruvaasiyaagittu. camp bell bii. sii. railina khasagikaranavannu saha praarambhisitu, idannu udaaravaadigalu uttarada ridinggalannu gelluva saluvaagi marata maaduvudaagi bharavase niididdaru, idu 1996 ralli pakshavannu tiraskarisittu aadare chunavaneya nantara ee bharavaseyannu tirugisitu, bidding prakriyege sambandhisida criminal tanikhegalu 2003 rahra british columbia shasakangada daaligalige kaaranavaadavu mattu nantarada mattu innoo baaki iruva nyaayaalayada prakarana. halavaaru pramukha kaarmika vivaadagaliddavu, avugalalli kelavu sarkari shasanagala moolaka ityarthagondavu, aadare ivu praantyada vaidyarondigina sangharshagalannu olagondiddavu. camp bell nagarika seveya gatravannu kadime maaditu, kelavu sarkari ilakhegalalli shekada aivattakkoo hecchu sibbandi kaditagolisalaayitu, mattu sanna sarkaarada bharavasegala horataagiyoo samputada gatravannu sumaru dvigunagolisalaayitu mattu samsadeeya vetanavannu hechchisalaayitu. aadalitavannu saha maru-vyavasthegolisalaagiddu, upa mantrigalu eega tamma mantrigalige varadi maaduva badalu pradhana mantrigala kacheriyallina sibbandi mukhyastharige varadi maadabekaagittu. kaditada samayadalli, praantyada suttamuttalina aaspatregalu, nyaayaalayagalu mattu vistruta aaraike soulabhyagalannu, visheshavaagi sanna samudaayagalalli, muchchalaayitu mattu bisi samrakshana seveyantaha jaari sibbandiyannu kanishta mattakke ilisalaayitu. hindina enn. dii. pii aadalitada avadhiyalli rachisalaada vividha praantiya udyaanavanagalannu saha samrakshita pradeshada sthaanamanakke ilisalaayitu, andare avugalannu sampanmoolagala balakegagi tereyabahudu mattu udyaanavanagala balakeya shulkavannu hechchisalaayitu. hechchisalaayitu, operation ever way endu kareyalaaguva maadakavastu tanikheyu british columbia samsattina kattadagalalina sarkari kacherigala mele daaligalige kaaranavaayitu, idu "railu gate" endu kareyalpaduva hagaranadalli cng bisi rail maratakke sambandhisida shankita vahivaatugalige sambandhisidante mattu prabhaava beerida, vishvaasaghaatuka mattu lancha sweekarisidakkaagi naalvaru maaji mantrigala sahayakara vichaarane. 2005rahra chunavaneyalli udaaravaadigalu 7 sthaanagala kadime bahumatadondige (46-33) maru chunaayitaraadaru. 2009rahra chunavaneyalli udaaravaadigalu matte aaykeyaadaru. ee chunavaneya swalpa samayada nantara, chunawana prachaarada samayadalli needida bharavasegalige viruddhavaagi hst parichayavannu ghooshisalaayitu. 2010rahra november phebravari, tanna nirvahanaa sailiya bagge sannihitavaada caucus dange mattu saamarasyada marata terige (hst) mattu bisi railu bhrashtaachaarada vichaaraneya vivaadaatmaka antyada viruddha rajakiya himbaditavannu edurisuttiruvaaga mattu matadaanadalli tanna anumodane rating 9 pratishatadashtu kadimeyiruvudarinda, garden camp bell tanna raajinaameyannu ghoshisidanu. clark sarkarah 2011-2017. pakshada 2011rahra nayakatva samaveshavu "saadhyavaadashtu bega nayakatva samaveshavannu" nadesuvante garden camp bell avaru pakshakke maadida korikeyinda prerepisalpattitu. samaveshavu phebravari 26,2011 randu christy clark avarannu pakshada hosa naayakaraagi ayke maaditu. clark mattu avara hosa sachiva samputavu march 14 randu pramana vachana sweekarisitu. clark avara adiyalli, pakshavu federal liberal mattu federal sampradaayavaadi bembaligar okkootavaagiruva tanna ittichina sampradaayavannu munduvaresutta hecchu madhyama drashtikonavannu roopisitu. avaru takshanave kanishta vetanavannu gantege $8 rinda $10.25/hour ge hechchisidaru mattu ontaariyodanteye praantyadaadyanta kutumba dinavannu parichayisidaru. clark arthika hinjaritada nantarada avadhiyalli pradhaanavaadaru, mattu sarkaarada vechchada rekheyannu hididittukondaru, 2013-14 hanakasu varshakke samatolita bajetginta modalu eradu korate bajetgalannu parichayisidaru, idaralli hecchina aadaayada british kolambiyannara melina terige hechchalavoo serittu. avaru bii. sii. yaya dravikruta naisargika anila (ell. enn. zii) nikshepagala laabhavannu padeyalu prayatnisidaru, mundina dasakadalli udayonmukha ell. enn. zii udyamavannu pramukha arthika abhivruddhi avakaashavaagi sthaapisidaru. garden camp belna aadalitada koneya varsagalalli duragami mattu pragatipara parisara shaasanavannu jaarige taralaagittaadaru, clark avaru parisara neetiya bagegina avara vidhaanadalli hecchu aleyalpattaru. bii. sii. yaya modala uttara-americada ingaalada terigeyannu munduvarisuvaga, avaru 2013 rahra chunavaneya samayadalli daravannu sthagitagolisuvudaagi bharavase niididaru mattu avara ell. enn. zii abhivruddhi aakaankshegalu 2007 ralli camp bell sarkaaravu nigadipadisida hasirumane anila horasoosuvikeya gurigalige viruddhavaagi toruttade. avaru 2012 ralli ghoshisidaru, bii. sii. yannu daatuttiruva yaavude bhavishyada pipeline parisarada avashyakategalu mattu sthaliya samalochaneyannu olagonda aidu sharattugalannu pooraisabekaaguttade. vivaadaatmakavaagi, hechchida pipeline mattu tanker sanchaaradinda baruva yaavude aadayadalli bisi tanna "nyaayayuta palannu" padeyuttade embudu tanna aidu sharattugalalli ondaagide endu avaru soochisiddaare. idu aakeyannu alberta praantyadondige nera sangharshakke doodide, avaru bii. sii. bandarugala moolaka bitumenge hecchina marukatte praveshavannu bayasiddaru, aadaroo bii. sii. yaavude rayadhanavannu padeyuva yaavude vyavastheyannu drudhavaagi nirakarisuttare. nirakarisuttare, collin hansen avaru kenadaada sambandhavillada liberal pakshadondige gondalavannu tappisalu mattu aneka federal sampradaayavaadi mattu liberal matadaarara okkootavaagi adara sthaanamaanavannu uttamavaagi pratibimbisuva saluvaagi pakshavannu tanna hesarannu badalaayisalu prastapisidaru. avaru paryaya hesarannu prastapisalilla. clark avaru hesaru badalaavaneyannu pariganisuvudaagi helidaru aadare "adannu maadalu yaavude avasaradalli" iralilla. 2013rahra chunavaneya samayadalli, clark saarvajanika abhipraya sangrahadalli prachaaravannu kadimegolisidaru mattu tanna mukhya pratispardhi, enn. dii. pii. yaya audrian dicks avarannu 20 ankagalashtu hindikkidaru. bii. sii. libaralgala abhiyaanada ghoshaneyu "balavaada aarthikate, surakshita naale" mattu matadaararu nalkane avadhige adhikaaradalli aykeyagalu kaaranavaada samatolita budget mattu ell. zii. sii. valayadalli balavaada abhivruddhi avakaashagalannu etti torisitu. clark tanna kacheri mattu prachaaravannu nadesalu ontario liberal pakshadondige samyojitavaada daan gai mattu laura miller mattu mike mcdonald avarantaha federal liberal vyaktigalannu karetandaru. bii. sii. udaaravaadigalu nalkane avadhige adhikaarakke baralu hindininda bandaru, aadaagyoo clark avaru vancouver sawari maduvalli solanubhavisidaru, aadare nantarada upa chunavaneyalli westside-kelonada okanagan sawari maduvalli geddaru. chunavaneya nantara, avaru bhavishyada pipeline yojanegala mele bii. sii. mattu alberta naduvina sambandhagalannu karagisalu prayatnisidaru, maaji alberta premiere alison redfordne rashtriya indhana kaaryatantrakke sahi haakidaru. 2014rahra aarambhadalli, udaaravaadigalu eradane nera samatolita budget annu tandaru mattu kelavu kirani angadigalli madya maratakke avakasha needalu mattu madyavannu badisuva pabgalu mattu restorentgalalli vayaskarondige kulitukollalu makkalige avakasha needalu bii. sii. yaya madya kaanunugalannu badalaayisuva shaasanavannu parichayisidaru. 2017rahra chunavaneyalli, bii. sii. libaralgala sthaanagala sankhyeyannu sankhyeyannu ilisalaayitu, idu bahumatakkinta ondu sthana kadimeyagittu. 2017rahra mayee mayee, antima matha enike purnagonda nantara, bii. sii. enn. dii. pii mattu bii. sii. green pakshavu sthira alpasankhyaata sarkaaravannu khachitapadisikollalu vishvaasa mattu puraike oppandakke oppikondavu. avara ottu 44 sthanagalu avarige bii. sii. libaralgala 43 sthaanagaliginta hecchina prayojanavannu niiduttave, idu zoon 29,2017 randu vishvaasamatada matadalli clark avara sarkaaravannu solisalu saakaagittu, adara nantara clark pradhaaniyaagi rajiname niididaru (julai 18,2017 rinda jaarige) mattu leftinent-governor enn. dii. pii nayaka zaan hargan avarannu sarkara rachisalu kelikondaru. clark avara raajinaameya nantara srimanta colleman pakshada madhyantara naayakaraadaru. wilkinson mattu baand adiyalli adhikruta virodhah 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson avaru 2018rahra phebravari phebravari pakshada naayakaraagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru eradu varshagala kaala virodha pakshada naayakaraagi seve sallisidaru. 2020rahra saarvatrika chunavaneya samayadalli, elgibitike viruddha helikegalannu needida abhyarthi mattu maaji shasaka laurie simhaasanavannu tegeduhaakuvalli vilamba madiddakkagi sadasyatvada adhyaksharu seridante pakshada sadasyarinda wilkinson teekisalpattaru. chunavaneyalli paksha sotiddarinda avaru rajiname niididaru. shirley baand 2022rahra nayakatva spardheyavarege pakshada madhyantara naayakaraagi seve sallisidaru. falcon nayakatva mattu hesaru badalavaneh 2022 rinda. kevin falcon phebravari 5,2022 randu bii. sii. libaralgala naayakaraagi aaykeyaadaru. tanna naayakatvada prachaarada samayadalli, pakshavannu marunamakarana maaduvudaagi mattu marunamakarana maaduvudaagi falcon pratigne maadidaru. 2022rahra pakshada samaveshadalli, pratinidhigalu varshada antyada velege matha chalaayisuva modalu pakshada sadasyatvadondige samalochisuva moolaka praarambhisi, hesaru-badalaavane prakriyeyondige munduvariyalu nirnayavannu angeekarisidaru. praantyadaadyantada samiksheya nantara, "bisi united" annu pakshakke sambhaavya hosa hesaraagi mundidalaayitu. nantara november november pakshada sadasyarige hesarannu nidalaayitu mattu november november, sumaru 80 pratishatadashtu janaru hesaru badalaavaneyannu anumodisiddaare endu ghooshisalaayitu. nantara ee hesarina badalaavaneyannu anumodisalaayitu mattu 2023rahra april april jaarige taralaayitu. pakshada nayakaru. moolah british kolambiyaada shasakanga granthalaya chunavaneya phalitaamshagalu. moolah bii. sii. chunavanegalu bii. sii. united yooth. bii. sii. united yooth pakshada yuva vibhagavannu munnadesuttade. karyanirvahaka mandaliyannu varshika saamaanya sabheyalli ayke maadalaaguttade mattu idu aidu yuva sadasyarannu olagondideh adhyaksharu, upadhyaksha samvahana, upadhyaksha kaaryakramagalu, upadhyaksha karyacharanegalu mattu upadhyaksha samparka. september 2022 rahra hottige, ee sthaanagalannu kramavagi herman khosa, teddy oo 'donnell, olivia wankling, maark dhhilan mattu james lehmann hondiddaare.

bii. sii. yunaittad munbu britiish columbia liberal party ennariyappettirunna bisi yunaittad (bii. sii. yuu) kaanadayile britiish kolambiyayile oru pravishya rashtreeya partyanu. yaadhaasthithika, navalibaral, idathu-valath rashtreeya spektrathinte madhya-valathupaksham ennee nilakalil party visheshippichittundu. party saadhaaranayaayi svayam oru "swatantra samrambhaka sakhyam" ennu visheshippikkukayum federal liberal, kansarvetteevu paarttikalile amgangalil ninnu pinthuna nedukayum cheiyunnu. cheiyunnu muthal bii. sii. yunaittad aanu madhya-idathu nyoo demookratik party (enn. dii. pii) pradhana madhya-valathupaksha prathipakshamaayath. orikkal liberal party oof kaanadayumaayi affiliate cheythirunna britiish columbia liberal party 1987ll swathanthramaayi. party 2023 epril epril athinte peru bisi yunaittad ennu maatti. 1940 vare britiish columbia raashtreeyathil annathe liberal party ethiraaliyaaya kansarvetteevu party aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnu. 1916 muthal 1928 vareyum 1933 muthal 1941 vareyum liberalukal sarkkar roopeekarichu. 1941 muthal 1952 vare, uyarnnuvarunna sahakarana komanvelthu federatione prathirodhikkaan rund paarttikalum oru sakhyathil (oru liberal nethaavinte neethrthwathil) bharichu. thiranjedutthu thiranjeduppil puthiya soshyal credit party sakhyathe paraajayappedutthukayum party thakarukayum oduvil 1979-1991 thiranjeduppil niyamanirmmaanasabhayile saannidhyam nashtappedukayum cheythu. cheythu thiranjeduppil athu niyamasabhayilekku madangiyethukayum randaamathe sthaanathethukayum nethaavu gorden vilsante shramangaliloode audyogika prathipakshatthe roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1994ll vilson gorden campbellinode oru neethrthwa velluvili nashtappedutthi. campbellinte neethrthwathil bii. sii liberalukal valathottu maranum federal partyil ninnu akannupokaanum thudangi. liberalukal thiranjeduppil liberalukal vann bhooripaksham nedi, cheythu thiranjeduppu avasanikkunnathuvare campbellin addehathinte pingamiyaaya kristti clarkinum keezhil avar athu nilanirtthi. nilanirtthi thiranjeduppil paraajayappettathinusheshavum party prathipakshathaayirunnu. britiish kolambiyayude pradhaanamanthriyaayi ettu party nethaakkal sevanamanushtichittundu harlan broosttar, joonn olivar, joonn maculan, duff paattulo, joonn hart, booas jonson, gorden campbel, kristti clark. 2022 leeii neethrthwa thiranjeduppu muthal kevin faalkkan aanu party nayikkunnath. charithram. aadyathe sarkkara 1916-1928. 1916-1928 thiranjeduppil bhinnicha yaadhaasthithikar liberalukale neridukayum paraajayappedukayum cheythu. liberalukal harlan kaari broosttarinte keezhil oru sarkkar roopeekarichu. broosttar prathipaksha nethaavaayi maarukayum 1912 maarchil party nethaavaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. kurachu aazhchakalkk sesham 1912 leeii thiranjeduppil addehathinu thante seett nashtappettu, athu liberalukale thirike nalkiyilla. 1916-ll addeham oru upathiranjeduppiloode veendum niyamasabhayilekkulla thiranjeduppil vijayikkukayum aaa varsham avasaanam oru parishkarana vediyil pracharanam nadatthi thante party vijayathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. sivil sarveesile rakshaakarthruthvam avasaanippikkumennum rashtreeya yanthrangal avasaanippikkumennum thozhilaallikalude nashtaparihaaravum thozhil niyamangalum mechappeduthumennum sthreekalkku vottu nalkumennum mattu purogamanaparamaaya parishkaarangal varuthumennum broosttar vaagdaanam cheythu. 1918ll apratheekshithamaayi marikkunnathin munbu sarkkar sthreekalude vottavakaasham konduvarikayum nirodhanam earppeduthukayum rashtreeya azhimathikkethire pooraadukayum cheythu. britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayile rooss bay semitheriyil addehathe samskarichu. 1918ll broosttar marichappol joonn olivar broosttarinte pingamiyaayi premiyaraayi. olivarinte sarkkar nanook thaazhvarayil uthppanna vyavasaayam vikasippikkukayum reyil gathaagathathinulla charakk nirakk kuraykkaan federal sarkkaarine prerippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. cheythu thiranjeduppil partic kevala bhooripakshathode vijayam nedaanum nedaanum thiranjeduppinu sesham rund swatantra liberalukalude pinthunayode maathrame bharikkan kazhinjulloo. ethirppum mahaa vishaadavum 1928-1933. 1928-1933 thiranjeduppil liberalukalkk avarude vottu vardhippikkaan kazhinjenkilum pakuthiyolam seettukal nashtappettu. mahaamaandyathinte thudakkavum saiman fraser tolmiyude sarkkar pottippurappettathum 1933-1941 thiranjeduppil liberalukal vijayichu. duff pattuloa 1933-1941. 1933-1941 thiranjeduppu duff pattulo adhikaarathil konduvarikayum oru puthiya saamoohika-janaadhipathya, janaadhipathya soshyalist prathipaksha partyaya sahakarana komanvelthu federation (ccf) niyamanirmmanasabhayil avatharippikkukayum cheythu. saamoohika paripaadikaliloodeyum thozhilillaathavarude pinthunayiloodeyum vishaadathe neridaan oru aaktivist gavanment sramikkanamennu pattulo aagrahichu. mahaamaandyam ettavum kooduthal baadhicha rajyamaayi canada amgeekarikkukayum kaanadayil ettavum kooduthal baadhicha rajyamaayi padinjaaran canada amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. pattulooyude sramangal palappozhum ottaavayile federal gavanmentumaayi vairudhyathilaayirunnu. britiish kolambiyayude vakthaavaayirunna pattulo, bii. sii. yode yookkon kootticherkkaanum bii. sii. yiloode kizhakkan kaanadayude shakti kuraykkunnathinaayi alasca haiway nirmmikkanum nirddeshichu. nirddeshichu pothutheranjeduppil "saamoohika muthalaalitham" enna mudraavaakyathil addehathinte sarkkar veendum thiranjedukkappettu. "sakhyam": 1941-1951. 1933 muthal 1937 vare audyogika prathipakshamayi thudaraan kazhinjathum 1937 leeii thiranjeduppil yaadhaasthithikarekkaal oru seett kuravaayirunnathumaaya sii. sii. ephinte uyarchayode yaadhaasthithikarumaayulla marimari sarkkar avasaanichu. avasaanichu thiranjeduppil sii. sii. eph randaam sthaanathethi. liberalukalkk avar pratheekshicha bhooripaksham thiranjeduppu nalkiyilla. 1941ll paattulo yaadhaasthithikarumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan visammathichappol joonn hart pradhaanamantriyum udaaravaadiyumaaya nethaavaayi. liberal amgangal pattulo nethaavaayi neekkam cheyyukayum bisi charithratthil "sakhyam" ennariyappedunna oru liberal-kansarvetteevu sakhya sarkkar hart roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1941 muthal 1945 vare, ellah pradhana sarkkar padhathikalum maattivacha yudhakaala kshaamatthinte samayathaan hart bharichathu. bharichathu thiranjeduppil sakhyasarkkaar veendum thiranjedukkappettu. aaa malsarathil liberalukalum yaadhaasthithikarum ore baanarin keezhil malsarichu. 1945 nuu sesham grameena vaidyutheekaranam, jalavaidyuthi, haiway nirmmaanam ennivayude oru abhilasha paripadi hart etteduthu. vadakkan britiish kolambiyayilekkulla haiway 97 (athil prins jorjju-dosson creak segmentinu ippol addehathinte bahumaanaartham peru nalkiyittundu), british kolambiyayile aadyathe pradhana jalavaidyutha vikasanamaya bridge rivar power project ennivayaayirunnu hartinte ettavum pradhanappetta padhathikal. swakaarya yoottilittikal sevanamanushtikkaatha cheria samoohangalkku vaidyuthi nalkunnathinaayi addeham bisi hydroyude mungamiyaaya bisi power kammeeshan sthaapichu. 1947 desemberil hart pradhaanamanthriyaayi viramichu. kansarvetteevu party thangalude nethaavaaya herbert anscomb pradhaanamanthriyaakanamenna prakshobham nadathiyenkilum liberalukal sakhya cocusile torikale marikadannu, hartine thudarnnu "booas" jonson ennariyappedunna mattoru liberal, bairon jonson, anscomb deputy pradhaanamantriyum danamantriyum aayi. jonson sarkkar saarvathrika ashupatri inshurans 3 sathamaanam pravishya vilppana nikuthiyum ithinaayi earppeduthi. ithu haiway samvidaanam vipuleekarikkukayum pasaphik grettu eestten railway vipuleekarikkukayum kenni anakkettinte nirmmaanam sugamamakkunna alcon karar charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. cheythu fraser nadiyile vellappokkathe sarkkar neridukayum adiyantharaavastha prakhyapikkukayum fraser thaazhvarayiloode nadiyude theerangal nanaykkaanulla oru paripadi aarambikkukayum cheythu. komanveltthile aadya vanita speakeraayi nancy hodgesine niyamichathilum jonson sradheyanaanu. liberal-kansarvetteevu sakhya sarkkar 1949 leeii thiranjeduppil vijayichu-bii. sii. charithratthile ettavum valia 61 sathamaanam vottu. sakhyakakshikalum irupaarttikalum thammilulla samgharshangal vardhichu. liberal party executive sakhyam avasaanippikkaan vottu cheyyukayum 1952 januvariyil jonson thante yaadhaasthithika manthrimaare pirichuvidukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi oru hraswakaala nyoonapaksha sarkkar taamasiyaathe thakarnnu. thiranjedutthu thiranjeduppu. moonnu kakshi malsarangalil sii. sii. eph vijayikkunnath thadayunnathinaayi, yaadhaasthithika watermar liberalukale avarude randaamathe choisaayi pattikappedutthumenna pratheekshayode sarkkar thalkshana ranf votting aarambhichu. ennaal watermar badal maargangal thedukayaayirunnu. kooduthal watermar britiish columbia soshyal credit leegine mattethoru partyeyumkkaalum munnil avarude randaamathe choisaayi thiranjedutthu. thiranjedutthu pothutheranjeduppil balattukal enniyappol saamoohika credit ettavum valia party uyarnnuvannu. soshyal kredittinte "yadhaartha" nethaavu, thiranjeduppu samayat, dablyu. eiii. sii. munbu yaadhaasthithikanaayirunna bennattine thiranjeduppinu sesham party nethaavaayi audyogikamaayi thiranjedutthu. thiranjedutthu pothutheranjeduppil liberalukal 4 seettukalaayi churungi, 23.36% vottu nedi. vancouver pooyint grayil tilly rolstanine arther leing paraajayappeduthi. saamoohika credit niyamanirmmanasabhayil bhooribhaagam seettukal nediyengilum, avarude dhanakaaryamantri ainar gundersone ookku beyil liberalukalude philipp archibald gibbs paraajayappeduthi. bull oof dhaa woods" ennu vilipperulla kodeeswaranaaya thadi baaranaya gorden gibson sr oru liberalaayi lilloottilekku thiranjedukkappettu. moonnaam kakshi nilah 1953-1979. eee kaalaghattatthinte aadyakaalathu, liberalukalude ettavum pramukha amgam gorden gibson sr aayirunnu. oru valia rashtreeya pizhavinu pradhaanamaakaan kazhiyumaayirunna oru sigaratt valikkunna, koottaaya maramvettal kararukaaranaayirunnu addeham. 1953ll lilloot ridinginaayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu. 1955ll somers kumbhakonam uyarnnuvarikayum niyamasabhayile eaka nethaavu addehamaayirunnu athu charcha cheiyunnathum. dablyu. eiii. sii. vivarangal purathuvarunnathu thadayaan bennattum attorni generalum niravadhi thanthrangal pareekshichu. niraashayode gibson thante seett raajivachu somarmaarude vivaadathe prashnamaakkumenna pratheekshayil oru upatheranjeduppu nirbandhithamaakki. votting sambradaayam maarukayum saamoohika credit kazhinjaal addeham randaam sthaanathethukayum cheythu. thiranjeduppil thiranjeduppil, somers kumbhakonam ippozhum pariharikkappedaatthathil, liberalukal തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്തുതineyകiiiiകaaaൾ moshamaayi pravarthichu. arther leinginu thante seett nashtappettu, party rund emlmarayum 20.9% vottaayum churungi. churungi thiranjeduppil, thiranjeduppil athe aii. dii. 2 vottu upayogichu party naalu seettukal nedi. nedi thiranjeduppil party cocus oru emm. ell. eiii koodi vardhichu anjaayi, ennaal janakeeya vottil avarude vihitam aii. dii. 1% aayi kuranju. kuranju thiranjeduppil party mattoru seett nedi, cocus aarayi uyarthi, vottu <aii. dii. 1>% aayi vardhichu. vardhichu votteduppil partic oru seett nashtappedukayum athinte vottu vihitam <aii. dii. 1>% aayi kurayukayum cheythu. 1972ll, 1972ll federal thiranjeduppil liberal party oof kaanadayude empiyayi thiranjedukkappetta david aandezhsan enna puthiya nethaavaanu party thiranjeduppilekku nayichathu. adhehathinum mattu naalu perkkum niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappedaan kazhinju, pakshe party charithratthile ettavum kuranja vottu 16.4% aayirunnu. britiish columbia nyoo demookratik party (bii. sii. enn. dii. pii) 1972 leeii thiranjeduppil vijayichathinusesham, liberal, kansarvetteevu paarttikalude niravadhi anuyaayikal soshyal credit leagylake koorumari. 1975 muthal 1990 vare puthiya janaadhipathyavaadikale adhikaarathil ninnu akattinirthaan eee sakhyathinu kazhinju. mlas garde gaardam, paatt makgir, alan vilyams ennivar liberalukale pettennu punarujjeevippicha torikalude hoog kurttikalkoppam saamoohika amgeekaarathinaayi upekshichu. avarellam avarellam sesham soshyal credit cabinetukalil amgangalaayi. amgangalaayi thiranjeduppil thiranjedukkappetta eaka liberal gorden gibson juuniyar aayirunnu. party mosham 7.24% score cheythu. david aandezhsan thante victoria sawari moshamaayi paraajayappedukayum puthiya janaadhipathyavaadikaleyum saamoohika creditineyum pinnilakkukayum cheythu. marubhoomiyil 1979-1991. 1979-1991 thiranjeduppu party ettavum thaazhnna pooyintaayirunnu. party charithratthil randaam thavanayaanu ithu niyamasabhayil ninnu ozhivaakkappedunnathu. anchu sthaanaarthikal maathramaan malsarichathu, aarum thiranjedukkappettilla, partic 0.5 sathamaanam vottu labhichu. labhichu thiranjeduppil party sthaanaarthikalude oru muzhuvan slettinaduthethiyeng <aii. dii. 1> vottu nediyathode cheria veendedukkal kandu. kandu votteduppilaanu party pirinjupoya moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum thiranjeduppu nadannathu. janakeeya vottinte vihitam 6.74% aayi mechappettu. 1987ll mattarkkum thaalpparyamillaathappol gorden vilson pravishya liberal party nethaavaayi. vilson pravishya liberal party athinte federal kaundarpaarttum thammilulla aupachaarika bandhangal vichedichu. vichedichu pakuthi muthal bii. sii. yile mikka federal liberalukalum britiish columbia soshyal credit party pravishya thalatthil pinthunaykkaan theerumaanichirunnu. pravishya party sambandhichidatholam, federal partyile saamoohika credit amgangalude swaadheenam kuraykkuka ennathaayirunnu eee verpiriyalinte uddeshyam. federal party veekshanakonil, pravishya party kanatha kadakkeniyilayathinaal eee neekkam avarkk orupole prayojanakaramaayirunnu. britiish columbia raashtreeyathil vishwasaneeyamaaya oru moonnaam kakshiyayi pravishya party punarnirmikkaan vilson theerumaanichu. ithe kaalayalavil, bill wander saalminte neethrthwathil bharanakakshiyaya soshyal credit party vivaadangalaal valayam cheyyappettu. thalphalamaayi, onniladhikam saamoohika credit kumbakonangal niravadhi vottarmaare oru badal maarggam thedaan prerippichu. 1991 leeii thiranjeduppu samayat, wander saalaminte pingamiyaaya premiier ritta jonstanum bii. sii. enn. dii. pii nethaavu maikkal harcourt thammilulla television canadian broadcasting korppareshan (cbc) samvaadathil ulppeduthaan vilson lobby cheythu. sii. bii. sii sammathikkukayum vilson thante prakadanatthiloode niravadhi vottarmaare aakarshikkukayum cheythu. udaaravaada pracharanam aakkam koottukayum saamoohika credit prachaaranatthil ninnulla valia pinthuna illaathaakkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. enn. dii. pii thiranjeduppil vijayichappol liberalukal 17 seettukalumaayi randaam sthaanathethi. vilson prathipaksha nethaavaayi. vilsante keezhil audyogika ethirppu 1991-1993. saamoohika credit thakarnnathode avasheshikkunna shoonyatha nikathaan aagrahicha niyamanirmmaanasabhayileyum partyileyum mattu pala liberalukalumaayum vilsante nayangal poruthappettilla. niyamanirmmaanasabhayilum vishalamaaya rashtreeya prasthaanam kettippadukkunnathilum liberalukal svayam anubhavaparichayamillaathavaranna theliyichu. puthiya demookratik party pravishya sarkkaarinethire phalapradamaaya ethirppu uyarthaan kazhiyunna oru achadakka samghadana kettippadukkaan avarkk budhimuttaayirunnu. 1993ll saha liberal emm. ell. eiii judy thyabjiyumaayulla bandhathekkurichulla velippeduthalukal vilsante neethrthwathe kooduthal thakarthu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum cocusil bhooribhaagavum addehathinte neethrthwathinethire thuranna kalapathilaayirunnu. thaan sthaanaarthiyaakunna oru neethrthwa kanvenshan vilikkaan vilson sammathichu. deltta southu mla fred jinchal prathipaksha nethaavaayappol liberal neethrthwa malsaram nadannu. taamasiyaathe, muun party nethaavu gorden gibson vancouver mayer gorden campbell neethrthwa malsarathilekku praveshichu. muun party nethaavu gorden gibson randaam sthaanathum vilson moonnaam sthaanathum athiyathode aadya baalattil campbel nirnnaayakamaayi vijayichu. liberalukal telephoniloode avarude thiranjeduppukalkku vottu cheytha oru anga, oru vottu samvidaanathilaanu neethrthwa thiranjeduppu theerumaanikkappettathu. willson tyabjiyum pinneedu liberalukale upekshichu purogamana janaadhipathya sakhyam enna swantham party roopeekarichu. campbellinu keezhilulla audyogika ethirppu 1993-2001. campbel nethaavaayikkazhinjaal, liberalukal aadyamaayi "bii. sii. liberalukal" enna perukal sweekarikkukayum taamasiyaathe oru puthiya logo puthiya party nirangalum (saadhaarana "liberal redu" ennathinupakaram chuvappum neelayum, maple elayodoppam) avatharippikkukayum cheythu. federal liberal party oof kaanadayil ninnu vottarmaarude manassil kooduthal vyakthamaayi verthirichariyaanulla sramamaayirunnu puthukkiya perum logo. 1994-nte thudakkathil, oru upathiranjeduppil campbel niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappettu. addehathinte neethrthwathil, muun soshyal credit partyileyum pinneedu pravishya parishkarana partyileyum amgangalude pinthuna nedi party valathuvashathekku neengaan thudangi. chila mithavaadikalaaya sacredukal wander salam yugam muthal thanne liberal vottucheyyaan thudangiyirunnu. fraser vaali mekhalayil nadanna upathiranjeduppil liberalukal rund muun sokred seettukal nedi, nilavilulla bii. sii. enn. dii. pii sarkkaarin vyakthamaaya badalenna avakaashavaadam urappichu. saamoohika kredittinte thakarchayiloode bii. sii. rashtreeya spektrathinte madhya-valathubhaagath srishticha shoonyathayum liberal party nikatthi. nikatthi thiranjeduppil bii. sii. liberalukal janakeeya vottu nedi. ennirunnaalum, pravishyayude puram pradeshangalil udaaramathaparamaaya marjin bhooribhaagavum valia maarjinil pazhaakki; avar vaankoovarilum thaazhnna pradhana bhoopradeshathum ettu seettukal maathramaan nediyathu. grameena britiish kolambiyayil, prathyekichu praadeshika sambadvyavasthayude jeevanadiyaayirunna reyilveyude ulpradeshangalil-campbellinte chila nayangalil watermark undaayirunna aswasthatha kaaranam bisi liberalukalkk niravadhi malsarangal nashtappettu, pradhaanamaayum bisi reyil vilkkumennu addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. enn. dii. piyude bhooripaksham 13ll ninnu moonnaayi kuraykkaan avarkk kazhinjenkilum liberalukale veendum prathipakshathekku ayaykkuka ennathaayirunnu motham phalam. thiranjeduppinu sesham, bii. sii liberalukal 1996-nte aavarthanam undaakillenn urappakkaan thudangi. campbel thante 1996-leeii plaattphomile janapriyamallaatha chila nayaparamaaya palakakal, prathyekichu bii. sii. reyil vilkkumenna vaagdaanam, vilppanayude anantharafalangalude saadhyatha vadakkan interior ridingukalile pinthunakkaare anyavalkkarichathinaal, ozhivaakki. campbel gavanmentta 2001-2011. bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. sarkkaarinte randaam thavana azhimathi niranja bharanathinushesham, bii. sii. liberalukal liberalukal thiranjeduppil bii. sii. charithratthile ettavum valia vanvijayathode 79ll 77 seettukalum nedi. pradhaanamantri ujal dosanchine swantham sawari vazhi purathaakkaan polum avarkk kazhinju. gorden campbel patthu varshathinide ezhaamathe pradhaanamantriyum ekadesham 50 varshathinide aadyathe liberal premier aayi. addehathe adhikaarathil praveshippicha aadya divasam thanne ellah pravishya aadaayanikuthikalilum 25 sathamaanam vettikkurav campbel konduvannu. bii. sii. liberalukal korpparettu aadaayanikuthi kuraykkukayum mikka bisinasukaludeyum korpparettu mooladhana nikuthi (puthiya janaadhipathyavaadikal avatharippicha nikshepathinum thozhilinum melulla nikuthi) nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. kshemarekhakalilum chila saamoohika sevanangalilum kurravukal, niyanthranam pinvalikkal, chila sarkkar swathukkalude vilppana (prathyekichu muun sarkkar nirmmicha "phaast ferrikal", avayude vilayude oru bhaagathinu vittu) ennivayulppede saambathika kaadinyathinum campbellinte aadya kaalavadhi shradheyamaayirunnu. 1996ll party nirasicha vadakkan ridingukal nedunnathinaayi vilkkillenn liberalukal vaagdaanam cheytha bii. sii. reyil svakaaryavalkkaranathinum campbel thudakkamittu, ennaal thiranjeduppinu sesham eee vaagdaanam maatti, lela prakriyayumaayi bandhapetta criminal anweshanangal anweshanangal britiish columbia niyamanirmmaana reydukalkkum thudarnnullathum ippozhum theerppaakkaathathumaaya kodathi kesinum kaaranamaayi. niravadhi supradhana thozhil tharkkangal undaayirunnu, avayil chilath sarkkar niyamanirmmaanathiloode pariharikkappettuvenkum athil pravishyayile doktarmaarumaayulla ettumuttalukal ulppedunnu. chila sarkkar vakuppukalil jeevanakkaarude ennam ambathu sathamaanathiladhikam vettikkuracha campbel sivil sarveesinte alavum kurachu, cheria sarkkar vaagdaanam cheythenkilum manthrisabhayude valuppam ekadesham erattiyaayi, paarlamentari shambalam vardhippichu. upamanthrimaare athath manthrimaarkk report cheiyunnathinupakaram pradhaanamanthriyude offeesile cheef oof staafinu report cheiyunna vidhathil bharanavum punakrameekarichu. vettikkuravukalude samayat, pravishyaykk chuttumulla aashupathrikal, kodathikal, vipuleekritha paricharana soukaryangal enniva adachupootti, prathyekichu cheria kammyoonittikalil, bisi kansarveshan sarvees polulla enfozhsment staafukal naamamaatra thalatthilekku churukki. muun enn. dii. pii bharanakaalathu srishticha vividha pravishya paarkkukalum samrakshitha pradesha padaviyilekku tharamthaazhthappettu, athaayath avaa vibhava chooshanathinaayi thurakkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe paarkkukalude upayogathinulla phees vardhippichu. 2003ll ooppareshan everway ennariyappedunna mayakkumarunnu anweshanam britiish columbia paarlament kettidangalile sarkkar offeesukalil reydukalkku kaaranamaayi, ithu "railgate" ennariyappetta oru azhimathiyil bisi reyil cninu vilkkunnathumaayi bandhapetta edapaadukalumaayi bandhappettathayi samshayikkunnu, koodaathe swaadheenam cheluthiyathinum vishwaasavanchanaykkum kaikkooli vaangunnathinum naalu muun mantri sahaayikalude vichaarana. vichaarana thiranjeduppil liberalukal 7 seettukalude kuranja bhooripakshathode (46-33) veendum thiranjedukkappettu. thiranjedukkappettu thiranjeduppil liberalukal veendum thiranjedukkappettu. thiranjeduppu prachaarana velayil nalkia vaagdaanangalkku virudhamaayi eee thiranjeduppu kazhinju taamasiyaathe echu. ezz. tii avatharippichu. 2010 november 3 nuu, thante maanejment shailiyekkurichum yojicha vilppana nikuthiykkethireyum (echu. ezz. tii) bii. sii reyil azhimathi vichaaranayude vivaadaparamaaya avasaanathinethireyum rashtreeya thirichadi neridukayum votteduppil 9 sathamaanam vare kuranja amgeekaara rating ullathinaal, gorden campbel thante raaji prakhyaapichu. clark gavanmentta 2011-2017. ethrayum vegam" oru neethrthwa kanvenshan nadathanamennu partyode gorden campbel abhyarthichathaanu party 2011 leeii neethrthwa kanvenshan. 2011 februvari februvari kanvenshan kristti clarkine party puthiya nethaavaayi thiranjedutthu. clark avarude puthiya manthrisabhayum march march sathyaprathinja cheythu. klaarkkinte keezhil, federal liberal, federal kansarvetteevu pinthunakkaarude sakhyamenna sameepakaala paarambaryam thudarunnathinidayil party kooduthal madhyavargga kaazhchappaad roopeekarichu. avar udan thanne minimum vethanam manikkooril 8 dollaril ninnu aii. dii. 1 dollarayi uyarthukayum ontaariyoykku samanamaaya oru pravishyayiludaneelamulla kudumba dinam prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. saambathika maandyathetthudarnnu clark pradhaanamanthriyaavukayum sarkkar chelavukalude paridhi nilanirthukayum, uyarnna varumaanamulla britiish kolambiyakkaarkk nikuthi vardhana ulppede, 2013-14 saambathika varshathil santhulithamaaya onninu munbu rund kammi bajattukal avatharippikkukayum cheythu. adutha dashakathil valarnnuvarunna ell. enn. jii vyavasaayathe oru pradhana saambathika vikasana avasaramaayi sthaapich bii. siyude draveekritha prakrithivaathaka (ell. enn. jii) shekharam prayojanappedutthaanum avar shramichu. gorden campbellinte bharanathinte avasana varshangalil dooravyaapakavum purogamanaparavumaaya paristhithi niyamanirmmanam nadappaakkiyappol, paristhithi nayathodulla avarude sameepanathil clark kooduthal alakkapettu. bisi yude aadya vadakke american kaarban nikuthi thudarumbol, 2013 leeii thiranjeduppil nirakk maravippikkumennu avar vaagdaanam cheythu, avarude eleng vikasana abhilaashangal 2007 ll campbel sarkkar nischayicha harithagriha vathaka udvamana lakshyangalkk virudhamaanennu thonni. bisi kadakkunna eathoru bhaavi pipeline paaristhithika aavashyakathakalum thaddesheeya koodiyaalochanakalum ulppedunna anchu vyavasthakal paalikkendathundennum avar 2012 ll prakhyaapichu. vivaadaparamaayi, thante anchu vyavasthakalil onnu, vardhicha pipeline, tanker gathaagathathil ninnu labhikkuna eathenkilum varumaanathinte "nyayamaaya punk" bisic labhikkumennathaanennu avar soochippichu. ithu bii. sii. thuramukhangaliloode bittumen vipani praveshanam vardhippikkaan shramicha alberta pravishyayumaayi avale nerittu samgharshathilaakki, ennittum bii. sii. royaltti labhikkuna oru krameekaranavum avar pinvalichu. kaanadayile bandhamillaattha liberal partyumaayi ashayakkuzhappam ozhivaakkunnathinum niravadhi federal kansarvetteevu, liberal vottarmaarude sakhyamenna nilayil party padavi nannayi prathifalippikkunnathinu 2011 ll collin hansen party peru maattaan nirddeshichu. addeham mattoru peru nirddeshichilla. peru maattunnath pariganikkumennu clark paranju, pakshe "athu cheyyaan thidukkamilla". 2013 leeii thiranjeduppil, pothujanabhipraaya votteduppil clark prachaaranatthil thaazhnna nilayilekku praveshikkukayum thante pradhana ethiraaliyaaya endpyude adrian dixine 20 pooyint vare pinnilakkukayum cheythu. sakthamaaya sambadvyavastha, surakshithamaaya naale" enna bii. sii. liberal prachaarana mudraavaakyam, samathulithamaaya bajattum ell. enn. jii mekhalayile sakthamaaya vikasana avasarangalum watermark naalam thavanayum adhikaarathil thiranjedukkaanulla oru kaaranamaayi eduthukaanichu. ontaariyo liberal partyumaayi affiliate cheythittulla doonn gaii, lora miller thudangiya thanthranjareyum mike mcdonald polulla federal liberal vyakthikaleyum clark thante offeesum prachaaranavum nadatthaan konduvannu. bisi liberalukal naalam thavana adhikaarathil varaan pinnil ninnu vannu, ennirunnaalum clark avarude vancouver sawari parajayappettu, pakshe thudarnnulla upathiranjeduppil westside-kelona okaanagan sawari vijayichu. thiranjeduppinu sesham, muun alberta premiier alison redfordinte deseeya oorjja thanthrathil oppuvachukondu bhaaviyile pipeline padhathikalekkurichu bii. siyum alberta thammilulla bandham urukkaan avar shramichu. 2014-nte thudakkathil, liberalukal randaamathe neraaya samatulita bajatt konduvarikayum chila palacharakk kadakalil madyam wilkan anuvadikkunnathinum madyam vilambunna pabbukalilum restorantukalilum muthirnnavarumaayi irikkaan kuttikale anuvadikkunnathinum bii. siyude madya niyamangal mattunnathinulla niyamanirmmanam avatharippikkukayum cheythu. cheythu thiranjeduppil bii. sii. liberalukalude seettukalude ennam 43 aayi kuranju, bhooripakshathekkaal oru seett kuravaayirunnu athu. 2017 meyy meyy anthima vottennal poortthiyaaya sesham bii. sii. enn. dii. piyum bii. sii. green party oru susthira nyoonapaksha sarkkar urappakkunnathinaayi vishwaasavum vitharana karar amgeekarichu. avarude samyojitha 44 seettukal bii. sii. liberalukalude 43 nekkaal avarkk oru nettam nalkunnu, ithu 2017 juun 29 nuu nadanna vishwaasa votteduppil klaarkkinte sarkkaarine paraajayappeduthaan paryapthamaayirunnu, athinusesham clark pradhaanamantri sthaanam raajivachu (2017 juulai 18 muthal praabalyatthil) koodaathe lefttanant govarnor enn. dii. pii nethaavu joonn horganinode oru sarkkar roopeekarikkaan aavasyappettu. klaarkkinte rajikk sesham rich colman party idakkaala nethaavaayi. wilkinsoninteyum bondinteyum keezhil audyogika ethirppu 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson 2018 februvari februvari party nethaavaayi thiranjedukkappettu. addeham rund varsham prathipaksha nethaavaayi sevanamanushtichu. 2020 leeii pothutheranjeduppil, ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu virudha prasthavanakal nadatthiya sthaanaarthiyum muun mlaumaaya laurie simhaasanathe neekkam cheiyunnathil kaalathamasam varuthiyathinu wilkinsone angathwa chairman ulppedeyulla party amgangal vimarshichu. thiranjeduppil party parajayappettathine thudarnnu addeham raajivachu. 2022 leeii neethrthwa malsaram vare shirley boond party idakkaala nethaavaayi sevanamanushtichu. faalkkan neethrthwavum peru maattavum 2022 muthal. 2022 februvari 5 nuu kevin faalkkan bii. sii liberalukalude nethaavaayi thiranjedukkappettu. thante neethrthwa prachaarana velayil, party peru mattumennum punarnaamakaranam cheyyumennum faalkkan prathijnjayedutthu. prathijnjayedutthu party kanvenshanil, varshaavasaanathode vottu cheiyunnathinu munbu party amgathvavumaayi koodiyaalochichu aarambikkunna peru maatta prakriyayumaayi munnott pookaanulla prameyam prathinidhikal pasaki. pravishyayiludaneelamulla oru surveik sesham, party puthiya peraayi "bisi yunaittad" munnottuvachu. november november party amgangalkku peru nalkukayum november november peru maattathinu ekadesham 80 sathamaanam amgeekaaram nalkiyathaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. peru maattam pinneedu amgeekarikkukayum 2023 epril 12 nuu praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu. party nethaakkal. uravidam britiish kolambiyayile niyamanirmmaana library thiranjeduppu phalam. uravidam bii. sii. thiranjeduppu bisi yunaittad yoothu. bii. sii. yunaittad yoothu aanu party yuvajanavibhaagathe nayikkunnath. oru vaarshika pothuyogathilaanu executive board thiranjedukkappedunnathu, athil anchu yoothu amgangal ulppedunnu president, vais president communications, vais president evantukal, vais president ooppareshans, vais president aoutteechu. 2022 septambar vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram eee sthaanangal yathaakramam harman khosa, teddy oo 'donnel, oliviya wankling, maarkk dillan, jaims lehmann ennivar vahikkunnu.

bii. see. united purvi british kolambiya liberal party mhanoon olakhala jaanara bii. see. united (bii. see. yuu.) haah canadatil british kolambiya yetheel eka prantiy rajkiy paksh aahe. yaa pakshache varnan puranmatvadi, navudarvadi aanee davya-ujavya rajkiy varnpatatil madhya-ujavya bajoone asalyache kele gele aahe. paksh samanyatah swatahla 'mukt udyam yutee' mhanoon varnan karato aanee federal liberal aanee conservative donhi pakshanchya sadasyancha pathimba midvato. midvato dashakapasun, bii. see. united haah madhya-davya naveen lokshahi pakshacha (aine. dii. pii.) mukhya madhya-ujavya virodhi paksh aahe. ekada canadachya udarmatvadi pakshashi sanlagn asalela british kolambiya udarmatvadi paksh 1987 madhye swatantra jhaala. pakshane 12 april 2023 roji tyache naav badaloon bii. see. united asey kele. kele dashkaparyant british kolambiyachya rajkaranavar tatkalin udarmatvadi paksh aanee pratispardhi puranmatvadi pakshache varchasva hote. udarmatvadyanni 1916 teey 1928 aanee punha 1933 teey 1941 paryant sarkar sthapan kele. 1941 teey 1952 paryant, donhi pakshanni vadhatya sahkari rashtrakul mahasanghacha samna karnyasathi (udarmatvadi netyachya netrutvakhali) yutimadhye shasson kele. 1952 chya nivadanukit navya samajik patt pakshane yaa aaghadicha parabhav keela aanee paksh kosalala aanee akheris 1979 chya nivadanukit vidhimandalat aapali upasthiti gamavali. 1991 chya nivadanukit teey vidhimandalat paratale, sarkarchya kramankavar aale aanee nete gorden willson yanchya prayatnandvare adhikrut virodhi paksh sthapan keela. willsonne 1994 madhye gorden campabelkadoon netrutva aavhan gamavale. campbelchya netrutvakhali, bii. see. chya udarmatvadi ujavya dishene haloo lagale aanee federal pakshapasoon door rahoo lagale. 2001 chya nivadanukit, udarmatvadyanni prachand bahumat midavale, jeey tyanni 2017 chya nivadanukinantar thodyach kalaparyant campbelle aanee tyanche uttaradhikari christy clark yanchya netrutvakhali midavale. 2020 chee nivadanuk haralyanantar paksh virodhi pakshat rahila. harlen bruster, johnn oliver, johnn mclean, duff patulo, johnn haart, boss johnson, gorden campbelle aanee christy clark yaa pakshachya aath netyanni british kolambiyatil pantpradhan mhanoon kaam kele aahe. 2022 chya netrutva nivadanukipasun pakshache netrutva kevin falcon karat aahet. itihas. pahile sarkarah 1916-1928. 1916 chya nivadanukit vibhajit puranmatvadyanni udarmatvadyanna tond dile aanee tyancha parabhav jhaala. udarmatvadyanni harlen carrie brusterchya netrutvakhali sarkar sthapan kele. brooster virodhi pakshanete banale hote aanee march 1912 madhye teey pakshache nete mhanoon nivadoon aale. kahee aathvadyannantar 1912 chya nivadanukit teey tyanchi jaaga gamavale, jyamule konihi udarmatvadi parat aale naheet. 1916 madhye tyanni potnivadanukidware punha vidhimandalachi nivadanuk jinkley aanee tyaa varshachya akheris jhalelya sarvatrik nivadanukit sudharananchya vyaspithavar prachar karoon tyanchya pakshala vijay midvoon deela. broosterne nagri sevetil aashray sampavanyache, rajkiy yantre bund karnyache, kamgaranchi bharpai aanee kamgar kayade sudharanyache, mahilanna matey denyache aanee itar purogami sudharananche aashvasan dile. sarkarne mahilancha matadhikar aanala, bandee ghatali aanee 1918 madhye tyanchya anpekshit mrutyupurvi rajkiy bhrashtacharacha samna keela. tyanna british kolambiyachya victoriyatil ross beey smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. 1918 madhye brusterche nidhan jhaale tevha johnn oliver heey brusterche pramukh mhanoon yashasvi jhaale. oliverchya sarkarne nanook nanook utpadan udyog vikasit keela aanee railway vahatukisathi malvahatuk darr qamee karnyasathi federal sarkarla patvoon denyacha prayatna keela. 1920 chya nivadanukit pakshala nivval bahumat midale aanee 1924 chya nivadanukinantarach 2 swatantra udarmatvadi pakshanchya pathimbyane teey rajya karoo shakale. virodh aanee mahamandih 1928-1933. udarmatvadi 1928 chya nivadanukit tyanchi matey vadhavanyat yashasvi jhaale parantu tyanchya jawalpas nimmya jaaga gamavalya. mahamandichi suruvat aanee sayman fraser tolmichya sarkarchya sphotanantar, udarmatvadi udarmatvadi nivadanuk jinkale. duff pattuloh 1933-1941. 1933 chya nivadanukit duff pattulo sattevar aala aanee sahkari rashtrakul mahasangh (see. see. eff.) haah eka naveen samajik-lokshahi aanee lokshahi samajvadi virodhi paksh vidhimandalat aanala. samajik karyakram aanee berojgaranchya pathimbyachya madhyamatoon nairashyacha samna karnyacha prayatna eka sakriy sarkarne karava ashee pattulochi ichcha hotee. mahamandicha sarvat jaast fatka canadala basala aahe aanee canadamadhye paschim canadala sarvat jaast fatka basala aahe. pattuloche prayatna anekada ottavamadhil sanghiy sarkarshi viruddha hote. pattulo heey british kolambiyasathi dekhil vakeel hote aanee tyanni ii. sha. puu. paryant yuconche vilinikaran aanee ii. sha. puu. madhye purv canadachi shakti qamee karnyasathi alaska mahamargache bandhkam suchavale. 1937 chya sarvatrik nivadanukit, tyanche sarkar "samajik bhandavalshahi" yaa ghoshanevar chaloon punha nivadoon aale. "yutee": 1941-1951. 1933 teey 1937 yaa kalat adhikrut virodhi paksh mhanoon kaam vidhane aanee 1937 chya nivadanukit puranmatvadyanpeksha eka jaaga qamee asalelya see. see. eff. chya udayane puranmatvadyambarobarche paryayi sarkar sampushtat aale. 1941 chya nivadanukit see. see. eff. sarkarchya kramankavar aala. yaa nivadanukit udarmatvadyanna apekshit bahumat midale nahee. 1941 madhye jevha patulone puranmatvadyanshi yutee karnyas nakar deela tevha johnn haart pantpradhan aanee udarmatvadi nete banale. udarmatvadi sadasyanni patulo yanna nete mhanoon kadhoon takale aanee hartney udarmatvadi-puranmatvadi yutee sarkar sthapan kele, jeey ii. sha. puu. chya itihasat 'yutee' mhanoon olakhale jaate. 1941 teey 1945 yaa kalat, serve pramukh sarkari prakalp pudhe dhakalanyat aale asatana, yuddhakalin tanchaichya kalat, haart shasson kele gele. 1945 chya nivadanukit yutee sarkar punha nivadoon aale. tyaa spardhet, udarmatvadi aanee puranmatvadi ekach zendyakhali ladhale. 1945 nantar hartney grameen vidyutikaran, jalvidhyut aanee mahamarg bandhanicha mahatvakankshi karyakram haatee ghetala. hartche sarvat mahattvache prakalp mhanje uttar british kolambiyasathi mahamarg 97 chey bandhkam (jyapaiki prince george-dosson khadee vibhagala aata tyachya sanmanarth naav denyat aale aahe) aanee brij nadee urja prakalp, joou british kolambiyatil pahila motha jalvidhyut vikas hota. khajgi suvidhanni seva naan dilelya chhotya samudayanna veej puravanyasathi tyanni bii. see. jalvidhyut aayogachi sthapana kelee, joou bii. see. jalvidhyutcha agradoot hota. december 1947 madhye haart pantpradhan mhanoon nivrutt jhaale. puranmatvadi pakshane aapala neta herbert unsomb yala pantpradhan mhanoon yashasvi honyasathi aandolan kele parantu udarmatvadi aaghaditil cocus aanee hartmadhil torrinpeksha jaast sankhyene hote, tyanantar byron johnson, jyala "boss" johnson mhanoon olakhale jaate, haah aanakhi eka udarmatvadi hota, aanee unsomb haah upapantpradhan aanee arthamantri hota. johnsonchya sarkarne tyasathi sarvatrik rugnalay vima aanee 3 takke prantiy vikri curr lagoo keela. tyane mahamarg pranalicha vistar keela, paisiphik gret eastern relvecha vistar keela aanee alkan kararavar vataghati kelya, jyamule kennie dharanache bandhkam sulabh jhaale. sarkarne 1948 madhye fraser nadichya puracha samna keela, aanibanichi sthitee jaheer kelee aanee fracer fracer nadichya kathanvar paanee vahoon nenyacha karyakram suru keela. nancy hodges yanna rashtrakulatil pahilya mahila vakta mhanoon niyukt karnyasathi johnson prasiddha aahet. udarmatvadi-puranmatvadi aaghadi sarkarne 1949 chee nivadanuk jinkley-ii. sha. puu. chya itihasatil lokpriy matanchya 61 takke sarvat mothya takkevarine. yutitil bhagidaranmadhye aanee donhi pakshanmadhye tanav vadhala hota. liberal pakshachya karyakari pakshane yutee sampushtat aananyasathi matdan kele aanee johnsonne janewari 1952 madhye aaplya puranmatvadi mantryanna kadhoon takale, parinami alpakalin alpasankhyak sarkar kosalale. 1952 chya nivadanuka. see. see. eff. laa teen pakshanchya spardhet jinkanyapasun rokhanyasathi, sarkarne twarit-upantya matdan suru kele, yaa apekshene qee puranmatvadi matdar udarmatvadyanna tyanchi dusari pasanti mhanoon soochibaddha kartil aanee ulat. matra, matdar paryay shodhat hote. adhik matdaranni tyanchi dusari pasanti mhanoon itar konatyahi pakshapeksha british kolambiya soshal credit leegchi nivad kelee. 1952 chya sarvatrik nivadanukit matpatrakanchi mojani jhaali tevha samajik shrey sarvat motha paksh mhanoon udayala aala. nivadanukidarmyan samajik patche 'vastavik' nete, doubleu. aaa. see. purvi puranmatvadi asalelya bennetla nivadanukinantar aupcharikpane pakshache nete mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. aale sarvatrik nivadanukit, udarmatvadi 4 jaganparyant qamee jhaale, 23.36% matey midavali. arther lengane vancuver point gremadhye tilly rollstoncha parabhav keela. samajik shreyane vidhimandalat bahutansh jaaga jinkalya asalya taree tyanche arthamantri enar gunderson yancha oka khadimadhye udarmatvadi phillip archibald gibbs yanni parabhav keela. jangalatil bail' asey topananav asalela kotyadhish lakud vyapari, gorden gibson ess. aar., lillootsathi udarmatvadi mhanoon nivadala gela. truteey pakshachi sthiteeh 1953-1979. yaa kalachya suruvatichya kalat, udarmatvadyancha sarvat pramukh sadasya gorden gibson ess. aar. hota. too eka sigar-dhoomrapan karnara aanee ekatra kaam karnara lakud bandhanyacha kantratdar hota, joou pramukh asoo shakala asata, parantu eka mothya rajkiy chukesathi. 1953 madhye teey lilloot rayadingsathi nivadle gele. 1955 madhye, somers ghotalyacha muddah samore aala aanee too muddah mandanare teey vidhimandalatle ekmev nete hote. doubleu. aaa. see. mahitee baher yeu naye yasathi bennet aanee tyachya mahadhivaktyane anek davpech kele. nirash houn gibsonne aaplya jaagecha rajinama deela aanee somerscha ghotala haah muddah bananyachya aashene potnivadanuk ghenyas bhag padale. matdan pranali badalali hotee aanee samajik shreyanantar teey sarkarchya kramankavar aale hote. 1956 chya nivadanukit, somers ghotalyache adyap nirakaran naan jhalyane, udarmatvadyanchi kamgiri 1953 chya tulanet white jhaali. arther leng tyanchi jaaga gamavala aanee paksh done miilii aanee 20.9% matanparyant qamee jhaala. 1960 chya nivadanukit, pakshane 1956 chya lokpriy matanchya 20.9% samaan chaar jaaga jinkalya. 1963 chya nivadanukit, pakshacha gut aanakhi eka milila vadhoon paach jhaala, parantu lokpriy matancha tyancha vaataa 19.98% paryant khalee aala. 1966 chya nivadanukit, pakshane aanakhi eka jaaga jinkley, jyamule tyancha gut sahaa varr aala aanee matanmadhye 20.24% paryant vaadh jhaali. 1969 chya matanmadhye, paksh eka jaaga gamavala aanee matancha tyancha vaataa 19.03% paryant ghasarala. 1972 madhye, pakshache netrutva david anderson yaa naveen netyane kele, joou 1968 chya federal nivadanukit canadachya liberal partisathi khasdar mhanoon nivadoon aala hota. teey aanee itar chaar jann vidhimandalat nivadoon yenyat yashasvi jhaale, parantu pakshachya itihasatil sarvat qamee 16.4% matey midavali. british kolambiya nyu democratic partyne (bii. see. aine. dii. pii.) pii.) nivadanuk jinkalyanantar, udarmatvadi aanee puranmatvadi pakshanchya anek samarthakanni soshal credit leegmadhye pakshantar kele. hii yutee 1975 teey 1990 paryant naveen lokshahivadyanna sattepasoon door thevanyas saksham hotee. mallus garde gardam, patt mcgir aanee allon williams yanni achanak punarujjivit jhalelya torrinchya hoog curtiss udarmatvadyanna samajik shreyasathi sodale. 1975 nantar heey serve samajik patt mantrimandalache sadasya jhaale. 1975 chya nivadanukit, nivadoon aalele ekmev udarmatvadi hote, teey hote, jorden gibson junier. kaaran pakshane nirashajanak 7.24% midavale. naveen lokshahivadi aanee samajik shrey yanchya mage thevun, david andersoncha tyachya victoria savareet white parabhav jhaala. valvantatah 1979-1991. 1979 chee nivadanuk hii pakshachi sarvat qamee patali hotee. pakshachya itihasat itihasat teey vidhimandalachya baher padale. keval paach umedvar ringanat utarale, konihi nivadoon aale naheet aanee pakshala 0.5 takke matey midali. 1983 chya nivadanukit thodishi sudharana jhaali kaaran paksh umedvaranchya purn yadichya jawal aala, parantu 2.69% matey jinkley. 1986 chee nivadanuk hii tisari aanee shevatchi nivadanuk hotee jyamadhye paksh bund padala hota. lokpriy matancha tyacha vaataa sudharun 6.74% jhaala. 1987 madhye, jevha itar konalahi swarasya navhate, tevha gorden willson prantiy udarmatvadi pakshache nete banale. willsonne prantiy udarmatvadi paksh aanee tyachya sanghiy samkaksh yanchyatil aupcharik sambandh todale. 1970 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, ii. sha. puu. madheel bahutek federal udarmatvadyanni prantiy staravar british kolambiya soshal credit partyla pathimba dene nivadle hote. prantiy pakshasathi, yaa vibhajanacha hetu federal pakshachya samajik patt sadasyancha prabhav qamee karane haah hota. federal pakshachya drushtikonatun, prantiy paksh mothya pramanat karjat budalyamule heey paul tyanchyasathi titkech fayadeshir hote. willson british kolambiyachya rajkaranatil vishvasarh truteey paksh mhanoon prantiy pakshachi punarbandhani karnar hota. yach kalat, biil vander zalam yanchya netrutvakhali sattadhari samajik patt paksh vadat adakala hota. parinami, anek samajik patt ghotalyanmule anek matdaranna paryay shodhava lagla. 1991 chya nivadanukiparyant, willsonne vander zalmcha uttaradhikari, premiere rita johnston aanee bii. see. aine. dii. pii. neta michael harcort yanchyatil durchitravanivaril canadian prasaran mahamandal (see. bii. see.) vadavivadat samavisht honyasathi lobbing kele. see. bii. see. neey hokar deela aanee willsonne tyachya kamgirine anek matdaranna prabhavit kele. udarmatvadi mohimela gatee midali aanee samajik patt mohimecha barach pathimba gamavala. bii. see. aine. dii. pii. neey nivadanuk jinkley, tarr udarmatvadi 17 jagansah sarkarchya kramankavar aale. willson virodhi pakshanete jhaale. willsonchya antargat adhikrut virodhah 1991-1993. willsonchi dhorane vidhimandalatil aanee pakshatil itar anek udarmatvadyanshi julat navhati, jyanna samajik patt kosalalyamule nirman jhaleli pokali bharoon kadhaychi hotee. udarmatvadyanni vidhimandalat aanee vyapak rajkiy chalval nirman karnyatahi swatahla ananubhavi siddha kele. naveen lokshahi pakshachya prantiy sarkarvirodhat prabhavi virodh karoo shakanari shistabaddh sanghatana tayar karane tyanna katheen jhaale. 1993 madhye, sahkari udarmatvadi aamdar judie tayyabji yanchyashi tyachya sambandhanchya ughadpanamule willsonchya netrutvala aanakhi nuksan jhaale. toparyant, bahutek gut tyanchya netrutvaviruddha ughad bund karat hote. willson yanni netrutva adhiveshan bolavanyache manya kele, jyat teey umedvar asateel. delta south emm. ell. aii. fred gingel virodhi pakshache nete banale, tarr udarmatvadi netrutvachi sharyat jhaali. lavkarach pakshache majee nete gorden gibson aanee vancouverche mahapour gorden campbelle yanni netrutvachya sharyatit pravesh keela. pahilya matpatrikevar campbelle nirnayakaritya vijayi jhaala, pakshache majee nete gorden gibson yanni dusare aanee willson yanni tisare sthan midavale. eka sadasya, eka mutt pranalivar netrutvachi nivadanuk tharvanyat aalee hotee, jyadvare udarmatvadyanni durdhvanidware tyanchya nivadisathi matdan kele. willson aanee tayyabji yanni nantar udarmatvadi paksh sodala aanee tyancha swatacha paksh, purogami lokshahi yutee sthapan kelee. campbelle antargat adhikrut virodhah 1993-2001. ekada campbelle neta banala qee, udarmatvadyanni prathamach 'bii. see. udarmatvadi' heey upnam sweekarle aanee lavkarach eka naveen logo aanee naveen paksh rung (nehamichya 'udarmatvadi laal' aanee sobat asalelya mepalachya panapeksha laal aanee nila) sadar kele. sudharit naav aanee logo haah canadachya federal liberal partipasoon matdaranchya manat swatahla adhik spashtapane vegale karnyacha prayatna hota. 1994 chya suruvatila, campabelachi vidhimandalat potnivadanukit nivad jhaali. tyanchya netrutvakhali, pakshane ujavikade valanyas suruvat kelee, purvichya samajik patt pakshachya sadasyancha aanee nantar prantiy sudharana pakshacha pathimba midavala. kahee madhyamvargiy samajvadyanni vander zalam yugaparyant udarmatvadi lokanna matdan karnyas suruvat kelee hotee. fraser nanookiilaw potnivadanukit udarmatvadyanni done majee socred jaaga jinkalya, jyamule vidyaman bii. see. aine. dii. pii. sarkarla spasht paryay asalyacha tyancha dawa drudh jhaala. samajik patt patt kosalalyamule ii. sha. puu. chya rajkiy varnpatatil madhya-ujavya bajula nirman jhaleli pokali dekhil udarmatvadi pakshane bharoon kadhali. 1996 chya nivadanukit, bii. see. chya udarmatvadi lokanni lokpriy matey jinkley. tathapi, prantachya bahereel bhagat mothya farkane udarmatvadi matacha barachsa bhag vaya gela; tyanni vancouver aanee khalchya mukhya bhoomimadhye keval aath jaaga jinkalya. grameen british kolambiyamadhye, visheshtah antargat bhagat jithe railway haah sthanik arthvyavasthecha jivanadhar hota-bii. see. chya udarmatvadi matdaranna campbelchya kahee dhoranambaddal asalelya aswasthatemule, pramukhyane bii. see. railway vikanyache tyanche vachan yamule anek spardhanmadhye parabhoot jhaale. jaree teey aine. dii. pii. chey bahumat 13 varoon teenparyant qamee karnyat yashasvi tharale, taree nivval parinam mhanje udarmatvadyanna punha virodhi pakshat pathvane. nivadanukinantar, bii. see. chya udarmatvadi lokanni 1996 chee punaravrutti honar nahee yachee khatri karnyasathi suruvat kelee. campabelane tyachya 1996 chya vyaspithavaril kahee qamee lokpriy dhoranatmak pattya kadhoon takalya, visheshtah bii. see. rail vikanyache vachan, kaaran vikrichya parinamanchya shakyatene uttarekadil aateel parvataranganmadhil samarthakanna door kele hote. campbelle sarkarah 2001-2011. bii. see. aine. dii. pii. sarkarchya sarkarchya karyakalat ghotalyanni bharalelya karyakalanantar, bii. see. udarmatvadyanni 2001 chee nivadanuk jinkley, jyat bii. see. chya itihasatil sarvat motha bhuskhalan jhaala aanee 79 paiki 77 jaaga jinkalya. tyanni pramukh ujjal dosanz yanna tyanchya swatachya ghodyavar basavoon khalee utaravanyatahi yash midavale. gorden campbelle daha varshant satva pantpradhan aanee jawaljawal 50 varshant pahila udarmatvadi pantpradhan banala. campabelane tyanna karyalayat niyukt kelyachya pahilya divashi serve prantiy aaykarat 25 takke kapat kelee. bii. see. chya udarmatvadyanni corporate aaykarhi qamee keela aanee bahutek vyavasayansathi corporate bhandavali curr (naveen lokshahivadyanni aanalela guntavanuk aanee rojgaravaril curr) radd keela. campabelachi pahili mudat aarthik tapashilasathi dekhil nondavali gelee hotee, jyat kalyankari yaditil kapat aanee kahee samajik seva, niyaman, kahee sarkari malmattanchi vikri (visheshtah mageel sarkarne bandhalelya 'phasta pherii', jyaa tyanchya kimmatichya thodya pramanat vikalya gelya hotya) yancha samavesh hota. campabelane bii. see. railwayche khajgikaran dekhil suru kele, jeey udarmatvadyanni uttarekadil chadhan jinkanyasathi vikanar nahee asey vachan dile hote, jyanni 1996 madhye paksh nakarla hota, parantu nivadanukinantar heey vachan ulatale, boolii prakriyeshi sambandhit gunhegari tapasasah, parinami 2003 british kolambiya vidhimandalachya chhapya aanee tyanantarche aanee adyap pralambit asalele nyayalayin prakaran. anek mahattvapoorn kamgar vivad hote, jyapaiki kahee sarkari kayadyandvare nikali kadhanyat aale hote parantu jyat prantachya doctoranshi sangharshancha samavesh hota. kahee sarkari vibhaganmadhye pannas takkyanhun adhik adhik kapat karoon aanee lahan sarkarchi aashvasne deunahi mantrimandalacha aakar jawaljawal duppat karnyat aala aanee sansadiy pagarat vaadh karnyat aalee, tyamule campabelane nagri sevechehi praman qamee kele. prashasanachihi asha prakare punarrachana karnyat aalee qee, aata upmantryanni tyanchya sambandhit mantryanna ahwal denyaeivaji pantpradhan karyalayatil karmchari pramukhanna ahwal dyava. yaa kapanichya kalat, prantatil rugnalaye, nyayalaye aanee vistarit kalji suvidha, visheshtah lahan samudayanmadhye, bund karnyat aalya aanee bii. see. sanwardhan sevesarkhya amalbajavani karmchari qamee pataliparyant qamee karnyat aale. mageel aine. dii. pii. rajvatit tayar karnyat aalelya vividh prantiy udyananchehi sanrakshit kshetrachya darjache vargikaran karnyat aale, mhanje teey sansadhananchya shoshanasathi ughadale jaau shakatat aanee udyananchya vaparasathi shulk vadhavanyat aale. 2003 madhye, operation everway mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya ammali padarthanchya tapasamule british kolambiya sansadechya imaratinmadhil sarkari karyalayanvar chhape takale gele, jeey eka ghotalyat see. aine. laa bii. see. rail vikanyashi sambandhit sanshayit vyavharanchya sandarbhat hote, jeey 'railgate' mhanoon olakhale gele aanee chaar majee mantri sahayyakanchya prabhav padalyabaddal, vishvasaghat aanee laach swikarlyabaddal khatala. 2005 chya nivadanukit 7 jaganchya qamee bahumatasah (46-33) udarmatvadi punha nivadoon aale. 2009 chya nivadanukit udarmatvadi punha nivadoon aale. yaa nivadanukinantar lagechach, nivadanuk pracharadarmyan dilelya aashvasananchya ulat, etch. ess. tii. chee ghoshana karnyat aalee. 3 november 2010 roji, tyanchya vyavasthapan shailivar aasann cocus bund aanee susangat vikri curr (etch. ess. tii.) aanee bii. see. railway bhrashtachar khatalyachya vadgrast samaptiviruddha rajkiy pratikriyecha samna kartana aanee nivadanukit 9 takke itake qamee manyata manankan asalelya, gorden campbelle yanni aaplya rajinamyachi ghoshana kelee. clark sarkarah 2011-2017. pakshachya 2011 chya netrutva adhiveshanala, 'shakya titkya lavkar' netrutva adhiveshan aayojit karanyachi vinanti corden campabelane pakshala kelyane prerana midali. 26 februwari 2011 roji parishadene christy clarkla pakshache naveen nete mhanoon nivadle. clark aanee tichya naveen mantrimandalane 14 march roji shapath ghetali. clarkchya netrutvakhali, pakshane federal udarmatvadi aanee federal puranmatvadi samarthakanchi yutee asanyachi alikadil parampara suru thevat adhik madhyamargi drushtikon tayar keela. tine tabadtob kiman vetan $8/tasavarun $10.25/hour paryant vadhavale aanee ontariyopramanech prantvyapi kautumbik divas suru keela. 2008-09 mandinantar clark pramukh banala aanee sarkari kharchachi resha kayam thevat, 2013-14 aarthik varshasathi santulit arthasankalpapurvi done tutee arthsankalp sadar kele, jyat uchch utpann asalelya british columbian lokanvaril karvadhicha samavesh hota. tyanni bii. see. chya dravikrut naisargik vayoo (ell. aine. jee.) sathyacha laabh ghenyacha prayatna keela, jyamule udayonmukh ell. aine. jee. udyogala pudhil dashakat eka pramukh aarthik vikasachi sandhee mhanoon sthan midale. gorden campbelchya prashasanachya antim varshant durgami aanee purogami paryavaraniy kayade lagoo jhaale hote, tarr paryavaran dhoranaprati tichya drushtikonat clark adhik mojali gelee. bii. see. chaa pahila uttar-america carbon curr chaloo thevat asatana, tine 2013 chya nivadanukidarmyan darr gothavanyache vachan dile aanee tichya ell. aine. jee. vikasachya aakanksha 2007 madhye campbelle sarkarne tharavalelya haritgruh vayoo utsarjanachya uddishtanchya viruddha asalyache disate. tine 2012 madhye asehi jaheer kele qee bii. see. olandanari bhavishyatil konatihi pipeline paach atty purn karavi lagel jyat paryavaraniy aavashyakta aanee swadeshi sallamasalat samavisht aahe. vadgrastapane, tine asey soochit kele qee tichya paach atinpaiki eka mhanje pipeline aanee tankerchya vadhatya rahdarimule rahdarimule konatyahi mahasulacha 'vajvi vaataa' bii. see. laa milel. yamule ticha alberta prantashi thet sangharsh jhaala aahe, jyane bii. see. bandarandware tyachya bitumensathi bajarpethet pravesh vadhavanyachi magani kelee hotee, tarihi bii. see. laa konatihi royalty milel ashee konatihi vyavastha thampane nakarli. 2011 madhye, collin hanson yanni canadachya asambandhit udarmatvadi pakshashi gondhal talhanyasathi aanee anek federal puranmatvadi aanee udarmatvadi matdaranchi yutee mhanoon aapali sthitee adhik changlya prakare pratibimbit karnyasathi pakshache naav badalanyacha prastav mandala. tyanni paryayi navacha prastav thewala nahee. clarkney sangitale qee tee naav badalanyacha vichar karel parantu tee 'teey karanyachi ghaee' karat nahee. 2013 chya nivadanukidarmyan, janmat chachanyanmadhye clarkney pracharat khalchya staravar pravesh keela aanee aine. dii. pii. chya tichya mukhya pratispardhi adrian dixpasoon 20 gunanni pichhadivar rahili. bii. see. chya udarmatvadi prachar mohimecha naara 'majboot arthvyavastha, surakshit udya' hota aanee matdaranni tyanna chauthyanda nivadoon denyache kaaran mhanoon santulit arthsankalp aanee ell. jee. ess. kshetratil vikasachya majboot sandhee adhorekhit kelya. clarkney tiche karyalay aanee moheem chalvanyasathi donn gaay aanee laura miller yasarkhya auntario liberal pakshashi sambandhit rannitikaranna aanee mike mcdonald sarkhya federal liberal vyaktinna aanale. bii. see. udarmatvadi sattevar chauthi mudat midvinyasathi mage valoon aale, tathapi clarkcha tichya vancouverchya sharyatit parabhav jhaala, parantu tyanantarchya potnivadanukit westside-kelonachya okangan sharyatit teey vijayi jhaale. nivadanukinantar, tine bhavishyatil pipeline prakalpanvar bii. see. aanee alberta yanchyatil sambandh vitalavanyacha prayatna keela, albertache majee pantpradhan ellison redford yanchya rashtriy urja dhoranavar swakshari kelee. 2014 chya suruvatila, udarmatvadyanni dusare thet santulit andajpatrak aanale aanee kahee kirana dukananmadhye daruchya vikrila parvanagi denyasathi aanee mulanna pub aanee restaurantmadhye praudhansobat basanyachi parvanagi denyasathi bii. see. chya daroo kayadyanmadhye badal karnyasathi kayada aanala jithe daroo dilee jaate. 2017 chya nivadanukit, bii. see. liberalchya jaganchi sankhya 43 paryant qamee jhaali, jee bahumatapeksha eka jaaga qamee hotee. 29 meey 2017 roji, antim matmojani purn jhalyanantar, bii. see. aine. dii. pii. aanee bii. see. green party yanni alpasankhyak sthir sarkar sunishchit karnyasathi vishvas aanee puravatha kararavar sahmati darshavali. tyanchya ektrit 44 jaganmule tyanna bii. see. chya udarmatvadi 43 peksha fayda hoto, jeey 29 juuna 2017 roji jhalelya vishvasadarshak tharavavar clarkchya sarkarla parabhoot karnyasathi purese hote, jyanantar clarkney pantpradhanpadacha rajinama deela (18 julai 2017 pasoon prabhavi) aanee leftnunt-governorne aine. dii. pii. nete johnn horgen yanna sarkar sthapan karnyas sangitale. clarkchya rajinamyanantar shrimant coleman heey pakshache antarim nete banale. wilkinson aanee bandhpatrachya antargat adhikrut virodhah 2018-2022. andreau wilkinson 3 februwari 2018 roji pakshache nete mhanoon nivadoon aale. tyanni done varshe virodhi pakshanete mhanoon kaam kele. 2020 chya sarvatrik nivadanukidarmyan, wilkinson yanchyavar laurie sinhasanatil umedvar aanee ell. jee. bii. tii. kyu. virodhi vidhane vidhane majee aamdarala hatavanyat vilamb kelyabaddal sadasyatva adhyakshansah pakshachya sadasyanni teeka kelee hotee. nivadanukit pakshacha parabhav jhalyanantar tyanni rajinama deela. 2022 chya netrutva spardheparyant sherley bond yanni pakshache antarim nete mhanoon kaam kele. bajanche netrutva aanee naav badalaneh 2022 pasoon. kevin falcon 5 februwari 2022 roji bii. see. liberalsche nete mhanoon nivadle gele. tyachya netrutva mohimedarmyan, bajanni pakshache naav badalanyache aanee tyache naav badalanyache vachan dile. 2022 chya pakshachya adhiveshanat, pratinidhinni naav badalanyachya prakriyesah pudhe jaanyacha tharav manjur keela, jyachi suruvat varshachya akheris matdan karnyapurvi pakshachya sadasyanshi sallamasalat karoon jhaali. prantvyapi sarvekshanantar, pakshache sambhavya naveen naav mhanoon 'bii. see. united' pudhe thewale gele. tyanantar 13 november roji pakshache sadasyanna naav denyat aale aanee 16 november roji naav badalala sumare 80 takke lokanni manyata dilyachi ghoshana karnyat aalee. nantar naav badalala manyata denyat aalee aanee 12 april 2023 roji tyachi amalbajavani jhaali. pakshache nete. strotah british kolambiyatil vidhimandal granthalay nivadanukiche nikal. strotah ii. sha. puu. nivadanuka bii. see. united youth. bii. see. united youth pakshachya yuva shakheche netrutva karate. karyakari mandalachi nivad varshik sarvasadharan sabhet kelee jaate aanee tyat paach yuva sadasya asatatah adhyaksh, upadhyaksh sampreshan, upadhyaksh karyakram, upadhyaksh karye aanee upadhyaksh sampark. september 2022 paryant, hii padey anukrame herman khosa, teddy oo 'donnell, olivia wanking, marqa dhilan aanee james lehmann yanchyakade aahet.

bisi united BC united (BCU), pahile britis columbia liberal party bhanera chininthyo, britis columbia, canadako ek prantiya rajnitik party how. partylai rudhiwadi, nawudarwadi rar wam-dakshinpanthi rajnitik spectrumko madhya-dakshinma raheko rupma warnan garieko chha. partyle samanyataya afulai "swatantra udyam gathabandhan" ko rupma warnan gardacha rar sanghiya udar rar conservative partyharuka sadasyaharubata samarthan linchha. sann 1990 ko dashakdekhi, bisi united kendra-wam nayan loktantrik party (ndp) ko mukhya kendra-dakshinpanthi vipakshi raheko chha. ek patak canadako liberal partysanga sambadha, britis columbia liberal party 1987 maa swatantra bhayo. partyle april 12,2023 maa afno naam pariwartan gari bisi united rakhyo. sann 1940 ko dashaksamma britis columbiako rajnitima tatkalin liberal party rar pratidwandi conservative partyko prabhutwa thiyo. udarwadiharule sann 1916 dekhi 1928 samma rar feri sann 1933 dekhi 1941 samma sarkar gathan gare. sann 1941 dekhi 1952 samma, dui dalharule pragatishil sahakari rashtramandal mahasanghako samana garna gathabandhan (ek udar netako netritwama) maa shasson gare. sann 1952 ko chunawama nayan samajik credit partyle gathabandhanlai parajit sthapit, rar antatah sann 1979 ko chunawama wyawasthapikama afno upasthiti gumaera party patan bhayo. yo sann 1991 ko chunawama wyawasthapikama farkieko thiyo, dosro sthanma ayo rar neta gorden wilsonko prayasma adhikarik vipaksha gathan sthapit. wilsonle sann 1994 maa gorden campbelsanga netritwako chunauti gumae. campbelko netritwama, bisi udarwadiharu dayantira sarna thale rar sanghiya partybata tadha huna thale. sann 2001 ko chunawama, udarwadiharule bhari bahumat jite, june uniharule 2017 ko chunawako kehi samayapachi samma campbelle rar unko uttaradhikari christy clarkko netritwama rakheka thie. sann 2020 ko chunawa harepachhi party wipakshama rahyo. partyka atha netaharule britis columbiako pradhanmantriko rupma sewa gareka chhanh harlen bruster, john oliver, john mclean, duff patulo, john hart, bose johnson, gorden campbelle rar christy clark. sann 2022 ko netritwa nirvachandekhi nai partyko netritwa kewin falconle gareka chhan. itihas. pahilo sarkarah 1916-1928. vibhajit rudhiwadiharule sann 1916 ko chunawama udarwadiharuko samana gare rar haare. udarwadiharule harlan keri brusterko netritwama sarkar gathan gare. bruster vipakshi dalka neta baneka thie, rar march 1912 maa partyka neta nirvachit bhaeka thie. unle kehi haptapachhi sann 1912 ko chunawama afno sitt gumae, jasle kunai pani udarwadiharulai firta garena. sann 1916 maa, unle upachunawko madhyambata feri wyawasthapikako chunawa jite, rar tyas warshako antyama sudhar manchama prachar garera afno partylai aam chunawama vijaya dilae. brusterle nagarik sewama sanrakshan antya garne, rajnitik messinharu antya garne, kamdarko kshatipurti rar shram kanuna sudhar garne, mahilaharuka lagi mutt lyaune rar anya pragatishil sudharharu lyaune wacha gare. sarkarle mahila matadhikar lyayo, nishedh sthapana sthapit, rar sann 1918 maa unko apratyashit mrityu hunuaghi rajnitik bhrashtacharko samana sthapit. unlai britis columbiako wictoriako ross bey kabristanma gadiyo. sann 1918 maa brusterko mrityu bhaepachi john oliver brusterko uttaradhikari bane. olibharko sarkarle nanuk upatyakama utpadan udyog vikas sthapit, rar rail yatayatka lagi malwahak darr cum garna sanghiya sarkarlai raji garne prayas sthapit. partyle sann 1920 ko chunawama khali bahumat prapta garna safal bhayo rar sann 1924 ko chunawapachhi matra 2 zana swatantra udarwadiharuko samarthanma shasson garna safal bhayo. virodh rar mahamandaha 1928-1933. udarwadiharule sann 1928 ko chunawama afno mutt badhauna safal bhae tara uniharuko adha sitko najik haare. mahamanda suru bhaepachi rar syman fraser tolmiko sarkarko wisfotsangai, udarwadiharule 1933 ko chunawa jite. duff patuloh 1933-1941. sann 1933 ko chunaule duff pattulolai sattama lyayo rar wyawasthapikama sahakari rashtramandal mahasangha (ccf), nayan samajik-loktantrik rar loktantrik samajwadi vipakshi dall, prastut sthapit. pattulole samajik karyakram rar berojgarharuko samarthanko madhyambata awasadsanga judhna prayas garne euta karyakarta sarkar chahanthe. canadalai mahamandarle sabaibhanda badhi prabhawit bhaeko rar paschimi canadalai canadabhitra sabaibhanda badhi prabhawit bhaeko manyata diieko chha. pattuloko prayas prayaha otawako sanghiya sarkarsanga viparit thiyo. pattulo britis columbiaca lagi pani wakil thie, rar isapurvama yukonko vilaya rar isapurvama purvi canadako shakti cum garna alasca rajmarg nirmanko sujhawa die. sann 1937 ko aam chunawama unko sarkar "samajik punjiwad" ko narama punah nirvachit bhaeko thiyo. "gathabandhan": 1941-1951. sann 1933 dekhi 1937 samma adhikarik vipakshi banna safal bhaeko rar sann 1937 ko chunawama rudhiwadiharubhanda ek sitt cum raheko sisiefko udayasangai rudhiwadiharusanga vaikalpik sarkar samapta bhayo. sann 1941 ko chunawama ccf dosro sthanma ayo. chunawale udarwadiharulai uniharule apeksha gareko bahumat diena. patulole rudhiwadiharusanga gathabandhan garna aswikar garepachhi john hart sann 1941 maa pradhanmantri rar udar neta bane. udar sadasyaharule patulolai netako rupma hatae rar hartley ek udar-conservative gathabandhan sarkar gathan gare, jaslai isapurva itihasma "gathabandhan" bhanera chininchha. sann 1941 dekhi 1945 samma, yuddhakalin abhawako samayama hart shasit bhayo, jab sabai pramukh sarkari pariyojanaharu sthagit gariyo. sann 1945 ko chunawama gathabandhan sarkar punah nirvachit bhayo. tyas pratispardhama udarwadi rar rudhiwadiharu eutai bannerma daudthe. sann 1945 pachhi, hartley gramin vidyutikaran, jalavidyut rar rajmarg nirmanko mahatwakankshi karyakram sanchalan gare. hartka sabaibhanda mahatwapurna pariyojanaharu rajmarg 97 dekhi uttari britis columbia (jasmadhye rajkumar george-dousen khadi khandalai ahile unko sammanma naam diieko chha) rar brij nadi urja pariyojana thie, june britis columbiama pahilo pramukh jalavidyut vikas thiyo. unle niji upayogitaharudwara sewa nadiieka sanah samudayharulai bijuli pradan garna, bisi hydroko agradut, bisi pawar commissionko sthapana gare. december 1947 maa, hart pradhanmantriko rupma sewaniwritta bhae. conservative partyle afna neta herbert unscomblai pradhanmantriko rupma safal huna andolan sthapit tara liberalharule gathabandhan kakasma toriharu bhanda badhi sankhya pae rar hartlai arko liberal, byron johnson, jaslai "bose" johnson bhanera chininchha, unscomblai upa pradhanmantri rar witta mantriko rupma pachhyae. jonasanko sarkarle yasaka lagi tirne sarwabhaumik aspatal bima rar 3 pratishat prantiya bikri curr lagu gareko chha. yasale rajmarg pranali wistar sthapit, pasific great eastern railway wistar sthapit, rar alkan samjhautama warta sthapit, jasle kenni baandhako nirmanlai sahaj banayo. sarkarle sann 1948 maa aeko fraser nadiko badhiko samana gardai apatkalko ghoshana gareko thiyo rar fraser upatyaka hundai nadiko kinarma duban lagaune karyakram suru gareko thiyo. johnson rashtramandalma pahilo mahila waktako rupma nancy hudges niyukta garnaka lagi pani prakhyat chhan. liberal-conservative gathabandhan sarkarle sann 1949 ko chunawama jit hasil sthapit-61 pratishatma-isa purwako itihasma lokpriya matko sabaibhanda thulo pratishat. gathabandhanka sajhedarharu rar duwai dalbhitra tanawa badheko thiyo. liberal partyko karyakarile gathabandhanlai samapta garna matadan sthapit rar jonasanle janawari 1952 maa afna rudhiwadi mantriharulai hatae, jasko parinamswarup alpakalin alpasankhyak sarkar banyo june chaandai dhwasta bhayo. sann 1952 ko nirvachan. tinn daliya pratispardhama sisieflai jitnabata roknaka lagi, sarkarle tatkal runoff matadan suru garyo, yass apekshama kii conservative matadataharule udarwadiharulai uniharuko dosro chhanotko rupma suchibadha garnechan rar yasako viparit. tara, matadataharule vikalpa khojiraheka thie. dherai matadataharule afno dosro chhanotko rupma kunai pani anya partybhanda agadi britis columbia samajik credit liglai roje. sann 1952 ko aam chunawama mutt ganana garda samajik shreya sabaibhanda thulo partyko rupma dekha paryo. chunawako samayama samajik creditko "wastawik" neta, w. ae. see. pahile rudhiwadi raheka benetlai chunawapachhi aupacharik rupma partyko neta namit garieko thiyo. sann 1953 ko aam chunawama, udarwadiharu 4 sitharuma ghatera 23.36% mutt lie. arther leingle bhyankuwar point grema tilly rollstonlai parajit gare. yadyapi samajik shreyale wyawasthapikama bahumat sitharu jityo, tiniharuko arthamantri enar gundersonlai udarpanthiharuko phillip archibald gibsle ok khadima parajit gare. gorden gibson sr, ek karodpati kathka barren, jaslai "jangalko goru" upanam diieko thiyo, lillutka lagi udarwadiko rupma nirvachit bhaeka thie. tesro pakshako sthitih 1953-1979. yass samayako prarambhik awadhima, udarwadiharuko sabaibhanda pramukh sadasya gorden gibson sr thie. uni sigar piune rar sangathit logging thekedar thie jo pramukh huna sakthe tara euta thulo rajnitik trutika lagi. uni sann 1953 maa lillut sawarika lagi nirvachit bhaeka thie. sann 1955 maa, somers scandle dekha paryo rar uni wyawasthapikama yasalai mudda banaune ek matra neta thie. w. ae. see. benet rar unka mahanyayadhiwaktale jankari bahira aunabata rokna dherai rananitiharu prayas gare. nirash bhaera gibsonle afno sitbata rajinama die rar somers scandlelai mudda banaune ashama upachunawa garna badhya parey. matadan pranali pariwartan bhaeko thiyo, rar uni samajik shreyapachhi dosro sthanma aeka thie. sann 1956 ko chunawama, somers scandle ajhai samadhan huna nasakeko karan, udarwadiharule sann 1953 bhanda kharab pradarshan gare. arther leingle afno sitt gumae, rar party dui millie rar 20.9% matma jhareko thiyo. sann 1960 ko chunawama partyle sann 1956 ko jastai lokpriya matko saman 20.9% sanga chaar sitt jityo. sann 1963 ko chunawama partyko kakas thap ek milile badhera paanch bhayo, tara lokpriya matko uniharuko hissa 19.98% maa jhareko thiyo. sann 1966 ko chunawama, partyle arko sitt jityo, yasako kakas chhama lyayo, rar matma wriddhi bhayo 20.24%. sann 1969 ko matma, partyle euta sitt gumayo, rar matko yasako hissa 19.03% maa jhareko thiyo. sann 1972 maa, partyko nayan neta devid endersonle chunawama netritwa gare, jo sann 1968 ko sanghiya chunawama canadako liberal partyka lagi sansadko rupma nirvachit bhaeka thie. uni rar anya charjana vidhayikama nirvachit huna safal bhae, tara partyko itihasma sabaibhanda cum mutt 16.4% sanga. britis columbia nyu democratic party (bcndp) ley sann 1972 ko chunawa jitepachhi, liberal rar conservative partyharuka dherai samarthakharu samajik credit ligma samel bhae. yo gathabandhanle sann 1975 dekhi 1990 ko dashaksamma nayan democratslai sattabata bahira rakhna saksham bhayo. mlas garde gardem, pyat mcgir rar alon williamsle achanak kayakalp bhaeka toriharuko hoog curtiska sath udarwadiharulai samajik shreyaka lagi chhode. tiniharu sabai sann 1975 pachhi samajik credit cabineteka sadasya bane. sann 1975 ko chunawama, nirvachit hune ek matra udarwadi gorden gibson junier thie. partyle nirashajanak 7.24% anka prapta gareko thiyo. devid anderson afno victoria sawarima naramrari parajit bhae, nayan democrats rar samajik shreyako pachhadi rakhe. ujadsthanmaha 1979-1991. sann 1979 ko chunawa partyko sabaibhanda cum bindu thiyo. partyko itihasma dosro patak yo vidhayikabata bahira bhaeko thiyo. kewal paanch ummedwarharu hinde, kohi nirvachit bhaenan, rar partyle 0.5 pratishat mutt prapta sthapit. sann 1983 ko chunawama party ummedwarharuko purna slateko najik puge pani 2.69% mutt jityo. sann 1986 ko matadan tesro rar antim chunawa thiyo jasma party banda bhayo. lokpriya matko yasako hissa sudhar bhai 6.74% bhayo. sann 1987 maa, gorden wilson prantiya liberal partyko neta bane jab aru kasailai chaso thiena. wilsonle prantiya liberal party rar yasako sanghiya samakakshabichko aupacharik sambandha tode. sann 1970 ko dashakko madhyadekhi, isapurvaka adhikansh sanghiya udarwadiharule prantiya starma britis columbia samajik credit partylai samarthan garna rojeka thie. prantiya partyka lagi, yo vibhajanko uddeshya sanghiya partyka samajik credit sadasyaharuko prabhawa cum garnu thiyo. sanghiya partyko drishtikonbata, yo kadam uniharuka lagi pani tyati nai labhadayak thiyo, kinki prantiya party dherai rinama pareko thiyo. wilsonle britis columbiako rajnitima vishwasaniya tesro pakshako rupma prantiya partyko punarnirman garna thale. sohi awadhima bill bhyandar jalmako netritwama sattadhari samajik credit party vivadma pareko thiyo. natijako rupma, dherai samajik credit ghotalaharule dherai matadataharulai vikalpa khojna badhya banayo. sann 1991 ko chunawako samayasamma, wilsonle bhyandar jalmaka uttaradhikari, premiere rita johnstone rar bisipi neta micheal harcotbich television canadian prasaran nigam (sibisi) bahasma samawesh huna lobbing gare. sibisi sahamat bhayo, rar wilsonle afno pradarshanle dherai matadataharulai prabhawit gare. udar abhiyanle gati prapta sthapit, rar samajik rina abhiyanbata dherai samarthanko durupyog sthapit. bcndplay chunawa jiteko thiyo bhane liberalharu 17 sitsahit dosro sthanma aeka thie. wilson vipakshi dalka neta bane. wilsonantargat adhikarik virodhah 1991-1993. wilsonka nitiharu wyawasthapika rar party duwaima anya dherai udarwadiharusanga mail khandainan jasle samajik shreyako patanle chhodeko khali thaaun bharna chahanthe. udarwadiharule wyawasthapika rar wyapak rajnitik andolan nirman duwaima afulai anubhawahin pani pramanit gare. nayan loktantrik partyko prantiya sarkarko viruddhama prabhawkari vipaksha khada garna sakne anushasita sangathan nirman garna uniharulai gahro samaya thiyo. sann 1993 maa, wilsonko netritwa sathi udarwadi vidhayak judy taiyabjisangko unko sambandhako khulasabata thap kshatigrasta bhayo. yass samayasamma, adhikansh kakas unko netritwako viruddhama khula vidrohama thie. wilson netritwa sammelanko awhan garna sahamat bhae, jasma uni ummedwar hunechhan. delta south mila fred gingel vipakshi dalka neta bane jabki udar netritwa daud bhayo. chaandai, partyka purva neta gorden gibson rar bhyankubharka meyer gorden campbelle netritwako daudama prawesh gare. campbelle pahilo matapatrama nirnayak rupma jit hasil gare, partyka purva neta gorden gibson dosro rar wilson tesro sthanma rahe. netritwako chunawa ek-sadasya, ek mutt pranalima nirnaya garieko thiyo jasko madhyambata udarwadiharule telefondwara afno chhanotka lagi matadan gare. wilson rar taiyabjile tyasapachhi udarwadiharu chhodera afnai party, pragatishil loktantrik gathabandhan gathan gare. campbelantargat adhikarik virodhah 1993-2001. ekchoti campbelle neta bhaepachi, udarwadiharule pahilo patak "bisi liberal" upanam apanae, rar chaandai nayan logo rar nayan party rangharu (rato rar nilo, samanya "liberal rato" rar maple patko sathama) prastut gare. sanshodhit naam rar logo canadako sanghiya liberal partybata matadataharuko manma afulai ajha spashta rupma chhutyaune prayas thiyo. sann 1994 ko suruma, campbelle upa-chunawama wyawasthapikama nirvachit bhae. unko netritwama, party dakshintira sarna thalyo, purva samajik credit party rar pachhi, prantiya sudhar partyka sadasyaharuko samarthan prapta sthapit. kehi madhyampanthi sokredharule bhyandar jalam yugadekhi nai udarmatwadiharulai matadan garna thaleka thie. liberalharule fraser upatyaka kshetrama bhaeko upachunawama dui purva socred sitharu jite, jasle vidyaman bcndp sarkarko spashta vikalpa bhaeko afno dawilai baliyo banayo. liberal partyle samajik shreyako patanle garda bisiko rajnitik spectrumko kendra-dayanma sirjana garieko khali thaaun pani bharne sthapit. sann 1996 ko chunawama, bisi liberalharule lokpriya mutt jite. yadyapi, prantako bahiri kshetraharuma dherai udar margin barbad bhayo; tiniharule bhyankubhar rar tallo mukhya bhumima matra atha sitharu jite. gramin britis columbiama, vishesh gari bhitri kshetrama jahaan railway sthaniya arthatantrako jiwan rakta thiyo-bisi udarwadiharule dherai pratiyogitaharu hareka thie kinbhane matadataharulai campbelka kehi nitiharu, mukhyataya bisi rail bechne unko wachabata asuwidhako anubhav thiyo. shudha parinam bhaneko udarwadiharulai feri wipakshama pathaunu thiyo, yadyapi uniharule endipiko bahumat 13 batt ghataera tinma jharna safal bhae. chunawapachhi, bisi udarwadiharule sann 1996 ko punarawritti nahune sunishchit garna thale. campbelle afno sann 1996 ko platformma kehi cum lokpriya niti pattaharu hatae, vishesh gari bisi rail bechne wacha, kinbhane bikriko parinamko sambhawanale uttari bhitri rekhama samarthakharulai alaggai pareko thiyo. campbelle sarkarah 2001-2011. bcndp sarkarka lagi ghotalale bharieko dosro karyakalpachi, bisi udarwadiharule sann 2001 ko chunawama bisi itihasko sabaibhanda thulo bhuskhalanko sath 79 madhye 77 sitharu jite. uniharule premiere ujjal dosanjalai afnai sawarima hatauna pani safal bhae. gorden campbelle das warshama sataun pradhanmantri rar lagbhag 50 warshama pahilo udar pradhanmantri bane. campbelle unlai karyalayama niyukta gareko pahilo dina nai sabai prantiya ayakarma 25 pratishat katauti gareko thiyo. bisi udarwadiharule corporate ayakar pani ghatae rar dheraijaso wyawasayaharuka lagi corporate punji curr (nayan democratsdwara suru garieko lagani rar rojgarima curr) samapta gare. campbelko pahilo karyakal kalyankari roll rar kehi samajik sewaharuma katauti, niyantran muktata, kehi sarkari sampattiharuko bikri (vishesh gari aghillo sarkarle banaeko "fast feriharu", june uniharuko mulyako ek anshama bechieka thie) sahit wittiya mitika lagi pani ullekha garieko thiyo. campbelle bisi railko nijikaran pani suru garyo, june udarwadiharule uttari rydingharu jitnaka lagi bechna nasakne wacha gareka thie jasle 1996 maa partylai aswikar gareko thiyo tara chunawa pachhi yo wacha ultaeko thiyo, bolpatra prakriyasanga sambandhit aparadhik anusandhanko parinamswarup 2003 maa britis columbia wyawasthapika chhapa rar agami rar ajhai pani vicharadhin adalatko mudda. tyahan dherai mahatwapurna shram vivadharu thie, jasmadhye kehi sarkari kanunmarfat samadhan garieko thiyo tara jasma prantaka doctorharusanga takarao samawesh thiyo. campbelle pani sibhil sarbhislai cum garyo, kehi sarkari vibhagharuma pachas pratishatbhanda badhi karmachari katauti gariyo, rar sano sarkarko wacha bhae tapani cabinetko akar lagbhag dobbar bhayo rar sansadiya talab badhyo. shasanlai pani yasto wyawastha garieko thiyo kii upamantriharule ab afna mantriharulai hoina, pradhanmantriko karyalayama chief aff staflai report garnuparne thiyo. katautiko kramama, vishesh gari sanah samudayharuma pranta warparka aspatalharu, adalatharu rar wistarit herchah suwidhaharu banda gariyo, rar bee. see. sanrakshan sewa jasta prawartan karmachariharulai simanta starma ghataieko thiyo. aghillo ndp shasanko samayama sirjana garieka vibhinna prantiya parkharulai pani sanrakshit kshetrako sthitima downgrade garieko thiyo, jasko artha tiniharu srota shoshanka lagi kholna sakinchha, rar parkharuko prayogka lagi shulk badhaieko thiyo. sann 2003 maa, operation ebharwe bhanera chinine laguaushadh anusandhanle britis columbia sansad bhawanharuma sarkari karyalayaharuma chhapa mareko thiyo june "railgate" bhanera chinine ghotalama sienlai bisi rail bechne sambandhama sandigdha lendenko sambandhama thiyo rar chaar purva mantri sahayogiharuko prabhawa bechbikhan, vishwasaghat rar ghusa swikar gareko aropma mudda chalyo. sann 2005 ko chunawama 7 sitt (46-33) ko cum bahumatka sath udarwadiharu punah nirvachit bhae. sann 2009 ko chunawama udarwadiharu feri nirvachit bhae. yass chunawako kehi samayapachi nirvachan abhiyanma garieka pratigyaharuko viparit hstko thalaniko ghoshana garieko thiyo. november 3,2010 maa, afno wyawasthapan shaili rar samanjasyapurna bikri curr (hst) rar bisi rail bhrashtachar muddako vivadaspad antyako viruddhama rajnitik pratikriyako samana gardai rar chunawama 9 pratishatko rupma cum anumodan mulyangkanko sath, gorden campbelle afno rajinama ghoshana gare. clark sarkarah 2011-2017. partyko 2011 ko netritwa sammelanlai gorden campbelle "sakesamma chaando sambhawit mitima" netritwa sammelan ayojana garna anurodh garepachhi prerit garieko thiyo. sammelanle february 26,2011 maa christy clarklai partyko nayan netako rupma nirvachit sthapit. clark rar unko nayan mantrimandalle march 14 maa shapath lie. clarkko netritwama, partyle sanghiya udar rar sanghiya rudhiwadi samarthakharuko gathabandhan hune afno halaiko paramparalai jaari rakhdai adhik madhyamargi drishtikon prastut sthapit. unle turuntai nyunatam jyala $8/ghantabata $10.25/hour maa badhae rar ontario jastai pranta-wyapi pariwarik diwasko ghoshana gare. 2008-09 mandipachhi clark pramukh bane, rar sarkari kharchama rekha kayam rakhe, 2013-14 wittiya warshaka lagi santulit budget aghi dui ghata bajetharu prastut gare, jasma uccha aya bhaeka britis columbialiharuma curr wriddhi samawesh thiyo. unle bisiko taralikrit prakritik gyas (lng) bhandarko faida uthauna pani khojeki thiin, jasle udiyaman lng udyoglai arko dashakma pramukh arthik wikasko awasarko rupma sthapit sthapit. jabki gorden campbelko prashasanko antim warshaharuma durgami rar pragatishil watawarniya kanunharu lagu garieko thiyo, clarklai watawarniya nitima unko drishtikonma badhi mapan garieko thiyo. bisiko pahilo-inn-north-america carbon curr jaari rakhdai, unle 2013 ko chunawako samayama darlai friz garne wacha garin rar unko lng vikas akankshaharule 2007 maa campbelle sarkarle nirdharit gareko greenhouse gyaans utsarjan lakshyaharuko viparit dekhinchha. unle 2012 maa pani ghoshana garin kii bisi parr garne kunai pani bhawishyako pipelinele watawarniya awashyaktaharu rar swadeshi paramarsha samawesh gari paanch sartaharu pura garnuparnecha. vivadaspad rupma, unle sanket garin kii unko paanch sartaharu madhye euta yo hunechha kii bisile pipeline rar tanker traficbata jamma hune kunai pani rajaswako "uchit hissa" prapta gardacha. yasale unlai alberta prantasanga pratyaksha dwandwama pareko chha, jasle bisi portharu marfat yasako bitumenka lagi bazar pahunch badhauna khojeka thie, tara bisile kunai pani royalti prapta garne kunai pani wyawasthalai dridhatapurwak aswikar gardacha. sann 2011 maa, collin hansenle canadako asambandhit liberal partysanga bhramabata bachna rar dherai sanghiya conservative rar liberal matadataharuko gathabandhanko rupma yasako sthitilai ramrosanga pratibimbit garna partyle afno naam pariwartan garne prastawa rakhe. unle vaikalpik naam prastawa garenan. clarkle bhanin kii unle naam pariwartan garne vichar garchhin tara "yo garna kunai hatarma" thiinan. sann 2013 ko chunawako samayama, clark janamat sarwekshanma cum abhiyanma prawesh garin rar unko mukhya pratidwandi, ndpka adrian dikslai 20 ankale pachhadi pareki thiin. bisi liberalko abhiyanko nara "baliyo arthawyawastha, surakshit bholi" thiyo rar matadataharule uniharulai chautho karyakalka lagi nirvachit garne karanka rupma lng kshetrama santulit budget rar baliyo vikaska awasarharulai prakash pareko thiyo. clarkle afno karyalaya rar abhiyan chalaunaka lagi ontario liberal partysanga sambadha rananitikarharu, jastai dunn gai rar laura miller, rar mick mcdonald jasta sanghiya udarwadi wyaktitwaharulai lyain. isapurvaka udarwadiharu karyalayamai chautho karyakal surakshit garna pachhadibata ae, yadyapi clark unko bhyankobhar sawarima parajit bhain, tara westside-kelonako okanagan sawarima tyasapachhiko upachunawa jite. chunawapachhi, unle purva alberta premiere alison redfordko rashtriya urja rannitima hastakshar gardai bhawishyaka pipeline pariyojanaharuma bisi rar alberta bichko sambandhalai galan khojeki thiin. sann 2014 ko suruma, udarwadiharule dosro sidha santulit budget lyae rar kehi kirana pasalharuma raksi bikri garna anumati dina rar bachchaharulai pub rar resturentharuma wayaskaharusanga basna anumati dina bisiko raksi kanuna pariwartan garna kanuna prastut gare jahaan raksi parosinchha. sann 2017 ko chunawama, bisi liberalharuko sitt ganana ghatera 43 bhayo, bahumatbhanda ek sitt cum thiyo. 29 mey 2017 maa, antim mutt ganana sampanna bhaepachi, bcndp rar bisi green party ek sthira alpasankhyak sarkar sunishchit garna vishwas rar apurti samjhautama sahamat bhae. tiniharuko sanyukta 44 sitharule uniharulai bisi liberalharuko 43 bhanda faida dinchha june june 29,2017 maa vishwas matma clarkko sarkarlai harauna paryapta thiyo, tyasapachhi clarkle pradhanmantriko rupma rajinama die (july 18,2017 dekhi prabhawkari) rar leftinent-governerle ndp neta john horganlai sarkar gathan garna bhane. clarkko rajinamapachhi ritch colleman partyko antarim neta bane. wilkinson rar bandhan antargat adhikarik virodhah 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson february 3,2018 maa partyka neta nirvachit bhaeka thie. unle dui warshasamma vipakshi dalka netako rupma sewa gare. sann 2020 ko aam chunawako samayama, wilkinsonlai lori throness, ek ummedwar rar purva vidhayak jasle elgibitkyu virodhi bayan dieka thie, hatauna dhilai garekoma sadasyata adhyakshasahit partyka sadasyaharule alochana gareka thie. chunawama party parajit bhaepachi unle rajinama die. sherley bundley sann 2022 ko netritwa pratiyogita samma partyko antarim netako rupma sewa gare. bajko netritwa rar naam pariwartanah 2022 dekhi. kebhin falcon february 5,2022 maa bisi liberalharuko neta nirvachit bhaeka thie. afno netritwa abhiyanko kramama, bajle partyko naam pariwartan rar punah brand garne wacha gare. sann 2022 ko party sammelanma, pratinidhiharule naam pariwartan prakriyasanga agadi badhne prastawa parit gare, partyko sadasyatasanga paramarsha garera suru garera warshako antyasammama matadanma rakhnu aghi. prantawyapi sarwekshanpachhi, "bisi united" lai partyka lagi sambhawit nayan namko rupma agadi rakhieko thiyo. tyasapachhi november 13 maa partyka sadasyaharulai naam diieko thiyo rar november 16 maa naam pariwartanlai lagbhag 80 pratishatle anumodan gareko ghoshana garieko thiyo. naam pariwartan pachhi anumodan gariyo rar april 12,2023 maa prabhawama ayo. partyka netaharu. srotah britis columbiako vidhayi pustakalaya nirvachan parinam. srotah chunawa isa purva bisi united youth. bisi united yuthle partyko yuwa shakhako netritwa gardacha. karyakari board warshik sadharan sabhama nirvachit hunchha rar paanch yuwa sadasyaharu milera baneko hunchhah adhyaksha, upadhyaksha sanchar, upadhyaksha karyakram, upadhyaksha sanchalan, rar upadhyaksha outreach. september 2022 samma, yee padaharu kramashah harman khosa, teady o 'donnell, olivia wankling, mark dhilan rar james lehmandwara ayojit chhan.

bisi united bisi united (bii. sii. jayu.), jaahaa purbaru british kalambia liberal party bhabare janashuna, kanadara british columbiar eka pradeshika rajanaitika dala . ehi dalaku rakhyanashila, nabaudarabadi ebong baama-dakhinapanthi rajanaitika khetrara kendra-dakhinapanthi bolly barnana karajaichi. dala sadharanatah nijaku eka "mukta udyoga ment" bhabare barnana kare ebong ubhaja sangheeah udarabadi ebong rakhyanashila dalara sadasyanka samarthan grahan kare . 1990 dashakaru, bii. sii. united kendra-bamapanthi nutan ganatantrika dala (enn. dii. pii.) rahr mukhya kendra-dakhinapanthi birodhi dala hoi rahichhi. thare kanadara liberal party sahita anubandhita hoithiba british kalambia liberal party 1987 ray swadheena hoithila. dala ehara naama paribartana curry bisi united ku april 12,2023 ray paribartana karithila . 1940 dashaka parjyanta, british kalambia rajaneetire tatkaleena udarabadi dala ebong pratidwandee rakhyanashila dalara pradhanya rahithila. udarapanthimane 1916 ru 1928 parjyanta ebong puni 1933 ru 1941 parjyanta sarkar gathan karithile. 1941 ru 1952 parjyanta, dui dala eka mentare shasson karithile (jane udarabadi netanka netrutware) bardhita samabai rajyagosthi sanghara mukabila karibaku . 1952 nirbachanare nutan samajika credit party dwara ehi ment parasta hoithila, ebong dalati patner sammukheen hoithila, sheshare 1979 nirbachanare bidhanasabhare nijara upasthiti haraithila. 1991 nirbachanare ehaa bidhanasabha nikataku pherithila, dwiteeja sthanare asithila ebong neta gerden wilsonka prayasa madhyamare sarkari birodhi dala gathan karithila. wilson 1994 ray gerden kyampabelnka thaaru eka netrutwa aahwana haraithile. kyampabelnka netrutware, bisi liberalmane dahana aadaku sthanantara karibaku arambha karithile ebong federal dalaru nijaku doorare rakhithile . 2001 nirbachanare, udarapanthimane bipula sankhyagarishthata hassel karithile, jaahaa semane 2017 nirbachanara kichhi samai parey parjyanta campbelle ebong taanka uttaradhikari christy klarkanka adheenare rakhithile. 2020 nirbachanare parajaya parey dala birodhi dalare rahithila. dalara aatha john neta british columbiar pradhanamantri bhabe karjya karichantih harlan bruster, zohn alibhar, zohn makelan, doff patulo, zohn hart, bus johnson, gerden campbell ebong christy clark. 2022rahr netrutwa nirbachana paratharu, dalara netrutwa kebhin falcon neuchhanti. itihas. pratham sarakarah 1916-1928. bibhajita rakhyanasheelamane 1916rahr nirbachanare udarapanthimanankara sammukheen hoithile ebong harithile. udarapanthimane harlan keri brustaranka adheenare eka sarkar gathan karithile. bruster birodhi dalara neta hoithile, ebong march 1912 ray dalara neta bhabare nirbachita hoithile. shay kichhi saptaha parey 1912 nirbachanare nijara aasana haraithile, jaahaa kaunasi udarabadinku ferai deinathila . 1916 masihare, shay eka upa-nirbachana madhyamare punarbara bidhanasabha nirbachana jitithile, ebong sehi barsha sheshare eka sanskara manchare prachara curry sadharana nirbachanare taanka dalaku bijajare netrutwa neithile. bruster sivila sarbhis ray prusthaposhakata samapta karibaku, rajanaitika messin samapta karibaku, shramikanka khyatipurana ebong shrama aainare unnati karibaku, mahilamananka paain bhot aanibaku ebong anyanya pragatiseela sanskara aanibaku pratishruti deithile. sarkar mahilamananka matadhikara aanithile, nishedhadesha pratistha karithile ebong 1918 ray tankara apratyashita mrutyu purbaru rajanaitika durnitira mukabila karithile. tanku british columbiar victoriara rus bay kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi . 1918 masihare brustaranka mrutyu parey zohn alivara brustaranka uttaradhikari hoithile ebong shay pradhanamantri hoithile. alivara sarkar nanuka upatyakare utpada silpara bikash karithile ebong rela paribahana paain mall paribahana haara hrass karibaku sangheeah sarakaranku prabartaibaku chesta karithile. 1920 nirbachanare dala eka sankhyagarishthata hassel karithila ebong 1924 nirbachana parey kebala 2 john swadheena udarapantheenka samarthanare shasson karibare saphala hoithila. birodha ebong mahaa abasadah 1928-1933. 1928 nirbachanare udarapanthimane semananka bhot brudhi karibare saphala hoithile kintu semananka pakhapakhi adhaa aasana haraithile. mahamanda arambha heba ebong symon fracer tolmir sarakaranka bisphorana sahita, udarapanthimane 1933 nirbachanare bijai hoithile. doff patuloh 1933-1941. 1933 nirbachana doff pattulonku khyamataku aanithila ebong bidhanasabhare samabai rajyagosthi sangha (ccf), eka nutan samajika-ganatantrika ebong ganatantrika samajabadi birodhi dala prabartana karithila. pattulo chahunthile je eka karjyakarta sarkar samajika karjyakram ebong bekaranka samarthan madhyamare abasadar mukabila karibaku chesta karantu. kanada mahaa-abapata dwara sabutharu adhika prabhabita hoithiba manyata paichi, ebong paschima kanada kanada madhyare sabutharu adhika prabhabita hoichhi. patulonka prayasa prajatah otawara sangheeah sarakaranka saha asangata thila . patulo madhya british columbiar jane okil thile, ebong khreestapoorba suddha yukonra mishran ebong khreestapoorbare purba kanadara shakti hrass kariba paain alasca rajpath nirmana paain paramarsha deithile. 1937 sadharana nirbachanare, taanka sarkar "samajika punjibada" sloganare punarbara nirbachita hoithile. "ment": 1941-1951. rakhyanasheelamananka sahita bikalpa sarkar ccfra utthana sahita samapta hoithila, jeunmane 1933 ru 1937 parjyanta sarkari birodhi hebaku sakhyama hoithile ebong 1937 nirbachanare rakhyanasheelamananka thaaru gotie aasana comm thile. 1941 nirbachanare sii. sii. aif. dwiteeja sthanare rahithila. ehi nirbachana udarapantheemananku semane aasha karithiba sankhyagarishthata pradan karinathila. 1941 masihare patulo rakhyanasheelamananka sahita ment karibaku manah kalabele zohn hart pradhanamantri ebong udarabadi neta hoithile. udarapanthi sadasyamane patulonku neta padaru hatai deithile ebong hart eka udaara-rakhyanashila ment sarkar gathan karithile, jaahaa khreestapoorba itihasare "ment" bhabare janashuna . 1941 ru 1945 parjyanta, judhakaleena abhaba samajare hart shasson karithila, jetebele samasta pramukh sarkari prakalpa sthagita rakhajaithila . 1945 nirbachanare ment sarkar punarbara nirbachita hoithila. sehi pratijogitare, udarapanthi ebong rakhyanasheelamane samaana byanara tale doudithile. 1945 masiha parey hart grameena bidyutakarana, jalabidyuta ebong rajpath nirmanara eka mahatwakankhi karjyakram haataku neithile. hartanka sabutharu gurutwapurna prakalpagudika thila uttara british kalambiaaku rajpath 97 nirmana (jeunthiru prince george-dosson creak segamentaku bartamana taanka sammanare namit karajaichi) ebong brij nadee shakti prakalpa, jaahaa british columbiar pratham pramukh jalabidyuta bikash thila . gharoi upajogitagudika dwara seba pradan karajainathiba chhot chhot sampradajaku shakti jogaiba paain shay bisi pawara commission pratistha karithile, jaahaa bisi hydro rahr eka agradoota . 1947 masiha december maasare hart pradhanamantri bhabe absar grahan karithile. rakhyanashila dala ehara neta herbert aanaskambanku pradhanamantri bhabe saphala kariba paain andolana karithila, kintu udarapanthimane ment kakasare thiba toreemananku pachare pakai deithile ebong hartanka parey anya jane udarapanthi, byron johnson, jieki "bus" johnson bhabe janashuna, ebong unscomb upa-pradhanamantri ebong artha mantri bhabe karjya karithile. janasanka sarkar sarbajaneena daktarakhana beema ebong 3 pratishata pradeshika bikrai ticks laagu karithile. ehaa rajpath byabasthaku samprasarita karithila, prashanta mahasagariya bruhata purba relapathaku samprasarita karithila ebong alcan rajinama upare alochana karithila, jaahaa kenni dyam nirmanaku sahaja karithila. sarkar 1948 masihare fraser nadira banya paristhiti saha mukabila curry jarureekaleena paristhiti ghoshana karithile ebong fraser upatyaka dei nadee koolaku dike karibara karjyakram arambha karithile. kamanawelthare pratham mahila bakta bhabare nancy hajnku nijukta kariba paain madhya johnson janashuna . udarapanthi-rakhyanashila ment sarkar 1949 nirbachanare 61 pratishatare bijai hoithile, jaahaa khreestapoorba itihasare sarbadhika sankhyaka lokpriya bhota thila. ment sahajogeemananka madhyare ebong ubhaja dala madhyare uttejana brudhi paithila. liberal party karjyanirbahee mentaku samapta karibaku bhot deithile ebong johnson januari 1952 ray taanka rakhyanashila mantrimananku hatai deithile, jahara phalaswaroopa eka swalpakaleena sankhyalaghu sarkar hoithila jaahaa shighra bhangi padithila. 1952 nirbachana. ccfku tini dala bisista pratijogitare bijai hebaru rokiba paain, sarkar turanta runoff matadana arambha karithile, ehi aasha sahita je rakhyanashila bhotaramane udarapantheemananku semanankara dwiteeja pasanda bhabare talikabhukta karibe ebong ehara bipareet . tebe, bhotaramane bikalpa khojuthile. adhika sankhyaka bhotara anya kaunasi dala apekhya british kalambia social credit ligg ku semananka dwiteeja pasanda bhabare bachithile. 1952 sadharana nirbachanare jetebele ballot ganana karajaithila, setebele samajika shreya sarbabruhata dala bhabe ubha hoithila. nirbachana samajare samajika creditor "prakruta" neta, waa. aii. sii. purbaru jane rakhyanashila benetnku nirbachana parey aanusthanika bhabare dalara neta bhabare namit karajaithila. 1953 sadharana nirbachanare, udarapanthimane udarapanthimane aasanaku hrass paai, 23.36% bhot neithile. arther leinga bhanakyuvara point grere tilly rolstananku parasta karithile. jadio samajika shreya bidhanasabhare adhikansha aasana jitithila, semanankara arthamantri enara gunderson oak bere liberalmanankara phillip archibald gibsanka dwara parasta hoithile. gordan gibson sr, jane kotipati kaath barron, jaahaaku "junglera shanda" daknam diajaithila, jane udarabadi bhabare liluate paain nirbachita hoithile . truteeja pakhya sthitih 1953-1979. ehi samaira prarambhika samajare, udarapanthimanankara sabutharu pramukh sadasya thile gerden gibson sr. shay jane sigar-dhumpan ebong ekatra kaath tiari thikadara thile, jie eka pramukh rajanaitika truti paain pradhanamantri hoi parithante. shay 1953 ray liluate raiding paain nirbachita hoithile. 1955 masihare, somers scandall samnaku asithila ebong shay bidhanasabhara ekamatra neta thile jie ehaaku prasanga karithile. wa. aii. sii. bennet ebong taanka atterni general suchana baharaku asiba rokiba paain aneka kaushala chesta karithile. hatash hoi gibson taanka aasanaru istafa deithile ebong somers skandalaku prasanga kariba ashare eka upa-nirbachana karibaku badhya karithile. matadana byabastha badalithila, ebong shay samajika shreya parey dwiteeja sthanare rahithile. 1956 nirbachanare, somers durneetire eparjyanta samadhan nahoithibaru, udarapanthimane 1953 tulanare kharap pradarshan karithile. arther leinga taanka aasana haraithile, ebong dala dui dala ebong 20.9% bhotare hrass paithila. 1960 nirbachanare, dala 1956 ray lokpriya bhotra samaana 20.9% sahita charoti aasana jitithila. 1963 nirbachanare, dalara cacus aau eka mla brudhi paai panchaku brudhi paithila, kintu lokpriya bhotra semanankara ansha 19.98% ku khasi asithila . 1966 nirbachanare, dala aau eka aasana jitithila, ehara cacus chhaaku aanithila, ebong bhotare 20.24% brudhi hoithila . 1969 bhotare, dala gotie aasana haraithila, ebong bhotra ehara ansha 19.03% ku khasigala . 1972 masihare, dalara netrutwa neithile jane nutan neta, devida anderson, jieki 1968 masihar sangheeah nirbachanare kanadara liberal partyra sansada bhabe nirbachita hoithile. shay ebong anya chaari john bidhanasabhaku nirbachita hebare saphala hoithile, kintu dala itihasare sarbanimna bhot 16.4% sahita. 1972 masihar nirbachanare british kalambia nyu democratic party (bcndp) bijai heba parey, udarapanthi ebong rakhyanashila dalara aneka samarthaka samajika credit ligg ku dalabadala karithile. ehi ment 1975 ru 1990 dashaka parjyanta nutan democratmananku khyamataru doorare rakhibare sakhyama hoithila. malas garde gardam, patt mcjeer ebong alan williams udarapantheemananku samajika shreya paain chadideithile ebong hathat punarjeebita toreemananka hoog cortis madhya chadithile. 1975 masiha parey semane samaste samajika runa mantrimandalara sadasya hoithile. 1975 nirbachanare, nirbachita hoithiba ekamatra udarapanthi thile gerden gibson juniara. jehetu dala eka nirashajanaka 7.24% score karithila. devida anderson taanka victoria raidingre kharap bhabare parasta hoithile, nutan democrat ebong samajika shreya pachare rakhithile . marubhoomireh 1979-1991. 1979 masihar nirbachana dalara sarbanimna parjyaja thila. dala itihasare dwiteeja thara paain ehaaku bidhanasabha bahare banda karidiajaithila. maatra pancha john prarthi pratidwandita karithile, kehi nirbachita hoinathile, ebong dala 0.5% bhot paithila. 1983rahr nirbachanare eka chhot punaruddhara dekhibaku milithila kaaran dala prartheenka sampurna slate nikatatar hoithila, kintu bhotra 2.69% jitithila. 1986 masihar bhota thila truteeja ebong shesh nirbachana jeunthire dalati banda hoijaithila. lokpriya bhotre ehara ansha 6.74% ku brudhi paichi. 1987 masihare, gerden wilson pradeshika liberal partyra neta hoithile jetebele anya kehi agrahi nathile. wilson pradeshika udarapanthi dala ebong ehara sangheeah pratipakhya madhyare aanusthanika samparka chhinn karithile. 1970 dashkar madhyabhagaru, khreestapoorba adhikansha sangheeah udarapanthimane pradeshika starare british kalambia social credit partyku samarthan karibaku bachithile. pradeshika dala paain, ehi pruthakeekaranara uddeshya thila sangheeah dalara samajika credit sadasyanka prabhabaku hrass kariba . sangheeah dalara drustikonaru, ehi padakhyepa semananka paain samaana bhabare labhadajaka thila, kaaran pradeshika dala atyadhika runare thila . wilson british kalambia rajaneetire eka biswasaneeja truteeja pakhya bhabare pradeshika dalaku punahnirmana karibaku prastuta hoithile. sehi samajare, bill bhander jalmnka netrutware shasaka samajika credit party bibaadare gherabandi hoithila. phalaswaroopa, ekadhika samajika runa durneeti jogun aneka bhotara bikalpa khojibaku badhya hoithile. 1991 nirbachana samai suddha, wilson bhander jalmnka uttaradhikari, premiyara rita johnston ebong bcndp neta michael harkortnka madhyare television canadian broadcasting corporation (sibisi) bitarkare antarbhukta heba paain labi karithile. sibisi raaji hoithila, ebong wilson taanka pradarshan dwara aneka bhotaranku prabhabita karithile. udaara abhijana gati laabh kallah, ebong samajika runa abhijanaru bahuta samarthanaku chadai nela . bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. nirbachanare bijai hoithibabele udarapanthimane udarapanthimane aasana saha dwiteeja sthanare rahithile. wilson birodhi dalara neta hoithile. wilsonka adheenare sarkari birodhah 1991-1993. wilsonanka neeti ubhaja bidhanasabha ebong dalare thiba anya aneka udarapantheenka saha mela khau nathila jeunmane samajika shreyara patana dwara chhadi jaithiba shunyasthana purana karibaku chahunthile. ubhaja bidhanasabhare ebong eka byapaka rajanaitika andolana nirmanare udarapanthimane madhya nijaku anabhigya bolly pramanita karithile. nutan ganatantrika dala pradeshika sarakaranka birodhare eka prabhabasali birodhi dala gathan kariba paain eka shrunkhalita sangathana gathan kariba semananka paain eka kastakara samai thila. 1993 masihare, wilsonanka netrutwa taanka udarapanthi sahajogee bidhajaka judie tyabajinka saha samparka bishajare prakash paiba dwara ahuri khyatigrasta hoithila. ehi samai suddha, adhikansha cacus taanka netrutwa biruddhare khola bidroha karithile. wilson eka netrutwa sammilani dakibaku raaji hoithile, jeunthire shay jane prarthi hebe. delta south emm. ell. aii. fred gingel birodhi dalara neta hoithibabele udaara netrutwa pratijogita anusthita hoithila. khub shighra, dalara purbatana neta gerden gibson ebong bhanakyuvara meyer gerden campbelle netrutwa daudare prabesha karithile. pratham matadanare campbelle nirnajaka bhabare jitithila, purbatana dalara neta gerden gibson dwiteeja ebong wilson truteeja sthanare rahithile. netrutwa nirbachana eka sadasya, eka bhot byabastha upare nishpatti niajaithila jaahaa madhyamare udarapanthimane telephone dwara semananka pasanda paain bhot deithile. ehapare wilson ebong tyabaji udarapantheemananku chhadidei nijaswa dala, pragatiseela ganatantrika ment gathan karithile. campbelle adheenare sarkari birodhah 1993-2001. thare campbelle neta heba parey, udarapanthimane pratham thara paain "bisi liberal" namaka upanama grahan karithile, ebong shighra eka nutan logo ebong nutan party ranga (sadharana "liberal redd" paribarte laal ebong neela, ebong maple patra sahita) prabartana karithile. sanshodhita naama ebong logo kanadara federal liberal party thaaru bhotaranka manare nijaku adhika spust bhabare pruthaka karibara eka prayasa thila . 1994 masiha prarambhare, eka upa-nirbachanare campbelle bidhanasabhaku nirbachita hoithile. taanka netrutware, dala dahanaku jibaku arambha kallah, purbatana samajika credit party ebong parey, pradeshika sanskara dalara sadasyamananka samarthan hassel kallah . kichhi madhyamapanthi sokredmane bhander jalm jugaru udarapantheenku bhot deba arambha karithile. fraser upatyaka anchalare anusthita upa-nirbachanare udarapanthimane duiti purbatana socred aasana jitithile, jaahaa barttamanara bcndp sarakaranka spust bikalpa bolly semanankara dabiku drudha karithila. samajika shreyara patana dwara bii. sii. rajanaitika khetrara kendra-dahana parsware srusti hoithiba shunyasthanaku madhya udarabadi dala purana karithila. 1996 nirbachanare, bii. sii. udarapanthimane lokpriya bhot jitithile. tebe, pradeshar bahya anchalare udaara margine rahr adhikansha budd marjinare nust hoithila; semane bhanakyuvar ebong nimna mukhya bhubhagare kebala athati siit jitithile . grameena british kalambiaare, bisesh curry aabhyantareen anchalare jeunthare rela sthaniah arthabyabasthara zeeban-rakta thila-bisi udarapanthimane aneka pratijogitare harithile kaaran bhotaramane kyampabelnka kichhi neeti sahita asantosh prakash karithile, mukhyatah bisi rela bikri karibara tankara pratishruti . ehara mote phalaphal thila udarapantheemananku punithare birodhi dalaku pathaiba, jadio semane enn. dii. pii. rahr sankhyagarishthataku 13 ru tiniku hrass karibare saphala hoithile. nirbachana parey, bisi udarapanthimane nischita karibaku sthira kale je 1996 rahr punarabrutti heba naahin. campbelle taanka 1996 platformre kichhi comm lokpriya neeti plankaku hatai deithile, bisesh curry bisi rela bikrai karibara pratishruti, kaaran bikrira phalaphalara sambhabana uttara aabhyantareen raidingre samarthakamananku bichhinna karideithila . campbelle sarakarah 2001-2011. bcndp sarakaranka paain eka durneeti purna dwiteeja karjyakala parey, bisi liberalmane 2001 nirbachanare bisi itihasara sabutharu budd bhuskhalana sahita jitithile, 79 tii aasana madhyaru 77 tii neithile. epariki semane pradhanamantri ujjal dosanjanku niz raidingre khyamatachyuta karibare saphala hoithile. gerden campbell dasha barsha madhyare saptama pradhanamantri ebong praiah 50 barsha madhyare pratham udarabadi pradhanamantri hoithile. tanku karjyalajaku nijukti debara pratham dinare campbelle samasta pradeshika ajakarare 25 pratishata hrass laagu karithila. bii. sii. udarapanthimane corporate aajakaraku madhya hrass karithile ebong adhikansha byabasai paain corporate punji tikasaku uchheda karithile (nutan ganatantrabadeemananka dwara prabartita nibesh ebong nijukti upare eka ticks). campbelle' rahr pratham karjyakala arthika kathorata paain madhya ullekhaneeah thila, jeunthire kalyanakari roll ebong kichhi samajika sebare hrass, nijantrana mukta kariba, kichhi sarkari sampattira bikrai (bisesh curry purba sarakaranka dwara nirmita 'fast ferry', jaahaa mulyara eka anshare bikri hoithila) antarbhukta . campbelle bii. sii. rail rahr gharoikarana madhya arambha karithila, jaahaaku udarapanthimane uttara raiding jitiba paain bikri naah karibaku pratishruti deithile, jaahaa 1996 ray dalaku pratyakhyana karithila, kintu nirbachana parey ehi pratishruti badalai deithila, nilam prakriya sahita jadita aparadhika tadanta sahita phalaswaroopa 2003 british kalambia bidhanasabha chadhau ebong parabarti ebong eparjyanta bicharadhin adalat mamla . aneka gurutwapurna shrama bibada thila, jeunthiru keteka sarkari ine madhyamare samadhan karajaithila, kintu jeunthire pradeshar daktaramananka sahita sangharsha antarbhukta thila. keteka sarkari bibhagare 50 pratishataru adhika karmachari hrass sahita, ebong chhot sarakaranka pratishruti satwe, cabinet aakaar praiah dwigunita hoithila ebong sansadeeah darma brudhi karajaithila. shasson byabastha madhya epari bhabe punah-byabastha karajaithila je upamantreemane ebe niz niz mantrimananku nuhen, barang pradhanamantreenka karjyalajare chief off stafnku report karibaku padiba. ehi catt samajare, pradeshar aakhapaakhare daktarakhana, courthouses ebong bardhita jatna subidha banda hoijaithila, bisesh curry chhot sampradajare, ebong bisi sanrakhyana seba pari prabartana karmacharinku namamatra staraku hrass karajaithila . purba enn. dii. pii. shasson kaalare nirmita bibhinna pradeshika udyanaku madhya sanrakhita khetrara manyata hrass karajaithila, arthat segudiku sambala shoshan paain kholajaipariba ebong udyanara byabahara paain shulka brudhi karajaithila. 2003 masihare, operation ebharawe naamare janashuna eka nishadrabya anusandhana, jaahaa eka durneeti, jaahaa "railgate" naamare janashuna, ebong chaari john purbatana mantri sahajakanka prabhaba bistara, biswasa bhanga ebong lanch grahan kariba paain, bisi rail bikri sambandheeah sandigdha karbar sambandhare british kalambia sansada bhabanare sarkari karjyalaja upare chadhau karithila. 2005 nirbachanare nirbachanare aasana (46-33) rahr sankhyagarishthata hrass paai udarapanthimane punarbara nirbachita hoithile. 2009 nirbachanare udarapanthimane punithare nirbachita hoithile. ehi nirbachana parey, nirbachana prachara samajare diajaithiba pratishrutira bipareet, etch. ess. tii. prachalan ghoshana karajaithila. navember 3,2010 ray, taanka parichalana sailee ebong samanwita bikrai ticks (etch. ess. tii) ebong bisi rela durneeti bichar bibadiah samapti ebong nirbachanare tankara anumodana reting 9 pratishata parjyanta comm heba birodhare rajanaitika pratikrijara sammukheen hoi, gerden campbell taanka istafa ghoshana karithile. clark sarakarah 2011-2017. dalara 2011 netrutwa sammilani, "jathashighra sambhaba tarikh" ray eka netrutwa sammilani ayojan kariba paain dalaku gerden campabelanka anurodha dwara prerita hoithila. ehi sammilani februari 26,2011 ray christy klarkanku dalara nutan neta bhabare nirbachita karithila. clark ebong taanka nutan cabinet march 14 ray shapath neithile. klarkanka adheenare, dalati adhika madhyamabadee drustikona prastuta karithila ebong ehara sampratika parampra jaari rakhithila je ehaa sangheeah udarabadi ebong sangheeah rakhyanashila samarthakanka eka ment. shay turanta sarbanimna majureeku $8/ghantaru $10.25/hour ku brudhi karithile ebong ontario bhali eka pradeshabyapee paribarika dibasa arambha karithile. 2008-09 arthika mandabastha parey clark pramukh hoithile, ebong sarkari kharcha upare rekha bajaiah rakhithile, 2013-14 arthika barsha paain santulita budget purbaru duiti neant budget prabartana karithile, jeunthire uccha aajakaree british kalambianka upare ticks brudhi antarbhukta thila . shay bii. sii. rahr taralikruta prakrutika gas (ell. enn. jii.) bhandarar laabh uthaibaku madhya chesta karithile, jaahaa agami dashandhi madhyare udiyamana ell. enn. jii. udyogaku eka pramukh arthanaitika bikash sujoga bhabare sthanita karithila. gerden kyampwelnka prashasanara shesh barshagudikare durgami ebong pragatiseela paribesha ine pranajan hoithiba dekhibaku milithila, kintu paribesha neeti prati tankara aabhimukhyare klarkanku adhika mapajaithila. bii. sii. rahr pratham-uttara-america carbon ticks jaari rakhi, shay 2013 nirbachana samajare haaraku sthagita rakhibaku pratishruti deithile ebong tankara ell. enn. jii. bikash aakankhya 2007 ray campbelle sarakaranka dwara nirdharita green houses gas nirgamana lakhyara birodhi bolly janapadila. shay 2012 ray madhya ghoshana karithile je je kaunasi bhabisyatara pipeline jaahaa bii. sii. atikrama kare taaha pancha sarta purana karibaku padiba jeunthire paribesha abashyakata ebong swadeshi paramarsha antarbhukta . bibadiah bhabe, shay sanketa deithile je tankara panchti sarta madhyaru gotie heuchhi je pipeline ebong tyankara traphika brudhi jogun uparjita jekaunasi rajaswara "uchita ansha" bisi grahan kariba. ehaa tanku alberta pradesh sahita sidhasalakha sangharshare pakai deichi, jie bisi bandara madhyamare ehara bitumen paain bajaara prabesha brudhi karibaku chahunthile, tathapi kaunasi byabasthaku drudhatara saha pratyakhyana karanti jaahaa bisi kaunasi rayalti grahan kariba . 2011 ray, collin hansen kanadara asanglagna udarapanthi dala sahita dwandwaku edaiba paain ebong aneka sangheeah rakhyanashila ebong udarapanthi bhotaranka ment bhabare ehara sthitiku bhal bhabare pratiphalita kariba paain dalara naama paribartana karibaku prastaba deithile. shay kaunasi bikalpa naama prastaba deinathile. clark kahithile je shay naama paribartana upare bichara karibe, kintu "ehaa kariba paain kaunasi tarabaria" nuhanti. 2013 nirbachana samajare, clark janmat sarbekhyanare pracharare nimnare prabesha karithile ebong taanka mukhya pratidwandee, enn. dii. pii. rahr adrian diksanku 20 paentare pachare pakaithile. bii. sii. udarapantheenka abhijanara slogan thila "sudrudha arthaneeti, surakhita asantakali" ebong eka santulita budget ebong ell. enn. jii. khetrare sudrudha bikash sujoga upare alokapata karithila, jahaphalare bhotaramane chaturtha thara paain semananku nirbachita karithile. clark taanka karjyalaja ebong abhijana chalaiba paain ontario liberal party sahita anubandhita rananitigya, jepariki donn gaiah ebong laura miller, ebong mick mcdonaldnka pari federal liberal byaktitwanku aanithile. chaturtha thara paain shasson kariba paain bii. sii. rahr udarapanthimane pacharu aasithile, kintu clark taanka bhanakyuvara raidare parasta hoithile, kintu parabarti samajare westside-kelona rahr okanagan raidare upa-nirbachanare bijai hoithile. nirbachana parey, shay purbatana alberta premiyara allison redafordanka jatiah shakti ranneeti upare swakhyara curry bhabisyatara pipeline prakalpa upare bisi ebong alberta madhyare samparkaku drabibhuta karibaku chahunthile. 2014 prarambhare, udarapanthimane dwiteeja sidhasalakha santulita bajetaku hrass karithile ebong kichhi grocery store mudd bikri karibaku anumathi deba paain bisi 'rahr mudd aainare paribartana kariba paain ine prabartana karithile ebong pilamananku pub ebong resturantare bajaskamananka sahita basibaku anumathi deithile jeunthare mudd paribeshana karajae . 2017 nirbachanare, bii. sii. liberalser aasana sankhya sankhya hrass karajaithila, jaahaa sankhyagarishthata thaaru gotie aasana comm thila. 2017 masiha meey maasa 29 tarikhare, chudanta bhota ganana shesh heba parey, bii. sii. enn. dii. pii. ebong bii. sii. green party eka sthira sankhyalaghu sarkar sunishchita kariba paain eka biswasa ebong jogaana rajinama swakhyara karithile. semanankara milita milita aasana semananku bisi liberalser 43 aasana upare eka faida deithae, jaahaa 29 june, june eka biswasa bhotare klarkanka sarakaranku parasta kariba paain yathesta thila, jaahaa parey clark pradhanamantri padaru istafa deithile (july (july karjyakaree) ebong leftnant-gabharnara ndp neta zohn horgananku sarkar gathan karibaku kahithile. klarkanka istafa parey dhani coleman dalara antarina neta hoithile. wilkinson ebong bund adheenare sarkari birodhah 2018-2022. andryu wilkinson 2018 februari 3 tarikhare dalara neta bhabe nirbachita hoithile. shay dui barsha dhari birodhi dalara neta bhabe karjya karithile. 2020 sadharana nirbachana samajare, wilkinson sadasyata cheyara sameth dalara sadasyamananka dwara lori singhasanaku hataiba paain bilamba paain samalochana karithile, jane prarthi ebong purbatana bidhajaka jie ell. jii. bii. tii. qa. birodhi mantabya deithile. nirbachanare dala parasta heba parey shay istafa deithile. 2022 netrutwa pratijogita parjyanta sherley bund dalara antarina neta bhabare karjya karithile. bajara netrutwa ebong naama paribarttanah 2022 masiharu. kebhin falcon februari 5,2022 ray bisi liberalser neta bhabare nirbachita hoithile. taanka netrutwa abhijana samajare, baaj dalara naama paribartana ebong punahnamakarana karibaku pratishruti deithile. 2022 dalara sammilaneere, pratinidhimane naama paribartana prakriya sahita aagaku badhiba paain eka sankalpa parita karithile, jaahaa barshar shesh suddha bhot deba purbaru dalara sadasyanka saha paramarsharu arambha hoithila. eka pradeshabyapee sarbhe parey, "bisi united" ku dalara sambhabya nutan naama bhabare upasthapana karajaithila. ehapare navember navember dalara sadasyamananka sammukhare naama rakhajaithila ebong navember navember ghoshana karajaithila je naama paribartanaku praiah 80 pratishata anumodana karichanti. naama paribartana parey anumodita hoithila ebong 2023 masiha april 12 tarikhare karjyakaree hoithila. dalara netamane. utsah british columbiar ine pranajanakaree library nirbachana phalaphal. utsah nirbachana bii. sii. bisi united youth. bii. sii. united youth dalara juba shakhar netrutwa neuchhanti. karjyanirbahee board eka barshika sadharana baithakare nirbachita hue ebong pancha john juba sadasyanku nei gathita hoithaeh sabhapati, upadhyakhya jogajoga, upadhyakhya karjyakram, upadhyakhya parichalana, ebong upadhyakhya outrich . september 2022 suddha, ehi padabeegudika jathakrame harman khosa, tedi oh 'donnell, alibhia wankalinga, marck dhilan ebong james lehamananka dwara adhisthita .

bee. see. united bee. see. united (bee. see. yuu.), jiss noon pahilan british columbia libral party vajon janhiaa jaanda see, british columbia, canada witch ikk subai rajneetik party haii. party noon rudhiwadi, navudarvadi atey khabbe-sajje rajneetik spectrum dey kendra-sajje paase dassiaa giaa haii. party aam taur utte aapne aap noon ikk "mukat uddam gathjod" vajon darsaundi haii atey sanghi udarvadi atey conservative partiaan dovan dey memberan toon samarthan prapat kardi haii. 1990 dey dahake toon, bee. see. united kendra-khabbe naveen democratic party (ainn. dee. pee.) daa mukkh kendra-sajje virodhi riha haii. ikk vaar canada dee libral party naal judee hoee, british columbia libral party 1987 witch sutantar hoow gaee. party neey 12 aprail, 2023 noon aapna naam badal keey bee. see. united qarr liaa. 1940 dey dahake takk, british columbia dee rajneeti witch uss vele dee udarvadi party atey virodhi conservative party daa dabdaba see. udarvadiaan neey 1916 toon 1928 takk atey firr 1933 toon 1941 takk sarkaar banayi. 1941 toon 1952 takk, doven partiaan neey ubbhar rahey sehkari rashtarmandal federation daa mukabala curran laee ikk gathjod (ikk udarvadi neta dee agvai witch) witch shasan keeta. gathjod noon 1952 deeaan chonhan witch naveen smajik credit party duaara haraiaa giaa see, atey party daa patan hoow giaa, aakharkar 1979 deeaan chonhan witch vidhan sabha witch aapni maujudgi guaa ditti gaee. ih 1991 deeaan chonhan witch vidhan sabha witch waps aaa gaee, dooje sathaan utte aaa gaee atey neta gorden wilson dey yatnan raahin adhikarat virodhi dhir daa gathan keeta. wilson neey 1994 witch gorden campbell toon ikk leadership dee chunhauti guaa ditti. campbell dee agvai witch, bee. see. liberlan neey sajje paase jaanha shuru qarr ditta atey aapne aap noon federal party toon door qarr liaa. 2001 deeaan chonhan witch, udarvadiaan neey bhaari bahumat jittiaa, jiss noon unhan neey 2017 deeaan chonhan toon thodhi dair baad takk campbell atey uss dey uttradhikari christy clark dey adheen rakkhiaa. 2020 deeaan chonhan haaran toon baad vee party virodhi dhir witch rahee. atth party netavan neey british columbia dey pardhan mantri vajon seva nibhai haiyav harlen brooster, john olivar, john mcclan, duff petulo, john haart, baus johnson, gorden campbelle atey christy clark. 2022 deeaan leadership chonhan toon baad, party dee agvai kevin baaz qarr rahey hunn. itihaas. pahili sarkaar 1916-1928. vande hoye conservatives neey 1916 deeaan chonhan witch udarvadiaan daa sahmana keeta atey haar gaye. udarvadiaan neey harlen carrie brooster dee agvai heth ikk sarkaar banayi. brooster virodhi dhir daa neta bann giaa see, atey march 1912 witch party daa neta chunhiaa giaa see. uh kujh haftiaan baad 1912 deeaan chonhan witch aapni seet guaa baitha, jiss neey koee udarvadi waps naheen keeta. 1916 witch, unhan neey ikk upp-chonh raahin firr toon vidhan sabha dee chonh jitti, atey uss saal dey akheer witch ikk sudhar munch utte prachar karke aapni party noon aam chonhan witch jitt prapat curran laee agvai keeti. brooster neey sival seva witch sarprasti noon khatam curran, rajneetik machines noon khatam curran, mazdoor dey muaavze atey laber kanoonan witch sudhar curran, aurtan laee vott liaun atey horr pragtishil sudharan daa vaada keeta. sarkaar neey aurtan dey vott daa adhikar liaa, pabandi lagaa ditti atey 1918 witch uhanan dee achanak maut toon pahilan rajneetik bhrishtachar daa mukabala keeta. uhanan noon british columbia dey victoria witch ross beey kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa haii. john olivar neey premiere vajon brooster dee thaan laee jadon brooster dee 1918 witch maut hoow gaee. olivar dee sarkaar neey nainook ghaati witch utpaad udyog daa vikas keeta, atey rail aavajai laee maal dhuaai dee darr noon ghatt curran laee sanghi sarkaar noon manaun dee koshish keeti. party neey 1920 deeaan chonhan witch bahumat naal jitt haasal keeti atey 1924 deeaan chonhan toon baad hii 2 aazaad udarvadiaan dey samarthan naal shasan curran witch kamyab rahee. virodh atey mahan udasia 1928-1933. udarvadi 1928 deeaan chonhan witch aapni vott vadhaun witch kamyab rahey parr aapniaan addhiaan seetan guaa baithe. mahan mandee dee shuruat atey saiman fraser tolmi dee sarkaar dey fatann naal, udarvadiaan neey 1933 deeaan chonhan jittiaan. duff petulo 1933-1941. 1933 deeaan chonhan neey duff patulo noon satta witch lianda atey vidhan sabha witch ikk naveen smajik-jamhuri atey jamhuri samajwadi virodhi party, sehkari rashtarmandal federation (see. see. eff.) noon pesh keeta. petulo chahunde sunn kii ikk karkun sarkaar smajik programan atey berozgaran dey samarthan raahin udasi naal najithan dee koshish qarey. canada noon mahan mandee duaara sabh toon vaddh prabhavit manniaa giaa haii, atey pachmi canada canada dey ander sabh toon vaddh prabhavit haii. patulo deeaan koshishan aksar otawa witch sanghi sarkaar dey ulat hundiaan sunn. petulo british columbia daa vee vakeel see, atey usne ee. shh. poo. takk yukon dey raleven atey ee. shh. poo. witch purbi canada dee shakti noon ghataun laee alasca rajmarg dey nirman daa sujhaa ditta. 1937 deeaan aam chonhan witch, uhanan dee sarkaar noon "smajik poonjivad" dey naariaan utte dubara chunhiaa giaa see. "gathjod": 1941-1951. conservatives naal badalvin sarkaar see. see. eff. dey ubhaar naal khatam hoow gaee joe 1933 toon 1937 takk adhikarat virodhi dhir bannan witch kamyab rahee atey 1937 deeaan chonhan witch conservatives naalon ikk seet ghatt see. 1941 deeaan chonhan witch see. see. eff. dooje sathaan utte rahee. chonhan neey udarvadiaan noon uh bahumat naheen ditta jiss dee unhan noon umeed see. john haart 1941 witch pardhan mantri atey udarvadi neta baney jadon petulo neey conservatives naal gathjod curran toon inkaar qarr ditta. udarvadi memberan neey patulo noon neta dey roop witch hataa ditta atey haart neey ikk udarvadi-conservative gathjod sarkaar banayi, jiss noon bee. see. dey itihaas witch "gathjod" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. 1941 toon 1945 takk, haart neey yuddh samein dee ghaat dey samein shasan keeta, jadon saare pramukh sarkari project multavi qarr ditte gaye sunn. 1945 deeaan chonhan witch gathjod sarkaar dubara chunhi gaee see. uss mukabale witch udarvadi atey conservative ikko banner heth ladey. 1945 toon baad, haart neey pendu bijlikaran, pann-bijli atey rajmarg nirman daa ikk abhilashi program shuru keeta. haart dey sabh toon mahattavpuran project uttri british columbia laee rajmarg 97 daa nirman (jiss vicchon prince jaaraj-dousen creak hisse daa naam hunn uss dey sanman witch rakkhiaa giaa haii) atey brij river pawar project sunn, joe british columbia witch pahila vadda pann-bijli vikas see. unhan neey chhote bhaichariaan noon bijli pardan curran laee bee. see. pawar commission dee sathapana keeti, joe bee. see. hydro daa ikk mohri see, jinhan noon nijji sahulatan duaara seva naheen ditti jaandi see. dasambar 1947 witch, haart pardhan mantri vajon sevamukt hoow gaye. conservative party neey aapne neta, herbert enscomb noon pardhan mantri vajon haart dee safalta laee andolan keeta parr liberlan neey gathjod cox witch toriaan noon pachad ditta atey haart toon baad ikk horr libral, byron johnson, jiss noon "baus" johnson vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, neey enscomb noon upp pardhan mantri atey vitt mantri vajon chunhiaa. johnson dee sarkaar neey iss laee bhugtan curran laee sarav viaapak hospital beema atey 3 pratishat subai vikri taiks dee shuruat keeti. iss neey rajmarg pranali daa vistaar keeta, parshant mahaan purbi railway daa vistaar keeta, atey alkan samjhaute 'teey gallbat keeti, jiss naal canny daim dey nirman witch sahaita millie. sarkaar neey 1948 witch fraser nadee dey hadah naal vee najithiaa, emergency dee sathiti daa ailaan keeta atey fraser ghaati raahin nadee dey kinariaan noon joden daa program shuru keeta. johnson rashtarmandal witch pahili mahila speaker vajon nancy hoses noon niyukat curran laee vee jaane jaande hunn. libral-conservative gathjod sarkaar neey 1949 deeaan chonhan jittiaan-61 pratishat naal bee. see. dey itihaas witch prasidh vott dee sabh toon vaddi pratishatata. gathjod bhaiwalan atey dovan partiaan darmiaan tanaa vadh giaa see. libral party dee karajkari neey gathjod noon khatam curran laee vott ditti atey johnson neey janwari 1952 witch aapne conservative mantriaan noon hataa ditta, jiss dey natije vajon ikk chhoti umar dee ghatt ginti sarkaar bann gaee joe jaldi hii dheh gaee. 1952 deeaan chonhan. see. see. eff. noon tinn partiaan dey mukabale witch jittan toon rokann laee, sarkaar neey turant-runn-aaf voting dee shuruat keeti, iss umeed naal kii conservative votar udarvadiaan noon aapni duji pasand vajon suchibadh karange atey iss dey ulat. parr, votar badal labbh rahey sunn. vadhere votar aapni duji pasand vajon kise vee horr party toon pahilan british columbia soshal credit leeg noon chunade hunn. 1952 deeaan aam chonhan witch jadon bellet dee ginti keeti gaee taan smajik credit sabh toon vaddi party vajon ubbhari. chonhan dauran smajik credit dey "asal" neta, w. aii. see. bannet, joe pahilan ikk conservative sunn, noon rasmi taur utte chonhan toon baad party neta namzad keeta giaa see. 1953 deeaan aam chonhan witch, udarvadiaan noon 4 seetan takk ghataa ditta giaa see, jiss neey 23.36% vott prapat keete sunn. arther ling neey vancouver point grey witch tilly rollston noon haraiaa. halanki smajik credit neey vidhan sabha witch bahuginti seetan jittiaan, parr uhanan dey vitt mantri ainaar gunderson noon liberlan dey philip archibald gibbs duaara oak beey witch haraiaa giaa see. gorden gibson aiss. aar., ikk karodpati lakkad daa bairan, jiss noon "jangal daa balad" upnam ditta giaa see, noon ikk udarvadi vajon liloate laee chunhiaa giaa see. tiji dhir dee sathitia 1953-1979. iss samein dey shuruati arse dauran, udarvadiaan daa sabh toon pramukh member gorden gibson aiss. aar. see. uh ikk sigartnoshi curran vaala atey lakkad kattan daa thekedar see joe pramukh hoow sakda see parr ikk vaddi rajneetik galti laee. uh 1953 witch liliot riding laee chunhe gaye sunn. sann 1955 witch, somers ghutala sahmane aaiaa atey uh vidhan sabha witch iss noon mudda banaun vaale iklaute neta sunn. w. aii. see. bannet atey uss dey attarney general neey jankari noon bahr aaunn toon rokann laee bahut saariaan chaalan azmaiaan. nirasha witch, gibson neey aapni seet toon astifa dey ditta atey somers ghutale noon mudda banaun dee umeed witch ikk upp-chonh laee majbur qarr ditta. voting pranali badal gaee see atey uh smajik credit toon baad dooje sathaan 'teey aaa gaye sunn. 1956 deeaan chonhan witch, somers ghutale daa haale takk hall naa honn caarn, udarvadiaan neey 1953 naalon vee bhaida pardarshan keeta. arther ling aapni seet guaa baithe, atey party doou miliaan atey vott dey 20.9% takk ghatt hoow gaee. 1960 deeaan chonhan witch, party neey 1956 witch prasidh vott dey barabar 20.9% naal chaar seetan jittiaan. 1963 deeaan chonhan witch, party daa cox ikk horr aim. ail. aii. vadh keey panj hoow giaa, parr prasidh vott witch uhanan daa hissa 19.98% hoow giaa. 1966 deeaan chonhan witch, party neey ikk horr seet jitti, jiss naal iss daa cox chhe hoow giaa, atey vott witch vaadha hoiaa 20.24%. 1969 dey vott witch, party ikk seet guaa baithi, atey vott daa iss daa hissa 19.03% hoow giaa. sann 1972 witch, party dee agvai ikk navein neta david anderson neey keeti see, joe 1968 deeaan sanghi chonhan witch canada dee libral party laee ikk aimm. pee. vajon chunhe gaye sunn. uh atey chaar horr vidhan sabha laee chunhe jaanh witch kamyab rahey, parr party dey itihaas witch sabh toon ghatt vott 16.4% naal. british columbia nioo democratic party (bee. see. ainn. dee. pee.) dey 1972 deeaan chonhan jittan toon baad, libral atey conservative partiaan dey bahut saare samarthak smajik credit leeg witch chaley gaye. ih gathjod 1975 toon 1990 dey dahake takk navein loktantarvadiaan noon satta toon bahr rakkhan dey yog see. laas gaard gardam, pait mcgir atey ailan villiams neey udarvadiaan noon smajik credit laee chhadd ditta atey naal hii achanak mudd jeevat hoow chukke toriaan dey hoog kurtis noon vee chhadd ditta. ih saare 1975 toon baad smajik credit mantri mandal dey member bann gaye. 1975 deeaan chonhan witch, chunhe jaanh vaale ikko-ikk udarvadi gorden gibson junier sunn. kiunki party neey ikk nirashajanak 7.24% ank prapat keete. david anderson noon aapni victoria swari witch buri tarahan haar daa sahmana karna piaa, jiss neey navein loktantar atey smajik credit noon pichhe chhadd ditta. ujaad witchea 1979-1991. 1979 deeaan chonhan party daa sabh toon neevan bindu see. party dey itihaas witch duji vaar iss noon vidhan sabha toon bahr qarr ditta giaa. siraf panj umidwar chonh ladey, koee vee naheen chunhiaa giaa atey party noon 0.50% vott mille. 1983 deeaan chonhan witch ikk chhoti jihi rikavari vekhi gaee kiunki party neey aapne saare umidwar haasal qarr lae sunn, parr vott daa 2.69% jitt prapat keeti. 1986 dee vott tiji atey aakhri chonh see jiss witch party noon bnd qarr ditta giaa see. prasidh vott daa iss daa hissa bihtar hoow keey 6.74% hoow giaa. sann 1987 witch, gorden wilson subai libral party daa neta bann giaa jadon kise horr noon dilchaspi naheen see. wilson neey subai libral party atey iss dey sanghi hamrutba darmiaan rasmi sabndh todd ditte. 1970 dey dahake dey maddh toon, bee. see. witch ziaadaatar sanghi udarvadiaan neey subai paddhar 'teey british columbia soshal credit party daa samarthan curran dee chonh keeti see. subai party laee, iss vakkh honn daa udesh federal party dey smajik credit memberan dey prabhav noon ghatauna see. sanghi party dey drishtikon toon, ih kadam unhan laee vee ona hii labhdaik see, kiunki subai party bahut ziaada curses witch see. wilson neey british columbia dee rajneeti witch ikk bharoseyog tiji dhir dey roop witch subai party daa punar nirman curran dee yojna banayi. isey arse dauran, sattadhari smajik credit party bill vendor zalam dee agvai heth vivadan naal ghiri hoee see. natije vajon, kaee smajik credit ghutaliaan neey bahut saare votaran noon ikk badal labbhan daa caarn banaiaa. 1991 deeaan chonhan dey samein takk, wilson neey vendor zalam dey uttradhikari, premiere reeta johnston atey bee. see. ainn. dee. pee. neta michael harcourt darmiaan television canadian broadcasting corporation (see. bee. see.) dee bahis witch shamal honn laee lobbing keeti. see. bee. see. neey sehmati ditti atey wilson neey aapne pardarshan naal bahut saare votaran noon prabhavit keeta. udarvadi muhim neey gatee prapat keeti, atey smajik credit muhim toon bahut ziaada samarthan dee durvarton keeti. jadon kii bee. see. ainn. dee. pee. neey chonh jitti, libral 17 seetan naal dooje sathaan 'teey rahey. wilson virodhi dhir dey neta baney. wilson dey adheen adhikarat virodhau 1991-1993. wilson deeaan nitiaan vidhan sabha atey party dovan witch bahut saare horr udarvadiaan naal mail naheen khandiaan sunn joe smajik credit dey dheh jaanh naal chaddi gaee khalaa noon bharna chahunde sunn. udarvadiaan neey vidhan sabha witch atey ikk viaapak adharat rajneetik andolan banaun witch aapne aap noon anubhavheen saabat keeta. uhanan noon ikk anushasit sangathan banaun witch mushkal aaee joe naveen democratic party subai sarkaar dey virudh ikk prabhavshali virodh pardarshan qarr sake. sann 1993 witch, wilson dee agvai noon saathi udarvadi aim. ail. aii. judy tyabji naal uss dey sabandhan dey khulasiaan naal horr nuksan pahunchiaa see. iss samein takk, ziaadaatar cox uss dee agvai dey virudh khulleh vidroh witch sunn. wilson ikk leadership convention bulaun laee sehmat hoow gaye, jiss witch uh ikk umidwar honge. delta south aimm. aill. aii. fred ginjel virodhi dhir daa neta bann giaa jadon kii udarvadi agvai dee daud hoee. jaldi hii, party dey sabka neta gorden gibson atey vancouver dey mayer gorden campbell neey agvai dee daud witch pravesh keeta. campbell neey pahili bellet 'teey nirnayak jitt prapat keeti, jiss witch party dey sabka neta gorden gibson neey dooja atey wilson neey teeja sathaan haasal keeta. leadership dee chonh ikk member, ikk vott pranali utte taea keeti gaee see jiss raahin udarvadiaan neey telephone duaara aapniaan chonhan laee vott paaee see. wilson atey tyabji neey firr udarvadiaan noon chhadd ditta atey aapni party, pragtishil jamhuri gathjod daa gathan keeta. campbell dey tehat adhikarat virodhau 1993-2001. ikk vaar campbell neta bann giaa, udarvadiaan neey pahili vaar "bee. see. liberals" upnam noon apnaiaa, atey jaldi hii ikk navaan logo atey navein party rung (laal atey neela, aam "libral laal" dee bajaae atey maple patta dey naal) pesh keete. sodhiaa hoiaa naam atey logo canada dee sanghi libral party toon aapne aap noon votaran dey manaan witch vadhere sapshat taur 'teey vakkh curran dee koshish see. 1994 dey shuru witch, campbell noon ikk upp-chonh witch vidhan sabha laee chunhiaa giaa see. uhanan dee agvai witch, party neey sajje paase jaanha shuru qarr ditta, sabka smajik credit party atey baad witch subai sudhar party dey memberan daa samarthan prapat keeta. kujh madham samajwadiaan neey vendor zalam yugg toon lae keey udarvadiaan noon vott denna shuru qarr ditta see. liberlan neey fraser valley khetar witch hoiaan upp-chonhan witch doou sabka socred seetan jittiaan, jiss naal maujuda bee. see. ainn. dee. pee. sarkaar daa sapshat badal honn dey aapne daave noon mazbooti millie. libral party neey smajik credit dey patan duaara bee. see. rajneetik spectrum dey kendra-sajje paase paida hoee khalaa noon vee bharr ditta. 1996 deeaan chonhan witch, bee. see. liberlan neey lock vott jitte. halanki, soobe dey baahari khetran witch vadde farak utte libral antar daa bahuta hissa barbad hoow giaa see; unhan neey vancouver atey hethle mukkh bhumi witch siraf atth seetan jittiaan sunn. pendu british columbia witch, khaas karke andruni hissiaan witch jitthe railway sathanak arthvivastha daa jeevan-rakkh see-bee. see. udarvadi kaee mukabale haar gaye kiunki campbell deeaan kujh nitiaan naal votaran noon bearami see, mukkh taur 'teey bee. see. rail vechan daa unhan daa vaada. shudh natija udarvadiaan noon dubara virodhi dhir witch bhejna see, halanki uh ainn. dee. pee. dey bahumat noon 13 toon ghataa keey tinn curran witch kamyab rahey. chonhan toon baad, bee. see. dey udarvadiaan neey ih yakini banaun dee koshish keeti kii 1996 dee koee duhrao naa howay. campbell neey aapne 1996 dey platform witch kujh ghatt prasidh nitigat takhtiaan noon hataa ditta, khaas taur 'teey bee. see. rail vechan daa vaada, kiunki vikri dey natijiaan dee sambhavna neey uttri andruni ridingan witch samarthakan noon alagg qarr ditta see. campbell sarkaar 2001-2011. bee. see. ainn. dee. pee. sarkaar laee ikk ghutale naal bharey dooje karajkal toon baad, bee. see. udarvadiaan neey 2001 deeaan chonhan witch 79 vicchon 77 seetan jitt keey bee. see. dey itihaas witch sabh toon vaddi bhaari tabahi naal jitt prapat keeti. uh pardhan mantri ujjal dosanjh noon aapni swari witch vee utaran witch kamyab rahey. gorden campbell dass saalan witch sattvan pardhan mantri baniaa atey lagbhag 50 saalan witch pahila udarvadi pardhan mantri baniaa. campbell neey aapne daftar witch aaunn dey pahile dinn hii saare subai aamdan taxes witch 25 pratishat dee katauti dee shuruat keeti. bee. see. dey udarvadiaan neey corporate aamdan taiks noon vee ghataa ditta atey ziaadaatar karobaran laee corporate poonji taiks (nivesh atey rozgaar utte ikk taiks joe navein loktantarvadiaan duaara pesh keeta giaa see) noon khatam qarr ditta. campbell daa pahila karajkal vitti tangi laee vee janhiaa jaanda see, jiss witch kalyankari roll atey kujh smajik sevavan witch katauti, niyantaran mukat karna, kujh sarkari sampatiaan dee vikri (khaas karke pichli sarkaar duaara banaiaan gaeeaan "faast feriaan", joe unhan dee keemat dey ikk hisse witch vechiaan gaeeaan sunn) shamal sunn. campbell neey bee. see. rail dey nijjikaran dee vee shuruat keeti, jiss noon udarvadiaan neey uttri riding jittan laee naa vechan daa vaada keeta see, jiss neey 1996 witch party noon radd qarr ditta see parr chonhan toon baad iss vaade noon ulta ditta see, jiss dey natije vajon bollie prakiriaa naal judee apradhik jaanch dey natije vajon 2003 british columbia vidhan sabha dey chhape atey aaunn vaala atey ajey vee lambit adalat daa mamla. kaee mahattavpuran mazdoor vivaad sunn, jinhan vicchon kujh noon sarkari kanoonan raahin hall keeta giaa see parr jiss witch soobe dey doctor shamal sunn. campbell neey sival seva noon vee ghataa ditta, kujh sarkari vibhagan witch panjah pratishat toon vaddh staff dee katauti keeti gaee, atey chhoti sarkaar dey vaadiaan dey bavjood mantri mandal daa aakaar lagbhag duggna qarr ditta giaa atey sansadi tankhahan witch vaadha keeta giaa. shasan noon vee iss tarahan mudd parbandh keeta giaa see kii upp mantriaan noon hunn aapne-aapne mantriaan dee bajaae pardhan mantri daftar witch cheef aaf staff noon report curney see. katauti dey dauran, soobe dey aale-duaale dey hospital, adalatan atey vistrit dekhbhal sahulatan bnd qarr dittiaan gaeeaan sunn, khaskar chhote bhaichariaan witch, atey bee. see. sambhal seva varge lagu curran vaale staff noon mamuli paddhar takk ghataa ditta giaa see. pichle ainn. dee. pee. shasan dauran banaae gaye vakkh-vakkh subai parkan noon vee surakhiat khetar dey rutbe witch ghataa ditta giaa see, bhaav uhanan noon sarotan dee varton laee kholhiaa jaa sakda see, atey parkan dee varton laee feesan vadhaiaan gaeeaan sunn. 2003 witch, ikk drugg jaanch jiss noon appression everway vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, neey british columbia sansad deeaan imaratan witch sarkari daftaran utte chhape maare, ikk ghutale witch cn noon bee. see. rail dee vikri naal sabandhat shakki lainn-denh dey sabndh witch, jiss noon "railgate" vajon janhiaa giaa atey chaar sabka mantri sahiyogiaan utte prabhav paunh, vishwas dee ulanghna atey rishwat lainn laee mukaddama chalaiaa giaa. udarvadiaan noon 2005 deeaan chonhan witch 7 seetan (46-33) dey ghatt bahumat naal dubara chunhiaa giaa see. udarvadi 2009 deeaan chonhan witch dubara chunhe gaye sunn. iss chonh toon turant baad chonh muhim dauran keete vaadiaan dey ulat aich. aiss. tii. dee shuruat daa ailaan keeta giaa see. 3 navambar, 2010 noon, aapni parbandhan shaili atey anukool vikri taiks (hst) atey bee. see. rail bhrishtachar dey mukkadme dey vivadpuran ant atey chonhan witch 9 pratishat dey roop witch ghatt aapni pravangi rating dey naal, ikk aasann cox vidroh daa sahmana karde hoye, gorden campbelle neey aapne astife daa ailaan keeta. clark sarkaar 2011-2017. party dey 2011 dey leadership sammelan noon gorden campbell dee party noon "jaldi toon jaldi sambhav mitee 'teey ikk leadership sammelan aayojit curran dee benati duaara prerit keeta giaa see. convention neey 26 farvari, 2011 noon christy clark noon party daa navaan neta chunhiaa. clark atey uss dey navein mantri mandal neey 14 march noon sahun chukki. clark dey adheen, party neey sanghi udarvadi atey sanghi conservative samarthakan dey gathjod dee aapni haal hii dee parampra noon jaari rakkhde hoye ikk vadhere kendri drishtikon noon darsaiaa. uss neey turant ghatto ghatt ujrat noon $8/ghante toon vadha keey $10.25/hour qarr ditta atey ontario dey samaan ikk sooba-viaapi parivarak divas dee shuruat keeti. mandee toon baad clark pramukh bann giaa atey sarkari kharchiaan dee rekha noon kaaim rakkhiaa, vitti saal laee santulit buzzet toon pahilan doou ghaate vaale buzzet pesh keete, jiss witch ucch aamdani vaale british columbianan utte taiks witch vaadha shamal see. uss neey bee. see. dey taral kudrati gais (aill. ainn. jee.) bhandaran daa laabh uthaun dee vee koshish keeti, jiss naal ubbhar rahey aill. ainn. jee. udyog noon agle dahake witch ikk pramukh aarthik vikas dey mauke vajon sathapit keeta giaa. jadon kii gorden campbell dey parshasana dey antim saalan witch durgami atey pragtishil vatavaran kanoon banaae gaye sunn, clark noon vatavaran neeti pratee uss dee pahunch witch vadhere maapiaa giaa see. bee. see. dey pahile-uttri-amrica carbon taiks noon jaari rakkhde hoye, usne 2013 deeaan chonhan dauran darr noon freeze curran daa vaada keeta atey uss deeaan ail. ainn. jee. vikas deeaan ichhavan 2007 witch campbell sarkaar duaara nirdharat greenhouse gais nikas teechiaan dey ulat jaapdiaan sunn. usne 2012 witch ih vee ailaan keeta kii bhavikh dee koee vee pipeline joe bee. see. noon paar kardi haii, noon panj shartan noon poora karna pavega jiss witch vatavaran deeaan zaruratan atey savdeshi salaah shamal haii. vivadpuran taur utte, uss neey sanket ditta kii uss deeaan panj shartan vicchon ikk ih hovegi kii bee. see. noon pipeline atey tanker traephik witch vaadhe naal honn vaale kise vee maaliye daa aapna "uchit hissa" prapat howay. iss neey uss noon alberta prant naal siddha takraa witch paa ditta haii, jiss neey bee. see. bandargahan raahin iss dey bituman laee markeet pahunch vadhaun dee mung keeti see, firr vee kise vee parbandh toon inkaar qarr ditta jiss naal bee. see. noon koee rayalti prapat hundi. saal 2011 witch, collin hanson neey canada dee asambandhit libral party naal ulajhan toon bachann atey bahut saare sanghi conservative atey libral votaran dey gathjod vajon aapni sathiti noon bihtar dhang naal darsaun laee party noon aapna naam badlan daa prastav ditta. unhan neey koee badalvan naam naheen ditta. clark neey kiha kii uh naam badlan 'teey vichaar karegi parr "ajiha curran dee koee kahli naheen". 2013 deeaan chonhan dauran, clark neey jantak raae sarvekhanan witch muhim witch ghatt pravesh keeta atey aapne mukkh virodhi, ainn. dee. pee. dey adrian dicks toon 20 ankan takk pichhe rahi gaee. bee. see. libral dee muhim daa naira "mazboot arthvivastha, surakhiat kallh" see atey iss neey santulit buzzet atey aill. ainn. jee. khetar witch mazboot vikas dey maukiaan noon ujagar keeta kiunki votar unhan noon chauthe karajkal laee chunhan dey caarn sunn. clark neey aapne daftar atey muhim noon chalaun laee ontario libral party naal jude rannitikaran, jiven kii daan gaaee atey laura miller, atey mike mcdonald vargiaan sanghi udarvadi hastiaan noon liaaiaa. bee. see. dey udarvadi pichhe toon daftar witch chautha karajkal haasal curran laee aae, halanki clark noon uss dee vancouver swari witch haraiaa giaa see, parr pachham vaale-kelona dee okanagan swari witch baad witch upp-chonh jitti. chonhan toon baad, uss neey bhavikh dey pipeline projectan utte bee. see. atey alberta darmiaan sabandhan noon pighlan dee mung keeti, sabka alberta premiere ellison redford dee rashtari oorja ranniti utte dastkhat keete. 2014 dey shuru witch, udarvadiaan neey ikk siddha santulit buzzet ghatt keeta atey bee. see. dey sharab kanoonan noon badlan laee kanoon pesh keeta taan joe kujh kariaane deeaan dukanan witch sharab dee vikri dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake atey bacchiaan noon pabban atey restaurantan witch balgan naal baithan dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake jitthe sharab parosi jaandi haii. 2017 deeaan chonhan witch, bee. see. liberlan deeaan seetan dee ginti ghatt keey 43 rahi gaee see, joe bahumat toon ikk seet ghatt see. 29 maee, 2017 noon antim ginti mukammal honn toon baad, bee. see. ainn. dee. pee. atey bee. see. green party ikk sathir ghatt ginti sarkaar noon yakini banaun laee ikk vishwas atey saplai samjhaute 'teey sehmat hoye. unhan deeaan sanyukat 44 seetan unhan noon bee. see. liberlan dey 43 seetan utte faida dindiaan hunn joe 29 juun, 2017 noon bharose dee vott utte clark dee sarkaar noon haraun laee kaafi see, jiss toon baad clark neey pardhan mantri dey ahude toon astifa dey ditta (18 julai, 2017 toon prabhavi) atey leftinent-governor neey ainn. dee. pee. neta jauhan horgan noon sarkaar banaun laee kiha. clark dey astife toon baad ameer colleman party dey antrim neta baney. wilkinson atey baand dey tehat adhikarat virodhau 2018-2022. aindrioo wilkinson noon 3 farvari, 2018 noon party daa neta chunhiaa giaa see. unhan neey doou saal laee virodhi dhir dey neta vajon seva nibhai. 2020 deeaan aam chonhan dauran, wilkinson dee membership chair samet party dey memberan duaara lauri singhasan, ikk umidwar atey sabka aim. ail. aii. noon hataun witch deree laee alochna keeti gaee see, jiss neey ail. jee. bee. tii. kioo. virodhi biaan ditte sunn. chonhan witch party dee haar toon baad unhan neey astifa dey ditta. sharli baand neey 2022 dey leadership mukabale takk party dey antrim neta vajon kamm keeta. baaz dee agvai atey naam witch tabdiliah 2022 toon. kevin baaz noon 5 farvari, 2022 noon bee. see. liberals daa neta chunhiaa giaa see. aapni agvai muhim dauran, baaz neey party daa naam badlan atey dubara brand banaun daa vaada keeta. saal 2022 dey party sammelan witch, delegates neey saal dey ant takk vott paunh toon pahilan party membership naal salaah mashware naal shuru karde hoye naam badlan dee prakiriaa noon agge vadhaun laee ikk mataa paas keeta. ikk soobe-viaapi sarvekhan toon baad, "bee. see. united" noon party laee sambhavit navein naam vajon pesh keeta giaa see. iss toon baad 13 navambar noon party memberan noon naam ditta giaa atey 16 navambar noon ih ailaan keeta giaa kii naam tabdili noon lagbhag 80 pratishat duaara manzuri dey ditti gaee haii. naam tabdili noon baad witch pushti ditti gaee atey 12 aprail, 2023 noon lagu keeta giaa. party dey aagoo. sarotaa british columbia dee vidhanak library chonhan dey natije. sarotaa chonhan bee. see. bee. see. united youth bee. see. united youth party dey youth wing dee agvai karda haii. karajkari board dee chonh ikk salana aam meating witch keeti jaandi haii atey ih panj naujwan memberan naal baniaa hunda haiyav pardhan, upp pardhan sanchar, upp pardhan program, upp pardhan sanchalan atey upp pardhan pahunch. satambar 2022 takk, ih ahude kramvaar herman khosa, taddy ou 'donnell, olivia venkling, maarak dhilan atey james lehmann cole hunn.

bee. see. samyukta poorvam british-columbia-liberal-party iti namna prasidhah bee. see. unated (bee. see. yoo) iti kenada-deshasya british-columbia-deshasya prantiya-raajanaitik-dalah asti. ayam pakshah roodichutaa, navaudaaravaadee, vaama-dakshina-raajanaitik-varnapatasya madhya-dakshinabhaage cha asti iti varnitah asti. ayam pakshah samanyataya swasyaah "swatantra-udyama-sanghatanam" iti varnayati, tathaa cha sangheey-udaar-roodhi-pakshayoho sadasyaih samarthanam cha prapnuyat. 1990 tamaat dashakaat aarabhy, bee. see. unated iti samsthaa, kendra-vaama-nava-lokataantrik-dalasya (enn. dee. pee.) mukhyah kendra-dakshina-vipakshah asti. ekadaa kenada-deshasya liberal-pakshena saha sambadhah british-columbia-liberal-pakshah 1987 tame varshe swatantrah abhavat. pakshah 2023 april-masasya 12 dinaanke swasya naam bee. see. unated iti parivartayat. 1940 tamam dashakaparyantam british-columbia-rajanitihi tatkaaleen-udaramatavadi-pakshasya pratidwandwinah cha roodichusta-pakshasya cha aadhipatye aasit. udaaravaadinah 1916 taha 1928 paryantam, punah 1933 taha 1941 paryantam cha sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutavantah. 1941 taha 1952 paryantam, ubhau pakshau, aarohan-sahakaarinah kaamanvelt-sanghasya pratirodhaartham, sanghe (udaaramat-netrutve) shaasitaah. 1952 tame varshe nirvaachane nutanena samajika-runa-dalena sanghatanam paraajitam, tathaa cha 1979 tame varshe nirvaachane vidhaayike upasthitim naa haarayan, pakshah kshiptah abhavat. 1991 tame varshe nirvaachane, saha vidhaayikaam prati punah aagatah, netrutve gorden willson ityasya prayatnena, dwiteeye sthaane aagaty adhikarikam vipaksham niramaat. willson 1994 tame varshe gorden-campbell ityasmai netrutvapratisandhim avaapnot. campbell ityasya netrutve, bee. see.-liberal-janaah dakshinadisham prati gantum aarabhant, federal-pakshaat duratam cha praaptavantah. 2001 tame varshe nirvaachane udaramatavadi janaah atyadhikam bahumatam praaptavantah, yat 2017 tame varshe nirvachanayaha kinchitkaalaparyantam te campbell ityasya, tasya uttaraadhikaari christy clark ityasya cha adheene dhaarayan. 2020 tame varshe nirvaachane paraajayam praapya ayam pakshah vipakshe eva aasit. ashtapakshanetaarah british-columbia-deshasya pradhaanamantriroopen kaaryam akurvan-haarlan brooster, jaan olivar, jaan makaleen, duff patulo, jaan haart, baas jaansan, gorden-kempbel, christy clark cha. 2022 tamavarshasya netrutvanirvaachanaat aarabhy, kevin-falcon ityanena asya dalasya netrutvam krutam asti. itihaasah. prathamasarwakaarah 1916-1928. vibhaktaah roodichustah 1916 tame varshe nirvaachane udaaravaadinah sammukheekrutya parajitaha abhavan. udaaravaadinah haarlan-kairee-brooster ityasya adheene sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutavantah. brooster ityeshah vipakshasya netaa abhavat, 1912 maarch-maase dalasya netaa nirwaachitah cha abhavat. katipayasaptaahebhyah anantaram 1912 tame varshe nirvaachane saha swasthaanam parajitah, yena udaaramatavaadinah naa pratyarpitaah. 1916 tame varshe, saha upanirvaachanadvaaraa punah vidhayika-nirvaachane vijayam praapnot, tathaa cha tasmin varshe ante samanya-nirvaachane swapakshasya vijayaay sudhaar-manche pracharam akarot. brooster-varyaha nagarikasevayam samrakshanam samaaptam kartum, rajanaitikayantrani samaaptam kartum, karmacharinam pariharasya shramavidhinaam cha sudharam kartum, mahilanam krute mataan aanayitum, anye cha pragatishilasudharanam cha pratijnaam krutavaan. sarwakaarah mahilanam matadhikaram aaneetavaan, nishedham prasthaapayat, 1918 tame varshe tasya apratyashitamaranat poorvam raajanaitik-bhrashtaachaarasy viruddham cha praavartat. saha british-columbia-deshasya victoria-nagarasya rose-bey-shmashaane samaadhisthah. jaan olivar ityeshah brooster ityasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat, yadaa 1918 tame varshe brooster ityasya mrutyuhu abhavat. olivar ityasya sarwakaarah naanook-upatyakayam utpaada-udyogam vikasitavaan, rail-parivahanasya maalavaahanam nyooneekartum sangha-sarvakaarasya sammohanam kartum cha prayatat. 1920 tame varshe nirvaachane ayam pakshah kevalam bahumatam praaptum arhati sma, 1924 tame varshe nirwaachaneh anantaram eva 2 swatantra-udaaravaadinaam samarthanena shasanam kartum samarthah abhavat. virodhah tathaa mahaa-avasaadah 1928-1933. 1928 tame varshe nirvaachane udaramatavadi janaah mataan vardhayitum samarthah abhavan, parantu praayah ardhasthaanaani haarayan. mahamandaha aarabhy, saiman fraser tolmi ityasya sarvakaarasya visfotanena cha, udaaravaadinah 1933 tame varshe nirvaachane vijayam praaptavantah. duff pattuloho 1933-1941. 1933 tame varshe nirvaachanam duff pattulo ityasya adhikaram aanayat tathaa cha vidhaanasabhaayaam sahakaarinah kaamanvelt-federation (see. see. ef.) iti nootanam samajika-lokataantrikam tathaa cha lokataantrikam samajavadi-vipaksham praavartayat. pattulo icchati sma yat samajika-karyakramanam, nirudyoginaam samarthanena cha avasaadasya nivaaranam kartum ekam sakriya-sarwakaarah prayatate iti. gret-depression ityanena kenada-deshah sarvaadhikam peeditah iti maanyate, tathaa cha kenada-deshah pashchim-kenada-deshaat sarvaadhikam peeditah iti. pattulo ityasya prayatnaah praayah oottaavaa-nagarasya sangha-sarvakaarena saha vipratishtitaani aasan. pattulo ityeshah british-columbia-deshasya adhivaktaa api aasit, tathaa cha saa. sha. poo.-paryantam yukaan-deshasya vileenam, saa. sha. poo.-madhye poorva-kenada-deshasya shakttim nyooneekartum alasca-rajamargasya nirmanam cha soochayat. 1937 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane tasya sarwakaarah "saamaajikeekrut-poonjeevaadah" iti ghoshane punah nirwaachitah. "da collation": 1941-1951. 1933 taha 1937 paryantam adhikarikam virodham kartum samarthatam, 1937 tame varshe nirvaachane rudichustanam apekshayaa ekam sthaanam nyoonam cha, see. see. ef. ityasya udayena rudichustanam saha paryaay-sarwakaarah samaaptah. 1941 tame varshe nirvaachane see. see. ef. pakshah dwiteeyah abhavat. nirvaachane udaaramatavaadinah yathaa apekshitam bahusankhyaam naa dattavantah. 1941 tame varshe jaan haart ityeshah pradhanah udaramatavadi cha netaa abhavat, yadaa pattulo-varyaha roodichustaih saha sanghatanam kartum niraakrutavaan. udaramatavadisadasyaihi patulo-varyaha netrutve apasaaritah, haart-varyaha udaramatavadi-roodichusta-sanghata-sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutavaan, yat saa. sha. poo.-itihaase "da-collation" iti namna prasidhah aasit. 1941 taha 1945 paryantam, yuddhakaalasy abhaavasya samaye haart-shasanam krutam, yadaa sarwaah pramukhah sarvakaareey-prakalpaah sthagitaah aasan. 1945 tame varshe nirvaachane, sanghata-sarwakaarah punah nirwaachitah. tasmin spardhayam udaramatavadi, roodichustah cha samanasya dhvajasya adhah dhaavan. 1945 tamaat varshaat anantaram, haart-varyaha graameenawidyuteekaranasy, jalavidyut-nirmanasya, rajamarg-nirmanasya cha mahattvaakaanksheekaaryam sveekrutavaan. haart ityasya mahattvapoornaani prakalpaani uttar-british-columbia-desham prati rajamargaha 97 ityasya nirmanam (yasya naam adhunaa tasya sammanartham prince jaarj-daaksan creak khandah iti namakaranam krutam), bridge-nadee-vidyut-pariyojanaa cha aasan, yat british-columbia-deshasya prathamam pramukham jalavidyut-vikaasam aasit. saha bee. see. jalavidyut-samsthaayaah agradootasy bee. see. vidyut-ayogasya sthapanam akarot, yena laghumahodapi samudayan vidyut-pradatta, ye svaayatta-upayogitayaha sevaam naa kurvanti sma. 1947 december-maase haart ityeshah pradhanamantripadat nivruttah abhavat. roodichustapakshah swasya netrutve herbert-enns-kombah pradhaanamantreeroopen saphalah bhavitum aandolayat, parantu udaaravaadinah kootasya caucus-madhye tory-janaan atikramayan, haart-ityasya anantaram "baas"-jaansan iti namna prasidhah anyah udaaravaadih bairan-jaansan ityeshah, upapradhaanamantrinah vittamantree cha rupena enns-kombah aasit. jaansan ityasya sarvakaarena saarwatrik-chikitsaalaya-aashwastih, tasya krute 3 pratishatam prantiya-vikraya-karaha cha praavartat. anena raajamaargavyavasthaayaah vistaarah abhavat, prashaanta-mahadvipiya-poorva-relamaargasy vistaarah abhavat, tathaa cha alcon-kararasya vishaye vartalapaha krutah, yena kennie-jalabandhasy nirmanam sugamm abhavat. sarwakaarah 1948 tame varshe fraser-nadyaah jalapralayasy api nivaaranam akarot, aapatkaalasy sthitim ghoshayat, fraser-upatyakayaha madhyamena nadyaah tate jalasambharanam kartum cha karyakramam aarabhat. kaamanvelt-madhye nanasi hojs ityeshaa prathamaa mahilaa vaktaa iti niyuktyaa jaansan ityeshaa api prasiddha asti. udaramatavadi-roodichusta-gathabandhan-sarwakaarah 1949 tame varshe nirvaachane vijayee abhavat-saa. sha. poo. itihasasya sarvaadhikam pratishatam lokapriyamatam 61 pratishatam yaavat aasit. sanghata-sahabhaginam madhye, pakshayoho antah cha udwignataa vardhamana aasit. liberal-pakshasya kaaryakaarini, sanghatanam samaaptum matadanm krutavaan, jaansan varyaha 1952 janavaree-maase swasamrakshaka-mantreem apasarayat, yasya parinaamen alpakaalikam alpasankhyak-sarwakaarah abhavat, yat sheeghramev patitah. 1952 tame varshe nirvaachanam. tri-pakshiya-spardhayam see. see. ef.-pakshasya vijayam nivaarayitum sarwakaarah tatkshana-runn-aaf-matadanm praavartayat, yatharthyena yat roodhi-matadaataarah udaaravaadinah teshaam dwiteeya-vikalparupena soochayanti, tathaa cha tasya vipareetam. parantu, matadaataarah vikalpaan anvishyanta. adhikaah matadaraha anyasya pakshaat agre british-columbia-samajika-credit-leag ityetam dwiteeya-vikalparupena chinot. 1952 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane yadaa matapatranam gananaa abhavat tadaa samajika-shreyah bruhattamapaksharoopena udabhavata. nirvaachanakaale samajika-shreyasy "vaastavikah" netaa, doubleu. a. sii. poorvam roodichutaa benet ityeshah nirvachananantaram aupachaarikaroopena dalasya netaa iti namankitaha. 1953 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane, udaramatavadi-janaah 4 sthanani yaavat nyooneekrutavantah, 23.36% mataan praaptavantah. aarthar laing ityeshah tilly rollston ityenam vaanakoovar-point-grey ityasmin kridaayaam parajayata. yadyapi samajika-shreyah vidhaayike bahusankhyakaah sthanani praapnot, tathaapi teshaam vittamantree enaar gunderson ityeshah ok-bey-madhye liberal-pakshasya phillip archibald gibbs ityanena parajitah abhavat. gorden gibson ess. aar., ekaha millioner-kaashta-byaron, yasya upanaama "bull aaf da woods" iti aasit, saha lilloot-krute udaaravaadi-rupena nirwaachitah. truteeyapakshasya sthitihi 1953-1979. asya kaalasy aarambhe, udaaravaadinaam pramukhah sadasyah gorden gibson ess. aar. aasit. saha sigaar-dhoomapaani, saamoohik-kaashta-prastotaa cha aasit yah pramukhah bhavitum arhati sma, parantu pramukhasya raajanaitik-trutyaah karanat. saha 1953 tame varshe lilloot-radding-krute nirwaachitah. 1955 tame varshe somers-vivaadah udabhavat, tasya vishaye vivaadaay vidhaayike saha ekamaatrah netaa aasit. doubleu. a. sii. benet, tasya mahanyayavadi cha soochanaah bahihi naa aagacchan iti aneke yukttih prayatanta. hatashaya gibson swasthaanam parityajy, somers-scandle-vishayam iti ashaya upanirvaachanam badhyavan. matadaanavyavastha parivartitaa aasit, saha samajika-shreyasy anantaram praayah dwiteeye sthaane aagatah. 1956 tame varshe nirvaachane somers-vivaadasya samadhanam adyaapi naa abhavat, udaaravaadinah 1953 tame varshe apekshayaa adhamapravruttim praaptavantah. aarthar-laing ityeshah swasya sthaanam parajitah, tathaa cha pakshah matasya emm. ell. e. tathaa cha aii. dii. 1 iti dwau nyooneekrutah. 1960 tame varshe nirvaachane, 1956 tame varshe yathaa lokapriyamatasy samanena 20.9% ityanena pakshah chatwaarah sthanani praapnot. 1963 tame varshe nirvaachane, pakshasya caucus-pakshah ekena adhikena milile-dwara pancha yaavat vardhata, parantu lokapriyamatasy teshaam bhaagah 19.98% yaavat patitah. 1966 tame varshe nirvaachane, dalah anyam sthaanam praapnot, tasya caucus-sadasyah shut abhavat, matanam vruddhihi cha 20.24% yaavat abhavat. 1969 tame varshe matadane, pakshah ekam sthaanam parajayata, tasya matasya bhaagah 19.03% yaavat nyooneekrutah. 1972 tame varshe, nutanena netrutve, david enderson ityanena, dalasya nirvaachanam krutam, yah 1968 tame varshe sangheeyanirvaachane kenada-deshasya liberal-party ityasya emm. pi. rupena nirwaachitah aasit. saha tathaa anye cha chatwaarah vidhaayake nirvaachayitum samarthah abhavat, parantu dalasya itihaase nyunatamam 16.4% matam aasit. 1972 tame varshe british-columbia-nyoo-democratic-party (bee. see. enn. dee. pee.) ityasya nirvaachane vijayaanantaram, udaramatavadi-roodichutaa-dalanam bahavah samarthakaah samajika-credit-leag-samsthaam prati pakshaantarena abhoot. 1975 taha 1990 paryantam nutanan democrat-janaan adhikarat bahihi sthaapayitum etat sanghatanam samartham aasit. mlas guarde gaardam, pyaat makgir, alan viliums cha udaaravaadinah samajika-shreyartham, aakasmikaroopen punarujjeevitaanaam tory-janaanaam hug-curtis ityetaih saha, parityajyant. 1975 tamaat varshaat param te sarve samajika-runa-mantrimandalasy sadasyaah abhavan. 1975 tame varshe nirvaachane, ekamaatrah udaramatavadi nirwaachitah gorden gibson junier aasit. yatah pakshah nirashajanakam 7.24% ankam praapnot. david enderson ityeshah swasya victoria-savaari-kridaayaam nyoo-democrat-samajika-shreyam cha patitvaa, atyantam parajitah abhavat. marubhoomauh 1979-1991. 1979 tame varshe nirvaachanam dalasya nyunatamam binduhu aasit. dalasya itihaase dviteeyavaaram, vidhayika-bahishkrutaah. kevalam pancha abhyarthaya eva dhaavan, naa cha nirwaachitaah, pakshah 0.5 pratishatam matam avaapnot. 1983 tame varshe nirvaachane alpam punahpraaptih drushtaa yatah dalah abhyarthinaam poorna-pattikayaha sameepe aagatah, parantu 2.69% mataan praapnot. 1986 tame varshe matadanm truteeyam antimam cha nirvaachanam aasit yasmin pakshah nishkaasitah. tasya lokapriyamatasy bhaagah 6.74% yaavat vardhata. 1987 tame varshe, gorden willson ityeshah prantiya-liberal-pakshasya netaa abhavat, yadaa anyasya kimapi hitam naa aasit. willson ityeshah prantiya-liberal-pakshasya tasya sangheey-pakshasya cha madhye aupachaarikam sambandham vicchedayat. 1970 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhagat aarabhy, saa. sha. poo.-madhye adhikaamshaah sangheey-udaaravaadinah prantiyastare british-columbia-samajika-runa-pakshasya samarthanam kartum chitavantah. praanteeyapakshasy krute, asya pruthakkaranasya uddeshyam sangheeyapakshasy samajika-runa-sadasyanam prabhaavam nyooneekartum aasit. sangheeyapakshasy drushtyaa etat kaaryam teshaam krute api samaanaroopen labhadayakam aasit, yatah prantiyapakshaha atyadhikam runee aasit. willson ityayam british-columbia-rajanitihi vishvasaneeya-truteeyapaksharoopen prantiya-pakshasya punarnirmanam kartum praavartat. tasmin eva kaale bill-vaandar-zaalm ityasya netrutve shaasak-samajika-runa-pakshah vivaaden pariveshtitah aasit. parinaamatah, bahuvidha-samajika-runa-ghotalanam karanat bahavah matadaraha vikalpam anvishyanta. 1991 tame varshe nirvaachanasamaye, willson-varyaha, vaandar-zaalm ityasya uttaraadhikaari, premiyar-reeta-johnston, bee. see. enn. dee. pee. ityasya netaa mckell-harcourt cha ityetayoho madhye dooradarshan-kanadian-prasaar-nigamasya (see. bee. see.) vaadavivaade samaaveshtum laabi-praharam krutavaan. see. bee. see. ityanena sahamatah, willson ityeshah swasya pradarshanena bahunam matadaran prabhaavitavaan. udaravada-abhiyanam gatim avaapnot, samajika-runa-abhiyanasya bahu samarthanam cha apasarayat. bee. see. enn. dee. pee. pakshah nirvaachane vijayee abhavat, udaramatavadi 17 sthaanaih saha dwiteeye sthaane aagatavantah. willson vipakshasya netaa abhavat. willson ityasya adheene adhikarikaha virodhah 1991-1993. willson ityasya neetih vidhaayake tathaa pakshe cha anyaih anekebhihi udaaravaadinah saha naa yojitaa, ye samajika-shreyasy patanen riktataam poorayitum icchanti sma. udaaravaadinah api vidhaayake, vishaal-raajanaitik-aandolanasy nirmaane cha anubhavaheenah iti siddhavantah. nutanasya lokataantrikapakshasy prantiyasarvakarasya viruddham prabhaavashaaleem virodham sthaapayitum yogyatam anushaasitasanghatanaayaah nirmanam kartum teshaam kashtakaalah aasit. 1993 tame varshe, willson ityasya netrutvam, saha-udaramatavadi-shaasak-judie taiyabjee ityanena saha tasya sambandhasya prakateekaranaih, itoapi kshataah abhavat. etaavat, adhikaamshah caucus-janaah tasya netrutvasya viruddham khulyaa vidrohe aasan. willson ityeshah netrutva-sammelanasy aahvaanaay sahamatah, yasmin saha abhyarthitvam graheet. delta-sauth-emm. ell. e. fred jinjel ityeshah vipakshasya netaa abhavat, yadaa udaar-netrutva-spardhaa abhavat. sheeghramev, dalasya poorvanetaa gorden gibson, vaankovar-nagarasya meyar gorden campbell cha netrutva-spardhayam pravesham krutavantah. prathama-matapatrake campbell nirnaayakaroopen vijayee abhavat, dalasya poorva-netaa gorden gibson ityeshah dwiteeya-sthaane, willson ityeshah truteeya-sthaane cha aasit. netrutvanirvaachanam ekasadasyasyasy ekamatavyavasthaayaah aadhaaren nishchitam aasit, yasya madhyamena udaramatavadiyaha durabhashadvara svanirvaachanaaya matadanm krutavantah. willson, taiyabjee cha tatah udaaravaadinah parityajy swakeeyam dalam, pragatisheel-lokataantrik-sanghatanam cha nirmitavantah. campbell ityasya adheene adhikarikaha virodhah 1993-2001. yadaa campbell-netaa abhavat, udaaravaadinah prathamavaaram "bii. sii. liberals" iti upanamam agruhnan, sheeghramev nootanam logo, nootanam dalavarnam cha (samanyasya "liberal-redd" ityasya sthaane, tatsamavetasya maple-patrasya sthaane, raktavarnam neelavarnam cha) praavartayan. samshodhitam naam, logo cha kenada-deshasya federal-liberal-party-pakshaat matadataranam manasi adhikatayaa spashtatayaa pruthak kartum prayatamanah aasit. 1994 tamavarshasya aarambhe upa-nirvaachane kempbel vidhayika-krute nirwaachitah. tasya netrutve, poorvasya samajika-runa-dalasya, pashchat prantiya-sudhaar-dalasya cha sadasyaih samarthanam praapya, dalah dakshinadisham prati gantum aarabdhavaan. kechan mitavaadinah sacred-janaah vendor-zaalm-yugaat eva udaaravaadinah mataan daatum aarabhant. fraser-upatyakaa-pradeshe aayojite upa-nirvaachane udaramatavadi-janaah poorva-sacred-sthaanadwayam praaptavantah, yena vidyamaanasya bee. see. enn. dee. pee.-sarvakaarasya spashtah vikalpah iti teshaam dava drudah abhavat. samajika-shreyasy patanen bee. see. raajanaitik-varnapatasya madhya-dakshinabhaage nirmitam riktatvam api liberal-pakshah poorayat. 1996 tame varshe nirvaachane bee. see.-liberal-janaah lokapriyam matam praaptavantah. parantu, prantasya baahyapradesheshu vishaal-parimitau udaramatasya adhikaamshah bhaagah vyarthah abhavat; te kevalam vaanakoovar-pradeshe, nimna-mukhyabhoomau cha ashtasthanani jitavantah. graameen-british-columbia-deshe, visheshatah aantarik-kshetre yatra rail-maargah sthaniya-arthavyavasthaayaah praanaraktah aasit-tatra bee. see. udaramatavadi-janaah anekeshu spardhaasu parajitaha, yatah kemp-bell ityasya keshuchit neetibhih nirvaachakaanaam asuvidhayaha, mukhyataya bee. see. rail-vikrayanam tasya pratijnaayaah cha. udaaramatavaadinah punah vipaksham prati preshayitum tatt parinamam abhavat, yadyapi te enn. dii. pi. ityasya bahumatam 13 taha tribhihi nyooneekurtum samarthah abhavan. nirvachananantaram, bee. see. udaaravaadinah 1996 varshasya punaraavartanam naa bhavet iti sunishchitum nishchitaah. campbell-varyaha swasya 1996 tame varshe manche kechan alpa-lokapriyaani neeti-phalakaani nishkaasayat, visheshatah bee. see. rail-vikrayanam kartum pratijnaam, yatah vikrayasya parinaamasya sambhavanayaha karanat uttar-aantarik-radding-kshetre samarthakaah vimukhaah abhavan. campbell sarwakaarah 2001-2011. bee. see. enn. dee. pee. sarvakaarasya apakeerti-poorita-dwiteeya-kaaryakaalasy anantaram, bee. see. liberal-janaah 2001 tame varshe, bee. see. itihasasya bruhattamena bhuskhalanena saha, 79 madhye 77 sthanani praapya, nirvaachane vijayam praaptavantah. te swaswaarohanasya madhyamena pramukham ujal dosaanj ityenam api padchyutum samarthah abhavan. gorden-campbell ityeshah dashavarsheshu saptamah pradhaanamantripadam praapnot, praayah 50 varsheshu prathamah udaramatavadi pradhaanamantripadam cha abhavat. prathamadine saha karyalaye niyuktah tadaa campbell ityanena sarveshu prantiya-aayakar-madhye 25 pratishatam nyunikaranam praavartitam. bee. see. udaaravaadinah api nigamita-aay-karam nyooneekrutavantah, adhikaamshaah vyavasaayaanaam krute nigamita-poonjeekaram cha samaaptavantah (niveshasya, niyojanaayaah cha karaha yah nootan-janataantrikebhyah pravartitah aasit). campbell ityasya prathama-karyakalaha vitteey-mitavyayitaa-krute api ullekhitah aasit, yasmin kalyaana-suchishu, keshuchit samajika-sevaanaam cha nyunata, niyantrana-vicchedanam, keshuchit sarvakaareey-sampattayah vikreeyante (visheshatah poorvasarvakaaren nirmitaani "faast-ferries", ye teshaam mulyasya amshaartham vikreeyante sma). kempbel ityanena bee. see. rail ityasya nijeekaranam api aarabdham, yat udaaravaadinah uttar-raddings-ityetaan naa vikreeyitum pratijnaam krutavantah, yat 1996 tame varshe pakshm niraakrutam aasit, parantu nirvachananantaram etat pratijnaam pratyaavartayat, yasya karanena 2003 tame varshe british-columbia-vidhayika-aakramanaani, tatsthaneeyaah, adyaapi pralambitaah cha nyayalaya-prakaranaani cha, nibaddhaprakriyaya sambadhaah aparaadh-anveshanaani abhavan. bahavah mahattwapoornaah shrama-vivaadaah aasan, yeshu kechan sarvakaareey-vidhaanaih nivaaritaah, parantu teshu prantasya vaidyaihi saha sangharshaah antarbhavanti sma. keshuchit sarvakaareeyavibhaageshu panchashat pratishatatah adhikaah karmachaari-katauteeh, tathaa cha laghutaram sarvakaarasya pratijnaam satsu api mantrimandalam praayah dwigunitam, samsadeeyam vetanam cha vardhitam iti, kempbel-ityanena nagarikasevanam api avamoolyanam abhavat. shasanasya punah vyavasthaa api etaadrushee krutaa yat upamantrina idaaneem swasyaah mantribhyah naa tu pradhaanamantrimandirasy mukhya-karmachaari-janaan prativedayeyuh. kshatirupena, prantasya paritah chikitsaalayaah, nyayalayaha, vistruta-chikitsaa-suvidhaah cha, visheshatah laghumahodaneshu, bandhitaah abhavan, bee. see. samrakshanasevaa ityaadayah pravartana-karmachaarinah cha alpastarebhyah nyunikrutaha. poorvavartee enn. dee. pee. shasanakale nirmitaani vividhaah prantiya-udyaaneh api samrakshitakshetra-sthitihi iti avakramitaah, arthaat te samsaadhana-shoshanarthm udghaatayitum shakyante, udyananam upayogartham shulkam cha vardhate sma. 2003 tame varshe, aapareshan ever ve iti namna khyatasya madakadravyanam anveshanasya parinaamen british-columbia-samsada-bhavaneshu sarvakaareey-karyalayeshu, "railgate" iti namna prasiddhasy, bee. see. rail ityasya vikrayanasya vishaye shankita-vyavahaaraanaam vishaye, prabhaava-vikrayanasya, vishvaasaghaatasya, laanch-grahanasya cha krute cha chatwaarah poorvamantrimandaleey-sahaayakaih saha parikshanam cha abhavat. 2005 tame varshe nirvaachane udaramatavadi punah nirwaachitaah, 7 sthananam nyoon-bahumatena (46-33). 2009 tame varshe nirvaachane udaramatavadi punah nirwaachitaah abhavan. asya nirvaachanasya kinchitkalanantaram nirvaachan-pracharasya samaye krutaanaam pratijnaanaam viruddham ech. ess. tii. ityasya aarambhah ghoshitah. 2010 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 3 dinaanke, swasya vyavasthaapanashailyaah vishaye asannasya caucus-vidrohasya, susangatasya vikrayakarasya (ech. ess. tii.) viruddham raajanaitik-pratikriyam cha, bee. see. rail-bhrashtachara-vichaaranasya vivaadaaspad-samaaptih cha, tathaa cha matadanasya 9 pratishatam yaavat nyoonam anumodana-maanakam cha, gerden-campbell ityeshah swasya tyaagapatrasya ghoshanaa krutavaan. clark sarwakaarah 2011-2017. yathashighram sadhyatam dine" netrutva-sammelanasy ayojanartham gorden-campbell ityanena pakshaya anurodhena pakshasya 2011 netrutva-sammelanam preritam. 26 februvari 2011 dinaanke, sammelanen christy clark iteedam nootananetaaroopen dalasya nirvaachitam. clark ityeshaa tasyaah nootanam mantrisabhaa cha maarch 14 dinaanke shapatham sveekrutavantah. clark ityasya adheene, dalah adhika-madhyamargiyam drushtaam dattavaan, tathaa cha sangheey-udaravada-sanghasya, sangha-roodhi-pakshasya cha samarthakanam sanghatanasy swasya sadyah parampara anuvartayat. saa tatkshanameva nyunatamam vetanam $8/ghantaa ityatah $10.25/hour yaavat vardhayitvaa, ontario-nagaram iva praantavyaapi parivaaradivasasya arambham cha akarot. clark ityeshah, 2008-09 mandatayaha anantarakaale pramukhah abhavat, sarvakaareeyavyayasya panktim avalamban, 2013-14 vitteeyavarshasya santulitam varshaat poorvam nyunata-aayavyayik-dwau cha praavartayat, yasmin uccha-aayayuktaah british-columbian-janaah karavruddhim krutavantah. saa bee. see. ityasya draveekruta-praakrutika-vaayu-bhandarasya (ell. enn. jee.) laabham praaptum api prayatat, yena agrime dashake udayonmukh-ell. enn. jee.-udyogah pramukha-aarthik-vikasa-avasararoopen sthaapitah. yadyapi gorden-campbell ityasya prashasanasya antimavarsheshu duragamihi pragatisheelah cha paryaawaran-vidhihi adhiniyamitah aasit, tathaapi clark ityeshaa paryaawaran-neetivishaye tasyaah drushtikone adhikatayaa mapayita aasit. bee. see. ityasya prathama-uttar-amerikaadeshasy carbon-karam anuvartayan saa 2013 tame varshe nirvaachane daram sthagayitum pratijnaam krutavatee tathaa tasyaah ell. enn. jee. vikasa-aakaankshaayaah 2007 tame varshe campbell-sarvakaarena nirneetasy haritagruha-vaayu-nirgamana-laxyasya viruddham aasit. saa 2012 tame varshe api udghoshayat yat bee. see.-ityasya param bhavishye kaani api pipeline-yaanaani pancha shartaan poorayanti, yeshu paryaawaran-aavashyakataah, swadeshee paraamarshah cha antarbhavanti. vivaadaaspadaroopen saa soochayat yat tasyaah pancha sharteshu anyatam etat bhavishyati yat bee. see.-nagaram, vardhite jalamaarg-yaana-yatayatat cha uparjitasya raajaswasya "nyaayyam bhaagam" prapnuyat iti. anena saa alberta-prantena saha pratyaksha-vivaade parinitaa, yah bii. sii. naukaashrayayoho madhyamena tasya bitumen-krute vipanya-pravesham vardhayitum prayatat, tathaapi saa. sha. poo.-madhye kimapi royalty-praaptim prapnuyat iti kimapi vyavasthaam drudatayaa niraakaroti. 2011 tame varshe, collin hanson ityanena kenada-deshasya asambaddhen liberal-pakshena saha bhramm nivaarayitum, tathaa cha anekeshaam federal-conservative-liberal-matadaatru-sanghatanen swasya sthitim uttamatayaa pratibimbitum, pakshasya naam parivartayitum prastaawah krutah. saha vaikalpikam naam naa prastuvat. clark ityeshaa avadat yat saa naamaparivartanam vichaarayishyati, parantu "tatt kartum uta shighrata naa aasit" iti. 2013 tame varshe nirvaachane, clark-varyaha janamat-sameekshaasu prachaar-kshetre nyoonam pravishtavatee, tathaa cha swasya mukhyapratidwandee enn. dii. pi. ityasya adrian dicks ityenam 20 ankaihi anadhikataya pashchadapadat. bee. see. liberal-ityasya abhiyanasya ghoshah "sudruda-arthavyavasthaa, surakshita-shwah" iti aasit, tathaa cha aii. ell. jee. kshetre santulita-aayavyayikam, drudha-vikasa-avasaraan cha matadaranam chaturtha-kaaryakaalasy krute nirvaachanaay kaaranaroopen udghaatayat. clark ityeshaa, ontario-liberal-pakshena saha sambaddhaan rananitidnyaan yathaa daan-gai tathaa lauraa-miller ityetaan, tathaa maik-mcdanald ityaadayah federal-liberal-vyaktitvaan cha swakaaryaalayasy, abhiyanasya cha sanchaalanaay aanayat. bee. see. udaramatavadi janaah padasya chaturtham padam praaptum prushtatah aagataah, tathaapi clark ityeshaa swasya vaanakoovar-savaari-madhye parajita, parantu tadanantaram pashchim-kelonaa-nagarasya okanagan-savaari-madhye upa-nirvaachane vijayee abhavat. nirvachananantaram saa bhavishyasya pipeline-pariyojanaayaah vishaye bee. see. tathaa alberta-ityetayoho madhye sambandhasya draveekaranam anvishya, poorvasya alberta-premiyar-elison-redford ityasya rashtriya-oorjaa-kaaryaneetau hastaaksharam krutavatee. 2014 tamavarshasya aarambhe, udaaravaadinah dwiteeyam pratyaksha-santulita-aayavyayikam nyooneekruty, keshuchit upaskaradidravyanam bhandaareshu madyavikrayasya anumatim daatum, tathaa cha baalakaah pub-madhye, bhojanalayeshu cha, yatra madyasya preshanam bhavati, vayaskoho saha upavishyitum cha bee. see. ityasya madya-vidhishu parivartanam kartum vidhim pravartayan. 2017 tame varshe nirvaachane, bee. see. liberal-pakshasya asanagananam sankhyaa 43 yaavat nyunikrutam, bahumatebhyah ekam aasanam nyoonam. 2017 mey 29 dinaanke antima-matagananayaha anantaram, bee. see. enn. dee. pee. tathaa bee. see. green-party cha alpasankhyak-shasanasya sthirataam sunishchitum vishvaasa-aapoorti-sandhim angeekrutavantah. teshaam samyuktaani 44 sthanani bee. see. liberal-pakshasya 43 sthananam apekshayaa teshaam krute labhapradam bhavanti, yat 2017 joon 29 dinaanke vishvaasamatadvaaraa clark-pakshasya sarvakaarasya paraajayam kartum paryaaptam aasit, tadanantaram clark-pakshah pradhanamantripadat (2017 julai 18 taha prabhaawitah) tyaagapatram adadat, leftinent-governor-pakshah enn. dee. pee.-netaa jaan horgan-ityenam sarvakaarasya nirmanam kartum avadat. clark ityasya tyaagapatrasya anantaram rich colleman ityeshah pakshasya antarimaneta abhavat. wilkinson tathaa bandhasya adheenah adhikarikaha virodhah 2018-2022. endroo wilkinson ityeshah 2018 februvari 3 dinaanke dalasya netaa nirwaachitah aasit. saha varshadvayam vipakshasya netaa aasit. 2020 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane, wilkinson ityeshah sadasyapadasya adhyakshen saha dalasya sadasyaih, lorie-simhaasanasya, abhyartheem, poorva-emm. ell. e., yaa ell. jee. bee. tea. kyoo.-virodhee-vaktavyaani krutavatee, tasya nishkasanasya vilambasya krute ninditah. nirvaachane dalasya parajayena saha rajinama krutavaan. shirley bond 2022 tamavarshasya netrutvapratisandhiparyam dalasya antareemanetaaroopen karyam krutavaan. bajasya netrutvam tathaa naamaparivartanam-2022 tamaat varshaat. kevin falcon ityeshah 5 februvari 2022 dinaanke bee. see. liberal-pakshasya netaa nirwaachitah. swasya netrutva-pracharakale, falcon ityeshah pakshasya namakaranam, punah namakaranam cha kartum pratijnaam krutavaan. 2022 tame varshe paksha-sammelane, pratinidhayah naam-parivartana-prakriyaya saha agre gantum prastaavam sveekrutavantah, yasya aarambhah varshasya ante matadanartham sthapanat poorvam paksha-sadasyataayaah paraamarshen abhavat. praantavyaapi sarvekshanasya anantaram, "bee. see. unated" iti pakshasya sambhaavya-nootan-naamaroopen pratipaaditam. tatah 13 november dinaanke dalasya sadasyanam krute namakaranam krutam, 16 november dinaanke naamaparivartanasya praayah 80 pratishatam anumodanam abhavat iti ghoshitam. pashchat naamaparivartanasya anumodanam krutvaa 2023 april 12 dinaanke prabhaavam avaapnot. dalasya netaarah. srotah british-columbia-deshasya vidhaayee-pustakaalayah. nirvaachanasya parinaamah. srotah nirvaachanam bee. see. bee. see. samyuktah yuva. bee. see. unated-yoot iti dalasya yuva-vibhaagasya netrutvam karoti. vaarshik-samanyasabhayam karyakari-mandalasya nirvaachanam bhavati, pancha yuva-sadasyaih saha bhavatihi adhyakshah, upadhyakshah, sanchaarah, upaadhyaksh-kaaryakramah, upaadhyaksh-karyani, upaadhyaksh-outreach cha. 2022 september-maasaparyantam, etaaha padavyaah kramashah herman khosaa, teddy o 'donnell, olivia vaanking, maark dhilon, james lehman ityetabhyam dhaaritaah santi.

pisi united munbu british kolambiya thaaraalavaathak katchi endru alaikkappatta pisi united (pii. chii. yuu), kanadaavin british kolambiyaavil ulla oru maagaana arasiyal katchiyaagum. inthak katchi pazhamaivaatha, nava thaaraalavaatha mattrum idathu-valathu arasiyal spectramin maiya-valathusari endru vivarikkappattullathu. inthak katchi podhuvaaga thannai oru "sudhanthira niruvana koottani" endru vivarikkirathu mattrum koottaatchi thaaraalavaatha mattrum pazhamaivaatha katchigalin uruppinarkalidamirunthu aatharavaip perukirathu. 1990kazhil irunthu, pisi united, matthiya-idathu puthiya jananayagak katchikku (enn. dii. pii) mukiya maiya-valathu ethirkkatchiyaaka irunthu varukirathu. kanadaavin thaaraalavaathak katchiyudan inaintha oru kaalaththil, british kolambiya thaaraalavaathak katchi 1987 ill suthanthiramaanathu. katchi adhan peyarai aepral 12,2023 andru pisi united endru maattriyathu. 1940kall varai, british kolambiya arasiyalil appoathaiya thaaraalavaathak katchi mattrum ethiriyaana pazhamaivaathak katchi aathikkam seluththiyathu. thaaraalavaathikal 1916 muthal 1928 varaiyilum, meendum 1933 muthal 1941 varaiyilum arasaangkaththai uruvaakkinar. 1941 muthal 1952 varai, irandu katchigalum kootturavu podhunalavaaya koottamaippai ethirppatharkaaka oru koottaniyil (oru thaaraalavaatha thalaivar thalaimaiyil) aatchi seithana. 1952 therthalil puthiya samoogak cuddon katchiyaal koottani thoarkadikkappattathu, maelum katchi veelchchiyadainththathu, iruthiyil 1979 therthalil sattamandraththil adhan iruppai ilanththathu. 1991 therthalil adhu sattamandraththirkuth thirumbiyathu, irandaavathu idaththil vandhu, thalaivar carden willson muyarchigal moolam athikaarappoorva ethirkkatchiyai uruvaakkiyathu. willson 1994 aam aandil carden campel oru thalaimaip savaalai ilanththaar. campel thalaimaiyin keezh, pisi thaaraalavaathikal valathupuram maarath thodangkinar mattrum koottaatchi katchiyilirunthu thangalai vilakkik kondanar. 2001 therthalil, thaaraalavaathikal perum perumbaanmaiyai ventranar, avarkal 2017 thaerthalukkup piragu sirithu kaalam varai campel mattrum avarathu vaarisaana christy clarkin keezh vaiththirunthanar. 2020 therthalil thoalviyadaintha piragu katchi ethirkkatchiyaaka irunththathu. ettu katchith thalaivarkal british kolambiyaavin pirathamaraaga paniyaattriyullanar harlan brooster, john olivar, john mckillan, tuff pattuloa, john haard, baas johnson, carden cambell mattrum christy clark. 2022 thalaimaith thaerthalukkup piragu, inthak katchi kevin falcon thalaimaiyil ullathu. varalaaru. muthal arasu 1916-1928. pilavupatta pazhamaivaathigal 1916 therthalil thaaraalavaathikalai ethirkondanar mattrum thoalviyadainthanar. thaaraalavaathikal harlan carrie madhubaana urpaththiyaalarin keezh oru arasaangkaththai uruvaakkinar. madhubaanam thayaarippaalar ethirkkatchith thalaivaraaga maarinaar, maarch 1912 ill katchith thalaivaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. sila vaarangkalukkup piragu 1912 therthalil avar thanathu irukkaiyai ilanththaar, adhu endha thaaraalavaathigalaiyum thirumbap peravillai. 1916 aam aandil, avar meendum oru idaiththaerthal moolam sattamandraththirkuth therthalil vettri pettraar, maelum antha aandin pirpaguthiyil oru podhuth therthalil thanathu katchiyai seerthiruththa maedaiyil prachaaram seivathan moolam vettrikku vazhinadaththinaar. kudimaippaniyil aatharavai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadhaagavum, arasiyal iyanththirangkalai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadhaagavum, thozhilaazhargalin izhappeedu mattrum thozhilaazhar sattangalai maempaduththuvathaakavum, penkalukku vaakkugalai vazhangkuvathaakavum, pira murpoakkaana seerthiruththangalaiyum kondu varuvoam endrum madhubaanam thayaarippaalar uruthiyaliththaar. arasaangkam penkalukku vaakkurimaiyaik kondu vanthathu, madhath thadaiyai niruviyathu, 1918 ill avarathu ethirpaaraatha maranaththirku munbu arasiyal uuzhalai ethirththup poaraadiyathu. avar british kolambiyaavin victoriavil ulla roas pae kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. 1918ill madhubaanam thayaarippaalar iranththapoathu john olivar madhubaanam thayaarippaalaraagap pathaviyaettraar. olivarin arasaangkam nanok pallaththaakkil urpathtith thozhirthuraiyai uruvaakki, rayil pokkuvaraththukkaana sarakku vigithaththaik kuraikka matthiya arasai varpuruththa muyantrathu. 1920 therthalil katchi vetrtru perumbaanmaiyudan vettri pettrathu, 1924 thaerthalukkup piragu mattumae 2 sudhanthira thaaraalavaathikalin aatharavudan aatchi seiya mudinthathu. ethirppum perum manachorvum 1928-1933. 1928 therthalil thaaraalavaathikal thangal vaakkugalai athikarikka mudinthathu, aanaal paathi idangkalai izhanththanar. perum manachoarvu thodangiyathum, saiman fraser dolmiyin arasaangkaththin vedippum 1933 therthalil thaaraalavaathikalai ventrathu. tuff pattulo 1933-1941. 1933 thaerthal tuff pattuloavai aatchikkuk kondu vandhu, kootturavu commonwealth koottamaippu (chii. chii. eff) endra puthiya samooga-jananaayaga mattrum jananaayaga sosalisa ethirkkatchiyai sattamandraththil arimugappaduththiyathu. samoogath thittangal mattrum vaelaiyillaathavargalin aatharavu moolam manachoarvai samaalikka oru aarvalar arasaangkam muyarchikka vaendum endru pattuloa virumbinaar. kanadaavil aerpatta perum manachoarvaal kanada migavum kadumaiyaaga paathikkappattullathu endrum, kanadaavil maerku kanada migavum kadumaiyaaga paathikkappattullathu endrum angkeekarikkappattullathu. pattuloavin muyarchigal perumpaalum ottavaavil ulla matthiya arasaangkaththudan muranpattana. pattuloa british kolambiyaavai aatharippavaraakavum irunthaar, maelum kimu moolam yugonai inaikkavum, kimu meethu kilakku kanadaavin sakthiyaik kuraikka alaska nedunjaalaiyai nirmaanikkavum parinthuraiththaar. 1937 podhuth therthalil, avarathu arasaangkam "samookamayamaakkappatta muthalaaliththuvam" endra muzhakkaththin adippadaiyil meendum thaernthedukkappattathu. "koottani": 1941-1951. 1933 muthal 1937 varai athikaarappoorva ethirkkatchiyaaka irunththa chii. chii. eff ezhuchchiyudan pazhamaivaathigaludan maari maari arasaangkam mudivukku vanthathu, maelum 1937 therthalil pazhamaivaathigalai vida oru idam kuraivaaga irunththathu. 1941 therthalil chii. chii. eff irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu. inthath thaerthal thaaraalavaathigalukku avarkal ethirpaarththa perumbaanmaiyai vazhangkavillai. john haard 1941 aam aandil pazhamaivaathigaludan koottanikku sella pattuloa maruththapoathu pirathamaraagavum thaaraalavaatha thalaivaraagavum aanaar. thaaraalavaatha uruppinarkal pattuloavai thalaivaraaga neekki, haartin thaaraalavaatha-pazhamaivaatha koottani arasaangkaththai uruvaakkinar, idhu kibi varalaattril "koottani" endru ariyappattathu. 1941 muthal 1945 varai, anaitthu mukiya arasaangka thittangalum oththivaikkappattapoathu, poarkkaala pattraakkurai kaalaththil haard aatchi seiyappattathu. 1945 therthalil koottani arasu meendum thaernthedukkappattathu. antha poattiyil, thaaraalavaathikalum pazhamaivaathigalum oray pathaakaiyin keezh oodinar. 1945kkup piragu, haard graamappura minmayamakkal, neermin mattrum nedunjaalai kattumaanaththin latchiya thittatthai maerkondaar. haartin miga mukkiyamaana thittangal vadakku british kolambiyaavukku nedunjaalai 97 kattumanam (idhil ilavarasar jaarj-dassen sittroadai pirivu ippoathu avarathu ninaivaaga peyaridappattullathu) mattrum british kolambiyaavil muthal periya neermin valarcchiyaana paalam nadhi minn thittam aagum. thaniyar payanpaadugalaal saevai seiyappadaatha siriya samoogangalukku minsaaram vazhangkuvatharkaaga pisi hydrovin munnoadiyaana pisi power kamishanai avar niruvinaar. 1947 disambaril, haard pirathamaraaga oaivu pettraar. pazhamaivaathak katchi adhan thalaivaraana herbert anskoampirku pirathamaraaga vettri pera vaendum endru kilarchi seithathu, aanaal thaaraalavaathikal koottaniyil ulla dorigalai vida athigamaaga irunththanar, adhaith thodarnthu mattroru thaaraalavaathiyaana byron johnson, "muthalaali" johnson endru alaikkappattaar, unscomp thunaip pirathamaraagavum nidhiyamaichcharaagavum irunthaar. johnson arasaangkam ulagalaaviya maruthuvamanai kaappeettaiyum, adharku 3 sathaveetham maagaana virpanai variyaiyum arimugappaduththiyathu. idhu nedunjaalai amaippai virivupaduththiyathu, pasipik grade eastern railway virivupaduththiyathu, maelum kennie anai kattumaanatthai elithaakkiya alkan oppanthaththai pechchuvaarththai nadaththiyathu. 1948 aam aandu fraser aattrin vellaththaiyum arasaangkam samaaliththathu, avasarakaala nilaiyai ariviththathu mattrum fraser pallatthaakku vazhiyaaga aattrin karaikalai tiking seiyum thittatthai thodangiyathu. kaamanvelthil muthal penn paechchaalaraaka naansi hodgesai niyamiththatharkum johnson kurippidapadugiraar. thaaraalavaatha-pazhamaivaatha koottani arasaangkam 1949 therthalil 61 sathaveetham vaakkugalaip pettru vettri pettrathu, idhu kibi varalaattril makkal vaakkugalil migapperiya sathaveethamaagum. koottanik katchigalukkum iru katchigalukkum idaiyae pathattangkal athikariththana. thaaraalavaathak katchiyin nirvaagi koottaniyai mudivukkuk konduvara vaakkalitthaar, johnson 1952 janavariyil thanathu pazhamaivaatha amaichcharkalai kaivittar, idhan vilaivaaga kurugiya kaala sirupaanmai arasaangkam viraivil veelnththathu. 1952 thaerthal. moontru katchi poattiyil chii. chii. eff vettri peruvathaith thaduka, arasaangkam udanadi oottaththai arimugappaduththiyathu, pazhamaivaatha vaakkaalargal thaaraalavaathikalai thangal irandaavathu thaervaagavum, nermaaraagavum pattiyaliduvaargal endra ethirpaarppudan. iruppinum, vaakkaalargal maattru vazhigalaith thaedinar. athigamaana vaakkaalargal thangal irandaavathu thaervaaga vaeru endhak katchiyaiyum vida british kolambiya samooga credit leekkaith thaerntheduththanar. 1952 podhuth therthalil vaakkuchcheettukal ennappattapoathu samoogak cuddon migapperiya katchiyaaga uruveduththathu. therthalin poathu samoogak kadanin "nadaimurai" thalaivar, doublue. auuu. chii. munbu pazhamaivaathiyaaga irunththa bennet, thaerthalukkup piragu katchi thalaivaraaga muraippadi peyaridappattaar. 1953 podhuth therthalil, thaaraalavaathikal 4 idangkalaakak kuraikkappattanar, 23.36% vaakkugalaip pettranar. aarthar laeng vancouver point gray poattiyil dilly rollstonai thoarkadiththaar. samoogak cuddon sattamandraththil perumbaanmaiyaana idangkalai ventraalum, avarkalin nidhiyamaichar eenaar gunderson oak virigudaavil thaaraalavaathikalin pilip archibald kipskalaal thoarkadikkappattaar. kaattin kaalai" endru chellappeyar konda oru millionaire maraa paaran carden kipson esr, oru thaaraalavaathiyaaga lilloottukku thernthedukkappattaar. moontraam tharappu nilaif 1953-1979. inththa kaalaththin aaramba kaalaththil, thaaraalavaathikalin miga mukkiyamaana uruppinar carden kipson ess. aarr. aavaar. avar oru sigaret-pugaippidikkum mattrum koottu marakkattaikalai kattum oppanthakkaararaaga irunthaar, avar oru periya arasiyal pizhaiyin kaaranamaagavum pirathamaraaga irunthirukkalaam. 1953 aam aandil lillood savaarikkaaga avar thernthedukkappattaar. 1955 aam aandil, somers oozhal velichchaththirku vanthathu, maelum sattamandraththil adhai oru pirachchanaiyaaga uruvaakkiya oray thalaivar avardhaan. doublue. auuu. chii. pennet mattrum avarathu atterney general thagaval velivaruvathaith thaduka pala thanthirangalai muyarchiththanar. virakthiyil, kipson thanathu irukkaiyai rajinama seithu, oru idaiththaerthalai kattaayappadutthinaar, idhu somers uuzhalai pirachchanaiyaaga maattrum endra nambikkaiyil. vaakku murai maariyathu, maelum avar samoogak kadanukkup piragu irandaavathu idaththirku vanthaar. 1956 therthalil, somers oozhal innum theerkkappadaathathaal, thaaraalavaathikal 1953 aii vida moasamaaga irunththanar. aarthar long thanathu irukkaiyai ilanththaar, maelum katchi irandu millie mattrum 20.9% vaakkukalaakak kuraikkappattathu. 1960 therthalil, katchi 1956 ill irunththa athae 20.9% makkal vaakkugaludan naanku idangkalai ventrathu. 1963 therthalil, katchiyin koottaniyaanadhu maelum oru milliae adhigariththu ainththaaka irunththathu, aanaal makkal vaakkugalil avarkalin pangku 19.98% aaga kurainthathu. 1966 therthalil, katchi mattroru idaththai ventrathu, adhan koottaththai aarukku kondu vanthathu, maelum vaakkugal 20.24% aaga athikariththana. 1969aam aandu nadaipettra therthalil, katchi oru idaththai ilanththathu, adhan vaakkugal 19.03% aagak kurainthana. 1972 aam aandil, kanadaavin thaaraalavaathak katchiyin emm. pii. yaaga 1968 koottaatchi therthalil thernthedukkappatta oru puthiya thalaivar davit anderson katchiyaith thaerthalukku vazhinadaththinaar. avarum mattra naanku paerum sattamandraththirku thernthedukkappattanar, aanaal katchi varalaattril migak kuraindha vaakkugaludan 16.4%. british kolambiya puthiya jananayagak katchi (pii. chii. enn. dii. pii) 1972 therthalil vettri pettra piragu, thaaraalavaatha mattrum pazhamaivaatha katchigalin pala aatharavaalarkal samooga cuddon leakil inainththanar. inththa koottaniyaal 1975 muthal 1990 varai puthiya jananayagak katchigalai athikaaraththilirunthu vilakki vaika mudinthathu. mlas carde kaardam, paat mccier mattrum aalan villiams aagiyoar thideerendru puththunarchiyoottappatta dorigalin huck curtisuden samoogak kadanukkaaga thaaraalavaathikalai vittuch sendranar. avarkal anaivarum 1975 kkup piragu samooga cuddon amaicharavaiyil uruppinargalaaga aanaargal. 1975 therthalil, thernthedukkappatta oray thaaraalavaathiyaanavar carden kipson juuniyar aavaar. katchi oru moasamaana 7.24% aip pettrathu. davit anderson thanathu victoria sawari moasamaaga thoarkadikkappattaar, puthiya jananaayagavaathikal mattrum samoogak kadamaiyai vaiththirunthaar. vanappakuthiyil 1979-1991. 1979 thaerthal katchiyin migak kuraindha pulliyaaga irunththathu. katchi varalaattril irandaavathu muraiyaaga, adhu sattamantraththilirunthu moodappattathu. ainthu vaetpaalargal mattumae poattiyittanar, yaarum thernthedukkappadavillai, maelum katchikku 0.5 sathaveetham vaakkugal kidaitthana. 1983 therthalil katchi muzhu alavilaana vaetpaalargalai nerungiyathaal oru siriya meetpu aerpattathu, aanaal vaakkugalil 2.69% aii ventrathu. 1986aam aandu nadaipettra therthalil katchi moodappatta moontraavathu mattrum kadaisi thaerthalaagum. adhan makkal vaakkugal 6.74% aaga maempattana. 1987 aam aandil, carden willson maagaana thaaraalavaatha katchiyin thalaivaraaga aanaar, appoathu vaeru yaarum aarvam kaattavillai. maagaana thaaraalavaathak katchikkum adhan koottaatchi ethir katchikkum idaiyilaana muraiyaana thodarbugalai willson thunditthaar. 1970kalin naduppaguthiyil irunthu, kimuk kaalaththil perumpaalaana koottaatchi thaaraalavaathikal british kolambiya samooga cuddon katchiyai maagaana mattaththil aatharikkath thaerntheduththanar. maagaanak katchiyaip porutthavarai, inththa pirivin noakkam koottaatchi katchiyin samooga cuddon uruppinargalin selvaakkaik kuraippathaagum. koottaatchi katchiyin kannoattaththil, maagaana katchi adhiga alavil kadanil irunthathaal, inththa nadavadikkai avarkalukku samamaaga payanullathaaka irunththathu. willson british kolambiya arasiyalil nambagamaana moontraam katchiyaaga maagaanak katchiyai meendum kattiyeluppath thodangkinaar. athae kaalakattathil, aalum samoogak cuddon katchi pill vaandar jalm thalaimaiyil sarchaigalaal soozhappattathu. idhan vilaivaaga, pala samooga cuddon oozhalgal pala vaakkaalargalai oru maattreettaith thaeduvatharku vazhivaguththana. 1991 therthalin poathu, vaandar jalmin vaarisaana pirathamar ritta johnston mattrum pcntp thalaivar michael hargord aakiyoarukku idaiyilaana tholaikaatchi kanadiyan oliparappu kazhaga (sibisi) vivaathaththil willson saerkkappada vaendum endru varpurutthinaar. sibisi oppukkondathu, maelum willson thanathu seyalthiranaal pala vaakkaalargalai eerthaar. thaaraalavaatha prachaaram vaekaththai adainthathu, maelum samooga cuddon pirachchaaraththilirunthu adhiga aatharavaip pettrathu. therthalil pcncnp vettri petrtrapoathu, thaaraalavaathikal 17 idangkaludan irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththanar. willson ethirkkatchith thalaivaraaga aanaar. willson keezh athikaarappoorva ethirkkatchi 1991-1993. willson kolgaigal sattamandraththilum, samoogak cuddon sariwal aerpatta vetrtridaththai nirappa virumbiya katchiyilum ulla pala thaaraalavaathigaludan oththuppoagavillai. thaaraalavaathikal sattamandraththilum, parantha adippadaiyilaana arasiyal iyakkaththai uruvaakkuvathilum anubavamattravargal enbathai niroopiththanar. puthiya jananayagak katchi maagaana arasaangkaththirku ethiraaga oru tiramaiyaana ethirppai aerpaduththakkoodiya oru ozhukkamaana amaippai uruvaakka avarkalukku kadinamaana neram irunththathu. 1993 aam aandil, willson thalaimai saga thaaraalavaatha emm. ell. aee judie thiyaapjiyudanaana avarathu uravu pattriya velippaadugalaal maelum sethamatainthathu. inththa neraththil, perumpaalaana koottaniyinar avarathu thalaimaikku ethiraaga velippadaiyaana kilarchiyil irunththanar. willson oru thalaimaiththuva maanaattirku alaippu vidukka oppukkondaar, athil avar oru vaetpaalaraaka iruppaar. delta therku millie fred jingel ethirkkatchiyin thalaivaraaga aanaar, athae neraththil thaaraalavaatha thalaimaip poatti nadaipettrathu. viraivil, katchiyin munnaal thalaivar carden kipson mattrum vancouver mayer carden cambell aagiyoar thalaimaip poattiyil nuzhainththanar. muthal vaakkucheettil campel theerkkamaaga vettri pettrathu, munnaal katchith thalaivar carden kipson irandaavathu idaththaiyum, willson moontraavathu idaththaiyum pidiththaar. thalaimaith thaerthal oru uruppinar, oru vaakku murai meethu mudivu seiyappattathu, idhan moolam thaaraalavaathikal tholaipaesi moolam thangal thaervugalukku vaakkaliththanar. vilsanum thaiyapjiyum pinnar thaaraalavaathikalai vittu veliyaeri, murpoakkaana jananayagak koottaniyaana thangal sonthak katchiyai uruvaakkinar. campel keezh athikaarappoorva ethirppu 1993-2001. campel thalaivaraaga maariyavudan, thaaraalavaathikal muthal muraiyaaga "pisi thaaraalavaathikal" endra peyarai aetrtrukkondanar, viraivil oru puthiya logo mattrum puthiya katchi vannangkalai (valakkamaana "thaaraalavaatha sivappu" mattrum maple ilaikku pathilaaka sivappu mattrum neelam) arimugappaduththinar. thirutthappatta peyar mattrum logo kanadaavin koottaatchi thaaraalavaatha katchiyilirunthu vaakkaalargalin manathil thannai innum thelivaaga vaerupaduththik kaattum muyarchiyaagum. 1994 aam aandin thodakkaththil, campel oru idaiththaerthalil sattamandraththirku thernthedukkappattaar. avarathu thalaimaiyin keezh, katchi valathu pakkam nagarath thodangiyathu, munnaal samooga cuddon katchi mattrum pinnar, maagaana seerthiruththak katchiyin uruppinarkalidamirunthu aatharavaip pettrathu. sila mithamaana samoogavaathigal vaandar jalm sagaaptham varai thaaraalavaathamaaka vaakkalikkath thodangkinar. fraser pallatthaakku piraanthiyaththil nadaipettra idaiththaerthalgalil thaaraalavaathikal irandu munnaal sokret idangkalai ventranar, idhu tharpoothulla pcntp arasaangkaththirku thelivaana maattraaka iruppathaaka thangal urimaikoaralai uruthippaduththukirathu. samoogak cuddon veelchchiyaal kibi arasiyal spectramin maiya-valathupuraththil uruvaakkappatta vetrtridaththaiyum thaaraalavaathak katchi nirappiyathu. 1996 therthalil, pisi thaaraalavaathikal makkal vaakkugalai ventranar. iruppinum, maagaanaththin velippurap pakuthikalil thaaraalavaatha vilimbin perumbaguthi periya vilimbugalil veenadikkappattathu; avarkal vancouver mattrum keezh pirathaana nilapparappil ettu idangkalai mattumae ventranar. graamappura british kolambiyaavil, kurippaaga rayilway ulloor porulaathaaraththin uyirnaadiyaaga irunththa udpuraththil-pisi thaaraalavaathikal pala poattikalai izhanththanar, aenenil vaakkaalarkalukku campel kolgaigalil silavattrudan irunththa asoukariyaththin kaaranamaaga, mukkiyamaaga pisi rayilai virka avar aliththa vaakkuruthi. adhan nigara vilaivaaga thaaraalavaathikalai meendum ethirkkatchikku anuppiyathu, iruppinum avarkal enn. dii. pii-yinn perumbaanmaiyai 13-lirunthu 3-aagak kuraikka mudinthathu. thaerthalukkup piragu, pisi thaaraalavaathikal 1996 aam aandin marupirappu irukkaathu enbathai uruthippaduththath thodangkinar. campel thanathu 1996 maedaiyil kuraivaana pirabalamaana kolgai thittangalil silavattrai odhukkivittaar, kurippaaga pisi reyil virpanai seivatharkaana vaakkuruthi, aenenil virpanaiyin vilaivugalin ethirpaarppu vadakku udpura malaiththodargalil aatharavaalarkalai anniyappaduththiyathu. campel arasu 2001-2011. kibi-entibi arasaangkaththirku oozhal niraintha irandaavathu pathavikkaalaththirkup piragu, kibi-inn varalaattril migapperiya nilachcharivudan 2001 therthalil kibi thaaraalavaathikal vettri pettranar, 79 idangkalil 77 idangkalaip pidiththanar. avarkal pirathamar ujal thoasaanjchai avarathu sontha sawari moolam veliyaettra mudinthathu. carden cambell paththu aandugalil aezhaavathu pirathamaraagavum, kittatthatta 50 aandugalil muthal thaaraalavaatha pirathamaraagavum aanaar. avar pathaviyaettra muthal naalil anaitthu maagaana varumaana varigalilum 25 sathaveetham kuraippai campel arimugappaduththiyathu. pisi thaaraalavaathikal peruniruvana varumaana variyaiyum kuraitthu, perumpaalaana vanigangkalukkaana peruniruvana moolathana variyai (puthiya jananayagak katchiyinaraal arimugappaduththappatta muthaleedu mattrum vaelaivaaippu meethaana varii) ozhiththanar. campel muthal padhavikkaalam nidhi sikkana nadavadikkaikalukkaagavum kurippidappattathu, idhil nalanpuri roll mattrum sila samooga sevaigal kuraippu, kattuppaadugal thalarththal, sila arasaangka soththukkalin virpanai (kurippaaga munththaiya arasaangkaththaal kattapatta "phaast ferrie", avai avattrin vilaiyin oru pakuthikku virkappattana). campel pisi rayilin thaniyaarmayamaakkalaiyum thodangiyathu, idhu 1996 aam aandil katchiyai niraagariththa vadakku ridingsai velvatharkaaka virka mattom endru thaaraalavaathikal uruthiyaliththanar, aanaal thaerthalukkup piragu inththa vaakkuruthiyai maattriyamaiththanar, 2003 british kolambiya sattamandra soathanaigal mattrum adhaith thodarnthu vantha mattrum innum niluvaiyil ulla neethimandra vazhakku aagiyavattrin vilaivaaga aela seyalmuraiyudan thodarpudaiya kuttraviyal visaaranaikal nadanthana. pala kurippidatthakka thozhilaazhar thagaraarugal irunththana, avattril sila arasaangkach sattaththin moolam theerkkappattana, aanaal maagaanaththin maruththuvargaludan moathalkal adangkum. sila arasaangkath thuraikalil aimpathu sathaveethaththirkum athigamaana oozhiyargalin kuraippugaludan, kudimaippaniyin alavaik kuraiththathu, maelum siriya arasaangkaththin vaakkuruthikal irunththapoathilum amaicharavaiyin alavu kittatthatta irattippaagiyathu mattrum naadaalumandra uuthiyangkal uyarthappattana. thunai amaichcharkal ippoathu anthantha amaichcharkalukku pathilaaka, pirathamarin aluvalagaththil ulla thalaimai oozhiyargalukku therivikka vaendum endru aatchi maruseeramaikkappattathu. vettukkalin poathu, maagaanaththaich suttriyulla maruththuvamanaigal, neethimandranggal mattrum neettikappatta paramarippu vasathigal moodappattana, kurippaaga siriya samoogangalil, pisi paathukaappu saevai poantra amalakka oozhiyargal oralavu kuraikkappattanar. munththaiya thaesiya poongaa aatchiyin poathu uruvaakkappatta palvaeru maagaana poongkaakkalum paathukaakkappatta pakuthi anthasthukku tharakkuraivu seiyappattana, athaavathu avai vala surandalukkaaga thirakkappadalaam, maelum poongkaakkalin payanpaattirkaana kattanangal uyarthappattana. 2003 aam aandil, aaparaeshan ever vae endru azhaikkappadum oru poathaipporul visaaranai, british kolambiya naadaalumandra kattidangalil ulla arasaangka aluvalagangkalil soathanaigalukku vazhivaguththathu, idhu oru oozhalil pisi rayil virpanai thodarpaana santhegaththirkidamaana parivarththanaigal thodarbaaga "rayil caded" endru ariyappattathu mattrum selvaakku seluththuthal, nambikkaiyai meeruthal mattrum lanjam vaangkuthal aagiyavattrirkaaga naanku munnaal mandhiri uthaviyaalargalin vazhakku. 2005 therthalil thaaraalavaathikal 7 idangkalaik kuraitthu meendum thernthedukkappattanar (46-33). 2009 therthalil thaaraalavaathikal meendum thernthedukkappattanar. inthath thaerthalukkup piragu viraivil thaerthal prachchaaraththin poathu valangkappatta vaakkuruthigalukku maaraaga hst arimugappaduththappattathu. navambar 3,2010 andru, avarathu nirvaaga paani mattrum inakkamaana virpanai varii (hst) mattrum pisi rayil oozhal visaaranaikku sarchaikkuriya mudivukku ethiraana arasiyal pinnadaivukku ethiraana udanadi kootta kilarcchiyai ethirkonda carden cambell, therthalil avarathu opputhal mathippeedu 9 sathaveetham varai kuraivaaga irunthathaal, thanathu rajinamavai arivitthaar. clark arasu 2011-2017. katchiyin 2011 thalaimai maanaadu, "koodiya viraivil" thalaimaiththuva manattai nadaththa vaendum endru katchiyidam carden cambell kooriyathan moolam thoondappattathu. pipravari 26,2011 andru katchiyin puthiya thalaivaraaga christy clark thernthedukkappattaar. clark mattrum avarathu puthiya amaicharavai maarch 14 andru pathaviyaettranar. clarkin keezh, katchi koottaatchi thaaraalavaatha mattrum koottaatchi pazhamaivaatha aatharavaalarkalin koottaniyaaga adhan sameepathiya bhaarambariyaththaith thodarnthapoathu oru maiyavaatha kannoattaththai uruvaakkiyathu. avar udanadiyaaga kurainthapatcha uuthiyaththai $8/manii neeraththilirunthu $10.25/hour aaga uyarththi, onraariyoavaip poalavae oru maagaana alavilaana kudumba thinatthai arimugapaduththinaar. 2008-09 porulaathaarap pinnadaivukkup piragu clark pirathamaraaga aanaar, maelum arasaangkach selavinangalin variyai thodarnthu vaiththirunthaar, 2013-14 nidhiyaandirkaana samanilaiyaana varavuselavuth thittaththirku munbu irandu pattraakkurai varavuselavuth thittangalai arimugapaduththinaar, idhil uyar varumaanam konda british kolambiyarkalukku varii uyarvu adangkum. aduththa thasaapthaththil valarnthu varum elng thozhilthuraiyai oru periya porulaathaara valarchi vaaippaaga nilainirutthi, pisi-yinn thirava iyarkai erivaayu (elng) iruppukkalaip payanpaduththik kolla avar muyantraar. carden cambell nirvaagaththin iruthi aandugalil tholainoakku mattrum murpoakkaana suttruchchoozhal sattam iyatrtrappattapoathu, suttruchchoozhal kolgaiyudanaana avarathu anugumuraiyil clark adhiga alavidappattathu. BC inn muthal vada america corbon variyaith thodarum athaevaelai, 2013 therthalin poathu vigithaththai mudakkuvathaaga avar uruthiyaliththaar, maelum avarathu LNG maempaattu abilaashaigal 2007 aam aandil campel arasaangkaththaal nirnayikappatta greenhowse vaayu umizhvu ilakkugalukku muranaagath thoantrina. BC aik kadakkum endhavoru ethirkaala kuzhaaiththittamum suttruchchoozhal thaevaigal mattrum ullnaattu aaloasanaikalai ulladakkiya ainthu nibanthanaigalai poorthi seiya vaendum endrum avar 2012 ill arivitthaar. sarchaikkuriya vagaiyil, thanathu ainthu nibanthanaigalil ondru, adhigariththa kuzhaai mattrum danker poakkuvaraththilirunthu thirattappadum endhavoru varuvaayilum pisi adhan "niyayamaana pangaip" perum endru avar suttikkaattinaar. idhu alberda maagaanaththudan neradi moathalil avalai vaiththullathu, avar pisi thuraimugangal moolam adhan pidumen santhai anugalai athikarikka muyantraar, aanaal pisi endha raayaldigalaiyum peruvathaik kaanum endha aerpaattaiyum uruthiyaaka marukkiraar. 2011 aam aandil, kolin hansen kanadaavin thodarpillaatha thaaraalavaatha katchiyudan kulappaththaith thavirppatharkum, pala koottaatchi pazhamaivaatha mattrum thaaraalavaatha vaakkaalargalin koottaniyaaga adhan nilaiyai sirappaaga pirathipalippatharkum katchi thanathu peyarai maattra munmozhinthaar. avar oru maattru peyarai munmozhiyavillai. peyar maattraththai pariseelippathaaga clark koorinaar, aanaal "athaich seiya endha avasaraththilum illai". 2013 therthalin poathu, clark podhuk karuththukkanippugalil prachchaaraththil kuraindha alavil nuzhainthaar mattrum avarathu mukiya poattiyaalaraana adrian tixes off thii enn. dii. pii. yaii 20 pulligal varai pinthodarnthaar. valuvaana porulaathaaram, paathukaappaana naalai" endra BC thaaraalavaathikalin prachchaara muzhakkam, vaakkaalargal naankaavathu muraiyaaga pathaviyil irukka avarkalaith thaernthedukka oru kaaranamaaga oru samanilaiyaana budjet mattrum elng thuraiyil valuvaana valarchi vaaippugalai eduththuraiththathu. clark thanathu aluvalagam mattrum prachchaaraththai nadaththuvatharkaaga onrariyoa thaaraalavaathak katchiyudan inaintha dawn kae mattrum laura miller poantra mooloapaayavaathigalaiyum, maik mcdonald poantra koottaatchi thaaraalavaatha piramugargalaiyum kondu vanthaar. kii. muuu. thaaraalavaathikal naankaavathu muraiyaaga pathaviyil irukka pinnaal irunthu vanthanar, iruppinum clark thanathu vancouver sawari thoalviyadainthaar, aanaal maerku pakka-kelonavin oagaanagan sawari idaiththaerthalil vettri pettraar. thaerthalukkup piragu, avar ethirkaala kuzhaai thittangal kuritthu pisi mattrum alberda idaiyaeyaana uravugalaik karaikka muyantraar, munnaal alberda premiier alison redfordin thaesiya erisakthi mooloabaayaththil kaiyeluththittaar. 2014 aam aandin thodakkaththil, thaaraalavaathikal irandaavathu neradiyaana seeraana varavuselavuth thittatthai kondu vandhu, sila maligaik kadaigalil madhubaana virpanaiyai anumathikka pisi-yinn madhubaanach sattangalai maattruvatharkaana sattaththai arimugappaduththinar, maelum mathupaanangkal parimaarappadum papkal mattrum unavagangkalil periyavarkaludan kuzhandhaigal utkaara anumathikkindranar. 2017 therthalil, pisi thaaraalavaathikalin irukkai ennikkai 43 aagak kuraikkappattathu, perumbaanmaikku oru idam kuraivaaga irunththathu. 2017 mae 29 andru, iruthi vaakku ennikkai mudintha piragu, pcntp mattrum pisi pasumaik katchi oru nilaiyaana sirupaanmai arasaangkaththai uruthi seivatharkaana nambikkai mattrum vazhangkal oppanththaththirku oppukkondana. avarkalin orunginaintha 44 idangkal avarkalukku pisi thaaraalavaathikalin 43 aii vida oru nanmaiyai alikkindrana, idhu juun 29,2017 andru nambikkai vaakkeduppil clarkin arasaangkaththai thoarkadikka poathumaanathaaka irunththathu, adhan piragu clark pirathamar padhaviyai rajinama seithaar (juulai 18,2017 muthal nadaimuraikku vanthathu) mattrum leptinent-covernor enn. dii. pii thalaivar john haarganai oru arasaangkaththai amaikkak catar. clarkin rajinamavaith thodarnthu panakkaara coleman katchiyin idaikkaalath thalaivaraaga aanaar. wilkinson mattrum pinaippin keezh athikaarappoorva ethirkkatchi 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson pipravari 3,2018 andru katchith thalaivaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar irandu aandugal ethirkkatchith thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. 2020 podhuth therthalin poathu, wilkinson, loari simmasanaththai agattruvathil thaamatham seithatharkaaga uruppinar thalaivar udpada katchi uruppinargalaal vimarsikkappattaar, oru vaetpaalar mattrum munnaal emla ell. jii. pii. dii. kyuu ethirppu arikkaikalai veliyittaar. therthalil katchi thoarkadikkappatta piragu, avar rajinama seithaar. shirley paand 2022 thalaimaip poatti varai katchiyin idaikkaalath thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. falcon thalaimai mattrum peyar maattram 2022 muthal. kevin falcon pipravari 5,2022 andru pisi thaaraalavaathikalin thalaivaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. thanathu thalaimaip prachchaaraththin poathu, katchiyin peyarai maattri maruvaraiyarai seivathaaga falcon uruthiyaliththaar. 2022 katchi maanaatil, pirathinithikal peyar maattra seyalmuraiyudan munnaeruvatharkaana theermaanaththai niraivaettrinar, aandu iruthikkul adhai vaakkalikka vaippatharku munbu katchi uruppinargaludan kalanthaaloasiththu thodangkinar. maagaana alavilaana kanakkeduppukkup piragu, katchikku saathiyamaana puthiya peyaraaga "pisi united" munvaikkappattathu. pinnar navambar 13 andru katchi uruppinarkalukku peyar vaikkappattathu, navambar 16 andru, peyar maattraththirku sumar 80 sathaveetham opputhal alikkappattathaaka arivikkappattathu. peyar maattram pinnar angkeekarikkappattu aepral 12,2023 andru nadaimuraikku vanthathu. katchith thalaivarkal. aathaaram british kolambiyaavin sattamandra noolagam thaerthal mudivugal. aathaaram thaerthal pii. chii pisi united youth. pisi united euthans katchiyin ilaignar privai vazhinadaththukirathu. nirvaagak kuzhu varudaanthira podhuk koottaththil thaernthedukkappadukirathu mattrum ainthu ilaignar uruppinargalaik kondullathuh thalaivar, thunaith thalaivar thagavalthodarpugal, thunaith thalaivar nigazhvugal, thunaith thalaivar seyalpaadugal mattrum thunaith thalaivar anugal. septumber 2022 nilavarappadi, inththa pathavikal muraiyae harman kosa, teddy ooo 'donnell, olivia wankling, maark thillan mattrum james lehmann aakiyoaraal nadaththappadugindrana.

bisi united gatamlo british columbia liberal party anie piluvabade bisi united (bii. sii. yuu), kenadaaloni british columbialo oka praantiiya raajakeeya party. eee paarteeni sampradaayavaada, navaudaaravaada partyga, edama-kudi raajakeeya varnapatam madhya-kudi vaipuna unnatlu varninchaaru. eee party saadhaaranamgaa tananu taanu "swechhaa samsthala kootami" gaa abhivarninchukuntundi mariyu samakhya udaaravaada mariyu sampradaayavaada paarteela sabhyula nundi maddatunu pondutundi. 1990la nundi, bisi united anedi center-left nyuu democratic party (endipi) kii pradhana center-rait pratipakshamgaa undhi. okappudu kenada liberal paarteetho anubandham kaligi unna british columbia liberal party 1987loe swatantramgaa maarindi. party thana paerunu 2023 april 12naa bisi unitedga maarchukundi. 1940la varaku british columbia rajakeeyaalalo appati udaaravaada party, pratyarthi sampradaayavaada party aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. udaaravaadulu 1916 nundi 1928 varaku, mallii 1933 nundi 1941 varaku prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesaaru. 1941 nundi 1952 varaku, rendu paarteelu adhirohana sahakaara commonwealth samakhyanu edurkovadaniki sankeernamlo (udaaravaadi nayakudi netrutvamlo) paalinchaayi. 1952 ennikalaloo kotta saamaajika credit party eee sankiirnaanni odinchindi, aaa party ksheeninchindi, chivariki 1979 ennikalaloo saasanasabhalo thana unikini kolpoyindi. idhi 1991 ennikalaloo saasanasabhaku tirigi vachindi, rendava sthaanamlo vacchi, nayakudu gordan willson prayatnaala dwara adhikaarika pratipakshaanni erpaatu chesindi. willson 1994loe garden camp bell kuu nayakatva savaalunu kolpoyadu. camp bell naayakatvamlo, bisi liberals kudi vaipuku maaradam mariyu federal party nundi tamanu taamu dhooram chesukovadam praarambhinchaaru. 2001 ennikalaloo, udaaravaadulu adhika majorityni geluchukunnaru, dheenini vaaru 2017 ennikala taruvaata koddikaalam varaku camp bell mariyu athani varasudu christy clark aadhvaryamlo nirvahinchaaru. 2020 ennikalaloo odipoyina taruvaata aaa party pratipakshamlo undipoyindi. enimidi mandhi party nayakulu british kolambiyaaku pradhana mantrigaa panichesaaruh harlan brooster, zaan olivar, zaan maakilan, duff pattulo, zaan haart, baas johnson, garden camp bell mariyu christy clark. 2022 nayakatva ennikala nundi, eee paarteeki kevin falcon naayakatvam vahistunnaaru. charitra. modati prabhutvam 1916-1928. vibhajinchabadina sampradaayavaadulu 1916 ennikalaloo udaaravaadulanu edurkoni odipoyaaru. udaaravaadulu harlan kaeri brooster aadhvaryamlo prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesaaru. brooster pratipaksha nayakudiga maari, 1912 maarchilo party nayakudiga ennikayyaaru. konni vaaraala taruvaata 1912 ennikalaloo ayana thana sthaanaanni kolpoyaru, idhi etuvanti udaaravaadulanu tirigi ivvaledu. 1916loe, ayana upa ennika dwara mallii saasanasabhaku ennikaloo vijayam saadhinchaaru, aaa samvatsaram taruvaata jarigina saadhaarana ennikalaloo samskarana vedikapai pracharam cheyadam dwara thana paarteeni vijayaniki nadipinchaaru. poura sevalo prothsaahaanni antam chestamani, raajakeeya yantraalanu antam chestamani, kaarmikula pariharam mariyu kaarmika chattalanu meruguparustamani, mahilalaku otlanu teesukuvastaanani, itara pragatiseela samskaranalanu teesukuvastaanani brooster vaagdaanam chesaaru. prabhutvam mahilala ootu hakkunu teesukuvacchindi, nishedhaanni erpaatu chesindi mariyu 1918loe athani oohinchani maranaaniki mundu raajakeeya avineetini edurkondi. athanu british kolambiyaaloni victorialoni rose bay smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. 1918loe brooster maraninchinappudu zaan olivar broosternu pradhana mantrigaa niyaminchaadu. olivar prabhutvam nanook loyalo utpatti parisramanu abhivruddhi chesindi, mariyu railu ravana kosam saruku ravana retunu tagginchadaaniki samakhya prabhutvaanni oppinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1920 ennikalaloo party kevalam majoritytho vijayam saadhinchindi mariyu 1924 ennikala tarvaata iddaru swatantra udaaravaadula maddatutoe matrame paalinchagaligindi. vyatiraekata mariyu mahaa maandyam 1928-1933. udaaravaadulu 1928 ennikalaloo tama otunu penchukogaligaaru, conny daadaapu sagam seetlanu kolpoyaru. mahaa maandyam prarambham mariyu saiman fraser tolmi prabhutvam kuppakuuladamtoe, udaaravaadulu 1933 ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchaaru. duff pattuloo 1933-1941. 1933 ennikalu duff pattulloonu adhikaaramloki teesukuvacchi, kotta saamaajika-prajaasvaamya mariyu prajaasvaamya saamyavaada pratipaksha party ayina sahakaara commonwealth samakhya (ccf) nuu saasanasabhaloki pravesapettaayi. saamaajika karyakramalu mariyu nirudyogula maddatu dwara maandyaanni edurkovadaniki oka kaaryakarta prabhutvam prayatninchaalani pattulo korukunnadu. grate depression valla kenada atyanta teevramgaa debbatinna desamgaa gurtinchabadindi, mariyu kenadaalo paschima kenada atyanta teevramgaa debbatindi. pattulo yokka prayatnaalu tarachugaa ottavaloni samakhya prabhutvaaniki viruddhamgaa undevi. pattulo british kolambiyaaku kooda nyaayavaadi, mariyu cree. puu. dwara yukannu vileenam cheyaalani, mariyu cree. puu. loe thoorpu kenada saktini tagginchadaaniki alasca haive nirmaanaanni suuchimchaaru. 1937 saarvatrika ennikalaloo, athani prabhutvam "saanghika pettubadidaarii vidhanam" anae ninaadamtoe tirigi ennikayyindi. "kootami": 1941-1951. 1933 nundi 1937 varaku adhikaarika pratipakshamgaa undagaligina mariyu 1937 ennikalaloo sampradaayavaadula kante oka seatu takkuvagaa unna ccf perugudalato sampradaayavaadulato pratyaamnaaya prabhutvam mugisindi. 1941 ennikalaloo ccf rendava sthaanamlo nilichindi. eee ennikalu udaaravaadulaku vaaru aasinchina majorityni ivvaledu. 1941loe pattulo sampradaayavaadulato sankeernamloki velladaaniki niraakarinchinappudu zaan haart pradhana mantri mariyu udaaravaadi nayakudu ayyadu. udaaravaada sabhyulu patulloonu nayakudiga tolaginchaaru mariyu haart oka udaaravaada-sampradaayavaada sankeerna prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesaaru, dheenini cree. puu. charitralo "sankeernam" anie pilustaaru. 1941 nundi 1945 varaku, yuddhakaalamlo korata unna samayamlo, anni pradhana prabhutva prajectulu vaida padinapudu, haart paripaalinchabadindi. 1945 ennikalaloo sankeerna prabhutvam tirigi ennikayyindi. aaa pootiiloo, udaaravaadulu mariyu sampradaayavaadulu oke pataakam kinda nadicharu. 1945 taruvaata, haart graameena vidyudeekarana, jalavidyut mariyu rahadari nirmaanaaniki sambandhinchina pratishtaatmaka karyakramanni chepattadu. haart yokka atyanta mukhyamaina prajectulu uttara british kolambiyaaku rahadari 97 nirmaanam (veetilo prins georg-dasson creak segment ippudu athani gouravaartham paeru pettabadindi) mariyu bridge nadhi vidyut project, idhi british columbialo modati pradhana jalavidyut abhivruddhi. private utilityla dwara sevalu andinchani chinna communitylaku vidyutnu andinchadaaniki ayana bisi power kamishannu sthaapinchaaru, idhi bisi hydro yokka puurvagaami. 1947 decemberlo haart pradhana mantrigaa padavee viramana chesaaru. conservative party thana nayakudu herbert ansombnu pradhana mantrigaa vijayam saadhinchaalani aandolana chesindi, ayithe liberals sankeerna caucus loe torylanu adhigaminchaaru mariyu haartnu anusarinchi maroka udaaravaadi, baas johnson anie piluvabade byron johnson, ansombnu upa pradhana mantrigaa mariyu aardhika mantrigaa chesaaru. johnson prabhutvam saarvatrika aasupatri beema mariyu 3 saatam praantiiya ammakapu pannunu pravesapettindi. idhi rahadari vyavasthanu vistarinchindi, pasiphik grate eastern railvenu vistarinchindi mariyu kennie anakatta nirmaanaanni sulabhataram chesina alcon oppandaanni charchinchindi. prabhutvam 1948loe fraser nadhi varadalanu kooda edurkondi, atyavasara paristhitini prakatinchindi mariyu fraser loya gundaa nadhi oddulanu diking chese karyakramanni praarambhinchindi. commonwealthlo modati mahilaa speakerga nancy hodgesnu niyaminchinanduku kooda johnson prasiddhi chendaaru. udaaravaada-sampradaayavaada sankeerna prabhutvam 1949 ennikalaloo 61 saatam prajaadarana pondina otlatho vijayam saadhinchindi. sankeerna bhaagaswaamula madhya, rendu paarteela madhya udriktatalu perigayi. liberal party kaaryanirvahakulu sankiirnaanni raddu cheyadaaniki ootu vaesaaru, johnson 1952 janavarilo thana sampradaayavaada mantrulanu tolaginchaaru, phalitamgaa swalpakaalika minority prabhutvam erpadindi, idhi twaralone kuppakoolindi. 1952 ennikalu. moodu paarteela pootiiloo sii. sii. eff. gelavakunda nirodhinchadaaniki, prabhutvam takshana-runoff otingnu pravesapettindi, sampradaayavaada otarlu udaaravaadulanu vaari rendava empikagaa jabita chestaarane aasatoe mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa. ayithe, otarlu pratyaamnaayaala kosam chuustunnaaru. ekkuva mandhi otarlu tama rendava empikagaa itara paarteela kante mundu british columbia soshal credit leagnu enchukunnaaru. 1952 saarvatrika ennikalaloo ballets lekkinchinappudu saamaajika gurtimpu atipedda partyga udbhavinchindi. ennikala samayamlo saamaajika credit yokka "vaastava" nayakudu, doubleu. eah. sii. gatamlo sampradayavadamga unna bennetnu ennikala tarvaata party nayakudiga adhikarikamga niyaminchaaru. 1953 saarvatrika ennikalaloo, udaaravaadulu 4 sthaanaalaku tagginchabaddaaru, 23.36% otlanu teesukunnaru. orther long vancouver point grayloo tilly rollstonnu oodinchaadu. saamaajika ghanata saasanasabhalo majority sthaanaalanu geluchukunnappatiki, vaari aardhika mantri ainar gunderson ook baeloe liberals yokka phillip archibald gibbs chetilo odipoyaaru. bull off dhi woods" anae maaruperuto piluvabade millionaire kalapa baaran ayina gordan gibson sr, lilloot kosam udaravadiga ennikayyaaru. moodava party sthitih 1953-1979. eee samayam prarambha kaalamlo, udaaravaadula atyanta pramukha sabhyudu gordan gibson sr. athanu oka sigar-dhumapanam mariyu oka pedda raajakeeya porapaatu kosam pradhaanamaina, conny oka pedda raajakeeya porapaatu kosam unde oka saadhaarana logging contractor. ayana 1953loe lilloot riding kosam ennikayyaaru. 1955loe, somers kumbhakonam bayatapadindi mariyu saasanasabhalo daanini oka samasyaga chesina ekaika nayakudu aayane. doubleu. eah. sii. samacharam bayataku rakunda aapadaniki bennet mariyu athani attarney general aneka vyuuhaalanu prayatninchaaru. niraasatoe, gibson thana sthaanaaniki rajinama chesi, somers kumbhakonanni samasyaga maarchaalani aasatoe upa ennikanu balavantam chesaadu. oating vyavastha maarindi, mariyu athanu saamaajika credit tarvaata rendava sthaanamlo vacchaadu. 1956 ennikalaloo, somers kumbhakonam inca parishkarinchabadakapovadamtho, udaaravaadulu 1953 kante adhvaannamgaa unnaaru. orther loying thana sthaanaanni kolpoyadu, mariyu party rendu maas mariyu 20.9% otlaku taggindi. 1960 ennikalaloo, party 1956loe adhe 20.9% prajaadarana pondina otutho naalugu sthaanaalanu geluchukundi. 1963 ennikalaloo, party yokka caucus maroe oka mla perigi aidu ayindi, conny prajaadarana pondina otlalo vaari vataa 19.98% kii padipoyindi. 1966 ennikalaloo, party maroe seetunu geluchukundi, daani kakasnu aruku teesukuvacchindi, mariyu ootu 20.24% kii perigindi. 1969loe jarigina ootingloo, party oka sthaanaanni kolpoyindi, mariyu daani ootu vataa 19.03% kii padipoyindi. 1972loe, eee paarteeni kotta nayakudu david anderson ennikalaloo nadipinchaaru, ayana 1968 federal ennikalaloo kenada liberal paarteeki empeega ennikayyaaru. ayana mariyu maroe naluguru saasanasabhaku ennikayyaaru, conny party charitralo athi takkuva ootu 16.4% thoo. british columbia nyuu democratic party (bcndp) 1972 ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata, udaaravaada mariyu sampradaayavaada paarteelaku chendina chaalaa mandhi maddatudaarulu saamaajika credit leagku firaayinchaaru. eee sankeernam 1975 nundi 1990la varaku kotta prajaasvaamyavaadulanu adhikaram nundi dhooramgaa unchagaligindi. mlas gaard gardom, pott mcjeer mariyu allon villiams akasmaattugaa punarujjeevimpabadina toryla hoog curtisto paatu saamaajika ghanata kosam udaaravaadulanu vidichipettaru. 1975 taruvaata vaarandaruu saamaajika credit cabinetlalo sabhyuluga maararu. 1975 ennikalaloo, ennikaina ekaika udaaravaadi gordan gibson juuniyar. party niraasaparichina 7.24% score chesindi. david anderson thana victoria ridinglo ghoramgaa odipoyaadu, kotta prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu saamaajika ghanata venuka unchaadu. aranyamlo 1979-1991. 1979 ennikalu aaa party atyalpa sthaayi ennikalu. party charitralo rendosari, idhi saasanasabha nundi moosiveyabadindi. kevalam aiduguru matrame pootii chesaaru, evaruu ennika kaaledu, mariyu paarteeki 0.5 saatam otlu vachayi. 1983 ennikalaloo party abhyardhula puurti slateku daggaragaa raavadamtho, conny ootu 2.69% nuu geluchukovadamto oka chinna recovery kanipinchindi. 1986loe jarigina ennikaloo party moosesina moodo, chivari ennika. prajaadarana pondina otlalo daani vataa 6.74% kuu merugupadindi. 1987loe, marevaruu aasakti chuupanappudu gordan willson praantiiya udaaravaada party nayakudiga maararu. willson praantiiya udaaravaada party mariyu daani samakhya pratipakshaala madhya adhikaarika sambandhaalanu tenchukunnaaru. 1970la madhyakaalam nundi, BCలోని chaalaa mandhi samakhya udaaravaadulu praantiiya sthaayilo british columbia soshal credit paarteeki maddatu ivvadaaniki enchukunnaaru. praantiiya party kosam, eee vibhajana uddesyam federal party yokka saamaajika credit sabhyula prabhavanni tagginchadam. samakhya party drukpatham nundi, eee charya vaariki samanamga prayojanakaramgaa undhi, endukante praantiiya party bhaareega appullo undhi. willson british columbia rajakeeyaalalo vishwasaneeyamaina moodava partyga praantiiya paarteeni punarnirminchadaaniki siddamayyaadu. adhe kaalamlo, bill wander jalm naayakatvamlo paalaka saamaajika credit party vivaadaaniki guraindi. phalitamgaa, bahula saamaajika credit kumbhakonalu chaalaa mandhi otarlu pratyaamnaayam kosam vetakadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. 1991 ennikala samayaniki, wander jalm varasudu, premiere rita johnston mariyu bcndp nayakudu maikhel harcourt madhya television kenadian broadcasting corporation (cbc) charchalo chaerchadaaniki willson lobbying chesaaru. cbc angeekarinchindi, willson thana panitiirutoe chaalaa mandhi otarlanu aakattukunnadu. udaaravaada pracharam oopandukundi, mariyu saamaajika runa pracharam nundi chaalaa maddatunu tolaginchindi. bcndp ennikallo vijayam saadhinchagaa, udaaravaadulu 17 seetlatho rendava sthaanamlo nilichaaru. willson pratipaksha nayakudiga maararu. willson kinda adhikaarika vyatirekatah 1991-1993. willson vidhanalu saamaajika credit patanam valla migilipoyina shoonyatanu poorinchaalanukunna saasanasabhalo mariyu paarteelo unna aneka itara udaaravaadulato samanamga laevu. udaaravaadulu saasanasabhalo mariyu vistruta-aadhaarita raajakeeya udyamaanni nirminchadamlo kooda anubhavagnulu kaadani niroopinchukunnaaru. kotta prajaasvaamya party praantiiya prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa samarthavanthamaina pratipakshaanni erpaatu cheyagala kramasikshana samsthanu nirminchadaaniki vaariki kashta samayam vachindi. 1993loe, willson naayakatvam thoti udaaravaadi judy tyaabjeetoo athani vyavaharam velladinchadam valla marinta debbatindi. eee samayaniki, chaalaa varaku caucus athani naayakatvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa bahiranga tirugubaatulo undhi. willson nayakatva samavesaniki pilupunivvadaaniki angeekarinchaadu, andulo athanu abhyardhigaa untaadu. delta south mlaa fred jingel pratipaksha nayakudiga maraga, udaaravaada nayakatva pootii jarigindi. tvaralo, party maajee nayakudu gordan gibson mariyu vancouver mayer gordan camp bell nayakatva pootiiloo pravesinchaaru. camp bell modati ballet loe nirnayaatmakamgaa gelichindi, maajee party nayakudu gordan gibson rendava mariyu willson moodava sthaanamlo nilichaaru. nayakatva ennika oka-sabhyudu, oka ootu vyavasthapai nirnayinchabadindi, dheeni dwara udaaravaadulu telephone dwara vaari empikalaku ootu vaesaaru. willson, tyabji appudu udaaravaadulanu vidichipetti, pragatiseela prajaasvaamya kootami anae tama sonta paarteeni erpaatu chesukunnaru. camp bell kinda adhikaarika vyatirekatah 1993-2001. camp bell nayakudiga maarina tarvaata, udaaravaadulu modatisaarigaa "bisi liberals" anae paerunu sweekarinchaaru, tvaralo kotta logo mariyu kotta party rangulanu (saadhaarana "liberal redd" mariyu daanitoe paatu mapple aaku badulugaa erupu mariyu neelam) pravesapettaaru. savarinchina paeru mariyu logo kenada yokka federal liberal party nundi otarla manassulalo marinta spashtamgaa vaeru chese prayatnam. 1994 praarambhamlo, camp bell upa ennikaloo saasanasabhaku ennikayyaaru. ayana naayakatvamlo, party kudi vaipuku velladam praarambhinchindi, maajee saamaajika credit party sabhyula nundi mariyu taruvaata, praantiiya samskarana party nundi maddatunu pondindi. kontamandi mitavaada sokredlu wander jalm shakam varaku udaaravaadulaku ootu veyadam praarambhinchaaru. fraser loya praantamloo jarigina upa ennikalaloo udaaravaadulu rendu maajee socred sthaanaalanu geluchukunnaru, prastuta bcmdp prabhutvaaniki spashtamaina pratyamnaayamgaa tama vaadananu patishtam chesaaru. saamaajika credit patanam dwara bisi raajakeeya varnapatam yokka madhya-kudi vaipuna srushtinchabadina shoonyatanu kooda udaaravaada party nimpindi. 1996 ennikalaloo, bisi liberals prajaadarana pondina otunu geluchukunnaru. ayithe, provins bayati praantaalalo chaalaa varaku udaaravaada margine vrudhaa cheyabadindi; vaaru vancouver mariyu diguva pradhana bhoobhaagamlo enimidi seetlanu matrame geluchukunnaru. graameena british columbialo, mukhyamgaa railway sthaanika aardhika vyavasthaku jeevanadharamga unna antargata praantamloo-camp bell yokka konni vidhaanaalatho otarlu kaligi unna asoukaryam kaaranamgaa bisi udaaravaadulu aneka pootiilanu kolpoyaru, pradhanamgaa bisi railunu vikrayistaanani ayana icchina vaagdaanam. nikara phalitam emitante, udaaravaadulanu mallee pratipakshaaniki pampadam, ayinappatikee vaaru enn. dii. pii. majorityni 13 nundi mooduku tagginchagaligaaru. ennikala taruvaata, bisi udaaravaadulu 1996 punaraavrutam kakunda chusukovadaniki siddhamayyaru. camp bell thana 1996 platformlo takkuva prajaadarana pondina konni vidhana pranaalikalanu tolaginchaaru, mukhyamgaa bisi railunu vikrayistaamani vaagdaanam chesaaru, endukante ammakam yokka parinaamaala avakaasam uttara antargata ridinglalo maddatudaarulanu dhooram chesindi. camp bell prabhutvam 2001-2011. bcmdp prabhutvaaniki rendosari kumbhakonam nindina taruvaata, bisi liberals 2001 ennikalaloo bisi charitralo atipedda bhaarii vijayam saadhinchi, 79 seetlalo 77 sthaanaalanu geluchukunnaru. vaaru premiere ujal dosanjnu thana sonta ridinglo kooda tolaginchagaligaaru. gordan camp bell padhi samvatsaraalalo edava premiere ayyadu mariyu daadaapu 50 samvatsaraalalo modati udaaravaada premiere ayyadu. camp bell athanu kaaryaalayaaniki niyaminchabadina modati rojuna anni praantiiya aadaaya pannulaloo 25 saatam taggimpunu pravesapettaadu. bisi udaaravaadulu corporate aadaaya pannunu kooda tagginchaaru mariyu chaalaa vyaapaaraalaku corporate muuladhana pannunu raddu chesaaru (kotta prajaasvaamyavaadulu pravesapettina pettubadi mariyu upaadhipai pannu). camp bell yokka modati padam kooda aardhika kaatinyaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, indulo sankshema rolls mariyu konni saamaajika sevalalo taggimpulu, niyantrana tolagimpu, konni prabhutva aastula ammakam (mukhyamgaa munupati prabhutvam nirminchina "faast ferrilu", vaati dharalo kontha bhaagaaniki vikrayinchabaddaayi). camp bell bisi railu yokka praivaeteekarananu kooda praarambhinchindi, dheenini udaaravaadulu 1996loe paarteeni tiraskarinchina uttara raidinglanu geluchukovadaaniki vikrayinchabomani vaagdaanam chesaaru, conny ennikala tarvaata eee vaagdaanaanni tippikottaaru, bidding prakriyatho mudipadi unna naera parisoedhanalu phalitamgaa 2003 british columbia saasanasabha daadulu mariyu tadupari inca pendinglo unna kortu kesu. aneka mukhyamaina kaarmika vivaadaalu unnaayi, veetilo konni prabhutva chattam dwara parishkarinchabaddaayi, conny veetilo provins vaidyulatoe gharshanalu unnaayi. camp bell kooda poura sevanu tagginchindi, konni prabhutva vibhagalalo yaabhai saataaniki paiga sibbandi kothalu vidhinchaaru, mariyu chinna prabhutvam vaagdaanam chesinappatiki cabinet parimaanam daadaapu rettimpu cheyabadindi mariyu parliamentary jeetaalu penchabaddaayi. paripalana kooda tirigi erpaatu cheyabadindi, tadwara upa mantrulu ippudu tama tama mantrulaku kakunda pradhana mantri kaaryaalayamloni cheef off staffku nivedinchaalsi untundi. kothalu samayamlo, provins chuttoo unna aasupatrulu, nyaayasthaanaalu mariyu vistarinchina samrakshana soukaryaalu moosiveyabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa chinna communitylalo, mariyu bisi parirakshana seva vanti amalu sibbandini upanta sthaayiki tagginchaaru. munupati enn. dii. pii. paalanalo srushtinchabadina vividha praantiiya udyaanavanaalanu kooda rakshita praanta hodaaku tagginchaaru, antey vaatini vanarula dopidi kosam teravavacchu, mariyu udyaanavanaala upayogam kosam pheejulu penchabaddaayi. 2003loe, operation ever vae anie piluvabade oka maadakadravyaala daryaaptu, british columbia paarlamentu bhavanaallooni prabhutva karyalayalapai daadulaku daariteesindi, idhi oka kumbhakonamlo sisi railnu cnku vikrayinchadaaniki sambandhinchina anumaanita lavadevilaku sambandhinchi "railgate" gaa piluvabadindi mariyu prabhavanni chuupadam, vishwaasaanni ullanghinchadam mariyu lanchaalu teesukovadam kosam naluguru maajee mantri sahayakula vichaarana. 2005 ennikalaloo 7 seetla (46-33) takkuva majoritytho udaaravaadulu tirigi ennikayyaaru. 2009 ennikalaloo udaaravaadulu mallee ennikayyaaru. eee ennikala tarvaata koddikaalaanike ennikala pracharam samayamlo icchina vaagdaanaalaku viruddhamgaa hchst pravesapettinatlu prakatinchaaru. november 3,2010naa, thana nirvahana shaili mariyu saamarasyapuurvaka ammakapu pannu (hchst) mariyu bisi railu avineeti vichaaranaku vivaadaaspada mugimpuku vyatiraekamgaa raajakeeya edurudebbaku vyatiraekamgaa sannihitamaina caucus tirugubaatunu edurkontunna, mariyu ennikalaloo 9 saatam kante takkuva rating thoo, garden camp bell thana raajeenaamaanu prakatinchaaru. clark prabhutvam 2011-2017. party 2011 nayakatva samavesam "saadhyamainanta twaragaa nayakatva samavesanni nirvahinchaalani" paarteeki garden camp bell chesina abhyardhana dwara prerepinchabadindi. 2011 fibravari 26naa samavesam christy clarknu party kotta nayakudiga ennukundi. clark mariyu aame kotta mantrivargam marchi 14naa pramaana sweekaaram chesaaru. clark aadhvaryamlo, samakhya udaaravaada mariyu samakhya sampradaayavaada maddatudaarula sankiirnamgaa undaalane daani iteevali sampradaayaanni konasaagistuu, party marinta madhyavaada drukpathaanni roopondinchindi. aame ventane kaneesa vaetanaanni gantaku $8 nundi $10.25/hour kuu penchindi mariyu antario maadirigaane provins-wide family daynu pravesapettindi. clark aardhika maandyam taruvaata pradhaanamainadigaa maarindi, mariyu prabhutva vyayampai line nuu konasaaginchindi, 2013-14 aardhika samvatsaraaniki samatulya budjetku mundu rendu lotu budjetlanu pravesapettindi, indulo adhika-aadaaya british kolambiyanlapai pannu pempu kooda undhi. bisi yokka draveekruta sahaja vayuvu (lng) nilvalanu sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki kooda aame prayatninchindi, raboye dasaabdamloo vardhamana lng parisramanu pradhana aardhika abhivruddhi avakaasamgaa unchindi. gordan camp bell paripalana chivari samvatsaraalalo suduura mariyu pragatiseela paryaavarana chattalu amalu cheyabadinappatiki, clark paryaavarana vidhaanaaniki aame vidhaanamlo marinta kolustaaru. bisi yokka modati-uttara-america carbon pannunu konasaagistuu, aame 2013 ennikala samayamlo retunu stambhimpajestaanani vaagdaanam chesindi mariyu aame lng abhivruddhi aakaankshalu 2007loe camp bell prabhutvam nirdesinchina greenhouse vaayu udgaara lakshyalaku viruddhamgaa unnatlu anipinchindi. bisini daate bhavishyat pipeline paryaavarana avasaralu mariyu swadeshi sampradimpulatoe sahaa aidu sharatulanu teerchavalasi untundani aame 2012loe prakatinchindi. vivadaspadamga, aame thana aidu sharatulalo okati, perigina pipeline mariyu tanker traaphik nundi vachhe edainaa aadaayamlo bisi thana "sarasamaina vatanu" pondutundani suuchimchimdi. idhi aamenu alberta praavinstoe pratyaksha sangharshanhalo pettindi, athanu bisi portula dwara daani bitumen kosam market accessnu penchaalani korukunnadu, ayinappatikee bisi etuvanti raayalteelanu andukune yea erpaatunu nischayamgaa tiraskarinchaadu. 2011loe, collin hansen kenadaaloni sambandham laeni udaaravaada paarteetho gandaragolaanni nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu aneka samakhya sampradaayavaada mariyu udaaravaada otarla sankiirnamgaa daani hodaanu merugga pratibimbimchadaaniki party thana paerunu marchukovalani pratipaadinchaaru. ayana pratyaamnaaya paerunu pratipaadinchaledu. clark paeru maarpunu pariseelistaanani, conny "daanini cheyadaaniki tondarapadatam ledhu" anie chepparu. 2013 ennikala samayamlo, clark prajabhipraya sekaranalo takkuva prachaaramloki pravesinchi, thana pradhana pratyarthi ayina enn. dii. pii. kii chendina audrian dixnu 20 paayintla maera venukanjalo unchindi. bisi liberal prachara ninaadam "balamaina aardhika vyavastha, surakshitamaina repu" mariyu otarlu naalugosaari ennika kaavadaaniki oka kaaranamgaa lng rangamlo samatulya budget mariyu balamaina abhivruddhi avakaasaalanu highlight chesindi. clark thana karyalayam mariyu pracharanni nirvahinchadaaniki daan gai mariyu laura miller vanti antario liberal paarteetho anubandhinchabadina vyoohakartalanu mariyu mike mcdonald vanti samakhya udaaravaadulanu teesukuvacchindi. bisi udaaravaadulu padaviloe naalugosaari bhadraparachadaaniki venuka nundi vacchaaru, ayithe clark aame vancouver ridinglo odipoyaaru, conny taruvaata jarigina upa ennikaloo paschima vaipu-kelona yokka okanagan ridinglo vijayam saadhinchaaru. ennikala taruvaata, aame bhavishyat pipeline prajectulapai bisi mariyu alberta madhya sambandhaalanu kariginchaalani korindi, maajee alberta premiere alyson redford yokka jaateeya indhana vyuuhampai santakam chesindi. 2014 praarambhamlo, udaaravaadulu rendava neerugaa samatulya budgetnu teesukuvacchaaru mariyu konni kirana dukaanaalaloo madyam ammakalanu anumatinchadaaniki mariyu madyam vaddinche pabbulu mariyu restaurantlalo pillalanu peddalatho kuurchoevadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki bisi yokka madyam chattalanu maarchadaaniki chattanni pravesapettaaru. 2017 ennikalaloo, bisi liberals seetla sankhya 43kii tagginchabadindi, idhi majorityki oka seatu takkuva. 2017 mae 29naa, tudi otla lekkimpu puurtayina taruvaata, bcndp mariyu bisi green party sthiramaina minority prabhutvaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki vishwaasam mariyu sarafara oppandaaniki angeekarinchaayi. vaari samyukta 44 seatlu vaariki bisi liberals '43 kante prayojanaanni istayi, idhi juun 29,2017 naa vishwaasa otupai clark prabhutvaanni oodinchadaaniki saripotundi, aaa taruvaata clark premiere padaviki rajinama chesaaru (juulai 18,2017 nundi amaluloki vachindi) mariyu leftinent-governor endipi nayakudu zaan horgannu prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyamani koraru. clark rajinama chesina taruvaata ritch coleiman party taatkaalika nayakudiga maararu. wilkinson mariyu baand kinda adhikaarika vyatirekatah 2018-2022. andrew wilkinson 2018 fibravari 3naa party nayakudiga ennikayyaaru. ayana rendu samvatsaraalu pratipaksha nayakudiga panicheesaaru. 2020 saarvatrika ennikala samayamlo, elbitique vyatiraeka prakatanalu chesina abhyardhi mariyu maajee mla ayina laurie simhasananni tolaginchadamlo alasyam chesinanduku wilkinson sabhyatva kurcheetho sahaa party sabhyulachae vimarsinchabaddaadu. ennikallo party odipoyina taruvaata ayana rajinama chesaaru. shirley baand 2022 nayakatva pootii varaku party taatkaalika nayakudiga panicheesaaru. falcon naayakatvam mariyu paeru maarpu 2022 nundi. kevin falcon fibravari 5,2022naa bisi liberals nayakudiga ennikayyaaru. thana nayakatva prachara samayamlo, falcon party paeru maarchadaaniki mariyu rebrand cheyadaaniki pratigna chesaaru. 2022 party samavesamlo, pratinidhulu paeru-maarpu prakriyatho munduku saagadaaniki oka teermaanaanni aamodinchaaru, samvatsaram chivari natiki ootu vaeyadaaniki mundu party sabhyatvamtho sampradimpulatoe praarambhinchi. provins-wide survey taruvaata, "bisi united" nuu paarteeki sambhaavya kotta paerugaa munduku tecchaaru. aaa tarvaata november 13naa party sabhyulaku paeru pettabadindi, november 16naa, paeru maarpunu daadaapu 80 saatam mandhi aamodinchinatlu prakatinchaaru. paeru maarpu taruvaata aamodinchabadindi mariyu april 12,2023 nundi amaluloki vachindi. party nayakulu. moolamh british columbia saasana grandhaalayam ennikala phalitaalu. moolamh ennikalu bisi bisi united yooth. bisi united yooth party yuvajana vibhaagaaniki naayakatvam vahistundi. karyanirvahaka boardu vaarshika saadhaarana samavesamlo ennukoobadutundi mariyu aiduguru yuva sabhyulatho koodi untundih adhyakshudu, upaadhyaksha communications, upaadhyaksha karyakramalu, upaadhyaksha karyakalapalu mariyu upaadhyakshula vyaapti. september 2022 natiki, eee sthaanaalanu varusaga herman khosa, teddy oo 'donnell, olivia wankling, maark dillon mariyu james lehmann nirvahistunnaaru.

bee see united bee see united (bee see yuu)yee jasay pehley bartanvi columbia libral paarti kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa bartanvi columbia canada mein eek soobayi seyasi jamaat hay. paarti kuu qadamat pasand noow libral aur bayein daayein seyasi medaan amal kay markaz daayein parr honay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. paarti aam toor parr khood kuu "aazaad karobari itehad" kay toor parr biyaan karti hay aur wafaqi libral aur qadamat pasand donon jamaaton kay arakeen kii himayat haasil karti hay. 1990 kii dahayi say bee see united center leaft neo democratic paarti (aine ddee pee) kii markazi markaz daayein baazo kii hazb ikhtelaaf rahee hay. eek baar canada kii libral paarti say waabistah honay kay baad bartanvi columbia libral paarti 1987 mein aazaad how gayee. paarti nay 12 apreel 2023 kuu apnaa naam tabdil kirr kay bee see united rakh liyaa. 1940 kii dahayi takk bartanvi columbia kii seyasat parr iss waqat kii libral paarti aur hareef qadamat pasand paarti kaa ghalbah thaa. libral nay 1916 say 1928 takk aur phir 1933 say 1941 takk hukumat banayi. 1941 say 1952 takk donon jamaaton nay arooj pazeer coopreto kaaman velath federation kaa muqabilah karnay kay liye itehad (eek libral leader kii qayadat mein) mein hukumat kii. itehad kuu 1952 kay intekhabat mein nayee soshal creadt paarti nay shakast dee thee aur paarti zawal pazeer how gayee balaakhir 1979 kay intekhabat mein maqnanah mein apnee maujudgi khoo dee. yaha 1991 kay intekhabat mein maqnanah mein waps aayaa dosray number parr aayaa aur leader gorden walasan kii koshishon kay zariye sarkaari hazb ikhtelaaf tashkil dee. walasan 1994 mein gorden camp bail kay saamney qayadat kaa challenge haar gayey. camp bail kii qayadat mein bee see libral nay daayein taraf muntaqil honaa sharoo kirr diyaa aur wafaqi paarti say khood kuu door karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa. 2001 kay intekhabat mein libral nay zabardast aksariyat haasil kii juu inhon nay 2017 kay intekhabat kay foraa baad takk camp bail aur inn kay jansheen christy clark kay tahat haasil kii. 2020 kay intekhabat mein haarnay kay baad paarti hazb ikhtelaaf mein rahee. paarti kay aath rehnumaon nay bartanvi columbia kay wazeer aizam kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dee haine: harlen broaster jaan auliver jaan maclin diff patolo jaan haart baas jaansan gorden camp bail aur christy clark. 2022 kay qayedana intekhabat kay baad say paarti kii qayadat cune falcon kirr rahay haine. tareekh. pehli hukumat: 1916-1928. manqasam qadamat pasandon nay 1916 kay intekhabat mein libral kaa saamna kiyaa aur haar gayey. libral nay harlen carrie broaster kay tahat hukumat banayi. broaster hazb ikhtelaaf kaa rehnuma bunn gayaa thaa aur maarch 1912 mein paarti kaa rehnuma muntakhib hawaa. wah chand hafton baad 1912 kay intekhabat mein apnee nashast haar gayaa jiss nay koyee libral waps nahein kiyaa. 1916 mein inhon nay zamni intekhaab kay zariye dobarah maqnanah kaa intekhaab jeetaa aur iss saal kay aakhir mein eek islahati plait faarm parr muham chalaa kirr apnee paarti kuu aam intekhabat mein fatah dilayi. sharaab bananay waalay nay soul saros mein sarparasti khatam karnay seyasi machinein khatam karnay mazdooron kay maawaze aur leebar qawanin kuu behatar banaaney khwatin kay liye woat laanay aur deegar tarqi pasand aslahaat kaa waadah kiyaa. hukumat nay khwatin kay haqh raaye dahee kuu laaya mamanaat naafiz kii aur 1918 mein inn kii ghair matuqa moth say pehley seyasi badanwani kaa muqabilah kiyaa. inhein victoriah bartanvi columbia mein raas bay qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. jaan auliver nay 1918 mein brewster kay inteqal kay baad brewster kay wazeer aizam kay toor parr kamiyabi haasil kii. auliver kii hukumat nay waadi nanok mein paidawar kii sanaat kuu tayaar kiyaa aur wafaqi hukumat kuu rail nql woo hamal kay liye maal bardari kii sharah kuu kumm karnay parr aamadah karnay kii koshish kii. paarti nay 1920 kay intekhabat mein mahaz aksariyat haasil kii aur 1924 kay intekhabat kay baad hyee 2 aazaad libral kii himayat say hukumat karnay mein kamiyab rahee. mukhalifat aur azeem afsardagi: 1928-1933. libral 1928 kay intekhabat mein apnay woat badhanay mein kamiyab rahay leakin apnee nasf kay qareeb nashastein khoo bethay. azeem afsardagi kay aaghaz aur saaiman freezer tolmi kii hukumat kay phatnay kay saath libral nay 1933 kay intekhabat jeeth liye. diff patolo: 1933-1941. 1933 kay intekhabat nay diff patolo kuu iqtedar mein laaya aur coopreto kaaman velath federation (see see aif) kuu maqnanah mein mutaarif karaya juu eek nayee samaji-jamhuri aur jamhuri ishteraki hazb ikhtelaaf kii jamaat hay. patlo chahtay thay kahh eek faal hukumat samaji programon aur bay rozgaaron kii himayat kay zariye afsardagi say namatnay kii koshish karay. canada kuu great depression say sabb say ziyadah mutasir honay waala tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay aur maghrabi canada canada kay andar sabb say ziyadah mutasir hawaa hay. patlo kii koshishein aksar otawa mein wafaqi hukumat kay saath mutsadim thein. patlo bartanvi columbia kay bhee haami thay aur inhon nay qabal maseeh takk yukoon kay alhaaq aur mashriqi canada kii taaqat kuu kumm karnay kay liye alaska hayee way kii tameer kii tajweez paish kii. 1937 kay aam intekhabat mein inn kii hukumat "samaji sarmayah daari" kay naarah parr dobarah muntakhib hoyee. "itehad": 1941-1951. qadamat pasandon kay saath muthbadil hukumat see see aif kay arooj kay saath khatam how gayee juu 1933 say 1937 takk sarkaari hazb ikhtelaaf bannay mein kamiyab rahee aur 1937 kay intekhabat mein qadamat pasandon say eek nashast kumm thee. 1941 kay intekhabat mein see see aif dosray number parr aayaa. intekhabat nay libral kuu wah aksariyat nahein dee jiss kii inhein ameed thee. jaan haart 1941 mein wazeer aizam aur libral leader bunn gayey jabb patlo nay qadamat pasandon kay saath itehad karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. libral arakeen nay patolo kuu rehnuma kay toor parr hataa diyaa aur haart nay eek libral qadamat pasand itehadi hukumat tashkil dee jasay qabal maseeh kii tareekh mein "itehad" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. 1941 say 1945 takk haart nay jung kay waqat kii qalat kay waqat hukumat kii jabb tamaam baday sarkaari mansubay maltawi kirr diye gayey thay. 1945 kay intekhabat mein itehadi hukumat dobarah muntakhib hoyee. iss muqabilay mein libral aur qadamat pasand eek hyee benar kay neechey dodtay thay. 1945 kay baad haart nay deehi bajli kaaree punn bajli aur shahrahon kii tameer kaa eek parjosh prograam sharoo kiyaa. haart kay sabb say aham mansubay hayee way 97 say shamali bartanvi columbia kii tameer (jiss mein say prince jaarj ddaosan crack segment kaa naam abb inn kay aizaz mein rakhaa gayaa hay) aur barj rever pawar project thay juu bartanvi columbia mein pehli bury punn bajli kii tarqi thee. inhon nay bee see pawar commission qayem kiyaa juu bee see hydro kaa eek paish khaimah thaa taakah chhoti baradariyon kuu bajli farahim kii jaa sakay jinn kii khidmaat najee utilities kay zariye nahein kii jaati thein. dasambar 1947 mein haart batoor wazeer aizam retire hoay. qadamat pasand paarti nay apnay rehnuma herbert inscomb kay liye ahtajaj kiyaa kahh wah haart kuu wazeer aizam kay toor parr kamiyab karein leakin libral nay itehadi kaaks mein toriyon kuu peeche chhod diyaa aur haart kay baad eek aur libral byron jaansan jasay "baas" jaansan kay naam say jaana jaataa hay nay ankomb kay saath naib wazeer aizam aur wazeer khazanah kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. jaansan kii hukumat nay iss kii adayegi kay liye universal hospital inshorans aur 3 faisad soobayi seils teks mutaarif karaya. iss nay shahrah kay nazaam kuu wasaat dee paisifik great estern railway kuu wasaat dee aur alkan muahide parr baath cheet kii jiss say keenee ddaim kii tameer mein sahulat hoyee. hukumat nay 1948 mein daryaae freezer kay sailaab say bhee namtaa hungami haalat kaa aalaan kiyaa aur freezer waadi say daryaa kay kinaron kuu ddaik karnay kaa prograam sharoo kiyaa. jaansan nainsi hojaz kuu dolat mushtarkah kii pehli khaatun specker kay toor parr muqarar karnay kay liye bhee mashhur haine. libral-qadamat pasand itehadi hukumat nay 1949 kay intekhabat mein 61 faisad kay saath kamiyabi haasil kii juu kahh qabal maseeh kii tareekh mein maqbool woton kaa sabb say badaa faisad hay. itehadi sharakat daaron kay darmiyan aur donon jamaaton kay andar tanao badh gayaa thaa. libral paarti kay execto nay itehad kuu khatam karnay kay haqh mein woat diyaa aur jaansan nay januri 1952 mein apnay qadamat pasand wuzraa kuu chhod diyaa jiss kay natijay mein eek qaleel madti aqliyati hukumat bunn gayee juu jald hyee girr gayee. 1952 kay intekhabat. see see aif kuu teen jamaaton kay muqabilay mein jeetnay say roknay kay liyay hukumat nay fouri runn aaf voting mutaarif karayee iss toqaa kay saath kahh qadamat pasand voters libral kuu apnee dosri pasand kay toor parr darj karein gay aur iss kay barakas. tahim raaye dehandgan muthbadil talaash kirr rahay thay. ziyadah raaye dehandgan nay apnee dosri pasand kay toor parr kasee bhee dosri paarti say aagay british columbia soshal creadt leeg kuu muntakhib kiyaa. 1952 kay aam intekhabat mein jabb bellet kii ganti hoyee tuu samaji creadt sabb say bury jamaat kay toor parr ubhra. intekhabat kay doraan soshal creadt kaa "ddee facto" leader dabliyo. aey. see. bennet juu pehley qadamat pasand thay kuu intekhabat kay baad bazabtah toor parr paarti leader namzad kiyaa gayaa. 1953 kay aam intekhabat mein libral 4 nashaston takk kumm how gayey jiss nay 23.36% woat haasil kiye. aarthar leeng nay venkovar point giray mein tilly rolston kuu shakast dee. agarcha samaji creadt nay maqnanah mein aksariyat kii nashastein haasil kein leakin inn kay wazeer khazanah ainaar gandarsan kuu ook bay mein libral kay flip aarki baald gabz nay shakast dee. gorden gibson aiss aarr eek karod patee lakdi kay baroon jasay "bail aaf dee wods" kaa arfi naam diyaa gayaa thaa kuu libral kay toor parr laleet kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. teesre fareeq kii haisiyat: 1953-1979. iss waqat kay ibtadayi door mein libral kaa sabb say numayan rakan gorden gibson aiss aar thaa. wah segrate noshi karnay waala aur eek saath logging karnay waala thikedar thaa juu eek bury seyasi ghalti kay liye premier how saktaa thaa. wah 1953 mein lalot sawari kay liye muntakhib hoay. 1955 mein somers scandle saamney aayaa aur wah maqnanah mein waahid rehnuma thay jinhon nay asay masilah banaya. dabliyo. aey. see. bennet aur iss kay attarni general nay malumat kuu saamney aaney say roknay kay liye behat say hathkandon kii koshish kii. mayusi mein gibson nay apnee nashast say istefi day diyaa aur zamni intekhaab parr majbur kirr diyaa iss ameed parr kahh somers scandle kuu masilah banaa dain. voting kaa nazaam badal chakaa thaa aur wah samaji creadt kay baad dosray number parr aayey. 1956 kay intekhabat mein jabb kahh somers scandle ubhee takk hall nahein hawaa libral 1953 kay muqabilay mein badtar karkardgi kaa mazahirah kirr rahay thay. aarthar leeng apnee nashast khoo bethay aur paarti duu milaas aur 20.9% woat takk rahh gayee. 1960 kay intekhabat mein paarti nay 1956 kay maqbool woat kay baraabar 20.9% kay saath chaar nashastein jeetein. 1963 kay intekhabat mein paarti kaa kaaks eek aur ayem eel aey badh kirr paanch how gayaa leakin maqbool woat mein inn kaa hasah 19.98% rahh gayaa. 1966 kay intekhabat mein paarti nay eek aur nashast jeeth kirr apnay kaaks kuu chh parr laaya aur woat mein izafah hawaa 20.24%. 1969 kay woat mein paarti eek nashast haar gayee aur woat kaa iss kaa hasah 19.03% rahh gayaa. 1972 mein paarti kii qayadat eek nayey rehnuma dude anderson nay kii juu 1968 kay wafaqi intekhabat mein canada kii libral paarti kay ayem pee kay toor parr muntakhib hoay thay. wah aur chaar deegar maqnanah kay liye muntakhib honay mein kamiyab rahay leakin paarti kii tareekh mein sabb say kumm woat kay saath 16.4%. bartanvi columbia neo democratic paarti (bee see aine ddee pee) kay 1972 kay intekhabat jeetnay kay baad libral aur qadamat pasand jamaaton kay behat say haami soshal creadt leeg mein shaamil how gayey. yaha itehad 1975 say 1990 kii dahayi takk nayey democrats kuu iqtedar say baahir rakhnay mein kamiyab rehaa. milaas gaard guardem pait meek jair aur ailan waleems nay libral kuu achanak ahya paaney waalay toriyon kay hugh crits kay saath samaji creadt kay liye chhod diyaa. yaha sabb 1975 kay baad soshal creadt kabinah kay rakan bunn gayey. 1975 kay intekhabat mein muntakhib honay waalay waahid libral gorden gibson juniyar thay. keunkah paarti nay mayus kunn 7.24% score kiyaa. dude anderson kuu victoriah kii sawari mein bury tarah shakast hoyee jiss nay nayey democrats aur samaji creadt kuu peeche chhod diyaa. bayaban mein: 1979-1991. 1979 kay intekhabat paarti kaa sabb say kumm naqtah thaa. paarti kii tareekh mein dosri baar asay maqnanah say baahir kirr diyaa gayaa. sarf paanch amidwar medaan mein utray koyee bhee muntakhib nahein hawaa aur paarti kuu 0.5 faisad woat milay. 1983 kay intekhabat mein eek chhoti see bahaali dekhi gayee keunkah paarti ameedwaron kii makmal fehrist kay qareeb pahunch gayee leakin woat kaa 2.69% jeeth gayaa. 1986 kaa woat teesra aur aakhri intekhaab thaa jiss mein paarti kuu bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. maqbool woat mein iss kaa hasah behatar how kirr 6.74% how gayaa. 1987 mein gorden walasan soobayi libral paarti kay rehnuma bunn gayey jabb kasee aur kuu dilchaspi nahein thee. walasan nay soobayi libral paarti aur iss kay wafaqi humm mansib kay darmiyan bazabtah rawabit manqata kirr diye. 1970 kii dahayi kay wast say qabal maseeh mein ziyadah tarr wafaqi libral nay soobayi satah parr bartanvi columbia soshal creadt paarti kii himayat karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa thaa. soobayi paarti kay liyay iss alaihadgi kaa aradah wafaqi paarti kay samaji creadt arakeen kay asar woo rasokh kuu kumm karnaa thaa. wafaqi paarti kay naqtah nazar say yaha aqdaam inn kay liye bhee atnaa hyee fayedah mund thaa keunkah soobayi paarti behat ziyadah qarz mein thee. walasan bartanvi columbia kii seyasat mein eek qaabil aetemad teesri paarti kay toor parr soobayi paarti kii tameer noow kay baaray mein thay. asee arsey kay doraan bull wender zulam kii qayadat mein hukmaran soshal creadt paarti tanazaat kaa shikaar how gayee. natijay kay toor parr mutadid samaji creadt scandles nay behat say voters kuu muthbadil talaash karnay parr majbur kiyaa. 1991 kay intekhabat kay waqat takk walasan nay wender zulam kay jansheen premier reeta janstan aur bee see aine ddee pee kay rehnuma michael harcourt kay darmiyan teeli vision canadian broadcasting corporation (see bee see) kay mubahase mein shaamil honay kay liye laabing kii. see bee see nay ittefaq kiyaa aur walasan nay apnee karkardgi say behat say raaye dehandgan kuu mutasir kiyaa. libral muham nay raftaar haasil kii aur samaji creadt muham say behat ziyadah himayat haasil kii. jabb kahh bee see aine ddee pee nay election jeeth liyaa libral 17 nashaston kay saath dosray number parr aayey. walasan hazb ikhtelaaf kay rehnuma bunn gayey. walasan kay tahat sarkaari mukhalifat: 1991-1993. walasan kii polician maqnanah aur paarti donon mein behat say dosray libral kay saath mawafiq nahein thein juu samaji creadt kay khaatime say paida honay waalay khalaa kuu parr karnaa chahtay thay. libral nay khood kuu maqnanah mein aur eek wasee albaniyaad seyasi tehreek kii tameer donon mein natajurbah kaar saabat kiyaa. inhein eek aisi nazam woo zabt waali tanzim bananay mein mashkal paish aayee juu nayee democratic paarti kii soobayi hukumat kay khalaaf mosar hazb ikhtelaaf qayem kirr sakay. 1993 mein walasan kii qayadat kuu saathi libral ayem eel aey judy tayaab jee kay saath inn kay taluqat kay inkashafat say mazeed nqsan pahuncha. iss waqat takk ziyadah tarr kaaks inn kii qayadat kay khalaaf khalee baghawat mein thaa. walasan nay qayadat kay convention kay liye kaal karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa jiss mein wah eek amidwar hoan gay. delta saoth ayem eel aey fried janjeel hazb ikhtelaaf kay rehnuma bunn gayey jabkah libral qayadat kii dodh hoyee. jald hyee paarti kay saabiq rehnuma gorden gibson aur venkovar kay mear gorden camp bail qayadat kii dodh mein daakhil how gayey. camp bail nay pehley bellet parr faislah kunn toor parr kamiyabi haasil kii paarti kay saabiq rehnuma gorden gibson dosray aur walasan teesre number parr rahay. qayadat kay intekhaab kaa faislah eek rakan eek woat kay nazaam parr kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay zariye libral nay teeli phone kay zariye apnay intekhaab kay liye woat diyaa. walasan aur toyabji nay phir libral kuu chhod diyaa aur apnee party tarqi pasand jamhuri itehad tashkil dee. camp bail kay tahat sarkaari mukhalifat: 1993-2001. eek baar jabb camp bail leader bunn gayaa tuu libral nay pehli baar "bee see libral" kaa arfi naam apnaya aur jald hyee eek neeya logo aur paarti kay nayey rung (sarkh aur neelay mamul kay "libral sarkh" aur mepal kay patay kay saath) mutaarif karaye. nazar saani shadah naam aur logo canada kii wafaqi libral paarti say raaye dehandgan kay zahnon mein khood kuu ziyadah waazah toor parr mamtaz karnay kii koshish thee. 1994 kay awail mein camp bail kuu zamni intekhaab mein maqnanah kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. inn kii qayadat mein paarti nay daayein taraf badhna sharoo kiyaa saabiq soshal creadt paarti aur baad mein soobayi aslaah pasand paarti kay arakeen kii himayat haasil kii. kachh aitedal pasand saqratiyon nay wender zulam kay door say hyee libral kuu woat deena sharoo kirr diyaa thaa. libral nay freezer veeli kay elaqay mein honay waalay zamni intekhabat mein duu saabiq socread nashastein jeetein jiss say maujudah bee see aine ddee pee hukumat kaa waazah muthbadil honay kay apnay daway kuu taqwiyat milly. libral paarti nay samaji creadt kay khaatime say bee see seyasi spectrum kay markaz daayein parr paida honay waalay khalaa kuu bhee parr kiyaa. 1996 kay intekhabat mein bee see libral nay maqbool woat haasil kiye. tahim soobay kay beruni elaqon mein libral maarjan kaa ziyadah tarr hasah baday maarjan parr zaaye hawaa. inhon nay venkovar aur nichli sarzamin mein sarf aath nashastein jeetein. deehi bartanvi columbia mein khaas toor parr androni elaqon mein jehaan railway maqami maeshat kaa khoon thaa-bee see libral kayee muqabilon mein haar gayey keunkah voters kuu camp bail kii kachh policiyon say taklif thee bunyadi toor parr bee see rail farokhat karnay kaa inn kaa waadah. khaalis natijah yaha thaa kahh libral kuu dobarah hazb ikhtelaaf mein bhej diyaa gayaa halankah wah aine ddee pee kii aksariyat kuu 13 say ghataa kirr teen karnay mein kamiyab rahay. intekhabat kay baad bee see kay libral iss baath kuu yaqeeni bananay kay liye tayaar how gayey kahh 1996 kaa koyee dohrana naha how. camp bail nay apnay 1996 kay plait faarm mein kachh kumm maqbool palisi kay takhton kuu khatam kirr diyaa khaas toor parr bee see rail farokhat karnay kaa waadah keunkah farokhat kay nataij kay amkaan nay shamali androni pahadiyon mein haamiyon kuu alg thalag kirr diyaa thaa. camp bail hukumat: 2001-2011. bee see aine ddee pee hukumat kay liye scandle say bharee dosri madat kay baad bee see libral nay 2001 kay intekhabat mein bee see kii tareekh kay sabb say baday grawat kay saath kamiyabi haasil kii jiss mein 79 mein say 77 nashastein haasil kein. yahaan takk kahh wah wazeer aizam ajjal dosanjh kuu apnee sawari mein ataara karnay mein kamiyab rahay. gorden camp bail duss saalon mein saatwein wazeer aizam banay aur taqriba 50 saalon mein pehley libral wazeer aizam banay. camp bail nay inhein daftar mein tayinaat kiye jaanay kay pehley dunn tamaam soobayi ankam tekson mein 25 faisad kamee mutaarif karayee. bee see libral nay corporate ankam teks kuu bhee kumm kirr diyaa aur ziyadah tarr karobaron kay liye corporate captal teks (sarmayah kaaree aur rozgaar parr teks juu nayey democrats nay mutaarif karaya thaa) kuu khatam kirr diyaa. camp bail kii pehli madat maali kafayat shaari kay liye bhee mashhur thee jiss mein falahi roles aur kachh samaji khidmaat mein kamee zabtay kuu khatam karnaa kachh sarkaari asaason kii farokhat (khaas toor parr pachli hukumat kii taraf say tameer kardah "faast feeri"yee juu inn kii qeemat kay eek hasay mein farokhat how gayee thein) shaamil haine. camp bail nay bee see rail kii nijkari kaa bhee aaghaz kiyaa jasay libral nay shamali reding jeetnay kay liye farokhat naha karnay kaa waadah kiyaa thaa jiss nay 1996 mein paarti kuu mustarid kirr diyaa thaa leakin intekhabat kay baad iss waaday kuu alt diyaa jiss kay natijay mein boli kay amal say mansalk mujarimanah tehqiqat 2003 mein bartanvi columbia maqnanah kay chhaapon aur iss kay natijay mein aaney waala aur ubhee takk zeer altawaa adalati moqhadhima hawaa. mazdooron kay kayee aham tanazaat thay jinn mein say kachh kuu sarkaari qanoon saazi kay zariye hall kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin jinn mein soobay kay doctoron kay saath tasadam shaamil thay. camp bail nay bhee soul saros kuu kumm kiyaa kachh sarkaari mahkamon mein amley mein pachaas faisad say ziyadah kii katoti kay saath aur chhoti hukumat kay waadon kay bawajood kabinah kaa size taqriba dogna kirr diyaa gayaa aur parlimani tankhwahon mein izafah kiyaa gayaa. hukmarani kuu bhee iss tarah dobarah tartib diyaa gayaa kahh naib wuzra kuu abb apnay mutaliqah wuzraa kay bajaye wazeer aizam kay daftar mein cheef aaf staaf kuu report karnaa thaa. katotiyon kay doraan soobay kay aas paas kay hospital adalatein aur tausiyi nigahdasht kii sahuliyaat kuu bund kirr diyaa gayaa khaas toor parr chhoti baradariyon mein aur bee see conservation saros jeesay nafaz amley kuu mamuli satah takk kumm kirr diyaa gayaa. pachlay aine ddee pee hukumat kay doraan banaye gayey mukhtalif soobayi parkon kuu bhee mahfuz elaqay kii haisiyat say neechey kirr diyaa gayaa thaa jiss kaa matlab hay kahh inhein wasail kay istehsaal kay liye khola jaa saktaa thaa aur parkon kay istemaal kii fees badhaa dee gayee thee. 2003 mein eek manshiyaat kii tehqiqat jasay operation ayor way kay naam say jaana jaataa hay jiss kay natijay mein bartanvi columbia parliament kii emaraton mein sarkaari dafatir parr chhapay maaray gayey jiss mein eek scandle mein see aine kuu bee see rail kii farokhat say mutaliq mushtabah leane deen kay silsilay mein juu "rail gait" kay naam say jaana jaanay lagaa aur chaar saabiq wazaarti maawaneen parr asar woo rasokh kii tajarat aetemad kii khalaaf warzi aur rashwat qabool karnay kay alzaam mein moqhadhima chalaa. libral 2005 kay intekhabat mein 7 nashaston (46-33) kii kumm aksariyat kay saath dobarah muntakhib hoay. 2009 kay intekhabat mein libral dobarah muntakhib hoay. iss intekhabat kay foraa baad intekhabi muham kay doraan kiye gayey waadon kay barakas aich aiss tye kay taaruf kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa. 3 nomber 2010 cow apnay intezami andaaz parr eek fouri kaaks baghawat aur humm aahing seils teks (aich aiss tye) kay khalaaf seyasi radamil aur bee see rail badanwani kay moqhadhime kay mutnazah khaatime aur intekhabat mein 9 faisad takk kumm manzori kii darjah bundi kay saath gorden campable nay apnay istefay kaa aalaan kiyaa. clark hukumat: 2011-2017. paarti kay 2011 kay qayedana convention kuu gorden camp bail kii paarti say "jald az jald mamkanah tareekh parr" qayedana convention munaqid karnay kii darkhwast say huslah milaa. convention nay 26 faroori 2011 kuu christy clark kuu paarti kaa neeya rehnuma muntakhib kiyaa. clark aur inn kii nayee kabinah nay 14 maarch kuu halaf liyaa. clark kay tahat paarti nay wafaqi libral aur wafaqi qadamat pasand haamiyon kaa itehad honay kii apnee haaliyah rawayat kuu jaari rakhtay hoay eek ziyadah wastee naqtah nazar kaa khaakah tayaar kiyaa. iss nay fouri toor parr kumm az kumm ajrat 8 ddaalar phee ghantah say badhaa kirr $10.25/hour kirr dee aur oontario kii tarah eek subah bhar mein khaandaani dunn kaa aalaan kiyaa. clark 2008-09 kasaad bazaari kay natijay mein premier bunn gayaa aur sarkaari ikhrajat parr line barqarar rakhee 2013-14 maali saal kay liye matwazan bujjet say pehley duu khasaray kay bujjet mutaarif karwaye jiss mein ziyadah aamadni waalay bartanvi columbia kay logon parr teks mein izafah shaamil thaa. inhon nay bee see kay maaye qadarti gees (eel aine jee) kay zakhayer say fayedah uthanay kii bhee koshish kii jiss say ubharti hoyee eel aine jee sanaat kuu agli dahayi mein maashi tarqi kay eek baday moqaa kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa. agarcha gorden camp bail kii intezamiya kay aakhri saalon mein door russ aur tarqi pasand mahuliyati qanoon saazi kuu naafiz kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin kulyarik kuu mahuliyati palisi kay baaray mein inn kay naqtah nazar mein ziyadah maapa gayaa thaa. bee see kay pehley shamali america kay carbon teks kuu jaari rakhtay huay iss nay 2013 kay intekhabat kay doraan sharah kuu manjamad karnay kaa waadah kiyaa aur iss kii eel aine jee kii tarqi kii khwahishaat 2007 mein camp bail hukumat kii taraf say tay shadah grain house gees kay akhraaj kay ahdaaf say mutsadim malum hoti haine. iss nay 2012 mein yaha bhee aalaan kiyaa kahh mustaqabil kii koyee bhee pipe line juu bee see kuu abur karti hay asay paanch sharaet kuu poraa karnaa hoga jiss mein mahuliyati zaruriyat aur maqami mashawarat shaamil haine. mutnazah toor parr iss nay asharah kiyaa kahh iss kii paanch sharaet mein say eek yaha hogi kahh bee see pipe line aur tanker kii badhti hoyee trafic say haasil honay waali kasee bhee aamadni kaa apnaa "munsifana hasah" haasil karay. iss nay asay subah alberta kay saath braah raast tanazah mein ddaal diyaa hay jiss nay bee see bandargahon kay zariye iss kay butmeen kay liye market takk rasayi mein izafah karnay kii koshish kii thee phir bhee kasee bhee aisey intezam say sakhti say ankaar kirr diyaa jiss say bee see kuu koyee rylity milay. 2011 mein colan hanson nay canada kii ghair mutaliqah libral paarti kay saath aljhan say bachnay aur behat say wafaqi qadamat pasand aur libral voters kay itehad kay toor parr apnee haisiyat kii behatar akaasi karnay kay liye paarti kuu apnaa naam tabdil karnay kii tajweez paish kii. inhon nay koyee muthbadil naam tajweez nahein kiyaa. clark nay kahaa kahh wah naam kii tabdili parr ghoor karein gee leakin "aisa karnay mein koyee jaldi nahein". 2013 kay intekhabat kay doraan clark raaye aamah kay jaizon mein kumm muham mein daakhil hoyee aur apnay markazi hareef aine ddee pee kay adrian dicks say 20 points takk peeche rahh gayee. bee see libral kii muham kaa naarah "mazboot maeshat mahfuz kill" thaa aur iss nay eek matwazan bujjet aur eel aine jee sector mein mazboot tarqiyati mawaqa kuu ajagar kiyaa jiss kii wajah say raaye dehandgan inhein chothi madat kay liye muntakhib kirr saktay haine. clark nay oontario libral paarti say waabistah hakmat emli saazon jeesay ddaan gaaye aur laura miller aur wafaqi libral shaqsiyat jeesay mayik mcdonald kuu apnaa daftar aur muham chalanay kay liye laaya. bee see libral chothi madat kay liye peeche say aayey tahim clark kuu venkovar kii sawari mein shakast hoyee leakin iss kay baad vest side-klovna kii sawari mein okanagan mein zamni intekhaab mein kamiyabi haasil kii. intekhabat kay baad inhon nay alberta kay saabiq wazeer aizam elison reed ford kii qomi tawanayi kii hakmat emli parr dastakhat kartay huay mustaqabil kay pipe line mansubon parr bee see aur alberta kay darmiyan taluqat kuu pighalnay kii koshish kii. 2014 kay awail mein libral nay dosra seedha matwazan bujjet laaya aur bee see kay sharaab kay qawanin kuu tabdil karnay kay liye qanoon saazi mutaarif karayee taakah kachh karyanah dukanon mein sharaab kii farokhat kii ajazat dee jaa sakay aur bachon kuu pabon aur restauranon mein balighon kay saath bethnay kii ajazat dee jaa sakay jehaan sharaab paish kii jaati hay. 2017 kay intekhabat mein bee see libral kii nashaston kii ganti kumm how kirr 43 rahh gayee juu aksariyat say eek nashast kumm thee. 29 mayee 2017 cow hatmi woton kii ganti makmal honay kay baad bee see aine ddee pee aur bee see grain paarti nay eek mustahkam aqliyati hukumat kuu yaqeeni bananay kay liye aetemad aur farahami kay muahide parr ittefaq kiyaa. inn kii mushtarkah 44 nashastein inhein bee see libral kii 43 nashaston parr bartari deeti haine juu 29 joone 2017 kuu aetemad kay woat parr clark kii hukumat kuu shakast deenay kay liye kaafi thee jiss kay baad clark nay wazeer aizam kay ahday say istefi day diyaa (18 jolayi 2017 say mosar) aur leftinent governor nay aine ddee pee kay rehnuma jaan horgan say hukumat bananay kuu kahaa. clark kay istefay kay baad ameer colman paarti kay aburi rehnuma bunn gayey. walkansan aur baand kay tahat sarkaari mukhalifat: 2018-2022. andrev walkansan 3 faroori 2018 kuu paarti kay rehnuma muntakhib hoay. inhon nay duu saal takk qayed hazb ikhtelaaf kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. 2020 kay aam intekhabat kay doraan walkansan kuu paarti kay arakeen bashmol mumbership chair ney eek amidwar aur saabiq ayem eel aey jinhon nay eel jee bee tye kiyo kay khalaaf bayanaat diye thay lauri tharons kuu hatanay mein takhir parr tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya. intekhabat mein paarti kii shakast kay baad inhon nay istefi day diyaa. sharli baand nay 2022 kay qayadat kay muqabilay takk paarti kay aburi rehnuma kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. baaz kii qayadat aur naam kii tabdili: 2022 say. cune falcon 5 faroori 2022 kuu bee see libral kay rehnuma muntakhib hoay. apnee qayadat kii muham kay doraan falcon nay paarti kaa naam badalnay aur iss kaa naam badalnay kaa ahed kiyaa. 2022 kay paarti convention mein mandubin nay naam kii tabdili kay amal kay saath aagay badhnay kay liye eek qarardad manzoor kii jiss kaa aaghaz saal kay aakhir takk woat daalnay say pehley paarti kii rakniyat kay saath mashawarat say hawaa. eek soobay bhar mein sarway kay baad "bee see united" kuu paarti kay liye mamkanah nayey naam kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa. iss kay baad 13 nomber kuu naam paarti kay arakeen kay saamney rakhaa gayaa aur 16 nomber kuu yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh naam kii tabdili kuu taqriba 80 faisad nay manzori day dee hay. naam kii tabdili kii baad mein tausiq kii gayee aur iss kaa itlaaq 12 apreel 2023 kuu hawaa. paarti kay rehnuma. maakhiz: bartanvi columbia kii qanoon saaz library intekhabat kay nataij. maakhiz: intekhabat bee see bee see united youth. bee see united youth paarti kay youth wing kii qayadat kartaa hay. execto board kaa intekhaab salanah general metting mein kiyaa jaataa hay aur yaha paanch naujawanon parr mushtamil hotaa hay: sadr naib sadr mawasilat naib sadr taqribat naib sadr operations aur naib sadr aaot reech. satambar 2022 takk yaha ahday baltarteeb harman khosa teady awo doniel aulioya wenkling maark delan aur jaims lahman kay paas haine.

0008d7c3f2718fe75781ef029969bd338dbfaeb490313c04326d48ac3d4daec6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69867699

Armenian Floorball Federation

Armenian Floorball Federation Sports organization of Armenia The Armenian Floorball Federation (AFF) (), is the regulating body of floorball in Armenia, governed by the Armenian Olympic Committee. The headquarters of the federation is located in Vanadzor. History. The Armenian Floorball Federation was established in 1999 and is currently led by President Sergey Sargsyan. The Federation oversees the training of floorball specialists and referees and is responsible for the development of floorball in the country. The Federation organizes Armenia's participation in European and international floorball competitions. The Federation is a member of the International Floorball Federation. Activities. In 2001, the Federation launched the annual Armenian Floorball Championships. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

armenian floorball federation armenian flo "robol federation (e. ef.) hoise aarmeniyat flo" robolor niyontrok xongstha, jitu armenian olympic komitir dwara porisalito hoy. federationor mukhyo karzaloy bhanadjurot owosthito. itihax. 1999 sonot armenian flo "robol federation protistha koraa hoisil aaru bortoman iyar netritwo di aase rastropoti sargi sargochiyan. federatione floorball bixexogyo aaru refereer proxikhyonor totwawodhan kore aaru dexot floorballor bikaxor baabe daybodho. federatione europiyo aaru antohrastriyo flo "robol protijugitat aarmeniyar ongxogrohonor aayujon kore. federationtu antohrastriyo floorball federationor xodosyo. karzokolapxomuh. 2001 sonot federatione barxik armenian flo "robol championswip aarombho korisil.

armenian floorball phedareshana armenian floorball phedareshana (ayee. eff.), armenier floorbaler niyantrak sangostha, jaa armenian olympic committy dwara porichalito hoy. federationer sodor doptor vanadjor-ayee abosthito. itihas. armenian floorball phedareshana 1999 saale protisthito hoyechilo ebong bortomane err netritte royechen presidenta sergie sergian. phedareshana floorball biseshoggo ebong refereeder proshikkhoner tadarki korey ebong deshe floorbaler unnoyoner jonno dayabaddha. federationty europea ebong antorjatik floorball protijogitai armenier ongshogrohoner ayojan korey. federationty antorjatik floorball federationer sadasya. karjokolap. 2001 saale, federationty barshik armenian floorball championship chaalu korey.

armeniyan floorball federation armeniyan floorball federation (aee. aef.) (), armeniyama floorballnu niyaman karatee sanstha chhe, jeey armeniyan olympic sameeti dwara sanchaalit chhe. federation mukhya mathak vanadzorma aavelu chhe. itihas. armeniyan floorball federationni sthaapnaa 1999maan karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey haalmaa tenu netrutva pramukh sarjee sargasyaan karey chhe. federation floorball nishnato aneey refereeoni taalimni dekhrekh raakhe chhe aneey deshmaa floorballnaa vikaas maate jawabdar chhe. federation european aneey aantarrashtriy floorball spardhaoma armeniyani bhagidarinu aayojan karey chhe. aaa federation aantarrashtriy floorball federation sabhy chhe. pravruttio. 2001maan, federationae vaarshik armeniyan floorball championship sharoo curry.

armenian floorball mahasangh armenian floorball federation (aeye. aff.), armenia mein floorball kaa niyaamak nikaay haye, joe armenian olympic samiti dwara shaasit haye. sangh kaa mukhyalaya vanadjor mein sthit haye. itihas. armenian floorball mahasangh kii sthaapana 1999 mein kii gaee thee aur vartamaan mein iska netritva adhyaksh sergei sargasyan curr rahey hain. mahasangh floorball visheshagyon aur referee key prashikshan kii dekhrekh kartaa haye aur desh mein floorball key vikas key liye jimmedaar haye. mahasangh europeeya aur antarrashtriya floorball pratiyogitaon mein armenia kii bhagidari kaa ayojan kartaa haye. yeh mahasangh antarrashtriya floorball mahasangh kaa sadasya haye. gatividhiyaan. 2001 mein, mahasangh ney vaarshik armenian floorball championship shuru kii.

armeniyan floorball federation armeniyan floorball federation (aff) (), armeniyaadalli floorballn niyantraka samstheyaagide, idannu armeniyan olympic samitiyu nirvahisuttade. okkootada pradhana kacheriyu vanaadjarnallide. itihaasa. armeniyan floorball okkootavannu okkootavannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu prastuta idara netrutvavannu adhyaksha sarji sargasyan vahisiddaare. ee okkootavu floorball tagnaru mattu referigala tarabetiyannu nodikolluttade mattu deshadalli floorballn abhivruddhige kaaranavaagide. okkootavu european mattu antararashtriya floorball spardegalalli armeniyaada bhagavahisuvikeyannu ayojisuttade. ee okkootavu antaaraashtriya floorball okkootada sadasya raashtravaagide. chatuvatikegalu. chatuvatikegalu, okkootavu varshika armeniyan floorball champiyanshipgalannu praarambhisitu.

armeniyan floorball federation armeniyan olimbiku kammitti niyanthrikkunna armeniyayile floorbolinte niyanthrana samithiyaan armeniyan floorball federation (aff) (). federationte aasthaanam vanaadsarilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. 1999ll sthaapithamaaya armeniyan floorball federatione nilavil nayikkunnath president serji sargsyaanaanu. federation floorball specialistukaludeyum rafarimaarudeyum parisheelanathinu melnottam vahikkukayum raajyathe floorbolinte vikasanathinu utharavaadithamullathumanu. europian, anthaaraashtra floorball malsarangalil armeniyayude pankaalittham federation samghadippikkunnu. anthaaraashtra floorball federationile amgamaanu federation. pravartthanangal. 2001ll federation vaarshika armeniyan floorball chaambyanshippu aarambhichu.

armeniyan floorball federation armeniyan floorball federation (aii. eff.) (), hii aarmeniyamadhil floorballchi niyamak sanstha aahe, jee armeniyan olympic samitidvare niyantrit kelee jaate. mahasanghache mukhyalay vanadzor yethe aahe. itihas. armeniyan floorball federationchi sthapana 1999 madhye jhaali aanee sadhya tyache netrutva adhyaksh sergie sargasyan karat aahet. federation floorball tadnya aanee panchanchya prashikshanachi dekhrekh karate aanee deshatil floorballchya vikasasathi jababdar aahe. european aanee aantarrashtriy floorball spardhanmadhye armeniyacha sahbhag mahasangh aayojit karato. federation heey aantarrashtriy floorball federationche sadasya aahe. upkram. 2001 madhye, mahasanghane varshik armeniyan floorball ajinkyapad spardha suru kelee.

armanian floorball mahasangha armanian floorball mahasangha (af) (), armaniaco floorbalko niyamak nikaya how, june armanian olympic samitidwara shasit chha. mahasanghako mukhyalaya bhanadjorma awasthit chha. itihas. armanian floorball mahasangha sann 1999 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo rar hall yasako netritwa rashtrapati sargei sargasyanle gariraheka chhan. mahasanghale floorball visheshagya rar refreeharuko prashikshanko nirikshan gardacha rar deshma floorbalko vikaska lagi jimmewar chha. mahasanghale europeli rar antarrashtriya floorball pratiyogitaharuma armaniaco sahabhagita ayojana gardacha. yo mahasangha antarrashtriya floorball mahasanghako sadasya how. gatiwidhiharu. sann 2001 maa, mahasanghale warshik armanian floorball championship suru suru.

armenia floorball federation armenian floorball federation (aii. aif.), armeniare floorball rahr nijamaka sanstha, armenian alympic kamiti dwara parichalita . sanghara mukhyalaja bhanadjorare abasthita. itihas. armenian floorball federation 1999 ray sthapita hoithila ebong bartamana ehara netrutwa neuchhanti rastrapati sergie sargasian. ehi mahasangha floorball bisheshagya ebong refereemananka prashikhyanara tadarakh karithae ebong deshare floorball bikash paain daie . europeah ebong antarjatija floorball pratijogitare armanier anshagrahanaku federation ayojan kare . ehi federation antarjatija floorball federation rahr sadasya . karjyakalapa. 2001 masihare, federation barshika armenian floorball championship arambha karithila.

armenian floorball federation armenian floorball federation (aii. eff.), armenia witch floorball dee niyantrak sanstha haii, joe armenian olympic kameti duaara niyantrit keeti jaandi haii. federation daa headquarter vanadjor witch sathit haii. itihaas. armenian floorball federation dee sathapana 1999 witch keeti gaee see atey iss vele iss dee agvai rashtarpati sarji sargyan qarr rahey hunn. federation floorball maaharan atey raifriaan dee sikhlai dee nigrani kardi haii atey desh witch floorball dey vikas laee zimmevar haii. federation european atey antarashtari floorball mukabaliaan witch armenia dee bhagidari daa ayojan kardi haii. federation antarashtari floorball federation daa member haii. gatividhiaan. sann 2001 witch, federation neey salana armenian floorball championship dee shuruat keeti.

armenian florball-federation armenian florball-federation (ef) (), armenia-deshasya florball-kreedaayaah viniyaamakasamstha asti, yaa armenian-olympic-samityaa niyantritaa asti. sanghasya mukhyaalayah vanaadazor-nagare asti. itihaasah. armenian florball-federation 1999 tame varshe sthaapitam aasit, samprati tasya netrutvam rashtrapatina sargey sargasyaan ityanena krutam asti. federation floor-baal-visheshadnyaanaam, nirnayakanam cha prashikshanasy nirikshanam karoti, deshe floor-baal-kreedaayaah vikaasasya cha daayitvam cha nirvahati. europiya-antarashtriya-florball-spardhaasu armenia-deshasya sahabhaagitvam sanghah aayojayati. sanghah antarashtriya-florball-sanghasya sadasyah asti. kriyaah. 2001 tame varshe, sanghah vaarshikam armenian florball-championship-kreedaam aarabhat.

armeeniya tharaippanthu koottamaippu armeeniya floorball koottamaippu (epp) (), armeeniyaavil ulla fluorabalin ozhungkumurai amaippaagum, idhu armeeniya olympic kuluvaal nirvagikkappadukirathu. koottamaippin thalaimaiyagam vanatsoaril amainthullathu. varalaaru. armeeniya tharaippanthu koottamaippu 1999 aam aandil niruvappattathu, tharpoothu janathipathi serji sarksyan thalaimaiyil ullathu. inththa koottamaippu tharaippanthu nipunarkal mattrum naduvargalin payirchiyai maerpaarvaiyidukirathu mattrum naattil tharaippanthu valarcchikku poruppaagum. iroappiya mattrum sarvadesa tharaippanthu poattikalil armeeniyaavin pankeerpai koottamaippu aerpaadu seikirathu. inththa koottamaippu sarvadesa tharaippanthu koottamaippil uruppinaraaga ullathu. seyalpaadugal. 2001 aam aandil, koottamaippu varudaanthira armeeniya floorball saambiyanshippai arimugappaduththiyathu.

armenian floorball samakhya armenian floorball samakhya (aff) (), armeniyaalo floorball yokka niyantrana samstha, idhi armenian olympic kamiteeche nirvahinchabadutundi. samakhya pradhana karyalayam vanadjorelo undhi. charitra. armenian floorball samakhya samakhya sthaapinchabadindi mariyu prastutam dheeniki adhyakshudu sarjee sargasyan naayakatvam vahistunnaaru. federation floorball nipunulu mariyu refereela sikshananu paryaveekshistundi mariyu desamlo floorball abhivruddhiki baadhyata vahistundi. european mariyu antarjaateeya floorball pootiilaloo armeniyaanu samakhya nirvahistundi. eee samakhya antarjaateeya floorball samakhyalo sabhyuralu. karyakalapalu. karyakalapalu, samakhya vaarshika armenian floorball chhaampiyanshiplanu praarambhinchindi.

arminiyayi floor baal federation arminiyayi floor baal federation (aey aif) ()yee arminiyayi olympics committy kay zeer intezam arminiyayi mein floor baal kaa regulating baadi hay. federation kaa sadr daftar wanadzor mein waaqa hay. tareekh. arminiyayi floor baal federation 1999 mein qayem kii gayee thee aur iss waqat iss kii qayadat sadr sargi srgsian kirr rahay haine. federation floor baal kay mahireen aur referion kii tarbiyat kii nigrani karti hay aur milk mein floor baal kii tarqi kay liye zamah daar hay. federation europi aur beenn alaqwami floor baal muqabilon mein arminiyayi sharkat kaa ahtamam karti hay. federation beenn alaqwami floor baal federation kaa rakan hay. sargarmiyan. 2001 mein federation nay salanah arminiyayi floor baal champine ship kaa aaghaz kiyaa.

0008d7e282c05e83c19ba23a61855da59aa680a030c0b3f4afa8269e81929daf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12410212

Puebla frog

Puebla frog Species of amphibian The Puebla frog or Pueblan pool frog (Lithobates pueblae) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae endemic to Necaxa River near Huauchinango, Puebla state, Mexico, where it is known as "rana poblana". It was thought to probably be extinct until 2010 when Dr. Georg Hantke from the National Museum of Scotland re-discovered it. Natural habitats of the Puebla frog are pine and pine-oak forests near permanent river systems, its breeding habitat. It is threatened by loss of its river habitat, damming of Necaxa River being an important contributor. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

puwela bengo puwela frog baa puweblan pull frog (lithubates puweblo) hoise ranide poriyalor ek projatir frog ji maxicor puwebla rajyor huwausinangur usoror nekakxa nodir sthaniyo, zo 'too iyak "raana poblana" buli jonaa yaay. 2010 sonoloike iyak bilupto huwar xombhawona aasil jetiya dodd. scotlandor rastriyo xongrohaloyor jorgo huntoke iyak punor abiskar korisil. puwela bengor prakritik baxosthan hoise sthayi nodee pronalir usoror paain aaru paain-uk oronyo, iyar projonon baxosthan. nodir baxosthan heruwar folot ee bhabukir xonmukhin hoise, nekakxa nodir bandho etaa guruttopurno obodankari.

puebla byang puebla byang baa pueblan pull byang (lithobates puebley) holl mexicor puebla rajyer huauchinangor kachhe necaxa nadeer sthaniya byanger ekti prajati, jekhane etty "raana poblana" naame porichito. etty sombhoboto 2010 saal porjonto bilupto boley money koraa hoyechilo jokhon daa. scotlander jatiya jadughar george huntke etty punra abishkar corren. puebla byanger prakritik abashsthol holl sthayi nodee byabosthar kachhe pine ebong pine-oka bonn, jaa err prajanan abashsthol. etty taar nadeer abashsthol haranor karone humkir mukhe royeche, necaxa nadeer baandh ekti guruttopurno abodankari.

puebla dedako puebla dedako athavaa pueblan pool dedako (lithobates puebley) aee meksikona puebla rajyanaa huuchinango najik necaxa nadeena sthaaneek reniday parivaarmaa dedkani aek prajaati chhe, jyaan tene "raana poblana" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. teey kadaach 2010 sudhee lupt thaee gayoo hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo jyaare doow. skotlendnaa raashtriy sangrahalayna jyorg hantke tenee fareethi shodh curry. puebla dedkaona koodarti nivassthanma kaayamee nadee pranaalio najiknaa pine aneey pine-oak jangalo chhe, jeey tenaa samvardhan nivassthan chhe. teey tenaa nadeena nivassthanna nuksanthi jokhamma chhe, jemaa necaxa nadeena bandhano aek mahatvapurn faalo aapnaar chhe.

puebla mendhak puebla mendhak yaa pueblan pool mendhak (lithobates puebley) parivaar mein mendhak kii ack prajaati haye joe mexico key puebla raajya key huachinango key paas necaxa nadee key liye sthaanik haye, jahaan ise "raanaa poblana" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh sambhavatah 2010 taka vilupt honey key baare mein socha gayaa thaa jaba dow. scotland key rashtriya sangrahalaya seey george hantke ney ise phir seey khoja. puebla mendhak key praakritik awas sthaayi nadee pranaliyon key paas cheed aur cheed-oak vann hain, joe isake prajanan nivaas sthaan hain. yeh apane nadee nivaas sthaan key nuksan seey khatare mein haye, jisamen necaxa nadee kaa baandh ack mahatvapurna yogadankarta haye.

puebla kappe puebla kappe athawa pueblan pool kappe (lithobates puebley) embudu meksikoda puebla rajyada huwachinango baliya necaxa nadige sthaliyavaada ranidae kutumbada kappegala ondu prabhedavagide, allie idannu "ranaa poblana" endu kareyalaaguttade. idu bahushah 2010 ravarege alivinanchinallittu endu bhaavisalaagittu, aaga daa. scotlendna rashtriya vastusangrahaalayada georg hantke idannu maru-kanduhididaru. puebla kappegala naisargika aavaasasthaanagalu adara santanotpatti aavasasthaanavaada shaashvata nadhi vyavasthegala baliyiruva paine mattu paine-ok kaadugalaagive. idu tanna nadhi aavaasasthaanada nashtadinda apayakke silukide, necaxa nadiya anekattu pramukha kodugeyagide.

puebla thavala meksikkoyile puebla samsthaanathile huvauchinaamgoykku sameepam necaxa nadikku thaddesheeyamaaya raniday kudumbatthile oru thavalayaan puebla thavala allengil pueblan pool frogg (lithobates puebley), athu "raana poblana" ennariyappedunnu. 2010ll doow. skotlandile deseeya myoosiyathil ninnulla jorg hantech ithu veendum kandethi. puebla thavalayude swaabhaavika aavaasavyavastha sthiramaaya nadeethadangalkku sameepamulla pine, pine-ookku vanangalaan, avayude prajnana aavaasavyavasthayaanu. necaxa nadiyude anakkett oru pradhana sambhavana nalkunnathinaal athinte nadeethada aavaasavyavastha nashtappedunnathu ithu bheeshanippeduthunnu.

puebla bedook puebla bedook kinwa pueblan pool bedook (lithobates puebley) hii meksikochya puebla rajyatil huachinangojavalil nekaksa nadisathi sthanik asalelya raniday kutumbatil bedkachi eka prajati aahe, jithe tyala "raana poblana" mhanoon olakhale jaate. 2010 paryant teey kadachit namshesh jhaale asave asey manale jaat hote, jevha dow. scotlandchya rashtriy sangrahalayatil george hantke yanni tyacha punha shodh lavala. puebla bedkache naisargik adhivas heey kayamswarupi nadee pranalinjavalachi devdar aanee devdar-oka jangale aahet, jeey tyache prajnan nivassthan aahe. nadiche adhivas nasht jhalyamule, nekaksa nadivar bandhani haah eka mahattvacha ghatak asalyane tyala dhoka aahe.

puebla bhyaguta puebla bhyaguta wa pueblan pull bhyaguta (lithobates pueble) meksikoko puebla rajyako huuchinango najikaiko nekaksa nadiko sthaniya residay pariwarma bhyaguta ko ek prajati how, jahaan yasalai "rana poblana" bhaninchha. yo sambhawatah 2010 samma vilupta bhaeko manincha jab dah. scotlandko rashtriya sangrahalayaka george hantkele yasalai punah patta lagae. puebla bhyaguta prakritik basasthanharu sthayi nadi pranaliharu najikai pine rar pine-ok wanharu hun, yasako prajanan basasthan. yo yasako nadiko basasthanko hanile khatarama chha, nekaksa nadiko bandha ek mahatwapurna yogadankarta how.

puebla benga puebla benga kimba pueblan pool benga (lithobates pueble) heuchhi ranidi paribarara eka prajatira benga jaahaa mexicore puebla rajyara huuchinango nikatare necaxa nadira sthaniah, jeunthare ehaa "raanaa poblana" bhabare janashuna . ehaa sambhabatah 2010 parjyanta bilupta hoithiba bolly anumana karajauthila jetebele daa. scotlander jatiah sangrahalajara george hantke ehaaku punarbara abishkara karithile. puebla bengamanankara prakrutika basasthana heuchhi sthajee nadee pranali nikatare thiba pine ebong pine-oak jangala, jahara prajnan abasasthali. ehara nadee abasasthalira khyati, necaxa nadira bandha eka gurutwapurna jogadanakari heba dwara ehaa bipadare achhi .

puebla daddu puebla daddu jaan pueblan pool daddu (lithobates puebley) parivaar dey raniday witch daddu dee ikk prajati haii joe huachinag, puebla raaj, mexico dey nede nekaiksa nadee laee sathanak haii, jitthe iss noon "raana poblana" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ih shayed 2010 takk alop hoow giaa see jadon daa. scotland dey rashtari ajaib gharr toon jaarg hantke neey iss dee mudd khoj keeti. puebla daddu dey kudrati nivas sathaan cheed atey cheed-oak jangal hunn joe sathayi nadee pranaliaan dey nede hunn, joe iss dey prajanan nivas sathaan hunn. iss noon aapne nadee nivas sathaan dey nuksan daa khatra haii, jiss witch naikassa nadee daa bnnh ikk mahattavpuran yogdan paunda haii.

puebla-frag puebla-frag athavaa pueblan-pool-frag (lithobates-puebley) iti raniday-parivaarasya, meksiko-deshasya puebla-rajyasya huchinongo-nagarasya sameepe nekaksa-nadyaah sthaanikah, yatra "rana poblana" iti namna prasidhah, ekaha bhrungajaatihi asti. 2010 tamavarshaparyantam sambhawatah viluptah iti manyate sma, yadaa daa. scatland-deshasya rashtriya-sangrahaalayasy jaarj hantke ityeshah punah tatt anvishyata. puebla-begam praakrutika-aavaasasthaanaani sthayee-nadee-vyavasthaayaah sameepe, tasya prajanan-nivasasthanasya sameepe, devadaaru-devadaaru-vanaani cha santi. naikaksa-nadyaah bandhasya mahattvapoornam yogadam krutvaa, nadee-nivasasthanasya hanya ayam sankatagrasta asti.

beaubla thavalai beaubla thavalai allathu beaublan puul thavalai (lithopates beaublay) enbathu mexikovin beaubla maanilaththin huvausinangoa arugae ulla negaksa aattril ulla ranidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru thavalai inamaagum, angku idhu "raanaa boblana" endru azhaikkappadukirathu. idhu 2010 aam aandu varai azhinththuvittathaaga karudhappattathu, appoathu doctor. scatlandin thaesiya arungaatchiyagaththaich saerntha jork handke idhai meendum kandupiditthaar. beaubla thavalaikkaana iyarkaiyaana vaazhvidangkal adhan inapperukka vaazhvidamaana niranthara nadhi amaippugalukku arugilulla bine mattrum bine-oak kaadugalaagum. adhan aattru vaazhvidaththai izhappathaal idhu achuruththappattullathu, negaksa aattrin anai oru mukiya bangalippaaga ullathu.

puebla kappa puebla kappa ledhaa pueblan pool kappa (lithobates puebley) anedi meksikoolooni puebla raashtramloni huvouchinango sameepamlo necaxa nadiki sthaanikamgaa unde ranidae kutumbaaniki chendina kappa jaathi, ikkada dheenini "raanaa poblana" anie pilustaaru. idhi bahusha 2010 varaku antarinchipoyindani bhaavinchaaru, appudu daa. scatland jaateeya museum nundi georg hantke dheenini tirigi kanugonnaru. puebla kappa yokka sahaja aavasalu shaashwata nadhee vyavasthalaku sameepamlo unna paine mariyu paine-ook adavulu, daani santanotpatti aavasalu. idhi daani nadhee aavasalanu kolpovadam valla muppu ponchi undhi, necaxa nadhi aanakattalu oka mukhyamaina sahakaram andistunnaayi.

puebla mendik puebla mendik yaa pueblan poul mendik (lethobats puebley) khaandaan ranaidi mein mendik kii eek nooa hay juu mexico kii riyasat puebla kay huawachinango kay qareeb daryaae nekaksa kaa maqami hay jehaan asay "raana poblana" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. yaha ghaliba 2010 takk madoom honay kaa khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jabb doctor. scott lend kay qomi ajayeb gahar say jaarj hantkay nay asay dobarah driyafat kiyaa. puebla mendik kay qadarti maskan paain aur paain-ook kay janglaat haine juu mustaqil daryaa kay nazaam kay qareeb haine juu iss kii afzaish nasal kaa maskan hay. asay daryaa kay maskan kay nqsan say khatrah hay daryaae nekaksa parr ddaim laganay kaa eek aham hasah hay.

0008e124523c134c326af2a27f12db00a104618ee0fe292844f960f0bd1ffe80

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8102330

Bomberman World

Bomberman World is a maze action video game released in 1998 by Hudson Soft for the PlayStation. It is part of the "Bomberman" series. The game was also re-released for PCs in 2002 alongside the TurboGrafx-16 version of "Bomberman" and "Bomberman '93" as part of a compilation disc titled "Bomberman Collection". Plot. There were once four evil Bombers called the Dark Force Bombers who tried to bring darkness to the Bomberman world. The ancient ancestors of the Bombermen imprisoned the Dark force Bombers in the Blue Crystal. Millions of years later, Bagular, appearing from another point in the time-space continuum, destroyed the Blue Crystal, thus freeing the villains. The freed bombers became Bagular's minions and conquered the four worlds. It is now up to Bomberman to save the worlds from evil. Gameplay. Story Mode. The goal is to complete all five areas of the five different Bomber worlds. To complete the areas, the player must control Bomberman and set bombs to destroy enemies and obstacles that will lead to the exit. To be able to complete each level, the player must locate and pick up all of the Crystals on the map. Once this is complete, the door to the exit will open, and the player is allowed to move on to the next area. In the fourth area of each world, the player will have to defeat a Dark Force Bomber, and an extra boss that is themed after the type of world the setting is in. Once the player defeats a Dark Force Bomber, the player is given a unique battle armor to wear for the next boss battle, which has a normal attack and a special attack. The battle armor is only used for the boss battles, meaning once the player advances to the next world, the battle armor will be lost. Multiplayer. In multiplayer mode, the last one standing is the winner. Set bombs to destroy other bombers. There are different modes to play at, such as "Single Match" and "Maniac Mode", and the player or players are able to choose one of ten different unique maps to battle on, each map having a different twist and theme to the gameplay. The objective is to blow up blocks or obstacles to be able to advance towards other bombers and catch them with the fire from a bomb. When obstacles are blown up, items frequently drop from them. Single Match. Single Match is a basic game in which five Bombers are on a map chosen before the game starts. The player can choose "Tag Match" or "Battle Royal", with Tag Match being able to choose two teams to fight, and Battle Royal for a free-for-all on all five players. There are other options that can be determined, like number of rounds to win in order to win altogether, time limit for each round, Sudden Death, Bad Bomber, and others. Sudden Death happens once a certain amount of time has passed, and the map starts to fall apart rapidly, killing any player who is standing on a space that disappears. Bad Bomber is an option that allows a defeated player to hover around the edge of the map and shoot bombs onto the map in hopes of taking out other Bombers. Setting the Bad Bomber option to "Super" results in the event that a Bad Bomber kills a Bomber, that Bad Bomber will come back to life. Maniac Mode. Maniac Mode is another multi-player game setting, in which the players choose which items they want to have appear on the field, and how many. Possibilities range from having maximum fire matches with other players, or merely a max amount of bombs with no firepower, as well as gaining special powers that cannot be obtained during normal Single Match play, such as the item that allows players to walk through walls. Special Mode. This mode allows the player to play a special level with a predetermined amount of time to complete (only options are two-minutes and five-minutes), as well picking a selection of items to start with. There are three selections, each containing three different items, or amounts of a certain item. The object of the Special Mode is to rack up as many points as possible, done best by defeating numerous enemies within the same blast of a bomb, and picking up letters. Defeating the Boss at the end of the level yields a large number of bonus points. The game is over once the player dies, or defeats the boss. When a game ends, the player is ranked on the number of points they acquired before they lost or won. Higher points will result in a positive ranking (like Good Bomber) and low points will result in a negative ranking (like Worst Bomber). It is unclear whether or not the rankings have anything to do with the game (because there is no High-Score board) other than being a self-accomplishment for the player to achieve the best ranking possible. Development. "Bomberman World" was shown at the September 1997 Tokyo Game Show under the title "PlayStation Bomberman". Reception. "Man!ac" gave the game a score of 75/100. Extreme Playstation gave the game an 83 of 100. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bumabaz biswo plestesonor baabe eitu etaa video 'game. ee "bomberman" sringkholar ongxo. 2002 sonot "bomberman" aaru "bomberman '93" ror turbographox-16 xongoskoronor logote "bomberman xongroho" xirxok xongkolon discor ongxo hisape ei khelkhon computeror babeu punor mukoli koraa hoisil. plot. exomoyot sarijon dusto buma bisfurok aasil jaak dark pho "rcho buma bisfurok buli kuwa hoisil jiye buma bisfurok jogotoloi ondhokar aaniboloi chesta korisil. buma bisfurokxokolor prasin purbopuruxxokole neela sfotikot dark pho 'rcho buma bisfurokxokolok bondi korisil. laakh laakh bosoror pisot, begular, xomoy-sthanor obirot owosthat aan etaa bindur poraa dekha puwa, neela sfotiktu dhongxo korisil, enedore kholonayokxokolok mukto korisil. mukto huwa buma nikhyepkarixokole begularor onugami hoi porisil aaru sarita prithibi joy korisil. biswok oxubhor poraa rokhya koratu etiya bumabazor uporot nirbhor kore. khelor khel. kahinir mode. lokhyotu hoh 'lo pasta bhinno buma bisfurok jogotor pasta khyetro xompurno koraa. oncholbur xompurno koriboloi, kheluoijone bumar salok niyontron koribo lagibo aaru xotru baadha dhongxo koriboloi buma sthapon koribo lagibo jiye prosthanor dixe loi jaabo. protitu stor xompurno koriboloi xokhyom hoh 'boloi kheluoijone manchitrot thoka xokolu sfotik bisari uliyaboloi aaru lo' bob lagibo. ebaar eitu xompurno huwar pisot, prosthanor duwarkhon khulibo, aaru kheluoijonok poroborti onsololoi jaboloi onumoti diya hoh 'bob. protitu biswor soturtho khetrot, kheluoijone ejon dark pho "rcho buma bisfurok aaru ejon otirikto bob" sok porasto koribo lagibo jitu settingtuwe thoka biswor dhoronor pisot nirdharito. ebaar kheluoijone dark pho "rcho buma bisfurokok porasto korar pisot kheluoijonok poroborti bob" sor juddhor baabe pindhiboloi ek ononyo juddhor ostro-xostro diya hoy, zo "too ek swabhabik aakromon aaru ek bixex aakromon thaake. juddhor ostro-xostro kewol bob 'sor juddhor baabe byobohar koraa hoy, orthat kheluoijone poroborti prithibiloi aagbarhi juwar pisot juddhor ostro-xostro herai jaabo. multiplayer. multiplayer mudot, xexortu thiyo hoi thokatu hoh 'lo bijoyi. aan buma bisfurok dhongxo koriboloi buma sthapon korok. iyat kheliboloi bibhinno mode aase, jene "ekok mess" aaru "unmad mode", aaru kheluwoi baa kheluoixokole jujiboloi dohta bhinno ononyo manchitror bhitorot etaa basoni koriboloi xokhyom hoy, protitu manchitrot gameplayer baabe ek prithok much aaru thim thaake. iyar uddesyo hoise block baa baadha uruwai aan buma bisfurokor faale aagbarhi jaboloi aaru bumar poraa juire teulukok dhoriboloi xokhyom huwa. jetiya badhabur uri yaay, tetiya xeiburor poraa bostubur xoghonai pore. ekok khel. ekok khel hoise ek moulik khel zo 'too khel aarombho huwar aagote basoni koraa manchitrot pasta buma nikhyepkari thaake. kheluoijone "tegg mess" baa "battle royel" basoni koribo paare, tegg mesor joriyote jujiboloi dutaa doll basoni koribo paari, aaru pasjon kheluoire xokolure baabe binamuliyar baabe royelor xoite juj dibo paare. aan bikolpo aase jibur nirdharon koribo paari, jene xompurnorupe joyee hoh 'boloi joy koribo logaa roundor xongkhya, protitu roundor baabe xomoy xeema, aakosmik mrityu, beyaa buma bisfurok, aaru onyanyo. etaa nirdisto xomoy paar huwar pisot aakosmik mrityu hoy, aaru manchitrotu drutogotit bhangi jaboloi aarombho kore, jaar folot odrishyo hoi juwa sthanot thiyo hoi thoka jikunu kheluoir mrityu hoy. beyaa buma bisfurok hoise ene ek bikolpo jiye ejon porajito kheluoiye manchitror prantor sariufale ghuri furiboloi aaru aan buma bisfurokbur uliyai onaar aaxat manchitrot buma nikhyep koriboloi onumoti diye. beyaa buma bisfurokor bikolpotu "supar"-too sthapon korile ejon beyaa buma bisfurokor ejon buma bisfurokor mrityu hoh "ley xei beyaa buma bisfuroktu punor jiwito hoh" bob. unmad owostha. unmad mode hoise aan etaa multy-player game setting, zo 'too kheluoixokole khelpotharot ki ki bostu dekha dibo bisare aaru kimanbur basoni kore. xombhawonaburor bhitorot aase aan kheluoixokolor xoite xorbadhik fayar mess koraa, baa kewol xorbadhik porimanor kunu fayar pawar nuhuwa buma, logote xadharon ekok mess khelor xomoyot laabh koribo nuwara bixex xokti laabh koraa, jene kheluoixokolok dewalor maajere khuj karhiboloi onumoti diya xamogri. bixex mode. ei owosthat kheluoigorakik purbonirdharito xomoyor xoite etaa bixex storot kheliboloi onumoti diya hoy (kewol bikolpobur hoise dui minute aaru paas minute), logote aarombho koriboloi nirbasito xamogri basoni koraa hoy. tinita nirbason aase, protitute tinita bhinno bostu baa etaa nirdisto bostur poriman thaake. bixex modor uddesyo hoise jiman paari ximan point rek koraa, bumar eke bisfuronor bhitorot oxongkhyo xotruk porasto kori aaru sithi tuli xorbuttombhabe koraa. storor xexot bob 'sok porasto korile brihot xongkhyok bunas point laabh hoy. kheluoijonor mrityu huwar pisot baa bob 'sok porasto korar pisot khelkhon xex hoy. jetiya etaa khel xex hoy, tetiya kheluoijone porajito huwa baa joyee huwar aagote laabh koraa pointor xongkhyar uporot bhitti kori ranking diya hoy. uscho pointor folot etaa itibasok ranking (bhaal buma bisfurokor dore) aaru nimno pointor folot etaa netibasok ranking (ataitkoi beyaa buma bisfurokor dore) hoh 'bob. kheluoigorakiye xombhobpor xorbosrestho ranking laabh koriboloi ek aatmo-prapti huwar baahire rankingor xoite khelor xoite kiba xomporko aase ney naai (kiyonu iyat kunu uscho-sko 'ror bob' rd naai) xeya sposto nohoy. unnoyon. "1997 sonor septembor maahot tokio 'game swo' too "plesteson bomberman" xirxok xirxokore "bomberman world" prodorxon koraa hoisil. obhyorthona. "manuh!esi "ye khelkhonok 75/100 ror sko" ror disil. extrem plestesone khelkhonok 100ror bhitorot 83 nombor disil.

bomaru bishwa etty playstationer jonno ekti vdo gema. etty "bomberman" sirijer ongsho. gamety 2002 saale computer jonno "bomberman" ebong "bomberman '93"-err turbographox-16 sangaskaraner pashapashi "bomberman sangraha" shironame ekti sangkalan disker ongsho hisabe punra mukti paay. plot. eksamoy darka phorsa bomaru biman naame charti ashubh bomaru biman chhilo jaaraa bomaru bimaner jogote ondhokar aanar chesta korechilo. bomaruder prachin purbopurushra neel sphotiker modhye darka phorsa bomaruder bondee korey rekhechilo. lokkho lokkho bochor porey, bagular, somoy-sthan dharabahikatar onno ekti bindu theke abirbhuto hoye, neel sphotikke dhongso korey, eibhabe khalnayakder mukto korey. mukto bomaru bimanguli bagularder anugami hoye othe ebong charti bishwa joy korey. ekhon bomaru bimaner haatei achhe bishwoke ashubh theke rakkha koraa. gameplay. golper mode. lakkhya holl panchti vinno bomaru bishwer panchti khettroi sampurna koraa. elaka sampurna korte, kheloadke aboshyoi bomaru bimanke niyantran korte hobey ebong shotruder dhongso korte boma sthapon korte hobey ebong prosthaner dike porichalito korbe emon badhaguli. protiti stor sampurna korte sokkhom howar jonno, kheloadke aboshyoi manchitre samasta sphotik sonakto korte hobey ebong tulte hobey. ekbar etty sampurna hoye gele, prosthaner darjati khule jaabe ebong kheloadke poroborti elaka yawar anumati deoa hobey. protiti bishwer choturtho khettre, kheloadke ekti darka phorsa bomaru bimanke porajito korte hobey, ebong ekti atirikto boske jaa settingti jey dharaner bishwer upor vitti korey toiri koraa hoy. ekbar kheload ekti darka phorsa bomaru bimanke porajito korle, kheloadke poroborti boser juddher jonno porar jonno ekti ananya juddher bormo deoa hoy, jaar ekti swabhabik akraman ebong ekti bishesh akraman thaake. juddher bormo shudhumatra boser juddher jonno byabohrito hoy, jaar ortho kheload ekbar poroborti bishwe agrasar holey, juddher bormoti hariye jaabe. multiplayer. multiplayer modey, shesh jey dandiye thaake seey vijayi hoy. anyanno bomabazder dhongso korar jonno boma sthapon korun. khelar jonno bivinno mode royeche, jemon "ekok match" ebong "unmad mode", ebong kheload baa kheloadra ladai korar jonno dashti vinno ananya manchitrer modhye ekti beche nitey sokkhom hoy, protiti manchitre gameplayer ekti vinno modd ebong thim thaake. err uddeshya holl block baa badha udiye deoa jaate anyanno bomaru bimaner dike agrasar hotey paare ebong boma theke agun diye taader dhorte paare. jokhon badhaguli udiye deoa hoy, tokhon prayashai jinisguli taader theke porey yaay. ekok match. ekok match ekti moulik khela jekhane khela shuru howar agey nirbachito manchitre panchti bomaru biman thaake. kheload "tagg match" baa "battle rayyal" beche nitey paare, tagg matchti ladai korar jonno duti doll beche nitey sokkhom hoy ebong panchjon kheloader modhye sokoler jonno binamulye royyaler saathe ladai korte paare. anyanno bikalpa royeche jaa nirdharan koraa jete paare, jemon samogrikbhabe jetar jonno joyer jonno rounder sankhya, protiti rounder jonno samayseema, akasmik mrityu, kharap bomaru biman ebong anyanno. ekti nirdishto somoy atibahito howar porey hothat mrityu ghote ebong manchitroti druto venge padte shuru korey, adrishya hoye yawa jaiga dandiye thaka jey konao kheloadke hotya korey. kharap bomaru biman emon ekti bikalpa jaa ekjon porajito kheloadke manchitrer pranter charpashe ghure bedate ebong anyanno bomaru biman berr korey aanar ashay manchitre boma nikkhep korte deyo. kharap bomaru bimaner bikolpotike "super" korar foley jodi konao kharap bomaru biman ekjon bomaru bimanke hotya korey, tahle seii kharap bomaru bimanti abar pranobonto hoye uthbe. unmad mode. unmad mode holl arekti multy-player gema setting, jekhane kheloadra maathe coone jinisguli dekhte chaay ebong kataguli taa beche neyo. anyanno kheloader saathe sorbochcho agnisanjoger sombhabona royeche, baa kebolmatro konao agnishakti chharai sorbochcho porimane boma, pashapashi bishesh shakti orjon koraa jaa sadharan ekok match khelar somoy pawa yaay naa, jemon emon item jaa kheloader deyaler modhyo diye hantte deyo. bishesh mode. eyi modti kheloadke ekti purbonirdharito poriman somoy soho ekti bishesh storer khela shesh korar anumati deyo (shudhumatra bikalpaguli holl dui minit ebong panch minit), pashapashi shuru korar jonno itemgulir ekti nirbachan beche neoa. tinti nirbachan royeche, jaar prottektite tinti vinno item baa ekti nirdishto itemer poriman royeche. bishesh moder uddeshya holl jotota sombhob point sangraha koraa, bomar ekoi bishforoner modhye asankhya shotruke porajito korey ebong chitthi tuley niye sorbottombhabe koraa. storer sheshe boske porajito korle prachur bonus point pawa yaay. kheload maaraa gele baa boske porajito korle khela shesh hoye yaay. jokhon ekti khela shesh hoy, tokhon kheloadke harano baa jetar agey arjito pointer sankhyar vittite sthan deoa hoy. uchchotoro pointer foley ekti itibachak ranking (jemon vall bomaru biman) ebong nimno pointer foley ekti netibachak ranking (jemon kharap bomaru biman) hobey. kheloader jonno sombhabbo sera ranking orjoner jonno ekti swa-orjon chhada rankinger saathe khelar (kaaron konao uchcho-score board nei) konao somporko achhe kii naa taa sposhto noy. unnayan. "1997 saaler septembara maase tokio gema shote 'playstation bomberman' shironame 'bomberman worled' dekhano hoyechilo. abhyarthana. "manush!essie "khelatike 75/100 score diyeche. charam playstation khelatike 100-err modhye 83 nambar diyeche.

bomberman vishva aaa playstation maate aek videeyo game chhe. teey "bomberman" shreneeno aek bhaag chhe. aaa ramatne 2002maan "bomberman" aneey "bomberman '93" naa turbographex-16 version saathe "bomberman collection" naamnaa sankalan diskna bhaag rupe pisi maate fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. plooat. aek samaye chaar dusht bombers hataa jaimne darqa phorsa bombers kahevama aavtaa hataa jemane bombersnee duniyama andhaaru laavvaano prayaas karyo hato. bombermanna praachin purvajoae darqa phorsa bombersne vaadadi sfatikma qeda karyaa hataa. laakho varsho pachhi, samay-avkaash satatyamaa beeja binduthi dekhaata begulare vaadadi sfatikno naash karyo, aama khalnayakone mukt karyaa. mukt karaayela bombers begularnaa anuyaayeeo bunny gayaa aneey chaar vishvo parr vijay melvyo. vishvane dushtatathi bachavvu havey bomberman parr nirbhar chhe. ramat. vaarta mooad. dhyey paanch alag alag bomber vishvonaa tamaam paanch kshetrone purn karvaano chhe. vistaarone purn karvaa maate, khelaadiae bombermanne niyantrit karvo padashe aneey dushmano aneey avrodhone nasht karvaa maate bomb mukavaa padashe jeey bahaar nikalvaa taraf doree jashe. darek starne purn karvaa maate, khelaadiae naksha parnaa tamaam sfatikone shodhvaa aneey pasand karvaa padashe. aekvaar aaa purn thaee jaay pachhi, bahaar nikalvaano darvaajo khulshe, aneey khelaadeene aagaami vistaarmaa javaani manjuri aapvama aavashe. darek vishvanaa chothaa kshetramaa, khelaadiae darqa phorsa bomberne haraavvo padashe, aneey aek vadharana bosne keey jeey settingma vishwani shailee pachhi theem aadharit chhe. aekvaar khelaadi darqa phorsa bomberne haraave chhe, pachhi khelaadeene aagaami bosnee ladaai maate pahervaa maate aek ananya yuddh bakhtar aapvama aave chhe, jemaa saamanya humalo aneey vishesh humalo hoya chhe. yuddh bakhtarno upyog maatra bosnee ladaaio maate thaay chhe, etale keey aekvaar khelaadi aagali duniyama aagad vadhe, tyaare yuddh bakhtar khovai jashe. multiplayer. multiplayer modmaa, chhello oobho rahenaar vijeta chhe. anya bombersno naash karvaa maate bomb mooko. single match" aneey "manic mooad" jevaa ramvaa maate viveedh modes chhe, aneey khelaadi athavaa khelaadeeo ladvaa maate dass judaa judaa ananya nakshaomathi aek pasand curry shake chhe, darek nakshaamaa gameplay maate alag valaank aneey theem hoya chhe. teno udesh anya bombers taraf aagad vadhvaa aneey temne bombthi aag saathe pakadvaa maate bloqa athavaa avrodhone udaavvaano chhe. jyaare avrodho oodee jaay chhe, tyaare vastuo vaaramvaar temathi puddy jaay chhe. aek jaj match. single match aee aek mulbhoot ramat chhe jemaa ramat sharoo thaay teey pahelaa pasand karelaa naksha parr paanch bombers hoya chhe. khelaadi "tagg match" athavaa "battle royal" pasand curry shake chhe, jemaa tagg match ladvaa maate beey teamo pasand curry shake chhe, aneey tamaam paanch khelaadeeo parr mafat-maate-badhaa maate royal saathe yuddh curry shake chhe. anya vikalpo chhe jeey nakki curry shakaay chhe, jaim keey jeetva maate roundnee sankhyaa, darek round maate samay maryada, achaanak mrutyu, kharaab bomber aneey anya. aek chokkas samay pasaar thayaa pachhi achaanak mrutyu thaay chhe, aneey naksho zadapthi tutee padvaanu sharoo thaay chhe, jeey koipan khelaadeene maaree naakhe chhe jeey adrashya thaee jaay chhe. kharaab bomber aee aek aevo vikalp chhe jeey parajit khelaadeene nakshani dhaarnee aaspaas farvaa deey chhe aneey anya bomberne bahaar kaadhvaani aashama naksha parr bomb fenkvani manjuri aape chhe. kharaab bomber vikalpane "super" parr seeta karvaathi kharaab bomber bomberne maaree naakhe chhe, teey kharaab bomber fareethi jivant thaee jashe. unmatt sthitee. manic mooad aee anya aek bahoo-khelaadi ramat setting chhe, jemaa khelaadeeo pasand karey chhe keey teo medaan parr kaee vastuo jovaa maange chhe, aneey ketali vastuo jovaa maange chhe. shakyataoma anya khelaadeeo saathe mahattam fayara match, athavaa maatra mahattam matrama fayara power vagarnaa bomb, temaj saamanya aek jaj match darmiyan melvee shakaati nathee tevee vishesh shakteeo melavani shakyatao chhe, jaim keey aevee vastu jeey khelaadione diwalo parthee chaalvaa deey chhe. vishesh sthitee. aaa sthitee khelaadeene purn karvaa maate purvanirdharit samay saathe vishesh star ramvani manjuri aape chhe (maatra beey-minut aneey paanch-minutena vikalpo chhe), temaj sharoo karvaa maate vastuoni pasandagi pasand karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. trana pasandgio chhe, darekmaa trana alag alag vastuo athavaa chokkas vastuni maatraa hoya chhe. vishesh paddhatino udesh shakya tetalaa vadhu guna melavvaano chhe, bombnaa aek jaj visfotma asankhya dushmanone haraaveene aneey aksharo upaadine shreshth reete karvaamaa aave chhe. starnaa ante bosne haraaveene motee sankhyama bonus point maley chhe. aekvaar khelaadi mrutyu paame athavaa bosne haraave teey pachhi ramat samaapt thaee jaay chhe. jyaare ramat samaapt thaay chhe, tyaare khelaadeene haaryaa athavaa jeetya teey pahelaa melvelaa pointnee sankhyana aadhare krama aapvama aave chhe. uchch guna hakaaraatmak krammaa (saaraa bomberni jaim) parinamshe aneey neecha guna nakaaraatmak krammaa (kharaab bomberni jaim) parinamshe. teey spasht nathee keey rankingne ramat saathe koee levadeva chhe keey nahee (kaaran keey tyaan koee uchch-sqora booard nathee) khelaadi maate shreshth ranking praapt karvaa maate swa-seeddhi sivaay. vikaas. "bomberman worled" september 1997naa tokyo game shomaa "playstation bomberman" sheershak hethal darshavvama aavyu hatoo. swaagat. "maanas!aesee "aee ramatne 75/100 noow sqora aapyo. aatyantik playstatione ramatne 100 maanthi 83 unk aapyaa hataa.

bamvarshak duniya playstation key liye ack video game haye. yeh "bomberman" shrinkhala kaa hissa haye. khel koo 2002 mein "bomberman" aur "bomberman '93" key turbographx-16 sanskaran key saath "bomberman sangrah" naamak ack sankalan disk key hisse key roop mein pc key liye phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa. plot. ack baar chaar dusht bamvarshak they jinhen dark force bamvarshak kahaa jaataa thaa, jinhone bamvarshak duniya mein andhera laane kii koshish kii. bamvarshakon key pracheen poorvajon ney neele chrystal mein kaale bull key bamvarshakon koo kaid curr liya. laakhon varshon key baad, samay-sthaan nirantarta mein ack anya bindu seey dikhaai dene vaale bagular ney neele chrystal koo nasht curr diyaa, iss prakaar khalnayak koo mukt curr diyaa. mukt kiye gaye bamvarshak bagular key minion bunn gaye aur chaar duniyaon parr vijay praapt kii. abb duniya koo burai seey bachaana bamvarshak parr nirbhar haye. khel. kahani mode. lakshya paanch alag-alag bamvarshak duniya key sabhi paanch kshetron koo puuraa karna haye. kshetron koo puuraa karane key liye, khilaadi koo bamvarshak koo niyantrit karna chaahiye aur dushmanon aur baadhaon koo nasht karane key liye bumm lagaana chaahiye joe baahar nikalane kaa kaaran banenge. pratyek star koo puuraa karane mein saksham honey key liye, khilaadi koo maanchitra parr sabhi chrystal kaa pataa lagaana aur unhein uthaana hoga. ack baar jaba yeh puuraa hoe jaataa haye, tou nikas kaa darwaja khul jaayega, aur khilaadi koo agale kshetra mein jaane kii anumati dee jaati haye. pratyek duniya key chauthe kshetra mein, khilaadi koo ack dark force bomber koo harana hoga, aur ack atirikt boss joe duniya key prakaar key baad vishay haye. ack baar jaba khilaadi ack dark force bomber koo haraata haye, tou khilaadi koo agali boss ladaai key liye pahanane key liye ack anootha yuddh kavach diyaa jaataa haye, jisamen ack samanya hamla aur ack vishesh hamla hotaa haye. yuddh kavach kaa upayog kewal boss kii ladaai key liye kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii ack baar jaba khilaadi agali duniya mein aage badhega, tou yuddh kavach khou jaayega. multiplayer. multiplayer mode mein, antim khadaa vijeta hotaa haye. anya bamvarshakon koo nasht karane key liye bumm sett karein. khelane key liye alag-alag tareeke hain, jaise kii "ekal match" aur "pagal mode", aur khilaadi yaa khilaadi ladaai key liye duss alag-alag advitiya maanchitron mein seey ack koo chunane mein saksham hain, pratyek maanchitra mein gameplay key liye ack alag modd aur vishay hotaa haye. iska uddeshya blocks yaa baadhaon koo udaanaa haye taaki way anya bamvarshakon kii or aage badh sakein aur unhein bumm seey aag seey pakad sakein. jaba baadhaaen uda jaati hain, tou vastuein aksar unase gir jaati hain. ekal match. ekal match ack buniyaadi khel haye jisamen khel shuru honey seey pahale chune gaye maanchitra parr paanch bamvarshak hotey hain. khilaadi "tagg match" yaa "battle royal" chuna sakata haye, jisamen tagg match ladane key liye dou teams koo chunane mein saksham haye, aur sabhi paanch khilaadiyon parr sabhi key liye muft key liye shaahi yuddh curr sakata haye. anya vikalp bhee hain jinhen nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii poori tarah seey jeetane key liye round kii sankhya, pratyek round key liye samay seema, achaanak mrityu, kharaab bamvarshak aur anya. achaanak mrityu ack baar hoti haye jaba ack nishchit samay beet jaataa haye, aur naksha teji seey alag honey lagata haye, jisase kissy bhee khilaadi kii maut hoe jaati haye joe gayab honey vaali jagah parr khadaa hotaa haye. kharaab bamvarshak ack aisaa vikalp haye joe ack parajit khilaadi koo maanchitra key kinare key chaaron or mandaraane aur anya bamvarshakon koo baahar nikaalane kii ummeed mein maanchitra parr bumm daagne kii anumati detaa haye. kharaab bamvarshak vikalp koo "super" karane key liye sett karna usa sthiti mein parinam detaa haye jaba ack kharaab bamvarshak ack bamvarshak koo maar detaa haye, vaha kharaab bamvarshak jeevan mein vaapas aaa jaayega. unmaad mode. unmaad mode ack aur bahu-khilaadi khel setting haye, jisamen khilaadi chunate hain kii way maidan parr kaun see vastuen dikhaana chaahte hain, aur kitni. sambhaavanaaen anya khilaadiyon key saath adhikatam agni match honey seey laker, yaa binaa kissy agni shakti key kewal adhikatam matra mein bumm honey key saath-saath vishesh shaktiyaan praapt karane taka hoti hain joe samanya ekal match khel key dauran praapt naheen kii jaa sakati hain, jaise kii vaha vastu joe khilaadiyon koo divaaron key madhyam seey chalane kii anumati detee haye. vishesh mode. yeh mode khilaadi koo ack vishesh star parr khelane kii anumati detaa haye jisamen puuraa karane key liye poorv nirdhaarit samay hotaa haye (kewal dou-minut aur paanch-minut key vikalp hotey hain), saath hii saath shuru karane key liye vastuon kaa chayan bhee kiya jaataa haye. teen chayan hotey hain, jinamen seey pratyek mein teen alag-alag vastuein yaa ack nishchit vastu kii matra hoti haye. vishesh mode kaa uddeshya adhik seey adhik ankon koo praapt karna haye, ack bumm key ack hii visfot key bheetar kaee dushmanon koo harakar aur aksharon koo uthaakar sabse achchha kiya jaataa haye. star key anta mein boss koo haraane seey badee sankhya mein bonus ank milate hain. ack baar khilaadi kii mrityu hoe jaane parr yaa malik koo haraane key baad khel samaapt hoe jaataa haye. jaba koee khel samaapt hotaa haye, tou khilaadi koo haarne yaa jeetane seey pahale praapt ankon kii sankhya key aadhar parr sthaan diyaa jaataa haye. uchch ankon key parinamswarup ack sakaratmak ranking (jaise achchha bamvarshak) hogi aur cumm ankon key parinamswarup ack nakaratmak ranking (jaise sabse kharaab bamvarshak) hogi. yeh spasht naheen haye kii ranking kaa khel seey koee lena-denaa haye yaa naheen (kyonki koee uchch-score board naheen haye) khilaadi key liye sarvottam sambhav ranking praapt karane key liye ack aatm-upalabdhi honey key alawa. vikas. "bomberman worled" koo sitambar 1997 key tokyo game show mein "playstation bomberman" sheershak key tahat dikhaaya gayaa thaa. swaagat. "yaar!assie "ney khel koo 75/100 kaa score diyaa. charam playstation ney khel koo 100 mein seey 83 diyaa.

bomber myaan worled idu playstationgagi video game aagide. idu "bomberman" saraniya bhagavagide. bomberman collection" emba shirshikeya sankalana discan bhagavagi "bomberman" mattu "bomberman '93" naa turbographx-16 aavruttiyondige aatavannu 2002 ralli pisigaligaagi maru-bidugade maadalaayitu. plat. omme dark force bambargalu endu kareyalpaduva naalku dushta bambargalu bomber myaan jagattige kattalannu taralu prayatnisidaru. bambargala praachina purvajaru dark force bambargalannu neeli sphatikadalli bandhisidaru. lakshaantara varshagala nantara, samaya-sthalada nirantarateya mattondu hantadinda kanisikolluva bagular, neeli sphatikavannu naashapadisitu, heege khalanayakarannu muktagolisitu. muktagonda bambargalu bagularna gulaamaraadaru mattu naalku lokagalannu vashapadisikondaru. eega jagattannu dushtatanadinda rakshisuvudu bomber mangay bittaddu. aatavaaduva. katheya mode. aidu vibhinn bomber prapanchagala ellah aidu pradeshagalannu poornagolisuvudu idara guriyagide. pradeshagalannu poornagolisalu, aatagaaranu bomberman annu niyantrisabeku mattu shatrugalannu mattu nirgamanakke kaaranavaaguva adetadegalannu naashamaadalu bambgalannu haakabeku. prati hantavannu poornagolisalu, aatagaaranu nakseyallina ellah sphatikagalannu pattehacchi ettikollabeku. idu purnagonda nantara, nirgamanada baagilu tereyuttade mattu aatagaaranige mundina pradeshakke hogalu avakasha nidalaaguttade. prati prapanchada nalkane bhagadalli, aatagaaranu dark force bomber annu solisabekaguttade, mattu setting iruva prapanchada prakaarada vishayada mele hechchuvari baas annu solisabekaguttade. omme aatagaaranu dark force bomber annu solisida nantara, aatagaaranige mundina baas yuddakke dharisalu vishishtavaada yuddha rakshaakavachavannu nidalaaguttade, idu saamaanya daali mattu vishesha daaliyannu hondiruttade. yuddhada rakshaakavachavannu baas kadanagalige maatra balasalaaguttade, andare omme aatagaaranu mundina jagattige munnadedare, yuddhada rakshaakavachavu kaleduhoguttade. multiplayer. multiplayer modnalli, koneyadaagi nintavaru vijetaraguttare. itara bambargalannu naashamaadalu bambgalannu irisi. single match" mattu "unmaada mode" nantaha vividha vidhaanagalive, mattu atagara athawa aatagaararu horaadalu hattu vibhinn vishishta naksegalalli wandannu ayke maadalu saadhyavaaguttade, prati nakseyu aatada vibhinn tiruvu mattu theem annu hondiruttade. itara bambargala kadege munnadesalu mattu bambninda benkiyinda avarannu hidiyalu saadhyavaaguvante blaakgalu athawa adetadegalannu spotisuvudu idara uddeshavaagide. adetadegalannu spotisidaga, vastugalu aagaagge avugalinda beeluttave. onde pandya. eka pandyavu ondu moolabhoota aatavaagiddu, idaralli aata praarambhavaaguva modalu aidu bambargalannu ayke maadalaada naksheyalliruttade. aatagaaranu "tagg match" athawa "battle raayal" annu ayke maadabahudu, tagg matchgay eradu tandagalannu ayke maadalu saadhyavaaguttade, mattu ellah aidu atagarara mele ellarigoo uchitavaada raayal annu horaadabahudu. ottaareyaagi gellalu gellabekada suttugala sankhye, prati suttina samaya miti, hathat saavu, ketta bomber mattu itaravugalantaha itara aaykegalannu nirdharisabahudu. ondu nirdishta samaya kaleda nantara hathat saavu sambhavisuttade, mattu nakseyu vegavagi kusiyalu praarambhisuttade, kanmareyaguva jagadalli nintiruva yaavude aatagaaranannu kolluttade. byaad bomber embudu sotha aatagaaranige nakseya anchinalli suttaadalu mattu itara bambargalannu horategeyuva bharavaseyalli nakseya mele bambgalannu haarisalu anuvu maadikoduva ondu aaykeyaagide. ketta bomber aaykeyannu "suuper" endu hondisuvudarinda ketta bomber bomber annu kolluva sandarbhadalli, aaa ketta bomber matte jivantavaguttade. unmaadada mode. unmaadada kramavu mattondu bahu-atagarara aatada setting aagide, idaralli aatagaararu maidaanadalli yaava vastugalu kanisikollalu bayasuttaare mattu eshtu embudannu ayke maaduttaare. itara aatagaararondige garishta fire myachgalannu honduvudu, athawa yaavude firepower illada garishta pramanada bambgalannu hondiruvudu, jotege saamaanya eka pandyada aatada samayadalli padeyalaagada vishesha shaktigalannu padeyuvudu, udaaharanege aatagaararige godegala moolaka nadeyalu anuvu maadikoduva vastuvannu hondiruvudu muntaada saadhyategalive. vishesha vidhana. ee vidhaanavu aatagaaranige purvanirdharita samayadondige vishesha mattadalli aadalu anuvu maadikoduttade (aaykegalu eradu nimishagalu mattu aidu nimishagalu maatra), jotege prarambhisalu aayda vastugalannu ayke maadikolluttade. mooru aaykegalive, pratiyondoo mooru vibhinn vastugalannu athawa ondu nirdishta vastuvina pramaanavannu hondiruttade. bomb spotadolage halavaaru shatrugalannu solisuva moolaka mattu aksharagalannu ettikolluva moolaka saadhyavaadashtu hecchina ankagalannu galisuvudu vishesha vidhaanada uddeshavaagide. mattada koneyalli baas annu solisuvudarinda hecchina sankhyeya bonus ankagalu doreyuttave. aatagaaranu satta nantara athawa baas annu solisida nantara aatavu konegolluttade. aatavu konegondaga, aatagaaranu sotha athawa gedda modalu padeda ankagala sankhyeya aadhaarada mele shreyankavannu nidalaaguttade. hecchina ankagalu dhanaatmaka shreyankakke (uttama bomber nantaha) kaaranavaaguttave mattu kadime ankagalu runatmaka shreyankakke (ketta bomber nantaha) kaaranavaaguttave. shreyankagalu aatadondige yaavude sambandhavannu hondideye athawa illave embudu spashtavagilla (ekendare hecchina ankagala board illa) aatagaaranige saadhyavaadashtu uttama shreyankavannu sadhisalu swayam-saadhaneyaagiruvudannu horatupadisi. abhivruddhi. "bomberman worled" annu september 1997rahra tokio game shonalli "playstation bomberman" emba shirshikeyadiyalli torisalaayitu. svaagata. "manushya!ac "aatakke 75/100 ankavannu needitu. teevra playstation aatakke 100ralli 83 ankagalannu needitu.

bomberman waled playstationu vendiyulla oru viidiyoo geyimaanu ithu. ithu bomberman parambarayude bhagamaanu. bomberman", "bomberman '93" ennivayude turbographx-16 pathippin oppam "bomberman shekharam" enna peril oru compilation diskinte bhaagamaayi 2002 ll geyim pisikalkkaayi veendum puratthirakki. plott. bomberman lokathekku iruttu konduvaraan shramicha dark fozhsu bomberukal ennu vilikkappedunna naalu dushta bomberukal orikkal undaayirunnu. bombarmaarude purathana poorvvikar dark fozhsu bombermaare neela christalil thadavilaakki. dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalkk sesham, samaya-bahirakasha thudarchayude mattoru ghattathil ninnu prathyakshappetta bagular neela christaline nasippikkukayum angane villanmaare mochippikkukayum cheythu. mochitharaaya bombermar bagularude anuyayikalaayi maarukayum naalu lokangalum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. lokangale thinmayil ninnu rakshikkendathu ippol bombermanaanu. kalii. kathayude reethi. anchu vyathyastha bomber lokangalude anchu mekhalakalum poortthiyaakkuka ennathaanu lakshyam. pradeshangal poortthiyaakkunnathinu, kalikkaaran bombermane niyanthrikkukayum sathrukkaleyum eksittilekku nayikkunna thadassangaleyum nasippikkaan bombukal sthaapikkukayum venam. oro level poortthiyaakkaan, kalikkaaran bhoopadatthile ellah paralukal kandethukayum edukkukayum venam. ithu poorthiyaayikkazhinjaal, eksittilekkulla vaathil thurakkukayum kalikkaarane adutha pradeshathekku neengaan anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. oro lokathinteyum naalam bhaagath, kalikkaaran oru dark fozhsu bomberineyum krameekaranam eathu tharatthilulla lokathilaanu ennathine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru adhika bosineyum paraajayappeduthendathundu. kalikkaaran oru dark fozhsu bomberine paraajayappedutthiyaal, kalikkaaran adutha booas yudhathinaayi dharikkan oru savisheshamaaya yuddha kavachamaan nalkunnathu, athinu saadhaarana aakramanavum prathyeka aakramanavumund. booas yudhangalkku maathrame yuddha kavachangal upayogikkunnulloo, athaayath kalikkaaran adutha lokathekku munneriyaal, yuddha kavachangal nashtappedum. multiplayer. multiplayer modil, avasaanamaayi nilkkunnath vijayiyaan. mattu bomberukale nasippikkaan bombukal vekkuka. single maachu", "maniac mooad" thudangiya vyathyastha modukalundu, kalikkaarano kalikkarkko poraadaan patthu vyathyastha advitheeya maappukalil onnu thiranjedukkaan kazhiyum, oro mappinum vyathyastha twisttum gameplayude prameyavumundu. mattu bombarukalilekku munnerunnathinum bombil ninnulla thee upayogichu avare pidikoodunnathinum blokkukaloo thadassangalo pottikkuka ennathaanu lakshyam. thadassangal pottitherikkumbol, avayil ninnu saadhanangal idaykkide veezhunnu. otta malsaram. kalii aarambhikkunnathin munbu thiranjeduttha bhoopadatthil anchu bomberukal ulkkollunna oru adisthaana geyimaanu single maachu. kalikkaaran "tagg maachu" allengil "baattil royal" thiranjedukkaam, tagg maachinu rund teamukale thiranjedukkaanum anchu kalikkaaril ellaavarkkum soujanyamaayi royal yuddham cheyyaanum kazhiyum. mothatthil vijayikkunnathin vijayikkenda roundukalude ennam, oro roundinum samayaparidhi, pettennulla maranam, mosham bomber thudangiyava polulla mattu oopshanukal nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. oru nischitha samayam kadannukazhinjaal pettennulla maranam sambhavikkunnu, koodaathe bhoopadam athivegam thakarnnuveezhaan thudangukayum aprathyakshamaaya oru sthalathu nilkkunna eathoru kalikkaaranum kollappedukayum cheiyunnu. parajayappetta kalikkaarane maappinte attathu chuttikkaranganum mattu bomberukale purathedukkaamenna pratheekshayil maappil bombukal vedivaykkaanum anuvadikkunna oru oopshanaanu baad bomber. mosham bomber oopshan "suuppar" aayi sajjeekarikkunnath oru mosham bomber oru bombere kollunna saahacharyathil aaa mosham bomber veendum sajeevamakum. bhraanthan mooad. kalisthalathu eathokke enangal venamennum ethra ennam venamennum kalikkaar thiranjedukkunna mattoru multy-player geyim krameekaranamaanu unmaada mooad. mattu kalikkarumaayi paramavadhi fayar malsarangal nadatthuka, allengil fayar power illaatha paramavadhi bombukal, athupole thanne kalikkaarkku mathilukaliloode nadakkaan anuvadikkunna inam polulla saadhaarana orotta malsaram kalikkumbol nedaan kazhiyaatha prathyeka sakthikal neduka enniva muthalaayavayaan saadhyathakal. prathyeka reethi. poortthiyaakkaan munkootty nischayicha samayathodoppam oru prathyeka level kalikkaanum (rund minittum anchu minittum maathram oopshanukal) aarambhikkunnathin thiranjedukkunna enangal thiranjedukkaanum eee mooad kalikkaarane anuvadikkunnu. moonnu vyathyastha enangal allengil oru prathyeka inathinte alavu adangiya moonnu thiranjeduppukalundu. oru bombinte ore spodanathil niravadhi shathrukkale paraajayappedutthukayum aksharangal edukkukayum cheythukondu kazhiyunnathra pooyintukal raakk cheyyuka ennathaanu prathyeka modile lakshyam. thalatthinte avasaanam bosine paraajayappeduthunnathu dhaaraalam bonus pooyintukal nalkunnu. kalikkaaran marichukazhinjaal allengil bosine paraajayappedutthiyaal kalii avasanikkum. oru kalii avasaanikkumbol, tholkkunnathino vijayikkunnathino munbu nediya pooyintukalude ennathilaanu kalikkaaran rank cheyyappedunnathu. uyarnna pooyintukal positteev ranking (nalla bomber pole) thaazhnna pooyintukal negatteevu ranking (ettavum mosham bomber pole) kaaranamakum. saadhyamaaya ettavum mikacha ranking nedunnathinu kalikkaaran svayam nettamundaakkukayallathe rankinginu kaliyumaayi enthengilum bandhamundo (uyarnna score board illaathathinaal) ennu vyakthamalla. vikasanam. "1997 septambaril tokkiyoyil nadanna geyim shoyil 'playstation bomberman' enna peril 'bomberman waled' pradharshippichirunnu. sweekaranam. "manushya!essy "kaliykku 75/100 score nalki. extremy playstation kaliykku 100ll 83 runs nalki.

bombersman world playstationsathi haah eka video game aahe. too 'bomberman' malikecha bhag aahe. haah khel 2002 madhye sangankasathi 'bomberman' aanee 'bomberman' 93 chya turbographex-16 aavruttisah 'bomberman collection' navachya sankalan diskcha bhag mhanoon punha jaaree karnyat aala. plot. ekekali chaar dusht bombfecki hote jyanna darqa force bombfecki mhanatat, jyanni bombfekichya jagaat andhar aananyacha prayatna keela. bombfekichya pracheen purvajanni gadad shaktichya bombfecki vimananna nilya sfatikat qaid kele. lakho varshannantar, vel-avkash satatyamadhye dusarya bindupasoon disana bagularne nilya sphatikala nasht kele, asha prakare khalanayakanchi sutka kelee. mukt jhalele bombfecki hallekhor bagularche gulam banale aanee tyanni chaar jug jinkale. aata jagala vaitapasoon vachavane heey bombfeckiver avalambun aahe. khel. katha mode. paach vegvegalya bombfecki jagatil serve paach kshetre purn karane heey uddisht aahe. bhag purn karnyasathi, kheladune bombfeckiver niyantran thewale pahije aanee shatruncha aanee baher padnyas karanibhoot tharnare adthale nasht karnyasathi bomb thewale pahijet. pratyek star purn karnyasathi, kheladune nakashavaril serve sphatik shodhane aanee uchalane aavashyak aahe. heey purn jhalyanantar, baher padanyache daar ughadel aanee kheladula pudhchya bhagat jaanyachi parvanagi dilee jaeel. pratyek jagachya chauthya bhagat, kheladula gadad shakti bombfekicha aanee eka atirikt bosscha parabhav karava lagel, joou jagachya prakaranusar sankalpit aahe. ekada kheladu gadad shaktichya bombfekicha parabhav karato, qee kheladula pudhchya bosschya ladhaisathi ghalanyasathi eka adviteey yuddh kavach dile jaate, jyat samanya hallah aanee vishesh hallah asato. yuddh kavach keval bosschya ladhayansathi vaparale jaate, mhanje ekada kheladu pudhchya jagaat pudhe gela qee, yuddh kavach nasht hoil. multiplayer. multiplayer modmadhye, shevatcha ubha asalela vijeta asato. itar bombfecki hallekhoranna nasht karnyasathi bomb thewa. khelanyasathi 'single match' aanee 'vede mode' yasarkhya vegvegalya paddhati aahet aanee kheladu kinwa kheladu ladhanyasathi daha vegvegalya adviteey nakashanpaiki eka nivadu shakatat, pratyek nakashamadhye gameplaysathi bhinn valan aanee sankalpana asate. itar bombfecki vimananchya dishene pudhe jaanyasathi aanee bombmadhun lagalelya aagine tyanna pakadanyasathi adthale kinwa adthale udavane haah uddesh aahe. jevha adthale udavale jaatat, tevha vastoo varanvar tyatoon khalee padatat. ekach samna. ekeri samna haah eka moolbhut khel aahe jyamadhye khel suru honyapurvi nivadalelya nakashavar paach bombfecki hallekhor asatat. kheladu 'tagg match' kinwa 'battle royal' nivadu shakato, jyamadhye tagg match ladhanyasathi done sangh nivadu shakate aanee serve paach kheladunvar sarvansathi vinamulya royal ladhai karoo shakate. itar paryay aahet jeey nishchit kele jaau shakatat, jase qee purnapane jinkanyasathi jinkanyasathi fekyanchi sankhya, pratyek ferisathichi kalmaryada, achanak mrutyu, kharab bombfecki aanee itar. ekada vishisht vel nighun gelyanantar achanak mrutyu hoto aanee nakasha vegane tutu lagato, jyamule gayab jhalelya jaaget ubha asalela konatahi kheladu marla jaato. kharab bombfecki haah eka paryay aahe joou parabhoot kheladula nakashachya kathavar firu deto aanee itar bombfecki vimananna baher kadhanyachya aashene nakashavar bomb feku deto. kharab bombfekicha paryay 'super' varr seet kelyane, jarr white bombfekicha fatka basananya bombfekicha mrutyu jhaala tarr too white bombfekicha jeev parat yeil. vedepanachi paddhat. vedepanachi paddhat hii aanakhi eka bahu-kheladu khelachi mandani aahe, jyamadhye kheladu maidanavar konatya vastoo disayachya aahet aanee kitee aahet heey nivadatat. itar kheladunshi jastit jaast agnipariksha karane, kinwa keval agnishakti nasalele jastit jaast bomb asane, tasech kheladunna bhintinmadhun chalanyachi parvanagi denari vastoo yasarkhya samanya ekeri samnyachya kheladarmyan midavata naan yenanya vishesh shakti midvane yasarkhya shakyata aahet. vishesh mode. haah prakar kheladula purvanirdharit velesah vishesh staravar khelanyachi parvanagi deto (fakt done minite aanee paach minite paryay aahet), tasech suruvatila nivadak vastoo nivadanyachi parvanagi deto. teen nivad aahet, pratyekamadhye teen vegvegalya vastoo kinwa eka vishisht vastuchi matra asate. bombchya ekach sphotat asankhya shatruncha parabhav karoon aanee patre uchalat, shakya titke guna midvane haah vishesh paddhaticha uddesh aahe. patalichya shevati bosscha parabhav kelyas mothya sankhyene bonus guna midatat. ekada kheladucha mrutyu jhaala qee kinwa bosscha parabhav jhaala qee khel sampato. jevha ekhada khel sampato, tevha kheladula too harnyapurvi kinwa jinkanyapurvi tyane midavalelya gunanchya sankhyenusar kramvari dilee jaate. uchch gunanmule sakaratmak kramvari (changlya bombfekisarkhe) aanee qamee gunanmule nakaratmak kramvari (sarvat white bombfekisarkhe) milel. sarvottam kramvari sadhya karnyasathi kheladusathi swayam-kamgiri karnyavyatirikt kramvaricha khelashi kahee sambandh aahe qee nahee (kaaran uchch-gunank mandal nahee) heey spasht nahee. vikas. "september 1997 madhye tokiyomadhye jhalelya khel pradarshanat 'playstation bomberman' yaa shirshakakhali 'bomberman world' dakhavanyat aala hota. swagat. "manus!essie "neey khelala 75/100 guna dile. atyant khel kendrane yaa khelala 100 paiki 83 guna dile.

bamawarshak vishwa yo playstationka lagi bhidiyo game how. yo "bamawarshak" shringkhalako hissa how. yo khellai sann 2002 maa computerharuka lagi "bumberman" rar "bumberman '93" ko turbographox-16 sanskaransangai "bumberman sangraha" shirshakko sankalan diskako bhagko rupma punah jaari garieko thiyo. plut. ek patak chaar dushta bamawarshakharu thie jaslai dark force bamawarshakharu bhaninchha jasle bamawarshak sansarma andhakar lyaune prayas gare. bamawarshakharuka prachin purkhaharule callo balka bamawarshakharulai nilo crystalma kaid gare. lakhaun warsha pachhi, samaya-sthan nirantarta maa arko bindubata dekha pareko bagularle nilo crystallai nashta mukta, yasari khalanayakharulai mukta mukta. mukta bamawarshakharu bagularka sewak bane rar charawata sansarharu jite. sansarlai dushtatabata bachaunu ab bamawarshakko kaam how. khel khel. katha mode. paanch farak bamawarshak sansarka sabai paanch kshetraharu pura garne lakshya chha. kshetraharu pura garna, kheladile bamawarshaklai niyantran garnupardacha rar shatruharu rar awarodhharu nashta garna bamharu sett garnupardacha jasle nikasma laijanchha. pratyek star pura garna saksham huna, kheladile naksama sabai crystalharu patta lagauna rar linuparchha. ekchoti yo pura bhaepachi, nikasko dhoka khulnechha, rar kheladilai arko kshetrama zahn anumati diinchha. pratyek wishwako chautho kshetrama, kheladile dark force bamawarshaklai haraunu parchha, rar atirikta malik june settingma raheko sansarko prakar pachhi vishayavastu how. ekchoti kheladile dark force bamawarshaklai haraepachhi, kheladilai arko malikko yuddhaka lagi lagaunaka lagi ek adwitiya yuddha kawach diinchha, jasma samanya akraman rar vishesh akraman hunchha. yuddha kawach kewal malikko ladainka lagi prayog garinchha, yasako artha ek patak kheladile arko sansarma aghi badhepachhi yuddha kawach haraunechha. multiplayer. multiplayer modma, antim sthayi vijeta how. anya bamawarshakharulai nashta garna bamharu rakhnuhos. tyahan khelnaka lagi vibhinna modharu chhan, jastai "ekal match" rar "pagal mode", rar kheladi wa kheladiharu ladain garna das farak adwitiya manchitraharu madhye ek chhanauta garna saksham chhan, pratyek manchitrama gameplayko farak mode rar vishayavastu chha. yasako uddeshya block wa awarodhharu udaunu how taaki anya bamawarshakharutarfa aghi badhna rar bambata agole samatna saksham huna sakiyos. jab awarodhharu udainchha, wastuharu prayaha tiniharubata khaschhan. ekal khel. ekal khel euta adharbhut khel how jasma panchwata bamawarshakharu khel suru hunuaghi chhanot garieko naksama hunchhan. kheladile "tagg match" wa "battle royal" chhanauta garna sakchha, tagg matchle ladnaka lagi dui toliharu chhanauta garna saksham hunchha, rar sabai paanch kheladiharuma sabaika lagi nihshulkaka lagi royalsanga ladna sakchha. tyahan anya wikalpaharu chhan june nirdharan garna sakinchha, jastai purna rupma jitnaka lagi jitnaka lagi roundharuko sankhya, pratyek roundka lagi samaya sima, achanak mrityu, kharab bamawarshak, rar anya. ek nishchit samaya bitisakepachi achanak mrityu hunchha, rar naksa druta rupma khasna thalcha, gayab hune thaunma ubhieka kunai pani kheladiko mrityu hunchha. kharab bamawarshak euta vikalpa how jasle parajit kheladilai naksako kinarma ghumne rar anya bamawarshakharulai bahira nikalne ashama naksama bumm prahar garne anumati dinchha. kharab bamawarshak vikalpalai "super" maa sett garda kharab bamawarshakle bamawarshaklai marney ghatanama tyo kharab bamawarshak feri jiwanma aunechha. pagal mode. pagal mode arko bahu-kheladi khel setting how, jasma kheladiharule maidanma kuna wastuharu dekha parna chahanchhan rar kati chhanchhan. sambhawanaharu anya kheladiharusanga adhikatam fire matchharu huna, wa kewal fire pawar bina bamharuko adhikatam matra, sathai vishesh shaktiharu prapta garna june samanya ekal match khelko samayama prapta garna sakindaina, jastai kheladiharulai parkhalharu marfat hindna anumati dine wastu. vishesh mode. yass modele kheladilai purwanirdharit samayako sath vishesh star khelna anumati dinchha (kewal wikalpaharu dui-minet rar paanch-minet hun), sathai suru garna wastuharuko chayan chhanchha. tyahan tinawata chayanharu chhan, pratyekma tinawata farak wastuharu, wa nishchit wastuko matra samawesh chhan. vishesh modko uddeshya sakesamma dherai ankaharu rek garnu how, bamko eutai wisfotbhitra dherai shatruharulai haraera rar aksharharu uthaera uttam tarikale garinchha. starko antyama maliklai haraunda thulo sankhyama bonus ankaharu prapta hunchha. kheladiko mrityu bhaepachi wa maliklai haraepachhi khel samapta hunchha. jab khel samapta hunchha, kheladilai uniharule haraunu wa jitnuaghi prapta gareko ankako sankhyama kramabadha garinchha. uccha ankaharule sakaratmak shrenikaranma parinam dinechha (ramro bamawarshak jastai) rar cum ankaharule nakaratmak shrenikaranma parinam dinechha (kharab bamawarshak jastai). yo spashta chhaina kii shrenikaranko khelsanga kunai sambandha chha kii chhaina (kinbhane tyahan kunai uccha-score board chhaina) kheladika lagi sambhawa uttam shrenikaran prapta garna atma-upalabdhi bahek. vikas. "bamawarshak vishwa" september 1997 tokiyo khel karyakramma "playstation bamawarshak" shirshak antargat dekhaieko thiyo. swagat. "manis!ac "ley khellai 75/100 ko score diyo. charam playstationle khellai 100 madhye 83 anka diyo.

bomabarshaka biswa ehaa playstation paain eka bhidio game. ehaa "bumberman" shrunkhalara anshabisesha. ehi khelaku 2002 masihare 'bumberman' ebong 'bumberman' 93 'rahr turbograph-16 sanskarana sahita' bumberman collexon 'namaka eka compilation discro ansha bhabare pisi paain punah-muktilabha karajaithila. plut. ekada charijana dusta bomabarshaka thile, jeunmananku dark force bomabarshaka kuhajauthila, jeunmane bomabarshaka jagatare andhakara aanibaku chesta karithile. bomabajamananka pracheen purbapurushamane kalaa shakti bomabajamananku neela sphatikare bandi karithile. lakhya lakhya barsha parey, byagulara, samai-sthana dharabahikatara anya eka binduru drushyamana hoi, neela sphatikaku nust karideithila, ehipari khalanajakamananku mukta karithila . mukta hoithiba bomabarshakamane bagularanka anugami hoithile ebong chariti biswaku jaiah karithile. bartamana biswaku mandaru rakhya kariba bomarmyanka upare nirbhara kare . khela. kahani mode. lakhya heuchhi panchti bhinna bhinna bomabarshaka biswara samasta panchti khetraku sampurna kariba. ehi khetragudiku sampurna kariba paain, khelalinku bomarmyanku nijantrana karibaku padiba ebong shatru ebong prasthana digare asuthiba badhagudiku dhwansa kariba paain boma lagaiba aabasyaka. pratyeka staraku sampurna karibare sakhyama heba paain, khelali manachitrare thiba samasta sphatikaku chinhat kariba ebong uthaiba aabasyaka . thare ehaa sampurna hoigale, prasthanara dwara kholijiba, ebong khelalinku parabarti anchalaku jibaku anumathi diajiba . pratyeka biswara chaturtha khetrare, khelalinku eka dark force bambaraku parasta karibaku padiba, ebong eka atirikta bus jaahaa biswara prakara parey thim hoichhi. thare khelali eka dark force bomabarshakaku parasta kariba parey, khelalinku parabarti bus juddha paain pindhiba paain eka ananya juddha berm diajae, jeunthire eka sadharana aakraman ebong eka swatantra aakraman thaae . juddhara berm kebala bus juddha paain byabahruta hue, arthat thare khelali parabarti duniaaku agrasara hele, juddha berm hozzy jiba . multiplayer. multiplayer modare, shesh byakti jie thia huanti shay bijeta atanti. anya bomabajamananku dhwansa kariba paain boma lagantu. kheliba paain bibhinna mode achhi, jepariki "singal match" ebong "pagala mode", ebong khelali kimba khelalimane ladhiba paain dashati bhinna bhinna ananya manachitra madhyaru gotie chayan karibaku sakhyama, pratyeka manachitrare gameplay paain eka bhinna mode ebong thim achhi . ehara uddeshya heuchhi anya bomabarshakamananka aadaku agrasara heba ebong boma dwara nianre semananku dhariba paain block kimba pratibandhakaku udaiba . jetebele badhagudika udijae, jinisagudika prajatah sethiru khasijae . ekaka match. ekaka match heuchhi eka moulika khela jeunthire khela arambha heba purbaru pancha john bomabarshaka eka manachitrare chayan karajaithae. khelali "tagg match" kimba "juddha rayal" chayan kariparibe, tagg match ladhiba paain duiti dala chayan karibaku sakhyama heba, ebong samasta pancha john khelalinka upare maganare-samastanka paain rajkiah juddha karibaku sakhyama . anya bikalpa madhya rahichhi, jaahaa nirdharana karajaipariba, jepariki sampurna bhabe jitiba paain jitibaku thiba round sankhya, pratyeka round paain samajaseema, akasmika mrutyu, kharap boma bisphoranakaree ebong anyanya. eka nirdista samai atibahita heba parey hathat mrutyu ghatithae, ebong manachitra druta gatire bhangibaku arambha kare, jaahaa nikhoja hoijaithiba sthanare thia hoithiba jekaunasi khelalinku hatya kare . kharap bomabarshaka heuchhi eka bikalpa jaahaa jane parajit khelalinku manchitrara dhaarare ghuri bulibaku ebong anya bomabarshakamananku bahara karibara ashare manachitrare boma maribaku anumathi die . kharap bomabarshaka bikalpaku "super" ku sett kariba phalare jadi jane kharap bomabarshaka jane bomabarshakanku hatya kare, tebe sehi kharap bomabarshaka puni jibanta hoijiba. pagala mode. pagala mode heuchhi anya eka bahu-khelali khela seting, jeunthire khelalimane keun jinisagudika padiaare dekhajibaku chahanti ebong kete chayan karanti . sambhabanara parisara heuchhi anya khelalinka saha sarbadhika agni match kariba, kimba kebala sarbadhika parimanara bina agnishaktire boma rakhiba, ebong swatantra shakti hassel kariba jaahaa sadharana ekaka match khela samajare prapta hoipariba naahin, jepariki sehi jinish jaahaa khelalimananku kanth dei chalibaku anumathi die . swatantra mode. ehi mode khelalinku eka swatantra starare khelibaku anumathi deithae, jeunthire eka purba nirdharita samai samapta karibaku (kebala dui minute ebong pancha minute bikalpa), ebong arambha kariba paain chayan karajaithiba jinishagudiku chayan kariba. tinoti chayan achhi, pratyekare tinoti bhinna bhinna itom achhi, kimba eka nirdista itom rahr parimana . swatantra modra uddeshya heuchhi jete sambhaba adhika point hassel kariba, eka bomara samaana bisphorana madhyare aneka shatrunku parasta curry ebong akhyara uthaiba dwara sarbottama . starar sheshare malikanku parasta kariba dwara bahu sankhyaka bonus point milithae. khelalinka mrutyu parey kimba malikanku parasta kariba parey khela shesh hoijae. jetebele kaunasi khela shesh hoithae, setebele khelali harijiba kimba jitiba purbaru kete point hassel karithile, taaha aadhaarare tanku manyata diajae. uccha point eka sakaratmaka rankinga (bhal bumber pari) ray parinata heba ebong nimna point eka nakaratmaka rankinga (kharap bumber pari) ray parinata heba . ehaa spust nuhen je khelalinka paain sarbottama rankinga hassel kariba paain eka aatma-upalabdhi byatita ehi rankingara khela sahita kichhi samparka achhi kii naahin (kaaran kaunasi uccha-score board naahin) . bikash. "bumberman warld" ku september 1997 tokio game shoe 'ray "playstation bumberman" sheershakare pradarshita karajaithila. swagata. "manish!ac "khelaku 75/100 score deithila. charam playstation ehi khelaku 100 madhyaru 83 pradan karithila.

bumbarman vishav play station laee ikk vdo game haii. ih "bumbarman" luddy daa hissa haii. khed noon 2002 witch "bumbarman" atey "bumbarman '93" dey turbographex-16 sanskaran dey naal-naal "bumbarman sangrah" sirlekh vaali ikk sangrah disk dey hisse vajon pee. see. laee dubara jaari keeta giaa see. plaat. ikk vaar chaar burey bambar sunn jinhan noon dark forus bambar kiha jaanda see jinhan neey bumbarman sansar witch hanera liaun dee koshish keeti. bumbarman dey prachin purvajan neey kaale bull dey bambaran noon neele chrystal witch qaid qarr liaa. lakkhan saalan baad, bagular, time-space nirantarta witch ikk horr bindu toon dikhai dinda haii, neele chrystal noon nasht qarr ditta, iss tarahan khalnaikan noon mukat qarr ditta. aazaad hoye bambar bagular dey sevak bann gaye atey chaar sansaran noon jitt liaa. dunia noon burai toon bachauna hunn bumbarman 'teey nirbhar karda haii. khed. kahani mode. teecha panj vakkh-vakkh bambar sansar dey saare panj khetran noon poora karna haii. khetran noon poora curran laee, khidari noon bumbarman noon niyantrit karna chahida haii atey dushmanan atey rukawatan noon nasht curran laee bumb lagaune chahide hunn joe bahr nikalan vall lae jaange. harek paddhar noon poora curran dey yog honn laee, khidari noon nakshe utte saare chrystal labbhane atey chukkne chahide hunn. ikk vaar jadon ih poora hoow jaanda haii, taan nikas daa darwaza khullh javega, atey khidari noon agle khetar witch jaanh dee aagiaa ditti jaandi haii. harek sansar dey chauthe khetar witch, khidari noon ikk dark forus bambar noon harauna pavega, atey ikk vadhu baus joe kii dunia dee kisam dey baad theem keeta giaa haii. ikk vaar jadon khidari ikk dark forus bambar noon haraa dinda haii, taan khidari noon agli baus ladai laee pahinan laee ikk vilakkhan yuddh shastar ditta jaanda haii, jiss witch ikk aam hamla atey ikk vishesh hamla hunda haii. ladai dey shastar dee varton siraf baus deeaan ladaiaan laee keeti jaandi haii, bhaav ikk vaar jadon khidari agli dunia witch agge vadhega, taan ladai dey shastar guach jaange. multiplayer. multiplayer mode witch, aakhri khadah jetu hunda haii. horr bambaran noon nasht curran laee bumb lagao. khedan laee vakkh-vakkh dhang hunn, jiven kii "single match" atey "pagal mode", atey khidari jaan khidari ladai curran laee dass vakkh-vakkh vilakkhan nakshiaan vicchon ikk dee chonh curran dey yog hunde hunn, harek nakshe witch gameplay laee ikk vakkhra modd atey theem hunda haii. iss daa udesh horr bambaran vall vadhan atey bumb toon agg naal unhan noon fadan dey yog honn laee blakan jaan rukawatan noon udauna haii. jadon rukawatan noon udda ditta jaanda haii, taan cheezan aksar unhan vicchon digg jandiaan hunn. single match. single match ikk buniaadi khed haii jiss witch panj bambar khed shuru honn toon pahilan chunhe gaye nakshe utte hunde hunn. khidari "taeg match" jaan "battle raail" dee chonh qarr sakda haii, taeg match luddon laee doou teaman dee chonh curran dey yog haii, atey saare panj khidariaan laee mufat laee shaahi ladai qarr sakda haii. horr wicklup vee hunn joe nirdharat keete jaa sakde hunn, jiven kii kull milaa keey jittan laee jittan laee raoond dee ginti, harek raoond laee samaan seema, achanak maut, baid bambar atey horr. achanak maut ikk vaar hundi haii jadon ikk nishchit samaan beet jaanda haii, atey naksha tezi naal tuttna shuru hoow jaanda haii, jiss naal koee vee khidari joe gaib hoow jaanh vaali jagha 'teey khadah haii, uss dee maut hoow jaandi haii. baid bambar ikk wicklup haii joe ikk haaran vaale khidari noon nakshe dey kinare duaale ghumman atey horr bambaran noon bahr kaddhan dee umeed witch nakshe utte bumb suttan dee aagiaa dinda haii. kharaab bambar wicklup noon "super" witch sett curran dey natije vajon ikk buraa bambar ikk bambar noon maar dinda haii, uh buraa bambar mudd jeevat hoow javega. pagal mode. pagal mode ikk horr multy-player game setting haii, jiss witch khidari chunade hunn kii uh kihdiaan cheezan noon maidaan witch pradarshit karna chahunde hunn, atey kinniaan hunn. sambhavnavan horr khidariaan naal vaddh toon vaddh agg dey match curran, jaan binan kise agg dee shakti dey bamban dee vaddh toon vaddh matra dey naal-naal vishesh shaktiaan prapat curran toon lae keey joe aam single match khed dauran prapat naheen keetiaan jaa sakdiaan, jiven kii uh vastu joe khidariaan noon kandhan vicchon langhan dee aagiaa dindi haii. vishesh mode. ih mode khidari noon poora curran laee ikk purav-nirdharat samein dey naal ikk vishesh paddhar 'teey khedan dee aagiaa dinda haii (siraf doou-mint atey panj-mint dey wicklup hunn), naal hii shuru curran laee iteman dee chonh curran dee aagiaa dinda haii. tinn chonh hundiaan hunn, harek witch tinn vakkhariaan cheezan, jaan ikk khaas vastu dee matra hundi haii. vishesh mode daa udesh vaddh toon vaddh ank prapat karna haii, ikk bumb dey ikko dhamake dey ander kaee dushmanan noon haraa keey atey akkhar chukk keey sabh toon vadhiaa keeta jaanda haii. paddhar dey ant witch baus noon haraun naal vaddi ginti witch bones ank milde hunn. khed khatam hoow jaandi haii jadon khidari dee maut hoow jaandi haii, jaan baus noon haraa dinda haii. jadon koee khed khatam hundi haii, taan khidari noon haaran jaan jittan toon pahilan prapat keete ankan dee ginti dey adhaar 'teey darja ditta jaanda haii. ucch ankan dey natije vajon ikk skaratmak darjabandi (jiven change bambar) atey ghatt ankan dey natije vajon ikk nakaratmak darjabandi (jiven kii sabh toon bhaide bambar) hovegi. ih spasht naheen haii kii darjabandi daa khed naal koee laina-denna haii jaan naheen (kiunki koee ucch-ank vaala board naheen haii) khidari laee sarbottam darjabandi prapat curran laee sway-prapati toon ilava. vikas. "bumbarman world" noon satambar 1997 dey tokio game shoa witch "play station bumbarman" dey sirlekh heth dikhaiaa giaa see. suagat. "yaar!ac "neey khed noon 75/100 daa ank ditta. bahut ziaada play station neey khed noon 100 vicchon 83 ank ditte.

bamawarshak-vishvam etat playstation krute veediyo-gem asti. etat "bombermyan" shrunkhalaayaah bhaagah asti. bombermyan-sangrahah" iti shirshakena sankalan-disk ityasya bhagarupena "bombermyan" tathaa "bombermyan '93" ityetayoho turbograph-16 samskaranena saha 2002 tame varshe peesi-krute api eshaa creedaa punah pradarshita. plut. ekadaa dark-force-bumber iti namna khyataha chatwaarah dushta-bumber-vimaanaah aasan ye bumbermyan-jagati andhakaram aanetum prayatanta. bamavarshakaanaam prachinaha poorvajaah krushna-bull-bamavarshakaan neel-sphatik-vinyaasen bandhayan. laksh-laksh-varshaanaam anantaram, samay-sthana-satatyasya anya-binduvinaa drushyamaanah bagular-chitrah, neel-sphatikam nashtaa, evam khalanaayakaah mukttaah abhavan. mukttaah bamavarshakaah bagular ityasya dasaha abhavan, cha chaturnam jagatam jitavantah. adhunaa vishvam dushtaat rakshayitum bormer-myaan varyena kartavyam asti. kreedaam. kathaa-paddhatihi. pancha bhinna-bamawarshak-jagatah pancha kshetraani poornam kartum lakshyam asti. kshetraani poornam kartum, kreedaaluh bormyaanam niyantrayet, shatrunam, nirgamanasya margasya avarodhaanaam cha vinaasham kartum bombs sthaapayet. pratyekam staram poornam kartum, kreedakaah manachitrasya sarvaani chrystals anvishya taan avashyam sweekarotu. ekadaa etat poornam bhavati chet nirgamanasya dwaaram udghaatitam bhavishyati, tathaa cha kreedaaluh agrimam kshetram prati gantum anumodyate. pratyekasya vishvasya chaturthakshetre, kreedakaah dark-force-bumber-vimaanam paraajayeyuh, tathaa cha atirikta-baas-vimaanam api paraajayeyuh, yat vishvasya prakarasya aadhaaren iti siddhantah asti. yadaa kreedakah dark-force-bumber-vimaanam paraajayati tadaa kreedakaay agrimasya baas-yuddhasya krute dharitum vishishtam yuddha-kavacham deeyate, yasya samanyaha aakramanah, visheshah aakramanah cha bhavati. yuddha-kavachasya upayogah kevalam baas-yuddhanam krute bhavati, arthaat yadaa kreedakah agrimam jagatam prati agre gacchati tadaa yuddha-kavachasya haanih bhavishyati. multiplayer. multiplayer-mode madhye antimah sthitah eva vijetaa bhavati. anyaan bamavarshakaan vinaashayitum bama-visphotakam sthaapayatu. kridaartham vividhaani vidhaanaani santi, yathaa "single-myaach" tathaa "maniac-mode", tathaa cha kreedakaah kridaaya dash-bhinna-vishishta-manachitreshu ekam chinoyuh, pratyekasya manachitrasya bhinna-twist, itivishayam cha bhavati. asya uddeshyah asti, anyaan bamavarshakaan prati agre gantum, tathaa cha bama-visphotanaat agnyaa graheetum cha, khandaan athavaa badhan visphotanam karaneeyam. yadaa badhayaha udwelanam bhavati tadaa vastooni praayah taani patanti. ekasyaah spardhayaha. ekakrida ekaa mulabhutakrida asti yasmin kreedaayaah arambhat poorvam chitaam maanachitre pancha bumber-vimaanaani santi. kreedakah "tyag-myaach" athavaa "byaatal-rayal" ityetaan chinot, tyag-myaach ityanena saha yuddham kartum dwayoh dalayoho chayanam kartum shaknoti, pancheshu api kridakanam krute nihshulkam krute rayal-yuddham kartum shaknoti. anye vikalpaah santi ye nirdhaarayitum shakyante, yathaa sampurnataya jitum jitum charananam sankhyaa, pratyekasya charanasya samayasima, akasmikam mrutyuhu, byaad-bumber ityaadi. yadaa nishchitah kaalah vyatitah tadaa aakasmikah mrutyuhu bhavati, manachitrah sheeghram vighatayitum aarabhate, yena adrushye sthaane sthite kreedakaah mrutaah. byaad-bumber iti ekaha vikalpah asti yah parajitah kreedakam manachitrasya praantam paritah paribhramayitum, anyaan bumber-vimanan nishkaasayitum cha manachitram prati bumb-praharam kartum cha anumanyate. durr-bu-mber ityasya vikalpam "soopar" iti sthapayitva, tasya parinaamah bhavati yat yadi durr-bu-mber-vimaanasya mrutah bhavati, tarhi saha durr-bu-mber-vimaanah punah jeevati. unmatt-paddhatihi. unmatt-kramah anyah bahu-kreedakaah kreedaam sthaapayati, yasmin kreedakaah kridaasthale kaani vastooni drushyetaam iti cha chinvanti, kati cha. sambhaavanaayaam anyaih kreedakaih saha adhikatamm agni-spardhanam ayojanam, athavaa kevalam adhikatamm agni-shaktti-rahitaani bumb-ityetaani, tathaiva samanya-eka-creedaa-kreedaayaah samaye naa praaptaah vishesha-shaktayah praapnuyuh, yathaa kreedakaah bhittim param gantum anumatim dadati. vishesha-paddhatihi. eshaa paddhatihi kreedikaayai poorvanirdhaaritasamayen saha visheshastaram kreeditum anumanyate (kevalam vikalpaah dwinitayah panchanimeshaah cha santi), tathaiva arambhartham vastoonaam chayanam kartum cha anumanyate. treeni chayanani santi, pratyekasmin treeni bhinnani vastooni, athavaa nirdishtasya vastunah parimaanaani santi. visheshapaddhateh uddeshyam yathaashakti adhikaan ankaan sameekarayitum bhavati, tathaa cha samaan-visphotasya madhye anekaan shatroon parajayya, patraani sveekrutya cha uttamm karyam karoti. starasya ante mukhyadhikarinam parajitya bahusankhyaakaah bonus-ankaah praaptau bhavanti. yadaa kreedakah mriyate, athavaa mukhyadhikarinam paraajayati tadaa creedaa samaapyate. yadaa creedaa samapta bhavati tadaa kridakasya sthaanam, parajayena vijayaat poorvam praptanam ankaanaam sankhyayaha aadhaaren nirdhaaryate. uccha-ankaanaam parinaamen sakaratmaka-shreneekaranam bhavishyati (yathaa uttama-bamper), tathaa cha nyoon-ankaanaam parinaamen nakaratmaka-shreneekaranam bhavishyati (yathaa nikrushta-bamper). shrenyaah kreedayaa saha kimapi sambandhah asti vaa naa iti spashtam naasti (yatah uccha-anka-phalakah naasti) atha kridakarasya krute sarvottama-shreneem praaptum swa-upalabdhihi iti atirichya. vikaasah. "1997 september-maase tokyo-kridaaspardhaayaam "playstation-bumbermyan" iti sheershake "bumbermyan-world" iti pradarshitam. sweekaranam. "manujah!e. sii. "iti kreedaayaah krute <aii. dii. 1> ankam dattam. charam-playstation iteedam kreedaam 100 madhye 83 ankaan dattavaan.

kunduveechchu ulagam idhu vilayaattu nilaiyaththirkaana veediyoa came aagum. idhu "bomberman" thodarin oru paguthiyaagum. bumberman" mattrum "bumberman '93" aagiyavattrin turbographks-16 pathippudan 2002 aam aandil "bumberman sekarippu" endra thalaippil oru thoguppu vattin oru paguthiyaaga inththa vilayaattu kanenegalukkaaga meendum veliyidappattathu. sathi. oru kaalaththil irunda padai kunduveechchu veerargal endru azhaikkappadum naanku theeya kunduveechchu veerargal kunduveechchu veerargalin ulagirku irulaik konduvara muyantranar. kunduveechchaalargalin pandaiya moothaathaiyarkal irunda padai gunduveechaalargalai neela padigaththil siraiyil adaiththanar. million kanakkaana aandugalukkup piragu, kaala-ida thodarchchiyin mattroru kattaththil irunthu thoantriya bagular, neela padigaththai aliththu, ithanaal villangalai viduviththathu. viduvikkapatta kunduveechchu veerargal paakularin adimaigalaaga maari naanku ulagangkalaiyum kaippattrinar. ulagai theeyavattrilirunthu kaappaattruvathu ippoathu kunduveechchaalarin poruppaagum. vilayaattu. kadhai murai. ainthu vevvaeru kunduveechchu ulagangkalin ainthu paguthigalaiyum mudippathae kurikkoal. pakuthikalai mudikka, veerar kunduveechchaalaraik kattuppaduttha vaendum mattrum ethirigalaiyum veliyaerum thadaikalaiyum alikka kundugalai amaikka vaendum. ovvoru nilaiyaiyum mudikka, veerar varaipadaththil ulla anaitthu padigangalaiyum kandupiditthu edukka vaendum. idhu mudinthathum, veliyaerum kadhavu thirakkappadum, maelum veerar aduththa pakuthikku sella anumathikkappadugiraar. ovvoru ulagin naankaavathu paguthiyilum, veerar oru irunda padai kunduveechchu veeraraiyum, oru koodudhal muthalaaliyaiyum thoarkadikka vaendum, idhu ulagin vagaikku aerpa amaikkappattullathu. veerar oru irunda padai kunduveechchu veeraraith thoarkadiththavudan, veerarukku aduththa muthalaali poarukku aniya oru thaniththuvamaana poar kavasaththai vazhangkappadukirathu, idhu oru saathaarana thaakkuthal mattrum oru sirappu thaakkuthalaik kondullathu. poar kavasamaanathu muthalaali poarkalukku mattumae payanpaduththappadukirathu, athaavathu veerar aduththa ulagirku munnaeriyavudan, poar kavasaththai izhakka neridum. multiblayer. multiblayer muraiyil, kadaisiyaaga nirpavar vetrtriyaalar aavaar. mattra kunduveechchu vimaanangkalai alikka kundugalai amaikkavum. ottrai poatti" mattrum "verithanamaana murai" poantra vevvaeru muraigal ullana, maelum veerar allathu veerargal poaraaduvatharku paththu vevvaeru thaniththuvamaana varaipadangkalil ontraith thaervu seiya mudiyum, ovvoru varaipadamum vilaiyaattukku vevvaeru thiruppam mattrum karupporulaik kondullathu. idhan noakkam mattra kunduveechchu vimaanangkalai noakki munnaerich sendru vedigundilirunthu theeyaip pidikkath thoguthigal allathu thadaikalai vedikkach seivathaagum. thadaigal vedikkumpoathu, porutkal adikkadi avarkalidamirunthu vizhugindrana. ottrai poatti. ottraip poatti enbathu oru adippadai vilaiyaattaakum, idhil vilayaattu thodanguvatharku munbu thernthedukkappatta varaipadaththil ainthu kunduveechchu vimaanangkal ullana. veerar "take match" allathu "paettil raayal" enbathaith thaervu seiyalaam, take match sandaiyida irandu anigalaith thaernthedukka mudiyum, maelum ainthu veerargalukkum ilavasamaaka raayal poar nadaththa mudiyum. moththamaaga vettri peruvatharkaaka vella vaendiya suttrugalin ennikkai, ovvoru suttrukkum kaala varambu, thideer maranam, moasamaana kunduveechchu mattrum piravattrai theermaanikkakkoodiya pira viruppangkal ullana. oru kuripitta neram kadanthavudan thideer maranam nigazhkirathu, maelum varaipadam vaekamaaka vizhath thodangukirathu, kaanaamal poakum idaththil nirkum endha veerarum kollappadugiraar. moasamaana kunduveechchu enbathu oru thoalviyuttra veerarai varaipadaththin vilimbil suttrith thirivatharkum, mattra kunduveechchu vimaanangkalai veliyaettrum nambikkaiyil varaipadaththil kundugalai suduvatharkum anumathikkum oru viruppamaagum. moasamaana kunduveechchu virupaththai "suuppar" endru amaippathan vilaivaaga oru moasamaana kunduveechchu veerar oru kunduveechchu veeraraik kondraal, antha moasamaana kunduveechchu veerar meendum uyir peruvaar. paiththiyakkaaraththanamaana murai. vaedikkaiyaana murai enbathu mattroru pala-player vilayaattu amaippaagum, idhil veerargal kazhaththil endha uruppadigal thoandra vaendum, eththanai irukka vaendum enbathaith thaervu seikiraargal. mattra veerargaludan adhigapatcha thuppaakkich soodu poattikalaik kondiruppathu allathu thuppaakkich sakthi illaatha adhigapatcha alavilaana kundugal, athae poal saathaarana ottrai poatti vilaiyaattin poathu pera mudiyaatha sirappu sakthigalaip peruvathu poantra saaththiyakkoorugal ullana, athaavathu veerargal suvarkal vazhiyaaga nadakka anumathikkum uruppadi. sirappu murai. inththa murai veerarai oru sirappu mattaththil vilaiyaada anumathikkirathu, munkoottiyae theermaanikkappatta neeraththudan mudikka (irandu nimidangal mattrum ainthu nimidangal mattumae viruppangkal), athae poal thodanguvatharku thernthedukkappatta uruppadigalaith thaernthedukkavum. moontru thaervugal ullana, ovvondrum moontru vevvaeru uruppadigal allathu oru kuripitta uruppadiyin alavaik kondullana. sirappu muraiyin noakkam mudinthavarai pala pulligalai raek seivathaagum, oru vedigundin oray kunduvedippukkul pala ethirigalaith thoarkadiththu, kadidhangalai eduppathan moolam sirappaagach seiyappadugirathu. mattaththin mudivil muthalaaliyaith thoarkadippathu adhiga ennikkaiyilaana phones pulligalaith tharukirathu. veerar iranththa piragu allathu muthalaaliyaith thoarkadiththavudan vilayaattu mudivadaigirathu. oru vilayaattu mudivadaiyum poathu, veerar avarkal thoalviyadaivatharku allathu velvatharku munbu pettra pulligalin ennikkaiyin adippadaiyil tharavarisaippaduththappadukir. adhiga pulligal oru nermaraiyaana tharavarisaiyil (nalla kunduveechchu poantrathu) mattrum kuraindha pulligal ethirmarai tharavarisaiyil (moasamaana kunduveechchu poantrathu) vilaivikkum. tharavarisaigalukku vilaiyaattudan aethaenum thodarbu irukkirathaa illaiyaa enbathu thelivaagath theriyavillai (aenenil adhiga mathippen konda palagai illai) saathiyamaana sirantha tharavarisaiyai adaiya veerarukku oru suya saathanai enbathaith thavira. valarchi. "kunduveechchu veerar ulagam" septumber 1997 tokyo vilayaattu nigazhchchiyil "playstation kunduveechchu veerar" endra thalaippil kaattappattathu. varavaerpu. "manithanae!aesi "vilaiyaattukku 75/100 mathippen aliththathu. theevira vilayaattu nilaiyam vilaiyaattukku 100 ill 83 aii valangkiyathu.

bomber myaan varald idhi playstation kosam veediyo game. idhi "bomber myaan" siriisloo bhaagam. bomber myaan sekarana" anae sankalana disclo bhaagamgaa "bomber myaan" mariyu "bomber myaan '93" yokka turbo graph-16 versiontho paatu paatu eee aatanu computerla kosam tirigi vidudala chesaaru. plaat. bomber myaan prapanchaaniki cheekatini teesukuraavadaaniki prayatninchina dark fores bomberlu anie piluvabade naluguru dushta bomberlu okappudu unnaaru. bombermanla puraatana puurveekulu dark fores bomberlanu neelam sphatikamlo khaidu chesaaru. laksala samvatsaraala taruvaata, samaya-antariksha konasagimpulo maroka sthaanam nundi kanipinchina bagular, neeli spatikaanni naasanam chesindi, tadwara pratinaayakulanu vidipinchindi. vimukti pondina bomberlu bagular yokka anucharulu ayyaru mariyu naalugu prapanchaalanu jayincharu. dushtatvam nundi prapanchaalanu rakshinchadam ippudu bomber myaan meeda aadharapadi undhi. aatatiiru. katha mode. aidu ververu bomber prapanchaalaloni mottam aidu praantaalanu puurti cheyadame lakshyam. praantaalanu puurti cheyadaaniki, aatagadu bomber myannu niyantrinchaali mariyu satruvulanu mariyu nishkramanaku daariteese addamkulanu naasanam cheyadaaniki baambulanu amarchali. prati sthaayini puurti cheyagaligela, aatagadu maploni anni spatikaalanu gurtinchi, teeyaali. idhi puurtayina tarvaata, nishkramanaku talupu teruchukuntundi, mariyu aatagaadini tadupari praantaaniki velladaaniki anumatistaaru. prati prapanchamlooni nalgava praantamloo, aatagadu oka dark fores bombernu oodinchaalsi untundi, mariyu setting unna prapancha rakanni batti nepathyamgaa unna adanapu baasnu oodinchaalsi untundi. aatagadu dark fores bombernu oodinchina tarvaata, aatagaadiki tadupari baas yuddhaaniki dharinchadaaniki oka pratyaekamaina yuddha kavacham ivvabadutundi, idhi saadhaarana daadi mariyu pratyeka daadini kaligi untundi. yuddha kavacham baas yuddhaalaku matrame upayoginchabadutundi, antey aatagadu tadupari prapanchaaniki cherukunna tarvaata, yuddha kavacham kolpotundi. multiplayer. multiplayer modlo, chivariga nilabadevaadu vijaeta. itara bomberlanu naasanam cheyadaaniki baambulanu amarchandi. single match" mariyu "unmaada mode" vanti vividha modlu unnaayi, mariyu aatagadu ledhaa aatagaallu pooraadataaniki padhi ververu pratyaekamaina maplalo okadaanni enchukogalugutaaru, prati maplo gameplake bhinnamaina malupu mariyu theem untundi. itara bomberla vaipu munduku saagadaaniki mariyu bambu nundi vachhe agnitho vaarini pattukoodaaniki blaakulu ledhaa addamkulanu pelchiveyadam dheeni lakshyam. addamkulu egiripoyinappudu, vastuvulu tarachugaa vaati nundi padipothayi. oke match. oke match anedi oka praathamika aata, dheenilo aata praarambhamayye mundu enchukunna maplo aidu bomberlu untaaru. aatagadu "tagg match" ledhaa "battle raayal" nuu enchukovachhu, tagg match pooraadataaniki rendu jatlanu enchukogaladu, mariyu aiduguru aatagallapai andarikee uchitam kosam raayal thoo pooraadavachu. mottam gelavadaniki gelavaalsina roundla sankhya, prati roundku samaya parimiti, aakasmika maranam, chedu bomber mariyu itarulu vanti itara empikalu nirnayinchabadataayi. oka nirdishta samayam gadichina tarvaata aakasmika maranam sambhavistundi, mariyu mapp vaegamgaa padipovadam praarambhistundi, adrushyamayye pradaesamloe nilabadi unna yea aatagaadini ayina champutundi. baad bomber anedi odipoyina aatagaadini mapp anchu chuttoo tirugutuu, itara bomberlanu bayataku teeseyaalane aasatoe maplo baambulanu kaalchadaaniki anumatinche empika. chedu bomber empikanu "suupar" gaa amarchadam valla chedu bomber bombernu champina sandarbhamlo, aaa chedu bomber tirigi praanam poestumdi. verri mode. unmaada mode anedi maroka bahula-aatagaalla aata amarika, dheenilo aatagaallu maidaanamlo yea vastuvulu kanipinchaalani korukuntunnaro mariyu enni undaalo enchukuntaaru. itara aatagaallato garishtamgaa kaalpulu jaripe matchlu, ledhaa kevalam kaalpula shakti laeni garishta mottamlo bambulu, alaage aatagallanu godala gundaa nadavadaniki anumatinche vastuvu vanti saadhaarana oke match aata samayamlo pondaleni pratyeka saktulanu pondadam vanti avakaasaalu unnaayi. pratyeka mode. eee mode aatagaadini puurti cheyadaaniki mundugaa nirnayinchina samayamtho pratyeka sthaayini aadataaniki anumatistundi (empikalu rendu nimishalu mariyu aidu nimishalu matrame), alaage praarambhinchadaaniki vastuvula empikanu enchukondi. moodu empikalu unnaayi, prati okkati moodu ververu amsaalanu ledhaa oka nirdishta vastuvu yokka mottaalanu kaligi untundi. pratyeka mode yokka lakshyam veelainanni ekkuva paayintlanu ryaak cheyadam, bambu paeluduloe aneka mandhi satruvulanu oodinchadam dwara mariyu aksharaalanu teeyadam dwara uttamamgaa cheyadam. sthaayi chivarilo baasnu oodinchadam valla pedda sankhyalo bonus paayintlu labhistaayi. aatagadu maraninchina tarvaata ledhaa baasnu oodinchina tarvaata aata mugustundi. aata mugisinappudu, odipovadaaniki ledhaa gelavadaniki mundu vaaru pondina paayintla sankhya aadhaaramgaa aatagaadiki rank ivvabadutundi. adhika paayintlu saanukuula rankingku (manchi bomber vantivi) mariyu takkuva paayintlu pratikuula rankingku (chettha bomber vantivi) daariteestaayi. saadhyamainanta uttama ranking saadhinchadaaniki aatagaadiki sweeya-sadhana tappa, rankinglaku aatatho edainaa sambandham undaa ledhaa anedi aspashtamgaa undhi (endukante adhika-skoru boardu ledhu). abhivruddhi. "bomber myaan varald" september 1997 tokyo game sholo "playstation bomber myaan" paerutoe pradarsinchabadindi. swaagatam. "abbai!esi "aataku 75/100 skorunu ichindi. exterium playstation aataku aataku 83 score ichindi.

bambar meen world play station kay liye eek video gaim hay. yaha "bambar meen" seerez kaa hasah hay. gaim kuu 2002 mein computers kay liye "bambar meen" aur "bambar meen '93" kay turbographics-16 warzan kay saath "bambar meen clection" kay anwaan say eek taleef disk kay hasay kay toor parr dobarah jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. plaat. eek zamanay mein chaar bray bambar thay jinhein daark force bambar kahaa jaataa thaa jinhon nay bambaron kii duniya mein andhera laanay kii koshish kii. bambaron kay qadeem aabao ajdaad nay daark force bambaron kuu neelay cristal mein qaid kirr diyaa. laakhon saal baad bagler juu tyme spees taslasal mein eek aur naqtah say zahir hawaa neelay cristal kuu tabaah kirr diyaa iss tarah walan kuu aazaad kirr diyaa. aazaad shadah bambar bagler kay manyun bunn gayey aur chaaron jehanon kuu fatah kirr liyaa. abb yaha bambar parr munhasir hay kahh wah duniya kuu barayee say bachaye. gaim play. kahaani kaa andaaz. maqsad paanch mukhtalif bambar duniyaon kay tamaam paanch elaqon kuu makmal karnaa hay. elaqon kuu makmal karnay kay liyay khilaadi kuu bambar kuu control karnaa chahiye aur dushmanon aur rukawaton kuu tabaah karnay kay liye bumm lagaana chahiye juu baahir nikalnay kaa baais bunain gay. harr satah kuu makmal karnay kay qaabil honay kay liyay khilaadi kuu naqshe parr mojud tamaam cristal kaa patah lagaana aur inhein uthana hoga. eek baar jabb yaha makmal how jaaye gaa tuu baahir nikalnay kaa darwazah khill jaaye gaa aur khilaadi kuu aglay elaqay mein jaanay kii ajazat hogi. harr duniya kay choothay elaqay mein khilaadi kuu eek daark force bambar kuu shakast deeni hogi aur eek izaafi baas juu duniya kii tartib kay mutabiq theem parr mubni hay. eek baar jabb khilaadi daark force bambar kuu shakast deeta hay tuu khilaadi kuu agli baas kii jung kay liye pehannay kay liye eek manfard jangi coach diyaa jaataa hay jiss mein aam hamlah aur khususi hamlah hotaa hay. jangi coach sarf baas kii ladaiyon kay liye istemaal hotaa hay yauni eek baar jabb khilaadi agli duniya mein aagay badh jaaye gaa tuu jangi coach khoo jaaye gaa. milty player. milty player moad mein aakhri khadaa faatah hotaa hay. dosray bambaron kuu tabaah karnay kay liye bumm rakhein. khelnay kay liye mukhtalif tareeqe haine jeesay "sangal meech" aur "paagal moad"yee aur khilaadi yaa khilaadi ladnay kay liye duss mukhtalif manfard naqshon mein say kasee eek kaa intekhaab kirr saktay haine harr naqshe mein gaim play kay liye eek mukhtalif moad aur theem hotaa hay. iss kaa maqsad blocks yaa rukawaton kuu adaana hay taakah dosray bambaron kii taraf aagay badh sakein aur inhein bumm say lagnay waali aag say pakad sakein. jabb rukawatein khadee how jaati haine tuu aksar ashyaa inn say girr jaati haine. waahid meech. sangal meech eek bunyadi kheel hay jiss mein kheel sharoo honay say pehley muntakhib kardah naqshe parr paanch bambar hotay haine. khilaadi "teeg meech" yaa "bettle raail" kaa intekhaab kirr saktaa hay jiss mein teeg meech ladnay kay liye duu teamon kaa intekhaab karnay kay qaabil how aur tamaam paanchon khiladiyon parr free faar aal kay liye raail say larh saktaa hay. dosray options haine jinn kaa tayeen kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jeesay makmal toor parr jeetnay kay liye jeetnay kay liye rounds kii taadad harr round kay liye waqat kii hadd achanak moth braa bumbar aur deegar. achanak moth eek makhsus waqat guzarnay kay baad hoti hay aur nqsha teezi say tutna sharoo how jaataa hay jiss say koyee bhee khilaadi juu ghaib honay waali jagah parr khadaa hay asay maar deeta hay. beedd bambar eek aisa option hay juu shakast khurdah khilaadi kuu naqshe kay kinaray kay gird ghoomnay aur dosray bambaron kuu nikalnay kii ameed mein naqshe parr bumm daghnay kii ajazat deeta hay. braa bambar option kuu "spir" parr seet karnay kay natijay mein agar koyee braa bambar bambar kuu maar deeta hay tuu wah braa bambar dobarah zindah how jaaye gaa. paagal moad. paagal moad eek aur milty player gaim kii tartib hay jiss mein khilaadi intekhaab kartay haine kahh wah coone see ashyaa medaan mein zahir karnaa chahtay haine aur katni. amkanat dosray khiladiyon kay saath ziyadah say ziyadah fayer meech karnay yaa mahaz ziyadah say ziyadah maqdar mein bamoon kay baghair fayer pawar kay saath saath khususi akhtiyarat haasil karnay say hotay haine juu aam sangal meech play kay doraan haasil nahein kiye jaa saktay jeesay kahh wah aaitam juu khiladiyon kuu dewaron say guzarnay kii ajazat deeta hay. khususi moad. yaha moad khilaadi kuu makmal karnay kay liye pehley say tay shadah waqat kay saath eek khususi satah parr khelnay kii ajazat deeta hay (sarf duu mint aur paanch mint kay option haine)yee saath hyee saath sharoo karnay kay liye itoms kaa intekhaab karnay kii bhee ajazat deeta hay. teen intekhaab hotay haine harr eek mein teen mukhtalif aaitam yaa kasee khaas aaitam kii maqdar hoti hay. khususi moad kaa maqsad ziyadah say ziyadah points haasil karnaa hay bumm kay eek hyee dhamakay mein mutadid dushmanon kuu shakast day kirr aur khatut uthaa kirr behtareen tareeqe say kiyaa jaataa hay. satah kay aakhir mein baas kuu shakast deenay say bury taadad mein bonas points miltay haine. khilaadi kay marnay yaa baas kuu shakast deenay kay baad kheel khatam how jaataa hay. jabb koyee kheel khatam hotaa hay tuu khilaadi kuu inn points kii taadad kay mutabiq darjah bundi kii jaati hay juu iss nay haarnay yaa jeetnay say pehley haasil kiye thay. aalee points kay natijay mein masbat darjah bundi hogi (jeesay achhay bambar) aur kumm points kay natijay mein manfi darjah bundi hogi (jeesay badtareen bambar). yaha waazah nahein hay kahh darjah bundi kaa kheel say koyee taaluq hay yaa nahein (keunkah koyee aalee score waala board nahein hay) iss kay elawah kahh khilaadi kay liye behtareen darjah bundi haasil karnay kay liye khood takmeel hay. tarqi. "bambar meen world" kuu satambar 1997 kay tokiyo gaim show mein "play station bambar meen" kay anwaan say dikhaya gayaa thaa. isteqbaliya. "yaar!aey see "nay kheel kuu 75/100 kaa score diyaa. intehayi play station nay kheel kuu 100 mein say 83 number diyaa.

0008e5da837cde14e90e372a0e5757de066831e19809575202c13e5e10e7f01e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73513111

Prince Ice World

Prince Ice World Annual ice show Prince Ice World (プリンスアイスワールド) is the oldest ice show in Japan and was founded by Prince Hotels, Inc. in 1978. The show has a different theme each year and is known for its elaborately produced group numbers performed by the Prince Ice World company that consists of about thirty world-class skaters. National and international top skaters are invited as guests. The show is produced by Seibu Group and Prince Hotels with Blue Muse Co., Ltd. as the official sponsor. Prince Hotels and Blue Muse are both subsidiaries of Seibu Group. History. Prince Ice World was the first ice show in Japan and was originally called "Viva! Ice World". It was founded by Prince Hotels, Inc. in 1978, and early performances took place at Shinagawa Skate Center. The show developed into an annual event, and the first five seasons included Japanese champions Miwa Fukuhara, Nobu Sato (father of Yuka Sato), and Minoru Sano. In 1985, "Viva! Ice World" expanded to other Japanese cities with shows in Kyoto, Fukuoka, Nagoya and Sapporo, and finally, in 1988 "Viva! Ice World" was renamed to "Prince Ice World." 1992 Olympic silver medalist Midori Ito starred in Prince Ice World in the 1990s with Yuka Sato and Junko Yaginuma. Fans bearing flowers and gifts flocked to see favorites Shizuka Awakawa, Takeshi Honda, Fumie Suguri, Miki Ando, Mao Asada, and Daisuke Takahashi. International guest stars through the years have included Ilia Kulik, Jozef Sabovcik, Elena Leanova and Andrei Khvalko, Evgeni Pluschenko, and Alexei Yagudin. Concept. The shows run for about nine days each year, featuring solo performances by invited national guest stars and international stars from overseas. Each season has its own theme with specially crafted sets and the Prince Ice World company performing in intricately designed costumes. Past themes include Hello Kitty and titles such as "Let's Enjoy Skating" and "Pop Step Dance". The most recent theme in 2023 was "Broadway Classics." Audience and accessibility. The shows were televised on Fuji TV from 1993 till 2000 when Tokai Television Broadcasting purchased the media rights. In 2022, the performance in Yokohama was broadcast on TV Tokyo. Cast. National top skaters performing in Prince Ice World since the show was established include: International guest skaters include:

rajkumar borphor prithibi prince aais world (princisword) hoise japanor ataitkoi puroni aais swo 'aaru iyak prince hotel, inokor dwara protistha koraa hoisil. 1978 sonot ei onusthanor proti bosore ek beleg bixoybostu thaake aaru pray trixjon biswomanor skatere gothito prince aais world companye poriwexon koraa iyar bistritobhabe prostut koraa groop nomboror baabe jonajat. rastriyo aaru antohrastriyo xirxo skaterxokolok otithi hisape aamontron jonuwa hoy. swo 'tu projujona korise sweibu groop aaru prince hutelxomuhe blue miuj companyr xoite., limited. sorkari pristhopuxok hisape. prince hotel aaru blue miuj duyutai seibu gutor xohayok xongstha. itihax. prince aais world aasil japanor prothom aais swo 'aaru iyak mulotoh "viva!" buli kuwa hoisil. borphor prithibi. iyak prince hotels, inok-e protistha korisil. 1978 sonot, aaru prarombhik prodorxon swinagawa skate centerot onusthito hoisil. ei onusthan ek barxik onusthanoloi bikoxito hoisil, aaru prothom pasta sijonor bhitorot aasil japani champion miwa fukhuhara, nubu xaatu (yuka xatur pitri), aaru minn 'ru saanu. 1985 sonot, "viva! kiyutu, fukuuka, naguya aaru sappurur prodorxonir xoite japanor onyanyo sohoroloi" borphor prithibi "xomproxarito hoisil, aaru owoxexot 1988 sonot" viva! borphor prithibir naam xoloni kori "rajkumar borphor prithibi" rokha hoisil." 1992 sonor olympicor rupor podok bijoyi miduri ituwe 1990-ror doxokot euka saatu aaru jangku yaginumar xoite prince aais worldot obhinoy korisil. ful aaru upohar loi onuragixokole priyo swijuka owakawa, tesi honda, fumi suguri, miki endu, maau aaxada aaru daisuke takahasi saboloi bhir korisil. bosor bosor dhori antohrastriyo otithi tarkar bhitorot aase iliya kulik, jujef sabobhosik, elena lenuva aaru andrei khobhaloku, ivgeny plaxchenku, aaru alexi yagudin. dharona. proti bosore pray noo dinn dhori soli thoka ei onusthanxomuhot aamontrit rastriyo otithi taroka aaru bidexor poraa ohaa antohrastriyo tarkar ekok prodorxon thaake. protitu sijonor nijoswo bixoybostu aase zo "too bixexbhabe nirmito set aaru prince aais world companye jotilbhabe design koraa xaaj-puchakot poriwexon kore. otitor bixoibostuburor bhitorot aase helu kiti aaru "lets enjoy skating" aaru "pop step dunce" ror dore xirxok. 2023 sonot ataitkoi xehotiya bixoybostu aasil "broadway classic"." dorxok aaru xulbhota. 1993 sonor poraa 2000 sonoloike ei onusthanxomuh fuji tibhit xomprosar koraa hoisil jetiya tukai television xomprosare xongbad madhyomor odhikar kroy korisil. 2022 sonot, iyukuhamat prodorxontu tibhi tokuyut xomprosar koraa hoisil. cust koraa. ei onusthan protistha huwar pisore poraa rajkumar borphor jogotot prodorxon koraa rastriyo xirxo skaterxokolor bhitorot aaseh antohrastriyo otithi skaterxokolor bhitorot aaseh

prince aise worled prince aise worled (princeswald) holl japaner prachintama baraf prodorshoni ebong etty prince hotels, incorporated dwara protisthito hoyechilo. 1978 saale eyi anusthaner proti bochor ekti vinno thim thaake ebong etty prince aise worled company dwara poribeshito bishodbhabe utpadito group nomborer jonno porichito jaa pray trish john bishwomaner skater niye gothito. jatiya oo antorjatik sheersho skaterder atithi hisabe amantran janano hoy. eyi anusthanti blue muse koo-err saathe seibu group ebong prince hotel dwara projojito., limited. sarkari pristhoposhok hisebe. prince hotel ebong blue muse ubhayi seibu grouper sahayak sangostha. itihas. prince aise worled chhilo japaner prothom baraf prodorshoni ebong etike mulat "viva!" bolla hoto. borofer jagat. etty prince hotels, incorporated dwara protisthito hoyechilo. 1978 saale ebong shinagaoa sketa centere prathomik anusthan onusthito hoy. anusthanti ekti barshik anusthane porinoto hoy ebong prothom panchti morshume japani champion mioa fukuhara, nobu saato (euka sator jonok) ebong minoro sano antarbhukta chhilo. 1985 saale, "viva! kioto, fukuoka, nagoa ebong sapporo ebong abosheshe 1988 saale "viva!"-err prodorshoni soho anyanno japani shahargulite baraf bishwa prosarito hoyechilo. aise worled'-err naam poriborton korey 'prince aise worled' rakha hoy." 1992 olympic roupyo padakjayee midori ito 1990-err doshke euka saato ebong junco iaginumar saathe prince aise worled-ayee abhinoy korechilen. bhoktora phul ebong upohar bohon korey priya jinisguli dekhte bhid korey shizuka awawa, takeshi honda, fumi suguri, mickie ando, maao asada ebong daisuke takahashi. bochorer porr bochor dhorey antorjatik atithi tarokader modhye royechen ilia kulik, jozef subovsic, elena linova ebong andrei khavalko, ivgeny plaschenko ebong alexei iaguddin. dharona. proti bochor pray noy deane dhorey eyi anusthanguli choley, jekhane amantrito jatiya atithi tarka ebong bidesh theke assa antorjatik tarokader ekok anusthan royeche. protiti morshumer nijaswa thim royeche biseshbhabe toiri seeta ebong prince aise worled company jotilbhabe design koraa poshake perform korey. atiter thimgulir modhye hallow kitty ebong "lates enzoy skating" ebong "popp stepa dunce"-err moto shironam royeche. 2023 saale sabcheye samprotik thim chhilo "broadway classic"." dorshok ebong sahajalbhyata. 1993 theke 2000 saal porjonto eyi anusthanguli fuji tivite somprocharito hoyechilo jokhon tokai television samprachar madhyomer adhikar kinechilo. 2022 saale, iokohamar anusthanti tibhi tokiote somprocharito hoyechilo. cust. anusthanti protisthito howar porr theke prince aise jogote perform koraa jatiya sheersho skaterder modhye royeche antorjatik atithi skaterder modhye royeche

prince aais worled prince aais worled (princeswald) aee japanno sauthee juno aais shho chhe aneey tenee sthaapnaa prince hotels, ink dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1978maan aaa shho darr varshe aek alag theem dharaave chhe aneey prince aais worled kampani dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavela tenaa vistrut reete utpaadit jooth nambaro maate jaanitu chhe, jemaa lagbhag tris vishva kakshana skaterno samaavesh thaay chhe. raashtriy aneey aantarrashtriy tochnaa skaterne maheman tareeke aamantrit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa shonu nirmaan seibu group aneey prince hotalo blue muse kampani saathe maleene karey chhe., lii. sattavaar praayojak tareeke. prince hotalo aneey blue muse banne seibu juthnee petacompanyo chhe. itihas. prince aais worled japanma pratham aais shho hato aneey tene mulroope "vivaa!" kahevama aavtu hatoo. barafnee dunia. tenee sthaapnaa prince hotels, ink dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1978maan, aneey praarambhik pradarshan shinagawa skate center khaate thayu hatoo. aaa shho vaarshik karykrama vikasyo, aneey pratham paanch seasonma japanese champiyan miva fukuhara, nobu saato (yuka saatona pitaa) aneey minoro saanono samaavesh thato hato. 1985maan, "jivant! aais worled" "kyoto, fukuoka, nagoya aneey seporomaa pradarshno saathe anya japanese shaheroma vistaree gayoo, aneey chhevate, 1988 maan" vivaa! aais worled' noon naam badaline 'prince aais worled' rakhvama aavyu hatoo." 1992 olympic rajat chandrak vijeta midori itoae 1990naa daykama prince aais worldma yuka saato aneey junko yaginuma saathe abhinay karyo hato. shizuka avkava, takeshi honda, fumee suguri, mikee endo, maao asadaa aneey daisuke takahashi jevaa manpasand phoolo aneey bheto saathe chaahako umatee padyaa hataa. varshothi aantarrashtriy maheman kalakaroma iliya kulik, jozaf sabovic, elena linova aneey andrei khavaalko, ivegeni pluschanko aneey alexey yagudeenno samaavesh thaay chhe. khyaal. aaa shho darr varshe lagbhag nava divas chaale chhe, jemaa aamantrit raashtriy maheman stars aneey videshnaa aantarrashtriy stars dwara aekal pradarshan karvaamaa aave chhe. darek seasonni potaani theem hoya chhe jemaa khaas reete taiyar karvaamaa aavela seeta hoya chhe aneey prince aais worled kampani jatil reete design karelaa coastume pradarshan karey chhe. bhutkaalni theemsma helo kitty aneey "chaalo skatingno aanand maaniae" aneey "pope stepa dance" jevaa shirshakono samaavesh thaay chhe. 2023maan sauthee taajetarni theem "broadway classic" hatee." prexako aneey sulbhataa. aaa shho 1993 thee 2000 sudhee fuji tivi parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jyaare tokai television prasaaranae media adheekaro khareedhya hataa. 2022maan, yokohama pradarshan tivi tokyo parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. cast karoo. aaa shonee sthaapnaa thaee tyaarthi prince aais worldma pradarshan kartaa raashtriy tochnaa skaterma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh aantarrashtriy maheman skaterma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

prince aais worled prince aais worled (prince worled) japan kaa sabse purana aais show haye aur isaki sthaapana prince hotal, ink. dwara kii gaee thee. 1978 mein, iss show kaa pratyek varsh ack alag vishay hotaa haye aur yeh prince aais worled company dwara prastut apane vistrit roop seey utpaadit samooh nambaron key liye jaanaa jaataa haye jisamen lagbhag tees vishva stariya skater shamil hain. rashtriya aur antarrashtriya sheersh skaters koo mehmaanon key roop mein aamantrit kiya jaataa haye. iss show kaa nirmaan sebu samooh aur prince hotalon dwara blue muse company key saath kiya gayaa haye., ell. tii. dee. aadhikarik praayojak key roop mein. prince hotal aur blue muse donon seebu samooh kii sahayak companiyan hain. itihas. prince aais worled japan mein pahala aais show thaa aur ise mool roop seey "viva!" kahaa jaataa thaa. burf kii duniya. isaki sthaapana prince hotal, ink. dwara kii gaee thee. 1978 mein, aur praarambhik pradarshan shingawa skate center mein hue. yeh show ack vaarshik karyakram key roop mein vikasit huaa, aur pahale paanch satron mein japani champion miv fukuhara, nobu saato (yuka saato key pitaa) aur minoru saano shamil they. 1985 mein, "viva! burf kii duniya kaa vistaar kyoto, fukuoka, nagoya aur sapporo mein pradarshanon key saath anya japani shaharon mein huaa, aur anta mein, 1988 mein "viva! burf kii duniya kaa naam badalkar prince burf kii duniya curr diyaa gayaa." 1992 olympic rajat padak vijeta midori ito ney 1990 key dashak mein rajkumar burf kii duniya mein yuka saato aur junco yaginuma key saath abhinay kiya. pasandida cheezon-shizuka avekawa, teki honda, fumi suguri, miki endo, maao asada aur daisuke takahashi koo dekhane key liye phool aur upahaar laker prashansakon kii bheed umadee. varshon seey antarrashtriya atithi sitaaron mein iliya kulik, jozef sabovic, elena linova aur andrei khawalko, evageny pluschenko aur alexei yaguddin shamil hain. avadharana. show pratyek varsh lagbhag nau dinon taka chalate hain, jisamen aamantrit rashtriya atithi sitaaron aur videshon seey antarrashtriya sitaaron dwara ekal pradarshan kiya jaataa haye. pratyek season kii apani theem hoti haye jisamen vishesh roop seey taiyar kiye gaye sett aur prince aais worled company jatil roop seey design kii gaee veshbhusha mein pradarshan karati haye. pichhale vishayon mein hallow kitty aur "chalo skating kaa anand lete hain" aur "popp step dance" jaise khitaab shamil hain. 2023 mein sabse halia vishay "broadway classics" thaa." darshak aur sulabhata. 1993 seey 2000 taka fuji tv parr show kaa prasaran kiya gayaa thaa jaba tokai television prasaran ney media adhikaar khareede they. 2022 mein, yokohama mein pradarshan tv tokyo parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. cast. show kii sthaapana key baad seey prince aais worled mein pradarshan karane vaale rashtriya sheersh skaters mein shamil hainh antarrashtriya atithi skaters mein shamil hainh

prince ais worled prince ais worled (prinsoisward) japan atyanta haleya ais pradarshanavagide mattu idannu prince hotelgalu, ink sthaapisive. 1978ralli nadeda ee pradarshanavu prati varshavoo vibhinn theem annu hondiruttade mattu sumaru moovattu vishwa darjeya skatergalannu olagondiruva prince ais worled kampani pradarshisida adara vistaaravaagi tayaarisida gumpu sankhyegalige hesaruvaasiyaagide. rashtriya mattu antaaraashtriya mattada agra skatergalannu atithigalaagi aahvaanisalaaguttade. ee pradarshanavannu blue muse kampaniyondige seebu group mattu prince hotelgalu nirmisive., limited. adhikruta prayojakaragi. prince hotelgalu mattu blue muse eradoo seebu groupna angasamsthegalaagive. itihaasa. prince ais worled japannalli nadeda modala ais pradarshanavagiddu, idannu moolatah "viva!" endu kareyalaaguttittu. manjugaddeya prapancha ". idannu prince hotel, ink sthaapisitu. 1978ralli, mattu arambhika pradarshanagalu shinagawa scate centernalli nadedavu. ee pradarshanavu varshika karyakramavagi beleyitu, mattu modala aidu rtugalalli japanina champiyangalada miva fukuhara, nobu saato (yuca saatoda tande) mattu minoru sano seriddaru. 1985ralli, "viva! ais worled "kyoto, fukuyoka, nagoya mattu sapporo pradarshanagalondige itara japanese nagaragalige vistarisitu, mattu antimavagi, 1988 ralli" viva! ais worled annu "prince ais worled" endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu." 1992rahra olympic belli padaka vijeta midori ito 1990rahra dasakadalli prince ais worldnalli yuca saato mattu junco yaginuma avarondige natisidaru. hoovugalu mattu udugoregalannu hotta abhimanigalu mechchinavugalaada shizuka avakava, takeshi honda, fumy suguri, miki ando, mavo asada mattu daisuke takaahaashiyannu nodalu seridaru. halavu varshagalinda antaaraashtriya atithi taareyaralli ilia kulik, joseph sabovic, elena lenova mattu andrey khwalko, evgeny plus chenko mattu alexei yagudin seriddaare. parikalpane. ee pradarshanagalu prati varsha sumaru ombattu dinagala kaala nadeyuttave, idaralli aahvaanita rashtriya atithi taaregalu mattu videshagalinda banda antararashtriya taaregalu ekavyakti pradarshanagalannu niiduttaare. prati rtuvinalli tannade aada theem annu hondiddu, visheshavaagi rachisalaada setgalu mattu prince ais worled kampaniyu sankirnavagi vinyasagolisalada veshabhushanagalalli pradarshana niiduttade. hindina vishayagalalli halo kitty mattu "lets enjoy scating" mattu "pop step dance" nantaha shirshikegalu serive. 2023ralli ittichina vishayavendare "broadway classics"." prekshakaru mattu labhyate. 1993rinda 2000ravarege ee kaaryakramagalannu fuji duradarshanadalli prasara maadalaaguttittu, aaga tokai duradarshana prasaaravu madhyama hakkugalannu khareedisitu. 2022ralli, yokohaamaadallina pradarshanavannu tokio duradarshanadalli prasara maadalaayitu. erakahoyda. pradarshanavu sthaapaneyaadaagininda prince ais jagattinalli pradarshana needuva rashtriya agra skatergalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh antaaraashtriya atithi skatergalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

prins aise waled prins hotels incorporation sthaapicha jappaanile ettavum pazhaya aise shoyaanu prins aise waled. 1978-ll, oro varshavum vyathyasthamaaya oru prameyamulla eee shhow, ekadesham muppatholam lokothara skettarmaar adangunna prins aise waled kambani avatharippikkunna vipulamaayi nirmmicha group nambarukalkku perukettathaanu. deseeya anthardesheeya thalatthilulla mikacha skettarmaare athidhikalaayi kshanikkunnu. blue muse kambaniyumaayi chernnu saibu group prins hotelukalum chernnaanu shhow nirmmikkunnath., limittad. audyogika sponsor enna nilayil. prins hotelukalum blue muse saibu grouppinte anubandha sthaapanangalaanu. charithram. jappaanile aadyathe aise shhow aayirunnu prins aise waled, yadhaarthathil ithine "viva!" ennu vilichirunnu. aise lokam. prins hotels incorporateanu ithu sthaapichathu. 1978ll shinagawa skettu sentaril aadyakaala prakadanangal nadannu. shhow oru vaarshika paripaadiyaayi vikasichu, aadya anchu seasonukalil japanese chaambyanmaaraaya miva fukuhara, nobu saatto (yookka saattoyude pithaav), minoru saano enniva ulppedunnu. 1985-ll, "jeeva! kyotto, phukuvoka, nagoya, saporo ennividangalile pradarshanangalode aise waled mattu japanese nagarangalilekkum oduvil 1988 ll viva! aise waled "prins aise waled" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu." 1992leeii olimbiku vellimedal jethaav midori ittoo 1990kalil yookka saatto, junco yaginima ennivarkkoppam prins aise veldil abhinayichu. priyappetta shizuka avakaava, takeshi honda, fumi suguri, miki ando, maavo asada, diesuke takahashi enniva kaanaan pookkalum sammaanangalum vahikkunna aaradhakar thadichukoodiyirunnu. iliya kulik, joseph sabovic, elana lenova, andrey khwalkko, evjeni pleschenko, alexey yaguddin ennivar varshangalayi anthaaraashtra athidhi thaarangalil ulppedunnu. ashayam. ellah varshavum ekadesham onpathu divasam neendunilkkunna eee shokalil shanikkappetta deseeya athidhi thaarangalum videshathu ninnulla anthaaraashtra thaarangalum sooloo prakadanangal nadathunnu. oro season athintethaaya prameyamundu, prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha settukalum prins aise waled kambaniyum sankeernamaayi roopakalppana cheytha vasthrangalil avatharippikkunnu. haloo kitti, "lates eanjoy scating", "poppu steppu dance" thudangiya sheershakangal munkaala prameyangalil ulppedunnu. 2023leeii ettavum puthiya vishayam "broadway klaasikkukal" aayirunnu." prekshakarkkum praveshanakshamathaykkum. 1993 muthal 2000 vare fuji tvyil sampreshanam cheytha eee shokal tokkay television prakshepanam maadyama avakashangal vaangiyirunnu. 2022ll yokohamayile paripadi tokkiyo televisionil prakshepanam cheythu. kaast. shhow sthaapithamaayathumuthal prins aise lokath prakadanam nadathunna deseeya topp skettarmaaril iva ulppedunnu anthaaraashtra athidhi skettarmaaril iva ulppedunnu

prince aais world prince aais world (princeswald) haah japanmadhil sarvat juna burf pradarshan aahe aanee prince hotels, ink. neey tyachi sthapana kelee hotee. 1978 madhye yaa karyakramachi darvarshi eka vegali sankalpana asate aanee prince aais world companyne sadar kelelya vistratpane tayar kelelya samooh kramankansathi olakhali jaate, jyat sumare tees jaagtik darjache skater asatat. rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy staravaril avval skaterna atithi mhanoon aamantrit kele jaate. yaa karyakramachi nirmiti sebu samooh aanee prince hotels aanee blue muse company yanni kelee aahe., lii. adhikrut prayojak mhanoon. prince hotels aanee blue muse yaa donhi sebu samoohachya sahayyak kampanya aahet. itihas. prince aais world haah japanmadhil pahila burf pradarshan hota aanee tyala moolatah "viva!" asey mhatale jaat asey. barfache jug. yachee sthapana prince hotels, ink. neey kelee hotee. 1978 madhye, aanee suruvatiche sadarikaran shingawa skate centermadhye jhaale. haah karyakram varshik karyakramat vikasit jhaala aanee pahilya paach hangamanmadhye japani vijete miva fukuhara, nobu saato (yuka satoche janak) aanee minoru sano yancha samavesh hota. 1985 madhye, "viva! kyoto, fukuoka, nagoya aanee sapporo yaa bhashanmadhil pradarshanansah aanee shevati 1988 madhye 'viva!' yaa pradarshanasah itar japani shaharanmadhye 'burf jug' chaa vistar jhaala. aais world' chey naav badaloon 'prince aais world' asey karnyat aale." 1992 olympic raupyapadak vijeti midori itone 1990 chya dashakat prince aais worldmadhye yuka saato aanee junco yaginuma yanchyasobat kaam kele. shizuka avkava, takeshi honda, fumi suguri, miki endo, mao asada aanee daisuke takahashi heey aavadate chitrapat pahanyasathi phule aanee bhetvastu gheuun chahatyanchi gardi jamali hotee. gelya kahee varshant aantarrashtriy atithi kalakaranmadhye iliya kulik, jozaf sabovsic, elena lenova aanee andrei khwalko, ivgeni pluschenko aanee alexey yaguddin yancha samavesh aahe. sankalpana. darvarshi sumare nauu divas chalanare heey karyakram, aamantrit rashtriy atithi taare aanee paradeshatil aantarrashtriy taare yanchya ekal sadarikaranasaha asatat. pratyek hangamachi swatachi sankalpana asate jyat vishesh rachaneche sanch asatat aanee prince aais world company guntaguntichya rachneteel poshakhat sadarikaran karate. mageel sankalpananmadhye hallow kitty aanee 'lets enjoy skating' aanee 'popp step dance' yasarkhya shirshakancha samavesh aahe. 2023 madheel sarvat alikadil sankalpana 'broadway classic' hotee." prekshak aanee sulabhata. 1993 teey 2000 paryant fuji durchitravanivar heey karyakram prasarit kele gele, jevha tokai durchitravani prasaranane prasarmadhyamanche haqq vikat ghetale. 2022 madhye, yokohamamadhil sadarikaran tokio durchitravanivar prasarit karnyat aale. cast. haah karyakram suru jhalyapasun prince aais worldmadhye sadarikaran sadarikaran rashtriy avval skatermadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh aantarrashtriy atithi skatermadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh

prince ais world prince ais world (princyswald) japanko sabaibhanda purano ais show how rar prince hotel, inkdwara sthapana garieko thiyo. sann 1978 maa, soe pratyek warsha farak vishayavastu chha rar lagbhag tees vishwa-stariya skaterharu samawesh garne prince ais world companydwara pradarshan garieko wistrit rupma utpadit samuha nambarharuka lagi parichit chha. rashtriya rar antarrashtriya shirsha skaterharulai atithika rupma amantrit garinchha. soe sebu samuha rar prince hotelharu blue muse companysanga nirman garieko chha., ly. adhikarik prayojakko rupma. prince hotel rar blue muse duwai seibu samuhaka sahayak companyharu hun. itihas. prince ais world japanko pahilo ais show thiyo rar yasalai muel rupma "bhibha!" bhaninthyo. barafko sansar. yo prince hotel, ink dwara sthapit garieko thiyo. sann 1978 maa, rar prarambhik pradarshanharu sinagawa skate centrema bhaeko thiyo. yo karyakram warshik karyakramma wiksit bhayo, rar pahilo paanch sijanharuma japani champion miwa fukuhara, nobu sato (yuka satoka pita), rar minoro sano samawesh thie. sann 1985 maa, "bhaibha! ais world "kyoto, fukuoka, nagoya rar sapporoma pradarshaniharusahit anya japani saharharuma wistar bhayo, rar antama, 1988 maa" bhibha! ais world "ko naam pariwartan gari" prince ais world "rakhieko thiyo." sann 1992 ko olympic rajat padak vijeta midori itole sann 1990 ko dashakma prince ais worldma yuka sato rar jangko yaginamasanga abhinaya gareka thie. manaparneharu sijuka awakawa, takesi honda, fumi suguri, miki endo, mao asada rar daisuke takahashi hernka lagi full rar upahar bokeka fanharu bhela bhae. warshaundekhi antarrashtriya atithi taraharuma ilia kulik, josef sabobhasik, alena lenobha rar andrei khwalko, ibhageni pluschanko, rar alexey yaguddin samawesh chhan. awadharana. soharu pratyek warsha lagbhag nau dinasamma chalchhan, jasma amantrit rashtriya atithi tara rar videshbata antarrashtriya taraharudwara ekal pradarshanharu prastut garinchha. pratyek sijanko afnai vishayavastu vishesh rupma banaieko setharu rar prince ais world companyle jatil rupma design garieko pahiranma pradarshan gardacha. wigatka vishayavastuharuma helo kitty rar shirshakharu jastai "lets anjoy skating" rar "pup step dance" samawesh chhan. sann 2023 maa sabaibhanda bharkharko vishayavastu "broadway classic" thiyo." darshak rar pahunch. tokai television prasaranle midia adhikarharu kineko bela sann 1993 dekhi 2000 samma yee karyakramharu fuji televisionma television garieko thiyo. sann 2022 maa yokohamako prastuti tokiyo televisionma prasaran garieko thiyo. cast. soe sthapana bhaedekhi rajkumar ais sansarma pradarshan garne rashtriya shirsha skaterharuma samawesh chhanh antarrashtriya atithi skaterharuma samawesh chhanh

prince baraf dunia prince ices warld (princesward) heuchhi japanara sabutharu puruna ices shoe ebong prince hotels, incorporated dwara sthapita hoithila . 1978 masihare, ehi shoe 'rahr pratibarsha eka bhinna bishajabastu rahichhi ebong ehaa prince ices warld company dwara paribeshita bistruta bhabare utpadita group nambara paain janashuna, jeunthire praiah tirish john biswastareeja skater achanti. jatiah ebong antarjatija shirsha skatermananku atithi bhabare nimantran karajae . ehi shoe 'rahr prajojana sebu group ebong prince hotel blue muse coe. dwara karajaichi., ly. sarkari prajojaka bhabe. prince hotel ebong blue muse ubhaja seibu groupra sahajaka company. itihas. prince ices warld japanara pratham baraf pradarshani thila ebong ehaaku moolatah "bhibha! baraf dunia. ehaa prince hotel, ee. sii. dwara pratisthita hoithila. 1978 masihare, ebong prarambhika pradarshan sinagawa skate sentarare hoithila . ehi shoe eka barshika karjyakramare bikashita hoithila, ebong pratham panchti ruture japani champion miwa fukuhara, nobu sato (juka satonka pita), ebong minoro sano antarbhukta thile. 1985 masihare, "zeeb! ices warld' kioto, fukuoka, nagoya ebong saporore shoe sahita anya japani saharaku prasarita hoithila, ebong sheshare, 1988 ray 'bhibha! baraf biswa' rahr naama paribartana karajai 'prince baraf biswa' rakhajaithila." 1992 alympic roupya padaka bijeta midori ito 1990 dashakare juka sato ebong janko jaginumanka saha prince ices warldre abhinai karithile. phul ebong upahara bahn karuthiba prashansakamane priya shizuka awakawa, takeshi honda, phumi suguri, miki ando, mao asada ebong daisuke takahashi dekhiba paain bhida karithile . barsha barsha dhari antarjatija atithi tarakanka madhyare elia kulik, jojef sabovic, elena lenova ebong andrei khwalko, ivageni plaschenko ebong alexei yagudin antarbhukta achanti . dharana. ehi shoe pratibarsha praiah naaa deane dhari chalithae, jeunthire amantrita jatiah atithi tarka ebong bidesharu antarjatija tarakanka dwara ekaka pradarshan pradarshita hue . pratyeka sijinra nijaswa bishajabastu rahichhi, jeunthire swatantra bhabe prastuta sett rahichhi ebong prince ices warld company jatila designre prastuta poshakare pradarshan karuchhi. ateeta bishajabastugudika madhyare hello kitty ebong "lett 'shh enzine skating" ebong "pop step dance" bhali shirshaka antarbhukta. antarbhukta। sabutharu sampratika bishajabastu thila "broadway classic"." darshaka ebong upalabdhata. ehi karjyakramagudika karjyakramagudika 2000 masiha parjyanta fuji telivijanare prasarita hoithila, jetebele tokai television prasarana ganamadhyama adhikara kinithila. 2022 ray, jokohamare pradarshan tibhi tokiore prasarita hoithila . cast. ehi shoe 'pratistha heba paratharu prince baraf duniaare pradarshan karuthiba jatiah shirsha skatermananka madhyare achantih antarjatija atithi skatermananka madhyare achantih

prince aaees world prince aaees world (prinsweld) japaan daa sabh toon purana aaees shoa haii atey iss dee sathapana prince hotels, ink duaara keeti gaee see. sann 1978 witch iss shoa daa harr saal ikk vakkhra visha hunda haii atey ih prince aaees world company duaara pesh keete gaye aapne vistrit taur 'teey tiaar keete gaye samooh nambran laee janhiaa jaanda haii jiss witch lagbhag teeh vishav padhri skater shamal hunn. rashtari atey antarashtari choti dey skateran noon mehmann vajon sadda ditta jaanda haii. shoa daa nirman sebu group atey prince hotelan neey blue miooz company naal keeta haii., limted. adhikarat spancer vajon. prince hotel atey blue miooz doven sibu group deeaan sahaik companyan hunn. itihaas. prince aaees world japaan witch pahila aaees shoa see atey iss noon asal witch "viva!" kiha jaanda see. baraf dee dunia ". iss dee sathapana prince hotels, ink duaara keeti gaee see. 1978 witch, atey shuruati pardarshan shinagawa skate center witch hoye. ih shoa ikk salana program witch vikast hoiaa, atey pahile panj seezanan witch japani champion miva fukuhara, nobu saato (yuka saato daa pitaa) atey minoru saano shamal sunn. 1985 witch, "viva! aaees world "kiyoto, fukuoka, nagoa atey sporo witch shoa dey naal horr japani shahiran witch fail giaa, atey ant witch, 1988 witch" viva! aaees world daa naam badal keey prince aaees world rakkhiaa giaa see." 1992 olympic chaandi daa tagma jetu midori ito neey 1990 dey dahake witch prince aaees world witch yuka saato atey junco yaginuma naal kamm keeta see. fullan atey tohfiaan noon lae keey parshansak pasandida shizuka akhhva, takeshi honda, foomy suguri, miki ando, maao asada atey daisuke takahshi noon vekhan laee ikkathe hoye. saalan toon antarashtari mehmann sitariaan witch iliaa kulik, jozef sabovic, elena linova atey andrei khwalko, ivgeni pluschenko atey alexey yaguddin shamal hunn. sankalap. ih shoa harr saal lagbhag naun dinan takk chalda haii, jiss witch sadde gaye rashtari mehmann sitariaan atey videshan toon antarashtari sitariaan duaara ikalle pardarshan keete jaande hunn. harr season daa aapna theem hunda haii jiss witch vishesh taur 'teey tiaar keete sett hunde hunn atey prince aaees world company gunjhaldar design keete pushak witch pardarshan kardi haii. pichle vishiaan witch hallow kitty atey sirlekh jiven kii "chalo skating daa anand lainde haan" atey "popp step dance" shamal hunn. 2023 witch sabh toon taaza visha "broadway classics" see." darshak atey pahunchyogta. ih shoa 1993 toon lae keey 2000 takk fuji teevi utte prasarit keete gaye sunn jadon tokai television prasaran neey media adhikar kharide sunn. 2022 witch, yokohama witch pardarshan tii. vee. tokio utte prasarit keeta giaa see. cast. shoa dee sathapana toon baad prince aaees sansar witch pardarshan curran vaale rashtari choti dey skateran witch shamal hann antarashtari mehmann skateran witch shamal hann

rajakumaraha himalokah prince ais world (princiswald) japaan-deshasya praacheenatamah ais sho asti, yah prince-hotels, ink ityanena samsthaapitah aasit. 1978 tame varshe asya pradarshanasy prativarsham bhinnam vishayavastu vartate, tathaa cha prince ais-world-kampanee ityanena pradarshite vistrutaroopena nirmitanam samohasankhyaabhyah prasidhah asti, yasmin praayah trishah vishva-stareeyah skater-kreedakaah santi. rashtriya-antarashtriya-shirsha-skater-kreedakaah atithiroopen aamantritaah santi. asya pradarshanasy nirmanam sebu-samuhena, bloo muse-ko ityanena saha prince-hotels-samsthayaa cha krutam asti., lii. adhikarikam praayojakam. prince-hotels, bloo-muse cha ubhau sebu-samuhasya sahaayak-samsthah santi. itihaasah. prince ais world iti japan-deshasya prathamah ais-sho aasit, yah moolatah "vivaa!" iti namna prasidhah aasit. himalokah ". asya sthapana prince-hotels, ink ityanena abhavat. 1978 tame varshe, shinagava skate-kendre praarambhikapradarshanaah cha abhavan. eshah kaaryakramah vaarshik-karyakramena vikasitah, prathamapanch-rutushu japani-chaampiyan-mivaa fukuhaaraa, nobu saato (yukaa saato ityasya pitaa), minoru saano cha aasan. 1985 tame varshe, "jeeva! himalokah "kyoto, fukuokaa, nagoya, saporo ityaadishu pradarshanaih saha anyeshu japani-nagareshu api vistaaritah, ante 1988 tame varshe" vivaa! ais-world" ityasya naam "prince-ais-world" iti krutam." 1992 tame varshe olympic-rajatapadakavijetaa midori ito ityayam 1990 tame dashake prince ais-world ityasmin yukaa saato tathaa janko yaginuma ityetaih saha abhyanayt. pushpaan upaharan cha dhaarayan prashamsakaah shizuka-avakaavaa, takeshi-hondaa, phumi-suguri, mikee-aando, maavo-asadaa, daisuke-takahashi ityetaani priyaani drushyante sma. varshaanuvarshebhyah antarashtriya-atithi-tarakeshu ilia kulik, jojef saabovsik, elenaa linova, andrei khwaalko, ivegenee plus chenko, alexey yagudin cha antarbhavanti. avadharana. prativarsham praayah navadinaani yaavat pradarshanani prachalanti, yatra aamantritaih rashtriya-atithi-taarakaih, videshaat antarashtriya-taarakaih cha ekalapradarshanaah bhavanti. pratyekasya rutoho swakeeyaa vishayavastuh asti, visheshatah nirmitaih sett-visheshaihi saha, prince ais-world-kampanee cha jatilaroopen vinyaasitaih veshabhooshaasu pradarshanm karoti. poorva-vishayavastushu halo kitty, "lets enfore skating", "paap-step-dyaans" ityadini sheershakaah cha santi. 2023 tame varshe naveenatamam vishayam "broadway classic" iti aasit." prekshakaah tathaa sulabhataa. 1993 taha 2000 paryantam fujee-dooradarshanasy madhyamena ete kaaryakramaah prasaritaha, yadaa tokai-dooradarshanasy prasaranena madhyamanam adhikaarah kreenitah. 2022 tame varshe yokohama-bhashayam pradarshanm tokyo-dooradarshan-madhyamena prasaaritam. cast. pradarshanasy sthaapanaah abhavat tatah param prince ais-world ityasmin pradarshanm kurwantah rashtriya-shirsha-skater ityete santi - antarashtriya-atithi-skater-kreedakaah santi.

ilavarasar panii ulagam ilavarasar panii ulagam (brinswald) jappan migap palamaiyaana panii kankaatchi aagum, idhu brins hoattalgal, ink niruvanatthaal niruvappattathu. 1978 aam aandil. inththa nigazhchchi ovvoru aandum vevvaeru karupporulaik kondullathu, maelum sumar muppathu ulagath tharam vaaintha scatergalaik konda brins aiz world niruvanatthaal virivaaga thayaarikkappatta kuzhu enngalukku peyar pettrathu. thaesiya mattrum sarvadesa alavilaana sirantha scatergal virunththinargalaaga azhaikkappadugiraargal. inththa nigazhchchiyai blue muse niruvanaththudan sebu kuzhumam mattrum brins hoattalgal thayaarikkiraarkal., lii. athikaarappoorva spaancharaaga. brins hoattalgal mattrum blue muse irandum seepu kuzhumaththin thunai niruvanangal aagum. varalaaru. ilavarasar panii ulagam jappanil muthal panii kankaatchiyaagum, idhu muthalil "vivaa!" endru azhaikkappattathu. panii ulagam. idhu brins hotels, ink niruvanatthaal niruvappattathu. 1978 aam aandil, mattrum aarambagaala nigazhchchigal shinakhawa scate maiyaththil nadaipettrana. inththa nigazhchchi oru varudaanthira nigazhvaaga valarnthathu, maelum muthal ainthu paruvangkalil japanian saambiyangalaana miva fukuhara, noapu satto (yuga satovin thanthai) mattrum minoro sano aagiyoar adangkuvar. 1985ill, "vivaa! panii ulagam "keoto, fukuyoga, nagoya mattrum sapporo aagiya nigazhchchigaludan pira japanian nagarangalukkum virivadainththathu, iruthiyaaka, 1988 ill" vivaa! panii ulagam "ilavarasar panii ulagam" endru marupeyaridappattathu." 1992 olympic vellip pathakkam ventra midori idhoa 1990 kazhil ilavarasar panii ulagil yuga satto mattrum jungo yaaginumaavudan naditthaar. malarkal mattrum parisugalai aenththiya rasigargal pidiththa shizuka avagawa, dachy hoondaa, fumi suguri, miki andoo, maavoa asada mattrum dieske takahashi aagiyavattraip paarkka thirandanar. pala aandugalaaka sarvadesa virunththinar natchaththiranggalil ilia kulik, josef sabovic, elena lenova mattrum andrey kwalko, evjeni pluchengo mattrum alexey yaagudin aagiyoar adangkuvar. karutthu. inththa nigazhchchigal ovvoru aandum sumar onbathu naatkal nadaiperugindrana, idhil alaikkappatta thaesiya virunththinar natchaththiranggal mattrum velinaadugalil irunthu sarvadesa natchaththiranggal thaniththaniyaaga nigazhchchigalai nigazhththugindranar. ovvoru paruvamum sirappaaga vadivamaikappatta setkaludan adhan sontha karupporulaik kondullathu mattrum ilavarasar aiz world niruvanam sikkalaana vadivamaikappatta aadaikalil nigazhththukirathu. kadantha kaala karupporulgalil haloo kitty mattrum "scatting anubavikkalaam" mattrum "paap step nadanam" poantra thalaippukal adangkum. 2023 aam aandin miga sameepathiya karupporul "broadway classic" aagum." paarvaiyaalarkal mattrum anugal. inththa nigazhchchigal 1993 muthal 2000 varai buji tholaikaatchiyil oliparapappattana, appoathu tokkaai tholaikaatchi oliparappu uudaga urimaigalai vaangkiyathu. 2022 aam aandil, yogohamavil nigazhchchi tholaikaatchi tokyovil oliparappappattathu. cast. nigazhchchi niruvappattathilirunthu ilavarasar panii ulagil nigazhththum thaesiya sirantha scatergalil pinvaruvana adangum sarvadesa virunththinar scatergalil pinvaruvana adangum

prins ice varald prins ice varald (prinsoisward) japaanlooni atyanta puraatana manchu pradarsana, dheenini prins hotels, ink sthaapinchindi. sthaapinchindi jarigina eee pradarsana prati samvatsaram bhinnamaina itivruttaanni kaligi undhi mariyu sumaru muppai prapancha sthaayi skaetarlatoe kuudina prins ice varald company pradarsinchina vistrutamgaa utpatti chesina samuuha sankhyalaku prasiddhi chendindi. jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeya agra skaetarlanu atithulugaa aahvaanistaaru. eee pradarsananu blue muse kotho kalisi seebu group mariyu prins hotels nirmistunnaayi., limited. adhikaarika spanserga. prins hotels mariyu blue muse rendoo seebu groupku anubandha samsthalu. charitra. prins ice varald japaanlo jarigina modati ice show, dheenini modata "viva!" anie pilicheevaaru. manchu prapancham. dheenini prins hotels, ink sthaapinchindi. sthaapinchindi, prarambha pradarsanalu shinagawa skate centerlo jarigaayi. eee pradarsana vaarshika karyakramamga abhivruddhi chendindi, modati aidu seasonlalo japanese champiyanlu miva fukuhara, nobu saato (yuca saato tandri) mariyu minoru saano unnaaru. unnaaru, "jeeva! ice varald "kyoto, fukuoka, nagoya mariyu saporo pradarsanalatoe itara japanese nagaralaku vistarinchindi, chivaraku chivaraku viva! ice varald paerunu "prins ice varald" gaa marcharu." 1992 olympic rajata pataka vijaeta midori itho itho prins ice varald loe yuca saato mariyu janko yaginimato kalisi natinchaadu. abhimaana shizuka awekhawa, takeshi honda, phumi suguri, miki aando, maavo asada mariyu daisuke takaahaashini chuudataaniki puvvulu mariyu bahumatulu dharinchina abhimanulu gumigudaru. samvatsaraalugaa antarjaateeya athidhi taaralalo ilia kulik, jojef sabovic, elena lenova mariyu andree khwalko, evjeni plus chenko mariyu alexey yagudin unnaaru. concept. eee pradarsanalu prati samvatsaram sumaru tommidi rojula paatu jarugutaayi, indulo aahvaaninchabadina jaateeya athidhi taaralu mariyu vidaesaala nundi antarjaateeya taaralu solo pradarsanalu istaaru. prati seasonku pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina setlu mariyu prins ice varald company sanklishtamgaa roopondinchina dustulalo pradarsanatoe daani swantha theem untundi. gatha itivruttaalalo halo kitty mariyu "lets enjoy skating" mariyu "pop step dance" vanti sheershikalu unnaayi. unnaayi atyanta iteevali theem "broadway classics"." prekshakulu mariyu praapyata. 1993 nundi 2000 varaku eee karyakramalu fuji televisionlo prasaram cheyabaddaayi, appudu tokai television prasaram media hakkulanu konugolu chesindi. chesindi, yokohamalo pradarsana tv tokyolo prasaram cheyabadindi. taaraaganam. pradarsana sthaapinchabadinappati nundi prins ice prapanchamlo pradarsana istunna jaateeya agra skaterlalo ivi unnaih antarjaateeya athidhi skaterlalo ivi unnaih

prince aais world prince aais world (prences wild) japaan kaa sabb say qadeem aais show hay aur iss kii bunyaad prince hotelon incorporated nay rakhee thee. 1978 mein iss show kaa harr saal eek mukhtalif theem hotaa hay aur yaha prince aais world company kay zariye paish kardah apnay wasee paimanay parr tayaar kardah grop nambaron kay liye jaana jaataa hay juu taqriba tees aalimi mayaar kay scatters parr mushtamil hay. qomi aur beenn alaqwami topp scatters kuu mahmanon kay toor parr madau kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha show blue meuz company kay saath seebo grop aur prince hotelon nay tayaar kiyaa hay.yee lameted. sarkaari sponsor kay toor parr. prince hotelon aur blue meuz donon seebo grop kay maatehat idaarey haine. tareekh. prince aais world japaan mein pehla aais show thaa aur asay asl mein "viva!" kahaa jaataa thaa. barf kii duniya. iss kii bunyaad prince hotelon incorporated nay rakhee thee. 1978 mein aur ibtadayi performans shangawa scate center mein hoyee. yaha show eek salanah taqrib mein tabdil hawaa aur pehley paanch seezan mein japani champine mewa fokuhar nobo saato (yuka saato kay waalid)yee aur manuro suno shaamil thay. 1985 mein "viva! aais world "cuto fococa nagoya aur sporo mein shoz kay saath dosray japani shehron mein phail gayaa aur aakhir kaar 1988 mein" viva! aais world kaa naam badal kirr prince aais world rakh diyaa gayaa." 1992 olympic chaandi kaa tamgha jeetnay waali madori aito nay 1990 kii dahayi mein prince aais world mein yuka saato aur janko yaginoma kay saath kaam kiyaa. phul aur tahaif lay kirr shaiqeen pasandidah shizoka okawa teeki honda fomi sogori makee aindo maao asaada aur ddaisoke takahashi kuu dekhnay kay liye jamaa hoay. saalon say beenn alaqwami mahman sataron mein ailiya kolak josaf sabusik elena lenova aur andry khwalko ayojini pulschanko aur aleksi yagodeen shaamil haine. tasavur. yaha show harr saal taqriba noow dunn takk chaltay haine jinn mein madau qomi mahman sataron aur berun milk say beenn alaqwami sataron kii solo performans hoti hay. harr seezan kaa apnaa theem hotaa hay jiss mein khaas toor parr tayaar kardah seet hotay haine aur prince aais world company paichidah design kardah malbusaat mein perform karti hay. maazi kay mozuaat mein heelo cutty aur enwanat jeesay "chalo scating say lataf andoz hotay haine" aur "paap steep ddaans" shaamil haine. 2023 mein sabb say haaliyah theem "braad way classic" thaa." saamayin aur rasayi. yaha shoz 1993 say 2000 takk foji tye wee parr teeli vision parr nashar kiye gayey jabb tokayi teeli vision broadcasting nay mediya kay haqoq khareed liye. 2022 mein yukuhama mein performans tye wee tokiyo parr nashar kii gayee. cast karein. show kay qayem honay kay baad say prince aais world mein perform karnay waalay qomi topp scatters mein shaamil haine: beenn alaqwami mahman scatters mein shaamil haine:

0008e691df93aade5408742b0390035851f7a458204ebbbefcb0d3b6168d50e2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61236240

Morton Sosland

Morton Sosland American businessman (1925–2019) Morton Sosland (May 7, 1925 – April 25, 2019) was an American businessman. Sosland, grandson of Jewish emigres from Czarist Russia, was a prominent Kansas City businessman who died in April 2019. Born in 1925, he began working for the Sosland Publishing Company in 1947, serving as the company's publisher and editor for several decades. A graduate of Southwest High School, Sosland entered Harvard University in 1942. After his first year of study, however, he left school to enlist in the U.S. Army. Sosland served in WWII under General Patton during the Battle of the Bulge. He returned to Harvard University in 1946 to complete his coursework in business and economics. After marrying Estelle Glatt, he came back to Kansas City in 1947. Food industry. Sosland had a long career in the grain and food publishing business. At 22, he joined the Sosland Publishing Company, a firm specializing in trade journals started by his father David and uncle Samuel. The company, founded in 1922, printed news and information about agricultural forecasts, food trends, and global consumer markets. Sosland rose through company ranks eventually creating much of the editorial content for several of the company magazines, including their very influential flagship, Milling and Baking News. By the 1970s, Sosland was an internationally known authority on food markets and global politics. Kansas City Involvement. Morton and Estelle Sosland were extremely involved in the Kansas City community including support of several Jewish community organizations, as well as the Midwest Research Institute (now MRI Global), Menorah Medical Center, and especially, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. The 2009 gift of their personal collection of Native American art formed the foundation for the museum's native arts gallery. Most famously (and controversially), the Sosland's commissioned the Shuttlecocks, the now iconic oversized badminton birdies that grace the lawn of the Nelson-Atkins. When first unveiled, the sculptures, created by artists Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, were panned by critics. Said one local newspaper editor, the birdies are "so offensively silly looking that they simply have to be included in any article about Kansas Citians being played as saps." Today, these sculptures are an important part of the visual landscape of the city. Of his community support, Sosland reported, "I was brought up to feel that we all owe something to the world around us." In 1954, he started the Sosland Foundation serving as its president for many years. He also served on the boards of many local foundations including those "with a considerable Kansas City presence including H&R Block, Inc., Commerce Bancshares, Inc., ERC Corporation, Hallmark Cards, Inc., Kansas City Southern Industries, Stilwell Financial, Inc., and Trans World Airlines. He also was a member of the board of Brown Shoe Co., Inc., Ingredient Technology Corp., TW Services, Inc., and Continental Grain Co." In recognition of his service, Sosland received numerous awards and recognition. In 1975, he was selected as "Mr. Kansas City" by the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce. He also received the Chancellor's Medal from the University of Missouri—Kansas City and induction into the Academy of Missouri Squires in 1987. In 2002, he received the Leader in Agriculture Award and in 2006, he was in the first class of the Baking Hall of Fame. In the UK Morton and Estelle Sosland maintained a home in Sussex for many years, and supported diverse charities including Glyndebourne, and also helped the British Museum acquire nearly 200 works. Of Sosland's noted importance to his home community, one leader remarked that, "We are humbled by what he accomplished in his many decades as a civic leader and how he raised the level of what Kansas City is."

morton cho 'solend morton cho "solend (7 mey ', 1925-25 april, 2019) ejon aamerikan byowoxayi aasil. jaristo rasiyar poraa ihudi probrojonkari lukoxokolor naati cho "chelland ejon bixisto kanchas sohoror byowoxayi aasil jaar 2019 sonor aprilot mrityu hoisil. 1925 sonot jonmogrohon kori teu 1947 sonot cho" chelland prokaxok companyr baabe kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil, keiba doxok dhori companytur prokaxok aaru xompadok hisape xewa aagborhaisil. dokhyin-poschim haiskulor snatok soslande 1942 sonot harbhard biswobidyaloyot prowex korisil. odhyoyonor prothom bosoror pisot, obosye, teu eu. e. too talikabhukto hoh 'boloi bidyaloy eri disil.ess. xenabahini. soslande tritiyo biswojudhot fular juddhor xomoyot general petonor odhinot xewa aagborhaisil. 1946 sonot teu harbhard biswobidyaloyoloi ghuri aahisil aaru byoboxai aaru orthonitir pathyokrom xompurno korisil. estel glateok biyaa koruwar pisot 1947 sonot teu kanchas sohoroloi ubhoti aahisil. khadyo udyug. xosyo aaru khadyo prokax byowoxayot cho "solendor ek digholiya keriyar aasil. 22 bosor boyoxot teu pitri david aaru khurak xamuwele aarombho koraa banijyo alusonixomuhot bixexogyo protisthan cho 'chelland prokax companyt jugdan korisil. 1922 sonot protistha huwa companytuwe krixir purbanuman, khadyor probonota aaru biswor grahok bojaror bixoye baatori aaru tothyo print korisil. cho "solend companyr podor maajere aagbarhi goisil aaru owoxexot companyr keibakhonu alusonir baabe xompadokiyo bixoybostur besibhag sristi korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil teulukor oti probhawxali flagswip, milling aaru backing niuj. 1970 sonor bhitorot cho 'sland khadyo bojar aaru biswo rajneetir khetrot antohrastriyo porzayot porisito kortripokhyo aasil. kanchas sohoror ongxogrohon. morton aaru estel sosland kanchas sohor xomprodayor xoite otyonto jorito aasil, jaar bhitorot keibatau ihudi xomprodayor xongothonor logote midwest gowexona protisthan (etiya em. aar. aai. global), menurah sikitsa kendro, aaru bixexkoi nelson-atkins museum owo artor xomorthon aasil. 2009 sonot teulukor sthaniyo aamerikan kolar byoktigoto xongrohor upohare xongrohaloyor sthaniyo kolaa galleryr bheti gothon korisil. ataitkoi bikhyat (aaru bitorkitobhabe), cho "chelande swatlokok commission korisil, ji etiyar iconic dangor bedminton bardy jiye nelson-atkinsor lontu aakorxoniyo kore. jetiya prothombaror baabe unmuson koraa hoisil, xilpi clais oh 'ldenborg aaru kuje bhen brugenor dwara sristi koraa bhaskorjobur xomalusokxokole xomaluchona korisil. ejon sthaniyo baatori kakotor xompadoke koichil je bardibur "imaan akromonatmokbhabe buka zen lagise je xeibur kensas cityanxokolok chep hisape khelar bixoye jikunu probondhot ontorbhukto koribo lagibo."aaji, ei bhaskorjobur sohorkhonor drishyopotor ek guruttopurno ongxo. cho "solende teur xomprodayor xomorthonor bixoye prokax korisil," moi ei onubhob kori dangor hoisilu je aami xokoluwe aamar sariufalor prithibir usorot kiba etaa rinee."1954 sonot teu cho 'sland foundation aarombho kori bohu bosor dhori iyar xobhapoti hisape karzonirbah korisil. teu eis endo aar block, inokoke dhori kanchas sohorot jothesto uposthiti thoka bohutu sthaniyo foundationor bob "rdotu xewa aagborhaisil., commerch bankswers, inok., ee. aar. chi. korpureson, holmark card, inok., kanchas chiti southern industries, stillwell financial, inok., aaru trains world airlines. teu braun swu companyr bob "rdor xodosyou aasil., inok., upadan projukti korpo., tu charbhises, inok., aaru mohadexiyo xosyo company."teur xewar swikriti sworupe cho" chelde oxongkhyo botaa aaru swikriti laabh korisil. 1975 sonot teuk "srijut" hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. brihotor kanchas chiti chamber owo commerchor dwara kanchas chiti ". teu 1987 sonot misuri biswobidyaloy-kanchas sohoror poraa senselor podok laabh korisil aaru misuri squires academyloi prowex korisil. 2002 sonot teu krixir netaa botaa laabh korisil aaru 2006 sonot backing holl owo femor prothom shrenit aasil. eu. key.-too morton aaru estel cho "slende bohu bosor dhori susexot etaa ghor bojai rakhisil, aaru glendeburnoke dhori bibhinno datobyo xongsthak xomorthon korisil, aaru logote britis xongrohaloyok pray 200 taa kaam aahoron korat xohay korisil. nijor griho xomprodayor baabe cho "chelandor ullekhjugyo gurutwor bixoye ejon netai montobyo korisil je," nagorik netaa hisape teu bohu doxokot ji xompadon korisil aaru teu kenedore kanchas sohorkhonor stor briddhi korisil taar baabe aami nomro."

morton sosland morton sosland (7 meey, 1925-25 april, 2019) ekjon markin byabasayi chhilen. jarist rashiya theke ihudi abhibasider naati sosland chhilen ekjon bishishto cansus shohorer byabasayi jini 2019 saaler aprile maaraa zaan. 1925 saale jonmogrohon korey, tini 1947 saale sosland prokashona sangosthar jonno kaaj shuru corren, koyek doshok dhorey companyr prokashok ebong sompadok hisabe dayitto palon corren. dakkhin-poschim uchcho bidyalayer snatok, sosland 1942 saale harvard bishwobidyaloye probesh corren. tobey, taanr prothom bochorer adhyayaner porey, tini markin juktorashtre talikabhukto howar jonno school chhede deena.esha. senabahini. sosland tritiya bishwojuddhe fuler juddher somoy general pattoner adhine kaaj korechilen. 1946 saale tini byabosa oo orthonitite taanr coursework shesh korar jonno harvard bishwobidyaloye firey asen. estela glatke biye korar porr 1947 saale tini cansus shohore firey asen. khaddo shilp. shosyo oo khaddo prokashona byabosai soslander deergho karmajiban chhilo. 22 bochor boyse tini taanr baba david ebong caca samueler dwara shuru koraa banijya journale biseshoggo ekti sangostha sosland publishing companyte jog deena. 1922 saale protisthito eyi sangosthati krishi purbabhas, khaddo probonota ebong bishwobyapi bhokta bazar somporke sangbad ebong tothyo chhapiechilo. sosland companyr podomorjadar modhyo diye uthhe eshe abosheshe taader atyanta prabhabshali flagship, milling ebong becking newz soho besh koyekti companyr magaziner jonno sampadakiya visayavastu toiri korey. 1970-err doshoker modhye, khaddo bazar ebong baishwik rajnitite sosland ekti antorjatikbhabe porichito kortripokkho chhilo. cansus shohorer sampriktata. morton ebong estela sosland besh koyekti ihudi sampradai sangosthar pashapashi midwest research institute (bortomane emm. arr. aaee global), menorah medicale center ebong biseshoto nelson-atkins museum off arter samarthan soho cansus shohorer sampradayer saathe atyanta jorito chhilen. 2009 saale taader sthaniya american shilper byaktigato sangraher upoharti jadughar sthaniya shilp gallery vitti gathon korey. sabcheye bikhyato (ebong bitorkitovabe), soslander shatlokokguli chaalu koraa hoyechilo, jaa ekhon iconic borh akarer badminton pakhi jaa nelson-atkinser loney shobha deyo. jokhon prothom unmochan koraa hoy, shilpi clays oldenberg ebong kuje vyana bragen dwara nirmito bhaskorjoguli somalochokder dwara samalochito hoyechilo. ekjon sthaniya sangbadpatrer sompadok bollen, 'bardiguli etotai akromonattokbhabe nirbodh dekhay jey taader cable cansus citiciander sapp hisabe khela somporke jey konao nibondhe antarbhukta korte hobey."aaz, eyi bhaskorjoguli shohorer drishyogoto prakritik drishyer ekti guruttopurno ongsho. taanr sampradayer samarthan somporke, sosland report korechilen, "aami emanbhabe borh hoyechi jey amra sokolei amader charpasher bishwer kachhe kichhu rinee."1954 saale tini onek bochor dhorey sosland foundationer sabhapati hisebe dayitto palon corren. tini eich anned arr block, incorporated soho cansus shohorer ullekhjoggo uposthiti soho onek sthaniya foundationer boardeo kaaj korechilen., commerce bankshares, incorporated., ee. arr. shee karporeshana, holmark card, inock., cansus city soudern industries, steelwell financial, inock., ebong trance worled airlines. tini braun juto sangosthar boarder sadasyao chhilen., inock., upadan prajukti karporeshana., too services, inock., ebong mahadeshiya shosyo koo."taanr sebar sikritiswarup, sosland asankhya puraskar ebong swikriti peyechilen. 1975 saale tini "mii. mii." hisebe nirbachito hohn. brihottor cansus city chembar off commerce dwara cansus shohor. tini misauri vishwavidyalaya-cansus shohor theke chancellor podoko peyechilen ebong 1987 saale misauri square academyte antarbhukta hohn. 2002 saale tini krishi puroskarer neta hohn ebong 2006 saale tini becking holl off femer prothom shrenite chhilen. juktorajye morton ebong estela sosland bohu bochor dhorey sussex-ayee ekti baadi bojay rekhechilen ebong glendebourne soho bivinno datobbo sangosthake samarthan korechilen ebong british jadugharke pray 200 tii kaaj orjon korte sahayata korechilen. nijer sampradayer kachhe soslander ullekhjoggo gurutto somporke ekjon neta montobbo corren jey, "ekjon nagrik neta hisabe tini bohu doshke jaa orjon korechen ebong tini kibhabe cansus shohorer storke unnito korechen taate amra bineet."

morton sosland morton sosland (7 meey, 1925-25 april, 2019) aek american udhyogpati hataa. zarist russiathi yahudi deshantar karnaraona pautra, sosland, cansas shahernaa aek agranee udhyogpati hataa, jeo april 2019maan mrutyu pamya hataa. 1925maan janmela, temane 1947maan sosland prakaashan kampani maate kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo, aneey ghanaa daaykaao sudhee companyna prakashak aneey sampaadak tareeke sevaa aapee. southwest haai skoolnaa snaatak, soslande 1942maan harvarda universityma pravesh melvyo. abhyasna pratham varsh pachhi, joke, temane yuu. aesa. maan nondhani karaavvaa maate shaala chhodi deedhi.aesa. senaa. soslande trija vishvyudhhma fugavana yuddh darmiyan general payton hethal sevaa aapee hatee. teo 1946maan harvarda universityma vyavsaay aneey arthshashtrama temno abhyaskram purn karvaa maate paachha faryaa. estel glate saathe lagna karyaa pachhi, teo 1947maan cansas shaherma paachha faryaa. khaadhy udhyog. soslandnee anaaj aneey khaadhy prakaashan vyavsayma laambi karkirdi hatee. 22 varshnee ummare, teo temnaa pitaa david aneey kaaka semual dwara sharoo karaayel vepaar saamyikoma visheshta dharaavati sosland prakaashan companyma jodaya hataa. 1922maan sthapaayeli aaa kampaniae krushee aagaahio, khaadhy pravaaho aneey vaishvik graahak bajaaro vishe samachar aneey maahitee chhaapi hatee. soslande aakhare companyna krammaa vadhaaro karyo aneey companyna ghanaa saamyiko maate temnee khoob jaj prabhavshali mukhya, milling aneey backing samacharo saheet motabhagni sampadkiy saamagreenu sarjan karyoo. 1970naa daaykaa sudhimaa, sosland khaadhy bajaaro aneey vaishvik raajkaaran parr aantarrashtriy stare jaaniti sattaa hatee. cansas shahernee sandovani. morton aneey estel sosland cansas shahernaa samudayma atyant sankalaayela hataa, jemaa ketalik yahudi samudaay sansthao, temaj midwest research institute (havey aema. aar. aaee. global), menorah medical center aneey khaas kareene, nelson-atkins museum off artno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2009maan temnaa mool american kalaana vyaktigat sangrahni bhetthi sangrahaalayni mool qalaa galleryno paayo rachaayo hato. sauthee prasiddh (aneey vivadaspad reete), soslande shuttlecoxne kaaryarat karyaa, jeey havey iconic motaa kadnaa bedminton burdy chhe jeey nelson-aetkinsana lonne grays karey chhe. jyaare pratham anaavaran karvaamaa aavyu tyaare kalakaro clays oldenberg aneey coose veena brugen dwara banavvama aavela shilpone vivechako dwara teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. aek sthaaneek akhbaarnaa sampadake kahyoo hatoo keey, birdies "etalaa aakramak reete moorkh dekhaay chhe keey temne cansas citiencene sups tareeke bhajavvama aave chhe teey vishenaa koipan lekhamaa shamel karvaa padey chhe."aaje, aaa shilpo shahernaa drashya landscapno aek mahatvapurn bhaag chhe. temnaa samudaaynaa samarthan vishe, soslande ahewal aapyo, "maaro uchher aevu anubhavvaa maate thayo hato keey aapane badhaae aapani aaspasni duniyaane kaneek runa aapyu chhe."1954maan temane sosland foundation sharuaat curry hatee, jeey ghanaa varsho sudhee tenaa adhyaksh tareeke sevaa aapee rahyaa hataa. temane ghanaa sthaaneek foundationo boardma pann sevaa aapee hatee, jemaa aech anned aar bloqa, ink saheet cansas shaherma nondhpaatra haajari dharaavati sansthaaono samaavesh thaay chhe.commers bankshares, ink., erc corporation, hollmark cards, ink., cansas ciity sadharn industries, stillwell financial, ink., aneey trans worled airlines. teo braaun shhoo companyna boardnaa sabhy pann hataa., ink., ghatak takneeki nigam., doubleu. services, ink., aneey khandeey anaaj kampani."temnee sevaane maanyata aapvaa maate, soslandne asankhya puraskaaro aneey maanyata malee hatee. 1975maan, temne "shree" tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. grater cansas ciity chamber off commers dwara cansas ciity ". temane misauri university-cansas citymathi chanceller medala pann melvyo hato aneey 1987maan misauri squiresnee academyma pravesh melvyo hato. 2002maan temne krushee puraskarma agraneeno puraskar malyo hato aneey 2006maan teo backing holl off femnaa pratham vargmaa hataa. yukemaa morton aneey estel soslande ghanaa varsho sudhee sussexma ghar jaalvi raakhyu hatoo aneey glandeborne saheet viveedh sakhaavati sansthaaone teko aapyo hato aneey british museumne lagbhag 200 kruteeo hastgat karvaamaa pann madad curry hatee. temnaa gruh samudaay maate soslandnu nondhpaatra mahatv darshaavtaa, aek netaae tippani curry hatee keey, "aek nagrik netaa tareeke temnaa ghanaa daykaoma temane jeey haansal karyoo aneey temane cansas shahernu star kevee reete unchu karyoo tenaathi amey namr chhiae."

morton sosland morton sosland (7 maee, 1925-25 aprail, 2019) ack americi vyavasaayi they. zarist roose seey yahudi pravasiyon key potey, sosland, ack pramukh kansas shahar key vyavasaayi they, jinaki mrityu aprail 2019 mein hui thee. 1925 mein janme, unhone 1947 mein sosland prakaashan company key liye kaam karna shuru kiya, kaee dashakon taka company key prakaashak aur sampaadak key roop mein kaary kiya. dakshin-paschim uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak, sosland ney 1942 mein harvard vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh kiya. adhyayan key apane pahale varsh key baad, haalaanki, unhone yuu. aiss. mein dakhila lene key liye school chhod diyaa.aiss. senaa. sosland ney bulz kii ladaai key dauran general patton key tahat WWII mein seva kii. way 1946 mein harvard vishvavidyalaya mein vyavasaay aur arthshastra mein apana pathyakram puuraa karane key liye laute. estel glat seey shaadi karane key baad, vaha 1947 mein kansas shahar vaapas aaa gaye. khaadya udyog. anaaj aur khaadya prakaashan vyavasaay mein sosland kaa ack lamba currier thaa. 22 saal kii umr mein, vaha apane pitaa david aur chaacha saimuel dwara shuru kii gaee vyaapaar patrikaon mein visheshagyata rakhane vaali ack firm, sosland prakaashan company mein shamil hoe gaye. 1922 mein sthaapit company ney krishi purvanuman, khaadya rujhaanon aur vaishvik upabhokta baajaron key baare mein samachar aur jaankaari chhaapi. company key rankon key madhyam seey sosland ney antatah kaee company patrikaon key liye sampadakiya samagri kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen unake bahut prabhaavshaali pramukh, milling aur becking samachar shamil they. 1970 key dashak taka, sosland khaadya baajaron aur vaishvik rajneeti parr ack antarrashtriya star parr gyaat pradhikaran thaa. kansas shahar kii bhagidari. morton aur estel sosland kansas shahar key samudaay mein behad shamil they, jisamen kaee yahudi samudayik sangathanon key saath-saath madhya-paschim anusandhaan sansthaan (abb aim. aar. aaee. vaishvik), menora chikitsa kendra aur vishesh roop seey, nelson-atkins kalaa sangrahalaya kaa samarthan shamil thaa. 2009 mein unake deshi americi kalaa key vyaktigat sangrah key upahaar ney sangrahalaya kii deshi kalaa deergha kii neenv rakhee. sabse prasiddh (aur vivadaspad roop seey), sosland ney shuttlecock koo commission kiya, joe abb pratishthit badey aakar kaa badminton pakshi haye joe nelson-atkins key lonn koo shobha detaa haye. jaba pahali baar anaavaran kiya gayaa, tou kalakaron clays oldenberg aur kooje vaine brugen dwara banaai gaee moortiyon koo alochakon dwara aalochana kii gaee thee. ack sthaaniya samachar patra key sampaadak ney kahaa, "burdy itane aakramak roop seey murkhtapurna dikhate hain kii unhein buss kansas key citience koo saps key roop mein khele jaane key baare mein kissy bhee lekh mein shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye."aaj, yeye moortiyaan shahar key drishya paridrishya kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain. apane samudayik samarthan key baare mein, sosland ney bataaya, "mujhe yeh mahsoos karane key liye paalaa gayaa thaa kii humm sabhi apane aspas kii duniya key liye kuchh naa kuchh rinee hain."1954 mein, unhone kaee varshon taka isake adhyaksh key roop mein seva karate hue sosland foundation kii shuruat kii. unhone kaee sthaaniya foundations key boardon mein bhee kaam kiya, jinamen aich aind aar block, ink sahit kansas shahar kii kaafee upasthiti bhee shamil thee., vanijya bankshers, ink., arc nigam, hallmark card, ink., kansas shahar dakshini udyog, stillwell vittiya, ink., aur trance worled airlines. vaha braun shoo company key board key sadasya bhee they., ink., ghatak praudyogiki nigam., twa services, ink., aur mahadvipiya anaaj saha."unaki seva kii maanyata mein, sosland koo kaee puraskar aur maanyata millie. 1975 mein unhein "shree" key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. grater kansas city chamber off commers dwara kansas shahar. unhone misauri-kansas shahar vishvavidyalaya seey kuladhipati kaa padak bhee praapt kiya aur 1987 mein misauri squire kii akadami mein shamil hue. 2002 mein, unhein krishi puraskar mein netaa praapt huaa aur 2006 mein, way becking holl off fame kii pratham shreni mein they. britten mein morton aur estel sosland ney kaee varshon taka sussex mein ack ghar banaae rakhaa, aur glindebourne sahit vividh daanon kaa samarthan kiya, aur british sangrahalaya koo lagbhag 200 karyon koo praapt karane mein bhee madad kii. apane grih samudaay key liye sosland key ullekhaniya mahatva key baare mein ack netaa ney tippani kii kii, "ack nagrik netaa key roop mein unhone apane kaee dashakon mein joe hassil kiya aur unhone kaise kansas shahar key star koo badhaaya, usase humm vinamra hain."

marton sosland marton sosland (mayee 7,1925-april 25,2019) obba american udyamiyaagiddaru. jarrist rashyaadinda valase banda yahoodigala mommaga sosland, consas nagarada pramukha udyamiyaagiddu, avaru 2019rahra aprilnalli nidhanaraadaru. nidhanaraadaru janisida avaru avaru sosland publishing kampaniyalli kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru, kampaniya prakashaka mattu sampaadakaraagi halavaaru dasakagala kaala seve sallisidaru. nairtya proudhashaaleya padavidhararaada sosland sosland haarvard vishvavidyaalayakke praveshisidaru. aadaagyoo, tamma modala varshada adhyayanada nantara, avaru yuu. esnalli seralu shaaleyannu toredaru.ess. sene. sosland avaru moorane mahayuddhadalli general patton avara adiyalli ubbu kadanada samayadalli seve sallisidaru. sallisidaru avaru haarvard vishvavidyaanilayakke hindirugi vyapara mattu arthashaastradalli tamma course annu poornagolisidaru. estell glat avarannu maduveyaada nantara, avaru avaru consas nagarakke maralidaru. aahara udyama. sosland avaru dhanya mattu aahara prakataneya vevahaaradalli sudirgha vrattijeevanavannu hondiddaru. 22neey vayassinalli, avaru tamma tande david mattu chikkappa samuel praarambhisida vyapara niyatakaalikagalalli parinati hondiruva samstheyaada sosland publishing kampanige seridaru. seridaru sthaapaneyaada ee kampaniyu, krishi munsuchanegalu, aahara pravruttigalu mattu jagatika grahaka marukattegala bagge suddi mattu maahitiyannu mudrisitu. kampaniya shreniya moolaka sosland antimavagi kampaniya halavaaru niyatakaalikegalige avara atyanta prabhavashali pramukha, milling mattu baking suddigalannu olagondante hecchina sampadakiya vishayavannu rachisidaru. 1970rahra dashakada velege, aahara maarukattegalu mattu jagatika raajakeeyadalli sosland antaaraashtriya mattadalli prasiddhavaada praadhikaaravaagittu. consas nagarada olagolluvike. halavaaru yahoodi samudaaya samsthegalu, haageye midwest samshodhanaa samsthe (eega emm. aarr. aii. global), menora vaidyakeeya kendra mattu visheshavaagi, nelson-atkins museum off art bembalavannu olagondante, marton mattu estell sosland consas nagara samudaayadalli atyanta todagisikondiddaru. todagisikondiddaru avara sthaliya american kaleya vaiyaktika sangrahavu vastusangrahaalayada sthaliya kalaa gallerige adipaya haakitu. atyanta prasiddhavaada (mattu vivaadaatmakavaagi), soslyaandnavaru eega nelson-atkinsna hulluhaasannu aakarshisuva saampradaayika gatrada badminton pakshigalaada shuttle kakgalannu niyojisidaru. modala baarige anavaranagondaga, kalaavidaraada clays oldenberg mattu koosje wyaan brugan rachisida shilpagalannu vimarshakaru tikisidaru. sthaliya patrikeya sampadakarobbaru, bardigalu "eshtu akramanakariyagi sillie kaanuttave endare avugalannu consas citiyannarannu saapgalaagi aaduva bagge yaavude lekhanadalli serisabekagide."indu, ee shilpagalu nagarada drashya bhoodrushyada pramukha bhagavagive. tanna samudaayada bembalada bagge, sosland varadi maadidaru, "navellaroo namma suttalina jagattige enannaadaroo runiyagiddeve emba bhavaneyinda naanu naanu, avaru sosland foundation annu praarambhisi, adara adhyaksharaagi halavu varshagala kaala seve sallisidaru. avaru etch & aarr block, ink seridante consas nagarada gananeeya upasthitiyannu hondiruva samsthegalu seridante aneka sthaliya pratishtaanagala mandaligalli seve sallisidaru., commers bankshers, ink., erc corporation, hallmark kaardgalu, ink., consas city sadarn industries, stillwell financial, ink., mattu trans worled airlines. avaru braun shoo kampaniya mandaliya sadasyaroo aagiddaru., ink., ghatakamsha tantragyaana nigama., twetch services, ink., mattu continental graine kumm."avara seveyannu gurutisi, sosland halavaaru prashastigalu mattu mannanegalannu padedaru. padedaru avarannu "shree. grater consas city chamber off kamarsninda consas city ". avaru misauri vishvavidyaalayadinda chancellor padakavannu padedaru-consas nagara mattu 1987 ralli academy off misauri squairsge serpadegondaru. 2002 ralli, avaru krishi prashastiyalli leader annu padedaru mattu 2006 ralli, avaru baking haal off famena modala taragatiyalliddaru. yukeyalli marton mattu estell sosland aneka varshagala kaala sussexnalli ondu maneyannu nirvahisuttiddaru mattu glendeborne seridante vividha datti samsthegalannu bembalisidaru mattu british vastusangrahaalayavu sumaru 200 krutigalannu swadhinapadisikollalu sahaaya maadidaru. tanna tavaru samudaayakke soslandna gamanarha pramukhyateya bagge, obba nayakanu, "nagarika naayakaraagi avaru aneka dasakagalalli saadhisiddannu mattu avaru consas nagaravannu hege ettarisidaru embudara bagge naavu vinamraraagiddeve."

morttan sosland morttan sosland (meyy 7,1925-epril 25,2019) oru american bisinasukaaranaayirunnu. russiayil ninnulla jootha kudiyettakkaarude kochumakanaaya sosland, 2019 eprilil maricha oru pramukha kansas sitti bisinasukaaranaayirunnu. 1925 ll janicha addeham 1947 ll sosland publishing kambaniyil jolie cheyyaan thudangi, kambaniyude prasadhakanum edittarumaayi niravadhi pathittaandukal sevanamanushtichu. thekkupadinjaaran haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediya sosland 1942 ll harward sarvakalashaalayil praveshichu. ennirunnaalum, padanatthinte aadya varshathinu sesham addeham yuu. esil cherunnathinayi school vittu.ezz. sainyam. moonnaam lokamahaayudhathil balj yudhathil general paattante keezhil sosland sevanamanushtichu. 1946ll harward sarvakalashaalayil thirichethiya addeham bisinus, economics kozhsukal poortthiyaakki. estel glaattine vivaham kazhicha sesham 1947ll addeham kansas nagaratthilekku madangi. bhakshya vyavasaayam. dhaanya, bhakshya prasidheekarana bisinessil soslandinu oru neenda currier undaayirunnu. 22-aamm vayassil, pithaav david ammavan samuval aarambhicha vyapara jenalukalil vaidagdhyam nediya sosland publishing kambaniyil addeham chernnu. 1922ll sthaapithamaaya kambani kaarshika pravachanangal, bhakshya pravanathakal, aagola upabhokthru vipanikal ennivayekkurichulla vaarthakalum vivarangalum achadichu. sosland kambani raankukaliloode uyarnnu, oduvil avarude valare swaadheenamulla munnira, milling, baking vaarthakal ennivayulppede niravadhi kambani maasikakalude edittoriyal ulladakkam srishtichu. 1970 aayappozhekkum bhakshyavipanikalilum aagola raashtreeyathilum anthaaraashtrathalathil ariyappedunna oru adhikaaramaayirunnu sosland. kansas nagaratthinte pankaalittham. niravadhi jootha community oorganaiseshanukaludeyum midu vestt research instittyoottinteyum (ippol emm. aarr. aii global) menora medical sentarinteyum prathyekichu nelson-atkins museum oof artinteyum pinthuna ulppede morton estelle sosland kansas sitti kammyoonittiyil angeyattam earppettirunnu. 2009-ll avarude thaddesheeya american kalayude vyakthigatha shekharam myoosiyathinte thaddesheeya arts galleryude aditharayaayi. ettavum prashasthavum (vivaadaparavumaaya), nelson-atkinsinte pultthakidiye aakarshikkunna ippol valia valippamulla baadmintan pakshikalaaya shattilkokkukal soslaant kammeeshan cheythu. aadyamaayi anaachaadanam cheythappol, kalakaaranmaaraaya clays oldenberg koosje vaan bruggen srishticha shilpangal vimarshakarude vimarsanathinu vidheyamaayi. oru praadeshika pathradhipar paranju, "kansas sittiyanmaare saps aayi kalikkunnathinekkurichu eathu lekhanathilum ulppeduthendathinaal avar valare aakramanaathmakamaayi viddikalaayi kaanapedunnu."innu, eee shilpangal nagaratthinte drishya bhooprakrithiyude oru pradhana bhagamaanu. thante samoohathinte pinthunayekkurichu sosland report cheythu, "namukkellavarkkum chuttumulla lokathodu entho kadappadullathaayi thonniyaanu njaan valarnnathu."1954ll addeham sosland foundeshan aarambhichu, athinte presidentaayi varshangalolam sevanamanushtichu. echu aandu aarr block, ink ulppede ganyamaaya kansas sitti saannidhyamullava ulppede niravadhi praadeshika foundeshanukalude bordukalilum addeham sevanamanushtichu.komezhs bansherase, ink., ersie korppareshan, hallmark cardukal, ink., kansas sitti sathen industries, stilvel financial, ink., trans waled airlines. braun shhoo qoo boardilum addeham amgamaayirunnu., ink., ghadaka saankethika korppareshan., twent sarveesas, ink., koodaathe kondinental graine qoo."addehathinte sevanathinulla amgeekaaramaayi soslaantinu niravadhi avaardukalum amgeekaaravum labhichu. 1975ll addeham "misttar" aayi thiranjedukkappettu. grettar kansas sitti chamber oof komezhs kansas sitti ". 1987ll misauri-kansas nagaratthil ninnulla chansalar medal 1987ll akkadami oof misauri squarilekku cherkalum addehathinu labhichu. 2002ll leadare inn agrikalchar award 2006ll baking haal oof faiminte phastt classes addehathinu labhichu. yukeyil morton estelle sosland varshangalolam sussexil oru veedu paripalikkukayum glindbone ulppedeyulla vaividhyamaarnna jeevakaarunya pravartthanangale pinthunaykkukayum britiish myoosiyathe 200 oolam srishtikal swanthamaakkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. swantham samoohathinu soslaandinte sradheyamaaya praadhaanyathekkurichu oru nethaavu abhiprayappettu, "oru pouranethaavenna nilayil niravadhi pathittaandukalil addeham nediya kaaryangalilum kansas nagaratthinte nilavaaram uyarthiya reethiyilum njangal thaazhmayullavaraan."

morton sosland morton sosland (7 meey 1925-25 april 2019) haah eka american vyapari hota. zarist rashiyatil jyoo sthalantaritancha natoo, sosland haah cansas shaharatil eka pramukh vyapari hota, jyache april 2019 madhye nidhan jhaale. 1925 madhye janmalelya tyane 1947 madhye sosland prakashan companysathi kaam karnyas suruvat kelee, anek dashake companyche prakashak aanee sampadak mhanoon kaam kele. nairutya highschoolche padvidhar asalelya soslandne 1942 madhye harvard vidyapithat pravesh ghetala. abhyasachya pahilya varshanantar, tathapi, tyane yuu. ess. madhye pravesh ghenyasathi shaala sodali.ess. lashkar. soslandne soslandne mahayuddhat fuganyachya ladhait general pattonchya netrutvakhali seva kelee. 1946 madhye teey vyavasay aanee arthshastratil abhyaskram purn karnyasathi harvard vidyapithat paratale. estel glatshee lagn kelyanantar, too 1947 madhye cances shaharat parat aala. ann udyog. dhanya aanee ann prakashan vyavasayat soslandchi dirgh karkird hotee. vayachya 22 vya varshi, teey tyanche vadil david aanee kaka samuel yanni suru kelelya vyapar niyatkalikanmadhye visheshatva asalelya sossland prakashan companyt ruju jhaale. 1922 madhye sthapan jhalelya yaa companyne krishi andaj, annapadarthanche cull aanee jaagtik grahak bajarpethambabat batamya aanee mahitee chhapali. soslandne companychya kramvarit vaadh kelee aanee akheris companychya anek masikansathi tyanchi atishay prabhavshali pramukh, milling aanee baking batmyansah bahutek sampadakiy samagri tayar kelee. 1970 chya dashkaparyant, sossland heey ann bajar aanee jaagtik rajkaranavar aantarrashtriy staravar prasiddha pradhikaran hote. kansas shaharacha sahbhag. morton aanee estel sosland heey cances shahar samudayat atyant sahbhagi hote, jyat anek jyoo samuday sanghatana, tasech midwest research institute (aata emm. aar. aay. global), menora vaidyakeey kendra aanee visheshtah nelson-etkins museum auph aart yancha samavesh hota. 2009 saalee tyanchya sthanik american kalechya vaiyaktik sangrahane sangrahalayachya sthanik qalaa pradarshanacha paya rachala. sarvat prasiddha (aanee vadgrast), soslandne shuttlecoxchi nemanook kelee, jeey aatache pratishthit mothya aakarache badminton burdy aahet jeey nelson-etkinschya lonla shobhatat. jevha pratham anavaran jhaale, tevha kalakar clays oldenberg aanee kooje vanne brugen yanni tayar kelelya shilpanchi samikshakanni teeka kelee. eka sthanik vruttapatrachya sampadakane sangitale qee, burdy itake aakramakpane moorkh disat aahet qee tyanna fakt cances citienschya sups mhanoon khelalya khelalya konatyahi lekhat samavisht karave lagel."aaj, hii shilpe shaharachya drushya bhupradeshacha eka mahattvacha bhag aahet. tyachya samudayik pathimbyabaddal, soslandne sangitale, "aapan sarvajan aaplya sabhovatalachya jagache kahitari runee aahot asey vatave mhanoon mea motha jhalo."1954 madhye tyanni sossland foundationchi suruvat kelee aanee anek varshe tyache adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. tyanni anek sthanik sansthanchya mandalanvarhi kaam kele, jyat etch andd aar block, ink. saha cances shaharachi lakshaniy upasthiti asalelya sansthanchahi samavesh aahe., commers bankshares, ink., eae. aar. see. corporation, hallmark cards, ink., cances ciity sadarn industries, stillwell financial, ink., aanee trans world airlines. teey braun shhoo companyche sadasyahi hote., ink., ghatak tantradnyan mahamandal., twh services, ink., aanee continental grain qoo."tyanchya sevechya sanmanarth, soslandla asankhya puraskar aanee manyata midali. 1975 madhye tyanchi 'shree.' mhanoon nivad jhaali. grater cances ciity chamber auph commercedware 'cances ciity'. tyanna misauri-kansas shahar vidyapithakadun kulpati padakahi midale aanee 1987 madhye misauri squires akadamimadhye tyancha samavesh jhaala. 2002 madhye tyanna krishi kshetratil neta puraskar midala aanee 2006 madhye teey baking holl auph femchya pratham shreneet hote. brittenmadhye morton aanee estel sosland yanni anek varshe susaseksamadhye ghar rakhale aanee glandbournes vividh dharmaday sansthanna pathimba deela aanee british sangrahalayala sumare 200 kaame midvinyat madat kelee. aaplya mool samudayasathi soslandche ullekhaneey mahatva lakshat gheuun, eka netyane tippani kelee qee, "eka nagri nete mhanoon tyanni anek dashkant jeey sadhya kele aanee tyanni cances shaharachi patali kashee unchavali, tyamule aamhi namr aahot."

morton sosland morton sosland (mey 7,1925-april 25,2019) ek americi wyapari thie. jarista rasiyabata aeka yahudi aprawasiharuko naati sosland cansas saharka ek pramukh wyapari thie jasko april 2019 maa mrityu bhayo. 1925 maa janmeka unle 1947 maa sosland prakashan companyma kaam garna thale, dherai dashaksamma companyko prakashak rar sampadakko rupma sewa gare. dakshinapashchim hai schoolbata snatak, soslandle 1942 maa harward vishwavidyalayama prawesh gare. afno adhyayanko pahilo warsha pachhi, tathapi, unle americama bharna huna vidyalaya chhode.ess. sena. soslandle tesro vishwayuddhama baljako yuddhako samayama general pattenko adhinma sewa gare. uni sann 1946 maa harward vishwavidyalayama wyapar rar arthashastrama afno pathyakram pura garna farke. astell glatsanga vivaha garepachhi uni sann 1947 maa cansas saharma farkie. khadya udyog. soslandko anna rar khadya prakashan wyawasayama lamo currier thiyo. 22 warshako umerma, uni afna buba devid rar kaka samueldwara suru garieko wyapar patrikaharuma visheshagyata prapta company sosland prakashan companyma samel bhae. sann 1922 maa sthapana bhaeko companyle krishi purvanuman, khadya prawritti rar vishwawyapi upabhokta bajarbare samachar rar jankari chhapyo. sosland antatah companyko shreniko madhyambata badhdai gae rar dherai prabhawashali flagship, milling rar baking samacharharu sahit dherai company patrikaharuka lagi dherai sampadakiya samagri sirjana gare. sann 1970 ko dashaksamma, sosland khadya bazar rar vishwawyapi rajnitima antarrashtriya rupma parichit pradhikaran thiyo. cansas saharko sahabhagita. morton rar astell sosland cansas sahar samudayama dherai yahudi samudayik sangathanharu, sathai midwest research institute (ahile mri global), menora medical centre, rar vishesh gari, nelson-atkins museum aff artko samarthan sahit atyanta sanlagna thie. sann 2009 maa uniharuko native american artko wyaktigat sangrahako upaharle sangrahalayako native arts galleryko adharshila banayo. sabaibhanda prasidha (rar vivadaspad rupma), soslandle satalakaksharu niyukta garyo, ahile iconic akarko badminton bardiharu jasle nelson-etkinsko lanlai shobha dinchha. jab pahilo patak anawaran gariyo, kalakarharu clace oldenberg rar kuje bhyan brugendwara sirjana garieka murtiharu, alochakharudwara alochana garieko thiyo. ek sthaniya samacharpatraka sampadakle bhane, bardiharu "yati akramak murkha dekhinchhan kii tiniharulai kansas citienslai sapko rupma khelne kunai pani lekhma samawesh garnupardacha."az, yee murtikla saharko drishya paridrishyako ek mahatwapurna bhag how. afno samudayik samarthanko barema soslandle report gare, "mahm yo mahasus garna hurkien kii hammy sabaile hamro warparko sansarlai kehi rini chhaun."sann 1954 maa, unle dherai warshasamma yasako adhyakshako rupma sewa gardai sosland foundation suru gare. unle dherai sthaniya foundationharuko boardma pani sewa gare jasma "etch anned arr block, ink sahit cansas saharko paryapta upasthiti thiyo., wanijya banksers, ink., erc corporation, hallmark card, ink., cansas city saudarna industries, stillwell financial, ink., rar trans world airlinesharu. uni brauna jutta companyko boardka sadasya pani thie., Inc., ghatak prawidhi nigam., twa sarbhises, ink., rar mahadwipiya anna company."unko sewako manyatama, soslandle dherai puraskar rar manyata prapta gare. sann 1975 maa uni "shree" kaa rupma chunie. greater cansas city chember aff commercedwara cansas city ". unle misauri vishwavidyalaya-cansas saharbata chancelor padak pani prapta gare rar 1987 maa misauri squayarko ekedemyma prawesh gare. 2002 maa, unle krishi puraskarma neta prapta gare rar 2006 maa, uni baking hull aff femko pratham shrenima thie. belayatma morton rar astell soslandle dherai warshasamma susasexma ghar banae, rar glendebornsahit vibhinna paropkari sansthaharulai samarthan gare, rar britis sangrahalayalai lagbhag 200 wata kritiharu prapta garna pani maddat gare. afno griha samudayaka lagi soslandko ullekhaniya mahatwako barema ekjana netale tippani gare, "unle nagarik netako rupma dherai dashakharuma key hasil gare rar unle kasari cansas saharko star badhae bhanera hammy vinamra chhaun."

morton sosland morton sosland (meey 7,1925-april 25,2019) jane americae byabasajee thile. jarist rushiaaru asithiba ihudi prabaseenka naati sosland cansas saharar jane pramukh byabasajee thile, jieki 2019 eprilare mrutyubarana karithile. 1925 masihare janmita, shay 1947 masihare sosland prakashan companyre kaama kariba arambha karithile, ebong aneka dashandhi dhari companyra prakashaka ebong sampadaka bhabare karjya karithile. dakhina-paschima haiskularu snataka hoithiba sosland 1942 masihare harbard biswabidyalajare prabesha karithile. tankara pratham barshar adhyajana parey, shay jayu. aii. ray naama lekhaiba paain bidyalaja chadithile.ess. sena. sosland dwiteeja biswajuddhare bulz juddha samajare general patannka adheenare karjya karithile. 1946 masihare shay harbard biswabidyalajaku pherithile ebong byabasai ebong arthaneetire tankara pathyakrama samapta karithile. estell glatanku bibaha kariba parey shay shay cansas saharaku pherithile. khadya udyoga. shasya ebong khadya prakashan byabasajare sosalyandankara eka dirgha carrier thila . 22 barsha bajasare shay taanka pita devida ebong maamun samuelanka dwara arambha hoithiba banijya patrikare bisheshagya eka company, sosland prakashan companyre joga deithile. 1922 masihare pratisthita ehi company krushi purbanumana, khadya dhaara ebong biswa upabhokta bajaara bishajare khabara ebong suchana mudrita karithila. sosland company ranka madhyamare aagaku badhi sheshare companyra aneka patrika paain sampadakiah bishajabastu srusti karithile, jeunthire semanankara atyanta prabhabasali flagship, miling ebong beking nyuj antarbhukta . 1970 dashaka suddha, sosland khadya bajaara ebong biswa rajneeti upare eka antarjatija bhabare janashuna kartrupakhya thile . cansas saharar anshagrahana. morton ebong estel sosland cansas sahara sampradajare atyanta jadita thile, jeunthire aneka ihudi sampradai sangathana, tatha madhyapaschima gabeshana pratisthana (bartamana emm. aara. aai. global), menora medical centre ebong bisesh curry nelson-atkins museum off arter samarthan antarbhukta . 2009 masihare semananka byaktigata americae kalaara upahara sangrahalajara sthaniah kalaa gallery paain muladua srusti karithila. sabutharu prasidha (ebong bibadiah bhabare), soslander shatalakaksaku nijukta karajaithila, bartamana iconic budd akarara badminton burdy jaahaa nelson-atkinsra lanaku shobha deithae . jetebele pratham thara paain unmochan karajaithila, kalakara claze oldenberg ebong kujje bhaan brogenka dwara nirmita bhaskarjyagudika samalochakamananka dwara samalochita hoithila . jane sthaniah sambadapatra sampadaka kahichanti, bardimane ete aakramanatmaka murkha dekhajanti je semananku kebala cansas citianmananku saps bhabare khelajauthiba bishajare jekaunasi nibandhare antarbhukta karibaku padiba ."aaji, ehi bhaskarjyagudika saharar drushyamana drushyara eka gurutwapurna ansha . taanka sampradayara samarthan bishajare, sosland report karithile, "mun epari anubhaba kariba paain badhithili je aame samaste aama charipakhare thiba biswa paain kichhi runee."1954 masihare, shay aneka barsha dhari ehara adhyakhya bhabe karjya curry sosland foundation arambha karithile. shay aneka sthaniah foundationera boardre madhya karjya karithile, jeunthire echa anded aara block, incorporated sameth cansas saharar yathesta upasthiti madhya antarbhukta., commerce banksarsa, incorporated., ee. aarr. sii. corporation, hallmark card, ee. sii., cansas city saudarna industries, stillwel financial, ink., ebong trans warld airlines. shay braun jota companyra board sadasya madhya thile., ink., upadan prajukti nigama., twi sarbhises, ee. sii., ebong mahadeshiah shasya company."taanka sebara swekruti swaroopa, sosland aneka puraskara ebong swekruti paithile. 1975 masihare shay "mea. mea." bhabe manoneet hoithile. bruhattara cansas city chamber off commerce dwara cansas city ". shay misauri biswabidyalaja-cansas sahararu kulapati padaka madhya paithile ebong 1987 ray misauri squajarsa ekademire joga deithile. 2002 ray, shay krushi puraskarare leader paithile ebong 2006 ray, shay beking hull off famour pratham shreneere thile . britenare morton ebong estel sosland aneka barsha dhari susaseksare eka ghara bajaiah rakhithile, ebong glendborne sameth bibhinna databya sansthaku samarthan karithile, ebong british sangrahalajaku praiah 200 tii karjya hassel karibare madhya sahajya karithile. niz gharoi sampradai paain soslander gurutwa bishajare jane neta kahithile je, "jane nagarika neta bhabe shay aneka dashandhi madhyare jaahaa hassel karichanti ebong shay kipari cansas saharar staraku unnat karichanti, sethipain aame namra."

morton sosland morton sosland (7 maee, 1925-25 aprail, 2019) ikk amriki vapari see. zarist roos toon aae yahudi parvasiaan daa pota, sosland, ikk pramukh kansas shehar daa vapari see, jiss dee aprail 2019 witch maut hoow gaee see. 1925 witch paida hoye, usne 1947 witch sosland publishing company laee kamm karna shuru keeta, kaee dahakiaan takk company dey parkashak atey sampadak vajon seva nibhai. dakkhan-pachmi hyee school toon graduate, sosland neey 1942 witch harward university witch dakhla liaa. aapni padahi dey pahile saal toon baad, halanki, usne yuu. aiss. witch dakhal honn laee school chhadd ditta.aiss. fauj. sosland neey bullage dee ladai dauran general patton dey adheen w w aaee witch seva keeti. uh 1946 witch harward university witch carobar atey arth shastar witch aapna course poora curran laee waps aae. estel glat naal viaah curran toon baad, uh 1947 witch kansas shehar waps aaa giaa. bhojan udyog. sosland daa anaaj atey bhojan parkashan carobar witch ikk lamma carrier see. 22 saal dee umar witch, uh sosland publishing company witch shamal hoow giaa, joe kii aapne pitaa david atey chaacha semual duaara shuru keete gaye vaparak rasaliaan witch muharat rakkhan vaali ikk ferm see. 1922 witch sathapit company neey khetibadi bhavikhbani, bhojan dey rujhanan atey vishwaviaapi khaptkar bazaran baare khabran atey jankari chhapi. sosland neey company dey rainkan witch vaadha keeta atey aakharkar company dey kaee rasaliaan laee bahut saaree sampadaki samaggari banayi, jiss witch uhanan dey bahut prabhavshali pramukh, milling atey baking khabran shamal hunn. 1970 dey dahake takk, bhojan bazaran atey vishwaviaapi rajneeti utte sosland ikk antarashtari paddhar utte janhiaa jaanda adhikar see. kansas shehar dee shamuliat. morton atey estel sosland kansas shehar dey bhaichare witch bahut ziaada shamal sunn jinhan witch kaee yahudi community sangathanan dey naal-naal midwest risarch institute (hunn mri global), menorah medical center atey vishesh taur 'teey, nelson-atkins museum aaf aart daa samarthan shamal see. uhanan dey mool amriki qalaa dey nijji sangrah dey 2009 dey tohfe neey ajaib gharr dee mool qalaa gallery dee neenh rakkhi. sabh toon mashur (atey vivadpuran), sosland neey shtall cox noon commission keeta, joe hunn pratishathit vadde aakaar dey badminton birdies hunn joe nelson-atkins dey lyon dee sundarta noon darsaunde hunn. jadon pahili vaar pardafash keeta giaa, taan kalakaran clays oldenberg atey kooze vain brugan duaara banaiaan gaeeaan murtiaan noon aalochakan duaara alochna keeti gaee see. ikk sathanak akhbar dey sampadak neey kiha, "birdies inne hamlawar roop witch moorakh dikhai dinde hunn kii uhanan noon siraf kansas dey citianan noon seps vajon khedan baare kise vee lekh witch shamal keeta jaanha chahida haii."ajj, ih murtiaan shehar dey drishtikon daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa hunn. aapne samudaik samarthan baare, sosland neey dassiaa, "meraa paalan-poshan ih mahisus curran laee keeta giaa see kii aseen saare aapne aale duaale dee dunia dey kujh rinni haan."1954 witch, unhan neey kaee saalan takk iss dey pardhan vajon seva nibhaunde hoye sosland foundation dee shuruat keeti. unhan neey bahut saariaan sathanak sansthavan dey boardan witch vee kamm keeta jinhan witch aich aind aar block, ink samet kansas shehar dee kaafi maujudgi vee shamal haii., commerce bankshers, ink., ee. aar. see. corporation, halmark card, ink., kansas city dakkhni udyog, stillwell vitti, ink., atey trance world airlines. uh board aaf baraoon jutti company dey member vee sunn., ink., congredent technology carp., tue services, ink., atey mahandeepi anaaj company."uss dee seva dey sanman witch, sosland noon kaee puraskar atey maanta millie. sann 1975 witch uhanan noon "sriman" vajon chunhiaa giaa see. greater kansas city chamber aaf commerce duaara kansas city ". unhan noon misauri university-kansas city toon chancelor maddle vee miliaa atey 1987 witch misauri squires academy witch shamal keeta giaa. 2002 witch, unhan noon khetibadi puraskar witch leader prapat hoiaa atey 2006 witch, uh baking haal aaf fame dee pahili shreni witch sunn. yuu. keey. witch morton atey estel sosland neey kaee saalan takk susex witch ikk gharr banayi rakkhiaa, atey glandborne samet vibhinn charity daa samarthan keeta, atey british ajaib gharr noon lagbhag 200 kamm prapat curran witch vee sahaita keeti. aapne gharelu bhaichare laee sosland dee mahatta baare ikk neta neey tippni keeti kii, "ikk nagrik neta dey roop witch aapne kaee dahakiaan witch unhan neey joe kujh haasal keeta atey unhan neey kiss tarahan kansas shehar dey paddhar noon uccha keeta, aseen uss toon nimmer haan."

morton soslyaand morton soslyaand (7 mey 1925-25 april 2019) ekaha amerikeeyah vyaapaari aasit. jaarist-rashyaa-deshaat pravaasam kurvataam yahudee-janaanaam pautrah soslyaand ityeshah cansas-nagarasya pramukhah vyaapaari aasit yah 2019 april-maase mrutah. 1925 tame varshe janma praapnot, saha 1947 tame varshe soslyaand-prakaashan-samsthaayaam karyam aarabdhavaan, anekaani dashakaani yaavat kampenee-ityasya prakaashakaroopen sampaadakaroopen cha karyam krutavaan. nairutya-ucchavidyaalayasya snaatakah, soslyaand 1942 tame varshe haarvard-vishvavidyaalaye pravishtah. prathamavarshasya adhyayananantaram, saha vidyaalayam tyajya yu. e. madhye namankanam krutavaan.ess. senaa. soslyaand ityayam dwiteeya-vishva-yuddhakaale balj-yuddhakaale samanya-pyaatan ityasya adheenam sevat. 1946 tame varshe saha haarvard-vishvavidyaalayam pratyagatavan, vaanijya-arthashaastr-wishayayoh paatyakramam samaapayitum. estel glatt ityetam parineetvaa saha 1947 tame varshe cansas-nagaram prati pratyagatavan. khaadya-udyogah. dhanyasya, khaadya-prakashanasya cha vyavasaayasya krute soslyaand ityasya dirghakalam yaavat vruttijeevanam aasit. 22 varshe saha swapitraa david tathaa maama saamuyel ityanena aarabhy vyaapaar-niyatakalikasu visheshadnyataa praaptam soslyaand-prakaashan-samsthaayaam sammilitah. 1922 tame varshe sthaapitam kampanee, krushi-poorvaanumaanasy, khaadya-pravruttiyah, vaishvika-upabhoktru-vipanyaah cha vishaye vaartaah soochanaah cha mudritam. soslyaand-varyaha kampenee-shrenyaam vardhate sma, antatah kampanee-patrikanam krute bahu sampaadakeey-vishayavastuh nirmitavaan, teshu teshaam prabhaawashaalih pramukhah, milling, becking-vaartaah cha antarbhavanti sma. 1970 tamam dashakam yaavat soslyaand-nagaram khaadyavipanyavishaye, vaishvikaraajaneeteh cha vishaye antarashtriya-khyata praadhikaranam aasit. cansas-nagarasya sahabhaagitvam. morton tathaa estel soslyaand ityeshaa cansas-nagar-samudaye atyantam samlagnaah aasan, yeshu anekeshu yahoodee-samudaay-sanghatanana, api cha midwest-research-institute (adhunaa emm. aar. aii. global), menora-chikitsaa-kendrasya, visheshatah nelson-etkins-kalaa-sangrahaalayasy cha samarthanam aasit. 2009 tame varshe teshaam vyaktigata-deshiyar-american-kalayaha sangrahasya upahaaren sangrahaalayasy deshiyaratna-pradarshanee-sthalasy adharaha nirmitah. sarvaadhikam prasidham (vivaadaaspadam cha), soslyaand-deshena shuttle-cox ityetaani niyuktaani, adhunaa pratishtitaani bruhadaakaaraani badminton-burdy-kreedaani ye nelson-etkins-ityasya laan-madhye shobhante. yadaa prathamavaaram anaavaranam abhavat, clays oldenberg tathaa koosje vaan brugan ityetabhyam shilpaihi nirmitaani shilpaani vimarshakaih ninditaah abhavan. ekaha sthaniya-samacharapatra-sampaadakah avadat yat birdies iti "ete aakramakaah moorkhah drushyante ye taan kevalam cansas-citian-kreedakaah saps-rupena kreeditaah iti kasyaapi lekhasya antargatam karaneeyam."adya, etaani shilpaani nagarasya drushyadrushyasya mahattvapoornam bhaagam santi. tasya samudayikasamarthanasya vishaye soslyaand ityanena soochitam, "aham etasmaat anubhooyate yat vayam sarve asmakam paritah vishvasya krute kimapi runee iti bhaavayitum paalitah."1954 tame varshe saha soslyaand-pratishtaanasya adhyakshatvena bahubhyah varshaani yaavat karyam krutavaan. saha anekeshaam sthaniya-samsthanam board-madhye api karyam krutavaan, yeshu "ech. end. aar. blaak, ink. ityanena saha cansas-nagarasya mahattvapoorna-upasthitihi aasit.vaanijya-byaankshers, ink., iaarsi nigamah, halmark-cards, ink.cansas-nagarasya dakshina-udyogeshu, stillwell-fanancial, ink., tathaa cha transworld-world-vimaanayaanaani. saha braun shoo ko-samsthaayaah board-sadasyah api aasit., ink., ghatak-praudyogikee-nigamah., twoo services, ink., tathaa mahadvipiya-dhanya-ko."tasya sewaayaah manyatam praaptum, soslyaand-varyaha anekaan puraskaran, manyatam cha praapnot. 1975 tame varshe saha "shree." iti namna chitah. cansas-nagaram "bruhattar-cansas-nagar-vaanijya-prakoshtena nirmitam. saha misauree-cansas-vishvavidyaalayaat kulaadhipati-padakam api praptavan, 1987 tame varshe misauree-squares-akadami-madhye api pravesham avaapnot. 2002 tame varshe saha krushi-kshetre agradutapuraskaram praapnot, 2006 tame varshe cha becking-haal-aaf-fame-madhye prathamashrenyam aasit. yoo. key.-deshe morton tathaa estel soslyaand ityeshaa anekavarshaani yaavat susex-nagare gruham nirvahanti sma, glandeborn-ityanena saha vividha-daanadharmebhyah cha samarthanam kurvanti sma, british-sangrahaalayasy praayah 200 krutayah praaptum api sahayyam kurvanti sma. swasamudaayasya krute soslyaand ityasya mahattvapoornam mahattvam vishaye ekaha netaa avadat yat, "nagarikanetruroopena saha aneka dashakeshu yat sadhitavan, tathaa cha saha katham cansas-nagarasya staram vardhayat iti cha vayam vinamitaah."

marton sosland marton sosland (mae 7,1925-aepral 25,2019) oru america thozhilathibar aavaar. jarrist rashyaavilirunthu kudiyaeriya yootharkalin paeranaana sosland, oru mukiya kansas nagara thozhilathibar aavaar, avar aepral 2019 ill iranthaar. 1925 ill pirantha avar, 1947 ill sosland veliyeettu niruvanaththil paniyaattrath thodangkinaar, niruvanaththin veliyeettaalaraagavum aasiriyaraagavum pala thasaapthankalaaka paniyaattrinaar. thenmaerku uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettra sosland 1942 aam aandil haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil nuzhainthaar. iruppinum, thanathu muthal aandu padippukkup piragu, avar americavil saera palliyai vittu veliyaerinaar.ess. raanuvam. sosland irandaam ulagap poaril podhu pattain keezh bulj poarin poathu paniyaattrinaar. 1946 aam aandil haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththirkuth thirumbi vanigam mattrum porulaathaaraththil thanathu padippai muditthaar. estell clattai manantha piragu, avar 1947 ill kansas nagaraththirku thirumbinaar. unavuth thozhil. sosland thaaniya mattrum unavu veliyeettu vanigaththil neenda kaala vaazhkkaiyai kondirundhaar. 22 vayathil, avar thanathu thanthai davit mattrum maama saamuvel aakiyoaraal thodangappatta varththaga idhazhgalil nibunaththuvam pettra niruvanamaana sosland veliyeettu niruvanaththil saernthaar. 1922 aam aandil niruvapatta inththa niruvanam, vivasaaya kanippugal, unavu poakkugal mattrum ulagalaaviya nugarvoar santhaigal pattriya seithigalaiyum thagavalgalaiyum achittathu. sosland niruvana tharavarisaigalil uyarnthathu, iruthiyil pala niruvana idhazhgalukkaana thalaiyanga ulladakkaththai uruvaakkiyathu, avattril migavum selvaakkumikka muthanmai, araiththal mattrum backing seithigal adangkum. 1970 kazhil, unavu santhaigal mattrum ulagalaaviya arasiyalil sarvadesa alavil ariyapatta athikaaramaaga sosland irunththathu. kansas nagaraththin eedupaadu. morton mattrum estell sosland aagiyoar kansas nagara samoogaththil pala yootha samooga amaippugal, matthiya maerku aaraaichi niruvanam (ippoathu emm. aarr. aii clobal), menora maruththuva maiyam mattrum kurippaaga nelson-adkins kalai arungaatchiyagam aagiyavattrin aatharavu udpada migavum eedupattirunththanar. 2009 aam aandu avarkalin sontha america kalai sekarippin parisu arungaatchiyagaththin sontha kalaikkoodaththirkaana adiththalatthai uruvaakkiyathu. migavum pirabalamaanathu (mattrum sarchaikkuriya vagaiyil), soslandin shattilkaakkugal niyamikappattana, ippoathu nelson-adkinsin pulveliyai kavarnthizhukkum chinnamaana periya paedmintan paravaikal. muthanmuthalil veliyidappattapoathu, kalaignargalaana classes ooltenberg mattrum koosje vaan broogan aakiyoaraal uruvaakkappatta sirpangal vimarsagargalaal vimarsikkappattana. oru ulloor seithiththaal aasiriyar koorugaiyil, paravaikal "migavum thaakkuthal muttaalthanamaagath therigindrana, avai kansas citians saappugalaaga vilaiyaadappaduvathaip pattriya endhavoru katturaiyilum saerkkappada vaendum."intru, inththa sirpangal nagarin kaatchi nilapparappin oru mukiya paguthiyaagum. avarathu samooga aatharavaip pattri, sosland koorinaar, "naam anaivarum nammaich suttriyulla ulagirku aethaavathu kadanpattiruppoam endru unarnthu naan valarkkappattaen."1954 aam aandil, avar sosland arakkattalaiyaith thodangkinaar, adhan thalaivaraaga pala aandugal paniyaattrinaar. ech & aarr pilaak, ink udpada kanisamaana kansas nagara iruppaik konda pala ulloor arakkattalaikalin kuzhukkalilum avar paniyaattrinaar., commers banshers, ink., arc corporation, hallmark kaardugal, ink., kansas chitty savuth industries, stillwell binancial, ink., mattrum trans world airlines. avar pravun shuu niruvanaththin kuzhuvil uruppinaraagavum irunthaar., ink., moolapporul thozhilnutpak kazhagam., doubleu services, ink., mattrum kanda thaaniya niruvanam."avarathu sevaiyai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil, sosland aeraalamaana viruthugalaiyum angkeekaaraththaiyum pettraar. 1975 aam aandil, avar "thiru. kansas chitty "crater kansas chitty samber off commers. avar mizori palkalaikkazhagaththilirunthu sancelor pathakkaththaiyum pettraar-kansas nagaram mattrum 1987 ill mizori sathurangalin akaadamiyil serkkappattaar. 2002 ill, avar vivasaayaththil thalaivaraana viruthaip pettraar, 2006 ill, avar backing haal off famil muthal vaguppil irunthaar. englaanththil morton mattrum estell sosland pala aandugalaaka sussexil oru veettaip paraamariththanar, maelum clienteborne ullitta palvaeru thondu niruvanangalukku aatharavaliththanar, maelum british arungaatchiyagaththirku kittatthatta 200 padaippugalaip pera udhavinar. thanathu sontha samoogaththirku soslandin kurippidatthakka mukkiyatthuvaththaip pattri oru thalaivar kuripittaar, "oru kudimaith thalaivaraaga avar pala thasaapthankalil saathiththavattraiyum, kansas nagaram enna enbathai avar evvaaru uyarthinaar enbathaiyum naangkal thaazhmaiyudan paarkiroam."

morton sosland morton sosland (mae 7,1925-april 25,2019) oka american vyaapaaravaetta. jarrist russia nundi yoodula valasadaarula manavadu sosland, consas nagaramloni pramukha vyaapaaravaetta, athanu 2019 eprillo maraninchaadu. maraninchaadu janminchina athanu athanu sosland publishing companylo panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu, company prachuranakartagaa mariyu sampaadakudigaa aneka dasabdaluga panicheesaadu. nairuti unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudaina sosland sosland haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamlo pravesinchaadu. ayithe, thana modati samvatsaram adhyayanam tarvaata, athanu U. S. loe namodu chesukovadaniki paatasaalanu vidichipettadu.ess. sainyam. sosland rendava prapancha yuddhamlo balj yuddhamlo general patton aadhvaryamlo panicheesaaru. panicheesaaru haarvard vishwavidhyaalayaaniki tirigi vacchi vyaparam mariyu aardhika saastramlo thana korsunu puurti chesaaru. estel glatnu vivaham chesukunna taruvaata, athanu athanu consas nagaraniki tirigi vacchaadu. aahara parisrama. dhanyam mariyu aahara prachurana vyaparamlo sosland sudeergha vruttini kaligi unnaaru. 22 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu thana tandri david mariyu maama shamyul praarambhinchina vaanijya patrikalalo pratyekata kaligina samstha ayina sosland publishing companylo cheraadu. cheraadu sthaapinchabadina eee samstha vyavasaya anchanaalu, aahara pokadalu mariyu prapancha viniyogadaarula marketla gurinchi vaartalu mariyu samacharanni mudrinchindi. company ryaankula dwara sosland edigi, chivariki aneka company myaagajainlaku vaari atyanta prabhaavavantamaina flagship, milling mariyu baking vaartalatoe sahaa chaalaa varaku sampadakiya vishayalanu srushtinchindi. 1970la natiki, aahara marketlu mariyu prapancha rajakeeyaalapai sosland antarjaateeyamgaa prasiddhi chendina adhikara samsthagaa undedi. consas nagara prameyam. morton mariyu estel sosland consas nagara samaajamlo chaalaa mandhi paalgonevaaru, indulo aneka yoodu samaja samsthalu, alaage midwest research institute (ippudu mri global), menora vaidya kendram mariyu mukhyamgaa nelson-atkins museum off art maddatu kooda unnaayi. unnaayi vaari vyaktigata sthaanika american kalala sekarana bahumati museum yokka sthaanika kalala gallerieki punaadi vesindi. atyanta prasiddhamainadi (mariyu vivadaspadamga), sosland yokka shuttle cox, ippudu nelson-atkins pacchika bayallanu aakarshinche iconic pedda parimaanamlo unna badminton burdylu. modata aavishkarinchinappudu, kalaakaarulu clays oldenberg mariyu koosje vaan bruggen roopondinchina silpaalu vimarsakulache vimarsinchabaddaayi. oka sthaanika vaartaapatrika sampadakudu matladutu, burdylu "chaalaa pramaadakaramaina verriga kanipistaayi, consas citianlanu sapsga adatam gurinchi yea vyaasamlo ayina vaatini chaerchaali."nedu, eee silpaalu nagaram yokka drushya prakruti drushyamlo mukhyamaina bhaagam. thana samaja maddatu gurinchi, sosland nivedistuu, "manamandaram mana chuttoo unna prapanchaaniki edho runapadi unnamani bhaavistuu neenu neenu ayana sosland foundationnu praarambhinchi, chaalaa samvatsaraalu daani adhyakshudiga panicheesaaru. hetch & aarr block, ink thoo sahaa consas nagara unikini kaligi unna vaatitho sahaa aneka sthaanika foundationla bordulalo kooda ayana panicheesaaru., commers bankshers, ink., arc corporation, hallmark kaardulu, ink.consas city sadaran industries, stillwell financial, ink., mariyu trans varald airlines. athanu braun shoe koo boardu sabhyudiga kooda unnadu., ink., padaarthaala saanketika samstha., twoo services, ink., mariyu continental grain koo."ayana sevalaku gurtimpugaa, sosland aneka avaardulu mariyu gurtimpunu andukunnaru. andukunnaru ayana "mister mister" gaa empikayyaaru. grater consas city chhambar off commers dwara consas city. athanu misauri vishwavidyaalayam-consas nagaram nundi chhaansalar patakaanni kooda andukunnadu mariyu mariyu misauri squairs academylo cheraadu. cheraadu, athanu vyavasaayamlo leader avaardunu andukunnadu mariyu mariyu, athanu baking haall off famelo modati taragatilo unnadu. unnadu morton mariyu estel sosland chaalaa samvatsaraalu sussexlo oka intini nirvahinchaaru, mariyu glendeborntho sahaa vibhina swachchanda samsthalaku maddatu icchaaru, mariyu british museum daadaapu 200 rachanalanu pondadaaniki kooda sahayapaddaru. thana sonta samaajaaniki sosland yokka mukhyamaina praamukhyata gurinchi oka nayakudu ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "poura nayakudiga aneka dasaabdaalalo ayana saadhinchina vijayalu mariyu consas nagaram yokka sthaayini ayana elaa pencharo memu vinayamgaa unnaamu."

mortan sociland mortan sociland (7 mayee 1925-25 apreel 2019) eek americi taajir thaa. zarst roos say yahudi tarkeen watan kay potay sociland kensas shehar kay eek mamtaz taajir thay jinn kaa apreel 2019 mein inteqal hawaa. 1925 mein paida huay inhon nay 1947 mein sociland publishing company kay liye kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa kayee dahayiyon takk company kay publisher aur editor kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. saoth vest hayee school say graduate sociland nay 1942 mein harward university mein daakhlah liyaa. apnee taleem kay pehley saal kay baad tahim inhon nay yuu aiss mein daakhlah leenay kay liye school chhod diyaa.aiss. foj. sociland nay bilj kii jung kay doraan general peetan kay maatehat dosri jung azeem mein khidmaat anjaam dain. wah 1946 mein harward university mein karobar aur muashiyat mein apnaa kors wark makmal karnay kay liye waps aayey. esteel glate say shaadi karnay kay baad wah 1947 mein kensas shehar waps aayey. khuraak kii sanaat. sociland kaa anaaj aur khuraak kii ashaat kay karobar mein eek taweel carrier thaa. 22 saal kii amar mein inhon nay sociland publishing company mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii juu kahh inn kay waalid dude aur ankal samoel kay zariye sharoo kiye gayey tajarti jarayed mein maharat rakhnay waali eek farm hay. 1922 mein qayem honay waali company nay zarayi paish goyiyon khuraak kay rujhanat aur aalimi saarfin kii mandiyon kay baaray mein khabrein aur malumat chhaapein. sociland balaakhir company kay kayee rasalon kay liye idaarti mawaad kaa ziyadah tarr hasah takhliq kartay hoay company kii safon mein aagay badhaa jiss mein inn kaa behat baasir fleeg ship milang aur backing newz shaamil haine. 1970 kii dahayi takk sociland khaaney kii mandiyon aur aalimi seyasat parr beenn alaqwami satah parr maruf atharti thee. kansaas shehar kii shamoliyat. mortan aur esteel sociland kansaas shehar kii community mein intehayi malus thay jinn mein kayee yahudi community tanzimon kay saath saath mudwest recerch insity teut (abb ayem aar aayee globel)yee minora medical center aur khaas toor parr neelson atkanz museum aaf aart kii himayat shaamil thee. 2009 mein inn kay maqami americi aart kay zaati majmuay kay tahfay nay museum kii maqami arts gallery kii bunyaad rakhee. sabb say mashhur (aur mutnazah toor parr)yee sociland nay shuttle kaak kuu commission kiyaa juu abb mashhur baday size kay bedmenton burdy haine juu neelson atkanz kay laan kuu khush kartay haine. jabb pehli baar nqab kashayi kii gayee tuu funkaron klaaz olden burg aur kozje ween brogan kay banaye hoay majsamon kuu naqdin nay tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya. eek maqami akhbaar kay editor nay kahaa birdez "atnay jarhana andaaz mein ahmaqana nazar aatay haine kahh inhein sarf kensas kay setines kay baaray mein kasee bhee mazmun mein shaamil karnaa padta hay."aaj yaha mujasme shehar kay basri manzar naamay kaa eek aham hasah haine. apnee community sport kay baaray mein sociland nay atlaa dee "meeri prorish yaha mahsus karnay kay liye hoyee kahh humm sabb apnay ard gird kii duniya kay liye kachh naha kachh maqrooz haine."1954 mein inhon nay kayee saalon takk iss kay sadr kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deetay hoay sociland foundation kaa aaghaz kiyaa. inhon nay behat see maqami foundations kay bordon mein bhee khidmaat anjaam dain jinn mein "aich aind aar block incorporated sameet kansaas shehar kii kaafi maujudgi kay saath" shaamil haine.yee commers benak shires incorporated.yee ayee aar see corporation haal maark cards incorporated.yee kansaas stee saotharan industries steel weel financial incorporated.yee aur trans world aiyar lines. wah brown jotay company kay board kay rakan bhee thay.yee incorporated.ajzaa technology corporation.yee tuu sarosaz incorporated.yee aur continental grain company."inn kii khidmaat kay aiteraf mein sociland kuu mutadid ewards aur pehchaan milly. 1975 mein inhein "mister" kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. kansas stee "greater kansas stee chamber aaf commers kay zariah. inhon nay university aaf mesori-kansaas stee say chancelor kaa tamgha bhee haasil kiyaa aur 1987 mein academy aaf mesori squires mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. 2002 mein inhein leader inn agreculture aiward milaa aur 2006 mein wah backing haal aaf faim kii pehli klaas mein thay. bartaniah mein mortan aur esteel sociland nay kayee saalon takk susex mein eek gahar barqarar rakhaa aur glandburn sameet matnua khairati idaaron kii himayat kii aur bartanvi museum kuu taqriba 200 kaam haasil karnay mein bhee madad kii. apnee gharilo baradari kay liye sociland kii numayan ahmiyat kay baaray mein eek rehnuma nay tabsarah kiyaa kahh "humm iss baath say shayesta haine kahh inhon nay eek shehri rehnuma kay toor parr apnee kayee dahayiyon mein juu kachh haasil kiyaa aur kiss tarah inhon nay kansaas shehar kii satah kuu buland kiyaa."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31588241

Kongju National University

Kongju National University South Korea University </table> Kongju National University (KNU) is a university located in Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea with three campuses in Gongju, Cheonan and Yesan. Kongju National University is one of the leading national research universities of South Korea, especially in the field of education. Kongju National University is 2014 International Education Quality Assurance System (IEQAS) certified university. History. In 1948, Kongju College of Education was established to meet the needs of a growing nation, creating for itself a tradition and history. Kongju National University(KNU) began to develop the distinctive TRI-CAMPUS facilities in the Gongju, Yesan, and Cheonan areas, which include seven separate colleges for undergraduate and graduate students, and special graduate school opportunities. KNU is the only national university near the new public administration complex city, Sejong. Therefore, KNU has unlimited visions for growth as the core university of the new public administration city in the 21st century Korea. KNU has 22,000 students, which includes international students from 39 different countries. Campuses. 56 Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea 1223-254 Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-gun, Yesan-eup, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea Colleges and departments. College of Education. The College of Education has inherited 60 years long of tradition from the Kongju National Teachers College, established in 1948. From starting off with 3 departments (Korean Literature, Mathematics, and Housekeeping) and 136 students, Kongju National University College of Education now have 22 departments with 122 professors and about 3,000 students. It is the largest among all National Teachers Colleges in South Korea. Korean Education/ Sino-Korean Classics Education/ English Education/ Ethics Education/ Education/ Business Information Education/ Library and Information Science Education/ Special Education/ History Education/ Social Studies Education/ Geography Education/ Early Childhood Education/ Mathematics Education/ Physics Education/ Chemistry Education/ Biology Education/ Earth Science Education/ Environmental Education/ Computer Education/ Technology and Home Economics Education/ Physical Education/ Music Education/ Art Education College of Humanities & Social Sciences. The College of Humanities and Social Sciences was established in 1991, when Kongju National University was accredited as a comprehensive university from the Kongju National Teachers College. It offers its courses in two divisions (majors), and department divisions (departments) and has three departments. English Language and Literature/ Chinese Language and Literature/ French Language and Literature/ German Language and Literature/ History/ Geography/ Economics/ International Trade and Commerce/ Business Administration/ Tourism Administration/ Tourism English Interpretation/ Public Administration/ Law/ Social Welfare College of Natural Sciences. Physics/ Applied Mathematics/ Chemistry/ Life Sciences/ Geo-Environmental Sciences/ Geography/ Atmospheric Sciences/ Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences/ Fashion Design and Merchandising/ Life Sports Educators College of Engineering. The College of Engineering of Kongju National University aims to produce capable engineering experts who will lead the industrial society of the future and who are ready to respond to the info-tech driven world. The College of Engineering was integrated with Cheonan National Technical College in March 2005, and its campus was relocated to Cheonan, opening a new chapter in the history of the college. The college operates 10 departments, 26 majors and two courses. The number of students exceeds 5,000, including graduate students, and more than 180 faculty members are dedicated to education and research in this large-scale college. Electrical Engineering/ Control and Measurement Engineering/ Electronics Engineering-Nano and Information Engineering/ Radio Science Engineering/ Information and Communication Engineering/ Computer Engineering/ Multimedia Engineering/ Mechanical Engineering/ Mechanical Design Engineering/ Automotive Engineering/ Mechanical Engineering and System Design/ Civil and Environmental Engineering/ Urban and Transportation Engineering/ Architecture Design/ Architectural Engineering/ Chemical Engineering/ Industrial Chemistry/ Nano-Material Science and Engineering/ Polymer Science and Engineering/ Advanced Material Science and System Engineering/ Product Design/ Visual Information Design/ Environmental Engineering/ Industrial and Systems Engineering/ Optical Information Engineering/ Metallic Molding Design Engineering College of Industrial Sciences. The College of Industrial Sciences is located in Yesan, in the central part of western Chungnam Province. There are various departments with an emphasis on agriculture, life sciences, and industrial sciences. The college has mutual research exchange programs with 22 colleges in 8 different countries. Community Development/ Real Estate/ Industrial Channels Management/ Plant Resources/ Horticultural Science/ Animal Resources Science/ Rural Construction Engineering/ Bio-Industry Mechanical Engineering/ Forest Resources/ Landscape Architecture/ Food and Nutrition/ Food Service Management and Nutrition/ Food Science and Technology/ Companion and Laboratory Animal Science College of Nursing & Health. Nursing/ Health Administration/ Emergency Medical Service/ Medical Information College of Arts. Game Design/ Furniture Design/ Ceramic Design/ Jewelry Design/ Cartoon Comics/ Animation/ Dancing/ Media Image Art and Technology Division of International Studies. DIS, established in 2011, admitted its first cohort of students in 2012. The Division draws on the strengths of economics, business, mathematics, statistics, and English while also being firmly rooted in globalization of the scholarly academy. Division of Liberal Arts. Established in 2021 Campus life. Dormitory. The dormitories are in five buildings, and accommodate 4,365 students, including 2,773 students at Gongju Campus, 582 students at Yesan Campus and 234 students at Cheonan Campus. Foreign students are given priority for dormitory rooms upon acceptance. Gongju Campus Yesan Campus Cheonan Campus Campus clubs. Students join clubs to socialize and to meet other students who also enjoy the same hobbies. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloy kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloy (knu) hoise dokhyin kuriyar sungseunom-dodd 'too owosthito ekhon biswobidyaloy, zo' too gongju, seunan aaru iyesanot tinita kempax aase. kongoju rastriyo biswobidyaloy dokhyin kuriyar aagxarir rastriyo gowexona biswobidyaloyxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo, bixexkoi xikhyar khetrot. kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloy hoise 2014 sonor antohrastriyo xikhyar mandondo nischitokoron byowostha (aaiikis) promanito biswobidyaloy. itihax. 1948 sonot, ek bikaxxil rastror proyujoniyota puron koriboloi kongu kolej owo edukexon protistha koraa hoisil, jiye nijor baabe ek porompora aaru itihaxor sristi korisil. kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloye (key. eno. eu.) gongju, iyesan aaru seunan oncholot bixisto tri-xibiror xubidha bikoxito koriboloi aarombho korisil, zo 'too snatok aaru snatok saatro-satrir baabe xatkhon prithok mohabidyaloy aaru bixex snatok bidyaloyor xujug ontorbhukto aase. sejong sohoror notun rajohuwa proxaxon complexor usoror ekmatro rastriyo biswobidyaloy hoise nu. xeyehe, ekbingxo xotikar kuriyar notun rajohuwa proxaxon sohoror mool biswobidyaloy hisape bikaxor baabe kenur ximahin dristibhongi aase. knu-too 22,000 goraki xikhyarthi aase, jaar bhitorot 39khon bibhinno dexor antohrastriyo xikhyarthi aase. kempas. 56 gongjudahehak-ru, gongju-chi, sungseunam-du, kuria gonorajyo 1223-254 seunan-deru, seubuk-gu, seunan-chi, sungseunom-du, kuria gonorajyo 54 dehak-ru, iyeson-gaan, iyeson-eupe, sungseunom-du, kuria gonorajyo mohabidyaloy aaru bibhagxomuh. xikhya mohabidyaloy. 1948 sonot protistha huwa kongoju rastriyo xikhyok mohabidyaloyor poraa xikhya mohabidyaloikhone 60 bosor dhori soli ohaa porompora uttoradhikari hisape laabh korise. 3taa bibhag (kurian xahityo, gonito, aaru grihokormo) aaru 136john saatro-satrir xoite aarombho korar poraa, kongoju rastriyo biswobidyaloy mohabidyaloy. xikhya bibhagor etiya 22taa bibhag aase zo 'too 122john odhyapok aaru pray 3,000 saatro-chatri aase. dokhyin kuriyar xokolu rastriyo xikhyok mohabidyaloyor bhitorot ee ataitkoi dangor. kurian xikhya/chinn "-kurian classic xikhya/ingraji xikhya/noitikota xikhya/xikhya/byowoxayik tothyo xikhya/puthibhoral aaru tothyo bigyan xikhya/bixex xikhya/itihax xikhya/xamajik odhyoyon xikhya/bhugul xikhya/prarombhik xoixowor xikhya/gonito xikhya/podartho bigyan xikhya/roxayon bigyan xikhya/jibobigyan xikhya/prithibi bigyan xikhya/poriwex xikhya/computer xikhya/ projukti aaru griho orthoniti xikhya/xaririk xikhya/xongit xikhya/kolaa xikhya manobbigyan aaru xamajik bigyan mohabidyaloy. 1991 sonot jetiya kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloyok kongju rastriyo xikhyok mohabidyaloyor poraa ek byapok biswobidyaloy hisape swikriti diya hoisil, tetiya manobbigyan aaru xamajik bigyan mohabidyaloy protistha koraa hoisil. ee iyar pathyokrom dutaa bibhag (mukhyo), aaru bibhag bibhag (bibhag) too aagborhai aaru iyat tinita bibhag aase. ingraji bhaxa aaru xahityo/china bhaxa aaru xahityo/forasi bhaxa aaru xahityo/german bhaxa aaru xahityo/itihax/bhugul/orthoniti/antohrastriyo banijyo aaru banijyo/byowoxayik proxaxon/porjoton proxaxon/porjoton ingraji byakhya/rajohuwa proxaxon/aain/xomaj kolyan prakritik bigyan mohabidyaloy. podartho bigyan/proyugik gonito/roxayon bigyan/jibo bigyan/bhu-poriwex bigyan/bhugul/bayumondoliyo bigyan/xangoskritik oitijyo xongrokhyon bigyan/feswan design aaru banijyo/jiwan krira xikhyok obhijantrik mohabidyaloy. kongju rastriyo biswobidyaloyor obhijantrik mohabidyaloyor lokhyo hoise bhobisyotor oudyugik xomajok netritwo diya aaru tothyo-projukti salit biswor proti xohari jonaboloi xaju hoh "bob poraa obhijantrik bixexogyo prostut koraa. 2005 sonor march maahot obhijantrik mohabidyaloikhonok seunan rastriyo karikori mohabidyaloyor xoite ekotrito koraa hoisil, aaru iyar pranggonok seunanoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, jaar folot mohabidyaloykhonor itihaxot ek notun odhyayor xusona hoisil. mohabidyaloikhone 10taa bibhag, 26taa mukhyo aaru dutaa pathyokrom porisalona kore. snatok saatro-satrixoho saatro-satrir xongkhya 5,000 otikrom korise aaru 180 jonoru odhik onuxod xodosyo ei brihot porixoror collegeot xikhya aaru gowexonar baabe utxorgikrito. boidyutik obhijantrik/niyontron aaru porimap obhijantrik/electronics obhijantrik/nenu aaru tothyo obhijantrik/readyo 'bigyan obhijantrik/tothyo aaru jugajug obhijantrik/computer obhijantrik/multimedia obhijantrik/jantrik obhijantrik/jantrik design obhijantrik/automotive obhijantrik/jantrik obhijantrik aaru pronali obhijantrik/oxamorik aaru poriwex obhijantrik/nogoriyo aaru poribohon obhijantrik/sthapotyo design/sthapotyo obhijantrik/raxayonik obhijantrik/oudyugik roxayon/nyan'-xamogrik bigyan aaru obhijantrik/polimar bigyan aaru obhijantrik/unnot xamogrik bigyan aaru pronali obhijantrik/xamogrik obhijantrik/xamogrik design/drishyo tothyo design/poriwex obhijantrik/oudyugik aaru pronali obhijantro oudyugik bigyan mohabidyaloy. oudyugik bigyan mohabidyaloytu poschim sungnam prodexor kendriyo ongxor iyesanot owosthito. krixi, jiwan bigyan aaru oudyugik bigyanor uporot gurutwo diya bibhinno bibhag aase. mohabidyaloykhonot 8khon bhinno dexor 22khon mohabidyaloyor xoite parosporik gowexona binimoy karzoxusi aase. xamuhik unnoyon/real istet/oudyugik senel byowosthapona/udbhid xompod/udyan bigyan/poxu xompod bigyan/gramyo nirman obhijantrik/joibo-udyug jantrik obhijantrik/bonn xompod/bhu-drishyo sthapotyo/khadyo aaru pusti/khadyo xewa byowosthapona aaru pusti/khadyo bigyan aaru projukti/xohojugi aaru porikhyagar poxu bigyan nursing aaru swasthyo mohabidyaloy. nursing/swasthyo proxaxon/jorurikalin sikitsa xewa/sikitsa tothyo kolaa mohabidyaloy. khelor design/aasbabor design/cheramik design/gohonar design/cartoon commics/animation/nrityo/miriya image art aaru projukti antohrastriyo odhyoyonor bibhajon. 2011 sonot protistha huwa di. ess.-e 2012 sonot iyar prothom gutor saatro-satrik naambhorti korisil. ei bibhage orthoniti, byoboxai, gonito, porixongkhya aaru ingrajir xoktir uporot gurutwo aarup korar logote pandityopurno academyr gulokikoronot drirhobhabe xikoni aase. udaar kolar bibhajon. 2021 sonot sthapito kempas jiwan. xoyonkhyo. ei satrabaxxomuh pasta ottalikat aase aaru 4,365 john saatro-satrik sthan diya hoise, jaar bhitorot aase gongju campsot 2,773 john saatro-chatri, iyeson campsot 582 john saatro-chatri aaru seunan campsot 234 john saatro-chatri. bidexi xikhyarthixokolok grohon korar pisot xoyonkhyor kuthalir baabe ogradhikar diya hoy. gongju kempas iyeson kempas seunan kempas kempas klabxomuh. xikhyarthixokole xamajikota gorhi tuliboloi aaru eke dhoronor xokho upobhug koraa onyanyo xikhyarthixokolok log paboloi klabot jugdan kore.

kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya (knu) dakkhin corrier chungcheonam-dote abosthito ekti vishwavidyalaya, jaar gangju, cheonan ebong iyesane tinti campus royeche. kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya dakkhin corrier onnotomo shirshosthaniyo jatiya gobeshona vishwavidyalaya, bishesh korey shikkhar khettre. kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya holl 2014 saaler antorjatik shikkhar gunoman nischitkaran byabostha (iekas) pratyayita vishwavidyalaya. itihas. 1948 saale, kromobordhoman jaatir chahida metate kongju college off edukeshana protisthito hoy, jaa nijer jonno ekti oitijhyo ebong itihas toiri korey. kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya (knu) gangju, iessan ebong cheonan anchale swatantra tri-campus subidha bikash korte shuru korey, jaar modhye snatok ebong snatok shikkharthider jonno satti prithak college ebong bishesh snatok bidyalayer sujog royeche. sejong-err notun jonoproshashon complexes shohorer kachhe ekmatro jatiya vishwavidyalaya holl knu. ataeb, ekbingsho shatabdir corrier notun jonoproshashon shohorer mool vishwavidyalaya hisabe bikasher jonno knu-err seemahin drishtibhongi royeche. ayee. enn. eu-teey 22,000 john shikkharthi royeche, jaar modhye 39tii bivinno desher antorjatik shikkharthi royeche. campus. 56 gangjudayhak-roow, gangju-shee, chungcheongnam-doow, koria projatontro 1223-254 cheonan-dero, seobook-goo, cheonan-shee, chungcheonam-doow, koria projatontro 54 dayak-roow, iessan-gaan, iessan-eupe, chungcheonam-doow, koria projatontro college oo bibhag. shikkha college. 1948 saale protisthito kongju jatiya shikkhok college theke shikkha college 60 bochorer oitijhyo uttoradhikar sutre peyeche. 3tii bibhag (corian sahitya, gonito ebong housekeeping) ebong 136 john shikkharthi, kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya college diye shuru koraa hoyeche. bortomane shikkha bibhage 122 john adhyapak ebong pray 3,000 shikkharthi soho 22tii bibhag royeche. etty dakkhin corrier samasta jatiya shikkhok colleger modhye brihottomo. corian shikkha/sino-corian classic shikkha/ingrezi shikkha/naitikata shikkha/shikkha/byabasayik tothyo shikkha/gronthagar oo tothyo bigyan shikkha/bishesh shikkha/itihas shikkha/samajik adhyayan shikkha/bhugol shikkha/prathomik shaishab shikkha/gonito shikkha/podarthobiggan shikkha/rasayan shikkha/jibbigyan shikkha/bhubigyan shikkha/poribesh shikkha/computer shikkha/ prajukti oo griho arthaniti shikkha/sharirik shikkha/sangeet shikkha/shilp shikkha college off humanities anned soshyala sciences. 1991 saale jokhon kongju jatiya vishwavidyalaya kongju jatiya shikkhok college theke ekti bistrito vishwavidyalaya hisabe swikrito hoy, tokhon manobik oo samajik bigyan college protisthito hoy. etty duti bibhage (mejor) ebong bibhag bibhage (bibhag) course pradan korey ebong err tinti bibhag royeche. ingrezi bhasha oo sahitya/cheena bhasha oo sahitya/farasi bhasha oo sahitya/german bhasha oo sahitya/itihas/bhugol/arthaniti/antorjatik banijya oo banijya/byabosa proshashon/porjoton proshashon/porjoton ingrezi byakhya/jonoproshashon/aain/samajkalyan prakritik bigyan college. podarthobiggan/folito gonito/rasayan/jeebon bigyan/bhu-poribesh bigyan/bhugol/bayumandaliya bigyan/sangoskritik oitijhyo sanrakkhan bigyan/fashion design ebong ponnodrobbo/jeebon krida shikkhabid engineering college. kongju jatiya bishwobidyaloyer college off engineering-err lakkhya holl emon dokkho prakaushal biseshoggo toiri koraa jaaraa bhabishyater shilp samajer netritto debe ebong jaaraa tothyo-prajukti chaalito bishwer proti saadaa ditey prostuto. 2005 saaler march maase engineering collegeti cheonan jatiya projuktigoto colleger saathe ekibhuto koraa hoy ebong err campusty cheonane sthanantorito hoy, jaa colleger itihase ekti notun adhyayer suchona korey. collegeti 10tii bibhag, 26tii mejor ebong duti course porichalona korey. snatok shikkharthi soho shikkharthider sankhya 5,000 chhadiye geche ebong 180 tiro beshi anushad sadasya eyi borh akarer college shikkha oo gobeshonar jonno nibedito. boidyutik prakaushal/niyantran oo porimap prakaushal/electronics prakaushal-nano ebong tothyo prakaushal/betar bigyan prakaushal/tothyo oo jogajog prakaushal/computer prakaushal/multimedia prakaushal/jantrik prakaushal/jantrik naksha prakaushal/swayangchalita prakaushal/jantrik prakaushal oo system naksha/civille oo poribesh prakaushal/nogor oo poribohon prakaushal/sthapotto naksha/sthapotto prakaushal/rasayanik prakaushal/shilp rasayan/nano-podartho bigyan oo prakaushal/polymer bigyan oo prakaushal/unnoto upadan bigyan oo system prakaushal/ponno naksha/visual inapharameshana design/poribesh prakaushal/shilp oo system prakaushal/optical inapharameshana prakaushal/dhatob chhanchonirman naksha prakaushal shilp bigyan college. college off industrial sciences poschim chungnam prodesher kendriya ongshe iyesane abosthito. krishi, jeebon bigyan ebong shilp bigyaner upor jore deoa bivinno bibhag royeche. eyi colleger 8tii vinno desher 22tii colleger sange parosporik gobeshona binimoy karmasuchi royeche. community development/real esteta/industrial channel management/udbhid sompod/uddan bigyan/prani sompod bigyan/gramin nirman prakaushal/joibo-shilp jantrik prakaushal/bonn sompod/prakritik drishya sthapotto/khaddo oo pushti/khaddo porisheba byabosthapona ebong pushti/khaddo bigyan oo prajukti/sahojogi ebong porikkhagar prani bigyan college off nursing anned health. nursing/swastho proshashon/joruri chikitsa porisheba/chikitsa sangkranta tothyo college off artasa. gema design/asbabpatra design/syramic design/gohona design/cartoon comics/animation/nutch/midia image art ebong prajukti antorjatik adhyayaner bibhag. 2011 saale protisthito dees, 2012 saale taar prothom chhatrodolke bhorti korey. bibhagti arthaniti, byabosa, gonito, porisongkhyan ebong ingrezir shaktir upor vitti korey ebong pandityapurna academyr vishwayane dridhobhabe shikadyukta. udar shilper bibhajan. 2021 saale protisthito campus jeebon. shayankaksa. dormitoriguli panchti bhobone royeche ebong 4,365 john shikkharthi royeche, jaar modhye gangju campuse 2,773 john shikkharthi, iessan campuse 582 john shikkharthi ebong cheonan campuse 234 john shikkharthi royeche. grohonjoggo howar porr bideshi shikkharthider chhatrabas kokkher jonno agradhikar deoa hoy. gangju campus iessan campus cheonan campus campus club. shikkharthira samajik howar jonno ebong anyanno chhatroder saathe dekha korar jonno klabgulite jog deyo jaaraa ekoi shokho upobhog korey.

kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalay kongju national university (keey. aena. yuu.) aee dakshin koreeyana chungcheongnam-domaa stheet aek university chhe, jemaa gongju, cheonan aneey yasaanmaa trana campus chhe. kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalay dakshin koreeyani agranee raashtriy sanshodhan universityomaanee aek chhe, khaas kareene shikshana kshetramaa. kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalay 2014 aantarrashtriy shikshan gunvattaa khaatari pranali (iekas) pramanit vishvavidhyalay chhe. itihas. 1948maan, kongju college off aejukeshannee sthaapnaa vikasshil raashtrani jaruriyaatone pahonchi vadvaa maate karvaamaa aavee hatee, jene potaana maate aek parampara aneey itihas banaavyo hato. kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalay (keey. aena. yuu.) aee gongju, yessan aneey cheonan vistaroma vishisht tree-parisar suveedhao vikasaavvaanu sharoo karyoo, jemaa snaatak aneey snaatak vidhyarthio maate saat alag-alag collego aneey vishesh snaatak shaalaani takono samaavesh thaay chhe. nyu aee navaa jaaher vahivati sankul shaher, sejong najikni ekmatra raashtriy university chhe. tethee, 21mee sadeena koreeyama navaa jaaher vaheevat shahernee mukhya university tareeke vikaas maate canue amaryadit drashtikon dharaave chhe. kenyumaa 22,000 vidhyarthio chhe, jemaa 39 judaa judaa deshona aantarrashtriy vidhyarthiono samaavesh thaay chhe. campus. 56 gongjudehak-roow, gongju-see, chungcheongnam-doow, koreeya prajasattak 1223-254 cheonan-dero, seobook-goo, cheonan-see, chungcheongnam-doow, ripablika off koreeya 54 dehak-roow, yassan-gunn, yassan-yoop, chungcheongnam-doow, ripablika off koreeya collego aneey vibhago. shikshan college. shikshan mahavidhyalayne 1948maan sthapaayeli kongju raashtriy shikshak mahavidhyalaymathi 60 varsh laambi parampara varsama malee chhe. 3 vibhago (corian saahitya, ganeet aneey housekeeping) aneey 136 vidhyarthio, kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalay mahavidhyalaythi sharuaat curry chhe. shikshan vibhagma havey 122 professoro aneey aashre 3,000 vidhyarthio saathe 22 vibhago chhe. teey dakshin koreeyani tamaam raashtriy shikshak kolejomaa sauthee motee chhe. corian shikshan/sinoo-corian classic shikshan/angreji shikshan/nitishastra shikshan/shikshan/vyavsaay maahitee shikshan/pustakaalay aneey maahitee vigyaan shikshan/vishesh shikshan/itihas shikshan/saamaajik abhyaas shikshan/bhugol shikshan/praarambhik baadpannun shikshan/ganeet shikshan/bhautikshastra shikshan/rasayanshastra shikshan/jivvigyan shikshan/pruthvi vigyaan shikshan/paryaavaraniy shikshan/computer shikshan/ technology aneey gruh arthshaastra shikshan/shaaririk shikshan/sangeet shikshan/qalaa shikshan college off humanities anned soshiyal sciences. jyaare kongu raashtriy vishvavidhyalayne kongu raashtriy shikshak mahavidhyalaymathi vyaapak vishvavidhyalay tareeke maanyata aapvama aavee tyaare manavshastra aneey saamaajik vignanni collegeni sthaapnaa 1991maan karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey beey vibhago (mukhya) aneey vibhag vibhago (vibhago) maan tenaa abhyaskramo pradaan karey chhe aneey temaa trana vibhago chhe. angreji bhaasha aneey saahitya/cheeni bhaasha aneey saahitya/french bhaasha aneey saahitya/german bhaasha aneey saahitya/itihas/bhugol/arthshaastra/aantarrashtriy vepaar aneey vanijya/vyavsaay vaheevat/pravaasan vaheevat/pravaasan angreji arthghatan/jaaher vaheevat/kaayado/saamaajik kalyan koodarti vigyaan college. bhautikshastra/laagu ganeet/rasayanshastra/jeevan vigyaan/bhoo-paryaavaraniy vigyaan/bhugol/vaataavaraniy vigyaan/saanskrutik vaarso sanraxan vigyaan/fashion design aneey vepaari/jeevan ramatgamatnaa shikshako engineering college. kongju raashtriy vishvavidhyalayni college off angineeringno udesh saksham ijneri nishnato taiyar karvaano chhe jeo bhavishyanaa audhyogik samajnu netrutva karashe aneey jeo maahitee-takneeki sanchaalit vishvane pratisaad aapvaa maate taiyar chhe. college off angineeringne march 2005maan cheonan national technical college saathe sankaleet karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tenaa parisarne cheonanma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jenaathi collegena itihaasmaa aek navo adhyay sharoo thayo hato. aaa college 10 vibhago, 26 mukhya aneey beey abhyaskramo chalaave chhe. snaatak vidhyarthio saheet vidhyarthioni sankhyaa 5,000thee vadhu chhe aneey 180thee vadhu faculty sabhyo aaa motaa paaye chaalati collegemaa shikshan aneey sanshodhan maate samarpeet chhe. electrical engineering/controll anned measurement engineering/electronics engineering-neno aneey information engineering/rediyo science engineering/information anned communication engineering/computer engineering/multimedia engineering/mechanical engineering/mechanical design engineering/automotive engineering/mechanical engineering aneey system design/sivil anned environmental engineering/shaheri aneey parivahan engineering/architecture design/architectural engineering/chemical engineering/audhyogik rasayanshastra/neno-material science aneey engineering/polymer science aneey engineering/adhyatan material science aneey system engineering/product design/visual infirmation design/environmental engineering/audhyogik aneey systems engineering/optical infirmation engineering/metallic moulding design engineering audhyogik vigyaan college. audhyogik vigyaan college pashchimi chungnam praantnaa madhya bhagma, yesaanmaa stheet chhe. krushee, jeevan vigyaan aneey audhyogik vigyaan parr bhaar mukataa viveedh vibhago chhe. aaa college 8 judaa judaa deshomaa 22 collego saathe paraspar sanshodhan vineemay kaarykramo dharaave chhe. saamudaayik vikaas/real estate/audhyogik chenalo vyavsthaapan/vanaspati sansadhno/bagayati vigyaan/pashu sansadhno vigyaan/graameen bandhkam ijneri/jaiv-udhyog yaantrik ijneri/vana sansadhno/landscape architecture/khaadhy aneey poshan/khaadhy sevaa vyavsthaapan aneey poshan/khaadhy vigyaan aneey technology/saathee aneey prayogshaalaa pashu vigyaan college off nursing anned health. nursing/aarogya vaheevat/katokatini tabibi sevaa/tabibi maahitee arts college. ramat design/furniture design/siramik design/jewellery design/cartoon comics/animation/nrutya/media image aart aneey technology aantarrashtriy abhyasnun vibhajan. 2011maan sthapaayeli aaa sansthaae 2012maan vidhyarthiona tenaa pratham samoohne pravesh aapyo hato. aaa vibhag arthshaastra, vyavsaay, ganeet, aankdashastra aneey angrejini shakteeo parr aadharit chhe, jyaare vidhvatapurn akaadaminaa vaishvikaranma pann majboot muleeya dharaave chhe. udaar kalaanu vibhajan. 2021maan sthaapnaa campus jeevan. shayangruh. shayangruh paanch imaaratomaa chhe, aneey temaa 4,365 vidhyarthio rahe chhe, jemaa gongju campusemaa 2,773 vidhyarthio, yessan campusemaa 582 vidhyarthio aneey cheonan campusemaa 234 vidhyarthio saamel chhe. videshi vidhyarthione sweekarya pachhi shayangruhnaa oradaaone prathmikta aapvama aave chhe. gongju campus yassan campus cheonan campus campus clubo. vidhyarthio samajikta laavvaa aneey anya vidhyarthione malvaa maate klabmaa jodaay chhe jeo samaan shokhno aanand maane chhe.

kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya (aine. yuu.) dakshin koria key chungcheongnam-doo mein sthit ack vishvavidyalaya haye, jisake teen parisar gongju, cheonan aur yassan mein hain. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya dakshin koria key pramukh rashtriya anusandhaan vishvavidyalayon mein seey ack haye, vishesh roop seey shiksha key kshetra mein. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya 2014 antarrashtriya shiksha gunavatta ashvasana pranali (aaee. ee. ee. see. aeye. aiss.) pramaanit vishvavidyalaya haye. itihas. 1948 mein, ack badhate hue rashtra kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye, apane liye ack parampara aur itihas banaane key liye, kangju college off ajucation kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya (key. aine. yuu.) ney gongju, yasson aur cheonan kshetron mein vishisht tri-parisar suvidhaon koo vikasit karna shuru kiya, jisamen snaatak aur snaatak chhatron key liye saat alag-alag college aur vishesh snaatak school key avsar shamil hain. key. aine. yuu. nae lock prashaasan parisar shahar, sejong key paas ekmatra rashtriya vishvavidyalaya haye. isaliye, 21veen sadee key koria mein nae lock prashaasan shahar key mukhya vishvavidyalaya key roop mein vikas key liye knu key aseemit drishtikon hain. key. aine. yuu. mein 22,000 chhaatr hain, jinamen 39 vibhinn deshon key antarrashtriya chhaatr shamil hain. parisar. 56 gongjudehak-row, gongju-see, chungcheongnam-doo, koria ganarajya 1223-254 chionan-dero, seobook-goo, chionan-see, chungcheongnam-doo, koria ganarajya 54 dehak-row, yassan-gunn, yassan-yoop, chungcheongnam-doo, koria ganarajya mahavidyalaya aur vibhaag. shiksha mahavidyalaya. shiksha mahavidyalaya koo 1948 mein sthaapit kangju rashtriya shikshak mahavidyalaya seey 60 saal lambi parampara viraasat mein millie haye. 3 vibhagon (koriyai saahitya, ganit aur housekeeping) aur 136 chhatron, kangju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya mahavidyalaya key saath shuruat karane seey. shiksha vibhaag mein abb 122 professors aur lagbhag 3,000 chhatron key saath 22 vibhaag hain. yeh dakshin koria key sabhi rashtriya shikshak mahavidyalayon mein sabse badaa haye. koriyai shiksha/cheeni-koriyai shaastriya shiksha/angreji shiksha/naitikta shiksha/shiksha/vyavasaay soochana shiksha/pustakalaya aur soochana vigyaan shiksha/vishesh shiksha/itihas shiksha/samajik adhyayan shiksha/bhugol shiksha/praarambhik bachpan kii shiksha/ganit shiksha/bhautiki shiksha/rasayan vigyaan shiksha/jeev vigyaan shiksha/prithvi vigyaan shiksha/paryaavaran shiksha/computer shiksha/ praudyogiki aur grih arthshastra shiksha/shaaririk shiksha/sangeet shiksha/kalaa shiksha manaviki aur samajik vigyaan mahavidyalaya. manaviki aur samajik vigyaan mahavidyalaya kii sthaapana 1991 mein kii gaee thee, jaba kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya koo kongju rashtriya shikshak mahavidyalaya seey ack vyaapak vishvavidyalaya key roop mein maanyata praapt thee. yeh dou prabhagon (pramukh) aur vibhaag prabhagon (vibhagon) mein apane pathyakram pradaan kartaa haye aur isake teen vibhaag hain. angreji bhasha aur saahitya/cheeni bhasha aur saahitya/francisi bhasha aur saahitya/german bhasha aur saahitya/itihas/bhugol/arthshastra/antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur vanijya/vyavasaay prashaasan/paryatan prashaasan/paryatan angreji vyakhya/lock prashaasan/kaanoon/samajik kalyan praakritik vigyaan mahavidyalaya. bhautik vigyaan/anuprayukt ganit/rasayan vigyaan/jeevan vigyaan/bhoo-paryaavaran vigyaan/bhugol/vayumandaliya vigyaan/saanskritik viraasat sanrakshan vigyaan/fashion design aur vyaapaar/jeevan khel shikshak engineering college. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyalaya key engineering mahavidyalaya kaa uddeshya saksham engineering visheshagyon kaa utpaadan karna haye joe bhavishya key audyogik samaaj kaa netritva karenge aur joe soochana praudyogiki sanchaalit duniya key prati pratikriya dene key liye taiyar hain. engineering college koo march 2005 mein cheonan rashtriya takniki college key saath ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake parisar koo cheonan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase college key itihas mein ack nayaa adhyaay shuru huaa. mahavidyalaya 10 vibhagon, 26 pramukh aur dou pathyakramon kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. snaatak chhatron sahit chhatron kii sankhya 5,000 seey adhik haye aur 180 seey adhik sankaay sadasya iss badey paimaane key college mein shiksha aur anusandhaan key liye samarpit hain. electrical engineering/niyantran aur maap engineering/electronics engineering-naino aur soochana engineering/radio vigyaan engineering/soochana aur sanchaar engineering/computer engineering/multimedia engineering/mechanical engineering/mechanical design engineering/automotive engineering/mechanical engineering aur system design/sivil aur paryaavaran engineering/shahari aur parivahan engineering/vastukala design/vastukala engineering/rasayanik engineering/audyogik rasayan vigyaan/naino-samagri vigyaan aur engineering/bahulak vigyaan aur engineering/unnat samagri vigyaan aur pranali engineering/utpaad design/drishya soochana design/paryaavaran engineering/audyogik aur pranali engineering/optical soochana engineering/dhaatu moulding design engineering audyogik vigyaan mahavidyalaya. audyogik vigyaan mahavidyalaya paschimi chungnam praant key madhya bhaag mein sthit haye. krishi, jeevan vigyaan aur audyogik vigyaan parr jore dene vaale vibhinn vibhaag hain. mahavidyalaya mein 8 alag-alag deshon key 22 mahavidyalayon key saath parasparik anusandhaan adaan-pradaan karyakram hain. samudayik vikas/achal sampatti/audyogik channel prabandhan/paadap sansaadhan/bagwani vigyaan/pashu sansaadhan vigyaan/graameen nirmaan engineering/jaiv-udyog yaantrik engineering/vann sansaadhan/paridrishya vastukala/khaadya aur poshan/khaadya seva prabandhan aur poshan/khaadya vigyaan aur praudyogiki/sahayogi aur prayogshala pashu vigyaan nursing aur swaasthya mahavidyalaya. nursing/swaasthya prashaasan/aapaatkaaleen chikitsa seva/chikitsa jaankaari kalaa mahavidyalaya. khel design/furniture design/syremic design/gahane design/cartoon comics/animation/nritya/media chhavi kalaa aur praudyogiki antarrashtriya adhyayan kaa vibhajan. 2011 mein sthaapit, dee. aiss. ney 2012 mein chhatron key apane pahale samooh koo pravesh diyaa. yeh prabhaag arthshastra, vyavasaay, ganit, saankhyiki aur angreji kii taakton parr aakarshit kartaa haye, jabaki vidvatapurna akadami key vaishvikaran mein bhee dridhata seey nihit haye. udaar kalaaon kaa vibhajan. 2021 mein sthaapit parisar jeevan. shayankaksh. chhatrawas paanch imaraton mein hain, aur 4,365 chhatron koo samaayojit karate hain, jinamen gongju parisar mein 2,773 chhaatr, yassan parisar mein 582 chhaatr aur cheonan parisar mein 234 chhaatr shamil hain. videshi chhatron koo sweekaar karane parr shayankaksh kakshon key liye prathamikta dee jaati haye. gongju parisar haan parisar cheonan parisar campus club. chhaatr samajik honey aur anya chhatron seey milane key liye clubon mein shamil hotey hain joe samaan shauk kaa anand lete hain.

kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalaya kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu (knu) daksina koriyaada chungchiong-dodalliruva ondu vishvavidyaanilayavaagiddu, gongju, cheonan mattu yesnalli mooru campasgalannu hondide. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu daksina koriyaada pramukha rashtriya samshodhanaa vishvavidyaalayagalalli ondaagide, visheshavaagi sikshana kshetradalli. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu 2014rahra antaaraashtriya sikshana gunamatta bharavase vyavasthe (ikaas) pramanikruta vishvavidyaalayavaagide. itihaasa. abhivruddhi honduttiruva raashtrada agatyagalannu puraisalu, tannade aada ondu sampradaaya mattu itihaasavannu srashtisalu, 1948ralli kongju sikshana kaalejannu sthaapisalaayitu. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu (knu) gongju, yesson mattu cheonan pradeshagalalli vishishtavaada tri-campus soulabhyagalannu abhivraddhipadisalu praarambhisitu, idaralli padavipurva mattu padavi vidyaarthigalige elu pratyeka kaalejugalu mattu vishesha padavi shaala avakaashagalu serive. sejangna hosa saarvajanika aadalita sankeernada baliyiruva ekaika rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu kannu. aaddarinda, 21neey shatamaanada koriyaada hosa saarvajanika aadalitada nagarada pramukha vishvavidyaalayavaagi belavanigege aparimita drashtikonagalannu knu hondide. illi 22,000 vidyaarthigalu iddaare, idaralli 39 vividha deshagala antaaraashtriya vidyaarthigalu seriddaare. campasgalu. 56 gongjudehak-roow, gongju-sii, chungchiangnam-doow, republic off koria 1223-254 chionan-dayro, seobook-gu, chionan-sii, chungchiangnam-doow, republic off koria 54 dayhock-roow, yesson-gunn, yesson-yup, chungchiangnam-doow, republic off koria kaalejugalu mattu ilaakhegalu. sikshana kaaleju. sikshana kaaleju 1948ralli sthaapaneyaada kongju rashtriya sikshakara kaalejininda 60 varshagala sudirgha sampradaayavannu aanuvamshikavaagi padedide. 3 vibhagagalu (corian sahitya, ganita mattu manekelasa) mattu 136 vidyaarthigalondige praarambhisi, kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalaya kaaleju. eega sikshana ilakheyu 122 pradhyapakaru mattu sumaru 3,000 vidyaarthigalondige 22 vibhagagalannu hondide. idu daksina koriyaada ellah rashtriya sikshakara kaalejugalalli atidoddadagide. corian sikshana/sino-corian shreshtha sikshana/inglish sikshana/naitika sikshana/sikshana/vevahaara mahiti sikshana/granthalaya mattu mahiti vignaana sikshana/vishesha sikshana/itihaasa sikshana/samajika adhyayana sikshana/bhougolika sikshana/baalyada sikshana/ganita sikshana/bhautashastra sikshana/rasaayanashaastra sikshana/jivashastra sikshana/bhoo vignaana sikshana/parisara sikshana/computer sikshana/ tantragyaana mattu gruha arthashaastra sikshana/daihika sikshana/sangeeta sikshana/kalaa sikshana manavika mattu samajika vignaanagala kaaleju. kongju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayavu kongju rashtriya sikshakara kaalejininda samagra vishvavidyaalayavaagi maanyate padedaga, manavika mattu samajika vignaanagala kaalejannu 1991ralli sthaapisalaayitu. idu eradu vibhagagalalli (mejargalu) mattu vibhaga vibhagagalalli (ilaakhegalu) tanna korsgalannu odagisuttade mattu mooru vibhagagalannu hondide. inglish bhashe mattu sahitya/cheenee bhashe mattu sahitya/french bhashe mattu sahitya/german bhashe mattu sahitya/itihaasa/bhougolikate/arthashaastra/antararashtriya vyapara mattu vanijya/vyapara aadalita/pravasodyama aadalita/pravasodyama inglish vyakhyana/saarvajanika aadalita/kaanoonu/samajika kalyana naisargika vignaanagala kaaleju. bhautashastra/anvayika ganita/rasaayanashaastra/jeeva vignaanagalu/bhoo-parisara vignaanagalu/bhougolika/vatavarana vignaanagalu/saamskrutika parampare samrakshana vignaanagalu/fashion vinyasa mattu vanijyikarana/jeeva creeda shikshanatagnaru engineering kaaleju. kangju rashtriya vishvavidyaalayada engineering kaaleju bhavishyada kaigarika samajavannu munnadesuva mattu mahiti tantragyaana chaalita jagattige pratikriyisalu siddhariruva samarth engineering tagnarannu utpaadisuva guriyannu hondide. engineering kaalejannu 2005rahra marchnalli cheonan rashtriya taantrika kaalejinondige samyojisalaayitu mattu adara campus annu cheonange sthalaantarisalaayitu, idu collegina itihaasadalli hosa adhyayavannu tereyitu. ee kaaleju 10 vibhagagalu, 26 mejargalu mattu eradu korsgalannu nirvahisuttade. padavi vidyaarthigalu seridante vidyarthigala sankhye 5,000 meeride mattu 180kkoo hecchu bodhakavargada sadasyaru ee dodda pramanada colleginalli sikshana mattu samshoodhanege samarpitaraagiddaare. electrical engineering/niyantrana mattu maapana engineering/electronics engineering-nyano mattu mahiti engineering/radeo vignaana engineering/mahiti mattu samvahana engineering/computer engineering/multimedia engineering/mechanical engineering/mechanical design engineering/automotive engineering/mechanical engineering mattu system design/sivil mattu environmental engineering/nagara mattu saarige engineering/vastushilpa vinyasa/vastushilpa engineering/rasayanika engineering/kaigarika rasaayanashaastra/nyano-material sains mattu engineering/polymer vignaana mattu engineering/sudhaarita vastu vignaana mattu system engineering/utpanna vinyasa/drashya mahiti vinyasa/parisara engineering/kaigarika mattu vyavasthegala engineering/optical mahiti engineering/lohada moulding vinyasa engineering kaigarika vignaanagala kaaleju. kaigarika vignaanagala kaaleju paschima chungnam praantyada madhya bhagadalliruva yesaannallide. krishi, jeeva vignaana mattu kaigarika vignaanagalige ottu needuva vividha ilakhegalive. ee kaaleju 8 vividha deshagala 22 kaalejugalondige paraspara samshodhanaa vinimaya kaaryakramagalannu hondide. samudaaya abhivruddhi/real estate/kaigarika maargagala nirvahane/sasya sampanmoolagalu/totagaarike vignaana/prani sampanmoola vignaana/grameena nirmaana engineering/jaivika udyama yaantrika engineering/aranya sampanmoolagalu/bhoodrushya vastushilpa/aahara mattu poshane/aahara sewa nirvahane mattu poshane/aahara vignaana mattu tantragyaana/sahavarti mattu prayogaalaya prani vignaana nursing mattu aarogya kaaleju. shushrusha/aarogya aadalita/turtu vaidyakeeya seve/vaidyakeeya mahiti college off arts. aatada vinyasa/pithopakaranagala vinyasa/ceramic vinyasa/aabharanagala vinyasa/cartoon comics/animation/nrutya/madhyama chitra kale mattu tantragyaana antaaraashtriya adhyayanagala vibhaga. 2011ralli sthaapaneyaada ds, 2012ralli tanna modala vidyarthigala gumpannu serisikonditu. ee vibhagavu arthashaastra, vevahaara, ganita, ankiamsha mattu inglishna samarthyagalannu seleyuttade mattu vidwat academy jagatikaranadalli drudhavaagi berooride. udaara kalegala vibhaga. 2021ralli sthaapane campus jeevana. vasatigruha. vasati nilayagalu aidu kattadagalalive mattu 4,365 vidyaarthigalige sthalavakasha kalpisive, idaralli gongju campassionalli 2,773 vidyaarthigalu, yesn campassionalli 582 vidyaarthigalu mattu cheonan campassionalli 234 vidyaarthigalu seriddaare. videshi vidyaarthigalige sweekaarada nantara vasati kotadigalige aadyate nidalaaguttade. gongju campus yesn campus cheonan campus campus klabgalu. vidyaarthigalu samajikavagi bereyalu mattu adhe havyaasagalannu anandisuva itara vidyarthigalannu bhetiyagalu klabgalige seruttaare.

kongju rashtriy vidyapith kongju rashtriy vidyapith (aine. yuu.) heey dakshin koriyachya chungcheongnam-doow yethe sthit eka vidyapith aahe, jyache gongju, cheonan aanee yessan yethe teen parisar aahet. kongju rashtriy vidyapith heey dakshin koriyatil, visheshtah shikshan kshetrat, agraganya rashtriy sanshodhan vidyapithanpaiki eka aahe. kongju rashtriy vidyapith heey 2014 salche aantarrashtriy shikshan gunavatta aashvasan pranali (aay. eae. eae. see. aii. ess.) pramanit vidyapith aahe. itihas. 1948 madhye, vadhatya rashtrachya garja purn karnyasathi, swatahsathi eka parampara aanee itihas nirman karnyasathi, kongju shikshan mahavidhyalayachi sthapana karnyat aalee. kongju rashtriy vidyapithane (keey. aine. yuu.) gongju, yessan aanee cheonan bhagat vishisht tri-parisar suvidha vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat padvi aanee padvidhar vidyarthyansathi saat swatantra mahavidhyalaye aanee vishesh padvidhar shalechya sandhincha samavesh aahe. sejong yetheel naveen sarvajanik prashasana sankul shaharajavalache noo heey ekmev rashtriy vidyapith aahe. tyamule, tyamule shatkatil koriyachya naveen sarvajanik prashasana shaharache mukhya vidyapith mhanoon vikasasathi knukade amaryadit drushtikon aahet. aine. yuu. madhye 22,000 vidyarthi aahet, jyat 39 vegvegalya deshantil aantarrashtriy vidyarthyancha samavesh aahe. campus. 56 gongjudehak-roow, gongju-see, chungcheongnam-doow, koriyache prajasattak 1223-254 cheonan-dero, seobook-gu, cheonan-see, chungcheongnam-doow, koriyache prajasattak 54 dehak-roow, yessan-gunn, yessan-yoop, chungcheongnam-doow, koriyache prajasattak mahavidhyalaye aanee vibhag. shikshan mahavidhyalay. 1948 madhye sthapan jhalelya kongju rashtriy shikshak mahavidhyalayatun 60 varshe pradirgh parampara shikshan mahavidhyalayala varshane midali aahe. 3 vibhag (corian sahitya, ganeet aanee gruhnirman) aanee 136 vidyarthyansah suruvat jhalyapasun, kangju rashtriy vidyapith mahavidhyalay aata shikshan vibhagat 22 vibhag asoon tyat 122 pradhyapak aanee sumare 3,000 vidyarthi aahet. dakshin koriyatil serve rashtriy shikshak mahavidhyalayanmadhye hii sarvat mothee mahavidhyalaye aahet. corian shikshan/sino-corian abhijat shikshan/ingraji shikshan/nitishastra shikshan/shikshan/vyavasay mahitee shikshan/granthalay aanee mahitee vidnyan shikshan/vishesh shikshan/itihas shikshan/samajik abhyas shikshan/bhoogol shikshan/balpan shikshan/ganeet shikshan/bhautikshastra shikshan/rasayanshastra shikshan/jivashastra shikshan/pruthvi vidnyan shikshan/paryavaran shikshan/sanganak shikshan/ tantradnyan aanee gruh arthshastra shikshan/sharirik shikshan/sangeet shikshan/qalaa shikshan manaviki aanee samajik vidnyan mahavidhyalay. 1991 madhye, jevha kongju rashtriy vidyapithala kongju rashtriy shikshak mahavidhyalayatun sarvasamaveshak vidyapith mhanoon manyata midali, tevha manaviki aanee samajik vidnyan mahavidhyalayachi sthapana karnyat aalee. heey done vibhaganmadhye (pramukh) aanee vibhag vibhaganmadhye (vibhag) aapale abhyaskram dete aanee tyat teen vibhag aahet. ingraji bhasha aanee sahitya/chiinii bhasha aanee sahitya/french bhasha aanee sahitya/german bhasha aanee sahitya/itihas/bhoogol/arthshastra/aantarrashtriy vyapar aanee vanijya/vyavasay prashasana/paryatan prashasana/paryatan ingraji arth lavane/sarvajanik prashasana/kayada/samajik kalyan naisargik vidnyan mahavidhyalay. bhautikshastra/upayojit ganeet/rasayanshastra/jeevan vidnyan/bhoo-paryavaran vidnyan/bhoogol/vatavaraniy vidnyan/sanskrutik varsa sanwardhan vidnyan/fashion rachana aanee vyaparikaran/jeevan creeda shikshak abhiyantriki mahavidhyalay. kangju rashtriy vidyapithachya abhiyantriki mahavidhyalayache uddisht saksham abhiyantriki tadnya tayar karane aahe jeey bhavishyatil audhyogik samajache netrutva kartil aanee jeey mahitee-tantradnyan chalit jagala pratisad denyas tayar asateel. abhiyantriki mahavidhyalay march 2005 madhye cheonan rashtriy tantrik mahavidhyalayat samakalit karnyat aale aanee tyache parisar cheonan yethe sthalantarit karnyat aale, jyamule mahavidhyalayachya itihasatil eka naveen adhyay suru jhaala. mahavidhyalayat 10 vibhag, 26 pramukh aanee done abhyaskram aahet. padvidhar vidyarthyansah vidyarthyanchi sankhya 5,000 peksha jaast aahe aanee 180 hoon adhik pradhyapak sadasya yaa mothya pramanatil mahavidhyalayat shikshan aanee sanshodhanasathi samarpit aahet. vidyut abhiyantriki/niyantran aanee mapan abhiyantriki/electronics abhiyantriki-nanoe aanee mahitee abhiyantriki/redio vidnyan abhiyantriki/mahitee aanee dalanvalan abhiyantriki/sanganak abhiyantriki/multimedia abhiyantriki/yantrik abhiyantriki/yantrik rachana abhiyantriki/vahan abhiyantriki/yantrik abhiyantriki aanee pranali rachana/nagri aanee paryavaran abhiyantriki/shahari aanee vahtook abhiyantriki/vastukala rachana/sthapatya abhiyantriki/rasayanik abhiyantriki/audhyogik rasayanshastra/nanoe-samagri vidnyan aanee abhiyantriki/polymer vidnyan aanee abhiyantriki/pragat bhautik vidnyan aanee pranali abhiyantriki/utpadan rachana/drushya mahitee rachana/paryavaran abhiyantriki/audhyogik aanee pranali abhiyantriki/optical mahitee abhiyantriki/dhatoo moulding rachana abhiyantriki audhyogik vidnyan mahavidhyalay. audhyogik vidnyan mahavidhyalay paschim chungnam prantachya madhya bhagat yessan yethe aahe. krishi, jeevan vidnyan aanee audhyogik vidnyan yavar bharr denare vividh vibhag aahet. mahavidhyalayat 8 vegvegalya deshantil 22 mahavidhyalayansah paraspar sanshodhan aadanpradan karyakram aahet. samudayik vikas/sthavar malmatta/audhyogik marg vyavasthapan/vanaspati sansadhan/bagayati vidnyan/pashu sansadhan vidnyan/grameen bandhkam abhiyantriki/jaiv-udyog yantrik abhiyantriki/vann sansadhan/landscape architecture/ann aanee poshan/ann seva vyavasthapan aanee poshan/ann vidnyan aanee tantradnyan/sahyogi aanee prayogshala prani vidnyan nursing aanee aarogya mahavidhyalay. nursing/aarogya prashasana/aapatkalin vaidyakeey seva/vaidyakeey mahitee qalaa mahavidhyalay. khelachi rachana/furniturechi rachana/syremic rachana/daginyanchi rachana/vyangchitra comics/animation/nrutya/madhyam pratima qalaa aanee tantradnyan aantarrashtriy abhyas vibhagani. 2011 madhye sthapan jhalelya dii. ess. neey 2012 madhye vidyarthyanchya pahilya samoohala pravesh deela. haah vibhag arthshastra, vyavasay, ganeet, sankhyiki aanee ingrajichya samarthyavar aadharit aahe, tarr vidvattapoorn akadamichya jagatikikaranat dekhil thampane rujalela aahe. udarmatvadi kalanche vibhajan. 2021 madhye sthapan campus jeevan. shayangruh. vasatigruhe paach imaratinmadhye aahet aanee 4,365 vidyarthyanna samavoon ghetat, jyat gongju campusemadhil 2,773 vidyarthi, yessan campusemadhil 582 vidyarthi aanee cheonan campusemadhil 234 vidyarthi yancha samavesh aahe. swikarlyavar paradeshi vidyarthyanna vasatigruh kholyanna pradhanya dile jaate. gongju parisar yessan parisar cheonan parisar campus club. vidyarthi samajik honyasathi aanee samaan chhand asalelya itar vidyarthyanna bhetanyasathi klabmadhye sameel hotat.

kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja (knau) heuchhi dakhina koriara chungacheonganama-dore abasthita eka biswabidyalaja, jahara tinoti camps gongaju, cheonan ebong jesanare rahichhi. kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja dakhina koriara pramukh jatiah gabeshana biswabidyalaja madhyaru anyatama, bisesh curry sikhya khetrare. kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja heuchhi 2014 antarjatija sikhya gunabatta aaswasana byabastha (iecs) certified biswabidyalaja . itihas. 1948 masihare, eka bikashashila rastrara aabashyakataaku purana kariba paain kongaju college off edukesan pratistha karajaithila, jaahaa niz paain eka parampra ebong itihas srusti karithila. kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja (knau) gongaju, yessan ebong cheonan anchalare swatantra tri-camps subidha bikashita kariba arambha karithila, jeunthire snataka ebong snataka chhatranka paain satati pruthaka college ebong swatantra snataka bidyalaja sujoga antarbhukta . sejongra nutan lock prashasana complexes sahara nikatare knu heuchhi ekamatra jatiah biswabidyalaja. tenu, ekabingsha shatabdir koriara nutan lock prashasana saharar mukhya biswabidyalaja bhabare abhibruddhi paain knunkara aseemita darshan achhi . knjure 22,000 chhatra achanti, jeunthire 39 tii bhinna bhinna deshar antarjatija chhatra antarbhukta . camps. 56 gongajudahehak-roe, gongaju-sii, chungacheonganama-doo, korea ganarajya 1223-254 cheonan-dero, seobook-gu, cheonan-sii, chungacheongnam-doo, korea ganatantra 54 dehack-roe, yessan-gunn, yessan-jupa, chungacheonganama-doo, korea ganarajya college ebong bibhaga. sikhya mahabidyalaja. 1948 masihare sthapita kongaju jatiah sikhyaka mahabidyalajaru, sikhya mahabidyalaja 60 barshar dirgha parampra uttaradhikarare paichi, paichi bibhaga (korea sahitya, ganita ebong housekipinga) ebong 136 john chhatrachhatri, kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja mahabidyalajaru arambha curry. bartamana sikhya bibhagare deshar bibhaga rahichhi, jeunthire 122 john professor ebong pakhapakhi 3000 chhatrachhatri achanti. dakhina koriara samasta jatiah sikhyaka mahabidyalaja madhyare ehaa sarbabruhat. korea sikhya/sino-korea classic sikhya/ingraji sikhya/naitikata sikhya/sikhya/byabasai suchana sikhya/pathagara ebong suchana bigyana sikhya/swatantra sikhya/itihas sikhya/samajika adhyajana sikhya/bhugol sikhya/prarambhika balya sikhya/ganita sikhya/padartha bigyana sikhya/rasayan bigyana sikhya/zeeb bigyana sikhya/pruthibee bigyana sikhya/paribesha sikhya/computer sikhya/ prajukti bidya ebong gruha arthaneeti sikhya/sharirika sikhya/sangeeta sikhya/kalaa sikhya manabikata ebong samajika bigyana mahabidyalaja. manabikata ebong samajika bigyana mahabidyalaja 1991 masihare sthapita hoithila, jetebele kongaju jatiah biswabidyalaja kongaju jatiah sikhyaka mahabidyalajaru eka byapaka biswabidyalaja bhabe manyata paithila. ehaa duiti bibhaga (mejara), ebong bibhaga bibhaga (bibhaga) ray ehara pathyakrama pradan kare ebong ehara tinoti bibhaga achhi . ingraji bhasha ebong sahitya/cheena bhasha ebong sahitya/farasi bhasha ebong sahitya/german bhasha ebong sahitya/itihas/bhugol/arthaneeti/antarjatija banijya ebong banijya/byabasai prashasana/parjyatan prashasana/parjyatan ingraji byakhya/lock prashasana/ine/samajika kalyana prakrutika bigyana mahabidyalaja. padartha bigyana/prajoga ganita/rasayan bigyana/zeeban bigyana/bhu-paribesha bigyana/bhugol/bajumandalija bigyana/sanskrutika aitihya sanrakhyana bigyana/fashion design ebong banijyika/zeeban krida sikhyaka injinijaring college. kongaju jatiah biswabidyalajara injinijaring mahabidyalajara lakhya heuchhi dakhya injinijaring bisheshagya srusti kariba, jeunmane bhabisyatara shilpa samajara netrutwa nebe ebong jeunmane suchana-prajukti parichalita biswaku pratikrija debaku prastuta. 2005 masiha march maasare injinijaring kalejaku cheonan jatiah baishajika college sahita samanwita karajaithila ebong ehara campusku cheonanaku sthanantarita karajaithila, jaahaa colleger itihasare eka nutan adhyaja kholithila. ehi mahabidyalaja mahabidyalaja bibhaga, bibhaga mejara ebong duiti pathyakrama parichalana karithae. snataka chhatranka sameth chhatrachhatri sankhya 5,000 atikrama karichhi ebong ebong adhika adhyapaka sadasya ehi bruhata mahabidyalajare sikhya ebong gabeshana paain utsargeekruta. baidyutika injinijaring/nijantrana ebong mapa injinijaring/electronics injinijaring-nano ebong suchana injinijaring/redio bigyana injinijaring/suchana ebong jogajoga injinijaring/computer injinijaring/multimedia injinijaring/mechanical injinijaring/mechanical design injinijaring/automobile injinijaring/mechanical injinijaring ebong system design/sibhil ebong paribesha injinijaring/saharanchal ebong paribahana injinijaring/sthapatya design/sthapatya injinijaring/rasajanika injinijaring/shilpa rasayan/nano-padartha bigyana ebong injinijaring/polymer bigyana ebong injinijaring/unnat samagri bigyana ebong system injinijaring/utpada design/vijual suchana design/paribesha injinijaring/shilpa ebong system injinijaring/uptical suchana injinijaring/dhaatu chhancha design injinijaring shilpa bigyana mahabidyalaja. shilpa bigyana mahabidyalaja paschima chunganama pradeshar kendriah bhagare abasthita. krushi, zeeban bigyana ebong shilpa bigyana upare gurutwa deuthiba bibhinna bibhaga rahichhi. ehi mahabidyalajara mahabidyalajara bhinna bhinna deshar deshar mahabidyalaja sahita parasparika gabeshana binimai karjyakram rahichhi. gosthi bikash/real estate/shilpa channell parichalana/udbhida sambala/udyan bigyana/pashu sambala bigyana/grameena nirmana injinijaring/jaiba-shilpa jantrika injinijaring/jangala sambala/landscape sthapatya/khadya ebong poshana/khadya seba parichalana ebong poshana/khadya bigyana ebong prajuktibidya/sahajogee ebong parikhyagara pashu bigyana nursing ebong swasthya mahabidyalaja. nursing/swasthya prashasana/jarureekaleena chikitsa seba/chikitsa suchana kalaa mahabidyalaja. khela design/asababapatra design/syramic design/alankara design/cartoon commics/animation/nrutya/midia emage art ebong technology antarjatija adhyajana bibhaga. 2011 ray sthapita, 2012 ray ehara pratham chhatra gostheeku bhartti karithila. bibhaga arthaneeti, byabasai, ganita, parisankhyana ebong ingraji shakti upare akarshita kare ebong bidwana ekademira jagateekaranare drudha bhabare muladua pakaichi . udaara kalaara bibhajan. 2021 ray sthapita camps zeeban. shajanakhya. ehi chatrabasagudika panchti attalikare rahichhi ebong 4,365 john chhatrachhatrinku rakhiparibe, jeunthire gongaju campsray 2,773 john chhatrachhatri, yessan campsray 582 john chhatrachhatri ebong cheonan campsray 234 john chhatrachhatri samil achanti. grahan kariba parey bideshi chatramananku shajanakhya paain prathamikata diajae . gongaju camps yesson camps cheonan camps camps club. chhatramane samajika heba paain ebong anya chatramananku bhetiba paain klabare joga dianti jeunmane madhya samaana ruchi upavoga karanti .

kongju national university kongju national university (keey. ainn. yuu.) ikk university haii joe changcheongnam-doow, dakkhni koria witch sathit haii jiss dey tinn camps gongju, cheonan atey yasson witch hunn. kongju national university dakkhni koria deeaan pramukh rashtari khoj universityan vicchon ikk haii, khaas karke sikkhiaa dey khetar witch. kongju national university 2014 antarashtari sikkhiaa gunwatta bharosa pranali (aaee. ee. ee. keey. aii. aiss.) pramanit university haii. itihaas. sann 1948 witch, ikk vadh rahey rashter deeaan zaruratan noon poora curran laee, aapne laee ikk parampra atey itihaas banaun laee, kangju kaalaj aaf aijukeshan dee sathapana keeti gaee see. kongju national university (keey. ainn. yuu.) neey gongju, yasson atey cheonan khetran witch vilakkhan trie-camps sahulatan daa vikas karna shuru keeta, jiss witch undergraduate atey graduate vidiaarthiaan laee satt vakkhre kaalaj atey vishesh graduate school dey mauke shamal hunn. keey. ainn. yuu. navein jantak parshasana complexes shehar, sejong dey nede iklauti rashtari university haii. iss laee, 21veen sadee dey koria witch navein jantak parshasana shehar dee mukkh university dey roop witch vikas laee keey. ainn. yuu. dey beant drishtikon hunn. iss university witch 22,000 vidiaarthi hunn, jinhan witch 39 vakkh-vakkh deshan dey antarashtari vidiaarthi shamal hunn. camps. 56 gongjudehak-roow, gongju-see, chungcheongnam-doow, koria ganraj 1223-254 cheonan-dero, seobook-gu, cheonan-see, chungcheongnam-doow, koria ganraj 54 dehock-roow, yasson-banduk, yasson-yoop, chungcheongnam-doow, koria ganraj kaalaj atey vibhag. sikkhiaa kaalaj. sikkhiaa kaalaj noon 60 saal lambi parampra virasat witch millie haii, joe kii 1948 witch sathapit keete gaye kongju national teachers kaalaj toon millie haii, jiss dee shuruat 3 vibhagan (koriaai saahit, ganit atey housekeeping) atey 136 vidiaarthiaan, kongju national university kaalaj naal hoee see. sikkhiaa vibhag witch hunn 22 vibhag hunn jinhan witch 122 professor atey lagbhag 3,000 vidiaarthi hunn. ih dakkhni koria dey saare rashtari adhiaapak kaljan vicchon sabh toon vadda haii. koriaai sikkhiaa/sino-koriaai classic sikkhiaa/angrezi sikkhiaa/naitikta sikkhiaa/sikkhiaa/karobari jankari sikkhiaa/library atey soochna vigiaan sikkhiaa/vishesh sikkhiaa/itihaas sikkhiaa/smajik adhiaen sikkhiaa/bhugol sikkhiaa/shuruati bachpan dee sikkhiaa/ganit sikkhiaa/bhautik vigiaan sikkhiaa/rasayan vigiaan sikkhiaa/jeev vigiaan sikkhiaa/dharti vigiaan sikkhiaa/vatavaran sikkhiaa/computer sikkhiaa/ technology atey gharelu arth shastar sikkhiaa/sarirak sikkhiaa/sangeet sikkhiaa/qalaa sikkhiaa manukhta atey smajik vigiaan kaalaj manukhta atey smajik vigiaan kaalaj dee sathapana 1991 witch keeti gaee see, jadon kongju national university noon kongju national teachers kaalaj toon ikk viaapak university vajon maanta ditti gaee see. ih doou divisionan (mejar) atey vibhag divisionan (vibhag) witch aapne course pesh karda haii atey iss dey tinn vibhag hunn. angrezi bhasha atey saahit/cheeni bhasha atey saahit/franch bhasha atey saahit/german bhasha atey saahit/itihaas/bhugol/arth shastar/antarashtari vapaar atey vanaj/vaparak parshasana/sair-spata parshasana/sair-spata angrezi viaakhiaa/jantak parshasana/kanoon/smajik bhalai kudrati vigiaan kaalaj bhautik vigiaan/uplied ganit/rasayan vigiaan/jeevan vigiaan/bhuu-vatavaran vigiaan/bhugol/vayumandal vigiaan/sabheyacharak virasat sambhal vigiaan/fashion design atey vaparak/jeevan khed sikkhiak engineering kaalaj. kongju national university dey kaalaj aaf engineering daa udesh samrath engineering mahr paida karna haii joe bhavikh dey udyogik samaaj dee agvai karange atey joe soochna-technology sanchalit dunia noon jawab denh laee tiaar hunn. kaalaj aaf engineering noon march 2005 witch cheonan national technical kaalaj naal ekikrit keeta giaa see, atey iss dey camps noon cheonan witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see, jiss naal kaalaj dey itihaas witch ikk navaan adhiaai shuru hoiaa see. kaalaj 10 vibhag, 26 pramukh atey doou course chalaunda haii. graduate vidiaarthiaan samet vidiaarthiaan dee ginti 5,000 toon vaddh haii atey 180 toon vaddh faculty member iss vadde paddhar dey kaalaj witch sikkhiaa atey khoj laee samarpit hunn. electrical engineering/controll atey maap engineering/electronics engineering/naino atey soochna engineering/radio science engineering/soochna atey sanchar engineering/computer engineering/multimedia engineering/mechanical engineering/mechanical design engineering/automotive engineering/mechanical engineering atey system design/sival atey vatavaran engineering/shahiri atey aavajai engineering/architectural design/architectural engineering/rasayanak engineering/udyogik rasayan vigiaan/naino-material science atey engineering/polymer science atey engineering/unnat samaggari vigiaan atey system engineering/utpaad design/visual information design/vatavaran engineering/udyogik atey system engineerin udyogik vigiaan kaalaj. kaalaj aaf industrial sciences pachmi chungnam soobe dey kendri hisse witch sathit haii. khetibadi, jeevan vigiaan atey udyogik vigiaan utte zor denh vaale vakkh-vakkh vibhag hunn. kaalaj dey 8 vakkh-vakkh deshan dey 22 kaljan dey naal aapsi khoj adaan-pardan program hunn. community vikas/real astet/udyogik channel parbandhan/paude dey sarot/baghbani vigiaan/pashu sarot vigiaan/pendu nirman engineering/baio-industry mechanical engineering/janglat sarot/landscape architecture/bhojan atey poshan/bhojan seva parbandhan atey poshan/bhojan vigiaan atey technology/saathi atey prayogshala pashu vigiaan nursing atey sihat kaalaj nursing/sihat parshasana/emergency medical seva/medical jankari kaalaj aaf arts. game design/furniture design/vasravik design/gahiniaan daa design/cartoon comics/animation/dance/media chittar qalaa atey technology antarashtari adhiaen dee vandd. 2011 witch sathapit, diss neey 2012 witch vidiaarthiaan dey aapne pahile samooh noon dakhal keeta. ih division arth shastar, carobar, ganit, ankada atey angrezi deeaan shaktiaan noon darsaundi haii jadon kii vidvatapuran academy dey vishvikaran witch vee mazbooti naal jadahn paaiaan gaeeaan hunn. libral arts dee vandd. 2021 witch sathapit camps jeevan hostal. ih hostal panj imaratan witch hunn atey 4,365 vidiaarthiaan noon rakkhde hunn, jinhan witch gongju camps witch 2,773 vidiaarthi, yasson camps witch 582 vidiaarthi atey cheonan camps witch 234 vidiaarthi shamal hunn. videshi vidiaarthiaan noon savikar curran 'teey hostal dey kamriaan noon tarjih ditti jaandi haii. gongju camps yaen camps cheonan camps camps club. vidiaarthi smajik banaun atey horr vidiaarthiaan noon milann laee kalabban witch shamal hunde hunn joe vee uhee shauk rakkhde hunn.

kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha (key. enn. yoo.) dakshinakoriyadeshasy chungchiyongnam-doo-nagare sthitah vishvavidyaalayaha asti, yasya gongaju, cheonan, yesson ityeteshu trishu parisareshu asti. kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha dakshinakoriyadeshasy pramukheshu rashtriya-shodha-vishvavidyaalayeshu anyatamah asti, visheshatah shikshaavidheye. kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha 2014 tame varshe antarashtriya-shiksha-gunavattaa-aashvaasan-pranaali (iacas) ityanena pramaaneekrutah vishvavidyaalayaha asti. itihaasah. 1948 tame varshe, kongju-shiksha-mahaavidyaalayasya sthapana vardhamaan-rashtrasya aavashyakataam poorayitum abhavat, yena swasyaah krute parampara, itihaasah cha nirmitah. kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha (key. enn. yoo.) gongaju, yesson, chionan-kshetreshu vishishta-tri-parisar-suvidhaanaam vikaasam kartum aarabdhavaan, yasmin snaatak-snaatak-chhatranam krute sapta pruthak-mahaavidyaalayaah, vishesha-snaatak-vidyaalaya-avasarah cha antarbhavanti. sejong-nagarasya nutanasya saarwajanik-prashaasan-sankeernasy sameepe, knu-vishvavidyaalayaha ekamaatrah rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha asti. ataha, 21 shataabdyaam koriyaadeshasy nutanasya lock-prashaasan-nagarasya mukhyawishwawidyaalayaroopen vikaasasya krute kenyu-ityasya aparimita-darshanani santi. key. enn. yoo. madhye 22,000 chhaatraah santi, yeshu 39 bhinnadeshanam antaaraashtriyachaatraah santi. parisarah. 56 gongajudehak-row, gongaju-see, chungacheonganaam-doo, korea ganaraajyam 1223-254 chionan-dero, sebuk-gu, chionan-see, chungchiyongnam-doo, korea ganaraajyam 54 dehak-row, yesson-gun, yesson-yoop, chungchongnam-doo, korea ganaraajyam mahaavidyaalaye vibhaageshu cha. mahaavidyaalayaha shiksha-vibhaagah. 1948 tame varshe sthapitat kongaju-rashtriya-shikshak-mahaavidyaalayaat 60 varshaani yaavat parampara shiksha-mahaavidyaalaye uttaradhikararupena praaptam asti. 3 vibhaagaih (korean-sahityam, ganitam, gruha-rakshanm cha) 136 chhaatraah, kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalaya-mahaavidyaalayena cha aarabhyat. adhunaa vidyaavibhaageshu 22 vibhaagaah santi, yeshu 122 pradhyapakaha, praayah 3,000 chhaatraah cha santi. dakshinakoriyadeshasy sarveshu rashtriya-shikshak-mahaavidyaalayeshu eshah bruhattamah asti. corian-shiksha/sino-corian-classic-shiksha/aangl-shiksha/neetishaastr-shiksha/shiksha/vyavasaay-suchana-shiksha/pustakaalayam tathaa suchana-vijnaana-shiksha/vishesha-shiksha/itihasa-shiksha/samajika-adhyayan-shiksha/bhugol-shiksha/praarambhik-balyavastha-shiksha/ganita-shiksha/bhautikashaastra-shiksha/rasaayanashaastr-shiksha/jeevavijnaana-shiksha/bhoovijnaana-shiksha/paryaawaran-shiksha/ganakayantr-shiksha/ praudyogikee evam gruha-arthashaastr-shiksha/shaareerik shiksha/sangeet shiksha/kalaa shiksha maanavikaanaam tathaa saamaajikavigyaanaanaam mahaavidyaalayaha. 1991 tame varshe, yadaa kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayaha kongaju-rashtriya-shikshak-mahaavidyaalayaat vyaapak-vishvavidyaalayaroopena manyatapraptaha, tadaa manavika-samajika-vijnaana-mahaavidyaalayasya sthapana abhavat. idam vibhaagadvaye (pramukha-vibhaageshu), vibhaga-vibhagayoho (vibhaageshu) cha pathyakraman pradadaati, tatra trayah vibhaagaah santi. anglabhasha, sahityam, chinibhasha, sahityam, frenchbhaashaa, sahityam, jarmanbhasha, sahityam, itihaasah, bhoogolah, arthashastram, antaaraashtriyavyaapaar, vaanijyah, vyavasaay-prashasanam, paryatan-prashasanam, paryatanam, aangl-vyakhya, lock-prashasanam, vidhihi, samaaj-kalyaanam. praakrutikavidnyaanasya mahaavidyaalayaha. bhautikashaastram/upayojita-ganitam/rasayanashastram/jeevavidnyaanam/bhoo-paryaavaranavidnyaanam/bhoogolam/vaayumandaleeyavidnyaanam/saamskrutika-virasata-samrakshanavidnyaanam/fyaashan-vinyaasam tathaa vaanijyeekaranam/jeevan-creedaa-shikshakaah abhiyaantriki mahaavidyaalayaha. kongaju-rashtriya-vishvavidyaalayasya abhiyaantriki-mahaavidyaalayasya uddeshyam bhavishyasya audyogika-samajasya netrutvam kartum, tathaa cha suchana-praudyogikee-chaalit-jagatam prati pratikriyaa kartum sajjaan cha samartha-abhiyaantriki-visheshadnyaan nirmaatum asti. 2005 tame varshe maarch-maase cheonan-rashtriya-praawidhik-mahaavidyaalayena saha abhiyaantriki-mahaavidyaalayaha ekeekrutah, tasya parisarah cheonan-nagare sthanantaritaha, yena mahaavidyaalayasya itihaase nootanah adhyayah udghaatitah. mahaavidyaalayaha 10 vibhagan, 26 pramukhaan, paathyakramadwayam cha nirvahati. asya bruhad-mahaavidyaalaye snaatak-chhaatraih saha 5000 taha adhikaah chhaatraah santi, 180 taha adhikaah adhyaapak-sadasyaah cha shikshayaha, samshodhanaayaah cha krute samarpitaah santi. सन्ति। audyogikavidnyaanasya mahaavidyaalayaha. audyogikavidnyaana-mahaavidyaalayaha pashchim-chunganaam-prantasya madhyabhaage yesson-nagare sthitah asti. krushihi, jeevavidnyaanam, audyogikavidnyaanam cha adhomukheeyantah vividhaah vibhaagaah santi. asmin mahaavidyaalaye 8 bhinnadesheshu 22 mahaavidyaalayaih saha paraspar-anusandhaana-vinimaya-kaaryakramah santi. saamudaayikavikaasah/sthaawar-sampattih/audyogika-maarga-vyavasthaapanam/paadap-samsaadhanaani/udyaanavidnyaanam/pashu-samsaadhana-vidnyaanam/graameen-nirmaana-abhiyaantriki/jaiva-udyoga-yantrika-abhiyaantriki/vana-samsaadhanaani/praakrutika-vastukala/khaadya-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana-poshana - narsing-swaasthya-mahaavidyaalayaha. narsing/swaasthya-prashaasanam/aapatkaaleen-chikitsaa-sevaa/chikitsaa-soochanaah kalaa-mahaavidyaalayaha. khela-vinyaasah/peetopakarana-vinyaasah/syramic-vinyaasah/aabhooshan-vinyaasah/cartoon-kaamik/animation/nrutyam/media-chitra-kalaa tathaa praudyogikee antarashtriya-adhyayan-vibhaagah. 2011 tame varshe sthaapitam diss-vibhaagah 2012 tame varshe prathamavaaram chhatranam samooham abhyanayt. ayam vibhaagah arthashaastrasya, vyavasaayasya, ganitasya, saankhyikeeyasy, anglabhashayaha cha shakttim graheet, api cha vidvataapoorna-akadami-samsthaayaah vaishveekaranasya drudataayaam mulabhutaha cha aasit. udaar-kalanam vibhaajanam. 2021 tame varshe sthaapitam parisarajeevanam. shayanagruham. vasatigruhaani pancha bhavaneshu santi, tathaa cha 4,365 chhaatraah santi, yeshu gongju-parisarasya 2,773 chhaatraah, yesson-parisarasya 582 chhaatraah, chionan-parisarasya 234 chhaatraah cha santi. sweekarane videsheeyachhaatraanaam vasatigruhasya krute pradhanyam deeyate. gongaju parisarah yesson-parisarah chion-parisarah compus clubs. chhaatraah samajikam kartum, anyaan chhaatraan militum cha club-madhye sammilanti, ye api samaan-abhiruchim api manyante.

kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam (knu) enbathu thenn koreavin sungsiyongnam-dovil amainthulla oru palkalaikkazhagamaagum, idhu gongju, seonan mattrum yesson aagiya moontru valaakangkalaik kondullathu. kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam thenn koreavin munnani thaesiya aaraaichi palkalaikkazhagangkalil ontraakum, kurippaaga kalvit thuraiyil. kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam 2014 sarvadesa kalvi thara uththaravaatha amaippu (iekas) saantralikkappatta palkalaikkazhagam aagum. varalaaru. 1948 aam aandil, valarnthu varum dhesaththin thevaikalaip poorthi seivatharkaaga kongju kalvik kalluri niruvappattathu, idhu thanakkena oru bhaarambariyaththaiyum varalaattraiyum uruvaakkiyathu. kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam (knu) gongju, yesson mattrum seonan pakuthikalil thaniththuvamaana muttharappu valaaka vasathigalai uruvaakkath thodangiyathu, idhil ilangkalai mattrum pattathaari maanavargalukkaana aezhu thanithani kalloorigal mattrum sirappu pattathaari palli vaaippugal adangkum. puthiya podhu nirvaaga valaaka nagaramaana sejongirku arugilulla oray thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam knu aagum. enavae, 21 aam noottraandin koreavil puthiya podhu nirvaaga nagaraththin mukiya palkalaikkazhagamaaga valarcchikkaana varampattra paarvaikalai knu kondullathu. Knu ill 22,000 maanavargal ullanar, idhil 39 vevvaeru naadugalaich saerntha sarvadesa maanavargalum adangkuvar. valaakangkal. 56 gongjudehag-roow, gongju-chii, sungsiyongnam-doow, koria kudiyarasu 1223-254 seonan-darro, seobook-kuuu, seonan-chii, sungsiyongnam-doow, koria kudiyarasu 54 dayhack-roow, yesson-qann, yesson-yoop, sungsiyongnam-doow, koria kudiyarasu kalloorigal mattrum thuraikal. kalvik kalluri. 1948 aam aandil niruvapatta kongju thaesiya aasiriyar kallooriyilirunthu 60 aandukaala bhaarambariyaththai kalvik kalluri maraburimaiyaagap pettrullathu. 3 thuraikal (koriya ilakkiyam, kanitham mattrum veettu paramarippu) mattrum 136 maanavargaludan thodangi, kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhaga kalluri tharpoothu kalvit thuraiyil 22 thuraikal ullana, idhil 122 paeraasiriyarkal mattrum sumar 3,000 maanavargal ullanar. idhu thenn koreavil ulla anaitthu thaesiya aasiriyar kalloorigalilum migapperiyathu. koriyak kalvi/seena-koriya unnathak kalvi/aangkilak kalvi/nerimuraik kalvi/kalvi/vanigath thagaval kalvi/noolagam mattrum thagaval ariviyal kalvi/sirappuk kalvi/varalaattruk kalvi/samoogap padippu kalvi/puviyiyal kalvi/aarambak kuzhandhaip paruvak kalvi/kanithak kalvi/iyarpiyal kalvi/vaethiyiyal kalvi/uyiriyal kalvi/puvi ariviyal kalvi/suttruchchoozhal kalvi/kanini kalvi/ thozhilnutpam mattrum veettu porulaathaaram kalvi/udarkalvi/isaik kalvi/kalaik kalvi manithanaeyam mattrum samooga ariviyal kalluri. kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagam kongju thaesiya aasiriyar kallooriyilirunthu oru virivaana palkalaikkazhagamaaga angkeekaaram petrtrapoathu, 1991 aam aandil manithanaeyam mattrum samooga ariviyal kalluri niruvappattathu. idhu irandu pirivugal (pirathaanangkal) mattrum thurai pirivugal (thuraikal) aagiyavattril adhan padippugalai valangkukirathu mattrum moontru thuraikalaik kondullathu. aangkila mozhi mattrum ilakkiyam/seena mozhi mattrum ilakkiyam/pirenchu mozhi mattrum ilakkiyam/jerman mozhi mattrum ilakkiyam/varalaaru/puviyiyal/porulaathaaram/sarvadesa varththagam mattrum varththagam/vaniga nirvaagam/suttrulaa nirvaagam/suttrulaa aangkila vilakkam/podhu nirvaagam/sattam/samooga nalan iyarkai ariviyal kalluri. iyarpiyal/payanpaattu kanitham/vaethiyiyal/vaazhkkai ariviyal/puvi-suttruchchoozhal ariviyal/puviyiyal/valimandala ariviyal/kalaachaara paarambariya paathukaappu ariviyal/fasion vadivamaippu mattrum vanigam/vaazhkkai vilayaattu kalviyaalargal poriiyal kalluri. kongju thaesiya palkalaikkazhagaththin poriiyal kalluri, ethirkaala thozhilthurai samoogaththai vazhinadaththum mattrum thagaval tholilnutpaththaal iyakkappadum ulagirku pathilalikkath thayaaraaga irukkum tiramaiyaana poriiyal nipunarkalai uruvaakkuvathai nokkamaagak kondullathu. poriiyal kalluri maarch 2005 ill seonan thaesiya thozhilnutpak kallooriyudan orunginaikkappattu, adhan valaagam seonanuku maattrappattathu, idhu kallooriyin varalaattril oru puthiya aththiyaayatthaith thiranthathu. inthak kalluri 10 thuraikal, 26 pirathaanap padippugal mattrum irandu padippugalai nadaththukirathu. pattathaari maanavargal udpada maanavargalin ennikkai 5,000 aith thaandiyullathu, maelum 180 kkum maerpatta aasiriya uruppinarkal inththa periya alavilaana kallooriyil kalvi mattrum aaraaychchikku arppanikkappattullanar. minn poriiyal/kattuppaadu mattrum alaveettu poriiyal/minnanu poriiyal/nano mattrum thagaval poriiyal/vanoli ariviyal poriiyal/thagaval mattrum thagaval thodarbu poriiyal/kanini poriiyal/multimedia poriiyal/iyanththira poriiyal/iyanththira vadivamaippu poriiyal/vaagana poriiyal/iyanththira poriiyal mattrum amaippu vadivamaippu/sivil mattrum suttruchchoozhal poriiyal/nagarppura mattrum poakkuvaraththu poriiyal/kattidakkalai vadivamaippu/kattidakkalai poriiyal/irasaayana poriiyal/thozhilthurai vaethiyiyal/nano porul ariviyal mattrum poriiyal/polymer ariviyal mattrum poriiyal/maempatta porul ariviyal mattrum kanini poriiyal/thayaarippu vadivamaippu/kaatchi thagaval vadivamaippu/suttruchchoozhal poriiyal/thozhilthurai mattrum amaippugal poriiyal/oliyiyal thagaval poriiyal/uloaga moulting vadivamaippu poriiyal thozhilthurai ariviyal kalluri. thozhilthurai ariviyal kalluri maerku sungnam maagaanaththin matthiya paguthiyil ulla yesaanil amainthullathu. vivasaayam, vaazhkkai ariviyal mattrum thozhilthurai ariviyal aagiya thuraikalukku mukkiyathuvam alikkum palvaeru thuraikal ullana. inthak kalluri 8 vevvaeru naadugalil ulla 22 kalloorigaludan paraspara aaraaichi parimaatrath thittangalai kondullathu. samooga maempaadu/riyal estate/thozhilthurai vazhigal maelaanmai/thaavara valangkal/thottakkalai ariviyal/vilangku valangkal ariviyal/graamappura kattumaana poriiyal/uyiri thozhilthurai iyanththira poriiyal/vana valangkal/nilaparappu kattidakkalai/unavu mattrum uuttachchaththu/unavu saevai maelaanmai mattrum uuttachchaththu/unavu ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpam/thunai mattrum aaivaga vilangku ariviyal nursingh mattrum sugaathaara kalluri. nursingh/sugaathaara nirvaagam/avasara maruththuva saevai/marutthuvath thagaval kalaik kalluri. vilayaattu vadivamaippu/thalapaadangal vadivamaippu/beengaon vadivamaippu/nagaikal vadivamaippu/cartoon comics/animation/nadanam/uudaga padak kalai mattrum thozhilnutpam sarvadesa aaivugal pirivu. 2011 aam aandil niruvapatta inththa pirivu, 2012 aam aandil adhan muthal maanavar kuzhuvai anumathiththathu. inthap pirivu porulaathaaram, vanigam, kanitham, pulliyial mattrum aangkilam aagiyavattrin palaththai eerkkirathu, athae neraththil arinyar akaadamiyin ulakamayamaakkalil uruthiyaaka vaeroontriyullathu. thaaraalavaatha kalaikalin pirivu. 2021 ill niruvappattathu valaaka vaazhkkai. thangkumidam. thangkumidangal ainthu kattidangalil ullana, maelum 4,365 maanavargal thangkumidamaaga ullanar, idhil gongju valaagaththil 2,773 maanavargalum, yesson valaagaththil 582 maanavargalum, seonan valaagaththil 234 maanavargalum adangkuvar. velinaattu maanavargal aetrtrukkollappattavudan thangkumida araikalukku munnurimai alikkappadukirathu. gongju valaagam yaesan valaagam seonan valaagam valaaka kilappugal. maanavargal samookamayamaakkuvatharkum, athae pozhuthupoakkugalai anubavikkum mattra maanavargalaich santhippatharkum kilapkalil saerugiraargal.

kangju national university kangju national university (knu) anedi dakshina korealoni chungchiong-doow loe unna oka vishwavidyaalayam, idhi gongju, chionan mariyu yess laloe moodu praamganaalanu kaligi undhi. dakshina korealoni pramukha jaateeya parisoedhanaa vishwavidyaalayaalalo, mukhyamgaa vidya rangamlo kangju jaateeya vishwavidyaalayam okati. kangju national university 2014 antarjaateeya vidya naanhyata haamii vyavastha (icas) dhruveekarinchabadina vishwavidyaalayam. charitra. 1948loe, abhivruddhi chendutunna desham yokka avasaralanu teerchadaaniki kangju vidya kalaasaala sthaapinchabadindi, idhi oka sampradaayam mariyu charitranu srushtinchindi. kangju national university (knu) gongju, yesson mariyu chionan praantaalalo vilakshanhamaina tri-campus soukaryaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam praarambhinchindi, indulo under graduate mariyu graduate vidyaarthula kosam edu ververu kalaasaalalu mariyu pratyeka graduate paatasaala avakaasaalu unnaayi. sejong looni kotta praja paripalana samudaayam nagaraniki sameepamlo unna ekaika jaateeya vishwavidyaalayam knu. anduvalla, 21va sataabdapu korealo kotta praja paripalana nagaraniki pradhana vishwavidyaalayamgaa vruddhi kosam kannu aparimita drushtulanu kaligi undhi. Knu loe 22,000 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru, veerilo 39 ververu deshaala nundi antarjaateeya vidyaarthulu unnaaru. campus. 56 gongjudahak-roow, gongju-sii, chungchiyongnam-doow, republic off korea 1223-254 chionan-dayro, seobook-gu, chionan-sii, chungchiangnam-doow, republic off korea 54 dayhack-roow, yess-gunn, yess-yup, chungchiyongnam-doow, republic off korea kalaasaalalu mariyu vibhagalu. vidya kalaasaala. 1948loe sthaapinchabadina kongju national teachers college nundi 60 samvatsaraala sudeergha sampradaayaanni eee vidya kalaasaala vaarasatvamgaa pondindi. 3 vibhagalu (corian saahityam, ganitam mariyu house keeping) mariyu 136 mandhi vidyaarthulatho praarambhamainappati nundi, kongju national university college vidyaavibhaagamlo ippudu 122 mandhi professorlu mariyu sumaru 3,000 mandhi vidyaarthulatho 22 vibhagalu unnaayi. idhi dakshina korealoni anni jaateeya upadhyaya kalaasaalaloo atipeddadi. corian vidya/sino-corian classic vidya/aangla vidya/naitika vidya/vidya/vyapara samachara vidya/library mariyu information sains vidya/pratyeka vidya/charitra vidya/saamaajika adhyayanalu vidya/bhougolika vidya/baalya vidya/ganita vidya/bhouthika shaastra vidya/rasayana shaastra vidya/jeevasastra vidya/bhuuvignaana vidya/paryaavarana vidya/computer vidya/ saanketikata mariyu gruha aardhika shaastram vidya/saareeraka vidya/sangeeta vidya/kala vidya college off humanities & soshal sciences. kongju national university kongju national teachers college nundi samagra vishwavidyaalayamgaa gurtimpu pondinappudu, humanities und soshal sciences kalaasaala 1991loe sthaapinchabadindi. idhi rendu vibhagalalo (majer), mariyu vibhaga vibhagalalo (vibhagalu) thana korsulanu andistundi mariyu moodu vibhaagaalanu kaligi undhi. aangla bhasha mariyu saahityam/chainees bhasha mariyu saahityam/french bhasha mariyu saahityam/german bhasha mariyu saahityam/charitra/bhougolikam/aardhikasaastram/antarjaateeya vaanijyam mariyu vaanijyam/vyapara paripalana/paryataka paripalana/paryatakam aangla vivarana/praja paripalana/chattam/saamaajika sankshemam college off natural sciences. bhouthika shaastram/anuvartita ganitam/rasayana shaastram/jeeva saastraalu/bhougolika-paryaavarana saastraalu/bhougolikam/vaataavarana saastraalu/saamskrutika vaarasatva parirakshana saastraalu/fyaashan design mariyu merchandising/life sports vidyaavaettalu injaneering kalaasaala. kangju national university yokka college off injaneering bhavishyat paarisraamika samaajaaniki naayakatvam vahinche mariyu information-tech aadhaarita prapanchaaniki pratispandinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna samarthulaina injaneering nipunulanu utpatti cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi. injaneering kalaasaala marchi 2005loe chionan national technical collegetho vileenam cheyabadindi, mariyu daani campus cheonanku maarchabadindi, idhi kalaasaala charitralo kotta adhyayanni praarambhinchindi. eee kalaasaala 10 vibhagalu, 26 majer korsulu mariyu rendu korsulanu nirvahistondi. graduate vidyaarthulatho sahaa vidyaarthula sankhya 5,000 daatindi, mariyu 180 mandiki paiga adhyapaka sabhyulu eee pedda ettuna unna kalasalalo vidya mariyu parisoedhanaku ankitabhaavamtho unnaaru. electrical injaneering/controll und measurement injaneering/electronics injaneering-naano und information injaneering/radeo sains injaneering/information und communication injaneering/computer injaneering/multimedia injaneering/mechanical injaneering/mechanical design injaneering/automotive injaneering/mechanical injaneering und system design/sivil und environmental injaneering/urban und transportation injaneering/architecture design/architectural injaneering/chemical injaneering/industrial chemistry/naano-material sains und injaneering/polymer sains und injaneering/advanced material sains und system injaneering/product design/vijuval information design/environmental injaneering/industrial und systems injaneering/optical information injaneering/metallic moulding design injaneering college off industrial sciences. paarisraamika saastraala kalaasaala paschima chungnam provins madhya bhaagamlo unna yassanlo undhi. vyavasayam, jeeva saastraalu mariyu paarisraamika saastraalaku praadhaanyata ichhe vividha vibhagalu unnaayi. eee kalaasaala 8 ververu deshaalalo 22 kalasalalato paraspara parisoedhana marpidi kaaryakramaalanu kaligi undhi. community development/real estate/industrial chhaanals management/plant resources/horticultural sains/animal resources sains/rural construction injaneering/bio-industry mechanical injaneering/forrest resources/landscape architecture/phud und nutrition/phud servies management und nutrition/phud sains und technology/companion und laboratory animal sains college off nursing & health. nursing/aarogya paripalana/atyavasara vaidya seva/vaidya samacharam college off arts. game design/furniture design/syramic design/jewellery design/cartoon comics/animation/dance/media image art und technology antarjaateeya adhyayanala vibhagam. 2011loe sthaapinchabadina disey, 2012loe thana modati vidyaarthi brundaanni pravesapettindi. eee vibhagam aardhikasaastram, vyaparam, ganitam, ganaamkaalu mariyu aanglam yokka balaalanu aakarshistundi, adhe samayamlo panditya academy prapancheekaranalo kooda drudhamgaa paatukupoyindi. udaara kalala vibhajana. 2021loe sthaapinchabadindi campus jeevitam. vasati gruham. vasati gruhalu aidu bhavanaalalo unnaayi, veetilo 4,365 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru, veerilo gongju campaslo 2,773 mandhi vidyaarthulu, yesson campaslo 582 mandhi vidyaarthulu mariyu chionan campaslo 234 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru. videshee vidyaarthulaku aamodam pondina tarvaata vasati gadulaku praadhaanyata ivvabadutundi. gongju campus yess campus chionan campus campus clubbulu. vidyaarthulu sanghaalalo cheradam dwara samajikamga maarutaaru mariyu adhe abhiruchulanu aasvaadinche itara vidyaarthulanu kalustaaru.

kangju national university kangju national university (aine yuu) janubi koriya kay changchenam duu mein waaqa eek university hay jiss kay teen camps gongju chinaan aur yasaan mein haine. kangju national university janubi koriya kii sarkardah qomi tehqiqi universityon mein say eek hay khaas toor parr taleem kay shobay mein. kangju national university 2014 international ajucation kawalti ashwarens system (aayee ayee kiyo aey aiss) sund yaaftah university hay. tareekh. 1948 mein kangju college aaf ajucation eek tarqi pazeer milk kii zaruriyat kuu poraa karnay kay liye qayem kiyaa gayaa jiss say apnay liye eek rawayat aur tareekh paida hoyee. kangju national university (aine yuu) nay gongju yasaan aur cheonan kay elaqon mein makhsus trayee camps kii sahuliyaat tayaar karnaa sharoo kein jinn mein indergraduate aur graduate talbaa kay liye saat alg alg college aur khususi graduate school kay mawaqa shaamil haine. noow nayee publik administration complex shehar seejing kay qareeb waahid qomi university hay. lehza 21 wein sadee kay koriya mein nayey publik administration shehar kii bunyadi university kay toor parr tarqi kay liye kay aine yuu kay lamahdud wazan haine. Knu mein 22,000 talbaa haine jinn mein 39 mukhtalif mamalik kay beenn alaqwami talbaa shaamil haine. camps. 56 gongjodahak-row gongju-see changchengam-dow jamhuria koriya 1223-254 cheonan-derow seobik-gove cheonan-see changchiyongam-dow jamhuria koriya 54 daheek-row yasaan-gunn yasaan-yupe chingcheng neem-dow jamhuria koriya college aur mahkame. college aaf ajucation. college aaf ajucation kuu 60 saal taweel rawayat kangju national teachers college say warasat mein milly hay juu 1948 mein qayem hawaa thaa. 3 mahkamon (koriyayi adab riyaazi aur house capping) aur 136 talbaa kay saath sharoo honay say kangju national university college abb taleem kay 22 mahkame haine jinn mein 122 professors aur taqriba 3,000 talbaa haine. yaha janubi koriya kay tamaam qomi asatazah colleges mein sabb say badaa hay. koriyayi taleem/seeno koriyayi classici taleem/angrezi taleem/akhlaqiyat kii taleem/taleem/karobari malumat kii taleem/library aur information science kii taleem/khususi taleem/tareekh kii taleem/samaji aloom kii taleem/geografiya kii taleem/ibtadayi bachpan kii taleem/riyaazi kii taleem/tabiyat kii taleem/chemistry kii taleem/hayatiyat kii taleem/arziyati science kii taleem/mahuliyati taleem/computer kii taleem/ technology aur gharilo muashiyat kii taleem/jasmani taleem/mausiqi kii taleem/aart kii taleem college aaf humanities aind soshal sciences. college aaf humanities aind soshal sciences 1991 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa jabb kangju national university kuu kangju national teachers college say eek jaamaa university kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha duu devisions (mejarz)yee aur mohkamah devisions (mahkamon) mein apnay courses paish kartaa hay aur iss kay teen mahkame haine. angrezi zabaan aur adab/cheeni zabaan aur adab/francisi zabaan aur adab/german zabaan aur adab/tareekh/geografiya/muashiyat/beenn alaqwami tajarat aur tajarat/karobari intezamiya/seyahat intezamiya/seyahat angrezi tashrih/awami intezamiya/qanoon/samaji behbood college aaf natural sciences. tabiyat/itlaaqi riyaazi/chemistry/life sciences/jiyo-inviromental sciences/geografiya/mahuliyati aloom/saqafati warsay kay tahfuz kay aloom/fashion design aur tajarti/life sports kay asatazah engineering college. kangju national university kay college aaf engineering kaa maqsad aisey qaabil engineering mahireen tayaar karnaa hay juu mustaqabil kay sanaati muashiray kii qayadat karein gay aur juu information teek say chalnay waali duniya kaa jawaab deenay kay liye tayaar hoan. college aaf engineering kuu maarch 2005 mein cheonan national technical college kay saath zam kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss kay camps kuu cheonan mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa jiss say college kii tareekh mein eek neeya baab sharoo hawaa. college 10 mahkame 26 meejar aur duu courses chalata hay. graduate talbaa sameet talbaa kii taadad 5,000 say tajawaz kirr gayee hay aur 180 say ziyadah faculty mumbaran iss baday paimanay kay college mein taleem aur tehqeeq kay liye waqaf haine. electrical engineering/control aind measurement engineering/electronks engineering-neeno aind information engineering/redio science engineering/information aind communication engineering/computer engineering/milty mediya engineering/mechanical engineering/mechanical design engineering/automoto engineering/mechanical engineering aind system design/soul aind inviromental engineering/arban aind transportation engineering/architectural design/architectural engineering/chemical engineering/industrail chemistry/neeno metrail science aind engineering/polimer science aind engineering/advanced metrail science aind system engineering/product design/visiol information design/invirment engineering/industrail aind systems engineering/optical information engineering/metlik moulding design engineering college aaf industrail sciences. college aaf industrail sciences maghrabi chonganam soobay kay wastee hasay mein waaqa hay. zaraat hayaat aloom aur sanaati aloom parr zoor deenay waalay mukhtalif mahkame haine. college kay 8 mukhtalif mamalik kay 22 colleges kay saath bahami tehqiqi tabadle kay prograam haine. community development/raeel steat/industrail channels mangement/plant resources/harticultural science/anaemal resources science/deehi tamirati engineering/baiyo industry mechanical engineering/farest resources/lend scape funn tameer/foud aind nutration/foud saros mangement aind nutration/foud science aind technology/saathi aur libartry anaemal science college aaf narsing aind health. narsing/sehat intezamiya/hungami tabee khidmaat/tabee malumat college aaf arts. gaim design/furniture design/seramic design/jeolari design/carton kaamaks/animation/ddaans/mediya ameej aart aur technology beenn alaqwami mutaliat kii taqsim. ddee aiss juu 2011 mein qayem hawaa nay 2012 mein talbaa kay apnay pehley grop kuu daakhil kiyaa. yaha devision muashiyat karobar riyaazi shumariyat aur angrezi kii taaqaton parr mubni hay jabkah scholarli academy kii aalamgiriyat mein bhee mazbuti say jadein haine. libral arts kii taqsim. 2021 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa camps kii zindagi. haastal. haastal paanch emaraton mein haine aur 4,365 talbaa kuu adjust kartay haine jinn mein gongju camps mein 2,773 talbaa yasaan camps mein 582 talbaa aur cheonan camps mein 234 talbaa shaamil haine. ghair milki talbaa kuu qabuliyat parr haastal romaz kay liye tarjih dee jaati hay. gongju camps yasaan camps cheonan camps camps kalb. talbaa samaji honay aur dosray talbaa say milnay kay liye kalbon mein shaamil hotay haine juu bhee asee tarah kay shoq say lataf andoz hotay haine.

0008eb9301a8db190e63f4bf640ffca1d354bca80801e0c123d38670671a0469

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1954002

odjeljivati

odjeljivati

ou. dee. jey. jee. vee. tii.

0008ebeabb8cb32bf7edacdb7d6406f198a20b6e7ce2bed67b444c398800fe47

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27161983

NI Mar Portugal

NI Mar Portugal NI "Mário Ruivo, previously known as NI "Mar Portugal, is a research vessel of the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere (IPMA). She was originally the RMAS "Salmaid (A187), a "Sal"-Class mooring and salvage vessel working at HMNB Portsmouth under the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service department of the Royal Navy. Then she was operated by Serco Denholm as the SD Salmaid". Her sister ship was the RMAS "Salmoor" (A185). Built by Hall, Russell & Company in 1986, her displacement is 2,200 tonnes and dimensions 77 m by 15 m by 4 m. Her complement is 19 and speed . Tasks included the laying and maintenance of underwater targets, navigation marks and moorings. She was acquired by the Scottish company Hays Ships and renamed Kommandor Calum after extensive work at a Polish Shipyard in 2012. In 2017, she was acquired by Portugal to be operated by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere in the oceanographic research of the Atlantic ocean. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nee maar portugal purbote nee "maar portugal naamere jonajat nee" maariu ruivu hoise portugij institut owo dyo chi endo otmo 'rcho (aai. pi. em. e.) ror ek gowexona jahaj. teu mulotoh rajokiyo noubahinir rajokiyo xamudrik xohayok xewa bibhagor odhinot hoh 'monbaw poo' rtomouthot kaam koraa ek "xaal" shrenir muring aaru salvage jahaj ramas "salmaid (e187) aasil. taar pisot teuk cherku denholme ess. di. salmaid hisape porisalona korisil. teur bhogni jahaj aasil romas "salmur" (e185). 1986 sonot holl, rasel endo companyr dwara nirmito, iyar sthanchyuti 2,200 tonn aaru matra 77 mitter baai 15 mitter baai 4 mitter. teur poripurok 19 aaru goti. kamburor bhitorot aasil panir tolot lokhyo sthapon aaru rokhyonabekhyon, navigation mark aaru muring. 2012 sonot scots company hez swipche teuk odhigrohon korisil aaru etaa polich swipoyardot byapok kaam korar pisot teuk commondor kelam buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. 2017 sonot, teuk portugij institut owo dyo chi aaru bayumondolor dwara porisalito hoh 'boloi portugale aatlantik mohaxagoror mohaxagoriyo gowexonar baabe odhigrohon korisil.

portugaler nee "mario ruivo, jaa agey nee" maar portugal naame porichito chhilo, portugij institute off dya shee anned atmosphere (aaee. pii. emm. ayee) ekti gobeshona jahaz. tini mulat rajakiya naubahinir rajakiya samudrik sahayak porisheba bibhager adhine hamnob portsmouthe kaaj koraa ekti "saal"-shrenir mooring ebong salvage jahaz, ramas "sulmaid (ayee187) chhilen. tarpor tini esdi sulmaid hisabe serco denholm dwara porichalito hohn. taar boone jahaz chhilo ramas "salmur" (ayee185). 1986 saale holl, russell anned company dwara nirmito, taar sthanchuti 2,200 tonn ebong matra 77 mitter baai 15 mitter baai 4 mitter. taar poripurok 19 ebong goti. kaajer modhye chhilo joler tolodesher lakkhya sthapon oo rakkhanabekkhan, nouporibohon chinno ebong chhidro. 2012 saale ekti polisha shipyarde byapok kaajer porr scottish company haze jahajguli taake adhigrahan korey ebong taar naam poriborton korey commander callum rakha hoy. 2017 saale, portugij institute off dya shee ebong atlantik mahasagar samudrabigyan gobeshonai bayumandal dwara porichalito howar jonno portugal taake adhigrahan korey.

nee maar portugal nee "maariyo ruivo, jeey agau nee" maar portugal tareeke odakhaatu hatoo, teey portugies institute off dhaa see anned dhaa atmosphere (aaee. pii. aema. aee.) noon sanshodhan jahaaj chhe. teey mulroope aar. aema. aee. sulmaid (aee187) hatee, jeey shaahee naukadalna shaahee dariyai sahayak sevaa vibhag hethal aech. aema. aena. bii. portmouth khaate kaama karatee "saal"-vargnee mooring aneey bachaav jahaaj hatee. pachhi teneene serako denholm dwara aesa. dii. sulmaid tareeke chalavvama aavee hatee. teneenu bahen jahaaj ramas "salmoor" (aee185) hatoo. 1986maan holl, russel anned kampani dwara bandhvama aavel, tenu visthaapan 2,200 tunn aneey parimaano 77 meater baay 15 meater baay 4 meater chhe. teneenu purak 19 aneey zadap chhe. kaaryoma paanini andarnaa lakshyo, navigation marks aneey moorings nakhva aneey jalavano samaavesh thaay chhe. teneene skotisha kampani haze jahajo dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 2012 maan polisha shipyardma vyaapak kaama karyaa pachhi tenu naam badaline commandor kelam rakhvama aavyu hatoo. 2017 maan, portugal dwara portugies institute off dhaa see aneey atlantic mahasagarna samudrashastriy sanshodhanmaa vatavaran dwara sanchaalit karvaa maate teneene hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee.

nee maar purtagaal nee "mario ruivo, jise pahale nee" maar portugal key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, samudra aur vatavaran (ipma) key purtagaali sansthaan kaa ack shodh pott haye. vaha mool roop seey aar. aim. aeye. aiss. sulmade (aeye187) thee, joe shaahi nausena key shaahi samudri sahayak seva vibhaag key tahat aich. aim. aine. bee. portsmouth mein kaam karane vaalaa ack "saal"-shreni kaa mooring aur bachaav pott thaa. phir usey serco denholm dwara aiss. dee. sulmaid key roop mein sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. usaki bahan kaa jahaaj ramas "salmur" (aeye185) thaa. 1986 mein holl, russell aind company dwara nirmit, uska visthaapan 2,200 tunn aur ayam 77 meater baay 15 meater baay 4 meater haye. uska poorak 19 aur gati haye. karyon mein paani key neeche lakshyon koo bichhaana aur unakaa rakharkhaav, nauparivahan chihn aur lunger shamil they. 2012 mein ack polish shipyard mein vyaapak kaam key baad scotish company hays jahaajon dwara uska adhigrahan kiya gayaa aur uska naam badalkar komandor callum curr diyaa gayaa. 2017 mein, unhein atlantic mahasagar key samudra vigyaan anusandhaan mein purtagaali samudra sansthaan aur vatavaran dwara sanchaalit karane key liye purtagaal dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa.

nanna portugees hinde nii "maaro portugees endu kareyalaaguttidda nii" marrio ruivo, portugees institute off dhii sea und dhii atmospheren (ipma) samshodhanaa hadagu. aake moolatah raaja naukaapadeya raayal kadala sahayaka sewa vibhagada adiyalli hamnb portsmoutnalli kelasa maaduttidda "saal" vargada mooring mattu salvage hadagu, ramas "salmide (aa187) aagiddaru. nantara aakeyannu cerco denhome avaru ess. dii. salmide aagi nirvahisidaru. aakeya sahodari hadagu ramas "salmur" (a185) aagittu. aagittu haal, russell & kampaniyinda nirmisalpatta aakeya sthalaantaravu 2,200 tunn mattu ayamagalu 77 mea bye 15 mea bye 4 mea aagide. aakeya puraka 19 mattu vega. nirinolagina gurigalannu haakuvudu mattu nirvahisuvudu, sancharaneya gurutugalu mattu mooringgalu ee karyagalalli serive. serive polish hadagu angaladalli vyaapakavaagi kelasa maadida nantara scottish kampani hays hadagugalu aakeyannu swadhinapadisikondavu mattu adannu commonder callum endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. maadalaayitu, atlantic sagarada saagarashaastrada samshoodhaneyalli portugees institute off dhii sea mattu vatavaranadinda nirvahisalpaduvante aakeyannu portugees swadhinapadisikonditu.

porchugal munbu nii maar porchugal ennariyappettirunna nii marrio ruivo, porchugees instittyoott oof dhii zee aandu atmospherinte (aii. pii. emm. eiii) oru gaveshana kappalaan. royal neviyude royal maaridaim ooksilari sarvees departmentinu keezhil humnb porttsmoutthil pravartthikkunna "saal" klaas mooring, salvej kappalaya ramas salmaid (eiii187) aayirunnu avar. thudarnnu serco denhome ezz. dii. salmeidaayi avale pravarthippichu. avarude sahodari kappal ramas "salmoor" (eiii185) aayirunnu. 1986ll haal, russell & kambani nirmmicha eee sthalachalanathinu 2,200 tonn bharavum 77 meter x 15 meter x 4 meter alavukalumundu. avalude compliment 19 umm vegathayumaanu. vellathinadiyile lakshyangal sthaapikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheyyuka, naavigeshan maarkkukal, mooringukal enniva ulppedunnathaanu jolikal. scotish kambaniyaaya haze kappalukal avale ettedukkukayum 2012 ll oru poolish kappalsaalayil vipulamaaya pravarthanatthinu sesham commander kaalam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 2017-ll, porchugees instittyoott oof dhii zee aandu dhii atlaantik samudrathile samudrashaasthra gaveshanathile anthareeksham pravarthippikkaan porchugal avale etteduthu.

portugalchi nee 'maar portugal mhanoon purvi olakhale jaanare nee' mario ruivo heey portugij institute auph daad see andd daad atmosphere (ii. pii. emm. aii.) eka sanshodhan jahaj aahe. tee moolatah aar. emm. aii. salmaid (aii187) hotee, eka 'saal'-shreniche mooring aanee bachav jahaj jeey shahee naudalachya royal sagari sahayak seva vibhagantargat etch. emm. aine. bii. portsmouth yethe kaam karat hote. tyanantar teela serako denholmne ess. dii. salmaid mhanoon chalavale. tiche bhagini jahaj ramas "salmoor" (aaa185) hote. 1986 madhye holl, russell andd companyne bandhalele tiche visthapan 2,200 tunn aanee pariman 77 meater buy 15 meater buy 4 meater aahe. tiche purak 19 aahe aanee veg. panyakhalil uddishte, nauvahan chinhe aanee khoon ghalane aanee tyanchi dekhbhal karane yaa kamancha samavesh hota. 2012 madhye eka polish shipyardmadhye vyapak kaam kelyanantar scottish company hays jahajanni teela vikat ghetale aanee tiche naav badaloon kamandor callum asey thewale. 2017 madhye, atlantic mahasagarachya samudrashastriy sanshodhanat portugij institute auph daad see andd daad atmospheredware chalavalya jaananya portugalne teela vikat ghetale.

porchugalko nee "mario ruibho, pahile nee" marr portugal bhanera chininthyo, portugiz institute aff da see anned da atmosphere (ipma) ko anusandhan jahaz how. uni muel rupma rms salmed (ae187) thiin, shahi nausenako shahi samudri sahayak sewa vibhagantargat hmanab portsmouthma kaam garne "saal"-wargako langar rar uddhar jahaz. tyasapachhi unlai serko denholmle sd salmeidko rupma sanchalan gare. unko bahini jahaz ramas "salmur" (ae185) thiyo. sann 1986 maa hull, rasel anned companydwara nirmit, unko wisthapan 2,200 tunn rar ayam 77 mitter baya 15 mitter baya 4 mitter chha. unko purak 19 rar gati how. karyaharuma panimuni lakshyaharu bichhyaune rar marmatsambhar garne, navigation chinhaharu rar langarharu samawesh thie. unlai scottish company haze jahajharule adhigrahan gareko thiyo rar 2012 maa ek polish shipyardma wyapak kaam garepachhi commander callum naam pariwartan gariyo. sann 2017 maa, unlai porchugalko portugiz institute aff da see rar atlantic mahasagarko samudra vigyan anusandhanma watawarandwara sanchalan garna portugalle adhigrahan gareko thiyo.

more portugal nee "mario ruibho, jaahaa purbaru nee" maara portugal bhabare janashuna, portugeej institute off dee sii anded dee atmosphere (aai. pii. emm. aii.) rahr eka gabeshana jahaz . shay moolatah ramas salmade (aii187) thile, eka "saal"-shrenira mooring ebong salvej jahaz jaahaa rajkiah nausenara rajkiah samudrika sahajaka seba bibhaga adheenare humnb portsmouth ray karjya karuthila . taa 'parey shay cerco denholm dwara ess. dii. salmade bhabare parichalita hoithile. taanka bhaunee jahaz thila rams "salmur" (a185). 1986 masihare hull, russel ebong company dwara nirmita, ehara sthana paribartana 2,200 tone ebong ehara ayatan 77 mea. x 15 mea. x 4 mea.. tankara paripuraka heuchhi 19 ebong bega. karjyagudika madhyare paani tale lakhya sthapana ebong rakhyanabekhyana, nauchalana chinha ebong mooring antarbhukta . shay scottish company haze jahaz dwara adhigrahan karajaithila ebong 2012 ray eka polish sipajardare byapaka karjya parey commander kalam naama paribartana karajaithila . 2017 ray, tanku atlantic mahasagar samudra bigyana gabeshanare portugeej institute off dee sii ebong bajumandala dwara parichalita heba paain partugal dwara adhigrahan karajaithila.

puratgaal witch nee mario ruivo, jiss noon pahilan nee maar portugal vajon janhiaa jaanda see, puratgali institute aaf see aind antomachier (aaee. pee. aimm. aii.) daa ikk khoj jahaz haii. uh asal witch aar. aimm. aii. aiss. sulmaid (aii187) see, ikk "saal"-class mooring atey bachaa jahaz joe shaahi jall saina dey shaahi samundari sahaik seva vibhag dey tehat aimm. aimm. ainn. bee. portsmouth witch kamm qarr riha see. firr uss noon cerco denholm duaara aiss. dee. sulmade vajon chalaiaa giaa see. uss daa bhainn jahaz ramas "salmur" (aii185) see. 1986 witch haal, rasel atey company duaara banaiaa giaa, uss daa visthapan 2,200 tunn atey maap 77 meeter gunna 15 meeter gunna 4 meeter haii. uss daa poorak 19 haii atey gatee haii. kamman witch paanee dey hethan teeche rakkhna atey rakkh-rakhaa, navigation dey nishan atey mooring shamal sunn. uss noon scottish company haze samundari jahazan duaara haasal keeta giaa see atey 2012 witch ikk polish shipyard witch viaapak kamm toon baad uss daa naam badal keey commander callum rakkhiaa giaa see. saal 2017 witch, uss noon puratgali institute aaf see atey atlantic mahansagar dee samundari khoj witch vayumandal duaara sanchalit curran laee puratgaal duaara prapat keeta giaa see.

portugaal-deshe ni "mariyo ruivo, poorvam ni" maar portugal iti namna prasidhah, portugees-samudra-vaayumandal-samsthaanasya (ipmaa) ekaha shodha-potaha asti. saa moolatah ramas-"salmad (e187) iti" saal "-vargasya mooring tathaa salvage-naukayaa aasit, yaa raaj-nausenaa-ityasya rayal-maritaim-auxiliary-service-vibhaagasya antargatam hmanb-portsmouth ityatra karyam karoti sma. tatah saa serko denhome ityanena ess. dee. salmad iti rupena sanchalita. tasyaah bhaginee-naukaayaanam raamas "salmoor" (e185) aasit. 1986 tame varshe haal, russell & kampanee ityanena nirmitam tasyaah visthaapanam 2,200 tunn parimitam, parimanam 77 mee. x 15 mee. x 4 mee. cha asti. tasyaah poorakam 19 tathaa gatihi asti. jalasya antah lakshyani sthaapayitum, teshaam rakshanm cha, nauparivahanachihnaani, mooring ityetaani cha karyani aasan. saa skaatish-kampanee hess-jahaajaih adhigrahitaa, 2012 tame varshe polish-shipyaard-madhye vistruta-karyasya anantaram commander-kyaalam iti namakaranam cha krutavatee. 2017 tame varshe, portugees-samudra-samsthaa, atlaantik-mahasagarasya samudrawidnyaan-samshodhane vaayumandalam cha sanchaalayitum portugal-deshah saa praaptavatee.

porchugal munbu nii "marbordugal" endru alaikkappatta nii "marrio ruvo, poarchchukeesiya kadal mattrum valimandala niruvanaththin (ibma) oru aaraaychchik kappal aagum. avar muthalil arasa kadarpadaiyin arasa kadalsaar thunai sevaith thuraiyin keezh haamnp poartmavuth-ill panipuriyum oru "sall"-vaguppu mooring mattrum salvej kappal, ramas "sulmaid (a187) aavaar. pinnar avar serco denhome moolam ess. dii. salmeidaaga iyakkappattaar. avarathu chakoothari kappal ramas "salmur" (a185) aagum. 1986 aam aandil haal, russell & kambeni kattiya avarathu idappeyarchchi 2,200 dunn mattrum parimaanangkal 77 mee 15 mee 4 mee. avarathu nirappu 19 mattrum vaegam. neerukkadiyil ilakkugalai amaiththal mattrum paraamariththal, vazhiseluththal adaiyaalangkal mattrum moorings aagiyavai panikalil adangkum. scottish niruvanamaana haes kappalkalaal avar vaangkappattaar, maelum 2012 aam aandil oru bolish kappal kattum thalaththil virivaana paniyin pinnar kamaandar kalam endru marupeyaridappattaar. 2017 aam aandil, adlandic perungkadalin kadaliyal aaraaychchiyil poarththukeesiya kadal mattrum valimandala niruvanatthaal iyakkappaduvatharkaaka avar porchugal niruvanatthaal vaangkappattaar.

portugees gatamlo nii "maryugal" anie piluvabade nii "marrio ruivo, portugees institute off dhi sea und dhi atmosphere (ipma) yokka parisoedhanaa nauka. aame modata raaja naavikaadalam yokka raayal maritime auxillary servies department kinda hamnb portmouth vadda panichestunna "saal"-class mooring mariyu salvage nauka ayina ramas "salmide (a187). appudu aamenu serco denhome esdi salmaidga nirvahinchindi. aame sodari ooda ramas "salamur" (a185). 1986loe haall, russell & companyche nirminchabadina, aame sthaanabhramsham 2,200 tannulu mariyu kolatalu 77 mea bye 15 mea bye 4 mea. aame compliment 19 mariyu vegam. panulalo neeti aduguna lakshyalanu veyadam mariyu nirvahinchadam, navigation maarkulu mariyu mooringlu unnaayi. aame scottish company hays ships chetha konugolu cheyabadindi mariyu 2012 loe polish shipyardlo vistrutamaina pani tarvaata commander kaalam anie paeru maarchabadindi. 2017loe, atlantic mahasamudram yokka samudra shaastra parisoedhanaloo portugees institute off dhi sea und atmosphere dwara nirvahinchabadataaniki portugees chetha konugolu cheyabadindi.

partagaal mein nee "maaryo raviyo jasay pehley nee" maar portogal kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa partagali insity teut aaf dee see aind dee atmosphere (aayee pee ayem aey) kaa eek tehqiqi jehaaz hay. wah asl mein ramaas silmade silmade thee juu shaahi bahriyah kay raail meeri tyme maawan saros department kay tahat humnab portsmouth mein kaam karnay waala eek "saal" klaas moring aur selvage jehaaz thaa. phir asay circo deane hoam nay aiss ddee silmade kay toor parr chalaya. iss kaa behan jehaaz raams "salmor" (a185) thaa. 1986 mein haall rasal aind company kay zariah tameer kardah iss kii nql makaani 2,200 tunn aur tool woo araz 77 metter bayee 15 metter bayee 4 metter hay. iss kii takmeel 19 aur raftaar hay. kaamon mein paani kay andar ahdaaf navigation kay nishanaat aur morangz kii bachhana aur deekh bhaal shaamil thee. asay scotsh company heez jehazon nay haasil kiyaa thaa aur 2012 mein eek paalish ship yaard mein wasee kaam kay baad iss kaa naam badal kirr commander callum rakh diyaa gayaa thaa. 2017 mein asay partagali insity teut aaf dee see aind dee atomesfic aushin kii samandari tehqeeq mein maahul kay zariye chalanay kay liye partagaal nay haasil kiyaa thaa.

0008ec618a45ef683586a878dae2ae1e1481ee0dfe4ded1125f836f922d8fd7a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48897157

Timothy Williams (actor)

Timothy Williams (actor) American actor and screenwriter (born 1967) Timothy Williams (born July 30, 1967) is an American actor, screenwriter and producer . Career. Williams was born in Richmond, Virginia. By the time he was a teenager, he had entered the world of live theater in New York City, winning parts in several plays that ran at Joseph Papp's Public Theater. It was there he performed in original One Act plays with Fisher Stevens and Keith Gordon. He also appeared in productions at the New York Theater Ensemble with Daniel Stern and John Randolph, and wrote his own stage play, "No Title (Yet)", which had a run of performances at the Stella Adler Conservatory in the spring of 1983, directed by Ron Burrus. In December 1983, Williams moved to Los Angeles to seek television and film work. By 1985 he had landed guest roles on primetime series such as "Cagney & Lacey" and "Simon & Simon", and appeared in the TV movies "Club Med", "Welcome Home, Bobby" and Disney's "Splash Too". However, it was his repeat guest turn on "Cheers" starting in 1986 that garnered him notoriety, in which he played Anthony Tortelli, the son of Cheers waitress Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman). In late 1986, after a year and a half of "Cheers" guest appearances, Williams was moved, along with fellow guest stars Dan Hedaya and Jean Kasem, into the spin-off series "The Tortellis". The show not only provided Williams with his first regular series role, but it also gave him his first television writing job; he wrote the series' twelfth (and next-to-last) episode, "Innocent as Charged". "The Tortellis" was cancelled by NBC in the spring of 1987 after 13 episodes. Williams soon continued his TV series writing when he was hired by another Paramount-produced sitcom, the Showtime series "Brothers". Williams wrote eight episodes of "Brothers", and served as a script consultant for the next two seasons, until the series ended production in the spring of 1989. For the show's final season, Williams took a regular on-screen role as Mike Chandler, a young lawyer who becomes the steady boyfriend of Penny Waters (Hallie Todd). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Williams wrote for additional TV series such as "Normal Life", "Married People", "Bobby's World", "Big Brother Jake", "Richie Rich" (11 episodes), and "Salute Your Shorts". He also continued acting in guest appearances on "Saved by the Bell", "Doogie Howser, M.D.", "Crusade" and "Coach". Williams was also the writer of "I Am Not Lost in Space!", a tie-in novelization based on the original "Lost in Space" TV series. Williams also penned movie tie-in novels for the films "Born to Be Wild" and "Running Free". In 2005 and 2007, he was the winner of the Governor's Screenwriting Competition. His 2005 winning entry, "Nunley", was acquired by producer Bernard Williams and his 2007 winning entry, "The Way Things Turn" was acquired by producers Gross-Weston. In 2012, Williams' screenplay "Tell" was purchased by American Film Productions, with J.M.R Luna set as director. The film, starring Milo Ventimiglia, Jason Lee and Katee Sackhoff, was released by Orion Pictures in 2014. "Tell" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in March 2017. In 2018 his Hallmark teleplay "A Lot Like Christmas" was put in development by producer Christina DeRosa. In 2020 his original screenplay "Way Out West" was put into development with director Stephen Campanelli, who attached actress Kathy Bates attached as one of the leads. In 2021 Williams' novel "I Am Not Lost in Space!" was picked up by computer animator Phil Hamilton for production as an animated limited (six episode) TV series. Williams adapted his novel and production began in December of 2021. Episode One was complted in June 2022. Episode Two was completed in December 22. Chapter three was completed in April 2023. Chapter Four was completed in early September 2023. All six episodes are slated to be completed by April 2024, and are currently airing on YouTube TV. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

timuthi uiliams (obhineta) timuthi uiliams (jonmo july 30,1967) egoraki aamerikan obhineta aaru sitronatyokar. keriyar. uiliamsor jonmo hoisil bharjiniyar rismondot-bixexkoi sesterfield companyt.; teu midlothian eis. ess. ror poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. kixur huwar xomoyote teu nework sohoror live theater jogotot prowex korisil, zo 'too teu juxef pepor rajohuwa theaterot soli thoka keibakhonu natokot ongxo laabh korisil. taat teu masmoriya stevens aaru keith gordonor xoite mool natokot obhinoy korisil. teu daniel stern aaru john randlefor xoite nework theater projujonaxomuhotu obhinoy korisil, aaru teur nijor moncho naatok "nu title (titt)" likhisil, jitu 1983 sonor boxontokalot stella edolor conservatoryt ronn barasor dwara porisalito hoisil. 1983 sonor disembor maahot uiliamse television aaru solositror kaam bisariboloi los angelesoloi yaay. 1985 sonor bhitorot teu "kegni endo lesi" aaru "saimon endo saimon" ror dore primetime dharabahikot otithi soritrot obhinoy korisil aaru tibhi solositro "club medd", "welcom hoom, bobi" aaru dijoneer "splesh" tou obhinoy korisil. obosye, 1986 sonor poraa aarombho huwa teur punorabritti otithir "siyars" ono koratuwe teuk kukhyati orjon korisil, zo 'too teu siyars weitres carla torteli (riya parlman) ror putro enthoni tortelir soritrot obhinoy korisil. 1986 sonor xexor faale, der bosor dhori "siyars" otithi uposthitir pisot, xohojugi otithi taroka dane hedia aaru jinn kasemor xoite uiliamsok spin-off sirij "dyo tortelis" loi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. ei swo "tuwe uiliamsok kewol teur prothom niyomiya dharabahikor soritrotu prodan korai nohoy, ee teuk teur prothom television likhonor sakoriu disil; teu dharabahiktur 'dwadox (aaru poroborti-poroborti) khondotu likhisil," obhijug onuxori nirduxi ". "1987 sonor boxontokalot 13taa khondor pisot eno. bi. chi.-ror dwara "dyo tortelis" baatil koraa hoisil. uiliyame oti xunkalei teur tibhi dharabahikor likhoni obyahot rakhisil jetiya teuk aan etaa xorbuscho projujona koraa chitcom, swo 'time dharabahik "bradorso"-e nijukti disil. uiliamse "bhatrixokol" ror aathta khondo likhisil, aaru poroborti dutaa sijonor baabe sitronatyo poramorxodata hisape xewa aagborhaisil, 1989 sonor boxontokalot sirijtur projujona xomapto nuhuwaloike. swo 'tur ontim sijonor baabe, uiliamse maik sandler hisape niyomiya pordat soritro loisil, ji ejon juwo odhibokta ji peni waters (helly todd) ror sthir premika hoi pore. 1980-ror doxokor xexor faale aaru 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite uiliamse otirikto tibhi dharabahik jene "swabhabik jiwan", "bibahito luk", "bobir prithibi", "big bradar jek", "risi rich" (11taa khondo), aaru "chelyut eur sworts" ror baabe likhisil. teu "save baai dyo bail", dugi houser, em. too otithi soritrotu obhinoy kori aasil.di."," cruched "aaru" proxikhyok ". uiliams keibakhonu kitapor "bhut lekhok" aasil, jaar bhitorot aase "mur tothakothito holywodot keriyar", 1960-ror doxokor durbhagyojonok tibhi lekhok elori classor ek ondhokar koutuk atmojiwoni, aaru "moi mohakaxot herai juwa naai!", mool" herai juwa "tibhi dharabahikor uporot aadharito ek taai-inn uponyax. uiliamse "borno tu bi wild" aaru "running free" solositror baabe solositro taai-inn uponyaxou likhisil. 2005 aaru 2007 sonot teu rajyopalor sitronatyo protijugitar bijoyi hoisil. teur 2005 sonor bijoyi prowex, "nonoli", projujok bernard uiliamse odhigrohon korisil aaru teur 2007 sonor bijoyi prowex, "dyo wey 'wey things turn" projujokxokolor groch-westone odhigrohon korisil. 2012 sonot uiliamsor sitronatyo "tail" aamerikan solositro projujonar dwara kroy koraa hoisil, je.em.ror lunaa porisalok hisape nirbasito hoisil. milu ventimilia, jeson lee aaru kett sekhof obhineet sobikhon 2014 sonot oreon pickcharsor dwara mukti diya hoisil. "tail" 2017 sonor march maahot dibhidi aaru blue-ret mukti diya hoisil. 2018 sonot teur boixistyopurno teleplay "bohut besi khristomasor dore" projujok christina derusar dwara bikoxito koraa hoisil.

timothi uilliams (abhineta) timothi uilliams (jonmo julai 30,1967) ekjon markin abhineta ebong chitronatyokar. pesha. uilliams virgineer richmond-biseshoto chesterfield koo-teey jonmogrohon korechilen.tini midlothian aechs theke snatok hohn. kishore boyse tini neu eork shohorer live theater jogote probesh korechilen, josepha pyaper public theatrey chola besh koyekti natke ongsho niyechilen. sekhane tini fisher stevens ebong keith gordoner saathe mool natke abhinoy korechilen. tini daniel starron ebong john randloffer saathe neu eork theater projojonai uposthito hoyechilen ebong taanr nijaswa moncho natok "noo title (ekhono)" likhechilen, jaa 1983 saaler bosonte stella adler conservatoryte ronn baras dwara porichalito hoyechilo. 1983 saaler decembere uilliams television ebong cholochchitrer kaajer jonno loss angelese choley zaan. 1985 saaler modhye tini "cagney anned lessie" ebong "saimon anned saimon"-err moto primetime sirije atithi choritre abhinoy corren ebong tibhi cholochchitro "club meeda", "welcum home, bobby" ebong disneyr "splash"-eoo uposthito hohn. zaihok, 1986 saale shuru haoya taanr punorabritto atithi paalaa "cheers" chhilo jaa taanke kukhyati eney deyo, jekhane tini cheers oyetresa carla tortellyr (rhea parlman) putro anthony tortellyr choritre abhinoy korechilen. 1986 saaler shesher dike, dedh bochor "cheers" atithi uposthitir porr, uilliams soho-atithi tarka dyana hedaya ebong zina kasemer saathe spina-off sirij "dya tortellis"-ayee sthanantorito hohn. eyi anusthanti williamske cable taar prothom niyamita sirij bhumika pradan koreni, etty taake taar prothom television lekhar kaajo diyeche; tini sirijtir 'dwadosh (ebong poroborti theke shesh) porboti likhechilen, "abhijukto hisabe nirdosh". "1987 saaler bosonte 13tii porber porr nbc "dya tortellis" batil korey. uilliams shighroi taanr tibhi sirijer lekha chaliye zaan jokhon tini arekti sorboshrestho-projojito sitcom, shotime sirij "brothers" dwara niyog paan. uilliams 'brothers'-err atti porbo likhechilen ebong poroborti duti morshumer jonno chitronatto poramorshodata hisabe kaaj korechilen, 1989 saaler bosonte sirijtir prajojana shesh naa haoya porjonto. shoyer shesh morshumer jonno, uilliams maik chandler hisabe niyamita ono-screen bhumika grohon korechilen, ekjon torun aainjibi jini penny waterser (halley toddy) sthir premik hoye othen. 1980-err doshoker shesher dike ebong 1990-err doshoker godar dike uilliams "swabhabik jeebon", "bibahito manush", "bobir jagat", "borh bhai jeeka", "richi ritch" (11tii porbo) ebong "salute eur shorts"-err moto atirikto tibhi sirijer jonno likhechilen. tini "sebha baai dya bell", dugi houser, emm-ayee atithi choritre abhinoy chaliye zaan.dii."," crusade "ebong" coach ". uilliams besh koyekti boiyer "bhuto lekhok" chhilen, jaar modhye royeche "holywooder tothakothito karmajiban", 1960-err doshoker durbhaggojonok tibhi lekhok elari classer ekti ondhokar koutuk attojiboni ebong "aami mohakashe hariye zaini!", mool" "lost inn space" "tibhi sirijer upor vitti korey ekti tye-inn uponyas. uilliams "jonmo theke bonno" ebong "running phri" cholochchitrer jonno cholochchitrer tye-inn uponyasho likhechen. 2005 ebong 2007 saale tini governor chitronatto protijogita vijayi hohn. 2005 saale taanr vijayi probesh, "nanli", projojok bernard uilliams dwara adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo ebong 2007 saale taanr vijayi probesh, "dya oye things turn" projojok gross-weston dwara adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo. 2012 saale, uiliamser chitronatto "teela" markin cholochchitro prajojana dwara jeey-err saathe kiney neoa hoyechilo.emm.porichalok hisebe chandragrahan. milo ventimiglia, jesson ly ebong catty sackhoff abhineet cholochchitroti 2014 saale orion pictures dwara mukti paay. "2017 saaler march maase dvd ebong blue-reey-teey 'teela' mukti paay. 2018 saale projojok christina derosa taanr holmark teleplay "anekta chrismuser moto" toiri corren.

teamothy williams (abhineta) teamothy williams (janm 30 julai, 1967) aek american abhineta aneey patkathaa lekhak chhe. karkirdi. viliyamsanu janm richmond, virginiama thayu hatoo-khaas kareene chesterfield kampani.temane midlothian aech. aesa. thee snaatak thayaa. kishorvay sudhimaa, temane newyork shaherma jivant rangmanchni duniyama pravesh karyo hato, joseph pepnaa jaaher rangmanch parr chaaltaa ghanaa natakoma bhaag jeetya hataa. tyaan temane fisher stevens aneey keith gorden saathe mool natakoma pradarshan karyoo hatoo. teo daniel stern aneey john randolph saathe newyork theatres nirmanma pann dekhaaya hataa, aneey potaanu stage naatak "noow title (haju sudhee)" lakhyu hatoo, jeey 1983nee vasantma stella edler conservatoryma runn baras dwara nirdeshit pradarshan hatoo. december 1983maan, williams television aneey filmnun kaama melavaa maate losa angels gayaa. 1985 sudhimaa temane "cagney anned lessie" aneey "simone anned simone" jevee primetime shreneeoma maheman bhoomikao bhajvi hatee aneey tivi filmo "club meeyd", "welcome hooma, bobby" aneey disneyni "splash" maan pann dekhaaya hataa. jooe keey, 1986 maan sharoo thayel "cheers" parr temnu punraavartit maheman turn hatoo jene temne apkirti apaavi hatee, jemaa temane cheers waiter carla tortelli (riyaa pearlman) naa putra anthony tortellini bhoomika bhajvi hatee. 1986naa antamaa, "cheers" maheman dekhaavnaa dodhh varsh pachhi, williamsne saathee maheman kalakaro dayne hediya aneey jiina kasem saathe spina-off shrenee "dhaa tortellis" maan khasedvama aavyaa hataa. aaa shoae maatra williamsne temnee pratham niyameet shreneeni bhoomika jaj pradaan curry nahoti, parantu tenaathi temne temnee pratham television lekhannee nokri pann malee hatee; temane shreneeno 'baarmo (aneey pachhino-thee-chhello) episode lakhyo,' aarop mujab nirdosh '. "dhaa tortellis" neey 1987nee vasantrutumaa 13 episode pachhi nbc dwara rada karvaamaa aavee hatee. viliyamse toonk samayma temnee television shreneenu lekhan chaalu raakhyu jyaare temne anya sarvoch nirmeet sitcom, shotime shrenee "bradhars" dwara rakhvama aavyaa. viliyamse 'bradhars' naa aath episode lakhyaa aneey 1989nee vasantrutumaa shreneenu nirmaan samaapt naa thayu tyaan sudhee aagaami beey season maate patkathaa salaahkaar tareeke sevaa aapee. shonaa anteem season maate, viliyamse mike chandler tareeke niyameet ona-screen bhoomika bhajvi, jeey aek yuvan vakeel chhe jeey penee water (hellie todee) noow stheer boyfriend baney chhe. 1980naa daykana antamaa aneey 1990naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, viliyamse "saamanya jeevan", "parineet loko", "bobini dunia", "motaa bhaai jeeka", "ritchie ritch" (11 episode) aneey "tamara shortsne salaam karoo" jevee vadhaaraani tivi shreneeo maate lakhyu hatoo. temane "saved baay dhaa bail", doogie houser, aema. parr maheman bhoomikama pann abhinay karvaanu chaalu raakhyu.dii."," "crusade" "aneey" "coach". " williams ghanaa pustakonaa "bhuteeya lekhak" pann hataa, jemaa "hollywoodma maaree kahevaati karkirdi", 1960naa daykana durbhagyapurn television lekhak ellery klaasnee aek shyaam comedic aatmakatha, aneey "huun avkashma khovai nathee!", mool" avkashma khovai "tivi shrenee parr aadharit aek jodaan navalkathaa. viliyamse "jungley banvaa maate janm" aneey "mukt reete chaali" filmo maate film jodaan navalkathaao pann lakhee hatee. 2005 aneey 2007maan teo governorni patkathaa lekhan spardhana vijeta hataa. temnee 2005nee vijeta entry, "nunley", nirmata bernard viliyamse hastgat curry hatee aneey temnee 2007nee vijeta entry, "jeey reete vastuo badlai jaay chhe", nirmatao gross-weston dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2012maan, veeleeyamni patkathaa "teela" neey american film productions dwara khareedvama aavee hatee, jeey.aema.aar. lunaa nirdeshak tareeke seeta thayaa. meelo ventimiglia, jayson lii aneey ketee sekhof abhineet aaa film 2014maan orean pictures dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. "teela" march 2017maan dvd aneey blue-reey parr rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2018 maan nirmata christina derosa dwara temnaa hollmark teleplay "chrismus jevaa ghanaa" neey vikasavvama aavyu hatoo.

timothi williams (abhineta) timothi williams (janm 30 julaai, 1967) ack americi abhineta aur patkatha lekhak hain. carrier. williams kaa janm richmond, virginia-vishesh roop seey chesterfield company mein huaa thaa.; unhone midlothian aich. aiss. seey snaatak kiya. jaba taka vaha kishore they, taba taka unhone newyork shahar mein live theatre kii duniya mein pravesh kiya thaa, joe joseph paip key saarvajanik theatre mein chalane vaale kaee natakon mein bhaag leey chuke they. vahaan unhone fisher stevens aur keath gorden key saath mool natakon mein pradarshan kiya. vaha daniel stern aur johnn randolf key saath newyork theatre key kalakaron key samooh mein bhee dikhaai diye, aur apana swayam kaa munch naatak, "koee sheershak (abhee taka) naheen" likhaa, jisamen 1983 key vasant mein stella adler conservatory mein pradarshan kaa ack runn thaa, jiska nirdeshan ronn burrus ney kiya thaa. disambar 1983 mein, williams television aur film key kaam kii talash mein loss angils chaley gaye. 1985 taka unhone "cagney aind lessie" aur "saiman aind saiman" jaisi primetime shrinkhalaon mein atithi bhoomikaaen nibhai theen aur tv filmon "club maid", "velakam home, bobby" aur disney kii "splash" mein bhee dikhaai diye they. haalaanki, yeh 1986 mein shuru honey vaalaa unakaa doharaae jaane vaalaa atithi turn thaa "cheers" jisane unhein badnam kiya, jisamen unhone cheers vetress carla tortelli (riya pearlman) key bete anthany tortelli kii bhoomika nibhai. 1986 key anta mein, dedh saal kii "cheers" atithi upasthiti key baad, williams koo saathi atithi sitaaron danne hedia aur jeane kasem key saath spin-off shrinkhala "dha tortalis" mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. show ney naa kewal williams koo apani pahali niyamit shrinkhala bhoomika pradaan kii, balki isane unhein apana pahala television lekhan kaam bhee diyaa; unhone shrinkhala 'baarahavin (aur agali-seey-aakhiri) episode likhaa,' aarop key anusaar nirdosh '. "dha tortalis" koo 1987 key vasant mein 13 episode key baad nbc dwara radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. williams ney jald hii apani tv shrinkhala lekhan jaari rakhaa jaba unhein ack anya sarvopari-nirmit sitcom, shotime shrinkhala "brothers" dwara kaam parr rakhaa gayaa. williams ney "brothers" key aathh episode likhe, aur agale dou season key liye ack patkatha salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya, jaba taka kii shrinkhala 1989 key vasant mein utpaadan samaapt naheen hoe gaee. show key antim season key liye, williams ney mike chandler key roop mein ack niyamit onn-screen bhoomika nibhai, joe ack yuva vakeel thaa joe penny watter (hailey todd) kaa sthir premi bunn jaataa haye. 1980 key dashak key anta aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, williams ney atirikt tv shrinkhalaon key liye likhaa jaise kii "samanya jeevan", "vivaahit loga", "bobby kii duniya", "badey bhaai jeck", "ameer ameer" (11 episode), aur "apane laghu chitron koo salaam karein. unhone "saved baay dha bell", doogi houser, aim parr atithi bhoomikaon mein abhinay karna jaari rakhaa.dee."," dharmayuddh "aur" coach ". williams kaee pustakon key "bhoot lekhak" bhee they, jinamen "hollywood mein meraa tathaakathit currier", 1960 key dashak key durbhagyapurna tv lekhak ellery class kii ack kaali haasya aatmakatha, aur "main antariksh mein khoya naheen huun!" shamil hain.", mool" antariksh mein khoya "tv shrinkhala parr adharit ack tyee-inn upanyaas. williams ney "jangli honey key liye paida huaa" aur "swatantra roop seey chala rhaa haye" filmon key liye film tyee-inn upanyaas bhee likhe. 2005 aur 2007 mein, way governor kii patkatha lekhan pratiyogita key vijeta they. unaki 2005 kii vijeta pravishti, "nanale", nirmaata bernard williams dwara adhigrahit kii gaee thee aur unaki 2007 kii vijeta pravishti, "jiss tarah seey cheejen badalati hain", koo nirmaataon key sakal-weston dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa. 2012 mein, williams kii patkatha "tail" koo americi film nirmaan dwara kharida gayaa thaa, jey key saath.aim.nirdeshak key roop mein anunaad. milo ventimilia, jayson lii aur ketty saikof abhineet yeh film 2014 mein orean pictures dwara jaari kii gaee thee. "tail" march 2017 mein dvd aur blue-ray parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 2018 mein nirmaata christina derosa dwara unake hallmark teleplay "bahut kuchh chrismus kii tarah" koo vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.

timothy villiams (nata) timothy villiams (janana julai 30,1967) obba american nata mattu chitrakathegaarti. vrattijeevana. villiams varjeeniyaada richmandnalli janisidaru-visheshavaagi chesterfield kumm.avaru midlothian hsninda padavi padedaru. avaru hadihareyadavaragiddaga, newyork nagarada live theatre jagattannu praveshisiddaru, joseph pop avara saarvajanika rangabhoomiyalli nadeda halavaaru natakagalalli bhagagalannu geddaru. alliye avaru fisher stevens mattu keeth garden avarondige moola natakagalalli pradarshana niididaru. avaru daniel stern mattu zaan randolph avarondige newyork rangabhumiya nirmanagalalli kanisikondaru, mattu tammade aada "noow taital (innoo)" emba naatakavannu baredaru, idu 1983 rahra vasanta rtuvinalli stella adler conservatoriyalli pradarshanagalannu hondittu, idannu raan barras nirdeshisidaru. 1983rahra decembernalli, villiams duradarshana mattu chalanachitradalli kelasa maadalu laas angeliesge teralidaru. 1985rahra hottige avaru "cagney & lesi" mattu "saiman & saiman" nantaha primetime saranigalalli atithi patragalannu padedaru mattu duradarshana chalanachitragalaada "club med", "welcome home, baabi" mattu disney "splash" nalliyu kanisikondaru. aadaagyoo, 1986ralli aarambhavaada avara punaraavartita atithi "cheers" aun avaru kukhyaatiyannu galisidaru, idaralli avaru cheers parichaaraki carla tortelli (rhea pearlman) maga anthony tortelli patravannu nirvahisidaru. 1986rahra koneyalli, ondoovare varshada "cheers" atithi patragala nantara, saha atithi taaregalaada daan hedaya mattu zeane cassem avarondige villiams avarannu "dhii tortellis" emba spin-off saranige sthalaantarisalaayitu. ee kaaryakramavu villiams avarige avara modala niyamita sarani patravannu odagisiddu matravallade, idu avarige duradarshanadalli bareyuva modala udyogavannoo needitu; avaru saraniya 'hanneradane (mattu koneya) sanchikeyannu "aaropadante mugdha" endu baredaru. "1987rahra vasanta rtuvinalli 13 kantugala nantara enn. bii. sii. yuu "dhii tortellis" annu raddugolisitu. villiams shighradalle tamma duradarshana sarani baravanigeyannu munduvaresidaru, mattondu atyunnata-nirmita sitcom, shotime sarani "brothers" ninda nemakagondaru. villiams avaru "brothers" naa entu kantugalannu baredaru mattu mundina eradu rtugalalli chitrakathe salahegararagi seve sallisidaru, 1989 rahra vasanta rtuvinalli ee saraniya nirmaanavu konegolluvavarege. kaaryakramada koneya rtuvinalli, villiams avaru mike chandler emba yuva vakilaraagi niyamitavagi tereya mele patravannu vahisidaru, avaru penni watersna (halley tody) sthiravaada geleyaraguttare. 1980rahra dashakada koneyalli mattu 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, villiams "saamaanya jeevana", "vivaahitaru", "baabi 's worled", "bigg brother jake", "ritchie ritch" (11 kantugalu), mattu "solute yuvar shorts" nantaha hechchuvari duradarshana saranigalige baredaru. aata "save bye dhii bell", doogie houser, emm. nalli atithi patragalalli natisuvudannu munduvaresidaru.dii."," crusade "mattu" coach ". villiams avaru "mye-kareda hollywood vrattijeevana", 1960rahra dashakada duradrushtakara duradarshana barahagararada elri classes avara gaadha hasyamaya aatmacharitre mattu "aii aum nott laust inn space!" seridante halavaaru pustakagala "preta barahagara" ragiddaru.", moola" "laust inn space" "duradarshana saraniyannu aadharisida tye-inn navalisation". villiams "bayalaagi huttalu" mattu "muktavaagi odalu" chalanachitragaligaagi chalanachitrada tye-inn kaadambarigalannu saha barediddaare. 2005 mattu 2007ralli, avaru governor avara chitrakathe spardheya vijetaraagiddaru. avara 2005 rahra vijeta praveshavaada "nanli" annu nirmaapaka bernard villiams swadhinapadisikondaru mattu avara 2007 rahra vijeta praveshavaada "dhii way things turn" annu nirmapakara gross-weston swadhinapadisikondaru. 2012ralli, villiams avara chitrakathe "tell" annu american philm productions khareedisitu, zhe.emm.nirdeshakaragi chandranannu ayke maadalaagide. milo ventimiglia, jasson lea mattu keti sackhoff natisida ee chalanachitravannu 2014ralli orean pictures bidugade maaditu. "tell" march 2017 ralli dvd mattu blue-renalli bidugadeyaayitu. 2018ralli nirmaapaka christina derosa avara vishishtavaada teleplay "krismasnantaha" vannu abhivraddhipadisidaru.

timoti vilyams (nadan) oru american nadanum thirakkathaakruthum aanu timothi vilyams (jananam juulai 30,1967). currier. virjeeniyayile richmandilaanu vilyams janichathu-prathyekichu chesterfield kambani.addeham midu lothian echu. ezz. ll ninnu birudam nedi. kaumaarapraayatthil, newyork nagaratthile live thiyettar lokathekku praveshicha addeham, joseph paappinte public thiyettaril nadanna niravadhi naadakangalil bhagangal nedi. fisher steevansinum keeth gorden oppam addeham yadhaartha naadakangalil avatharippichathu avideyaanu. daniel stern, joonn randolf ennivarodoppam newyork thiyettarile nirmmaanasamghathilum addeham prathyakshappettu, koodaathe 1983 leeii vasanthakaalath stella adler kansarvettariyil roonn baras samvidaanam cheytha "noow taittil (ittu)" enna swantham steju naadakam ezhuthi. 1983 desemberil vilyams television, chalachithra jolikalkkaayi loss enjalsilekku maari. 1985 aayappozhekkum addeham "kagni & lessie", "saiman & saiman" thudangiya primetime parambarakalil athidhi veshangal cheyyukayum "club medu", "velkkam hoome, bobby", disneyude "splash" ennee television sinimakalilum prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1986 ll aarambhicha addehathinte aavarthichulla athidhi teenn oonn "cheezhs" aayirunnu addehathinu kuprasiddhi nedikkodutthathu, athil addeham cheeyezhs waitress carla tortelly (riya perlman) makan aanthani tortelliyayi abhinayichu. 1986 avasaanathode, onnara varshathe "cheeyezhs" athidhi veshangalkk sesham, saha athidhi thaarangalaaya daan hedia, jeane cassem ennivarodoppam vilyamsine "dhii tortallis" enna spin-oof seereesilekk maatti. eee shhow vilyamsinu addehathinte aadyathe pathiv seerees vesham nalkuka mathramalla, athu addehathinu aadyathe television ezhuthu joliyum nalki; addeham parambarayude 'panthrandaam (aduthathu muthal avasaanatheth vare) episode ezhuthi,' kuttaaropithanaayathupole niraparadhiyaanu '. "13 episodukalkku sesham 1987 leeii vasanthakaalath enn. bii. sii. "dhii tortallis" raddaki. vilyams taamasiyaathe thante television seerees ezhuthu thudarnnu, ettavum kooduthal nirmmicha mattoru sitcom, shodaim seerees "bradezhs" addehathe niyamichu. sahodaranmaarude" ettu episodukal vilyams ezhuthukayum 1989 leeii vasanthakaalath seerees nirmmaanam avasanikkunnathuvare adutha rund seasonukalil skript kansalttantaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. shoyude avasana seasonil, vilyams oru yuva abhibhashakanaaya mike chandler pathivayi screenil veshamittu, avan penni vaattarsinte (hallie tody) sthiramaaya kaamukanaakunnu. 1980kalude avasaanathilum 1990kalude thudakkathilum vilyams "saadhaarana jeevitam", "vivaahitar", "bobiyude lokam", "bigg bradezhs jake", "richi rich" (11 episodukal), "salute yuvar shorts" thudangiya adhika television parambarakalkkaayi ezhuthi. save bye dhaa bell", doogie hausar, emm. ennee chithrangalilum addeham athidhi veshangalil abhinayichu.dii."," kurishuyuddham "," pariseelakan ". ente hollywood currier", 1960-kalile television ezhuthukaaranaaya elri klaasinte irunda haasya aathmakatha, "njaan bahiraakaashath nashtappettitla!" ennivayulppede niravadhi pusthakangalude "pretha ezhuthukaaran" koodiyaayirunnu vilyams.", yadhaartha" loost inn space "television parambaraye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru tye-inn novalvalkkaranam. boonn tuu bii wilde", "running free" ennee sinimakalkkaayi vilyams tye-inn novalukalum ezhuthi. 2005lum 2007lum govarnorude thirakkathaasaahithya malsarathil addeham vijayichu. 2005 ll addehathinte vijayakaramaya entriyaaya "nanli" nirmmaathaav bernard vilyams ettedukkukayum 2007 ll addehathinte vijayakaramaya entriyaaya "dhii way teenn things" nirmmaathaakkalaaya gross-vesttan ettedukkukayum cheythu. 2012ll, vilyamsinte thirakkatha "tell" american philim productions vaangi, jeey.emm.chandran samvidaayakanaayi. miloo ventimiglia, jayson liie, ketti chacoff ennivar pradhana veshangalilethiya chithram 2014 ll ooriyoon pikchezhs puratthirakki. "2017 maarchil dvdyilum blue-reyilum 'tell' puratthirangi. 2018-ll nirmmathaavaaya kristeena derosa addehathinte hollmark teleplay "chrismus poleyulla oru" vikasippichu.

timothi williams (abhineta) timothi williams (janm 30 julai 1967) hii eka american abhinetri aanee patkatha lekhak aahe. karkird. vilyamsacha janm richmond, virginia yethe jhaala-visheshtah chesterfield company.tyane midlothian etch. ess. madhoon padvi prapt kelee. kishoravayin hoiparyant tyane newyork shaharatil thet natyasrushtichya jagaat pravesh keela hota, joseph papchya sarvajanik natyagruhat chalana anek natkanmadhye tyane bhag jinkla hota. tethech tyanni fisher stevens aanee keath gorden yanchyasobat mool natkanmadhye sadarikaran kele. too daniele stern aanee johnn randolph yanchyasobat newyork theaterchya nirmitimadhye dekhil disala aanee tyane swatache 'noow title (adyap)' heey natak lihile, jyache pradarshan 1983 chya vasant rutumadhye stella edler conservatorymadhye jhaale, jyache digdarshan ronn barras yanni kele. december 1983 madhye, williams durchitravani aanee chitrapatanchya shodhat losses angelisla gela. 1985 paryant tyala 'cagney andd lessie' aanee 'sayman andd sayman' sarkhya primetime malikanmadhye atithi bhoomika midalya hotya aanee too 'club maid', 'velakam hoome, bobby' aanee disneychya 'splash' yaa durchitravani chitrapatanmadhyehi disala hota. tathapi, 1986 pasoon suru jhalelya 'cheers' chya tyachya punaravartit atithi valanamulech tyala kukhyati midali, jyamadhye tyane cheers vetres carla tortelli (riya pearlman) hicha mulga anthony tortellichi bhoomika sakarli. 1986chya uttaradhat, deed varsh 'cheers' atithi upasthitinantar, sahkari atithi kalakar danne hedaya aanee jeane kasem yanchyasah, williamsla 'daad tortellis' yaa up-malika madhye halavanyat aale. yaa karyakramane keval vilyamsala tyachya pahilya niyamit maliketil bhoomikesah pradan kele nahee, tarr yamule tyala tyache pahile durchitravani lekhan kaam dekhil midale; tyane 'barave (aanee tyanantarche shevatche) bhag lihile,' aarop kelyapramane nirdosh '. "1987 chya vasant rutumadhye 13 bhagannantar aine. bii. see. neey 'daad tortellis' radd kele. vilyamsane lavkarach tyachya durchitravani malikeche lekhan suru thewale jevha tyala aanakhi eka sarvoch-nirmit sitcom, shotime malika 'brothers' neey niyukt kele. vilyamsane 'brothers' chey aath bhag lihile aanee 1989 chya vasant rutumadhye malikechi nirmiti sampeparyant pudhil done hangamansathi patkatha sallagar mhanoon kaam kele. karyakramachya antim hangamasathi, williamsney mike chandler yaa tarun vakilachi niyamitpane padadyavar bhoomika sakarli, joou penny watercha (halley todd) sthir priyakar banato. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila, vilyamsane 'samanya jeevan', 'vivahit lock', 'bobbys world', 'bigg brother jeeck', 'ritchie ritch' (11 bhag) aanee 'salam tumchya laghupat' yasarkhya atirikt durchitravani malikansathi lihile. tyane 'saved buy daad bail', doogie houser, emm. yaa chitrapatanmadhye atithi bhoomiketahi abhinay karane suru thewale.dii."," "dharmayuddha" aanee "" prashikshak ". williams heey anek pustakanche 'bhoot lekhak' dekhil hote, jyat 'maay tathakathit currier inn hollywood', 1960 chya durdevi durchitravani lekhak ellery classche gadad vinodi aatmcharitra aanee 'aay emm nott lost inn space' yancha samavesh aahe.", mool" avkashat haravalelya "durchitravani malikevar aadharit eka jode-inn navinyapurn rachana. vilyamsane 'borne too bii wilde' aanee 'running free' yaa chitrapatansathi chitrapatanchya saha-kadambyahi lihilya. 2005 aanee 2007 madhye teey governorchya patkatha spardheche vijete hote. 2005 saalee tyanchi 'nunley' hii vijayi praveshika nirmate bernard vilyamsane vikat ghetali aanee 2007 saalee tyanchi 'daad weey things turn' hii vijayi praveshika nirmatyanchya 'gross-weston' neey vikat ghetali. 2012 madhye, vilyamsane lihileli patkatha 'tail' hii american chitrapat nirmiti sansthene jeey.emm.aar. luna digdarshak mhanoon seet keela. milo ventimiglia, jasson lii aanee ketty sackhoff yanchya pramukh bhoomika asalela haah chitrapat 2014 madhye orean picturesne pradarshit keela hota. "tail' haah chitrapat march 2017 madhye dii. vhee. dii. aanee blue-rever pradarshit jhaala. 2018 madhye nirmata christina derosa yanni 'khoop khrisamasasarkhe' heey tyache vaishishtyapurn teleplay vikasit kele.

timothi williams (abhineta) timothi williams (janma july 30,1967) ek americi abhineta rar patakatha lekhak hun. currier. williamsko janma richmond, bharjinia-vishesh gari chesterfield companyma bhaeko thiyo.; unle midlothian hsbata snatak gare. kishorawasthama uni newyork saharko laibh thietarko sansarma prawesh garisakeka thie, josef papko sarvajanik thieterma chaleko dherai natakharuma bhag jiteka thie. tyahan unle fisher stevens rar keith gordensanga muel natakharuma pradarshan gare. uni daniel stern rar john randolfsanga newyork thietarko samuhama nirmanharuma pani dekha pare, rar afnai stage natak, "no tytle (ahilesamma)" lekhe, jasma sann 1983 ko wasantama stella adler conservatoryma pradarshanharu thie, june rone burasdwara nirdeshit thiyo. december 1983 maa, williams television rar chalchitrako kaam khojna lus angels sare. sann 1985 sammama unle "cagney anned lessy" rar "syman anned syman" jasta primetime shringkhalaharuma atithi bhumika nibhaeka thie rar tivi chalchitraharu "club maid", "velakam home, babi" rar disniko "splas" maa pani dekha pareka thie. yadyapi, sann 1986 maa suru bhaeko unko punarawartit atithi turn unn "cheers" ley unlai kukhyati dilaeko thiyo, jasma unle cheers veterres carla tortelli (riya pearlman) kaa chhora anthony torteliko bhumika kheleka thie. sann 1986 ko antyama, dedh warsha "cheers" atithi upasthiti pachhi, williamslai sathi atithi starharu danne headia rar zin kasemsanga spin-aff shringkhala "da tortelis" maa sario. sole williamslai unko pahilo niyamit shringkhala bhumika matra pradan garena, tara yasale unlai unko pahilo television lekhan kaam pani diyo; unle shringkhala 'bahraun (rar arko-dekhi-antim) episode lekhe, "arop lagae anusar nirdosh". "da tortelis" sann 1987 ko wasantama 13 episodpachhi enbisidwara radda garieko thiyo. williamsle chaandai afno tivi shringkhala lekhan jaari rakhe jab unlai arko sarvochcha-nirmit sitcom, shotime shringkhala "brothers" dwara niyukta gariyo. williamsle "bhaiharu" kaa atha episodharu lekhe, rar arko dui sijanka lagi script sallahakarko rupma sewa gare, 1989 ko wasantama shringkhalako nirman samapta nabhaesamma. karyakramko antim sijanka lagi, williamsle mick chandlerko rupma niyamit unn-screen bhumika lie, ek yuwa wakil jo penny water (hally tody) ko sthira premi banchha. sann 1980 ko dashakko antya rar 1990 ko dashakko prarambhama, williamsle "samanya jiwan", "vivahit wyaktiharu", "babiko sansar", "thula bhai jack", "dhani dhani" (11 episode), rar "tapainko certharulai salam garnuhos" jasta atirikta tivi shringkhalaharuka lagi lekhe. unle "sebh baya da bayle", dugi houser, emm maa atithi upasthitima pani abhinaya jaari rakhe.dee."," crusade "rar" koch ". williams dherai pustakharuko "bhut lekhak" pani thie, jasma "haliudma mero tathakathit currier", sann 1960 ko durbhagyapurna television lekhak eleri classko euta andhyaro hasya atmakatha, rar "mahm antarikshama haraeko chhaina!", muel" spacema haraeko "tivi shringkhalama adharit ek tye-inn upanyas. williamsle "bern too bi wild" rar "running free" filmharuka lagi chalchitra tye-inn upanyasharu pani lekhe. sann 2005 rar 2007 maa uni gabharnarko patakatha lekhan pratiyogitako vijeta thie. unko 2005 ko vijeta prawishti, "nanle", nirmata bernard williamsdwara adhigrahan garieko thiyo rar unko 2007 ko vijeta prawishti, "da wey things turn" nirmataharu gruss-westondwara adhigrahan garieko thiyo. sann 2012 maa, williamsko patakatha "tail" americi film productionle jey sanga kineko thiyo.emm.chandra nirdeshakka rupma sett gariyo. milo ventimiglia, jayson lea rar ketty sackhoff abhinit yo film 2014 maa orean picturesdwara rilij garieko thiyo. "tail" march 2017 maa dividi rar blue-rema rilij garieko thiyo. sann 2018 maa unko hallmark teleplay "dherai christmas jastai" nirmata cristina derosadwara vikasma rakhieko thiyo.

timothi williams (abhineta) timothi williams (janma july 30,1967) jane americae abhineta ebong chitranatya lekhaka. kyariyara. williams bharjiniara richmondre janmagrahana karithile-bisesh curry chesterfield coe.shay midlothian etch. ess. ru snataka hassel karithile. kishore bayasa suddha shay nyujarka saharar live theatre duniaare prabesha karithile, joseph papnka public thietarare chalithiba aneka natakare bhaga jitithile. sethare shay fisher stevens ebong keith gardananka saha moola natakare abhinai karithile. shay daniele stern ebong zohn randolfanka saha nyujarka thietarare prajojanare madhya abhinai karithile, ebong tankara nijaswa mancha nataka, "noe title (eparjyanta)" lekhithile, jaahaa runn barrasnka dwara nirdeshita 1983 rahr basanta ruture stella adler kanajarabhetorire pradarshan karithila . december 1983 ray, william television ebong chalachitra kaama khojiba paain lus angeless jaithile. 1985 masiha suddha shay 'kagni anded lessy' ebong 'symon anded symon' bhali prime time dharabahikare atithi bhumikare abhinai karithile ebong tibhi chalachitra 'club maid', 'welcom home, bubby' ebong 'disninka splas' ray madhya abhinai karithile. tebe, 1986 masiharu arambha hoithiba 'cheers "ray tankara punarabrutti atithi paali tanku kukhyati aanideithila, jeunthire shay cheers wetress carla turtelly (rhea pearlman) nka pua anthony turtelly bhumikare abhinai karithile. 1986 masiha shesh aadaku, dedha barsha "cheers" atithi bhumikare abhinai kariba parey, williams, saathee atithi tarka daan hedia ebong zin kasemanka saha, spin-off sirij "daa turtellis" ray sthana paithile. ehi shoe 'kebala wilijamsanku tankara pratham nijamita sirij bhumika pradan karinathila, barang ehaa tanku tankara pratham television lekhiba chakiri madhya deithila; shay sirij' dwadasha (ebong parabarti-ru-shesh) episode lekhithile, "abhijukta bhabare nirdosha" . "1987 masiha basanta ruture 13tii adhyaja parey 'daa turtellis' ku nbc dwara batil karajaithila. williams khub shighra taanka tibhi sirij lekhiba jaari rakhithile jetebele tanku anya eka sarbashrestha-nirmita sitcom, shotime sirij "brothers" dwara nijukta karajaithila . williams "brathers" rahr athati episode lekhithile, ebong parabarti duiti sijin paain script paramarshadata bhabare karjya karithile, 1989 rahr basanta ruture sirij utpadana shesh heba parjyanta. shoe 'rahr shesh sijin paain, williams jane juba okil bhabare nijamita bhabare parda upare bhumika grahan karithile, jie peni water (haali todd) rahr sthira boyfriend huanti . 1980 dashkar sheshabhagare ebong 1990 dashkar prarambhare, williams atirikta tibhi sirij paain lekhithile jepariki "sadharana zeeban", "bibahita lokamane", "babinka dunia", "bigg brother jack", "richi ritch" (11 episode), ebong "salute yora certs" . shay "sebh baai daa bail", dugi houser, emm ray atithi bhumikare abhinai jaari rakhithile.dii."," crusade "ebong" coach ". williams aneka pustakara "bhuta lekhaka" madhya thile, jeunthire "haliudare more tathakathita kyariyara", 1960 rahr durbhagyajanaka tibhi lekhaka eleri classer eka andhakara kamedi atmajibani, ebong "mun mahakashare hozzy jainahin!", moola" hozzy jaithiba mahakash "tibhi sirij upare aadharita eka tye-inn upenyas . williams "zohn tuu bii wild" ebong "runn free" chalachitra paain chalachitra tye-inn upenyas madhya lekhithile . 2005 ebong 2007 masihare shay rajyapalanka chitranatya pratijogitara bijeta thile. tankara 2005 rahr bijai entry, "nanli", nirmata bernard wilijamsanka dwara adhigrahan karajaithila ebong tankara 2007 rahr bijai entry, "we thingas turn" nirmata grusses-weston dwara adhigrahan karajaithila . 2012 ray, wilijamsanka chitranatya "tail" americae chalachitra prajojana dwara jay.emm.chandra nirdeshaka bhabe karjyabhara grahan karithile. milo ventimiglia, jasson lea ebong kaati chackhoff abhineet ehi chalachitrati 2014 ray orion pictures dwara muktilabha karithila . "tail' march 2017ray dividi ebong blue-rere muktilabha karithila. 2018 ray tankara hallmark teleplay "bahuta christmas pari" nirmata christina derosanka dwara bikash karajaithila .

timothy villiams (adakar) timothy villiams (janam 30 julai, 1967) ikk amriki adakar atey patkatha lekhak haii. carrier. villiams daa janam richmond, virginia-vishesh taur 'teey chesterfield company witch hoiaa see.uss neey midlothian aich. aiss. toon graduation keeti. jadon uh ikk kishore see, udon takk uh newyork shehar witch live theatre dee dunia witch dakhal hoow giaa see, jiss neey joseph paip dey public theatre witch challan vaale kaee natkan witch hissa liaa see. utthe hii unhan neey fisher stevens atey cath gorden naal mool natkan witch pardarshan keeta. uh daniel stern atey john randolf dey naal newyork theatre dey samooh witch productionan witch vee dikhai ditta, atey aapna stage play, "koee sirlekh (ajey takk) naheen" likhiaa, jiss witch 1983 dee basant rutt witch stella edler conservatory witch pardarshan keete gaye sunn, jiss daa nirdeshan rone burse neey keeta see. dasambar 1983 witch, villiams television atey film daa kamm curran laee laas angels chaley gaye. 1985 takk uss neey primetime seereez jiven kii "cagney aind lessie" atey "saiman aind saiman" witch mehmann bhumikavan nibhaiaan sunn, atey teevi filman "club maid", "welcome home, baubi" atey disney dey "splash" witch vee dikhai ditta see. halanki, ih 1986 witch shuru hoye "cheers" noon uss dey duhraun vaale mehmann modd neey uss noon badnam keeta, jiss witch uss neey cheers vetress carla tortelli (reeaa perlman) dey puttar anthony tortelli dee bhumika nibhai. 1986 dey akheer witch, dedh saal dee "cheers" mehmann peshkari toon baad, villiams noon saathi mehmann sitariaan daena hedia atey jeane kasem naal, spin-aaf seereez "dha tortelis" witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. iss shoa neey naa siraf villiams noon aapni pahili niyamat ladiwar bhumika pardan keeti, balki iss neey uss noon aapni pahili television likhan dee naukari vee ditti; usne ladiwar daa barahvan (atey agla-toon-aakhri) episode likhiaa, "nirdosh". "dha tortelis" noon ainn. bee. see. duaara 1987 dee basant rutt witch 13 episodan toon baad radd qarr ditta giaa see. villiams neey jaldi hii aapni tii. vee. ladiwar likhna jaari rakkhiaa jadon uss noon ikk horr surbouch-nirmit sitcom, shoatime ladiwar "brothers" duaara niyukat keeta giaa see. villiams neey "bharavan" dey atth episode likhe atey agle doou seezanan laee script salahkar vajon kamm keeta, jadon takk kii 1989 dee basant rutt witch seereez daa nirman khatam naheen hoow giaa. shoa dey aakhri season laee, villiams neey mike chandler dey roop witch ikk niyamat aana-screen bhumika nibhai, ikk naujwan vakeel joe paini waters (haali bacche) daa sathir premi bann jaanda haii. 1980 dey dahake dey akheer atey 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch, villiams neey vadhu teevi seereez jiven kii "aam jeevan", "viaahe hoye lock", "baubi dee dunia", "vadde bharaa jaik", "ameer ameer" (11 episode), atey "aapne shorts noon salaam crow" laee likhiaa. uss neey "saved baaee dha baill", doogi hausar, aimm. 'teey mehmann dee bhumika witch vee kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa.dee."," crusade "atey" coach ". villiams kaee kitaban dey "bhoot lekhak" vee sunn, jinhan witch "hollywod witch meraa akhauti carrier", 1960 dey dahake dey tii. vee. lekhak ellery class dee ikk kaali kamedi sway-jeevani, atey "main pulad witch gumm naheen haan!", mool" pulad witch gumm "teevi luddy 'teey adharat ikk tyee-inn navalkaran. villiams neey "jangli bannan laee paida hoiaa" atey "running free" filman laee film tyee-inn nawal vee likhe. uh 2005 atey 2007 witch governor dey screeneriting mukabale dey jetu sunn. uss dee 2005 dee jetu entary, "nanle", nirmata bernard villiams duaara prapat keeti gaee see atey uss dee 2007 dee jetu entary, "jiss tarahan naal cheezan badaldiaan hunn" noon nirmata kull-weston duaara prapat keeta giaa see. sann 2012 witch, villiams dee screenplay "tail" noon amriki film productions duaara jey.aim.aar luna director vajon sett keeta giaa. milo ventimiglia, jaisan lee atey catty saikof dee adakari vaali ih film 2014 witch orean pictures duaara rileez keeti gaee see. "tail" march 2017 witch dvd atey blue-reey utte jaari keeti gaee see. saal 2018 witch uss dey halmark teleplay "bahut kujh christmas varga" noon nirmata christina derosa duaara vikast keeta giaa see.

timothy viliums (abhinetaa) timothy viliums (janma julai 30,1967) ekaa amerikiya-abhinetree, chitrakathaakaarah cha asti. vruttihi. viliums ityasya janma virginia-deshasya richmond-nagare abhavat-visheshatah chesterfield ko.saha midlothian ech. ess. ityatah snaatakapadaveem praptavan. kishoraavasthaayaam saha nyuyaark-nagarasya laiv-theatre-jagatam pravishtavaan, joseph-paap ityasya saarwajanik-rangamanche prachaliteshu anekeshu naatakeshu bhaagam praptavan. tatra saha fisher stevens tathaa keet gorden ityetaih saha mulanatakeshu pradarshanm krutavaan. saha daniel stern tathaa jaan rendolf ityetaih saha nyuyaark-natyashalayam nirmaana-kaaryakrame api abhyanayt, tathaa cha swakeeyam "no-tattle (itt)" iti mancha-naatakam alikhat, yasya pradarshanm 1983 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale stella-adler-concervatory ityatra raan-barras ityanena nirdeshite, aasit. 1983 december-maase viliums ityayam dooradarshanasy chalacchitrasya cha karyam praaptum laas-angelies-nagaram gatavaan. 1985 tame varshe saha "kagni and lessy" tathaa "syman and syman" ityaadishu pramtaim-shrunkhalaasu atithipaatraani niravahat, tathaa cha "club-medd", "velkam-home, baabi", disney ityasya "splash" ityaadishu dooradarshanachalachitreshu api abhyanayt. parantu 1986 tame varshe aarabhy tasya punaraawartit-atithi-sakriya-"cheers" ityanena saha kukhyaatim avaapnot, yasmin saha cheers vetres carla tortelli (rhea perlman) ityasya putrasya enthonee tortelli iti paatram niravahat. 1986 tamasya varshasya ante, "cheers" iti atithi-pradarshanasy ardhavarshasya anantaram, viliums ityayam saha-atithi-taarakaih daan hedaya, jeane kasema cha saha "da tortelis" iti upa-shrunkhalaayaam praavartat. asmin kaaryakrame naa kevalam viliums-varyaha prathamavaaram niyamita-dhaaraawaahik-paatram abhyanayt, apitu tasya prathamam dooradarshan-lekhan-karyam api dattam; saha 'dvaadasha-prakaranam (tathaa antima-prakaranam) "aaropah krutah nirdoshah" iti shrunkhalaam likhitavaan. "1987 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale 13 prakarananam anantaram "da tortelis" iti padam enn. bee. see. ityanena nirastam. viliums ityeshah sheeghramev swasya dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaah lekhanam anuvartayat, yadaa saha anyena sarvopari nirmitena sitcom ityanena niyuktah, sho-taim-shrunkhalayaa "brothers" iti. viliums ityayam "brothers" ityasya ashta-khandaan alikhat, tathaa cha agrimayoho satrayoho krute scriptsonsulter-rupena karyam krutavaan, yaavat 1989 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale asya shrunkhalaayaah nirmaanam samaaptam naa abhavat. karyakramasya antima-satrasya krute viliums niyamitaroopen maik-chandler iti chalachchitre paatram agruhnaat, yah penee-waters (helly-todd) ityasya sthirah premikah bhavati. 1980 tamasya dashakasy ante 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe cha viliums-varyaha "saamaanyajeevanam", "vivaahitajanaani", "baabi-vishvam", "bigg bradar-jack", "richee-rich" (11 prakaranaani), "selyoom yuvar-shorts" ityadinam atirikta-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaanaam krute alikhat. saha "sev bai da bell", doogie hausar, emm ityasmin atithi-paatreshu api abhinayam anvavartayat.dee."crusade" tathaa "koch" iti. viliums ityayam anekeshaam pustakanam "bhuta-lekhakah" api aasit, yathaa "mai-tathakathita-currier-inn-hollywood", 1960 tame varshe durdashaayaah dooradarshan-lekhakasy ellery-class ityasya krushna-hasya-atmakatha, "aii emm naat laast-inn-space!", mulasya" laast inn space "iti dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaah aadhaaren ekam tai-inn-navakalpanaa. viliums ityayam "born too bee weld" tathaa "ranning free" iti chalacchitraanaam krute chalacchitra-tai-inn-navalaani api alikhat. 2005 tame varshe 2007 tame varshe cha saha governor ityasya chitralekhanaspardhayaha vijetaa aasit. tasya 2005 tame varshe vijetaam pravishtihi "nanlee" iti, nirmaatru-bernard viliums ityanena adhigrahitam, tasya 2007 tame varshe vijetaam pravishtihi, "da ve things turn" iti nirmaatrubhihi grass-weston ityanena adhigrahitam. 2012 tame varshe, viliums ityasya chitrakathaam "tell" iteedam jey ityanena saha american-chalacchitra-nirmaanaih kreenitam.emm.aar. lunaa nirdeshakatvena sthaapitah. milo ventimiglia, jayson lee, ketty syaakhaaf cha abhineetam chalacchitram 2014 tame varshe orean pictures ityanena pradarshitam. "tell" iti chalacchitram 2017 maarch-maase dee. vee. dee. tathaa bloo-rey madhye pradarshitam. 2018 tame varshe tasya vishishta-teleplay "a laat laik chrismus" ityasya vikaasam nirmaatru christina derosa ityanena krutam.

demothy villiams (nadigar) demothy villiams (prappu juulai 30,1967) oru america nadigar mattrum tiraikkathai ezhuththaalar aavaar. thozhil. villiams varjeeniyaavin richmandil piranthaar-kurippaaga sesterfield coow.avar mitlothian hs ill pattam pettraar. avar oru denager irukkumpoathu, avar newyorg nagaril neradi naadaga ulagil nuzhainthaar, josaph paappin podhu naadaga arangkil oodiya pala naadagangalil bhaagangkalai ventraar. angkuthaan avar fisher stevens mattrum keeth carden aakiyoarudan asal naadagangalil naditthaar. avar daniel stern mattrum john randolph aakiyoarudan newyorg theateril thayaarippukalil thoantrinaar, maelum 1983 aam aandin vasantha kaalaththil raan parras iyakkiya stella adler conservatoryil thanathu sontha maedai naadagamaana "noow dietle (innum)" endra naadagaththai ezhuthinaar. 1983 disambaril, villiams tholaikaatchi mattrum thiraippada vaelaigalaith thaeduvatharkaaga losses aenchalsukkuch sentraar. 1985 vaakkil avar "kagni & laesi" mattrum "saiman & saiman" poantra piraim time thodarkalil virunththinar vaedangkalil thoantrinaar, maelum tholaikaatchi thiraippatankalaana "kilap mett", "velgam hoam, baabi" mattrum disniyin "splash" aagiyavattril thoantrinaar. iruppinum, 1986 aam aandil thodangi avarathu meendum meendum virunththinar thiruppam "sears" thaan avarukku pugazhaip pettrathu, athil avar sears paniyaalaraana carla dordelliyin (rhea berlman) maganaana anthoni dordelliyaaga naditthaar. 1986 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, ontrarai varuda "sears" virunththinar thoattrangalukkup piragu, villiams, saga virunththinar natchaththiranggalaana dawn hedia mattrum jeane cassem aakiyoarudan, spin-off thodaraana "thii dordellis" kku nagarththappattaar. inththa nigazhchchi villiams thanathu muthal valakkamaana thodar paaththiraththai valangkiyathu mattumallaamal, adhu avarukku thanathu muthal tholaikaatchi ezhuthum vaelaiyaiyum valangkiyathu; avar thodarin 'pannirandaavathu (mattrum aduththathu muthal kadaisi) aththiyaayatthai ezhuthinaar, "kuttram saattappattapadi appavi". "thii dordellis" 1987 aam aandin vasantha kaalaththil 13 aththiyaayangkalukkup piragu enn. pii. chii aall rathu seiyappattathu. villiams viraivil thanathu tholaikaatchi thodarin ezhuththaith thodarnthaar, avar mattroru miga uyarnththa thayaarikkappatta sitcom, shodaim thodaraana "cakoothararkal" aall paniyamarthappattaar. villiams "cakoothararkal" endra thiraippataththin ettu aththiyaayangkalai ezhuthi, aduththa irandu seesangalukku script aaloachakaraaka paniyaattrinaar, inthath thodar 1989 vasantha kaalaththil thayaarippu mudivadaiyum varai. nigazhchchiyin iruthi seasonil, villiams maik saandlaraaga oru valakkamaana thiraiyil paaththiraththai aetrtraar, oru ilam vazhakkarinyar, avar bennie waters (haalii kuzhandhai) inn nilaiyaana kaathalanaaga maarukiraar. 1980kalin pirpaguthiyilum 1990kalin murpaguthiyilum, villiams "saathaarana vaazhkkai", "thirumanamaanavargal", "paapiyin ulagam", "periya cakootharar jaque", "richi rich" (11 aththiyaayangkal), mattrum "ungkal kurumpadangalukku vanakkam" poantra koodudhal tholaikaatchi thodarkalukku ezhuthinaar. saev paii thii bell", tookie havusar, emm aagiyavattril virunththinar vaedangkalil thodarnthu naditthaar.dii."," siluvaip poar "mattrum" payirchiyaalar ". villiams pala puththagangkalin "paei ezhuththaalaraagavum" irunthaar, idhil "hollywoodil enathu thozhil endru azhaikkappadubavar", 1960 kalin thurathirshtavasamaana tholaikaatchi ezhuththaalar elari classin irunda nagaichchuvai suyasaridhai, mattrum "naan vinveliyil tholainthuvidavillai!", asal" "vinveliyil tholainthuvittathu" "endra tholaikaatchi thodarai adippadaiyaagak konda oru dye-inn naaval. villiams "kaattu irukka piranthathu" mattrum "ilavasamaaka oodukirathu" padangkalukku thiraippada dye-inn naavalkalaiyum ezhuthinaar. 2005 mattrum 2007 aam aandugalil, avar aalunarin tiraikkathai ezhuthum poattiyil vettri pettraar. avarathu 2005 aam aandu vettri pettra nuzhaivu, "nannli", thayaarippaalar bernard villiams mattrum avarathu 2007 aam aandu vettri nuzhaivu, "thii vae things turn" thayaarippaalarkal gross-westonol vaangkappattathu. 2012 aam aandil, villiamin tiraikkathai "sollungal" america thiraippada thayaarippukalaal vaangkappattathu, jay.emm.aarr luna iyakkunaraaka niyamikkappattaar. miloo ventimiclea, jayson liie mattrum kaetti sackhoff nadiththa inththa padam 2014 aam aandil ooriyan biksarsal veliyidappattathu. "sollungal" maarch 2017 ill dvd mattrum blue-raeyil veliyidappattathu. 2018 aam aandil avarathu hallmark teleplay "christhumas poantrathu" thayaarippaalar christina terozawal uruvaakkappattathu.

timothy villiams (natudu) timothy villiams (jananam juulai 30,1967) oka american natudu mariyu screen raitar. vrutti. villiams varjeeniyaaloni richmandlo janminchaadu-mukhyamgaa chesterfield koo.athanu midlothian hchs nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. athanu yuktavayassu vachesariki, newyork nagaramloni live theatre prapanchamloki pravesinchaadu, joseph pop yokka public theatres nadiche aneka natakalalo bhaagaalanu geluchukunnadu. akkade ayana fisher stevens mariyu keeth gorden latho original natakalalo pradarsinchaaru. athanu daniel sturn mariyu zaan randolph latho kalisi newyork theatre samishti nirmaanaalalo kooda kanipinchaadu, mariyu thana sonta rangasthala natakam, "noo taitil (inca)" nuu raasaadu, idhi 1983 vasantakaalamlo stella adler conservatorylo pradarsanalu ichindi, dheeniki raan barras darsakatvam vahinchaadu. 1983 decemberulo, villiams television mariyu chalanachitra pani kosam laas angelsku vellaaru. 1985 natiki athanu "kagni & lacey" mariyu "saiman & saiman" vanti primetime siriislaloo athidhi paatralanu poeshinchaadu mariyu tv chitraalalo "club med", "welcome home, baabii" mariyu disney yokka "splash" loe kooda kanipinchaadu. ayithe, 1986loe praarambhamaina athani punaraavruta athidhi turn "cheers" ataniki apakeertini tecchipettindi, indulo athanu cheers veitress carla tortelli (rhea perlman) kumarudu anthony tortelli paatranu poeshinchaadu. 1986 chivaralo, okatinnara samvatsaraala "cheers" athidhi pradarsanala taruvaata, villiams thoti athidhi taaralu daan hedia mariyu zeane casemlatho paatu, spin-off syries "dhi tortellis" loki taralinchabaddaadu. eee karyakramam villiams kuu thana modati saadhaarana dhaaraavahika paatranu andinchadame kakunda, adhi ataniki thana modati television rachana udyogaanni kooda ichindi; athanu dharavahikam 'pannendava (mariyu tadupari nundi chivari) episode, "abhiyogam mopabadinatlugaa amayaka" nuu vrasadu. "dhi tortellis" nuu 1987 vasantakaalamlo 13 episodela tarvaata enbisi raddu chesindi. villiams tvaralo thana tv syries rachananu konasaginchadu, athanu maroka atyunnata-nirmita sitcom, shotime syries "brothers" chetha niyaminchabaddaadu. villiams "brothers" yokka enimidi bhaagaalanu rachinchi, 1989 vasantakaalamlo syries nirmaanam mugise varaku tadupari rendu seasonlaku script consultantga panicheesaaru. pradarsana yokka chivari season kosam, villiams paik chandler anae yuva nyayavadiga terapai kramam tappakunda paatra pooshinchaaru, athanu pennie waters (haalii tadda) yokka sthiramaina priyudu avtadu. 1980la chivaralo mariyu 1990la praarambhamlo, villiams "saadhaarana jeevitam", "vivaahitulu", "babis varald", "bigg brother jake", "ritchie ritch" (11 episodelu), mariyu "mea laghu chitraalaku vandanam" vanti adanapu tv sireesla kosam raasaaru. athanu "save bye dhi bell", doogie houser, m loe athidhi paatralalo natinchadam konasaginchadu.dii."," crusade "mariyu" coach ". villiams aneka pustakaalaku "deyyam rachayita" kooda, veetilo "hollywoodlo naa vrutti jeevitam", duradrushtakaramaina 1960la television rachayita ellery class yokka cheekati haasya aatmakatha, mariyu "neenu antarikshamlo kolpoledu!", asalu" laast inn space "tv syries aadhaaramgaa tye-inn navala. villiams "burn tuu bii wild" mariyu "running free" chitraala kosam chalanachitra tye-inn navlalanu kooda raasaaru. 2005 mariyu 2007loe ayana governor screen raiting pootiiloo vijaetagaa nilichaaru. athani 2005loe vijaetagaa nilichina "nanne" nuu nirmaata bernard villiams konugolu chesaaru mariyu athani 2007loe vijaetagaa nilichina "dhi vae things turn" nuu nirmaatala sthuula-weston konugolu chesaaru. 2012loe, villiams screen play "tell" nuu american film productions konugolu chesindi, zhe.emm.aarr luna darsakudigaa sett cheyabadindi. milo ventimiglia, jasson lii mariyu catey sackhoff natinchina eee chitraanni 2014loe orean pictures vidudala chesindi. "tell" marchi 2017loe DVD mariyu blue-raeloe vidudalaindi. 2018loe athani mukhya lakshanam teli play "chrismus laaga chaalaa" nirmaata christina derosa abhivruddhi chesaaru.

temothy waleems (adakaar) temothy waleems (paidaish 30 jolayi 1967) eek americi adakaar aur screen ryter haine. carrier. waleems kii paidaish richmond warjiniya mein hoyee thee-khaas toor parr chester feld company.vovo iss nay madlotheen aich aiss say graduation kiyaa. jabb wah noamar thay wah neoyork shehar mein laiyo theater kii duniya mein daakhil how chakay thay aur jozaf peep kay publik theater mein chalnay waalay kayee dramon mein hasah jeeth chakay thay. wahaan inhon nay fashar stevens aur keeth gorden kay saath asl dramon mein adakari kii. wah denial stern aur jaan rendolf kay saath neoyork theater kay majmuay mein productions mein bhee nazar aayey aur apnaa stage dramah "noow tytle (ubhee takk)" likhaa jiss mein 1983 kay mosam bahaar mein stella edler conservatory mein performans kaa silsilah thaa jiss kii hidayat kaaree rune bors nay kii thee. dasambar 1983 mein waleems teeli vision aur film kaa kaam haasil karnay kay liye laas angeles chalee gayein. 1985 takk wah "keegni aind leesi" aur "saaiman aind saaiman" jaisi prime tyme seerez mein mahman kirdaar adaa kirr chakay thay aur tye wee filmon "kalb meed"yee "velkam hoam boby" aur dazni kii "splash" mein bhee nazar aayey. tahim yaha 1986 mein sharoo honay waala inn kaa repet gest turn aann "chairs" thaa jiss nay inhein badnaam kiyaa jiss mein inhon nay chairs vetrace carla tortili (riyaa paralmeen) kay betay ainthoni tortili kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. 1986 kay aakhir mein deedh saal kii "chairs" mahmanon kii maujudgi kay baad waleems kuu saathi mahman sataron deane headia aur jaine qaasim kay saath spin aaf seerez "dee tortails" mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. iss show nay naha sarf waleems kuu apnaa pehla baqayedah seerez kaa kirdaar farahim kiyaa balkah iss say inhein teeli vision parr likhnay kaa pehla kaam bhee milaa. inhon nay seerez kii barahwein (aur agli say aakhri) qast likhee "bay qasoor jaisa kahh alzaam lagaya gayaa hay. "dee tortails" kuu aine bee see nay 1987 kay mosam bahaar mein 13 aqsaat kay baad mansukh kirr diyaa thaa. waleems nay jald hyee apnee tye wee seerez kii tehreer jaari rakhee jabb inhein eek aur sabb say ziyadah prodios shadah seet kaam show tyme seerez "baradaran" nay rakhaa. waleems nay "baradaran" kii aath aqsaat likhein aur aglay duu seasons kay liye script consultant kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain jabb takk kahh 1989 kay mosam bahaar mein seerez kii production khatam nahein how gayee. show kay aakhri seezan kay liyay waleems nay mayik chandler kay toor parr baqayedgi say aann screen kirdaar adaa kiyaa juu eek naujawan wakeel hay juu peeni waters (haili tudy) kaa mustahkam bawaae friend bunn jaataa hay. 1980 kii dahayi kay aakhir aur 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein waleems nay izaafi tye wee seerez jeesay "naarmil life"yee "shaadi shadah loag"yee "boby kii duniya"yee "bugg baradar jeek"yee "rachee rach" (11 aqsaat)yee aur "celio apnay shorts" kay liye likhaa. inhon nay "seeving bayee dee bail"yee dogi houser ayem parr mahmanon kii haisiyat say adakari bhee jaari rakhee.ddee."saleebi jung" aur "coach". waleems kayee kitaabon kii "bhoot masnaf" bhee thein jinn mein "miraa naam nahaad haali wode mein carrier"yee 1960 kii dahayi kay badqismat tye wee ryter ellery klaas kii eek tareek mazahiya sawanah umri aur "mein khalaa mein gumm nahein hoan!"yee asl" "khoye hoay khalaa" tye wee seerez parr mubni eek tayee inn novalision. waleems nay "born tuu bee wild" aur "runang free" filmon kay liye movi tayee inn naawal bhee likhay. 2005 aur 2007 mein wah governor kay screen ryting muqabilay kay faatah thay. inn kii 2005 kii jeetnay waali andraj "nanli"yee kuu producer bernard waleems nay haasil kiyaa thaa aur inn kii 2007 kii jeetnay waali andraj "jiss tarah say cheezein badalti haine" kuu producers graas weston nay haasil kiyaa thaa. 2012 mein waleems kaa screen play "tail" americi film productions nay jay kay saath khareed liyaa thaa.ayem.aar lonaa batoor hidayat kaar muqarar. melo ventimaglia jaisan lee aur keaty seekhof kii adakari waali yaha film 2014 mein auriyan pakcharz kay zariye release kii gayee thee. "tail" maarch 2017 mein ddee wee ddee aur blue ray parr release hoyee thee. 2018 mein inn kay numayan teeli play "behat ziyadah karsams kii tarah" kuu producer christina derosa nay tayaar kiyaa.

0008ee175308715f4947e2c4832feed576218c38ed25c3d644b1a689105cfb14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1013754

Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic

Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic Egyptian military rule over the Gaza Strip (1949–1967) Between 1953 (officially 1959) and 1967, the present-day Gaza Strip was occupied and governed by Egyptian armed forces of the United Arab Republic (UAR). The Egyptian occupation of Gaza began with the inception of the territory in 1949 following the First Arab–Israeli War, and ended after Egypt's defeat to Israel in the Third Arab–Israeli War of 1967, after which the Israeli Military Governorate commenced. Egyptian rule in Gaza before the 1967 war had been continuous with the exception of a brief period from October 1956 to March 1957, when Israel invaded and occupied Gaza as well as the Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis. From September 1948, until its dissolution by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1959, the Gaza Strip was officially administered by the All-Palestine Government. Although largely symbolic, the government was recognised by most members of the Arab League. Following All-Palestine dissolution, Egypt did not annex the Gaza Strip but kept it under military rule, pending a resolution of the Israel–Palestine question. Background. British Mandate. After the First World War, the League of Nations granted the United Kingdom authority over the Mandate for Palestine composed of former Ottoman territory, including the Gaza Strip. What became known as the British Mandate for Palestine was formally confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 24 July 1922 and which came into effect on 26 September 1923. 1948 War. On 15 May 1948, just over three years after the end of the Second World War in Europe, the British Mandate for Palestine ended. Prior to this, on 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly approved the 1947 UN Partition Plan to create in Palestine two states, one Jewish and one Arab. The 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine broke out in response. On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the independence of the State of Israel and the following day the armies of Egypt, Jordan and Syria declared war and invaded, aided by soldiers sent from the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, starting the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Egypt made gains early in the war, but these were reversed in late December 1948 when the Israeli army, in "Operation Horev", drove Egyptian forces out of the Negev Desert and encircled the Egyptian forces in the Gaza Strip, forcing Egypt to withdraw and accept a ceasefire. On 7 January 1949, a truce was achieved. Israeli forces proceeded to withdraw from Sinai and Gaza, leaving them to be occupied by Egypt. All-Palestine Protectorate (1948–1950s). The All-Palestine Protectorate was an entity established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, purportedly to provide Palestinian governance for Palestine. After the war, the Gaza Strip was the only former-Mandate territory under the jurisdiction of the All-Palestine Government. However, the members of the Government were consequently removed to Cairo, and had little or no influence over events in the Gaza Strip. On 24 February 1949, the Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement was signed in Rhodes. Under the agreement, the armistice line was drawn along the international border (dating from 1906) except near the Mediterranean Sea, where the Kingdom of Egypt remained in control of a strip of land along the coast, which became known as the Gaza Strip. (See 1949 Armistice Agreements.) According to Avi Shlaim:[T]he contrast between the pretensions of the All-Palestine Government and its capability quickly reduced it to the level of farce. It claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Palestine, yet it had no administration, no civil service, no money, and no real army of its own. Even in the small enclave around the town of Gaza its writ ran only by the grace of the Egyptian authorities. Taking advantage of the new government's dependence on them for funds and protection, the Egyptian paymasters manipulated it to undermine Abdullah's claim to represent the Palestinians in the Arab League and in international forums. Ostensibly the embryo for an independent Palestinian state, the new government, from the moment of its inception, was thus reduced to the unhappy role of a shuttlecock in the ongoing power struggle between Cairo and Amman. Suez Crisis and its aftermath. The Egyptian monarchy was abolished in June 1953, with the Kingdom of Egypt being superseded by the Arab Republic of Egypt. In 1956, Egypt blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, assumed national control of the Suez Canal, and blocked it to Israeli shipping—both threatening the young State of Israel and violating the Convention of Constantinople of 1888. France and the United Kingdom supported Israel in its determination that the canal should remain open to all nations as per the convention. On 29 October 1956, Israel, France and the United Kingdom invaded the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula initiating the 1956 Suez War. Under international pressure, the Anglo-French Task Force withdrew before the end of 1956, and the Israeli army withdrew from the Sinai and Gaza in March 1957. History. UAR administration (1959–1967). In 1959, the Gaza Strip was officially merged into the short lived United Arab Republic (UAR, which united Egypt and Syria). In September 1961, Syria became an independent state again by withdrawing from the UAR. However, Egypt continued to be officially called the UAR up until 1971, when it was officially renamed as the Arab Republic of Egypt once again. In 1962, the UAR government established a Palestinian Legislative Council elected by the population. The constitutional document began with the following: The Gaza Strip is an indivisible part of the land of Palestine and its people are part of the Arab Nation. The Palestinians in the Gaza Strip shall form a National Union composed of all Palestinians wherever they may be - its aim being the joint work to recover the usurped lands of Palestine, and the participation in fulfilling the call of Arab Nationalism. The National Union shall be organised by a decree from the Governor-General. When the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964, Nasser proclaimed that it would hold authority over Gaza, but that power was never granted in practice. A year later, conscription was instituted for the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA). On 5 June 1967, weeks after Egypt blockaded the Straits of Tiran and cut off Israeli shipping, Israel attacked Egypt, initiating the Six-Day War. It quickly defeated the surrounding Arab states and occupied the Gaza Strip, along with the West Bank and other territory, ending Egypt's occupation. Camp David accords. In 1978, Israel and Egypt signed the historic Camp David Accords which brought an official end to the strife between them. The second part of the accords was a framework for the establishment of an autonomous regime in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The Arab Republic of Egypt thus renounced any territorial claims over the Gaza Strip. Demographics and economy. The influx of over 200,000 refugees into Gaza during the 1948 war resulted in a dramatic decrease in the standard of living. Because the Egyptian government restricted movement to and from the Gaza Strip, its inhabitants could not look elsewhere for gainful employment. In 1955, one observer (a member of the United Nations Secretariat) noted that "For all practical purposes it would be true to say that for the last six years in Gaza over 300,000 poverty stricken people have been physically confined to an area the size of a large city park." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xongzukto aarob gonorajyor dwara gaaja upotyoka dokhol united aarob republicor dwara gaaja upotyoka dokhol koratuwe xei xomoikalok bujay zo 'too bortomanor pelestainor onchol gaaja upotyoka naamere jonajat 1949 sonor poraa 1967 sonoloike united aarob republicor ijiptor bahiniye dokhol korisil. 1949 sonot prothom aarob-ijorail juddhor pisot ijiptor gaaja dokhol aarombho hoisil, aaru 1967 sonor tritiyo aarob-ijorail juddhot ijorailor haatot egyptor porajoyor pisot xex hoisil, jaar pisot gaaja upotyoka ijorailor dokhol aarombho hoisil. 1967 sonor juddhor purbe gajat ijiptor xaxon obyahot aasil, 1956 sonor octoboror poraa 1957 sonor marcholoike ek xongkhipto xomoyor byotikromor xoite, jetiya ijoraile suyez xongkotor xomoyot gaajar logote sinai upodip aakromon kori dokhol korisil. 1948 sonor septemboror poraa 1959 sonot ijiptor rastropoti gomal aabdul nasare bhongo koraloike gaaja upotyokatu anusthanikbhabe xorbo-pelestain sorkaror dwara porisalito hoisil. jodiu sorkarok aarob leegor besibhag xodosyoi swikriti disil. iyar bhongo huwar pisot ijiptoi gaaja upotyokatu xongzukto koraa nasil kintu ijorail-pelestain prosnor xomadhan nuhuwakoi iyak xamorik xaxonor odhinot rakhisil. potobhumi. prothom biswojudhor pisot leeg owo nesyonse gaaja stripoke dhori purbor automan bhukhondore gothito pelestainor baabe aadexor uporot juktorajyok kortritwo prodan korisil. pelestainor baabe britis mandate hisape jonajat 1922 sonor 24 julyte leeg owo nesyonos porixode anusthanikbhabe nischito korisil aaru jitu 1923 sonor 26 septemborot karzokori hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor tini bosoror pisot 1948 sonor 15 mey 'too pelestainor baabe britisor jonadex xomapto hoisil. iyar purbe, 1947 sonor 29 novemborot rastroxonghor xadharon porixode pelestainot dutaa rajyo, etaa ihudi aaru etaa aarob sristi korar baabe 1947 sonor eu. eno. bibhajon porikolponat onumudon jonaisil. iyar protikriyat badhyotamulok pelestainot 1947-1948 grihojudho aarombho hoisil. 1948 sonor 14 mey 'too david benn-guriyone ijorail rajyor swadhinota ghuxona kore aaru pisdina ijipto, jordan aaru siriyar xenai juddho ghuxona kore aaru irakor poraa preron koraa xoinikor xohayot aakromon kori 1948 sonor aarob-ijorail juddho aarombho kore. ijiptoi juddhor aarombhonite laabh korisil, kintu 1948 sonor disemboror xexor faale ijoraili xenai "opareson hurev" too ijiptor bahineek negebhor poraa baahir kori ijiptor bahineek gaaja ongxot aaguri loi juwar folot egyptok proityahar koriboloi aaru juddhobiroti grohon koriboloi badhyo korar folot eibur xoloni hoisil. 1949 sonor 7 januaryt ek juddhobiroti prapto koraa hoisil. ijoraili bahiniye sinai aaru gaajar poraa aatori jaboloi aagbarhisil, aaru teulukok ijiptor dwara dokhol koriboloi eri disil. 1949 sonor 24 februaryt ijorail-ijipto juddhobiroti sukti rudesot swakhyorito hoisil. suktir odhinot, bhumodhyoxagoror usoror baahire antohrastriyo ximantot (1906 sonor poraa) juddhobiroti rekha aaka hoisil, zo 'too ijipto upokulor kaxot thoka bhumir etaa ongxor niyontronot aasil, jaak gaaja strip buli jonaa goisil. (1949 sonor juddhobiroti sukti sauk.) ijiptor dokholoh xokolu pelestain xurokhito onchol (1948-1950 s). 1948 sonor aarob-ijorail juddhor xomoyot 1948 sonor 22 septemborot aarob leege pelestainor baabe pelestainor xaxon prodan korar uddesye protistha koraa ek xotta aasil xorbo-pelestain xurokhito rajyo. juddhor pisot, gaaja upotyokatu aasil xorbo-pelestain sorkaror odhinot thoka ekmatro purbor-badhyotamulok onchol. obosye, pholsworupe sorkaror xodosyoxokolok keiruloi aatorai niya hoisil, aaru gaajar ghotonaxomuhor uporot iyar komm baa kunu probhab nasil. aabhi sweimor moteh [ti] teu xorbo-pelestain sorkaror prosar aaru iyar xamorthyor maajor parthokyoi iyak drutogotit prohoxonor storoloi hraax korisil. ee xomogro pelestainor uporot odhikar odhikar daabi korisil, tothapiu iyar kunu proxaxon nasil, kunu oxamorik xewa nasil, kunu dhon nasil, aaru nijor kunu prokrito xena nasil. aanoki gaaja sohoror sariufale thoka xoru sitmoholotu iyar ritt kewol ijiptor kortripokhyor onugrohor dwarahe solisil. puji aaru xurokhyar baabe notun sorkaror uporot nirbhorxilotar xubidha loi ijiptor pey-mastorxokole aarob leeg aaru antohrastriyo monchoxomuhot pelestainianxokolok protinidhitwo korar abdullar dabik durbol koriboloi iyak byobohar korisil. apatdristito ekhon swadhin pelestiniyo rastror bhrun, notun sorkar, iyar aarombhonir muhurtor porai, eidore keiru aaru aammanor maajot soli thoka khyomota xonggramot etaa swatlokokor oxontusto bhumikaloi hraax paisil. suyez xongkot aaru iyar porinam. 1956 sonot ijiptoi aakaba upoxagor oworudh korisil, suyez khaalor rastriyo niyontron grohon korisil, aaru iyak ijoraili jahaj solasolor baabe oworudh korisil-duyutai ijorailor juwo rajyok bhabuki disil aaru 1888 sonor constantinpolor convention ulonghon korisil. france aaru juktorajyoi ijorailok iyar xongkolpot xomorthon korisil je convension onuxori khaltu xokolu dexor baabe mukoli thakibo laage. 1956 sonor 29 octoborot ijorail, france aaru juktorajyoi gaaja upotyoka aaru sinai upodip aakromon kori 1956 sonor suyez juddho aarombho kore. antohrastriyo sapot 1956 sonor xexor purbe inglu-forasi tusk pho "rche proityahar korisil aaru ijoraili xenai 1957 sonor march maahot sinai aaru gaajar poraa proityahar korisil. kwaar proxaxon (1959-67). 1959 sonot gaaja upotyokatu anusthanikbhabe swolpokalin united aarob republic (ji ijipto aaru siriyak ekotrito korisil) too ekotrito koraa hoisil. 1962 sonot yu. e. aar. sorkare jonoxongkhyar dwara nirbasito ekhon pelestiniyo bidhan porixod sthapon kore. xangbidhanik dostabejtu tolot ullekh korar xoite aarombho hoisiloh gaaja upotyoka pelestainor bhumir ek obibhajyo ongxo aaru iyar lukoxokol aarob rastror ongxo. gajat pelestiniyoxokol stripor dwara xokolu pelestiniyore gothito ek rastriyo xongho gothon koraa hoh 'bob-iyar lokhyo hoh' lo pelestainor dokhol koraa bhumi punoruddharor baabe jutiya kaam koraa, aaru aarob jatiyotabador aahban puron korat ongxogrohon koraa. rastriyo xonghotu gowornor generalor ek aadexor dwara xongothito hoh 'bob. 1964 sonot pelestiniyo mukti xongstha (pi. el. oh ') protistha huwar xomoyot nasare ghuxona korisil je ee gaajar uporot kortritwo rakhibo, kintu xei khyomota ketiyau byoboharot prodan koraa huwa nasil. ebosoror pisot pelestainor mukti xenar baabe badhyotamulokbhabe nijukti prodan koraa hoisil. 1967 sonor 5 junot ijiptoi tiran pronali oworudh korar aaru ijoraili jahaj solasol bondho korar kichu xoptahor pisot ijoraile ijipto aakromon kori soidiniya juddho aarombho kore. ee oti xunkale aaxe-paxe thoka aarob rajyoxomuhok porasto kori poschim paar aaru onyanyo oncholor logote gaaja upotyoka dokhol kori ijiptor dokholor onto pelaisil. 1978 sonot ijorail aaru ijiptoi oitihaxik kemp david suktit swakhyor korisil jaar folot teulukor maajot huwa xonghator anusthanik onto porisil. suktir dwitiyo ongxotu aasil poschim paar aaru gaaja ongxot ek swayotoxaxito xaxon protisthar baabe ek porikathamu. eidore ijiptoi gaaja upotyokar uporot jikunu ancholik daabi tyag korisil. jonogathoni aaru orthoniti. 1948 sonor juddhor xomoyot gajaloi 2,00,000ru odhik xoronarthir prowexor folot jiwan dharonor mandondo natokiyobhabe hraax paisil. jihetu ijiptor sorkare gaaja upotyokar poraa ohaa-juwa korat baadha disil, xeyehe iyar baxindaxokole labhjonok kormoxongsthaponor baabe aan thait saab nuwarile. 1955 sonot ejon porzobekhyok (rastroxonghor xosibaloyor ejon xodosyo)-e ullekh korisil je "xokolu byowoharik uddesyor baabe eitu kuwatu xosa hoh 'bob je gajat juwa choy bosor dhori 300,000-tokoiu odhik doridrotar xonmukhin luk xaririkbhabe ekhon dangor sohor udyanor aakaror oncholot ximabodho hoi aase."

sangjukto arob projatontrer dwara gaza stripa dokhol sangjukto arob projatontrer dwara gaza stripa dokhol bolte seii samayke bojhai jokhon 1949 theke 1967 saal porjonto gaza stripa naame porichito bortoman palestini anchalti sangjukto arob projatontrer mishariya bahini dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo. prothom arob-israeli juddher porey 1949 saale eyi anchalti shuru howar saathe saathe gazar mishariya dokhol shuru hoy ebong 1967 saaler tritiya arob-israeli juddhe israeler kachhe mishorer porajoyer porey shesh hoy, jaar porey gaza striper israeli dokhol shuru hoy. 1967 saaler juddher agey gaza mishariya shasson abyahoto chhilo, 1956 saaler octobor theke 1957 saaler march porjonto ekti sangkhipto somoy baade, jokhon israel suez sankater somoy gazar pashapashi sinai upodwip akraman oo dokhol korechilo. 1948 saaler septembara theke 1959 saale mishorer rashtrapati gamal abdel naaser dwara venge yawar agey porjonto gaza upottokati anusthanikbhabe sorbo-palestine sarkar dwara porichalito hoto. jodio sarkar mulat protiki, arob leager beshirbhag sadasya dwara swikrito chhilo. err potoner porr, mishor gaza stripti sangjukto koreni, tobey israel-palestine proshner samadhaner jonno etike samrik shasoner adhine rekhechilo. patabhumi. prothom bishwojuddher porr, leeg off nations gaza stripa soho praktan automan anchal niye gothito palestiner jonno juktorajyoke kortritto pradan korey. jaa palestiner jonno british mandate hisabe porichito hoyechilo taa 1922 saaler 24 julai leeg off nations council dwara anusthanikbhabe nischito koraa hoyechilo ebong jaa 1923 saaler 26 septembara karjokor hoyechilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher tinn bochor porr 1948 saaler 15ee meey palestiner jonno britishder adesher abosan ghote. err agey, 1947 saaler 29shhey navembar, jatisangher sadharan porishod palestine duti rashtro, ekti ihudi ebong ekti arob gathoner jonno 1947 saaler un bibhajan parikalpana anumodan korey. err protikriyay badhyotamulok palestine 1947-1948 grihojuddho shuru hoy. 1948 saaler 14ee meey david beena-gurion israel rashtrer swadhinota ghoshana corren ebong porer deane mishor, jordan oo syria senabahini iraq theke pathano sainyader sahayatai juddho ghoshana korey ebong akraman korey, 1948 saaler arob-israeli juddho shuru korey. juddher prothom dike mishor lavban hoy, kintu 1948 saaler december shesher dike jokhon israeli senabahini "apareshana horev"-ayee mishariya bahinike negev theke berr korey deyo ebong gaza upottokai mishariya bahinike ghire feley, tokhon mishor prottahar korte ebong juddhobiroti grohon korte badhyo hoy. 1949 saaler 7ee januari ekti juddhobiroti karjokor hoy. israeli bahini sinai oo gaza theke sorey jete shuru korey, ebong taader mishorer dokhole rekhe deyo. 1949 saaler 24shhey february israel-mishor juddhobiroti chukti roadese swakkhorito hoy. chuktir adhine, bhumadhyasagarer kachakachi chhada antorjatik seemanto borabor (1906 saal theke) juddhobiroti rekha taanaa hoyechilo, jekhane mishor upokul borabor ekti bhukhander niyantrane chhilo, jaa gaza stripa naame porichito hoye othe. (1949 saaler juddhobiroti chukti dekhun.) mishor dokholoh sorbo-palestine surokkhito anchal (1948-1950 gully). 1948 saaler arob-israeli juddher somoy 22shhey septembara 1948 saale arob leeg kortrik sorbo-palestine surokkhito anchalti protisthito hoy, jaa palestiner jonno palestiner shasson pradan korar uddeshye koraa hoyechilo. juddher porr, gaza upottoka chhilo sorbo-palestine sarkarer ekhtiar adhine ekmatro praktan-badhyotamulok anchal. zaihok, sarkarer sadasyader falaswarup kairote sariye deoa hoyechilo ebong gazar ghotonagulir upor taader khub qama baa konao prabhab chhilo naa. avy shloimer moteh tini sorbo-palestine sarkarer vaan ebong err sokkhomotar modhye parthokyo druto etike prohosoner store namiye anen. etty somogro palestiner upor ekhtiar daabi korechilo, tobuo err konao proshashon, konao civille service, konao ortho ebong nijaswa konao prokrito senabahini chhilo naa. emonki gaza shohorer ashepasher chhoto chhitmahaleo err ritt shudhumatra mishariya kortripokkher onugrohe porichalito hoto. tehbil oo surakkhar jonno notun sarkarer upor nirbhorshilotar sujog niye mishariya betandatara arob leeg ebong antorjatik forame palestinider protinidhitto korar abdullahr dabike durbal korar jonno etike porichalona korechilen. apatodrishtite ekti swadhin palestinian rashtrer bhruno, notun sarkar, protisthar muhurta thekei, kairo ebong ammaner modhye chalman khomota sangrame shutlocker asukhi bhumikai hrass peyechilo. suez sangkat ebong taar porinoti. 1956 saale, mishor akaba uposagor aboruddho korey, suez khaaler jatiya niyantran grohon korey ebong israeli jahaz cholacholer jonno etty aboruddho korey-ubhayi israeler torun rashtroke humki deyo ebong 1888 saaler constantinopler convention langghan korey. france ebong juktorajyo convention onusare khalti samasta desher jonno unmukto rakhar sangkalpe israelke samarthan korechilo. 1956 saaler 29shhey octobor israel, france ebong juktorajyo gaza upottoka ebong sinai upodwip akraman korey 1956 saaler suez juddher suchona korey. antorjatik chaape 1956 saaler shesher agey anglo-farasi tusk phorsa prottahar korey neyo ebong 1957 saaler march maase israeli senabahini sinai oo gaza theke prottahar korey neyo. uar proshashon (1959-67). 1959 saale, gaza stripti anusthanikbhabe swalpasthayi sangjukto arob projatontrer (jaa mishor oo syriake ekotrito korechilo) saathe ekibhuto hoyechilo. 1962 saale kuar sarkar jonosongkhar dwara nirbachito ekti palestini aain porishod protistha korey. sangbidhanik nothiti nimnolikhito diye shuru hoyechiloh gaza upottoka palestine bhukhander ekti abibhakta ongsho ebong err jonogon arob jaatir ongsho. gaza palestiniora stripa samasta palestinioder niye gothito ekti jatiya union gathon korbe jekhanei taaraa thakuk naa keena-err lakkhya holl palestiner dokhol koraa jommy punoruddharer jonno joutho kaaj koraa ebong arob jatiyotabader ahoban purone ongshogrohon koraa. jatiya unionti governor-generaler ekti decree dwara sangathito hobey. 1964 saale jokhon palestiner mukti sangostha (pii. ell. oo) protisthito hoy, naaser ghoshana corren jey taaraa gazar upor kortritto rakhbe, kintu bastobe seii khomota kokhonyi deoa hoyney. eka bochor porr, palestiner mukti senabahinir jonno badhyotamulok niyog chaalu koraa hoy. 1967 saaler 5ee june, mishor tiran pranali aborodh ebong israeli jahaz chalachal bondho korar koyek saptaha porr, israel chhoy diner juddho shuru korey. etty druto parshoborti arob rajyogulike porajito korey ebong poschim teer oo anyanno anchal soho gaza upottoka dokhol korey mishorer dokholdaritter abosan ghotay. 1978 saale israel oo mishor oitihasik camp david chukti swakkhar korey jaa taader modhye dwandwer anusthanik abosan ghotay. chuktir dwitiya ongshoti chhilo poschim teer ebong gaza upottokai ekti swayattashasita shasson protisthar jonno ekti kathamo. mishor eibhabe gaza striper upor jey konao anchalik daabi tyag korey. jonosongkha oo arthaniti. 1948 saaler juddher somoy gaza 2,00,000-ero beshi sharanarthi probesher foley jeebonjatrar maan natokiyobhabe hrass paay. jehetu mishariya sarkar gaza upottokai assa-yawa seemaboddho korey diyechilo, taai err basindara lavjonok kormosongsthaner jonno onno kothao jete parten naa. 1955 saale, ekjon porjobekkhok (jatisangha sachibalayer ekjon sadasya) ullekh korechilen jey "samasta byaboharik uddeshye etaa bolla satya hobey jey goto chhoy bochor dhorey gaza 300,000-ero beshi daridropidito manush ekti borh shohorer uddaner moto elaka sharirikbhabe seemaboddho royeche."

sanyukt aarab prajasattak dwara ghaza patti parr kabajo sanyukt aarab prajasattak dwara ghaza patti parr kabajo aee samaygaalaano ullekh karey chhe jemaa ghaza patti tareeke odakhaata haalnaa palestinian pradesh parr 1949 thee 1967 sudhee sanyukt aarab prajasattakna egyptna daloae kabajo karyo hato. gaazaano egyptno kabajo pratham aarab-israeli yuddh pachhi 1949 maan aaa pradeshni sharuaat saathe sharoo thayo hato, aneey 1967 naa trija aarab-israeli yuddhmaa israel saame egyptni haar pachhi samaapt thayo hato, jenaa pachhi ghaza patti parr israeli kabajo sharoo thayo hato. juuna yuddh pahelaa gaazaama egyptnu shaasan october october march 1957 sudhinaa tunkaa samaygalana apvaad sivaay chaalu rahyu hatoo, jyaare israele suez katokati darmiyan ghaza temaj sinai dweepkalp parr aakraman karyoo hatoo aneey kabajo karyo hato. september september (1959-67) egyptna rashtrapati gamaal abdel nasser dwara tenu visarjan thayu tyaan sudhee ghaza pattinu sattavaar reete ola-palestine sarkaar dwara sanchalan karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. motaabhaage pratikatmak hovaa chhataa, sarkaarne arab leegnaa motabhagna sabhyo dwara maanyata aapvama aavee hatee. tenaa visarjan pachhi, egyptae ghaza pattine jodee nahoti parantu israel-palestine prashnana tharaav sudhee tene lashkari shaasan hethal raakhyu hatoo. prushthbhumi. pratham vishvyuddh pachhi, leag off nationsay ghaza patti saheet bhutpurv ottoman pradeshthi banelaa palestine maatena aadesh parr united kingdamne sattaa aapee hatee. palestine maate british aadesh tareeke jeey jaanitu banyu tenee aupcharik pushti leag off nationsnee parishad dwara 24 julai julai roj karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey jeey 26 september september roj amalmaa aavyu hatoo. beeja vishvyudhnaa trana varsh pachhi 15 meey, arthtantra roj palestine maate britishono aadesh samaapt thayo hato. aaa pahelaa, 29 november november roj, sanyukt raashtrani saamanya sabhaae palestinemaa beey raajyo, aek yahudi aneey aek aarab banaavvaani banaavvaani yuen partition yojnaane manjuri aapee hatee. tenaa javabma farjiyat palestinemaa 1947-1948 gruh yuddh faatee nikalyu. 14 meey arthtantra roj, david bayne-guriyone israel raajyani swatantrataani jaaherat curry aneey beeja divase egypt, jordana aneey siriyani senaoae yuddh jaaher karyoo aneey iraqthi mokalvaamaa aavela saineekoni madadthi aakraman karyoo, arthtantra aarab-israeli yuddhni sharuaat curry. egyptne yuddhni sharuaatmaa laabh thayo hato, parantu december arthtantra antamaa jyaare israeli senaae "operation horev" maan egyptni senaaone negevmathi bahaar kaadhee naakhi hatee aneey ghaza pattimaa egyptni senaaone gheree leedhi hatee, tyaare egyptne yuddhviram sweekarva aneey paachha khenchvaa maate dabaan karyoo hatoo. 7 january februari roj yuddhviram karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. israeli dado sinai aneey gaazaathi paachha farvaa maate aagad vadhyaa, temne egypt dwara kabaje karvaa maate chhodi deedhaa. 24 februari februari roj, israel-egypt yuddhviram karaar parr roadsma hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa samajooti hethal, bhumadhya samudrani najik sivaay aantarrashtriy sarhad (1906 thee) parr yuddhviram rekhaa dorvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaan egypt dariyakanthe jameenni patti parr niyantranma rahyu hatoo, jeey ghaza patti tareeke jaanitu banyu hatoo. hatoo yuddhviram karaaro juo.) egyptno vyavsaayah sampoorn palestine sanrakshit (1948-1950 s). arthtantra aarab-israeli yuddh darmiyan 22 september, arthtantra roj aarab leag dwara sthaapit aek aekam, sampoorn palestine sanrakshit raajy hatoo, jeey palestine maate palestine shaasan purun paadvaa maate hatoo. yuddh pachhi, ghaza patti aee sampoorn palestine sarkaarnaa adhikarkshetra hethalno ekmatra bhutpurv-aadeshit pradesh hato. jooe keey, parinaame sarkaarnaa sabhyone kairo khasedvama aavyaa hataa aneey gaazaani ghatanao parr temno bahoo ochho athavaa koee prabhaav nahoto. aevee schlamnaa janaavya anusaarah [tii] temane serve-palestine sarkaarnaa dhhong aneey tenee kshamata vachcheno virodhabhas zadapthi tene prahsannaa stare ghataadi deedho. tene samagr palestine parr adhikarkshetrano daavo karyo hato, tema chhataa tenee paase koee vaheevat nahoto, koee nagrik sevaa nahoti, koee naanaa nahota aneey tenee potaani koee vaastavik senaa nahoti. ghaza shahernee aaspasna naana enclavemaa pann tenee riit maatra egyptna adhikarioni krupaathi chaalati hatee. bhandol aneey rakshan maate navee sarkaarni temnaa parnee nirbhartaano laabh uthaavtaa, egyptna pagardaroae arab leegma aneey aantarrashtriy manchomaa palestinianonu pratinidhitva karvaanaa abdullahna daavane nabalaa paadvaa maate temaa hairfare curry. dekheeti reete swatantra palestinian raajy maate garbh, navee sarkaar, tenee sharuaatni kshanthi, aama kairo aneey amman vachche chaali rahela sattaa sangharshma shatalkokni nakhush bhoomika sudhee ghatee gaee hatee. suez katokati aneey tenaa parinaamo. parinaamo, egyptae akaabaani khaadine avrodhit curry, suez nahernu raashtriy niyantran grahan karyoo aneey tene israeli jahajo maate avrodhit curry didhu-banne israelnaa yuvan raajyane dhamki aape chhe aneey aneey constantinoplena sammelannu ullanghan karey chhe. france aneey united kingdamae israelne tenaa nirdharma teko aapyo keey aaa naher sammelan mujab tamaam raashtro maate khulli rahevee joiae. 29 october, phorsa roj israel, france aneey united kingdamae ghaza patti aneey sinai dweepkalp parr aakraman karyoo hatoo, jene phorsa suez yuddhni sharuaat curry hatee. aantarrashtriy dabaan hethal, anglow-french task phorsa phorsa anta pahelaa paachhi khenchee leedhi hatee aneey israeli senaa march, march sinai aneey gaazaathi paachhi khenchee leedhi hatee. yuu. aee. aar. vaheevat (1959-67). (1959-67), ghaza pattine sattavaar reete tunkaa gaalaana sanyukt aarab prajasattak (jene egypt aneey siriyaane aekeekrut karyaa) maan bhelvi devaamaa aavee hatee. hatee kataar sarkaare vastee dwara chuntayeli palestinian vidhaan parishadni sthaapnaa curry. bandhaaraniy dastavej neecheni baabto saathe sharoo thayoh ghaza patti palestine jameenno avibhajya bhaag chhe aneey tenaa loko aarab raashtrano bhaag chhe. gaazaama palestinian patti tamaam palestinian loko jyaan pann hoya tyaan banelaa raashtriy sanghnee rachnaa karashe-teno udesh palestinni kabaje karelee jameenne punahpraapt karvaa maate sanyukt kaary aneey aarab rashtravadna aahvaanne paripurn karvaamaa bhagidari chhe. raashtriy sanghanu aayojan governor-generalnaa hukamnaamaa dwara karvaamaa aavashe. jyaare jyaare palestinian muktee sangathan (pii. aela. oo.) nee sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee tyaare nasre jaaherat curry hatee keey teey ghaza parr sattaa dharaavshe, parantu vyavhaarmaa teey sattaa kyaarey aapvama aavee naa hatee. aek varsh pachhi, palestinian muktee senaa maate farjiyat bhartini sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. 5 juuna, juuna roj, egypt dwara tiranni saamudradhunine avrodhit karyaana aneey israeli jahajo bundh karyaana athvadiya pachhi, israele egypt parr humalo karyo, chh divaseey yuddhni sharuaat curry. tene zadapthi aaspasna aarab rajyone haraavya aneey pashchim keenare aneey anya pradesho saathe ghaza patti parr kabajo jamaavi leedho, jenaathi egyptna kabajaano anta aavyo. aavyo, israel aneey egyptae aitihasik camp david samjootio parr hastakshar karyaa, jenaathi temnee vachchena sangharshno sattavaar anta aavyo. samjootino beejo bhaag pashchim keenare aneey ghaza pattimaa svaayatt shaasannee sthaapnaa maatenu maalakhu hatoo. aama egyptae ghaza patti parnaa koipan praadeshik daavano tyaag karyo hato. vastee vishhayak aneey arthtantra. arthtantra yuddh darmiyan gaazaama gaazaama vadhu sharnaarthionaa pravaahne parinaame jivandhoranmaa naatkeey ghataado thayo hato. egyptni sarkaare ghaza patti parr aavvaa-javaa parr pratibandh mookyo hovathi, tenaa rahevasio laabhdaayi rojgaar maate beeje kyaay joee shaktaa naa hataa. hataa, aek nirikshak (sanyukt raashtra sachivalayna sabhy) aee nondhyu hatoo keey "tamaam vyavhaaru hetuo maate aee kahevu saachu raheshe keey gaazaama chhella chh varshthi varshthi vadhu garibeethee pidaataa loko shaaririk reete motaa shaher udhyaan jetla vistaarmaa maryadit chhe."

sanyukt arab ganarajya dwara gaaja patti kaa kabja sanyukt arab ganarajya dwara gaaja patti parr kabja usa samay koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisamen vartamaan philistine kshetra jise gaaja patti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1949 seey 1967 taka sanyukt arab ganarajya kii misra kii senaaon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. gaaja parr misra kaa kabja 1949 mein pahale arab-israel yuddh key baad kshetra kii sthaapana key saath shuru huaa, aur 1967 key teesare arab-israel yuddh mein israel seey misra kii haar key baad samaapt huaa, jisake baad gaaja patti parr israel kaa kabja shuru huaa. 1967 key yuddh seey pahale gaaja mein misra kaa shasson octuber 1956 seey march 1957 taka kii ack sankshipt avadhi key apavaad key saath nirantar rhaa thaa, jaba israel ney suez sankat key dauran gaaja key saath-saath sinai praaydweep parr bhee aakraman kiya aur kabja curr liya thaa. sitambar 1948 seey, 1959 mein misra key rashtrapati gamaal abdel nasser dwara isake vighatan taka, gaaja patti koo aadhikarik taur parr aul-palestine sarkaar dwara prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki kaafee hudd taka prateekaatmak, sarkaar koo arab leag key adhikansh sadasyon dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. isake vighatan key baad, misra ney gaaja patti koo naheen jodaa, balki ise sainya shasson key tahat rakhaa, israel-philistine prashn kaa samadhan lambit thaa. prishthabhoomi. pratham vishva yuddh key baad, rashtron kii leag ney gaaja patti sahit poorv ottoman kshetra seey baney philistine key liye janadesh parr united kingdam koo adhikaar diyaa. jise philistine key liye british janadesh key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, 24 julaai 1922 koo leag off nations kii parishad dwara aupchaarik roop seey pushti kii gaee aur joe 26 sitambar 1923 koo lagu huaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key teen saal baad 15 maee 1948 koo, philistine key liye british janadesh samaapt hoe gayaa. isase pahale, 29 navambar 1947 koo, sanyukt rashtra mahasabha ney philistine mein dou raajyon, ack yahudi aur ack arab, key nirmaan key liye 1947 kii ack vibhajan yojana koo manjuri dee. isake jawab mein anivarya philistine mein 1947-1948 grih yuddh chhid gayaa. 14 maee 1948 koo, david bayne-gurian ney israel raajya kii swatantrata kii ghoshana kii aur agale dinn misra, jorden aur seeriya kii senaaon ney yuddh kii ghoshana kii aur iraq seey bheje gaye sainikon kii sahaayata seey aakraman kiya, jisase 1948 kaa arab-israel yuddh shuru huaa. misra ney yuddh kii shuruat mein laabh kamaaya, lekin disambar 1948 key anta mein inhen ulat diyaa gayaa jaba israeli senaa ney "operation horev" mein misra kii senaa koo negev seey baahar nikaal diyaa aur gaaja patti mein misra kii senaa koo gher liya, jisase misra koo vaapas lene aur yuddhaviram sweekaar karane key liye majboor honah padaa. 7 janwari 1949 koo ack yuddhaviram hassil kiya gayaa. israeli senaayen sinai aur gaaja seey peechhe hatane key liye aage badheen, aur unhein misra dwara kabja curr liya gayaa. 24 farwari 1949 koo, israel-misra yuddhaviram samjhaute parr roads mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. samjhaute key tahat, bhoomadhya sagar key paas koo chhodkar antarrashtriya seema (1906 seey detting) key saath yuddhaviram rekha kheenchi gaee thee, jahaan misra tata key saath bhoomi kii ack patti key niyantran mein rhaa, jise gaaja patti key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. (1949 key yuddhaviram samjhaute dekhein.) misra vyavasaayah sabhi-palestine sanrakshit (1948-1950 s). 22 sitambar 1948 koo arab-israel yuddh key dauran, kathit roop seey philistine key liye philistine shasson pradaan karane key liye, arab leag dwara sthaapit ack ikai aul-palestine protectorate thee. yuddh key baad, gaaja patti sarv-philistine sarkaar key adhikaar kshetra mein ekmatra poorv-adhidesh kshetra thaa. haalaanki, sarkaar key sadasyon koo parinamswarup carro mein hataa diyaa gayaa, aur gaaja mein ghatnaaon parr unakaa bahut cumm yaa koee prabhaav naheen thaa. evhi shlaimah [tii] key anusaar vaha sarv-palestine sarkaar key dhong aur isaki kshamata key beach virodhabhas ney ise jaldi seey prahasan key star taka cumm curr diyaa. isane poore philistine parr adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa kiya, phir bhee isake paas koee prashaasan, koee nagrik seva, koee paisa aur apani koee vaastavik senaa naheen thee. yahaan taka kii gaaja shahar key aspas key chhote seey parikshetra mein bhee isaki ritt kewal misra key adhikaariyon kii kripa seey chalati thee. naee sarkaar kii dhana aur suraksha key liye una parr nirbharta kaa laabh uthaate hue, misra key vetandaataon ney arab leag aur antarrashtriya manchon mein philistiniyon kaa pratinidhitva karane key abdullah key daave koo kamjor karane key liye isamen herfer kiya. ack swatantra philistine raajya key liye bhroon, naee sarkaar, apani sthaapana key kshan seey, iss prakaar carro aur amman key beach chala rahey shakti sangharsh mein ack shuttlecock kii nakhush bhoomika mein cumm hoe gaee thee. suez sankat aur usake baad key parinam. 1956 mein, misra ney akaba kii khaadi koo avaruddh curr diyaa, suez nahar kaa rashtriya niyantran grahan curr liya, aur ise israeli shipping key liye avaruddh curr diyaa-donon israel key yuva raajya koo dhamki dete hain aur 1888 key constantinople key sammelan kaa ullanghan karate hain. france aur sanyukt raajya ney apane dridh sankalp mein israel kaa samarthan kiya kii nahar koo sammelan key anusaar sabhi deshon key liye khula rehna chaahiye. 29 octuber, 1956 koo israel, france aur sanyukt raajya ney gaaja patti aur sinai praaydweep parr aakraman kiya aur 1956 key suez yuddh kii shuruat kii. antarrashtriya dabaav mein, anglo-francisi kaary bull 1956 key anta seey pahale vaapas leey liya gayaa, aur israeli senaa march, 1957 mein sinai aur gaaja seey vaapas leey lii gaee. yuu. aeye. aar. prashaasan (1959-67). 1959 mein, gaaja patti koo aadhikarik taur parr alpakaalik sanyukt arab ganarajya (joe misra aur seeriya koo ekjut kartaa haye) mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1962 mein quaar sarkaar ney aabaadi dwara chuni gaee ack falastini vidhaan parishad kii sthaapana kii. samvaidhaanik dastaavez nimnalikhit key saath shuru huaah gaaja patti philistine kii bhoomi kaa ack avibhajya hissa haye aur isake loga arab rashtra kaa hissa hain. gaaja mein philistiniyon patti sabhi philistiniyon seey banaa ack rashtriya sangh banaayegi, jahaan bhee way houn-iska uddeshya philistine kii hadap lii gaee bhoomi koo punarpraapt karane key liye sanyukt kaary karna aur arab raashtravaad key ahwan koo puuraa karane mein bhagidari karna haye. rashtriya sangh kaa ayojan governor-general key ack farman dwara kiya jaayega. jaba 1964 mein philistine mukti sangathan (pee. ell. oh.) kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, tou nasser ney ghoshana kii kii vaha gaaja parr adhikaar rakhta haye, lekin vyavhaar mein yeh shakti kabhi naheen dee gaee thee. ack saal baad, philistine kii mukti senaa key liye anivarya bharti kii sthaapana kii gaee. 5 juuna, 1967 koo, misra dwara tiran kii jaldamroomadhya koo avaruddh karane aur israel key jahajrani koo bund karane key hafton baad, israel ney misra parr hamla kiya, jisase chhah divasiya yuddh shuru huaa. isane jaldi seey aspas key arab raajyon koo haraaya aur paschimi tata aur anya kshetron key saath-saath gaaja patti parr kabja curr liya, jisase misra kaa kabja samaapt hoe gayaa. 1978 mein, israel aur misra ney aitihaasik shivir david samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye, jisase unake beach sangharsh kaa aadhikarik anta hoe gayaa. samjhaute kaa doosara bhaag paschimi tata aur gaaja patti mein ack swaayatt shasson kii sthaapana key liye ack dhancha thaa. iss prakaar misra ney gaaja patti parr kissy bhee kshetriya daave koo tyag diyaa. jansankhyiki aur arthavyavastha. 1948 key yuddh key dauran gaaja mein 200,000 seey adhik sharanarthiyon key aagaman key parinamswarup jeevan star mein naatakiya kamee aaee. kyonki misra kii sarkaar ney gaaja patti seey aaney-jaane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa, isaliye isake nivasi laabhkaari rojgar key liye kaheen aur naheen dekh sakate they. 1955 mein, ack paryavekshak (sanyukt rashtra sachivalaya key ack sadasya) ney nott kiya kii "sabhi vyaavhaarik uddeshyon key liye yeh kahana sach hoga kii pichhale chhah varshon seey gaaja mein 300,000 seey adhik garibi seey peedit loga ack badey shahar key udyaan key aakar key kshetra taka shaaririk roop seey seemit hain."

samyukta arab ganarajyavu gajhaa pattiya mele akramana united arab ganarajyavu gajhaa pattiya akramanavu 1949rinda 1967ravarege gajhaa patti endu kareyalpaduva indina palestiniyada pradeshavannu united arab ganarajyada eejiptina padegalu akramisikonda avadhiyannu soochisuttade. modala arab-isreli yuddhada nantara 1949ralli ee pradeshada praarambhadondige eejiptina gajhaa akramanavu praarambhavaayitu mattu 1967rahra moorane arab-isreli yuddhadalli eejiptina isrel viruddhada solina nantara konegonditu, adara nantara gajhaa pattiya isreli akramana praarambhavaayitu. 1967rahra yuddakke modalu gajadalli eejiptina aalvikeyu 1956rahra octoberninda 1957rahra march varege, suez bikkattina samayadalli isrel gajavannu aakramisi aakramisikondiddannu horatupadisi, swalpa samayadavarege munduvariyuttittu. 1948rahra septemberninda 1959ralli eejiptina adhyaksha gamal abdel nasser adannu visarjisuvavarege, gaja pattiyannu adhikrutavaagi aall-palestein sarkaaravu nirvahisuttittu. ee sarkaaravu bahumattige saanketikavaagiddaru, arab leagna hecchina sadasyaru idannu gurutisidaru. adara visarjaneya nantara, egypt gajhaa pattiyannu swadhinapadisikollalilla, aadare isrel-palestein prashneya parihaarada baaki ulisikondu adannu military aadalitada adiyalli ittukonditu. hinnele. modalaneya mahayuddhada nantara, leigh off nations, gajhaa pattiyannu olagondante hindina ottoman pradeshavannu olagonda palesteinge aadeshada mele united kingdamge adhikaaravannu needitu. palesteinge british adesha endu kareyalpaduvadannu 1922rahra julai 24randu leigh off nations council oupachaarikavaagi drudhapadisitu mattu idu 1923rahra september 26randu jaarige banditu. eradane mahayuddhada mooru varshagala nantara, 1948rahra mayee 15randu, palesteinge british adhikaaravu konegonditu. idakkoo modalu, 1947rahra november 29randu, vishvasamstheya saamaanya sabeyu palestinelli ondu yahoodi mattu ondu arab emba eradu rajyagalannu rachisuva 1947rahra yuu. enn. vibhajaneya yojaneyannu anumodisitu. idakke pratikriyeyagi, kaddaya palestinelli 1947-1948 antaryuddhavu bhugiledditu. 1948rahra mayee 14randu, david benn-gurian isrel rajyada svatantryavannu ghoshisidanu mattu marudina egypt, jordan mattu siriyaada sainyagalu yuddhavannu ghoshisidavu mattu iraakninda kaluhisalaada sainikara sahayadinda akramana maadidavu, 1948rahra arab-isreli yuddhavannu praarambhisidavu. yuddhada aarambhadalli egypt labha galisitu, aadare 1948rahra december antyadalli isreli seeneyu "operation horev" nalli eejiptina padegalannu negevninda horahakidaga mattu eejiptina padegalannu gaja pattiyalli suttuvaridu, egypt annu hintegedukolluvante mattu kadana viraamavannu oppikolluvante ottayisidaga ivugalannu hintirugisalaayitu. 1949rahra janavari 7randu, kadana viraamavannu saadhisalaayitu. isreli padegalu sinoy mattu gaajaadinda hinde sariyalu mundaadavu, avugalannu eejiptina vashakke bidalaayitu. 1949rahra phebravari 24randu isrel-egypt kadana virama oppandakke roadsnelli sahi haakalaayitu. oppandada adiyalli, mediterranian samudrada bully horatupadisi antararashtriya gadiyuddakkoo (1906 rinda) kadanavirama rekheyannu eleyalaayitu, allie egypt karavaliya uddakkoo ondu bhoopradeshada niyantranadalli uliyitu, idannu gaja patti endu kareyalaayitu. (1949rahra kadanavirama oppandagalannu nodi.) eejiptina udyogah ellah-palestein samrakshita pradeshagalu (1948-1950 galu). 1948rahra arab-isreli yuddhada samayadalli, 1948rahra september 22randu arab leigh sthaapisida ondu ghatakavu, palesteinge palestiniyada aadalitavannu odagisalu uddeshisalaagittu. yuddhada nantara, ellah palestein sarkaarada vyaaptige olapatta ekaika hindina-aadeshita pradeshavendare gaajaada pattiyagittu. aadaagyoo, sarkaarada sadasyarannu parinaamavaagi kairokke tegeduhaakalaayitu mattu gaajaadallina ghatanegala mele kadime athawa yaavude prabhaavavannu hondiralilla. avi schlimen prakarah [tii] avaru sarva-palestein sarkaarada natane mattu adara saamarthyada naduvina vyatyaasavu adannu tvaritavagi prahasanada mattakke ilisitu. adhu idee palestein mele adhikara vyaaptiyannu hondittu, aadaroo adhu yaavude aadalitavannu hondiralilla, yaavude nagarika seveyannu hondiralilla, yaavude hanavannu hondiralilla mattu tannade aada nijavaada sainyavannu hondiralilla. gaja pattanada suttamuttalina sanna enclavenalliyu saha adara barahavu eejiptina adhikaarigala krupeyinda maatra nadeyuttittu. hosa sarkaaravu hana mattu rakshanegaagi avara mele avalambitavagiruvudarinda, eejiptina vetanadaararu arab leigh mattu antararashtriya vedikegalalli palestiniannarannu pratinidhisuva abdullana hakkannu durbalagolisalu adannu kushalateyinda balasikondaru. melnotakke swatantra palestinian raajyavaada hosa sarkaarada bhrunavu, adara aarambhada kshanadindalu, kairo mattu ammanra naduve nadeyuttiruva adhikara horaatadalli shuttle kaakna atrupta patrakke kuggitu. suez bikkattu mattu adara parinamagalu. 1956ralli, egypt akaba kolliyannu digbandhanagolisitu, suez kaaluveya rashtriya niyantranavannu vahisikonditu mattu isreli hadagugalige adannu nirbandhisitu-iveradoo yuva raajyavaada isrelge bedarike haakidavu mattu 1888rahra constantinople oppandavannu ullanghisidavu. samaveshada prakara kaaluveyu ellah rashtragalige muktavagirabeku emba nirdhaaradalli france mattu united kingdom isrel annu bembalisidavu. 1956rahra october 29randu, isrel, france mattu united kingdamgalu gaja patti mattu sinoy paryaya dveepada mele akramana maadi 1956rahra suez yuddhavannu praarambhisidavu. antararashtriya ottadada adiyalli, anglo-french kaaryapadeyu 1956rahra antyada modalu hintegedukonditu mattu isreli seeneyu 1957rahra marchnalli sinoy mattu gaajaadinda hintegedukonditu. yuu. aa. aarr. aadalita (<aii. dii. 1>). 1959ralli, gaja pattiyannu adhikrutavaagi alpavadhiya united arab republicanalli (egypt mattu syriavannu oggoodisida) vileenagolisalaayitu. 1962ralli, yuu. aa. aarr. sarkaaravu janasankhyeyinda chunaayitaraada palestiniyada shasakanga mandaliyannu sthaapisitu. saamvidhaanika daakhaleyu ee kelaginavugalondige praarambhavaayituh gaja pattiyu palestein deshada avibhajya bhagavagide mattu adara janaru arab raashtrada bhagavagiddare. gaajaadalliruva palestiniannaru ellah palestiniannaru elliddaroo avarannolagonda rashtriya okkootavannu rachisuttade-idara uddeshavu palestein vashapadisikonda bhoomiyannu marupadeyuva junty kelasa mattu arab rashtriyateya kareyannu pooraisuvalli bhagavahisuvudu. rashtriya okkootavannu governor-generalna aadeshada moolaka aayojisalaaguttade. 1964ralli palestiniyada vimochane samsthe (plo) sthapaneyaadaaga, adhu gajada mele adhikaaravannu hondiruttade endu nasser ghoshisidaru, aadare aaa adhikaaravannu acharaneyalli endigoo nidalagalilla. ondu varshada nantara, palestiniyada vimochana sainyakke kaddaya serpadeyannu sthaapisalaayitu. 1967rahra zoon 5randu, egypt tiran jalasandhiyannu digbandhanagolisi, isreli hadagugalannu sthagitagolisida vaaragala nantara, isrel eejiptina mele daali maadi, aaru dinagala yuddhavannu praarambhisitu. idu suttamuttalina arab rajyagalannu tvaritavagi solisitu mattu paschima dande mattu itara pradeshagalondige gajhaa pattiyannu aakramisikonditu, eejiptina akramanavannu konegolisitu. 1978ralli, isrel mattu egypt aitihaasika camp david oppandagalige sahi haakidavu, idu avara naduvina sangharshakke adhikruta antyavannu tanditu. oppandada eradane bhagavu paschima dande mattu gaja pattiyalli svaayatta aadalitavannu sthaapisuva chaukattaagittu. heege egypt gaja pattiya melina yaavude praadeshika hakkugalannu tyajisitu. janasankhyaashaastra mattu aarthikate. 1948rahra yuddhada samayadalli 200,000kkoo hecchu niraashritara olaharivu jeevana mattadalli natakiya kusitakke kaaranavaayitu. eejiptina sarkaaravu gajhaa pattiyinda baruva mattu baruva sanchaaravannu nirbandhisiddarinda, adara nivasigalige laabhadaayaka udyogakkagi berede nodalu sadhyavagalilla. 1955ralli, obba vikshaka (vishvasamstheya sachivaalayada sadasya) "ellah prayogika uddeshagaligaagi kaleda aaru varshagalinda gajaadalli 300,000kkoo hecchu badatana pidita janaru dodda nagara udyaanavanada gatrada pradeshakke daihikavagi simitaraagiddaare endu heluvudu nijavagide" endu gamanisidaru."

yunaittad arab republicinte ghaza strip adhinivesham 1949 muthal 1967 vare ghaza strip ennariyappedunna innathe palasteen pradesham aikya arab republicinte eejipshyan sainyam kaivashappedutthiya kaalaghattatheyaanu yunaittad arab republic ghaza strip adhinivesham soochippikkunnathu. aadya arab-israel yudhathethudarnnu 1949 ll eee pradesham aarambhichathodeyaanu gaasayude eejipshyan adhinivesham aarambhikkunnath, 1967 leeii moonnaamathe arab-israel yudhathil eejipt israelinodu paraajayappettathin sesham avasaanikkukayum athinusesham ghaza strippil israel adhinivesham aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1967leeii yudhathinu munbu gaasayile eejipshyan bharanam 1956 october muthal 1957 march vareyulla oru hraswa kaalayalav ozhike thudarnnukondirunnu, suus prathisandhiyude samayat israel ghaza sinaay upadveep akramikkukayum kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu. 1948 septambar muthal 1959ll eejipshyan president gamal abdel nasser pirichuvidunnathuvare ghaza strip audyogikamaayi bharichirunnathu ellah palasteen sarkkaaraan. pradhaanamaayum pratheekaathmakamaanenkilum arab leagile mikka amgangalum sarkkaarine amgeekarichu. athinte pirichuvidalinetthudarnna eejipt ghaza strip pidichedukkaathe israel-palasteen prashnatthinte oru pariharam varaathe sainika bharanathinu keezhil nilanirtthi. pashchaathalam. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, ghaza strip ulppede muun automan pradesham ulkkollunna palasteente adhikaarathinte mail leag oof nations yunaittad kingdatthinu adikaaram nalki. paalastheenulla britiish maandett ennariyappettirunna eee niyamam 1922 juulai 24nuu leag oof nations kaunsil audyogikamaayi sthireekarikkukayum 1923 septambar 26nuu praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudham kazhinju moonnu varshathinu sesham 1948 meyy 15nuu palastheenulla britiish adikaaram avasaanichu. ithinu munbu, 1947 november 29 nuu ikyaraashtra potusabha palastheenil oru juthan oru arabiyum enningane rund samsthaanangal srishtikkunnathinulla 1947 leeii yuu. enn vibhajana padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki. ithinu marupadiyaayi nirbandhitha palastheenil 1947-1948 aabhyantharayudham pottipurappettu. 1948 meyy 14 nuu david benn-guriyon israel samsthaanathinte swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum pittennu eejipt, jordan, syria ennee raajyangalile sainyangal yuddham prakhyapikkukayum iraakhil ninnu ayacha sainikarude sahaayathode akramikkukayum cheythu, 1948 arab-israel yuddham aarambhichu. yudhathinte thudakkathil eejipt nettangal kaivarichuvenkilum 1948 desember avasaanathode israel sainyam "ooppareshan horev" enna peril eejipshyan sainyathe negavil ninnu puratthaakkukayum ghaza strippil eejipshyan senaye valayukayum cheythathode eejipt pinmaranum vedinirthal sweekarikkaanum nirbandhithamaayi. 1949 januvari 7nuu oru vedinirthal karar nilavil vannu. israel sainyam sinaay, ghaza ennividangalil ninnu pinmaarukayum eejipt avare kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu. 1949 februvari 24nuu israel-eejipt yudhaviraama karar roadsilaanu oppuvachathu. karar prakaram, medittareniyan kadalinu sameepam ozhike anthaaraashtra athirthiyil (1906 muthal) vedinirthal rekha varachu, avide eejipt theerathe oru karayude niyanthranatthilaayi, athu ghaza strip ennariyappettu. (1949leeii vedinirthal karaarukal kaanuka.) eejipt adhinivesam ellah palasteen samrakshitha (1948-1950 s). 1948 septambar 22nuu, 1948leeii arab-israel yudhasamayathu, palasteenu palasteen bharanam nalkunnathinaayi arab leag sthaapicha oru sthaapanamaayirunnu ool-palasteen protectorate. yudhathinushesham, muzhuvan palasteen sarkkaarinte adhikaaraparidhiyilulla eaka muun bharanapradeshamaayirunnu ghaza strip. ennirunnaalum, sarkkar amgangale thalphalamaayi keyroyilekku maatti, gaasayile sambhavangalil avarkk kaaryamaaya swaadheenamo swaadheenamo undaayirunnilla. avii schlime parayunnathanusarichu [tii] addeham sarvva palasteen gavanmentinte veshangalum athinte kazhivum thammilulla vairudhyam athine prahasanatthinte thalatthilekku vegathil kurachu. palestine muzhuvan adhikaraparidhi avakaashappettengilum athinu bharanamo sivil sarveesukalo panamo svanthamaayi yadhaartha sainyamo undaayirunnilla. ghaza pattanatthinu chuttumulla cheria enclavil polum eejipshyan adhikaarikalude krupayaal maathramaan athinte ritt pravarthichathu. fundinum samrakshanathinumaayi puthiya sarkkar avare aashrayikkunnath muthaleduthu, eejipt paymastermaar arab leagilum anthaaraashtra forangalilum palastheeniyakkaare prathinidheekarikkaamenna abdullayude avakaashavaadathe durbalappeduthunnathinaayi athu kaikaaryam cheythu. oru swatantra palasteen raashtrathinte bhroonamaaya puthiya gavanment, athinte thudakkam muthal, keyroy amman thammilulla adhikara pooraattatthil oru shattilkokkinte asanthushtamaaya pankaayi churungi. suus prathisandhiyum athinte anantharafalangalum. 1956ll eejipt akhaaba ulkkadal uparodhikkukayum syoos kanaalinte deseeya niyanthranam ettedukkukayum israel kappal gathaagathathinu thadassam srishtikkukayum cheythu-iva randum israel yuvaraajyathe bheeshanippeduthukayum 1888leeii constantinoppil kanvenshan lamghikkukayum cheythu. kanvenshan anusarichu kanal ellah rajyangalkkum thurannirikkanamenna dridanishchayathil france yunaittad kingdow israeline pinthunachu. 1956 october 29nuu israelum france yunaittad kingdow ghaza strip sinaay upadveep aakramich 1956leeii syoos yudhathinu thudakkamittu. anthaaraashtra sammarddathethudarnnu 1956 avasaanathinu munbu anglo-franch task fozhsu pinmaarukayum 1957 maarchil israel sainyam sinaay, ghaza ennividangalil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythu. kwar administration (1959-67). 1959ll ghaza strip audyogikamaayi hraswakaala aikya arab republicilekku (eejiptineyum syriayeyum onnippicha) layippichu. 1962ll kwar sarkkar janasamkhya thiranjeduttha oru palasteen legislative kaunsil sthaapichu. bharanaghadanaa rekha thaazhepparayunnavayilaan aarambhichatha palasteen raajyathinte avibhaajya gadakamaanu ghaza strip, avidatthe janangal arab raashtrathinte bhagamaanu. gaasayile palestinikal ellah palastheeniyakkaarum evideyaayirunnaalum avar ulkkollunna oru deseeya union roopeekarikkum-athinte lakshyam palasteente pidichadakkiya bhoomi veendedukkunnathinulla samyuktha pravartthanavum arab desheeyathayude ahvaanam niravettunnathile pankaalithavumaanu. govarnor generalil ninnulla utharaviloodeyaanu deseeya union samghadippikkunnathu. 1964ll palasteen vimochana samghadana (pii. ell. oo) sthaapithamaayappol gaasayude mail adikaaram kaivasham vaykkumennu nasser prakhyaapichirunnuvenku aaa adikaaram praayogikamaayi orikkalum nalkapettirunnilla. oru varshathinusesham, palasteen vimochana sainyathinaayi nirbandhitha sainikasevanam earppeduthi. 1967 juun 5 nuu, eejipt thiran kadalidukkam uparodhikkukayum israeli kappal gathagatham vichedikkukayum cheyth aazhchakalkk sesham, israel eejipthine akramikkukayum aarr divasathe yudhathinu thudakkamidukayum cheythu. athu chuttumulla arab raajyangale vegathil paraajayappedutthukayum padinjaaran theeravum mattu pradeshangalum ulppede ghaza strip kaivashappeduthukayum eejipthinte adhinivesham avasanippikkukayum cheythu. 1978ll israelum eejipt charitraparamaaya camp david karaarukalil oppuvachu, ithu avar thammilulla kalahathinu audyogika anthyam kurichu. karaarinte randaam bhagam padinjaaran theerathum ghaza strippilum oru svayambharana bharanam sthaapikkunnathinulla chattakkoodaayirunnu. angane eejipt ghaza strippinte mail avakaashavaadangal upekshichu. janasamkhyaashaasthravum sambadvyavasthayum. 1948leeii yudhathil 200,000-thiladhikam abhayaarthikal gasayilekku ozhukiyethiyathode jeevithanilavaram ganyamaayi kuranju. eejipshyan sarkkar ghaza stripilekkum purathekkumulla sanjaaram niyanthrichathinaal, avidatthe nivaasikalkk labhakaramaaya thozhilinaayi mattevideyengilum nokkaan kazhinjilla. 1955ll oru nireekshakan (aikyaraashtrasabhayude sekratteriyattile oru amgam) abhipraayappettath, "ellah praayogika aavasyangalkkum kazhinja aarr varshamaayi gaasayil 300,000-thiladhikam daaridryabaadhithar oru valia nagara paarkkinte valippamulla pradeshathu shaareerikamaayi parimithappedutthiyittunne parayunnath sariyaanu."

sanyukt arab prajasattakane ghaza pattyavar kabja keela sanyukt arab prajasattakane ghaza pattivar kabja karane mhanje 1949 teey 1967 yaa kalat ghaza patti mhanoon olakhala jaanara sadhyacha palestini pradesh sanyukt arab prajasattakachya egyptian sainyane tabyat ghetala hota. gazacha egyptian kabja 1949 madhye pahilya arab-israyali yuddhanantar yaa pradeshachya sthapanesah suru jhaala aanee 1967 chya chya arab-israyali yuddhat egyptne israyalviruddha parabhav patkarlyanantar samapt jhaala, jyanantar ghaza pattivar israyali kabja suru jhaala. 1967 chya yuddhapurvi gazamadhye egyptchi satta chaloo hotee, aktoobar 1956 teey march 1957 yaa alp kalavadhicha apavad vagalata, jevha israyalane ghaza tasech sinai dweepkalpavar aakraman kele aanee kabja keela. september 1948 pasoon, 1959 madhye egyptche adhyaksh gamal abdel nasser yanni visarjit hoiparyant, ghaza patti adhikrutpane serve palestine sarkardware prashasit hotee. jaree mothya pramanat pratikatmak asale taree arab leegchya bahutek sadasyanni sarkarla manyata dilee hotee. tyachya vighatananantar, egyptne ghaza patti tabyat ghetali nahee, parantu israyal-palestine prashnacha tharav pralambit asatana tee lashkari rajvatikhali thewali. parshvabhoomi. pahilya mahayuddhanantar, rashtranchya sanghatnene ghaza pattyasah majee ottoman pradeshane banalelya palestinechya aadeshavar united kingdamla adhikar deela. palestinesathi british janadesh mhanoon olakhala jaanara 24 julai 1922 roji leag auph nationschya parishadene aupcharikpane pushti kelee aanee joou 26 september 1923 roji lagoo jhaala. aanee mahayuddhanantar teen varshanni 15 meey 1948 roji palestinesathi britishancha janadesh sampushtat aala. yapurvi, 29 november 1947 roji sanyukt rashtranchya mahasabhene palestinemadhye eka jyoo aanee eka arab ashee done rajye nirman karnyachya 1947 chya sanyukt rashtranchya falanichya yojanela manjuri dilee. tyala pratisad mhanoon anivarya palestinemadhye 1947-1948 yadavi yuddh suru jhaale. 14 meey 1948 roji, david baine-gurianne israyal rajyache swatantrya ghoshit kele aanee aanee divashi egypt, jorden aanee syriachya sainyane yuddh jaheer kele aanee irakmadhun pathavalelya sainikanchya madatine aakraman kele, 1948 chya arab-israyali yuddhala suruvat jhaali. egyptne yuddhachya suruvatilach laabh midavala, parantu december arthvyavastha uttaradhat heey ulatale jevha israyali sainyane 'operation horev' madhye egyptchya sainyala negevhmadhun baher kadhale aanee ghaza pattyat egyptchya sainyala vedha ghatala, jyamule egyptala maghar ghenyas aanee yuddhaviram swikaranyas bhag padale. 7 janewari 1949 roji yuddhaviram jhaala. israyali sainyane sinai aanee gazamadhun maghar ghetali aanee tyanna egyptchya tabyat sodale. 24 februwari 1949 roji israyal-egypt yuddhaviram kararavar roadsmadhye kararavar karnyat aalya. yaa kararanusar, bhoomadhya samudrajaval vagalata aantarrashtriy simevar (1906 pasoonchi) yuddhaviram resha kadhali gelee, jithe egypt egypt jaminichya pattyavar niyantran thevat hota, jee ghaza patti mhanoon olakhali gelee. (1949 chey yuddhaviram karar pahaa.) egyptcha vyavasayah serve-palestine sanrakshit (1948-1950 ess). serve-palestine sanrakshit rajya hii arthvyavastha arab-israyali yuddhadarmyan, 22 september 1948 roji arab leegne palestinela palestini shasson puravanyasathi sthapan keleli eka sanstha hotee. yuddhanantar, ghaza patti haah serve palestine sarkarchya adhikarkshetrakhalil ekmev purvicha adhikrut pradesh hota. tathapi, parinami sarkarchya sadasyanna kairo yethe halavanyat aale aanee gazamadhil ghatananvar tyancha farsa kinwa farsa prabhav navhata. avee shlaimchya mateh serve-palestine sarkarche dhong aanee tyachi kshamata yanchyatil virodhabhasane teey patkan prahasanachya patalivar qamee kele. sampoorn palestinever adhikarkshetra asalyacha dawa karat, tarihi tyachyakade prashasana, nagri seva, paisa aanee swatache kharey sainya navhate. ghaza shaharachya sabhovatalachya chhotya antahkshetratahi tyachi patt keval egyptian egyptian krupene chalavali jaat asey. nidhi aanee sanrakshanasathi naveen sarkarchya tyanchyavar avalambun rahanyacha fayda ghet, egyptchya pagardaranni arab leegmadhye aanee aantarrashtriy manchanvar palestini lokanche pratinidhitva karnyachya abdullachya davyala kamkuvat karnyasathi tyat ferfar keela. ughadpane swatantra palestinian rajyasathiche bhrun, naveen sarkar, tyachya sthapanechya kshanapasun, asha prakare kairo aanee amman yanchyat suru asalelya satta sangharshat shuttlecochya dukkhi bhoomikeparyant qamee jhaale. suez sankat aanee tyache parinam. 1956 madhye, egyptne akabachya aakhatala adavale, suez kalvyache rashtriy niyantran sweekarle aanee israyali nauvahanala adavale-donhi israyalachya tarun rajyala dhoka nirman karnare aanee 1888 chya constantinopalachya kararache ullanghan karnare. france aanee united kingdamne israyala tyachya nirdharat pathimba deela qee adhiveshananusar kalwa serve rashtransathi khula asava. 29 aktoobar 1956 roji israyal, france aanee united kingdamne ghaza patti aanee sinai dweepkalpavar aakraman karoon 1956 chya suez yuddhachi suruvat kelee. aantarrashtriy dabavakhali, anglo-french krutee dall 1956 chya akheripurvi mage hutley aanee israyali sainya march 1957 madhye sinai aanee gazamadhun mage hutley. yu. aii. aar. prashasana (1959-67). 1959 madhye ghaza patti adhikrutpane alpakalin sanyukt arab prajasattakat (jyane egypt aanee siiriya ekatra kele) villin karnyat aalee. 1962 madhye katar sarkarne loksankhyedvare nivadoon aalelya palestini vidhan parishadechi sthapana kelee. ghatanatmak dastaivajachi suruvat khaleel goshtinpasun jhalih ghaza patti haah palestinechya bhoomicha avibhajya bhag aahe aanee tethil lock arab rashtracha bhag aahet. gazamadhil palestini serve palestini lock jithe asateel tithe tyancha samavesh asalela eka rashtriy sangh tayar hoil-palestinichya balkavalelya jamini parat midvanyache sanyukt karya aanee arab rashtravadache aavahan purn karnyat sahbhag haah tyacha uddesh asel. rashtriy sangharajya governor-generalchya aadeshadvare aayojit kele jaeel. 1964 madhye jevha palestinian mukti sanghatanechi (pii. ell. oo.) sthapana jhaali, tevha naserne ghoshana kelee qee teey gajhavar adhikar thevatil, parantu pratyakshat teey adhikar kadhihi denyat aale naheet. eka varshanantar, palestini mukti sainyasathi saktichi bharati karnyat aalee. 5 juuna 1967 roji, egyptne tiranchya samudradhunila adavalyanantar aanee israyali nauvahan bund kelyanantar kahee aathvadyanni, israyalane egyptvar hallah keela aanee sahaa divasanchya yuddhala suruvat kelee. tyane aaspaschya arab rajyancha twarit parabhav keela aanee paschim paschim ghaza patti aanee itar pradesh vyapoon ghetala, jyamule egyptcha taba sampushtat aala. 1978 madhye israyal aanee egyptne aitihasik camp david kararavar kararavar kelya jyamule tyanchyamadhil sangharshacha adhikrut ant jhaala. kararacha dusra bhag haah paschim paschim aanee ghaza pattit swayatt rajvatichya sthapanesathi eka aarakhada hota. asha prakare egyptne ghaza pattyavaril konatehi pradeshik dave sodoon dile. loksankhyashastra aanee arthvyavastha. arthvyavastha yuddhadarmyan gazamadhye 2,00,000 hoon adhik nirvasitanchya yenyamule jivanmanat lakshaniy ghat jhaali. egyptchya sarkarne ghaza pattyat yeey-jaa karnyavar nirbandh ghatalyamule tethil rahivasi fayadeshir rojgarachya shodhat itaratra jaau shakat navhate. 1955 madhye, eka nirikshakane (sanyukt rashtra sachivalayatil eka sadasya) namood kele qee "serve vyavharik karanansathi heey mhanane kharey tharel qee gelya sahaa varshanpasun gazamadhye 300,000 hoon adhik garibigrast lock mothya shahar udyanachya aakarachya kshetrapurate sharirikdrushtya maryadit aahet."

sanyukta arab ganatantradwara gaja pattiko kabja sanyukta arab ganatantrale gaja pattiko kabja bhaneko tyo samaya awadhilai janaunchha jasma gaja patti bhanera chinine wartaman palestini khetra sann 1949 dekhi 1967 samma sanyukta arab ganatantrako egyptian senaharule kabja gareko thiyo. gajako egyptian kabja pahilo arab-israeli yuddha pachhi sann 1949 maa kshetrako sthapanasangai suru bhayo, rar sann 1967 ko tesro arab-israeli yudhama egyptle ijarayalsanga parajit bhaepachi samapta bhayo, tyasapachhi gaja pattima israeli kabja suru bhayo. sann 1967 ko yuddhaghi gajama egyptko shasson october 1956 dekhi march 1957 sammako chhoto awadhiko apawad bahek nirantar thiyo, jab ijarayalle suez sankatko samayama gajaka sathai sinai prayadwipma akraman rar kabja gareko thiyo. september 1948 dekhi, 1959 maa egyptka rashtrapati gamal abdel naserdwara wighatan nabhaesamma, gaja patti adhikarik rupma sabai-palestine sarkardwara prashasit thiyo. dherai hadasamma pratikatmak bhae tapani, arab ligka adhikansh sadasyaharule sarkarlai manyata dieka thie. yasako wighatan pachhi, egyptle gaja pattilai vilaya garena tara israel-palestine prashnako samadhan nabhaesamma yasalai sainya shasson antargat rakhyo. prishthabhumi. pratham vishwayuddhapachhi, rashtraharuko ligle gaja pattisahit purva ottoman khetra milera baneko palestineka lagi janadeshma sanyukta adhirajyalai adhikar pradan गऱ्यो।. palestineka lagi britis janadeshko rupma chinine 24 july 1922 maa ligg aff nationsko parishadle aupacharik rupma pushti gareko thiyo rar june 26 september 1923 maa lagu bhayo. dosro wishwayuddhako tean warshapachhi 15 mey 1948 maa palestineka lagi britis janadesh samapta bhayo. yasaghi, 29 november 1947 maa, sanyukta rashtrasanghako mahasabhale palestinema dui rajyaharu, euta yahudi rar euta arab sirjana garne 1947 ko sanyukta rashtra vibhajan yojanalai anumodan गऱ्यो।. yasako pratikriyama aniwarya palestinema 1947-1948 grihayudha suru bhayo. 14 mey 1948 maa, devid bayne-guriyanle israel rajyako swatantratako ghoshana gare rar bholipalta egypt, jorden rar syriaka senaharule irakbata pathaieka sainikharuko sahayogma yuddha ghoshana gare rar akraman gare, 1948 arab-israeli yuddha suru bhayo. egyptle yuddhako suruma labh prapta गऱ्यो।, tara december 1948 ko antyama yee ultae jab israeli senale "operation horebh" maa egyptko senalai negebhbata bahira nikaldai egyptko senalai gaja pattima ghere, jasle egyptlai firta lyne rar yuddhaviram swikar garna badhya banayo. 7 janawari 1949 maa, euta yuddhaviram prapta bhayo. israeli senaharu sinai rar gajabata pachhi hutna aghi badhe, tiniharulai egyptle kabja garna chhodyo. 24 february 1949 maa, israel-egypt yuddhaviram samjhautama roadsma hastakshar garieko thiyo. samjhauta antargat, bhumadhyasagar najikai bahek antarrashtriya simanama (1906 dekhi dating) yuddhaviram rekha khichieko thiyo, jahaan egypt tatako kinarma raheko bhumiko pattiko niyantranma rahyo, jaslai gaja patti bhanera chininthyo. (sann 1949 ko yuddhaviram samjhauta hernuhos.) egyptko peshah sabai-palestine sanrakshit (1948-1950 s). sann 1948 ko arab-israeli yuddhako samayama 22 september 1948 maa arab ligdwara sthapit ek nikaya thiyo, jaslai palestineka lagi palestini shasson pradan garna bhanieko thiyo. yuddhapachhi, gaja patti sampurna palestine sarkarko adhikar kshetraantargat raheko ek matra purva-janadesh khetra thiyo. yadyapi, sarkarka sadasyaharulai falaswarup kairoma hataiyo, rar gajaka ghatanaharuma thorai wa kunai prabhawa thiena. awi shlaimaka anusarah [tea] unle sarva-palestine sarkarko dhong rar yasako kshamata bichko bhinnata chaandai yasalai prahasanko starma jhare. yasale sampurna palestinema adhikar khetra dabi गऱ्यो।, taipani yasako kunai prashasana, kunai nagarik sewa, kunai paisa rar yasako afnai kunai wastawik sena thiena. gaja sahar warparko sano enclavema pani yasako ritt egyptka adhikariharuko anugrahale matra chalcha. kosh rar surakshaka lagi nayan sarkarko nirbhartako faida uthaundai egyptka paymastersharule arab ligg rar antarrashtriya forumharuma palestiniharuko pratinidhitwa garne abdullahko dawilai kamjor parne yasalai herfer gare. spashta rupma swatantra palestini rajya, nayan sarkarka lagi bhrun, yasako sthapanako kshanadekhi nai, yasari kairo rar amman bitch chaliraheko shakti sangharshama satalakako asantushta bhumikama ghatyo. suez sankat rar yasako parinam. sann 1956 maa egyptle akabako khadi awaruddha गऱ्यो।, suez naharko rashtriya niyantran grahan गऱ्यो।, rar yasalai israeli dhuwanima awaruddha gyoa.-duwaile ijarayalko yuwa rajyalai dhamki diyo rar 1888 ko constantinopleko mahasandhi ullanghan गऱ्यो।. france rar sanyukta adhirajyale sammelan anusar nahar sabai rashtraharuka lagi khula rahanuparne dridha sankalpama ijarayallai samarthan गऱ्यो।. october 29,1956 maa, israel, france rar sanyukta adhirajyale gaja patti rar sinai prayadwipma akraman gari 1956 suez yuddha suru गऱ्यो।. antarrashtriya dababma, 1956 ko antyaaghi englo-francelli task force firta bhayo, rar israeli sena march, 1957 maa sinai rar gajabata pachhi hateko thiyo. yuar prashasana (1959-67). sann 1959 maa, gaja patti adhikarik rupma alpakalin sanyukta arab ganatantra (jasle egypt rar syrialai ekjut gyoa) maa vilaya bhaeko thiyo. sann 1962 maa katar sarkarle janasankhyadwara nirvachit palestini vidhan parishad sthapana गऱ्यो।. sanwaidhanik dastawej nimnabata suru bhayoh gaja patti palestineko bhumiko awibhajya bhag how rar yasaka manisharu arab rashtrako hissa hun. gajama palestiniharu striple sabai palestiniharu milera baneko rashtriya sangha gathan garnechha jahaan tiniharu huna sakchhan-yasako uddeshya palestineko kabja garieko bhumiharu punah prapta garne sanyukta karya rar arab rashtrawadko awhan pura garnama sahabhagita how. rashtriya sangha governer-generalko adeshdwara sangathit hunechha. sann 1964 maa palestini mukti sangathan (plo) ko sthapana hunda naserle gajamathi afno adhikar rahane ghoshana gare, tara tyo shakti wyawaharma kahilyai pradan garieko thiena. ek warshapachhi, palestini mukti senaka lagi aniwarya bharti sthapana gariyo. 5 june 1967 maa, egyptle tiranko jaladamarumadhyalai awaruddha gareko rar israeli dhuwani katauti gareko kehi haptapachhi, ijarayalle egyptma akraman gari chha dine yuddha suru गऱ्यो।. yasale chaandai warparka arab rajyaharulai parajit गऱ्यो। rar paschimi kinar rar anya kshetraharusangai gaja patti kabja गऱ्यो।, jasle egyptko kabja samapta गऱ्यो।. sann 1978 maa, israel rar egyptle aitihasik camp devid samjhautama hastakshar gare jasle uniharubichko dwandwako adhikarik antya lyayo. samjhautako dosro bhag paschimi kinar rar gaja pattima swayatta shasson sthapanaka lagi dhancha thiyo. yasari egyptle gaja pattimathi kunai pani khetriya davi tyageko thiyo. janasankhyiki rar arthawyawastha. sann 1948 ko yuddhako samayama 2,00,000 bhanda badhi sharanarthiharu gajama prawesh garda jiwanstarma natakiya girawat aeko thiyo. egyptko sarkarle gaja pattima aune rar aune awagamanlai pratibandhit gareko karan, yasaka basindaharule labhadayak rojgarika lagi anyatra hern sakenan. sann 1955 maa, ekjana paryawekshak (sanyukta rashtra sachiwalayaka ek sadasya) ley tippani gare kii "sabai wyawaharik uddeshyaka lagi yo bhannu satya hunechha kii gajama vigat chha warshadekhi 300,000 bhanda badhi garibi pidit manisharu sharirik rupma thulo sahar parkko akarma simit chhan."

sanjukta arab ganarajya dwara gaza strip dakhal sanjukta arab ganarajya dwara gaza strip dakhal sehi samajaku bujhae jeunthire barttamanara palestinian anchala gaza strip bhabare janashuna 1949 ru 1967 parjyanta sanjukta arab ganarajyara egyptiah bahini dwara adhikruta hoithila. pratham arab-israela juddha parey 1949 ray ehi anchalara arambha sahita gajare egyptia dakhal arambha hoithila, ebong 1967 rahr truteeja arab-israela juddhare egypt israela thaaru parasta heba parey samapta hoithila, jaahaa parey gaza strip upare israela dakhal arambha hoithila . 1967 juddha purbaru gajare egyptiah shasson october 1956 ru march 1957 parjyanta eka sankhipta samai byatita jaari rahithila, jetebele israela suez sankata samajare gaza ebong sinai upadweepa upare aakraman ebong dakhal karithila . september 1948 ru, 1959 ray egypt rastrapati gamal abdel nasaranka dwara ehara bighatana parjyanta, gaza strip sarkari bhabare sarba-palestine sarkar dwara parichalita hoithila . jadio sarkar mukhyatah prateekatmaka thile, arab ligra adhikansha sadasyanka dwara sweekrutiprapta hoithile. ehara bighatana parey, egypt gaza stripku sanjukta karinathila, kintu israela-palestine prashnara samadhan apekhyare rakhi ehaaku samarika shasson adheenare rakhithila. prusthabhumi. pratham biswajudha parey, ligg off nations gaza strip sameth purbatana automan anchalaku nei gathita palestine paain nirdesh upare britenaku khyamata pradan karithila. jaahaa palestine paain british janadesh bhabare janashuna hoithila taaha 24 july 1922 ray ligg off nations parishad dwara aanusthanika bhabare nischita hoithila ebong jaahaa 26 september 1923 ray karjyakaree hoithila . dwiteeja biswajudhara tini barsha parey 1948 masiha meey 15 tarikhare palestine paain britishanka janadesh samapta hoithila. ehaa purbaru, 1947 navember 29 tarikhare, milita jatisanghara sadharana sabha palestinere duiti rajya, gotie ihudi ebong gotie arab gathan kariba paain 1947 masihar jayu. enn. bibhajan jojanaku anumodana karithila. ehara jabaabare badhyatamoolaka palestinere 'aai. dii. 1' gruhajudha arambha hoithila. 1948 masiha meey maasa 14 tarikhare, devida bayne-gurian israela rajyara swadheenata ghoshana karithile ebong taa 'pardin egypt, jordan ebong crr sena juddha ghoshana karithile ebong irakaru pathajaithiba sainikanka sahajatare aakraman karithile, jaahaa 1948 arab-israela juddha arambha karithila. juddhara prarambhare egypt laabh karithila, kintu december 1948 sheshare egudika olatpalat hoijaithila jetebele israela sena, "operation horev" ray, egyptiah bahineeku negebhru bitadita karithila ebong egyptiah bahineeku gaza stripare gherithila, jaahaa egyptaku pratyahara karibaku ebong judhabirati grahan karibaku badhya karithila. 1949 masiha januari 7 tarikhare eka judhabirati hoithila. israelara sainyabahinee sinai ebong gajaru pratyahara karibaku agrasara hoithile, ebong semananku misher dwara adhikruta hebaku chhadi deithile. 1949 masiha februari 24 tarikhare israela-egypt judhabirati rajinama rodesare swakhyarita hoithila. ehi rajinama anujai, bhumadhyasagara nikatare byatita antarjatija seemaare (1906 masiharu) judhabirati rekha ankita hoithila, jeunthare egypt upakulabarti eka bhukhanda upare nijantranare rahithila, jaahaa gaza strip bhabare janashuna hoithila . (1949 judhabirati rajinama dekhantu.) egypt dakhalah sarba-palestine sanrakhita anchala (1948-1950 s). 1948 arab-israela juddha samajare, 22 september 1948 ray arab ligg dwara sarba-palestine protectorate eka sanstha thila, jaahaa palestine paain palestine shasson pradan karibaku uddista . juddha parey, gaza strip sarba-palestine sarakaranka adhikara khetra adheenare ekamatra purbatana-nirdeshita anchala thila . tebe, phalaswaroopa, sarakaranka sadasyamananku kairoku hatai diajaithila, ebong gazar ghatanagudika upare semanankara prabhaba comm thila kimba nathila. aabhi shlemnka matareh [tii] shay sarba-palestine sarakaranka abhinai ebong ehara khyamata madhyare thiba parthakya ehaaku shighra prahasana staraku hrass karithila. ehaa samagra palestine upare adhikara adhikara daabi karithila, tathapi ehara kaunasi prashasana nathila, kaunasi nagarika seba nathila, kaunasi artha nathila, ebong ehara nijaswa kaunasi prakruta sena nathila. epariki gaza sahara aakhapaakhare thiba chhot enklebhare madhya ehara ritt kebala egypt kartupakhyanka dajaare parichalita heuthila . panthi ebong surakhya paain semananka upare nutan sarakaranka nirbharasheelatara faida uthai, egyptiah paymastermanay arab ligg ebong antarjatija phoramare palestineejamananku pratinidhitwa karibara abadullanka dabiku durbala karibaku ehaaku herfer karithile. aapatatah eka swadheena palestinian rastra, nutan sarkar, ehara aarambharu, kairo ebong amman madhyare chalithiba shakti sangramare eka satalakakra asantusta bhumikaku hrass paithila . suez sankata ebong ehara parinam. 1956 masihare, egypt akaba upasagaraku abarodh karithila, suez kenalara jatiah nijantrana grahan karithila, ebong ehaaku israela jahaz chalachala paain abarodh karithila-ubhaja israelara juba rajyaku bipadare pakaithila ebong 1888rahr constantinoplra sammilaneeku ullanghana karithila. frances ebong juktarajya israelaku samarthan karithile je ehi kenalaku sammilani anujai samasta rastra paain khola rakhiba uchita. october 29,1956 ray, israela, frances ebong juktarajya gaza strip ebong sinai upadweepa upare aakraman curry 1956 suez juddha arambha karithile. antarjatija chaapare, 1956 shesh heba purbaru anglo-french task force pratyahara karineithila, ebong 1957 masiha march maasare israela sena sinai ebong gajaru pratyahara karineithila. kwara prashasana (1959-67). 1959 masihare, gaza strip aanusthanika bhabare swalpakaleena sanjukta arab ganarajyare (jaahaa egypt ebong siriaaku ekatrita karithila) mishran karajaithila. 1962 masihare, kwara sarkar janasankhya dwara nirbachita eka palestinian bidhan parishad pratistha karithile. sambidhanika dastabijati nimnalikhita sahita arambha hoithilah gaza strip palestine deshar eka abibhajya ansha ebong ehara lokamane arab rastrara ansha . gajare palestineejamane samasta palestineejamane jeunthi bii thaantu naa kahinki, semananku nei eka jatiah sangha gathan karajiba-ehara uddeshya heuchhi palestiner adhikruta bhumi punaruddhara paain milita karjya ebong arab rastrabadara aahwanaku purana karibare anshagrahana. jatiah sangha gabharnara-jeneralnka eka decree dwara sangathita heba . 1964 masihare palestinian mukti sangathana (pii. ell. oh.) pratistha heba parey nasser ghoshana karithile je ehaa gaza upare adhikara rakhiba, kintu aacharanare sehi khyamata kebe pradan karajai nathila. eka barsha parey, palestinian mukti sena paain badhyatamoolaka nijukti pratistha karajaithila. 1967 masiha june 5 tarikhare, egypt tiran jalaprabahaku abarodh kariba ebong israelara jahaz chalachala banda karibara kichhi saptaha parey, egypt upare israela aakraman curry chhaa dinia juddha arambha karithila. ehaa turanta akhpakh arab rajyagudiku parasta karithila ebong paschima tata ebong anyanya anchala sahita gaza strip dakhal curry misherer dakhalaku samapta karithila. 1978 masihare israela ebong egypt aitihasika shibir devida chukti swakhyara karithile jaahaa semananka madhyare bibadara aanusthanika samapti aanithila. ehi chuktira dwiteeja bhagati thila paschima koolare ebong gaza dharare eka swajangsasita shasson pratistha paain eka dhancha. ehipari egypt gaza strip upare kaunasi anchalika daabi parityaga karithila . janasankhya ebong arthaneeti. 1948 juddha samajare gajaku 2,00,000 ru adhika sharanartheenka agman phalare jibanadharana maanare natakiah hrass ghatithila. jehetu egypt sarkar gaza strip ku ebong baharaku gatibidhi seemita karithile, ehara adhibasimane labhajanaka nijukti paain anya keunthi khojiparinathile . 1955 masihare, jane parjyabekhyaka (milita jatisangha sachibalajara jane sadasya) ullekha karithile je "samasta byabaharika uddeshyare ehaa kahiba satya heba je gata chhaa barsha dhari gajare 300,000 ru adhika daridryagrasta lock eka bruhata sahara park aakarare sharirika bhabare seemita achanti."

sanyukat arab ganraj duaara gaaza patti utte kabza sanyukat arab ganraj duaara gaaza patti utte kabza uss samein noon darsaunda haii jiss witch varatman philistini khetar jiss noon gaaza patti vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, utte 1949 toon 1967 takk sanyukat arab ganraj deeaan misari faujan neey kabza qarr liaa see. gaaza utte misari kabza 1949 witch pahile arab-israeli yuddh toon baad iss khetar dee shuruat naal shuru hoiaa see, atey 1967 dey teeje arab-israeli yuddh witch israeel toon misser dee haar toon baad khatam hoiaa see, jiss toon baad gaaza patti utte israeli kabza shuru hoiaa see. 1967 dey yuddh toon pahilan gaaza witch misari shasan aktubar 1956 toon march 1957 takk dey ikk sankhep samein noon chhadd keey nirantar riha see, jadon israeel neey suez sankat dauran gaaza dey naal-naal sinayi praideep utte hamla keeta atey kabza qarr liaa see. satambar 1948 toon, 1959 witch misser dey rashtarpati gamaal abdel naasar duaara bhang keete jaanh takk, gaaza patti daa parbandh adhikarat taur 'teey sarab-falastin sarkaar duaara keeta jaanda see. halanki sarkaar noon arab leeg dey ziaadaatar memberan duaara maanta ditti gaee see. iss dey bhang honn toon baad, misser neey gaaza patti noon naheen aapne naal jodiaa, parr iss noon israeel-falastin dey swal dey hall takk fauji shasan dey adheen rakkhiaa. pichokad. pahile vishav yuddh toon baad, leeg aaf nations neey united kingdom noon gaaza patti samet sabka ottoman khetar naal baney falastin laee adesh utte adhikar ditta. jiss noon falastin laee british adesh vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, dee rasmi taur utte leeg aaf nations dee consul duaara 24 julai 1922 noon pushti keeti gaee see atey joe 26 satambar 1923 noon lagu hoiaa see. dooje vishav yuddh dey tinn saal baad 15 maee 1948 noon falastin laee british fatwa khatam hoow giaa. iss toon pahilan, 29 navambar 1947 noon, sanyukat rashter general assembly neey falastin witch doou raajan, ikk yahudi atey ikk arab banaun laee 1947 dee yuu. ainn. vandd yojna noon manzuri ditti. iss dey jawab witch lazmi falastin witch 1947-1948 gharelu yuddh chhid giaa. 14 maee 1948 noon, david baine-gurian neey israeel raaj dee aazadi daa ailaan keeta atey agle dinn misser, jarden atey siria deeaan faujan neey iraak toon bheje gaye sainikan dee sahaita naal yuddh daa ailaan keeta atey hamla keeta, jiss naal 1948 arab-israeli yuddh dee shuruat hoee. misser neey yuddh dey shuru witch hii laabh prapat keeta, parr dasambar 1948 dey akheer witch ih ulat hoow gaye jadon israeli fauj neey "appression horev" witch misari faujan noon negev toon bahr kaddh ditta atey gaaza patti witch misari faujan noon gher liaa, jiss naal misser noon waps lainn atey jangbandi savikar curran laee majbur honaa piaa. 7 janwari 1949 noon ikk jangbandi keeti gaee see. israeli faujan sinayi atey gaaza toon pichhe hutton laee agge vadhiaan, jiss naal uhanan noon misser dey kabze witch chhadd ditta giaa. 24 farvari 1949 noon, israeel-misser jangbandi samjhaute utte roades witch hastakhar keete gaye sunn. samjhaute dey tehat, jangbandi rekha noon antarashtari sarhadd (1906 toon) dey naal khichiaa giaa see, siraf mediterian saagar dey nede, jitthe misser tatt dey naal zameen dee ikk patti dey niyantaran witch riha, jiss noon gaaza patti vajon janhiaa jaanh lagga. (1949 dey jangbandi samjhaute dekho.) misser daa kabzaae saare-falastin surakhiat (1948-1950 s). sarab-falastini surakhiat raaj 22 satambar 1948 noon arab-israeli yuddh dauran arab leeg duaara sathapat ikk ikai see, joe falastin laee falastini shasan pardan curran laee see. yuddh toon baad, gaaza patti sarab-falastin sarkaar dey adhikar khetar adheen iklauta sabka-aadeshit khetar see. halanki, sarkaar dey memberan noon sitte vajon carro witch hataa ditta giaa see, atey gaaza witch ghatnavan utte unhan daa bahut ghatt jaan koee prabhav naheen see. avy shalem dey anusaar [tii] uh sarab-falastin sarkaar dey dhangan atey iss dee samratha dey vichkaar antar neey iss noon jaldi hii mazak dey paddhar takk ghataa ditta. iss neey poore falastin utte adhikar khetar daa daava keeta, firr vee iss cole koee parshasana, koee sival seva, koee paisa atey aapni koee asal fauj naheen see. gaaza shehar dey aale-duaale dey chhote jihe khetar witch vee iss dee ritt siraf misari adhikariaan dee kirpa naal challdi see. fandan atey surakhiaa laee naveen sarkaar dee nirbharta daa faida uthaunde hoye, misari tankhah malkan neey arab leeg atey antarashtari forman witch falastini lokan dee numaindagi curran dey abdullah dey daave noon kamzor curran laee iss witch heraferi keeti. spasht taur utte ikk sutantar falastini raaj laee bharun, naveen sarkaar, aapni sathapana dey pall toon, carro atey amman darmiaan chall rahey satta sanghrash witch ikk shtall kaak dee nakhush bhumika witch ghatt gaee see. suez sankat atey iss dey natije. sann 1956 witch, misser neey akaba dee khaadi noon bnd qarr ditta, suez nahir daa rashtari niyantaran aapne hatth witch lae liaa atey iss noon israeli shipping laee bnd qarr ditta-doven israeel dey naujwan raaj noon khatre witch paa rahey sunn atey 1888 dey constantinople dey sammelan dee ulanghna qarr rahey sunn. france atey united kingdom neey iss dridh iraade witch israeel daa samarthan keeta kii convention anusar nahir saare deshan laee khullhi rahini chahidi haii. 29 aktubar, 1956 noon israeel, france atey united kingdom neey gaaza patti atey sinayi praideep utte hamla keeta atey 1956 dey suez yuddh dee shuruat keeti. antarashtari dabaa heth, 1956 dey ant toon pahilan anglo-franch task forus waps lae laee gaee, atey march, 1957 witch israeli fauj sinayi atey gaaza toon waps lae laee gaee. kuaar parshasana (1959-67). 1959 witch, gaaza patti noon adhikarat taur utte thodeh samein laee sanyukat arab ganraj (jiss neey misser atey siria noon ikjutt keeta) witch milaa ditta giaa see. 1962 witch, yuu. aii. aar. sarkaar neey ikk philistini vidhan sabha dee sathapana keeti joe aabadi duaara chunhi gaee see. sanvidhanak dastavez heth likhe naal shuru hoiaau gaaza patti falastin dee dharti daa ikk attutt hissa haii atey iss dey lock arab rashter daa hissa hunn. gaaza witch falastini patti ikk rashtari sangh daa gathan karegi jiss witch saare falastini lock jitthe vee honn-iss daa udesh falastini zaminan noon mudd prapat curran laee sanjha kamm karna atey arab rashtarvad dey sadde noon poora curran witch bhagidari karna haii. rashtari sangh daa ayojan governor-general dey ikk ferman duaara keeta javega. jadon 1964 witch falastini mukti sangathan (pee. aill. ou.) dee sathapana keeti gaee see, taan nasser neey ailaan keeta see kii ih gaaza utte adhikar rakhega, parr ih shakti abhiaas witch kadey naheen ditti gaee see. ikk saal baad, falastini mukti saina laee lazmi bharti dee sathapana keeti gaee see. 5 juun, 1967 noon, misser duaara tiran dey jaldamroomadh noon bnd curran atey israeli samundari jahazan noon kattan dey haftiaan baad, israeel neey chhe dinan dee jung dee shuruat karde hoye misser utte hamla keeta. iss neey aale-duaale dey arab raajan noon jaldi hii haraa ditta atey pachmi kandhe atey horr khetran dey naal gaaza patti utte kabza qarr liaa, jiss naal misser daa kabza khatam hoow giaa. sann 1978 witch, israeel atey misser neey itihasak camp david samjhaute utte hastakhar keete jiss naal unhan darmiaan sanghrash daa adhikarat ant hoiaa. samjhotiaan daa dooja hissa pachmi kandhe atey gaaza patti witch ikk khudmukhtiaar shasan dee sathapana laee ikk dhancha see. iss tarahan misser neey gaaza patti utte kise vee khetri daave noon tiaag ditta. jansankhiaa atey arthvivastha. 1948 dey yuddh dauran 200,000 toon vaddh sharnarthiaan dee gaaza witch aamad dey natije vajon jeevan paddhar witch nataki girawat aaee. kiunki misser dee sarkaar neey gaaza patti toon aaunn-jaanh 'teey pabandi lagaa ditti see, iss laee iss dey vasneek labhkari rozgaar laee kitey horr naheen dekh sakde sunn. sann 1955 witch, ikk nirikhak (sanyukat rashter sakatret daa ikk member) neey nott keeta kii "saare viharak udeshan laee ih kahina sacch hovega kii pichle chhe saalan toon gaaza witch 300,000 toon vaddh garibi toon peedat lock sarirak taur 'teey ikk vadde shehar dey park dey aakaar dey khetar takk seemat hunn."

samyukta-arab-ganarajyasya gaza-pattyaah adhiniveshah samyukta-arab-ganarajyena gaza-pattyaah adhiniveshah, tatt kaalam soochayati yasmin 1949 taha 1967 paryantam gaza-pattah iti namna prasidhah vartamaanah palestiny-pradesha samyukta-arab-ganarajyasya egyptian-sainyaabhih adhigrahitah aasit. prathama-arab-isrel-yuddhasya anantaram 1949 tame varshe asya pradeshasya aarambhen egyptian-kabjaa gaja iti aarabdhah, 1967 tame varshe truteeya-arab-isrel-yuddhe egypt-deshasya isrel-viruddham parajayena samaaptah, tadanantaram gaja-pattyaah isrel-adhiniveshah aarabdhah. 1967 tamavarshasya yuddhaat poorvam gaja-nagare easypt-shasanam 1956 october-masat 1957 maarch-maasaparyantam alpakalam yaavat nirantaraa aasit, yadaa suez-sankatakaale isrel-deshah gaja-pradesham aakramy sinaay-dweepakalpam api aakramayat. 1948 september-masat 1959 tame varshe easypt-deshasya rashtrapatina gamal abdel naasar ityanena vighatitam yaavat, gaja-pattika adhikrutaroopena sarva-palestain-sarvakaarena prashaasitah aasit. yadyapi praayah pratikatmakam aasit tathaapi arab-leag ityasya adhikaamshaih sadasyaih sarwakaarah manyataya sweekrutah. tasya vighatanaanantaram easypt-deshah gaja-patteem naa vileeneekrutavaan, parantu isrel-palestain-prashnasya samadhanam avalambya sainyashaasanasy adheenam avalambayat. prushtabhoomau. prathamavishvayuddhaanantaram, leag-aaf-neshans ityanena, gaza-pattyaa saha poorva-ottoman-pradeshena nirmitasya palestain-deshasya adhideshasya upari unated-kingdam-deshasya adhikaaram pradattam. palastina-deshasya krute british-janaadeshah iti namna prasidhah ayam 1922 julai 24 dinaanke leag-aaf-neshans-parishadena aupachaarikaroopena pushtah, 1923 september 26 dinaanke prabhaawitah cha abhavat. dviteeyavishvayuddhasya varshatrayam anantaram 1948 mey 15 dinaanke palestain-deshasya krute british-shasanam samaaptam. etasmaat poorvam 1947 tame varshe november-masasya 29 dinaanke samyuktaraashtrasanghasya samanyasabhaya 1947 tame varshe samyuktaraashtrasanghasya vibhaajanasya yojanam palastine dwau raajyau nirmaatu, ekaha yahoodee, ekaha arab cha. tasya pratikriyaaroopen anivaarya-palestain-deshe 1947-1948 gruhayuddham praarabdham. 1948 mey 14 dinaanke, david benn-gurian ityeshah isrel-rajyasya swaatantryam ghoshayat, tadanantaram easypt, jordan, syria cha sainikaah yuddham ghoshayan, iraak-deshaat preshitebhyah sainikanam saahaayyen akramanam cha krutavantah, 1948 tame varshe arab-isrel-yuddhasya aarambhah abhavat. easypt-deshah yuddhasya aarambhe labhan praapnot, parantu 1948 december-masasya ante etaaha pratyaawartitaah yadaa israyelee-senaa "apareshan horev" ityasmin egyptiya-senaam negev-pradeshaat nishkaasitavatee, gaza-pattyaam egyptiya-senaam pariveshtayati, yena easypt-deshah pratyaahaaraay yuddhaviraamasya sweekaranam kartum cha baadhyah abhavat. 1949 janavaree 7 dinaanke yuddhaviraamasya praaptih abhavat. israyeleeyasainikaah sinai-gaza-pradeshaat cha nishkaasayitum agacchan, taan easypt-deshah aakramayitum cha niraakrutavantah. 1949 februvari 24 dinaanke isrel-easypt yuddhaviraama-sandhihi roads-deshe hastaksharita. sandhyaadheenam, bhoomadhyasaagarasy sameepe vihaay antarashtriyasimayam (1906 tamaat dinaankasya) yuddhaviramarekha ankitaa, yatra easypt-deshah tate sthitasya bhoobhaagasy niyantrane aasit, yat gaja-pattika iti namna prasidhah abhavat. (1949 yuddhaviraama-sandhihi pashyatu.) easypt-deshah sarva-palestain-samrakshitapradeshah (1948-1950 s) asti. 1948 tame varshe, 1948 tame varshe, 22 september dinaanke, arab-isrel-yuddhasya samaye, palestain-deshasya shasanam daatum, arab-leag ityanena sthaapitah sarva-palestain-samrakshita-raajyam iti samsthaa aasit. yuddhanantaram, gaja-pattika eva sarva-palestain-sarvakaarasya adhikaarakshetre ekamaatrah poorva-adhidesh-pradesha aasit. parantu, sarvakaarasya sadasyaah parinaamatah kairo-nagaram prati apasaaritaah, tathaa cha gaza-nagarasya karyakrameshu teshaam prabhaawah alpaha vaa naa vaa aasit. avi-shlaim ityasya matena, saha sarva-palestain-sarvakaarasya cha abhibhashanam, tasya kshamataayaah cha madhye vairuddhyam krutvaa tatt sheeghram prahasanasy stare nyastavaan. sampornasya palestain-deshasya adhikaarakshetram adadat, tathaapi tasya prashasanam naa aasit, nagarikaseva naa aasit, dhanam naa aasit, vaastavikasenaa cha naa aasit. gaza-nagarasya paritah laghutama-parikshetre api tasya lekhanam kevalam egyptiya-adhikarinam krupena eva prachalati sma. nidhim rakshayitum cha teshaam upari nootanasarvakaarasya avalambanasya laabham praapya egyptiya-paymaster-janaah arab-leag-madhye, antarashtriya-mancheshu cha palestiny-janaanaam pratinidhitvam kartum abdullah-varyasya davam durbalam kartum tatt vyavartitavantah. apratyakshytah, swatantrasya palestiny-rajyasya nutanasya sarvakaarasya bhroonam, tasya arambhakalat eva kairo-amman-ityetayoho madhye prachalite adhikaar-sangharshe shuttle-kaak ityasya asantushta-bhumikam prati nyunikrutam. suez-sankatah tathaa tasya parinaamah. 1956 tame varshe easypt-deshah akaba-khadim avaruddhavaan, suez-naharasya rashtriyam niyantranam sveekrutavaan, israeli-nauvahanam prati avaruddhavaan-ubhau isrel-deshasya yuva-rajyaya dhaman, 1888 tame varshe constantinople-sammelanm ullanghayan cha. france-samyuktaraajyam cha isrel-deshasya samarthanam krutavantah, sammelanasy anusaaram sarvanam rashtranam krute naharam mukttam bhavet iti drudhanishchaye. 1956 october 29 dinaanke isrel, france, unated kingdam cha gaza-pattim, sinai-dweepakalpam cha aakramy 1956 tame varshe suez-yuddhasya arambham krutavantah. antarashtriya-chaape, 1956 tamasya varshasya antaat poorvam aangl-french-kaaryabalam apasaaritam, 1957 tame varshe maarch-maase israyelee-senaa sinaay-gaza-pradeshaat apasaaritam. uttar-prashaasanam (1959-67). 1959 tame varshe, gaja-pattika adhikrutaroopena alpakaalikam samyukta-arab-ganarajye (yat easypt-syria-deshaan samyuktam krutavaan) vileeneekrutam. 1962 tame varshe, kwaar-sarvakaarena janasankhyaya nirvaachitam palestiny-vidhaanaparishadah sthapana abhavat. samvidhaanaatmak-dastaawejah nimnalikhitaih praarabdhah. gaja-pattika palestain-deshasya avibhaajyah bhaagah asti, tasya janaah arab-rashtrasya bhaagah santi. gaza-nagare palestineeyaah santi. strip iti sarwaih palestiniyaraihi saha, yatra cha te bhaveyuhu, rashtriyasanghasya nirmanam karishyati-asya uddeshyah palestiny-deshasya adhigrahitabhoomim punahpraaptum samyuktam karyam, arab-raashtravaadasya aahvaanasy poortyartham sahabhaagitvam cha iti. rashtrasanghah governor-general ityasya adeshena aayojyate. 1964 tame varshe yadaa palestiny-muktti-sanghatanasy (pee. ell. o.) sthapana abhavat, tadaa naasar-varyaha gajayaha upari adhikaarah bhavishyati iti ghoshayat, parantu aacharane tatt adhikaaram kadaapi naa dattam. ekavarshaanantaram palestiny-muktti-senayaha krute anivaarya-sainyaniyuktih sthaapitah. 1967 joon 5 dinaanke, easypt-deshah tiran-jalasandhim avaruddham krutvaa, isrel-deshasya nauvahanam vicchinnam krutvaa, saptaabhyah anantaram, isrel-deshah easypt-desham aakramy, shut-divasanam yuddhasya arambham krutavaan. tatt sheeghramev pariveshtitaan arab-rajyan parajayya, pashchimatate anyapradeshaih saha gaza-patteem api aakramy easypt-deshasya adhinivesham samaaptam krutavaan. 1978 tame varshe isrel-easypt-deshau aitihaasikam shibir-david-sandhim hastaaksharitavantah, yena teshaam madhye vivaadasya adhikarikaha antah abhavat. asya kararasya dwiteeyah bhaagah pashchimatate, gaja-pattyaam cha svaayatta-shasanasya sthapanartham samrachanaa aasit. evam easypt-deshah gaja-pattyaam kasyaapi praadeshika-davam parityaktavaan. janasaamkhyikee tathaa arthavyavasthaa. 1948 tame varshe yuddhe 200,000 taha adhikanam sharanarthinam gaza-nagaram prati aagamanasy parinaamen jeevanastarah naatakeeyaroopen nyooneekrutah. easypt-sarvakaarena gaja-pattyaam aagaty cha gantum parimitaah aasan, ataha tasya nivaasinah laabhaprad-rojagarartham anyatra naa drashtum shaknuvanti sma. 1955 tame varshe ekaha paryavekshakah (samyuktaraashtrasanghasya sachivaalayasya sadasyah) avadat yat "sarvanam vyavaharikaprayojanam krute etat vadati yat gaza-nagare gatadashakavarsheshu 300,000 taha adhikaah daridrya peeditaah janaah bhautikaroopena vishaal-nagar-udyaanena aakaarasy kshetre eva seemitaah santi iti satyameva syaat."

kaasa paguthiyai aikkiya arabu kudiyarasu aakiramiththathu kaasa paguthiyai aikkiya arabu kudiyarasu aakiramiththathu enbathu kaasa pakuthi endru azhaikkappadum intraiya balastinian pirathaesaththai 1949 muthal 1967 varai aikkiya arabu kudiyarasin egypthiya padaikal aakkiramiththa kaalatthaik kurikkirathu. kaasaavin egypthiya aakiramippu muthal arabu-israeliya poaraith thodarnthu 1949 ill ippaguthi thodangappattathilirunthu thodangiyathu, maelum 1967 aam aandin moontraavathu arabu-israeliya poaril egipthu israelidam thoalviyadaintha piragu mudivukku vanthathu, adhan piragu kaasa paguthiyai israeliya aakiramippu thodangiyathu. 1967 poarukku munbu kaasaavil egypthiya aatchi thodarnthu irunththathu, october 1956 muthal maarch 1957 varai oru kurugiya kaalatthaith thavira, israel kaasa mattrum sinaai theepakarpaththai suus nerukkadiyin poathu padaiyeduththu aakiramiththathu. septumber 1948 muthal, 1959 ill egypthiya janathipathi kamal abdul naasar kalaikkum varai, kaasa pakuthi athikaarappoorvamaaga anaitthu balastina arasaangkaththaal nirvagikkappattathu. perumpaalum adaiyaalamaaga irunththaalum, arabu leakin perumpaalaana uruppinargalaal arasaangkam angkeekarikkappattathu. adhan kalaippaith thodarnthu, egipthu kaasa paguthiyai inaikavillai, aanaal adhai iraanuva aatchiyin keezh vaiththathu, israel-balastinap prachchanaiyin theermaanam niluvaiyil irunththathu. pinnani. muthalaam ulagap poarukkup piragu, kaasa pakuthi udpada munnaal oottoamaan pirathaesaththai ulladakkiya paalastheenaththirkaana aanaiyin meethu aikkiya raachchiyaththirku leak off nations athikaaram aliththathu. paalastheenaththirkaana british aanai endru ariyappattathai 1922 juulai 24 andru leak off nations council muraiyaaga uruthippaduththiyathu, idhu 1923 septumber 26 andru nadaimuraikku vanthathu. irandaam ulagap poarukku moontru aandugalukkup piragu, 1948 mae 15 andru, paalastheenaththirkaana british aanai mudivukku vanthathu. idharku munbu, 1947 navambar 29 andru, aikkiya naadugal pothuch sabai 1947 aikkiya naadugal pirivinai thittaththirku opputhal aliththathu, baalastheenaththil irandu maanilangkalai uruvaakka, oru youther mattrum oru arabu. idharku pathiladiyaaga kattaaya baalastheenaththil 1947-1948 ullnaattup poar vediththathu. 1948 mae 14 andru, davit penn-gurian israel maanilaththin suthanthiraththai arivitthaar, aduththa naall egipthu, jordan mattrum siriya padaikal poarai arivitthu, eeraakkilirunthu anuppapatta veerargalin uthaviyudan padaiyeduththana, 1948 arabu-israeliya poaraith thodangiyathu. egipthu poarin thodakkaththil laapangkalai eettiyathu, aanaal 1948 disambar pirpaguthiyil israeliya iraanuvam, "aaparaeshan horaev" endra muraiyil, egypthiya padaikalai negevilirunthu virattiyadiththu, kaasa paguthiyil egypthiya padaikalai suttri valaiththapoathu ivai thalaikeezhaaga maariyathu, egipthu binwangi porniruththaththai aetrtrukkolla vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. 1949 janavari 7 andru, oru poar niruththam ettappattathu. israeliya padaikal sinaai mattrum kaasaavilirunthu pinvaangath thodangi, avattrai egypthaal aakiramikkappattana. 1949 pipravari 24 andru, israel-egipthu poarniruththa oppantham roadsil kaiyezhuththaanathu. inththa oppanththaththin keezh, matthiya tharaikkadal arugae thavira sarvadesa ellaiyil (1906 muthal) poarniruththak koadu varaiyappattathu, angku egipthu kadarkaraiyil oru nilapparappin kattuppaattil irunththathu, idhu kaasa pakuthi endru azhaikkappattathu. (1949 poarniruththa oppanthangkalaip paarkkavum.) egipthu acramippu anaitthu balastina paathukaakkappatta (1948-1950 kall). 1948 arabu-israeliya poarin poathu, 1948 septumber 22 andru arabu leakol niruvapatta oru niruvanamaaga anaitthu balastinian paathukaakkappatta maagaanam irunththathu, idhu paalastheenaththirku balastinian nirvaagaththai vazhangkuvathaagak koorappadugiradhu. poarukkup piragu, anaitthu balastina arasaangkaththin athikaara varambin keezh irunththa oray munnaal kattalai pirathaesamaaka kaasa pakuthi irunththathu. iruppinum, arasaangkaththin uruppinarkal idhan vilaivaaga keyroavukku neekkappattanar, maelum kaasaavil nadantha nigazhvugalil migak kuraindha allathu endha selvaakkum illai. avii schlemin koottruppadih anaitthu balastina arasaangkaththin paasaangkukalukkum adhan thiranukkum idaiyilaana vaerupaadu adhai viraivaaga kaelikkooththaaga kuraiththathu. adhu balastinam muzhuvatharkum athikaara varambaik kooriyadhu, iruppinum adharku nirvaagam illai, sivil saevai illai, panam illai, adhan sontha unmaiyana iraanuvam illai. kaasa nagaraththaich suttriyulla siriya paguthiyil kooda adhan ridd egypthiya athikaarigalin karunaiyaal mattumae iyangkiyathu. nidhi mattrum paathukaappirkaaka puthiya arasaangkam avarkalaich saarnthiruppathai saathagamaagap payanpaduththik kondu, egypthiya uuthiyathaararkal arabu leak mattrum sarvadesa mandrangkalil paalastheeniyargalaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththu abdullaavin koottrai kuraimathippirku udpaduththa adhai kaiyaandanar. velippadaiyaaga oru sudhanthira balastinian arasukkaana karuu, puthiya arasaangkam, adhan thodakka tharunaththilirunthu, keiroavirkum ammanukkum idaiyil nadanthu varum athikaarap poaraattaththil oru shattilkakin magizhchchiyattra paaththiramaaga kuraikkappattathu. suus nerukkadiyum adhan pinvilaivukalum. 1956 aam aandil, egipthu aghaba valaikudaavai muttrukaiyittathu, suus kaalvaain thaesiya kattupaattai aetrtrukkondathu, adhai israeliya kappal poakkuvaratthukkuth thaduththathu-ivai irandum ilam israeliya arasai achchuruththukintrana mattrum 1888 aam aandin constantinople manattai meerugindrana. maanattin puddy kaalvaai anaitthu naadugalukkum thiranthirukka vaendum endra theermaanaththil piraansum aikkiya raachchiyamum israelai aathariththana. october 29,1956 andru, israel, brance mattrum aikkiya raachchiyam kaasa pakuthi mattrum sinaai theepakarpaththin meethu padaiyeduththu 1956 suyas poaraith thodangkina. sarvadesa azhuththaththin keezh, anglo-pirenchu panikkulu 1956 aam aandin iruthikkul pinvaangkiyathu, maelum israeliya iraanuvam 1957 maarch maatham sinaai mattrum kaasaavilirunthu pinvaangkiyathu. yuar nirvaagam (1959-67). 1959 aam aandil, kaasa pakuthi athikaarappoorvamaaga kurugiya kaala aikkiya arabu kudiyarasudan (egipthaiyum siriyaavaiyum ontrinaiththathu) inaikkappattathu. 1962 aam aandil kuwari arasaangkam makkalaal thernthedukkappatta balastinian sattamandraththai niruviyathu. arasiyalamaippu aavanam pinvaruvanavattrudan thodangiyathu kaasa pakuthi balastina nilaththin pirikka mudiyaatha paguthiyaagum, adhan makkal arabu dhesaththin oru paguthiyaagum. kaasaavil ulla paalastheeniyargal anaitthu paalastheeniyargalum engku irunththaalum avarkalaik konda oru thaesiya ontriyaththai inththa pakuthi uruvaakkum-adhan noakkam balastinathin aakiramikkappatta nilangkalai meetteduppatharkaana koottuppaniyaagum, maelum arabu dhesiyavaathaththin azhaippai niraivaettruvathil pankeerpathu aagum. thaesiya ontriyam covernor generaline aanaiyin moolam ozhungamaikkappadum. 1964ill balastinian viduthalai amaippu (pii. ell. ooo) niruvappattapoathu, kaasa meethu athikaaram irukkum endru naasar arivitthaar, aanaal antha athikaaram nadaimuraiyil orupoathum valangkappadavillai. oru varudam kaliththu, balastinian viduthalai iraanuvaththirkaaka kattaayap padaippirivu niruvappattathu. juun 5,1967 andru, egipthu tiraan neerinaiyai muttrukaiyittu, israeliya kappal poakkuvaraththai thundiththa sila vaarangkalukkup piragu, israel egypthaith thaakki, aaru naall poaraith thodangiyathu. adhu viraivaaga suttriyulla arabu maanilangkalai thoarkadiththu, kaasa paguthiyaiyum, maerkuk karai mattrum pira piraanthiyangkalaiyum aakkiramiththu, egypthin aakiramippai mudivukkuk konduvandhadhu. 1978 aam aandil, israelum egipthum varalaattru mugaamil kaiyeluththitta davit oppanthangkal, thangalukku idaiyilaana moathalkalukku athikaarappoorva mudivukkuk konduvandhana. oppanththangkalin irandaam pakuthi maerkuk karai mattrum kaasa paguthiyil oru thannatchi aatchiyai niruvuvatharkaana oru kattamaippaagum. egipthu ivvaaru kaasa pakuthi meethaana endhavoru piraanthiya urimaikoaralaiyum kaivittathu. makkalthogai mattrum porulaathaaram. 1948 poarin poathu 200,000 kkum maerpatta agathigal kaasaavukkul nuzhainthathan vilaivaaga vaazhkkaith tharaththil viyaththagu sarivu aerpattathu. egypthiya arasaangkam kaasa pakuthikku varuvatharkum varuvatharkum thadai vithiththathaal, adhan kudiyiruppaalargal laapakaramaana vaelaiyai vaeru engkum paarkka mudiyavillai. 1955 aam aandil, oru paarvaiyaalar (aikkiya naadugal sabaiyin seyalagaththin uruppinar), "anaitthu nadaimurai nokkangkalukkaagavum kadantha aaru aandugalaaka kaasaavil 300,000 kkum maerpatta varumaiyal paathikkappatta makkal oru periya nagarap poongaavin alavu konda paguthiyil udal reethiyaaga kattuppaduththappattullar endru solvathu unmaithaan."

united arab republic gaja stripnu aakraminchindi united arab republic gaja stripnu aakraminchadam anedi 1949 nundi 1967 varaku gaja strip anie piluvabade prastuta paalastiinaa bhoobhaganni united arab republic yokka eejiptu dalaalu aakraminchina kaalanni suuchistumdi. modati arab-izrael yuddham taruvaata 1949loe eee bhuubhaagam praarambhamaina taruvaata gaja meeda eejiptu aakramana praarambhamaindi, 1967loe jarigina moodava arab-izrael yuddhamlo izrael chetilo eejipt odipoyina taruvaata mugisindi, aaa taruvaata gaja strip meeda izrael aakramana praarambhamaindi. 1967 yuddhaaniki mundu gajalo eejiptu paalana 1956 aktobaru nundi 1957 marchi varaku kontakaalam minaha konasaagutuu undedi, suez sankshobha samayamlo izrael gajapai daadi chesi, alaage sinoy dveepakalpaanni aakraminchindi. 1948 septembaru nundi, 1959loe eejiptu adhyakshudu gamal abdel nasser raddu chese varaku, gaja stripnu adhikarikamga aall-paalastiinaa prabhutvam nirvahinchindi. ekkuvagaa sanketamgaa unnappatikee, arab leagloni chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu prabhutvaanni gurtinchaaru. daani raddu taruvaata, eejipt gaja patteeni vileenam cheyaledu, conny izrael-paalastiinaa prasna parishkaram pendinglo undadamtho daanini sainika paalanalo unchindi. nepathyam. modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata, gaja stripto sahaa maajee ottoman bhuubhaagamtoe kuudina paalastiinaapai united kingdamku leag off nations adhikaram ichindi. paalastiinaaku british aadesam anie pilavabadedi 1922 juulai 24naa leag off nations council dwara adhikarikamga dhruvikarinchabadindi mariyu idhi 1923 september 26naa amaluloki vachindi. rendava prapancha yuddham jarigina moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata 1948 mae 15naa paalastiinaapai british aadesam mugisindi. dheeniki mundu, 1947 november 29naa, aikyaraajyasamiti sarvasabhya samavesam paalastiinaaloo rendu rashtraalu, oka yoodu mariyu oka arabnu srushtinchadaaniki 1947 aikyaraajyasamiti vibhajana pranaalikanu aamodinchindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa tappanisari paalastiinaaloo 1947-1948 antaryuddham chelaregindi. 1948 mae 14naa, david benn-gurian izrael raashtraaniki swaatantryam prakatinchaadu, marusati roeju eejipt, jordan mariyu siriya sainyalu yuddham prakatinchi, iraq nundi pampina sainikula sahayamtho daadi chesi, 1948 arab-izrael yuddhanni praarambhinchaayi. eejiptu yuddha praarambhamlo labhalu saadhinchindi, conny 1948 december chivaralo izrael sainyam, "operation horev" loe, eejiptu dalaalanu negev nundi tarimikottinappudu mariyu gaja striplo eejiptu dalaalanu chuttumutty, eejiptunu upasamharinchukovalasi vachindi mariyu kaalpula viramananu angeekarinchavalasi vachindi. 1949 janavari 7naa, oka sandhi kudirindi. izrael dalaalu sinoy mariyu gaja nundi upasamharinchukovadaaniki munduku sagai, vaatini eejipt aakraminchataaniki vadilivesaayi. 1949 fibravari 24naa, izrael-eejipt yuddha viramana oppandam roadsloo santakam cheyabadindi. eee oppandam prakaram, madhyadhara samudram sameepamlo tappa antarjaateeya sarihaddu venta (1906 nundi) yuddha viramana rekha geeyabadindi, ikkada eejipt teeram vembadi unna bhuubhaagampai niyantranalo undipoyindi, idhi gaja strip anie piluvabadindi. (1949 yuddha viramana oppandaalu chudandi.) eejiptu aakramanah aall-paalastiinaa protectorate (1948-1950 luu). 1948 arab-izrael yuddham samayamlo 1948 september 22naa arab leag sthaapinchina oka samstha, paalastiinaaku paalastiinaa palananu andinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. yuddham taruvaata, gaja strip anedi paalastiinaa prabhutva adhikara paridhiloo unna ekaika maajee-aadesita bhuubhaagam. ayithe, prabhutva sabhyulu tatphalitamgaa kairoku tolaginchabaddaaru, mariyu gaajaaloni sanghatanalapai takkuva ledhaa etuvanti prabhavam chuupaleedu. avi schlime prakaaram [tii] athanu paalastiinaa prabhutvam yokka natana dhoranulaku mariyu daani saamardhyaaniki madhya vyatyaasaanni twaragaa prahasana sthaayiki tagginchaadu. idhi paalastiinaa mottam meeda adhikara paridhini kaligi undhi, ayinappatikee dheeniki paripalana ledhu, poura seva ledhu, dabbu ledhu mariyu daani swantha nijamaina sainyam ledhu. gaja pattanam chuttoo unna chinna enclavelo kooda daani ritt eejiptu adhikaarula dayatho matrame nadichindi. nidhulu mariyu rakshana kosam kotta prabhutvam vaaripai aadharapadataanni sadviniyogam chesukuni, eejiptu paymasterlu arab leaglo mariyu antarjaateeya vedikalalo paalastiiniyanlaku praatinidhyam vahistunna abdullah vaadananu anagadokkadaaniki daanini taarumaaru chesaaru. swatantra paalastiinaa rashtram, kotta prabhutvam, daani prarambham nundi, kairo mariyu ammanla madhya konasagutunna adhikara poraatamlo shuttle cock yokka asantruptikaramaina paatraku tagginchabadindi. suez sankshobham mariyu daani paryavasanalu. 1956loe eejipt akaba galphnu digbandhinchindi, suez kaaluvapai jaateeya niyantrananu sweekarinchindi, izrael naukaayaanaaniki addukundi-rendoo yuva izrael rashtraanni bedirinchaayi mariyu 1888 constantinople conventionnu ullanghinchaayi. france mariyu united kingdom oppandam prakaram kaaluva anni deshaalaku terichi undaalani nirnayinchadamlo ijraayelku maddatu icchaayi. 1956 aktobaru 29naa izrael, france mariyu united kingdom gaja strip mariyu sinoy dveepakalpampai daadi chesi 1956 suez yuddhanni praarambhinchaayi. antarjaateeya ottidilo, aanglo-french task fores 1956 mugimpuku mundhe upasamharinchukundi, mariyu izrael sainyam 1957 maarchilo sinoy mariyu gaja nundi upasamharinchukundi. yuar administration (1959-67). 1959loe, gaja strip adhikarikamga swalpakaalika united arab republic (eejipt mariyu syrianu ekam chesina) loe vileenam cheyabadindi. 1962loe yuar prabhutvam janaabhaache ennukoobadina paalastiinaa saasana mandalini erpaatu chesindi. rajyanga patram eee krindi vaatitho praarambhamaindih gaja strip paalastiinaa bhoomilo avibhaajya bhaagam mariyu daani prajalu arab desamlo bhaagam. gajalo paalastiiniyanlu paalastiiniyanlu ekkada unnaa vaaritho kuudina jaateeya sanghaanni strip erpaatu chestundi-paalastiinaa yokka swaadheenam chesukunna bhoomulanu tirigi pondadaaniki ummadi krushi mariyu arab jaateeyavaadam yokka pilupunu neraverchadamlo palgonadam dheeni lakshyam. governor general nundi oka uttarvu dwara jaateeya union nirvahinchabadutundi. 1964loe paalastiinaa vimukti samstha (ploe) sthaapinchabadinappudu, gajapai adhikaram untundani nasser prakatinchaaru, conny aacharanalo aaa adhikaram ennadoo manjuru cheyabadaledu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, paalastiinaa vimukti sainyam kosam nirbandha sainikadalam erpaatu cheyabadindi. 1967 juun 5naa, eejipt tiran jalasandhini digbandhinchi, izrael noukalanu nilipivesina konni vaaraala taruvaata, izrael egyptupai daadi chesi, aaru rojula yuddhanni praarambhinchindi. idhi chuttupakkala arab rashtraalanu twaragaa oodinchi, paschima teeram mariyu itara bhuubhaagamtoe paatu gaja patteeni aakraminchi, eejipt aakramananu muginchindi. 1978loe izrael mariyu eejipt chaaritraatmaka camp david oppandaalapai santakam chesaayi, idhi vaari madhya kalahaniki adhikaarika mugimpunu tecchindi. oppandaala rendava bhaagam paschima odduna mariyu gaja striplo swayampratipatti paalana sthaapanaku oka chatram. eejipt aaa vidhamgaa gaja pattipai yea praadaesika hakkulanu tyajinchindi. janabha mariyu aardhika vyavastha. 1948 yuddha samayamlo 200,000 mandiki paiga saranaarthulu gajaaloki pravesinchadam phalitamgaa jeevana pramaanaalu natakeeyamgaa taggai. eejiptu prabhutvam gaja pattiki mariyu daani nundi vachhe kadalikalanu parimitam chesinanduna, daani nivaasulu laabhadaayakamaina upaadhi kosam marekkada chudalekapoyaru. 1955loe, oka pariseelakudu (aikyaraajyasamiti sachivalaya sabhyudu) "gatha aaru samvatsaraalugaa gajalo 300,000 mandiki paiga paedarikamtoe badhapaduthunna prajalu bhouthikamgaa pedda nagara udyaanavanam parimaanamlo parimitamai unnaarani cheppadam anni aacharanaatmaka prayojanaala kosam nijam avutundi" anie paerkonnaadu."

muthadah arab jamhuria kay zariah ghazah kii putty parr qabzah muthadah arab jamhuria kay zariah ghazah kii putty parr qabzah iss madat say maraad hay jiss mein maujudah falastini elaqay jasay ghazah kii putty kay naam say jaana jaataa hay 1949 say 1967 takk muthadah arab jamhuria kii masri afwaj kay qabze mein thaa. ghazah parr masri qabzah 1949 mein pehli arab-israeli jung kay baad iss elaqay kay aaghaz kay saath sharoo hawaa aur 1967 kii teesri arab-israeli jung mein israel say misar kii shakast kay baad khatam hawaa jiss kay baad ghazah kii putty parr israel kaa qabzah sharoo hawaa. 1967 kii jung say pehley ghazah mein masri hukmarani aktobar 1956 say maarch 1957 takk kay eek mukhtasir arsey kay astasnaa kay saath jaari rahee thee jabb israel nay soz kay behraan kay doraan ghazah kay saath saath jazirah namaa seena parr bhee hamlah kiyaa aur qabzah kirr liyaa thaa. satambar 1948 say 1959 mein masri sadr jamaal abad alnasar kay zariye tehlil honay takk ghazah kii putty kaa sarkaari toor parr intezam aal falastin hukumat kay zeer intezam thaa. agarcha hukumat kuu bury hadd takk alamati toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin arab leeg kay ziyadah tarr arakeen nay asay tasleem kiyaa. iss kii tehlil kay baad misar nay ghazah kii putty kuu zam nahein kiyaa balkah asay foji hukmarani kay tahat rakhaa israel falastin kay sawaal kaa hall zeer altawa thaa. piss manzar. pehli jung azeem kay baad leeg aaf nations nay bartaniah kuu saabiq usmani elaqay parr mushtamil falastin kay mendate parr akhtiyar diyaa jiss mein ghazah kii putty bhee shaamil thee. jiss cheez kuu falastin kay liye bartanvi mendate kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa iss kii bazabtah toor parr 24 jolayi 1922 kuu leeg aaf nations kii konsal nay tasdiq kii aur juu 26 satambar 1923 kuu naafiz hawaa. dosri jung azeem kay teen saal baad 15 mayee 1948 kuu falastin kay liye bartanvi mendate khatam hawaa. iss say pehley 29 nomber 1947 cow aqwam muthadah kii general assembly nay falastin mein duu riyasatein eek yahudi aur eek arab bananay kay 1947 kay yuu aine partation plaan kuu manzori dee. iss kay jawaab mein lazmi falastin mein 1947-1948 khaanah jangi sharoo hoyee. 14 mayee 1948 cow dude beenn gorian nay israel kii riyasat kii aazadi kaa aalaan kiyaa aur aglay dunn misar ardan aur shaam kii faujon nay iraaq say bhejay gayey fojiyon kii madad say jung kaa aalaan kiyaa aur hamlah kiyaa jiss say 1948 kii arab-israeli jung kaa aaghaz hawaa. misar nay jung kay aaghaz mein hyee kamyabiyan haasil kein leakin dasambar 1948 kay aakhir mein inn kaa rakh alt gayaa jabb israeli foj nay "operation horio" mein masri afwaj kuu nagio say baahir nikaal diyaa aur masri afwaj kuu ghazah kii putty mein gahiray mein lay liyaa jiss kii wajah say misar kuu peeche hatnay aur jung bundi qabool karnay parr majbur honaa padaa. 7 januri 1949 kuu eek jung bundi kaa muahidah hawaa. israeli afwaj seena aur ghazah say peeche hatnay kay liye aagay badhein aur inhein misar kay qabze mein chhod diyaa. 24 faroori 1949 kuu israel-misar jung bundi kay muahide parr roads mein dastakhat hoay. muahide kay tahat jung bundi kii lakeer beenn alaqwami sarhad kay saath khainchi gayee thee (1906 say) sawaye bahirah room kay qareeb kay jehaan misar saahil kay saath zameen kii eek putty kay qabze mein rehaa jasay ghazah kii putty kay naam say jaana jaanay lagaa. (1949 kay jung bundi kay muahide dekhein.) misar kaa qabzah: tamaam falastiniyon kaa tahfuz (1948-1950 s). aal falastin protectorate eek idaarah thaa jasay arab leeg nay 22 satambar 1948 kuu 1948 kii arab israel jung kay doraan qayem kiyaa thaa jiss kaa maqsad falastin kuu falastin kii hukmarani farahim karnaa thaa. jung kay baad ghazah kii putty waahid sabqah mendate elaqah thaa juu aal falastin hukumat kay dairah akhtiyar mein thaa. tahim hukumat kay arkaan kuu natijay mein kaifay muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aur ghazah kay waaqiaat parr inn kaa behat kumm yaa koyee asar woo rasokh nahein thaa. awee shaleem kay mutabiq: [tye] wah aal falastin hukumat kay bahanon aur iss kii salahiyat kay darmiyan tazaad nay asay teezi say mazaaq kii satah takk kumm kirr diyaa. iss nay puray falastin parr dairah akhtiyar kaa daawi kiyaa phir bhee iss kay paas koyee intezamiya koyee soul saroos koyee paisah aur iss kii apnee koyee haqeeqi foj nahein thee. yahaan takk kahh ghazah kay qasbey kay aas paas kay chhotay say mahsur elaqay mein bhee iss kii rutt sarf masri hakaam kay fazal say chalti thee. nayee hukumat kay funds aur tahfuz kay liye inn parr inhasaar kaa fayedah uthatay huay masri pay masters nay arab leeg aur beenn alaqwami forms mein falastiniyon kii numaindagi karnay kay abdullah kay daway kuu kamzor karnay kay liye iss mein heera phairi kii. bazahir eek aazaad falastini riyasat nayee hukumat kay liye janeen apnay qayaam kay lamhay say iss tarah kaif aur emaan kay darmiyan jaari iqtedar kii jadujahad mein shuttle kaak kay nakhushgawar kirdaar takk mahdud how gayaa. swize behraan aur iss kay nataij. 1956 mein misar nay khaleej aqbah kuu block kirr diyaa swize nehar kaa qomi control sanbhaal liyaa aur asay israeli jehaaz raani kay liye block kirr diyaa-donon hyee israel kii naujawan riyasat kuu khatrah banatay haine aur 1888 kay constantople kay convention kii khalaaf warzi kartay haine. france aur bartaniah nay iss azam mein israel kii himayat kii kahh convention kay mutabiq nehar tamaam mamalik kay liye khalee rahay. 29 aktobar 1956 kuu israel france aur bartaniah nay ghazah kii putty aur jazirah namaa seena parr hamlah kirr kay 1956 kii soz jung kaa aaghaz kiyaa. beenn alaqwami dabao mein anglo francisi taask force 1956 kay ikhtatam say pehley peeche hutt gayee aur israeli foj maarch 1957 mein seena aur ghazah say peeche hutt gayee. qoor intezamiya (1959-67). 1959 mein ghazah kii putty kuu bazabtah toor parr qaleel madti muthadah arab jamhuria (jiss nay misar aur shaam kuu muthad kiyaa) mein zam kirr diyaa gayaa. 1962 mein hukumat nay aabadi kay zariye muntakhib eek falastini qanoon saaz konsal qayem kii. aayeeni dastaviz kaa aaghaz mandarjah zeel say hawaa: ghazah kii putty falastin kii sarzamin kaa eek naqabil taqsim hasah hay aur iss kay loag arab qoom kaa hasah haine. ghazah mein falastini putty eek qomi itehad banaye gee juu tamaam falastiniyon parr mushtamil hogi jehaan bhee wah hoan-iss kaa maqsad falastin kii zeer qabzah zaminon kii bazyabi kay liye mushtarkah kaam karnaa aur arab qoom parasti kay mutalibe kuu poraa karnay mein sharkat karnaa hay. qomi union kaa ahtamam governor general kay farmaan kay zariye kiyaa jaaye gaa. jabb 1964 mein falastin kii aazadi kii tanzim (pee eel awo) kii bunyaad rakhee gayee tuu naasir nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah ghazah parr akhtiyar rakhay gaa leakin emli toor parr yaha akhtiyar kabhi nahein diyaa gayaa. eek saal baad falastini libration aarmi kay liye jabri bharti kaa aaghaz kiyaa gayaa. 5 joone 1967 cow misar kay aabnaye taraan kii naakah bundi karnay aur israeli jehaaz raani manqata karnay kay hafton baad israel nay misar parr hamlah kiyaa jiss say chh rozah jung sharoo hoyee. iss nay teezi say aas paas kii arab riyasaton kuu shakast dee aur maghrabi kinaray aur deegar elaqon kay saath saath ghazah kii putty parr qabzah kirr liyaa jiss say misar kaa qabzah khatam how gayaa. 1978 mein israel aur misar nay tarikhi camp dude muahidon parr dastakhat kiye jiss say inn kay darmiyan tanazah kaa bazabtah khaatima hawaa. muahidon kaa dosra hasah maghrabi kinaray aur ghazah kii putty mein eek khood mukhtar hukumat kay qayaam kaa eek freem wark thaa. iss tarah misar nay ghazah kii putty parr kasee bhee elaqayi daway kuu turk kirr diyaa. aabadi aur maeshat. 1948 kii jung kay doraan 200,000 say ziyadah mahajireen kii ghazah mein aamad kay natijay mein mayaar zindagi mein dramayi kamee waaqa hoyee. chonkah masri hukumat nay ghazah kii putty mein aaney aur jaanay parr pabandi lagaa dee thee iss liye iss kay baashinde fayedah mund rozgaar kay liye kahein aur nahein deekh saktay thay. 1955 mein eek mubsir (aqwam muthadah kay secretrait kay eek rakan) nay nott kiyaa kahh "tamaam emli maqasid kay liye yaha kehna darsat hoga kahh guzashta chh saalon say ghazah mein 300,000 say ziyadah gharbat say dochaar loag jasmani toor parr eek baday shehar kay paark kay size kay elaqay takk mahdud haine."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=460988

Fieseler

Fieseler The Gerhard Fieseler Werke (GFW) in Kassel was a German aircraft manufacturer of the 1930s and 1940s. The company is remembered mostly for its military aircraft built for the Luftwaffe during the Second World War. History. The firm was founded on April 1, 1930 as Fieseler Flugzeugbau Kassel by World War I flying ace and aerobatic champion Gerhard Fieseler. Fieseler had been a manager for the Raab-Katzenstein, but when this company went bankrupt, Fieseler bought a sailplane factory in Kassel and quickly turned it to building sports planes. At the same time, Fieseler still custom-built sailplanes for some of Germany's most prominent designers and pilots, including Wolf Hirth's "Musterle" and Robert Kronfeld's "Wien" and "Austria" (for many years the largest sailplane ever built). In 1934, the company achieved prominence when Fieseler won the World Aerobatics Championship in an aircraft his company had built, the F2 Tiger. This was followed by the highly successful F5, generally regarded as a classic among sports planes. Even greater success was to follow in 1936 when an aircraft of Fieseler's own design won a tender over aircraft from both Messerschmitt and Siebel for a new STOL observation and liaison aircraft for the "Luftwaffe". It was designated the Fieseler Fi 156 "Storch" (Stork), and the company would produce over 3,000 during World War II. In 1937 Fieseler also produced the Fieseler Fi 253. On April 1, 1939 the company name changed to the Gerhard Fieseler Werke GmbH. Fieseler's other wartime production would largely consist of building other firms' aircraft under licence, including the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190. In 1941 however, a Fieseler project for an unpiloted flying bomb (Fi 103) attracted the attention of the RLM ("Reichsluftfahrtministerium" - "Reich Aviation Ministry"). This went into production as the Fieseler FZG-76 ("flakzielgerät", antiaircraft targeting device), better known as the V-1. The Fieseler factory was the target of many Allied air raids, but continued production throughout the war. Following the War, part of the factory continued in business for a few years, producing automotive components. Its most famous products, the Storch and the V1, continued to be produced by foreign companies. Aircraft. Fieseler aircraft included: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

fijelor 1930 aaru 1940-ror doxokor german biman nirmata aasil keselor gerhard fijelor werke (ji. ef. dobliu). dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot looftwefor baabe nirmito xamorik bimanor baabe companytuwe besibhagei smoroniyo hoi porisil. itihax. prothom biswojudhor flying es aaru er "betik champion gerhard fijelor dwara 1930 sonor 1 aprilot fijelor flugzeugau kasel hisape ei protisthantu protistha koraa hoisil. fijelor raab-ketjensteinor ejon porisalok aasil, kintu jetiya ei company deulia hoi porisil, fijelore kaselot etaa paltula bimanor karkhana kroy korisil aaru iyak drutogotit krira biman nirmanoloi rupantorit korisil. eke xomoyote, fijelor etiyau germanyr kisuman bixisto designor aaru pilotor baabe swonirbasitobhabe nirmito paltup biman, jaar bhitorot aase nekore hirthor "mosterle" aaru robert cronfeldor "wiyen" aaru "austria" (bohu bosor dhori etiyaloike nirmito xorbobrihot paltupah). 1934 sonot fijelore teur companye nirman koraa koraa tiger naamor ekhon bimanot biswo er "batics championswip joy korar loge loge companytuwe pradhanyo laabh korisil. iyar pisot otyonto xofol xofol aahisil, jaak xadharonote krira bimanor maajot ek utkristo hisape gonyo koraa hoy. 1936 sonot fijeloror nijor designor etaa bimanoi "looftwafe" ror baabe etaa notun stoll porzobekhyon aaru jugajug bimanor baabe messersmit aaru sibel duyutar poraa bimanor uporot tender laabh korar pisot aaru odhik xofolota laabh korisil. iyak fijelor phi 156 "stors" (stork) hisape monunit koraa hoisil, aaru companytuwe dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot xomoyot odhik utpadon koribo. 1937 sonot fijelore fijelor phi 253-u utpadon korisil. 1939 sonor 1 aprilot companytur naam gerhard fijelor werke gmbsoloi xoloni koraa hoy. fijeloror aan juddhokalin utpadonot prodhankoi onugyapotror odhinot aan protisthanor biman nirman thakibo, jaar bhitorot aase messersmit bf 109 aaru pho 'key-walf efdobliu 190. obosye 1941 sonot, etaa onpiloted flying bumar (fi 103) baabe etaa fijelor prokolpoi aar. el. em. ("reisluftfahortminator"-"reis aviation montraloy") ror dristi aakorxon korisil. iyar utpadon fijelor ef. jade. ji.-76 ("fleckjilgerat", biman-birudhi lokhyobostur xojuli) hisape hoisil, jaak bhi-1 buli jonaa yaay. fijelor karkhanatu bohu mitroxoktir biman aakromonor lokhyo aasil, kintu gutei juddhojuri utpadon obyahot aasil. juddhor pisot, karkhanar etaa ongxo keibosormanor baabe byowoxayot obyahot aasil, zo "too automobilor upadanxomuh utpadon koraa hoisil. iyar ataitkoi bikhyat xamogri, sto "rcho aaru aaru, bidexi companyxomuhe utpadon obyahot rakhisil. biman. fijelor bimanor bhitorot aasiloh

fizelar 1930 ebong 1940-err doshke german biman prostutkarok chhilo kaseler gerhard fizelar work (zii. eff. dobleeu). companity dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy luftwafer jonno nirmito samrik bimaner jonno beshirbhag smaraniya hoye thaake. itihas. prothom bishwojuddher flying esha ebong aerobatic champion gerhard fizelar dwara 1930 saaler 1laa april fizelar flugziugau cassel hisabe eyi sangosthati protisthito hoyechilo. fizelar raab-catzensteiner manager chhilen, kintu jokhon eyi sangosthati deulia hoye yaay, tokhon fizelar caselle ekti paltola bimaner karkhana kiney druto etike krida biman toirite porinoto korey. ekoi somoye, fizelar ekhono germanyr kichhu bishishto designer ebong piloter jonno custom-nirmito paltola biman, jaar modhye royeche nekde hirther "mosterol" ebong robbert cronfelder "oyiena" ebong "austria" (bohu bochor dhorey sorbokaler brihottomo paltola biman). 1934 saale, companity khyati orjon korey jokhon fizelar taar company nirmito ekti biman, biman tiger-ayee bishwa aerobatics championship jitechilo. err porey atyanta sofol sofol, jaa sadharonoto krida bimangulir modhye ekti classic hisabe bibechito hoy. 1936 saale arow borh safalya aase jokhon feaseller nijaswa nakshar ekti biman messerschmit ebong sibel ubhoyer kachh theke "luftwaff"-err jonno ekti notun stall porjobekkhon ebong liazon bimaner jonno ekti darpatra jitechilo. etike fizelar phii 156 "storch" (surs) hisabe manoneet koraa hoyechilo ebong companity dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy 3,000 ero beshi utpadon korbe. 1937 saale fizelar phii 253-oo toiri korey. 1939 saaler 1laa april companyr naam poriborton korey gerhard fizelar work gmbhech koraa hoy. feaseller anyanno juddhokalin utpadon mulat licenser adhine anyanno sangosthar biman nirmaner saathe jorito chhilo, jaar modhye messerschmit bf 109 ebong foke-walf efdablue 190 chhilo. tobey 1941 saale, ekti oprocholito udanta bomar (fi 103) jonno ekti fizelar prokolpo arr. ell. emm ("reichsluftfahertminist"-"reich aviation ministry")-err drishti akarshan korechilo. etty fizelar efjedji-76 ("flackjilgerat", antiercraft turgeting device) hisabe utpadone yaay, jaa vee-1 naame beshi porichito. fizelar karkhanati onek mitro biman humler lakkhya chhilo, tobey puro juddho judey utpadon abyahoto chhilo. juddher porr, karkhanar ekti ongsho koyek bochor dhorey byabosa chaliye yaay, swayangchalita upadan utpadon korey. err sabcheye bikhyato ponno, bhandar ebong ebong, bideshi sangosthagulir dwara utpadito hotey thaake. biman. fizelar bimaner modhye royeche

physaler kesalmaa gerhard physaler varke (jee. aef. doubleu.) 1930 aneey aneey daaykaani german vimaan utpaadak hatee. aaa companyne beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan luftwaff maate banavvama aavela tenaa lashkari vimaano maate mote bhaage yaad karvaamaa aave chhe. itihas. aaa pedhhini sthaapnaa 1 april, april roj pratham vishvyudhnaa flying aesa aneey aerobatic champiyan gerhard physaler dwara physaler flugzagbau kaasel tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. physaler raab-ketzensteenna manager hataa, parantu jyaare aaa kampani nadar bunny gaee, tyaare fizzlerae kaaselma sailplane factory khareedi aneey zadapthi tene sports plain banaavvaa taraf fervi didhu. teey jaj samaye, physaler haju pann germanyna ketlaak agranee designaro aneey pylot maate custom-bilt sailplane dharaave chhe, jemaa wolf heerthnaa "musterley" aneey roobert cronfeldnaa "vn" aneey "austriya" (ghanaa varsho sudhee atyaar sudhinu sauthee motoo sailplane) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. chhe, kampaniae tyaare prasiddhi haansal curry jyaare fizzlere tenee kampaniae banaavela vimaan, vimaan tigerma vishva aerobatics championship jeetee. aaa pachhi atyant safal safal aavyu, jene saamanya reete ramatgamatnaa vimaanomaa classic manvama aave chhe. chhe jyaare physalerni potaani designna vimanne "luftwaff" maate navaa stoll nirikshan aneey sampark vimaan maate mesarsakmita aneey seable banne tarafthi vimaan parr tender malyun tyaare vadhu safalataa malvani hatee. tene physaler aef. aaee. 156 "storch" (saaras) tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey kampani beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan 3,000 thee vadhunu utpaadan karashe. karashe physalare physaler phii phii pann utpaadan karyoo hatoo. 1 april, april roj companynu naam badaline gerhard physaler varke gmbh karvaamaa aavyu. physalerna yuddh samaynaa anya utpadanma motaabhaage licenses hethal anya companyona vimaanonu nirmaan saamel hatoo, jemaa mesarsakmita bf 109 aneey foke-wolf efdablue efdablue samaavesh thaay chhe. joke joke, aek unpiloted flying bomb (fi 103) maatena physaler projectae aar. aela. aema. ("reichsluftfahertminsters"-"reach uddayan mantralay") noon dhyaan khenchyu hatoo. tenu utpaadan physaler effzedji-76 ("flexilgerate", vimanvirodhi lakshyikaran upkaran) tareeke thayu, jeey vee-1 tareeke vadhu jaanitu chhe. physaler factory ghanaa sahyogi havaai humalaaonu lakshya hatoo, parantu samagr yuddh darmiyan utpaadan chaalu raakhyu. yuddh pachhi, karkhanano aek bhaag thodaa varsho sudhee automotive ghatakonu utpaadan kareene vyavsayma chaalu rahyo. tenaa sauthee prasiddh utpaadno, storch aneey aneey, videshi companyo dwara utpaadit karvaanu chaalu raakhyu. vimaan. physaler vimaanmaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

physeller casal mein gerhard physeller varke (jee. aff. doubleu.) 1930 aur 1940 key dashak kaa ack german vimaan nirmaata thaa. company koo jyaadaatar dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran looftwaff key liye banaae gaye apane sainya vimaanon key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye. itihas. iss firm kii sthaapana 1 aprail, 1930 koo pratham vishva yuddh key flying aiss aur aerobatic champion gerhard physeller dwara physeller flugzigbau casal key roop mein kii gaee thee. faizelar raab-catzenstein key liye ack prabandhak they, lekin jaba yeh company diwalia hoe gaee, tou faizelar ney casal mein ack paal vimaan karkhana kharida aur jaldi seey ise khel vimaanon key nirmaan mein badal diyaa. usee samay, physeller abhee bhee germany key kuchh sabse pramukh designers aur pilots key liye custom-nirmit paal vimaan, jisamen wolf hirt kaa "musterley" aur robbert cronfeld kaa "vn" aur "austriya" (kaee varshon taka abb taka kaa sabse badaa paal vimaan) shamil hain. 1934 mein, company ney pramukhta hassil kii jaba physeller ney apani company dwara banaae gaye vimaan, aff2 tiger mein vishva aerobatics championship jeeti. isake baad atyadhik safal aff5 aaya, jise aam taur parr khel vimaanon mein ack utkrisht vimaan maanaa jaataa haye. 1936 mein aur bhee badee safalata taba millie jaba faaizelar key apane design key ack vimaan ney "looftwaff" key liye ack nae stoll avalokan aur sampark vimaan key liye meserscommit aur seable donon seey vimaan parr ack nivida jeeti. ise physeller faai 156 "storch" (saaras) naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur company dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran 3,000 seey adhik kaa utpaadan karegi. 1937 mein physeller ney physeller phi 253 kaa bhee utpaadan kiya. 1 aprail, 1939 koo company kaa naam badalkar gerhard physeller varke jee. aim. bee. aich. curr diyaa gayaa. faaiselar key anya yuddhakaaleen utpaadan mein badey paimaane parr licenses key tahat anya farmon key vimaanon kaa nirmaan shamil hoga, jisamen messerschmit bee. aff. 109 aur fock-walf aff. doubleu. 190 shamil hain. haalaanki 1941 mein, ack aprachalit udaan bumm (aff. aaee. 103) key liye ack faaiselar pariyojana ney aar. ell. aim. ("reichsluftfahertminstre"-"reech vimanan mantralaya") kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. iska utpaadan physeller aff. jaid. jee.-76 ("flexilgerat", vimaan bhedi lakshyikaran upkaran) key roop mein huaa, jise vee-1 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. faizelar karkhana kaee sahayogi havaai hamalon kaa lakshya thaa, lekin poore yuddh mein utpaadan jaari rhaa. yuddh key baad, karkhane kaa ack hissa kuchh varshon taka vyavasaay mein banaa rhaa, jisamen motor vaahan ghatakon kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa. isake sabse prasiddh utpaad, bhandar aur vee1, kaa utpaadan videshi companiyon dwara jaari rhaa. vimaan. physeller vimaanon mein shamil hainh

ficelor caselnalliruva gerhard ficelor varke (zii. eff. doubleu) 1930 mattu 1940rahra dasakagalalli germany vimaana tayaaraka kampaniyagittu. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli luftwafegagi nirmisalaada military vimanagaligagi ee kampaniyannu hechchaagi nenapisikollalaaguttade. itihaasa. modalaneya mahayuddhada flying aise mattu aerobatic champiyan gerhard ficelor avaru 1930rahra april 1randu ficelor flugzegbou cassel aagi ee samstheyannu sthaapisidaru. ficelor robb-catzensteinge vevasthaapakaraagiddaru, aadare ee kampaniyu diwaliyadaga, ficelor casselnalli hayidoni karkhaneyannu khareedisi adannu tvaritavagi creeda vimaanagalannu nirmisalu tirugisidaru. adhe samayadalli, wolf hirtna "musterl" mattu robbert cranfeldna "wean" mattu "austria" (aneka varshagalinda iduvarege nirmisalaada atidodda hayidoni) seridante germany kelavu pramukha vinyaasakaru mattu vimaana chaalakarige innoo custom-nirmita haayidoonigalu. 1934ralli, tanna kampani nirmisida eff2 tiger vimaanadalli ficelor vishwa aerobatics championship geddaaga kampaniyu pramukhyateyannu galisitu. idara nantara atyanta yashasvi eff5 annu samanyavagi creeda vimanagalalli shreshthavendu pariganisalaagide. 1936ralli, hosa stole vikshane mattu "luftwaff" gaagi samparka vimanakkagi, ficelorn swanta vinyaasada vimaanavu messershmit mattu seable eradarindaloo tender annu geddukondaga innoo hecchina yashassu doreyitu. idannu ficelor phii 156 "storch" (kokkare) endu hesarisalaayitu, mattu kampaniyu eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli 3,000 kkoo hecchu utpaadaneyannu maaditu. 1937ralli ficelor phai 253 annu saha tayaarisitu. april 1,1939 randu kampaniya hesarannu gerhard ficelor varke gmbh endu badalaayisalaayitu. ficelorn itara yuddhakaalada utpaadaneyu messershmit bf 109 mattu phaak-walf efdablue 190 seridante paravaanagi adiyalli itara samsthegala vimaanagalannu nirmisuvudannu olagondiruttade. aadaagyoo, 1941 ralli, pilate maadada flying bomb (aif 103) gaagi ficelor yojaneyu rlm ("reichsluftfahert ministerium"-"reach vayuyana sachivalaya") gamanavannu seleyitu. idu vii-1 endu kareyalpaduva ficelor eff. jedd. zii-76 ("flackhielgerat", vimaana-virodhi guri sadhana) endu utpaadanege hoyitu. ficelor karkhaneyu aneka mitraraashtragala vaayudaaligala guriyagittu, aadare yuddhaduddakku utpaadaneyannu munduvarisitu. yuddhada nantara, karkhaneya ondu bhagavu kelavu varshagala kaala vaahana ghatakagalannu utpaadisuva vevahaaravannu munduvarisitu. adara atyanta prasiddha utpannagalaada storch mattu vii1 annu videshi kampanigalu utpaadisuvudannu munduvaresidavu. vimaana. ficelor vimaanagalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

fishelor 1930 kalilum 1940 kalilum jarmman vimana nirmmaathaavaayirunnu casselile gerhard faislar werk (jii. eph. dablyu). randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu luftwafinaayi nirmmicha sainika vimaanangalude perilaanu kambani kooduthalum ormmikkappedunnathu. charithram. onnaam lokamahaayudhakaala flying esum aerobatic chaambyanaaya gerhard faisler chernnu 1930 epril 1 nuu faislar flugsegbow kaasal enna perilaanu eee sthaapanam sthaapichathu. raab-kaatsensteeninte maanejaraayirunnu faislar, ennaal eee kambani paapparaayappol faislar casselil oru paaykkappal factory vaangukayum athu vegathil sports vimanangal nirmmikkunnathilekku maattukayum cheythu. athesamayam, woolf hirthinte "masterle", roobert cronfeldinte "weane", "austriya" (varshangalolam ithuvare nirmmichathil vachu ettavum valia paaykkappal) ennivayulppede germmaniyile chila pramukha designermark pailattumaarkkumaayi feasler ippozhum ishtaanusrithamaayi nirmmicha paaykkappalukalaanu. 1934ll, thante kambani nirmmicha nirmmicha tiger enna vimaanathil faislar loka aerobatics chaambyanshippu nediyappol kambani praadhaanyam nedi. ithine thudarnnu sports vimaanangalil saadhaaranayaayi oru classic aayi kanakkaakkappedunna valare vijayakaramaya eph 5 vannu. 1936ll, "luftwaff" ennathinaayi oru puthiya stool nireekshanatthinum licenses vimanathinumaayi, fiselarinte swantham roopakalppanayilulla oru vimanam messershmittil ninnum seabelil ninnum vimaanathin mukaliloode tender nediyappol athilum valia vijayam labhichu. ithine ficeller phii 156 "storkk" (kothuk) ennu namakaranam cheythu, randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu kambani 3,000-ladhikam uthppaadippikkum. 1937ll faislar faislar phai 253 nirmmichu. 1939 epril 1 nuu kambaniyude peru gerhard faislar verke gmbh ennu maatti. messersmit bf 109, phokku-wolf efdablue 190 ennivayulppede licensinu keezhilulla mattu sthaapanangalude vimanangal nirmmikkunnath faislarinte mattu yudhakaala ulppaadanathil ulppedum. ennirunnaalum 1941 ll, pailat cheyyaatha flying bombinullah (eif 103) oru faislar padhathi aarlminte ("reachslufteriffaridm"-"reach eviyeshan mantraalayam") shradha aakarshichu. ithu vii-1 ennariyappedunna faislar eph. isad. jii-76 ("flaxiljerattu", aanti aircraft targetting upakaranam) enna peril uthppaadanathilekku pooyi. faislar factory niravadhi sakhyasenakalude vyomaakramanangalude lakshyamayirunnuvenkilum yudhathiludaneelam uthppaadanam thudarnnu. yudhathethudarnnu, faaktariyude oru bhagam kurachu varshathekku automotive gadakangal nirmmichukondu bisinessil thudarnnu. athinte ettavum prashasthamaaya ulppannangalaaya storchum storchum umm videsha kambanikal nirmmikkunnath thudarnnu. vimanam. faislar vimaanangalil iva ulppedunnu

feaseller kaselmadhil gerhard feaseller varke (jee. eff. doubleu.) hii 1930 aanee 1940 chya dashkatil german viman utpadak hotee. dusya mahayuddhadarmyan luftvafsathi bandhalelya lashkari vimanansathi hii company pramukhyane lakshat thewali jaate. itihas. pahilya mahayuddhachya flying ess aanee aerobatic champian gerhard feaseller yanni 1 april 1930 roji feaseller flugzegbau kasel mhanoon yaa companychi sthapana kelee hotee. fizeller haah raab-catzensteincha vyavasthapak hota, parantu jevha hii company diwalkhor jhaali, tevha fizellerne casselmadhil eka palvi viman karkhana vikat ghetala aanee patkan tyache creeda vimananchya nirmitikade valavale. tyach velee, feaseller ajunahi germanychya kahee pramukh designer aanee vaimanikansathi sanukulitpane tayar keleli palvi vimane, jyat wolf hirthche 'musterley' aanee robbert cronfeldche 'vien' aanee 'austriya' (anek varshe aataparyantche sarvat mothe palvi viman) yancha samavesh aahe. 1934 madhye, jevha ficelorne tyachya companyne tayar kelelya eff2 tiger yaa vimanat jaagtik aerobatics ajinkyapad jinkale tevha companyla mahatva prapt jhaale. tyanantar atyant yashasvi eff5, samanyatah creeda vimananmadhye eka abhijat mhanoon olakhali jaate. 1936 madhye aanakhi mothe yash midale jevha fizellerchya swatachya rachanechya vimanane meserscommit aanee seable yaa doghankadun "luftwaff" sathee naveen stall nirikshan aanee sampark vimanasathi vimanavar nivida jinkley. yala feaseller phii 156 "storch" (saras) asey naav denyat aale hote aanee dusya mahayuddhadarmyan company 3,000 hoon adhik utpadan karel. 1937 madhye fizellerne feaseller phii 253 chee nirmitihi kelee. 1 april 1939 roji companyche naav badaloon gerhard feaseller varke jee. emm. bii. etch. asey karnyat aale. fizellerchya yuddhakalin utpadananmadhye mukhyatve messershmit bii. eff. 109 aanee fauke-walf eff. doubleu. 190 yasah parvanyakhalil itar companyanchi vimane bandhane samavisht asel. tathapi, 1941 madhye, eka unpiloted flying bombsathichya fizeller prakalpane (eff. aay. 103) aar. ell. emm. ("reichsluftfahertminsterminstre"-"reach viman vahtook mantralay") chey laksh vedhoon ghetale. yache utpadan feaseller efzedji-76 (flexilgerate, vimanvirodhi lakshyikaran upkaran) mhanoon jhaale, jeey vhee-1 mhanoon adhik changle olakhale jaate. fizeller karkhana haah anek sahyogi havai hallyanche lakshya hota, parantu sampoorn yuddhat utpadan chaloo rahile. yuddhanantar, karkhanyacha kahee bhag kahee varshe vyavasayat rahila, motargadiche ghatak tayar karat hota. tyachi sarvat prasiddha utpadane, storch aanee vhee1, paradeshi kampanyandvare utpadit kelee jaat rahili. viman. fizeller vimananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotah

fizeler kaselma gerhard fizeler workey (jiefdablu) 1930 rar 1940 ko dashakko german viman nirmata thiyo. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama luftwafka lagi banaieko sainya vimanka lagi companylai prayaha smaran garinchha. itihas. yo ferm april 1,1930 maa pahilo wishwayuddhako flying ess rar aerobatic champion gerhard fizelerdwara fizeler flugjeugbau kaselko rupma sthapana garieko thiyo. fisseler raab-catzensteinka prabandhak thie, tara jab yo company diwalia bhayo, fiselerle kaselma euta paal viman karkhana kine rar chaandai yasalai khelkud viman nirmanma parinat गऱ्यो।. uhi samayama, fizeler ajhai pani germanyka kehi pramukh designerharu rar pilotharuka lagi custom-nirmit paal wimanharu, jasma wolf hirtko "musterle" rar robert cronfeldko "wian" rar "astriya" (dherai warshasamma ahilesammako sabaibhanda thulo paal viman) samawesh chha. sann 1934 maa, companyle pramukhta prapta garyo jab fizelerle afno companyle banaeko viman, ef 2 tigerma vishwa aerobatics championship jityo. yo atyadhik safal ef 5 dwara pachhyaieko thiyo, samanyataya khel wimanharu madhye classicko rupma manincha. ajha thulo safalta sann 1936 maa pachhyaune thiyo jab fizelerko afnai designko vimanle messerschmitt rar sibel duwaibata nayan stole awalokan rar "luftwaf" kaa lagi samparka vimanka lagi vimanmathi tender jityo. yasalai fizeler fi 156 "storch" (saras) naam diieko thiyo, rar companyle dosro wishwayuddhako samayama 3,000 bhanda badhi utpadan garnechha. sann 1937 maa fizelerle fizeler fai 253 pani utpadan गऱ्यो।. april 1,1939 maa companyko naam pariwartan gari gerhard fizeler workey gmbh gariyo. fiselerko anya yuddhakalin utpadanma messerschmitt bf 109 rar fake-wolf fw 190 sahit ijajatpatra antargat anya farmaharuko viman nirman samawesh hunechha. tathapi, 1941 maa, ek aprachalit udan bumm (fi 103) ko lagi ek fisseler pariyojanale arr. ell. emm. ("reichsluftfahertminstmins"-"ritch uddayan mantralaya") ko dhyan akarshit गऱ्यो।. yo fizeler fjdg-76 ("flackjilgerat", viman virodhi laxit upkaran) ko rupma utpadanma gayo, jaslai bhi-1 bhanera chininchha. fizeler karkhana dherai sahayogi hawai akramanharuko lakshya thiyo, tara yuddhabhari utpadan jaari rakhyo. yuddhapachhi, karkhanako kehi bhagle kehi warshasamma wyawasayama jaari rakhyo, motor wahn componentharu utpadan गऱ्यो।. yasako sabaibhanda prasidha utpadanharu, bhandar rar bhi 1, videshi companyharudwara utpadan garna jaari rahyo. viman. fizeler viman samawesh chhah

fizeler kaselre thiba gerhard fiselara werke (jii. aif. dablyu.) 1930 ebong 1940 dashkar eka german biman nirmata thila. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare luphtwaphanka paain nirmita samarika biman paain companyku mukhyatah maneh rakhajaichhi. itihas. pratham biswajudha flynga ess ebong aerobatic champion gerhard phiselarnka dwara 1930 masiha april 1 tarikhare fizeler flugjeugbau cassel bhabe ehi sanstha pratistha karajaithila. fijelara raab-catzenstein paain jane manager thile, kintu jetebele ehi company debalia hoigala, fijelara kaselare eka palatola biman karkhana kinithile ebong shighra ehaaku krida biman nirmanare parinata karithile. sehi samajare, fizeler tathapi germanyra keteka pramukh designer ebong pailatnka paain swatantra bhabare nirmita paal biman, jeunthire walf hirthara "musterley" ebong robert cronfeldnka "wen" ebong "astria" (aneka barsha dhari eparjyanta nirmita sarbabruhata paal biman) antarbhukta . 1934 masihare, company pramukhata hassel karithila jetebele fizeler taanka company nirmita eka bimanare biswa aerobatics championship jitithila, aif2 tiger . ehaa parey atyanta saphala aif5, sadharanatah krida biman madhyare eka classic bhabare bibechana karajae . 1936 masihare ahuri adhika saphalata milithila jetebele phijelarnka nijaswa design bisista eka biman "luftwaf" paain eka nutan stole parjyabekhyana ebong jogajoga biman paain ubhaja messerschmit ebong sibelankatharu eka tender ovara biman jitithila. ehaaku fizeler phi 156 "stork" (stork) bhabare namit karajaithila, ebong company dwiteeja biswajudha samajare 3,000 ru adhika utpadana kariba . 1937 masihare fijelara fijelara phi 253 madhya utpadana karithila. april 1,1939 ray companyra naama paribartana curry gerhard fijelara warke jii. emm. bii. etch. rakhajaithila. phiselaranka anya judhakaleena utpadana mukhyatah licences adheenare anya companygudikara biman nirmanaku antarbhukta kariba, jeunthire messerschmit bii. aif. 109 ebong fuck-walfa aif. dablyu. 190 antarbhukta. tebe 1941 ray, eka anah-pilot udaana boma (aif. aai. 103) paain eka fiselara prakalpa aara. ell. emm. ("reichsluftfahertminist"-"reicha biman chalachala mantranalaja") rahr dhyana akarshana karithila. ehaa fijelara aif. jay. jii.-76 ("flaxielgerat", biman birodhi lakhya sadhan) bhabare utpadana arambha karithila, jaahaa bhi-1 bhabare adhika janashuna . fizeler karkhana aneka sahajogee biman akramanara lakhya thila, kintu samagra juddhare utpadana jaari rahithila . juddha parey, karakhanara kichhi ansha kichhi barsha paain byabasai jaari rakhithila, automobile upadan utpadana karithila . ehara sabutharu prasidha utpada, storch ebong bhi1, bideshi company dwara utpadita heuthila . biman. fizeler biman antarbhuktah

fizeller casal witch gerhard fizeller varke (jee. eff. dablioo.) 1930 atey 1940 dey dahake daa ikk german jahaz nirmata see. company noon ziaadaatar dooje vishav yuddh dauran looftwaf laee banaae gaye aapne fauji jahazan laee yaad keeta jaanda haii. itihaas. iss company dee sathapana 1 aprail, 1930 noon pahile vishav yuddh dey flying aiss atey aerobatic champion gerhard fizzler duaara fizzler flugzoogbau casal vajon keeti gaee see. fizeller raab-catzenstein daa manager see, parr jadon ih company diwalia hoow gaee, taan fizeler neey casal witch ikk paal jahaz dee factory kharidi atey jaldi hii iss noon khed jahaz banaun vall modd ditta. use samein, fizeller ajey vee germany dey kujh pramukh designaran atey pilotan laee custom-billet paal jahazan witch shamal haii, jiss witch wolf hirath daa "mustral" atey robert cronfeld daa "veean" atey "austria" (kaee saalan toon hunn takk daa sabh toon vadda paal jahaz) shamal haii. 1934 witch, company neey pramukhta prapat keeti jadon fizzler neey aapni company duaara banaae gaye jahaz, eff 2 tiger witch vishav aerobatics championship jitti. iss toon baad bahut safal eff5 aaiaa, jiss noon aam taur utte khed jahazan witch ikk classic manniaa jaanda haii. 1936 witch horr vee vaddi safalta millie jadon fizeler dey aapne design dey ikk jahaz neey "looftwaf" laee ikk navein stole nirikhan atey samparak jahaz laee messershmit atey seable dovan toon jahazan utte ikk tender jittiaa. iss noon fizeller faaee 156 "stork" (saaras) daa naam ditta giaa see, atey company dooje vishav yuddh dauran 3,000 toon vaddh daa utpadan karegi. sann 1937 witch fizeller neey fizzler phii 253 daa vee utpadan keeta. 1 aprail, 1939 noon company daa naam badal keey gerhard fizeller varke jee. aimm. bee. aich. qarr ditta giaa. fizeller dey horr yuddh samein dey utpadan witch vadde paddhar utte licences dey tehat horr farman dey jahazan daa nirman shamal hovega, jiss witch messershmit bee. eff. 109 atey fauk-wolf eff. dablioo. 190 shamal hunn. halanki 1941 witch, ikk gair-pilot flying bumb (eff. aaee. 103) laee ikk fizeler project neey aar. aill. aimm. ("reichsulftfhertministream"-"reech havabazi mantrala") daa dhiaan khichiaa. ih fizeller fzg-76 ("flackzielgerát", ainti aircraft targeting upkaran) dey roop witch utpadan witch giaa, jiss noon v-1 dey roop witch janhiaa jaanda haii. faizlar factory bahut saare sehyogi havaai hamliaan daa nishana see, parr poore yuddh dauran utpadan jaari riha. yuddh toon baad, factory daa hissa kujh saalan takk carobar witch jaari riha, jiss witch automotive hissiaan daa utpadan keeta giaa. iss dey sabh toon mashur utpaad, bhandar atey vee 1, videshi companyan duaara nirantar tiaar keete jaande rahey. jahaz. fizeller jahazan witch shamal hann

fizeller cassel-nagarasya gerhard-faislar-varke (jee. ef. doubleu.) 1930 tathaa 1940 dashakayoho german-vimana-nirmata aasit. dviteeyavishvayuddhe luftwaff-krute nirmitanam sainyavimananam krute eshaa kampanee praayah smrutaa asti. itihaasah. prathamavishvayuddhasya flying ess tathaa aerobatic-chaampiyan gerhard feesler ityetabhyam 1930 april 1 dinaanke feesler-flugzyoogbau-cassel iti namna asya samsthaayaah sthapana abhavat. faizelar ityeshah raab-katzensteen ityasya vyavasthaapakah aasit, parantu yadaa eshaa kampanee diwala abhavat, tadaa faizelar ityeshah cassel-nagare ekam selplane-karakhana kritva tatt sheeghramev creedaa-vimananam nirmanartham parivartayat. tasmin eva samaye, feesler-yaanam api germany-deshasya keshaanchan pramukhanam vinyasakanam, vimanachalakanam cha krute swaniyojitam paal-vimaanam asti, yatra wolf-hirth-ityasya "musterley", rabert cronfeld-ityasya "veen", "austria" (bahubhyah varshebhyah adyaparyantam nirmitam bruhattamam paal-vimaanam) cha antarbhavanti. 1934 tame varshe, kampanee pramukhatam praapnot yadaa feesler ityayam tasya kampanee nirmitasya vimaane, ef2 tagger ityasmin vishva-aerobatics-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot. tadanantaram atyantam safalam ef5, samanyataha creedaa-vimaaneshu utkrushtam iti manyate sma. 1936 tame varshe, yadaa feeselar ityasya swakeeya-vinyaasasya vimaanam "luftwaff" ityasya krute nutanasya stole-nirikshanasya, samparka-vimaanasya cha krute messerschmit tathaa seable ityetayoho vimanayoho upari nividaa praaptavatee tadaa api adhikam safalataa prapnuyat. etat fizeller phi 156 "stork" (saaras) iti namakam dattam, dviteeyavishvayuddhe eshaa kampanee 3,000 taha adhikasya utpaadanam karishyati. 1937 tame varshe faiselara-yaanam api faiselara-fai 253 ityasya utpaadanam krutavaan. 1939 april-masasya 1 dinaanke kampenee-naam gerhard-faislar-varke-jii. emm. bee. ech. iti parivartitam. faislar ityasya anyeshu yuddhakaaleen-utpaadane adhikatayaa anujnaapatrasya antargatam anyaanaam samsthanam vimananam nirmanam bhavati, yathaa messerschmit bee. ef 109 tathaa phok-walf ef. doubleu 190. tathaapi 1941 tame varshe, aprachalitasya uddayan-bamasya (fai 103) faislar-pariyojanena aar. ell. emm. ("reachsluftfahertsmint"-"reech eviyeshan ministery") ityasya avadhaanam praaptam. etat faizelar-ef. jey. jii.-76 ("flockzylgerate", vimana-virodhee-lakshyikaran-yantram) iti namna utpaadanam jaatam, yat vi-1 iti namna prasidham. faizalar-karakhana anekeshaam mitrarashtranam vaayu-akramananam lakshyam aasit, parantu sampoorne yuddhe utpaadanam nirantaram anwawartat. yuddhanantaram, karakhanayaha bhaagah katipayavarshaani yaavat vyaapaaram anwawartat, vaahan-ghatakam utpaadanam cha akarot. asya prasiddhatamaani utpaadaani, storch, vi1 cha, videsheey-kampaneebhih utpaaditaah aasan. vimaanaani. faizelar vimaaneshu antarbhavanti.

ficelor 1930 mattrum 1940kazhil kerhard ficelor verke (gftlue) endra jerman vimaana urpaththiyaalar casalil irunththathu. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu luftwafgalukkaaga kattapatta adhan iraanuva vimaanangkalukkaaga inththa niruvanam perumpaalum ninaivukoorappadukirathu. varalaaru. inththa niruvanam aepral 1,1930 andru feisler fluxjeckbav cassel endra peyaril muthalaam ulagap poar parakkum aes mattrum aeropatic saambiyanaana kerhard feisler aakiyoaraal niruvappattathu. feisler raap-cadgenstein maelaalaraaka irunthaar, aanaal inththa niruvanam divaalaakivittapoathu, feisler casalil oru paaimara vimaana thozhirchaalaiyai vaangki adhai vilayaattu vimaanangkalai kattuvatharku viraivaaga maatrinaar. athae neraththil, ficelor innum germanyin miga mukkiyamaana vadivamaippaalargal mattrum vimaanigalukku thanippayanakkappatta paaimara vimaanangkalai kattiyadhu, idhil oanaai hirthin "musterl" mattrum robbert chroenfieldin "wean" mattrum "austria" (pala aandugalaaka idhuvarai kattapatta migapperiya paaimara vimaanam) adangkum. 1934 aam aandil, feisler thanathu niruvanam kattiya eff 2 daigar endra vimanaththil ulaga aeropatics saambiyanshippai ventrapoathu niruvanam mukkiyathuvam pettrathu. idhaith thodarnthu migavum vetrtrikaramaana eff 5, podhuvaaga vilayaattu vimaanangkalil oru unnathamaanathaagak karudhappadugiradhu. 1936 aam aandil ficelorine sontha vadivamaippil oru vimaanam messershmit mattrum seabell aagiya iruvaridamirunththum oru puthiya stole kankaanippu mattrum "luftwaff" kkaana thodarbu vimaanaththirkaaga oru dendarai ventrapoathu innum periya vettri pera irunththathu. idhu ficelor fabai 156 "stork" (naarai) endru peyaridappattathu, maelum niruvanam irandaam ulagap poarin poathu 3,000 kkum maerpattavattrai urpaththi seiyum. 1937 aam aandil feisler phii 253 aii thayaariththathu. aepral 1,1939 andru niruvanaththin peyar kerhard ficelor verke jii. emm. pii. ech endru maattrappattathu. feaslerin pira poarkkaala urpaththiyil messershmit pii. eff 109 mattrum phoke-wolf eff. doublue 190 ullitta pira niruvanangalin vimaanangkalai urimaththin keezh kattuvathu perumpaalum adangkum. iruppinum, 1941 aam aandil, oru poilet seiyappadaatha parakkum kundukkaana feisler thittam (eff. aii 103) aarr. ell. emm ("rechsluftformardem"-"reech vimaana poakkuvaraththu amaichagam") kavanaththai eerththathu. idhu ficelor fzg-76 ("floxialgerad", vimaana ethirppu ilakku saathanam) yena urpathtikku vanthathu, idhu vii-1 endru nanku ariyappadugirathu. ficelor thozhirchaalai pala natpu vimanath thaakkuthalkalin ilakkaaka irunththathu, aanaal poar muzhuvathum urpathtiyaith thodarnthathu. poaraith thodarnthu, thozhirchaalaiyin oru pakuthi sila aandugal vanigaththil thodarnthathu, vaagana udhiri bhaagangkalai urpaththi seithathu. adhan migavum pirabalamaana thayaarippukalaana storch mattrum vii1 aagiyavai velinaattu niruvanangalaal thodarnthu urpaththi seiyappattana. vimaanam. ficelor vimaanangkal pinvarumaaru

faisler kaasellooni gerhard faisler verke (gfdablue) 1930luu mariyu 1940laloe german vimaana tayaareedaaru. rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo luftwaff kosam nirminchina sainika vimaanaalaku eee samstha ekkuvagaa gurthundipothundi. charitra. eee samsthanu 1930 april 1naa modati prapancha yuddham flying aes mariyu aerobatic chhampian gerhard faisler chetha faisler flugzegbou casselga sthaapinchabadindi. faisler raab-katzensteinku managerga undevaadu, conny eee company diwala teesinappudu, faisler kaasellooni terachaapa karmagaranni konugolu chesi, daanini twaragaa creeda vimanalanu nirminchadaaniki marchadu. adhe samayamlo, thodelu hirth yokka "musterley" mariyu robbert cronfeld yokka "wean" mariyu "austria" (chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa ippativaraku nirminchina atipedda terachaapa vimanam) thoo sahaa germanyloni pramukha designerlu mariyu pailatla kosam ippatikee anukuulamaina terachaapa vimanalanu faisler nirminchindi. 1934loe, faisler thana company nirminchina eff2 tiger vimaanamlo prapancha aerobatics champiyanshipnu geluchukunnappudu company praamukhyatanu saadhinchindi. dheeni taruvaata atyanta vijayavantamaina eff5, saadhaaranamgaa creeda vimanalalo oka classicga pariganinchabadindi. 1936loe faisler sonta roopakalpanatho kuudina vimanam "luftwaff" kosam kotta stole pariseelana mariyu anusandhaana vimanam kosam messersmit mariyu seable rendinti nundi tendarnu geluchukunnappudu marinta pedda vijayam saadhinchindi. dheeniki ficelor phi 156 "storch" (konga) gaa paeru pettaru, mariyu company rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo 3,000 kante ekkuva utpatti chestundi. 1937loe ficelor phai 253nuu kooda utpatti chesindi. april 1,1939naa company paerunu gerhard faisler verke gmbhechga marcharu. faisler yokka itara yuddhakaala utpattilo messershmit bf 109 mariyu phaak-walf efdablue 190thoo sahaa licenses kinda itara samsthala vimanalanu nirminchadam ekkuvagaa untundi. ayithe 1941loe, pilate cheyani flying bambu (efi 103) kosam faisler project rlm ("reichsluftfahert ministerium"-"reach aviation ministery") drushtini aakarshinchindi. idhi faisler efgedgy-76 ("flaxilgerat", vimaana vidhvamsaka lakshya sadhanam) gaa utpatti cheyabadindi, dheenini vii-1 anie pilustaaru. ficelor factory aneka mitraraajyaala vaimanika daadulaku lakshyamgaa undedi, conny yuddham antataa utpattini konasaaginchindi. yuddham taruvaata, karmagaramlo kontha bhaagam konni samvatsaraalu vyaparamlo konasaagindi, automotive bhaagaalanu utpatti chesindi. daani atyanta prasiddha utpattulu, storch mariyu vii1, videshee companylache utpatti cheyabadatam konasaagindi. vimanalu. faisler vimanalalo ivi unnaih

feasler kaasil mein gairhard feasler veerke (jee aif dabliyo) 1930 aur 1940 kii dahayi kaa eek german tayarah saaz thaa. company kuu ziyadah tarr dosri jung azeem kay doraan loftof kay liye banaye gayey apnay foji tayaron kay liye yaad kiyaa jaataa hay. tareekh. iss farm kii bunyaad yakam apreel 1930 kuu pehli jung azeem kay flying aiss aur aerobatic champine gairhard feasler nay feasler faljiogbao kisil kay toor parr rakhee thee. feasler raab-catzenistine kaa meniger rehaa thaa leakin jabb yaha company dewaliya how gayee tuu feasler nay kisil mein selplane factory kharidi aur asay fouri toor parr sports tayaron kii tameer mein tabdil kirr diyaa. eek hyee waqat mein feasler abb bhee germani kay kachh mamtaz designars aur piloton kay liye apnee marzi kay mutabiq banaye gayey selplane bashmol walaf harth kaa "mistral" aur raabart cronfeld kaa "ween" aur "austriya" (kayee saalon say abb takk kaa sabb say badaa selplane). 1934 mein company nay iss waqat shahrat haasil kii jabb feasler nay apnee company kay banaye hoay tayaray aif 2 tiger mein aalimi aerobatics champine ship jeeti. iss kay baad intehayi kamiyab aif 5 aayaa jasay aam toor parr kheelon kay tayaron mein eek classic samjha jaataa hay. iss say bhee bury kamiyabi 1936 mein iss waqat haasil hoyee jabb feasler kay apnay design kay eek tayaray nay "loft waaf" kay liye eek nayey stole observation aur raabtah tayaray kay liye messershmet aur seebal donon say tender jeeth liyaa. asay feasler fayee 156 "storch" (scark) namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa aur company dosri jung azeem kay doraan 3,000 say ziyadah paidawar karay gee. 1937 mein feasler nay bhee feasler fayee 253 tayaar kiyaa. yakam apreel 1939 kuu company kaa naam badal kirr gairhard feasler warkay jee ayem bee aich rakh diyaa gayaa. feasler kii deegar jangi paidawar bury hadd takk license kay tahat deegar farmon kay tayaron kii tameer parr mushtamil hogi bashmol messerschmet bee aif 109 aur phook-wolf aif dabliyo 190. tahim 1941 mein eek ghair pilot flying bumm (aif aayee 103) kay liye eek feasler project nay aar eel ayem ("rechisulfertmenistrium"-"reech aiwi aishan ministry") kii taujah mabzool karayee. yaha feasler aif zee jee-76 ("flockzealgerate"yee ainti airkraft targeting device) kay toor parr tayaar hawaa jasay wee-1 kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. fizler factory behat say itehadi fazayi hamlon kaa hadaf thee leakin poori jung mein paidawar jaari rahee. jung kay baad factory kaa eek hasah kachh saalon takk karobar mein jaari rehaa jiss mein automoto ajzaa tayaar kiye gayey. iss kii sabb say mashhur masnuaat storch aur wee 1yee ghair milki companiyon kay zariah tayaar kii jaati rahein. hawai jehaaz. feasler tayaron mein shaamil haine:

0008f7f2ed42c88af66fb4a0d48192ef09e1bcb2126f3d128ef6604b5b917391

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24542147

Harburg (quarter)

Harburg (quarter) Harburg () is a quarter ("Stadtteil") in the Harburg borough ("Bezirk") of Hamburg, Germany. It used to be the capital of the Harburg district in Lower Saxony. In 2020, the population was 25,979. History. A castle named Horeburg, meaning swamp castle, was probably erected by the counts of Stade, to secure the eastern border of the county. The oldest records mentioning the castle date back to 1133 and 1137. Outside the castle a settlement developed. As to religion Harburg belonged to the Diocese of Verden (till 1648). In 1257 the area became part of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg. After its dynastic partition in 1267 Harburg was part of the Brunswick-Lunenburgian Principality of Lunenburg (Celle). In 1288 the settlement outside the castle was granted municipal rights and in 1297 town privileges. The town was then the centre of the Bailiwick of Harburg (Vogtei Harburg). After Duke Otto (1495–1549), who co-ruled Lunenburg-Celle with his brother Duke Ernest I "the Confessor", had married a woman unconformable to his rank, he was urged to retire from co-ruling the principality in 1527. Otto could reach an agreement, allowing him and his family to live in Harburg castle and to rule his own precinct, the Bailiwick of Harburg, however, as a subfief of Lunenburg-Celle. Thus Harburg became the capital of the Principality of Harburg, which continued to exist under Otto's son, Duke Otto II of Harburg (1528–1603) and grandson Duke William Augustus (1564–1642). With the latter's death the Brunswick-Lunenburgian branch of Harburg was extinct in the male line and the area reunited with Lunenburg-Celle proper. In 1705 the Lunenburg-Celle line was extinct and the principality inherited by Duke George Louis of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Calenberg), ruling the Principality of Calenberg, which managed to be upgraded as Electorate of Brunswick and Lunenburg, colloquially named after its capital Electorate of Hanover, in 1708. In 1714 Prince-Elector George Louis ascended the British throne as George I, ruling Hanover and Britain in personal union. During this period (in 1720–23) the town was the notional headquarters of the abortive Harburg Company which, with a charter from King George I of Great Britain and funded by a dubious lottery scheme, was supposed to deepen the river and improve the harbour. When the lottery was forbidden to operate in England as fraudulent and illegal, the scheme foundered. Its principal proponent, John Barrington, was expelled from the British Parliament. During the Great French War Harburg suffered changing conquests, liberations and occupations, until it was first annexed by Westphalia (1807), only to be annexed by France in 1810. Harburg then became the capital of the "Canton d'Harbourg" within the "Arrondissement de Lunebourg" of the Département des Bouches-de-l'Elbe. After the French defeat in 1813 Harburg returned to Hanover, which was upgraded to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814. The Hanoveran-British personal union ended in 1837. Hanover, including Harburg, was defeated and annexed by Prussia in 1866, joining united Germany in 1871. Since the 19th century the town has been distinguished as Harburg upon Elbe (Harburg an der Elbe or Harburg/Elbe) from the homonymous town in Bavaria. With the defeat of Germany and the abdication of the monarchs in Germany in 1918, Prussia adopted a democratic government as a German state and was formally named Free State of Prussia. In 1927 Harburg/Elbe merged with Wilhelmsburg into Harburg-Wilhelmsburg. On 1 April 1937 Harburg-Wilhelmsburg was disentangled from Prussia – according to the "Greater Hamburg Act" – and ceded to the state of Hamburg, which on 1 April 1938 incorporated the city into a unitary city state municipality (Einheitsgemeinde), thus abolishing Harburg(-Wilhelmsburg)'s municipal independence dating back to 1288. Geography. In 2006 according to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the quarter had an area of . Harburg, situated in the southern side of Hamburg, borders with the quarters of Neuland, Gut Moor, Rönneburg, Wilstorf, Eißendorf, Heimfeld and Wilhelmsburg (in the district of Mitte). From this one it is physically separated by the river Elbe. Demographics. The population of Harburg in 2006 was 21,193. The population density was . 14.3% were children under the age of 18, and 14.1% were 65 years of age or older. 31.3% were immigrants. 1,619 people were registered as unemployed. In 1999 there were 11,668 households, out of which 16% had children under the age of 18 living with them, and 55% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 1.76. Population by year In 2006 there were 6,738 criminal offences in the quarter (318 crimes per 1000 people). Politics. These are the results of Harburg in the Hamburg state election: Education. The quarter has three elementary schools and four secondary schools in the Harburg quarter. In Harburg center there are the dormitories of the Studierendenwerk Hamburg, namely the dormitories of the Ebelingstraße 1 and 2, Schüttstraße 5 and Møørstraße 7 and 15. In the basement of Ebelingstraße 1 you can find the Ebelingsbar. Ebelingsbar is one of the most awarded bars in the region. There you can find bier and cocktails in really good prices. The bar also has one table of ping pong and 2 kickers. In the party history of the bar there are some events worth mentioning. Two amazingly crowded Karaoke Events, one metal Monday and the after-party of the legendary Sommerfest of 2022. Infrastructure. Health systems. In 2006, 154 physicians in private practice and 16 pharmacies were counted in the Harburg quarter. Transportation. The quarter is serviced by the rapid transit system of the city train with several stations. The "Hamburg-Harburg railway station" is also a station for long-distance passenger trains for the German railway company. According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), 5,148 private cars were registered (246 cars/1000 people) in the quarter. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

harberg (cowarter) harberg () hoise germanyr hembergor harberg bor '("bejirko") ror ek soturthangxo ("stadtel"). ee purbote nimno sexonir harberg jilaar rajdhani aasil. 2020 sonot jonoxongkhya aasil 25,979 john. itihax. horberg naamor etaa durgo, jaar ortho hoise jolaxoyor durgo, xombhobotoh countyr pubo ximanto xurokhito koriboloi steador gononar dwara nirman koraa hoisil. ei durgotur bixoye ullekh koraa ataitkoi puroni tothyoxomuh 1133 aaru 1137 sonor. durgotur bahirot etaa boxoti gorhi tulaa hoisil. dhormor khetrot harberg verdenor daaio "sisor ontorgoto aasil (1648 sonoloike). 1257 sonot oncholtu daasi owo branxuisik aaru lunenbergor ongxo hoi pore. 1267 sonot iyar bongxogot bibhajonor pisot harberg branxuisik-lunenborgor pradexik xaxon lunenborg (chell) ror ongxo aasil. 1288 sonot durgor baahiror boxoti sthaponok pour odhikar aaru 1297 sonot nogoror bixex xubidha prodan koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot sohorkhon harbergor beliuik (bhugotei harberg) ror kendro aasil. diuk ottu (1495-1549), ji teur bhatri diuk arnest aai "dyo confessor" ror xoite lunenborg-chelor xoho-xaxon korisil, teur podor xoite oxongotipurno egoraki mohilak biyaa koruwar pisot, teuk 1527 sonot rajyor xoho-xaxonor poraa owoxor lo 'boloi aahban jonuwa hoisil. ottuwe ek suktit uponeet hoh' bob parisil, jaar folot teuk aaru teur poriyalok harberg durgot thakiboloi aaru harbergor nijor pranto, beliuik xaxon koriboloi onumoti diya hoisil, obosye, lunenborg-chelor upo-xompoti hisape. eidore harberg harberg rajyor rajdhani hoi porisil, ji oh 'tur putro harbergor diuk oh' tu dwitiyo (1528-1603) aaru naati diuk uilium ogostasor (1564-1642) odhinot bidyoman aasil. pisorjonor mrityur loge loge harbergor branxuisik-lunenborg xakhatu puruxor rupot bilupto hoi goisil aaru oncholtu lunenborg-chelor xoite punor ekotrito hoisil. 1705 sonot lunenborg-chell rekha bilupto hoisil aaru brunsouik aaru lunenborg (kelenborg) ror diuk jorjo luise uttoradhikari hisape laabh koraa rajyokhone kelenborg rajyo xaxon korisil, ji 1708 sonot iyar rajdhani hanubharor nirbasokxokolor naamere naamkoron koraa brunsouik aaru lunenborgor nirbasok hisape unnit hoh 'boloi xokhyom hoisil. 1714 sonot rajkumar-nirbasok jorjo luise byoktigoto xonghot britis xinghaxonot jorjo 1 hisape aaruhon korisil. ei xomoisuwat (1720-23 too) sohorkhon niskriyo harberg companyr dharonamulok mukhyo karzaloy aasil, ji great britainor roja jorjo prothomor charteror xoite aaru ek xondehjonok lotori aasonir dwara puji jugan dhori nodikhon gobhir kori bondortu unnot korar kotha aasil. jetiya englandot lotterytuk protarona aaru oboidho buli maani soluwat nixedhagya aarup koraa hoisil, tetiya aasonikhon protistha koraa hoisil. iyar prodhan prostawok john barringtonok britis xongxodor poraa bohiskar koraa hoisil. mohan forasi juddhor xomoyot harberge poribortito bijoy, mukti aaru brittir xonmukhin hoisil, jetiyaloike iyak prothome westfelia (1807)-ror dwara xongzukto koraa huwa nasil, kewol 1810 sonot france iyak xongzukto korisil. harberg tetiya des buses-di-elbe bibhagor "erondisment di lunberg" ror bhitorot "kenton di harberg" ror rajdhani hoi porisil. 1813 sonot forasi porajoyor pisot harberg hanubharoloi ubhoti aahisil, jaak 1814 sonot hanubhar rajyoloi unnit koraa hoisil. 1837 sonot hanubharan-britis byoktigoto xonghor onto porisil. hanubharok harbergoke dhori 1866 sonot pruchiyar dwara porasto kori xongzukto koraa hoisil, 1871 sonot united germanyt jugdan korisil. 19 xotikar poraa sohorkhonok babhariar xomonamjukto sohoror poraa harberg opon elbo (harberg eno der elbo baa harberg/elbo) hisape prithok koraa hoise. 1918 sonot germanyr porajoy aaru germanyt rojar podotyagor loge loge prusiyai german rajyo hisape ekhon gonotantrik sorkar grohon kore aaru anusthanikbhabe iyak pruchiyar mukto rajyo buli namakoron koraa hoy. 1927 sonot harberg/elbe wilhamesburgor xoite harberg-wilhamesburgot ekotrito hoy. 1937 sonor 1 aprilot harberg-wilhamesburg pruchiyar poraa bischinno hoi porisil-"brihotor hemberg aain" onuxori-aaru hemberg rajyok xomorpon koraa hoisil, ji 1938 sonor 1 aprilot sohorkhonok ek oikyobodho sohor rajyik pouroxobha (einheitsjeminde) too ontorbhukto korisil, enedore harberg (-wilhamesburg) ror 1288 sonor pour swadhinota bilupto korisil. bhugul. 2006 sonot hemberg aaru swleswig-hoh 'lostainor porixongkhya karzaloyor mote, cowarteror ek eleka aasil. hembergor dokhyin dixot owosthito harbergor xeema newland, gott mur, runeberg, wildorf, igendorf, heimfeld aaru wilhelmsburg (mite jilat) ror cowarteror xoite laagi aase. iyar poraa iyak bhoutikbhabe elbe nodir dwara prithok koraa hoise. jonogathoni. 2006 sonot harbergor jonoxongkhya aasil 21,193 john. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. 14.3 xotangxo xixur boyox 18 bosoror tolor aasil, aaru 14.1% 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor aasil. 31.3 xotangxo aasil probrojonkari. 1, 619 john luk kormohin hisape ponjiyon koraa hoisil. 1999 sonot 11,668taa poriyal aasil, jaar bhitorot 16 xotangxor logot 18 bosoror tolor xixu baax korisil, aaru xokolu poriyalor 55 xotangxo byoktir dwara gothito aasil. gorh ghoror aakar aasil 1.76. bosor onuxori jonoxongkhya 2006 sonot ei cowarterot 6,738taa oporadhmulok oporadh (proti 1000 john lukor biporite 318taa oporadh) aasil. rajneeti. hemberg rajyik nirbasonot harbergor folafolxomuh hoh 'loh xikhya. harberg cowarterot tinita prathomik bidyaloy aaru sarita madhyomik bidyaloy aase. harbergor kendrot odhyoyonor kendrot thoka satrabaxxomuh aase, jene ebelingstress 1 aaru 2, swotstress 5 aaru morstress 7 aaru 15. abelingstress 1 ror basementot aapuni ebelingbar bisari paab paare. ebelingsbar hoise oncholtur ataitkoi puroskrito barxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo. taat aapuni biyar aaru koktel xosakoiye bhaal mulyot paab paare. bartut ping pongro ekhon tebul aaru 2taa kikaru aase. baaror doliyo itihaxot ullekh koribo poraa kisuman ghotona aase. dutaa asoritbhabe bhir thoka karauke onusthan, etaa dhaatur xumbar aaru 2022 sonor kingbodonti xumorphestor poroborti party. antohgathoni. swasthyo byowostha. 2006 sonot harberg cowarterot byoktigoto onuxilonor 154 john sikitsok aaru 16 khon pharmacy gonona koraa hoisil. poribohon. keibatau stationor xoite sohoriya rey "lor drut poribohon byowosthar dwara cowartertu xewa prodan koraa hoy. hemberg-harberg rey" lowe steson "german rey" lowe companyr baabe dirgho durotwor jatribahi rey "lor babeu etaa steson. motor baahon bibhagor (craftfahort-bundesamt) mote, ei cowarterot 5,148 khon byoktigoto gaari ponjiyon koraa hoisil (246 khon gaari/1000 john luk).

harberg (choturthangsho) harberg () germanyr hamburger harberg borote ("bezirk") abosthito ekti shohor. etty loar saxony-teey harberg jelara rajdhani chhilo. 2020 saale jonosongkha chhilo 25,979 john. itihas. horeberg naame ekti durgo, jaar ortho jolabhumi durgo, sombhoboto kauntir purbo seemanto surokkhito korar jonno steader ganana dwara nirmito hoyechilo. durger ullekh koraa prachintama nathiguli 1133 ebong 1137 saaler. durger baire ekti bosoti gadey othe. dhormo somporke harberg verdener dioceser ontorgoto chhilo (1648 saal porjonto). 1257 khristabde eyi anchalti brunswick ebong lunenberger duchir ongsho hoye othe. 1267 khristabde rajbongsho bibhajoner porr harberg brunswick-lunenberger rajyo lunenberger (seela) ongsho chhilo. 1288 khristabde durger bairer bosotigulike pour adhikar ebong 1297 khristabde shohorer biseshadhikar deoa hoy. shaharti tokhon harburger (bhogtei harburg) beliuiker kendra chhilo. diuka otto (1495-1549), jini taanr bhai diuka ernest aaee "dya confessor"-err saathe lunenberg-seler soho-shasson korechilen, taanr podomorjadar saathe asangatipurna ekjon mohilake biye korar porey, taanke 1527 saale soho-shasson theke abosar neoar ahoban janano hoyechilo. otto ekti chuktite pouchate perechilen, jaate tini ebong taanr poribar harberg durge bosobas korte paren ebong harberger nijer prangan, beliuik shasson korte paren, tobey, lunenberg-seler ekti upo-sampatti hisabe. eibhabe harberg harberger rajotter rajdhani hoye othe, jaa otor putro, harberger dwitiya diuka otto (1528-1603) ebong naati diuka uilium augustuser (1564-1642) adhine vidyaman chhilo. porertir mrityur saathe saathe harburger bransvic-lunenbergian shakhati purushder modhye bilupto hoye yaay ebong anchalti lunenberg-seler saathe punra milit hoy. 1705 saale lunenberg-seela line bilupto hoye yaay ebong diuka george lui off brunswick anned lunenberg (callenberg) dwara uttoradhikarsutre prapto rajyoti, jaa kalenberger rajyo shasson korey, jaa 1708 saale branswick ebong lunenberger nirbachakmandali hisabe unnito hotey sokkhom hoy, kothyo bhasay hannover rajdhani nirbachakmandalir naame namkaran koraa hoy. 1714 saale juboraj-nirbachok george lui prothom george hisabe british singhasone arohan corren, byaktigato unione hannover ebong britten shasson corren. eyi somoye (1720-23-ayee) shaharti chhilo byartho harberg companyr kalponik sodor doptor, jaa greta brittener raja prothom georger ekti sonod ebong ekti sondehojonok lottery prokolper orthayone nodike arow govir korbe ebong bondorer unnoti korbe boley money koraa hoyechilo. jokhon lotteryke protaronamulok ebong aboidho boley englande porichalona koraa nishiddho koraa hoyechilo, tokhon eyi prokolpoti protisthito hoyechilo. err prodhan probokta john barringtonke british sangsad theke bohishkar koraa hoy. mohan farasi juddher somoy harberg poribortito bijoy, swadhinota ebong peshara sammukhin hoy, jotokkhon naa etty prothom westphalia (1807) dwara sangjukto hoy, shudhumatra 1810 saale france dwara sangjukto hoy. harberg tokhon bibhag days butches-dii-elber "arrondicement dii luneberg"-err modhye "canton dii harberg"-err rajdhani hoye othe. 1813 khristabde farasi porajoyer porr harberg hannovere firey asen, jaa 1814 khristabde hannover rajye unnito hoy. 1837 khristabde hannover-british byaktigato unioner abosan ghote. 1866 khristabde harberg soho hannover porajito hoy ebong prussia dwara sangjukto hoy, 1871 khristabde sangjukto germanyte jog deyo. 19shha shatabdi theke shahortike harberg apon elbe (harberg ayana daar elbe baa harberg/elbe) hisabe chinnito koraa hoy. 1918 saale germanyr porajoy ebong germanyte rajader podotyager porr, prussia ekti german rashtro hisabe ekti ganotantrik sarkar grohon korey ebong anusthanikbhabe prussier mukto rashtro naame namkaran koraa hoy. 1927 saale harberg/elbe wilhemsburger saathe harberg-wilhemsburge ekibhuto hoy. 1937 saaler 1laa april harberg-wilhemsburgke prussia theke bichchinno koraa hoy-brihottor hamberg aain onusare-ebong hamberg rajyer kachhe hastantar koraa hoy, jaa 1938 saaler 1laa april shahortike ekti ekok shohor rajyo pourosobhai (einheitsgaminde) antarbhukta korey, eibhabe harberger (-wilhemsburg) 1288 khristabder pour swadhinotar abosan ghotay. bhugol. 2006 saale hamburg ebong schlessuig-holsteiner porisongkhyan offices onusare, eyi choturthangsher ayton chhilo. hamburger dakkhin dike abosthito harburger seemana newland, gott moor, roneburg, willstorff, isendorff, heimfeld ebong wilhelmsburg (mitte jelaay). err theke etty elbe nodee dwara sharirikbhabe prithak. jonosongkha. 2006 saale harburger jonosongkha chhilo 21,193 john. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo 21,193 john. 14.3 shotangsho chhilo 18 bochorer qama vayasi shishu ebong 14.1% 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi. 31.3 shotangsho abhibasi. 1, 619 john becker hisabe nibondhito hoyechilo. 1999 saale 11,668tii poribar chhilo, jaar modhye 16 shotangsher sange 18 bochorer qama vayasi shishu bosobas koroto ebong samasta poribarer 55 shotangshoi chhilo swatantra. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 1.76. bochor anujayi jonosongkha 2006 saale eyi troimasike 6,738tii fauzdari aporadh chhilo (proti 1000 joner modhye 318tii aporadh). rajneeti. hamburg rajyo nirbachone harburger folafoloh shikkha. harberg quarterey tinti prathomik vidyalaya ebong charti madhyomik vidyalaya royeche. harberger kendre studierendenwork hamburger dormittory royeche, jotha ebellingstrab 1 ebong 2, shootstrab 5 ebong morstrab 7 ebong 15 err dormittory. ebellingstrab 1-err basemente upney ebellingberty khunje petey paren. abelingbar eyi anchaler sabcheye puroskrito bargulir modhye ekti. sekhane upney sottii vall daame bear ebong cocktell petey paren. bartite ping pong-err ekti tabil ebong 2tii kicker royeche. baarer daliya itihase ullekh korar moto kichhu ghotona royeche. duti ashchorjojonokbhabe jonakirno karaoke event, ekti dhatob sombar ebong 2022 saaler kingbadanti sommerfester party. porikatthamo. swastho byabostha. 2006 saale, harberg quarterey besarkari onushilone 154 john chikitsak ebong 16tii pharmesi ganana koraa hoyechilo. poribohon. quarterty besh koyekti steshana soho city trainer druto transit system dwara porisheba pradan korey. hamburg-harburg rail steshana" german rail companyr jonno deergho durotter jatribahi trainer jonno ekti steshana. motor janbahon bibhag (craftfahert-bundesamt) onusare, eyi troimasike 5,148tii byaktigato gaadi (246tii gaadi/1000 john) nibondhito hoyeche.

harberg (quarter) harberg () germanyna hembergnaa harberg baroo ("basirc") maan aek chaturthansh ("steadtale") chhe. teey looar sexonyma harberg jeellani raajdhaani hatee. 2020maan vastee 25,979 hatee. itihas. horeberg naamno killo, jeno arth thaay chhe bhejvaalo killo, kadaach kaauntini purveey sarhadne suraksheet karvaa maate steadnee ganatari dwara bandhvama aavyo hato. keellano ullekh kartaa sauthee junaa dastavejo 1133 aneey 1137naa chhe. keellani bahaar aek vasaahat vikasi hatee. dharmnee vaat kareeae too harberg vardennaa diosis (1648 sudhee) saathe sankalaayelo hato. 1257maan aaa vistaar brunswick aneey lunenbergna duchyno bhaag bunny gayo. 1267maan tenaa rajvanshna bhagla pachhi harberg brunswick-lunenbergian rajvaadu lunenberg (seela) noow bhaag hato. 1288maan keellani bahaarnee vasaahatne municiple adheekaro aneey 1297maan nagar visheshaadhikaaro aapvama aavyaa hataa. teey samaye aaa shaher harberg (vogtei harberg) naa beliviknu kendra hatoo. duke otto (1495-1549), jemane temnaa bhaai duke ernest saathe lunenberg-selee parr saha-shaasan karyoo hatoo, temane temnaa hodda maate asangat maheela saathe lagna karyaa hataa, temne 1527 maan rajvadana saha-shasanmathi nivrutt thavaa vinanti karvaamaa aavee hatee. otto aek karaar parr pahonchi shakyaa, jenaathi temne aneey temnaa parivaarne harberg keellama rahevani manjuri malee aneey harbergna potaana parisar, belivik parr shaasan karvaanee manjuri malee, joke, lunenberg-seleeni petaa jagir tareeke. aama harberg harbergnee rajvadani raajdhaani bunny, jeey ottonaa putra, harbergna duke otto II (1528-1603) aneey pautra duke veeliyam ogastas (1564-1642) hethal astitvamaa rahee. harbergnee brunswick-lunenbergian shaakha tenaa mrutyu saathe purush vanshamaa lupt thaee gaee hatee aneey aaa vistaar lunenberg-seela saathe pharii jodaayo hato. 1705maan lunenberg-seela vansh lupt thaee gayo hato aneey prinspality duke george luis off brunswick anned lunenberg (callenberg) dwara varsama malee hatee, jeey kellenbergnee rajvaadaane shaasan karatee hatee, jeey brunswick aneey lunenbergna matdaaro tareeke upgraded karvaamaa safal rahee hatee, jene 1708maan bolchaalnee bhashama tenaa raajdhaani hanovarna matdaaro parthee naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. 1714maan prince-elect george luis george pratham tareeke british sinhasana parr bethaa hataa, jemane vyaktigat sanghamaa hannover aneey britton parr shaasan karyoo hatoo. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan (1720-23 maan) aaa shaher nishfal harberg companynu kaalpaneek mukhya mathak hatoo, jeey greta britananaa raajaa george prathamnaa charter saathe aneey shankaspad lottery yojnaa dwara bhandol purun paadatu hatoo, jeey nadeene vadhu undee banaavshe aneey bandarma sudhaaro karashe. jyaare englandma lotteryne chhetarpindi aneey gerkaydesar tareeke chalaavvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo tyaare aaa yojnani sthaapnaa thaee. tenaa mukhya samarthak john barringtonne british sansadmathi haankee kadhvama aavyaa hataa. mahaan french yuddh darmiyan harbergne badalaata vijay, muktee aneey vyavasaayo sahan karvaa padyaa, jyaan sudhee tene pratham vakhat westfeliya (1807) dwara jodvama naa aavyu, maatra 1810 maan france dwara jodvama aavyu. harberg pachhi department days boaches-dii-albena "aerondicement dii luneborg" nee andar "qentana dii 'harberg" nee raajdhaani bunny. 1813maan french haar pachhi harberg hannover parat faryo, jene 1814maan hanovarna samrajyma upgraded karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hanovaran-british vyaktigat sanghano anta 1837maan aavyo hato. hanovar, harberg saheet, 1866maan prussia dwara harvama aavyo hato aneey 1871maan united germanyma jodaayo hato. 19mee sadithi aaa shaherne bavariana samaan naam dharaavtaa shahermathi harberg apon elbe (harberg aena dair elbe athavaa harberg/elbe) tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. germanyni haar aneey 1918maan germanyma rajaona tyaag saathe, prussia german raajy tareeke lokshaahi sarkaarne apnaavi aneey aupcharik reete tene prussiana mukt rajyanu naam aapvama aavyu. 1927maan harberg/elbe wilhamesburg saathe harberg-wilhamesburgma bhalee gayaa. 1 april 1937naa roj harberg-wilhamesburgne prushiyaathi alag karvaamaa aavyu hatoo-"grater hamberg act" anusaar-aneey hamberg raajyane sonpavama aavyu hatoo, jene 1 april 1938naa roj shaherne aek ekatmak shaher raajy nagarpalika (einhetsgaminde) maan saamel karyoo hatoo, aama harberg (-wilhamesburg) nee 1288nee nagarpalika svatantrataane nabud curry hatee. bhugol. 2006maan hamberg aneey schlesswig-holsteinni aankadaakiy kacheree anusaar, quarterno vistaar hato. hambergnee dakshin bajuae aavelu harberg, newland, gut moor, ronneberg, willstorff, eisendorf, hamfeld aneey wilhamesburg (mitte jeellama) naa quarter saathe sarahade aavelu chhe. aamathi teey bhauteek reete elbe nadee dwara alag padey chhe. vastee vishhayak. 2006maan harbergnee vastee 21,193 hatee. vasteeni gichataa hatee. 14.3 takaa baadako 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa hataa aneey 14.1% 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa hataa. 31.3 takaa loko immigrant hataa. 1, 619 loko berojgaar tareeke nondhaayela hataa. 1999maan 11,668 parivaaro hataa, jemathi 16 takaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako temnee saathe raheta hataa aneey tamaam gharomathi 55 takaa parivaaro vyaktigat hataa. sarerash gharnu qada 1.76 hatoo. varsh anusaar vastee 2006maan aaa trimasik gaadaama 6,738 gunaahit gunaao (1000 loko deeth 318 gunaao) hataa. raajkaaran. hamberg raajyani chuntanima harbergna parinaamo aaa pramaane chheh shikshan. aaa quarterma harberg quarterma trana praathmeek shaalao aneey chaar maadhyameek shaalao chhe. harbergna kendramaa studirendonwork hembergnaa shayankhand chhe, etale keey ablingstrasse 1 aneey 2, shootstrase 5 aneey morstrasse 7 aneey 15 naa shayangruh. ablingstrasse 1 naa bhonyarama tame ablingsbar shodhee shako chho. abellingsbar aee aaa pradeshmaa sauthee vadhu enayat karaayel baar paikeenu aek chhe. tyaan tamane kharekhar saaree kimmate byer aneey koktel malee shake chhe. baarmaa ping pongnu aek table aneey 2 kickers pann chhe. baarnaa pakshna itihaasmaa ketalik ghatanao ullekhneey chhe. beey aashcharyajanak reete geach karaaoke kaarykramo, aek metal somvaar aneey 2022 naa suprasiddh somerfestnee party pachhi. maalkhaagat suveedhao. aarogya pranaalio. 2006maan, harberg quarterma khangi practicemaa 154 chikitsako aneey 16 pharmacyoni ganatari karvaamaa aavee hatee. parivahan. quarterne ghanaa stationo saathe ciity trainni zadpi parivahan pranali dwara sevaa aapvama aave chhe. hamberg-harberg railway station" aee german railway kampani maate laambaa antarnee passenger train maatenu station pann chhe. motara vaahan vibhag (craftfahert-bundesamt) anusaar, trimasik gaadaama 5,148 khangi kaar (246 kaar/1000 loko) nondhvaamaa aavee hatee.

harberg (quarter) harberg () germany key hamberg key harberg baro (bezark) mein ack chauthai ("stadtel") haye. yeh nichale saxony mein harberg jile kii rajdhani huaa karati thee. 2020 mein, jansankhya 25,979 thee. itihas. horeberg naamak ack mahal, jiska arth haye daldali mahal, shayed county kii purvi seema koo surakshit karane key liye stead kii ginati dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. mahal kaa ullekh karane vaale sabse puraane record 1133 aur 1137 key hain. mahal key baahar ack basti vikasit hui. dharm key roop mein harberg verden key diosis (1648 taka) seey sambandhit thaa. 1257 mein yeh kshetra brunswick aur lunenberg key duchy kaa hissa bunn gayaa. 1267 mein apane rajvansh vibhajan key baad harberg brunswick-lunenberg kii riyasat (cell) kaa hissa thaa. 1288 mein mahal key baahar kii basti koo nagarpalika adhikaar aur 1297 mein shahar key visheshaadhikaar diye gaye they. yeh shahar taba harberg (vogtei harberg) key belic kaa kendra thaa. duke otto (1495-1549), jinhone apane bhaai duke ernest aaee "dha kafesar" key saath lunenberg-cell koo saha-shaasit kiya, ney apane pada key anuroop ack mahila seey shaadi curr lii thee, unhein 1527 mein riyasat key saha-shasson seey sevaanivritt honey kaa aagrah kiya gayaa thaa. otto ack samjhaute parr pahunch sakate they, jisase unhein aur unake parivaar koo harberg mein rahane aur harberg key apane parisar, belic parr shasson karane kii anumati mill sakati thee, halanki, lunenberg-cell key ack upa-jagir key roop mein. iss prakaar harberg harberg kii riyasat kii rajdhani bunn gaee, joe otto key bete, harberg key duke otto II (1528-1603) aur potey duke villium augustus (1564-1642) key tahat maujood rahee. baad vaale kii mrityu key saath harberg kii brunswick-lunenberg shakha purush rekha mein vilupt hoe gaee thee aur kshetra koo lunenberg-cell key saath phir seey milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1705 mein lunenberg-cell line vilupt hoe gaee thee aur brunswick aur lunenberg (callenberg) key duke george luis dwara viraasat mein millie riyasat, joe callenberg kii riyasat parr shasson curr rahee thee, jise brunswick aur lunenberg key matdaataon key roop mein unnat karane mein kamyab rahee, jiska bolchal kii bhasha mein naam 1708 mein hannover kii rajdhani key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1714 mein rajkumar-nirvaachak george luis ney george I key roop mein british simhaasan parr chadhaai kii, joe vyaktigat sangh mein hannover aur britten parr shasson curr rahey they. iss avadhi key dauran (aaee. dee. 1 mein) yeh shahar asafal harberg company kaa kaalpanik mukhyalaya thaa, joe grate britten key raajaa george pratham key charter key saath aur ack sandigdh lottery yojana dwara vitt poshit thaa, jisase nadee koo gahara kiya jaanaa thaa aur bandargah mein sudhaar kiya jaanaa thaa. jaba lottery koo dhokhadhadi aur avaidh key roop mein ingland mein sanchaalit karane key liye manaa kiya gayaa thaa, tou yojana kii sthaapana hui. isake pramukh prastaavak, johnn barrington koo british sansad seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. mahaan francisi yuddh key dauran harberg koo badalate vijay, swatantrata aur vyavsaayon kaa saamana karna padaa, jaba taka kii ise pahali baar westfelia (1807) dwara kabja naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kewal 1810 mein france dwara kabja kiya gayaa thaa. harberg taba department days buches-dee-elbe key "aerondicement dee loonberg" key bheetar "canton dee 'harberg" kii rajdhani bunn gaee. 1813 mein francisi haar key baad harberg hanovar laut aaya, jise 1814 mein hanovar key raajya mein unnat kiya gayaa thaa. hanovar-british vyaktigat sangh 1837 mein samaapt hoe gayaa. hanovar, jisamen harberg bhee shamil thaa, 1866 mein prussia dwara parajit aur kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, 1871 mein sanyukt germany mein shamil hoe gayaa. 19 veen shatabdi key baad seey shahar koo bavaria key benami shahar seey harberg apon elbe (harberg aine dair elbe yaa harberg/elbe) key roop mein pratishthit kiya gayaa haye. 1918 mein germany kii haar aur germany mein raajaon key tyag key saath, prussia ney ack german raajya key roop mein ack loktaantrik sarkaar koo apanaaya aur aupchaarik roop seey prussia kaa mukt raajya naam diyaa gayaa. 1927 mein harberg/elbe kaa wilhemsburg key saath harberg-wilhemsburg mein vilay hoe gayaa. 1 aprail 1937 koo harberg-wilhelmsburg koo prussia seey alag curr diyaa gayaa thaa-"grater hamberg act" key anusaar-aur hamberg raajya koo saunp diyaa gayaa, jisane 1 aprail 1938 koo shahar koo ack ekaatmak shahar raajya nagarpalika (einhetsgaminde) mein shamil curr liya, iss prakaar 1288 seey herberg (-wilhelmsburg) kii nagarpalika swatantrata koo samaapt curr diyaa. bhugol. 2006 mein hamberg aur schlesswig-holstein key saankhyikiya karyalaya key anusaar, quarter kaa ack kshetra thaa. hamberg key dakshini hisse mein sthit harberg, neeland, gutt moor, roneberg, willstorff, isendorff, hamefeld aur wilhemsburg (mitte jile mein) key quarters key saath seemaaen hain. isase yeh bhautik roop seey nadee elbe dwara alag kiya gayaa haye. jansankhyiki. 2006 mein harberg kii jansankhya 21,193 thee. 14.3 pratishat 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche they, aur 14.1% 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key they. 31.3 pratishat apravasi they. 1, 619 loga berojgar key roop mein panjikrit they. 1999 mein 11,668 parivaar they, jinamen seey 16 pratishat key saath 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche rahate they, aur sabhi gharon mein seey 55 pratishat vyaktiyon seey baney they. ausat ghar kaa aakar 1.76 thaa. varsh key anusaar jansankhya 2006 mein timahi mein 6,738 aaparaadhik aparaadh (prati 1000 logon parr 318 aparaadh) they. rajneeti. hamberg raajya chunaav mein harberg key parinam yeye hainh shiksha. harberg quarter mein teen praathamik vidyalaya aur chaar maadhyamik vidyalaya hain. harberg kendra mein adhyayan karane vaale hamberg key chhatrawas hain, arthaat ebellingstraiz 1 aur 2, scootstraiz 5 aur morstraiz 7 aur 15 key chhatrawas. ebellingstraiz 1 key tahakhaane mein aap eablingbar paa sakate hain. eablingsbar iss kshetra mein sabse adhik sammaanit salakhon mein seey ack haye. vahaan aapako vaastav mein achchi kimaton mein bear aur cocktail mill sakate hain. baar mein ping pong kii ack mez aur 2 kickers bhee hain. baar key party itihas mein kuchh ullekhaniya ghatanaaen hain. dou aashcharyajanak roop seey bheed vaale karaaoke karyakram, ack dhaatu somwar aur 2022 key mahaan somerfest key baad kii party. buniyaadi dhancha. swaasthya pranali. 2006 mein, niji abhyaas mein 154 chikitsakon aur 16 pharmesiyon kii ginati harberg quarter mein kii gaee thee. parivahan. quarter koo kaee stations key saath shahar kii train kii twarit pargaman pranali dwara seva pradaan kii jaati haye. hamberg-harberg railway station" german railway company key liye lambi doori kii yatri trains key liye bhee ack station haye. motor vaahan vibhaag (craftfurt-bundesamt) key anusaar, timahi mein 5,148 niji kaaren (246 kaaren/1000 loga) panjikrit theen.

harberg (quarter) harberg () germany hambergn harberg praantyadalliruva ("bezirk") ondu kaalu bhagavagide. idu lover saxonialli harberg jilleya raajadhaaniyaagittu. 2020ralli, janasankhyeyu 25,979 aagittu. itihaasa. horberg emba hesarina ondu kooteyannu, andare jaugu kote, bahushah kountiya purva gadiyannu badrapadisikollalu stade enikegalinda nirmisalaagide. kooteyannu ullekhisuva atyanta haleya daakhalegalu 1133 mattu 1137rahra hindinavu. koteya horage ondu vasaahatu beleyitu. dharmada vishayadalli harberg verdon diasisge seriddaagittu (1648ravarege). 1257ralli ee pradeshavu duchy off brunswick mattu lunenbergn bhaagavaayitu. 1267ralli adara rajavamshada vibhajaneya nantara, harberg brunswick-lunenberg samsthaanada (sele) bhagavagittu. 1288ralli koteya horagina vasaahatugalige purasabheya hakkugalu mattu 1297ralli pattanada savalattugalannu nidalaayitu. ee pattanavu aaga harbergn (vogte harberg) belivikna kendravagittu. duke otto (1495-1549), tanna sahodara duke ernest aii "dhii confessor" nondige lunenberg-selleyannu saha-aalida nantara, tanna darjege hondikeyagada mahileyannu vivaahavaada nantara, 1527 ralli samsthaanavannu saha-aaluvikeyinda nivruttaraguvante ottaayisalaayitu. otto oppandavannu talupalu saadhyavaayitu, idu avanige mattu avana kutumbakke harberg koteyalli vaasisalu mattu harbergn tannade aada aavaranavaada baylivic annu lunenberg-selleya upa-aastiyaagi aalalu avakasha maadikottitu. heegaagi harberg, ottoona maga, harbergn duke otto II (1528-1603) mattu mommaga duke vilium augustus (1564-1642) avara adiyalli astitvadallidda harberg samsthaanada raajadhaaniyaayitu. nantaradavara maranadondige, harbergn brunswick-lunenbergian shakheyu purushara saalinalli alivinanchinallittu mattu ee pradeshavu lunenberg-selleyondige matte seritu. 1705ralli lunenberg-selle vamshavu alivinanchinallittu mattu brunswick mattu lunenberg (callenberg) naa duke georg louisninda aanuvamshikavaagi padeda samsthaanavu, callenberg samsthaanavannu aalitu, idu brunswick mattu lunenbergn matadaararaagi unnatikarisuvalli yashasviyaayitu, 1708ralli adara rajadhani hannovern hesarannu aadubhasheyalli idalaayitu. 1714ralli rajakumara-chunaayita georg louis british simhaasanavannu georg I aagi airidanu, vaiyaktika okkootadalli hannover mattu britannannu aalidanu. ee avadhiyalli (aii. dii. 1) ee pattanavu viphalavaada harberg kampaniya kaalpanika pradhana kacheriyagittu, idu grate britton king georg I rahra charternondige mattu anumaanaaspada lottery yojaneyinda dhanasahaya padediddu, nadiyannu aalagolisuvudu mattu bandarannu sudhaarisuvudu. englendnalli lottery mosada mattu kanunubahira endu nishedhisidaaga, ee yojaneyu sthaapaneyaayitu. adara pramukha pratipaadakaraada zaan barrington avarannu british samsattininda horahaakalaayitu. grate french yuddhada samayadalli, harberg badalaaguttiruva vijayagalu, svatantryagalu mattu udyogagalannu anubhavisitu, idannu modalu westfalia (1807) vashapadisikolluvavarege, 1810 ralli france swadhinapadisikonditu. harberg nantara deey department dess bouches-dii-elbena "arrondicement dii luneberg" olage "canton dii 'harberg" naa raajadhaaniyaayitu. 1813ralli french solina nantara harberg hannoverge maralidaru, idannu 1814ralli hannover saamrajyakke meldarjegerisalaayitu. hannover-british vaiyaktika okkootavu 1837ralli konegonditu. hannover, harberg seridante, 1866ralli prussiyaadinda solisalpattitu mattu swadhinapadisikonditu, 1871ralli united germanige seritu. 19neey shatamaanadinda ee pattanavannu baveriyaada samaananaamada pattanadinda harberg apon elbe (harberg aun derr elbe athawa harberg/elbe) endu gurutisalaagide. 1918ralli germany solu mattu germaniyalli rajara padachyutiyondige, prussiyavu german raajyavaagi prajaprabhutva sarkaaravannu alavadisikonditu mattu oupachaarikavaagi prussiyaada mukta raajya endu hesarisalaayitu. 1927ralli harberg/elbe wilhelmsburgnondige vileenagondu harberg-wilhelmsburg aayitu. 1937rahra april 1randu harberg-wilhelmsburg annu prussiyaadinda berpadisalaayitu-"grater hamberg act" prakara-mattu hamberg rajyakke hastaantarisalaayitu, idu 1938rahra april 1randu nagaravannu ekikruta nagara raajya purasabheyagi (ainhaitsjeminde) samyojisitu, heege 1288rahra hindina harberg (-wilhelmsburg) purasabheya svatantryavannu raddugolisitu. bhougolika. 2006ralli hamberg mattu slesvig-holstein sankhyaashaastriya kacheria prakara, ee traimasikavu sumaru ondu chadara kilometer vistirnavannu hondittu. hambergn daksina bhagadalliruva harberg, neuland, gut moor, ronneberg, wiltarf, isendorf, himefeld mattu wilhelmsburg (mitte jilleyalliruva) quartersgalondige gadiyannu hondide. idarinda idu bhautikavagi elbe nadiyinda berpattide. janasankhyaashaastra. 2006ralli harbergn janasankhyeyu 21,193 aagittu. jansankhyeya saandrateyu 21,193 aagittu. 14.3 pratishatadashtu makkalu 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaragiddaru mattu <aii. dii. 1> 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaragiddaru. 31.3rashtu valasigaru. 1, 619 janaru nirudyogigalaagi nondayisalpattaru. 1999ralli 11,668 kutumbagaliddavu, avugalalli shekada 16rashtu 18 varshadolagina makkalannu hondiddavu mattu shekada 55rashtu kutumbagalu vyaktigalinda koodittu. maneya sarasari gaatra 1.76 aagittu. varshada janasankhye 2006rahra traimasikadalli 6,738 criminal aparaadhagalu (1000 janarige 318 aparaadhagalu) iddavu. rajakiya. hamberg raajya chunavaneyalli harbergn phalitaamshagalu heegiveh sikshana. ee traimasikadalli mooru praathamika shalegalu mattu naalku madhyamika shalegalu harberg traimasikadalli ive. harberg kendradalli abellingstrass 1 mattu 2, scutstrass 5 mattu morstrass 7 mattu 15 rahra vasatigruhagalu emba studiarendenwork hambergn vasatigruhagalive. abellingstrass 1 rahra nelamaaligeyalli neevu ebellingbar annu kaanabahudu. ee pradeshada atyanta hecchu prashasti padeda bargalalli ebellingbar ondaagide. allie neevu nijavagiyoo uttama belegalalli bear mattu kaktelgalannu kaanabahudu. barnelli ping pong mattu 2 kikkargala ondu table saha ide. barna pakshada itihaasadalli ullekhaarhavaada kelavu ghatanegalive. eradu aashcharyakaravaagi jananibidavaada carrioke kaaryakramagalu, ondu lohada somavaara mattu 2022 rahra pouraanika somerphestne nantarada party. moolasoukarya. aarogya vyavasthegalu. 2006ralli, khasagi vrattiyalli 154 vaidyaru mattu 16 aushadhaalayagalannu harberg quarternalli enisalaayitu. saarige. quarterge halavaaru nildaanagalondige city railina ksipra saarige vyavastheyinda seve sallisalaaguttade. hamberg-harberg railway nildaana" vu german railway kampanige doorada prayanika railugala nildaanavaagide. motaru vaahana ilaakheya (craftfahert-bundesamt) prakara, traimasikadalli 5,148 khasagi kaarugalu (246 kaarugalu/1000 janaru) nondayisalpattive.

harberg (quarter) germmaniyile hambergile harberg baroyil ("besirk") oru quarter ("staadteyil") aanu harberg (). lover saxonyile harberg jillayude thalasthaanamaayirunnu ithu. 2020ll janasamkhya 25,979 aayirunnu. charithram. chathuppunila kotta ennartham varunna horberg enna perilulla oru kotta, kaundiyude kizhakkan athirthi surakshithamaakkunnathinaayi orupakshe staadinte kaundukal sthaapichathaakaam. kottaye paraamarsikkunna ettavum pazhaya rekhakal 1133-lum 1137-lum ullathaanu. kottaykku purathu oru vaasasthalam vikasippichu. mathathe sambandhichidatholam harberg verden roopathayude bhaagamaayirunnu (1648 vare). 1257ll eee pradesham duchy oof branswikkinteyum lunanbarginteyum bhaagamaayi. 1267-leeii rajavamsha vibhajanathinushesham harberg brunswick-lunenbergian principality oof lunanbarginte (sele) bhaagamaayirunnu. 1288ll kottaykku purathulla vaasasthalathinu munisippal avakashangalum 1297ll pattanaavakaashangalum nalki. eee pattanam annu harbergile (vogthe harberg) beylivikkinte kendramaayirunnu. thante sahodaranaaya duke ernest aii "kanfesar" ennathumaayi chernnu lunenberg-selle bharicha duke oottoo (1495-1549), thante rankinode poruthappedaattha oru sthriye vivaham kazhichathinushesham, 1527-ll principality sahabharanam nadathunnathil ninnu viramikkaan addehathodu abhyarthichu. ottoikku oru karaarilethaan kazhinju, adhehathinum kudumbatthinum harberg kottayil thamasikkaanum harbergile swantham parisaramaya beylivikkine bharikkanum anuvadichu, ennirunnaalum, lunenberg-selleyude oru upavibhagamaayi. angane harberg harberg principaalittiyude thalasthaanamaayi maari, athu oottooyude makanaaya harbergile duke oottoo randaaman (1528-1603), kochumakan duke vilyam augustus (1564-1642) ennivarude keezhil nilaninnu. randaamathethinte maranathode harbergile brunswick-lunenbergian shaakha purusha nirayil vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum eee pradesham lunenberg-sellumaayi veendum cherukayum cheythu. 1705-ll lunenberg-sellie vamshavali vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum brunswickileyum lunenbergileyum (cullenberg) duke jorjju luis paarambaryamaayi nediya principality calenberg principality bharichu, ithu 1708-ll brunswickileyum lunenbergileyum votermaaraayi uyarthappettu, athinte thalasthaanamaaya haanovarinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. 1714-ll prins-elector jorjju luis britiish simhaasanathil jorjju onnaaman enna nilayil kayari, hannover, brittan enniva bharichu. eee kaalayalavil (aii. dii. 1ll) grettu brittanile jorjju onnaaman raajaavinte charter samshayaaspadamaaya oru lottari padhathiyiloode dhanasahayam nalkunnathumaaya harberg kambaniyude saangalppika aasthaanamaayirunnu eee pattanam. lottari englandil pravartthikkunnathu vanjanaaparavum niyamavirudhavumaanennu nirodhichappol padhathi sthaapikkappettu. athinte pradhana vakthavaaya joonn barringtonine britiish paarlamentil ninnu purathaakki. mahathaaya franch yudhasamayathu westfaaliya (1807) aadyamaayi pidichedukkunnathuvare harberg maarikkondirunna vijayangalum swaathanthryangalum thozhilukalum anubhavichu, 1810-ll france ithu koottichertthu. pinneedu harberg department dess boaches-dii-elbeyude "arontisment dii lunebergil" "kantan dii haarbarginte" thalasthaanamaayi maari. maari franch paraajayathinushesham harberg hanoverilekku madangi, athu 1814ll hannover rajyamaayi uyarthappettu. hannover-britiish vyakthigatha union 1837ll avasaanichu. harberg ulppedeyulla hannover 1866ll prussia paraajayappeduthi pidichadakki, 1871ll yunaittad germmaniyil chernnu. pathonpathaam noottaand muthal eee pattanatthe bavariayile hononymous pattanatthil ninnu harberg oonn elb (harberg aan derr elb allengil harberg/elb) ennu verthirichirikkunnu. germmaniyude paraajayathodum 1918ll germmaniyil rajaakkanmaarude sthaanathyaagam kondum prussia oru jarmman raashtramaayi oru janaadhipathya sarkkar sweekarikkukayum aupachaarikamaayi prashyayude swatantra raashtram ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1927ll harberg/elbe wilhemsburgumaayi harberg-wilhemsburgilekku layichu. 1937 epril 1 nuu harberg-wilhemsburg prashyayil ninnu verpeduthappedukayum "grettar hamberg act" anusarichu hamberg samsthaanathinu kaimarukayum cheythu, 1938 epril 1 nuu nagaram oru ekeekritha sitti stettu munisippaalittiyaayi (ainhaitsjeminde) samyojippikkukayum angane 1288 muthalulla haarbarginte (-wilhemsburg) munisippal swaathanthryam nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. bhoomishaasthram. 2006ll hamberghinteyum schleswig-holsteenteyum stattistikkal oafees anusarichu, kwarterinu vistheernnam undaayirunnu. hamberghinte thekk bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna harberg, newland, gutt muur, roneberg, willstorf, icendorf, hamefeld, wilhemsburg (mitt jillayil) ennivayude athirthikalaanu. ithil ninnu ithu bhouthikamaayi elb nadhi verthirikkunnu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2006ll harbergile janasamkhya 21,193 aayirunnu. janasandrata ithaayirunnu. 14.3 sathamaanam 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikalum, <aii. dii. 1> 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamullavarumaayirunnu. 31.3 sathamaanam kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu. 1, 619 perr thozhillillaathavaraayi rajisttar cheythu. 1999ll 11,668 kudumbangalundayirunnathil 16 sathamaanam 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikalullavarum 55 sathamaanam kudumbangalum vyakthikalullavarumaayirunu. sharashari kudumba valuppam 1.76 aayirunnu. varsham thorum janasamkhya janasamkhya paadatthil 6,738 criminal kuttakrithyangal (1000 peril 318 kuttakrithyangal) undaayirunnu. raashtreeyam. hamberg samsthaana thiranjeduppile haarbarginte phalangal ivayaanu vidyaabhyaasam. harberg kwarteril moonnu praadhamika vidyaalayangalum naalu secondary schoolukalum undu. harberg sentaril studiyarendanverkku hamberghinte dormittarikalundu, athaayath abilingstrass 1,2, scootstrass 5, morstrass 7,15 ennivayude dormittarikal. abilingstrass 1 nte basementil ningalkk ebilingbar kandethaam. eee mekhalayile ettavum kooduthal avaardukal labhikkuna baarukalilonnaan ebelingsbar. avide ningalkk sarikkum nalla vilayil bear kokdeyilukalum kandethaam. baaril oru ping pong table 2 kikkarukalum undu. baarinte party charithratthil paraamarshikkappedenda chila sambhavangalund. athisayakaramaaya tirakkeriya rund karoki evantukal, oru mettal thinkalaazhchayum 2022 leeii itihaasa somerfestinte pilkkala party. adisthaana soukaryangal. aarogya samvidaanangal. 2006ll harberg kwarteril swakaarya praakteesile 154 doctormare 16 faarmasikaleyum enniyittundu. gathagatham. niravadhi steshanukalulla sitti traininte druthagathiyilulla gathagatha samvidaanamaanu kwarterinu sevanam nalkunnathu. jarmman railway kambaniyude deerghadoora passenture trainukalude oru steshan koodiyaanu "hamberg-harberg railway steshan". motor vahana vakupp (craftfahert-bundesaamtt) parayunnathanusarichu, eee paadatthil 5,148 swakaarya kaarukal (246 kaarukal/1000 perr) rajisttar cheythittundu.

harberg (chaturthansh) harberg () heey germanytil hambergchya harberg baromadhye (bezirk) eka chaturthansh (stadtell) aahe. loar saxonymadhye tee harberg jilhyachi rajdhani hotee. 2020 madhye loksankhya 25,979 hotee. itihas. horeberg navacha eka killa, jyacha arth daldalicha killa aahe, too bahudha kauntichya purvekadil simeche rakshan karnyasathi, pattyanchya gananene ubharala gela hota. killyacha ullekh ullekh sarvat junya nondi 1133 aanee 1137 salchya aahet. killyabaher eka vasahat vikasit jhaali. dharmachya babatit harberg heey wordenchya bishapprasadatil hote (1648 paryant). 1257 madhye haah parisar brunswick aanee lunenbergchya duchycha bhag banala. 1267 madhye tyachya rajvanshatmak falaninantar harberg haah brunswick-lunenbergian sansthan lunenbergcha (seela) bhag hota. 1288 madhye killyabaheril vasahatila nagarpalika adhikar aanee 1297 madhye shahar visheshadhikar denyat aale. heey shahar tevha harbergchya (vogtei harberg) belivikche kendra hote. duke oto (1495-1549), jyane tyacha bhau duke ernest aay "daad confessor" yachyabarobar lunenberg-selvar saha-rajya kele, tyane tyachya padasathi asamarth asalelya mahileshi lagn kelyanantar, tyala 1527 madhye sansthapanachya saha-rajyatoon nivrutt honyacha aagrah karnyat aala. otola eka karar houu shakala, jyamule tyala aanee tyachya kutumbala harberg killyat rahanyachi parvanagi midali aanee harbergchya swatachya parisaravar, belivikavar rajya karanyachi parvanagi midali, tathapi, lunenberg-selchi up-malmatta mhanoon. asha prakare harberg hii harberg rajyachi rajdhani bunley, jee ottocha mulga, harbergcha duke oto dusra (1528-1603) aanee natoo duke william augustus (1564-1642) yanchya adhipatyakhali astitvat rahili. nantarchya mrutyusah harbergchi brunswick-lunenbergian shakha purushanchya vanshat namshesh jhaali aanee haah parisar lunenberg-seela barobar punha jodala gela. 1705 madhye lunenberg-seela vansh namshesh jhaala aanee brunswick aanee lunenberg (callenberg) chya duke george louis yanna varshane midalele sansthan, jyane callenbergchya sansthanavar rajya kele, jyala 1708 madhye brunswick aanee lunenbergchya matdar mhanoon unnati denyat yash aale, jyala bolchalanimadhye hannoverchya rajdhanichya matdaranche naav denyat aale. 1714 madhye rajkumar-matdar george louis yanni george pahila mhanoon british sinhasanavar chadhai kelee, jyane hannover aanee brittenver vaiyaktik sangharajyacha karbhar keela. yaa kalat kalat madhye) heey shahar, gret brittoncha raja george pahila yachya sandesah aanee sanshayaspad lottery yojnedware nidhi puravilya gelelya, apayashi harberg companyche kalpanik mukhyalay hote, jyamule nadee adhik khol hoil aanee bandar sudharel asey manale jaat hote. jevha lotteryla englandmadhye fasavanuk aanee bekaydeshir mhanoon chalavanyas manai karnyat aalee, tevha hii yojana sthapan jhaali. tyache pramukh samarthak johnn barrington yanna british sansadetoon kadhoon taknyat aale. gret french yuddhadarmyan, westfeliyane (1807) pahilyanda tyacha taba gheiparyant, harbergla badalatya vijay, mukti aanee vyavasayancha samna karava lagla, aanee 1810 madhye francene too tabyat ghetala. tyanantar harberg hii day boches-dii-elbe vibhagachya "aeronadicement dii luneberg" madheel "canton dii harberg" chee rajdhani bunley. 1813 madheel french parabhavanantar harberg hanoverla paratala, jyala 1814 madhye hanoverchya rajyat upgraded karnyat aale. hanoveran-british vaiyaktik sangh 1837 madhye sampushtat aala. hanover, harbergs, 1866 madhye prushiyane parabhoot karoon tabyat ghetale, 1871 madhye sanyukt germanymadhye sameel jhaale. 19 vya shatkapasoon heey shahar bavariyatil samaan naav asalelya shaharatoon harberg apon elbe (harberg aine dair elbe kinwa harberg/elbe) mhanoon olakhale jaate. germanycha parabhav aanee 1918 madhye germanytil rajancha tyag jhalyanantar, prushiyane german rajya mhanoon lokshahi sarkar sweekarle aanee aupcharikpane tyala prushiyache mukt rajya asey naav denyat aale. 1927 madhye harberg/elbe wilhemsbergmadhye villin houn harberg-wilhemsbergmadhye villin jhaale. 1 april 1937 roji harberg-wilhemsbergla prushiyapasun vegale karnyat aale-'grater hamberg kayada' nusar-aanee hamberg rajyala sopavanyat aale, jyane 1 april 1938 roji shaharala eksandh shahar rajya nagarpalika (einhetsgaminde) madhye samavisht kele, asha prakare harberg (-wilhemsburg) chey 1288 salche nagarpalika swatantrya radd kele. bhoogol. 2006 madhye hamberg aanee schlesswig-holsteinchya sankhyikeey karyalayanusar, yaa chaturthansh kshetrache kshetrafal. hambergchya dakshin bajula vasalelya harbergchya simevar newland, gut muur, ronneberg, willstorff, isendorff, hamefeld aanee wilhemsburg (mitte jilhyatil) aahet. hyapasoon teey bhautikaritya elbe nadine vegale kele aahe. loksankhyashastra. 2006 saalee harbergchi loksankhya 21,193 hotee. loksankhyechi ghanata hotee. 14.3 takke mule 18 varshankhalil hotee aanee 14.1% 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi hotee. 31.3 takke sthalantarit hote. 1, 619 lokanni berojgar mhanoon nondani kelee. 1999 saalee 11,668 ghare hotee, jyapaiki 16 takke 18 varshankhalil mule tyanchyasobat rahat hotee aanee serve gharanpaiki 55 takke ghare vaiyaktik hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 1.76 hota. varshanusar loksankhya 2006 saalee yaa timahit 6,738 gunhegari gunhe (1000 lokanmage 318 gunhe) hote. rajkaran. hamberg rajyachya nivadanukit harbergche heey nikal aaheth shikshan. harberg quartermadhye teen prathamik shaala aanee chaar madhyamik shaala aahet. harbergchya madhyabhagi studirendenwork hambergche vasatigruh aahet, mhanje ablingstrab 1 aanee 2, shootstrab 5 aanee morstrab 7 aanee 15 chey vasatigruh. ablingstrab 1 chya talgharat tumhala ablingbar miloo shakato. ablingsbar heey yaa pradeshatil sarvadhik puraskar puraskar barpaiki eka aahe. tithe tumhala kharokharach changlya kimmatit byre aanee cocktell miloo shakatat. barmadhye ping pongche eka table aanee 2 kicker dekhil aahet. barchya pakshachya itihasat kahee ullekhaneey ghatana aahet. done aashcharyakarak gardiche karaoke karyakram, eka dhatoo somwar aanee 2022 chya suprasiddha somerfestchi party. payabhoot suvidha. aarogya vyavastha. 2006 madhye, harberg quartermadhye khajgi practicemadhil 154 doctor aanee 16 aushadhavikretyanchi ganana karnyat aalee. vahtook. anek sthankansah shahar railwaychya jalad parivahan pranalidware yaa chaturthansh bhagachi seva dilee jaate. hamberg-harberg railway sthanak" heey german railway companysathi lamb pallyachya pravasi gadyansathiche eka sthanak dekhil aahe. motar vahan vibhag (craftfahert-bundesamt) nusar, timahit 5,148 khajgi qaar (246 qaar/1000 lock) nondanikrut hotya.

harberg (quarter) harberg () germanyko hambergko harberg baro ("bezirk") maa ek chauthai ("stadtel") how. yo loar saxonyma harberg jillako rajdhani thiyo. sann 2020 maa janasankhya 25,979 thiyo. itihas. horeberg namko mahal, jasko artha daldal mahal how, sambhawatah countyko purvi simanalai surakshit garna stadeko gananadwara khada garieko thiyo. mahalko ullekha garne sabaibhanda purano abhilekhharu 1133 rar 1137 ko how. mahal bahira euta basti wiksit bhayo. dharmako sandarbhama harberg bhardenko diocese (sann 1648 samma) ko thiyo. sann 1257 maa yo khetra brunswick rar lunenbergko dachiko hissa banyo. sann 1267 maa yasako vanshavadi vibhajanpachhi harberg brunswick-lunenbergian riyasat lunenberg (cell) ko hissa thiyo. sann 1288 maa mahal bahirko bastilai nagarpalika adhikar rar 1297 maa saharka visheshadhikarharu pradan gariyo. yo sahar taba harberg (bhogtei harberg) ko belikko kendra thiyo. duke oto (1495-1549), jasle afno bhai duke ernst aie "confessor" sanga lunenberg-selelai saha-shasson gare, unle afno padaka lagi asangat mahilasanga vivaha gare, unlai 1527 maa riyasatko saha-shasanbata sewaniwritta huna agraha gariyo. otole unlai rar unko pariwarlai harberg mahalma basna rar harbergko afnai parisar, belivikma shasson garna anumati dindai euta samjhautama pugna sake, tathapi, lunenberg-selko upa-jagirko rupma. yasari harberg harbergko riyasatko rajdhani banyo, june otoka chhora, harbergka duke oto dwitiya (1528-1603) rar naati duke william augustus (1564-1642) ko adhinma astitwama rahyo. pachhilloko mrityuko sath harbergko brunswick-lunenbergian shakha purush linema vilupta bhayo rar khetra lunenberg-selsanga punah milaeko thiyo. sann 1705 maa lunenberg-cell line lope bhayo rar brunswick rar lunenberg (callenberg) kaa duke george luisdwara virasatma prapta riyasatle calenbergko riyasatma shasson shasson, jasle brunswick rar lunenbergko nirvachakko rupma unnayan garna safal bhayo, bolchalma yasako rajdhani hanobharko nirwachakharuko nambata 1708 maa. sann 1714 maa rajkumar-nirvachak george luis george prathamko rupma british sinhasanma arohan gare, wyaktigat sanghama hanobhar rar belayatma shasson gare. yass awadhima (1720-23 maa) sahar asafal harberg companyko kalpanik mukhyalaya thiyo, jasle great brittenka raja george prathamko charter rar sandigdha lottery yojanadwara witta poshit nadilai gahiro banaune rar bandargah sudhar garne anuman garieko thiyo. jab latarilai englandma kapatpurna rar awaidh rupma sanchalan garna nishedh garieko thiyo, yojana sthapana bhayo. yasaka pramukh prastawak john barringtonlai britis sansadbata nishkasana garieko thiyo. mahan francelli yuddhako samayama harbergle pariwartanshil vijaya, swatantrata rar wyawasayaharu bhognupareko thiyo, jabasamma yasalai pahilo patak westfelia (1807) dwara kabja garieko thiena, kewal 1810 maa francelay kabja gareko thiyo. harberg tyasapachhi department days buches-dee-albeko "aerondicement day leunberg" bhitra "canton dee 'harberg" ko rajdhani banyo. sann 1813 maa francelli parajayapachi harberg hanobharma farkie, jaslai sann 1814 maa hanobharko rajyama staronnati garieko thiyo. hanovaran-britis wyaktigat sangha sann 1837 maa samapta bhayo. hanobhar, harbergsahit, sann 1866 maa prusiale parajit rar kabja gareko thiyo, sann 1871 maa sanyukta germanyma samel bhayo. 19 aun shatabdidekhi yo saharlai bawariyako saman namko saharbata harberg apon albe (harberg enn derr albe wa harberg/albe) ko rupma chhutyaieko chha. germanyko parajaya rar sann 1918 maa germanyma rajaharuko tyagsangai, prusiale german rajyako rupma loktantrik sarkar apanaeko thiyo rar aupacharik rupma yasalai prusiako swatantra rajya naam diieko thiyo. sann 1927 maa harberg/albe wilhemsburgsang harberg-wilhemsbergma vilaya bhayo. 1 april 1937 maa harberg-wilhemsberglai prusiabata alag gariyo-"greater hamberg act" anusar-rar hamberg rajyalai hastantaran gariyo, jasle 1 april 1938 maa saharlai ekatmak shahar rajya nagarpalika (ainhetsgaminde) maa samawesh garyo, yasari harberg (-wilhemsburg) ko nagarpalika swatantrata 1288 maa samapta bhayo. bhugol. sann 2006 maa hamberg rar schleswig-holsteinko sankhyikiya karyalayanusar, quarterko kshetrafal thiyo. hambergko dakshini bhagma awasthit harberg, newland, gut murr, ronneberg, willstorf, isendorf, hemfeld rar wilhemsburg (mitte jillama) ko quarterharusanga jodieko chha. yobata yo bhautik rupma albe nadidwara alag garieko chha. janasankhyiki. sann 2006 maa harbergko janasankhya 21,193 thiyo. janasankhya ghanatwa thiyo. 14.3 pratishat 18 warsha munika balbalika thie, rar 14.1% 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika thie. 31.3 pratishat aprawasi thie. 1, 619 zana berojgarka rupma darta bhaeka thie. sann 1999 maa 11,668 wata gharharu thie, jasmadhye 16 pratishatma 18 warsha munika balbalika uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, rar sabai gharharuko 55 pratishat wyaktiharu milera baneko thiyo. ausat gharko akar 1.76 thiyo. warsha anusar janasankhya sann 2006 maa traimasikma 6,738 aparadhik aparadhharu (prati 1000 manisma 318 aparadhharu) thie. rajniti. hamberg rajya chunawama harbergko parinamharu yee hunh shiksha. quarterma harberg quarterma tinawata prathamik vidyalaya rar charawata madhyamik vidyalayaharu chhan. harberg kendrama tyahan adhyayan-kendra hambergka chhatrawasharu chhan, arthat abelingstrase 1 rar 2, scotstrase 5 rar morcestrase 7 rar 15 kaa chhatrawasharu. abelingstrase 1 ko tahakhanema tapainle abilingsbar fela parne saknuhunchha. ablingsbar yass kshetraka sabaibhanda puraskrit barharu madhye ek how. tyahan tapainle wastawmai ramro mulyama bear rar kakatelharu fela parne saknuhunchha. barma ping pongko euta table rar 2 kikarharu pani chhan. barko party itihasma ullekha garna layakka kehi ghatanaharu chhan. dui ashcharyajanak rupma bhidbhad bhaeko karaoke karyakramharu, euta mettle sombar rar 2022 ko pauranik somerfestko party pachhi. purwadhar. swasthya pranali. sann 2006 maa harberg quarterma niji abhyasma 154 chikitsak rar 16 pharmesiharu ganana garieko thiyo. yatayat. quarterlai dherai stationharu bhaeko city trainko druta parawahan pranalidwara sewa diinchha. hamberg-harberg railway station" pani german railway companyka lagi lamo duriko yatri railharuka lagi euta station how. motor sawari vibhag (craftfahert-bundesamta) kaa anusar traimasikma 5,148 niji karharu (246 karharu/1000 wyaktiharu) darta bhaeka thie.

harberg (chaturthansha) harberg () heuchhi germanyra hambergra harberg baroh ("bejirka") rahr eka chaturthansha ("stadtel"). ehaa loar saxonire harberg jillara rajdhani thila . 2020 masihare, janasankhya 25,979 thila. itihas. horberg namaka eka durga, jahara artha heuchhi jalmagna durga, sambhabatah kauntira purba seemaaku surakhita rakhiba paain steader ganana dwara nirmana karajaithila . durga bishajare ullekha karajaithiba sabutharu puruna record 1133 ebong 1137 masihar atte. durga bahare eka basati bikashita hoithila. dharma sambandhare harberg verden diocese (1648 parjyanta) rahr antarbhukta thila . 1257 masihare ehi anchala brunswick ebong lunenbergra douchy anshabisesha hoithila. 1267 masihare ehara rajabansha bibhajan parey harberg brunswick-lunenbergian principality off lunenberg (cell) rahr anshabisesha thila. 1288 masihare durga bahare thiba basatigudiku poura adhikara ebong 1297 masihare saharar bisheshadhikara pradan karajaithila. setebele ehi sahara harberg (bhogtei harberg) rahr beliwick rahr kendra thila . taanka bhai dick arnest-aai "dee coffencer" nka saha mishi lunenberg-selku shasson karithiba dick otto (1495-1549), taanka padabeere asangata thiba jane mahilanku bibaha kariba parey, tanku 1527 ray saha-shasanaru absar nebaku anurodha karajaithila. otto eka rajinamare pahanchi parithile, jaahaa tanku ebong taanka paribaraku harberg durgare rahibaku anumathi deithila ebong harberger nijara parisara, beliwick shasson karibaku anumathi deithila, tebe, lunenberg-selra eka upa-sampatti bhabare . ehipari harberg harberg rajyara rajdhani helah, jaahaa otonka pua, harbergra diuka otto dwiteeja (1528-1603) ebong naati diuka william augusts (1564-1642) nka adheenare bidyamana rahithila. harbergra mrutyu parey, purush bargare branswick-lunenbergian shakha bilupta hoijaithila ebong ehi anchala lunenberg-cell sahita punah milijaithila. 1705 masihare lunenberg-cell line bilupta hoijaithila ebong dick george louis off brunswick ebong lunenberg (kallenberg) nka dwara uttaradhikarare milithiba rajya, kalenberger rajyaku shasson karuthila, jaahaa 1708 masihare brunswick ebong lunenberger nirbachana mandali bhabare unneet hebare saphala hoithila, jahara naama ehara rajdhani hanovarara nirbachana mandali naamare rakhajaithila. 1714 masihare prince-nirbachana mandali george louis byaktigata sanghare british singhasanare george 1maha bhabare aarohan karithile, hanovara ebong britenaku shasson karithile. ehi samajare (1720-23 ray) saharati biphal harberg companyra kalpanagata mukhyalaja thila, jaahaa great brittener raja george george charter sahita ebong eka sandehajanak lateri yojana dwara panthi jogai, nadeeku gabhira kariba ebong bandaraku unnat kariba bolly anumana karajauthila . jetebele englandare latariku jaliati ebong beaina bolly karjya kariba upare pratibandhaka lagajaithila, setebele ehi yojana pratistha hoithila. ehara mukhya prabakta zohn baringatanku british sansadaru bahishkara karajaithila. mahan farasi juddha samajare harberg paribartanashila bijai, mukti ebong brutti bhogithila, jetebele kii ehaa prathame westphalia (1807) dwara adhikruta hoithila, kebala 1810 ray frances dwara adhikruta hoithila. harberg parey department days buches-dii-elber "arondicement dii luneberg" madhyare "canton dii 'harberg" rahr rajdhani hoithila . 1813 masihare farasi parajaya parey harberg hanobharaku pherithile, jaahaaku 1814 masihare hanovara rajyaku unneet karajaithila. hanovara-british byaktigata sangha 1837 masihare samapta hoithila. hanovara, harberg sameth, 1866 masihare prussia dwara parasta hoi adhikruta hoithila, 1871 masihare sanjukta germanyre joga deithila. unabinsha shatabdiru ehi saharaku barberiar samanamajukta sahararu harberg upon elbe (harberg aana dair elbe kimba harberg/elbe) bhabare pruthaka karajaichi. germanyra parajaya ebong 1918 ray germanyre rajamananka abyabastha sahita, prussia eka german rajya bhabare eka ganatantrika sarakaranku grahan karithila ebong aanusthanika bhabare prussia mukta rajya bhabare namit hoithila . 1927 masihare harberg/elbe wilhamesburg sahita mishi harberg-wilhamesburgre mishigala. 1937 masiha april 1 tarikhare harberg-wilhemsburgku prusiaaru alga karidiajaithila-"bruhattara hamberg adhiniam" anujai-ebong hamberg rajyaku hastantara karajaithila, jaahaa 1938 masiha april 1 tarikhare saharaku eka ekatmaka sahara rajya pourapalika (ainaheitjeminde) ray antarbhukta karithila, ehipari harberg (-wilhamesburg) rahr 1288 masihar poura swadheenataku uchheda karithila. bhugol. 2006 masihare hamberg ebong shlesawiga-holsteinera parisankhyana karjyalaja anujai, ehi chaturthanshara khetraphala thila hambergra dakhina parsware abasthita harberg, newland, goot murr, ronneberg, willstorf, icendorf, hamefeld ebong wilhamesburg (mite jillare) rahr quarters sahita seemabarti . ethiru ehaa bhautika bhabe elbe nadee dwara pruthaka hoichhi. janasankhyika. 2006 masihare harbergra janasankhya 21,193 thila. janasankhya ghanatwa thila. 14.3 pratishata 18 barsharu comm baisar pila thile, ebong <aai. dii. 1> 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar thile. 31.3 pratishata prabasi thile. 1, 619 john lock bekara bhabe panjikruta hoithile. 1999 masihare masihare paribara thila, jeunthiru 16 pratishatare 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile ebong samasta paribarara 55 pratishata byaktigata bhabe gathita thila. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 1.76. barsha anusare janasankhya 2006 masihare ehi traimasikare traimasikare aparadhika aparadha (prati 1000 lokanka pichha pichha aparadha) hoithila. rajneeti. hamberg rajya nirbachanare harbergra phalaphalagudika helah sikhya. harberg quarterre tinoti prathamika bidyalaja ebong charoti madhyamika bidyalaja rahichhi. harberg kendrare studierendenawerka hambergra dermittery rahichhi, jathaa ebelingstrase 1 ebong 2, scotstrase 5 ebong moorstrase 7 ebong 15 rahr dermittery. ebelingstrase 1 rahr basementare apana ebilingabara paiparibe . abilingsbara heuchhi ehi anchalara sabutharu puraskruta baar madhyaru gotie . sethare apana prakrutare bhal moolyare biara ebong coctail paiparibe . baar ray ping pang rahr gotie tebul ebong 2 kikkar madhya achhi . baar rahr party itihasare ullekha jogya kichhi ghatana achhi . duiti ashcharjyajanaka bhabe bhida thiba karaoke karjyakram, gotie dhataba sombar ebong 2022rahr kimbadanti somerfester party parey. bhittibhumi. swasthya byabastha. 2006 masihare harberg quarterre gharoi abhyasare 154 john daktara ebong ebong oushadha dokan ganana karajaithila. paribahana. quarter aneka station sahita city trainer druta paribahana byabastha dwara seba pradan karajae . hamberg-harberg rela station" madhya german rela company paain durgami jatribahi train paain eka station . motor yaana bibhaga (craftfahert-bundesamta) anujai, ehi traimasikare traimasikare gharoi kaara (246 kaara/1000 lock) panjikruta hoithila.

harberg (quarter) harberg () germany dey hamberg dey harberg boro ("bezirk") witch ikk chauthai ("stadtel") haii. ih loar saxony witch harberg zilhe dee rajdhani hundi see. saal 2020 witch aabadi 25,979 see. itihaas. horeberg naam daa ikk kilha, jisda arth haii daldal daa kilha, shayed county dee purbi sarhadd noon surakhiat curran laee stead dee ginti duaara banaiaa giaa see. kilhe daa zikar curran vaale sabh toon purane ricard 1133 atey 1137 dey hunn. kilhe dey bahr ikk basti vikast hoee. dharam dey sambandh witch harberg verden dey diocese (1648 takk) naal sabandhat see. 1257 witch ih khetar bernswick atey lunenberg dey duchy daa hissa bann giaa. 1267 witch aapni vanshvadi vandd toon baad harberg, lunenberg (cell) dee brunswick-lunenberg riyasat daa hissa see. 1288 witch kilhe dey bahr basti noon mioonspal adhikar atey 1297 witch shehar dey vishesh adhikar ditte gaye sunn. ih shehar udon harberg (vogtei harberg) dey ballywick daa kendra see. jadon diook otto (1495-1549), jiss neey aapne bharaa diook ernest aaee "comfossor" naal mill keey lunenberg-saile utte raaj keeta, neey ikk aurat naal viaah karwa liaa see joe aapne ahude dey anukool naheen see, taan uss noon 1527 witch principality utte sahi-shasan curran toon retire honn dee apeel keeti gaee see. otto ikk samjhaute utte pahunch sakda see, jiss naal uh atey uss daa parivaar harberg kilhe witch rahi sakda see atey harberg dey aapne ilaake, ballywick utte raaj qarr sakda see, halanki, lunenberg-saile dey ikk upp-jagir vajon. iss tarahan harberg harberg dee riyasat dee rajdhani bann gaee, joe kii otto dey puttar, harberg dey diook otto II (1528-1603) atey pote diook viliam augustes (1564-1642) dey adheen maujood rahee. baad dee maut dey naal harberg dee brunswick-lunenberg shakha marad line witch alop hoow gaee see atey ih khetar lunenberg-saile naal dubara mill giaa see. 1705 witch lunenberg-saill line alop hoow gaee see atey brunswick atey lunenberg (callenberg) dey diook jaaraj luis duaara virasat witch millie riyasat, callenberg dee riyasat utte raaj kardi see, jiss noon brunswick atey lunenberg dey chonkaran vajon upgraded curran witch kamyab riha, jiss daa bolchal witch naam 1708 witch hannover dey rajdhani dey chonkaran dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. 1714 witch prince-chonkar jaaraj luis british singhasan utte chadh gaye, jiss witch british sangh dey governing hannover atey britten neey nijji union witch raaj keeta. iss samein dauran (1720-23 witch) ih shehar asfal harberg company daa sankalpik headquarter see, jiss noon gret britten dey king jaaraj I dey charter atey ikk shakki lattery yojna duaara fund ditta giaa see, jiss naal nadee noon dungha keeta jaanha see atey bandargah witch sudhar keeta jaanha see. jadon lattery noon england witch dhokhadhadi atey gair kanunni vajon chalaun toon manha qarr ditta giaa see, taan yojna dee sathapana keeti gaee. iss dey pramukh samarthak, john barrington noon british sansad toon kaddh ditta giaa see. mahaan francisi yuddh dauran harberg noon badaldiaan jittan, aazadiaan atey kittiaan daa sahmana karna piaa, jadon takk kii iss noon pahili vaar westfalia (1807) duaara naheen milaiaa giaa see, siraf 1810 witch france duaara iss utte kabza keeta giaa see. harberg firr department days buchez-dee-ailbe dey "arondicement dee loonberg" dey ander "canton dee harberg" dee rajdhani bann gaee. 1813 witch francisi haar toon baad harberg hanovar waps aaa giaa, jiss noon 1814 witch hanovar dey raaj witch upgraded keeta giaa see. hanovaran-british nijji union 1837 witch khatam hoow gaee see. hanovar, jiss witch harberg vee shamal see, noon 1866 witch prussia duaara haraiaa giaa see atey 1871 witch sanyukat germany witch shamal hoow giaa see. 19 veen sadee toon iss shehar noon bawaria dey namvar shehar toon harberg apon ailbe (harberg ainn dair ailbe jaan harberg/ailbe) vajon vakkhra keeta giaa haii. germany dee haar atey 1918 witch germany witch rajiaan dey tiaag dey naal, prussia neey ikk german raaj dey roop witch ikk jamhuri sarkaar noon apnaiaa atey rasmi taur utte iss noon prussia daa sutantar raaj naam ditta giaa. sann 1927 witch harberg/ailbe daa wilhamsburg naal harberg-wilhamsburg witch ralevan hoow giaa. 1 aprail 1937 noon harberg-wilhamsburg noon prussia toon vakkh qarr ditta giaa see-"greater hamberg aikat" dey anusar-atey hamberg raaj noon saunp ditta giaa, jiss neey 1 aprail 1938 noon shehar noon ikk ekikrit shehar raaj nagarpalika (einheatsgaminde) witch shamal qarr ditta, iss tarahan harberg (-wilhamsburg) dee 1288 dee mioonspal aazadi noon khatam qarr ditta giaa. bhugol. hamberg atey schleswig-holstein dey ankada daftar dey anusar, 2006 witch, iss timahi daa khetarfal see. hamberg dey dakkhni paase sathit harberg, newland, gatt moor, roneberg, willsturf, icendorf, hamefeld atey wilhamsburg (mitte zilhe witch) dey quarteran naal laggda haii. iss toon ih bhautik taur utte ailbe nadee duaara vakkh keeta giaa haii. jansankhiaa. saal 2006 witch harberg dee aabadi 21,193 see. 14.3 pratishat bacche 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey sunn, atey 14.1% 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey sunn. 31.3 pratishat parvasi sunn. 1, 619 lokan noon berozgar vajon register keeta giaa see. saal 1999 witch 11,668 gharr sunn, jinhan vicchon 16 pratishat 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche sunn atey saare gharan vicchon 55 pratishat viaktigat sunn. ausat gharelu aakaar 1.76 see. saal anusar aabadi saal 2006 witch iss timahi witch 6,738 apradhik apradh (pratee 1000 lokan utte 318 apradh) sunn. siaasat. hamberg raaj chonhan witch harberg dey natije ih hann sikkhiaa. iss quarter witch tinn elementary school atey chaar secondary school harberg quarter witch hunn. harberg center witch studerenwork hamberg dey hostal hunn, arthaat eablingstrays 1 atey 2, shootstrays 5 atey morstraiz 7 atey 15 dey hostal hunn. eablingstrays 1 dey basement witch tusin eablingsbar labbh sakde hoow. eablingsbar iss khetar witch sabh toon vaddh sanmanit baaran vicchon ikk haii. utthe tusin sachmuch changiaan keematan witch beear atey coctail labbh sakde hoow. baar witch ping pong dee ikk mez atey 2 kicker vee hunn. baar dey party itihaas witch kujh ghatnavan zikar curran yog hunn. doou heranijanak bheed vaale karaoke program, ikk maital somwar atey 2022 dey prasidh somerfest dee party toon baad. buniaadi dhancha. sihat pranaliaan. saal 2006 witch harberg quarter witch private practices witch 154 doctor atey 16 pharmacies dee ginti keeti gaee see. aavajai. quarter noon kaee stationan dey naal city train dee tez aavajai pranali duaara seva ditti jaandi haii. hamberg-harberg railway station" german railway company laee lambi doori deeaan yaatari rail gaddiaan laee vee ikk station haii. motor vaahan vibhag (craftfhert-bundesmut) dey anusar, timahi witch 5,148 private kaaran (246 kaaran/1000 lock) register keetiaan gaeeaan sunn.

harberg (chaturthaamsha) harberg () jarmaneedeshasy humberg-nagarasya harberg-baro ("bezirk") madhye chaturthaamshah ("stadtel") asti. poorvam nimna-saxony-kshetre harberg-mandalasya rajadhani aasit. 2020 tame varshe asya janasankhyaa 25,979 aasit. itihaasah. horberg iti namna ekaha durgah, yasya arthah daladali durgah iti, sambhawatah rajyakshetrasya purvasimayam surakshitum, gananena nirmitah aasit. asya durgasya ullekhah prachinatama-abhilekhaah 1133 tathaa 1137 varshaanaam santi. durgasya bahihi ekam vasantam vikasitam. dharmasya vishaye harberg-nagaram verden-prantasya (1648 paryantam) antargatam aasit. 1257 tame varshe ayam pradesha duchy aaf brunswick tathaa lunenberg ityetayoho bhaagah abhavat. 1267 tame varshe raajavamshavibhaajanaantaram harberg-nagaram brunswick-lunenbergian-rajyasya lunenberg-rajyasya (sele) bhaagah aasit. 1288 tame varshe durgaat bahihi vaasasthanasya nagarapalikadhikaraha, 1297 tame varshe nagar-visheshaadhikaarah cha dattah. tadaa idam nagaram harberg-nagarasya (vogtey harberg) belik-ityasya kendram aasit. duke oto (1495-1549), yah swasya bhraatuh duke ernest-aii ityanena saha-shasanam krutavaan, "da confessor" ityanena saha-shasanam krutvaa, swasya padasya anuroopam naasti iti mahilaam parineetavaan, 1527 tame varshe saha-shasanat nivruttah bhavitum saha preritah. oto, tam tasya parivaaram cha harberg-durge nivasitum, harberg-ityasya belik-ityasya swapraantasya shasanam kartum cha anumatim dattum, ekena sandhim praaptum samarthah, parantu, lunenberg-selee ityasya upa-sampattih iti rupena. evam harberg-raajyam harberg-rajyasya rajadhani abhavat, yat oto ityasya putrah, harberg-nagarasya duke oto II (1528-1603) tathaa pautrasya duke vilium augustus (1564-1642) ityasya adheene aviratam aasit. uttaradasyasy mrutyoho anantaram harberg-nagarasya brunswick-lunenbergian-shakha purusha-vamshaavadhau viluptah abhavat, tathaa cha ayam pradesha lunenberg-selee ityanena punah militah. 1705 tame varshe lunenberg-selee vamshaha viluptah abhavat, tathaa cha brunswick tathaa lunenberg (kellenberg) ityasya duke jaarj louis ityanena uttaradhikara sootre praaptam raajyam, kellenberg-raajyam shaasayat, yat brunswick tathaa lunenberg-rajyayoho nirvaachakatvena unnateekaranam kartum samartham abhavat, yasya naam bhashayam 1708 tame varshe haanovar-nagarasya rajadhani-nirvaachak-naamnah namna namakaranam krutam. 1714 tame varshe rajkumar-nirwaachakah jaarj louis, jaarj-1 iti british-simhaasanam adhishtitavaan, haanovar-ityasya shasanam krutavaan, tathaa cha vyaktigata-sanghe britton-deshasya shasanam krutavaan. asmin kaale (1720-23 madhye) idam nagaram, gret britton-deshasya king jaarj-prathamasya shasanapatrena, shankaaspad-lattery-yojanaya vittaposhanena cha, nadee gahanam krutvaa naukaashrayasya unnatihi kartum, asafalasya harberg-kampenee ityasya kaalpanik-mukhyaalayah aasit. yadaa england-deshe luttery-ityasya prachaalanam kapatapoornam avaidham iti nirbandhitam tadaa iyam yojanaa samsthaapitaa. asya pramukhah prastaawakah jaan barrington ityeshah british-samsadanah nishkaasitah. mahaan french-yuddhasya samaye, harberg-nagaram parivartanam, swaatantryam, vyavasaayam cha praapnot, yaavat prathamam westfalia ityanena (1807) vileenam naa krutam, kevalam 1810 tame varshe france-deshah tasya upari adhinivesham krutavaan. tatah harberg-nagaram days bouchs-day-elbe ityasya vibhaagasya "arondisment day luneberg" ityasya antah "kenton dee 'harberg" ityasya rajadhani abhavat. 1813 tame varshe french-parajayanantaram harberg-nagaram haanovar-nagaram pratyaagatam, yat 1814 tame varshe haanovar-raajyam prati unnateekrutam aasit. haanovar-british-vyaktigata-sanghah 1837 tame varshe samaaptah abhavat. haanovar-nagaram, harberg-sahitam, 1866 tame varshe prussia-deshah parajitah, vileenam krutvaa 1871 tame varshe samyukta-germany-deshe sammilitam. 19 shataabdyaah anantaram, nagaram bavaria-nagarasya samanama-nagaraat harberg-apaan elbe (harberg-enn-derr-elbe athavaa harberg/elbe) iti vibhedanam krutam. 1918 tame varshe germany-deshasya parajayena, germany-deshasya raajnah tyaagena cha prushiyaa-deshah german-rajyasya rupena lokataantrik-sarvakaarasya sweekaranam krutvaa aupachaarikaroopena prushiyaa-deshasya swatantra-raajyam iti namakaranam krutavaan. 1927 tame varshe harberg/elbe wilhelmsburg ityanena saha harberg-wilhelmsburg madhye vileeneekrutam. 1937 april 1 dinaanke harberg-wilhelmsburg-nagaram prussiyadeshat vicchinnam jaatam-"greater-hamberg-adhiniyamasya" anusaaram-tathaa hamberg-raajyam prati samarpitam, yat 1938 april 1 dinaanke nagaram ekaatmak-nagar-rajya-nagarapalikayam (ainhaitsgeminde) nigamitam, evam harberg (-wilhelmsburg) ityasya 1288 varshaat arabhyamanasya nagarapalika-swaatantryam samaaptam. bhoogolah. 2006 tame varshe humberg tathaa schleswig-holstein ityetayoho saankhyikeeyakaaryaalayasy anusaaram, asya chaturthaamshasya kshetrafalam cha aasit. humberg-nagarasya dakshinabhaage sthitah harberg-pradesha newland-deshasya quarters, gut-moor, ronneberg, wiltorf, aisendorf, hempheld, wilhelmsburg (mitte-mandale) ityetaih saha simayam sthitah asti. anena, elbe-nadyaa bhautikaroopena vibhaktah asti. janasaamkhyikee. 2006 tame varshe harberg-nagarasya janasankhyaa 21,193 aasit. janasankhyaaghanatvam aasit. 14.3 pratishatam 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah baalakaah aasan, tathaa cha 14.1% 65 varshaat adhikavayaskaah vaa aasan. 31.3 pratishatam janaah pravaasinah aasan. 1, 619 janaah nirudyoginah iti panjeekrutaah aasan. 1999 tame varshe 11,668 gruhaani aasan, yeshu 16 pratishatam 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah baalakaah nivasanti sma, 55 pratishatam sarwapariwaarah vyaktibhihi nirmitah aasit. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 1.76 aasit. prativarsham janasankhyaa 2006 tame varshe traimasikasya 6,738 aparaadhah (prati 1000 jane 318 aparaadhah) aasan. rajanitihi. hemberg-rajyasya nirvaachane harberg-nagarasya parinaamaah ete santi. shikshate. harberg-quarter-madhye treeni praathamik-vidyaalayaani, chatwaarah maadhyamik-vidyaalayaah cha santi. harberg-kendre, adhyayan-kendrasya hamberg-ityasya vasatigruhaani santi, yathaa ebeling-strays-1 tathaa 2, shootstrass-5 tathaa morse-strays-7 tathaa 15 ityetaani vasatigruhaani santi. ebeling-strays-1 ityasya aadharastambhe bhavaan abiling-baar iteedam praaptum shaknoti. ablings-baar iti asya pradeshasya sarvaadhikam puraskruteshu baar-madhye anyatam asti. tatra bhavantah yathaarthamev uttamamoolyeshu bear tathaa coctail ityetaani praaptum shaknuvanti. baar-madhye ping-pong ityasya ekaha table, 2 kikkar cha santi. baar ityasya pakshasya itihaase kaanichan ghatanaah ullekhaneeyaah santi. aashcharyakararoopen janasammardayuktau karaaoke-kaaryakramau, ekaha dhaatu-somavaasare, 2022 tame varshe prasiddhasy somerfest ityasya utsavasya anantaram cha. aadhaarabhoot-vyavasthaa. swaasthya-pranalayah. 2006 tame varshe harberg-quarter-madhye 154 vaidyaah nijee-chikitsaayaam, 16 aushadhaalayeshu cha ganitaah. parivahanam. nagar-relayaanasy druta-parivahana-vyavasthayaa, aneka-sthaanakaih saha, chaturthaamshasya sevaa bhavati. humberg-harberg-relasthanakam" german-rail-kampenee krute duraduragaminam yaatri-relayananam sthaanakam api asti. motaaru-vaahanavibhaagasya (craftfahert-bundesamt) anusaaram, traimasikasya 5,148 nijee-yaanaani (246 kaar/1000 janaah) panjeekrutaani aasan.

haarbark (kaall) haarbark (Harburg) enbathu germanyin hamberkin haarbark perunagaraththil ("besirk") ulla oru kaall pakuthi ("statle") aagum. idhu munbu loyer saaksaniyil haarbark maavattaththin thalainagaraaga irunththathu. 2020aam aandil, makkal thogai 25,979 aaga irunththathu. varalaaru. sathuppu nilak koattai endru porulpadum horberg endra koattai, maavattaththin kilakku ellaiyaip paathukaappatharkaaka, pala enngalaal kattappattirukkalaam. koattaiyaik kurippidum migap palamaiyaana pathivukal 1133 mattrum 1137 aam aandugalilirunthu ullana. koattaikku veliyae oru kudiyaettram uruvaakkappattathu. mathaththaip porutthavarai haarbark verton maraimaavattathaich sernthavar (1648 varai). 1257 aam aandil ippaguthi brunswick mattrum lunenberg duchyin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. 1267ill adhan vamsavali pirivirkup piragu haarbark broonswick-lunenbergy samasthaanaththin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. 1288 aam aandil koattaikku veliyae ulla kudiyaettraththirku nagaraatchi urimaigal mattrum 1297 ill nagara salugaigal vazhangkappattana. inththa nagaram appoathu harberkin (voctay haarbark) belivikkin maiyamaaga irunththathu. thanathu cakootharar tuke ernest aii "opputhaludaiya" udan inainthu lunenberg-sellaevai aatchi seitha tuke oodoa (1495-1549), thanathu pathavikku inangka mudiyaatha oru pennai tirumanam seithu konda piragu, 1527 aam aandil samasthaanathai inai aatchi seivathilirunthu oaivu perumaaru avar valiyurutthappattaar. oodoa oru oppanthaththai etta mudinthathu, avarum avarathu kudumbaththinarum haarbark koattaiyil vaalavum, harberkin thanathu sontha ellaiyaana pelivikkai aatchi seiyavum anumathitthaar, iruppinum, lunenberg-sellin thunai nilamaaga. ivvaaru haarbark haarbark samasthaanaththin thalainagaraaga maariyathu, idhu oottoavin magan, harberkin tuke oottoa II (1528-1603) mattrum paeran tuke villiyam augustus (1564-1642) aagiyoarin keezh thodarnthu irunththathu. pinthaiyavarin maranaththudan harberkin brunswick-lunenbergian kilai aann varisaiyil azhinthuvittathu, maelum ippaguthi lunenberg-sellin sariyaana paguthiyudan meendum inainthathu. 1705 aam aandil lunenberg-sellin varisai azhinthathu mattrum brunswick mattrum lunenberg (gallenberg) tuke jaarj louisal maraburimaiyaagap pettra samasthaanam, gallenberg samasthaanathai aatchi seithathu, idhu 1708 aam aandil brunswick mattrum lunenberkin vaakkaalargalaaka tharam uyarththappattathu, idhu adhan thalaynagaraana hanovar vaakkaalargalin peyaraal paechchuvazhakkil peyaridappattathu. 1714 aam aandil ilavarasar-thernthedukkappatta jaarj luis british simmaasanaththil muthalaam jaarj, thanipatta ontriyaththil hanovar mattrum pirittanai aatchi seithaar. inthak kaalakattathil (aii. dii. 1 ill) inththa nagaram thoalviyuttra haarbark niruvanaththin karpanaiyaana thalaimaiyagamaaga irunththathu, idhu grade brittanin king jaarj I inn saasanaththudan mattrum santhegaththirkidamaana lautery thittatthaal nidhiyalikkappattu, aattrai aazhappaduththavum thuraimugaththai maempaduththavum thittamidappattathu. englaanththil lautery moachadiyaakavum sattaviroathamaagavum seyalpada thadai vithikkappattapoathu, inthath thittam niruvappattathu. adhan mukiya aatharavaalaraana john barrington, british naadaalumantraththilirunthu veliyaettrappattaar. periya pirenchu poarin poathu haarbark maarivarum vetrtrikal, viduthalaikal mattrum aakkiramippugalai santhiththathu, idhu muthalil westpaliawal (1807) inaikkappattathu, 1810 ill bransall inaikkappattathu. haarbark pinnar despartment tess booches-dii-ell-elbevin "auronticement dii loonberg" kkul "canton dii harberkin" thalaynagaramaaga maariyathu. 1813ill pirenchu thoalvikkup piragu haarbark hanovar thirumbinaar, idhu 1814ill hanovar iraajjiyamaaga tharam uyarththappattathu. hanovar-british thanipatta ontriyam 1837ill mudivukku vanthathu. haarbark udpada hanovar, 1866ill prusiyaavaal thoarkadikkappattu inaikkappattathu, 1871ill aikkiya germanyil inainthathu. 19aam noottraandilirunthu inththa nagaram pavariyaavil ulla oray peyarilaana nagaraththilirunthu haarbark abaan elbe (haarbark oru terr elbe allathu haarbark/elbe) endru vaerupaduththappattullathu. 1918ill jermaniyin thoalviyudanum, jermaniyil mannargal padhavi vilagiyathaalum, prashya oru jananaayaga arasaangkaththai jerman arasaaga aetrtrukkondathu, maelum muraippadi proosiyaavin sudhanthira naadu endru peyaridappattathu. 1927ill haarbark/elbe wilhelmsburkuden haarbark-wilhelmsburkuden inaikkappattathu. 1937 aepral 1 andru haarbark-wilhemsburg prashyaavilirunthu prikkappattaar-"crater haambark sattam" puddy-mattrum haambark maanilaththidam oppadaikkappattathu, idhu 1938 aepral 1 andru nagaraththai oru ottraiyaatchi nagara maanila nagaraatchiyaaga (inhydesjeminde) inaiththathu, ithanaal haarbark (-wilhemsburg) nagaraatchiyin suthanthiram 1288 aam aandilirunthu ozhikkappattathu. puviyiyal. 2006 aam aandil haambark mattrum schleswick-holstein pullivivara aluvalagaththin koottruppadi, kaalandu oru parappalavaik kondirundhadhu. hamberkin therkup paguthiyil amainthulla haarbark, newlandhu, good muur, ronneberg, wildorf, icentorf, heamfield mattrum wilhelmsburg (mitte maavattaththil) aagiyavattrin ellaikaludan amainthullathu. idhilirunththu idhu elbe nadhiyaal pirikkappattirukkirathu. makkalthogai. 2006ill harberkin makkal thogai 21,193 aaga irunththathu. makkal thogai adarththi irunththathu. 14.3 sathaveetham paer 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigal, mattrum 14.1% 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargal. 31.3 sathaveetham paer pulampeyarnthoar aavar. 1, 619 paer vaelaiyillaathavargalaaka pathivu seiyappattanar. 1999aam aandil 11,668 kudumbangal irunththana, avattril 16 sathaveetham 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigaludan vasiththu vanthana, maelum anaitthu veedugalilum 55 sathaveetham thaninaparkalaal aanavai. sarasari kudumba alavu 1.76 aaga irunththathu. aandu vaariyaaga makkal thogai 2006aam aandil inththa kaalaandil 6,738 kuttrangal (1000 paerukku 318 kuttrangal) irunththana. arasiyal. haambark maanilath therthalil harberkin mudivugal ivaih kalvi. inththa kaalaandil haarbark kaalaandil moontru thodakkap palligal mattrum naanku maelnilaip palligal ullana. haarbark maiyaththil studierendenwerk hamberkin thangkumidangal ullana, athaavathu ebellingstrash 1 mattrum 2, scutstrash 5 mattrum morstrash 7 mattrum 15 aagiyavattrin thangkumidangal. ebellingstrash 1 inn adiththalaththil neengkal ebellingsbar kanalaam. ippaguthiyil migavum viruthu pettra paarkalil ebellingsbar ontraakum. angku neengkal unmaiyil nalla vilaiyil byre mattrum kaakteylgalaik kanalaam. pattiyil oru bing baung mejai mattrum 2 kikkarkal ullana. paarr katchiyin varalaattril kurippidath thakka sila nigazhvugal ullana. irandu viyakkatthakka nerisalaana karoki nigazhvugal, oru uloaga thinkal mattrum 2022 aam aandin pugazhpettra sommerfestin virunththukkup piragu. ulkattamaippu. sugaathaara amaippugal. 2006 aam aandil, thaniyar nadaimuraiyil 154 maruththuvargalum, 16 marunththagangkalum haarbark kaalaandil ennappattana. poakkuvaraththu. pala nilaiyangaludan koodiya nagara rayilin viraivaana poakkuvaraththu amaippaal kaalandu saevai seiyappadugirathu. haambark-haarbark rayil nilaiyam" enbathu jerman rayilway niruvanaththirkaana neenda thoora payanigal rayilgalukkaana oru nilaiyamaagum. motor vaaganath thuraiyin (craftfahert-puntessum) koottruppadi, kaalaandil 5,148 thaniyar kaarkal (246 kaarkal/1000 paer) pathivu seiyappattana.

harberg (quarter) harberg () anedi germanyloni hamberg looni harberg baroe ("bezirk") loe oka paavu vanthu ("stadtail"). idhi loyar saxonylo harberg jillaaku rajadhaanigaa undedi. undedi janabha janabha undhi. charitra. horberg anae koota, antey chittadi koota, bahusha county yokka thoorpu sarihaddunu bhadraparachadaaniki, stade lekkala dwara nirminchabadindi. kotanu prastaavinchina puraatana recordulu 1133 mariyu 1137 nativi. koota velupala oka sthaavaram abhivruddhi chendindi. mataaniki sambandhinchi harberg verden diocescu chendinadi (1648 varaku). varaku) eee praantam duchy off brunswick mariyu lunenberglo bhaagamaindi. bhaagamaindi daani rajavamsa vibhajana taruvaata harberg brunswick-lunenberg rajyam (selle) loe bhaagamgaa undedi. undedi koota velupala unna sthaavaraaniki purapalaka hakkulu mariyu mariyu pattana adhikaralu manjuru cheyabaddaayi. eee pattanam appudu harberg (vogte harberg) yokka baileevikku kendramgaa undedi. duke oto (1495-1549), thana sodarudu duke ernest ii "dhi confessor" thoo kalisi lunenberg-sellenu paalinchina taruvaata, thana hodaaku anugunamgaa laeni streeni vivaham chesukunna taruvaata, taruvaata saha-paalana nundi padavee viramana cheyamani atanni koraru. oto oka oppandaaniki cherukogaligadu, atanni mariyu athani kutumbaanni harberg kotalo nivasinchadaaniki mariyu harberg yokka thana sonta aavarana ayina baileeviknu lunenberg-selle yokka upabhuuyishtamgaa paalinchadaaniki anumatinchaadu. aaa vidhamgaa harberg harberg raajyaaniki rajadhaanigaa maarindi, idhi otto kumarudu, harberg yokka duke otto II (1528-1603) mariyu manavadu duke vilium augustus (1564-1642) aadhvaryamlo konasaagindi. taruvaati maranamtho harberg yokka brunswick-lunenbergian saakha purushula shrenilo antarinchipoyindi mariyu eee praantam lunenberg-selletho tirigi kalusukundi. kalusukundi lunenberg-selle vamsapaaramparyamgaa antarinchipoyindi mariyu brunswick mariyu lunenberg (callenberg) kuu chendina duke georg luis vaarasatvamgaa pondina rajyam, callenberg samsthaanaanni paripaalinchindi, idhi idhi brunswick mariyu lunenberg yokka otarlugaa upgraded cheyagaligindi, dheeniki vyavahaarikamgaa daani rajadhani ootar ayina hanover paeru pettaru. pettaru yuvaraju-ennikaina georg luis modati jarjga british simhasananni adhishtinchaadu, vyaktigata unionlo hannover mariyu britanlanu paalinchaadu. eee kaalamlo (1720-23 loe) eee pattanam viphalamaina harberg company yokka kalpita pradhana karyalayamga undedi, idhi grate britton raaju modati georg nundi chaartartho mariyu anumaanaaspada lottery pathakam dwara nidhulu samakuurchabadi, nadini marinta lothugaa chesi, naukaasrayaanni meruguparachalsi undedi. inglandlo laatareeni mosapuuritamainadigaa mariyu chattaviruddhamainadiga nishedhinchinappudu, eee pathakam sthaapinchabadindi. daani pradhana pratipaadakudu zaan barrington british paarlamentu nundi bahishkarinchabaddaadu. grate french yuddham samayamlo, harberg, modata westfalia (1807) chae vileenam cheyabade varaku, maarutunna vijayalu, vimukti mariyu vruttulanu edurkondi, edurkondi france chetha vileenam cheyabadindi. harberg appudu department dess bouches-dii-elbe yokka "arrondicement dii luneberg" lopala "canton dii 'harberg" kuu rajadhaanigaa maarindi. maarindi french otami taruvaata harberg hanovarku tirigi vacchaadu, idhi idhi hanover raajyamgaa upgraded cheyabadindi. hanover-british vyaktigata union union mugisindi. hanover, harbergto sahaa, sahaa prussia chetilo odipoyi, odipoyi united germanylo cherindi. 19va sataabdam nundi eee pattanam bavarialoni swanaama pattanam nundi harberg apon elbe (harberg yaan derr elbe ledhaa harberg/elbe) gaa gurtinchabadindi. gurtinchabadindi germany otami, germanylo chakravartula padavee viramanatho, prussia prajaasvaamya prabhutvaanni german raajyamgaa sweekarinchindi, adhikarikamga prussia yokka swechhaa raajyamgaa paeru pettabadindi. pettabadindi harberg/elbe wilhelmsburgtho kalisi harberg-wilhelmsburglo vileenam cheyabadindi. 1937 april 1naa harberg-wilhelmsburg prussia nundi vidadeeyabadindi-"grater hamberg chattam" prakaram-mariyu hamberg raashtraaniki appaginchabadindi, idhi 1938 april 1naa nagaranni ekikruta nagara rashtra municipality (inhytesgeminday) gaa vileenam chesindi, tadwara 1288 naati harberg (-wilhelmsburg) purapalaka swaatantryam raddu cheyabadindi. bhougolikam. vyavasthalu hamberg mariyu schleswig-holstein ganaanka karyalayam prakaram, eee traimaasikamlo visteernam. hamberg yokka dakshina bhaagamlo unna harberg, neuland, gut moor, ronneberg, wiltorf, isendorf, heamfeld mariyu wilhelmsburg (mitte jillaalo) quarters thoo sarihaddulugaa undhi. dheeni nundi idhi bhouthikamgaa elbe nadhi dwara vaeru cheyabadindi. janabha. vyavasthalu harberg janabha 21,193. janabha saandrata. 14.3 saatam mandhi 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu, mariyu 14.1% 65 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaaru. 31.3 saatam mandhi valasadaarulu. 1, 619 mandhi nirudyogulugaa namodu cheyabaddaaru. cheyabaddaaru 11,668 kutumbaalu undagaa, vaatilo 16 saatam 18 ellalopu pillalu vaaritho nivasistunnaaru, mottam kutumbaalalo 55 saatam vyaktigatamgaa unnaayi. sagatu gruha parimaanam parimaanam undhi. samvatsaraaniki janabha vyavasthalu eee traimaasikamlo 6,738 neeraalu (1000 mandiki 318 neeraalu) jarigaayi. rajakeeyaalu. hamberg rashtra ennikalaloo harberg phalitaalu ivih vidya. eee traimaasikamlo harberg traimaasikamlo moodu praathamika paatasaalalu mariyu naalugu madhyamika paatasaalalu unnaayi. harberg madhyalo studiarendenwerk hamberg yokka vasati gruhalu unnaayi, avi abellingstrass 1 mariyu 2, scutstrass 5 mariyu morstrass 7 mariyu 15 yokka vasati gruhalu. abellingstrass 1 neelamaaligaloo meeru ebelingbarnu kanugonavacchu. eee praantamloo atyanta gouravapradamaina baarlalo ebellingbar okati. akkada meeru nijamgaa manchi dharalalo biir mariyu cactailsnu kanugonavacchu. eee baarlo oka table ping pang mariyu 2 kikkarlu kooda unnaayi. baar party charitralo prastaavinchadagina konni sanghatanalu unnaayi. rendu aascharyakaramgaa raddiigaa unde kacheri karyakramalu, oka metal somavaaram mariyu 2022 naati puraana somerfest yokka party taruvaata. moulika sadupayalu. aarogya vyavasthalu. vyavasthalu, harberg quarterlo private practicelo 154 mandhi vaidyulu mariyu 16 mandula dukaanaalu lekkinchabaddaayi. ravana. quarter aneka staeshanlatoe city railu yokka vegavantamaina ravana vyavastha dwara sevalu andistundi. hamberg-harberg railway station" kooda german railway companyki suduura prayaaneekula railla kosam oka station. motaru vaahanaala vibhagam (craftfahert-bundesamt) prakaram, traimaasikamlo 5,148 private kaarlu (246 kaarlu/1000 mandhi) namodu cheyabaddaayi.

harberg (chothayi) harberg () germani kay hamberg kay harberg boro ("bezark") mein eek chothayi ("steadtail") hay. yaha zeerein sexoni mein harberg zalaa kaa darulhukumat hawaa kartaa thaa. 2020 mein aabadi 25,979 thee. tareekh. horberg naami eek qalah jiss kaa matlab dildal kaa qalah hay shayed county kii mashriqi sarhad kuu mahfuz bananay kay liye stead kii ganti kay zariye tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. qalye kaa zakar karnay waalay qadeem tareen record 1133 aur 1137 kay haine. qalye kay baahir eek bastee qayem hoyee. jehaan takk mazhab kaa taaluq hay harberg kaa taaluq worden kay ddaisis say thaa (1648 takk). 1257 mein yaha elaqah dichi aaf brunsok aur lonan burg kaa hasah bunn gayaa. 1267 mein apnee shaahi taqsim kay baad harberg brunsok-lenan burg kii sultanat loneen burg (seelay) kaa hasah thaa. 1288 mein qalye kay baahir kii bastee kuu baldiyati haqoq aur 1297 mein qasbey kay maraat dee gayein. iss waqat yaha qasbah harberg (vogti harberg) kay beliok kaa markaz thaa. ddiok oto (1495-1549)yee jiss nay apnay bhayee ddiok arnist kay saath mill kirr loneen burg-sail parr hukumat kii thee jiss nay apnay ahday kay liye ghair mutabiqat pazeer aurat say shaadi kii thee iss parr zoor diyaa gayaa thaa kahh wah 1527 mein riyasat parr mushtarkah hukmarani say sabkadosh how jaaye. oto eek muahide parr pahunch saktaa thaa jiss say asay aur iss kay khaandaan kuu harberg kesal mein rehney aur harberg kay apnay ahaatay baili wak parr hukumat karnay kii ajazat mill sakti thee tahim loneen burg-sail kay maatehat kay toor parr. iss tarah harberg harberg kii sultanat kaa darulhukumat bunn gayaa juu oto kay betay harberg kay ddiok oto dom (1528-1603) aur potay ddiok waleem augustis (1564-1642) kay tahat mojud rehaa. moakhar alzikar kii moth kay saath harberg kii brunsok-lenan burg kii shaakh mardanah line mein madoom how gayee aur yaha elaqah lenan burg-sail kay saath dobarah mill gayaa. 1705 mein lonan burg-sail line madoom how gayee aur prenspaty jasay prenspaty aaf bernosk aind lonan burg (keelan burg) kay ddiok jaarj lois nay warasat mein haasil kiyaa thaa keelan burg kii prenspility parr hukumat kirr rahee thee juu 1708 mein bernosk aur lonan burg kay voters kay toor parr app grade honay mein kamiyab rahee jiss kaa naam boul chaal mein hanovar kay darulhukumat kay voters kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1714 mein prince elector jaarj lois jaarj awal kay toor parr bartanvi takht parr chadh gayey juu zaati itehad mein hanovar aur bartaniah parr hukumat kirr rahay thay. iss arsey kay doraan (1720-23 mein) yaha qasbah nakaam harberg company kaa nazaryati sadr maqaam thaa jiss kay baaray mein bartaniah kay baadshah jaarj awal kay charter kay saath aur eek mashkok laatri schem kay zariye maali aanat farahim kii gayee thee jiss say daryaa kuu gehra karnaa aur bandargah kuu behatar banana thaa. jabb england mein laatri kuu dhokah dahee aur ghair qanuni qaraar deetay hoay chalanay say manaa kiyaa gayaa tuu iss schem nay bunyaad rakhee. iss kay markazi haamee jaan barrington kuu bartanvi parliament say nikaal diyaa gayaa. azeem francisi jung kay doraan harberg kuu badalti hoyee fatohaat aazadiyon aur paishon kaa saamna karnaa padaa yahaan takk kahh asay pehli baar vest feliya (1807) nay zam kirr liyaa sarf 1810 mein france kay zariye alhaaq kiyaa gayaa. iss kay baad harberg department ddais bochas ddee ailbay kay "arvendesment ddee leonberg" kay andar "canton ddee harberg" kaa darulhukumat bunn gayaa. 1813 mein francisi shakast kay baad harberg hanovar waps aayaa jasay 1814 mein hanovar kii baadshahi mein app grade kiyaa gayaa. hanoverin-bartanvi zaati itehad 1837 mein khatam hawaa. hanovar bashmol harberg 1866 mein roos kay haathon shakast khaa kirr alhaaq kirr liyaa gayaa 1871 mein muthadah germani mein shaamil how gayaa. 19 wein sadee say iss qasbey kuu bawariya kay humm naam shehar say harberg apon ailab (harberg aine dair ailab yaa harberg/ailab) kay toor parr mamtaz kiyaa gayaa hay. germani kii shakast aur 1918 mein germani mein baadshahon kay takht chhodnay kay saath roos nay eek jamhuri hukumat kuu batoor german riyasat apnaya aur asay bazabtah toor parr free steat aaf proshia kaa naam diyaa gayaa. 1927 mein harberg/ailbay walhelmsburg kay saath harberg-walhelmsburg mein zam how gayaa. 1 apreel 1937 kuu harberg wilmsburg kuu "greater hamberg aikat" kay mutabiq-roos say alg kirr diyaa gayaa thaa-aur riyasat hamberg kay hawalay kirr diyaa gayaa jiss nay 1 apreel 1938 kuu shehar kuu eek yakja shehar riyasati baldiyah (aainhetisgeemende) mein shaamil kirr diyaa iss tarah harberg (-walheemsburg) kii 1288 kii municiple aazadi kuu khatam kirr diyaa. geografiya. 2006 mein hamberg aur shalisog-holstein kay shumariyati daftar kay mutabiq iss chothayi kaa raqbah thaa. harberg juu hamberg kay janubi hasay mein waaqa hay neoland gutt morr ronberg walstorf icendorf hamphield aur walhelmsburg (meet kay zalaa mein) kay kwarters say mutsil hay. iss say yaha jasmani toor parr daryaae ailbi say alg hay. aabadi. 2006 mein harberg kii aabadi 21,193 thee. aabadi kii kasafat thee. 14.3 faisad 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay thay aur 14.1% 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay thay. 31.3 faisad tarkeen watan thay. 1, 619 afraad bay rozgaar kay toor parr registard thay. 1999 mein 11,668 gahar thay jinn mein say 16 faisad kay saath 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay rehtay thay aur tamaam gharaanon mein say 55 faisad afraad parr mushtamil thay. ausat gharilo size 1.76 thaa. aabadi balgharb saal 2006 mein sah maahi mein 6,738 mujarimanah jaraim (phee 1000 afraad parr 318 jaraim) thay. seyasat. hamberg riyasati intekhabat mein harberg kay nataij yaha haine: taleem. kwarter mein harberg kwarter mein teen ibtadayi school aur chaar saanvi school haine. harberg kay markaz mein staderendan wark hamberg kay haastal haine yauni abling strois 1 aur 2yee shutt strois 5 aur morstrice 7 aur 15 kay haastal. abling strois 1 kay tehah khaaney mein aap kuu abling baar mill saktaa hay. abling baar khatay mein sabb say ziyadah aiward yaaftah salakhon mein say eek hay. wahaan aap kuu waaqee achhi qeematon mein bayer aur kaak tail mill saktay haine. baar mein pung pong kii eek meez aur 2 kakar bhee haine. baar kii paarti kii tareekh mein kachh waaqiaat qaabil zakar haine. duu hairat angez toor parr hujum waalay karaoke kay waaqiaat eek dhaat peer aur 2022 kay afsanvi summer fest kii paarti kay baad. bunyadi dahancha. sehat kay nazaam. 2006 mein harberg kwarter mein najee practs mein 154 mualjin aur 16 farmisiyon kii ganti kii gayee. nql woo hamal. kwarter kuu kayee stationon kay saath stee train kay teez raftaar transt system kay zariye khadmat farahim kii jaati hay. hamberg-harberg railway station" german railway company kay liye taweel fasilay kii musafir trainon kaa bhee eek station hay. motor wahicles kay mahkame (craftfahert-bandisamat) kay mutabiq sah maahi mein 5,148 najee kaarein (246 kaarein/1000 afraad) registard hoyein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5369751

Boolavogue

Boolavogue Village in County Wexford, Ireland Boolavogue, also spelt Boolavoge or Boleyvogue (), is a village 12 km northeast of Enniscorthy in County Wexford, Ireland. It is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns. It has given its name to "Boolavogue", an Irish ballad commemorating the Irish Rebellion of 1798, when the local parish priest Father John Murphy led his parishioners into battle on 26 May 1798. The Wexford rebels were eventually defeated at the Battle of Vinegar Hill on 21 June. Father Murphy and the other rebel leaders were executed. Fr Murphy was hanged, then decapitated, his corpse burnt in a barrel of tar and his head placed on a spike as a warning to other rebels, many of whom nevertheless fought on for up to five years afterwards. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bulabhog bulabhug, jaak bulabhug baa bob 'libhug () buliu kuwa hoy, irelandor county wexfordor eniskortir poraa 12 kilometer uttor-pubot owosthito ekhon gaau. ee ruman ketholik daaio "sis owo furnsot aase. 1798 sonor aairis bidruhor smoronor baabe 1798 sonor sthaniyo poriswo puruhito pitri john marphiye teur poriswonorxokolok 26 mey 'too juddhot netritwo diyar xomoyot ee "bulabhog" naamor aairis ballad naam disil. owoxexot 21 junot vinegar paharor juddhot wexford bidruhixokol porajito hoisil. pitri marphy aaru onyanyo bidruhi netaxkolok mrityudondo diya hoisil. fro marphik fasi diya hoisil, taar pisot xirosched koraa hoisil, teur mritodeh taaror barrelot jwolai diya hoisil aaru teur murtu aan bidruhixokolor baabe xotorkobani hisape spaikot rokha hoisil, jaar pisotu teulukor bohute paas bosoroloike juj disil.

bulabhog bulabhog, jaa bulabhog baa bolibhog () nameo banan koraa hoy, irelander county wexforder anniscarty theke 12 kilometres uttor-purbe abosthito ekti grama. etty furner roman catholic diosis-ayee abosthito. etty "bulabhog" naam diyeche, 1798 saaler airish bidroher smarane ekti airish ballad, jokhon sthaniya pyarisha purohito pita john marfi 26 meey 1798 saale taanr pariciander juddhe netritto diyechilen. 21 june vinegar pahader juddhe wexford bidrohira shesh porjonto porajito hoyechilo. baba marfi ebong anyanno bidrohi netader mrityudanda deoa hoy. phara marfike fansite jhuliye deoa hoy, tarpor shirashched koraa hoy, taar mritodeho ekti taar barrelle pudiye deoa hoy ebong anyanno bidrohider jonno ekti satarkabarta hisabe taar matha ekti spiker upor rakha hoy, jaader modhye oneke taa sotteo panch bochor porjonto ladai korey.

bulaavog bulaavog, jene bulaavog athavaa bollywag () pann kahevama aave chhe, teey irelandnaa kaauntii wakesfordma anniscurtythi 12 kimee uttarpurvmaa aavelu aek gaam chhe. teey rooman ketholik diosis off furnma chhe. tene tenu naam "bulaavog" raakhyu chhe, jeey meey irish badvani yaadmaa aek irish lokgeet chhe, jyaare sthaaneek paadari pitaa john marfi 26 meey meey roj temnaa paadarionu netrutva karyoo hatoo. aakhare 21 junanaa roj wakesford badvakhorone sarakona tekrinaa yuddhmaa haraavya hataa. pitaa murphy aneey anya badvakhor netaaone faansi aapvama aavee hatee. frey marfeene faansi aapvama aavee hatee, pachhi tenu shirachchhed karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, tenaa mrutdehne taarnee beralmaa baadee nakhvama aavyo hato aneey anya badvakhoro maate chetvani tareeke tenu maathu spike parr mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemathi ghanaa haju pann paanch varsh sudhee ladyaa hataa.

boolaavog boolaavog, jise boolaavog yaa bolivog () bhee kahaa jaataa haye, county wakesford, ireland mein aniscurty seey 12 kimmy uttar-poorv mein ack gaanv haye. yeh roman catholic diosis off furn mein haye. isane apana naam "boolaavog" rakhaa haye, joe 1798 key ayrish vidroh kii yaad mein ack ayrish gaatha haye, jaba sthaaniya paadari pitaa johnn marfi ney 26 maee 1798 koo apane paadari mandaliyon kaa netritva kiya thaa. wakesford vidrohiyon koo antatah 21 juuna koo sirke kii pahaadi kii ladaai mein haraaya gayaa thaa. pitaa marfi aur anya vidrohi netaaon koo maar diyaa gayaa. farfi koo fansi parr latka diyaa gayaa, phir uska sir kaat diyaa gayaa, usaki laash koo taar kii ack bairal mein jalaa diyaa gayaa aur uska sir anya vidrohiyon key liye ack chetavani key roop mein ack spike parr rakhaa gayaa, jinamen seey kaee phir bhee paanch saal taka ladey.

boolawog boolawog, idannu boolawog athawa bolivog () endoo uchcharisalaaguttade, idu airlendna kaunti wexfordnalli eniscartiyinda eeshaanyakke 12 kii. mea. dooradalliruva ondu graamavaagide. idu roman catholic diasis off furnsnallide. sthaliya padri zaan marfi 1798rahra mayee 26randu tanna padrigalannu yuddakke karedoydaaga, 1798rahra airish dangeyannu smarisuva airish lavani "boolawog" ge idu tanna hesarannu niidide. antimavagi zoon 21randu nadeda vinegar bettada kadanadalli wexford bandukoraru solisalpattaru. tande marfi mattu itara bandaya nayakarannu galligerisalaayitu. marfiyannu galligerisalaayitu, nantara shirachchheda maadalaayitu, avana shavavannu torr barrelnalli sudalaayitu mattu itara bandukorarige echcharikeyaagi avana taleyannu spike mele irisalaayitu, avaralli anekaru aidu varshagala nantara horadidaru.

boolavog irelandile kaundi wexfordile enniscourtyil ninnu 12 kilometer vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithicheyyunna oru graamamaan boolavog. ithu roman catholica roopathayaaya fernilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1798 meyy 26nuu praadeshika edavaka purohithanaaya pithaav joonn marfi thante edavakakkaare yudhathilekku nayicha 1798leeii airish kalaapathe anusmarippikkunna airish balladaaya "boolavog" enna perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. oduvil juun 21nuu wexford vimathar vinagiri kunninte yudhathil parajayappettu. pithaav marfiyum mattu vimatha nethaakkalum vadikkappettu. marfi thookkikkonnu, thudarnnu shirachhedam cheythu, addehathinte mrithadeham oru barrell taaril kathikkukayum mattu vimatharkulla munnariyippayi thala oru spickle vaykkukayum cheythu, avaril palarum pinneedu anchu varsham vare poraadi.

boolawag boolavog, jyala boolavog kinwa bolevog () asehi mhanatat, heey irelandchya wakesford countymadhil anniscortychya ishanyes 12 kiimii antaravar asalele eka gaav aahe. heey roman catholic diosis auph furnmadhye aahe. sthanik padri johnn marfine 26 meey 1798 roji aaplya padrinchya netrutvakhali yuddhat netrutva kele tevha 1798 chya ayrish bandache smaran karnari eka ayrish gatha, 'boolawag' heey tyache naav dile aahe. 21 juuna roji vinegar hilchya ladhait wakesford bandkhorancha akheris parabhav jhaala. father murphy aanee itar bandkhor netyanna fashi denyat aalee. phara marfila fashi denyat aalee, nantar tyacha shirachhed karnyat aala, tyacha mrutdeh tarchya nalimadhye jaalanyat aala aanee itar bandkhoranna ishara mhanoon tyache doke eka spikever thevanyat aale, jyapaiki barech jann tarihi paach varshanparyant ladhale.

bulawog bulabhog, jaslai bulabhog wa bolibhog () pani bhaninchha, county wakesford, ayarlandko anniscortybata 12 kilometer uttarpurvama raheko gaaun how. yo roman catholic diocese aff fernma chha. yasale 1798 ko ayrish vidrohako samjhanama ek ayrish gathako naam "bulabhog" rakheko chha, jab sthaniya padari pita john marfile 26 mey 1798 maa afna padariharulai yudhama netritwa gare. 21 junema bhinegar hilko yudhama wakesford vidrohiharu antatah parajit bhae. buba marfi rar anya vidrohi netaharulai mrityudanda diiyo. marfilai jhundieko thiyo, tyasapachhi unko tauko katieko thiyo, unko shawalai tarko barrelma jalaeko thiyo rar unko taukolai anya vidrohiharulai chetawaniko rupma spikema rakhieko thiyo, jasmadhye dheraile paanch warshasamma lade.

bulabhag bulabhoga, jaahaaku bulabhoga kimba bolebhoga () madhya kuhajae, irelander county wakesfordre eniscorty thaaru 12 kilometer uttara-purbare eka gramm . ehaa ferner roman catholic dajosijare achhi . ehaa ehara naama "bulabhoga" rakhichhi, 1798 masihar airish bidrohara smaranare eka airish ballad, jetebele sthaniah parish purohita pita zohn morphy 26 meey 1798ray taanka parishijanaramananku juddhare netrutwa neithile. wakesford bidrohimane sheshare 21 june ray bhinegara pahad juddhare parasta hoithile. pita morphy ebong anya bidrohi netamananku fashi diajaithila. pharr marphiku fashi diajaithila, taa 'parey munda kaati diajaithila, taanka mrutadehaku eka barell tarre jaali diajaithila ebong anya bidroheenka paain chetabani bhabare taanka mundaku eka spikeray rakhajaithila, jaahaa satwe semananka madhyaru aneka pancha barsha parjyanta ladhithile .

boolavog boolavog, jiss noon boolavog jaan bolivog () vee kiha jaanda haii, county waxford, ireland witch aniscarthy toon 12 kilometer uttar-purab witch ikk pind haii. ih roman catholic diocese aaf furns witch haii. iss neey aapna naam "boolavog" rakkhiaa haii, joe kii 1798 dey irish vidroh dee yaad witch ikk irish gaath haii, jadon sathanak padri pitaa jauhan marfi neey 26 maee 1798 noon aapne padrian dee ladai witch agvai keeti see. waxford vidrohiaan noon aakharkar 21 juun noon sirke dee pahadi dee ladai witch haraa ditta giaa see. pitaa marfi atey horr baagi netavan noon fansi dey ditti gaee. farr marfi noon fansi dey ditti gaee, firr sir vaddh ditta giaa, uss dee laash noon taar dee ikk bairal witch saad ditta giaa atey uss daa sir horr vidrohiaan laee ikk chetavani vajon ikk spike utte rakkhiaa giaa, jinhan vicchon bahut saare firr vee panj saalan takk ladade rahey.

boolaavog boolaavog, yaa boolaavog athavaa bolevog () iti api uccharyate, ayarlyaand-deshasya wakesford-kauntee-nagarasya anniscurty-nagaraat 12 kii. mee. doore eeshanyadishi sthitah graamah asti. ayam roman-catholic-diocese aaf ferns ityatra asti. 1798 tame varshe airish-vidroham smrutya, yadaa sthaniya-paadri-pitaa jaan-marfi 1798 mey 26 dinaanke swa-paadri-janaan yuddhe agruhnaat, tadaa "boolaavog" iti airish-gathayaha naam tatt dattam. ante 21 joon dinaanke vinegar-parvatasya yuddhe wakesford-vidrohinah parajitaha. pitaa marfi, anye cha vidrohinah netaarah cha vadhitaah. farr-marfi iti vranaat, tatah shiracchedaha krutah, tasya shavaha taar-byaarel-madhye dagdhah, tasya shiraha anyaih vidrohibhyah sanketaroopen spack-upari sthaapitah, yeshu bahavah tatah param panchavarshaparyantam yuddham krutavantah.

poolaavoak poolaavoak allathu polyvoke () endrum ucharikkappadum poolavoak, ayarlaandhin wexford kavundiyil ulla eniscorthicu vadakizhakkae 12 kii. mee tholaivil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. idhu roaman catholica maraimaavattaththil ullathu. 1798 aam aandin airish kilarcchiyai ninaivukoorum oru airish paadalaaga "poolaavoak" endru idhu thanathu peyaraik koduththullathu, ulloor thiruchchabai paathiriyaar thanthai john marbi 26 mae 1798 andru thanathu thiruchchabai uruppinargalai poarukku alaiththuch sendrapoathu. wexford kilarchchiyaalargal iruthiyil juun 21 andru vinikar malai poaril thoarkadikkappattanar. thanthai marbiyum mattra kilarchi thalaivarkalum thookkilidappattanar. phaar marbi thookkilidappattaar, pinnar thalai thundikappattaar, avarathu udal oru peeppaayil erikkappattathu mattrum avarathu thalai mattra kilarchiyaalargalukku oru echcharikkaiyaaka oru spike meethu vaikkappattathu, avarkalil palar ainthu aandugal varai poaraadinar.

boolawog boolawog, boolawog ledhaa bolewog () anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi irelandloni county wexford looni enniskaartiki eesaanyamgaa 12 kii. mea. la dhooramlo unna graamam. idhi roman catholic dioces off fernslo undhi. sthaanika parish poojaari tandri zaan marfi 1798 mae 26naa thana paritianlanu yuddhamloki nadipinchinappudu, 1798 airish tirugubaatunu gurtuchese airish yakshaganam "boolawog" kuu idhi daani paerunu ichindi. wexford tirugubaatudaarulu chivariki juun 21naa vinegar konda yuddhamlo odipoyaaru. tandri marfi mariyu itara tirugubaatu nayakulanu uriteesaaru. marfini uriteesaaru, taruvaata sirachchaedam chesaaru, athani mrutadehaanni taaru baarel loe kaalchivesaaru mariyu itara tirugubaatudaarulaku heccharikagaa athani talanu oka spike meeda unchaaru, ayinappatikee vaarilo chaalaa mandhi aidu samvatsaraala varaku poraadaaru.

bolawag bolawog jasay bolawog yaa boliyovg () bhee kahaa jaataa hay county wexford ireland mein enscarty say 12 chlometer shamaal mashriq mein eek gaaon hay. yaha roman catholic ddaisis aaf frunz mein hay. iss nay apnaa naam "bolawog" rakhaa hay juu 1798 kii aairish baghawat kii yaad mein eek aairish geeth hay jabb maqami peerish paadri waalid jaan marfi nay 26 mayee 1798 kuu apnay pairshenarz kii qayadat kii thee. wexford baghiyon kuu balaakhir 21 joone kuu sarkah pahaadi kii jung mein shakast hoyee thee. waalid marfi aur deegar baaghi rehnumaon kuu phansi day dee gayee. farr marfi kuu phansi day dee gayee phir sarr qalam kirr diyaa gayaa iss kii laash kuu taar kii biral mein jalaa diyaa gayaa aur iss kaa sarr dosray baghiyon kay liye intebah kay toor parr eek spike parr rakhaa gayaa jinn mein say behat say iss kay bawajood paanch saal takk ladtay rahay.

0008ff7858f1156b716c060a61437dc634b09a4ef7f1100984bada2016133cb0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60809988

Samodurovka

Samodurovka Samodurovka () is a rural locality (a village) in Vozdvizhensky Selsoviet, Alsheyevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 18 as of 2010. There is 1 street. Geography. Samodurovka is located 37 km southwest of Rayevsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Aksyonovo is the nearest rural locality. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xamudurubhoka chaam 'duruvoka () hoise rasiyar baxkortustanor alseivsky jilaar bho' jdovijensky chales 'vietor ekhon gramyo onchol (ekhon gaau). 2010 sonoloike jonoxongkhya aasil 18 john. iyat 1taa poth aase. bhugul. xamudurubhoka rayevsky (jilaar proxaxonik kendro) ror poraa 37 kilometer dokhyin-poschime pothopothere owosthito. oxionuvu hoise nikototom gramyo onchol.

samodurovka samodurovka () russier bashkortostaner alsheivsky jelara bhozdivzhensky selsovieter ekti gramin elaka (ekti grama). 2010 saaler hisabe jonosongkha chhilo 18 john. ekhane 1tii rasta royeche. bhugol. samodurovka sadakpathe rayevsky (jelara proshashonik kendra) theke 37 kilometres dakkhin-poschime abosthito. aksionovo holl nikatatama gramin elaka.

samdurovka samodurovka () aee russiana bashkortostanma wozdwizensky salesoviate, alshevsky jeellama aavelo aek graameen vistaar (gaam) chhe. 2010 sudhimaa vastee 18 hatee. tyaan 1 sheree chhe. bhugol. samodurovka maarg dwara reyevsky (jillaanu vahivati kendra) thee 37 kimee dakshinpashchim stheet chhe. axionovo sauthee najikno graameen vistaar chhe.

samodurovka samodurovka () roose key bashkortostan key vozdizensky selsoviat, alshevsky jile mein ack graameen ilaka (ack gaanv) haye. 2010 taka jansankhya 18 thee. vahaan 1 sadak haye. bhugol. samodurovka sadak maarg seey reyevsky (jile kaa prashaasnik kendra) seey 37 kimmy dakshin-paschim mein sthit haye. axionovo nikatatam graameen ilaka haye.

samadurovka samodurovka () embudu rashyaada bashcourtostan alshivsky jilleya vojdvijhensky selsoviyetnalliruva ondu grameena pradeshavaagide. 2010rahra velege janasankhyeyu 18 aagittu. 1 raste ide. bhougolika. samodurovkavu rasteya moolaka raveskyinda (jilleya aadalita kendra) nairtyakke 37 kii. mea. dooradallide. axionovo hattirada grameena pradeshavaagide.

samudurovka russiayile bashcourtostaanile alshiyevsky jillayile wosdwishensky selsoviyattile oru grameena pradesamaanu samodurovka (Камотороооча). 2010leeii kanakkanusarichu janasamkhya 18 aayirunnu. oru theruvundu. bhoomishaasthram. rayevskyil ninnu (jillayude bharana kendram) thekkupadinjaraayi 37 kilometer akaleyaan samodurovka sthithi cheiyunnathu. axionovoyaanu ettavum aduthulla grameena pradesham.

samdoorovka samodurovka () haah russiachya bashkortostanmadhil alshevsky jilhyatil wozdawizensky salesoviatemadhil eka grameen parisar (eka gaav) aahe. 2010 paryant loksankhya 18 hotee. tethe 1 rasta aahe. bhoogol. samodurovka heey rastyane reyevskychya (jilhyache prashasakeey kendra) nairutyela 37 kiimii antaravar aahe. axionovo haah sarvat jawalcha grameen parisar aahe.

samodurovka samodurobhka () rusko bashkortostanko alshevsky jillako bhojdabhijensky selsobhietko euta gramin ilaka (gaaun) how. sann 2010 samma janasankhya 18 thiyo. tyahan 1 wata sadak chha. bhugol. samodurobhka sadak margabata revsky (jillako prashasanik kendra) batt 37 kilometer dakshinapashchimma awasthit chha. aksiyonobho sabaibhanda najikko gramin khetra how.

samodurovaka samodurovaka () heuchhi rushiaara bashkortostanara alsheibhski jillara bhojbhijenski celsoviatra eka grameena anchala (eka gramm) . 2010 masiha suddha ehara janasankhya 18 thila. ethaare ethaare rasta rahichhi. bhugol. samodurovaka sadaka maargare rajebhski (jillara prashasanika kendra) thaaru 37 kilometer dakhina-paschimare abasthita. aakasijonobho heuchhi nikattam grameena anchala.

samodurovka samodurovka () roos dey bashkortostan dey alshivsky zilhe dey wozdwizensky selsoviat witch ikk pendu ilaka (ikk pind) haii. 2010 takk aabadi 18 see. itthe 1 glee haii. bhugol. samodurovka sadak raahin revsky (zilhe daa parshaski kendra) toon 37 kilometer dakkhan-pachham witch sathit haii. aksiyonovo sabh toon nazdiki pendu ilaka haii.

samadoorovakaa samodurovkaa () iti rashiyaadeshasy bashcourtostan-rajyasya alshevsky-mandalasya wozdwigensky celsoviate-nagarasya graameen-pradesha (graamah) asti. 2010 tamavarshaparyantam asya janasankhyaa 18 aasit. tatra 1 veethihi asti. bhoogolah. samodurovkaa-nagaram revsky-nagaraat (mandalasya prashasanikakendram) dakshinapaschimadishi 37 kii. mee. doore margamargena sthitam asti. axionovo iti sameepastham graminakshetram vartate.

samodrovga samothirovka (Камоторооооча) enbathu russiavin bashkordostanil ulla alsheevsky maavattaththil ulla wostwissensky selsoviethyl ulla oru graamappura vattaaramaagum. 2010aam aandu nilavarappadi makkal thogai 18 aaga irunththathu. ingku 1 theru ullathu. puviyiyal. samodrovga saalai vazhiyaaga rayaevskiyilirunthu (maavattaththin nirvaaga maiyam) thenmaerkae 37 kii. mee tholaivil amainthullathu. aksionovo arugilulla graamappura paguthiyaagum.

samadurovka samodurovka () anedi rashyaalooni bashcourtostan looni wozdwizensky selsoviat, alshivsky jillaalo unna oka graameena praantam (graamam). 2010 natiki janabha 18. ikkada 1 veedhi undhi. bhougolikam. samodurovka roddu maargam dwara ravesky (jilla paripalana kendram) kii nairuti disalo 37 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. axionovo sameepa graameena praantam.

samoduroka samoduroka () roos kay zalaa alshiyosky kay shehar bashkurtustan kay wozdozensky selsovate mein eek deehi elaqah (gaaon) hay. 2010 takk aabadi 18 thee. yahaan 1 glee hay. geografiya. samoduroka sadak kay zariye revsky (zalaa kaa intezami markaz) say 37 chlometer janub maghrab mein waaqa hay. aksiyonov qareeb tareen deehi elaqah hay.

00090192ab04089eee8f8e73656dfd258bff08ad32e08e276419efd56527a942

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3658789

A/ROSE

A/ROSE Embedded operating system A/ROSE (Apple Real-time Operating System Environment) is a small embedded operating system that runs on Apple Computer's "Macintosh Coprocessor Platform", an expansion card for the Macintosh. The idea was to offer a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which third party vendors could build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus-based expansion card. However, the MCP cards were expensive, limiting the appeal of the concept. A/ROSE had very little use, apparently limited solely to Apple's own networking cards for serial I/O, Ethernet, Token Ring, and Twinax. GreenSpring Computers developed the RM1260, which is an IndustryPack (IP) carrier card with a 68000 CPU running A/ROSE and is intended for the data acquisition market. History. A/ROSE and the MCP originated in August 1987 during the development of the Macintosh II. While working on various networking products for the new system, the developers realized that the existing classic Mac OS would make any "serious" card difficult to create, due to large latencies and the difficulty of writing complex device drivers. Their solution was to make an "intelligent" NuBus card that was essentially an entire computer on a card, containing its own Motorola 68000 processor, working space in RAM mirrored in the main system, and its own basic operating system. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988. A/ROSE was internally called MR-DOS (Multitasking Realtime Distributed Operating System), but Microsoft (the developer of MS-DOS) did not appreciate the name and put pressure on Apple to change it. Eric M. Trehus, a QA engineer on the Token Ring card running A/ROSE reportedly said "A/ROSE by any other name is still MR-DOS." A/ROSE is infamous for its esoteric purpose, which is generally not understood by Mac end users, and for causing many Mac emulators, such as Basilisk II, to produce a system error at boot time. Overview. A/ROSE is very small at 28 kB, with a 6 kB kernel. A/ROSE supports pre-emptive multitasking with round-robin scheduling of tasks, with a 110 microsecond context switch time and only 20 microseconds of latency (guaranteed interrupt response time). The system's task is primarily to move data around and start and stop tasks on the cards, and the entire API contains only ten calls. A/ROSE is a message passing system, and the main calls made its programs are codice_1 and codice_2. Messages are short, including only 24 bytes of user data, and sent asynchronously. To find the appropriate endpoint, its name server allows the applications to bind their names to their task IDs, allowing them to move in the system and be found dynamically. The OS has several routines for finding, starting, and stopping tasks on other cards, one of which is a virtual card representing the host computer. To coordinate communications and provide a mechanism for talking with the host's CPU, a cut-down copy of A/ROSE also runs inside the Mac OS in the form of a system extension, or "INIT", known as "Prep". Device drivers for A/ROSE cards are INITs and started up automatically. After starting, they find the Prep stub and use the normal A/ROSE communications channel it provides to communicate with the cards. For instance, the Apple TokenTalk NB card installs its driver as an INIT, and optionally installs the Prep stub, assuming it had not been installed before. On startup the driver finds the Prep stub and asks it to enumerate the TokenTalk cards installed in the machine, and optionally uploads code or settings to them. From that point on, Prep handles the communications with the card, handing off the results to the TokenTalk driver. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

e/gulap e/ruj (apple real-time operating sistem enviroment) hoise etaa xoru embeded operating sistem ji apple computeror "makints koo 'prochesor platform" too sole, jitu apple mackintsor baabe ek xomproxaron card. dharonatu aasil etaa ekok "otirikto design koraa" hardwer platform aagborhuwa jaar uporot tritiyo pokhyor bikretaxokole byowoharikbhabe jikunu xamogri nirman koribo paare, onyotha nubas-aadharito xomproxaron card bikoxito korar bhaari kaamor buja hraax kore. obosye, em. chi. pi. cardbur jothesto byoybohul aasil, jaar folot dharonatur aakorxon ximito hoisil. etaa/gulapor oti komm byobohar hoisil, spostobhabe siriyel aai/oh ", ethernet, tuken ring aaru twinaxor baabe kewol epolor nijor networking cardot ximabodho aasil. grancepring computere rm1260 bikoxito korisil, jitu hoise etaa industripek (aaipi) baahok card zo 'too 68000 sipiyu e/ror' jo soli aase aaru ee tothyo odhigrohon bojaror uddesyere nirmito. itihax. e/ruj aaru em. chi. pi. mulotoh 1987 sonor aagosto maahot makints II ror bikaxor xomoyot aahisil. notun byowosthar baabe bibhinno networking xamogrir uporot kaam kori thokar xomoyot, bikaxkarixokole upolobdhi korisil je bortomanor classic mek oh "ess-e jikunu" gurutor "card sristi koratu kothin kori tulibo, brihot bilombota aaru jotil device driver likhat oxubidhar baabe. teulukor xomadhan aasil etaa "buddhiman" nubas card toiyar koraa jitu mulotoh etaa cardot etaa xompurno computer aasil, zo 'too iyar nijor motorula 68000 prochesor aasil, mool pronalit protipholito remot kaam koraa sthan, aaru iyar nijor moulik operating sistem aasil. byowosthatur prothom xongoskorontu 1988 sonor februaryt byoboharor baabe xaju hoisil. e/ror 'jok abhyontorinbhabe em. aar.-dodd' cho (multitusking realtime distributed operating sistem) buli kuwa hoisil, kintu maikro "softe (em. ess.-dodd 'sor developar) naamtur proxongxa koraa nasil aaru iyar naam xoloni koriboloi aapelor uporot saap disil. irik em. tuken ring cardot thoka ejon kaa enginier trehuse, ji etaa/gulap solaisil, teu koichil je "aan jikunu naamere e/gulap etiyau morr-dos." e/ruj iyar gurh uddesyor baabe kukhyat, jitu xadharonote mek endo byowoharkarixokole buji napay, logote basilisk II ror dore bohutu mek amulatoror baabe boot xomoyot etaa sistem truti utponno korar baabe. ek aabhax. e/gulap nijei oti xoru, carnelle maatro 6 kebo byobohar kore, aaru xomogro operating sistemtuwe pray 28 kebo byobohar kore. e/ruje 110 maikro "sekendo proxongo xoloni xomoy aaru maatro 20 maikro" sekendo bilombota (nischito bighno protikriya xomoy) ror xoite round-robin tusk sidiulingor xoite praak-empetive multitusking xomorthon kore. pronalitur kaam hoise prathomikbhabe tothyo sthanantor koraa aaru cardburot kaam aarombho koraa aaru bondho koraa, aaru xomogro apiait maatro dohta koll thaake. e/ruj hoise etaa barta paar koraa byowostha, aaru iyar odhinot soli thoka programxomuhor dwara koraa mukhyo kolxomuh hoise koo 'kcho _ 1 aaru koo' kcho _ 2. bartabur suti, zo 'too kewol 24 bite byowoharkarir tothyo ontorbhukto thaake, aaru ekerahe preron koraa hoy. upojukto ontim bindu bisari paboloi, e/ror 'joto etaa naam charbhar ontorbhukto thaake jiye applicationxomuhok teulukor naambur teulukor tusk id-too bandhi rakhiboloi onumoti diye, jaar folot teulukok pronalit sthanantor koriboloi aaru gotixilbhabe bisari paab paari. oh "ess-e aan cardot kaam bisari uliuwa, aarombho koraa aaru bondho korar baabe keibatau rutin xomorthon korisil, xei" card "xomuhor bhitorot etaa hoh" lo host computer. jugajugor xomonwoy xadhon aaru hostor sipiyur xoite kotha potar baabe etaa pronali prodan koriboloi, etaa/gulapor etaa kaat-daaun kopiu mek uexor bhitorot etaa sistem xomproxaronor rupot solisil, baa "init", jaak "prip" buli jonaa yaay (jaak pisor prip hardwer mandondor xoite bibhranto koraa usit nohoy). etaa/gulap cardor baabe device driverburu inito hisape likha hoisil aaru swoyongkriyobhabe aarombho hoisil. aarombho korar pisot, teuluke prip stub bisari paay aaru cardxomuhor xoite jugajug koriboloi prodan koraa swabhabik e/ruj jugajug senel byobohar kore. udahoronsworupe, apple tokentolok enbi carde iyar salokok init hisape install kore, aaru bikolpobhabe prip stubtu install kore, dhori louk je ee aagote install koraa huwa nasil. aarombhonito salokjone prostutir stubtu bisari paay aaru iyak jontrot install koraa tokentolok cardbur gonona koriboloi koy, aaru bikolpobhabe teulukor baabe code baa settings upload kore. xei xomoyor poraa, pripe cardor xoite jugajugxomuh niyontron kore, folafolxomuh tokentolok salokok hostantor kore.

ekti/golap ayee/roze (apple real-time operating system poribesh) ekti chhoto embedded operating system jaa apple computer "mcintosh coprocessor platform"-ayee choley, jaa apple mcintosher jonno ekti samprasaran card. dharonati chhilo ekti ekok "overdised" hardware platform sarbaraha koraa jaar upor tritiya pokkher bikretara karjoto jey konao ponno toiri korte paare, onnothai ekti nubas-vittik samprasaran card bikasher bharee kaajer bojha hrass korey. tobey, mcp cardguli motamuti byabahul chhilo, jaa dharonar abedonke seemaboddho korechilo. ekti/golap khub qama byabohar dekheche, sposhtotoi syrial aaee/oo, ethernet, token ring ebong tuinuxer jonno shudhumatra appler nijaswa networking carder modhye seemaboddho. greenspring computerguli rm1260 toiri koreche, jaa ekti industry pyaka (ip) carrier card jaa ekti/golap chaalito 68000 sipiyu soho ebong detta adhigrahan bajarer uddeshye toiri koraa hoyeche. itihas. ayee/roze ebong mcp mulat 1987 saaler auguste mcintosh II-err bikasher somoy esechilo. notun systemer jonno bivinno networking ponner upor kaaj korar somoy, developarra bujhte perechilen jey vidyaman classic mack os borh bilamba ebong jotil device driver lekhar asubidhar karone jey konao "gurutoro" card toiri koraa kathin korey tulbe. taader samadhan chhilo ekti "buddhiman" nubas card toiri koraa jaa mulat ekti carder upor ekti sampurna computer chhilo, jaar nijaswa motorola 68000 processor chhilo, prodhan systeme miror koraa ryamer modhye kaaj korar jaiga ebong err nijaswa moulik operating system. 1988 saaler februaryte eyi byabosthar prothom sangaskaranti byaboharer jonno prostuto chhilo. ekti/golapke abhyantarinbhabe mr-doss (multitusking realtime distributed operating system) bolla hoto, kintu microsoft (ms-dosser bikashkari) namtir proshongsha koreni ebong appler upor naam poriborton korar jonno chup srishti korechilo. erik emm. trehas, token ring carder ekjon qaa engineer jini ekti/golap chaalan boley jaanaa geche jey "onno konao naame ekti/golap ekhono mih-doss." ekti/golap taar gurha uddeshye kukhyato, jaa sadharonoto mack shesh byaboharkarira bujhte paare naa, pashapashi basilisk II-err moto onek mack emulator buter somoy ekti system truti toiri korar jonno. sangkhipto biboron. ekti/golap nijei khub chhoto, carnelti shudhumatra 6 kebi byabohar korey ebong operating systemti pray 28 kebi. ekti/golap 110 micro second prosongo poriborton somoy ebong shudhumatra 20 micro second bilamba (nischito badha protikriya somoy) soho round-robin tusk samayasuchi soho praka-nirbachok multitusking samarthan korey. systemer kaaj holl prathomikbhabe detta sorano ebong kardgulite kaaj shuru koraa ebong bondho koraa, ebong puro api-teey matro dashti qala thaake. a/rose holl ekti barta pussing system, ebong err adhine chalman programgulir dwara koraa prodhan kalguli holl coc _ 1 ebong coc _ 2. bartaguli sangkhipto, jaar modhye shudhumatra 24 baiter byaboharkarir detta royeche ebong asynchronasivabe pathano hoy. upojukto shesh bindu khunje berr korar jonno, ekti/golap ekti naam server antarbhukta korey jaa applicationgulike taader tusk aidigulir saathe taader namguli aboddho korte deyo, taader systeme saranor ebong gotishilbhabe khunje pawar anumati deyo. os anyanno carde kaaj khunje berr koraa, shuru koraa ebong bondho korar jonno besh koyekti rutinkeo samarthan korechilo, seii "card" gulir modhye ekti holl hosta computer. jogajoger samanwaya korte ebong hoster cpu-err saathe kotha bolar jonno ekti prokriya pradan korte, ekti/golaper ekti cutt-daaun onulipio ekti system extensioner akare mack os-err vitore choley, baa "init", jaa "prip" naame porichito (jaa poroborti prip hardware standarder saathe bibhranto haoya uchito noy). ekti/golap carder jonno device drivergulio init hisabe lekha hoyechilo ebong swayangkriyabhabe shuru hoyechilo. shuru korar porey, taaraa prostutir stubti khunje paay ebong cardgulir saathe jogajog korar jonno etty sarbaraha korey emon sadharan ayee/roze jogajog channelti byabohar korey. udahoronsorup, apple tokentok enbi cardti taar drivertike ekti init hisabe install korey ebong bikolpobhabe prip stubti install korey, dhorey neoa hoy jey etty agey install koraa hoyney. startupe chaalok prip stubti khunje paay ebong meshine install koraa tokentok cardguli ganana korte boley ebong bikolpobhabe taader kachhe code baa settings uploaded korey. seii somoy theke, prostuti carder saathe jogajog porichalona korey, falafalguli tokentok chaloker haate tuley deyo.

aee/gulab aee/rose (apple real-time operating system environment) aek naanee embedded operating system chhe jeey apple computernaa "makintosh coprocessor platform" parr chaale chhe, jeey apple makintosh maate vistaran card chhe. teno vichaar aek jaj "overdesign" hardware platform pradaan karvaano hato, jenaa parr truteey paksh vikretaao vyavhaareek reete koipan utpaadan banaavi shake, anyatha nubus-aadharit vistaran card vikasavavana bhaare kaarybhaarne ghataadi shake. joke, aema. see. pii. cards ekdam mongha hataa, jeey khyaalni apeelne maryadit kartaa hataa. aek/gulaabno upyog bahoo ochho jovaa malyo, dekheeti reete teey cereal i/o, ethernet, tokana ring aneey twinax maate aepalnaa potaana networking cards sudhee maryadit chhe. greenspring computersay computersay vikasaavyu, jeey aek udhyog peeka (ip) vaahak card chhe, jeey 68000 cpu saathe aek/gulab chalaave chhe aneey detaa sampadan bajaar maate banaavaayel chhe. itihas. a/gulab aneey mcp mulroope august august makintosh makintosh vikaas darmiyan aavyaa hataa. navee system maate viveedh networking utpaadno parr kaama karatee vakhate, vikaskartaone samajaayu keey haalnee classic meeka oaes motaa veelamb aneey jatil upkaran drivero lakhvaamaa mushkeleene kaarane koipan "gambhir" card banaavvaanu mushkel banaavshe. temno ukel aek "buddhishali" nubus card banaavvaano hato jeey aneevarypane card parr aek sampoorn computer hatoo, jemaa tenu potaanu motorol 68000 processor hatoo, mukhya sistamma pratibimbit remamaa kaama karvaanee jagya aneey tenee potaani mulbhoot operating system hatee. aaa pranaalinu pratham sanskaran februari februari upyog maate taiyar hatoo. aee/rosene aantarik reete mr-doosa (multitasking realtime distributed operating system) kahevama aavtu hatoo, parantu microsoft (ms-dosnaa vikaskarta) aee naamnee prashansa curry naa hatee aneey tenu naam badalvaa maate apple parr dabaan karyoo hatoo. erick aema. trahus, tokana ring card parr aek qaa angineer keey jeey aek/gulab chalaavto hato, tene katheet reete kahyoo hatoo keey "anya koee pann naamthi aek/gulab haju pann shree-doosa chhe." aee/gulab tenaa goopt hetu maate kukhyaat chhe, jeey saamanya reete meeka anned vapraashkartaao dwara samjee shakaatu nathee, temaj basilisk II jevaa ghanaa meeka amulatorne boot samaye system bhool pedaa karvaa maate kaaranbhut baney chhe. zankhi. aek/gulab pote khoob jaj naano chhe, curnell maatra 6 keey. bii. noow upyog karey chhe, aneey samagr operating system lagbhag 28 keey. bii. chhe. aee/rose 110 microsecond sandarbh switch samay aneey maatra 20 microsecond vilambataa (banydharikrut vikshep pratisaad samay) saathe round-robin kaary samaypatrak saathe purv-mukt multitaskingne teko aape chhe. sistamnu kaary mukhyatve detaane aaspaas khasedvaanu aneey cards parr kaaryo sharoo karvaanu aneey bundh karvaanu chhe, aneey samagr apima maatra dass colls hoya chhe. a/gulab aee sandesh pasaar karvaanee pranali chhe, aneey tenaa hethal chaaltaa kaarykramo dwara karvaamaa aavtaa mukhya colls chhe coc _ 1 aneey coc _ 2. sandeshao tunkaa hoya chhe, jemaa maatra 24 bites vapraashkartaa detaa hoya chhe, aneey teey asynchronous reete mokalvaamaa aave chhe. yogya anteem bindu shodhvaa maate, aek/gulaabmaa aek naam sarvarno samaavesh thaay chhe jeey applicationo temnaa kaary id saathe temnaa naamone bandhvani manjuri aape chhe, jenaathi teo sistamma aagad vadhee shake chhe aneey gatisheel reete malee shake chhe. oaes anya cards parr kaaryo shodhvaa, sharoo karvaa aneey rokvaa maate sankhyaabandh dincharyaone pann teko aape chhe, temathi aek "cards" yajmaan computer chhe. sandeshaavyavhaarnu sankalan karvaa aneey yajmanna cpu saathe vaat karvaa maate aek paddhati pradaan karvaa maate, aek/gulaabnee qata-daaun nakal pann system extension swarupma meeka oaesnee andar chaali hatee, athavaa "init", jene "prip" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe (jene pachhinaa prip hardware standard saathe munjhavanma naa mukavu joiae). / gulab card maatena upkaran driverone pann inuts tareeke lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey teey aapmele sharoo thaee gayaa hataa. sharoo karyaa pachhi, teo taiyarini stub shodhe chhe aneey cards saathe vaatchit karvaa maate teey pradaan karey chhe teey saamanya aee/rose sanchaar chenalno upyog karey chhe. dakhala tareeke, apple tokantaka aenbee card tenaa driverne init tareeke sthaapit karey chhe, aneey vaikalpik reete prip stubne sthaapit karey chhe, aema dhaarine keey teey pahelaa sthaapit karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. startup parr driver prip stub shodhe chhe aneey tene machinema sthaapit tokantaka cardsnee ganatari karvaa maate kahe chhe, aneey vaikalpik reete temne qoda athavaa settings uploaded karey chhe. teey binduthi, taiyari card saathe sanchaarne sambhaale chhe, parinaamo tokantaka driverne sonpe chhe.

aeye/gulab aeye/rose (apple real-time operating system environment) ack chhota embedded operating system haye joe apple computer key "macintosh coprocessor platform" parr chalata haye, joe apple macintosh key liye ack vistaar card haye. ack ekal "atee-design" hardware platform kii peshkash karane kaa vichaar thaa jiss parr teesare paksh key vikreta vyaavhaarik roop seey kissy bhee utpaad kaa nirmaan curr sakate they, anyatha ack nubus-adharit vistaar card vikasit karane key bhaari karyabhar koo cumm curr sakate they. haalaanki, aim. see. pee. card kaafee mahange they, joe avadharana kii appeal koo seemit karate they. aeye/rose kaa bahut cumm upayog huaa, jahira taur parr kewal aippal key apane networking cardon taka seemit serial aaee/oh, ethernet, tokan ring aur twinax key liye. greenspring computers ney aar. aim. 1260 vikasit kiya, joe ack udyog paik (aaee. pee.) vaahak card haye jisamen 68000 cpu ack/gulab chala rhaa haye aur detta adhigrahan bajar key liye haye. itihas. aeye/rose aur mcp mool roop seey agast 1987 mein macintosh II key vikas key dauran aaya thaa. naee pranali key liye vibhinn networking utpaadon parr kaam karate hue, developers ney mahsoos kiya kii maujooda classic mack os kissy bhee "gambhir" card koo banaana mushkil banaa dega, kyonki badee vilambata aur jatil device drivers koo likhane mein kathinaaee hogi. unakaa samadhan ack "buddhiman" nubus card banaana thaa joe anivarya roop seey ack card parr ack puuraa computer thaa, jisamen iska apana motorol 68000 processor thaa, mukhya pranali mein pratibimbit raim mein kaam karane kii jagah, aur iska apana buniyaadi operating system thaa. pranali kaa pahala sanskaran farwari 1988 mein upayog key liye taiyar thaa. aeye/rose koo aantarik roop seey mr-doss (multitasking realtime distributed operating system) kahaa jaataa thaa, lekin microsoft (ms-doss key developer) ney naam kii sarahana naheen kii aur seb parr iska naam badalane kaa dabaav daala. erich aim. trehus, tokan ring card parr ack kaa engineer joe ack/gulab chalaata thaa, ney kathit taur parr kahaa kii "kissy bhee anya naam seey ack/gulab abhee bhee shree-doses haye." aeye/rose apane goodh uddeshya key liye kukhyaat haye, jise aam taur parr mack aind upayogkartaon dwara naheen samajha jaataa haye, saath hii saath kaee mack amulator, jaise basilisk II, boot samay parr system truti paida karane key liye. avalokan. aeye/gulab swayam bahut chhota haye, kernell kewal 6 key. bee. kaa upayog kartaa haye, aur samagr roop seey operating system lagbhag 28 key. bee. haye. aeye/rose 110 microsecond sandarbh switch samay aur kewal 20 microsecond vilambata (guaranteekrit interrupt pratikriya samay) key saath round-robbin kaary samay nirdhaaran key saath poorv-amptive multitasking kaa samarthan kartaa haye. system kaa kaary mukhya roop seey detta koo idhar-udhar leey jaanaa aur card parr karyon koo shuru karna aur rokna haye, aur poore api mein kewal duss coll hotey hain. aeye/rose ack sandesh paarit karane vaali pranali haye, aur isake tahat chalane vaale karyakramon dwara kii jaane vaali mukhya coll cock _ 1 aur cock _ 2 hain. sandesh chhote hotey hain, jisamen kewal 24 bites upayogkarta detta shamil hotaa haye, aur atulyakaalik roop seey bheje jaate hain. upayukt antim bindu khojane key liye, ack/gulab mein ack naam server shamil haye joe anuprayogon koo apane kaary ids key saath apane naam baandhane kii anumati detaa haye, jisase way pranali mein sthanantarit hoe sakate hain aur gatishil roop seey paae jaa sakate hain. os ney anya cardon parr karyon koo khojane, shuru karane aur rokane key liye kaee dincharyaon kaa bhee samarthan kiya, una "cardon" mein seey ack mezban computer thaa. sanchaar kaa samanvaya karane aur mezban key cpu key saath baat karane key liye ack tantra pradaan karane key liye, ack/gulab kii ack cutt-down prati bhee ack system extension key roop mein mack os key ander chully, yaa "init", jise "taiyari" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye (jise baad key hardware maanak key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye). ack/gulab card key liye upkaran chalakon koo bhee inuts key roop mein likhaa gayaa thaa aur swachaalit roop seey shuru hoe gayaa thaa. shuru karane key baad, way taiyari kii stub paate hain aur card key saath samvaad karane key liye samanya aeye/rose sanchaar channel kaa upayog karate hain. udaaharan key liye, apple tokentok nb card apane driver koo ack init key roop mein sthaapit kartaa haye, aur vaikalpik roop seey prep stub koo sthaapit kartaa haye, yeh maanate hue kii yeh pahale sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. startup parr driver koo taiyari stub milata haye aur vaha machine mein sthaapit tokentok card kii ganana karane key liye kahata haye, aur vaikalpik roop seey unhein code yaa settings upload kartaa haye. usa bindu seey, taiyari card key saath sanchaar koo sambhaalati haye, parinam tokentok driver koo saunpati haye.

aa/gulabi aa/rose (aapal real-time operating system environment) ondu sanna embedded operating system aagiddu, idu aapal computern "macintosh coprocessor platform" nalli kaaryanirvahisuttade, idu aapal mcintoshgaagi vistaraneya cord aagide. moorane vyaktiya maaratagaararu prayogikavagi yaavude utpannavannu nirmisabahudaada onde "athi vinyasagolisalada" yantraamsha vedikeyannu odagisuvudu idara uddeshavaagittu, illadiddare nubus-aadhaarita vistaraneya cord annu abhivraddhipadisuva bhaaree kelasada horey kadimeyaguttade. aadaagyoo, emm. sii. pii. kaardugalu saakashtu dubaariyaagiddu, parikalpaneya akarshaneyannu simitagolisiddavu. ondu/gulabi tumba kadime balakeyannu kanditu, spashtavagi aapalna swanta networking kaardgalige maatra simitavagide sarani aii/oo, eetharnet, tokan ring mattu twinax. greenspring kampyootargalu rm1260annu abhivraddhipadisidavu, idu 68000 cpu chaalaneyalliruva/gulabi hondiruva industriapack (aipi) carrier cord aagide mattu idu dattaamsha swadhina marukattegagi uddeshisalaagide. itihaasa. aa/rose mattu mcp moolatah 1987rahra augustinalli macintosh IIನ abhivruddhiya samayadalli bandavu. hosa vyavasthege vividha networking utpannagala mele kelasa maduvaga, dodda vilambagalu mattu sankeerna sadhana chalakagalannu bareyuva kashtadindaagi, astitvadalliruva classic mack os yaavude "gambhira" cord annu rachisalu kashtavaguttade endu abhivardhakaru aritukondaru. avara parihaaravendare cardnalli moolabhootavaagi ondu sampoorna computer, tannade aada motorola 68000 processor, mukhya vyavastheyalli pratibimbitavaada ramnalli kaaryanirvahisuva sthala mattu tannade aada moola karyacharana vyavastheyannu hondiruva "buddhivanta" nubus cord annu tayaarisuvudu. ee vevastheya modala aavruttiyu 1988rahra phebravariyalli balakege siddhavaagittu. aa/roze annu aantarikavaagi mr-daas (bahukaryaka naija-samayada vitaranaa karyacharana vyavasthe) endu kareyalaaguttittu, aadare microsoft (ms-dasna abhivardhaka) hesarannu mecchalilla mattu adara hesarannu badalaayisalu aapal mele ottada heritu. erich emm. ondu/gulabi bannada tokan ring cardina meledda obba qa enginiyar trehus, "yaavude hesarinindaloo aa/gulabi innoo mister-daas aagide" endu heliddaare." aa/rose tanna nigoodha uddeshakkagi kukhyaatavaagide, idannu samanyavagi mack antima balakedaararu arthamaadikolluvudilla, jotege basilisk II nantaha aneka mack emulatorgalu boot samayadalli system doshavannu untumaaduttave. avalokana. ondu/gulabi swatah bahala chikkadaagide, curnell kevala 6 kebi annu balasuttade, mattu ottaareyaagi operating system sumaru 28 kebi aagide. aa/rose 110 micro second sandarbha switch samaya mattu kevala 20 micro sekendugala latency (khataripadisida interrupt response time) yondige round-rabin kaarya velaapattiyondige purva-emptive multitasking annu bembalisuttade. vevastheya kaaryavu prathamikavagi dattaamshavannu suttaloo sarisuvudu mattu kardgalalli kaaryagalannu praarambhisuvudu mattu nillisuvudu, mattu idee aip kevala hattu karegalannu hondiruttade. a/gulabiu sandesha rawane maaduva vyavastheyagide, mattu adara adiyalli chaalaneyalliruva prograangalinda maadalaaguva mukhya karegalu coc _ 1 mattu coc _ 2. sandeshagalu chikkadaagiruttave, idaralli kevala 24 baitgala balakedaarara dattaamshavu seriruttade mattu asynchronous aagi kaluhisalaaguttade. sooktavaada antima binduvannu kanduhidiyalu, aa/rose ondu name server annu olagondiruttade, adhu applicationgalige tamma hesarugalannu tamma kaarya aidigalige bandhisalu anuvu maadikoduttade, idu avarige vyavastheyalli chalisalu mattu kriyatmakavagi kandubaralu anuvu maadikoduttade. itara kardgalalli kaaryagalannu hudukalu, prarambhisalu mattu nillisalu halavaaru dinacharigalannu saha os bembalisitu, aaa "cord" galalli ondu host computer aagide. samvahanagalannu sanghatisalu mattu aatitheya sipiyunondige maatanaadalu ondu kaaryavidhaanavannu odagisalu, ondu/gulabia cutt-down pratiyu saha system extension roopadalli mack os olage oduttade, athawa "inn", idannu "prip" endu kareyalaaguttade (idannu nantarada preper hardware standardnondige gondalagolisabaaradu). / gulabi kaardgala sadhana chalakagalannu saha ints endu bareyalaaguttittu mattu svayamchaalitavaagi praarambhisalaaguttittu. praarambhisida nantara, avaru preper stub annu kandukolluttaare mattu kaardgalondige samvahana nadesalu adhu odagisuva saamaanya aa/rose samvahana channel annu balasuttaare. udaaharanege, aapal tokentalk enby cord tanna chaalakavannu init aagi sthaapisuttade mattu adannu modalu sthapisalagilla endu bhavisi, purvabhavi stub annu aichchikavaagi sthaapisuttade. praarambhadalli chalakanu prepay stub annu kandukolluttaane mattu yantradalli sthaapisalaada tokentalk kaardgalannu enisalu keluttaane mattu aichchikavaagi code athawa settinggalannu avarige uploaded maaduttaane. aaa hantadinda, purvabhaaviyaagi kaardnondige samvahanavannu nirvahisuttade, phalitaamshagalannu tokentalk chaalakanige hastaantarisuttade.

eiii/rooss apple computerinte "mackintosh coprosessor plaattphom", apple makkintoshinaayulla vipuleekarana card ennivayil pravartthikkunna oru cheria ulchertha operating sistamaanu eiii/rooss (apple thalsamaya operating sisttam envayonment). moonnaam kakshi wendermark praayogikamaayi eathu uthppannavum nirmmikkaan kazhiyunna orotta "ovar design cheytha" hardware plaattphom vaagdaanam cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ashayam, ithu oru nubus adhishtitha vipuleekarana card vikasippikkunnathinulla kanatha jolibharam kuraykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, emm. sii. pii cardukal valare chelaveriyathaayirunnu, ithu aashayathinte aakarshanam parimithappedutthi. seeriyal aii/oo, itharnettu, tokkan ring, twinux ennivaykkaayi aappilinte swantham networking kaardukalil maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku eiii/rooss valare kurachu upayogam maathrame kandittulloo. greenspring computerukal computerukal vikasippicheduthu, ithu oru industry paakk (aipi) carrier cardaanu, 68000 cpu eiii/rooss pravarthippikkunnu, ithu daatta ettedukkal vpaniye uddeshichullathaanu. charithram. 1987 augustil mackintosh II-nte vikasanathinidayilaanu eiii/roses emm. sii. piyum aadyam vannath. puthiya systethinaayulla vividha networking uthppannangalil pravartthikkumbol, nilavilulla classic mack oesu valia latensikalum sankeernamaaya device driverukal ezhuthunnathinulla budhimuttum kaaranam eathu "gurutharamaaya" card srishtikkaan budhimuttaakkumennu developermaar manassilakki. avarude pariharam oru "intalijant" newbus card nirmmikkuka ennathaayirunnu, athu adisthaanaparamaayi oru cardle oru muzhuvan computer, athinte swantham motorola 68000 prosessor, pradhana sisttathil mirror cheytha ramil working space, athinte adisthaana operating sisttam enniva ulkkollunnu. 1988 februvariyil eee samvidaanathinte aadya pathipp upayogathinu thayyarayirunnu. eiii/rooss aantharikamaayi emr-doses (multitasking realtime distributed operating sisttam) ennu vilikkapettu, ennaal microsopht (ems-dosinte developer) peru vilamathikkukayum peru maattaan appiline sammarddathilaakkukayum cheythu. eric emm. tokkan ring cardilulla oru enchineeyaraaya trehas, "mattethenkilum peril a/rooss ippozhum misttar-doses aanu" ennu paranjathaayi reportund." mack end upayokthaakkalkk saadhaaranayaayi manassilaakaatha nigoodamaaya uddeshyathinum athupole thanne basilisk II polulla niravadhi mack emulettarukal boot samayat sisttam pishak srishtikkunnathinum eiii/rooss kuprasidhamaanu. avalokanam. a/rooss valare cheruthaanu, kernel 6 kebi maathram upayogikkunnu, operating sisttam mothatthil ekadesham 28 kebi aanu. 110 micro second kontekst switch samayavum 20 micro second latensiyum (urappulla interapt response samayam) ulla raundu robin task schedulinginoppam pree-emptive multitaskingine eiii/rooss pinthunaykkunnu. sisttathinte chumatala praadhamikamaayi daatta neekkukayum kaardukalile jolikal aarambikkukayum nirthukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu, koodaathe muzhuvan eiii. pii. aiyilum patthu kolukal maathrame adangiyittulloo. a/Rose oru sandeshamayakkal samvidaanamaanu, athinu keezhil pravartthikkunna prograamukal nadathunna pradhana kolukal cocew _ 1, cocew _ 2 ennivayaanu. sandeshangal hraswamaanu, 24 bitukal maathram upayokthru daatta ulppede, asinkranalaayi ayaykkunnu. anuyojyamaaya end pooyint kandethunnathinu, eiii/rossil oru neyim server ulppedunnu, athu aaplikkeshanukalkku avarude perukal avarude task idikalumaayi bandhippikkaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu sisttathil neengaanum chalanathmakamaayi kandethaanum anuvadikkunnu. mattu kaardukalile jolikal kandethunnathinum aarambikkunnathinum nirthunnathinumulla niravadhi dinacharyakale oesu pinthunachu, aaa "kaardukalil" onnu hoost computeraanu. ashayavinimayangal ekopippikkunnathinum hosttinte sipiyuvumayi samsaarikkunnathinulla oru samvidaanam nalkunnathinum, oru/rosinte oru katt-daun pakarpp oru sisttam ekstenshan roopathil mack oesinullil pravartthikkunnu, allengil "prep" ennariyappedunna "init" (ithu pinneedulla prep hardware staanderdumaayi thettidharikkaruthu). oru/rooss kaardukalkkulla device driverukalum ints ennu ezhuthukayum yaanthrikamaayi aarambikkukayum cheythu. aarambhikkunnathin sesham, avar prepaid stub kandethukayum kaardukalumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan athu nalkunna saadhaarana eiii/rooss communication chaanal upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, apple tokentak enby card athinte driverine oru init aayi instaal cheyyukayum prepaid stub munbu instaal cheythittillenn karuthukayum cheiyunnu. staarttappil driver prepaid stub kandethukayum mesheenil instaal cheytha tokkantokku cardukal kanakkakkaan aavasyappedukayum avaykku codo krameekaranangalo uploaded cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. aaa samayam muthal, prep cardumaayulla ashayavinimayam kaikaaryam cheyyukayum phalangal tokentak driverk kaimarukayum cheiyunnu.

aaa/gulab aii/gulab (apple real-time operating system vatavaran) hii eka lahan embedded operating system aahe jee apple sanganakachya "macintosh coprocessor platform" varr chalate, jeey apple macintoshasathi eka vistar card aahe. ekach "atee-rachana kelele" hardware munch pradan karanyachi kalpana hotee jyavar truteey paksh vikrete vyavharikdrushtya konatehi utpadan tayar karoo shaktil, jyamule nubus-aadharit vistar card vikasit karnyache bhaar qamee hoil. tathapi, emm. see. pii. carde byanpaiki mahag hotee, jyamule sankalpaneche aakarshan maryadit hote. aaa/gulabcha vapar farach qamee jhaala, varvar pahata too keval applechya swatachya networking kardanparyant maryadit aahe, jeey syrial aay/oo, ethernet, tokan ring aanee twinaxasathi aahe. greenspring sanganakanni aar. emm. 1260 vikasit kele, jeey eka udyog pack (aay. pii.) vahak card aahe, jyamadhye 68000 see. pii. yuu. heey eka/gulab chalavate aanee deta sampadan bajarasathi aahe. itihas. aii/gulab aanee emm. see. pii. heey moolatah august 1987 madhye macintosh II chya vikasadarmyan aale. naveen pranalisathi vividh networking utpadananvar kaam kartana, vikasakanchya lakshat aale qee mothya vilambanmule aanee jatil upkaran chalak lihinyatil adchanimule, vidyaman abhijat mack oes konatyahi "gambhir" card tayar karane katheen karel. tyancha upay mhanje eka 'buddhiman' nubus card tayar karane, jeey moolatah cardver eka sampoorn sanganak hote, jyat swatache motorola 68000 processor, mukhya pranalimadhye pratibimbit kelelya rammadhye kaam karanyachi jaaga aanee swatachi moolbhut karyapranali hotee. yaa pranalichi pahili aavrutti februwari 1988 madhye vaparnyasathi tayar hotee. aii/gulabala antargatpane emm. aar.-doses (multitasking realtime distributed operating system) asey mhatale jaat hote, parantu microsoftney (emm. ess.-doscha vikasak) navabaddal prashansa kelee nahee aanee tyache naav badalanyasathi applever dabav aanala. erich emm. trehus, eka/gulab chalavanaya tokan ring cardveril eka qaa abhiyanta, mhanala qee "aaa/gulab heey itar konatyahi navane ajunahi shree-doses aahe." aii/gulab tyachya goodh uddeshasathi kuprasiddha aahe, jeey samanyatah mack antim vaparkartyanna samjat nahee, tasech basilisk II sarkhya anek mack emulatormule bootchya velee pranali truti nirman hote. vihangavalokan. aaa/gulab swatach khoop lahan aahe, guthali fakt 6 keey. bii. vaparte aanee ekoon karyapranali sumare 28 keey. bii. aahe. aii/gulab heey 110 microsecond sandarbh badal vel aanee keval 20 microsecond vilambata (hamikrut vyatyay pratisad vel) saha goal-robbin karya velapatrakasaha purv-rikt bahu-karyas samarthan dete. pranaliche karya pramukhyane deta halavane aanee cardveril kaame suru karane aanee thambavane heey aahe aanee sampoorn apiaaymadhye fakt daha coll asatat. aaa/gulab hii eka sandesh pathvanyachi pranali aahe aanee tyakhali chalana programdware kele jaanare mukhya coll cockoge _ 1 aanee cockoge _ 2 aahet. sandesh lahan asatat, jyat keval 24 bites vaparkartyachya detacha samavesh asato aanee teey atulyakalikpane pathavale jaatat. yogya antim bindu shodhanyasathi, aaa/gulabamadhye eka neem server samavisht aahe joou anuprayoganna tyanchya karya idshee tyanchi nave bandhanyachi parvanagi deto, jyamule tyanna pranalimadhye halanyachi aanee gatishilpane shodhanyachi parvanagi milate. oesane itar kardanvar kaame shodhanyasathi, suru karnyasathi aanee thambavanyasathi anek dincharye dekhil samarthit kelee, tyapaiki eka 'card' mhanje yazman sanganak. sanvad samanvayit karnyasathi aanee yajmananchya cpushi bolanyasathi eka yantrana pradan karnyasathi, aii/gulabchi cutt-daun prat dekhil mack oesachya aat pranali vistar kinwa "init" chya swarupat chalate, jyala "prep" mhanoon olakhale jaate (jyacha nantarchya tayari hardware mankashi gondhal houu naye). / gulab kardansathiche upkaran chalak dekhil init mhanoon lihile gele aanee aapoaap suru jhaale. suruvat kelyanantar, teey tayaricha stub shodhatat aanee kardanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi teey pradan karatat tyaa samanya aii/gulab sampreshan vahinicha vapar karatat. udaharanarth, apple tokantok aine. bii. card tyacha chalak init mhanoon sthapit karate aanee prep stub aadhi sthapit keela gela navhata asey gruheet dharoon paryayipane sthapit karate. prarambh kartana chalkala tayaricha stub sapadato aanee too yantrat basavalelya tokantok kardanchi ganana karnyas sangato aanee paryayipane tyanna code kinwa settings uploaded karato. tyaa tappyapasoon, prep heey cards sanvad hatalate, parinam tokantok chalkala dete.

aii/golap aii/rose (apple real-time apareting system paribesha) heuchhi eka chhot embeded apareting system jaahaa apple computer "mcintsh coprocessor platform" ray chalithae, jaahaa apple mcintsh paain eka samprasarana card . ehara uddeshya thila eka ekaka "ati-design" hardware platform pradan kariba, jeunthire truteeja pakhya bikretamane byabaharika bhabe jekaunasi utpada nirmana kariparibe, jaahaa eka nubus-aadharita samprasarana card bikashita karibara atyadhika karjyabharaku hrass kariba. tebe, emm. sii. pii. cardgudika yathesta byajabahula thila, jaahaa ehi dharanara aakarshanaku seemita karithila. aii/rose bahuta comm byabahara dekhila, spust bhabare kebala apple rahr nijaswa netawarking cardre seemita thila jaahaa kramika aai/oh, ethernet, token ring ebong twinax paain . greenspringa computergudika aara. emm. 1260 bikashita karithile, jaahaa eka industry pack (aai. pii.) carrier card, jeunthire 68000 cpu aii/rose chaluthae ebong ehaa tathya adhigrahan bajaara paain uddista. itihas. aii/rose ebong mcp moolatah august 1987 ray mcints II rahr bikash samajare asithila . nutan system paain bibhinna netawarking utpada upare karjya kariba samajare, bikashakareemane anubhaba karithile je bidyamana classic mack os jekaunasi "gambhira" card srusti karibaku kastakara kariba, kaaran budd bilamba ebong jatila device driver lekhibare asubidha. semanankara samadhan thila eka "buddhimana" nubus card tiari kariba jaahaa eka cardre eka sampurna computer thila, jeunthire ehara nijaswa motorola 68000 prasesara, mukhya sistamare pratiphalita ramare karjya sthana ebong ehara nijaswa moulika apareting system thila . ehi byabasthara pratham sanskarana februari 1988 ray byabahara paain prastuta hoithila. aii/rose ku aabhyantareen bhabare emm. aara.-dos (multitaskinga real time distributed apareting system) kuhajauthila, kintu microsoft (emm. ess.-dasra developer) naamaku prashansa karinathila ebong ehara naama paribartana karibaku apple upare chaap pakaithila . erich emm. trehas, jane kwa engineer, jie eka/golap chalaithiba token ringa cardre kahithile je "anya kaunasi naamare a/golap eparjyanta mea.-dos ." a/golap ehara gupta uddeshya paain kukhyata, jaahaa sadharanatah mack shesh byabaharakareenka dwara bujhajae naahin, ebong basilisk II pari aneka mack emulator boot samajare system truti srusti kariba paain kaaran . samikhya karantu. aii/golap nije bahuta chhot, cornell kebala 6 kebi byabahara kare, ebong samagrika bhabare apareting system praiah 28 kebi . aii/rose 110 microsecond prasanga switch samai ebong kebala 20 microsecond bilamba (sunishchita baadha pratikrija samai) sahita round-rabin karjya karjya suchi sahita pri-emptive multitaskingku samarthan kare . systemer karjya heuchhi mukhyatah tathyaku charipate sthanantara kariba ebong cardre karjya arambha kariba ebong banda kariba, ebong samagra apiaire kebala dashati cull achhi . a/Rose heuchhi eka barta prerana pranali, ebong ehaa adheenare chaluthiba programagudika dwara karajaithiba mukhya cull heuchhi Cocew _ 1 ebong Cocw _ 2. barta gudika sankhipta, jeunthire kebala 24 byte byabaharakaree tathya antarbhukta, ebong asangata bhabare pathajae . upajukta antim bindu khojiba paain, a/rose ray eka naama sarbhara antarbhukta thaae jaahaa aaplikesangudiku semananka naamaku semananka karjya aai. dii. sahita bandhiba paain anumathi deithae, jaahaa semananku sistamare gatishila bhabare khojiba paain anumathi deithae . anya cardre karjya khojiba, arambha kariba ebong banda kariba paain os aneka rutinku madhya samarthan karithila, sehi "card" gudika madhyaru gotie heuchhi host computer . jogajogara samanwaja ebong hostra cpu sahita kathabartta kariba paain eka pranali pradan kariba paain, eka/rojra eka cutt-dauna kapi madhya eka system extension aakarare mack os bhitare chalithae, kimba "init", jaahaa "prastuti" bhabare janashuna (jaahaaku parabarti prastuti hardware manaka sahita bibhranta karajiba uchit nuhen) . eka/golap card paain device driver madhya 'innots' bhabare lekhajaithila ebong swajangkrija bhabare arambha hoithila. arambha kariba parey, semane prastuta stub khojanti ebong card sahita jogajoga karibaku ehaa pradan karuthiba sadharana aii/rose jogajoga channell byabahara karanti . udaharana swaroopa, apple tokentak enn. bii. card ehara draivaraku eka init bhabare sthapana kare, ebong bikalpa bhabare prastuti stub sthapana kare, anumana karantu je ehaa purbaru sthapita hoinathila . startup samajare driver prep stub khojanti ebong ehaaku messin ray sthapita tokentak card ganana karibaku kuhanti, ebong bikalpa bhabare semananka paain code kimba seting uploaded karanti . sehi samajaru, prepay card sahita jogajogaku parichalana kare, phalaphalaku tokentak draivaranku hastantara kare .

aii/gulab aii/rose (apple real-time operating system vatavaran) ikk chhota jiha imbedded operating system haii joe apple computer dey "macintosh coprocessor platform" utte chalda haii, joe apple macintosh laee ikk vistaar card haii. iss daa vichaar ikk single "over design" hardware platform dee peshkash karna see jiss utte tiji dhir dey vikreta viharak taur utte koee vee utpaad bnaa sakde sunn, jiss naal ikk newbs-adharat vistaar card vikast curran dey bhaari kamm dey bojh noon ghatt keeta jaa sakda see. halanki, aimm. see. pee. card kaafi mahinge sunn, jiss naal sankalap dee apeel seemat hoow gaee. aii/gulab dee varton bahut ghatt see, spasht taur 'teey cereal aaee/ou, ethernet, tokan ring atey twinnex laee siraf apple dey aapne networking cardan takk seemat see. greenspering computeran neey aar. aimm. 1260 viksit keeta, joe kii ikk udyog paek (aaee. pee.) carrier card haii jiss witch 68000 see. pee. yuu. aii/rose chall riha haii atey ih daata prapati markeet laee haii. itihaas. aii/rose atey aimm. see. pee. asal witch agast 1987 witch macintosh II dey vikas dauran aae sunn. naveen pranali laee vakkh-vakkh networking utpadan 'teey kamm karde hoye, developeran neey mahisus keeta kii maujuda classic maek ou. aiss. vaddi deree atey gunjhaldar upkaran driveran noon likhan witch mushkal dey caarn kise vee "gambhir" card noon banauna mushkal bnaa devega. uhanan daa hall ikk "budhiman" newbs card banauna see joe lazmi taur utte ikk card utte ikk poora computer see, jiss witch isda aapna motrola 68000 processor, mukkh system witch pratibimbat raim witch kamm curran dee jagha atey isda aapna buniaadi operating system see. iss pranali daa pahila sanskaran farvari 1988 witch varton laee tiaar see. aii/rose noon andruni taur utte aimm. aar.-doses (multitasking real time distributed operating system) kiha jaanda see, parr microsoft (aimm. aiss.-doses dey developer) neey naam dee kadar naheen keeti atey apple utte aapna naam badlan laee dabaa paaiaa. erik aimm. ikk/gulab chalaun vaale tokan ring card utte ikk qaa engineer, trehs neey kathit taur utte kiha kii "kise horr naam naal aii/gulab ajey vee shree-doses haii." aii/gulab aapne goodeh udesh laee badnam haii, joe aam taur 'teey maek ant dey upbhogtavan duaara naheen samajhiaa jaanda, atey naal hii bahut saare maek amulatoran, jiven kii basilisk II, noon boot samein' teey system galti paida curran laee badnam karda haii. sankhep jankari. aii/gulab aapne aap witch bahut chhota haii, karnal siraf 6 keey. bee. dee varton karda haii, atey samuche taur 'teey operating system lagbhag 28 keey. bee. haii. aii/rose 110 micro skint parsang switch time atey siraf 20 micro skint latency (garantishuda interpt responses time) dey naal raoond-robin task shaduling dey naal pree-amptive multitasking daa samarthan karda haii. system daa kamm mukkh taur utte detta noon aale-duaale lijana atey cardan utte kamm shuru karna atey rokna haii, atey poore api witch siraf dass kaalan hundiaan hunn. a/Rose ikk sandesh paas curran vaali pranali haii, atey iss dey tehat challan vaale programan duaara keetiaan jaanh valiaan mukkh kaalan Coque _ 1 atey Coque _ 2 hunn. sandesh chhote hunde hunn, jiss witch siraf 24 byte upbhogta detta shamal hunda haii, atey asynchronus taur teey bheje jaande hunn. dhukven antam bindu noon labbhan laee, aii/rose witch ikk naam sarvar shamal hunda haii joe applicationan noon aapne naam noon uhanan dey kaaraj id naal joden dee aagiaa dinda haii, jiss naal uh system witch ghumm sakde hunn atey gatishil dhang naal labbh sakde hunn. ou. aiss. neey horr cardan utte kamman noon labbhan, shuru curran atey rokann laee kaee rutein daa vee samarthan keeta, unhan "cardan" vicchon ikk host computer see. sanchar daa talmel curran atey host dey cpu naal gall curran laee ikk vidhi pardan curran laee, ikk/gulab dee ikk katt-daaun kaapi vee ikk system extension dey roop witch maek oss dey ander challdi haii, jaan "init", jiss noon "prep" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii (jiss noon baad dey prep hardware standard naal ulajhan witch naheen paaiaa jaanha chahida). ikk/gulab cardan laee upkaran driveran noon vee intus dey roop witch likhiaa giaa see atey aapne aap shuru hoow gaye sunn. shuru curran toon baad, uh prep stub labbh lainde hunn atey cardan naal sanchar curran laee aam aii/rose sanchar channel dee varton karde hunn. udaharan dey laee, apple tokantok ainn. bee. card aapne driver noon ikk inneet dey roop witch install karda haii, atey vikalpik taur utte prep stub noon install karda haii, ih mann keey kii ih pahilan install naheen keeta giaa see. startup curran 'teey driver noon prep stub milda haii atey uh iss noon masheen witch sathapit tokantok cardan dee ginti curran laee kahinda haii, atey vikalpik taur' teey uhanan noon code jaan setting uploaded karda haii. uss bindu toon, prep card naal sanchar noon sambhalda haii, natije tokantok driver noon saunpada haii.

a/gulabah e/rose (aapal-real-taim-operating-system-environment) iti laghu-antahsthaapit-operating-system asti yat aapal-computer ityasya "makintosh-coprocessor-platform" ityatra prachalati, yat aapal-makintosh-krute vistaar-card asti. ekaha eva "ati-parikalpitam" yantraamsha-mancham pradadat iti vichaarah aasit, yasmin truteeyapaksha-vikretaarah vyaavahaarikaroopen kimapi utpaadam nirmaatum shaknuvanti, anyathaa noobus-aadhaarit-vistaar-patrasya vikaasasya bhaaram nyooneekartum shaknuvanti. parantu emm. see. pee.-card-patraani atyantam mahataah aasan, yena parikalpanayaha akarshanam parimitam abhavat. e/rose ityasya upayogah atyalpah abhavat, yat kevalam aapal-ityasya aii/o, eetharnet, tokan ring, twinax ityetayoho krute svayameva jalaputanam krute eva seemitah iti drushyate. greenspring-ganakayantraani aar. emm. 1260 iteedam vikasitavantah, yat e/rose-ityasya 68000 see. pee. yoo. yukttam industry-pyaak (aii. pee.) carrier-card asti, tathaa cha dattaamsha-adhigrahana-vipanyartham cha asti. itihaasah. e/rose tathaa emm. see. pee. ityetaani moolatah 1987 august-maase makintosh-II ityasya vikaasakaale utpannaani aasan. nootanavyavasthaayaah krute vividha-jaala-utpadanam vishaye karyam kurvan vikaasakaah avabodhan yat vidyamaanah classic-myaak-o. ess. card-ityasya nirmanam, bruhad-vilambasya karanat, jatil-upakaran-chalakanam lekhanasy cha kashtasya karanat, kathinam bhavishyati iti. teshaam upaayah "intelligent" newbus card ityasya nirmanam aasit, yasya mularupena card-madhye sampoornam sanganakam aasit, yasya swakeeyah motorola 68000 praasesar aasit, mukhyavyavasthaayaam pratibimbitasya raam-madhye kaaryasthaanam, swakeeyam mool-kaaryaanishtiti cha aasit. asya vyavasthaayaah prathamam samskaranam 1988 februvari-maase upayogaay siddham aasit. e/rose iti aantarikaroopen emr-daas (multitasking real-taim distributed operating system) iti namna prasidhah aasit, parantu macrosoft (emm. ess-daas ityasya vikaasakah) ityanena naam naa prashamsitam, api cha aapal-samsthaayaah naam parivartayitum chaapam dattam. rikk emm. trehas, ekaha kaa-abhiyantuhu, yah tokan ring-card ityatra, yah e/rose iti chalayati, kathitaroopen uktavaan, "e/rose iti anyat naam adyaapi mister-daas iti asti." e/rose iti swasya goodaa prayojanartham kukhyaatam asti, yat samanyataya myaak-antima-upayoktrubhih naa dnyaayate, tathaiva basilisk-II ityadinam anekaan myaak-amulators ityetaan boot-samaye tantrasya dosham janayitum kaaranamasti. avalokanam karotu. e/rose iti swatah atyalpam asti, karnel kevalam 6 key. bee. upayujyate, samagratayaa cha karyanga-tantram praayah 28 key. bee. bhavati. e/rose iti 110 macrow-second-sandarbhe parivartanaakaalah, kevalam 20 macrow-second-vilambataa (sunishchitah awarodh-pratikriyaa-samayah) cha yuktena vrutta-rabin-karya-samayanirdhaaranen saha poorva-rikta-bahukarya-kaaryam samarthayati. tantrasya karyam mukhyataya dattaamshasya sanchaaram, card-madhye karyani arabhatam, sthagayanti cha, sampoorne e. pee. aii. madhye kevalam dash-calls eva santi. e/rose iti sandesh-preshana-pranaali asti, tathaa cha tasya adhah prachalanta prograam-dwara krutaani mukhyaani calls-kaak-1 tathaa kaak-2 cha santi. sandeshah laghavah bhavanti, kevalam 24 bait-upayoktru-dattaamshah api santi, avicchinnaroopena preshitaah cha bhavanti. upayuktam antimabinduh anveshtum, e/rose ityasmin naam-sewakah antarbhavati yah anuprayogan swa-karya-aii. dii.-ityanena saha swanaman bandhayitum anumanyate, yena te vyavasthaayaam sanchaalayitum, gatisheelaroopen cha drashtum shaknuvanti. o. ess. ityanena anyeshu card-madhye karyan anveshtum, aarabhy, sthagayitum cha anekaani dinacharyakaani api samarthitaah, teshu ekaha "card" iti host-sanganakah asti. sampreshananam samanvayaaya, aatitheyasy see. pee. yoo. ityanena saha vaartaalaapaartham cha tantram pradadat, e/rose ityasya cutt-down pratihi api myaak o. ess. ityasya antah system-vistaararoopen, athavaa "init" iti namna prasidhah "preep" (yat pashchat pripe hardware-standard ityanena saha bhramm maa bhavet) iti rupena prachalati. e/rose-card-krute upakaranachaalakaah api ee. aii. tii. ess. iti likhitaah aasan, svayameva aarabdhah aasan. arambhanantaram te pripe stub anvishya, cards ityetaih saha samvaadam kartum samanyam e/rose-sanchaar-madhyamam upayunjanti. yathaa, aapal tokentak enn. bii. card iti swasya chalakam init rupena sthaapayati, tathaa cha poorvam naa sthaapitam iti anumanyam vaikalpikaroopen pripe stub samsthaapayati. arambhakale chaalakah pripe stub iteedam anvishya yantrasya madhye sthapitan tokentak-card ityetaan ganayitum prucchati, vaikalpikaroopen teshaam krute code athavaa settings upload karoti. tatah param, preep card ityanena saha sampreshanam nirvahati, tokentak chaalakaay parinaman pradadaati.

aee/roja a/rose (apple nigazhnaera iyakka muraimai soozhal) enbathu apple kaneneyin "macintosh inaich seyaliyin iyangkuthalaththil" iyangkum oru siriya utpothikkappatta iyakka muraimaiyaagum, idhu apple magintoshukkaana virivaakka attai aagum. moontraam tharappu virpanaiyaalargal nadaimuraiyil endha thayaarippaiyum uruvaakkakkoodiya ottrai "athigappadiyaana vadivamaikappatta" vanporul thalaththai valangkuvathae yoasanaiyaaka irunththathu, illaiyenil oru nubus adippadaiyilaana virivaakka attaiyai uruvaakkuvathil adhiga vaelaichchumaiyaik kuraikkum. iruppinum, emm. chii. pii kaardugal migavum vilaiyuyarnthavai, idhu karuththin muraiyeettaik kattuppaduththiyathu. oru/roja migavum kuraivaana payanpaattaik kandadhu, idhu thodar aii/ooo, eetharnet, tokkan ring mattrum twinax aagiyavattrirkaana applin sontha networking kaardugalukku mattumae varaiyarukkappattullathu. creenspring kanenegal arm1260 aii uruvaakkina, idhu oru thozhilthurai paek (aipi) carrier kaardu, idhu 68000 sibiu oru/roja iyangkukirathu mattrum tharavu kaiyagappaduththal santhaiyai nokkamaagak kondullathu. varalaaru. a/roja mattrum mcp muthalil august 1987 ill macintosh II inn valarchchiyin poathu vanthathu. puthiya amaippirkaana palvaeru networking thayaarippukalil panipuriyum poathu, developergal aerkanavae ulla classic maek oaes endha "theeviramaana" attaiyaiyum uruvaakka kadinamaaga irukkum enbathai unarnththanar, aenenil periya thaamathangal mattrum sikkalaana saathana iyakkigalai ezhuthuvathil siramam ullathu. avarkalin theervu oru "arivaarntha" nubus cardai uruvaakkuvathaakum, idhu adippadaiyil oru cardle oru muzhu kaneneyaagavum, adhan sontha motor 68000 seyali, mukiya amaippil pirathipalikkappatta raamil vaelai seiyum idam mattrum adhan sontha adippadai iyakka muraimyaik kondullathu. inththa amaippin muthal pathippu pipravari 1988 ill payanpaduththa thayaaraaga irunththathu. a/roja ullnaattil mr-dos (multy tasking nigazhnaera viniyoagikkappatta iyakka muraimai) endru azhaikkappattathu, aanaal microsopt (ems-dosin developer) peyaraip paaraattavillai mattrum adhan peyarai maattra apple meethu azhuththam koduththathu. erik emm. oru/roja oodubavar tokkan ring cardle oru qaa poriyaalar trehas, "vaeru endha peyarilum oru/roja innum thiru-toas endru koorinaar." a/roja adhan marmamaana nokkaththirkaaga pirabalamattrathu, idhu podhuvaaga maek iruthi payanarkalaal purinthu kollappadavillai, athae poal basilisk II poantra pala maek munmaathirigalai thuvaka neraththil kanini pizhaiyai uruvaakkukirathu. kannoattam. a/rose migavum siriyathu, curnell 6 kb aii mattumae payanpaduththukirathu, maelum iyakka muraimai moththam sumar 28 kb aagum. oru/roja 110 micro vinaadi soozhal switch neeraththudan ravund-raabin panii thittamidaludan munkoottiya pala panikalai aatharikkirathu mattrum 20 micro vinaadigal thaamatham mattumae (uththaravaatha kurukkeedu pathil neram). kaneneyin panii muthanmaiyaaga tharavai nagarththuvathum, attaikalil panigalaith thodanguvathum niruththuvathum aagum, maelum muzhu aepiyilum paththu azhaippugal mattumae ullana. a/rose enbathu oru seithi anuppum amaippaagum, maelum adhan keezh iyangkum niralkalaal seiyappadum mukiya azhaippugal kaak _ 1 mattrum kaak _ 2 aagum. seithigal kurukiyavai, idhil 24 paittukal mattumae payanar tharavu, mattrum oththisaivattra muraiyil anuppappadugindrana. porutthamaana iruthi pulliyaik kandariya, oru/roja oru peyar sevaiyagaththai ulladakkiyathu, idhu payanpaadugalai avattrin paniyin aidi kaludan pinaikka anumathikkirathu, idhu amaippil nagarththavum, maarum vagaiyil kandariyavum anumathikkirathu. mattra attaikalil panigalaik kandupidippadharkum, thodanguvatharkum, niruththuvatharkum pala nadaimuraigalai oaes aathariththathu, antha "kaardugalil" ondru hoast kaneneyaagum. thagavalthodarpugalai orunginaikkavum, hoastin sibiyuvudan paesuvatharkaana oru porimuraiyai vazhangkavum, oru/roajaavin cutt-down nagal oru kanini neettippu vadivaththil maek oaes ullae oodiyathu, allathu "init", idhu "thayaarippu" endru azhaikkappadukirathu (idhu pirkaala vanporul tharaththudan kuzhappamadaiyakkoodaathu). oru/roja attaikalukkaana saathana iyakkigalum ulleedugalaaka ezhuthappattu thaanaagavae thodangappattana. thodangiyathum, avarkal thayaarippu stup kandupiditthu, attaikaludan thodarbu kolla adhu vazhangkum saathaarana aee/roas thagavalthodarpu saenalaip payanpaduththukiraarkal. uthaaranamaaga, apple tokkandalk enn. pii. kaardu adhan iyakkiyai oru init aaga niruvugirathu, maelum adhu munbu niruvappadavillai endru karuthi, viruppappadi breep stuppy niruvugirathu. thodakkaththin poathu iyakki thayaarippu stuppike kandupiditthu, iyanththiraththil niruvapatta tokkantak kaardugalai kanakkidumaaru ketkiraar, maelum viruppappadi kuriyeedu allathu amaippugalai avarkalukku pathivaettrukiraar. antha kattaththil irunthu, thayaarippu attaiyudan thagavalthodarpugalaik kaiyaalukirathu, mudivugalai tokkantak oottunaridam oppadaikkirathu.

eah/roez a/gulabi (aapil real-time operating system environment) anedi aapil computer yokka "makintosh copracessor platfam" paie nadiche oka chinna embeded operating system, idhi aapil makintosh kosam oka vistarana kaardu. moodava party vikretalu aacharanatmakamgaa edainaa utpattini nirminchagala oke "atigaa roopondinchina" hardware platformnu andinchadam, lekapothe nubus-aadhaarita vistarana kaardunu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo bhaarii panibharanni tagginchadam anae aalochana undhi. ayithe, emsipi kaardulu chaalaa khareedainavi, ivi bhavana yokka aakarshananu parimitam chesaayi. oka/gulabi chaalaa takkuva upayogaanni chusindi, spashtamgaa aapil yokka sonta networking kaardulaku seeriyal ii/oo, eetharnet, token ring mariyu twinux kosam matrame parimitam cheyabadindi. greenspring computerlu arm1260nii abhivruddhi chesaayi, idhi oka parisrama pyaak (aipi) carrier card, idhi 68000 cpu thoo oka/roez nadustundi mariyu idhi dayta samuparjana market kosam uddesinchabadindi. charitra. a/gulabi mariyu mcp modata 1987 augustulo makintosh II abhivruddhi samayamlo vachayi. kotta vyavastha kosam vividha networking utpattulapai panichestunnappudu, pedda japyalu mariyu sanklishta parikara driverlanu vraayadamlo ibbandi kaaranamgaa, ippatike unna classic maak oes edainaa "teevramaina" kaardunu srushtinchadam kashtataram chestundani developerlu grahinchaaru. vaari parishkaram emitante, oka kardupai tappanisarigaa mottam computer ayina "telivaina" nubus kaardunu tayaaru cheyadam, daani swantha motorola 68000 processor, pradhana vyavasthalo pratibimbimchae raam loe pani sthalam mariyu daani swantha praathamika operating system kaligi untundi. eee vyavastha yokka modati version fibravari 1988loe upayoginchadaaniki siddhamgaa undhi. eah/roejnu antargatamgaa mr-daas (multitasking real time distributed operating system) anie pilicheevaaru, conny microsoft (ms-daas developer) paerunu mechukoledu mariyu daani paerunu marchamani aapil meeda ottidi tecchindi. eric emm. oka/gulaabeeni nadipe token ring kardupai unna oka kaa injanir trehus, "yea/roez ayina itara paerutoe ippatikee mister-daas anie chepparu." a/gulabi daani rahasya prayojanam kosam apakhyaati paalaindi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa maak tudi viniyogadaarulaku ardham kaadu, alaage basilisk II vanti aneka maak emulatorlanu boot samayamlo system errarnu utpatti cheyadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. sameeksha. a/gulabi chaalaa chinnadi, kernell 6 kb matrame upayogistundi, mariyu mottam operating system 28 kb. a/gulabi 110 micro sekanla sandarbham marpidi samayam mariyu 20 micro sekanla jaapyam (haamii antaraayam pratispandana samayam) thoo round-rabin task schedulingtho mundastu multitaskingku maddatu istundi. vyavastha yokka pani pradhanamgaa daetaanu taralinchadam mariyu kardulapai panulanu praarambhinchadam mariyu apadam, mariyu mottam apilo padhi calls matrame untaayi. a/gulabi anedi sandesaanni pampe vyavastha, mariyu daani krinda nadustunna prograamla dwara cheyabade pradhana calls cock _ 1 mariyu cock _ 2. sandeshaalu chinnavi, veetilo 24 baitla user dayta matrame untundi mariyu avi samakaaleekarinchabadi pampabadataayi. tagina mugimpu binduvunu kanugonadaaniki, a/gulabilo oka name sarvar untundi, idhi anuvartanaalu vaari paerlanu vaari task aidilatho bandhinchadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi vaatini vyavasthalo taralinchadaaniki mariyu dynamicga kanugonadaaniki anumatistundi. itara kardulapai panulanu kanugonadaaniki, praarambhinchadaaniki mariyu aapadaniki OS aneka nityakrutyaalaku kooda maddatu ichindi, aaa "kaardulalo" okati host computer. communicationlanu samanvayam cheyadaaniki mariyu host yokka sipiutho maatlaadataaniki oka yantraamgaanni andinchadaaniki, oka/roez yokka cutt-down coppy kooda system podigimpu roopamlo maak oes lopala nadichindi, ledhaa "init", dheenini "pripa" anie pilustaaru (idhi taruvaati tayari hardware pramaanamtho ayomayam chendakudadu). oka/roez kaardula kosam parikara driverlu kooda ints gaa vrayabadi svayamchaalakamgaa praarambhinchabaddaayi. praarambhamaina tarvaata, vaaru preparation stubnu kanugoni, kaardulatoe communicate cheyadaaniki adhi andinche saadhaarana eah/roez communication chaanelnu upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, aapil tokentak enbi card daani drivernu init gaa install chestundi, mariyu mundu install cheyabadaledani bhaavinchi, optionalga preper stubnu install chestundi. praarambhamlo driver preparation stubnu kanugoni, yantramlo install cheyabadina tokentak kaardulanu lekkinchamani adugutaadu mariyu aichhikamgaa code ledhaa settingulanu vaariki uploaded chestaadu. aaa samayam nundi, prep kaardutoe communicationlanu nirvahistundi, phalitaalanu tokentak driverku appagistundi.

aey/gulaab aey/gulaab (apple riyal tyme operating system maahul) eek chhota sarayat shadah operating system hay juu apple computer kay "mechantosh coprocessor plait faarm" parr chalta hay juu apple mechantosh kay liye eek tausiyi card hay. khayaal yaha thaa kahh eek waahid "ziyadah design shadah" haard wayer plait faarm paish kiyaa jaaye jiss parr thard paarti wenders emli toor parr koyee bhee product banaa sakein jiss say nobus parr mubni tausiyi card tayaar karnay kay kaam kay bojh kuu kumm kiyaa jaa sakay. tahim ayem see pee card kaafi mahunge thay jiss say tasavur kii apeel mahdud how gayee. aey/gulaab kaa behat kumm istemaal dekha gayaa bazahir serial aayee/awa athernet tokan rung aur twenks kay liye sarf apple kay apnay neet working cardz takk mahdud thaa. grain spring computers nay aar ayem 1260 tayaar kiyaa juu eek industry peek (aayee pee) carrier card hay jiss mein 68000 see pee yuu aey/gulaab chalata hay aur iss kaa maqsad ddita kay hasool kay bazaar kay liye hay. tareekh. aey/gulaab aur ayem see pee asl mein agast 1987 mein mechantosh II kii tarqi kay doraan aayey thay. nayey system kay liye mukhtalif neet working products parr kaam kartay huay dwelpers nay mahsus kiyaa kahh maujudah classic meek awo aiss kasee bhee "sanjidah" card kuu bananay mein mashkal banaa day gaa bury takhir aur paichidah device driveron kuu likhnay mein dushwari kii wajah say. inn kaa hall eek "zaheen" nobus card banana thaa juu bunyadi toor parr eek card parr eek poraa computer thaa jiss mein iss kaa apnaa motrola 68000 processor markazi nazaam mein maryee raam mein kaam karnay kii jagah aur iss kaa apnaa bunyadi operating system thaa. iss nazaam kaa pehla warzan faroori 1988 mein istemaal kay liye tayaar thaa. aey/roz kuu androni toor parr ayem aar-ddaas (milty tasking riyal tyme distry beauted operating system) kahaa jaataa thaa leakin microsoft (ayem aiss-ddaas kay dwelper) nay naam kii tareef nahein kii aur apple parr iss kaa naam tabdil karnay kaa dabao daala. airak ayem. takoon rung card parr mojud eek qaa engineer jiss nay eek/gulaab chalaya trehos nay mubinah toor parr kahaa kahh "kasee bhee dosray naam say aey/gulaab abb bhee mister-ddaas hay." a/gulaab apnay khafiya maqsad kay liye badnaam hay jasay aam toor parr meek aind saarfin nahein samajhte saath hyee saath behat say meek emolators jeesay baselesic IIyee boat kay waqat system kii ghalti paida karnay kaa sabab bantaa hay. jaizah. a/gulaab khood behat chhota hay daana sarf 6 kb istemaal kartaa hay aur majmuyi toor parr operating system taqriba 28 kb hay. aey/roz 110 micro second seyaq woo sabaaq kay tabadle kay waqat aur sarf 20 micro second kii takhir (zamanat shadah entrept response tyme) kay saath round raaban taask sheedoling kay saath paree empto milty tasking kii himayat kartaa hay. system kaa kaam bunyadi toor parr ddita kuu muntaqil karnaa aur card parr kaam sharoo karnaa aur rokna hay aur puray aey pee aayee mein sarf duss kaalz hoti haine. a/Rose eek paigham muntaqil karnay kaa nazaam hay aur iss kay tahat chalnay waalay programon kay zariah kii jaanay waali aham kaalz kakiz 1 aur kakiz 2 haine. paighamat mukhtasir hotay haine jinn mein sarf 24 bites saarif kaa ddita shaamil hotaa hay aur ghair humm waqat parr bhejay jaatay haine. munasib ikhtatami naqtah talaash karnay kay liyay aey/roz mein eek neem sarwar shaamil hotaa hay juu apply cashions kuu apnay taask aayee ddee say apnay naam baandhnay kii ajazat deeta hay jiss say wah system mein muntaqil how saktay haine aur mutharik toor parr mill saktay haine. awo aiss nay dosray cardon parr kaamon kuu talaash karnay sharoo karnay aur roknay kay liye mutadid mamulat kii bhee himayat kii inn mein say eek "card" mezban computer thaa. mawasilat kuu marbut karnay aur mezban kay see pee yuu kay saath baath karnay kay liye eek tariqah kaar farahim karnay kay liyay aey/roz kii eek cutt ddaun kaapi bhee meek awo aiss kay andar system extension kii shakal mein chalti hay yaa "init"yee jasay "prep" kahaa jaataa hay (jasay baad kay prep haard wayer standard kay saath aljhan mein nahein daalna chahiye). eek/gulaab card kay liye device driveron kuu bhee ints kay toor parr likhaa gayaa thaa aur khood bakhud sharoo how gayaa thaa. sharoo karnay kay baad wah tayari kaa stub talaash kartay haine aur card kay saath baath cheet karnay kay liye farahim kardah aam aey/roz mawasilati chinal kaa istemaal kartay haine. misaal kay toor parr apple tokan taak aine bee card apnay driver kuu init kay toor parr instaal kartaa hay aur akhtiyari toor parr prep stub instaal kartaa hay yaha farz kartay hoay kahh yaha pehley instaal nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. start app parr driver kuu prep stub mill jaataa hay aur asay masheen mein nasb tokan taak cardz kii ganti karnay kay liye kehta hay aur akhtiyari toor parr inn parr code yaa settings app load kartaa hay. iss waqat say prep card kay saath mawasilat kuu sanbhalta hay nataij kuu tokan taak driver kay hawalay kartaa hay.

000903b25832208503d60c041abf0eb718e8992226b5b41d4129b48d6238245b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48800634

Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft

Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft (1920–1949) was a code breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War, working in Hut 8 under Alan Turing. Early life. Ashcroft was born in 1920 to parents of German descent. He was the fourth child of Frederick Noel Ashcroft, a keen geologist and treasurer for 18 years (1924-1945) and later president of the Royal Geological Society and of Muriel Ashcroft ("née" im Thurn) the niece of the explorer and colonial governor Sir Everard im Thurn. He was educated at Bancroft's School and then Eton College where he was a King's Scholar, making his mark as a mathematics specialist and winning various school prizes. In 1940, he went up to Magdalen College, Oxford, where, as a natural sciences scholar, he became Secretary of the Union in Hilary Term 1941. In June 1941, after only two full terms at Oxford, he was recruited by Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander to join Hut 8 at Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park. Ashcroft joined Hut 8 in Bletchley Park in June 1941, two days before Rolf Noskwith, and worked there until mid-1944, when he joined Newmanry working on Tunny. He later worked in the secretariat as assistant to Nigel de Grey. Within Hut 8, he made his mark and a major contribution to breaking the Atlantic and Mediterranean Naval Enigma "Shark" (or Triton), as the expert on short signals. This expertise was particularly significant during the period December 1942 to June 1943 when, during the blackout that followed the introduction by the Germans of the fourth Enigma wheel, short signals became the route back into Shark (see Enigma in 1942). This work was considerably aided by the capturing of the short signal code books from German submarine U-559 by men from HMS "Petard". After June 1943, Shark was broken on the 4 wheel bombes built by the US equivalent of Bletchley Park – OP – 20 – G. Ashcroft left Bletchley Park in 1946. Following the end of the war he contributed a chapter on short signals to the Official History of Hut 8. Post war study and career. In 1946, Ashcroft returned to Magdalen and obtained a first class honors degree in philosophy, politics and economics. He stayed only two terms and left to join the Civil Service. He was assigned to HM Treasury on an accelerated career programme as one of its first post-war administrative recruits. "He undoubtedly found in the Treasury both work and an environment very much to his liking and, had he lived, he would have travelled far. As an administrator he was, for his age, in the first flight, zealous and effective in all things he did, a first class draftsman and a tireless worker." Death. Ashcroft died from cancer in December 1949, so his civil service career was cut short. He was only 29. Ashcroft's funeral service took place at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 17 December 1949, attended by Stafford Cripps, then chancellor of the exchequer, and many MPs, colleagues, family and friends. Personality. Described as "one of the most vigorous and questing minds of his generation", Ashcroft was a great intellect and conversationalist. A very good friend of Roy Jenkins, he was best man at his wedding in 1945. Definitely a Labour Party supporter, he was indifferent to social distinctions and differences of class. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

michael aarbuthnot escroft michael aarbuthnot escroft (1920-1949) dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot blessle parkot egoraki code breaker aasil, jiye elaan turingor odhinot haat 8too kaam korisil. prarombhik jiwan. 1920 sonot german bongxudbhut pitri-matrir ghorot exkroftor jonmo hoisil. teu aasil 18 bosor dhori ejon aagrohi bhubigyani aaru khojanosi frederic noo 'el escroftor soturtho xontan (1924-1945) aaru pisoloi royel geological sosaitir xobhapoti aaru onwexonkari aaru ouponibexik gowornor chaar everard imm tharnor bhotiji muriel escroftor ("nee" imm tharn) soturtho xontan. teu bancroftor bidyaloy aaru taar pisot eaton collegeot xikhya laabh korisil zo 'too teu rojar pondito aasil aaru bibhinno bidyaloyor puroskar laabh kori gonito bixexogyo hisape nijor protischobi gorhi tulisil. 1940 sonot teu oxfordor magdalen kolejoloi yaay, zo 'too prakritik bigyanor pondito hisape teu 1941 sonot hilori karzokalot unionor xosibo hoy. 1941 sonor june maahot oxfordot maatro dutaa xompurno karzokalor pisot teuk kunel hiu oh' donnel alekjendare blesle parkot thoka haat 8too jugdan koriboloi nijukti disil. blesli park. rolof noo 'skowithor dudin aagote 1941 sonor june maahot exkrofte blesle parkor haat 8too jugdan korisil aaru 1944 sonor majbhagoloike taat kaam korisil, jetiya teu tunito kaam kori newmanirit jugdan korisil. pisot teu xosibaloyot nigel di grer xohokari hisape kaam korisil. kuwa 8-ror bhitorot, teu suti xongketor bixexogyo hisape aatlantik aaru bhumodhyoxagoriyo nour rohosyomoy "hark" (baa triton) bhangat nijor sinho aaru ek guruttopurno obodan aagborhaisil. 1942 sonor disembor maahor poraa 1943 sonor june maholoike ei dokhyota bixexbhabe guruttopurno aasil, jetiya germanxokole soturtho anigoma huilor probortonor pisot blackoutor xomoyot suti xongketxomuh harkloi ghuri juwar poth hoi porisil (1942 sonot anigoma sauk). ei kaamtur baabe eis. em. ess "petered" ror puruxxokole german sabmerin eu-559-ror poraa suti xongket code kitapxomuh dokhol korat jothesto xohay korisil. 1943 sonor june maahor pisot aamerika juktorastroi blesli park-opo-20-graamor xomotulyo nirman koraa sarisokiya bumatut hark bhangi peluwa hoisil. 1946 sonot exkrofte blesli park eri goisil. juddhor xomaptir pisot teu kuwa 8 ror sorkari itihaxot suti xongketor uporot etaa odhyay orihona jugaisil. juddhor pisor odhyoyon aaru keriyar. 1946 sonot excroft magdalanoloi ubhoti aahisil aaru dorxon, rajneeti aaru orthonitir prothom shrenir xonman degree laabh korisil. teu maatro dutaa karjokal aasil aaru oxamorik xewat jugdan koriboloi guchi goisil. teuk juddho-poroborti proxaxonik nijuktir prothomjon hisape ek tworanwito keriyar karzoxusir baabe eis. em. trejerit nijukti diya hoisil. "teu nixondehe kuxagarot teur posondor kaam aaru poriwex duyuta paisil aaru teu jiyai thakile bohu dur bhromon korisil. ejon proxaxok hisape teu teur boyoxor baabe, prothom uronot, teu koraa xokolu kaamot udyugi aaru karzokori, ejon prothom shrenir khosora prostutkari aaru ejon oklanto kormi aasil." mrityu. 1949 sonor disembor maahot korkot rugot akranto hoi exkroftor mrityu hoisil, xeyehe teur oxamorik xewar keriyartu hraax paisil. teur boyox maatro 29 bosor. 1949 sonor 17 disemborot westminsteror saint margaretsot escroftor ontyestikriya xomponno hoisil, zo 'too steford biklango, tetiyar rajkuxor sanchelar, aaru bohutu xangxod, xohokormi, poriyal aaru bondhuborgo uposthito aasil. byoktitwo. teur projonmor ataitkoi xoktixali aaru onuxondhanxil monor bhitorot etaa" hisape bornona koraa, escroft ejon mohan buddhijibi aaru kothupkothonobid aasil. roy jenkinsor ejon oti bhaal bondhu, 1945 sonot teur bibahot teu aasil shrestho byokti. nischitbhabe ejon sromik dolor xomorthok, teu xamajik parthokyo aaru shrenir parthokyor proti udaxin aasil.

michael arbuthnot ashcroft michael arbuthnot ashcroft (1920-1949) dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy blechley parker ekjon code breaker chhilen, jini allan touringer adhine kundeghar 8-ayee kaaj korten. prathomik jeebon. ashcroft 1920 saale german bongshodbhuto pitamatar ghore jonmogrohon corren. tini chhilen fredrick noel ashcrofter choturtho santan, jini 18 bochor dhorey ekjon agrahi bhutottobid ebong treasurer chhilen (1924-1945) ebong porey rayyal geological societyr sabhapati ebong abhijatri ebong ouponibeshik governor syara everard eam thurner bhagni muriel ashcrofter ("nee" eam thurn) choturtho santan. tini bancrofter school ebong tarpor eaton college padashona korechilen jekhane tini kings scholar chhilen ebong bivinno school puraskar jitey gonito biseshoggo hisabe taanr porichoy toiri korechilen. 1940 saale tini oxforder magdalen college bhorti hohn, jekhane prakritik bigyaner pondito hisabe tini 1941 saale hillary meyade unioner sachib hohn. june 1941 saale, oxforde matro duti purno meyader porr, tini blechley parker hutt 8-ayee jogdaner jonno shanku hiu oo 'donnell alekjandar dwara niyog paan. blechley park. rolph nosquither doo 'deane agey 1941 saaler june maase ashcroft blechley parker hutt 8-ayee jog deena ebong 1944 saaler majhamajhi porjonto sekhane kaaj corren, jokhon tini newmanaryte tonir kaaj korte jog deena. porey tini sachibalaye nigel dii gray-err sahokari hisabe kaaj corren. kundeghar 8-err modhye, tini sangkhipto sangketer biseshoggo hisabe atlantik ebong bhumadhyasagariya nou rahasyamay "hangar" (baa triton) bhangte taanr chhaap ebong ekti borh abodan rekhechilen. 1942 saaler december theke 1943 saaler june porjonto eyi dokkhota biseshbhabe guruttopurno chhilo, jokhon choturtho anigma huiler germander probortoner porey blackouter somoy, chhoto sangketguli hunger dike firey yawar pothe porinoto hoyechilo (1942 saale anigma dekhun). eyi kaajti aechms "peatered"-err purushder dwara german submarine eu-559 theke short signal code boiguli capture korar madhyome jotheshto sahayata korechilo. 1943 saaler june maaser porr, markin juktorashtrer blechley parker samatulya 4 chaaka boma-opp-20-zii-teey hangarti venge fela hoy. ashcroft 1946 saale blechley park chhede choley zaan. juddho shesh howar porr tini kundeghar 8-err sarkari itihase sangkhipto sangketer upor ekti adhyay abodan rakhen. juddhottor adhyayan ebong karmajiban. 1946 saale ashcroft magdalene firey asen ebong darshan, rajneeti oo orthonitite prothom shrenir somman degree orjon corren. tini matro duti meyade chhilen ebong civille service jog deoar jonno choley zaan. juddho-poroborti proshashonik niyogkarider modhye prothom hisabe taanke eich. emm treasuryte ekti twarannito karmajiban kormosuchite nijukto koraa hoyechilo. "tini nisshondehe koshagare kaaj ebong taanr pochonder moto poribesh ubhayi khunje peyechilen ebong tini benche thakle onek door bhromon korten. ekjon proshashok hisabe tini chhilen, taanr boyoser jonno, prothom uddayane, samasta kaaje uddogi ebong karjokor, ekjon prothom shrenir khasda prostutkarok ebong ekjon aklanta karmi." mrityu. ashcroft 1949 saaler decembere cancerey maaraa zaan, taai taanr civille servicer karmajiban sangkhipto hoye yaay. taanr boyce matro 29 bochor. ashcrofter antyeshtikriya anusthanti 1949 saaler 17ee december westminster seenta margarete onusthito hoy, jekhane stafford pangu, tokhon rajkosher chancellor ebong onek mp, sahakarmi, poribar ebong bondhubandhob uposthito chhilen. byaktitto. taanr projonmer onnotomo pranobonto ebong anusandhankari monn" hisabe bornona koraa ashcroft chhilen ekjon mohan buddhi ebong kathopakathanabid. roy jenkinser ekjon khub vall bondhu, 1945 saale taanr biyete tini chhilen sera manush. aboshyoi ekjon lebar partyr somorthok, tini samajik parthokyo ebong shreni parthokyer proti udasin chhilen.

michael urbuthnote ashcroft michael urbuthnote ashcroft (1920-1949) beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan blatchley parkma qoda breaker hataa, jeey aelan turing hethal zumpadi 8maan kaama kartaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. ashcroftno janm 1920maan german mulnaa matapitane tyaan thayo hato. teo fredarika noel ashcroftna chothaa santaan hataa, jeo 18 varsh sudhee aek utsuk bhustarshastri aneey khajanchi (1924-1945) aneey pachhithi shaahee bhustarshastriy samajna pramukh aneey sanshodhak aneey vasaahati governor surr everard eam thurnney bhatriji muriel ashcroft ("nee" eam thurn) naa chothaa santaan hataa. temane bancroftnee shaala aneey pachhi eaton collegemaa shikshan melavyu hatoo, jyaan teo raajaana vidhvaan hataa aneey viveedh shaala inamo jeeteene ganeetnaa nishnaat tareeke potaani odakh banaavi hatee. 1940maan teo oxfordnee magdelen collegemaa gayaa, jyaan koodarti vignanna vidhvaan tareeke teo 1941maan heeleri termma unionnaa secretory banyaa. juuna 1941maan, oxfordmaan maatra beey purn kaarykaad pachhi, temne connel hyug oo 'donnell alexander dwara blatchley parkma zumpadi 8maan jodava maate bhartee karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. blatchley paark. ashcroft juuna 1941maan, rolluff noskvithnaa beey divas pahelaa, blatchley parkma zumpadi 8maan jodaayo hato aneey 1944naa madhya sudhee tyaan kaama karyoo hatoo, jyaare teey tunny parr kaama kartaa newmanaryma jodaayo hato. baadmaa temane sachivalayma nigel dii grenaa sahayak tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. zumpadi 8 maan, temane tunkaa sanketona nishnaat tareeke atlantic aneey bhumadhya naukadalna rahasyamay "shaark" (athavaa traitana) neey todvaamaa temnee chhaap aneey mukhya yogdaan aapyu hatoo. aaa kushalataa december 1942 thee juuna 1943 naa samaygaalaa darmiyan khaas kareene nondhpaatra hatee, jyaare blackout darmiyan jeey chothaa anigma wheelnaa germano dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, tunkaa sanketo sharkma paachha javaano maarg bunny gayaa hataa (1942 maan anigma juo). aaa kaaryane aech. aema. aesa. "pietered" naa purusho dwara german submarin yuu-559 maanthi tunkaa sanket qoda pustako kabaje kareene nondhpaatra reete madad malee hatee. juuna 1943 pachhi, blatchley paark-opa-20-jee nee samkaksh yuu. aesa. dwara bandhvama aavela 4-wheel bomb parr sharkne todee nakhvama aavyo hato. ashcrofte 1946maan blatchley paark chhodyu hatoo. yuddhnaa anta pachhi temane zumpadi 8naa sattavaar itihaasmaa tunkaa sanketo parr aek prakarannu yogdaan aapyu hatoo. yuddh pachhino abhyaas aneey karkirdi. 1946maan ashcroft megdalen parat faryaa aneey filosoofi, raajkaaran aneey arthshashtrama pratham vargnee sanmaannee degree melvee. teo maatra beey kaarykaad sudhee rahyaa aneey sivil sarvismaan jodava maate gayaa. temne yuddh pachhini pratham vahivati bhartiomaanaa aek tareeke zadpi karkirdi kaarykram parr aech. aema. treasuryma sonpavama aavyaa hataa. "nihshankpane temne tijorimaa kaama aneey vatavaran banne temnaa manpasand maate khoob jaj jovaa malyaan aneey jooe teo jeevta hota too teo door sudhee pravaas curry shakyaa hota. aek vahivatkartaa tareeke teo potaani ummar maate, pratham udaanmaa, temane karelee tamaam babatoma utsaahi aneey asarkarak hataa, pratham vargnaa draftman aneey athaak kaarykar hataa." mrutyu. ashcroftnu december 1949maan kensarthi avsaan thayu hatoo, tethee temnee sivil service karkirdi tunkee puddy hatee. teo maatra 29 varshnaa hataa. ashcroftnee antimvidhi 17 december 1949naa roj westminsternaa saint margareta khaate thaee hatee, jemaa stefford vikalango, teey samaye sarkari khajanana chanceller aneey ghanaa saansad, sahkarmeeo, parivaar aneey mitro haajar rahyaa hataa. vyaktitva. temnee pedhhinaa sauthee utsaahi aneey jignasu dimagmathi aek" tareeke varnavama aavtaa ashcroft aek mahaan buddhishali aneey vartalapvadi hataa. roya jenkinsnaa khoob jaj saaraa mitra, teo 1945maan temnaa lagnamaa shreshth vyaktee hataa. chokkaspane laber partyna samarthak, teo saamaajik bhed aneey vargnaa matbhedo pratye udaseen hataa.

michael arbuthnot ashcroft michael arbuthnot ashcroft (1920-1949) dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran bletchley park mein ack code breaker they, joe alaan turing key tahat jhopadi 8 mein kaam curr rahey they. praarambhik jeevan. ashcroft kaa janm 1920 mein german mool key maataa-pitaa key ghar huaa thaa. vaha fredrick noel ashcroft key chauthe bachche they, joe 18 varshon key liye ack utsuk bhoovigyaani aur khajanedar they (1924-1945) aur baad mein shaahi bhoovaigyaanik samaaj key adhyaksh aur khojkarta kii bhatiji aur aupaniveshik governor surr everard imm thurn key muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm thurn) key they. unhone bancroft key school aur phir eaton college mein shiksha praapt kii, jahan way raajaa key vidwan they aur vibhinn school puraskar jeetane vaale ganit visheshagya key roop mein apani pehchaan banaate they. 1940 mein, way magdalen college, oxford gaye, jahan ack praakritik vigyaan vidwan key roop mein, way 1941 mein hillery karyakal mein sangh key sachiv baney. juuna 1941 mein, oxford mein kewal dou poorna karyakalon key baad, unhein connel hyug oh 'donnell alekjendar dwara bletchley park mein jhopadi 8 mein shamil honey key liye bharti kiya gayaa thaa. bletchley park. ashcroft juuna 1941 mein rolf noskwith seey dou dinn pahale bletchley park mein jhopadi 8 mein shamil hoe gaye aur 1944 key madhya taka vahaan kaam kiya, jaba way tunny parr kaam karane vaale newmanary mein shamil hoe gaye. baad mein unhone sachivalaya mein nigel dee gray key sahayak key roop mein kaam kiya. jhopadi 8 key bheetar, unhone laghu sanketon key visheshagya key roop mein atlantic aur bhoomadhyasagariya nausena anigma "shark" (yaa tritton) koo todane mein apani pehchaan banaai aur ack pramukh yogdan diyaa. yeh visheshagyata disambar 1942 seey juuna 1943 kii avadhi key dauran vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna thee, jaba blackout key dauran, jisake baad chauthe anigma wheel key germans dwara parichay diyaa gayaa, chhote sanket shark mein vaapas jaane kaa maarg bunn gaye (1942 mein anigma dekhein). iss kaam koo german pandubbi yuu-559 seey hms "pattered" key purushon dwara laghu sanket code pustakon koo pakadane seey kaafee sahaayata millie. juuna 1943 key baad, shark koo us dwara nirmit 4-wheel bamon parr todaa gayaa thaa, joe bletchley park key barabar thaa-opp-20-jee. ashcroft ney 1946 mein bletchley park chhod diyaa. yuddh key anta key baad unhone jhopadi 8 key aadhikarik itihas mein laghu sanketon parr ack adhyaay kaa yogdan diyaa. yuddh key baad kaa adhyayan aur currier. 1946 mein, ashcroft magdalen laut aae aur darshan, rajneeti aur arthshastra mein pratham shreni sammaan kii degree praapt kii. way kewal dou karyakalon key liye rahey aur sivil seva mein shamil honey key liye chaley gaye. unhein yuddh key baad key pahale prashaasnik bhartiyon mein seey ack key roop mein ack twarit carrier karyakram parr aich. aim. treasury mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. "unhone nissandeh khajaane mein kaam aur ack aisaa vatavaran paaya joe unhein pasand aaya aur aggar way jeevit rahate tou unhone bahut door kii yatra kii hoti. ack prashaasak key roop mein, apani umr key liye, pahali udaan mein, vaha sabhi cheejon mein utsaahi aur prabhaavi they, joe unhone kiye, ack pratham shreni key draftman aur ack athak karyakarta they." mrityu. ashcroft kii mrityu disambar 1949 mein cancer seey hui, isaliye unakaa sivil seva currier cumm hoe gayaa. way kewal 29 varsh key they. ashcroft kii antim sanskar seva 17 disambar 1949 koo sent margaret, westminster mein hui, jisamen karmchari viklang, taba sarkari khajaane key kuladhipati aur kaee saansad, sahakarmi, parivaar aur dost shamil hue. vyaktitva. apani peedhi key sabse jordar aur khoj karane vaale dimagon mein seey ack" key roop mein varnit, ashcroft ack mahaan buddhi aur vartakar they. roy jenkins key bahut achche dost, way 1945 mein apani shaadi mein sabse achche aadami they. nishchit roop seey ack laber party samarthak, way samajik antar aur varg key matbhedon key prati udaseen they.

micheal arbatnote ashcroft micheal arbatnat ashcroft (1920-1949) eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli blechley parknalli code breaker aagiddaru, alan turing avara adiyalli gudisalu gudisalu kelasa maaduttiddaru. arambhika jeevana. ashcroft ashcroft german moolada poshakarige janisidaru. aata 18 varshagala kaala (aii. dii. 1) teevra bhoovijnaani mattu khajanchiyagidda frederic noel ashcroftn nalkane maguvagiddanu mattu nantara raayal geological society adhyakshanagiddanu mattu parishodhaka mattu vasaahatushaahi governor surr everered imm thurn sodara sose muriel ashcroftn ("nee" imm thurn) nalkane maguvagiddanu. aata bancroft shaleyalli mattu nantara etton colleginalli sikshana padedaru, allie avaru rajana vidvaamsaraagiddaru mattu vividha shaala bahumaanagalannu gedda ganita tagnaraagi tamma chaapu moodisidaru. moodisidaru, avaru oxfordn magdaleen kaalejige hodaru, allie, naisargika vignaanada vidvaamsaraagi, avaru 1941rahra hilari avadhiyalli okkootada kaaryadarshiyaadaru. zoon zoon, oxfordnalli kevala eradu purnaavadhiya nantara, avarannu blechley paarknalliruva gudisalu gudisalu seralu konl hugg oo 'donnell alexander nemisikondaru. blechley park. rolf noskivitge eradu dinagala modalu, 1941rahra joonnalli blechley paarknalliruva gudisalu gudisalu ashcroft seridaru mattu 1944rahra madhyabhagadavaregu allie kelasa maadidaru, aaga avaru tanniyalli kelasa maaduva neumanriyannu seridaru. nantara avaru sachivaalayadalli nigel dii gray avara sahayakaragi kelasa maadidaru. gudisalu gudisalu, aata sanna sanketagala tagnaraagi atlantic mattu mediterranian nauka nigoodha shark (athawa traitan) annu muriyalu tamma chaapu moodisidaru mattu pramukha koduge niididaru. 1942rahra decemberninda 1943rahra junvaregina avadhiyalli ee parinatiyu visheshavaagi mahatvaddagittu, nalkane enigma chakrada germannaru parichayisida nantarada sthagitada samayadalli, sanna sanketagalu sharkge maraluva maargavaagi maarpattavu maarpattavu enigma nodi). german jalaantargaami yuu-559 ninda hms "pettard" naa purusharu short signal code pustakagalannu serehidiyuva moolaka ee kelasakke gananeeyavaagi sahaayavaayitu. zoon 1943rahra nantara, blechley parkge samaanavaada yuu. ess. nirmisida 4 chakragala bambgala mele shark annu muriyalaayitu. vrattijeevana blechley udyaanavanavannu toreda ashcroft, yuddhada antyada nantara, gudisalu 8rahra adhikruta itihaasakke sanna sanketagala kuritaada ondu adhyayavannu niididaru. yuddhaanantarada adhyayana mattu vrattijeevana. vrattijeevana, ashcroft magdaleenge maralidaru mattu tatvashastra, rajakiya mattu arthashaastradalli prathama darje gaurava padaviyannu padedaru. avaru kevala eradu avadhige ulidaru mattu nagarika sevege seralu toredaru. yuddhaanantarada modala aadalitaatmaka nemakaatigalalli obbaraagi tvaritagatiya vrattijeevanada kaaryakramadalli avarannu etch. emm. khajaanege nemisalaayitu. "aatanu khajaaneyalli kelasa mattu tanage ishtavaada vatavarana eradannoo kandukondidanu mattu aata badukiddare, aata doorada prayanavannu maaduttiddaru. obba aadalitagaaranaagi, tanna vayassinalli, modala haaraatadalli, avaru maadida ella kelasagalli hurupina mattu parinaamakaariyaagiddaru, prathama darjeya karadugara mattu danivariyada kelasagaararaagiddaru." saavu. 1949rahra decembernalli ashcroft cancerninda nidhanaraadaru, aaddarinda avara nagarika sewa vrattijeevanavu kadimeyaayitu. aatanige kevala 29 varsha vayassaagittu. 1949rahra december december westminstern saint margaretnalli nadeda ashcroftn antyakriyeyalli, aagina bokkasa kulaadhipatigalaada, angavikala sibbandigalu mattu aneka samsadaru, sahodyogigalu, kutumba mattu sneehitaru bhagavahisiddaru. vyaktitva. tanna piligeya atyanta hurupina mattu anveshaneya manassugalli obbaru" endu varnisalaada ashcroft obba mahan buddhijeevi mattu sambhaashakaraagiddaru. raay jenkins avara uttama sneehitaraagidda avaru avaru nadeda tamma maduveyalli atyuttama vyaktiyagiddaru. khanditavaagiyoo laber pakshada bembaligaraagiddaru, avaru samajika bhinnategalu mattu vargada bhinnategala bagge asadde hondiddaru.

maikkal arbatnote aashkroft randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu blechley paarkkile coode breakeraayirunna maikkal arbatnote aashkroft (1920-1949) alaan turinginte keezhil hutt 8 ll jolie cheythirunnu. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1920ll jarmman vamshajaraaya maathaapithaakkalkk aashkroft janichu. 18 varshamaayi (aii. dii. 1) theekshnanaaya jiyolajistum treasurerumaaya frederic noval aashkrofttinteyum pinneedu royal geological sosaittiyude presidentinteyum paryaveshakante anantharavalum colonial govarnorumaaya sarr everard imm tharninte anantharavalumaaya muriel aashkrofttinteyum ("nee" inn thurn) naalaamathe kuttiyaayirunnu addeham. baankroft schoolilum thudarnnu raajaavinte pandithanaayirunna eettan collegilum vidyaabhyaasam nediya addeham vividha school sammanangal nediya ganithashaasthra vidagthanaayi thante vyakthimudra pathippichu. 1940-ll addeham ooksfoordile magdalan kolejilekku pooyi, avide oru prakrithishaasthra pandithanenna nilayil 1941-ll addeham union sekrattariyaayi. ooksfoordil rund thavana maathram sevanamanushticha sesham 1941 juunil, blechli paarkkile kudilil cherunnathinayi koonal hyoog oo 'donnel alexander addehathe niyamichu. blechley paarkk. rolph noskvithinu rund divasam munbu 1941 juunil blechli paarkkile hutt 8-ll aashkroft cherukayum 1944 madhyam vare avide jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. pinneedu addeham sekratteriyattil nigal dii greyude sahayiyaayi jolie cheythu. kudilil 8-aamm sthaanathu vachu atlaantik, medittareniyan naavika nigoodathayaaya "sraavu" (allengil traittan) thakarkkunnathil hraswa signalukalil vidagdhanaayi addeham thante vyakthimudra pathippikkukayum oru pradhana sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. 1942 desember muthal 1943 juun vareyulla kaalayalavil eee vaidagdhyam prathyekichum praadhaanyamarhikkunnu, naalam enigma veelinte jarmmankaar avatharippichathine thudarnnulla aulaakktil, hraswa signalukal sraavilekkulla madakka paathayaayi maari (1942 leeii enigma kaanuka). jarmman antarvaahini yuu-559 ll ninnu echms "peetterd" ll ninnulla aalukal short signal coode bukkukal pidichedukkunnathiloode eee pravartthanam ganyamaayi sahayichu. 1943 juuninu sesham, blechli paarkkin thulyamaaya us nirmmicha 4 wheel bombukalil sraavine thakarthu. 1946ll aashkroft blechli paarkk vittu. yuddham avasaanichathinethudarnnu addeham kudilinte audyogika charithrathilekku hraswa soochanakalekkurichulla oru adhyayam sambhavana cheythu. yudhaananthara padanavum currier. 1946ll magdalanilekku madangiyethiya aashkroft thathwashaasthram, raashtreeyam, saambathikashaasthram ennivayil phastt klaas oonar birudam nedi. rund thavana maathram thudarnna addeham sivil sarveesil chernnu. yudhaananthara bharanaparamaya recruitmentukalil oralaayi thwarithappeduthiya oru currier prograamil addehathe echhem treasuryilekku niyamichu. "addeham theerchayaayum treasuryil jolie, thanikk ishtamulla oru anthareeksham enniva kandethi, jeevichirunnenkil addeham valare dooram sanjarikkumaayirunnu. oru bharanadhikaariyenna nilayil, thante praayatthil, aadya parakkalil, thaan cheytha ellah kaaryangalilum theekshnanum phalapradanumaayirunnu, oru phastt klaas draftsmaanum asraanthanaaya oru thozhilaalliyum." maranam. 1949 desemberil ashcroft cancer baadhichu marichathinaal addehathinte sivil sarvees jeevitam vettikkurachu. addehathinu 29 vayass maathrame undaayirunnulloo. 1949 desember 17nuu westminstarile sent maargarattil nadanna aashkrofttinte shavasamskara chadangil stafford amgangalum annathe khajanaavinte chansalar niravadhi empimaarum sahapravarthakarum kudumbavum suhruthukkalum pankedutthu. vyakthithvam. thante thalamurayile ettavum oorjjaswalarum anweshikkunnavarumaaya manassukaliloral" ennu visheshippikkappedunna aashkroft oru mikacha budhijeeviyum sambhaashanavaadiyumaayirunnu. rooy jenkinsinte valare nalla suhruthaaya addeham 1945-leeii vivaahathil ettavum mikacha vyakthiyaayirunnu. theerchayaayum oru laber party pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu, saamoohika vyathyaasangalodum vargga vyathyaasangalodum addeham nissamgatha kaanichirunnu.

michael arbuthnot ashcroft michael urbuthnote ashcroft (1920-1949) haah dusya mahayuddhadarmyan blechley parkmadhye code breaker hota, joou alaan turingchya netrutvakhali zopadi 8 madhye kaam karat hota. prarambhik jeevan. german vanshachya palakanchya potee 1920 madhye ashcroftcha janm jhaala. 18 varshe (1924-1945) eka utsuk bhuvaidnyanik aanee khajindar asalele fredrick noel ashcroft aanee nantar royal geological societyche adhyaksh aanee sanshodhak aanee vasahatvadi governor surr everered iim thurn yanchi bhachi muriel ashcroft ("nee" iim thurn) yanche teey chauthe apatya hote. tyache shikshan bancroftchya shalet aanee nantar eaton mahavidhyalayat jhaale, jithe too rajacha vidwan hota aanee tyane vividh shaley bakshise jinkun ganitacha tadnya mhanoon aapali chhap padali. 1940 madhye teey oxfordchya magdalen mahavidhyalayat gele, jithe naisargik vidnyan abhyasak mhanoon teey 1941 madhye hiilarii termmadhye unionche sachiv jhaale. juuna 1941 madhye, oxfordmadhye keval done purn karyakalanantar, tyanna connel hyoog oo 'donnell alekzandarne blechley parkmadhil zopadi 8 madhye sameel honyasathi bharati kele. blechley park. rolph noskvithchya done divas aadhi, juuna 1941 madhye ashcroft blechley parkmadhil zopadi 8 madhye sameel jhaala aanee 1944 chya madhyaparyant tethe kaam kele, jevha too tunnywar kaam kartana newmanymadhye sameel jhaala. nantar tyanni sachivalayat nigel dii greche sahayyak mhanoon kaam kele. zopadi 8 madhye, tyane alp sanketanvar tadnya mhanoon atlantic aanee bhoomadhya sagari naudalacha goodh 'shark' (kinwa triton) todanyat aapala thasa umatavala aanee mothe yogdan dile. december 1942 teey juuna 1943 yaa kalavadhit heey kaushalya visheshtah mahattvapoorn hote, jevha chauthya enigma chakrachya germananni parichay karoon dilyanantar blackout darmyan, short signal haah sharkmadhye parat jaanyacha marg banala (1942 madheel enigma pahaa). etch. emm. ess. "pietarad" madheel purushanni german panbudi yuu-559 madhoon short signal code pustake tabyat ghetalyane yaa kamala lakshaniy madat jhaali. juuna 1943 nantar, blechley parkchya samatulya americene bandhalelya chaar chakee bombwer sharkcha chakkachur jhaala. ashcroftne 1946 madhye blechley udyan sodale. yuddh sampalyanantar tyane zopadi 8 chya adhikrut itihasasathi chhotya sanketanvar eka adhyay deela. yuddhottar abhyas aanee karkird. 1946 madhye, ashcroft magdalenla paratale aanee tyanni tatvadnyan, rajkaran aanee arthshastra yaa vishayanmadhye pratham shrenichi sanman padvi prapt kelee. teey keval done karyakal rahile aanee nagri sevet ruju honyasathi nighun gele. yuddhanantarchya pahilya prashasakeey bharatipaiki eka mhanoon tyanna vegwan karkird karyakramasathi etch. emm. treasurymadhye niyukt karnyat aale hote. "tyala nihsanshaypane khajinyat kaam aanee tyachya aavadiche vatavaran donhi sapadale aanee too jagala asata tarr tyane khoop durcha pravas keela asata. eka prashasak mhanoon, tyachya vayanusar, pahilya uddanat, too serve kamanmadhye utsahi aanee prabhavi hota, eka pratham shrenicha masuda tayar karnara aanee eka athak karyakarta hota." mrutyu. december 1949 madhye ashcroftche karkarogane nidhan jhaale, tyamule tyanchi nagri seva karkird qamee jhaali. teey fakt 29 varshanche hote. 17 december 1949 roji westminsterchya seent margaret yethe ashcroftchya antyavidhi sohalyala karmchari apang, tatkalin sarkari khajinyache kulpati aanee anek khasdar, sahkari, kutumb aanee mitra upasthit hote. vyaktimatva. tyachya pidhitil sarvat utsahi aanee shodhak manapaiki eka" mhanoon varnan kelele ashcroft heey eka mahan buddhiman aanee sambhashanvadi hote. roy jenkinscha eka changla mitra, 1945 madheel tyachya lagnat too sarvottam manus hota. nishchitach kamgar pakshacha samarthak, too samajik bhed aanee vargachya farkambaddal udaseen hota.

micheal arbathnote ascroft micheal arbuthnut ascroft (1920-1949) dosro wishwayuddhako samayama blechli parkma code breaker thie, alon turingantargat hutt 8 maa kaam garthe. prarambhik jiwan. escroftko janma sann 1920 maa german mulka amababuko gharma bhaeko thiyo. uni fredrick noel ascraftko chautho santan thie, 18 warshasamma ek utsuk bhuvigyani rar khajanedar (1924-1945) rar pachhi shahi bhugarbhiya samajka adhyaksha rar anweshak rar aupaniweshik governer sear everard imm tharnaki bhatiji muriel ascroft ("nee" imm tharna) kaa thie. unle bancroftko schol rar tyasapachhi eaton kalejma shiksha prapta gare jahaan uni rajaka vidwan thie jasle vibhinna schol puraskarharu jitne ganit wisheshagyako rupma afno chhap banae. sann 1940 maa uni oxfordko magdalen kalejma gae, jahaan, ek prakritik vigyan vidwanko rupma, uni hillery term 1941 maa unionka sachiva bane. june 1941 maa, oxfordma kewal dui purna karyakal pachhi, unlai connel hug o 'donnell alekjanderle blechli parkko hutt 8 maa samel huna bharti gare. blechli park. ascroft june 1941 maa, rolf noskawithko dui dina aghi, blechli parkko hutt 8 maa samel bhae, rar sann 1944 ko madhyasamma tyahan kaam gare, jab uni toneyma kaam gardai neumanryma samel bhae. pachhi unle sachiwalayama nigel day greca sahayakka rupma kaam gare. jhupadi 8 bhitra, unle chhoto sanketharuma wisheshagyako rupma atlantic rar bhumadhyasagariya nausenako rahasya "shark" (wa triton) todnama afno chhap rar pramukh yogdan die. yo visheshagyata december 1942 dekhi june 1943 ko awadhima vishesh gari mahatwapurna thiyo, jab chautho anigma pangrako germanharudwara parichaya pachhi blackoutko samayama, chhoto sanketharu sharkma farkane marga banyo (1942 maa anigma hernuhos). yass kamlai german panadubbi yu-559 batt hms "pietard" kaa purushharudwara chhoto sanket code pustakharu kabja garera paryapta sahayog garieko thiyo. june 1943 pachhi, blechli park-ope-20-gramko barabar americidwara nirmit 4 pangra bamharuma sharklai todiyo. ascroftle sann 1946 maa blechli park chhode. yuddhako antyapachhi unle hutt 8 ko adhikarik itihasma chhoto sanketharuma euta adhyaya yogdan die. yuddhapachhiko adhyayan rar currier. sann 1946 maa, ascroft magdalen farkie rar darshan, rajniti rar arthashastrama pratham shreni samman degree prapta gare. uni dui karyakal matrai base rar sibhil sarbhisma samel huna gae. unlai yuddhapachhiko pahilo prashasanik bhartiharu madhye ekko rupma ek twarit carrier karyakramma hm treasuryma niyukta garieko thiyo. "unle nissandeha koshagarma kaam rar afno manaparne watawaran duwai pae rar, yadi uni bancheka thie bhane, unle dherai tadha yatra garne thie. ek prashasakko rupma uni afno umerka lagi, pahilo udanma, unle gareka sabai kurama utsahi rar prabhawkari thie, ek pratham shreni draftman rar ek athak karyakarta thie." mrityu. december 1949 maa cancerbata ascraftko mrityu bhayo, tyasaile unko sibhil sarbhis currier chhoto bhayo. uni 29 warshaka matra thie. escroftko antyeshti sewa 17 december 1949 maa cent margaret, westminsterma bhaeko thiyo, jasma stafford panguharu, tyasapachhi sarkari khajanaka chancelor, rar dherai sansadharu, sahakarmiharu, pariwar rar sathiharu upasthit thie. wyaktitwa. afno pustako sabaibhanda shaktishali rar khoj garne dimagharu madhye ek" ko rupma warnan garieko, ascroft ek mahan buddhi rar wartalapwadi thie. roya jenkinska ek dherai asal sathi, uni sann 1945 maa afno vivahama sabaibhanda asal manis thie. nishchit rupma ek leber party samarthak, uni samajik bhinnata rar wargako bhinnataharuprati udasina thie.

michael arbuthnote ascroft michael orbuthnut ascroft (1920-1949) dwiteeja biswajudha samajare blechle parkre jane code breaker thile, jie alan tyuringnka adheenare hutt 8 ray kaama karuthile. prarambhika zeeban. 1920 masihare german banshodbhaba pitamatanka ghare ascroft janmagrahana karithile. shay frederic noel aashakraftanka chaturtha santan thile, jie 18 barsha dhari jane agrahi bhutatwabit ebong khajanadhikari (1924-1945) ebong parey rayal geological societyra sabhapati ebong anusandhanakari ebong oupanibeshika gabharnara saar everard imm tharnka bhatiji muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm thurn) nka chaturtha santan thile. shay bancroft skula ebong taa 'parey eaton kalejare sikhya laabh karithile jeunthare shay kings scholar thile ebong bibhinna skula puraskara jiti ganita bisheshagya bhabare nijara parichai srusti karithile. 1940 masihare shay oxforder magdalen kalejaku jaithile, jeunthare jane prakrutika bigyana bidwana bhabe shay 1941 masihare hilari tarmare sanghara sachiba hoithile. june 1941ray, oxfordre maatra duiti purna karjyakala parey, tanku blechle parkre thiba hutt 8ray jogadeba paain conell hugg oh 'donnell alekajandaranka dwara nijukti diajaithila. blechle park. rolf noskwith rahr dui deane purbaru, june 1941 ray blechle parkre thiba hutt 8 ray ascroft joga deithile ebong 1944 rahr madhyabhaga parjyanta sethare karjya karithile, jetebele shay tunire kaama karuthiba nyumanrire joga deithile. parey shay sachibalajare nigel dii grenka sahajaka bhabe karjya karithile. hutt 8 madhyare, shay khudra sanketare bisheshagya bhabare atlantic ebong bhumadhyasagarija nausena rahasyamai "shark" (kimba triton) ku bhangibare nijara chinha ebong eka pramukh yogdan karithile. december 1942 ru june 1943 madhyare ehi biseshatwa bisesh gurutwapurna thila, jetebele chaturtha anigma chakrara germanamananka dwara prabartana parey blackout samajare, chhot sanketa sharkaku pheribara maargare parinata hoithila (1942 ray anigma dekhantu) . ehi karjyaku yathesta sahajata milithila german budajahaja jayu-559 ru hmm "petard" rahr purushamananka dwara cert signal code pustakaku hassel kariba dwara . june 1943 parey, blechle park-app-20-jii sahita samaana bhabare america dwara nirmita 4-chakia boma upare shark bhangi diajaithila. 1946 masihare ascroft blechle park chadithile. juddha shesh heba parey shay hutt 8rahr sarkari itihasare sankhipta sanketa upare eka adhyaja yogdan karithile. juddha parabarti adhyajana ebong kyariyara. 1946 masihare, ascroft magdalenku ferry darshan, rajneeti ebong arthaneetire pratham shreni sammana degree hassel karithile. shay kebala duiti karjyakala rahithile ebong sivila sarbhis ray joga deba paain chaali jaithile. juddha parabarti prashasanika nijukti paain tanku eka twaranwita carrier karjyakram upare echa. emm. trejereere nijukta karajaithila. "shay nihsandehare koshagarare ubhaja kaama ebong eka paribesha paithile jaahaa tankara pasanda thila ebong shay banchithante, shay doora jatra karithante . jane prashasaka bhabe shay niz bayasa anusare, pratham udanare, samasta karjyare utsahi ebong prabhabasali thile, jane pratham shrenira draftsman ebong jane aklanta karjyakarta thile." mrutyu. 1949 masiha december maasare karkata rogare akranta hoi aashkraftanka mrutyu hoithila, tenu tankara sivila sarbhisa kyarijaraku hrass karajaithila. tanku maatra 29 barsha hoithila. ascroftnka antim sanskara seba westminster cent margaretthare 1949 december 17 tarikhare anusthita hoithila, jeunthire stafford pangu, tatkaleena sarkari koshagarara kulapati ebong aneka emm. pii., sahakarmee, paribara ebong bandhu joga deithile. byaktitwa. taanka pidhira sabutharu shaktishali ebong anusandhanakari munn madhyaru jane" bhabare barnana karajaithiba, ascroft jane mahan buddhi ebong barttalapabadi thile . raiya jenakinsanka jane bhal bandhu, shay 1945 ray taanka bibaahare sarbottama byakti thile. nischita bhabare jane leber party samarthaka, shay samajika vedabhaba ebong berg parthakya prati udaseena thile .

michael arbuthnote ashcroft michael arbuthnote ashcroft (1920-1949) dooje vishav yuddh dauran balechali park witch ikk code breaker see, joe ellen turing dey adheen jhaunpadi 8 witch kamm karda see. mudhla jeevan. ashcroft daa janam 1920 witch german mool dey maapiaan dey gharr hoiaa see. uh 18 saalan (1924-1945) laee ikk utsuk bhuu-vigiaani atey khazanchi atey baad witch shaahi bhuu-vigiaanak samaaj dey pardhan atey khoji atey bastiwadi governor sarr evered imm tharan dee bhatiji muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm tharan) daa chautha baccha see. uss neey bancroft dey school atey firr eaton kaalaj witch sikkhiaa prapat keeti jitthe uh king dey vidwan sunn atey vakkh-vakkh school puraskar jittan vaale ganit mahr vajon aapni pachanh banayi. sann 1940 witch uh magdalen kaalaj, oxford gaye, jitthe ikk kudrati vigiaan vidwan dey roop witch uh hileri karajkal 1941 witch union dey sakattar baney. juun 1941 witch, oxford witch siraf doou poore karajkalan toon baad, unhan noon connel hugg ou 'donnell alegzander duaara balechali park witch jhaunpadi 8 witch shamal honn laee bharti keeta giaa see. balechali park. ashcroft juun 1941 witch rolf noskwith toon doou dinn pahilan balechali park witch jhaunpadi 8 witch shamal hoiaa atey 1944 dey addh takk utthe kamm keeta, jadon uh tunny utte kamm curran laee neumany witch shamal hoiaa. baad witch uhanan neey sakatret witch nigel dee grey dey sahaik vajon kamm keeta. jhaunpadi 8 dey ander, usne chhotiaan sanketan dey mahr vajon, atlantic atey mediterian jall saina dey goonge "shaarak" (jaan triton) noon todan witch aapni pachanh banayi atey ikk vadda yogdan paaiaa. ih muharat dasambar 1942 toon juun 1943 dey samein dauran vishesh taur 'teey mahattavpuran see, jadon chauthe inigma chakkar dey germanan duaara pesh keete jaanh toon baad blackout dey dauran, chhote sanket shaarak witch waps jaanh daa rasta bann gaye (1942 witch inigma dekho). iss kamm noon german pandubbi yuu-559 toon hms "petered" dey aadmiaan duaara chhotiaan signal code kitaban noon haasal curran naal kaafi sahaita millie. juun 1943 toon baad, shaarak noon yuu. aiss. duaara banaae gaye 4-chakkar bamban utte todiaa giaa see joe balechali park dey barabar see-ope-20-jee. ashcroft neey 1946 witch balechali park chhadd ditta. yuddh dey ant toon baad usne jhaunpadi 8 dey adhikarat itihaas witch chhote sanketan utte ikk adhiaai daa yogdan paaiaa. yuddh toon baad daa adhiaen atey carrier. sann 1946 witch, ashcroft magdalen waps aaa gaye atey falsafe, rajneeti atey arth shastar witch pahili shreni dee onors dee digri prapat keeti. uh siraf doou karajkalan laee rahey atey sival seva witch shamal honn laee chaley gaye. uhanan noon yuddh toon baad dey parshaski bhartiaan vicchon ikk vajon ikk tez carrier program utte aich. aim. khazana witch niyukat keeta giaa see. "binan shakk uss noon khazane witch kamm atey ikk ajiha mahaul miliaa joe uss noon pasand see atey jey uh jiunda hunda taan uh door takk yaatra karda. ikk parshasak dey roop witch uh aapni umar dey laee, pahili udaann witch, aapne saare kamman witch josh atey prabhavshali sunn, ikk pahili shreni dey draftsmen atey ikk anthakk karamchari sunn." maut. ashcroft dee dasambar 1949 witch cancer naal maut hoow gaee, iss laee uss daa sival service carrier chhota hoow giaa. uh siraf 29 saalan dey sunn. ashcroft dee antim sanskar seva 17 dasambar 1949 noon cent margaretas, westminster vikhe hoee, jiss witch staffed apahjan, sarkari khazane dey chancelor atey bahut saare aimm. pee. aiss., sehyogi, parivaar atey dosat shamal hoye. shakhsiat. aapni peedhi dey sabh toon shaktishali atey khoj curran vaale dimagan vicchon ikk" vajon varnit, ashcroft ikk mahaan budhiman atey gallbat curran vaala see. uh 1945 witch aapne viaah witch ikk bahut change dosat sunn, uh laber party dey samarthak sunn, uh smajik bhinntavan atey varag dey bhinntavan pratee udaseen sunn.

mckell arbathnut ashcroft mckell arbatnot ashcroft (1920-1949) dviteeyavishvayuddhe blechle-udyaane code-breaker aasit, alan-turing ityasya adheene 8-kuteer-madhye karyam karoti sma. praarambhikajeevanam. ashcroft ityasya janma 1920 tame varshe german-vamshasya matapitrubhyaha abhavat. saha fredrick noyel ashcroft ityasya chaturthah putrah aasit, yah 18 varshaani yaavat (1924-1945) utkatah bhoovaidnyaanikah, khajaanaadaarah cha aasit, anantaram raaj-bhoovaidnyaanik-samajasya adhyakshah, tathaa cha anveshakasya, aupaniveshika-rajyapalasya cha bhatijee muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm thurn) ityasya cha chaturthah putrah aasit. saha bancroft-vidyaalaye, tatah etton-mahaavidyaalaye cha shikshitah, yatra saha rajasya vidvaamsaha aasit, ganita-visheshajnaroopena swasya mudraam krutvaa vividhaah vidyaalayapuraskaaraani praptavan. 1940 tame varshe, saha oxford-nagarasya magdleen-mahaavidyaalayam gatavaan, yatra praakrutikawidnyaan-vidvaamsaha iti rupena 1941 tame varshe hillery-padam yaavat sanghasya sachivah abhavat. joon 1941 tame varshe, oxford-nagare kevalam poorna-padam dvivaaram praapya, blechle-paark-nagarasya hutt-8 madhye bhaagam graheetum konl-hyoo o 'donnel-aleksaandar ityanena niyuktah. blechle-udyaanam. rolf noskvith ityasya dinadwayaanantaram 1941 joon-maase blechle-paark-madhye 8-kuteer-nagare ashcroft-varyaha sammilitah, tatra 1944 tamavarshasya madhyaparyantam karyam krutavaan, yadaa saha nyumanri-samsthaayaam tunny-chalachchitre karyam krutavaan. pashchat saha sachivaalaye nigel dee grey ityasya sahayakatvena karyam krutavaan. 8 tame kuteere saha alpa-sanketaanaam visheshajnaroopena atlaantik-bhoomadhyasaagareey-nausainika-rahasym "shaark" (athavaa tratton) ityasya vighatane swasya mudraam, pramukham yogadam cha krutavaan. 1942 december-masat 1943 joon-maasaparyantam yaavat, yadaa chaturtha-enigmaa-chakrasya german-janaihi pravartanaat anantaram, blackout-samaye, laghu-sanketaah punah shaark-prati maargah abhavan, tadaa eshaa visheshadnyataa visheshatayaa mahattvapoornam aasit (1942 tame varshe enigmaa-pashyatu). german-jalaantargaami-yoo-559 taha laghu-sanketa-sanketa-pustakaani ech. emm. ess. "peatered" ityasya purushaihi gruheetvaa etat karyam mahatee sahayyam praapnot. 1943 joon-masasya anantaram blechle-paark-aap-20-jee-ityasya samatulyena americadeshena nirmiteshu 4-chakra-bamabuddheshu shaarkah bhagnah abhavat. 1946 tame varshe ashcroft-varyaha blechle-udyaanam parityajy, yuddhasya samaapteh anantaram saha 8-nagarasya aadhikaarik-itihasasya laghu-sanketaanaam vishaye ekam adhyaym dattavaan. yuddhottar-adhyayanm tathaa vruttihi. 1946 tame varshe, ashcroft-varyaha magdaalen-nagaram pratyaagatya, tatvajnaana-rajaniti-arthashaastr-wishayayoh prathamashreni-sammaan-upaadhim praptavan. saha kevalam dwau kaaryakaalau eva avasat, nagarikasevayam praveshtum prasthanam krutavaan. saha yuddhanantaram prathamaasu prashaasanik-niyuktishu anyatamah iti druta-vrutti-kaaryakrame ech. emm. treasury-krute niyuktah. "saha nihsandeham koshagare swasya icchaanusaaram karyam, vaataavaranam cha bahu praptavan, yadi saha jeevati tarhi duraduram yatram karishyati sma. prashaasakaroopen saha, svavayaskah, prathama-uddayane, sarveshu kaaryeshu utsahapurnaha, prabhaawasheelah, prathama-shrenee-draftsmen, athaka-karmachaarih cha aasit." mrutyuhu. 1949 december-maase ashcroft-varyaha karkarogaat mrutah, ataha tasya nagarikaseva-vruttihi alpakaalikah abhavat. saha kevalam 29 varsheeyah aasit. 1949 december 17 dinaanke, westminster-nagarasya sent margaret-nagare, ashcroft-ityasya antimasamskaar-sevaa abhavat, yasmin staffard-vikalaamgaah, tatah rajakoshasya kulaadhipatih, anekaah emm. pi. ess., sahakarmaah, kutumbinah, mitraani cha upasthitau aasan. vyaktitvam. swaprajanmasya atyantam prabalah, anweshanasheelah cha manah" iti varnitah, ashcroft ekaha mahaan buddhiman, samvaadavaadee cha aasit. raay jenkins ityasya atyantam uttamah mitrah, saha 1945 tame varshe svavivaahasya uttamah purushah aasit. nishchitataya leber-party-samarthakah, samajika-bhedaan varga-bhedaan prati udaaseenah aasit.

michael arbatnat ashcroft michael arbatnat ashcroft (1920-1949) irandaam ulagap poarin poathu pletchly poongaavil oru kuriyeedu udaippaalaraaga irunthaar, alan touringin keezh kudisai 8 ill panipurinthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. ashcroft 1920 aam aandil jerman vamsaavaliyaich saerntha pettroarukku piranthaar. avar frederic noel ashcroftin naankaavathu kuzhandhaiyaaga irunthaar, 18 aandugalaaka aarvamulla puviyiyalaalarum porulaalarum (1924-1945) pinnar raayal puviyiyal samoogaththin thalaivarum, aaraaychchiyaalarin marumagalum kaalanitthuva aalunarumaana charr everdu imm thurnin marumagalaana muril ashcroft ("nee" imm thurn) aavaar. avar bancroft palliyilum, pinnar eettan kallooriyilum kalvi payintraar, angku avar kings arinyaraaga irunthaar, palvaeru palli parisugalai ventra kanitha nipunaraaga thanathu adaiyaalaththai uruvaakkinaar. 1940 aam aandil, avar oxportil ulla mactaulan kalloorikkuch sentraar, angku, oru iyarkai ariviyal arinyaraaga, avar 1941 aam aandil hilari kaalappagudhiyil ontriyaththin seyalaalaraanaar. juun 1941 ill, oxportil irandu muzhu pathavikkaalangkalukkup piragu, avar koombu huck ooo 'donal alexanderol pletchly poongaavil ulla kudisai 8 ill saera niyamikkappattaar. pletchley poongaa. ashcroft juun 1941 ill pletchly poongaavil ulla kudisai 8 ill saernthaar, rolf noskiviththukku irandu naatkalukku munbu, 1944 aam aandin naduppaguthi varai angku paniyaattrinaar, appoathu avar newmanryil dunnyil panipurinthaar. pinnar avar seyalagaththil nigel dii gravin uthaviyaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar. kudisai 8 kkul, kurugiya samiknaigalil nipunaraaga, adlandic mattrum matthiya tharaikkadal kadarpadai marmamaana "suraa" (allathu triden) aii udaippathil avar thanathu adaiyaalaththaiyum mukiya pankalippaiyum seithaar. inththa nibunaththuvam kurippaaga disambar 1942 muthal juun 1943 varayilaana kaalakattathil kurippidaththakkadhaaga irunththathu, appoathu naankaavathu enicma chakkaratthin jermaniyargalaal arimugappaduththappattaththai thodarnthu aerpatta iruttadippin poathu, kurugiya samiknaigal suraakkalukku meendum sellum paathaiyaaka maariyathu (1942 ill enikmaavaip paarkkavum). inththa panikku kanisamaaga uthaviyathu jerman neermoozhkik kappalaana yuu-559 ilirunththu kurugiya samignai kuriyeettu puththagangkalai hms "petert" aangalaal kaippattrappattathu. juun juun piragu, americawal kattapatta 4 sakkara kundugalil suraa udaikkappattathu, idhu pletchley poongkaavirku samamaanathu-aap-20-jii. ashcroft 1946 aam aandil pletchley poongaavai vittu veliyaerinaar. poar mudivadainthathaith thodarnthu avar kudisai 8 inn athikaarappoorva varalaattrukku kurugiya samiknaigal kuriththa oru aththiyaayatthai bangaliththaar. poarukkup pinththaiya padippu mattrum thozhil. 1946 aam aandil, ashcroft maktaalanukkuth thirumbinaar, maelum thathuvam, arasiyal mattrum porulaathaaraththil muthal vaguppu gowravap pattam pettraar. avar irandu pathavikkaalangkalai mattumae thangki, sivil sarveesil saera veliyaerinaar. poarukkup pinththaiya nirvaaga aatchaerppil adhan muthal paniyaalarkalil oruvaraaga avar oru thurithamaana thozhil thittaththil hm karuvoolaththirku niyamikkappattaar. "avar santhegaththirku idamintri karuvoolaththil vaelai mattrum thanakku pidiththa soozhalai migavum kandaar, avar vaalnththirunththaal, avar veguthooram payanam seithiruppaar. oru nirvaagiyaaga, thanathu vayathirku, muthal vimanaththil, avar seitha anaiththilum aarvaththudanum thirampadavum, muthal thara varaivaalaraagavum, ayaraatha thozhilaaliyaagavum irunthaar." maranam. ashcroft disambar 1949 ill puttrunoayaal iranthaar, enavae avarathu sivil sarvees vaazhkkai kuraikkappattathu. avarukku vayathu 29 mattumae. ashcroftin iruthich sadangu 1949 disambar 17 andru westminsteril ulla saint maarkarettil nadanthathu, idhil stafford mudakkappattavargal, appoathaiya karuvoolaththin vaenthar mattrum pala emm. pii. ess, saga oozhiyargal, kudumbaththinar mattrum nanbarkal kalandhu kondanar. aalumai. avarathu thalaimuraiyin migavum thudipaana mattrum thaeduthal manangkalil ondru" endru vivarikkappadum ashcroft oru sirantha buddhisali mattrum uraiyaadal nipunar aavaar. raai jenkinsin nalla nanbaraana avar, avar nadantha avarathu thirumanaththil sirantha manithar. nichchayamaaga oru thozhilaazhar katchiyin aatharavaalaraaka irunthaar, samooga vaerupaadugal mattrum varkka vaerupaadugal kuritthu alatchiyamaaka irunthaar.

maikhel arbatnote ashcroft maikhel arbatnote ashcroft (1920-1949) rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo bletchley paarkulo code breaker, alan turing aadhvaryamlo hutt 8loe panicheesaaru. prarambha jeevitam. ashcroft 1920loe german santatiki chendina tallidandrulaku janminchaadu. athanu 18 samvatsaraalu (1924-1945) mariyu taruvaata raayal geological sosaiteeki adhyakshudu ayina frederic noel ashcroft yokka nalgava santaanam mariyu anveshakudu mariyu valasavaada governor surr everered imm thurn yokka menakodalu muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm thurn) yokka naalugo santaanam. athanu bancroft paatasaalalo, aapai eton kalasalalo chaduvukunnadu, akkada athanu raaju panditudigaa vividha paatasaala bahumatulu geluchukunna ganita nipunudigaa thana gurtimpunu srushtinchaadu. 1940loe, athanu oxfordloni magdaleen kalaasaalaku vellaadu, akkada, sahaja saastraala panditudigaa, athanu 1941loe hilarii turmlo union karyadarshi ayyadu. juun 1941loe, oxfordlo kevalam rendu puurti padaveekaalaala tarvaata, athanu bletchley paarkulooni hutt 8loe chaeradaaniki konl hyuu oo 'donnell alegzander chetha niyaminchabaddaadu. bletchley park. ashcroft juun 1941loe, rolf noskivit kii rendu rojula mundu, bletchley paarkulooni hutt 8loe cheraadu, mariyu 1944 madhya varaku akkada panicheesaadu, appudu athanu tunnylo panichestunna newmanrylo cheraadu. aaa tarvaata ayana sachivaalayamlo nigal dii greku sahayakudiga panicheesaaru. gudise 8loe, athanu chinna sanketalapai nipunudigaa atlantic mariyu madhyadhara naavikaadala niguudamaina "shark" (ledhaa traitan) nuu vichchinnam cheyadamlo tanadaina mudra vaesaadu mariyu pradhana sahakaram andinchaadu. eee naipunhyam mukhyamgaa 1942 december nundi 1943 juun varaku, naalugo enigma chakram yokka germanlu pravesapettina taruvaata blockawoot samayamlo, chinna sankethaalu tirigi sorachepaloki vellae maargamgaa marai (1942loe enigma chudandi). german jalaantargaami yuu-559 nundi chinna signal code pustakaalanu hcms "petard" nundi purushulu sangrahinchadam dwara eee paniki gananeeyamgaa sahaayapadindi. juun 1943 taruvaata, bletchley parkuku samaanamaina america nirminchina 4 chakraala bambulapai sorachepa virigindi-opp-20-graa. ashcroft 1946loe bletchley paarkunu vidichipettadu. yuddham mugisina taruvaata athanu gudise 8 adhikaarika charitraku chinna sanketalapai oka adhyayanni andinchaadu. yuddhaanantara adhyayanam mariyu vrutti. 1946loe, ashcroft magdaleenku tirigi vacchi tatvasaastram, rajakeeyaalu mariyu aardhika saastramlo pradhama taragati gourava degreeni pondaadu. athanu kevalam rendu padaveekaalaalu matrame undi, sivil sarveeslo chaeradaaniki vellipoyaadu. yuddhaanantara paripalana niyamakalalo modati vyaktigaa vegavantamaina vrutti karyakramam kosam aayananu hchm treasuryki niyaminchaaru. "athanu nissandehamgaa khajanalo tanaku nacchina pani mariyu vaataavaranam rendintinee kanugonnadu mariyu athanu jeevinchi unte, athanu chaalaa dhooram prayaaninchi undevaadu. oka nirvahakudiga, thana vayassulo, modati vimaanamlo, athanu chesina anni panulalo utsaahavantudu mariyu samarthudu, modati taragati draftsman mariyu avisraanta karmikudu." maranam. 1949 decemberlo ashcroft cancertho maraninchaadu, anduvalla athani poura seva vruttini nilipivesaaru. ayana vayassu kevalam 29 samvatsaraalu. ashcroft antyakriyala seva 1949 december 17naa westminsterloni seyint margaretslo jarigindi, dheeniki stafford vikalaangulu, appati prabhutva khazanaku chhaansalar mariyu aneka mandhi empeelu, sahodyogulu, kutumbam mariyu snehitulu hajarayyaru. vyaktitvam. thana taramlo atyanta saktivantamaina mariyu anveshinche manassulalo okati" gaa varninchabadina ashcroft goppa telivitaetalu mariyu sambhaashanhavaadi. raay jenkins kuu chaalaa manchi snehitudu, athanu 1945loe thana vivaahaaniki manchi vyakti. khachitamgaa laber party maddatudaarudu, athanu saamaajika bhedaalu mariyu taragati vibhedaala patla udasinudu.

michael arbothnot ashcroft michael arbothnot ashcroft (1920-1949) dosri jung azeem kay doraan balichalay paark mein code breaker thaa juu ailan toring kay maatehat hutt 8 mein kaam kartaa thaa. ibtadayi zindagi. ashcroft 1920 mein german nasal kay waldeen kay haan paida hoay thay. wah frederk noyal ashcroft kaa chotha bachah thaa juu 18 saal takk eek parjosh maahir arziyaat aur khazanchi (1924-1945) aur baad mein raail geological society kay sadr aur explorer aur nawabadiyati governor sarr aiward imm tharan kii bhatiji muriel ashcroft ("nee" imm tharan) kaa chotha bachah thaa. inhon nay beenn craft kay school aur phir aeton college mein taleem haasil kii jehaan wah king kay scholar thay aur riyaazi kay maahir kay toor parr apnee shanakhat banatay hoay mukhtalif school kay anaamaat jeeth rahay thay. 1940 mein wah magdlane college oxford gayey jehaan eek natural sciences scholar kay toor parr wah 1941 mein haleeri trum mein union kay secertry banay. joone 1941 mein oxford mein sarf duu makmal meaad kay baad inhein konal hugg awo donil alegzender nay bleachli paark mein hutt 8 mein shaamil honay kay liye bharti kiyaa. bleachli paark. ashcroft nay joone 1941 mein ralf nosak waith say duu dunn pehley balichalay paark mein hutt 8 mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur 1944 kay wast takk wahaan kaam kiyaa jabb wah tunny parr kaam karnay waalay neo menry mein shaamil hoay. baad mein inhon nay secretrait mein nageel ddee giray kay maawan kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. jhonpadi 8 kay andar iss nay mukhtasir ashaaron kay maahir kay toor parr bahar auqianos aur bahirah room kay bahri makhbar "shaarik" (yaa treaton) kuu todnay mein apnee shanakhat aur eek badaa taawan kiyaa. yaha maharat dasambar 1942 say joone 1943 kay arsey kay doraan khaas toor parr aham thee jabb bleek aaot kay doraan juu choothay anagma waheel kay germanon kay taaruf kay baad hawaa shaart segnals shaarik mein waps jaanay kaa raastah bunn gayey (1942 mein anagma dekhein). iss kaam kuu german aabdozein yuu-559 say shaart segnal code buck kuu aich ayem aiss pattered kay mardon kay zariye haasil karnay say kaafi madad milly. joone 1943 kay baad shaarik kuu balichalay paark kay masawi americi saakhta 4 pahiye waalay bamoon parr toad diyaa gayaa. ashcroft nay 1946 mein balichalay paark chhod diyaa. jung kay ikhtatam kay baad inhon nay hutt 8 kii sarkaari tareekh mein mukhtasir ashaaron parr eek baab kaa taawan kiyaa. jung kay baad kaa mutalah aur carrier. 1946 mein ashcroft magdalin waps aayey aur inhon nay falsafah seyasat aur muashiyat mein frust klaas aanarz kii digri haasil kii. wah sarf duu meaad rahay aur soul saros mein shaamil honay kay liye chalay gayey. inhein eek teez carrier prograam parr aich ayem treasury mein iss kay pehley jung kay baad kay intezami bharti mein say eek kay toor parr tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa. "blashbah asay khazanay mein kaam aur eek aisa maahul milaa juu asay pasand thaa aur agar wah zindah hotaa tuu wah behat door kaa safar kirr leeta. eek muntazim kay toor parr wah apnee amar kay liyay pehli parwaz mein apnay tamaam kaamon mein parjosh aur moasar eek frust klaas draft meen aur eek anthak kaarkan thay." moth. ashcroft kaa dasambar 1949 mein cancer say inteqal how gayaa iss liye inn kaa soul saros carrier mukhtasir how gayaa. wah sarf 29 saal kay thay. ashcroft kii aakhri rasumaat 17 dasambar 1949 kuu vest minister kay sent margaret mein hoyein jiss mein iss waqat kay sarkaari khazanay kay chancelor aur behat say ayem pee aiss saathi ahal khaanah aur doston nay sharkat kii. shaqsiyat. apnee nasal kay sabb say ziyadah parjosh aur mutajasis zahnon mein say eek" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa ashcroft eek azeem zahanat aur guftagu pasand thay. raaye jainkanz kay behat achhay dost wah 1945 mein apnee shaadi mein behtareen aadmi thay. yaqeeni toor parr leebar paarti kay haamee wah samaji imtiyazat aur tabqe kay ikhtelafat say lataaluq thay.

000906268d90a93629b2b05969c15acaf214e73016b7bb2ab520cd40de08c3c0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1963466

Fazal Mahmood

Fazal Mahmood Pakistani Test cricketer Fazal Mahmood PP, HI (18 February 1927 – 30 May 2005) was a Pakistani international cricketer. He played in 34 Test matches and took 139 wickets at a bowling average of 24.70. The first Pakistani to pass 100 wickets, he reached the landmark in his 22nd match. Fazal played his earliest first-class cricket for Northern India in the Ranji Trophy and strong performances there led to selection for India's inaugural tour of Australia in 1947–48. The independence of Pakistan, prior to the tour led Fazal, a Muslim, to withdraw and choose Pakistan. He played a major role in first gaining Test status for the new nation and then establishing them as a Test match team. He took ten wickets in a Test on four occasions; those against India, England and Australia coming in Pakistan's maiden victories over those teams. Fazal's most memorable performance came on the 1954 tour of England, when he had a leading role as Pakistan won at The Oval to square the series. He took match figures of 12/99, including 6/46 in the second innings as England collapsed chasing a target of 168. Succeeding Abdul Kardar as captain, Fazal led the national team in 10 matches between 1959 and 1961. He had immediate success against the West Indies but after losing to Australia and a stalemate with India he was sacked as captain. In all Pakistan won two Tests and lost two under his leadership. He retired from Test and first-class cricket following the 1962 tour of England when he was called up to replace injured opening bowlers. Early life. Born in Lahore, Fazal attended Islamia College, Lahore, from the age of 13. His father, Ghulam Hussain, was a professor of economics at the college as well as being president of the college's cricket club. Before settling for a career in academia, and despite passing the competitive Indian Civil Service exams, Ghulam Hussain joined the independence movement under the Islamic scholar and revolutionary activist Ubaidullah Sindhi, hoping to throw the British colonialists from a base in Afghanistan through an armed struggle. He set Fazal a stringent training routine which involved waking at 4:30 am, walking five miles and running five miles. This schedule was adhered to for seven years. Fazal made the college first team in his second year and at the age of 15 took 5/13 in an inter-college final, a record for the tournament. First-class cricket. In British India. In March 1944, Fazal, aged 17 and still at college, made his first-class debut for Northern India. In a Ranji Trophy match against Southern Punjab he batted at number eleven scoring 38 not out and taking three wickets. His maiden first-class wicket was that of India Test all-rounder Lala Amarnath. In Fazal's second appearance, a semi-final against Western India, he claimed eight wickets including 6/65 in the first innings. After a quiet 1944–45 season, in which Fazal took five wickets at 18.20, his performances the following season almost led to a place on the 1946 tour of England. Playing in the Zonal Quadrangular Tournament, a competition which acted as a trial for the tour, he opened the bowling for North Zone with Amarnath and took match figures of 9/83. Indian captain Nawab of Pataudi wanted Fazal in the squad but he was considered too young by the other selectors. On the tourists return home they played two matches against a Rest of India XI, Fazal took seven wickets in the first match which the Rest won but was expensive in the second. Later in the 1946–47 season his batting abilities were displayed when he scored his first and only first-class century. Playing for North Zone he scored exactly 100 not out from number eight, sharing in a 207-run seventh wicket partnership with Gogumal Kishenchand. North Zone won the match comfortably with Fazal contributing six wickets. He took a further five wickets in the final but North Zone lost by an innings. The zonal tournament had again acted as a trial, on this occasion for the country's inaugural tour of Australia in 1947–48. Fazal was included in the squad and attended the training camp, however before the tour began independence intervened and as a devout Muslim Fazal withdrew. In Pakistan. The maiden first-class match in the newly formed country took place on 27 December 1947 between Punjab and Sind. Fazal played for Punjab, taking six wickets and scoring 60 in an innings victory. The match was the first time that Fazal opened the bowling alongside Khan Mohammad, his future new ball partner for Pakistan. The first international visitors to Pakistan were West Indies in November 1948. The last of three fixtures was against a representative side which contained Fazal, he failed to take a wicket in a drawn match. At the end of the 1948–49 season Pakistan toured Ceylon for four matches, Fazal was the leading wicket-taker with 20 wickets. On the return tour a year later he took 16 wickets in two matches. A MCC side toured the subcontinent in 1951–52, playing a number of fixtures in Pakistan. In the first match against Punjab they were nearly forced to follow on after Fazal took 5/58. The fifth and final match of the tour was against a Pakistan side on a coir matting wicket at Karachi, Fazal exploited the surface to return figures of 6/40 in the MCC's first innings. The hosts went on to win by four wickets, a victory that played a large part in Pakistan gaining Test status. Pakistan were made Test members on 28 July 1952, less than five years after independence. Test career. First series. In October 1952, Pakistan began their first Test series against India. Fazal made his Test debut in the first match at Delhi, taking 2/92 in India's first innings, his maiden wicket was Indian captain, Lala Amarnath. Pakistan were dismissed cheaply twice to lose by an innings, Fazal was the only Pakistani player to reach double figures in both innings. Pakistan reversed the result in the second Test at Lucknow, played on a jute matting pitch Fazal took 5/52 in the first innings and 7/42 in the second as Pakistan won by an innings in only their second ever Test. His match figures of 12/94 are the best by a Pakistani bowler away from home, and were the best by any bowler against India until 1980. In the third Test at Bombay Fazal was wicketless as Pakistan lost by ten wickets, although in their first innings he scored 33 batting at number eight, helping Pakistan recover from 60/6 to 143/7. The final two Tests of the series were drawn, Fazal took six further wickets to finish his maiden series as Pakistan's leader wicket-taker with 20 at 25.60. He also made some lower order contributions finishing with a series total of 173 runs at 28.83. England tour. A Pakistan Eaglets side, containing Fazal, was sent to England in 1953 in preparation for the following year's tour of the country. While in England, Fazal received coaching from retired England and Surrey fast bowler Alf Gover. Fazal was made vice-captain to Abdul Kardar for the 1954 tour which would prove a success for both player and team on their first series outside the subcontinent. Fazal began the tour well, taking 11/102 and scoring 67 in the tourists first match against Worcestershire. He continued to take wickets in the lead up to the Test series, and also demonstrated his ability to bowl long and economical spells particularly against Oxford University where he bowled 37 maidens in 68 overs taking 7/95 in the process. The first Test at Lord's was heavily affected by rain and drawn, batting was difficult in the play that was possible and Pakistan were dismissed for 87 in their first innings. England in response scored 117/9 declared with Fazal and Khan Mohammad bowling throughout the innings, Fazal recording figures of 4/54. In the tour match before the next Test Pakistan played Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge, the tourists won by eight wickets with Fazal taking 11 wickets including a then career best 8/66 in the first innings. The second Test was at the same venue but saw contrasting fortunes as the Pakistanis suffered a heavy innings defeat and Fazal recorded his worst Test figures of 0/148. Although he was suffering with a leg injury which forced him to shorten his run-up. Pakistan faced another innings defeat after three days of the third Test but the match was drawn after rain stopped any play on the final two days, Fazal took 4/107 from 42 overs in England's innings. Pakistan went to the fourth and final Test at The Oval 1–0 down but caused a major upset by beating England to level the series, it was the first occasion that a country had won a Test in England on their inaugural tour. Fazal played a leading role in the victory claiming match figures of 12/99. In England's first innings he bowled throughout taking 6/53 from 30 overs, "Wisden" wrote the figures 'would have been much better but for dropped catches'. In a low scoring match, England were set a target of 168 in their second innings. Despite the early loss of Len Hutton, for the second time in the match caught behind off the bowling of Fazal, at 109/2 England looked well set on the fourth evening. However Fazal took the wickets of Peter May, Godfrey Evans and Denis Compton before the close and the next day took the first two wickets to fall as Pakistan completed a 24-run victory. Fazal's finished with second innings figures of 6/46 from 30 overs. In the series Fazal took 20 wickets, 12 more than the next best Pakistani bowler, at an average of 20.40. He played in only one of the six first-class matches that concluded the tour but still finished as leading wicket-taker with 77 at 17.53. In recognition of his feats, Fazal was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1955, the first Pakistani to be honoured. Home series. Pakistan's first home series came in the 1954–55 season with the visit of India for five Test matches. The series was marked by defensive and dull cricket with all five matches being drawn, the first occurrence of this in Test history. Fazal played in four of the matches and took 15 wickets at 21.93. His best figures came in the fifth Test at Karachi where he took 5/48 in India's first innings. Later in 1955 New Zealand made their maiden tour to the country, Pakistan completed a first Test series victory, winning 2–0. Fazal played in two of the three Tests and took five wickets at 18.40. Australia was the next visitors to Pakistan, touring in October 1956 for a single Test prior to their series in India and following the tour of England. In the match at Karachi, Pakistan secured a historic victory in their first Test against Australia. Fazal played a major role in the win, taking Test best figures of 13/114. He took the first six wickets to fall in Australia's first innings leaving the tourists on 52/6, a position they failed to recover from, they were 80 all out. He also took the first four wickets in the second innings and finished with 7/80. "Wisden" described his technique: "maintaining an accurate length and varying his swing with a mixture of leg-cutters and breakbacks". Imtiaz Ahmed said that: "Fazal never wavered in length and direction, and he moved the ball both ways intelligently...For one whole over from Fazal in the first innings, even the great Miller had no clue." Tour of West Indies. Pakistan's tour of the West Indies in 1958 was marked by a number of high scoring Test matches and Fazal had a large workload, sending down over 320 overs in the five Test series including 186 in consecutive Tests. Pakistan lost the series 3–1 and only avoided defeat in the first Test thanks to the 16-hour innings of 337 by Hanif Mohammad. In the second Test at Trinidad Fazal was Pakistan's most economical bowler collecting six wickets in the process, while as batsman he scored 60 from number 10, his highest Test score and only fifty at international level. The third Test at Kingston was historic as Gary Sobers scored 365 not out, breaking the Test record for highest individual score. Injuries to fellow opening bowler Mahmood Hussain and spinner Nasim-ul-Ghani meant that Fazal sent down 85.2 overs, what "Wisden" described as 'a phenomenal number of overs for a bowler of his pace'. Fazal conceded 247 runs in the innings and took the only two wickets to fall. Fazal's bowling analysis places him fifth in Test history for most overs bowled and most runs conceded in an innings. Pakistan lost the Test by an innings and by losing the next match in Guyana they lost the series. Pakistan achieved a consolation victory in the fifth Test, Fazal taking 6/83 in the first innings including the wicket of Conrad Hunte with the first ball of the match. Fazal finished the series with 20 wickets at 38.20, despite being one of his worst in terms of average, he was still Pakistan's leading wicket-taker. Captaincy. By the time of the return tour the following year, Abdul Kardar, captain of Pakistan since their Test election, had retired from Test cricket. Fazal, the nation's leading bowler, succeeded him in the role. In his first Test as captain he won the toss and decided to field, opening the bowling he took the wicket of Conrad Hunte in the first over for the second successive Test. Fazal finished the innings with figures of 4/32 which also included dismissing Gary Sobers for a duck. Fazal took three further wickets in the second innings including both Hunte and Sobers, the latter's wicket was Fazal's 100th in Test cricket, the first Pakistani to reach the landmark. Pakistan completed a ten wicket victory to give their new captain a winning start. Pakistan also won the next Test at Dhaka and therefore completed a series win in the three match rubber. In a low scoring match Fazal played an instrumental role, taking ten wickets in a match for the fourth time in Tests. Put in to bat, Pakistan recovered from 22/5 to make 145. West Indies fared worse, being dismissed for 76 following a collapse of six wickets for 11 runs. Fazal bowled throughout the innings, taking 6/34. West Indies, set 214 in their fourth innings, fell 41 runs short. Fazal taking six of the first seven wickets, the other dismissal that of Sobers by Mahmood Hussain involved Fazal as the catcher. Mahmood finished off the tail to claim four wickets while Fazal ended with figures of 6/66 and a match analysis of 12/100. The latter were the best figures by a bowler whilst captain until 1993, when bettered by Waqar Younis. The third Test, a dead rubber, was won by the West Indies. Fazal dismissed both openers but these were his only wickets in 40 overs. He was the leading wicket-taker in the series with 21 at 15.85. Australia toured Pakistan at the end of 1959 for a three Test series which they won 2–0, Pakistan's first series defeat at home. In the first Test at Dacca the tourists won by eight wickets, Fazal claimed six wickets including a first innings five-for, 5/71. He missed the second Test at his home city of Lahore, wicket-keeper Imtiaz Ahmed taking over captaincy duties in a match Australia won by seven wickets. Fazal returned for the third Test in Karachi and took another five wicket haul with 5/74 in Australia's first innings. Pakistan gained a lead on first innings but after three early wickets their second innings slowed and the match petered out to a draw. Despite missing a match Fazal was Pakistan's leading wicket-taker for the series, taking 11 at 19.36. These efforts led him to achieve the number 1 ranking in ICC Test Bowlers ranking for 1959. Pakistan toured India during the 1960–61 season but with little reward as all 15 matches on their tour, including five Tests, were drawn. Just as seven years previous, the series contained dour and defensive cricket as both sides appeared intent on avoiding defeat rather than attempting to win. Fazal won the toss in the first four Tests but only in the third Test at Eden Gardens did Pakistan gain a first innings lead. In that match Fazal took 5/26 off 25.3 overs, but he failed to take a wicket in India's second innings as they batted out time comfortably. Apart from that five-for, his 13th and last in Test cricket, Fazal took only four other wickets in the series. Fazal's captaincy received severe criticism with accusations of favouritism, and following the final Test he was sacked as captain. Final Tests. Fazal wasn't initially selected by Pakistan for the home series against England but returned for the final Test. He was as economical as ever, conceding 98 runs from his 63 overs, but failed to take a wicket. He wasn't included in the 1962 tour squad to England but was called up as a replacement when fast bowlers Mahmood Hussain and Mohammad Farooq broke down injured. The five match series already lost, Fazal came into the team for the fourth Test at Trent Bridge. He shouldered much of the workload, bowling for all but 30 minutes of the second day and continuing throughout on the third morning until the England declaration, from his 60 overs he took 3/130. In the fifth Test at The Oval, he was expensive taking 2/192 from 47 overs, the two wickets, which proved to be his last in Test cricket, were those of Colin Cowdrey (182) and Ted Dexter (172). League Cricket. Lancashire League. Fazal spent three seasons as the professional with the East Lancashire Cricket Club in 1957, 1958, and 1959. Playing against albeit excellent amateur cricketers his bowling was devastating. In three memorable seasons he took 4 hat-tricks, with 8 wickets on 2 occasions and 7 wickets on 6 occasions, including 7 for 9 in 1959, and 7 for 26 in 1957. Beyond cricket. Police. After leaving Islamia College with a master's degree in economics, Fazal joined the Pakistan Services as an Inspector of Police in 1947 rising to Deputy Superintendent in 1952 and Deputy Inspector General in 1976. Cinema. Due to his good looks, he had many movie offers : during Pakistan's first tour of India, in 1952–1953, famous director Mehboob Khan offered him a second-lead role in the movie "Aan" (1952), while well-known American director George Cukor, while on a visit in Lahore and meeting Mahmood, said he would have preferred him as the lead role in his 1956-movie "Bhowani Junction", instead of Stewart Granger. He refused them to concentrate on cricket. Religion. Quitting cricket, he also became more religious in his outlook, and notably published, in 1970, the book "Urge To Faith", where he outlines his vision of applying Islamic principles to the economy and social system of Pakistan, and which has been described by journalist Peter Oborne as "a meditation on religion, philosophy and politics. The book demonstrates a profound faith and learning, containing many relevant quotations from the Quran. Fazal doubted whether 'a democracy of western type' was capable of bringing about Islamic justice." He also acted as a muezzin for the local mosque in his old age, and established a school for girls, the "Sidra Model School", using the plot of rural land he was gifted after the 1954 Oval victory. Death. Fazal suffered a fatal heart attack at his Lahore residence on 30 May 2005. His friend and former teammate Hanif Mohammad described Fazal as a "great human being" and "the doyen of Pakistan bowlers in the country's formative years". His autobiography has been published by the Oxford University Press, in 2003, as "From Dusk to Dawn: Autobiography of a Pakistan Cricket Legend". Fazal Mahmood was married to the daughter of Mohammad Saeed, Pakistani cricket's captain. Records and statistics. Fazal was the first bowler in the history of Test cricket to take 12 or more wickets in a Test match against four different countries, those being India, England, Australia, and West Indies. He reached 100 Test wickets in 22 Tests, of Pakistan bowlers only Waqar Younis and Mohammad Asif reached the landmark quicker. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

fojol mahmood fojol mahmood pipi, hih (18 february 1927-30 mey '2005) ejon pakistani antohrastriyo cricketer aasil. teu 34khon test mess khelisil aaru 24.70 bolling gorot 139taa wicket loisil. 100taa wicket otikrom koraa prothomgoraki pakistani hisape teu teur 22tomo khelot ei mailor khutir sthan dokhol korisil. fajole uttor bharotor hoi ronji tropheet teur prarombhik prothom shrenir cricket khelisil aaru taat xoktixali prodorxonor folot bharotor udwudhoni australia bhromonor baabe basoni koraa hoisil. pakistanor swadhinotar folot, bhromonor purbe, pakistanor ejon musolman fojale proityahar kori pakistan basoni korisil. notun rastrokhonor baabe prothome testor morzada laabh koraa aaru taar pisot teulukok test mesor doll hisape protistha korat teu ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. teu sarita xomoyot ekhon testot dohta wicket loisil; bharot, england aaru australier biruddhe xei dolburor biruddhe pakistanor prothomkhon bijoyot aahisil. 1954 sonor england bhromonot fajolor ataitkoi smoroniyo prodorxon aahisil, jetiya teur ek mukhyo bhumika aasil jetiya pakistane sringkholatu schwar koriboloi dimbakritir khelot joylabh korisil. 168 ror lokhyo onuxoron kori englandor poton huwar loge loge teu dwitiyo inningsot 6/46 xoho 12/99 ror mesor xongkhya loisil. aabdul kardaror pisot odhinayok hisape 1959 sonor poraa 1961 sonor bhitorot 10khon khelot fajale rastriyo doltuk netritwo disil. teu west indijor biruddhe tatkhyonikbhabe xofolota laabh korisil kintu australier haatot porasto huwar pisot aaru bharotor xoite osolabosthar baabe teuk odhinayok podor poraa borkhasto koraa hoisil. teur netritwot pakistane dutaa testot joylabh korisil aaru dukhonot porasto hoisil. 1962 sonor england bhromonor pisot aahot aarombhoni bolaror thait teuk aahban korar pisot teu test aaru prothom shrenir cricketor poraa owoxor grohon korisil. prarombhik jiwan. lahurot jonmogrohon koraa fojole 13 bosor boyoxor porai lahuror islamiya collegeot porha-xuna korisil. teur pitri gulam husein mohabidyaloykhonor orthonitir odhyapok huwar logote mohabidyaloykhonor cricket clubber xobhapoti aasil. xikhyat keriyarot uponeet huwar aagote, aaru protijugitamulok bharotiyo oxamorik xewa porikhyat uttirno huwar pisotu, gulam husaine islamik pondito aaru biplowi kormi ubaidullah xindhir odhinot swadhinota andulonot jugdan korisil, britis ouponibexikxokolok afganistanor etaa ghatir poraa xoxostro xonggramor joriyote utkhat korar aaxa korisil. teu fajolok ek kothur proxikhyonor rutin nirdharon korisil zo 'too puwa 4.30 bojat jaagi juwa, paas maail khuj kaarha aaru paas maail doura ontorbhukto aasil. ei xomoixusi xaat bosor dhori paalon koraa hoisil. fajole teur dwitiyo bosorot mohabidyaloyor prothom dolot sthan laabh korisil aaru 15 bosor boyoxot aantoh-mohabidyaloyor finalot 5/13 loisil, ji protijugitakhonor baabe ek obhilekh aasil. prothom shrenir cricket. britis bharotot. 1944 sonor march maahot 17 bosoriya aaru etiyau collegeot porhi thoka fajale uttor bharotor hoi prothom shrenir prothom prothom prodorxon korisil. dokhyin ponjawor biruddhe ronji trophir ekhon khelot teu ekadox nomborot batting kori oporajito 38 raan xongroho korisil aaru tinita wicket loisil. teur prothom prothom shrenir wicket aasil bharotor test ol-rounder laala omornathor. poschim bharotor biruddhe semi finalot fajolor dwitiyo uposthitir xomoyot teu prothom inningsot 6/65 xoho aathta wicket laabh korisil. etaa xanto 1944-45 sijonor pisot, zo 'too fojale 18.20 too pasta wicket loisil, poroborti sijonot teur prodorxonor folot 1946 sonor england bhromonot pray sthan laabh korisil. ancholik soturbhuj protijugitat khelisil, jikhon protijugitai bhromonor baabe ek porikhya hisape kaam korisil, teu omornathor xoite uttor oncholor baabe bolling aarombho korisil aaru 9/83 ror mess figure loisil. potoudir bharotiyo odhinayok nowabe dolot fajol bisarisil kintu aan nirbasokxokole teuk oti komm boyoxiya buli gonyo korisil. porjotokxokole ghoroloi ubhoti ohaar pisot teuluke bharotor baaki ongxor biruddhe dutaa mess khelisil xi, fajale prothom khelot xatota wicket loisil jitu bakibure joy korisil kintu dwitiyokhonot byoybohul aasil. pisot 1946-47 sijonot teur battingor xamorthyo prodorxon koraa hoisil jetiya teu teur prothom aaru ekmatro prothom shrenir xotok orjon korisil. uttor oncholor hoi kheli teu aath nomboror poraa thik 100 raan kori oporajito aasil, gugumol kixensandor xoite xoptom wicketor 207 raanor ongxidaritwo bhag korisil. fajale soita wicket orihona juguware uttor jo 'ney khelkhon aramdayokbhabe joy korisil. teu finalot aaru pasta wicket loisil kintu uttor onchol etaa inningsot porasto hoisil. ancholik protijugitakhone punor ek bisar hisape kaam korisil, ei upoloxe dexor udwudhoni australia bhromonor baabe 1947-48. fojolok dolot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil aaru proxikhyon xibirot ongxogrohon koraa hoisil, obosye bhromontu swadhinota aarombho huwar aagote hostokhyep korisil aaru ejon bhokto musolman fojol hisape proityahar korisil. pakistanot. nobogothito dexkhonor prothomkhon prothom shrenir khel 1947 sonor 27 disemborot ponjab aaru chindor maajot onusthito hoisil. fajole ponjawor hoi khelisil, etaa inningsot joy laabh kori soita wicket loisil aaru 60 raan korisil. pakistanor baabe bhobisyotor notun bolor ongxidar khaan mohomodor xoite fajale prothombaror baabe bolling aarombho korisil. pakistanoloi ohaa prothom antohrastriyo dorxonarthi aasil 1948 sonor novembor maahot west indies. tinita mesor bhitorot xexkhon aasil fojol thoka etaa protinidhitwomulok dolor biruddhe, teu dro "huwa ekhon khelot etaa wicket lo" bob nuwarile. 1948-49 sijonor xexot pakistane sarita mesor baabe chelon bhromon korisil, fajol 20taa wicket loi xirxo wicket-tekor aasil. ebosoror pisot punor bhromonor xomoyot teu dukhon khelot 16taa wicket loisil. emsisir etaa dole pakistanot keibatau mess kheliboloi 1951-52 too upomohadex bhromon korisil. ponjawor biruddhe prothomkhon khelot fajole 5/58 luwar pisot teuluke onuxoron koriboloi pray badhyo hoisil. bhromonor ponchom aaru suranto khelkhon karasit etaa norikol matting wicketot pakistan dolor biruddhe aasil, fajole emsisir prothom inningsot 6/40 ror xongkhya ghurai diboloi pristhobhagor byobohar korisil. aayujok doltuwe sarita wicketot joylabh korisil, jitu pakistane testor morzada laabh korat ek dangor bhumika paalon korisil. swadhinotar paas bosorotkoiu komm xomoyor pisot 1952 sonor 28 julyte pakistanok porikhyar xodosyo koraa hoisil. porikhyar jiwan. prothom sringkhola. 1952 sonor octobor maahot pakistane bharotor biruddhe teulukor prothomkhon test sringkhola aarombho korisil. fajale dillit onusthito prothomkhon khelot bharotor prothom inningsot 2/92 loi testot aatmoprokax korisil, teur prothom wicket aasil bharotiyo odhinayok laala omornath. pakistan dubar xostat out hoi etaa inningsot porasto hoisil, fajol aasil ekmatro pakistani kheluwoi ji duyuta inningsot dugun xongkhyat uponeet hoisil. loknouto onusthito dwitiyokhon testot pakistane folafol xoloni korisil, morapator matting pisot khelaa fajale prothom inningsot 5/52 aaru dwitiyo inningsot 7/42 loisil, kiyonu pakistane teulukor kewol dwitiyokhon testot etaa inningsot joylabh korisil. teur 12/94 mesor xongkhya ghoror poraa aatorot ejon pakistani bob "laaror dwara xorbosrestho, aaru 1980 sonoloike bharotor biruddhe jikunu bob" laaror dwara xorbosrestho aasil. bombait onusthito tritiyo testot pakistanor doh wicketot porajito huwar baabe fajol wickethin hoi porisil, jodiu teulukor prothom inningsot teu ostom nombor batting kori 33 raan korisil, jiye pakistanok 60/6 ror poraa 143/7 loi punoruddhar korat xohay korisil. sringkholatur ontim dukhon test dro "hoisil, fajole pakistanor aagxarir wicket-tekor hisape nijor prothomkhon sringkhola xomapto koriboloi aaru soita wicket loisil aaru 20taa wicket 25.60 too loisil. logote teu nimno order kisuman obodan aagborhaisil aaru sringkholatu 28.83 too muth 173 raan korisil. england bhromon. 1953 sonot pakistanor eegolor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faalor faal englandot thokar xomoyot, fojale owoxorprapto england aaru xure fast bob "laar aalof goworor poraa proxikhyon laabh korisil. 1954 sonor bhromonor baabe fojolok aabdul kardaror upo-odhinayok koraa hoisil ji upomohadexor bahirot teulukor prothom sringkholar kheluwoi aaru doll duyure baabe xofol promanito hoh 'bob. fajale bhromontu bhaldore aarombho korisil, 11/102 loi aaru warchesterswayar biruddhe porjotokxokolor prothom khelot 67 raan korisil. teu test sringkholar aagoloike wicket luwa obyahot rakhisil, aaru bixexkoi oxford biswobidyaloyor biruddhe digholiya aaru orthonoitik spell boll korar khyomotau prodorxon korisil zo 'too teu 68 obharot 37 goraki maidenok 7/95 loi boll korisil. lordsot onusthito prothomkhon test borxun aaru dro "ror folot jothesto probhabito hoisil, khelkhonot batting koratu kothin aasil aaru pakistan teulukor prothom inningsot 87 ranot out hoisil. iyar proti xohari hisape englande gutei inningsot fajol aaru khaan mohomodor bollingor xoite ghuxona kori 117/9 raan korisil, fajolor tothyo 4/54 record korisil. poroborti testor purbe pakistanor trent brijot nottinghamswayar khelor purbe bhromon khelot, fajole prothom inningsot tetiyar karrier shrestho 8/66 xoho 11taa wicket loi porjotokxokole aath wicketot joylabh korisil. dwitiyokhon test eketa sthanot aasil kintu pakistanor kheluoixokole ek gurutor inningsot porasto huwar folot bhagyor biporitota dekha goisil aaru fajale teur ataitkoi beyaa testor xongkhya 0/148 record korisil. jodiu teu bhorit aaghat paisil jaar folot teu raan-aap xongkhipto koriboloi badhyo hoisil. tritiyo testor tini dinor pisot pakistane aan etaa inningsot porasto huwar xonmukhin hoisil kintu ontim dudin borxunor folot kunu khel bondho huwar pisot khelkhon dro "hoisil, fojale englandor inningsot 42 obharor poraa 4/107 loisil. pakistane soturtho aaru ontim testot dimbakritir 1-0ror poraa tolor faale goisil jodiu englandok porasto kori sringkholakhon xoman kori ek dangor bipottir sristi korisil, eitu prothom xujug aasil jetiya ekhon dexe teulukor udwudhoni bhromonot englandot ekhon testot joylabh korisil. fajale mesor xongkhya 12/99 buli daabi kori bijoyot ek mukhyo bhumika paalon korisil. englandor prothom inningsot teu 30 obharor poraa 6/53 luwar xomoyot boll korisil, "wizdene" ei xongkhyabur likhisil 'bohut bhaal hoh' loheten kintu drop koraa kesor baabe '. komm sko "ring thoka ekhon khelot englandok teulukor dwitiyo inningsot 168 ror lokhyo nirdharon koraa hoisil. lena haatonok xunkale heruwar pisotu dwitiyobaror baabe fajolor bollingor poraa pisfale dhora khelkhonot soturtho xondhiya 109/2 too englandok bhaldore set huwa zen lagisil. obosye fajale kromtur purbe pitter mey, godfre ivanos aaru denis comptonor wicket loisil aaru pisdina pakistane 24 raanor joy xompurno korar loge loge prothom dukhon wicket porisil. fajole 30 obharor poraa dwitiyo inningsor xongkhya 6/46 loi xomapto korisil. sirijtut fajole 20taa wicket loisil, ji poroborti shrestho pakistani bob "larotkoi 12taa besi aasil, gorh 20.40 too. teu bhromon xomapto koraa soikhon prothom shrenir khelor bhitorot maatro etate khelisil kintu tothapiu 17.53 too 77taa wicket loi xirxo wicket grohonkari hisape xomapto hoisil. teur krititwor swikriti hisape, fajolok 1955 sonot bosoror ejon buddhiman cricketer hisape monunit koraa hoisil, ji aasil xonmanito huwa prothomgoraki pakistani. ghoruwa sringkhola. pakistanor prothomkhon ghoruwa sringkholatu 1954-55 sijonot paskhon test mesor baabe bharot bhromonor xoite aahisil. ei sringkholatu protirokhyamulok aaru nirob cricketor dwara sinhito koraa hoisil aaru pasta khel dro "hoisil, jitu test itihaxot prothombaror baabe xonghotit hoisil. fajole sarikhon khelot khelisil aaru 21.93 too 15taa wicket loisil. teur xorbosrestho xongkhya karasit onusthito ponchom testot aahisil zo 'too teu bharotor prothom inningsot 5/48 loisil. pisot 1955 sonot newzealande dexkhon bhromon kori pakistanor prothomkhon test sringkhola joy korisil, 2-0 go "loto joylabh korisil. fajale tinikhon testor bhitorot dukhonot khelisil aaru 18.40 too pasta wicket loisil. australia pakistanor poroborti dorxonarthi aasil, 1956 sonor octobor maahot bharotot teulukor sringkholar purbe aaru england bhromonor pisot etaa testor baabe bhromon korisil. karasit onusthito huwa khelot pakistane australier biruddhe onusthito huwa prothomkhon testot oitihaxik joy laabh korisil. fajale ei joyot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, porikhyar shrestho xongkhya 13/114 loi. teu australier prothom inningsot poriboloi prothom soita wicket loisil aaru porjotokxokolok 52/6 too eri disil, ji owosthanor poraa teuluke punoruddhar korat byortho hoisil, teuluk 80 ol out hoisil. teu dwitiyo inningsot prothom sarita uiketou loisil aaru 7/80 loi xomapto korisil. "wizdene teur kouxoltu bornona korisiloh" "xothik doirghyo bojai rokha aaru leg-kaatar aaru breakbackor misronor xoite teur dulona xoloni koraa. imtiyaz aahmede koichil jeh "fojol ketiyau doirghyo aaru dixot bisolito huwa nasil, aaru teu boltu duyuta dixote buddhimanbhabe sthanantor korisil...prothom inningsot fajolor poraa etaa xompurno oh "bharoloi, aanoki mohan milorjonoru kunu khobor nasil." west indies bhromon. 1958 sonot pakistanor west indies bhromonkhon keibatau uscho sko "ring thoka test mesor dwara sinhito hoisil aaru fajolor uporot ek brihot kormor buja aasil, jiye paskhon test sringkholar 320 obharotkoi odhik hraax korisil, jaar bhitorot ekerahe 186khon test aasil. pakistane sringkholatu 3-1ror poraa porasto korisil aaru hanif mohomode 16 ghontar inningsot 337 ror korar baabe prothom testot porajoyor poraa aatori aasil. trinidadot onusthito dwitiyo testot pakistanor ataitkoi komm khorsi bolor hisape soita wicket xongroho koraa fajole, aanhate batsmen hisape teu 10 nomboror poraa 60 raan xongroho korisil, ji teur xorbuscho test sko "ror aasil aaru antohrastriyo porzayot maatro ponchax raan aasil. kingstonot onusthito tritiyokhon test oitihaxik aasil kiyonu geree cho 'baare oporajito 365 raan kori xorbadhik byoktigoto sko "ror testor obhilekh bhongo korisil. xotirtho udwudhoni bolar mahmood husein aaru spinner nasim-ul-ghanir aaghator ortho aasil je fojale 85.2 obhar pothiyaisil, jaak "wizdene" 'teur gotir ejon bolaror baabe ek obhutpurbo xongkhyok obhar' buli bornona korisil. fajole inningsot 247 raan eri dile aaru poriboloi maatro dutaa wicket loisil. fajolor bolling bislexone teuk test itihaxot xorbadhik obhar boll koraa aaru etaa inningsot xorbadhik raan diyar baabe ponchom sthanot raakhe. pakistane testkhonot etaa inningsot porasto hoisil aaru gayanat poroborti khelot porasto hoi sringkholatu porasto korisil. pakistane ponchom testot ek xantwonamulok bijoy laabh korisil, fajale prothom inningsot 6/83 loi khelkhonor prothom bolore conrad huntor wicketuwu loisil. goror khetrot teur ataitkoi beyaa wicketxomuhor bhitorot etaa huwar swotweu, fajale 20taa wicket loi sringkholatu xomapto korisil, tothapiu teu pakistanor aagxarir wicket-tekor aasil. odhinayokotwo. poroborti bosor punor bhromonor xomoyot test nirbasonor pisot pakistanor odhinayok aabdul kardare test cricketor poraa owoxor loisil. dexor aagxarir bolar fajole teur pisot ei soritrot sthan laabh korisil. odhinayok hisape teur prothom testot teu tosot joyee hoy aaru fielding korar xiddhanto loy, bob "lingor aarombhoni kori teu ekerahe dwitiyo testor baabe prothom obharot conrad huntor wicket loy. fajale 4/32 ror xongkhyar xoite inningstu xomapto korisil zo 'too geree cho' baarok xunyot out koratuu ontorbhukto aasil. dwitiyo inningsot fojale hunt aaru cho 'baar ubhoyoke dhori aaru tinita wicket loisil, pisorjonor wicket aasil test cricketot fajolor 100tomo wicket, ji aasil ei mailor khutir sthan laabh koraa prothomgoraki pakistani. pakistane teulukor notun odhinayokok ek bijoyi aarombhoni diboloi doh wicketor joy xompurno korisil. pakistane dhakat onusthito poroborti testotu joylabh korisil aaru xeyehe tinikhon mesor roborot sringkhola joy xompurno korisil. komm sko "ring thoka ekhon khelot fojale etaa guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, soturthobaror baabe ekhon khelot dohta wicket loisil. batting koriboloi ulai pakistane 22/5 ror poraa punoruddhar kori 145 raan korisil. 11 ranot choy wicket porasto huwar pisot 76 ranot out huwar folot west indijor owostha beyaa hoisil. fajole gutei inningsot bolling kori 6/34 loi yaay. soturtho inningsot 214 raan xongroho koraa west indies 41 raan komot pore. fajale prothom xatota wicketor bhitorot soita wicket loisil, aan etaa wicket mohommod husaine subarsok out korar xomoyot fajale kesar hisape jorito aasil. mahmude sarita wicket daabi koriboloi lejtu xex korisil aanhate fajale 6/66 ror xongkhya aaru 12/100 ror mess bislexonor xoite xomapto korisil. pisortu 1993 sonoloike odhinayok hisape thoka xomoyot ejon bolaror shrestho xongkhya aasil, jetiya waakaar unice iyak unnot korisil. tritiyokhon test, etaa dead robar, west indiese joy korisil. fajole duyujon oh "penarok out korisil jodiu 40 obharot eyaa aasil teur ekmatro wicket. teu 15.85 too 21taa wicket loi sringkholatur xirxo wicket-tekor aasil. australiai 1959 sonor xexot tinikhon test sringkholar baabe pakistan bhromon korisil zo 'too teuluke 2-0 too joylabh korisil, jitu ghoruwa oncholot pakistanor prothomkhon sringkhola porajoy aasil. dhakat onusthito prothom testot porjotokxokole aath wicketot joylabh korisil, fajale prothom inningsot paas-ror baabe, 5/71 xoho choy wicket laabh korisil. teu nijor sohor lahurot onusthito dwitiyo testot baad porisil, wicket-kipaar imtiyaz aahmede australier xaat wicketot joyee ekhon khelot odhinayokotwor dayitwo grohon korisil. fajole karasit onusthito tritiyokhon testor baabe ubhoti aahisil aaru australier prothom inningsot 5/74 ror xoite aaru pasta wicket laabh korisil. pakistane prothom inningsot ogrogoti laabh korisil jodiu prarombhik tinita wicketor pisot teulukor dwitiyo inningstu monthor hoi porisil aaru khelkhon dro "loi porinot hoisil. ekhon mess heruwar pisotu fajole pakistanor xirxo wicket-tekor aasil, ji 19.36 too 11 nombor laabh korisil. ei prochestai teuk 1959 sonor baabe aaisisi test bolar rankingot 1 nombor ranking prapto koriboloi netritwo disil. pakistane 1960-61 sijonor xomoyot bharot bhromon korisil kintu komm puroskaror xoite teulukor bhromonor pasta testoke dhori xokolu 15 khon mess dro "hoisil. thik xaat bosor purbor dore, ei sringkholatut dodd "ror aaru protirokhyamulok cricket aasil kiyonu duyupokhyoi joyor chesta korar poriworte porajoy porihar korar obhiprai dekhuwaisil. fajale prothom sarita testot tosot joylabh korisil jodiu kewol iden gardensot onusthito tritiyo testot pakistane prothom inningsot ogrogoti laabh korisil. xei khelot fojale 25.3 obharot 5/26 loisil, kintu bharotor dwitiyo inningsot teu etaa wicket lo "bob nuwarile kaaron teuluke xomoy aramdayokbhabe batting korisil. pasbarkoi paas wicketor baahire, test cricketot teur 13tomo aaru xex wicketur uporiu, fajale sringkholatut aan maatro sarita wicket loisil. fajolor odhinayokotwor uporot pokhyopatitwor obhijug utthapon kori tibro xomaluchonar xonmukhin hoisil aaru suranto porikhyar pisot teuk odhinayok podor poraa borkhasto koraa hoisil. suranto porikhya. pakistanor dwara englandor biruddhe ghoruwa sringkholar baabe fojolok prothomote basoni koraa huwa nasil jodiu suranto testor baabe ubhoti aahisil. teu 63 obharot 98 raan eri xodayor dore orthonoitik aasil, kintu etaa wicket lo "bob nuwarile. 1962 sonor england bhromon dolot teuk ontorbhukto koraa huwa nasil jodiu drut bulor mahmood husein aaru mohommod faruk aahot huwar folot teuk xoloni koraa hoisil. itimodhye paskhon mesor sringkhola porasto huwar pisot, fojol trent brijot soturthokhon testor baabe dolot aahisil. teu kaamor besibhag buja nijor kandhot tuli loisil, dwitiyo dinor 30 minutor baahire xokolure baabe bolling korisil aaru tritiyo ratipuwa england ghuxonaloike obyahot rakhisil, teu 60 obharor poraa 3/130 loisil. dimbakritir ponchom testot, teu 47 obharor poraa 2/192 luwat byoybohul aasil, test cricketot teur xex wicket hisape promanito huwa dutaa aasil kulin coudre (182) aaru ted dexatar (172). leeg cricket. lankaswayar leeg. fajale 1957,1958 aaru 1959 sonot isto lankaxoyar cricket clubber xoite pesadari hisape tinita sijon otibahito korisil. jodiu utkristo opesadari cricketeror biruddhe khelatu teur bolling dhongxatmok aasil. tinita smoroniyo sijonot teu 4taa hetrik loisil, 2baarot 8taa wicket aaru 6baarot 7taa wicket loisil, jaar bhitorot 1959 sonot 9 wicketot 7taa aaru 1957 sonot 26 wicketot 7taa wicket aasil. cricketor bahirot. aarokhyi. orthonitir snatokuttor degree loi islamiya mohabidyaloy eri juwar pisot, fajale 1947 sonot aarokhyir poridorxok hisape pakistan xewat jugdan kori 1952 sonot upo-odhikhyok aaru 1976 sonot upo-poridorxok hisape unnit hoy. solositro. teur xundor seherar baabe teur bohutu solositro ofar aasiloh pakistanor prothom bharot bhromonor xomoyot, bikhyat porisalok mehbubo khaane teuk "aan" (1952) sobikhonot dwitiyo mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korar prostab disil, aanhate xuporisito aamerikan porisalok jorjo kukore laahur bhromon aaru mahmudor xoite xakhyat korar xomoyot koichil je teu teuk teur 1956 sonor solositro "bhowani jongson" too mukhyo soritro hisape posondo korisil, stewart grangeror xoloni. teu teulukok cricketot monuniwex koriboloi oswikar korisil. dhormo. cricket tyag kori teu teur dristibhongir khetrotu odhik dhormiyo hoi porisil, aaru ullekhjugyobhabe 1970 sonot "biswaxor prerona" naamor kitapkhon prokax korisil, zo 'too teu pakistanor orthoniti aaru xamajik byowosthat islamik niti proyug korar teur dristibhongir rupangkon korisil, aaru jaak xangbadik pitter oh' borne "dhormo, dorxon aaru rajneetir uporot dhyan" buli bornona korisil. ei gronthokhone ek gobhir biswax aaru xikhya prodorxon kore, zo "too kuranor bohutu praxongik uddhriti aase. poschimiya dhoronor gonotontro "ee islamik nyay prodan koriboloi xokhyom neki taar uporot fajale xondeh prokax korisil."teu briddho owosthat sthaniyo mosjidor baabe muyejin hisapeu kaam korisil, aaru 1954 sonor dimbakriti bijoyor pisot teuk upohar diya gramyo bhumir maati byobohar kori suwalir baabe" "chidra model skool" "naamor ekhon bidyaloy sthapon korisil. mrityu. 2005 sonor 30 mey 'too teur lahuror baxobhowonot fajolor ek maratmok heart etek hoisil. teur bondhu aaru prakton xotirtho hanif mohomode fajolok "mohan manuh" aaru "dexor gothonmulok bosorburot pakistanor bolorxokolor doyen" hisape bornona korisil. 2003 sonot oxford university presor dwara teur atmojiwoni "from dongso tu ror 'ndoh autobiography owo e pakistan cricket legend" hisape prokax koraa hoisil. fojol mahmude pakistan cricketor odhinayok mohommod saidor konyar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. tothyo aaru porixongkhya. fojol test cricketor itihaxot bharot, england, australia aaru west indijor biruddhe ekhon test mesot 12 baa tatkoi odhik wicket luwa prothomjon bolor aasil. teu 22khon testot 100taa test wicket laabh korisil, pakistanor bolorxokolor bhitorot kewol waakaar unice aaru mohommod aaxife drutogotit ei mailor khutitu laabh korisil.

fazal mahmoud fazal mahmoud pipi, hii (18 february 1927-30 meey 2005) ekjon pakistani antorjatik cricketer chhilen. tini 34tii test match khelechen ebong 24.70 boaling gadey 139 wicket niyechen. prothom pakistani hisebe 100 wicket atikram korey tini taanr 22tomo matche eyi milefallke pouchechen. fazal ranji trophyte uttor bharoter hoye taanr prothom prothom-shrenir cricket khelechilen ebong sekhane shaktishali performancer foley bharoter udwodhoni australia soforer jonno nirbachito hohn. soforer agey pakistaner swadhinota fazalke, ekjon musalmanke, prottahar korey pakistan beche nitey porichalito korey. tini prothome notun desher jonno test morjada orjone ebong tarpor taader ekti test match doll hisabe protisthito korte prodhan bhumika palon korechilen. tini charti teste dosho wicket niyechilen; bharat, ingland ebong australier bipokkhe seii dalgulir biruddhe pakistaner prothom joy. 1954 saaler ingland sofore fojoler sabcheye smaraniya abhinoy aase, jokhon pakistan oval-ayee sirijti square korar jonno joylav korey. 168 raner lakkhya taadaa korey ingland venge padaay dwitiya inningse tini 12/99-err matcher porisongkhyan niyechilen, jaar modhye 6/46 chhilo. adhinayak hisabe abdul kardarer porey, fazal 1959 theke 1961 saaler modhye 10tii matche jatiya dolke netritto deena. oyesta indiger biruddhe tini tatkhonik safalya orjon korechilen kintu australier kachhe herey yawar porey ebong bharoter saathe acholabosthar porey taanke adhinayaker podo theke borkhasto koraa hoy. sobb miliye taanr netritte pakistan duti test jiteche ebong duti hereche. 1962 saale ingland soforer porr ahoto opening bowlerder poriborte taanke daca holey tini test oo prothom-shrenir cricket theke abosar nene. prathomik jeebon. lahore jonmogrohonkari fazal 13 bochor boyce theke lahorer islamia college padashona corren. taanr baba golam hussen colleger orthonitir adhyapak howar pashapashi colleger cricket cluber sabhapati chhilen. academia kormojibone sthir howar agey ebong protijogitamulok bharatiya civille service porikkhai uttirno haoya sotteo, gulam hussen islami pondito ebong biplobi karmi ubaidullah sindhir adhine swadhinota andolone jog deena, british uponibeshbadider soshostro sangramer madhyome afghanistaner ekti ghanti theke nikkhep korar ashay. tini fazalke ekti kathor proshikkhoner rutin nirdharan korechilen jaar modhye chhilo vore saade charta ghum theke otha, panch myle haanta ebong panch myle daudano. eyi samayasuchi shaat bochor dhorey meney chola hoyechilo. fazal taar dwitiya bochore colleger prothom doley porinoto hohn ebong 15 bochor boyse ekti antoh-college finale 5/13 nene, jaa turnamenter jonno ekti record. prothom-shrenir cricket. british bharte. 1944 saaler march maase, 17 bochor vayasi ebong ekhono college adhyayanrata fazal uttor bharoter hoye prothom-shrenir crickete atmoprokash corren. dakkhin panjaber bipokkhe ekti ranji trophy matche tini ekadosh nombore aporajito 38 raan korey ebong tinti wicket nene. taanr prothom prothom-shrenir wicket chhilo bharoter test olrounder laala amarnather. poschim bharoter bipokkhe dwitiya semifinale fazaler prothom inningse tini aidi1 soho atti wicket nene. ekti shanto 1944-45 morshumer porr, jekhane fazal 18.20-ayee panchti wicket niyechilen, porer morshume taanr performance 1946 saaler ingland sofore pray sthan korey niyechilo. anchalik chaturbhuj turnamente khele, jey protijogita soforer jonno ekti porikkha hisabe kaaj korechilo, tini amarnather saathe uttor anchaler jonno boaling shuru korechilen ebong 9/83 err matcher porisongkhyan niyechilen. pataudir bharatiya adhinayak nobab doley fazal cheyechilen kintu anyanno nirbachakder dwara taake khub qama vayasi boley money koraa hoyechilo. porjotokra deshe firey gele taaraa bucky bharoter biruddhe duti match khelechilo xi, fazal prothom matche shaat wicket niyechilen jaa bakira jitechilo kintu dwitiya matche byabahul chhilo. porey 1946-47 morshume taanr batting khomota prodorshito hoy jokhon tini taanr prothom ebong ekmatro prothom-shrenir senchuri corren. uttor joner hoye khele tini ashtam theke aporajito 100 raan corren ebong gogumal kishanchander sange saptam wickete 207 raner jutee gaden. uttor anchalti chhoy wicketer abodan rekhe aramdayakbhabe matchti jitey neyo. finale tini arow panchti wicket nene kintu uttor anchal eka inningse herey yaay. anchalik turnamentti abar ekti trial hisabe kaaj korechilo, eyi upolokkhe desher udwodhoni australia soforer jonno 1947-48-ayee fazalke doley antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo ebong proshikkhon shibire ongsho neoa hoyechilo, tobey sofor shuru howar agey swadhinota hostokkhep korechilo ebong ekjon bhokto muslim fazal prottahar korey niyechilo. pakistane. nobogothito deshe prothom prothom-shrenir khelati 1947 saaler 27shhey december panjab oo sindha-err modhye onusthito hoy. fazal panjaber hoye khelechen, chhoy wicket niyechen ebong ekti inningser joye 60 raan korechen. eyi prothom pakistaner hoye taanr bhabishyat notun boler angshidar khaan mohammoder sange boaling shuru corren fazal. pakistane prothom antorjatik safarkari chhilo 1948 saaler novembore oyesta indies. tinti matcher modhye sheshti chhilo ekti protinidhittomulok doler biruddhe, jekhane fazal chhilo, tini dra haoya matche ektio wicket nitey byartho hohn. 1948-49 morshum sheshe pakistan charti matcher jonno sealon sofor korey, fazal 20 wicket niye shirshosthaniyo wicket shikari chhilen. eka bochor porr prottaborton sofore tini duti matche 16 wicket nene. ekti emm. shee. shee doll <aaee. dii. 1>-ayee upomohadesh sofor korey, pakistane besh koyekti match khele. panjaber bipokkhe prothom matche fojoler 'aidi2' neoar porr taaraa pray follo korte badhyo hoy. soforer pancham oo chudanta matchti chhilo korachite ekti narkeler matting wickete pakistaner biruddhe, fazal mscr prothom inningse 'aidi1'-err porisongkhyan firiye deoar jonno pristhoke kaaje lagan. swagotikra chaar wickete joylav korey, jaa pakistanke test morjada orjone borh bhumika palon korechilo. swadhinotar panch bochorero qama somoyer modhye 1952 saaler 28shhey julai pakistanke porikkhar sadasya koraa hoy. test carrier. prothom sirij. 1952 saaler octobore pakistaner biruddhe bharoter prothom test sirij shuru hoy. fazal dillite prothom teste atmoprokash corren, bharoter prothom inningse 2/92 nene, taanr prothom wicketti chhilen bharatiya adhinayak laala amarnath. pakistan doo 'barr sostai out hoye eka inningse herey yaay, fozolyi ekmatro pakistani kheload jini ubhoy inningsei dwigun sankhyay pouchechilen. pakistan lakhnaute dwitiya teste folafol ulte deyo, paater matting pitche khele fazal prothom inningse 5/52 ebong dwitiya inningse 7/42 niyechilo kaaron pakistan taader dwitiya teste eka inningse jitechilo. taanr matcher porisongkhyan holl 'aidi1' jaa ghorer baire ekjon pakistani bowler sera ebong 1980 saal porjonto bharoter bipokkhe jey konao bowler sera chhilo. bombete onusthito tritiya teste pakistan dosho wickete herey geleo fazal wicketheen chhilen, jodio taader prothom inningse tini aatt nombore 33 raan korechilen, jaa pakistanke 60/6 theke 143/7-ayee firey aste sahajyo korechilo. sirijer shesh duti test dra hoy, fazal arow chhoy wicket niye pakistaner shirshosthaniyo wicket-shikari hisabe taar prothom sirij shesh corren, 20 raan niye 25.60-ayee. echhadao tini nimnokromer kichhu abodan rekhe sirij shesh corren 28.83-ayee moat 173 raan niye. ingland sofor. porer bochorer desh soforer prostutir jonno 1953 saale fazal sombolito ekti pakistani eegol doll englande pathano hoy. englande thakakalin, fazal abosarprapto ingland ebong surre phasta bowler alf govarer kachh theke proshikkhon peyechilen. 1954 saaler soforer jonno fazalke abdul kardarer soho-adhinayak koraa hoy jaa upomohadesher baire taader prothom sirije kheload ebong doll ubhoyer jonnoi sofol promanito hobey. fazal safarti bhalbhabe shuru corren, worcestershire biruddhe porjotokder prothom matche 67 raan corren. tini test sirij porjonto egiye giye wicket nitey thaken ebong bishesh korey oxford bishwobidyaloyer biruddhe deergho oo orthonoitik spell korar khamotao prodorshon corren jekhane tini 68 ovare 37 john meidenke boaling korey 7/95 nene. lordsey prothom testti brishtite byapokbhabe probhabito hoyechilo ebong dra hoyechilo, khelay batting koraa kathin chhilo jaa sombhob chhilo ebong pakistan taader prothom inningse 87 raane out hoyechilo. jobabe ingland puro innings judey fazal ebong khaan mohammad boaling korey ghoshana korey 117/9 score korey, fazal record korey 4/54. porer tester agey pakistan trent bridge nothinghamshire bipokkhe khelechilo, porjotokra aatt wickete jitechilo ebong fazal prothom inningse taar carrier sera 8/66 soho 11 wicket niyechilo. dwitiya testti ekoi vennute hoyechilo kintu pakistaner bharee innings porajoyer karone bhagyer biporito chhilo ebong fazal taar tester sabcheye kharap porisongkhyan 0/148 record korechilen. jodio tini paye aghat peyechilen jaa taake raan-up sangkhipto korte badhyo korechilo. tritiya tester tinn deane porr pakistan arekti innings porajoyer mukhomukhi hoy kintu shesh dui diney brishti konao khela bondho korey deoar porey matchti dra hoy, fazal englander inningse 42 over theke 4/107 nene. pakistan dimbakriti porjaye choturtho oo chudanta teste 1-0 byabodhane pichhiye yaay kintu englandke hariye sirij soman korey ekti borh biporjoy srishti korey, etty chhilo prothom ghotona jey konao desh taader udwodhoni sofore englande ekti test jitechilo. fazal joyer khettre prodhan bhumika palon korechilen ebong daabi korechilen jey, matcher porisongkhyan chhilo 'aidi2'. englander prothom inningse tini 30 over theke 'aidi1' neoar somoy boaling korechilen, 'wizden' likhechilen jey, 'drop catchgulir jonno onek vall hoto'. ekti qama skorer matche, ingland taader dwitiya inningse 168 raner lakkhyamatra nirdharan korey. leena huttonke prothom dike harano sotteo, dwitiyobarer moto fazaler boley catch out hoye choturtho sandhyay englandke bhalobhabe seeta koraa dekha yaay. tobey fazal pitter meey, godfrey evance ebong dennis comptoner wicket nene closer agey ebong porer deane prothom duti wicket nene ebong pakistan 24 raner joy orjon korey. fazal 30 ovare dwitiya inningser porisongkhyan 6/46 niye shesh corren. sirije fazal 20 wicket nene, jaa poroborti sera pakistani bowler cheye 12 wicket beshi, 20.40 gadey. sofor shesh haoya chhoyti prothom-shrenir matcher modhye matro ektite tini khelechilen kintu tarporeo 17.53-ayee 77 wicket niye shirshosthaniyo wicket-shikari hisabe shesh korechilen. taanr krititter sikritiswarup, fazalke 1955 saale bochorer sera buddhiman cricketer hisabe manoneet koraa hoyechilo, jaa prothom pakistani jini sommanito hoyechilen. home sirij. pakistaner prothom home sirijti aase aaee. dii. 1 morshume, jekhane panchti test khelar jonno bharat sofor korey. panchti matchoi dra hoye sirijti rokkhonattok ebong nistez cricket dwara chinnito hoyechilo, jaa test itihase prothom ghotona. fazal charti matche khelechen ebong 21.93-ayee 15 wicket niyechen. taanr sera porisongkhyan aase korachite pancham teste jekhane tini bharoter prothom inningse 5/48 niyechilen. porey 1955 saale newzealand taader prothom sofore deshe aase, pakistan prothom test sirij joy korey, 2-0 byabodhane joylav korey. fazal tinti tester modhye dutite khelechen ebong 18.40-ayee panchti wicket niyechen. australia chhilo pakistaner poroborti safarkari, bharte taader sirijer agey ebong ingland soforer porey 1956 saaler octobore ektimatro tester jonno sofor korey. korachite onusthito matche australier bipokkhe taader prothom teste pakistan oitihasik joy nischito korey. fazal eyi joye prodhan bhumika palon corren, tester sera porisongkhyan niye 13/114 nene. australier prothom inningse tini prothom chhoy wicket niye porjotokder 52/6-ayee rekhe deena, jey abosthan theke taaraa punoruddhar korte byartho hoy, taaraa 80 raane allout hoye yaay. tini dwitiya inningse prothom charti wicket nene ebong 7/80 niye shesh corren. "wizden taanr kaushal bornona korechenoh" "sothik doirgho bojay rakha ebong leega-cutter ebong breakbacker mishran diye taanr dolna poriborton koraa. imtiaz ahmed bollen, "fazal kokhonyi doirgho oo diknirdeshonay bicholito hononi ebong tini buddhibrittikbhabe bolti ubhoy dikei sariyechilen...prothom inningse fojoler eka puro obharer jonno, emonki mohan milarero konao dharona chhilo naa." oyesta indies sofor. 1958 saale pakistaner oyesta indies sofor besh koyekti uchcho scoring test match dwara chinnito hoyechilo ebong fojoler ekti borh kaajer bojha chhilo, jaa panchti test sirije 320 obharer beshi pathay, jaar modhye porpor 186 tii test chhilo. pakistan sirijti 3-1 byabodhane herey yaay ebong hanif mohammoder 16 ghantar 337 raner inningser jonno prothom teste porajoy edaay. trinidade dwitiya teste fazal pakistaner sabcheye lavjonok bowler chhilen, jini eyi prokriyay chhoy wicket sangraha korechilen, ebong batsman hisabe tini 10 nambar theke 60 raan korechilen, jaa taanr sorbochcho test score ebong antorjatik porjaye matro panchash raan. kingstone tritiya testti oitihasik chhilo kaaron gyari sobors aporajito 365 raan korey sorbochcho byaktigato skorer test record venge deena. sahakarmi udwodhoni bowler mahmoud hussen ebong spinner nassim-ull-ghanir aghater ortho chhilo fazal 85.2 over pathiyechilen, jaa 'buddhiman' 'taar gotir bowler jonno asadharan sankhyak over' hisabe bornona korechilen. fazal inningse 247 raan deena ebong matro duti wicket nene. fojoler boaling bishleshan taake test itihase sorbadhik over boll koraa ebong ekti inningse sorbadhik raan deoar jonno pancham sthane rakhe. pakistan eka inningse test herey yaay ebong gayana porer matche herey sirij herey yaay. pakistan pancham teste santwanadayak joy orjon korey, fazal prothom inningse 6/83 niye matcher prothom boley kanrad hunter wicket soho. fazal 20 wicket niye sirij shesh corren, gader dick theke taanr sabcheye kharap haoya sotteo, tini tokhono pakistaner shirshosthaniyo wicket-shikari chhilen. adhinayakatwa. porer bochor prottabortoner somoy pakistaner adhinayak abdul kardar test cricket theke abosar niyechilen. desher shirshosthaniyo bowler fazal taanr stholabhishikto hohn. adhinayak hisabe taanr prothom teste tini toss jitey fielding korar siddhanta nene, bollinger suchona korey tini dwitiya tester jonno prothom ovare conrad hunter wicket nene. fazal 4/32 porisongkhyan diye inningstee shesh corren jaar modhye gyari soberske shunno raane out korao antarbhukta chhilo. fazal dwitiya inningse hunt ebong sobor ubhayi soho arow tinti wicket niyechilen, porertir wicketti chhilo test crickete fojoler 100tomo, prothom pakistani jini eyi milefallke pouchechilen. pakistan taader notun adhinayakke ekti vijayi suchona ditey dosho wicketer joy somponno korey. pakistan dhhakay poroborti testao jitechilo ebong taai tinn matcher sirije joy orjon korechilo. ekti qama scoring matche fazal ekti guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilen, teste choturthobarer moto ekti matche dosho wicket niyechilen. byata korte neme pakistan aaee. dii. 1 theke 145 raan korey. oyesta indies arow kharap abosthai yaay, 11 raane chhoy wicketer poton ghotole 76 raane out hoy. fazal puro innings judey boaling korey, aidi1 niye. oyesta indies, taader choturtho inningse 214 raan korey, 41 raan qama peye yaay. prothom shaat wicketer modhye chhoy wicket nene fazal, opor wicketti nene mahmoud hussen. mahmoud shesh porjonto charti wicket nene ebong fazal shesh corren 6/66-err porisongkhyan ebong 12/100-err match bishleshan diye. porerti 1993 saal porjonto adhinayak thakakalin ekjon bowler sera porisongkhyan chhilo, jokhon waker unus taake egiye niye zaan. tritiya test, ekti deeda rabar, oyesta indies jitechilo. fazal ubhoy openarke out korleo 40 ovare etai taanr ekmatro wicket chhilo. tini 15.85-ayee 21 wicket niye sirije shirshosthaniyo wicket shikari chhilen. 1959 saaler sheshe australia pakistan sofor korey tinti tester sirije 2-0 byabodhane joylav korey, jaa pakistaner ghorer maathe prothom sirij porajoy. dhhakay onusthito prothom teste porjotokra aatt wickete joyee hoy, fazal prothom inningse panch wicket soho chhoy wicket nene, ebong taar nijer shohor lahore dwitiya testti miss corren, wicket-rakkhak imtiaz ahmed adhinayakatter dayitto grohon corren. fazal korachite tritiya tester jonno firey asen ebong australier prothom inningse 5/74 niye arow panch wicket nene. pakistan prothom inningse egiye geleo prothom tinn wicketer porr taader dwitiya innings dheer hoye yaay ebong matchti dra hoy. ekti match naa khela sotteo fazal pakistaner shirshosthaniyo wicket shikari chhilen, jini 19.36-ayee 11 wicket niyechilen. eyi prochestaguli taanke 1959 saaler jonno aaee. shee. shee test bowlerder rankingye 1 nambar sthan orjon korte porichalito korechilo. pakistan 1960-61 morshume bharat sofor korechilo kintu taader soforer panchti test soho 15tii matchoi dra howa khub qama puraskar peyechilo. thhik shaat bochor ager motoi, sirije dushahosik ebong protirokkhamulok cricket chhilo kaaron ubhoy pokkhoi jetar chesta korar poriborte porajoy edate agrahi chhilo. fazal prothom charti teste toss jitechilen kintu idena gardene onusthito tritiya teste pakistan prothom inningse egiye yaay. seii matche fazal 25.3 ovare ektio wicket nitey parenni, kintu bharoter dwitiya inningse taanra somoy katate paray tini ektio wicket nitey parenni. test crickete taanr 13tomo ebong shesh panch wicket chharao, fazal sirije matro charti wicket nene. fojoler adhinayakatwa pokkhopatitter abhijoge teebro samalochanar sammukhin hoy ebong chudanta porikkhar porr taake adhinayaker podo theke borkhasto koraa hoy. chudanta porikkha. fazalke prothome pakistan englander bipokkhe ghorer sirijer jonno nirbachito koreni kintu chudanta tester jonno firey aase. tini boraborer motoi sashrayi chhilen, 63 ovare 98 raan diye, kintu ekti wicketo nitey byartho hohn. 1962 saaler ingland soforer doley taanke antarbhukta koraa hoyney, kintu druto bowler mahmoud hussen oo mahammad farooq ahoto hoye venge padale taanke protisthapon hisebe daca hoy. panch matcher sirij itimodhyei herey yawa fazal trent bridge choturtho tester jonno doley asen. dwitiya diner 30 minit chhada bucky sobb somoy boaling korey ebong tritiya sokale ingland ghoshana porjonto chaliye giye, 60 over theke tini 'aidi2' niyechilen. dimbakriti pancham teste 47 over theke 'aidi1' niye tini byabahul chhilen, test crickete taanr shesh wicket duti chhilo collin coudrey (182) ebong teeda dexter (172). leeg cricket. lancashire leeg. fazal 1957,1958 ebong 1959 saale east lancashire cricket cluber saathe peshadar hisabe tinti morshum katiechilen. durdanto apeshadar cricketerder biruddhe khele taanr boaling biddhongsi chhilo. tinti smaraniya morshume tini 4tii hatrick corren, 2 barr 8tii wicket ebong 6 barr 7tii wicket nene, jaar modhye 1959 saale 9 wickete 7tii ebong 1957 saale 26 raane 7tii wicket chhilo. cricketer baire. pulish. orthonitite snatakottar degree niye islamia college chhede yawar porr, fazal 1947 saale pulish poridorshok hisabe pakistan porishebai jog deena ebong 1952 saale upo-poridorshok ebong 1976 saale upo-mohaporidorshok hohn. cinema. taanr sundar chehara karone, taanr onek cholochchitrer prostab chhiloh pakistaner prothom bharat soforer somoy, bikhyato porichalok mehboob khaan taanke "aana" (1952) chhobite dwitiya prodhan bhumikar prostab diyechilen, onnodike suporichito american porichalok george kukor, lahore ekti sofore ebong mahmuder saathe dekha korar somoy bolechilen jey tini taanke taanr 1956-err cholochchitro "bhawani jongshon"-ayee prodhan choritre abhinoy korte pochondo korten, stuart granger poriborte. tini taader crickete mononibesh korte aswikar korechilen. dhormo. cricket chhede tini arow beshi dharmik hoye othen ebong 1970 saale "biswaser tagid" boiti prakash corren, jekhane tini pakistaner arthaniti oo samajik byabasthai islami neeti proyoger taanr drishtibhongir ruprekha diyechen ebong sangbadik pitter oborn etike "dhormo, darshan oo rajneetir upor dhyan" hisabe bornona korechen. eyi boiti coran theke onek prasongik uddhriti soho ekti govir biswas ebong shikkhar prodorshon korey. fazal sandeha korechilen jey 'poschima dharaner ganotantro' islami nyaybichar aante sokkhom kina."tini taanr briddho boyse sthaniya mosjider ekjon muezin hisabeo kaaj korechilen ebong 1954 saaler dimbakriti bijoyer porey upohar deoa gramin jomir jommy byabohar korey meyeder jonno ekti school," "sidra model school" "protistha korechilen. mrityu. 2005 saaler 30shhey meey lahorer basbhobone fojoler marattok heart attack hoy. taanr bondhu oo praktan sotirtho hanif mahammad fazalke "mohan manush" ebong "desher gathanmulak bochorgulite pakistani bowlerder doen" hisabe bornona corren. taanr attojiboni 2003 saale oxford university presha dwara "sandhya theke vore porjontoh ekjon pakistani cricket kingbadantir attojiboni" hisabe prokashito hoyeche. fazal mahmoud pakistani cricketer adhinayak mahammad saider konnake biye korechilen. record ebong porisongkhyan. fazal test cricketer itihase prothom bowler jini bharat, ingland, australia ebong oyesta indiger moto charti vinno desher biruddhe ekti test matche 12 baa taar beshi wicket nene. tini 22tii teste 100tii test wicket orjon corren, pakistani bowlerder modhye cable waker unus ebong mahammad asif druto milefolock orjon corren.

fazal mahmood fazal mahmood pipi, hii (18 februari 1927-30 meey 2005) pakistani aantarrashtriy cricketer hataa. teo 34 test mechomaa ramyaa hataa aneey 24.70 nee bolling sareraashthee 139 wicket zadpi hatee. 100 wicket lenar pratham pakistani, teo temnee temnee mechamaa simachinh sudhee pahonchya hataa. fazle uttar bhaarat maate ranji trophyma potaani sauthee pahelee pratham shreneeni cricket ramee hatee aneey tyaan majboot pradarshanne kaarane bhaaratnaa australiana udghaatan pravaas maate pasandagi thaee hatee. pravaas pahelaa pakistanni swatantrataae fazalne pakistanmathi khasee javaa aneey pasand karvaa maate prereet karyoo hatoo. temane pahelaa navaa raashtra maate testano darajjo melavaamaa aneey pachhi temne test match team tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee. temane chaar vakhat aek testamaa dass wicket zadpi hatee; jeey bhaarat, ingland aneey austreliya saame teey teamo parr pakistan dwara pratham jeetma aavee hatee. fazalnu sauthee yaadgaar pradarshan aneey ingland pravaas parr aavyu hatoo, jyaare pakistan dwara shreneene choras karvaa maate ovalmaa jeet melavaamaa temnee mukhya bhoomika hatee. tene 12/99 naa match aankada leedha, jemaa beejee inningsma 6/46 noow samaavesh thaay chhe, kaaran keey ingland 168 naa lakshyankno pichho kartaa tutee padyu hatoo. kaptan tareeke abdul kardaar pachhi, fazle 1959 aneey 1961 vachche 10 mechomaa raashtriy teamnu netrutva karyoo hatoo. temne vesta indies saame taatkaalik safalataa malee hatee parantu austreliya saame haaryaa baad aneey bhaarat saathe gatirodh pachhi temne sukani tareeke bartaraf karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnaa netrutvamaa pakistane coole beey test jeetee hatee aneey beey haaree hatee. hatee ingland pravaas baad jyaare temne ijagrast opening bolaronee jagya levaa maate bolavvama aavyaa tyaare temane test aneey pratham shrenee cricketmathi nivrutti leedhi hatee. praarambhik jeevan. lahorma janmela fazle 13 varshnee umarthi lahorni islamiya collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato. temnaa pitaa, gulam hussain, collegemaa arthshaastranaa prophesara hataa temaj collegena cricket klabnaa adhyaksh pann hataa. shikshanma karkirdi maate sthaayi thataa pahelaa, aneey spardhaatmak bhaartiy nagrik sevani parikshaao paas karvaa chhataa, gulam hussain islamik vidhvaan aneey krantikari kaarykartaa ubaidullah sindhini aagevani hethal svatantrataa chalvalma jodaya, british vasaahatione sashastr sangharsh dwara afaghanistanma aek aadhaar parthee fenkvani aashaa rakheene. temane fazalne aek kadak taaleem dincharya nakki curry jemaa savaare 4.30 vaagye jagvu, paanch mile chaalvu aneey paanch mile dodvu saamel hatoo. aaa samaypatraknu saat varsh sudhee paalan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. fazle tenaa beeja varshmaa collegeni pratham team banaavi hatee aneey 15 varshnee ummare aantar-college finalmaan 5/13 leedho hato, jeey tournamentno vikram hato. pratham shrenee cricket. british bharatma. march march, 17 varshnee ummare aneey haju collegemaa bhanata fazle uttar bhaarat maate pratham shreneema pravesh karyo hato. dakshin punjab saameni ranji trophy mechamaa temane ageeyarma number parr batting kareene ananam 38 runn banaavya hataa aneey trana wicket zadpi hatee. temnee pratham pratham shreneeni wicket bhaaratnaa test olerounder laala amarnathni hatee. fazalnee beejee mechamaa, pashchim bhaarat saameni semifinalmaa, tene pratham daavmaa 6/65 saheet aath wicket zadpi hatee. aek shaant 1944-45 season pachhi, jemaa fazle 18.20 parr paanch wicket zadpi hatee, teey pachhini seasonma temnaa pradarshanne kaarane kaarane ingland pravasma sthaan malyun hatoo. zonal quadrangular tournamentma ramtaa, jeey aek spardhaa hatee jene pravaas maate trial tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo, tene amarnath saathe uttar zoan maate bolling sharoo curry aneey 9/83 naa match aankada leedha. pataudinaa bhaartiy sukani navaab team fazal ichchhata hataa parantu anya pasandgikaro dwara temne khoob yuvan manvama aavtaa hataa. pravasio ghare parat faryaa tyaare temane baakinaa bhaarat saame beey match ramee hatee, fazle pratham mechamaa saat wicket zadpi hatee jeey baakini teame jeetee hatee parantu beejee mechamaa monghi hatee. paachhalthi 1946-47 seasonma jyaare tene tenee pratham aneey ekmatra pratham shreneeni sadee fatkari tyaare tenee batting kshamatao pradarshit thaee hatee. uttar zoan maate ramtaa temane aathma number parr ananam 100 runn banaavya hataa aneey gogumal kishanchand saathe saatmee wicket maate 207 rannee bhagidari curry hatee. fazle chh wicket zadapine uttar zoan aaramthi match jeetee gayoo hatoo. temane finalmaan vadhu paanch wicket zadpi hatee parantu uttar zoan aek inningsthee haaree gayoo hatoo. zonal tournamenta fareethi trial tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo, aaa prasange deshnaa australiana udghaatan pravaas maate 1947-48. fazalne team saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey taaleem shibirma haajari aapee hatee, jooe keey pravaasnee svatantrataa sharoo thaay teey pahelaa darmiyangiri curry hatee aneey aek bhakt muslim fazal tareeke pichhehath curry hatee. pakistanma. navaa rachaayela deshmaa pratham pratham shreneeni match 27 december december roj punjab aneey seendh vachche thaee hatee. fazal punjab maate ramyo hato, tene chh wicket zadpi hatee aneey aek daavmaa 60 runn banaavya hataa. aaa match pratham vakhat hatee jyaare fazle pakistan maate tenaa bhaavi navaa boola partner khaan mohammed saathe bollingni sharuaat curry hatee. pakistanma pratham aantarrashtriy mulaakaatio november november vesta indies hataa. trana mechmathi chhelli match aek pratinidhi team saame hatee jemaa fazal hatoo, teey drow mechamaa wicket levaamaa nishfal rahyo hato. 1948-49 seasonna ante pakistane chaar match maate cylone pravaas karyo hato, fazal 20 wicket saathe agranee wicket lenar boolara hato. aek varsh pachhi parat fartaa pravasma tene beey mechamaa 16 wicket zadpi hatee. aek aema. see. see. pakshe 1951-52 maan upkhandno pravaas karyo hato, pakistanma sankhyaabandh match ramee hatee. punjab saameni pratham mechamaa fazle aaee. dii. 2 leedha pachhi temne follow ona karvaanee faraj puddy hatee. pravaasnee paanchmee aneey anteem match karaachi khaate coyer matting wicket parr pakistani team saame hatee, fazle aemseeni pratham inningsma aaee. dii. dii aankada parat karvaa maate sapatino upyog karyo hato. yajmaanoae chaar vikete jeet melvee hatee, jeey jeet pakistan testano darajjo melavaamaa moto bhaag bhajvi hatee. aazadina paanch varsh karataa pann ochha samayma, 28 julai julai roj pakistanne parikshanna sabhyo banavvama aavyaa hataa. test karkirdi. pratham shrenee. october aneey pakistane bhaarat saame temnee pratham test shreneeni sharuaat curry hatee. fazle dilhi khaateni pratham mechamaa test cricketma padaarpan karyoo hatoo, bhaaratni pratham inningsma 2/92 leedho hato, temnee pratham wicket bhaartiy sukani laala amarnathni hatee. pakistan beey vakhat aek daavmaa haareene sastee reete out thayu hatoo, fazal banne daavmaa beey aankada sudhee pahonchnaar ekmatra pakistani khelaadi hato. pakistane lakhnau khaateni beejee testamaa parinam ultavi didhu hatoo, jeey shanani matting pitch parr ramvaamaa aavyu hatoo, fazle pratham daavmaa 5/52 aneey beejee daavmaa 7/42 leedho hato, kaaran keey pakistane temnee beejee testamaa aek daavthi jeet melvee hatee. temnaa match aankadao 12/94 aee gharthee door pakistani boolara dwara shreshth chhe, aneey 1980 sudhee bhaarat saame koipan boolara dwara shreshth hataa. bombe khaateni triji testamaa pakistan dass vikete haaree gayoo hatoo, joke temnee pratham inningsma temane aathma number parr batting kareene 33 runn banaavya hataa, jenaathi pakistanne 60/6 thee 143/7 parr paachha farvaamaa madad malee hatee. shreneeni anteem beey test aneerneet rahee hatee, fazle vadhu chh wicket zadapine pakistanno agranee wicket lenar khelaadi tareeke potaani pratham shreneene 25.60 parr 20 runn saathe samaapt curry hatee. tene shreneema coole 173 runn saathe ketlaak neechala kramnaa yogdaan pann aapyaa hataa. ingland pravaas. fazal dharaavati pakistani garudnee baajune baajune deshnaa aagaami varshnaa pravaasnee taiyari maate ingland mokalvaamaa aavee hatee. englandma hataa tyaare, fazalne nivrutt ingland aneey surre phasta boolara alf gover pasethi coaching malyun hatoo. fazalne aneey pravaas maate abdul kardaarnaa oop-sukani banavvama aavyaa hataa, jeey upkhandni bahaar temnee pratham shreneema khelaadi aneey team banne maate safal saabit thashe. fazle pravaasnee saaree sharuaat curry, 11/102 leedho aneey worcestershire saameni pravasioni pratham mechamaa 67 runn banaavya. temane test shrenee sudhee aagevanima wicket levaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo aneey khaas kareene oxford university saame laambaa aneey aarthik spail fenkvani temnee kshamata pann darshaavi hatee, jyaan temane 68 ovarmaa 37 maiden fenkine 7/95 leedho hato. loards khaateni pratham test varsaad aneey aneernithi bhaare prabhaavit thaee hatee, ramatmaa batting mushkel hatee jeey shakya hatee aneey pakistan temnee pratham inningsma 87 ranmaa out thaee gayoo hatoo. javabma inglande samagr inningsma fazal aneey khaan mohammadna bolling saathe 117/9 sqora karyo, fazalae 4/54 naa aankada reqorda karyaa. aagaami test pahelaa pakistan trent brij khaate nottinghamshirema ramyu hatoo, pravasioae fazal saathe pratham daavmaa karkidrina shreshth 8/66 saheet 11 wicket zadapine aath vikete jeet melvee hatee. beejee test aee jaj sthale hatee parantu pakistanione bhaare inningsma haarno saamno karvo padyo hato aneey fazle tenaa sauthee kharaab test aankada 0/148 nondhyaa hataa. joke teey pagnee ijaathi pidaato hato jenaa kaarane tene runn-up tunkavvani faraj puddy hatee. triji testnaa trana divas pachhi pakistanne beejee inningsma haarno saamno karvo padyo hato parantu chhella beey divasma varsadne kaarane koee ramat bundh thayaa baad match drow thaee hatee, fazle englandnee inningsma 42 overmathi 4/107 leedho hato. pakistan chothee aneey anteem testamaa testamaa neeche ovalmaa gayoo hatoo, parantu englandne haraaveene shreneene sarbhar kareene motee uthalpaathal sarjee hatee, aaa pratham prasang hato jyaare koee deshe temnaa udghaatan pravaas parr englandma test jeetee hatee. fazle 12/99 naa match aankadano daavo kareene jeetma agranee bhoomika bhajvi hatee. englandnee pratham inningsma tene 30 overmathi 6/53 letee vakhate bolling curry hatee, "wizdne" aaa aankadao "vadhu saaraa hota parantu drop karelaa catch maate" lakhyaa hataa. ochhi scoringni mechamaa englandne temnee beejee inningsma 168 ranano lakshyank aapvama aavyo hato. leena huttonni sharuaatmaa haar chhataa, mechamaa beejee vakhat fazalnee bollingma paachhal catch pakadata, chothaa sanje ingland saaree reete seeta dekhaayu. joke fazle pieter meey, godfrey evance aneey dennis comptonni wicket close pahelaa leedhi hatee aneey beeja divase pakistane 24 ranthee jeet melvee hovathi pratham beey wicket puddy hatee. fazal 30 ovarmaa 6/46 naa beeja daavnaa aankada saathe samaapt thayo. shreneema fazle 20 wicket zadpi hatee, jeey pachhinaa shreshth pakistani boolara karataa 12 vadhu hatee, jeey sarerash 20.40 hatee. teey pravaasnaa samaapan parr chh pratham shreneeni mechomathi maatra aekmaa ramyo hato, parantu haju pann 17.53 parr 77 saathe agranee wicket lenar tareeke samaapt thayo hato. tenaa parakramne maanyata aaptaa, fazalne baadmaa varshnaa shreshth samajdaar cricketer tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, jeey sanmanit thanar pratham pakistani hato. hooma siriz. pakistannu pratham gharaanganaani shrenee paanch test mecho maate bhaaratni mulakat saathe 1954-55 seasonma aavee hatee. aaa shreneema tamaam paanch match drow rahee hatee, jeey test itihaasmaa aanee pratham ghatnaa hatee aneey teey rakshanatmak aneey neeras cricket dwara chinhit karvaamaa aavee hatee. fazal chaar mechomaa ramyo hato aneey 21.93 parr 15 wicket zadpi hatee. teno shreshth aankado karaachi khaateni paanchmee testamaa aavyo hato, jyaan tene bhaaratni pratham inningsma 5/48 leedho hato. baadmaa baadmaa newzealandno pratham pravaas thayo, pakistane pratham test shrenee jeetee, jeetee jeet melvee. fazal tranmathi beey testamaa ramyo aneey 18.40 parr paanch wicket zadpi. austreliya pakistanno aagaami mulakati hato, jene bharatma temnee shrenee pahelaa aneey englandnaa pravaas pachhi october october aek jaj test maate pravaas karyo hato. karaachi khaateni mechamaa pakistane austreliya saameni temnee pratham testamaa aitihasik jeet melvee hatee. fazle jeetma mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee, testamaa shreshth aankadao 13/114 leedha hataa. tene australiyani pratham inningsma pratham chh wicket zadpi hatee aneey pravasione 52/6 parr chhodi deedhaa hataa, jeey sthitimathi teo punahpraapt karvaamaa nishfal rahyaa hataa, teo 80 runn parr olout thaee gayaa hataa. tene beejee inningsma pratham chaar wicket pann zadpi hatee aneey 7/80 saathe samaapt curry hatee. "wizdne temnee takneeknu varnan karyunh" "chokkas lambai jaalvi rakhvi aneey leeyg-cutter aneey breakbaxnaa mishran saathe temnaa swingne badalvu". imtiyaz ahemade kahyoo keh "fazal kyaarey lambai aneey dishaamaa achakaato nahoto, aneey tene bolane banne reete samajdarithi khasedyo hato...pratham daavmaa fazalnee aek over maate, mahaan millerne pann koee sanket nahoto." vesta indiesni mulakat. mulakat pakistanno vesta indies pravaas sankhyaabandh uchch sqora dharaavati test mecho dwara chinhit karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey fazal parr moto kaarybhaar hato, jene paanch test shreneema shreneema vadhu over fenki hatee, jemaa satat 186 test saamel hataa. pakistan shrenee shrenee haaree gayoo hatoo aneey hanif mohammade 16 kalaaknee inningsma 337 runn banaavya hataa, jenaa kaarane pratham testamaa haarno saamno karvo padyo hato. trinidad khaateni beejee testamaa fazal aaa prakriyaamaa chh wicket lenar pakistanno sauthee kifayati boolara hato, jyaare batsmen tareeke tene tene numberthi 60 runn banaavya hataa, jeey teno sarvoch test sqora hato aneey aantarrashtriy stare maatra adadhi sadee hatee. kingsten khaateni triji test aitihasik hatee kaaran keey geree sobersay ananam 365 runn banaavya hataa, jene sarvoch vyaktigat skorno test reqorda todyo hato. saathee opening boolara mahmood hussain aneey spinner naseem-ool-ghaaneene ijaaono arth aee thayo keey fazle 85.2 over fenki deedhi, jene 'samajdaar' aee 'tenee gateena boolara maate asadharan sankhyama over' tareeke varnavi hatee. fazle inningsma 247 runn aapyaa aneey maatra beey wicket zadpi hatee. fazalnaa bolling vishleshanma tene testnaa itihaasmaa sauthee vadhu over fenkvaa aneey aek daavmaa sauthee vadhu runn aapvaa maate paanchmaa sthaane mukvaamaa aavyo chhe. pakistan aek inningsthee test haaree gayoo hatoo aneey gayanama aagaami match haareene shrenee haaree gayoo hatoo. pakistane paanchmee testamaa dilaso aapnaar jeet haansal curry hatee, fazle pratham daavmaa 6/83 leedho hato, jemaa mechnaa pratham boola parr conred huntney wicket pann saamel hatee. fazle shreneene 38.20 parr 20 wicket saathe samaapt curry, sareraashnee drashtiae tenee sauthee kharaab wicket hovaa chhataa, teey haju pann pakistanno agranee wicket lenar boolara hato. sukani. teey pachhinaa varshe parat fartaa pravaasnaa samay sudhimaa, test chuntani pachhi pakistanna sukani abdul kardaare test cricketmathi nivrutti leedhi hatee. deshnaa agranee boolara fazal aaa bhoomikama temnaa anugaamee banyaa hataa. sukani tarikeni temnee pratham testamaa temane toss jeeteene fielding karvaano nirnay leedho hato, bollingni sharuaat kareene temane satat beejee test maate pratham ovarmaa konrad huntney wicket zadpi hatee. fazle 4/32 naa aankada saathe inningsno anta aanyo hato, jemaa shunya parr geree sobarne out karvaano pann samaavesh thaay chhe. fazle beejee inningsma hunt aneey sobara banne saheet vadhu trana wicket zadpi hatee, baadmaanee wicket test cricketma fazalnee fazalnee wicket hatee, jeey simachinh sudhee pahonchnaar pratham pakistani hatee. pakistane temnaa navaa sukaanine jeetni sharuaat aapvaa maate dass wicketno vijay melvyo. pakistane dhhakama aagaami test pann jeetee hatee aneey tethee trana matchoni shreneema jeet melvee hatee. ochha skorvali mechamaa fazle mahatvani bhoomika bhajvi hatee, testamaa chothee vakhat aek mechamaa dass wicket zadpi hatee. batting karvaa utaryaa baad pakistan aaee. dii. 1. maanthi bahaar thaine 145 runn banaavi shakyu hatoo. vesta indies 11 ranmaa chh wicket gumaavyaa baad 76 ranmaa out thaee gayoo hatoo. fazle samagr inningsma bolling curry, 6/34 leedho. vesta indies, temnee chothee inningsma 214 ranano seeta karyo, 41 runn ochha samayma puddy gayo. fazle pratham satmathi chh wicket zadpi hatee, jyaare mahmood hussain dwara sobarnee beejee outmaan fazalne catch tareeke saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. mahmoode chaar wicket zadpi hatee jyaare fazalae 6/66 naa aankada aneey 12/100 naa match vishleshan saathe anta karyo hato. 1993 sudhee sukani tareeke aek boolara dwara shreshth aankada hataa, jyaare vakaar unis dwara tene vadhu saaree reete haravvama aavyaa hataa. triji test, aek deeda rubber, vesta indies dwara jeetee hatee. fazle banne openerne out karyaa parantu 40 ovarmaa aaa temnee ekmatra wicket hatee. teey shreneema 21 wicket saathe agranee wicket lenar boolara hato. australia australia antamaa trana test shrenee maate pakistanno pravaas karyo hato, jemaa temane 2-0 thee jeet melvee hatee, jeey pakistanno gharaangane pratham shreneema parajay hato. dhhaaka khaateni pratham testamaa pravasioae aath vikete jeet melvee hatee, fazle pratham daavmaa paanch vikete chh wicket zadpi hatee, jemaa paanch vikete paanch wicketno samaavesh thaay chhe, 5/71. teey potaana vatan lahor khaateni beejee testamaa chooki gayo hato, wicketkeeper imtiyaz ahemade australiyani saat vikete jeeteli mechamaa sukaanini javabdari sambhaali hatee. fazal karaachimaa triji test maate paachho faryo aneey australiyani pratham inningsma 5/74 saathe vadhu paanch wicket zadpi hatee. pakistane pratham daavmaa lead melvee hatee parantu trana praarambhik wicket pachhi temnee beejee inning dheemee puddy hatee aneey match drow thaee hatee. aek match goom hovaa chhataa fazal shrenee maate pakistanno agranee wicket lenar boolara hato, jene 19.36 parr 11 wicket zadpi hatee. aaa prayatnone kaarane tene 1959 maate ICC test bolaronee rankingma number 1 ranking haansal karyoo hatoo. pakistane 1960-61 season darmiyan bhaaratno pravaas karyo hato parantu temnaa pravaas parr paanch test saheet tamaam 15 match aneerneet rahee hovathi tene bahoo ochhu valtar malyun hatoo. saat varsh pahelaanni jaim, shreneema pann kharaab aneey rakshanatmak cricket hatoo kaaran keey banne paksho jitvaano prayaas karvaane badale haar taalvaa maate irado dharaavtaa hataa. fazle pratham chaar testamaa toss jeetyo hato parantu iden gardens khaateni triji testamaa jaj pakistane pratham daavmaa lead melvee hatee. teey mechamaa fazle 25.3 ovarmaa 5/26 leedho hato, parantu teo bhaaratni beejee inningsma wicket levaamaa nishfal rahyaa hataa kaaran keey teoae aaramthi samay kaadhee deedho hato. teey paanch wicket upraant, test cricketma tenee tenee aneey chhelli, fazle shreneema maatra chaar anya wicket zadpi hatee. fazalnee sukanipadni pakshpaatnaa aaropo saathe gambhir teeka thaee hatee aneey anteem kasoti baad temne sukani padethi bartaraf karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. anteem parikshano. fazalnee sharuaatmaa pakistan dwara ingland saameni gharelu shrenee maate pasandagi karvaamaa aavee naa hatee parantu teey anteem test maate parat faryo hato. teo hammeshnee jaim aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete 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aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik reete aarthik temne temne ingland pravaasnee team saamel karvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa, parantu jyaare zadpi boolara mahmood hussain aneey mohammed farooq ghaayal thayaa tyaare temnaa sthaane bolavvama aavyaa hataa. paanch matchnee shrenee pahelethee jaj haaree gaee hatee, fazal trent brij khaate chothee test maate team aavyo hato. temane beeja divasni 30 minut sivaaynaa badhaa maate bolling curry aneey triji savaare englandnee ghoshana sudhee kaama chaalu raakhyu, temnee 60 overmathi temane 3/130 leedho. andakar khaateni paanchmee testamaa, teo 47 overmathi 2/192 levaa mongha hataa, test cricketma temnee chhelli saabit thayelee beey wicket, collin coudry (182) aneey teda dextor (172) nee hatee. leag cricket. lankashire leag. fazle 1957,1958 aneey jemaa purv lankashire cricket club saathe vyaavsaayik tareeke trana season gaadyaa hataa. uttam kalapremi cricketaro saame ramvu temnee bolling vinashak hatee. trana yaadgaar seasonma temane 4 hetrick leedhi hatee, jemaa 2 vakhat 8 wicket aneey 6 vakhat 7 wicket zadpi hatee, jemaa jemaa 9 vikete 7 aneey aneey 26 vikete 7 wicket saamel hatee. crickethi aagad. police. arthshashtrama anusnatakni degree saathe islamiya college chhodya pachhi, fazal fazal police nirikshak tareeke pakistani sevama jodaya aneey aneey nayab adhikshak aneey aneey nayab mahanirikshak banyaa. cinema. temnaa sunder dekhaavne kaarane, temne ghanee filmonee ofara malee hateeh pakistanna pratham bhaarat pravaas darmiyan, prakhyaat nirdeshak mehboob khaane temne film 'aana' (1952) maan beejee mukhya bhoomikani ofara curry hatee, jyaare jaanita american nirdeshak george kukore lahorni mulakat darmiyan aneey mahmoodne malyaa hataa, temane kahyoo hatoo keey teo temne temnaa 1956-film 'bhavani junction' maan mukhya bhoomika tareeke pasand kartaa, tenaa badale kaarbhaari granger. temane temne cricket parr dhyaan kendrit karvaano incar karyo hato. dharm. cricket chhodata, teo temnaa drashtikonmaa vadhu dhaarmik pann banyaa, aneey nondhpaatra reete 1970 maan, pustak "vishvasni ichcha" prakashit karyoo, jemaa temane pakistanna arthtantra aneey saamaajik vyavsthaamaa islamik siddhaantone laagu karvaanaa temnaa drashtikonni ruprekha aapee hatee, aneey jene patrakaar pieter oborne "dharm, filosoofi aneey raajkaaran parr dhyaan" tareeke varnavyu chhe. aaa pustak aek undee shraddha aneey shikshan darshaave chhe, jemaa kuraannaa ghanaa susangat avtarano chhe. fazle shankaa vyakt curry hatee keey shun 'pashchimi prakaarnee lokshaahi' islamik nyaay lavvama saksham chhe."temane temnee vruddhaavasthaamaa sthaaneek masjid maate muezin tareeke pann kaama karyoo hatoo aneey aneey andakar vijay pachhi temne bhetmaa aapvama aaveli graameen jameenna bhukhandano upyog kareene chhokario maate" "sidra model school" "naamnee aek shaalaani sthaapnaa curry hatee". mrutyu. fazalne 30 meey meey roj temnaa lahor nivaasthaane jeevalen hradayrogno humalo aavyo hato. temnaa mitra aneey bhutpurv saathee hanif mohammade fazalne "mahaan maanas" aneey "deshnaa praarambhik varshomaa pakistani bolaronaa mahaan" tareeke varnavyaa hataa. temnee aatmakatha aatmakatha oxford university presa dwara "phroma dasak too donah autobiography off aaa pakistan cricket legend" tareeke prakashit karvaamaa aavee chhe. fazal mahmoode pakistani cricketnaa sukani mohammed saeedni putri saathe lagna karyaa hataa. reqorda aneey aankada. fazal test cricketnaa itihaasmaa bhaarat, ingland, austreliya aneey vesta indies jevaa chaar alag-alag desho saame test mechamaa 12 keey tethee vadhu wicket lenar pratham boolara hataa. temane 22 testamaa 100 test wicket zadpi hatee, jemaa maatra pakistani bolaro vakaar unis aneey mohammed asif zadapthi simachinh sudhee pahonchya hataa.

fazal mahmoud fazal mahmoud pp, haay (18 farwari 1927-30 maee 2005) ack pakistani antarrashtriya cricketer they. unhone 34 test match khele aur 24.70 kii gendbaji ausat seey 139 wicket liye. 100 wicket lene vaale pahale pakistani, way apane 22vein match mein iss mukam taka pahunche. fazal ney uttar bhaarat key liye ranji trophy mein apana pahala pratham shreni cricket khela aur vahaan key majboot pradarshan key kaaran bhaarat key australia key udghaatan daure key liye chayan kiya gayaa. pakistan kii swatantrata, daure seey pahale, fazal, ack musalman, koo vaapas lene aur pakistan kaa chayan karane key liye prerit kiya. unhone pahale nae rashtra key liye test darja praapt karane aur phir unhein ack test match team key roop mein sthaapit karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. unhone chaar maukon parr ack test mein duss wicket liye; joe bhaarat, ingland aur australia key khilaf una teams parr pakistan kii pahali jeet mein aae. fazal kaa sabse yadgar pradarshan 1954 key ingland daure parr aaya, jaba unaki pramukh bhoomika thee kyonki pakistan ney shrinkhala koo barabari parr karane key liye oval mein jeet hassil kii thee. unhone doosari paari mein 6/46 sahit 12/99 key match key aankade liye, kyonki ingland 168 key lakshya kaa peechha karate hue gir gayaa. kaptan key roop mein abdul kardaar key baad, fazal ney 1959 aur 1961 key beach 10 maichon mein rashtriya team kaa netritva kiya. unhein west indies key khilaf tatkaal safalata millie lekin australia seey haarne aur bhaarat key saath gatirodh key baad unhein kaptan key roop mein barkhast curr diyaa gayaa. unake netritva mein pakistan ney dou test jeete aur dou haare. 1962 key ingland daure key baad jaba unhein ghayal salami gendbaajon kii jagah lene key liye bulaaya gayaa tou unhone test aur pratham shreni cricket seey sannyas leey liya. praarambhik jeevan. lahaur mein janme fazal ney 13 saal kii umr seey islamiya college, lahaur mein padhaai kii. unake pitaa, gulam hussain, college mein arthshastra key professor honey key saath-saath college key cricket club key adhyaksh bhee they. shikshaavidon mein apana currier banaane seey pahale, aur pratispardhi bhaaratiya sivil seva pariksha utteern karane key bavjood, gulam hussain islami vidwan aur krantikari karyakarta ubaidullah sindhi key tahat swatantrata andolan mein shamil hoe gaye, aur ack sashastr sangharsh key madhyam seey british upaniveshvadiyon koo afghanistan mein ack aadhar seey fenkane kii ummeed kii. unhone fazal koo ack sakht prashikshan dincharya nirdhaarit kiya jisamen subah 4.30 baje jaagana, paanch meal chalana aur paanch meal daudana shamil thaa. iss anusuchi kaa paalan saat varshon taka kiya gayaa thaa. fazal ney apane dusare varsh mein college kii pahali team banaai aur 15 saal kii umr mein ack antar-college final mein 5/13 liya, joe tournament key liye ack record thaa. pratham shreni cricket. british bhaarat mein. march 1944 mein, 17 saal kii umr mein aur abhee bhee college mein, fazal ney uttar bhaarat key liye apani pratham shreni kii shuruat kii. dakshini panjab key khilaf ack ranji trophy match mein unhone gyaarahaven number parr nabad 38 runn banaakar ballebaji kii aur teen wicket liye. unakaa pahala pratham shreni wicket bhaarat key test allrounder laala amarnath kaa thaa. fazal kii doosari upasthiti mein, paschimi bhaarat key khilaf ack semifinal mein, unhone pahali paari mein 6/65 sahit aathh wicket liye. ack shaant 1944-45 season key baad, jisamen fazal ney 18.20 parr paanch wicket liye, agale season mein unake pradarshan ney lagbhag 1946 key ingland daure parr jagah banaa lii. kshetriya chaturbhuj pratiyogita mein khelate hue, ack pratiyogita jisane daure key liye ack pareekshan key roop mein kaam kiya, unhone amarnath key saath uttar kshetra key liye gendbaji kii shuruat kii aur 9/83 key match key aankade liye. pataudi key bhaaratiya kaptan nawab team mein fazal chaahte they lekin anya chayankartaon dwara unhein bahut yuva maanaa jaataa thaa. jaba paryatak ghar lautate hain tou unhone shesh bhaarat key khilaf dou match khele xi, fazal ney pahale match mein saat wicket liye joe baaki ney jeete lekin dusare mein mahange they. baad mein aaee. dee. 1. satra mein unaki ballebaji kshamata taba pradarshit hui jaba unhone apana pahala aur ekmatra pratham shreni shatak banaaya. uttar kshetra key liye khelate hue unhone aathven number seey nabad 100 runn banaae aur gogumal kishanchand key saath saatven wicket key liye 207 runn kii saajhedaari kii. uttar kshetra ney aasaani seey match jeet liya aur fazal ney chhah wicket liye. unhone final mein aur paanch wicket liye lekin uttar kshetra ack paari seey haar gayaa. kshetriya pratiyogita ney phir seey ack pareekshan key roop mein kaam kiya thaa, iss avsar parr desh key australia key udghaatan daure key liye 1947-48 mein. fazal koo daste mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa aur prashikshan shivir mein bhaag liya gayaa thaa, halanki daure kii swatantrata shuru honey seey pahale hastakshep kiya gayaa thaa aur ack bhakt musalman fazal key roop mein vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. pakistan mein. navgathit desh mein pahala pratham shreni match 27 disambar 1947 koo panjab aur sindh key beach huaa thaa. fazal panjab key liye khelate hue chhah wicket lete hue ack paari mein 60 runn banaate hue jeet hassil kii. match pahali baar thaa jaba fazal ney pakistan key liye apane bhavishya key nae gend saathi khaan mohammad key saath gendbaji kii. pakistan key pahale antarrashtriya agantuk navambar 1948 mein west indies they. teen mukabalon mein seey antim match ack pratinidhi paksh key khilaf thaa jisamen fazal thaa, vaha ack drow match mein wicket lene mein whiffle rahey. season key anta mein pakistan ney chaar maichon key liye sealon kaa daura kiya, fazal 20 wickets key saath agrani wicket lene vaale gendbaaz they. ack saal baad vaapsee daure parr unhone dou maichon mein 16 wicket liye. ack aim. see. see. paksh ney pakistan mein kaee match khelate hue 1951-52 mein upmahadweep kaa daura kiya. panjab key khilaf pahale match mein fazal key aaee. dee. 1 lene key baad unhein faulo karane key liye majboor honah padaa. daure kaa paanchvaan aur antim match karachi mein coyer mait wicket parr pakistan kii or seey khela gayaa thaa, fazal ney mcc kii pahali paari mein aaee. dee. 2 key aankade vaapas karane key liye satah kaa fayda uthaaya. mejbaanon ney chaar wicket seey jeet hassil kii, ack aisee jeet jisane pakistan koo test darja dilaane mein badee bhoomika nibhai. swatantrata key paanch saal seey bhee cumm samay baad 28 julaai 1952 koo pakistan koo pareekshan sadasya banaaya gayaa thaa. test currier. pahali shrinkhala. octuber 1952 mein, pakistan ney bhaarat key khilaf apani pahali test shrinkhala shuru kii. fazal ney dilli mein pahale match mein apana test debue kiya, bhaarat kii pahali paari mein 2/92 liya, unakaa pahala wicket bhaaratiya kaptan laala amarnath kaa thaa. pakistan koo dou baar saste mein out kiya gayaa aur ack paari seey haar kaa saamana karna padaa, fazal donon paariyon mein dohare aankade taka pahunchane vaale ekmatra pakistani khilaadi they. pakistan ney lakhanau mein dusare test mein parinam koo ulat diyaa, ack joot mait pitch parr khela, fazal ney pahali paari mein 5/52 aur doosari paari mein 7/42 liya kyonki pakistan ney apane kewal dusare test mein ack paari seey jeet hassil kii. unake match key aankade ghar seey door ack pakistani gendbaaz dwara sarvshreshth hain, aur 1980 taka bhaarat key khilaf kissy bhee gendbaaz dwara sarvshreshth they. bombe fazal mein teesare test mein pakistan koo duss wicket seey haar kaa saamana karna padaa, halanki unaki pahali paari mein unhone aathven number parr 33 runn banaae, jisase pakistan koo 60/6 seey 143/7 taka pahunchane mein madad millie. shrinkhala key antim dou test drow rahey, fazal ney pakistan key agrani wicket lene vaale key roop mein apani pahali shrinkhala koo samaapt karane key liye chhah aur wicket liye aur 20 parr 25.60 parr. unhone kuchh nichale crum key yogdan bhee diye aur kull 173 runn kii shrinkhala koo 28.83 parr samaapt kiya. ingland kaa daura. fazal yukt ack pakistani eagle paksh koo 1953 mein desh key agale varsh key daure kii taiyari key liye ingland bheja gayaa thaa. ingland mein rahate hue, fazal ney sevaanivritt ingland aur surre tej gendbaaz alf gover seey coaching praapt kii. fazal koo 1954 key daure key liye abdul kardaar key liye upa-kaptan banaaya gayaa thaa joe upmahadweep key baahar apani pahali shrinkhala mein khilaadi aur team donon key liye safal saabit hoga. fazal ney daure kii achchi shuruat kii, jisamen usane worcestershire key khilaf pahale match mein 67 runn banaae. unhone test shrinkhala taka badhat mein wicket lena jaari rakhaa, aur vishesh roop seey oxford vishvavidyalaya key khilaf lambe aur kifayati gendbaji karane kii apani kshamata kaa pradarshan kiya, jahaan unhone 68 ovaron mein 37 maddence koo out kiya. lords mein pahala test barish aur drow seey bahut prabhaavit thaa, khel mein ballebaji karna mushkil thaa joe sambhav thaa aur pakistan apani pahali paari mein 87 runn parr out hoe gayaa thaa. ingland ney jawab mein poori paari mein fazal aur khaan mohammad kii gendbaji key saath ghoshit kiya, 4/54 key fazal recording aankade. trent brij mein khele gaye agale test match seey pahale pakistan ney trent brij mein nottinghamshire mein khele gaye daure key match mein, paryatakon ney fazal key saath aathh wicket seey jeet hassil kii, jisamen pahali paari mein usa samay key currier key sarvshreshth 8/66 sahit 11 wicket shamil they. doosara test usee sthaan parr thaa lekin pakistaniyon koo bhaari paari kii haar kaa saamana karna padaa aur fazal ney apane sabse kharaab test aankade 0/148 darj kiye. halanki vaha pair kii chot seey peedit they, jisase unhein apana runn-upp cumm karane key liye majboor honah padaa. pakistan koo teesare test key teen dinon key baad ack aur paari kii haar kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin antim dou dinon mein barish key kaaran koee bhee khel bund honey key baad match drow hoe gayaa, fazal ney ingland kii paari mein 42 ovaron mein seey aaee. dee. 1 leey liya. pakistan oval mein chauthe aur antim test mein 1-0 seey neeche chalaa gayaa, lekin ingland koo harakar shrinkhala koo barabar karane key liye ack badaa ulatafer kiya, yeh pahala avsar thaa jaba kissy desh ney apane udghaatan daure parr ingland mein ack test jeetaa thaa. fazal ney match key aankadon kaa daavaa karate hue jeet mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. ingland kii pahali paari mein unhone 30 ovaron seey 6/53 lete hue gendbaji kii, "buddhimani" ney likhaa kii aankade 'bahut behtar hotey lekin catch chhodane key liye'. cumm score vaale match mein ingland koo apani doosari paari mein 168 ranon kaa lakshya diyaa gayaa thaa. laine hutton key jaldi haarne key bavjood, match mein doosari baar fazal kii gendbaji key peechhe catch out hue, chauthi shaam koo ingland achchha sett lugg rhaa thaa. halanki fazal ney peater meey, godfrey evance aur dennis compton key wicket liye aur agale dinn pahale dou wicket liye kyonki pakistan ney 24 runn kii jeet hassil kii. fazal ney 30 ovaron mein doosari paari mein aaee. dee. 1 key aankade hassil kiye. shrinkhala mein fazal ney 20 wicket liye, joe agale sarvshreshth pakistani gendbaaz seey 12 adhik they, joe kii 20.40 key ausat seey they. unhone daure kaa samaapan karane vaale chhah pratham shreni maichon mein seey kewal ack mein khela, lekin phir bhee 77 key saath agrani wicket lene vaale key roop mein samaapt hue. unake karnamon kii maanyata mein, fazal koo 1955 mein varsh kaa ack buddhiman cricketer naamit kiya gayaa, joe sammaanit honey vaalaa pahala pakistani thaa. gharelu shrinkhala. pakistan kii pahali gharelu shrinkhala paanch test maichon key liye bhaarat kii yatra key saath aaee. shrinkhala mein sabhi paanch match drow honey key saath rakshaatmak aur sust cricket khela gayaa, joe test itihas mein isaki pahali ghatana thee. fazal ney chaar maichon mein khela aur 21.93 parr 15 wicket liye. unake sarvshreshth aankade karachi mein paanchven test mein aae jahan unhone bhaarat kii pahali paari mein 5/48 liya. baad mein 1955 mein newzealand ney desh kaa apana pahala daura kiya, pakistan ney pahali test shrinkhala jeet hassil kii, 2-0 seey jeet hassil kii. fazal ney teen test mein seey dou mein khela aur 18.40 parr paanch wicket liye. australia pakistan kaa agala agantuk thaa, joe bhaarat mein apani shrinkhala seey pahale aur ingland key daure key baad octuber 1956 mein ack hii test key liye daura curr rhaa thaa. karachi mein hue match mein pakistan ney australia key khilaf apane pahale test mein aitihaasik jeet hassil kii. fazal ney jeet mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, test mein sarvshreshth ank lete hue 13/114. unhone australia kii pahali paari mein pahale chhah wicket liye aur paryatakon koo 52/6 parr chhod diyaa, ack aisee sthiti jisase way ubarane mein whiffle rahey, way sabhi 80 runn parr out hoe gaye. unhone doosari paari mein pahale chaar wicket bhee liye aur 7/80 key saath samaapt kiya. "" "wizden" "ney apani takneek kaa varnan kiyaah" "ack sateek lambai banaae rakhna aur legg-cutter aur breakback key mishran key saath apane swing koo badalana. imtiyaz ahmed ney kahaa kii "fazal kabhi bhee lambai aur disha mein vichalit naheen huaa, aur usane gend koo samajhadaari seey donon taraf leey jaaya...pahali paari mein fazal key ack poore over key liye, mahaan miller koo bhee koee surag naheen thaa." west indies kaa daura. 1958 mein pakistan key west indies key daure mein kaee uchch score vaale test match khele gaye they aur fazal parr kaafee kaam kaa bojh thaa, jisase paanch test shrinkhala mein 320 over seey adhik kaa bhaar padaa, jisamen lagaatar 186 test shamil they. pakistan shrinkhala 3-1 seey haar gayaa aur hanif mohammad dwara 337 kii 16 ghante kii paari kii badaulat pahale test mein haar seey bachaa. trinidad mein dusare test mein fazal pakistan key sabse kifayati gendbaaz they jinhone iss prakriya mein chhah wicket liye, jabaki ballebaaj key roop mein unhone 10 number seey 60 runn banaae, joe unakaa sarvocch test score thaa aur antarrashtriya star parr kewal pachas thaa. kingsten mein teesara test aitihaasik thaa kyonki gairi sobar ney nabad 365 runn banaae, jisase uchchatam vyaktigat score key liye test record toot gayaa. saathi salami gendbaaz mahmoud hussain aur spinner naseem-ull-ghaani koo choton kaa matlab thaa kii fazal ney 85.2 over fenke, jise 'buddhimani' ney 'apani gati key gendbaaz key liye asadharan ovaron kii sankhya' key roop mein varnit kiya. fazal ney paari mein 247 runn diye aur girane key liye kewal dou wicket liye. fazal key gendbaji vishleshan ney unhein sabse adhik ovaron mein gendbaji karane aur ack paari mein sabse adhik runn dene key liye test itihas mein paanchven sthaan parr rakhaa. pakistan ack paari seey test haar gayaa aur gayana mein agala match harkar way shrinkhala haar gaye. pakistan ney paanchven test mein ack santvana jeet hassil kii, fazal ney match kii pahali gend parr conrad hunt key wicket sahit pahali paari mein 6/83 liya. fazal ney ausat key mamle mein apane sabse kharaab wickets mein seey ack honey key bavjood, 20 wickets key saath shrinkhala samaapt kii, vaha abhee bhee pakistan key pramukh wicket lene vaale gendbaaz they. kaptani. agale varsh vaapsee daure key samay taka, pakistan key kaptan abdul kardaar, joe apane test chunaav key baad seey test cricket seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye they. desh key pramukh gendbaaz fazal ney iss bhoomika mein unakaa sthaan liya. kaptan key roop mein apane pahale test mein unhone toss jeetaa aur kshetrarakshan karane kaa faisala kiya, gendbaji kii shuruat karate hue unhone lagaatar dusare test key liye pahale over mein conrad hunt kaa wicket liya. fazal ney paari koo 4/32 key aankadon key saath samaapt kiya jisamen shoonya parr gairi sobar koo out karna bhee shamil thaa. fazal ney doosari paari mein teen aur wicket liye, jisamen hunt aur sobar donon shamil they, baad vaalaa wicket test cricket mein fazal kaa 100vaan wicket thaa, joe iss meal key patthar taka pahunchane vaalaa pahala pakistani thaa. pakistan ney apane nae kaptan koo vijayi shuruat dene key liye duss wicket kii jeet hassil kii. pakistan ney dhaakaa mein agala test bhee jeetaa aur isaliye teen maichon kii shrinkhala mein jeet hassil kii. cumm score vaale match mein fazal ney ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, test mein chauthi baar ack match mein duss wicket liye. ballebaji karane key liye pakistan ney aaee. dee. 1 seey 145 runn banaae aur 11 runn parr chhah wicket key patan key baad 76 runn parr out honey key baad westindies ney sthiti kharaab curr dee. fazal ney poori paari mein gendbaji karate hue apani chauthi paari mein 214 runn banaae aur 41 runn cumm parr out hoe gaye. fazal ney pahale saat wickets mein seey chhah wicket liye, mahmoud hussain dwara sobar key dusare out mein fazal koo catcher key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa. mahmoud ney chaar wicket lene key liye antim chhor parr samaapt kiya jabaki fazal ney 6/66 key aankadon aur 12/100 key match vishleshan key saath samaapt kiya. baad vaalaa 1993 taka kaptan key roop mein ack gendbaaz dwara sarvshreshth aankade they, jaba vakaar unis dwara behtar kiya gayaa thaa. teesara test, ack mrit rubber, west indies dwara jeetaa gayaa thaa. fazal ney donon salami ballebaajon koo out kiya lekin 40 ovaron mein yeye unake ekmatra wicket they. vaha shrinkhala mein 21 key saath sabse adhik wicket lene vaale gendbaaz they. australia ney 1959 key anta mein teen test shrinkhala key liye pakistan kaa daura kiya, jisamen unhone 2-0 seey jeet hassil kii, joe pakistan kii ghar parr pahali shrinkhala kii haar thee. dhaakaa mein pahale test mein paryatakon ney aathh wicket seey jeet hassil kii, fazal ney pahali paari mein paanch wicket lene sahit chhah wicket liye. vaha apane grih shahar lahaur mein dusare test seey chook gaye, wicketkeeper imtiyaz ahmed ney australia key khilaf saat wicket seey jeete match mein kaptani kii jimmedaari sambhali. fazal karachi mein teesare test key liye laute aur australia kii pahali paari mein aaee. dee. 1 key saath ack aur paanch wicket liye. pakistan ney pahali paari mein badhat hassil kii lekin teen shuruati wickets key baad unaki doosari paari dheemi hoe gaee aur match drow hoe gayaa. match mein chookane key bavjood fazal pakistan key pramukh wicket lene vaale gendbaaz they, jinhone aaee. dee. 1 parr 11 wicket liye. inn prayason key kaaran unhone 1959 key liye aaee. see. see. test gendbaajon kii ranking mein number 1 kii ranking hassil kii. pakistan ney 1960-61 satra key dauran bhaarat kaa daura kiya lekin bahut cumm inam key saath kyonki unake daure parr paanch test sahit sabhi 15 match drow rahey. saat saal pahale kii tarah, shrinkhala mein bhee kharaab aur rakshaatmak cricket thaa kyonki donon paksh jeetane key prayaas key bajaay haar seey bachane kaa irada rakhate they. fazal ney pahale chaar test mein toss jeetaa lekin kewal eden garden mein teesare test mein pakistan ney pahali paari mein badhat hassil kii. usa match mein fazal ney 25.3 ovaron mein aaee. dee. 1 liya, lekin vaha bhaarat kii doosari paari mein wicket lene mein whiffle rahey kyonki way aaraam seey samay nikaal curr ballebaji curr rahey they. usa paanch wicket key alawa, test cricket mein unakaa 13vaan aur aakhiri, fazal ney shrinkhala mein kewal chaar anya wicket liye. fazal kii kaptani kii pakshapaat key aaropon key saath gambhir aalochana hui, aur antim pareekshan key baad unhein kaptan key roop mein barkhast curr diyaa gayaa. antim pareekshan. fazal koo shuru mein pakistan dwara ingland key khilaf gharelu shrinkhala key liye naheen chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin antim test key liye laut aaya thaa. vaha hamesha kii tarah kifayati they, unhone apane 63 ovaron mein 98 runn diye, lekin ack bhee wicket lene mein whiffle rahey. unhein 1962 key ingland daure key liye team mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jaba tej gendbaaz mahmoud hussain aur mohammad farooq ghayal hoe gaye tou unhein ack pratisthaapan key roop mein bulaaya gayaa thaa. paanch maichon kii shrinkhala pahale hii haar chuki thee, fazal trent brij mein chauthe test key liye team mein aaya. unhone dusare dinn key 30 minut key alawa sabhi key liye gendbaji karate hue aur teesari subah taka ingland kii ghoshana taka jaari rakhate hue, apane 60 ovaron seey unhone 3/130 liya. oval mein paanchven test mein, way 47 ovaron seey 2/192 lena mahange they, dou wicket, joe test cricket mein unake antim saabit hue, collin coudrey (182) aur taid dextor (172) key they. leag cricket. lancashire leag. fazal ney 1957,1958 aur 1959 mein east lancashire cricket club key saath peshevar key roop mein teen satra bitaaye. bhale hii utkrisht shaukiya cricketers key khilaf khelna unaki gendbaji vinashkari thee. teen yadgar satron mein unhone 4 hatrick lii, 2 maukon parr 8 wicket aur 6 maukon parr 7 wicket liye, jisamen 1959 mein 9 runn dekar 7 aur 1957 mein 26 runn dekar 7 wicket shamil they. cricket seey parey. pulis. arthshastra mein master degree key saath islamiya college chhodane key baad, fazal 1947 mein pulis key nireekshak key roop mein pakistan sevaaon mein shamil hoe gaye aur 1952 mein upa adheekshak aur 1976 mein upa mahaanireekshak baney. cinema. unake achche dikhane key kaaran, unhein kaee filmon key prastaav mileh pakistan key bhaarat key pahale daure key dauran, prasiddh nirdeshak mehboob khaan ney unhein film "aana" (1952) mein doosari mukhya bhoomika kii peshkash kii, jabaki prasiddh americi nirdeshak george kukor ney lahaur mein ack yatra parr aur mahmoud seey milane key dauran kahaa kii vaha unhein apane 1956-film "bhawani junction" mein mukhya bhoomika key roop mein pasand karate, bajaay stuart granger key. unhone unhein cricket parr dhyaan kendrit karane seey manaa curr diyaa. dharm. cricket chhodane key baad, vaha apane drishtikon mein adhik dhaarmik bunn gaye, aur vishesh roop seey 1970 mein, "vishvaas kii ichcha" pustak prakaashit kii, jisamen unhone pakistan kii arthavyavastha aur samajik pranali mein islami siddhanton koo lagu karane key apane drishtikon koo rekhaankit kiya, aur jise patrakaar peater oborn ney "dharm, darshan aur rajneeti parr dhyaan" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. yeh pustak ack gahan vishvaas aur shiksha koo pradarshit karati haye, jisamen kurran key kaee praasangik uddharan hain. fazal koo sandeh thaa kii kyaa 'paschimi prakaar kaa loktantra' islami nyaay laane mein saksham thaa."unhone apane budhaape mein sthaaniya masjid key liye ack muazzin key roop mein bhee kaam kiya, aur ladkiyon key liye ack school," "sidra model school" "kii sthaapana kii, jisamen graameen bhoomi key bhukhand kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa jise unhein 1954 kii andakar jeet key baad upahaar mein diyaa gayaa thaa. mrityu. fazal koo 30 maee 2005 koo apane lahaur awas parr ack ghaatak dill kaa daura padaa. unake dost aur poorv saathi hanif mohammad ney fazal koo "mahaan insan" aur "desh key shuruati varshon mein pakistani gendbaajon key mahaan" key roop mein varnit kiya. unaki aatmakatha 2003 mein oxford vishvavidyalaya press dwara "shaam seey subah takah ack pakistani cricket diggaj kii aatmakatha" key roop mein prakaashit kii gaee haye. fazal mahmoud kaa vivaah pakistani cricket key kaptan mohammad saeed kii betty seey huaa thaa. abhilekh aur aankade. fazal test cricket key itihas mein pahale gendbaaz they jinhone chaar alag-alag deshon, bhaarat, ingland, australia aur west indies key khilaf ack test match mein 12 yaa usase adhik wicket liye they. unhone 22 teston mein 100 test wicket liye, kewal pakistani gendbaajon key vakaar unis aur mohammad asif teji seey aitihaasik mukam taka pahunche.

fazal mahammed fazal mahamood pipi, hii (18 phebravari 1927-30 mayee 2005) pakistanada antaaraashtriya kriketigaragiddaru. avaru 34 test pandyagalalli adiddare mattu aii. dii. 1rahra bowling sarasariyalli 139 viketgalannu padediddaare. 100 viketgalannu daatida modala pakistani, avaru tamma 22neey pandyadalli ee heggurutannu talupidaru. fazal uttara bhaaratada para ranji trophiyalli tamma modala prathama darje cricket aadidaru mattu allie avara balavaada pradarshanagalu bhaaratada udghatana australia pravaasakke aaykege kaaranavaadavu. pakistanada svatantryavu, pravaasakke munchitavaagi, muslimaraada fazal avarannu pakistanadinda hinde sariyalu mattu ayke maadalu prerepisitu. avaru modalu hosa rashtrakke test sthaanamaanavannu padeyuvalli mattu nantara avarannu test pandyada tandavagi sthaapisuvalli pramukha patra vahisidaru. avaru naalku sandarbhagalalli ondu testnelli hattu viketgalannu padedaru; bhaarata, inglend mattu australia viruddhada pandyagalu aaa tandagala viruddha pakistanada modala vijaygalalli bandavu. 1954rahra inglend pravaasadalli, pakistanavu saraniyannu samabalagolisalu andaakaaradalli geddaaga, fajhal avara atyanta smaraneeya pradarshanavu pramukha patravannu vahisittu. 168 rangala guriyannu bennattida inglend patanagondaga, eradane inningsnalli avaru aii. dii. 1 seridante aii. dii. 2 pandyada anki amshagalannu tegedukondaru. abdul carder avara nantara naayakanaagi, fazal 1959 mattu 1961rahra naduve 10 pandyagalalli rashtriya tandavannu munnadesidaru. avaru west indies viruddha takshanada yashassannu padedaru aadare australia viruddha sotha nantara mattu bhaaratadondigina bikkattina nantara avarannu nayakana sthaanadinda vajaagolisalaayitu. ottaareyaagi, avara naayakatvadalli pakistanavu eradu testgalannu geddukonditu mattu eradaralli sotitu. 1962rahra inglend pravaasada nantara gaigonda arambhika boulargala badalige avarannu karedaaga avaru test mattu prathama darje cricketninda nivruttaraadaru. arambhika jeevana. lahore nalli janisida fazal, tamma 13neey vayassinindale lahore naa islamiya colleginalli vyasanga maadidaru. avara tande gulam husain, colleginalli arthashaastrada pradhyapakaragiddaru mattu collegina cricket clubna adhyaksharu aagiddaru. shaikshanika kshetradalli vrattijeevanavannu sthaapisuva modalu, mattu spardhaatmaka bhaaratiya nagarika sewa parikshegalalli uttirnaraadaroo, gulam husain, british vasaahatushaahigalannu sashastra horaatada moolaka afghaanistaanada neleyinda horahaakuva aashayadondige islaamik vidvaamsa mattu kraantikaari kaaryakarta ubaidullah scindiavara netrutvadalli swatantrya chalavaliyannu seridaru. avaru fazalge kathinavaada tarabeti dinachariyannu nigadipadisidaru, idaralli beligge 4.30 kke eluvudu, aidu maili nadeyuvudu mattu aidu maili oduvudu olagondittu. ee velaapattiyannu elu varshagala kaala paalisalaayitu. fazal tamma eradane varshadalli collegina modala tandavannu maadidaru mattu 15 neey vayassinalli antara-kaaleju finalnalli 5/13 annu padedaru, idu pandyavaliya daakhaleyaagide. prathama darje cricket. british bhaaratadalli. 1944rahra marchnalli, 17 varshada mattu innoo colleginalli oduttidda fazal, uttara bhaaratada para prathama darje cricketge paadaarpane maadidaru. daksina punjab viruddhada ranji trophy pandyadalli avaru hannondane kramaankadalli batting maadi ajeya 38 runn galisi mooru wicket padedaru. avara modala prathama darje wicket bhaaratada test alrounder lalla amaranaathraddaagittu. paschima bhaaratada viruddhada semifinalnalli eradane baarige kanisikondidda fazal, modala inningsnalli aidi1 seridante entu viketgalannu padedaru. fajhal aidi1 nalli aidu viketgalannu padeda shaantavaada aidi2 rtuvina nantara, nantarada rtuvinalli avara pradarshanagalu 1946rahra inglend pravaasadalli sthana padeyalu kaaranavaadavu. pravaasada prayogavagi kaaryanirvahisida valaya chaturbhuja pandyaavaliyalli aadida avaru, uttara valayakke amaranathadondige bowling aarambhisidaru mattu pandyada anki amshagalannu tegedukondaru. pataudiya bhaaratiya nayaka nawab avaru tandadalli fazal annu bayasiddaru aadare itara aaykegaararu avarannu tumba chikkavarendu pariganisiddaru. pravasigaru manege maralidaaga avaru bhaaratada ulida bhagagala viruddha eradu pandyagalannu aadidaru, modala pandyadalli fazal elu viketgalannu padedaru, ulidavaru geddaru aadare eradane pandyadalli dubaariyaagiddaru. nantara, aii. dii. 1 rtuvinalli, aata tamma modala mattu ekaika prathama darje shatakavannu galisidaaga, avara batting saamarthyavannu pradarshisalaayitu. uttara valayakkagi aaduttidda avaru entane kramaankadinda ajeya 100 runn galisidaru, gogumal kishanchand avarondige elane viketge 207 rangala paaludaarikeyannu hanchikondaru. uttara valayavu fazal aaru viketgalannu galisuvudarondige pandyavannu aramavagi geddukonditu. avaru finalnalli innoo aidu viketgalannu padedaru aadare uttara valayavu ondu inningsninda sotitu. valaya pandyavaliyu mattomme ondu prayogavagi kaaryanirvahisitu, ee sandarbhadalli deshada udghatana australia pravasakkagi aii. dii. 1. fazal avarannu tandadalli serisalaayitu mattu tarabeti shibiradalli bhagavahisidaru, aadaagyoo pravaasavu svatantryavannu praarambhisuva modalu madhyapraveshisidaru mattu bhakta muslim fazal hintegedukondaru. pakistanadalli. hosadaagi rupugonda deshadalli modala prathama darje pandyavu 1947rahra december 27randu punjab mattu sind naduve nadeyitu. fazal punjab para audy, aaru viketgalannu padedu, ondu innings vijayadalli 60 runn galisidaru. pakistanada bhavishyada hosa chendina paludara khaan mohammed avarondige modala baarige fazal bowling aarambhisidaru. pakistanakke modala antaaraashtriya bheti niididavaru 1948rahra novembernalli west indies. mooru pandyagalalli koneyadu fazal olagondidda pratinidhi tandada viruddha, avaru dra pandyadalli wicket tegedukollalu viphalaraadaru. 1948-49 rtuvina koneyalli pakistanavu naalku pandyagalige selan pravaasa kaigonditu, fazal 20 viketgalondige pramukha wicket-tegedukolluvavaragiddaru. ondu varshada nantara, avaru tamma pravaasadalli eradu pandyagalalli 16 viketgalannu padedaru. emm. sii. sii. yaya ondu tandavu upakhandadalli pravaasa kaigondu, pakistanadalli halavaaru pandyagalannu aaditu. punjab viruddhada modala pandyadalli fazal aidane mattu antima pandyavannu karaachiyalli pakistanada tandada viruddha narinakayi matting wicketnalli aadida nantara, avaru falo aun maadabekaayitu. fazal melmaiyannu balasikondu emm. sii. sii. yaya modala inningsnalli aii. dii. 2 anki amshagalannu hindirugisidaru. aatitheyaru naalku viketgalinda geddaru, idu pakistanavu test sthaanamaanavannu galisuvalli dodda patra vahisitu. swatantrya banda aidu varshagalolage, 1952rahra julai 28randu pakistanavannu pariksha sadasya rashtragalannagi maadalaayitu. test vrutti. modala sarani. october 1952ralli, pakistanavu bhaaratada viruddha tamma modala test saraniyannu praarambhisitu. dehaliyalli nadeda modala pandyadalli modala test pandyavannu aadida fazal, bhaaratada modala inningsnalli aidi1 annu padedaru, avara modala wicket bhaaratiya nayaka lalla amaranaatharaagiddaru. pakistanavannu eradu baari aggavaagi out maadi ondu inningsninda solanubhavisida fazal, eradoo inningsgalalli eradu ankigalannu talupida ekaika pakistani atagara. laknodalli nadeda eradane testnelli pakistanavu phalitaamshavannu vyatiriktagolisitu, senabina matting pichnalli aadida fazal modala inningsnalli 5/52 mattu eradane inningsnalli 7/42 annu tegedukondaru, ekendare pakistanavu tamma eradane testnelli maatra inningsninda gedditu. avara pandyada anki amshagalaada aii. dii. 1. pakistan boulargala atyuttamavaadaddu mattu 1980ravarege bhaaratada viruddha yaavude boulargala atyuttamavaadaddu. bambeyalli nadeda moorane testnelli pakistanavu hattu viketgalinda sotu wicket rahitavaayitu, aadaroo avara modala inningsnalli avaru entane kramaankadalli batting maadi 33 runn galisidaru, idu pakistanakke 60/6 ninda 143/7 ge chetarisikollalu sahaaya maaditu. saraniya koneya eradu testgalu dra aadavu, fazal innoo aaru viketgalannu padedu pakistanada nayaka wicket-taker aagi tanna modala saraniyannu 20 rangalondige 25.60 nalli mugisidaru. avaru kelavu kela kramaankada kodugegalannu niididaru, saranialli ottu 173 rangalannu 28.83 nalli mugisidaru. inglend pravaasa. mundina varshada deshada pravaasada tayaarigaagi 1953ralli fazalannu olagondidda pakistanada haddugala tandavannu inglendge kaluhisalaayitu. inglendnalliddaaga, fazal nivrutta inglend mattu sarre vegada boular alf gover avarinda tarabetiyannu padedaru. 1954rahra pravasakkagi abdul carderge fazal avarannu upanayakarannagi maadalaayitu, idu upakhandada horagina modala saranialli atagara mattu tanda eradakkoo yashassannu sabitupadisitu. fajhal pravaasavannu uttamavaagi praarambhisi, versestershire viruddhada pravasigara modala pandyadalli 67 runn galisi, aidi1 annu padedaru. avaru test saraniyavarege munnade saadhisuvudannu munduvaresidaru, mattu visheshavaagi oxford vishvavidyaalayada viruddha deergha mattu arthika spelgalannu eseyuva tamma saamarthyavannu pradarshisidaru, allie avaru 68 ovargalalli 37 medangalannu esedaru. lardsnelly nadeda modala test pandyavu maleyinda bhaaree parinama beeritu mattu dra aayitu, saadhyavidda aatadalli batting kashtavagittu mattu pakistanavu tamma modala inningsnalli 87 rangalige alout aayitu. idakke pratikriyeyagi inglend tandavu inningsnaadyanta fazal mattu khaan mohammed bowling moolaka declair maadida <aii. dii. 1> score maaditu, fazal daakhaleya anki amshagalaada <aii. dii. 2>. trent bridgenalli nadeda mundina test pandyada modalu pakistanavu nottinghamshire viruddha aadida pravaasa pandyadalli, pravasigaru entu viketgalinda geddu, modala inningsnalli aagina vrattijeevanada atyuttama <aii. dii. 3> seridante 11 viketgalannu padedaru. eradane test adhe sthaladalli nadeyitaadaroo pakistanavu bhaaree innings solannu anubhavisitu mattu fazal tanna atyanta ketta test anki amshagalannu 0/148 endu daakhalisiddarinda adhu vyatiriktavaada adrushtavannu kanditu. aadaroo avanu kaalige gaayadinda balaluttiddanu, idu avana runn-up annu kadime maaditu. moorane testna mooru dinagala nantara pakistan mattondu innings solannu edurisitu aadare koneya eradu dinagalli maleyu yaavude aatavannu nillisida nantara pandyavannu dra maadalaayitu, fazal inglendna inningsnalli 42 ovargalinda 4/107 tegedukondaru. pakistanavu andaakaarada 4neey mattu antima testge 1-0 antaradalli sotitu, aadare inglend annu solisi saraniyannu samabalagolisuva moolaka dodda asamaadhaanavannu untumaaditu, idu avara udghatana pravaasadalli englendnalli ondu deshavu test gedda modala sandarbhavaagide. aidi2" pandyada anki amshagalannu saadhisuvalli fazal pramukha patra vahisidaru. inglendna modala inningsnalli avaru 30 ovargalinda aidi1 tegedukolluvaga bowling maadidaru, "" wisden "anki amshagalannu" "hecchu uttamavaagiddare aadare kaibitta kyachgalige" "endu baredaru". kadime ankagalisida pandyadalli, inglendge eradane inningsnalli 168 rangala guri nidalaayitu. lenn hutton avara arambhika solina horataagiyoo, pandyadalli eradane baarige fazal avara boulingninda catch out aada inglend, nalkane sanje uttamavaagi sett maadidante kaanisitu. aadaagyoo, fazal avaru peater mayee, godfrey evance mattu denis compton avara viketgalannu klosge munchitavaagi padedaru mattu marudina pakistanavu 24 rangala jayavannu poornagolisidaaga modala eradu viketgalannu padedaru. fazal 30 ovargalalli eradane inningsnalli aidi1 ankagalondige mugisidaru. saranialli fazal 20 viketgalannu padedaru, idu mundina atyuttama pakistani boularginta 12 hecchu, 20.40 sarasariyalli. avaru pravaasavannu muktaayagolisida aaru prathama darje pandyagalalli kevala wandaralli maatra aadidaru aadare innoo 17.53 nalli 77 viketgalondige agra wicket-tegedukolluvavaragi mugisidaru. avara sadhanegalannu gurutisi, fajhal avarannu 1955 ralli varshada buddhivanta cricketiga endu hesarisalaayitu, idu gauravisalpatta modala pakistani. home sarani. pakistanada modala tavaru saraniyu aidu test pandyagaligaagi bharatakke bheti needuva moolaka aii. dii. 1 rtuvinalli banditu. ee saraniyu rakshanaatmaka mattu manda cricketninda gurutisalpattitu, ellah aidu pandyagalu dranalliddavu, idu test itihaasadalli nadeda modala ghataneyagide. fazal naalku pandyagalalli audy, aii. dii. 1 nalli 15 viketgalannu padedaru. karaachiyalli nadeda aidane testnelli avara atyuttama anki amshagalu bandavu, allie avaru bhaaratada modala inningsnalli aii. dii. 2 annu padedaru. nantara 1955ralli newzealand tamma modala pravaasavannu kaigonditu, pakistanavu modala test saraniyannu 2-0 antaradinda gelluva moolaka poornagolisitu. fazal mooru testgalalli eradaralli aadidaru mattu 18.40 nalli aidu viketgalannu padedaru. australia pakistanakke mundina sandarshakaraagiddu, 1956rahra octobernalli bhaaratadalli tamma saraniya modalu mattu inglend pravaasada nantara onde test pandyakkagi pravaasa kaigondittu. karaachiyalli nadeda pandyadalli, pakistanavu australia viruddhada modala testnelli aitihaasika geluvu saadhisitu. fajhal ee geluvinalli pramukha patra vahisidaru, test atyuttama anki amshagalannu tegedukondaru. aastreliyaada modala inningsnalli avaru modala aaru viketgalannu tegedukondu pravasigarannu 52/6 nalli bittubittaru, avaru chetarisikollalu viphalaraada sthana, avaru 80 runn galisi outaadaru. avaru eradane inningsnalli modala naalku viketgalannu saha padedaru mattu 7/80 nondige mugisidaru. "visiden tanna tantravannu vivarisidanuh" "nikharavaada uddavannu kaapaadikolluvudu mattu legg-kattargalu mattu breakbackgala mishranadinda tanna swing annu badalaayisuvudu". imtiyaz ahmed heege helidaru "fazal udda mattu dikkinalli endigoo chalisalilla, mattu avaru chendannu buddhivantikeyinda eradoo dikkugalalli chalisidaru...modala inningsnalli fazalninda ondu purna ovarge, mahan millerge saha yaavude sulivu iralilla." west indies pravaasa. 1958ralli pakistanada west indies pravaasavu halavaaru hecchina ankagalisida test pandyagalinda gurutisalpattitu mattu fazal hecchina kelasada horey hondiddaru, satata 186 testgalannu olagondante aidu test saranigalalli 320 ovargalannu kaluhisidaru. pakistan saraniyannu 3-1 rinda sotitu mattu modala testnelli hanif mohammed avara 16 gantegala innings 337 rondige solannu tappisitu. trinidaadnalli nadeda eradane testnelli, fajhal aaru viketgalannu galisida pakistanada atyanta arthika boular agiddare, batsmen aagi avaru 10neey kramaankadinda 60 runn galisidaru, idu avara atyunnata test score mattu antararashtriya mattadalli kevala ardhashatakavagittu. kingstennelli nadeda moorane test aitihaasikavaagittu, gyaari sobers ajeya 365 runn galisi, athi hecchu vaiyaktika score galisida test daakhaleyannu muridaru. saha arambhika boular mahamood husain mattu spinner nassim-ull-ghaani gayagondare, fazal 85.2 ovargalannu esedaru, idannu 'buddhivantikeyinda' 'avara vegada bowlerge asadharana sankhyeya ovargalu' endu vivarisalaagide. fajhal inningsnalli 247 rangalannu bittukottaru mattu beelalu kevala eradu viketgalannu padedaru. fazal avara bowling vishleshaneyu test itihaasadalli athi hecchu ovargalannu baul maadida mattu ondu inningsnalli athi hecchu rangalannu bittukotta aidane sthaanadallide. pakistanavu ondu inningsninda test annu sotitu mattu gayaanaadalli nadeda mundina pandyadalli sotha nantara saraniyannu sotitu. pakistanavu aidane testnelli santvana vijayavannu saadhisitu, fajhal pandyada modala esetadalli kanrad huntna wicket seridante modala inningsnalli aidi1 annu tegedukondaru. fajhal saraniyannu 20 viketgalondige poornagolisidaru, sarasari drashtiyinda avara ketta viketgalalli ondaagiddaroo, avaru innoo pakistanada pramukha wicket-tegedukolluvavaragiddaru. nayakatva vahisiddaare. mundina varsha pravaasakke maraluva hottige, pakistanada test chunavaneya nantara naayakanaagidda abdul cardar test cricketninda nivruttaraagiddaru. raashtrada pramukha boular aagidda fazal, avara nantara ee patravannu nirvahisidaru. naayakanaagi tamma modala testnelli avaru toss geddu fielding maadalu nirdharisidaru, bowling annu praarambhisi avaru modala ovarnalli konrad hunt avara wicket annu padedaru. fazal, gyaari sobers avarannu shunyakke out maaduvudannu olagondante, <aii. dii. 1> anki amshagalondige innings annu mugisidaru. fazal eradane inningsnalli hunt mattu sobar eradoo seridante innoo mooru viketgalannu padedaru, nantarada wicket test cricketnalli fazal avara 100 neey wicket aagiddu, ee heggurutannu talupida modala pakistani. pakistanavu hattu viketgala jayavannu sadhisi tamma hosa nayakanige geluvina aarambhavannu needitu. pakistanavu dhaakaadalli nadeda mundina test annu saha geddukonditu mattu aaddarinda mooru pandyagala saranialli jayavannu saadhisitu. kadime ankagalisida pandyadalli fazal pramukha patra vahisidaru, testgalalli nalkane baarige ondu pandyadalli hattu viketgalannu padedaru. battinge ilida pakistan, aii. dii. 1 ninda chetarisikondu 145 runn galisitu. west indies 11 rangalige aaru viketgala kusitada nantara 76 rangalige out aayitu. fajhal inningsnaadyanta bowling maadi, aidi1 tegedukondaru. west indies, tamma nalkane inningsnalli 214 runn galisi, 41 rangala hinnadeyallittu. modala elu viketgalalli aaru viketgalannu fazal padedaru, mattondede mahammed husain sobers annu out madidaga, fajhal catcher aagiddaru. mahamood naalku viketgalannu padeyuva moolaka baalavannu mugisidare, fazal 6/66 anki amshagalondige mattu 12/100 pandyada vishleshaneyondige konegondaru. eradaneyadu 1993 ravarege nayakanagiddaga boulargala atyuttama anki amshagalaagiddavu, nantara vakar unis avarinda uttamagonditu. moorane test, dead rabbar, west indies gedditu. fazal ibbaroo arambhika aatagararannu out maadidaru aadare 40 ovargalalli idu avara ekaika wicket aagittu. avaru saranialli 21 viketgalondige athi hecchu wicket padeda boular aagiddaru. 1959rahra koneyalli australia mooru test saranigaligaagi pakistan pravaasa kaigonditu, adaralli avaru 2-0 antaradinda geddaru, idu pakistanada tavaru neladalli nadeda modala sarani solaagittu. dhaakaadalli nadeda modala testnelli pravasigaru entu viketgalinda geddaru, fazal modala inningsnalli aidu wicket seridante aaru viketgalannu padedaru, 5/71. avaru tamma tavaru nagaravaada lahore nalli nadeda eradane testnelli tappisikondaru, wicket keeper imtiyaz ahmed avaru aastreliyaadalli nadeda pandyadalli naayakatvada kartavyavannu vahisikondaru. karaachiyalli nadeda moorane testge maralida fazal, aastreliyaada modala inningsnalli aidi1 wicket padedu innoo aidu viketgalannu kabalisidaru. pakistanavu modala inningsnalli munnade saadhisitu aadare mooru arambhika viketgala nantara avara eradane innings nidhaanavaayitu mattu pandyavu drage hoyitu. ondu pandyavannu tappisikondaru, fajhal saranialli pakistanada pramukha wicket-tegedukolluvavaragiddaru, 19.36 nalli 11 viketgalannu padedaru. ee prayatnagalu avarannu 1959 rahra aisisi test boulargala shreyankadalli 1 neey sthaanavannu sadhisalu kaaranavaadavu. pakistanavu aii. dii. 1 rtuvinalli bhaarata pravaasa kaigonditu, aadare aidu testgalu seridante avara pravaasada ellah 15 pandyagalu dranalli konegondiddarinda kadime bahumaanavannu padeyitu. elu varshagala hindinante, saraniyu kathina mattu rakshanaatmaka cricket annu hondittu, ekendare eradoo kadeyavaru gellalu prayatnisuva badalu solannu tappisuva uddeshavannu hondiddaru. modala naalku testgalalli fazal toss geddaru aadare eedan gardensonalli nadeda moorane testnelli maatra pakistan modala innings munnade saadhisitu. aaa pandyadalli fazal 25.3 ovargalalli aidi1 tegedukondaru, aadare avaru bhaaratada eradane inningsnalli wicket tegedukollalu viphalaraadaru ekendare avaru aramavagi batting maadidaru. test cricketnalli tamma 13neey mattu koneya aidu viketgalannu horatupadisi, fajhal saranialli kevala naalku viketgalannu maatra padedaru. fazal avara naayakatvavu pakshapaatada aaropagalondige teevra tikegalannu padeyitu mattu antima pariksheya nantara avarannu nayakana huddeyinda vajaagolisalaayitu. antima parikshegalu. aarambhadalli pakistanavu inglend viruddhada tavaru saranige fazal avarannu ayke madiralilla, aadare antima testge maralidaru. avaru tamma 63 ovargalalli 98 rangalannu bittukottu, endinante aarthikavaagi samartharaagiddaru, aadare ondu wicket tegedukollalu viphalaraadaru. 1962rahra inglend pravaasada tandadalli avarannu serisikollalilla, aadare vegada boulargalaada mahammed husain mattu mohammed farooq gayagondaga avarannu badaliyaagi karesalaayitu. eegaagale sotha aidu pandyagala saranialli, trent bridgenalli nadeda nalkane testgagi fazal tandakke bandaru. avaru hecchina kelasada horey hottukondu, eradane dinada 30 nimishagalannu horatupadisi ulidellavannoo bowling maadidaru mattu moorane beligge inglend ghoshaneyavarege munduvaredaru, avaru tamma 60 ovargalinda 3/130 tegedukondaru. andaakaarada aidane testnelli, avaru 47 ovargalinda 2/192 tegedukolluvudu dubaariyaagittu, test cricketnalli avara koneyadaagi saabitaada eradu viketgalu, collin coudray (182) mattu ted dextor (172). leigh cricket. lancashire leigh. fajhal avaru 1957,1958 mattu 1959ralli eest lancashire cricket klabnondige vrattipararagi mooru rtugalannu kaledaru. atyuttama havyasi cricketigara viruddha aadidaru avara bowling vinaashakaariyaagittu. mooru smaraneeya rtugalalli avaru 4 hatrickgalannu padedaru, 2 sandarbhagalalli 8 viketgalu mattu 6 sandarbhagalalli 7 viketgalannu padedaru, idaralli 1959 ralli 9 viketgalige 7 mattu 1957 ralli 26 viketgalige 7 viketgalu serive. cricket annu meeri. polisaru. arthashaastradalli snatakottara padavi padeda nantara, fajhal 1947ralli police inspector aagi pakistan sevegalige seridaru, 1952ralli upa adhikshaka mattu 1976ralli upa inspector general aagi airidaru. cinema. avara sundara notadindagi, avarige aneka chalanachitragala prastapagaliddavuhu pakistanada modala bhaarata pravaasada samayadalli, prasiddha nirdeshaka mehboob khaan avarige "aun" (1952) chitradalli eradane pramukha patravannu niididaru, aadare prasiddha american nirdeshaka georg cooker, lahorge bheti niididaaga mattu mahamood avarannu bhetiyaadaaga, avaru tamma 1956-chalanachitrada "bhawani junction" nalli mukhya patravagi avarannu aadyate niidabahudendu helidaru. avaru cricket mele gamana kendrikarisalu nirakarisidaru. dharma. cricket annu toreda avaru tamma drashtikonadalli hecchu dhaarmikaraadaru mattu gamanarhavagi 1970 ralli "nambikege prachodane" emba pustakavannu prakatisidaru, allie avaru pakistanada aarthikate mattu samajika vyavasthege islaamik tatvagalannu anvayisuva tamma drashtikonavannu rupisiddaare mattu idannu patrakarta peater obarn "dharma, tatvashastra mattu raajakeeyada melina dhyana" endu bannisiddaare. ee pustakavu kuraanninda aneka sookta ullekhagalannu olagondiruva aalavaada nambike mattu kalikeyannu pradarshisuttade. pashchimatya reetiya prajaprabhutva' vu islaamik nyayavannu taruva saamarthyavannu hondideye endu fazal anumaanisidaru."aata tamma vruddhaapyadalli sthaliya maseediya muyejhin agiyoo kaaryanirvahisidaru mattu 1954rahra andaakaarada vijayada nantara tamage udugoreyagi niidalaada grameena bhoomiyannu balasikondu" "sidra maadari shaale" "emba balakiyara shaaleyannu sthaapisidaru". saavu. 2005rahra mayee 30randu lahore nalliruva tamma nivaasadalli fazal avarige maaranaantika hrudayaghatavayitu. avara sneehita mattu maaji tandada saha atagara hanif mohammed avaru fazal avarannu "shreshtha vyakti" mattu "deshada arambhika varsagalalli pakistanada boulargala shreshtha vyakti" endu bannisidaru. avara aatmacharitreyannu 2003ralli oxford university press "frum dusk tuu daanh autobiography off aa pakistan cricket legend" endu prakatiside. fajhal mahamood avaru pakistani cricketna nayaka mohammed sayed avara magalannu vivaahavaadaru. daakhalegalu mattu ankiamshagalu. bhaarata, inglend, australia mattu west indies seridante naalku vibhinn deshagala viruddha test cricket itihaasadalli 12 athawa adakkinta hecchu viketgalannu padeda modala boular fajhal. avaru 22 testgalalli 100 test viketgalannu talupidaru, pakistanada boulargalaada vakar unis mattu mohammed asif maatra ee heggurutannu vegavagi talupidaru.

fazal mahmoud oru paakistaan anthaaraashtra krikkatt kalikkaranayirunnu fazal mahmoud pipi, hii (18 februvari 1927-30 meyy 2005). 34 testt malsarangal kalicha addeham aii. dii. 1 enna bowling sharashariyil 139 vikkattukal nedi. 100 vikkattukal marikadakkunna aadya pakistani, thante 22-aamm malsarathil eee naazhikakkalliletthi. ranchi trophiyil utharenthyaykkaayi thante aadya phastt klaas krikkatt kalicha fazal, avide sakthamaaya prakadanangal indiayude aadya australian paryadanatthinu thiranjedukkunnathilekku nayichu. paakisthaante swaathanthryam, paryadanatthinu munbu, oru musleemaaya fazal pinmaranum paakistaan thiranjedukkaanum nayichu. puthiya raajyathin aadyam testt padavi nedunnathilum pinneedu avare oru testt maachu teamaayi sthaapikkunnathilum addeham pradhana punk vahichu. naalu thavana oru testtil addeham patthu vikkattukal nedi; india, englandu, austreliya ennivaykkethiraayathu aaa teamukalkkethiraaya paakisthaante kanni vijayangalil vannu. 1954leeii englandu paryadanatthil pakistan parambara samanilayil othukkiyappol addehathinu pradhana punk vahikkaanaayappol fasalinte ettavum avismaraneeyamaaya prakadanam nadannu. 168 runs vijayalakshyam pinthudarnnu englandu thakarnnappol randaam inningsil aii. dii. 1 ulppede aii. dii. 2 malsara kanakkukal addeham eduthu. abdul kardaarinte kyapttan sthaanathethiya sesham 1959num 1961num idayil 10 malsarangalil fazal deseeya teamine nayichu. vestt indeesinethire addehathinu udanadi vijayam nedaanaayengilum australiyayodu parajayappettathine thudarnnu indiayumaayulla samgharshathe thudarnnu addehathe kyapttan sthaanathuninnu purathaakki. addehathinte neethrthwathil pakistan rund testtukal vijayikkukayum randennam paraajayappedukayum cheythu. 1962leeii englandu paryadanatthinu sesham parikketta ooppaning boularmaarkku pakarakkaranaayi vilichathine thudarnnu addeham testt, phastt klaas krikkattil ninnu viramichu. aadyakaala jeevitam. lahoril janicha fazal 13-aamm vayas muthal lahorile islaamiya collegil chernnu. pithaav gulam hussain kolejile saambathikashaasthra professor koleju krikkatt klabbinte presidentumaanu. academyil sthirathaamasamaakkunnathinu munbu, malsaraadhishtitha indian sivil sarvees pareekshakalil vijayikkukayum cheythenkilum, britiish colonialistukale afgaanisthaanile oru thaavalathil ninnu oru sayudha pooraattatthiloode puratthaakkaamenna pratheekshayil islaamika pandithanum viplava pravarthakanumaaya ubaidullah sindhiyude keezhil gulam hussain swaathanthrya samarathil chernnu. pularche 4.30nuu unaruka, anchu mile nadakkukayum anchu mile oodukayum cheiyunna karsanamaaya pariseelana dinacharya addeham fazal nischayichu. ezhu varshatholam eee shedule paalichu. randaam varshathil fazal kolejile aadya teamaayi maarukayum 15-aamm vayassil inter-koleju finalil 5/13 nedukayum cheythu, ithu toornamentinte recordaayirunnu. phastt klaas krikkatt. britiish indiayil. 1944 maarchil 17 vayassullathum ippozhum kolejilumaaya fazal utharenthyaykkaayi phastt klaas arangettam kurichu. thekkan panchabinethiraaya ranchi trophy malsarathil pathinonnam nambaril baatt cheytha addeham puratthaakaathe 38 ransum moonnu vikkattum nedi. addehathinte aadya phastt klaas vikkatt indian testt oolroundar laala amarnaadhintethaayirunnu. padinjaaran indiaykkethiraaya semiphinalil fasalinte randaam malsarathil, aadya inningsil aii. dii. 1 ulppede ettu vikkattukal addeham nedi. 18.20 ll anchu vikkattukal veezhthiya shaanthamaaya oru 1944-45 seasoninu sesham, adutha seasonil addehathinte prakadanangal 1946 leeii englandu paryadanatthil oru sthaanathekku nayichu. toorinte pareekshanamaayi pravarthicha soonal quadrangular toornamentil kalicha addeham amarnaadhinoppam north soninaayi bowling aarambikkukayum 9/83 enna malsara kanakkukal edukkukayum cheythu. pattoudiyile indian kyapttan nawab teamil fazal venamennu aagrahichirunnuvenkila mattu selectormar addehathe valare cheruppamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. vinodasanchaarikal naattilekku madangiyethiyappol avar indiayude mattu bhaagangalkkethire rund malsarangal kalichu, aadya malsarathil fazal ezhu vikkattukal veezhthi, bakkiyullavar vijayichenkilum randaam malsarathil athu chelaveriyathaayirunnu. pinneedu aii. dii. 1 seasonil thante aadyathethum ekavumaaya phastt klaas senchwari nediyappol addehathinte baiting kazhivukal prakadamaayi. vadakkan mekhalaykkayi kalicha addeham ettaam nambaril ninnu puratthaakaathe 100 runs nedi, ezhaam vikkattil gogumal kishanchandinoppam 207 ransinte pankaalittham pankittu. fazal aarr vikkattukal sambhavana cheythathode north soonn anaayasam malsaram vijayichu. finalil addeham anchu vikkattukal koodi veezhthiyenkilum north soonn oru inningsinu parajayappettu. soonal toornament veendum oru pareekshanamaayi pravarthichirunnu, eee avasarathil raajyathinte udghaadana australian paryadanatthinaayi 1947-48. fazal teamil ulppeduthukayum pariseelana campil pankedukkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum paryadanam swaathanthryathinu munbu edapedukayum bhakthanaya oru musleem fazal pinmaarukayum cheythu. paakkisthaanil. puthuthayi roopeekaricha raajyathe aadya phastt klaas malsaram 1947 desember 27 nuu panchab sind thammilaan nadannathu. oru innings vijayathil 60 ransedutha fazal panchaabinu vendi kalichu. paakkisthaante bhaavi puthiya booal pankaliyaaya khaan muhammadinoppam fazal bowling aarambhikkunnath ithaadyamaayirunnu. 1948 novemberil vestt indeesaayirunnu paakisthaanilekkulla aadya anthaaraashtra sandarshakar. moonnu malsarangalil avasaanatheth fazal adangiya oru prathinidhi teaminethireyaayirunnu, samanilayil oru malsarathil addehathinu vikkatt nedaanaayilla. aii. dii. 1 seasoninte avasaanathil paakistaan naalu malsarangalkkaayi seylonil paryadanam nadathiyappol 20 vikkattukalumaayi fazal aayirunnu munnira vikkatt vettakkaaran. oru varshathinusesham madakkayaathrayil rund malsarangalil ninnu 16 vikkattukal addeham nedi. oru emm. sii. sii team <aii. dii. 1> ll upabhookhandathil paryadanam nadatthi, paakisthaanil niravadhi malsarangal kalichu. panchabinethiraaya aadya malsarathil fazal aii. dii. 1 eduthathinethudarnnu avar pinthudaraan nirbandhitharaayi. paryadanatthinte anchaamatheyum avasaanatheyum malsaram karaachiyil kayar maiting vikkattil oru paakistaan teaminethireyaayirunnu, emm. sii. siyude aadya inningsil aii. dii. 2 enna kanakkukal thirike nalkaan fazal uparithalam upayogichu. aathidheyar naalu vikkattin vijayichu, ithu pakistan testt padavi nedunnathil valia punk vahichu. swaathanthryam labhichu anchu varshathinullil 1952 juulai 28nuu paakisthaane testt amgangalaayi niyamichu. testt currier. aadya parambara. 1952 octoberil indiaykkethire paakistaan avarude aadya testt parambara aarambhichu. dalhiyil nadanna aadya malsarathil fazal testt arangettam kurichu, indiayude aadya inningsil 2/92 nedi, addehathinte kanni vikkatt indian kyapttan laala amarnaadhintethaayirunnu. rund thavana kuranja nirakkil purathaaya pakistan oru inningsinu thottu, rund inningsukalilum eratta akkatthilethiya eaka paakistaan kalikkaranayirunnu fazal. laknauvil nadanna randaam testtil paakistaan phalam maatti, chanam maiting pichil kalicha fazal aadya inningsil 5/52 umm randaam inningsil 7/42 umm nedi, paakistaan avarude randaamathe testtil maathram oru inningsinu vijayichu. addehathinte malsara kanakkukal <aii. dii. 1> oru paakistaan boularude ettavum mikachathaanu, 1980 vare indiaykkethire eathoru boularudeyum ettavum mikachathaayirunnu. bombayil nadanna moonnaam testtil pakistan patthu vikkattin parajayappettathinaal fazal vikkattillathe purathaayi, ennirunnaalum avarude aadya inningsil ettaam nambaril baatt cheytha addeham 33 runs nedi, ithu paakisthaane 60/6 ll ninnu 143/7 lake thirichuvaraan sahayichu. parambarayile avasana rund testtukal samanilayilaayappol, fazal aarr vikkattukal koodi nedi, 25.60 ll 20 ransumaayi paakisthaante leader vikkatt taker enna nilayil thante kanni parambara poortthiyaakki. parambarayil motham 173 ransumaayi addeham chila lover oordar sambhaavanakalum nalki. englandu paryadanam. adutha varshathe raajya paryadanatthinulla thayyaareduppinaayi 1953ll fazal adangiya oru paakistaan kazhukante teamine englandilekku ayachu. englandil aayirikkumbol, viramicha englandil ninnum sarey phaast boular alph goveril ninnum fazal pariseelanam nedi. 1954leeii paryadanatthil abdul kardarinte vais captanaayi fazal niyamikkapettu, ithu upabhookhandathinu purathulla avarude aadya parambarayil kalikkaaranum teamin vijayam theliyichu. vorsestarshayarinethiraaya touristukalude aadya malsarathil 67 ranseduthu fazal touur nannayi aarambhichu. testt parambara vare addeham vikkattukal edukkunnathu thudarnnu, koodaathe deerghavum saambathikavumaaya spellukal eriyaanulla thante kazhivu prakadippichu, prathyekichu ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalaykkethire 68 oovaril 37 maidens erinjukondu 7/95 eduthu. lordsile aadya testt mazhayum samanila moolam saaramaayi baadhichu, saadhyamaaya kaliyil baiting budhimuttaayirunnu, paakistaan avarude aadya inningsil 87 ransinu purathaayi. marupadiyaayi englandu inningsiludaneelam fazal, khaan mohammed boulingiloode aii. dii. 2 declair cheythu, fazal aii. dii. 1 enna kanakkukal record cheythu. adutha testtinu munnodiyaayi trant bridjil paakistaan kalicha nottinghamshire paryadana malsarathil, aadya inningsil annathe kariyarile ettavum mikacha aii. dii. 3 ulppede 11 vikkattukal nediya fazal ettu vikkattin vijayichu. randaamathe testt athe vediyilaayirunnuvenkilum paakistaan kanatha innings tholvi ettuvaangukayum fazal thante ettavum mosham testt kanakkukal 0/148 rekhappeduthukayum cheythathinaal bhagyam vyathyasthamayi kaanapettu. moonnaam testtinte moonnu divasathinu sesham pakistan mattoru innings tholvi nerittu, ennaal avasana rund divasangalil mazha kalii nirtthiyathine thudarnnu malsaram samanilayilayi, englandinte inningsil 42 oovaril ninnu fazal aidi 1 eduthu. paakistaane naalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum testtil 1-0 nuu paraajayappedutthiyenkilum englandine tholppichu parambara samanilayil athichu valia aswasthathayundaakki, avarude udghaadana paryadanatthil oru raajyam englandil oru testt vijayicha aadya avasaramaayirunnu ithu. aii. dii. 1" enna malsara kanakk avakaashappedunna vijayathil fazal oru pradhana punk vahichu. englandinte aadya inningsil 30 ovarukalil ninnu "aii. dii. 2" edukkumbol addeham erinjappol "wisden" kanakkukal "kurachukoodi mikachathaayirunnene, pakshe kyaachukal upekshichirunnenkil" ennu ezhuthi. kuranja scoring nediya malsarathil randaam inningsil englandinu 168 ransinte vijayalakshyam nalki. lenne hattante aadya tholvi undaayirunnittum, malsarathil randaam thavanayum fasalinte boulingil ninnu catch cheyyappetta englandinu naalam vaikunneram nannayi settu cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, adutha divasathinu munbu peettar meeii, godfree evans, denis compton ennivarude vikkattukal fazal veezhthi, pittennu paakistaan 24 ransinte vijayam poortthiyaakkiyathode aadya rund vikkattukal veenu. 30 oovaril ninnu randaam inningsil aii. dii. 1 enna kanakkumaayi fazal finish cheythu. parambarayil fazal 20 vikkattukal nedi, adutha mikacha paakistaan boularekkaal 12 kooduthal, 20.40 sharashariyil. paryadanam avasaanippicha aarr phastt klaas malsarangalil onnil maathramaan addeham kalichathu, ennittum 17.53 ll 77 ransumaayi munnira vikkatt vettakkaranaayi finish cheythu. addehathinte nettangalkku amgeekaaramaayi, 1955 ll fazal aaa varshathe mikacha krikkatt thaaramaayi thiranjedukkappettu, aadarikkappedunna aadya pakistani. hoome seerees. anchu testt malsarangalkkaayi india sandarshichathode aii. dii. 1 seasonilaanu paakkisthaante aadya hoome seerees nadannathu. anchu malsarangalum samanilayilaayathode prathirodhaparavum mangiyathumaaya krikkattaanu parambarayil adayaalappeduthiyathu, ithu testt charithratthile aadya sambhavamaan. naalu malsarangalil kalicha fazal aii. dii. 1ll 15 vikkattukal nedi. karaachiyil nadanna anchaam testilaanu addehathinte ettavum mikacha prakadanam, avide addeham indiayude aadya inningsil aii. dii. 2 nedi. pinneedu 1955-ll nyoosiland avarude kanni paryadanam nadatthi, paakistaan aadya testt parambara vijayam poortthiyaakki, 2-0 nuu vijayichu. moonnu testtukalil randil fazal kalikkukayum 18.40 ll anchu vikkattukal nedukayum cheythu. 1956 octoberil indiayil parambaraykku munbum englandu paryadanatthinu sheshavum orotta testinaayi paryadanam nadatthiya oostreliyayaayirunnu paakisthaanile adutha sandarshakar. karaachiyil nadanna malsarathil australiyaykkethiraaya aadya testtil pakistan charitra vijayam nedi. testtil ettavum mikacha kanakkukal nediya <aii. dii. 1> enna vijayathil fazal oru pradhana punk vahichu. oostreliyayude aadya inningsil aadya aarr vikkattukal veezhthiya addeham vinodasanchaarikale <aii. dii. 2> ll upekshichu, avarkk veendedukkunnathil parajayappetta sthaanam, avar 80 ransinu purathaayi. randaam inningsil aadya naalu vikkattukalum addeham nedukayum 7/80 enna score nedukayum cheythu. "wisden thante saankethikavidyaye vivarichu" "krithyamaaya neelam nilanirthukayum legg kattarukalum breakbaakkukalum upayogichu thante swing maattukayum cheiyunnu". imtiyas ahamed paranju "fazal orikkalum neelatthilum dishayilum vyatichalichilla, addeham budhipoorvvam panthu iruvashathekkum neekki...aadya inningsil fazalil ninnu oru muzhuvan ovarinum, grettu millarinu polum oru soochanayum undaayirunnilla." vestt indeesinte paryadanam. 1958leeii paakkisthaante vestt indees paryadanam uyarnna scoring nediya niravadhi testt malsarangalaal adayaalappeduthukayum thudarchayaaya 186 testtukal ulppede anchu testt parambarakalil 320 ovarukal kurachukondu fazalinu valia jolibharamundaayirunnu. 3-0nuu parambara thotta pakistan aadya testtil hanif muhammadinte 16 manikkoor inningsaaya 337 ransinu maathramaan tholvi ozhivaakkiyath. trinidaadile randaam testtil aarr vikkattukal nediya paakkisthaante ettavum saambathikakshamathayulla boularaayirunnu fazal, athesamayam battsmaan enna nilayil addeham 10-aamm nambaril ninnu 60 runs nedi, ithu addehathinte uyarnna testt score anthaaraashtra thalatthil ardhasenchuri maathramaan. kingstanil nadanna moonnaamathe testt charithraparamaayirunnu, gaari sobezhs puratthaakaathe 365 runs nedi, ettavum uyarnna vyakthigatha skorinulla testt record thakarthu. saha ooppaning boular mahmoud hussin spinner nasimul ganic parikkettathukondu fazal 85.2 ovarukal vazhangi, 'oru boularude vegathaykku asaadhaaranamaaya ovarukal' ennaanu 'wisden' visheshippichathu. inningsil 247 runs vazhangiya fazal rund vikkattukal maathramaan veezhthiyath. fasalinte bowling vishakalanam testt charithratthil ettavum kooduthal ovarukal eriyukayum oru inningsil ettavum kooduthal runs vazhangukayum cheythathil anchaam sthaanathaanu. paakistaan oru inningsinu testt paraajayappedukayum gayanayil nadanna adutha malsarathil paraajayappedukayum cheythu. anchaam testtil paakistaan aashwaasa vijayam nedi, aadya inningsil aadya panthil konraad handeyude vikkatt ulppede fazal aidi 1 nedi. sharaashariyude kaaryatthil ettavum mosham vikkattukalil onnayirunnittum, 20 vikkattukalumaayi fazal parambara avasaanippichu, addeham appozhum paakisthaante munnira vikkatt vettakkaaranaayirunnu. kyapttan. adutha varsham madakkayaathrayude samayat, testt thiranjeduppinushesham paakistaan captanaaya abdul kardar testt krikkattil ninnu viramichu. raajyathe munnira boularaaya fazal addehathinte pingamiyaayi eee rolil ethi. captanenna nilayil thante aadya testtil addeham toss nedukayum feelding cheyyaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu, thudarchayaaya randaam testtil aadya oovaril addeham konraad handeyude vikkatt nedi. gaari sobarsine poojyathinu puratthaakkiyathum ulppedunna <aii. dii. 1> enna kanakkukalode fazal innings avasaanippichu. randaam inningsil hussent, sobezhs ennivayulppede moonnu vikkattukal koodi fazal nedi, testt krikkattil fasalinte 100-aamathe vikkattaayirunnu ithu, eee naazhikakkallilethunna aadya pakistani. puthiya captanu vijayakaramaya thudakkam nalkunnathinaayi paakistaan patthu vikkattinte vijayam poortthiyaakki. dhakkayil nadanna adutha testtilum paakistaan vijayikkukayum angane moonnu malsarangalude parambarayil vijayam nedukayum cheythu. kuranja scoring malsarathil fazal oru pradhana punk vahikkukayum testtukalil naalam thavanayum oru malsarathil patthu vikkattukal nedukayum cheythu. baatt cheytha pakistan aii. dii. 1ll ninnu 145 ranseduthu thirichetthi. 11 ransinu aarr vikkattukal nashtamaayathine thudarnnu 76 ransinu purathaaya vestt indees kooduthal moshamaayi. naalam inningsil 214 ransedutha vestt indees 41 runs kurravil veenu. aadya ezhu vikkattukalil aarr vikkattukal fazal nedi, mattoru vikkatt mahmoud hussain sobarsine purathaakkiyathil fazal catcheraayi. mohammed naalu vikkattukal nedi, fazal 6/66 enna kanakkilum 12/100 enna malsara vishakalanathilum avasaanichu. randaamathethu 1993 vare captanayirikke oru boularude ettavum mikacha kanakkaayirunnu, vakhaar unis mechappeduthi. moonnaamathe testaaya dedd rabbaril vestt indees vijayichu. rund ooppanarmaareyum fazal puratthaakkiyenkilum 40 oovaril addehathinte eaka vikkatt ithaayirunnu. aii. dii. 1ll 21 ransumaayi parambarayile munnira vikkatt vettakkaaranaayirunnu addeham. 1959 avasaanathode austreliya moonnu testtukalude parambaraykkaayi paakisthaanil paryadanam nadatthi, athu avar 2-0 nuu vijayichu, ithu swantham nattil paakisthaante aadya parambara parajayamaayirunnu. dakkayil nadanna aadya testtil vinodasanchaarikal ettu vikkattin vijayichu, aadya inningsil anchu vikkatt nediya fazal aarr vikkattukal nedi, swantham nagaramaya lahoril nadanna randaam testtil addehathinu nashtamaayi, vikkatt keeper imtiyas ahamed austreliya ezhu vikkattin vijayicha malsarathil captancy chumatala etteduthu. karaachiyil nadanna moonnaam testinaayi madangiyethiya fazal oostreliyayude aadya inningsil aii. dii. 1 upayogichu anchu vikkattukal koodi nedi. aadya inningsil pakistan leed nediyengilum moonnu aadya vikkattukalkk sesham avarude randaam innings mandagathiyilaakukayum malsaram samanilayilekk vazhithettikkukayum cheythu. oru malsaram nashtamaayenkilum, parambarayil paakkisthaante munnira vikkatt vettakkaranaaya fazal, aii. dii. 1ll 11 runs nedi. eee sramangal addehathe 1959leeii aii. sii. sii testt boularmaarude rankingle onnaam rank nedaan kaaranamaayi. aii. dii. 1 seasonil paakistaan india sandarshichenkilum anchu testtukal ulppede avarude paryadanatthile 15 malsarangalum samanilayilayathinaal cheria prathifalamonnumilla. ezhu varsham munbu, parambarayil vijayikkaan sramikkunnathinekkaal tholvi ozhivakkaan irupakshavum uddeshichirunnathinaal, durghadavum prathirodhaparavumaaya krikkatt undaayirunnu. aadya naalu testtukalil fazal toss nediyengilum eedan gaardanil nadanna moonnaam testtil maathramaan pakistan aadya inningsil leed nediyathu. aaa malsarathil fazal 25.3 oovaril oru vikkatt eduthengilum indiayude randaam inningsil oru vikkatt polum edukkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. testt krikkattile 13-aamatheyum avasaanatheyum anchu vikkattukalkk purame, parambarayil mattu naalu vikkattukal maathramaan fazal nediyathu. pakshapatha aaropanangalumaayi fasalinte captancy kadutha vimarsanathinu vidheyamaakukayum avasana testinethudarnnu addehathe kyapttan sthaanathuninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. avasana pareekshanangal. englandinethiraaya hoome parambaraykkaayi paakistaan aadyam fazal thiranjedutthillenkilum avasana testtilekku madangi. 63 oovaril 98 runs vazhangi ekkaalatheyum pole saambathikamaayi mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavechenkilum oru vikkatt polum edukkaanaayilla. 1962leeii englandu paryadana teamil addehathe ulppeduthiyittille phaast boularmaaraaya mahmoud hussain, mohammed faarookh ennivarkku parikkettappol pakaram addehathe vilichirunnu. anchu malsarangalude parambara ithinakam thotta fazal trent bridjil nadanna naalam testinaayi teamilek vannu. randaam divasathe 30 minittozhike muzhuvan samayavum bowling cheytha addeham moonnaam divasam raavile englandu declaration vare thudarnnu, 60 ovarukalil ninnu addeham aidi 1 eduthu. oval anchaam testtil 47 ovarukalil ninnu aidi 2 edukkaan addeham chelaveriyathaayirunnu, testt krikkattil addehathinte avasaanathe vikkattukalaayirunna rund vikkattukal collin kaudre (182), tedu dekstar (172) ennivayaayirunnu. leag krikkatt. lankshare leag. 1957, 1958, 1959 varshangalil eest lancashire krikkatt clubble professionalaayi moonnu seasonukal fazal chelavazhichu. mikacha amachwar krikkatt thaarangalkkethire kalichenkilum addehathinte bowling vinaashakaramaayirunnu. moonnu avismaraneeya seasonukalil addeham 4 haatrikkukal nedi, 2 thavana 8 vikkattukalum 6 thavana 7 vikkattukalum, 1959 ll 9 nuu 7 umm 1957 ll 26 nuu 7 umm ulppede. krikkattinappuram. police. saambathikashaasthrathil birudaananthara birudathode islaamika koleju vitta sesham, fazal 1947ll police inspectoraayi paakistaan sarveesil chernnu, 1952ll deputy suuprandaayum 1976ll deputy inspector generalayum uyarnnu. sinima. addehathinte bhangi kaaranam addehathinu niravadhi chalachithra oofarukal undaayirunnu paakkisthaante aadya indian paryadanatthil, prashastha samvidaayakan mehboob khaan addehathinu "aan" (1952) enna chithratthil randaamathe pradhana vesham vaagdaanam cheythu, athesamayam prashastha american samvidaayakan jorjju coocor lahoril oru sandarshanathil mahmoodine kandumuttumbol, 1956-leeii thante "bhawania junction" enna chithratthile pradhana vesham stuvartt grancharinu pakaram eshtappedumennu paranju. krikkattil shradha kendreekarikkaan addeham avare visammathichu. matham. krikkatt upekshicha addeham thante kazhchappadil kooduthal mathavishwaasiyaayitheerukayum 1970-ll "vishwaasathilekkulla preranam" enna pusthakam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu, athil paakisthaante sambadvyavasthayilum saamoohika samvidaanathilum islaamika thathwangal prayogikkunnathinekkur thante kaazhchappaad addeham vishadeekarikkunnu, athine pathrapravartthakanaaya peettar oborn "matham, thathwachintha, raashtreeyam ennivayekkurichulla dhyanam" ennu visheshippichu. khuraanil ninnulla prasakthamaaya niravadhi udharanikal ulkkollunna aazhathilulla vishwaasavum padanavum eee pusthakam prakadamaakkunnu. paashchaathya tharatthilulla janaadhipathyathin islaamika neethi konduvaraan kazhiyumo ennu fazal samshayichu."vaardhakyakaalathu praadeshika palliyude oru muasinaayum pravarthicha addeham 1954 leeii oval vijayathin sesham thanikk sammaanicha grameena bhoomiyude plott upayogichu penkuttikalkkayi" "sidra model school" "enna oru school sthaapichu". maranam. 2005 meyy 30nuu lahorile vasathiyil vachu fazalinu marakamaaya hridayaaghaatham sambhavichu. addehathinte suhruthum muun sahatharavumaaya hanif mohammed fazal oru "mahanaaya manushyan" ennum "raajyathinte roopeekarana varshangalile paakistaan boularmaarude doyne" ennum visheshippichu. addehathinte aathmakatha 2003 ll ooksfoord yooniversitti pras "phram duck tuu doonn aathmakatha oof eiii paakistaan krikkatt legend" enna peril prasidheekarichu. paakistaan krikkatt captanaaya mohammed sayeedinte makaleyaanu fazal mohammed vivaham kazhichathu. rekhakalum sthithivivarakkanakkukalum. india, englandu, austreliya, vestt indees ennee naalu vyathyastha rajyangalkkethire oru testt malsarathil 12 allengil athil kooduthal vikkattukal veezhthiya aadya testt boularaanu fazal. 22 testtukalil ninnu 100 testt vikkattukal addeham nedi, paakistaan boularmaaril vakhaar yoonus mohammed asif maathramaan vegathil eee naazhikakkallilethiyath.

fazal mahmood fazal mahmood pii. pii., hii (18 februwari 1927-30 meey 2005) haah pakistani aantarrashtriy kriketpatu hota. too 34 kasoti samne khelala aanee tyane 24.70 chya golandaji sarasarine 139 balee ghetale. 100 balee ghenara too pahila pakistani kheladu hota, tyane tyachya 22vya samnyat haah tappa gathala. fazalne uttar bharatasathi ranji chashakat tyache sarvat pahile pratham shreni crickett khelale aanee tethil bhakkam kamgirimule bharatachya austreliyachya udghatan dauyasathi nivad jhaali. pakistanche swatantrya, dauyapurvi, fazal yaa muslim kheladula maghar ghenyas aanee pakistanchi nivad karnyas pravrutt kele. naveen deshasathi pratham kasoti darja midvanyat aanee nantar tyanna kasoti samna sangh mhanoon sthapit karnyat tyanni mothee bhoomika bajavali. tyane chaar vela eka kasotit daha balee ghetale; bharat, ingland aanee austreliyaviruddhachya samnyat pakistancha tyaa sanghanvar pahila vijay. fazalchi sarvat sansmaraniy kamgiri 1954 chya ingland dauyavar aalee, jevha pakistanne ovhalmadhye malika jinkanyasathi jinkley tevha tyachi pramukh bhoomika hotee. 168 dhavanchya lakshyacha pathlag kartana englandcha padav jhalyane tyane dusya davat 'id2' saha 'id1' chey samnyatil aakade ghetale. karnadhar mhanoon abdul kardarchya pathopath, fazalne 1959 teey 1961 darmyan 10 samnyanmadhye rashtriy sanghache netrutva kele. tyala west indijaviruddha tatkal yash midale parantu austreliyakadoon parabhav jhalyanantar aanee bharatashi asalelya gatirodhanantar tyala karnadharpadavarun kadhoon taknyat aale. tyanchya netrutvakhali pakistan done kasoti jinkla aanee done harla. 1962 chya ingland dauyanantar, dukhapatgrast salamichya golandajanchya jaagi bolavanyat aalyanantar tyanni kasoti aanee pratham shreni cricketmadhun nivrutti ghetali. prarambhik jeevan. lahormadhye janmalela fazalne vayachya 13 vya varshapasoon lahorchya islamiya mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale. tyache vadil, gulam hussen, mahavidhyalayat arthshastrache pradhyapak tasech mahavidhyalayachya crickett clubche adhyaksh hote. shaikshanik kshetrat karkird ghadavanyapurvi aanee spardhatmak bharatiy nagri sevechya parikshanmadhye uttirn hounahi, gulam hussen islamik vidwan aanee krantikari karyakarte ubaidullah sindhi yanchya netrutvakhali swatantrya chalvalit sameel jhaala, british vasahatvadyanna sashastr sangharshadvare afaganistanatil talavarun fekoon denyachya aashene. tyane fazalala eka kathor prashikshan dinakram deela jyamadhye pahate 4.30 vajata uthane, paach mail chalane aanee paach mail dhavane samavisht hote. yaa velapatrakache saat varshe palan karnyat aale. fazalne tyachya dusya varshat mahavidhyalayin sanghamadhye pahile sthan midavale aanee vayachya 15 vya varshi aantar-mahavidhyalayin antim fereet 5/13 ghetala, joou spardhecha vikram hota. pratham shreni crickett. british bharatat. march 1944 madhye, vayachya 17 vya varshi aanee ajunahi mahavidhyalayat asalelya fazalne uttar bharatasathi pratham shreneet padarpan kele. dakshin panjabviruddhachya ranji chashak samnyat tyane akra kramankavar falandaji karat nabad 38 dhawa kelya aanee teen balee ghetale. tyanchi pahili pratham shreni wickett bharatachya kasoti ashtapailu laala amarnathchi hotee. paschim bharataviruddhachya upantya fereet, fazalchya dusya samnyat, tyane pahilya davatil id1shaha aath balee ghetale. eka shant 1944-45 hangamanantar, jyamadhye fazalne 18.20 varr paach balee ghetale, pudhchya hangamat tyachya kamgirimule 1946 chya ingland dauyavar jawaljawal sthan midale. yaa dauyasathi chachani mhanoon kaam karananya kshetriy chatushkoniy spardhet khelatana, tyane amarnaths uttar kshetrasathi golandajichi suruvat kelee aanee 9/83 chey samnyanche aakade ghetale. pataudichya bharatiy karnadhar nawabla sanghat fazal havey hote parantu itar nivadkartyanni tyala khoop tarun manale. paryatak gharee paratalyavar tyanni urvarit bharat viruddha done samne khelale, fazalne pahilya samnyat saat balee ghetale jeey urvaritanni jinkale parantu dusya samnyat teey mahag hote. nantarchya hangamat, jevha tyane tyache pahile aanee ekmev pratham shreni shatak jhalkavle tevha tyachi falandaji kshamata disun aalee. uttar kshetrasathi khelatana tyane aathvya kramankavarun nabad 100 dhawa kelya aanee gogumal kishanchandsobat satvya gadyasathi 207 dhavanchi bhagidari kelee. fazalne sahaa balee ghet uttar kshetrane samna aaramat jinkla. antim samnyat tyane aanakhi paach balee ghetale, parantu uttar kshetra eka davane parabhoot jhaale. yaa velee, austreliyachya pahilya dauyasathi, 1947-48 madhye, vibhagiy spardhene punha ekada chachani mhanoon kaam kele hote. fazalala sanghat samavisht karnyat aale aanee prashikshan shibirat sahbhagi karnyat aale, matra, daura swatantryapraptipur hastakshep keela aanee eka bhakt muslim fazal mhanoon tyane maghar ghetali. pakistanat. navyane sthapan jhalelya deshatil pahila pratham shreni samna 27 december 1947 roji panjab aanee sindh yanchyat jhaala. fazal panjabkadoon khelala, tyane sahaa balee ghetale aanee eka davatil vijayat 60 dhawa kelya. pakistansathi tyacha bhavee naveen chenducha bhagidar khaan mohammadsobat fazalne golandajichi suruvat karanyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. november 1948 madhye west indies heey pakistanche pahile aantarrashtriy pahune hote. teen samnyanpaiki shevatche samne fazal asalelya pratinidhi sanghaviruddha hote, too anirnit samnyat ekahi wickett ghenyas ayashasvi tharala. 1948-49 hangamachya shevati pakistanne chaar samnyansathi cyloncha daura keela, fazal 20 balee gheuun aaghadicha yashtirakshak hota. eka varshanantar paratanyachya dauyavar tyane done samnyanmadhye 16 balee ghetale. emm. see. see. chya eka sanghane pakistanmadhye anek samne kheloon, 1951-52 madhye upkhandacha daura keela. panjabviruddhachya pahilya samnyat fazalne id1 ghetalyanantar tyanna jawaljawal pathpurava karava lagla. dauyacha pachva aanee antim samna karachi yethe kathyachya rassachya badgavi asalelya pakistanviruddha hota, fazalne emm. see. see. chya pahilya davatil id2 chey aakade parat karnyasathi prushthbhagacha fayda ghetala. yajmananni chaar gadee rakhoon vijay midavala, jyaa vijayane pakistanla kasoti darja midvoon denyat mothee bhoomika bajavali. swatantryanantar paach varshanpeksha qamee kalavadhit, 28 julai 1952 roji pakistanla chachani sadasya karnyat aale. chachani karkird. pahili malika. aktoobar 1952 madhye pakistanne bharataviruddha tyanchi pahili kasoti malika suru kelee. fazalne dilli yetheel pahilya samnyat kasoti padarpan kele, bharatachya pahilya davat 2/92 ghetala, tyachi pahili wickett bharatiy karnadhar laala amarnathne ghetali. pakistan donada eka davane parabhoot houn swastat baad jhaala, donhi davant duheri aakada gathanara fazal haah ekmev pakistani kheladu hota. lakhanau yethe jhalelya dusya kasotit pakistancha nikal ulatala, tagavar khelana khelpattivar khelalelya fazalne pahilya davat 5/52 aanee dusya davat 7/42 ghetala, kaaran pakistanne tyanchya keval dusya kasotit davane vijay midavala. tyachya samnyachi 12/94 chee aakadevari hii pakistani golandajane gharchya baher keleli sarvottam kamgiri aahe aanee 1980 paryant bharataviruddha konatyahi golandajane keleli sarvottam kamgiri hotee. mumbai yetheel tisya kasotit pakistancha daha gadee rakhoon parabhav jhalyane fazalala ekahi wickett gheta aalee nahee, jaree tyanchya pahilya davat tyanni aathvya kramankavar falandaji karat 33 dhawa kelya, jyamule pakistanla 60/6 varoon 143/7 varr parat yenyas madat jhaali. maliketil shevatchya done kasoti anirnit rahilyane, fazalne aanakhi sahaa balee ghet pakistancha aaghadicha yashtirakshak mhanoon aapali pahili malika purn kelee aanee 20 dhawa 25.60 varr kelya. tyane khalchya kramane kahee yogdan dile aanee maliket 28.83 chya sarasarine ekoon 173 dhawa kelya. englandcha daura. pudhchya varshichya desh dauyachya tayarisathi 1953 madhye fazal asaleli pakistani garudanchi eka bajoo englandla pathvanyat aalee. englandmadhye asatana, fazalala nivrutt ingland aanee surre vegwan golandaj alf gover yanchyakadun prashikshan midale. 1954 chya dauyasathi fazalala abdul kardarcha upkarnadhar karnyat aale hote, jeey upkhandabaherchya tyanchya pahilya maliket kheladu aanee sangh yaa doghansathihi yashasvi tharale. fozzlene pravasachi changli suruvat kelee, 11/102 ghetala aanee warcestershireviruddhya paryatakanchya pahilya samnyat 67 dhawa kelya. kasoti malikeparyant tyane aaghadi ghet wickett ghene suru thewale aanee visheshtah auxford vidyapithaviruddha lamb aanee kifayatshir khelee karanyachi tyachi kshamata dekhil darshavali, jithe tyane 68 shatkant 37 meddons fekoon yaa prakriyet 7/95 ghetale. lords yetheel pahili kasoti pavsamule mothya pramanat prabhavit jhaali aanee anirnit rahili, khelat falandaji karane katheen hote aanee pakistan tyanchya pahilya davat 87 dhavanvar baad jhaala. pratyuttarat englandne sampoorn davat fazal aanee khaan mohammadchya golandajisah 'id3' ghoshit kele, fazalne 'id1' chey aakade nondavale. pudhchya kasotipurvichya dauyatil samnyat pakistan trent brij yethe 'nottinghamshire' madhye khelala, paryatakanni fazals aath gadee rakhoon vijay midavala aanee pahilya davat karkirditil sarvottam 'id2' saha 11 balee ghetale. dusari kasoti tyach thikani hotee, parantu pakistancha davat motha parabhav jhalyane tyache nasheeb ulat hote aanee fazalne tyachya payala dukhapat jhaali asali taree, tyachi sarvat white chachani aakadevari 0/148 nondavali, jyamule tyala dhavsankhya qamee karavi lagali. tisya kasotichya teen divasannantar pakistanla aanakhi eka davat parabhav patkarava lagla, parantu shevatchya done divasant paus padalyane konatahi khel thambalyane samna anirnit rahila, fazalne englandchya davat 42 shatkant id1 ghetala. pakistan chauthya aanee antim kasotit ovhalmadhye 1-0 neey pichhadivar padala, parantu englandla harvoon malika barobari sadhun motha dhakka basala, tyanchya udghatan dauyat englandmadhye kasoti jinkanyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. fazalne vijayat aaghadichi bhoomika bajavali aanee samnyachya aakadevarit 'id2' chaa dawa keela. englandchya pahilya davat tyane 30 shatkant 'id1' ghet golandaji kelee, 'wisedon' neey lihile qee 'zell baad jhalyas heey aakade adhik changle asate'. qamee gunanchya samnyat englandla tyanchya dusya davat 168 dhavanche lakshya denyat aale hote. laine hutton lavkar harla asala taree, samnyat dusyanda fazalchya golandajivar mage khechoon, chauthya sandhyakali ingland changli tayari kartana disala. matra, fazalne pieter meey, godfrey evance aanee dennis compton yanchya wickets shevatchya velepurvi ghetalya aanee dusya divashi pakistanne 24 dhavanni vijay midavalyane pahilya done wickets ghetalya. fazalne 30 shatkant dusya davat 6/46 chey aakade nondavale. yaa maliket fazalne 20 balee ghetale, jeey pudhil sarvottam pakistani golandajapeksha 12 adhik hote, 20.40 chya sarasarine. too daura sampavalelya sahaa pratham shreni samnyanpaiki keval eka samnyat khelala, parantu tarihi too 77 gunansah aaghadicha yashtirakshak mhanoon rahila. tyachya kamgirichya sanmanarth, fazalala 1955 madhye varshatil sarvottam buddhiman kriketpatu mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale, joou sanmanit honara pahila pakistani hota. gharchya malikanmadhye. pakistanchi pahili gharchya maidanavarchi malika paach kasoti samnyansathi bharatachya dauyasah id1 hangamat aalee. hii malika bachavatmak aanee nistej cricketne chinhankit kelee hotee aanee serve pachahi samne anirnit rahile, hii kasoti itihasatil pahilich ghatana hotee. fazal chaar samnyanmadhye khelala aanee tyane id1 varr 15 balee ghetale. tyachi sarvottam kamgiri karachi yetheel pachvya kasotit aalee, jithe tyane bharatachya pahilya davat id2 ghetala. tyanantar 1955 madhye newzealandne tyancha pahila desh daura keela, pakistanne pahila kasoti malika vijay purn keela, 2-0 neey vijay midavala. fazal teenpaiki done kasoti samne khelala aanee 18.40 varr paach balee ghetale. austreliya haah pakistancha pudhcha pahuna hota, aktoobar 1956 madhye tyanchya bharatatil malikepurvi aanee ingland dauyanantar ekach kasotisathi daura keela. karachi yetheel samnyat, pakistanne austreliyaviruddhachya tyanchya pahilya kasotit aitihasik vijay midavala. fazalne yaa vijayat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali, kasotitil sarvottam kramank 13/114 ghetale. tyane austreliyachya pahilya davat pahile sahaa balee ghet paryatakanna 52/6 varr sodale, jyaa sthanavarun teey savarnyat ayashasvi tharale, teey 80 dhavanvar hote. tyane dusya davat pahilya chaar balihi ghetale aanee 7/80 saha samapt kele. "wizdenne tyachya tantrache varnan keleh" "achook lambi rakhane aanee legg-cutter aanee breakbachya mishranane tyacha swing badalane". imtiyaz ahmed mhanala keeh "fazal kadhihi lambi aanee dishene halat nasey aanee tyane buddhine chendu donhi bajunni halavala...pahilya davat fazalchya eka sampoorn shatkasathi, mahan giranikaralahi kahee kaloo shakale nahee." west indigecha daura. 1958 madheel pakistancha west indies daura anek uchch guna midvananya kasoti samnyanni chinhankit keela hota aanee fazalvar mothya pramanat kamacha bhaar hota, jyamule paach kasoti malikanmadhye 320 hoon adhik shatake padali, jyat salag 186 kasoti samnyancha samavesh hota. pakistan 3-1 ashee malika gamavala aanee hanif mohammadchya 16 tasanchya 337 dhavanchya khelimule pahilya kasotit parabhav talhala. trinidad yetheel dusya kasotit fazal haah pakistancha sarvat kifayatshir golandaj hota, jyane yaa prakriyet sahaa balee ghetale, tarr falandaj mhanoon tyane 10vya kramankavarun 60 dhawa kelya, joou tyacha sarvoch kasoti gunank hota aanee aantarrashtriy staravar keval ardhashatak hota. kingsten yetheel tisari kasoti aitihasik hotee kaaran garry sobbersney nabad 365 dhawa kelya aanee sarvoch vaiyaktik gunancha kasoti vikram modala. sahkari salamivir golandaj mahmood hussen aanee firkipatu naseem-ool-ghanee yanna dukhapat jhalyane fazalne 85.2 shatake takali, jyache varnan 'shahanpanane' 'tyachya vegwan golandajasathi shatakanchi abhootpurv sankhya' asey kele. fazalne davat 247 dhawa dilya aanee fakt done balee ghetale. fazalchya golandajichya vishleshananusar, kasotichya itihasat sarvadhik shatkant golandaji aanee eka davat sarvadhik dhawa dilyabaddal too pachvya kramankavar aahe. pakistan eka davane kasoti harla aanee gayanatil pudhcha samna gamavoon tyanni malika gamavali. pakistanne pachvya kasotit dilasa denara vijay midavala, fazalne pahilya davat 6/83 ghetala, jyat samnyachya pahilya chenduvar conrad huntchya wicketcha samavesh hota. fazalne 20 balee gheuun malika purn kelee, sarasarichya babatit too sarvat white asoonahi, too ajunahi pakistancha aaghadicha yashtirakshak hota. karnadharpad. pudhchya varshi paratanyachya dauyaparyant, pakistancha karnadhar abdul kardar, kasoti nivadanukipasun kasoti cricketmadhun nivrutt jhaala hota. deshatil aaghadicha golandaj fazalne tyachya jaagi hii bhoomika sakarli. karnadhar mhanoon tyachya pahilya kasotit tyane nanefek jinkley aanee golandajichi suruvat karat kshetrarakshanacha nirnay ghetala, tyane salag dusya kasotit pahilya shatakat conrad huntchi wickett ghetali. fazalne daav 4/32 chya aakadyansah sampavala, jyat garry soberla shunyavar baad karane dekhil samavisht hote. fazalne dusya davat hunt aanee sobber yaa donhisah aanakhi teen balee ghetale, fazalchi wickett hii kasoti cricketmadhil 100 vee hotee, jee yaa tappyavar pohochanari pahili pakistani hotee. pakistanne tyanchya naveen karnadharala vijayi suruvat midvoon denyasathi daha gadee rakhoon vijay midavala. pakistanne dhaka yetheel pudhil kasotihi jinkley aanee tyamule teen samnyanchya maliket vijay midavala. qamee guna midvananya samnyat fazalne mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali, kasotit chauthyanda eka samnyat daha balee ghetale. falandajisathi utaralelya pakistanne aay. dii. 1 madhoon 145 dhawa kelya. west indigeche daav kharab jhaale, 11 dhavanvar sahaa balee gamavoon 76 dhavanvar baad jhaale. fazalne sampoorn davat golandaji karat, id1 ghetala. west indigene chauthya davat 214 dhawa kelya, aanee too 41 dhavanni baad jhaala. fazalne pahilya satpaiki sahaa balee ghetale, tarr mahmood hussenne sobarchya baad jhalelya dusya davat fazalne catcher mhanoon khel keela. mahmoodne chaar balee ghenyasathi shevat keela, tarr fazalne 6/66 chya aakadyansah aanee 12/100 chya samnyachya vishleshanasah shevat keela. 1993 paryant, jevha vakar yunusane tyala mage takale, tevha karnadhar asatana golandajane keleli sarvottam aakadyanpaiki fazal hii sarvottam hotee. tisari kasoti, eka mrut rubber, west indigene jinkley. fazalne donhi salamivir baad kele parantu 40 shatkant hii tyachi ekmev wickett hotee. too yaa maliket 21 dhawa karoon aaghadicha yashtirakshak tharala. austreliyane 1959chya akheris teen kasoti malikansathi pakistancha daura keela, jyat tyanni 2-0 assa vijay midavala, joou pakistancha gharchya maidanavar jhalela pahila malika parabhav hota. dhaka yetheel pahilya kasotit paryatakanni aath gadee rakhoon vijay midavala, fazalne pahilya davat paach badansah sahaa balee ghetale, 5/71. too tyachya mool shahar lahor yethe jhalelya dusya kasotit chukala, yashtirakshak imtiyaz ahmedne austreliyachya saat gadee rakhoon jinkalelya samnyat karnadharpadachi jababdari sweekarli. fazal karachi yetheel tisya kasotisathi paratala aanee austreliyachya pahilya davat id1shaha aanakhi paach balee ghetale. pakistanne pahilya davat aaghadi ghetali parantu suruvatichya teen gadee baad kelyanantar tyancha dusra daav mandavala aanee samna anirnit rahila. eka samna naan chukata fazal haah pakistancha maliketil aaghadicha yashtirakshak hota, tyane 19.36 varr 11 balee ghetale. yaa prayatnanmule tyane 1959 chya icc kasoti golandajanchya kramvarit pratham kramank patkavla. pakistanne 1960-61 hangamat bharatacha daura keela parantu paach kasoti samnyansah tyanchya dauyatil serve 15 samne anirnit rahilyane tyache bakshis qamee hote. saat varshanpurvipramanech yaa maliket khadatar aanee bachavatmak crickett hote, kaaran donhi bajuncha vijay midvanyacha prayatna karnyaivaji parabhav talhanyacha hetu hota. fazalne pahilya chaar kasotit nanefek jinkley parantu eeden gardens yetheel keval tisya kasotit pakistanla pahilya davat aaghadi midali. tyaa samnyat fazalne 25.3 shatkant 5/26 ghetala, parantu bharatachya dusya davat too ekahi wickett gheu shakala nahee kaaran tyanni aaramat falandaji kelee. kasoti cricketmadhil 13vya aanee akherchya paach baad denyakherij, fazalne maliket keval chaar itar balee ghetale. fazalchya karnadharpadavar pakshapatachya aaropansah tivra teeka jhaali aanee antim kasotinantar tyala karnadharpadavarun kadhoon taknyat aale. antim chachanya. fazalchi suruvatila pakistanne englandviruddhachya gharchya malikesathi nivad kelee navhati, parantu antim kasotisathi too paratala. 63 shatkant 98 dhawa dett too nehmipramanech kifayatshir hota, parantu ekahi wickett ghenyat too apayashi tharala. 1962chya ingland dauyachya sanghat tyacha samavesh navhata, parantu vegwan golandaj mahmood hussen aanee mohammed farooq jakhami jhalyane tyanna badali mhanoon bolavanyat aale. paach samnyanchi malika aadhich haraleli asatana, trent brij yetheel chauthya kasotisathi fazal sanghat aala. dusya divasachya 30 minite vagalata serve vel golandaji karat aanee englandchya ghoshaneparyant tisya divashi sakali sampoorn vel golandaji karat, tyane 60 shatakanpasun 3/130 ghetala. andakaratil pachvya kasotit, too 47 shatakantun 2/192 ghene mahag hota, kasoti cricketmadhil tyache shevatche asalyache siddha jhalele done balee, collin coudrey (182) aanee teed dextor (172) yanche hote. leag crickett. lancashire leag. fazalne 1957,1958 aanee 1959 madhye east lancashire crickett klabmadhye vyavsayik mhanoon teen hangam ghalavale. utkrusht haushi kriketpatunviruddha khelatana tyachi golandaji vinashkari hotee. teen sansmaraniy hangamat tyane 4 hattrick ghetalya, jyat 2 vela 8 balee aanee 6 vela 7 balee ghetale, jyat 1959 madhye 9 baad 7 aanee 1957 madhye 26 baad 7 balee yancha samavesh aahe. cricketchya palikade. police. arthshastratil padvyuttar padvi gheuun islamiya mahavidhyalay sodalyanantar, fazal 1947 madhye police nirikshak mhanoon pakistani sevet ruju jhaala aanee 1952 madhye too upadhikshak aanee 1976 madhye upadhikshak jhaala. chitrapat. tyachya sunder dekhavyamule tyala anek chitrapatanchya aupher aalyah pakistanchya pahilya bharat dauyadarmyan, prasiddha digdarshak mehboob khanane tyala 'aana' (1952) yaa chitrapatat dusya pramukh bhoomikechi aupher dilee, tarr prasiddha american digdarshak george kukorne lahorchya bhetivar asatana aanee mahmoodla bhet detana sangitale qee tyane tyala tyachya 1956-chitrapat 'bhavani junction' madhye mukhya bhoomika mhanoon pradhanya dile asate, karbhari grangeraivaji. tyanni cricketwar laksh kendrit karnyas nakar deela. dharm. crickett sodoon, too tyachya drushtikonatun adhik dharmik jhaala aanee visheshtah 1970 madhye, 'vishvasachi ichcha' heey pustak prakashit kele, jyamadhye tyane pakistanchya arthvyavasthet aanee samajik vyavasthet islami tattve lagoo karnyachya tyachya drushtikonachi ruparesha dilee aahe aanee jyache varnan patrakar pieter oborn yanni 'dharm, tattvadnyan aanee rajkaranavaril dhyan' asey kele aahe. kuranatil anek sambandhit uddharane asalele heey pustak sakhol vishvas aanee shikshan darshavate. pashchimatya prakarchi lokshahi' islami nyay midvoon denyas saksham aahe qaa yavar fazalne shanka vyakt kelee."tyane tyachya mhatarpanat sthanik mashidisathi muezin mhanoonahi kaam kele aanee 1954 chya andakar vijayanantar tyala bhet dilelya grameen jaminicha vapar karoon mulinsathi" "sidra model school" "hii shaala sthapan kelee". mrutyu. 30 meey 2005 roji fazalala tyachya lahor yetheel nivassthani hrudayavikaracha ghatak zatka aala. tyacha mitra aanee majee sahkari hanif mohammadane fazalache varnan 'mahan manus' aanee 'deshachya suruvatichya varshanmadhye pakistani golandajancha mahan kheladu' asey kele. tyanche aatmcharitra auxford university presne 2003 madhye 'fraum dusk too morning autobiography auph aaa pakistani crickett lejand' mhanoon prakashit kele aahe. fazal mahmoodcha vivah pakistani crickett sanghacha karnadhar mohammed saeed yachya mulishi jhaala hota. nondi aanee aakadevari. bharat, ingland, austreliya aanee west indies yaa chaar vegvegalya deshanviruddhachya kasoti samnyat 12 kinwa tyahoon adhik balee ghenara fazal haah kasoti cricketchya itihasatil pahila golandaj hota. tyane 22 kasoti samnyanmadhye 100 kasoti balee ghetale, pakistani golandajanmadhye fakt vakar yunus aanee mohammed asif heey jalad gatine yaa tappyavar pohochale.

fazal mahmood fazal mahmood pp, haya (18 february 1927-30 mey 2005) ek pakistani antarrashtriya cricketer thie. unle 34 wata test match khele rar 24.70 ko bulling ausatma 139 wicket lie. 100 wicket parr garne pahilo pakistani, uni afno 22 aun khelma yo kirtimanma puge. fajalle uttari bharatka lagi ranji trafima afno prarambhik pratham shreni cricket khele rar tyahan baliyo pradarshanle bharatko australiako udghatan bhramanka lagi chayan bhayo. pakistanko swatantrata, bhraman aghi, fazal, ek muslim, pachhi hutna rar pakistan chhanauta garna netritwa gyoa. unle pahile nayan rashtraka lagi test darja prapta garna rar tyasapachhi uniharulai test match toliko rupma sthapit garnama pramukh bhumika khele. unle chaar patak euta testma das wicket lieka thie; bharat, england rar australiawiruddha tee timharumathi pakistanko pahilo jit. fajalko sabaibhanda smaraniya pradarshan sann 1954 ko england bhramanma ayo, jab pakistanle owalma jit hasil garera shringkhalalai squire garnama unko pramukh bhumika thiyo. 168 ko lakshyako pachhi lagepachhi england dhwasta bhaepachi unle dosro parima <ID1 sahit 12/99 ko matchko tathyanka lie. kaptanka rupma abdul kardarko uttaradhikari, fajalle 1959 rar 1961 ko bichma 10 khelma rashtriya toliko netritwa gare. unle west indijawiruddha tatkal safalta paeka thie tara australiasanga harepachhi rar bharatsangko gatirodhpachhi unlai kaptanko rupma barkhasta gariyo. kull milaera pakistanle unko netritwama duiwata test jityo rar duiwata hareko thiyo. sann 1962 ko england bhramanpachhi ghaite opening ballerharuko sthan lyne bolaiepachhi unle test rar pratham shreni cricketbata sanyas lieka thie. prarambhik jiwan. lahorma janmeka fajalle 13 warshako umerdekhi lahorko islamia kalejma padheka thie. unka buba, ghumam hussen, kalejma arthashastraka pradhyapaka sathai collegeko cricket clubka adhyaksha thie. shikshawidma kariyarka lagi basobas garnuaghi, rar pratispardhi bharatiya nagarik sewa pariksha uttirna bhae tapani, gulam hussen islamic vidwan rar krantikari karyakarta ubaidullah sindhiko netritwama swatantrata andolanma samel bhae, sashastra sangharshako madhyambata britis upaniweshwadiharulai afaganistanko adharbata fyaankne ashama. unle fajallai euta kada prashikshan dincharya banae jasma bihan 4.30 baje uthnu, paanch mile hindnu rar paanch mile daudnu samawesh thiyo. yo talika saat warshasamma palan garieko thiyo. fajalle afno dosro warshama collegeko pahilo tolly banae rar 15 warshako umerma antar-college finalma 5/13 lie, yo pratiyogitako lagi record thiyo. pratham shreni cricket. britis bharatma. march 1944 maa, 17 warshako umerma rar ajhai kalejma raheka fajalle uttari bharatka lagi pratham shrenima padarpan gare. dakshini panjab wiruddhako ranji trophy khelma unle eghar nambarma aparajit 38 runn banaera batting gare rar tinn wicket lie. unko pahilo pratham shreni wicket bharatko test alrounder lala amarnathko thiyo. fajalko dosro upasthiti, paschimi bharat wiruddhako semifinalma, unle pahilo parima 6/65 sahit atha wicket lie. shanta 1944-45 sijanpachhi, jasma fajalle 18.20 maa paanch wicket lie, arko sijanma unko pradarshanle lagbhag 1946 ko england bhramanma sthan banayo. khetriya chaturbhuj pratiyogitama kheldai, ek pratiyogita jasle bhramanko lagi parikshanko rupma kaam gyoa, unle amarnathsanga uttar kshetraka lagi bulling khole rar 9/83 ko match figure lie. pataudika bharatiya kaptan nawable tolima fazal chahanthe tara anya chayankartaharule unlai dherai jawan mane. paryatakharu ghar farkiepachhi uniharule baanki bharat xi viruddha dui khel khele, fajalle pahilo khelma saat wicket lie june baankile jityo tara dosroma mahango thiyo. pachhi 1946-47 sijanma unko batting kshamata pradarshit bhayo jab unle afno pahilo rar ekmatra pratham shreni shatak banae. uttar kshetraka lagi khelda unle athaun nambarbata aparajit 100 runn banae, gogumal kishanchandsanga sataun wicketka lagi 207 ranko sajhedari gare. fajalle chha wicketko yogdan diera uttar kshetrale khel aramsanga jityo. unle finalma thap paanch wicket lie tara uttar khetra ek parile haare. khetriya pratiyogitale feri parikshanko rupma kaam gareko thiyo, yass awasarma deshko australiako udghatan bhramanka lagi 1947-48 maa fajallai tolima samawesh garieko thiyo rar prashikshan shivirma bhag liiyo, tara bhraman suru hunu aghi swatantrata hastakshep gariyo rar ek bhakta muslim fazal pachhi hateko thiyo. pakistanma. nawagathit deshma pahilo pratham shreni khel 27 december 1947 maa panjab rar sindabich bhaeko thiyo. fajalle panjabka lagi khele, ek pariko vijayama 6 wicket lie rar 60 runn banae. pakistanka lagi afno bhawi nayan ball sajhedar khaan mohammadsanga milera fajalle balko suruwat gareko yo pahilo khel thiyo. pakistanko pahilo antarrashtriya agantuk november 1948 maa west indies thie. tinawata khelharu madhye antimma fazal samawesh bhaeko pratinidhi pakshako viruddhama thiyo, uni barabari bhaeko khelma wicket lyne asafal bhae. 1948-49 sijanko antyama pakistanle chaar khelka lagi silonko bhraman gyoa, fazal 20 wicket liera agrani wicket line kheladi thie. ek warshapachhi punaragman bhramanma unle dui khelma 16 wicket lieka thie. pakistanma dherai fixtureharu kheldai, ek emsisiko pakshale 1951-52 maa upamahadwipko bhraman gyoa. panjab wiruddhako pahilo khelma fajalle 5/58 liepachhi tiniharu lagbhag falo unn garna badhya bhae. bhramanko panchaun rar antim khel karachima kayar matting wicketma pakistani pakshako viruddhama thiyo, fajalle satahako faida uthaera emsisiko pahilo parima 6/40 ko tathyanka firta gare. ayojakle chaar wicketle jit hasil gyoa, yo jitle pakistanlai test darja prapta garnama thulo bhumika kheleko thiyo. pakistanlai swatantrata prapta bhaeko paanch warshabhanda pani cum samayama 28 july 1952 maa parikshan sadasya banaiyo. test currier. pahilo shringkhala. october 1952 maa pakistanle bharatwiruddha afno pahilo test shringkhala suru gyoa. fajalle delhima bhaeko pahilo khelma bharatko pahilo inningsma 2/92 liera test debue gare, unko pahilo wicket bharatiya kaptan lala amarnath thie. pakistan dui patak sastoma out bhaera ek parile parajit bhaeko thiyo, fazal duwai parima dohoro ankama pugne ek matra pakistani kheladi thie. pakistanle lakhanauma dosro testma parinam ultaeko thiyo, joot matting pichma kheleka fajalle pahilo inningsma 5/52 rar dosroma 7/42 lie kinbhane pakistanle afno dosro testma matra ek inningsle jityo. unko matchko tathyanka 12/94 gharbhanda tadha pakistani ballerdwara sarwashreshtha chha, rar 1980 samma bharat wiruddhako kunai pani ballerdwara sarwashreshtha thiyo. bambaima bhaeko tesro testma pakistan das wicketle hareko karan fazal wicketwihin thie, yadyapi uniharuko pahilo parima unle athaun nambarma 33 runn banae, jasle pakistanlai 60/6 batt 143/7 maa punah prapta garna maddat gyoa. shringkhalaka antim dui testharu barabarima rahe, fajalle thap chha wicket liera pakistanko agrani wicket lineko rupma afno pahilo shringkhala samapta gare jasma unle 25.60 maa 20 runn banae. unle nimna kramaka kehi yogadanharu pani gare jasle 28.83 maa kull 173 runn banae. england bhraman. fazal bhaeko pakistani igalko pakshalai sann 1953 maa deshko arko warshako bhramanko tayarika lagi england pathaieko thiyo. englandma hunda, fajalle sewaniwritta england rar surre fast baller alf gobharbata prashikshan prapta gare. fajallai sann 1954 ko bhramanka lagi abdul kardarko upa-kaptan banaieko thiyo june upamahadweep bahirko pahilo shringkhalama kheladi rar tolly duwaika lagi safal sabit bhayo. fajalle bhramanko ramro suruwat gare, 11/102 liera rar paryatakharuko pahilo khelma 67 runn banae. unle test shringkhalasammako agrakramma wicket lyne jaari rakhe, rar vishesh gari oxford vishwavidyalaya viruddha lamo rar kifayati spelharu ball garne afno kshamata pani pradarshan gare jahaan unle 68 obharma 37 meddenharu 7/95 liera ball gare. lordsma bhaeko pahilo test warshale dherai prabhawit bhaeko thiyo rar barabari bhaeko thiyo, khelma batting garna gahro thiyo rar pakistan afno pahilo parima 87 ranma out bhaeko thiyo. jawafma englandle fazal rar khaan mohammadko inningsbhari bulling gardai 117/9 score ghoshana gyoa, fajalle 4/54 ko tathyanka record gyoa. arko test aghi pakistanle trent brijma nattinghamshire khelyo, paryatakharule pahilo parima tatkalin kariyarko sarwashreshtha 8/66 sahit 11 wicket liera fajalsanga atha wicketle jityo. dosro test uhi sthanma thiyo tara pakistaniharule bhari pariko haar behore rar fajalle afno sabaibhanda kharab test tathyanka 0/148 record gare. yadyapi uni khuttama chot lageko thiyo jasle unlai afno runn-up chhoto garna badhya tulyayo. pakistanle tesro testko tinn dinpachhi arko pariko harko samana garnupareko thiyo tara antim dui dinma warshale kunai pani khel rokeko karan khel barabari bhayo, fajalle englandko inningsma 42 obharbata id1 lie. pakistan chautho rar antim testma 1-0 ley dimbgranthama parajit bhayo tara englandlai haraera shringkhala barabar garera thulo samasya nimtyayo, yo pahilo awasar thiyo jab kunai deshle afno udghatan bhramanma englandma test jiteko thiyo. fajalle 12/99 ko matchko tathyanka dabi gardai vijayama pramukh bhumika khele. englandko pahilo parima unle 30 obharbata 6/53 linda bolling gare, "wizeden" ley ankaharu lekhe 'dherai ramro hune thiyo tara drop catchharuka lagi'. cum ankako khelma englandlai dosro parima 168 ranko lakshya diieko thiyo. leine hatanko prarambhik harko bawajud, khelma dosro patak fajalko ballingbata pachhadi samatepachhi, chautho sanjhama 109/2 maa england ramro sett bhaeko dekhinchha. tara fajalle pieter mey, godfrey evance rar denis comptonko wicket lindai pakistanlai 24 runle jit dilauna safal bhae. fajalle 30 obharbata dosro parima 6/46 ko anka liera samapta gare. shringkhalama fajalle 20 wicket lie, arko utkrishta pakistani baller bhanda 12 badhi, 20.40 ko ausatma. unle bhraman samapta garne chhawata pratham shreni khelharu madhye ekma matra khele tara ajhai pani 17.53 maa 77 wicket liera agrani wicket line kheladiko rupma samapta bhae. unko karnama, fajallai 1955 maa warshako buddhiman cricketerko naam diieko thiyo, sammanit hune pahilo pakistani. gharelu shringkhala. pakistanko pahilo gharelu shringkhala paanch test matchka lagi bharatko bhramansangai 1954-55 sijanma aeko thiyo. yo shringkhala rakshatmak rar susta cricketle chihnit gareko thiyo jasma sabai paanch khelharu barabarima thie, test itihasma yasto pahilo ghatana how. fajalle charawata khel khele rar 21.93 maa 15 wicket lie. unko utkrishta anka karachima bhaeko panchaun testma ayo jahaan unle bharatko pahilo parima 5/48 lie. pachhi sann 1955 maa newzealandle afno pahilo bhraman gare, pakistanle pahilo test shringkhala jityo, 2-0 ley jityo. fajalle tinn testmadhye duima khele rar 18.40 maa paanch wicket lie. october 1956 maa bharatma afno shringkhala aghi rar englandko bhramanpachhi ekal testka lagi bhraman gardai astrelia pakistanko arko agantuk thiyo. karachima bhaeko khelma pakistanle astrelia wiruddhako pahilo testma aitihasik jit hasil gareko thiyo. fajalle testma utkrishta 13/114 ko anka liera vijayama pramukh bhumika khele. unle australiako pahilo parima pahilo chha wicket liera paryatakharulai 52/6 maa chhodera gae, june sthitibata uniharu niko huna asafal bhae, tiniharu 80 ranma allout bhae. unle dosro parima pahilo chaar wicket pani lie rar 7/80 sanga samapta gare. "wisden" ley afno prawidhiko warnan gareh "sahi lambai kayam rakhnu rar legg-cutter rar breakbacko mishranle afno swinglai pariwartan garnu. imtiyaz ahamadle bhaneh "fajalle lambai rar dishama kahilyai wichlit bhaenan, rar unle buddhipurwak ballai duwai dishama sarnubhayo...pahilo parima fajalko ek sampurna obharka lagi, mahan millerlai pani kunai surag thiena." west indiesko bhraman. sann 1958 maa pakistanko west indiesko bhraman dherai uccha score bhaeka test matchharule chihnit gareko thiyo rar fajalko thulo kamko bojha thiyo, jasle lagatar testma 186 sahit paanch test shringkhalama 320 obhar bhanda badhi pathayo. pakistanle shringkhala 3-1 ley haare rar hanif mohammadko 16 ghantako parima 337 runn banaera pahilo testma matra harbata bachyo. trinidadma bhaeko dosro testma fazal yass prakriyama chha wicket line pakistanka sabaibhanda kifayati baller thie, jabki batsmanka rupma unle 10 nambarbata 60 runn banae, june unko uchchatam test score thiyo rar antarrashtriya starma kewal pachas thiyo. kingstonma bhaeko tesro test aitihasik thiyo kinbhane gyari sobarle aparajit 365 runn banaera uchchatam wyaktigat scoreko test record tode. sathi opening baller mahmood hussen rar spinner nasim-ull-ghanilai chot lageko artha fajalle 85.2 obhar pathae, jaslai "wizeden" ley 'afno gatianusar ballerka lagi asadharan sankhyako obhar' bhanera warnan gareko thiyo. fajalle inningsma 247 runn die rar dui wicket matra lie. fajalko bulling vishleshanle unlai test itihasma sabaibhanda badhi obhar bolling rar ek parima sabaibhanda badhi ranharu diekama panchaun sthanma rakhchha. pakistanle test ek parile haare rar gayanama arko khel harepachhi shringkhala haare. pakistanle panchaun testma rahatko jit hasil gyoa, fajalle khelko pahilo balma kanrad huntko wicketsahit pahilo inningsma 6/83 lieka thie. fajalle ausatko hisable sabaibhanda kharab bhae tapani 20 wicket liera shringkhala samapta gare, uni ajhai pani pakistanka agrani wicket line kheladi thie. kaptani. arko warsha punaragman bhramanko samayama, test chunawadekhi pakistanka kaptan abdul kardarle test cricketbata sanyas lieka thie. deshko agrani baller fazal unko bhumikama safal bhae. kaptanko rupma afno pahilo testma unle tus jite rar ball garne nirnaya gare, bolling suru gardai unle lagatar dosro testka lagi pahilo obharma konrad huntko wicket lie. fajalle 4/32 ko ankaka sath innings samapta gare jasma gyari sobarlai dakma out garnu pani samawesh thiyo. fajalle dosro parima hunt rar sober duwaisahit thap tean wicket lie, pachhilloko wicket test cricketma fajalko 100 aun wicket thiyo, june yo kirtimanma pugne pahilo pakistani thiyo. pakistanle afno nayan kaptanlai vijayi suruwat dina das wicketko jit hasil gyoa. pakistanle dhakama bhaeko arko test pani jityo rar tyasaile tinn khelko rabarma shringkhala jit hasil gyoa. cum anka prapta garne khelma fajalle testma chautho patak euta khelma das wicket lindai mahatwapurna bhumika khele. battingma pakistanle id1 batt 145 runn banauna safal bhayo. west indies 11 ranma 6 wicket khasaliepachi 76 ranma out bhaeko thiyo. fajalle inningsma sabai ball gardai, 6/34 liera west indieslai chautho inningsma 214 runn banaera 41 runn kamama khasale. fajalle pahilo saat wicketmadhye chha wicket lie, arko wicket mahmoud hussenle sobarlai out gare jasma fazal catcherko rupma samel thie. mahamudle chaar wicket linka lagi tail samapta gare jabki fajalle 6/66 ko tathyanka rar 12/100 ko match wishleshanko sath samapta gare. pachhillo 1993 samma kaptan hunda ballerdwara sarwashreshtha tathyanka thiyo, jab wakar unicele sudhare. tesro test, ek dead robber, west indiesle jityo. fajalle duwai openerlai out gare tara 40 obharma yee unka matra wicket thie. uni 15.85 maa 21 wicket liera shringkhalama agrani wicket line kheladi thie. sann 1959 ko antyama astreliyale pakistanko bhraman gari tinawata test shringkhalama 2-0 ley jit hasil gareko thiyo, june pakistanko gharelu maidanma pahilo shringkhala parajaya thiyo. dhakama bhaeko pahilo testma paryatakharule atha wicketle jit hasil gare, fajalle pahilo parima paanch wicketsahit chha wicket lie, 5/71 unle afno grihanagar lahorma bhaeko dosro testma bhag lie, wicketkeeper imtiyaz ahamadle astreliako saat wicketle jiteko khelma kaptaniko jimmewari samhale. fazal karachima bhaeko tesro testka lagi farke rar astreliako pahilo inningsma id1 liera thap paanch wicket lie. pakistanle pahilo inningsma agrata prapta gyoa tara tinawata prarambhik wicketpachhi uniharuko dosro innings susta bhayo rar khel barabarima gayo. euta match gumae pani fazal sirijka lagi pakistanka agrani wicket line kheladi thie, jasle 19.36 maa 11 wicket lieka thie. yee prayasharule unlai 1959 kaa lagi icc test ballerharuko shrenikaranma number 1 sthan prapta garna prerit gyoa. pakistanle 1960-61 sijanma bharatko bhraman gyoa tara thorai puraskarko sath kinbhane uniharuko bhramanma paanch testsahit sabai 15 khelharu barabarima thie. saat warsha aghisamma, shringkhalama dur rar rakshatmak cricket samawesh thiyo kinbhane duwai paksha jitna prayas garnuko satta harbata bachna icchuk thie. fajalle pahilo chaar testma tus jite tara eden gardenma bhaeko tesro testma matra pakistanle pahilo pariko agrata hasil gyoa. tyas khelma fajalle 25.3 obharbata 5/26 lie, tara bharatko dosro parima wicket lyne asafal bhae kinbhane uniharule aramsanga samaya bahira batt gare. paanch wicketbaheck, test cricketma unko 13 aun rar antim, fajalle shringkhalama anya chaar wicket matra lie. fajalko kaptanile pakshapatko arop lagaundai gambhir alochana prapta gyoa, rar antim testpachhi unlai kaptanko rupma barkhasta gariyo. antim parikshan. fajallai suruma pakistanle england wiruddhako gharelu shringkhalaka lagi chayan garena tara antim testka lagi farke. uni sadhain jastai kifayati thie, afno 63 obharma 98 runn die, tara wicket lyne asafal bhae. unlai sann 1962 ko england bhraman tolima samawesh garieko thiena tara fast ballerharu mahmood hussen rar mohammad farooq ghaite bhaepachi pratisthapanko rupma bolaieko thiyo. paanch khelko shringkhala pahile nai hareko fazal trent brijma chautho testka lagi tolima ae. unle dherai kamko bojha bokeka thie, dosro dinko 30 minet bahek sabaika lagi bulling gare rar tesro bihan englandko ghoshana nabhaesamma jaari rakhe, unle afno 60 obharbata 3/130 lie. obhalma panchaun testma, uni 47 obharbata 2/192 lyne mahango thie, test cricketma unka antim wicketharu, collin caudrey (182) rar ted dextor (172) kaa thie. ligg cricket. lankashire ligg. fajalle sann 1957,1958 rar 1959 maa east lancasire cricket clubma wyawasayikka rupma tinn sijan bitae. utkrishta shaukia cricketerharu viruddha khelda unko bulling vinashkari thiyo. tinn smaraniya sijanharuma unle 4 wata hatrick lie, 2 patak 8 wicket rar 6 patak 7 wicket lie, jasma 1959 maa 9 wicketka lagi 7 rar 1957 maa 26 wicketka lagi 7 wicket samawesh chhan. cricketbhanda bahira. police. arthashastrama snatakottar degree liera islamia college chhodepachhi fazal sann 1947 maa police inspectorko rupma pakistan sewama samel bhae rar sann 1952 maa upadhikshak rar sann 1976 maa upa mahanirikshak bane. cinema. unko sunder lukaka karan, unisanga dherai chalchitra prastawharu thieh pakistanko pahilo bharat bhramanko samayama, sann 1952 maa, prasidha nirdeshak mehboob khanle unlai film "aana" (1952) maa dosro mukhya bhumikako prastawa gare, jabki prasidha americi nirdeshak george kukorle lahorko bhramanma rar mahamudlai bhetne kramama, unle unlai afno 1956-chalchitra "bhawani jungson" maa mukhya bhumikako rupma ruchaune thie, stewart grangerko satta. unle uniharulai cricketma dhyan kendrit garna aswikar gare. dharma. cricket chhoddai, uni afno drishtikonma badhi dharmik pani bhae, rar vishesh gari sann 1970 maa, pustak "wishwasko agraha" prakashit bhayo, jasma unle pakistanko arthawyawastha rar samajik pranalima islamic siddhantaharu lagu garne afno drishtikonko ruparekha die, rar jaslai patrakar pieter obornle "dharma, darshan rar rajnitima dhyan" ko rupma warnan gareka chhan. kuranbata dherai sandarbhik uddharanharu samawesh gardai yass pustakle gahiro vishwas rar shikshalai pradarshan gardacha. fajalle 'paschimi prakarko loktantra' ley islamic nyaya lyauna saksham chha kii chhaina bhanne kurama shanka wyakta gare."unle afno budhyaulima sthaniya masjidka lagi muejinko rupma pani kaam gare, rar 1954 ko andakar vijayapachhi upaharma diieko gramin bhumiko bhu-bhag prayog garera ketiharuka lagi" "sidra model schol" "namak vidyalaya sthapana gare. mrityu. fajallai 30 mey 2005 maa unko lahorko niwasma ghatak hridayaghat bhaeko thiyo. unka sathi rar purva tolika sathi hanif mohammadle fajallai "mahan manis" rar "deshko prarambhik warshaharuma pakistani ballerharuko doyen" bhanera warnan gare. unko atmakatha sann 2003 maa oxford university presdwara "frum docks too danah autobiography aff aha pakistan cricket legend" kaa rupma prakashit garieko thiyo. fazal mahamudko vivaha pakistani cricketka kaptan mohammad saidki chhorisanga bhaeko thiyo. record rar tathyanka. fazal test cricketko itihasma bharat, england, astrelia rar west indijajasta charawata farak deshharu wiruddhako test khelma 12 wa sobhanda badhi wicket line pahilo baller thie. unle 22 testma 100 test wicket lieka thie, pakistani ballerharu madhye wakar unice rar mohammad asif matra chhito yo kirtimanma pugeka thie.

fazal mahmoud fazal mahmoud pipi, hea (18 februari 1927-30 meey 2005) jane pakistani antarjatija cricketer thile. shay shay test match khelithile ebong parjyatakamananku rahr boling haarare haarare wicket neithile. 100 wicket nebare pratham pakistani bhabe shay nijara nijara myachre ehi mailkhunt hassel karithile. fazal ranji traphire uttara bharat paain tankara prarambhika pratham shreni cricket khelithile ebong sethare drudha pradarshan jogun bharatara udaghatani astrelia gasta paain chayan karajaithila. pakistan swadheenata, gasta purbaru, fazal, jane musalman, pratyahara karibaku ebong pakistan chayan karibaku netrutwa neithile. prathame nutan rastra paain test manyata hassel karibare ebong parey semananku eka test match dala bhabare pratistha karibare shay eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile. shay chaari thara gotie testare dashati wicket neithile; jaahaa bharat, englanda ebong astrelia bipakhyare pakistan pratham thara paain sehi dalagudika upare bijai hassel karithila. 1954 masihar englanda gastare phajalanka sabutharu smaraniah pradarshan asithila, jetebele shay eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile, jetebele pakistan sirijku squara karibaku obhalare jitithila. dwiteeja palire englanda 168 runn lakhya hassel kariba parey khasi padibaru shay sankhya rahr match figure neithile, jeunthire parjyatakamananku madhya samil thila. abdul kardaranka parey adhinajaka bhabe, fazal fazal 1961 madhyare madhyare myachare jatiah dalara netrutwa neithile. shay westindies bipakhyare turanta saphalata paithile, kintu astreliatharu hariba parey ebong bharat saha eka achalabastha parey tanku adhinajaka padaru bahishkara karajaithila. taanka netrutware pakistan duiti test jitithila ebong duiti harithila. 1962 masihare englanda gasta parey ahata opening bolarnka sthanare tanku dakajiba parey shay test ebong pratham shreni kriketaru absar neithile. prarambhika zeeban. lahorare janmita fazal 13 barsha bajasaru lahorer islamia kalejare adhyajana karithile. taanka pita, ghumam hussen, kalejare arthaneetira professor heba sahita colleger cricket clubber sabhapati madhya thile. ekademire kyariyara kariba purbaru, ebong pratijogitamoolaka bharatiah sivila sarbhis parikhyare uttirna heba satwe, gulam hussen eka sashastra sangram madhyamare british upanibeshabadeemananku afaganistanara eka bases ru phingideba ashare islamiah bidwana ebong biplabee karjyakarta ubaidullah sindhinka adheenare swadheenata aandolanare joga deithile. shay fazal paain eka kathore prasikhyana rutin sthira karithile jeunthire sakaala 4.30 ray uthiba, pancha mile chaliba ebong pancha mile daudiba antarbhukta thila . ehi karjyasuchiku saata barsha dhari palana karajaithila. fazal taanka dwiteeja barshare colleger pratham dala gathan karithile ebong 15 barsha bajasare eka aantah-college phainalare 5/13 neithile, jaahaa turnament paain eka record thila. pratham shreni cricket. british bharatare. march 1944 ray, 17 barsha bayaska ebong kalejare thiba fazal uttara bharat paain pratham shreneere debyu karithile. dakhina panjab bipakhyare eka ranji trophy myachre shay ekadash sthanare byating curry aparajit 38 runn curry tinoti wicket neithile. tankara pratham pratham shreni wicket thila bharatara test alrounder lalla amarnathanka. paschima bharat bipakhyare dwiteeja semiphainalre fazal pratham palire parjyatakamananku sameth athati wicket neithile. eka shant 1944-45 rutu parey, jeunthire fazal 18.20 ray panchti wicket neithile, parabarti ruture tankara pradarshan 1946 rahr englanda gastare praiah sthana paithila . anchalika chaturbhuja turnamentare kheliba, eka pratijogita jaahaa gasta paain eka parikhyana bhabare karjya karithila, shay amarnath sahita uttara john paain boling arambha karithile ebong 9/83 rahr match figure neithile. pataudira bharatiah adhinajaka nawaba dalare fazal chahunthile kintu anya chajanakartanka dwara tanku bahuta chhot bolly bibechana karajauthila . parjyatakamane gharaku feriba parey semane abasista bharat bipakhyare duiti match khelithile xi, fazal pratham myachare satati wicket neithile jaahaa baaki jitithile kintu dwiteejare mahanga thila . parey 1946-47 ruture tankara byating dakhyata pradarshita hoithila jetebele shay tankara pratham ebong ekamatra pratham shreni shataka karithile. uttara john paain kheli shay astama nambararu aparajit 100 runn karithile, gogumal kishenachandanka saha saptama wicketre 207 runn bhagidari karithile. uttara john aaramare match jitithila ebong fazal chhaati wicket neithile. shay phainalare aau panchti wicket neithile kintu uttara john gotie inningsare harithila. anchalika turnament puni thare eka parikhyana bhabare karjya karithila, ehi absarare deshar udaghatani astrelia gasta paain 1947-48. phajalanku dalare antarbhukta karajaithila ebong talim shibirare joga diajaithila, tebe gasta arambha heba purbaru swadheenata hastakhyepa karithila ebong jane bhakta musalman fazal pratyahara karineithile. pakistanare. nabagathita deshare pratham pratham shreni match 1947 december 27 ray panjab ebong sind madhyare anusthita hoithila . fazal panjab paain khelithile, chhaati wicket neithile ebong gotie innings bijajare 60 runn karithile. ehi match pratham thara paain thila jetebele pakistan paain tankara bhabisyata nutan bull anshidara khaan mahammadnka saha fazal boling arambha karithile. pakistanaku pratham antarjatija parjyatakamane navember 1948 ray westindies thile. tinoti match madhyaru shesh match eka pratinidhi dala bipakhyare thila jeunthire fazal thila, shay eka dra myachare gotie bii wicket nebare biphal hoithile. 1948-49 sijin sheshare pakistan charoti match paain sellon gasta karithila, fazal 20 wicket nei agrani wicket-tekar thile . eka barsha parey pratyabartana gastare shay duiti myachare myachare wicket neithile. eka emm. sii. sii. dala pakistanare aneka match kheli, <aai. dii. 1> ray upamahadesha gasta karithila. panjab bipakhya pratham myachre fazal parjyatakamananku neba parey semane praiah anusarana karibaku badhya hoithile. ehi gasta samaira pancham tatha antim match karachire eka nadia matinga wicketre pakistan dala bipakhyare thila, fazal ehara prusthabhagara upajoga curry emm. sii. sii. rahr pratham palire sankhya rahr sankhya ferai deithile. aajojaka dala chaari wicketre bijai hoithila, eka bijai jaahaa pakistanaku test manyata paibare eka budd bhumika grahan karithila. swadheenatara pancha barsharu comm samai parey, 1952 masiha july 28 tarikhare pakistanaku parikhyana sadasya karajaithila. test kyariyara. pratham sirij. october ebong pakistan bharat bipakhyare nijara pratham test sirij arambha karithila. fazal delhire pratham test myachare debyu karithile, bharatara pratham palire 2/92 neithile, tankara pratham wicket bharatiah adhinajaka lalla amarnath thile. pakistan duithara shasta bhabe out hoi gotie inningsare harithila, ubhaja inningsare dui anka chhuinthiba ekamatra pakistani khelali thile fazal. pakistan lakshnaure dwiteeja testare phalaphalaku olata karideithila, jhota matinga pichre khelithiba fazal pratham palire 5/52 ebong dwiteeja palire 7/42 neithile, kaaran pakistan maatra dwiteeja palire eka palire bijai hoithila. taanka match figure 12/94 jane pakistani bolarnka dwara ghara bahare sarbottama, ebong 1980 parjyanta bharat bipakhyare jekaunasi bolarnka dwara sarbottama thila . bambere anusthita truteeja testare pakistan 10 wicketre hariba parey madhya fazal wicket harai nathile, jadio pratham palire shay astama sthanare byating curry 33 runn karithile, jaahaa pakistanaku sankhya ru parjyatakamananku ku feriba paain sahajaka hoithila. sirijara shesh duiti test dra hoithila, fazal ahuri chhaati wicket nei pakistanara agrani wicket-tekara bhabare tankara pratham sirij samapta karithile, ebong 20 tii 25.60 ray shesh karithile. shay madhya nimna kramare kichhi yogdan karithile ebong 28.83 ray mote 173 runn karithile. englanda gasta. parabarti barshar desh gasta paain prastuti paain 1953 masihare fazal dhaaran karithiba eka pakistani eagle dalaku englanda pathajaithila. englandare thiba samajare, fazal abasaraprapta englanda ebong surre druta bolara alf gabharnkatharu prasikhyana grahan karithile. 1954 gasta paain phajalanku abdul kardaranka upa-adhinajaka karajaithila jaahaa ubhaja khelali ebong dala paain upamahadesha bahare semanankara pratham sirijare saphala pramanita hoithila . worcestershire bipakhyare pratham myachare 67 runn curry, 11/102 nei, fazal ehi gastaku bhal bhabe arambha karithile. shay test sirij parjyanta agraneere wicket neba jaari rakhithile, ebong dirgha ebong arthika spell boling karibara dakhyata madhya pradarshan karithile, bisesh curry oxford biswabidyalaja bipakhyare, jeunthare shay ehi prakrijare 68 obharare obharare medan boling karithile. lardasare pratham test barsha ebong dra dwara atyadhika prabhabita hoithila, sambhaba thiba khelare byating kariba kastakara thila ebong pakistan pratham palire 87 ranre allout hoithila. ehara jabaabare englanda samagra inningsare fazal ebong khaana mahammad bolingre sankhya score curry ghoshita karithila, fazal recordingre recordingre rahr sankhya thila. parabarti test purbaru pakistan trent brijre 'natingahamasajara' ray khelithila, parjyatakamane aatha wicketre jitithile ebong fazal pratham palire tatkaleena carriara shrestha parjyatakamananku sameth sameth wicket neithile. dwiteeja test sehi sthanare hoithila, kintu pakistan eka bhaari innings parajayara sammukheen hoithila ebong fazal tankara sabutharu kharap test sankhya 0/148 record karithile, jadio shay godare aaghaatare peedita thile, jaahaa tanku runn-up sankhipta karibaku badhya karithila. truteeja tester tini deane parey pakistan aau eka innings parajayara sammukheen hoithila kintu shesh dui dinare barsha kaunasi khela banda kariba parey match dra hoithila, fazal englandara inningsare 42 obhararu 4/107 neithile. pakistan chaturtha tatha antim testare testare dimbakruti talaku khasithila, kintu englandaku parasta curry sirijku samaana curry eka budd asantosh srusti karithila, ehaa pratham ghatana thila je kaunasi desh semananka udaghatani gastare englandare eka test jitithila. ehi bijajare fazal eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile ebong match sankhya sankhya bolly daabi karithile. englandara pratham palire shay 30 obhararu parjyatakamananku neba samajare boling karithile, 'wijadena' ehi parisankhyanaku 'drop catch paain bahuta bhal hoithanta' bolly lekhithile. eka comm scoring myachre englandaku dwiteeja palire 168 runn lakhya diajaithila. leena hatananka prarambhika parajaya satwe, myachare dwiteeja thara paain phajalanka bolingre pachare catch hoi, chaturtha sandhyare englanda bhal sett hoithiba dekhajauthila . tebe fazal closes purbaru pieter meey, gadaphre evance ebong denis kampatanka wicket neithile ebong pardin pakistan 24 runn bijai hassel kariba parey pratham duiti wicket neithile. fazal 30 obhararu dwiteeja palire parjyatakamananku anka hassel karithile. ehi shrunkhalare fazal fazal wicket neithile, jaahaa parabarti shrestha pakistani bolarnka tulanare tulanare adhika thila, harahari 20.40 ray. shay gasta shesh karithiba chhaati pratham shreni match madhyaru kebala gotiere khelithile, kintu tathapi 17.53 ray ray sahita agrani wicket-tekar bhabare samapta hoithile. taanka chamatkara pradarshanaku swekruti dei, phajalanku 1955 ray barshar eka buddhimana cricketer bhabare manoneet karajaithila, sammanita hoithiba pratham pakistani . gharoi sirij. pakistanara pratham gharoi sirij panchti test match paain bharat gasta sahita 1954-55 ruture asithila . ehi shrunkhala rakhyanatmaka ebong nisteja cricket dwara chinhita hoithila ebong samasta panchti match dra hoithila, jaahaa test itihasare pratham ghatana . fazal charoti myachare khelithile ebong 21.93 ray 15 wicket neithile. tankara shrestha parisankhyana karachire pancham testare asithila jeunthare shay bharatara pratham palire 5/48 neithile. parey 1955 masihare nyujilanda nijara pratham gasta curry pakistan pratham test sirij jiti 2-0 ray bijai hoithila. fazal tinoti test madhyaru duiti khelithile ebong 18.40 ray panchti wicket neithile. astrelia pakistanaku parabarti paridarshaka thila, october 1956 ray bharatare semanankara sirij purbaru ebong englanda gasta parey gotie test paain gasta karithila . karachire khelajaithiba myachre pakistan astrelia bipakhyare nijara pratham testare aitihasika bijai hassel karithila. ehi bijajare fazal eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile, testare shrestha sankhya sankhya hassel karithile. shay astreliaara pratham palire pratham chhaati wicket neithile ebong parjyatakamananku parjyatakamananku ray chhadi deithile, jeun sthanaru semane mukulibare biphal hoithile, semane 80 runn curry allout hoithile. shay dwiteeja palire pratham charoti wicket madhya neithile ebong 7/80 sahita samapta karithile. "wijadena taanka kaushala bishajare barnana karithileh" "sathika dairghya bajaiah rakhiba ebong legg-cotter ebong breakback mishran sahita taanka dolanaku paribartana kariba. imtiaz ahammed kahithile jeh "fazal kebe bii lumb ebong digare bichalita hoinathile, ebong shay ubhaja digare buddhira saha balku ghunchaithile.....pratham palire phajalanka gotie pura ovara paain, epariki mahan milarnkara kaunasi suchana nathila ." westindies gasta. 1958 masihare pakistanara westindies gasta aneka uccha scoring test match dwara chinhita hoithila ebong phajalnkara eka budd karjyabhara thila, jaahaa panchti test sirijare 320 obhararu adhika pathaithila, jeunthire kramagata testare 186 ovara antarbhukta thila . pakistan 3-1 ray sirij harithila ebong hanif mahammadnka 16 ghantara innings 337 runn jogun pratham testare parajaya edai parithila. trinidadare dwiteeja testare fazal pakistanara sabutharu mitabyajee bolara thile, jie ehi prakrijare chhaati wicket sangraha karithile, jetebele kii batsmen bhabare shay 10 nambararu 60 runn karithile, jaahaa tankara sarbocha test score ebong antarjatija starare maatra ardhashataka thila. kingstanthare truteeja test aitihasika thila kaaran gyari sobers aparajit 365 runn curry sarbadhika byaktigata scorer test record bhangithile. saathee opening boller mahmoud hussen ebong spinner naseem-ull-ghaani ahata hebara artha thila je fazal 85.2 ovara pathaithile, jaahaaku 'wijdena' 'taanka paces bolaranka paain eka chamatkara ovara sankhya' bhabare barnana karithile. fazal inningsare 247 runn deithile ebong kebala duiti wicket neithile. phajalanka boling bisleshana tanku test itihasare sarbadhika ovara boling ebong gotie inningsare sarbadhika runn dei pancham sthanare rakhichhi. pakistan eka inningsare test harithila ebong gajanare parabarti match haari sirija harithila. pakistan pancham testare eka santwana bijai hassel karithila, fazal pratham palire 6/83 neithile, jeunthire matcher pratham balare kanrad huntra wicket madhya antarbhukta thila. fazal ehi sirijaku 20 wicket sahita samapta karithile, jadio harahari drustiru tankara sabutharu kharap thila, tathapi shay pakistanara agrani wicket-tekara thile . adhinajakatwa. parabarti barsha pratyabartana gasta belaku, test nirbachana paratharu pakistanara adhinajaka abdul kardara test kriketaru absar neithile. deshar agrani boller fazal taanka sthanare ehi bhumikare abhinai karithile. adhinajaka bhabe nijara pratham testare shay toss jiti fielding karibaku nishpatti neithile, boling arambha curry shay kramagata dwiteeja test paain pratham obharare kanrad hantanka wicket neithile. fazal 4/32 rahr parisankhyana sahita innings samapta karithile jeunthire gyari sobarsku shoonyare out kariba madhya antarbhukta thila . fazal dwiteeja palire hunt ebong sobar sameth ahuri tinoti wicket neithile, taanka wicket test kriketare phajalnkara phajalnkara thila, jaahaa ehi mailkhuntare pahanchibare pratham pakistani thila . pakistan dasha wicketre bijai hassel curry nijara nooa adhinajakanku eka bijai arambha deithila. pakistan madhya dhakare parabarti test jitithila ebong tenu tinoti match bisista shrunkhalare bijai hassel karithila. eka comm scoring myachre fazal eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile, testare chaturtha thara paain eka myachare dasha wicket neithile. byating karibaku aasile pakistan aai. dii. 1. ru 145 runn karibaku punaruddhara karithila. westindies 11 runn ray chhaa wicket patana parey 76 runn ray out heba parey kharap pradarshan karithila . fazal pura inningsare boling curry, curry neithile. chaturtha palire 214 runn karithiba westindies 41 runn pachare padijaithila. fazal pratham satati wicket madhyaru chhaati neithile, anyati mahmoud husennka dwara sobarsara outre fazal catcher bhabare jadita thile . mahmoud chariti wicket hassel kariba paain shesh karithile, jetebele kii fazal 6/66 rahr parisankhyana ebong 12/100 rahr match bisleshana sahita samapta hoithile. 1993 parjyanta adhinajaka thiba samajare jane bolarnka dwara parabarteeti sarbottama parisankhyana thila, jetebele wakara unice dwara unnat hoithila . truteeja test, eka mruta rabar, westindies dwara jitithila . fazal ubhaja opening khelalinku out karithile, kintu 40 obharare ehaa tankara ekamatra wicket thila. shay ehi sirijare sirijare wicket nei agrani wicket-tekara thile. 1959 masiha sheshare astrelia pakistan gasta curry tinoti test sirij jitithila, jaahaa gharoi maatire pakistanara pratham sirij parajaya thila. dhakare pratham testare parjyatakamane aatha wicketre bijai hoithile, fazal pratham palire pancha-wicket sameth chhaa wicket neithile, 5/71 shay niz sahara lahorare dwiteeja testaru banchita hoithile, wicket kipper imtiaz ahammed astreliaaku saata wicketre jitithiba myachre adhinajakatwa dajitwa grahan karithile. fazal karachire truteeja test paain pherithile ebong astreliaara pratham palire 5/74 sahita aau panchti wicket neithile. pakistan pratham palire agrani hassel karithila kintu prarambhika tinoti wicket parey semanankara dwiteeja palira gati manthara hoijaithila ebong match drare parinata hoithila. gotie match haraile madhya fazal ehi sirij paain pakistanara agrani wicket-tekara thile, 19.36 ray 11 tii neithile. ehi prayasa jogun shay 1959 paain aai. sii. sii. test boller rankingare 1 nambara ranking hassel karithile. pakistan 1960-61 ruture bharat gasta karithila, kintu semananka gastare panchti test sameth samasta samasta match dra hoithibaru tanku kichhi puraskara milinathila. thick saata barsha purbe bhali, ehi shrunkhalare darr ebong defencive cricket thila kaaran ubhaja pakhya jitiba paribarte parajaya edaibaku chahunthile. fazal pratham charoti testare toss jitithile kintu eden gardenre anusthita truteeja testare pakistan pratham palire agrani hassel karithila. sehi myachre fazal 25.3 obharare 5/26 neithile, kintu bharatara dwiteeja palire shay gotie bii wicket nebare biphal hoithile kaaran semane aaramare samai bahara karithile. sehi pancha-wicket byatita, test kriketare tankara 13 tama ebong shesh, fazal sirijare kebala anya charoti wicket neithile. phajalanka adhinajakatwa pakhyapatita abhijogare tibra samalochanara sammukheen hoithila ebong shesh test parey tanku adhinajaka padaru bahishkara karajaithila. antim parikhya. englanda bipakhya gharoi sirij paain pakistan dwara phajalanku prathame chayan karajai nathila, kintu shay shesh test paain pherithile. shay sarbada pari arthika drustiru arthika drustiru sakhyama thile, nijara 63 obharare 98 runn deithile, kintu gotie bii wicket nebare biphal hoithile. tanku 1962 masihar englanda gasta dalare samil karajai nathila, kintu druta bolara mahmoud hussen ebong mahammad farooq ahata heba parey taanka sthanare tanku dakajaithila. pancha match bisista sirij purbaru haari sarithiba bele, trent brijre chaturtha test paain fazal dalaku aasithile. shay adhikansha karjyabhara niz kandhare dharithile, dwiteeja dinara 30 minute byatita samasta boling karithile ebong englanda ghoshana parjyanta truteeja sakale jaari rakhithile, tankara 60 obhararu shay 3/130 neithile. dimbakruti pancham testare, shay 47 obhararu 2/192 neba mahanga thila, test kriketare tankara shesh wicket bolly pramanita hoithiba duiti wicket thila collin kaudre (182) ebong ted dextor (172). ligg cricket. lankasajara ligg. fazal 1957,1958 ebong 1959 masihare east lankasajara cricket klabare peshadara khelali bhabe tiniti rutu bitaithile. jadio shay utkrusta apeshadara kriketaranka bipakhyare khelithile, taanka boling atyanta bhajankara thila. tinoti smaraniah ruture shay shay hatrick neithile, jeunthire 2 thara thara wicket ebong 6 thara dei wicket neithile, jeunthire jeunthire 9 wicket harai dei ebong ebong 26 wicket dei dei wicket antarbhukta thila. cricket bahare. police. arthasastrare snatakottara degree hassel curry islamia college chhadiba parey, fazal fazal pakistan sebare jane polices inspector bhabe joga deithile, ebong ebong deputi superintent ebong ebong deputi inspector general hoithile. cinema. tankara sunder chehera karanaru, tanku aneka chalachitra prastaba milithilah pakistanara pratham bharat gasta samajare, prasidha nirdeshaka mehboob khaana tanku "aana" (1952) chalachitrare dwiteeja mukhya bhumika pradan karithile, jetebele kii janashuna americae nirdeshaka george kukra lahore gasta samajare ebong mahamudanku bhetiba samajare kahithile je shay tanku swiuarta granger paribarte taanka 1956-chalachitra "bhawani jankasana" ray mukhya bhumika bhabare pasanda karithante. shay semananku cricket upare dhyana debaku manah karideithile. dharma. cricket chhadi shay nijara drustikonare adhika dharmika madhya hoithile, ebong ullekhaneeah bhabe 1970 masihare 'biswasa paain agraha' pustakati prakashita hoithila, jeunthire shay pakistanara arthaneeti ebong samajika byabasthare islamiah neetigudiku laagu kariba paain tankara drustikonaku rekhankita karithile, ebong jaahaaku sambadika pieter oborn "dharma, darshan ebong rajneeti upare dhyana" bolly barnana karichanti. ehi pustakati eka gabhira biswasa ebong sikhyaku pradarshita kare, jeunthire kuranaru aneka prasangika uddhruti rahichhi . paschatya prakarara ganatantra' islamiah nyaaja aanibare sakhyama kii naahin bolly fazal sandeha karithile."shay taanka brudhabasthare sthaniah masjid paain jane muezin bhabare madhya karjya karithile, ebong 1954 rahr dimbakruti bijai parey tanku upahara diajaithiba grameena jamira bhusampatti byabahara curry jhiamananka paain eka bidyalaja," "sidra model skul" "pratistha karithile. mrutyu. 2005 masiha meey 30 tarikhare lahorasthita taanka basabhabanare fajalankara eka maratmaka hrudghat hoithila. taanka bandhu tatha purbatana saathee hanif mahammad phajalanku jane "mahan byakti" ebong "deshar prarambhika barshagudikare pakistani bolarmananka shrestha" bhabe barnana karithile. taanka atmajibani 2003 ray oxford biswabidyalaja press dwara "frum dusk tuu donh atmajibani off aii pakistani cricket kimbadanti" bhabare prakashita hoichhi. fazal mahmoud pakistani cricketer adhinajaka mahammad sajidanka jhianku bibaha karithile. record ebong parisankhyana. bharat, englanda, astrelia ebong westindies bhali charoti bhinna bhinna desh bipakhyare test myachre 12 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika wicket nebare fazal heuchhanti test cricket itihasara pratham bolara. shay shay testare testare test wicket hassel karithile, jeunthire kebala pakistani boller wakara unice ebong mahammad asif druta gatire ehi mailkhunt hassel karithile.

fazal mehmood fazal mehmood peepi, hii (18 farvari 1927-30 maee 2005) ikk pakistani antarashtari cricketer see. unhan neey 34 test match khede atey aaee. dee. 1 dee gendbazi ausat naal 139 vikatan laeeaan. uh 100 vikatan haasal curran vaale pahile pakistani sunn, uh aapne 22ven match witch ih meal patthar haasal qarr gaye. fazal neey uttri bharat laee ranji trophy witch aapni sabh toon pahili pahili shreni cricket khedi atey utthe mazboot pardarshan caarn bharat dey australia dey udghatni daure laee chonh keeti gaee. pakistan dee aazadi neey daure toon pahilan, ikk musalman, fazal noon pichhe hutton atey pakistan dee chonh curran laee agvai keeti. unhan neey pahilan navein rashter laee test daa darja prapat curran atey firr unhan noon ikk test match team vajon sathapat curran witch pramukh bhumika nibhai. unhan neey chaar maukiaan 'teey ikk test witch dass vikatan laeeaan; bharat, england atey australia virudh uh jinhan witch pakistan neey unhan teaman utte pahili jitt daraj keeti. fazal daa sabh toon yadgari pardarshan 1954 dey england daure 'teey aaiaa see, jadon uss dee pramukh bhumika see kiunki pakistan neey seereez noon barabari' teey liaun laee oval witch jitt prapat keeti see. uss neey duji paari witch aaee. dee. 1 samet aaee. dee. 2 dey match ankade lae, jadon england 168 dey teeche daa pichha karde hoye digg giaa. abdul kardar toon baad, fazal neey 1959 atey 1961 dey vichkaar 10 maichan witch rashtari team dee agvai keeti. uss noon pachmi indies virudh turant safalta millie parr australia toon haaran atey bharat naal rukawat toon baad uss noon kaptan dey ahude toon barkhast qarr ditta giaa. kull milaa keey pakistan neey unhan dee agvai witch doou test jitte atey doou haar gaye. uh 1962 dey england daure toon baad test atey pahile darje dee cricket toon sanyas lae liaa jadon uss noon zakhmi salami gendbazan dee thaan lainn laee bulaiaa giaa see. mudhla jeevan. lahaur witch jamme, fazal neey 13 saal dee umar toon islamiaa kaalaj, lahaur witch padahi keeti. uss dey pitaa, gulam hussain, kaalaj witch arth shastar dey professor honn dey naal-naal kaalaj dey cricket club dey pardhan vee sunn. akadamik khetar witch aapna crear banaun toon pahilan, atey pratiyogi bharti sival seva prikhiaavan paas curran dey bavjood, gulam hussain islami vidwan atey inqalabi karkun ubaidullah sindhi dey adheen sutantarta andolan witch shamal hoow giaa, jiss witch british bastivadiaan noon ikk hathiaarband sanghrash raahin afghanistan dey ikk adde toon suttan dee umeed keeti gaee see. unhan neey fazal dee sakhat sikhlai dee rutein nirdharat keeti jiss witch savere 4.30 vaje jagna, panj meal turna atey panj meal daudna shamal see. iss anusuchi dee palna satt saalan laee keeti gaee see. fazal neey aapne dooje saal witch kaalaj dee pahili team banayi atey 15 saal dee umar witch ikk antar-kaalaj final witch 5/13 liaa, joe tournament laee ikk ricard see. pahili shreni cricket. british bharat witch. march 1944 witch, 17 saal dee umar witch atey ajey vee kaalaj witch, fazal neey uttri bharat laee aapni pahili class dee shuruat keeti. dakkhni punjab virudh ikk ranji trophy match witch unhan neey giaarven number utte nabad 38 daudan bnaa keey tinn vikatan laeeaan. unhan dee pahili pahili pahili darje dee vikat bharat dey test aalraoondar laala amarnath dee see. pachmi bharat virudh semifinal witch, fazal dee duji peshkari witch, usne pahili paari witch aaee. dee. 1 samet atth vikatan laeeaan. ikk shaant aaee. dee. 2. season toon baad, jiss witch fazal neey aaee. dee. 1. 'teey panj vikatan laeeaan sunn, agle season witch uss dey pardarshan neey lagbhag 1946 dey england daure' teey jagha bnaa laee. zonal chaturbhuj tournament witch khedade hoye, ikk mukabala jiss neey daure laee ikk azmaish vajon kamm keeta, usne amarnath naal uttri zone laee gendbazi dee shuruat keeti atey 9/83 dey match dey ankade lae. pataudi dey bharti kaptan nawab team witch fazal chahunde sunn parr horr chonkaran duaara unhan noon bahut chhota manniaa jaanda see. jadon sailani gharr waps aae taan unhan neey baaki bharat dey khilaf doou match khede xi, fazal neey pahile match witch satt vikatan laeeaan joe baaki neey jittiaan parr dooje witch mahingiaan sunn. baad witch aaee. dee. 1 season witch uss dee ballebazi samratha daa pardarshan udon hoiaa jadon uss neey aapna pahila atey iklauta pahile darje daa sainkada banaiaa. uttri khetar laee khedade hoye unhan neey athven number toon nabad 100 daudan banaiaan atey gogumal kishanchand naal sattvin vikat laee 207 daudan dee bhaiwali keeti. uttri khetar neey fazal dey chhe vikatan dey yogdan naal match aasani naal jitt liaa. unhan neey final witch panj horr vikatan laeeaan parr uttri khetar ikk paari naal haar giaa. zonal tournament neey firr toon ikk azmaish vajon kamm keeta see, iss mauke 'teey desh dey udghatni australia daure laee 1947-48 witch. fazal noon team witch shamal keeta giaa see atey sikhlai camp witch hissa liaa giaa see, halanki daure dee aazadi shuru honn toon pahilan dakhal ditta giaa see atey ikk shardhalu musalman fazal dey roop witch waps lae liaa giaa see. pakistan witch. navein baney desh witch pahila pahile darje daa match 27 dasambar 1947 noon punjab atey sind vichkaar hoiaa see. fazal neey punjab laee khedade hoye chhe vikatan laeeaan atey ikk paari dee jitt witch 60 daudan banaiaan. ih match pahili vaar see jadon fazal neey pakistan laee aapne bhavikh dey navein gend saathi khaan mohammad naal gendbazi dee shuruat keeti see. pakistan dey pahile antarashtari mehmann navambar 1948 witch pachmi indies sunn. tinn maichan vicchon aakhri match ikk pratinidhi team dey virudh see jiss witch fazal see, uh ikk daraa match witch ikk vee vikat lainn witch asfal riha. season dey ant witch pakistan neey chaar maichan laee sealon daa daura keeta, fazal 20 vikatan naal sabh toon vaddh vikatan lainn vaala khidari see. ikk saal baad vaapsee daure utte unhan neey doou maichan witch 16 vikatan laeeaan. ikk aimm. see. see. pakkh neey pakistan witch kaee match khedade hoye, 1951-52 witch upp-mahandeep daa daura keeta. punjab virudh pahile match witch jadon fazal neey aaee. dee. 2 lae liaa taan uh lagbhag faloine curran laee majbur hoow gaye. daure daa panjwan atey aakhri match karachi witch ikk coir matting vikat utte pakistan dee team virudh see, fazal neey satah daa faida uthaa keey aim. see. see. dee pahili paari witch aaee. dee. 1 dey ankade waps keete. mezban team neey chaar vikatan naal jitt daraj keeti, ikk ajihi jitt jiss neey pakistan noon test daa darja haasal curran witch vaddi bhumika nibhai. aazadi toon panj saal toon vee ghatt samein baad, 28 julai 1952 noon pakistan noon test member banaiaa giaa see. test carrier. pahili luddy. aktubar 1952 witch pakistan neey bharat khilaf aapni pahili test luddy dee shuruat keeti see. fazal neey dilli witch pahile match witch bharat dee pahili paari witch aaee. dee. 1 lae keey aapna test daibioo keeta, uss dee pahili vikat bharti kaptan laala amarnath neey laee see. pakistan noon doou vaar saste witch aaoot keeta giaa see atey ikk paari naal haar daa sahmana karna piaa see, fazal doven pariaan witch dohre ank takk pahunchan vaala iklauta pakistani khidari see. pakistan neey lakhnau vikhe dooje test dey natije noon ulat ditta, jiss witch fazal neey pahili paari witch 5/52 atey duji witch 7/42 liaa kiunki pakistan neey aapne siraf dooje test witch ikk paari naal jitt prapat keeti. uss dey match dey ankade 12/94 gharr toon door kise pakistani gendbaaz duaara sarbottam hunn, atey 1980 takk bharat dey virudh kise vee gendbaaz duaara sarbottam sunn. bambe vikhe teeje test witch pakistan noon dass vikatan naal haar daa sahmana karna piaa, halanki unhan neey aapni pahili paari witch athven number 'teey 33 daudan banaiaan, jiss naal pakistan noon aaee. dee. 1 toon aaee. dee. 2 takk pahunchan witch madad millie. seereez dey aakhri doou test daraa rahey, fazal neey chhe horr vikatan lae keey pakistan dey mohri vikat lainn vaale vajon aapni pahili seereez noon 20 naal khatam keeta. usne kujh hethle kram dey yogdan vee ditte atey seereez witch kull 173 daudan banaiaan. england daa daura. pakistan dey baazan dee ikk team, jiss witch fazal see, noon agle saal dey desh dey daure dee tiaari laee 1953 witch england bhejiaa giaa see. england witch rahinde hoye, fazal neey retired england atey sure tez gendbaaz ail. eff. gover toon coaching prapat keeti. fazal noon 1954 dey daure laee abdul kardar daa upp-kaptan banaiaa giaa see joe upp mahandeep toon bahr aapni pahili luddy witch khidari atey team dovan laee safal saabat hovega. fazal neey tour dee changi shuruat keeti, jiss witch usne versestershire dey virudh tourist pahile match witch 67 daudan banaiaan. unhan neey test luddy takk vikatan laina jaari rakkhiaa atey khaas taur 'teey oxford university dey khilaf lambe atey kifaiti spell suttan dee aapni yogta daa pardarshan keeta jitthe unhan neey 68 ovran witch 37 maddens noon aaoot keeta atey iss prakiriaa witch aaee. dee. 1 liaa. lards vikhe pahila test meenh atey daraa naal bahut prabhavit hoiaa see, khed witch ballebazi mushkal see joe sambhav see atey pakistan aapni pahili paari witch 87 daudan 'teey aaoot hoow giaa see. jawab witch england neey saaree paari witch fazal atey khaan mohammad dee gendbazi naal 'aaee. dee. 1' daa ailaan keeta, 'aaee. dee. 3' dey ankade ricard keete. agle test toon pahilan pakistan neey trent brij vikhe 'nottinghamshire' witch khediaa, sailaniaan neey pahili paari witch uss samein dey crear dey sarbottam 'aaee. dee. 2' samet 11 vikatan lae keey atth vikatan naal jitt daraj keeti. dooja test use sathaan 'teey see parr iss witch ulat kismat vekhi gaee kiunki pakistaniaan noon bhaari pariaan witch haar daa sahmana karna piaa atey fazal neey aapne sabh toon bhaide test ankade 0/148 daraj keete. halanki uh latt dee satt naal peedat see jiss caarn uss noon aapna runn-upp chhota curran laee majbur honaa piaa. pakistan noon teeje test dey tinn dinan baad ikk horr paari dee haar daa sahmana karna piaa parr aakhri doou dinan witch meenh caarn koee vee khed bnd honn toon baad match daraa hoow giaa, fajal neey england dee paari witch 42 ovran witch aaee. dee. 1 lae liaa. pakistan chauthe atey aakhri test witch 1-0 naal digg giaa parr england noon haraa keey luddy barabar curran laee ikk vadda jhatka lagga, ih pahila mauka see jadon kise desh neey aapne udghatni daure 'teey england witch test jittiaa see. fazal neey match dey ankadiaan daa daava karde hoye match dey ankadiaan witch pramukh bhumika nibhai. england dee pahili paari witch usne 30 ovran witch aaee. dee. 1 lainde hoye gendbazi keeti, "wizden" neey likhiaa kii ankade "bahut bihtar hunde parr catch chaddan laee". england noon aapni duji paari witch 168 daudan daa teecha ditta giaa see. laine hutton dey jaldi haaran dey bavjood, match witch duji vaar fazal dee gendbazi witch pichhe catch keeta giaa, england chauthi shaam noon changi tarahan sett hoiaa dikhai ditta. halanki fazal neey pitter meye, godfrey evance atey dennis compton deeaan vikatan bnd toon pahilan laeeaan atey agle dinn pakistan neey 24 daudan naal jitt daraj keeti. fazal neey 30 ovran witch duji paari dey ankade 6/46 naal khatam keete. luddy witch fazal neey 20 vikatan laeeaan, joe agle sarbottam pakistani gendbaaz naalon 12 ziaada sunn, 20.40 dee ausat naal. uh daure dey ant witch chhe pahile darje dey maichan vicchon siraf ikk witch khediaa parr firr vee 17.53 utte 77 naal mohri vikat lainn vaale vajon khatam hoiaa. uss dey karnamiaan noon maanta dinde hoye, fazal noon 1955 witch saal daa ikk budhiman cricketer namzad keeta giaa see, joe sanmanit keeta jaanh vaala pahila pakistani see. gharelu ladiwar. pakistan dee pahili gharelu luddy panj test maichan laee bharat dey daure naal aaee. dee. 1 season witch aaee see. ih luddy rakhiaatmak atey neeras cricket naal bharee hoee see jiss witch saare panj match daraa hoow gaye sunn, joe test itihaas witch iss dee pahili ghatna see. fazal neey chaar maichan witch khediaa atey 21.93 'teey 15 vikatan laeeaan. uss dey sarbottam ankade karachi witch panjven test witch aae jitthe uss neey bharat dee pahili paari witch 5/48 liaa. baad witch 1955 witch newzealand neey desh daa aapna pahila daura keeta, pakistan neey 2-0 naal jitt naal pahili test luddy jitti. fazal neey tinn testan vicchon doou witch khediaa atey 18.40 utte panj vikatan laeeaan. australia pakistan daa agla mehmann see, jiss neey aktubar 1956 witch bharat witch aapni luddy toon pahilan atey england dey daure toon baad ikk test laee daura keeta see. karachi witch hoye match witch pakistan neey australia khilaf aapne pahile test witch itihasak jitt daraj keeti. fazal neey jitt witch ikk pramukh bhumika nibhai, test dey sarbottam ankade lae keey 13/114. usne australia dee pahili paari witch pahiliaan chhe vikatan lae keey sailaniaan noon 52/6 utte chhadd ditta, jiss sathiti toon uh theek honn witch asfal rahey, uh 80 daudan utte aal aaoot hoow gaye. unhan neey duji paari witch pahiliaan chaar vikatan vee laeeaan atey 7/80 naal khatam keeta. "wizden neey aapni takneek daa varnan keetaau" "ikk sahee lambai banayi rakkhna atey lattan kattan vaale atey breakback dey mishran naal aapni swing noon badalna. imtiaaz ahmed neey kiha kii "fazal kadey vee lambai atey disha witch naheen bhatakda see, atey usne gend noon samajhdari naal dovan pasiaan toon hilla ditta...pahili paari witch fazal dey ikk poore over laee, mahaan miller noon vee koee surag naheen see." pachmi indies daa daura. pakistan daa 1958 witch pachmi indies daa daura kaee ucch score vaale test maichan naal chinhit see atey fazal utte bahut ziaada kamm daa bojh see, jiss neey panj test seereez witch 320 ovran toon vaddh daa bojh paaiaa, jiss witch lagatar 186 test shamal sunn. pakistan seereez 3-1 naal haar giaa atey hanif mohammad dee 16 ghante dee paari 337 dee badaulat pahile test witch haar toon bachiaa. trinidad vikhe dooje test witch fazal pakistan dey sabh toon kifaiti gendbaaz sunn jinhan neey iss prakiriaa witch chhe vikatan laeeaan, jadon kii ballebaaz vajon unhan neey 10ven number toon 60 daudan banaiaan, joe unhan daa sabh toon vadda test score see atey antarashtari paddhar 'teey siraf panjah daudan sunn. kingsten vikhe teeja test itihasak see kiunki gairi sobers neey nabad 365 daudan banaiaan, jiss neey sabh toon vaddh viaktigat ank daa test ricard todd ditta. saathi salami gendbaaz mehmood hussain atey spinner naseem-ull-ghaani noon sattan laggan daa matlab see kii fazal neey 85.2 ovran witch aaoot qarr ditta, jiss noon "budhiman" neey "aapni gatee dey ikk gendbaaz laee ovran dee ikk shandar ginti" vajon darsaiaa. fazal neey paari witch 247 daudan dittiaan atey siraf doou vikatan laeeaan. fazal dey gendbazi vishleshan neey uss noon sabh toon vaddh ovran witch gendbazi curran atey ikk paari witch sabh toon vaddh daudan denh laee test itihaas witch panjven sathaan 'teey rakkhiaa haii. pakistan ikk paari naal test haar giaa atey giana witch agla match haar keey uh luddy haar giaa. pakistan neey panjven test witch ikk tasallibakhsh jitt haasal keeti, fazal neey match dee pahili gend naal konrad hunt dee vikat samet pahili paari witch 6/83 liaa. fazal neey seereez daa ant 20 vikatan naal keeta, ausat dey mamle witch uss dee sabh toon maadi vikatan vicchon ikk honn dey bavjood, uh ajey vee pakistan dey pramukh vikat lainn vaale sunn. kaptani. agle saal vaapsee daure dey samein takk, pakistan dey test chonh toon baad dey kaptan abdul kardaar neey test cricket toon sanyas lae liaa see. desh dey pramukh gendbaaz fazal neey iss bhumika witch unhan dee thaan laee. kaptan vajon aapne pahile test witch unhan neey taas jitt keey feelding curran daa faisla keeta atey gendbazi dee shuruat kardiaan lagatar dooje test laee pahile over witch konrad hunt dee vikat laee. fazal neey paari daa ant 4/32 dey ankadiaan naal keeta jiss witch gairi sobers noon ballebazi laee aaoot karna vee shamal see. fazal neey duji paari witch tinn horr vikatan laeeaan jinhan witch hunt atey sanjam doven shamal sunn, baad dee vikat fazal dee test cricket witch 100veen see, joe iss meal patthar takk pahunchan vaali pahili pakistani see. pakistan neey aapne navein kaptan noon jitt dee shuruat denh laee dass vikatan naal jitt haasal keeti. pakistan neey dhaaka witch agla test vee jittiaa atey iss laee tinn maichan dee luddy witch jitt haasal keeti. ghatt score vaale match witch, fazal neey ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai, test witch chauthi vaar ikk match witch dass vikatan laeeaan. ballebazi curran laee pakistan neey aaee. dee. 1 toon ubhar keey 145 daudan banaiaan. pachmi indies neey 11 daudan 'teey chhe vikatan dhiggan toon baad 76 daudan' teey aaoot hoow keey badtar pardarshan keeta. fazal neey puurii paari dauran gendbazi keeti atey aapni chauthi paari witch 214 daudan daa teecha haasal keeta. pachmi indies 41 daudan dee ghaat utte digg giaa. fazal neey pahile satt vicchon chhe vikatan laeeaan, dooje witch mehmood hussain duaara soubers noon aaoot curran witch fazal noon catcher vajon shamal keeta giaa. mehmood neey chaar vikatan lainn laee aakhri gend 'teey kabza keeta jadon kii fazal neey 6/66 dey ankade atey 12/100 dey match vishleshan naal ant keeta. baad vaale 1993 takk ikk gendbaaz duaara sarbottam ankade sunn jadon kii kaptan see, jadon vakaar unice neey bihtar keeta. teeja test, ikk dedd rubbed, pachmi indies duaara jittiaa giaa see. fazal neey doven salami ballebazan noon aaoot qarr ditta parr 40 ovran witch ih unhan deeaan iklautiaan vikatan sunn. uh aaee. dee. 1 'teey 21 vikatan lae keey luddy witch sabh toon vaddh vikatan lainn vaale gendbaaz sunn. australia neey 1959 dey ant witch tinn test seereez laee pakistan daa daura keeta jiss witch uss neey 2-0 naal jitt daraj keeti, joe pakistan dee gharr witch pahili seereez haar see. dhaaka vikhe pahile test witch sailaniaan neey atth vikatan naal jitt daraj keeti, fazal neey pahili paari witch panj vikatan samet chhe vikatan laeeaan, uh aapne grahi shehar lahaur witch dooje test toon khunjh giaa, wicketkeeper imtiaaz ahmed neey australia dey satt vikatan naal jitte match witch kaptani dee zimmevari sambhali. fazal neey karachi witch teeje test laee vaapsee keeti atey australia dee pahili paari witch aaee. dee. 1 naal panj vikatan laeeaan. pakistan neey pahili paari witch leed haasal qarr laee parr tinn shuruati vikatan toon baad unhan dee duji paari hauli hoow gaee atey match daraa hoow giaa. ikk match toon khunjh jaanh dey bavjood, fazal seereez laee pakistan daa pramukh vikat lainn vaala khidari see, jiss neey 19.36 'teey 11 vikatan laeeaan. inhan yatnan neey uss noon 1959 laee aaee. see. see. test gendbazan dee ranking witch number 1 darja prapat curran laee prerit keeta. pakistan neey aaee. dee. 1 season dauran bharat daa daura keeta parr bahut ghatt inam dey naal kiunki unhan dey daure dey saare 15 match, jinhan witch panj test shamal sunn, daraa hoow gaye sunn. satt saal pahilan dee tarahan, luddy witch vee sakhat atey rakhiaatmak cricket see kiunki doven dhiran jittan dee koshish curran dee bajaae haar toon bachann daa irada rakhdiaan sunn. fazal neey pahile chaar testan witch taas jittiaa parr eeden gardens witch teeje test witch hii pakistan noon pahili paari dee badhat millie. uss match witch fazal neey 25.3 ovran witch aaee. dee. 1 liaa, parr uh bharat dee duji paari witch ikk vee vikat lainn witch asfal riha kiunki unhan neey aaram naal ballebazi keeti. uss panj vikatan toon ilava, test cricket witch uss dey 13ven atey aakhri, fazal neey luddy witch siraf chaar horr vikatan laeeaan. fazal dee kaptani dee pakhpat dey doshan naal gambhir alochna hoee atey antim test toon baad uss noon kaptani toon barkhast qarr ditta giaa. antim test fazal noon shuru witch pakistan duaara england virudh gharelu luddy laee naheen chunhiaa giaa see parr antim test laee waps aaa giaa see. uh 63 ovran witch 98 daudan dey keey hamesha dee tarahan kifaiti sunn, parr ikk vee vikat lainn witch asfal rahey. uss noon 1962 dey england daure dee team witch shamal naheen keeta giaa see parr jadon tez gendbaaz mehmood hussain atey mohammad farooq zakhmi hoow gaye taan uss noon badal vajon bulaiaa giaa see. panj maichan dee luddy pahilan hii haar chukki haii, fazal trent brij vikhe chauthe test laee team witch aaiaa see. unhan neey kamm daa bojh aapne modhiaan utte chukkiaa, dooje dinn dey 30 mint noon chhadd keey baaki saare gendbazi keeti atey tiji sware takk england dey ailaan takk jaari riha, aapne 60 ovran toon lae keey oval witch panjven test witch, uh 47 ovran witch aaee. dee. 2 laina mahinga see, test cricket witch unhan deeaan aakhri vikatan collin kaudre (182) atey taid dextor (172) sunn. leeg cricket. lankashire leeg fazal neey 1957,1958 atey 1959 witch east lancashire cricket club dey naal peshevar vajon tinn season bitaae. halanki shandar shukin cricketran dey virudh khedna uss dee gendbazi vinashkari see. tinn yadgari seezanan witch unhan neey 4 haitrikan laeeaan, 2 maukiaan utte 8 vikatan atey 6 maukiaan utte 7 vikatan, jinhan witch 1959 witch 9 vikatan utte 7 atey 1957 witch 26 vikatan utte 7 vikatan shamal hunn. cricket toon parey. pulis. arth shastar witch maastar dee digri naal islamia kaalaj chaddan toon baad, fazal 1947 witch pulis inspector vajon pakistan sevavan witch shamal hoow giaa atey 1952 witch dipty superdent atey 1976 witch dipty inspector general bann giaa. cinema. aapni sundarta dey caarn, uss noon bahut saariaan filman deeaan peshakshan miliaan pakistan dey pahile bharat daure dauran, prasidh nirdeshak mehboob khaan neey uss noon film "aana" (1952) witch duji mukkh bhumika dee peshkash keeti, jadon kii prasidh amriki nirdeshak jaaraj kukor neey lahaur dey daure atey mehmood noon milann dauran kiha kii uh uss noon aapne 1956-film "bhawani junction" witch mukkh bhumika vajon tarjih dinde, naa kii karkunn granger. unhan neey cricket 'teey dhiaan kendrit curran toon inkaar qarr ditta. dharam. cricket chhadd keey, uh aapne drishtikon witch vadhere dharmik vee bann gaye, atey vishesh taur utte 1970 witch, "vishwas dee ichha" kitaab prakashit keeti, jiss witch unhan neey pakistan dee arthvivastha atey smajik pranali witch islami sidhantan noon lagu curran dey aapne drishtikon noon darsaiaa, atey jiss noon pattarkar pieter oburn neey "dharam, darshan atey rajneeti utte dhiaan" vajon darsaiaa haii. ih pustak ikk dunghi nihcha atey sikkhiaa noon darsaundi haii, jiss witch kurran dey bahut saare dhukven havale shamal hunn. fazal neey shakk pragtaiaa kii qee 'pachmi kisam daa loktantar' islami niaan liaun dey samrath haii."uss neey aapni budhape dee umar witch sathanak masjid laee ikk muezin vajon vee kamm keeta, atey ladkiaan laee ikk school," "sidra maadal school" "dee sathapana keeti, jiss witch 1954 dee andakar jitt toon baad uss noon tohfe vajon ditti gaee pendu zameen dee varton keeti gaee see. maut. fazal noon 30 maee 2005 noon lahaur witch aapni rihaish utte dill daa daura piaa see. uss dey dosat atey sabka saathi hanif mohammad neey fazal noon ikk "mahaan insan" atey "desh dey shuruati saalan witch pakistani gendbazan daa mahaan" dassiaa see. uss dee sway-jeevani noon oxford university presses duaara 2003 witch "sann toon sware takkaa ikk pakistani cricket dey mahaan khidari dee sway-jeevani" vajon prakashit keeta giaa haii. fazal mehmood daa viaah pakistani cricket dey kaptan mohammad saeed dee dhee naal hoiaa see. ricard atey ankade. fazal test cricket dey itihaas witch pahile gendbaaz sunn jinhan neey chaar vakkh-vakkh deshan, bharat, england, australia atey pachmi indies dey virudh ikk test match witch 12 jaan iss toon vaddh vikatan laeeaan sunn. unhan neey 22 testan witch 100 test vikatan haasal keetiaan, jinhan vicchon siraf vakaar unice atey mohammad asif neey tezi naal ih meal patthar haasal keeta.

fazal mahammad fazal mahammad pee. pee., hii (18 febravari 1927-30 mey 2005) ekaha pakistani-antarashtriya-cricket-kreedakah aasit. saha 34 test-spardhaasu kreeditavaan, tathaa cha 24.70 iti bauling-madhyena 139 wicket-praptavan. 100 wicket-praaptah prathamah pakistani, saha swasya 22 tame spardhayam aitihaasikam sthaanam praapnot. fazal ityeshah uttarabharatasy krute ranjee-trophy ityasmin swasya prarambhikam prathama-shrenee-cricket-kreedaam akarot, tatra prabal-pradarshanam atirichya bharatasya australia-paryatanasy krute chayanam jaatam. pakistan-deshasya swaatantryam, pravaasaat poorvam, fazal naamakah muslim, pakistana-desham prati nivartya chinot. saha prathame nootanaraashtrasy krute test-sthitim praaptum, tatah taan test-myaach-dalarupena sthaapayitum cha pramukham paatram akarot. saha chaturnam sandarbheshu test-kridaayaam dash-wicket-praptavan; ye bhaarat-england-australia-deshayoho viruddham, te cha teshaam dalaanaam upari pakistanasya prathamavijayeshu aagataah. 1954 tame varshe england-pravaase, yadaa pakistana-pakshah oval-kridaayaam vijayam praapya shrunkhalaam vargaay, tasya pramukhah paatrah aasit, tadaa fazal-ityasya smaraneeyatamah pradarshanah abhavat. saha dwiteeya-innings madhye 6/46 sahitam 12/99 ityasya creedaa-ankaan gruheetavaan, yatah england-deshah 168 lakshyam prati dhaavan patitah. abdul-kardaar ityasya nayakatvena uttaradhikaram praapya, fazal-varyaha 1959 taha 1961 paryantam 10 spardhaasu rashtriyadalam netrutvam krutavaan. saha vest-indies-viruddham tatkshanameva saphalah abhavat, parantu australia-deshaat paraajayam, bharatena saha gatirodhah cha abhavat, tatah saha nayakatvena nishkaasitah. tasya netrutve pakistana-deshah dwayoh test-kreedayoh vijayam praapnot, dwe cha parajayata. 1962 tame varshe england-pravaasasya anantaram saha test-prathama-shrenee-cricket-kridaat nivruttah, yadaa saha ahatanam aarambhik-baular-ityeteshaam sthaane aahwitah. praarambhikajeevanam. laahor-nagare janma praapnot, fazal ityeshah 13 varsheeyaat laahor-nagarasya islamia-mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt. tasya pitaa, gulaam hussen, mahaavidyaalaye arthashaastrasya pradhyapakaha aasit tathaa cha mahaavidyaalayasya cricket-club ityasya adhyakshah aasit. shikshaavidheye vruttijeevanam sthaapayitum poorvam, tathaa cha pratispardhaatmak-bhaarateey-nagarikaseva-pareekshaasu utteernah bhutva api, gulaam-hussen ityeshah islaamik-vidvaamsasya, krantikari-karyakartayaha, ubaidullaa-sindhee ityasya adheene swaatantrya-aandolane sammilitah, british-upaniveshavaadinah sashastra-sangharshasya madhyamena afgaanistaan-deshasya aadharasthanat nishkaasayitum asham krutavaan. saha fazal-ityasmai ekam kathoram prashikshanm niyataam krutavaan, yasmin praatah 4.30 vaadane jaagaritam, pancha mail yaavat gacchan, pancha mail yaavat dhaavanam cha bhavati sma. eshaa anusoochih saptavarshaparyantam palita aasit. fazal ityeshah dviteeyavarshe mahaavidyaalayasya prathamadalam akarot, 15 varsheeyah cha antara-mahaavidyaalayasya antimaayaam 5/13 iteedam praapnot, yat pratiyogitaayaah abhilekhah aasit. prathamashreni-cricket. british-bhaarate. 1944 maarch-maase 17 varsheeyah, mahaavidyaalaye cha vidyamaanah fazal ityeshah uttarabharatasy krute prathamashreni-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavaan. dakshina-panjaab-viruddham ranajee-trophy-spardhayam saha ekaadasha-sankhyayam byaat krutvaa 38 naat-aut krutvaa, trayah wicket cha praptavan. tasya prathama-shrenee-wicket bharatasya test-aal-rounder-lala amaranaathasy aasit. pashchimabhaaratasy viruddham dwiteeyaayaam semee-fainl-kridaayaam, saha prathama-innings-madhye 6/65 sahitam ashta-wicket-praptavan. shantasya 1944-45 satrasya anantaram, yasmin fazal-varyaha 18.20 madhye pancha wicket praptavan, tasya pradarshanm agrimasya satre 1946 tame varshe england-pravaase praayah sthaanam avaapnot. kshetriya-chatushkoneey-pratiyogitaayaam kreeditavaan, yat pratiyogitaayaam paryatanasy pareekshanaroopen karyam krutavaan, saha amaranaathen saha uttar-kshetrasya krute bauling udghaatya 9/83 iti ankaan praptavan. pataudee-deshasya bhaarateey-naayakah navaabah dale fazal-kreedaam icchati sma, parantu anyaih chayanakartrubhih saha atyalpah iti manyante sma. paryatakah swagruham pratyaagatya, te bharatasya sheshabhagasya viruddham dwe spardhayam kreeditavantah, prathamayam spardhayam fazal ityeshah sapta wicket praptavan, sheshah jitavaan, parantu dwiteeyaayaam mahatta aasit. pashchat 1946-47 kreedaarutuve tasya batting-kshamataah pradarshita yadaa saha swasya prathamam ekamaatram cha prathamashreni shatakam krutavaan. uttarkshetrasy krute kriditva saha ashtame sankhyayaha 100 naataut-ankaan praptavan, gogumal-kishanachanden saha 207 runn-saptama-wicket-sahabhagitayam bhaagam akarot. uttar-kshetram anayase kridaayaam vijayee abhavat, yatra fazal ityeshah shut wicket yogadam krutavaan. saha antimaayaam spardhayam pancha wicket api praptavan, parantu uttarakshetram ekena innings-dwara paraajitam. kshetriya-pratiyogitaa punah pareekshanaroopen karyam krutavatee, asmin avasare 1947-48 madhye deshasya australia-udghatana-pravaasasya krute. fazal-varyaha dale antarbhavati prashikshan-shibiram cha upasthitah aasit, parantu pravaasasya swaatantryasya arambhat poorvam saha hastkshepam krutavaan, bhaktah muslim fazal iti cha vyaptavaan. pakistanadeshe. navagathitadeshe prathama-prathama-shrenee-spardhaa 1947 december 27 dinaanke panjaab-sindh-deshayoho madhye abhavat. faajal ityeshah panjaab-deshasya krute kreeditavaan, shut wicket praptavan, innings-vijaye 60 runn cha krutavaan. eshaa spardhaa prathamavaaram aasit yadaa fazal ityeshah pakistan-deshasya krute swasya bhavishyasya nootan-kanduka-sahabhaaginah khaan-mohammad ityanena saha bauling-kreedaam udghaatayat. pakistanasya prathamah antarashtriya-aagantukah 1948 tame varshe november-maase vest-indies-deshasya aasit. treeni kridasuchishu antimam, fazal-yuktasya pratinidhi-pakshasya viruddham aasit, saha sama-samankita-spardhayam wicket-sweekartum asaphalah abhavat. 1948-49 ityasya satrasya ante pakistan-deshah chatwaarah spardhaasu sealon-nagaram pravaasam krutavaan, 20 wicket-sahitah fazal ityeshah pramukhah wicket-graahee aasit. ekavarshaanantaram punaragamanayatrayam saha dwayoh spardhayoho 16 wicket praptavan. ekaha emm. see. see. pakshah <aii. dee. 1> madhye upamahadvipam paryatitavaan, pakistanadeshe anekeshu kreedaasu kreeditavaan. panjaab-viruddham prathamayam spardhayam fazal ityanena 5/58 ityasya grahananantaram te praayah anusaranartham baadhyaah abhavan. pravaasasya panchamah antimah cha spardhayam karachi-nagare narikel-metting-wicket-madhye pakistanapakshasya viruddham aasit, fazal ityeshah emm. sii. sii. ityasya prathama-innings-madhye 6/40 ityasya ankaan pratyarpayitum prushtabhaagasya upayogah krutavaan. atitheya-dalaani chaturnam wicket-dwara vijayam praaptavantah, yasya vijayah pakistanasya test-sthaanam praaptum mahat paatram akarot. swaatantryaanantaram panchavarshaat api nyoone varshe 1952 julai-masasya 28 dinaanke pakistana-deshah pareekshan-sadasyatvena niyuktah. pareekshan-vruttihi. prathama-shrunkhalaa. 1952 october-maase pakistana-deshah bharatasya viruddham prathamam test-shrunkhalaa aarabhat. fazal-varyaha dillee-nagare prathamayam spardhayam test-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavaan, bharatasya prathamayam innings-kridaayaam 2/92 praptavan, tasya prathama-wicket bhaarateey-naayakah lala amaranatha aasit. pakistan-deshah dvivaaram alpamulyena aut bhutva innings-dwara parajitah abhavat, dwayoh innings-madhye dwishatakaan praaptah ekamaatrah pakistani-kreedakah fazal aasit. lakno-nagare dwiteeyaayaam test-kridaayaam pakistan-deshah parinamam vyutkramayat, joot-matting-pitch-madhye kreeditavaan, fazal-pakshah prathamayam innings-madhye 5/52, dwiteeyaayaam 7/42 cha praapnot, yatah pakistan-deshah kevalam dwiteeyaayaam test-kridaayaam eva innings-dwara vijayee abhavat. tasya 12/94 iti creedaa-ankaani pakistan-deshasya baular-dwara swadeshaat doore atyuttamaah santi, 1980 paryantam bharatasya viruddham kasyaapi baular-dwara atyuttamaah aasan. bambai-nagare trutiyaayaam test-kridaayaam pakistana-deshasya dash-wicket-parajayena faajal-ityeshah wicket-rahitah abhavat, yadyapi prathama-innings-madhye saha ashtame-sthaane 33 batting-krutvaa pakistan-deshasya aii. dii. 2 taha aii. dii. 1-paryantam punahpraaptim kartum sahayyam krutavaan. shrunkhalaayaah antimadwayam parikshanam samapya, fazal ityeshah pakistan-deshasya agra-wicket-tekar iti rupena swasya prathama-shrunkhalaam samaaptum shut wicket-praptavan, 20-taha 25.60 iti sankhyayam. saha nimnakramasya yogadam api krutavaan, yat 28.83 iti shrenyaah kulam 173 runn-sahitam samaaptam abhavat. england-desha-bhramanam. pakistan-deshasya ekam, fazal-yukttam, garud-pakshm, 1953 tame varshe agrime varshe deshasya bhramanasy sajjataayaah krute england-desham preshitam. england-deshe, fazal ityeshah nivrutta-england-deshaat, sarre-faast-baular alf-gover ityatah cha prashikshanm praptavan. 1954 tame varshe abdul-kardaar ityasya pravaasasya krute fazal ityeshah upanayakah abhavat, yah upamahadvipat bahihi prathamayam shrunkhalaayaam kridapatunam dalayoho krute saphalah iti siddhah. fazal ityayam pravaasasya uttamm arambham krutavaan, 11/102 krutvaa, worcestershair-viruddham prathamayam kridaayaam 67 ankaan praapnot. saha test-shrunkhalaayaah agrasthaane wicket-sweekaranam nirantaram krutavaan, visheshatah oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya viruddham deergham mitavyayyam cha spell-kartum swasya kshamatam api pradarshayat, yatra saha 68 over-madhye 37 meddons-bauling krutvaa 7/95 iteedam sweekarot. lards-kridaayaam prathamapariksha varshayaa mahatee prabhavita, anirnitaa cha abhavat, kridaayaam batting kathinam aasit, yat sambhavam aasit, pakistan-deshah prathamayam innings-madhye 87 runn-krute aut abhavat. england-deshah pratikriyaaroopen sampoorne innings madhye fazal tathaa khaan-muhammad-bauling ityetaih saha ghoshitam 117/9 ankam praapnot, fazal-abhilekhanam 4/54 iti ankam karoti. agrima-test-kreedaayaah poorvam pakistan-deshah trent-bridge-madhye natinghamashair-kreedaam akarot, paryatakaih ashta-wicket-dwara vijayam praapnot, fazal-pakshah prathama-innings madhye tatkaaleen-vruttijeevanasya sarvashreshtam 8/66 sahitam 11 wicket-praptavan. dwiteeyam test-kridaayaam tasmin eva sthaane aasit, parantu pakistana-deshasya bhaaree innings-paraajayam jaatam, tathaa cha faajal-varyaha swasya test-kreedaayaah nikrushtatamam 0/148 iti ankam abhilekhitavaan, yadyapi saha padasya aaghaaten peeditah aasit, yena saha runn-up-prakriyaam alpam kartum baadhyah abhavat. truteeya-test-kreedaayaah dinatrayanantaram pakistana-deshah anyaa innings-paraajayam praapnot, parantu antimadivase kasyaapi kreedaayaah varshaayaah viraamasya anantaram spardhaa anirnitaa abhavat, fazal-varyaha england-deshasya innings-kridaayaam 42 over-taha 4/107 praptavan. pakistana-deshah chaturtham antimam cha test-kridaayaam 1-0-taha adhah oval-kridaayaam gatavaan, parantu england-desham parajayya shrunkhalaam samatulyataam krutvaa mahatim vyagrataam praapnot, eshah prathamah avasarah aasit yadaa kashchan deshah swasya udghatanayatrayam england-deshe test-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot. aii. dii. 2" iti ankasya vijayasya krute fazal-varyaha pramukham paatram niravahat. england-deshasya prathamayam innings-kridaayaam saha 30 over-yaavat "aii. dii. 1" iti ankam sveekrutya baul krutavaan, "wisden" ityanena ankaani likhitaah "bahu uttamm syaat parantu drap-kyaach-krute" iti. alpa-anka-praaptau spardhayam england-deshah dwiteeya-innings-kridaayaam 168-lakshyam praapnot. lenn hattan ityasya sheeghram paraajayam satsu api, dviteeyavaaram fazal ityasya bauling-dwara pashchad kyaach-kruta-spardhayam, 109/2 ityatra chaturthasaitre england-deshah uttamm sajjam drushyate sma. parantu faajal ityeshah peater mey, godfrey evance, denis compton ityetayoho wicket ityetaan samapanat poorvam gruheetavaan, aparadine cha pakistanasya 24 runn-vijayasya parinaamen prathamadwayam wicket ityetau patitah. 30 over-madhye dwiteeya-innings-ankaihi 6/46 ityanena fazal-ityasya samaaptih abhavat. shrunkhalaayaam fazal-varyaha 20 wicket-praptavan, agrimasya shreshtasya pakistani-baular-ityasya apekshayaa 12 adhikam, 20.40 madhyakena. saha pravaasasya samaapaneshu shut prathama-shrenee-spardhaasu ekasmin eva kreeditavaan, parantu tathaapi 17.53 ityatra 77 wicket-praaptah agraganyah wicket-graaheeh iti rupena samaaptah. tasya parakramasya manyatam praaptum fazal-varyaha 1955 tame varshe varshasya shreshtah buddhivaan cricket-kreedakah iti namankitaha, prathamah pakistani-sammaanitah. gruha-shrunkhalaa. pakistan-deshasya prathamaa gruha-shrunkhalaa 1954-55 kreedaarutuve pancha test-kreedaam krute bharatasya pravasena abhavat. eshaa shrunkhalaa rakshaatmaken, nirasena cha cricket-kreedayaa ankitaa aasit, yatra panchau spardhaasu samaankah abhavat, test-itihaase eshaa prathamaa ghatana aasit. fazal ityeshah chaturnam spardhaasu kreeditavaan, 21.93 madhye 15 wicket praptavan. tasya sarvottamam ganitam karachi-nagare panchame test-kridaayaam praaptam, yatra saha bharatasya prathama-innings-kridaayaam 5/48 praptavan. pashchat 1955 tame varshe newzealand-deshah prathamavaaram deshaparyatanam krutavaan, pakistana-deshah prathamavaaram test-shrunkhalaayaam vijayam praapnot, 2-0 ityanena jitavaan. faajal-varyaha trishu test-kreedaasu dwayeshu kreeditavaan, 18.40 ityatra pancha wicket cha praptavan. australia-deshah pakistanasya agrimah aagantukah aasit, bhaarate teshaam shrunkhalaayaah poorvam, england-pravaasasya anantaram cha 1956 october-maase ekasyaah test-kreedaayaah krute pravaasam krutavaan. karachi-nagare kridaayaam pakistana-deshah australia-deshasya viruddham prathamayam test-kridaayaam aitihaasikam vijayam praapnot. fazal-varyaha vijaye pramukham bhumikam niravahat, test-kridaayaam 13/114 iti shreshtaani ankaani praptavan. saha australia-deshasya prathamayam innings-madhye prathamaani shut wicket-wicket-gruheetavaan, paryatakaan 52/6 ityatra nyastavaan, yasya sthaanam te punah praaptum asaphalavantah, te 80 aal-aut abhavan. saha dwiteeya-innings madhye prathama-chatwaarah wicket api gruheetavaan, tathaa cha 7/80 ityanena samaapyat. "wisden" ityayam swasya tantrasya varnanam akarot-"yathartham dirghatam nirvahatu, tathaa cha paada-cutter-break-backs-ityetayoho mishranena swa-dolanam parivartayati" iti. imtiaz ahamad ityeshah avadat yat, "fazal-varyaha kadaapi dirghatayam dishaayaam cha vichalitah naa abhavat, saha kandukam buddhipoorvakam ubhayoho dishayam eva neetavati sma...prathamayam innings-madhye fazal-ityasya ekasyaah sampoorn-over-krute, mahaan miller-ityapi naa dnyaatavaan." west indies-deshasya paryatanam. 1958 tame varshe pakistan-deshasya vest-indies-deshasya paryatanam aneke uccha-ankayukttaih test-pratiyogitaih ankitam aasit, tathaa cha faajal-ityasya karyabharaha api aasit, pancha test-shrunkhalaasu 320 over-taha adhikaan nyoonam preshitavaan, yatra 186 test-kreedaah cha aasan. pakistana-deshah 3-1 iti shreneem parajayata, tathaa cha hanif-mohammad ityanena 16-ghantaa-yaavat 337 innings-krutasya prathama-test-kridaayaam paraajayam nivaarayat. trinidaad-kridaayaam dwiteeyaayaam test-kridaayaam fazal ityeshah pakistan-deshasya sarwaadhikah mitavyayinah baular aasit, yah asmin prakriyayam shut wicket-sangraham krutavaan, tathaa cha batsmen-rupena saha 10-sankhyayaha 60 runn krutavaan, yat tasya sarwochchah test-score, antarashtriya-stare kevalam panchashat cha aasit. kingston-nagare truteeyam test-kridaayaam gyaaree sober-varyaha 365 ajeyaan ankaan praapya, sarvoccha-vyaktigata-score-krute test-abhilekham bhangam krutvaa, aitihaasikam jaatam. saha-opaning-baular mahamood-hussen, spinner-nasim-ull-ghaani cha ityetayoho vrananam arthah aasit yat fazal-varyaha 85.2 over-yaavat ayaat, yat "visiden" ityanena "swasya vegadrushtehe baular-krute asaadhaaran-over-sankhyaa" iti varnitam. fazal-varyaha innings-kridaayaam 247 runn-dadya, kevalam wicket-dwau eva patitavaan. fazal ityasya bauling-vishleshanam, test-itihaase, sarvaadhika-over-baul-krute, tathaa cha innings-madhye sarvaadhika-runn-krute cha, tam panchame sthaane sthaapayati. pakistana-deshah test-kridaayaam innings-dwara parajitah, gayana-nagare agrima-spardhayam parajitah bhutva te shrunkhalaam parajitaha. pakistan-deshah panchame test-kridaayaam aashwaasak vijayam praapnot, fazal-varyaha prathamayam innings-madhye 6/83 iteedam praapnot, yasmin kreedaayaah prathama-kandukena saha konrad-hante ityasya wicket api antarbhavati. fazal ityeshah 20 wicket-sahitam 38.20 iti shreneem samapitavan, yadyapi saha madhyasya drushtyaa atyantam durlabhaah aasit, tathaapi saha pakistanasya pramukhah wicket-tekar aasit. naayakatvam cha. agrime varshe punaraagamanaparyatanasamaye, test-nirvaachanaat aarabhy pakistan-deshasya naayakah abdul-kardaar test-cricket-kridaat nivruttah aasit. deshasya pramukhah baular fazal ityeshah tasya sthaane asmin bhumikaayaam saphalah abhavat. nayakatvena swasya prathamayam test-kridaayaam saha taas-vijayam praapya kshetrarakshanam nishchitavaan, bauling-arambham krutvaa saha prathama-over-madhye konrad hante ityasya wicket-iteedam dwiteeya-test-kreedaayaah krute gruheetavaan. fazal ityeshah 4/32 ankaihi innings samaptavan, yasmin gyaaree sober ityetam duck-krute nishkasanam api antarbhavati. dwiteeyaayaam innings-madhye fazal-varyaha hunt-sober-ityetayoho saha treeni wicket api praptavan, tasya wicket test-cricket-kridaayaam fazal-ityasya 100 tamah aasit, yah prathamah pakistani-kreedakah aasit yah aitihaasikam sthaanam avaapnot. pakistan-deshah dash-wicket-vijayam poorayat yena teshaam nootan-nayakasya vijaya-aarambhah abhavat. pakistana-deshah dhaka-nagare agrimam test-kridaayaam api vijayee abhavat, ataha trishu spardhaasu rubber-kridaayaam shrunkhalaayaah vijayam api sampannavaan. nyoon-ankayukta-spardhayam, fazal-varyaha mahattvapoornam paatram niravahat, test-kridaayaam chaturthavaaram spardhayam dash-wicket-praptavan. byaat-kreedaam kartum pakistana-deshah aii. dii. 1 taha punah praptva 145 runn krutavaan. 11 runn krute shut-wicket-patanen 76 runn krute aut bhutva vest indies-deshasya sthitihi adhbhutah abhavat. faajal ityeshah sampoorne innings-madhye baul krutvaa, 6/34 iteedam praapnot. chaturtha-innings-kridaayaam 214 iti nirdhaaritam vest indies-dalam, 41 runn nyunatam praapnot. prathama-sapta-wicket-madhye shut wicket-praptavan fazal, mahammad-hussen ityanena sober-ityasya anyasya aut-krutau fazal-kreedakah aasit. mahamood ityeshah chaturnam wicket-praaptim kartum vaalam samaptavan, fazal ityeshah 6/66 ankaihi, 12/100 ankaihi cha samaaptah. pashchat 1993 tamavarshaparyantam naayakah aasit, yadaa vakaar-unis ityanena uttamarupena, saha baular-dwara sarwottamah ankah aasit. truteeyam parikshanam, mruta-rabbar, vest indies-dwara jitam. fazal ityeshah ubhayoho opening-creedcon aut krutavaan, parantu 40 over-madhye eva tasya ekamaatrah wicket aasit. saha shrunkhalaayaam agragaami-wicket-tekar aasit, yasya 21 sthanani 15.85 ityatra aasan. australia-deshah 1959 tamasya varshasya ante pakistana-deshasya pravaasam krutvaa trishu test-shrunkhalaasu 2-0 ityanena jitavaan, yat pakistanasya swadeshe prathama-shrunkhalaayaah parajaya aasit. dhaka-nagare prathamayam test-kridaayaam paryatakaih ashta-wicket-dwara vijayam praaptam, fazal ityeshah prathama-innings-madhye pancha-wicket, 5/71 sahitam shut wicket-praptavan. saha swanagarasya laahor-nagare dwiteeya-test-kridaayaam anupasthitah, wicket-keeper imtiaz ahamad ityeshah australia-deshasya sapta-wicket-dwara vijayee kridaayaam nayakapadasya kartavyam sveekrutavaan. fazal-varyaha karachi-nagare truteeya-test-kreedaayaah krute pratyagatavan, australia-deshasya prathama-innings-kridaayaam 5/74 ityanena saha pancha wicket-aharanam krutavaan. pakistana-deshah prathama-innings-madhye adhikyam praapnot, parantu arambhikeshu wicket-trayoho anantaram teshaam dwiteeya-innings-mandam jaatam, tathaa cha spardhaa sama-samankita abhavat. ekam myaach-anupasthitam satsu api, fazal ityayam pakistan-deshasya agragaami-wicket-tekar aasit, saha 19.36 ityatra 11 wicket-praptavan. eteshaam prayaasebhyah saha 1959 tame varshe aii. sii. sii. test-baular-shreneekarane prathama-sthaanam praaptum preritah. pakistan-deshah 1960-61 kreedaarutuve bhaarat-pravaasam krutavaan, parantu alpam paaritoshikam praapnot, yatah teshaam pravaase pancha test-sahitaani sarvaani 15 spardhaah anirnitaah abhavan. yathaa saptavarshapoorvam, asmin shrunkhalaayaam durlakshitm rakshanatmakam cha cricket-kreedaam aasit, yatah ubhau pakshau vijayaprayatnasya apekshayaa paraajayam nivaarayitum uddesham prakatayan. prathamachaturnaam test-kridaayaam fazal-varyaha taas-vijayam praapnot, parantu kevalam eeden gardens-nagare trutiyaayaam test-kridaayaam eva pakistana-deshah prathama-innings-adhikyam praapnot. tasmin spardhayam fazal 25.3 over-madhye 5/26 praptavan, parantu bharatasya dwiteeya-innings-madhye saha wicket-sweekartum asaphalah abhavat yatah te aramena samayam ayujyan. test-cricket-kridaayaam tasya 13 tamam antimam cha pancha-wicket ityetaan vihaay, fazal ityeshah shrunkhalaayaam kevalam anyaan chatwaarah wicket eva praptavan. fazal ityasya naayakatvam pakshapaatasy aaropaih teevram nindaam praapnot, antimaparikshaayaah anantaram saha nayakatvena nishkaasitah. antimapareekshaah. fazal-varyaha aarambhe pakistanena england-viruddham gruha-shrunkhalaayaah krute naa chitah, parantu antima-test-krute pratyagatavan. saha poorvavat eva mitavyayinah aasit, swasya 63 over-madhye 98 runn-dadau, parantu wicket-sweekartum asaphalah abhavat. saha 1962 tame varshe england-deshasya pravaasa-dale naa antarbhavati sma, parantu yadaa drutagatisampannah baular mahammad hussen, muhammad faarook cha vranitaah abhavan tadaa tasya sthaane saha aahooyitah. pancha-creedaa-shrunkhalaah poorvamev parajitaha, fazal ityeshah trent-bridge ityatra chaturtha-test-kreedaayaah krute dale aagatah. saha karyabharasya adhikaamsham bhaaram agruhnaat, dwiteeyadinasya 30 nimeshaan vihaay sarvam bauling krutavaan, tathaa truteeyadivase england-ghoshanaparyantam yaavat nirantaram, swasya 60 over-taha saha 3/130 gruheetavaan. oval-kridaayaam panchame test-kridaayaam saha 47 over-taha 2/192 sveekrutya mahata aasit, test-cricket-kridaayaam tasya antimam iti siddham dwau wicket-dwau collin-kaudre (182) tathaa tedd-dextor (172) ityetau aasan. leag-cricket. lankashaiyar leag. fazal-varyaha 1957,1958,1959 tame varsheshu east-lankaashair-cricket-club-madhye vyaavasaayikaroopen treeni satraani vyateetavaan. yadyapi utkrushtah shaukia-cricket-kreedakah aasit tathaapi tasya bauling vinaashakaram aasit. smaraneey-rututrayeshu saha 4 hatrick-praharan akarot, 2 sandarbheshu 8 wicket-sahitam, 6 sandarbheshu 7 wicket-sahitam, 1959 tame varshe 9 wicket-krute 7,1957 tame varshe 26 wicket-krute 7 wicket-sahitam. cricket-kreedaayaah bahihi. aarakshakaah. arthashaastrasya snaatakottarapadaveem praapya islamia-mahaavidyaalayaat nishkasayitva, fazal 1947 tame varshe pakistan-sevaayaam aarakshak-nirikshakatvena, 1952 tame varshe upa-adheekshakaroopen, 1976 tame varshe upa-mahaanireekshakaroopen cha arabdha. chalacchitram. tasya sundaradrushyena, tasya anekaani chalacchitra-prastaavaani aasanh pakistan-deshasya prathama-bhaarat-pravaasasya samaye, 1952-1953 madhye, prasiddh-nirdeshaka mehboob khaan ityeshah "aan" (1952) ityasmin chalachchitre dwiteeya-mukhyapaatram pradaasyat, yadaa prasidhah amerikaadeshasy nirdeshaka jaarj cooker ityeshah laahor-nagare pravaase mahamood-varyena saha militvaa, saha 1956 tame varshe nirmitasya chalachchitre "bhavani jankshan" ityasmin mukhyapaatraroopen, gruhapaalakah granjar ityasya sthaane, tam cha pasandam karoti iti avadat. saha cricket-kridaayaam dhyanam kendreekartum taan niraakrutavaan. dharmah. cricket-kreedaayaah tyaagah, saha swasya drushtikone api adhikah dhaarmikah abhavat, visheshatayaa 1970 tame varshe "vishvaasasya aagrah" iti pustakam prakashitavan, yasmin saha pakistan-deshasya arthavyavasthaayaam samajikavyavasthayam cha islaameey-siddhantan upayoktum swasya drushtim niroopayati, tathaa cha patrakaarah peater oborn ityanena "dharmasya, darshanasy, rajanityaha cha dhyanam" iti varnitam asti. asmin granthe gahanam vishvaasam, gyaanam cha pradarshitam asti, kuraan-granthasya anekaani prasangikani uddharanaani santi. paashchatyaprakaarasy lokatantram' islaamik-nyayasya saadhanam kartum samartham asti vaa iti fazal-varyaha samshayichchu."saha swasya vruddhaavasthayaam sthaniya-masjidasya muezin-rupena api karyam krutavaan, 1954 tame varshe andakara-vijayasya anantaram upahaararoopen dattasy graminabhumim upayujya" sidraa-aadarsh-vidyaalayah "iti balikanam krute vidyaalayam cha sthapitavan. mrutyuhu. 2005 mey 30 dinaanke, fazal-varyaha swasya laahor-nivaase pranaghataka-hrudayaaghaatam praapnot. tasya mitrah tathaa poorvasahabhaaginah hanif-muhammad ityeshah fazal-ityenam "mahaan maanavah" iti, "deshasya aarambhikavarsheshu pakistan-baular-ityeteshaam pramukhah" iti cha varnayat. 2003 tame varshe oxford-vishvavidyaalaya-patrikaa-patrikayaa tasya atmakatha "frum dusk too danh autobiography aaf e pakistan cricket legend" iti namna prakashita. fazal mahamood ityeshah pakistani-cricket-ityasya nayakasya muhammad-sayeed ityasya putreem parineetavaan. abhilekhah tathaa saankhyikee. fazal ityayam test-cricket-itihasasya prathamah baular aasit yah bhaarat-england-australia-vest-indies-deshayoho viruddhe chaturnam bhinnadeshanam test-spardhayam 12 vaa adhikaan wicket-graheet. saha 22 test-kreedaasu 100 test-wicket-praptavan, pakistan-deshasya baular-madhye kevalam vakaar-unis, muhammad-aasif cha sheeghram aitihaasikam sthaanam agruhnan.

fasal mahmoot faasal mahmoot pipi, hii (18 pipravari 1927-30 mae 2005) oru bagistan sarvadesa crickett veerar aavaar. avar 34 dest poattikalil vilayaadi, 139 vikkettukalai 24.70 endra pandhuveechchu saraasariyil veelththinaar. 100 vikkettukalaik kadantha muthal bagistan veerar, avar thanathu 22 vadhu poattiyil mailkallai adainthaar. fasal thanathu aarambagaala muthal thara crickettai vada inthiyaavukkaaga raanji kooppaiyil vilaiyaadinaar, angku valuvaana seyalthiran inthiyaavin thodakka australia suttruppayanaththirku thaervu seiya vazhivaguththathu. bagistan suthanthiram, suttruppayanaththirku munbu, oru musleem fasal, vilagi bagistanai thaervu seiya vazhivaguththathu. muthalil puthiya thaesaththirku dest anthasthaip peruvathilum, pinnar avarkalai oru dest poatti aniyaaga niruvuvathilum avar mukiya pangku vagiththaar. avar naanku santharppangalil oru destle paththu vikkettukalai veelththinaar; india, englaanthu mattrum australiavukku ethiraanavai antha anigalukku ethiraana bagistan muthal vetrtrikalil vanthana. fasalin migavum marakkamudiyaatha nadippu 1954 aam aandu englaanthu suttruppayanaththil vanthathu, appoathu avar oru mukiya paaththiraththaik kondirundhaar, aenenil bagistan ovalil thodarai sathuramaakka vettri pettrathu. 168 rangal endra ilakkaith thuratthiya englaanthu veezhchchiyadainthathaal, irandaavathu inningsil 6/46 udpada 12/99 inn poatti pullivivarangkalai avar eduththaar. abdul kartharukkup piragu kaeptanaaga irunththa fasal, 1959kkum 1961kkum idaiyil 10 poattikalil thaesiya aniyai vazhinadaththinaar. maerkinthiya theevugalukku ethiraaga avar udanadi vetrtriyaip pettraar, aanaal australiavidam thoalviyadaintha piragu inthiyaavudanaana muttukattai kaaranamaaga avar capton pathaviyil irunthu neekkappattaar. moththaththil avarathu thalaimaiyin keezh bagistan irandu dest poattikalil vettri pettrathu mattrum irandil thoalviyadainthathu. 1962 aam aandu englaanththil suttruppayanam maerkonda pinnar, kaayamadaindha thodakka pandhu veechaalarkalukku pathilaaka avar azhaikkappattapoathu, avar dest mattrum muthal thara crickettle irunthu oaivu pettraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. laagooril pirantha fasal, thanathu 13 vayathil irunthu laagooril ulla islaamiya kallooriyil payintraar. avarathu thanthai kulam huusain, kallooriyil porulaathaarap paeraasiriyaraagavum, kallooriyin crickett kilappin thalaivaraagavum irunthaar. kalvitthuraiyil oru tholilaith thodanguvatharku munbu, poatti inthiya sivil sarvees thaervugalil therchchi pettra poathilum, kulam huusain islaamiya arinyarum puratchigara aarvalarumaana ubaidullah sinthiyin keezh sudhanthira iyakkaththil saernthaar, british kaalaniththuvavaathigalai aapgaanisthaanil ulla oru thalaththilirunthu aayuthap poaraattaththin moolam thookki erivaar endra nambikkaiyil. athikaalai 4.30 manikku ezhunththiruppathum, ainthu mile nadanthu, ainthu mile ooduvathum adangkiya oru kadumaiyaana payirchi valakkaththai avar fasalil amaitthaar. inththa attavanai aezhu aandugalukku pinpattrappattathu. fasal thanathu irandaavathu aandil kallooriyin muthal aniyaaga aanaar, maelum 15 vayathil kallurikku idaiyilaana iruthip poattiyil 5/13 eduththaar, idhu poattikkaana saathanai. muthal thara crickett. british inthiyaavil. maarch 1944 ill, 17 vayathum innum kallooriyil padikkum faasal, vada inthiyaavukkaaga thanathu muthal thara arimugamaanaar. therku panjaabukku ethiraana raanji kooppai poattiyil avar pathinondraavathu idaththil paet seithu 38 rangaludan aattamilakkaamal irunthaar mattrum moontru vikkettukalai veelththinaar. avarathu muthal muthal thara wickett inthiya dest aall-rounder laala amarnaththin wickett aagum. maerku inthiyaavukku ethiraana araiyiruthiyil fasalin irandaavathu thoattraththil, avar muthal inningsil 6/65 udpada ettu vikkettukalai veelththinaar. fasal aii. dii. 1 ill ainthu vikkettukalai veelththiya amaithiyaana aii. dii. 2 seesanukkup piragu, aduththa seasonil avarathu seyalthiran 1946 englaanthu suttruppayanaththil kittatthatta oru idaththirku vazhivaguththathu. suttruppayanathirkaana soathanaiyaaga seyalpatta mandala naarkara poattiyil vilaiyaadiya avar, vadakku mandalaththirku amarnath pandhuveechchaith thiranthu, 9/83 poattikalin pullivivarangkalai eduththaar. pattoadiyin inthiya capton nawab aniyil fasal vaendum endru virumbinaar, aanaal mattra thaervaalargalaal avar migavum ilamaiyaaka karudhappattaar. suttrulaap payanigal veedu thirumbiyapoathu avarkal inthiyaavin pira pakuthikalukku ethiraaga irandu poattikalil vilaiyaadinar xi, fasal muthal poattiyil aezhu vikkettukalai veelththinaar, meethamullavargal vettri pettranar, aanaal irandaavathu poattiyil vilai uyarnthathu. pinnar 1946-47 seasonil avar thanathu muthal mattrum oray muthal thara sathaththai adiththapoathu avarathu batting thirankal kaattappattana. vadakku mandalaththirkaaga vilaiyaadiya avar ettaavathu idaththil irunthu sariyaaga 100 oottangkal eduththu aattamilakkaamal irunthaar, koakumal kishanchand udan 207 oottangkal aezhaavathu wickett koottaniyil pagirnthu kondaar. vadakku mandalam fasal aaru vikkettukalai pankaliththathan moolam poattiyil vasathiyaaga vettri pettrathu. iruthip poattiyil avar maelum ainthu vikkettukalai veelththinaar, aanaal vadakku mandalam oru innings vidhyaasaththil thoalviyadainthathu. mandalap poatti meendum oru soathanaiyaaga seyalpattathu, inththa chandharppaththil naattin thodakka australian suttruppayanaththirkaaka 1947-48. fasal aniyil serkkappattu payirchi mugaamil kalandhu kondaar, iruppinum suttruppayanam suthanthiram thodanguvatharku munbu thalaiyittaar mattrum oru pakthiyulla musleem fasal vilagiyathu. paakisthaanil. puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta naattil muthal muthal tharap poatti 1947 disambar 27 andru panjaap mattrum sindhu idaiyae nadaipettrathu. fasal panjaap anikkaaga vilayaadi, aaru vikkettukalai veelththi, oru innings vetrtriyil 60 rangal eduththaar. paakisthaanukkaana avarathu ethirkaala puthiya pandhu koottaaliyaana qaan mugamathu udan faasal pandhuveechchaith thodanguvathu idhuvae muthal muraiyaagum. paakisthaanukku muthal sarvadesa paarvaiyaalarkal navambar 1948 ill maerkinthiya theevugal anigal. moontru poattikalil kadaisi poatti faasal konda oru pirathinithi anikku ethiraaga irunththathu, avar oru travil oru wickettai edukkath thavarivittaar. 1948-49 season mudivil bagistan naanku poattikalukkaaga sealonil suttruppayanam seithathu, fasal 20 vikkettukaludan munnani wickett veelththiya veeraraaga irunthaar. oru varudam kaliththu thirumbum suttruppayanaththil avar irandu poattikalil 16 vikkettukalai veelththinaar. oru emm. chii. chii anii thunaik kandaththil suttruppayanam seithu, paakisthaanil pala poattikalai vilaiyaadiyathu. panjaabukku ethiraana muthal poattiyil fasal 5/58 eduththa piragu avarkal kittatthatta pinthodara vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. suttruppayanaththin ainthaavathu mattrum iruthi poatti karaachiyil oru kayiru matting wickettle oru bagistan anikku ethiraaga irunththathu, fasal maerparappaip payanpaduththi emm. chii. chii. yinn muthal inningsil 6/40 inn pullivivarangkalaith tiruppinaar. bagistan dest anthasthaip peruvathil perum pangku vagiththa vetrtriyaana naanku wickett vidhyaasaththil puravalarkal vettri pettranar. suthanthiram pettru ainthu aandugalukkum kuraivaana kaalaththil, juulai 28,1952 andru bagistan soathanai uruppinargalaaga maattrappattathu. soathanai vaazhkkai. muthal thodar. october 1952 ill, bagistan inthiyaavukku ethiraaga thanathu muthal dest thodaraith thodangiyathu. fasal delhiyil nadantha muthal poattiyil dest poattiyil arimugamaanaar, inthiyaavin muthal inningsil 2/92 eduththaar, avarathu muthal wickett inthiya capton laala amarnath aavaar. bagistan irandu murai malivaana vilaiyil aattamizhanthu oru inningsil thoalviyadainthathu, irandu inningsilum irattai ilakkaththai ettiya oray bagistan veerar fasal aavaar. laknoavil nadantha irandaavathu destle bagistan mudivai maattriyamaithathu, sanal matting aadugalaththil vilaiyaadiya fasal muthal inningsil 5/52 aii eduththathu mattrum irandaavathu inningsil 7/42 aii eduththathu, aenenil bagistan avarkalin irandaavathu destle mattumae oru innings vidhyaasaththil ventrathu. avarathu poatti pullivivarangkal 12/94 oru bagistan pandhu veechchaalarin siranthavai, maelum 1980 varai inthiyaavukku ethiraaga endha pandhu veechchaalarum siranthavarkal. pambaayil nadantha moontraavathu destle bagistan paththu vikkettukal vidhyaasaththil thoalviyadainthathaal, bagistan wickett izhappu illaamal irunththathu, iruppinum avarkalin muthal inningsil avar ettaavathu idaththil 33 rangal eduththu, bagistan aii. dii. 1 ilirunththu aii. dii. 2 kku meendu vara udhavinaar. thodarin kadaisi irandu soathanaigal dira seiyappattana, fasal maelum aaru vikkettukalai veelththi bagistan munnani wickett veezhththubavaraaga thanathu muthal thodarai 20 aii 25.60 ill muditthaar. avar sila keezh varisai pankalippukalaiyum seithaar, maelum thodaril moththam 173 rangalai 28.83 ill muditthaar. englaanthu suttruppayanam. aduththa aandu annattu suttruppayanathirkaana thayaarippukkaaga, fasal konda oru bagistan kazhugugal anii 1953 aam aandil englaanththukku anuppappattathu. englaanththil irunththapoathu, fasal oaivu pettra englaanthu mattrum suurae vaekappanththu veechchaalar alf koovaridamirunthu payirchiyaip pettraar. 1954 suttruppayanaththirkaaka abdul kartharukku faasal thunai kaeptanaaga niyamikkappattaar, idhu thunaik kandaththirku veliyae avarkalin muthal thodaril veerar mattrum anii iruvarukkum vetrtriyai niroopiththathu. faasal suttruppayanaththai nandraagath thodangkinaar, 11/102 eduththu, vorcestershireukku ethiraana suttrulaap payanigalin muthal poattiyil 67 rangal eduththaar. dest thodar varai avar thodarnthu vikkettukalai veelththinaar, maelum neenda mattrum porulaathaara spellgalai veechum thiranai velippaduththinaar, kurippaaga oxfordu palkalaikkazhagaththirku ethiraaga, angku avar 68 ovarkalil 37 mydense pandhugalai veechi 7/95 eduththaar. lardsil nadantha muthal dest mazhaiyaal perithum paathikkappattu dira aanathu, saathiyamaana aattaththil batting kadinamaaga irunththathu, bagistan avarkalin muthal inningsil 87 rangalukku aattamizhanthathu. idharku pathilalikkum vithamaaga englaanthu innings muzhuvathum fasal mattrum qaan mugamathu pandhu veechchudan 117/9 aii declare seithathu, fasal pathivu seitha pullivivarangkal 4/54. aduththa dest poattikku munbu bagistan trent britjil nottinghamshire vilaiyaadiyathu, muthal inningsil appoathaiya thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha 8/66 udpada 11 vikkettukalai veelththiya fasal udan suttrulaap payanigal ettu vikkettukal vidhyaasaththil vettri pettranar. irandaavathu dest athae idaththil irunththathu, aanaal bagistan oru kanamaana innings thoalviyai santhiththathu mattrum fasal thanathu moasamaana dest pullivivarangkalai 0/148 pathivu seithaar. iruppinum avar oru kaalil kaayam kaaranamaaga paathikkappattaar, idhu avarathu oottaththai kuraikka kattaayappaduththiyathu. moontraavathu destin moontru naatkalukkup piragu bagistan mattroru innings thoalviyai ethirkondathu, aanaal kadaisi irandu naatkalil mazhai endha aattaththaiyum nirutthiyathaal poatti dira aanathu, fasal englaandhin inningsil 42 ovarkalil irunthu 4/107 eduththaar. bagistan 4vadhu mattrum iruthi destle 1-0 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthathu, aanaal englaandhai veelththi thodarai saman seivathan moolam oru periya varutthaththai aerpaduththiyathu, idhu oru naadu englaanththil oru destle vettri pettra muthal sandharppamaagum. fasal vetrtriyil munnani pangku vagiththaar, poatti pullivivarangkal 12/99 endru koorinaar. englaandhin muthal inningsil avar 30 ovarkalil irunthu 6/53 eduththapoathu pandhu veechinaar, "wiston" pullivivarangkal 'migavum sirappaaga irunththirukkum, aanaal kaividappatta kaetchkalukku' endru ezhuthinaar. kuraindha mathippen pettra poattiyil, englaanthu thanathu irandaavathu inningsil 168 rangal ilakkai nirnayiththathu. lenn hattanai aarambaththil ilanththa poathilum, irandaavathu muraiyaaga fasal pandhuveechchil pinnaal pidipatta poattiyil, 109/2 ill naankaavathu maalai englaanthu nandraaga amaikkappattathu. iruppinum faasal piittar mae, codfrey eevans mattrum tennis compton aagiyoarin vikkettukalai iruthikku munbu eduththaar, aduththa naall muthal irandu vikkettukalai veelththi bagistan 24 rangal vidhyaasaththil vettri pettrathu. fasal 30 ovarkalil irandaavathu inningsil 6/46 endra pullivivarangkaludan muditthaar. inthath thodaril faasal 20 vikkettukalai veelththinaar, aduththa sirantha bagistan pandhu veechchaalarai vida 12 vikkettukalai athigamaaga, saraasariyaaga 20.40. suttruppayanaththai mudiththa aaru muthal thara poattikalil ondril mattumae vilaiyaadinaar, aanaal innum 77 vikkettukaludan munnani wickett veezhththubavaraaga irunthaar. avarathu saathanaigalai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil, fasal 1955 aam aandil aandin sirantha puththisaalithanamaana crickett veeraraaga peyaridappattaar, idhu kavuravikappatta muthal bagistan veerar. sonthath thodar. bagistan muthal sonthath thodar aii. dii. 1 seasonil ainthu dest poattikalukkaaga india varugai thanthathu. inthath thodar tharkaappu mattrum manthamaana crickettol kurikkappattathu, ainthu poattikalum dira seiyappattana, idhu dest varalaattril muthal nigazhvaagum. fasal naanku poattikalil vilayaadi, 21.93 ill 15 vikkettukalai veelththinaar. avarathu sirantha pullivivarangkal karaachiyil nadantha ainthaavathu destle vanthathu, angku avar inthiyaavin muthal inningsil 5/48 eduththaar. pinnar 1955 aam aandil newsilaandhu naattirku thanathu muthal suttruppayanaththai maerkondathu, bagistan muthal dest thodarai 2-0 endra kanakkil ventrathu. fasal moontru dest poattikalil irandil vilayaadi 18.40 ill ainthu vikkettukalai veelththinaar. australia paakisthaanukku aduththa paarvaiyaalaraaka irunththathu, october 1956 ill inthiyaavil thangal thodarukku munbu oru soathanaikku suttruppayanam seithathu mattrum englaanthu sutruppayanaththaith thodarnthu. karaachiyil nadantha poattiyil, australiavukku ethiraana muthal destle bagistan varalaattru vetrtriyaip pettrathu. fasal vetrtriyil mukiya pangku vagiththaar, dest sirantha pullivivarangkalai eduththaar 13/114. australiavin muthal inningsil muthal aaru vikkettukalai veelththinaar, suttrulaap payanigalai 52/6 ill vittuch sentraar, avarkal meetkath thavariya nilai, avarkal 80 aall awood aanaargal. irandaavathu inningsil muthal naanku vikkettukalai veelththi, 7/80 udan muditthaar. "wiston thanathu nutpaththai vivarithaar" "oru thulliyamaana neelaththai paraamariththal mattrum kaall vettikal mattrum piraekpaekkukal kalavaiyudan thanathu swinkai maattruvathu". imtias ahmat koorinaar "faasal orupoathum neelaththilum thisaiyilum asaiyavillai, maelum avar pandhai puththisaaliththanamaaga irandu vazhigalilum nagarththiyullaar...muthal inningsil fasal oru muzhu ovaril, periya millarukku kooda endha thupum illai." maerkinthiya theevugal suttruppayanam. 1958 aam aandil bagistan maerkinthiya theevugal suttruppayanam pala adhiga mathippen pettra dest poattikalaal kurikkappattathu mattrum fasal oru periya panichchumaiyaik kondirundhadhu, ainthu dest thodarkalil 320 ovarkalaik kuraiththathu, idhil thodarchchiyaana dest poattikalil 186 adangkum. bagistan 3-1 endra kanakkil thodarai ilanththathu, muthal destle haanif mugamathu 16 manii naera inningsil 337 rangal eduththathaal mattumae thoalviyaith thavirththathu. trinitat fasal irandaavathu destle bagistan migavum sikkanamaana pandhu veechchaalaraaga irunthaar, inththa seyalpaattil aaru vikkettukalai sekariththaar, athae neraththil paetsmaenaaga avar 10 vadhu idaththil irunthu 60 rangal eduththaar, idhu avarathu miga uyarnththa dest score mattrum sarvadesa alavil aimpathu mattumae. kingstenil nadantha moontraavathu dest varalaattru sirappumikkathaaga irunththathu, aenenil carrie sobers 365 rangalai aattamilakkaamal eduththu, adhiga thanipatta mathippenkalukkaana dest saathanaiyai muriyadiththaar. saga thodakka pandhu veechchaalar mahmoot huusain mattrum suzharpanthu veechchaalar nasim-ull-kaanii aakiyoarukku aerpatta kaayangal, fasal 85.2 ovarkalai anupinaar, idhu 'avarathu vaekaththil oru pandhu veechaalarukku oru arputhamaana ovarkal' endru 'arivaarntha' vivariththathu. fasal inningsil 247 rangalai vittukkoduththu irandu vikkettukalai mattumae veelththinaar. fasalin pandhuveechchu pakuppaaivu avarai dest varalaattril ainthaavathu idaththil vaikkirathu, adhiga ovarkal veesappattathu mattrum oru inningsil adhiga rangal vittukkodukkappattathu. bagistan oru innings vidhyaasaththil dest poattiyil thoalviyadainthathu, kayaanaavil nadantha aduththa poattiyil thoalviyadainthathan moolam avarkal thodarai izhanththanar. ainthaavathu destle bagistan oru aaruthal vetrtriyai adainthathu, fasal muthal inningsil 6/83 eduththaar, idhil conrat hunt wickett udpada poattiyin muthal pandhil. fasal 20 vikkettukaludan thodarai muditthaar, sarasari adippadaiyil avarathu moasamaana wicketkalil ontraaka irunththapoathilum, avar innum bagistan munnani wickett veezhththubavaraaga irunthaar. capton. aduththa aandu suttruppayanam thirumbum neraththil, bagistan dest aniyin capton abdul kardhar dest crickettle irunthu oaivu pettraar. naattileye munnani pandhu veechaalaraana fasal, avarukkup piragu inthap paaththiraththil naditthaar. kaeptanaaga thanathu muthal destle avar taas ventru bealting seiya mudivu seithaar, pandhuveechchaith thodangi, muthal ovaril conrat huntin wickettai irandaavathu thodarchchiyaana destle eduththaar. fasal 4/32 pullivivarangkaludan inningsai muditthaar, idhil carrie sopersai oru dakkirku aattamizhakkach seivathum adangkum. fasal irandaavathu inningsil hunt mattrum sobers aagiya irandum udpada maelum moontru vikkettukalai veelththinaar, pinthaiyavarin wickett dest crickettle fasalin 100 vadhu vikkettaakum, idhu mailkallai ettiya muthal bagistan aagum. bagistan anii paththu wickett vidhyaasaththil vettri pettru puthiya captainukku vettri thodakkaththai aliththathu. backistan aduththa destle thakkaavil vettri pettrathu, enavae moontru poattikalil rabbaril oru thodarai ventrathu. kuraindha mathippen pettra poattiyil fasal oru karuviyaaga vilaiyaadinaar, oru poattiyil naankaavathu muraiyaaga paththu vikkettukalai veelththinaar. batting seiya vantha bagistan, aidi1 ilirunththu meendu 145 oottangkal eduththathu. maerkinthiya theevugal anii moasamaaga seyalpattathu, 11 rangalukku aaru vikkettukal veelchchiyadainththathaith thodarnthu 76 rangalukku aattamizhanthathu. fasal innings muzhuvathum pandhu veechi, 6/34 eduththaar. maerkinthiya theevugal, thangal naankaavathu inningsil 214 rangal eduththu, 41 rangal kuraivaaga veelnththathu. fasal muthal aezhu wicketkalil aaru vikkettukalai veelththinaar, mattroru aattamilappu mahmoot huusain sopersai kaechcharaaga eduththaar. mahmoot naanku vikkettukalai veezhththum vagaiyil vaalai muditthaar, athae neraththil fasal 6/66 pullivivarangkal mattrum 12/100 poatti paguppaaivudan mudivadainthathu. pinthaiyathu 1993 varai kaeptanaaga irunththapoathu oru pandhu veechchaalarin sirantha pullivivarangkalaaka irunththathu, pinnar vakkar unis adhai muriyadiththaar. moontraavathu dest, oru tett rubber, maerkinthiya theevugal ventrathu. fasal iru thodakka veerargalaiyum aattamizhakkach seithaar, aanaal 40 ovarkalil avarathu oray wickett ivai. inthath thodaril 21 vikkettukaludan munnani wickett veelththiya veeraraaga irunthaar. 1959 aam aandin iruthiyil australia paakisthaanukku suttruppayanam maerkondathu, moontru dest thodarkalil avarkal 2-0 endra kanakkil ventranar, idhu bagistan muthal thodar thoalviyaagum. tacavil nadaipettra muthal destle suttrulaap payanigal ettu vikkettukal vidhyaasaththil vettri pettranar, fasal muthal inningsil ainthu vikkettukal udpada aaru vikkettukalai veelththinaar, 5/71. avar thanathu sontha nagaramaana laagooril nadantha irandaavathu destithe thavaravittaar, wickett keeper imtias ahmat australiavai aezhu vikkettukal vidhyaasaththil ventra poattiyil capton poruppugalai aetrtraar. karaachiyil nadantha moontraavathu destucu faasal thirumbinaar, australiavin muthal inningsil 5/74 udan maelum ainthu vikkettukalai veelththinaar. muthal inningsil bagistan munnilai pettrathu, aanaal moontru aaramba vikkettukalukkup piragu avarkalin irandaavathu innings methuvaagach sendru poatti travil mudinthathu. oru poattiyai thavaravitta poathilum, fasal inthath thodaril bagistan munnani wickett veezhththubavaraaga irunthaar, 19.36 ill 11 vikkettukalai veelththinaar. inththa muyarchigal avarai 1959 aam aandirkaana aisisi dest pandhu veechchaalargalin tharavarisaiyil nambar 1 tharavarisaiyai adaiya vazhivaguththana. bagistan anii aii. dii. 1 seasonil inthiyaavukku suttruppayanam maerkondathu, aanaal ainthu dest poattikal udpada avarkalin suttruppayanaththil nadantha 15 poattikalum dira aanathaal avarkalukku vegumathi kuraivaagavae kidaiththathu. aezhu aandugalukku munbu poalavae, inthath thodaril kadinamaana mattrum tharkaappu crickett irunththathu, aenenil iru tharappinarum vettri pera muyarchippathai vida thoalviyaith thavirppathil aarvamaaga irunththanar. muthal naanku dest poattikalil faasal taas ventraar, aanaal eden cardensil nadantha moontraavathu destle mattumae bagistan muthal innings munnilai pettrathu. antha poattiyil fasal 25.3 ovarkalil 5/26 eduththaar, aanaal inthiyaavin irandaavathu inningsil avar oru wickettai edukkath thavarivittaar, aenenil avarkal neraththai vasathiyaaga paet seithanar. antha ainthu vikkettukalaith thavira, dest crickettle avarathu 13 vadhu mattrum kadaisi, fasal thodaril mattra naanku vikkettukalai mattumae veelththinaar. faasalin capton padhavi saathagamaana kuttrachchaattugaludan kadumaiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu, maelum iruthi soathanaiyaith thodarnthu avar capton pathaviyil irunthu neekkappattaar. iruthip parisoathanaikal. englaanththukku ethiraana sonthath thodarukku fasal aarambaththil paakisthaanaal thernthedukkappadavillai, aanaal iruthi destucu thirumbinaar. avar eppoathum poalavae porulaathaara reethiyaaga irunthaar, thanathu 63 ovarkalil 98 rangalai vittukkodutthaar, aanaal oru wickettai edukkath thavarivittaar. 1962 aam aandu englaanththukkaana suttruppayana aniyil avar serkkappadavillai, aanaal vaekappanththu veechchaalar mahmoot huusain mattrum mugamathu farooq aagiyoar kaayamadainthathaal avarukku pathilaaka avar alaikkappattaar. ainthu poattikal konda thodaril aerkanavae thoalviyadaintha fasal, trent britjil nadantha naankaavathu destukkaaga aniyil vanthaar. irandaavathu naalin 30 nimidangalaith thavira mattra anaiththup panigalaiyum sumanthu, moontraavathu kaalai muzhuvathum englaanthu arivippu varai thodarnthu pandhu veechinaar, thanathu 60 ovarkalil avar aii. dii. 2 eduththaar. ovalil nadantha ainthaavathu destle, avar 47 ovarkalil irunthu aii. dii. 1 eduththaar, dest crickettle avarathu kadaisi vikkettukalaaka niroopikkappatta irandu vikkettukal, perungkudal coutray (182) mattrum tett texter (172) aagiyoarin vikkettukal. leak crickett. lankashire leak. fasal 1957,1958 mattrum 1959 aam aandugalil kilakku lankashire crickett kilappil thozhilmurai veeraraaga moontru paruvangkalaik kaliththaar. sirantha amechur crickett veerargalukku ethiraaga vilaiyaadinaar, avarathu pandhu veechchu paerazhivukaramaaka irunththathu. moontru marakkamudiyaatha paruvangkalil avar 4 haadrik vikkettukalai veelththinaar, 2 santharppangalil 8 vikkettukalaiyum, 6 santharppangalil 7 vikkettukalaiyum veelththinaar, idhil 1959 ill 9 vikkettukku 7 vikkettukalum, 1957 ill 26 vikkettukku 7 vikkettukalum adangkum. kirikkettukku appaal. bolees. porulaathaaraththil muthukalaip pattam pettra islaamiyak kalluri vittu veliyaeriya piragu, fasal 1947 ill bagistan sevaiyil bolees inspectoraaga saernthaar, 1952 ill thunai kankaanippaalaraagavum, 1976 ill thunai inspector jenaralaagavum uyarnthaar. chinima. avarathu azhagaana thoattram kaaranamaaga, avarukku pala thiraippada salugaigal irunthanah bagistan muthal inthiya suttruppayanaththin poathu, pirabala iyakkunar mehboob qaan avarukku "aann" (1952) thiraippataththil irandaavathu mukiya kathaapaaththiraththai valangkinaar, athae neraththil nanku ariyapatta america iyakkunar jaarj gooker, laagooril oru vijayam mattrum mahmoothai santhiththapoathu, 1956-aam aandu veliyaana avarathu thiraippatamaana "bowani sandhippil" mukiya kathaapaaththiramaaga avarai virumbiyiruppaar endru koorinaar, adharku pathilaaka stevard kiranjar. crickettle kavanam seluththa avar marutthaar. madham. crickettai vittu veliyaeriya avar, thanathu kannoattaththil maelum mathachchaarpaanavaraaga maarinaar, maelum 1970 aam aandil, "nambikkaiyin undhuthal" endra puththagaththai veliyittaar, athil avar bagistan porulaathaaram mattrum samooga amaippil islaamiya kolgaigalaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana thanathu paarvaiyai koadittuk kaattukiraar, maelum idhu "madham, thathuvam mattrum arasiyal kuriththa thiyaanam" endru paththirigaiyaalar piittar oborn vivaritthullaar. guranil irunthu pala porutthamaana maerkoalgalaik konda inththa puththagam aazhnththa nambikkaiyaiyum kattralaiyum velippaduththukirathu. merkaththiya vagai jananayagam' islaamiya neethiyaik kondu vara mudiyumaa endru fasal chandegittar."avar thanathu muthumaiyil ulloor masoothikku oru muyeesin aagavum seyalpattaar, maelum 1954 oval vetrtrikkup piragu avarukku parisalikkappatta graamappura nilaththin nilatthaip payanpaduththi" "chitra maathiri palli" "endra sirumigalukkaana palliyai niruvinaar". maranam. fasal 2005 mae 30 andru thanathu lagur illaththil maaradaippaal paathikkappattaar. avarathu nanbarum munnaal anith thalaivarumaana honeyf mugamathu fasalai oru "sirantha manithar" endrum "naattin thodakka aandugalil bagistan pandhu veechchaalargalin thalaivan" endrum vivaritthaar. avarathu suyasaridhai 2003 aam aandil oxfordu palkalaikkazhaga pathirigaiyaal "anthi muthal vidiyal varaif oru bagistan crickett jambavan suyasaridhai" endru veliyidappattullathu. fasal mahmoot bagistan crickettin capton mugamathu sayeeththin magalai mananthaar. pathivukal mattrum pullivivarangkal. india, englaanthu, australia mattrum maerkinthiya theevugal aagiya naanku vevvaeru naadugalukku ethiraana dest poattiyil 12 allathu adharku maerpatta vikkettukalai veelththiya muthal pandhu veechchaalar fasal aavaar. avar 22 dest poattikalil 100 dest vikkettukalai ettinaar, bagistan pandhu veechchaalargal vagaar unis mattrum mugamathu asif mattumae inththa mailkallai viraivaaga adainthanar.

fazal mahmood fazal mahmood pipi, hii (18 fibravari 1927-30 mae 2005) oka pakistan antarjaateeya cricketer. athanu 34 test matchlu aadadu mariyu 24.70 bowling sagatutho 139 viketlu teesukunnadu. 100 viketlanu daatina modati paakistaanii, athanu thana 22va matchlo mailuraayini cherukunnadu. fazal ranji trophylo uttara bharatadesam tarafuna thana toli fust-class cricket aadadu mariyu akkada balamaina pradarsanalu bharatadesam yokka prarambha australia paryatanaku empikaku daariteesaayi. pakistan swaatantryam, paryatanaku mundu, paakistaannu upasamharinchukovadaaniki mariyu enchukoovadaaniki muslim ayina fazal daariteesindi. kotta deshaaniki modata test hodaanu pondadamlo, aapai vaarini test match jattugaa sthaapinchadamlo ayana pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru. athanu naalugu sandarbhaallo oka testulo padhi viketlu teesukunnadu; bharatadesam, ingland mariyu australiapy aaa jatlapai pakistan toli vijayalalo vachinavi. 1954loe ingland paryatanalo pakistan sireesnu square cheyadaaniki oval loe gelichinapudu fazal atyanta chirasmaraneeya pradarsana icchaadu, aaa samayamlo athanu pradhana paatra poeshinchaadu. 168 parugula lakshyanni chhedinchina ingland kuppakuuladamtoe athanu rendava inningslo 6/46 thoo sahaa 12/99 match ganaamkaalu teesukunnadu. abdul kardar taruvaata keptenga, fazal 1959 mariyu 1961 madhya 10 matchlalo jaateeya jattuku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athanu west indies thoo ventane vijayam saadhinchaadu, conny australia chetilo odipoyina taruvaata mariyu bhaaratto pratishtambhana taruvaata atanni kepten gaa tolaginchaaru. mottam meeda pakistan rendu testulu gelichindi mariyu rendu testullo odipoyindi. 1962loe ingland paryatana tarvaata gayapadina opening bowlerla sthaanamlo atanni pilipinchinappudu athanu test mariyu fust-class cricket nundi retair ayyadu. prarambha jeevitam. lahore janminchina fazal 13 samvatsaraala vayassu nundi lahoreloni islamia kalasalalo chadivaadu. athani tandri gulam hussen kalasalalo aardhika shaastra professorga, alaage kalaasaala cricket club adhyakshudiga unnaaru. vidyaarangamlo vrutti jeevitam kosam sthirapadataaniki mundu, mariyu pootii bharatiya poura seva pareekshalalo uttiirnata saadhinchinappatikii, gulam hussen islaamik panditudu mariyu viplavaatmaka kaaryakarta ubaidullah sindhi aadhvaryamlo swaatantrya udyamamlo cheraadu, british valasavaadulanu aafghanistaanloni sthaavaram nundi saayudha poraatam dwara tarimikottaalani aasinchaadu. ayana fazal nuu udayam 4.30 gantalaku melkonadam, aidu maillu nadavadam mariyu aidu maillu parugettadam vanti kathinamaina sikshanaa dinacharyanu erpaatu chesaaru. eee schedulenu edu samvatsaraala paatu paatinchaaru. fazal thana rendava samvatsaramlo kalaasaala modati jattulo cheraadu mariyu 15 samvatsaraala vayassulo inter-college finallo 5/13 teesukunnadu, idhi tornamentku oka rikaardu. fust class cricket. british indiyaalo. 1944 maarchilo, 17 yella vayassulo inca kalasalalo unna fazal, uttara bharatadesam kosam thana modati-taragati pravesam chesaadu. dakshina punjabto jarigina ranji trophy matchlo athanu padakondava sthaanamlo batting chesi 38 parugulatho natoutga nilichi moodu viketlu padagottadu. athani toli fust class wicket bhaarata test aall rounder laala amarnath wicket. paschima bhaaratadaesamtoe jarigina semifinallo fazal rendava saari adinappudu, athanu modati inningslo 6/65 thoo sahaa enimidi viketlu padagottadu. oka nissabdamaina 1944-45 season taruvaata, indulo fazal 18.20 vadda aidu viketlu padagottadu, taruvaati seasonlo athani pradarsanalu 1946 ingland paryatanalo daadaapu sthaanaaniki daariteesaayi. paryatanaku trialga panichesina jonal quadrangular tornamentlo aadutuu, athanu amarnatho uttara john kosam bowlingnu praarambhinchaadu mariyu 9/83 match figurelanu teesukunnadu. patoudeeki chendina bhaarata kepten nawab jattulo fazalnu korukunnaru, kaani itara selectorlu atanni chaalaa chinnavadila bhaavinchaaru. paryatakulu intiki tirigi vachinappudu vaaru migilina bhaaratadaesamtoe rendu matchlu aadaru xi, modati matchlo fazal edu viketlu padagottadu, migilina vaaru gelichaaru conny rendava matchlo khareedainadi. taruvaata 1946-47 seasonlo athanu thana modati mariyu ekaika fust-class century chesinappudu athani batting saamarthyaalu pradarsinchabaddaayi. uttara john tarafuna aadutuu, athanu enimidava sthaanamlo nundi sarigga 100 parugulu chesi, gogumal kishenchandto kalisi edava viketku 207 parugula bhagaswamyanni panchukunnadu. fazal aaru viketlatho uttara john myaachnu soukaryavantamgaa geluchukundi. finallo athanu maroe aidu viketlu padagottadu, conny uttara praantam oka innings thedaatho odipoyindi. eee jonal tornament mallee oka vichaaranagaa panichesindi, eee sandarbhamgaa desham yokka prarambha australia paryatana kosam 1947-48. fazal jattulo cherchabaddaadu mariyu sikshanaa shibiraniki hajarayyadu, ayithe paryatana swaatantryam praarambhamayye mundu jokyam chesukunnadu mariyu bhaktudaina muslim fazal upasamharinchukunnaadu. paakistaanlo. kottagaa erpadina desamlo toli fust-class match 1947 december 27naa punjab mariyu sind madhya jarigindi. fazal punjab tarafuna aaru viketlu teesi, oka innings vijayamlo 60 parugulu chesaadu. pakistan tarafuna thana bhavishyat kotta banthi bhagaswamy khaan mahmadto kalisi fazal bowlingnu praarambhinchadam idhe modatisaari. paakistaanku modati antarjaateeya sandarsakulu november 1948loe west indies. moodu matchlo chivaridi fazal unna pratinidhi jattutho jarigindi, athanu dra ayina matchlo wicket teesukovadamlo viphalamayyaadu. 1948-49 season mugimpulo pakistan naalugu matchla kosam selan loe paryatinchindi, fazal 20 viketlatho agrasthaanamlo nilichaadu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata tirigi vacchina paryatanalo athanu rendu matchlalo 16 viketlu padagottadu. oka emm. sii. sii. jattu upakhandamlo paryatinchi, paakistaanlo aneka matchlu aadindi. punjabto jarigina modati matchlo fazal aido mariyu chivari match karaacheelo kobbari pallatho kuudina viketpai pakistan jattutho jariginappudu, fazal aaa uparitalaanni upayoginchukuni mcc modati inningslo idi2 ganaamkaalu tirigi icchaadu. aatithya jattu naalugu viketla thedaatho vijayam saadhinchindi, eee vijayam pakistan test hodaanu pondadamlo pedda paatra pooshinchindi. swaatantryam vacchina aidella lopu, 1952 juulai 28naa paakistaannu pareeksha sabhyuluga chesaaru. test kereer. modati syries. october 1952loe, pakistan bhaaratto tama modati test sireesnu praarambhinchindi. dhilleelooni modati matchlo fazal toli test match aadaru, bhaarata toli inningslo idi1 teesukunnadu, athani toli wicket bhaarata kepten laala amarnath. pakistan rendusaarlu choukagaa out ayi oka innings thedaatho odipoyindi, rendu inningsllonu rendankela skoru saadhinchina ekaika pakistan aatagadu fazal. lakno vadda jarigina rendava testulo pakistan phalitaanni tippikottindi, janapanara matting pichpai aadina fazal modati inningslo 5/52 mariyu rendava inningslo 7/42 teesukunnadu, pakistan vaari rendava testulo matrame innings thedaatho vijayam saadhinchindi. athani match ganaamkaalu 12/94 pakistan bowler inti nundi dhooramgaa atyuttamamgaa unnaayi, mariyu 1980 varaku bharatadesaniki vyatiraekamgaa yea bowler ayina uttamamgaa unnaayi. bambelo jarigina moodava testulo pakistan padhi viketla thedaatho odipovadamto fazal wicket lekundane aadadu, ayithe vaari modati inningslo athanu enimidava sthaanamlo batting chestu 33 parugulu chesaadu, pakistan idi2 nundi idi1కii kolukovadaniki sahayapaddadu. siriislooni chivari rendu testulu draga mugisai, pakistan yokka leader wicket tekarga thana toli sireesnu puurti cheyadaaniki fazal maroe aaru viketlu teesukunnadu, 25.60 vadda 20 parugulu chesaadu. athanu konni diguva kramamlo kooda chesaadu, syries mottamgaa 28.83 vadda 173 parugulu chesaadu. ingland paryatana. 1953loe pakistan eagles vaipu, fazal kaligi, aaa taruvaati samvatsaram dhesha paryatanaku sannahakamgaa inglaandku pampabadindi. inglandlo unnappudu, fazal retired ingland mariyu sarre faast bowler alf gover nundi sikshana pondaadu. 1954 paryatana kosam abdul kardar kuu vais keptenga fazal niyaminchabaddaadu, idhi upakhandam velupala vaari modati siriisloo aatagadu mariyu jattu iddarikee vijayavantamaindi. fazal parytananu baga praarambhinchaadu, 11/102 teesukoni, vorcestershireto jarigina paryaatakula modati matchlo 67 parugulu chesaadu. athanu test syries varaku aadhikyamlo viketlu teeyadam konasaginchadu, mariyu mukhyamgaa oxford vishwavidhyaalayaaniki vyatiraekamgaa sudeerghamaina mariyu aardhika spellanu bowling cheyagala thana saamarthyaanni kooda pradarsinchaadu, akkada athanu 68 ovarlalo 37 mandhi medenlanu bowling chesaadu. lards loe jarigina modati test varsham kaaranamgaa baga prabhaavitamaindi, draga mugisindi, saadhyamaina aatalo batting kashtamgaa undedi mariyu pakistan vaari modati inningslo 87 parugulake aaloutaindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa ingland innings antataa fazal mariyu khaan mohammed bowlingtho declair chesi, fazal recording ganaamkaalu 4/54. trent bridgelo pakistan aadina tadupari test mundu paryatana matchlo, paryatakulu enimidi viketlatho vijayam saadhinchaaru, modati inningslo appati kereer atyuttama 8/66 thoo sahaa 11 viketlu teesaaru. rendava test adhe vedikapai jarigindi, conny pakistan bhaarii innings otamini chavichusindi mariyu fazal thana chettha test ganaamkaalu 0/148 nuu namodu chesaadu. ayinappatikee athanu kaalu gaayamtho baadhapadutuu, athani runn-apnu tagginchavalasi vachindi. moodava testulo moodu rojula tarvaata pakistan maroe innings otamini edurkondi, kaani chivari rendu rojullo varsham kaaranamgaa aata aagipoyina taruvaata match draga mugisindi, fazal ingland inningslo 42 ovarla nundi 4/107 teesukunnadu. pakistan naalugo mariyu chivari testulo oval loe 1-0 thoo odipoyindi, conny inglaandnu oodinchi sireesnu samam cheyadam dwara pedda kalata kaliginchindi, vaari prarambha paryatanalo oka desham inglandlo testunu gelavadam idhe modati sandarbham. eee vijayamlo fazal pradhana paatra poeshinchaadu, match ganaamkaalu 12/99 anie paerkonnaadu. ingland modati inningslo athanu 30 ovarla nundi 6/53 teesukunnappudu bowling chesaadu, "visiden" ganaamkaalu 'chaalaa merugga undevi conny padipoyina catchlaku' anie raasaaru. takkuva skoru saadhinchina matchlo ingland vaari rendava inningslo 168 parugula lakshyanni nirdesinchindi. lenn hutton praarambhamlo odipoyinappatiki, matchlo rendava saari fazal bowling vadda venuka catch, 109/2 vadda ingland naalugo saayantram baga sett cheyabadinatlu kanipinchindi. ayithe fazal peater mae, godfrey evans mariyu denis compton viketlanu close kii mundu teesukunnadu mariyu marusati roeju pakistan 24 parugula vijayanni puurti cheyadamtho modati rendu viketlanu padagottadu. fazal 30 ovarlalo rendava innings ganaamkaalu 6/46 thoo muginchaadu. siriisloo fazal 20 viketlu padagottadu, tadupari atyuttama pakistan bowler kante 12 ekkuva, 20.40 sagatutho. athanu parytananu muginchina aaru fust-class matchlalo okadaanilo matrame aadadu, ayinappatikee 17.53 vadda 77 viketlatho agrasthaanamlo nilichaadu. athani vijayalaku gurtimpugaa, fazal 1955loe samvatsarapu telivaina cricketerga empikayyaadu, gowravinchabadina modati paakistaanii. home syries. pakistan yokka modati home syries aidu test matchla kosam bharatadesam paryatanatho 1954-55 seasonlo vachindi. eee syries rakshanaatmaka mariyu mandakodigaa unde cricket thoo gurtinchabadindi, mottam aidu matchlu dra ayyayi, idhi test charitralo modati sanghatana. fazal naalugu matchlu aadadu mariyu 21.93 vadda 15 viketlu teesukunnadu. athani uttama ganaamkaalu karaachilo jarigina aidava testulo vachayi, akkada athanu bharatadesam yokka modati inningslo 5/48 teesukunnadu. taruvaata 1955loe newzealand tama toli paryatanalo bhaagamgaa pakistan modati test sireesnu 2-0thoo geluchukundi. fazal moodu testulalo rendintiloo aadadu mariyu 18.40 vadda aidu viketlu padagottadu. australiaku pakistan tadupari sandarsakulu, bhaaratadesamlo vaari siriisku mundu mariyu ingland paryatana taruvaata october 1956loe oke test kosam paryatinchaaru. karaacheelo jarigina matchlo, australiatho jarigina toli testulo pakistan chaaritraatmaka vijayanni saadhinchindi. testulo atyuttama ganaamkaalu 13/114 nuu teesukoni, vijayamlo fazal pradhana paatra poeshinchaadu. australia modati inningslo padipovadaaniki modati aaru viketlanu teesukunnadu, paryaatakulanu 52/6 loe vadilivesadu, vaaru kolukovadamlo viphalamaina sthaanam, vaaru 80 parugulake aaloutaipoyaaru. athanu rendava inningslo modati naalugu viketlu kooda teesi, 7/80 thoo muginchaadu. "visiden thana saanketikatanu ilaa vivarinchaaduh" "khachitamaina podavunu nirvahinchadam mariyu legg-kattarlu mariyu breakbackla mishramtho thana swingnu marchukovadam". intiaz ahmed ilaa annadu "fazal eppuduu podavu mariyu disalo kadalaledu, athanu bantini rendu vaipula telivigaa kadilinchaadu...modati inningslo fazal nundi oka ovar mottam, goppa millarku kooda etuvanti clue ledhu." west indies paryatana. 1958loe pakistan west indies paryatanalo aneka adhika skoru kaligina test matchlu jarigaayi, mariyu fazal meeda bhaarii panibharam undedi, aidu test siriislaloo 320 ovarlaku paiga pampindi, veetilo varusaga 186 testulu unnaayi. pakistan sireesnu 3-1thoo kolpoyindi mariyu hanif mahmad 16 gantala innings loe 337 parugulu cheyadamtho modati testulo otamini tappinchukundi. trinidaadlo jarigina rendava testulo fazal pakistan yokka atyanta podupugala bowler, eee prakriyaloo aaru viketlu teesaadu, batsmenga athanu 10va sthaanamlo 60 parugulu chesaadu, idhi athani atyadhika test skoru mariyu antarjaateeya sthaayilo kevalam yaabhai matrame. kingstonlo jarigina moodava test chaaritraatmakamainadi, gyaarii sobers 365 natout score chesi, atyadhika vyaktigata skoru kosam test rikaardunu baddalu kottadu. thoti opening bowler mahmoud hussen, spinner nasim-ull-ghaanee gaayaala kaaranamgaa fazal 85.2 ovarlu vaesaadu, dheenini 'thana vegamtho unna bowlerku asaadhaaranamaina ovarlu' anie 'telivitaetalu' abhivarninchaayi. fazal inningslo 247 parugulu icchi, padipovadaaniki rendu viketlu matrame teesukunnadu. fazal bowling vislaeshanha test charitralo atyadhika ovarlu bowling chesi, oka inningslo atyadhika parugulu icchi aidava sthaanamlo unchaadu. pakistan oka innings thedaatho testulo odipoyindi mariyu gayanalo jarigina tadupari matchlo odipovadam dwara sireesnu kolpoyindi. pakistan aidava testulo odaarpuniche vijayanni saadhinchindi, modati inningslo fazal modati bantitoe kanrad hunt viketto sahaa 6/83 teesukunnadu. sagatu paramgaa athani chettha viketlalo okati ayinappatikee, fazal 20 viketlatho sireesnu puurti chesaadu, athanu ippatikee pakistan yokka pramukha wicket-taker. keptenga vyavaharinchaaru. marusati samvatsaram tirigi paryatana samayaniki, pakistan test kepten ayina abdul kardar, test cricket nundi retair ayyadu. aaa paatranu aaa desapu pramukha bowler fazal poeshinchaadu. keptenga thana modati testulo athanu taas gelichi feelding cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu, bowlingnu praarambhinchi, varusaga rendava testulo modati ovarlo kanrad hunt wicket teesukunnadu. fazal 4/32 ganaamkaalu thoo inningsnu muginchaadu, indulo gyaarii sobarlanu dakuku avt cheyadam kooda undhi. fazal rendava inningslo hunt mariyu sobarsto sahaa maroe moodu viketlu padagottadu, athani wicket test cricketlo fazal yokka 100vadhi, eee mailuraayini cherukunna modati paakistaanii. pakistan padhi viketla thedaatho vijayam saadhinchi tama kotta keptenku vijayavantamaina aarambhanni ichindi. pakistan dhaakaalo jarigina tadupari testulo kooda vijayam saadhinchindi, anduvalla moodu matchla siriisloo vijayam saadhinchindi. takkuva skoru saadhinchina matchlo fazal keelaka paatra pooshinchi, testullo naalugosaari oka matchlo padhi viketlu teesaadu. batting cheyadaaniki vacchina pakistan, idi1 nundi kolukuni 145 parugulu chesindi. 11 parugulake aaru viketla patanam taruvaata 76 parugulake avt ayina west indies marinta ghoramgaa aadinadi. fazal innings antataa bowling chesi, idi1 teesukunnadu. naalugo inningslo 214 parugulatho aadhikyamlo unna west indies 41 parugula thedaatho odipoyindi. modati edu viketlalo aaru viketlu teesina fazal, mahmoud hussen sobarsnu out chesina maroe wicket catcherga fazalnu teesukunnadu. mahmoud naalugu viketlanu teeyagaa, fazal 6/66 ganaamkaalu mariyu 12/100 match vislaeshanhatoe muginchaadu. 1993 varaku keptenga unnappudu bowlerlu uttama ganaamkaalu, appudu wakar unis merugainadi. moodava test, ded rabbar, west indies chetha gelichindi. fazal iddaru openarlu out ayithe 40 ovarlalo athani ekaika viketlu ivae. athanu 15.85 vadda 21 viketlatho siriisloo agrasthaanamlo unnadu. 1959 chivarilo australia moodu testula syries kosam pakistan loe paryatinchindi, idhi swadesamlo pakistan yokka modati syries otami, 2-0 thoo vijayam saadhinchindi. dhaakaalo jarigina modati testulo paryatakulu enimidi viketla thedaatho vijayam saadhinchaaru, fazal modati inningslo aidu viketlatho sahaa aaru viketlanu teesukunnadu, 5/71. athanu thana sonta nagaramaina lahore jarigina rendava testuku dooramayyaadu, wicket keeper imtiyaz ahmed australia edu viketla thedaatho gelichina matchlo captaincy baadhyatalanu sweekarinchaadu. karaachilo jarigina moodava testuku tirigi vacchina fazal australia modati inningslo idi1thoo maroe aidu viketlanu padagottadu. pakistan modati inningslo adhikyam saadhinchindi, conny moodu prarambha viketla tarvaata vaari rendava innings mandaginchindi mariyu match draga mugisindi. oka myaachnu miss ayinappatikee, pakistan jattulo agrasthaanamlo unna wicket taker ayina fazal, ii. dii. 1 vadda 11 parugulu saadhinchaadu. eee prayatnaalu atanni 1959loe ii. sii. sii. test bowlerla rankinglo number 1 ranking saadhinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. pakistan 1960-61 seasonlo bhaaratadesamlo paryatinchindi, conny vaari paryatanalo aidu testulatho sahaa mottam 15 matchlu dra ayinanduna takkuva bahumati labhinchindi. edu samvatsaraala kritam maadirigaane, eee siriisloo durbharamaina mariyu rakshanaatmaka cricket undhi, endukante rendu vaipula gelavadaniki prayatninchadam kante otamini nivaarinchaalane uddesam kanipinchindi. modati naalugu testulalo fazal taas gelichaadu, conny eeden guardenslo jarigina moodava testulo matrame pakistan modati innings adhikyam saadhinchindi. aaa matchlo fazal 25.3 ovarlalo idi1 teesukunnadu, conny vaaru soukaryavantamgaa batting chesinanduna athanu bharatadesam yokka rendava inningslo wicket teesukovadamlo viphalamayyaadu. test cricketlo thana 13va mariyu chivari aidu viketlatho paatu, fazal siriisloo maroe naalugu viketlu matrame teesaadu. fazal captaincy pakshapaata aaropanalato teevramaina vimarsalanu edurkondi, chivari pareeksha tarvaata atanni keptenga tolaginchaaru. chivari pareekshalu. inglandto jarigina home syries kosam pakistan modatlo fazalnu empika cheyaledu, conny chivari test kosam tirigi vacchaadu. athanu thana 63 ovarlalo 98 parugulu icchi eppatilaage aardhikamgaa samarthudayyaadu, conny okka wicket kooda teesukolekapoyadu. athanu 1962 ingland paryatana jattulo cherchabadaledu, conny faast bowlerlu mahmoud hussen mariyu mahmad farooq gaayapadatamtho athani sthaanamlo atanni pilipinchaaru. appatike aidu matchla syries odipoyina fazal trent bridgelo jarigina naalugo test kosam jattuloki vacchaadu. athanu panibharanni ekkuvagaa mosukelladu, rendava roeju 30 nimishalu tappa migilina annintinee bowling chesaadu mariyu ingland declaration varaku moodava udayam antataa konasaginchadu, athanu thana 60 ovarla nundi 3/130 teesukunnadu. oval vadda aidava testulo, athanu 47 ovarla nundi 2/192 teesukovadam khareedainadi, test cricketlo athani chivariga niroopinchabadina rendu viketlu, collin coudry (182) mariyu ted dexter (172). leag cricket. lancashire leag. fazal 1957,1958 mariyu 1959loe eest lankshire cricket clublo professionalga moodu seasonlu gadipadu. adbhutamaina autsaahika cricketerlaki vyatiraekamgaa adatam athani bowling vinaasakaramainadi. moodu chirasmaraneeya seasonlalo athanu 4 hatricklu teesukunnadu, 2 sandarbhaallo 8 viketlu mariyu 6 sandarbhaallo 7 viketlu teesukunnadu, indulo 1959loe 9 viketlaku 7, mariyu 1957loe 26 viketlaku 7 unnaayi. cricketku minchi. pooliisulu. economicslo masters degreetho islamia kalaasaalanu vidichipettina taruvaata, fazal 1947loe pooliisu inspectorga pakistan services loe cheraaru, 1952loe deputy superintendentga mariyu 1976loe deputy inspector generalga edigaaru. cinema. athani andam kaaranamgaa, ataniki aneka chalanachitra aafarlu vachaih pakistan yokka modati bhaarata paryatana samayamlo, prasiddha darsakudu mehboob khaan ataniki "aann" (1952) chitramlo rendava pradhana paatranu andinchaadu, ayithe prasiddha american darsakudu georg kukor, lahore paryatinchi, mahammadnu kalisinappudu, thana 1956-chitram "bhawani junction" loe pradhana paatragaa atanni enchukunnaanani, stevert graangarku badulugaa. cricketpy drushti pettadaniki ayana niraakarinchaaru. matam. cricketnu vidichipetti, athanu thana drukpathamlo marinta mataparamainavaadu ayyadu, mukhyamgaa 1970loe "vishwaasam kosam korika" anae pustakaanni prachurinchaadu, indulo athanu pakistan aardhika vyavastha mariyu saamaajika vyavasthaku islaamik suutraalanu vartimpajeyaalane thana drushtini vivarinchaadu, dheenini paatrikeyudu peater oborn "matam, tatvasaastram mariyu rajakeeyaalapai dhyanam" gaa abhivarninchaaru. khurran nundi aneka sambandhita ullekhanaalanu kaligi unna eee pustakam lothaina vishwaasam mariyu abhyasanni pradarsistundi. paaschaatya rakamaina prajaswamyam islaamik nyayanni andinchagaladaa anie fazal sandehinchaadu."athanu thana vruddhaapyamlo sthaanika maseeduku muezinga kooda vyavaharinchaadu, 1954 andaakaara vijayam taruvaata tanaku bahumatigaa icchina graameena bhoomini upayoginchi baalikala kosam" "sidra modal school" "anae paatasaalanu sthaapinchaadu". maranam. 2005 mae 30naa thana lahore nivaasamlo fazal praanaantakamaina gundepotuku gurayyadu. athani snehitudu mariyu maajee sahacharudu hanif mahmad fazalnu "goppa manavudu" mariyu "desham yokka nirmaanaatmaka samvatsaraallo pakistan bowlerla pramukhudu" gaa abhivarninchaaru. ayana aatmakathanu 2003loe oxford university press "frum dusk tuu daanh autobiography off eah pakistan cricket legend" gaa prachurinchindi. pakistan cricket kepten mohammed sayed kumartenu fazal mahmoud vivaham chesukunnadu. ganaamkaalu mariyu ganaamkaalu. test cricket charitralo bharatadesam, ingland, australia mariyu west indies anae naalugu ververu deshaalatho jarigina test matchlo 12 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva viketlu teesina modati bowler fazal. athanu 22 testulalo 100 test viketlanu saadhinchaadu, pakistan bowlerlaloo wakar unis mariyu mahmad asif matrame vaegamgaa mailuraayini cherukunnaru.

fazal mahmud fazal mahmud pee pee hyee (18 faroori 1927-30 mayee 2005) eek pakistani beenn alaqwami crickter thaa. inhon nay 34 test meech khelay aur 24.70 kii boling ausat say 139 waktein haasil kein. 100 waktein haasil karnay waalay pehley pakistani wah apnay 22 wein meech mein iss sing meel takk pahunche. fazal nay ranji trophy mein shamali hindustan kay liye apnee ibtadayi frust klaas karkat khaili aur wahaan kii mazboot karkardgi kay natijay mein hindustan kay iftatahi doray australia kay liye intekhaab hawaa. pakistan kii aazadi doray say pehley eek musliman fazal kuu pakistan say dastbardar honay aur pakistan kaa intekhaab karnay parr majbur kirr dee. inhon nay pehley nayey milk kay liye test kaa darjah haasil karnay aur phir inhein test meech team kay toor parr qayem karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. inhon nay chaar mawaqa parr eek test mein duss waktein haasil kein vovo juu hindustan england aur australia kay khalaaf inn teamon parr pakistan kii pehli fatohaat mein aayen. fazal kii sabb say yaadgaar karkardgi 1954 kay dorah england mein aayee jabb inn kaa markazi kirdaar thaa jabb pakistan nay seerez kuu marbaa karnay kay liye auval mein kamiyabi haasil kii. inhon nay dosri anangz mein 12/99 kay meech kay aidaad woo shamaar liyay jiss mein 6/46 bhee shaamil thaa jabb england 168 kay hadaf kaa taaqib kartay hoay girr gayaa. batoor kaptaan abdulkardar kay baad fazal nay 1959 aur 1961 kay darmiyan 10 meechon mein qomi team kii qayadat kii. inhein vest indez kay khalaaf fouri kamiyabi haasil hoyee leakin australia say haarnay aur hindustan kay saath taatal kay baad inhein kaptaan kay ahday say bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa. majmuyi toor parr pakistan nay inn kii qayadat mein duu test jeetay aur duu mein haar kaa saamna kiyaa. wah 1962 kay england kay doray kay baad test aur frust klaas karkat say sabkadosh how gayey jabb inhein zakhmi opening bowlers kii jagah leenay kay liye blaya gayaa. ibtadayi zindagi. lahoor mein paida hoay fazal nay 13 saal kii amar say islamiya college lahoor mein taleem haasil kii. inn kay waalid gholam haseen college mein muashiyat kay professor honay kay saath saath college kay karkat kalb kay sadr bhee thay. taleemi shobay mein carrier kay liye aabaad honay say pehley aur musabiqti hindustani soul saros kay imtehanat paas karnay kay bawajood gholam haseen nay islaami scholar aur inqilabi kaarkan उबैद allah sandhi kay tahat tehreek aazadi mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii iss ameed parr kahh bartanvi nawabadiyat kuu maslah jadujahad kay zariye afghanistan mein eek aday say phaink diyaa jaaye. iss nay fazal kuu eek sakht tarbiti mamul muqarar kiyaa jiss mein sabah 4.30 bajay jaagna paanch meel chalna aur paanch meel dodna shaamil thaa. iss sheedol parr saat saal takk amal kiyaa gayaa. fazal nay apnay dosray saal mein college kii pehli team banayi aur 15 saal kii amar mein inter college final mein 5/13 liyaa juu tornament kaa eek record thaa. frust klaas karkat. bartanvi hindustan mein. maarch 1944 mein fazl jiss kii amar 17 saal thee aur ubhee college mein hay nay shamali hindustan kay liye frust klaas mein qadm rakhaa. janubi panjaab kay khalaaf ranji trophy kay meech mein inhon nay gayarah number parr batting kartay hoay naat aaot 38 runn banaye aur teen waktein haasil kein. inn kii pehli frust klaas vikat hindustan kay test aal rounder laalah amarnath kii thee. fazal kii dosri paishi maghrabi hindustan kay khalaaf seemi final mein inhon nay pehli anangz mein 6/65 sameet aath waktein haasil kein. eek perscon 1944-45 seezan kay baad jiss mein fazal nay 18.20 parr paanch waktein haasil kein aglay seezan mein inn kii karkardgi taqriba 1946 kay dorah england mein jagah bananay kaa baais bunny. zonal kwadrengolar tornament mein kheltay huay eek muqabilah jiss nay doray kay liye eek aazmaish kaa kaam kiyaa inhon nay naarth zoon kay liye amarnath kay saath boling kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur 9/83 kay meech kay aidaad woo shamaar liye. patodi kay hindustani kaptaan nawaab schwad mein fazal chahtay thay leakin dosray slectors nay inhein behat chhota samjha. seyahon kay gahar waps aaney parr inhon nay baqiyah hindustan kay khalaaf duu meech khelay khelay fazal nay pehley meech mein saat waktein lain juu baqiyah jeeth gayey leakin dosray mein mahunge thay. baad mein 1946-47 seezan mein inn kii batting kii salahiyaton kaa mazahirah iss waqat hawaa jabb inhon nay apnee pehli aur waahid frust klaas sanchari banayi. naarth zoon kay liye kheltay hoay inhon nay aathwein number parr naat aaot 100 runn banaye aur gogomal kashan chand kay saath saatwein vikat kay liye 207 runn kii sharakat daari kii. shamali zoon nay fazal kii chh vikton kii sharakat kay saath meech aaraam say jeeth liyaa. inhon nay final mein mazeed paanch waktein haasil kein leakin naarth zoon eek anangz say haar gayaa. zonal tornament nay eek baar phir moqhadhime kii samaat kay toor parr kaam kiyaa thaa iss moqaa parr milk kay iftatahi doray australia kay liye 1947-48 mein. fazal kuu schwad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa aur tarbiti camp mein sharkat kii gayee tahim doray kay aaghaz say pehley hyee aazadi nay madakhilat kii aur eek aqeedat mund musliman fazal kay toor parr dastbardar how gayey. pakistan mein. nayey tashkil shadah milk mein pehla frust klaas meech 27 dasambar 1947 kuu panjaab aur sandh kay darmiyan hawaa. fazal panjaab kay liye kheltay thay inhon nay eek anangz mein jeeth mein chh waktein haasil kein aur 60 runn banaye. yaha meech pehla moqaa thaa jabb fazal nay pakistan kay liye apnay mustaqabil kay nayey baal partner khaan mohammad kay saath boling kaa aaghaz kiyaa. pakistan kaa pehla beenn alaqwami dorah nomber 1948 mein vest indez nay kiyaa thaa. teen fixture mein say aakhri eek numaindah team kay khalaaf thaa jiss mein fazal thaa wah draa honay waalay meech mein vikat leenay mein nakaam rahay. 1948-49 seezan kay ikhtatam parr pakistan nay chaar meechon kay liye seelon kaa dorah kiyaa fazal 20 vikton kay saath sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay khilaadi thay. eek saal baad wapsi kay doray parr inhon nay duu meechon mein 16 waktein haasil kein. ayem see see kii eek team nay 1951-52 mein barsaghir kaa dorah kiyaa pakistan mein mutadid fixture khelay. panjaab kay khalaaf pehley meech mein fazal kay aayee ddee 2 leenay kay baad wah taqriba faalo aann karnay parr majbur how gayey. doray kaa panchwan aur aakhri meech karaachi mein koyar metting vikat parr pakistani team kay khalaaf thaa fazal nay ayem see see kii pehli anangz mein aayee ddee 1 kay aidaad woo shamaar waps karnay kay liye satah kaa istehsaal kiyaa. mezban team nay chaar vikton say kamiyabi haasil kii yaha eek aisi fatah thee jiss nay pakistan kuu test kaa darjah haasil karnay mein badaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. pakistan kuu aazadi kay paanch saal say bhee kumm arsey baad 28 jolayi 1952 kuu test mumber banaya gayaa. test carrier. pehli seerez. aktobar 1952 mein pakistan nay bhaarat kay khalaaf apnee pehli test seerez kaa aaghaz kiyaa. fazal nay dehli mein pehley meech mein test mein debio kiyaa hindustan kii pehli anangz mein 2/92 liyaa inn kii pehli vikat hindustani kaptaan laalah amarnath kii thee. pakistan kuu duu baar sastay andaaz mein aaot kiyaa gayaa aur eek anangz say haar gayaa fazal waahid pakistani khilaadi thay jinhon nay donon anangz mein dohray aidaad takk rasayi haasil kii. pakistan nay likhno mein dosray test mein natijah alt diyaa jott kii metting pach parr kheela gayaa fazal nay pehli anangz mein 5/52 aur dosri anangz mein 7/42 liyaa keunkah pakistan nay apnay sarf dosray test mein eek anangz say kamiyabi haasil kii. inn kay meech kay aidaad woo shamaar gahar say door pakistani bolar kay zariye behtareen haine aur 1980 takk hindustan kay khalaaf kasee bhee bolar kay zariye behtareen thay. bambayi mein teesre test mein fazal baghair vikat kay rehaa keunkah pakistan duss vikton say haar gayaa halankah apnee pehli anangz mein iss nay aathwein number parr batting kartay hoay 33 runn banaye jiss say pakistan kuu 60/6 say 143/7 parr waps aaney mein madad milly. seerez kay aakhri duu test draa how gayey fazal nay mazeed chh waktein haasil kirr kay pakistan kay leader vikat leenay waalay kii haisiyat say apnee pehli seerez kuu 25.60 parr 20 kay saath khatam kiyaa. inhon nay nichley darjay kii kachh sharakat bhee kii jiss nay seerez mein 28.83 parr kill 173 ranz banaye. england kaa dorah. pakistan aqaabon kii eek team jiss mein fazal shaamil thaa kuu 1953 mein aglay saal kay milk kay doray kii tayari kay liye england bheja gayaa thaa. england mein rehtay huay fazal nay retired england aur suurii faast bowler alf govar say coaching haasil kii. fazal kuu 1954 kay doray kay liye abdulkardar kaa naib kaptaan banaya gayaa juu barsaghir say baahir apnee pehli seerez mein khilaadi aur team donon kay liye kamiyab saabat hoga. fazal nay doray kaa aaghaz achhi tarah say kiyaa aur seyahon kay pehley meech mein worster shayer kay khalaaf 67 runn banaye. inhon nay test seerez takk bartari mein waktein leena jaari rakhaa aur khaas toor parr oxford university kay khalaaf taweel aur iqtesadi speel phainaknay kii apnee salahiyat kaa bhee mazahirah kiyaa jehaan inhon nay 68 overs mein 37 medanz kuu aaot kiyaa aur iss amal mein 7/95 liyaa. lardz mein pehla test baarish aur draa say behat ziyadah mutasir hawaa kheel mein batting mashkal thee juu mumkin thaa aur pakistan apnee pehli anangz mein 87 ranz banaa kirr aaot how gayaa. jawaab mein england nay poori anangz mein fazal aur khaan mohammad kii boling kay saath declare kiyaa fazal nay 117/9 kay aidaad woo shamaar record kiye. aglay test say pehley torr meech mein pakistan nay trent barj parr notingham shayer khaila seyahon nay pehli anangz mein iss waqat kay carrier kay behtareen 8/66 sameet 11 waktein lay kirr fazal kay saath aath vikton say kamiyabi haasil kii. dosra test asee maqaam parr thaa leakin iss mein mutzad qasmat dekhi gayee keunkah pakistaniyon kuu bhaari anangz mein shakast kaa saamna karnaa padaa aur fazal nay apnay test kay badtareen aidaad woo shamaar 0/148 darj kiye. halankah wah taang kii choot kaa shikaar thay jiss kii wajah say wah runn app kumm karnay parr majbur hoay. pakistan kuu teesre test kay teen dunn baad eek aur anangz mein shakast kaa saamna karnaa padaa leakin aakhri duu dunon mein baarish kay baais koyee kheel raknay kay baad meech draa how gayaa fazal nay england kii anangz mein 42 overs mein say aayee ddee 1 liyaa. pakistan auval mein 1-0 say neechey choothay aur aakhri test mein gayaa leakin england kuu shakast day kirr seerez baraabar karnay say badaa alt padaa yaha pehla moqaa thaa jabb kasee milk nay apnay iftatahi doray parr england mein test jeeta thaa. fazal nay fatah mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa aur meech kay aidaad woo shamaar kaa daawi kiyaa. england kii pehli anangz mein jiss mein inhon nay 30 overs say aayee ddee 2 leetay hoay boling kii "wizedan" nay likhaa kahh aidaad woo shamaar 'behat behatar hotay leakin drop keach kay liye'. kumm score waalay meech mein england kuu apnee dosri anangz mein 168 ranz kaa hadaf diyaa gayaa. leane hutton kay ibtadayi nqsan kay bawajood meech mein dosri baar fazal kii boling say peeche keach keach chothi shaam kuu england achhi tarah say seet nazar aayaa. tahim fazal nay petter mey godfree avens aur dense compton kii waktein qareeb say pehley lay lain aur aglay dunn pakistan kii 24 ranoon kii jeeth kay saath pehli duu waktein garnay lagein. fazal nay 30 overs mein dosri anangz kay aidaad woo shamaar 6/46 kay saath khatam kiyaa. seerez mein fazal nay 20 waktein haasil kein juu aglay behtareen pakistani bolar say 12 ziyadah thein 20.40 kii ausat say. wah doray kay ikhtatam parr chh frust klaas meechon mein say sarf eek mein khelay leakin phir bhee 17.53 parr 77 kay saath sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay khilaadi kay toor parr khatam hoay. inn kay karnamon kay aiteraf mein fazal kuu 1955 mein saal kaa behtareen aqalmand crickter qaraar diyaa gayaa juu aizaz haasil karnay waala pehla pakistani thaa. hoam seerez. pakistan kii pehli hoam seerez 1954-55 seezan mein paanch test meechon kay liye hindustan kay doray kay saath aayee. seerez mein dafayi aur sast karkat kaa mazahirah kiyaa gayaa jiss mein tamaam paanch meech draa huay juu test kii tareekh mein iss kaa pehla waaqiah thaa. fazal nay chaar meechon mein kheela aur 21.93 parr 15 waktein haasil kein. inn kay behtareen aidaad woo shamaar karaachi mein panchwen test mein aayey jehaan inhon nay hindustan kii pehli anangz mein 5/48 liyaa. baad mein 1955 mein newzi lend nay milk kaa apnaa pehla dorah kiyaa pakistan nay pehli test seerez jeeth kirr 2-0 say kamiyabi haasil kii. fazal nay teen mein say duu test khelay aur 18.40 parr paanch waktein haasil kein. australia pakistan kaa aglaa dorah karnay waala thaa aktobar 1956 mein hindustan mein apnee seerez say pehley aur england kay doray kay baad eek test kay liye dorah kiyaa. karaachi mein honay waalay meech mein pakistan nay australia kay khalaaf apnay pehley test mein tarikhi fatah haasil kii. fazal nay jeeth mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa test kay behtareen aidaad woo shamaar lay kirr 13/114. iss nay australia kii pehli anangz mein garnay kay liye pehley chh waktein lain aur seyahon kuu 52/6 parr chhod diyaa jiss position say wah baaz nahein aaskay wah 80 aal aaot thay. inhon nay dosri anangz mein pehli chaar waktein bhee lain aur 7/80 kay saath khatam kiyaa. "wizedan nay apnee taknik biyaan kii:" "darsat lambayi barqarar rakhna aur taang cutter aur break beek kay markab say apnay swing kuu tabdil karnaa. imtiyaz ahmad nay kahaa kahh: "fazal kabhi lambayi aur samat mein altaa nahein hawaa aur iss nay gaind kuu donon taraf samajh bojh say harkat dee...pehli anangz mein fazal kay eek puray auvar kay liyay yahaan takk kahh azeem miller kuu bhee koyee saraag nahein thaa." vest indez kaa dorah. 1958 mein pakistan kay vest indez kay doray parr kayee aalee score waalay test meech khelay gayey aur fazal parr kaam kaa behat ziyadah bojh thaa jiss say paanch test seerez mein 320 overs say ziyadah kii kamee waaqa hoyee jiss mein muslisil test mein 186 overs shaamil thay. pakistan seerez 3-1 say haar gayaa aur sarf pehley test mein shakast say bach sakaa jiss kii badolat haneef mohammad nay 16 ghantay kii anangz mein 337 ranz banaye. tarinidad mein dosray test mein fazal pakistan kay sabb say kafayati bolar thay jinhon nay iss amal mein chh waktein haasil kein jabkah batoor blay baaz inhon nay number 10 say 60 runn banaye juu inn kaa sabb say ziyadah test score aur beenn alaqwami satah parr sarf nasf thaa. kingsten mein teesra test tarikhi thaa keunkah geeri sobarz nay naat aaot 365 runn banaye jiss nay sabb say ziyadah infiradi score kaa test record toad diyaa. saathi opening bowler mahmud haseen aur spinner qaasim alghani kuu chootein lagnay kaa matlab yaha thaa kahh fazal nay 85.2 overs aaot kiyay jasay "wizedan" nay 'apnee raftaar kay bolar kay liye overs kii ghair mamuli taadad' qaraar diyaa. fazal nay anangz mein 247 runn day kirr sarf duu waktein haasil kein. fazal kay boling tajziye kay mutabiq wah test kii tareekh mein sabb say ziyadah overs mein boling aur eek anangz mein sabb say ziyadah runn deenay kay liye panchwen number parr haine. pakistan test eek anangz say haar gayaa aur gayana mein aglaa meech haar kirr seerez haar gayaa. pakistan nay panchwen test mein tasli bakhash fatah haasil kii fazal nay meech kii pehli gaind parr konrad hunt kii vikat sameet pehli anangz mein 6/83 liyaa. fazal nay seerez kaa ikhtatam 20 vikton kay saath 38.20 parr kiyaa ausat kay lahaaz say inn kii badtareen mein say eek honay kay bawajood wah pakistan kay sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay khilaadi thay. kaptani. aglay saal wapsi kay doray kay waqat takk pakistan kay test intekhabat kay baad say kaptaan abdulkardar test karkat say sabkadosh how chakay thay. milk kay sarkardah bolar fazal nay iss kirdaar mein inn kii jagah lee. batoor kaptaan apnay pehley test mein inhon nay taas jeeth kirr felding kaa faislah kiyaa boling kaa aaghaz kartay hoay inhon nay lagatar dosray test kay liye pehley auvar mein konrad hunt kii vikat haasil kii. fazal nay anangz kaa ikhtatam 4/32 kay aidaad woo shamaar kay saath kiyaa jiss mein geeri sobarz kuu dakk parr aaot karnaa bhee shaamil thaa. fazal nay dosri anangz mein teen mazeed waktein lain jinn mein hunt aur sobar donon shaamil haine moakhar alzikar kii vikat test karkat mein fazal kii 100 wein thee juu iss sing meel takk pahunchnay waali pehli pakistani thee. pakistan nay apnay nayey kaptaan kuu jeetnay waali sharoaat deenay kay liye duss vikton kii jeeth makmal kii. pakistan nay dahakah mein aglaa test bhee jeeta aur iss liye teen meechon kii rabad mein seerez jeeth lee. kumm score waalay meech mein fazal nay aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa test mein chothi baar eek meech mein duss waktein haasil kein. batting kay liye medaan mein utarnay parr pakistan nay aayee ddee 1 say 145 runn bananay kay liye bahaali kii. vest indez nay 11 runn parr chh vikton kay garnay kay baad 76 runn parr aaot how kirr badtar karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. fazal nay poori anangz mein boling kartay hoay aayee ddee 1 liyaa. vest indez jiss nay apnee chothi anangz mein 214 ranz kaa seet banaya 41 runn kumm parr girr gayaa. fazal nay pehley saat mein say chh waktein lein dosra mahmud haseen kii jaanib say sobarz kii aaot mein fazal batoor catcher shaamil thay. mahmud nay chaar waktein haasil karnay kay liye dumm khatam kii jabkah fazal nay 6/66 kay aidaad woo shamaar aur 12/100 kay meech tajziya kay saath ikhtatam kiyaa. moakhar alzikar 1993 takk kaptaan kay toor parr eek bolar kay behtareen aidaad woo shamaar thay jabb waqaar younis nay inn say behatar kiyaa. teesra test eek mardah rabad vest indez nay jeeta. fazal nay donon openers kuu aaot kiyaa leakin 40 overs mein yaha inn kii waahid waktein thein. wah seerez mein sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay khilaadi thay jinn kii 21 waktein aayee ddee 1 parr thein. australia nay 1959 kay aakhir mein teen test seerez kay liye pakistan kaa dorah kiyaa jasay inhon nay 2-0 say jeetaa juu pakistan kii gahar parr pehli seerez kii shakast thee. dahakah mein pehley test mein seyahon nay aath vikton say kamiyabi haasil kii fazal nay pehli anangz mein paanch vikton sameet chh waktein haasil kein 5/71 wah apnay aabayi shehar lahoor mein dosray test say mahroom rahay vikat capper imtiyaz ahmad nay australia kay saat vikton say jeetnay waalay meech mein kaptani kii zamah daariyan sanbhali. fazal karaachi mein teesre test kay liye waps aayey aur australia kii pehli anangz mein aayee ddee 1 kay saath mazeed paanch waktein haasil kein. pakistan nay pehli anangz mein bartari haasil kii leakin teen ibtadayi vikton kay baad inn kii dosri anangz sast how gayee aur meech draa how gayaa. eek meech naha gunwanay kay bawajood fazal seerez kay liye pakistan kay sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay khilaadi thay jinhon nay 19.36 parr 11 waktein haasil kein. inn koshishon kii wajah say wah 1959 kay liye aayee see see test bowlers kii darjah bundi mein number 1 kii darjah bundi haasil karnay parr majbur hoay. pakistan nay 1960-61 seezan kay doraan hindustan kaa dorah kiyaa leakin behat kumm anaam kay saath keunkah inn kay doray kay tamaam 15 meech jinn mein paanch test shaamil thay draa how gayey. saat saal pehley kii tarah seerez mein door aur dafayi karkat thee keunkah donon fareeq jeetnay kii koshish karnay kay bajaye shakast say bachnay kaa aradah rakhtay thay. fazal nay pehley chaar test mein taas jeeta leakin sarf aiden guardens mein teesre test mein pakistan nay pehli anangz mein bartari haasil kii. iss meech mein fazal nay 25.3 overs mein aayee ddee 1 liyaa leakin wah hindustan kii dosri anangz mein vikat leenay mein nakaam rahay keunkah inhon nay aaraam say waqat nikaal kirr batting kii. iss paanch vikton kay alawah test karkat mein inn kii 13 wein aur aakhri fazal nay seerez mein sarf chaar deegar waktein haasil kein. fazal kii kaptani kuu taasib kay alzamaat kay saath shadeed tanqeed kaa saamna karnaa padaa aur aakhri test kay baad inhein kaptaan kay ahday say bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa. hatmi imtehanat. fazal kuu ibtadayi toor parr pakistan nay england kay khalaaf hoam seerez kay liye muntakhib nahein kiyaa thaa leakin wah aakhri test kay liye waps aayey. wah hamishah kii tarah kafayati thay inhon nay apnay 63 overs mein 98 runn diye leakin eek vikat leenay mein nakaam rahay. inhein 1962 kay england kay doray kay schwad mein shaamil nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin jabb faast bowlers mahmud haseen aur mohammad farooq zakhmi how gayey tuu inhein muthbadil kay toor parr blaya gayaa. paanch meechon kii seerez pehley hyee haar chaki thee fazal trent barj mein choothay test kay liye team mein aayaa. inhon nay kaam kaa ziyadah tarr bojh apnay kandhon parr uthaya dosray dunn kay 30 mint kay elawah sabb kay liye boling kii aur teesri sabah england kay aalaan takk jaari rakhaa apnay 60 overs say inhon nay 3/130 liyaa. auval mein panchwen test mein wah 47 overs say 2/192 leena mahunga thaa duu waktein juu test karkat mein inn kii aakhri saabat hoyein colan coudry (182) aur tead dextor (172) kii thein. leeg karkat. lankishire leeg. fazal nay 1957yee 1958 aur 1959 mein aist lankishire karkat kalb kay saath paishah warr kay toor parr teen seezan guzaray. agarcha behtareen shoqia crickters kay khalaaf khelna inn kii boling tabaah kunn thee. teen yaadgaar seasons mein inhon nay 4 heat trick lein jinn mein 2 mawaqa parr 8 waktein aur 6 mawaqa parr 7 waktein shaamil haine jinn mein 1959 mein 9 vikton parr 7 aur 1957 mein 26 vikton parr 7 waktein shaamil haine. karkat say balatar. police. muashiyat mein maaster digri kay saath islamiya college chhodnay kay baad fazal nay 1947 mein batoor inspector aaf police kay toor parr pakistan sarosaz mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii juu 1952 mein dipty sprintendent aur 1976 mein dipty inspector general bunn gayey. cinema. inn kii khubsurat shakal kii wajah say inhein behat see filmon kii paishkash milly: pakistan kay pehley dorah hindustan kay doraan mashhur hidayat kaar mahbub khaan nay inhein film "aann" (1952) mein dosray markazi kirdaar kii paishkash kii jabkah maruf americi hidayat kaar jaarj kakor nay lahoor kay doray parr aur mahmud say mulaqat kay doraan kahaa kahh wah inhein stevart granger kay bajaye apnee 1956 kii film "bhuwani junction" mein markazi kirdaar kay toor parr tarjih deetay. inhon nay inhein karkat parr taujah markoz karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. mazhab. karkat chhod kirr wah apnay naqtah nazar mein bhee ziyadah mazhabi how gayey aur khaas toor parr 1970 mein kitaab "aimaan kii khwahish" shaye kii jiss mein inhon nay pakistan kii maeshat aur samaji nazaam mein islaami asulon kuu laago karnay kay apnay wazan kaa khaakah paish kiyaa aur jasay sahafi petter obarn nay "mazhab falsafah aur seyasat parr maraqabah" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa hay. yaha kitaab eek gehrey aqeede aur alam kaa mazahirah karti hay jiss mein qaraan say behat say mutaliqah iqtebasat shaamil haine. fazal nay shakk kiyaa kahh kiyaa 'maghrabi qasm kii jamhuriyat' islaami insaaf laanay kii salahiyat rakhti hay."inhon nay apnay badhapay mein maqami masjid kay liye eek muazim kay toor parr bhee kaam kiyaa aur ladkiyon kay liye eek school" "sadr maadal school" "qayem kiyaa jiss mein deehi zameen kaa istemaal kiyaa gayaa juu inhein 1954 kii auval fatah kay baad tahfay mein diyaa gayaa thaa. moth. fazal kuu 30 mayee 2005 kuu lahoor mein apnee rehaish gaah parr mahlak dall kaa dorah padaa. inn kay dost aur saabiq saathi haneef mohammad nay fazal kuu "azeem ansaan" aur "milk kay ibtadayi saalon mein pakistani bowlers kaa azeem" qaraar diyaa. inn kii sawanah umri kuu 2003 mein oxford university prais nay "fraam disk tuu done: baiyo biography aaf aey pakistan karkat legend" kay toor parr shaye kiyaa hay. fazal mahmud kii shaadi pakistani karkat kay kaptaan mohammad sayed kii betty say hoyee thee. record aur aidaad woo shamaar. fazal test karkat kii tareekh kay pehley bolar thay jinhon nay chaar mukhtalif mamalik hindustan england australia aur vest indez kay khalaaf test meech mein 12 yaa iss say ziyadah waktein haasil kein. inhon nay 22 teston mein 100 test waktein haasil kein pakistani bowlers mein say sarf waqaar younis aur mohammad aasif teezi say tarikhi maqaam takk pahunche.

00090cc57ffc6481903764f759a8ad8ad538f51d152fe34b01e27679a51168b5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1360981

Corisco

Corisco Island of Equatorial Guinea Corisco, Mandj, or Mandyi, is a small island of Equatorial Guinea, located southwest of the Río Muni estuary that defines the border with Gabon. Corisco, whose name derives from the Portuguese word for lightning, has an area of , and its highest point is above sea level. The most important settlement on the island is Gobe. History. During the Iron Age (50 BC - 1400 AD) and before the arrival of the Portuguese, the island was densely settled. The most important evidence of human occupation comes from the area of Nandá, near the eastern coast, where dozens of prehistoric burials have been excavated. These burials belong to two different periods: Early Iron Age (50 BC - 450 AD) and Middle Iron Age (1000-1150 AD). During the first period, the islanders deposited bundles of human bones and iron implements (axes, bracelets, spears, spoons, iron currency) in shallow pits dug in the sand. During the second period, tombs have been documented where the corpses (not preserved) lay surrounded by pots, probably containing food and alcoholic beverages. The deceased were interred with their adornments (collars, bracelets and anklets) and a few personal possessions (knives and adzes). When Portuguese sailors arrived in the Mino Estuary in 1471, they noted that the islands in the area were mainly unpopulated. They named Corisco after 'lightning', due to the gales they experienced around the island. After more than three centuries of abandonment, when it was sporadically visited by European sailors, Corisco was settled by the Benga people. They arrived during the second half of the 18th century attracted by the prospects of trade with the Europeans. The island was later acquired by Spain in 1843, as a result of an arrangement made by Juan José Lerena y Barry with Benga king Bonkoro I. Bonkoro I died in 1846 and was succeeded by his son Bonkoro II, but due to rivalries on the island, Bonkoro II moved to São Tomé, and Munga I ruled in Corisco 1848 to 1858, his son Munga II taking over, and meeting the explorer Manuel Iradier in the 1870s. In general, the Spanish paid little attention to Corisco. In the early part of the 20th century it was part of the administration of Elobey, Annobon, and Corisco, and postage stamps were issued under that name. It became an integral part of Equatorial Guinea upon independence. Corisco and the surrounding waters of Corisco Bay have become of interest in recent years for their oil prospects. A consortium of Elf Aquitaine and Petrogab began prospecting in 1981. The area is disputed with Gabon because of the perceived value of the oil. In February 2003, Gabonese Defence Minister Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba visited the islands and re-stated Gabon's claim to them. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

korisku korisku, manj, baa mandai, hoise bixuwiyo ginir etaa xoru dip, ji rio 'muni muhonar dokhyin-poschime owosthito ji gabonor xoite xeema nirdharon kore. korisku, jaar naamtu portugij xobdo bojropator poraa aahise, iyar ek eleka aase, aaru iyar xorbuscho bindu hoise xagor pristhor uporot. diptur ataitkoi guruttopurno boxoti hoise gube. itihax. louho jugot (50 khristopurbo-1400 khristopurbo) aaru portugijxokolor aagomonor aagote, diptu ghono boxoti sthapon korisil. manob dokholor ataitkoi guruttopurno proman pubo upokulor usoror nonda oncholor poraa aahise, zo 'too dozon dozon praak-oitihaxik xomadhisthol khonon koraa hoise. ei xomadhixoudhxomuh dutaa bhinno xomoyorh prarombhik louho jug (50 khristopurbo-450 khristopurbo) aaru modhyo louho jug (1000-1150 AD). prothom xomoisuwat dipbaxiye balito khonon koraa ogobhir gaatot manuhor haar aaru luhar xojuli (kuhaar, borxo, borxa, samus, luhar mudra) jomaa korisil. dwitiyo xomoisuwat, xomadhibur nothibhukto koraa hoise zo 'too mritodehbur (xongrokhito nohoy) patrere aaguri aasil, xombhobotoh khadyo aaru xura jukto paniyo aasil. mritoxokolok teulukor xaaj-xojja (kolor, borset aaru poruwa) aaru keitaman byoktigoto xompoti (suri aaru edoj) rey xomadhistho koraa hoisil. 1471 sonot jetiya portugij nabikxokole minu muhonatut uposthito hoisil, tetiya teuluke lokhyo korisil je oncholtur dipbur mulotoh jonoboxotihin aasil. diptur sariufale teuluke onubhob koraa dhumuhar baabe teuluke 'bojropat' ror naamere korisku naam disil. tini xotikatkoiu odhik xomoyor porityagor pisot, jetiya europiyo nabikxokole bikhyiptobhabe koriskuk bhromon korisil, tetiya koriskut bongaxokolor dwara boxoti sthapon koraa hoisil. 18 xotikar dwitiyardhot europor lukoxokolor xoite banijyor xombhawonar dwara aakorxito hoi teuluk aahisil. 1843 sonot benga roja bob 'nokuru prothomor xoite juwan juche lerena waai beriye koraa byowosthar pholsworupe diptu spaine odhigrohon korisil. 1846 sonot bob 'nkuru prothomor mrityu hoy aaru teur putro bob' nokuru dwitiyoi teur uttoradhikari hoy, kintu dipot huwa protidonditar baabe bob 'nokuru dwitiyo sau tumoloi yaay, aaru munga prothome 1848 sonor poraa 1858 sonoloike koriskut xaxon kore, teur putro munga dwitiyoi dayitwo grohon kore, aaru 1870-ror doxokot onwexonkari manuwel irariyarok log paay. xadharonote spanise koriskur proti komm gurutwo disil. bingxo xotikar aarombhonite ee elubi, enubon aaru koriskur proxaxonor ongxo aasil aaru xei naamere daak tikot jaari koraa hoisil. swadhinotar pisot ee bixuwiyo ginir ek obischedyo ongxo hoi porisil. korisku aaru korisku upoxagoror sariufalor paanee xehotiya bosorburot teulukor telor xombhawonar baabe aagrohi hoi porise. 1981 sonot elof acvitain aaru petro 'gebor etaa xonghe xombhawona aarombho korisil. telor promanito mulyor baabe oncholtu gabonor xoite bitorkito. 2003 sonor februaryt gaab 'nich protirokya montri aali-benn bongu ondimba dipxomuh bhromon korisil aaru teulukor aagot gaab' nor daabi punor prokax korisil.

corrisco corisco, mandz baa mandai nirakshiya ginir ekti chhoto dweep, jaa reo muni mohonatir dakkhin-poschime abosthito jaa gaboner saathe seemana nirdharan korey. corisco, jaar naam portugij shobdo bajrapat theke eseche, err ekti elaka royeche ebong err sorbochcho bindu samudraprishtha theke upore. dweeper sabcheye guruttopurno bosoti holl gobe. itihas. louho juge (50 khristopurbabdo-1400 khristabdo) ebong portugijder agmoner agey, dweepti ghono bosoti sthapon korechilo. manob dokholdaritter sabcheye guruttopurno proman purbo upokuler kachhe nonda anchal theke aase, jekhane koyek dozon pragoitihasik kobor khonon koraa hoyeche. eyi samadhisoudhguli duti vinno somoyer antargatah prathomik louho jug (50 khristopurbabdo-450 khristabdo) ebong modhyo louho jug (1000-1150 edee). prothom juge, dweepbasira balite khonon koraa agabhir gorte manusher haad ebong lohar saranjam (kudal, bracelet, borsha, chamoch, lohar mudra) jomaa koroto. dwitiya porjaye, samadhiguli nothibhukto koraa hoyeche jekhane mritodehguli (sanrakkhito noy) patro dwara beshtito chhilo, sombhoboto khaddo ebong alkoholojukto panian chhilo. mritoder taader sajsajja (collar, bracelet ebong pangapal) ebong koyekti byaktigato sampatti (chhuri ebong ayaja) diye somahito koraa hoyechilo. 1471 khristabde portugij nabikra jokhon mino mohonate asen, tokhon taanra lakkhya corren jey, eyi anchaler dweepguli mulat jonobosotihin chhilo. dweeper charpashe jey jhorer sammukhin hoyechilo taar karone taaraa 'bajrapat'-err naame corrisco namkaran korechilo. tinn shatabdiro beshi somoy dhorey porityager porr, jokhon europea nabikra bikkhiptobhabe ekhane poridorshon korechilen, tokhon corriscote bongo jonogon bosoti sthapon korechilo. taaraa 18 shotoker dwitiardhe esechilo ebong europeoder saathe banijyer sombhabonar dwara akrishto hoyechilo. 1843 saale benga raja prothom boncoro sange juan jose lerena oyai barry kortrik koraa ekti byabosthar falaswarup dweepti spena dwara adhigrahan koraa hoy. prothom boncoro 1846 saale maaraa zaan ebong taanr putro dwitiya boncoro dwara taanr stholabhishikto hohn, kintu dweepe protidwonditar karone, dwitiya boncoro saao tome choley zaan ebong prothom munga 1848 theke 1858 saal porjonto corrisco shasson corren, taanr putro dwitiya munga dayitto grohon corren ebong 1870-err doshke abhijatri manuel iradiar saathe dekha corren. sadharonbhabe, spanishra corrisco khub komoi gurutto dito. bingsho shatabdir godar dike etty elobi, annobon ebong corrisco proshashoner ongsho chhilo ebong seii naame daktikit jaari koraa hoto. swadhinotar porr etty nirakshiya ginir ekti abichcheddo ongo hoye othe. samprotik bochorgulite corrisco ebong corisco uposagorer ashepasher joll taader teler sombhabonar jonno agroher vishay hoye utheche. 1981 saale elf aquitten ebong petrogaber ekti consortium sombhabonar sandhan shuru korey. teler anubhuto mulyer karone eyi anchalti gaboner saathe bitorkito. 2003 saaler februaryte gabone protirokkhamontri ally-beena bongo ondimba dweeppunjo poridorshon corren ebong gaboner daabi punra zanan.

corisco corisco, mandaj athavaa maandyi, vishuvvruteey gineeno aek naano taapu chhe, jeey riyo munee nadimukhni dakshinpashchim stheet chhe, jeey gabon saatheni sarhadne vyakhyayit karey chhe. corrisco, jenu naam vijadee maatena portugies shabd parthee utaree aavyu chhe, teno vistaar chhe, aneey tenu sauthee unchu bindu samudra sapatithi upar chhe. aaa taapu parnee sauthee mahatvapurn vasaahat gobe chhe. itihas. loah yug (50 ee. saes. purve-1400 ee. saes.) darmiyan aneey portugizona aagman pahelaa, aaa taapu geach vasvaat karato hato. manav vyavsaaynaa sauthee mahatvapurn puraava purveey dariyakanthani najiknaa nandaa vistarmathi maley chhe, jyaan dozneck pragaitihasik dafanvidhio khodvaamaa aavee chhe. aaa dafanvidhi beey alag alag samaygalani chheh praarambhik loah yug (50 ee. saes. purve-450 ee. saes.) aneey madhya loah yug (1000-1150 ee. saes.). pratham samaygaalaa darmiyan, tapuvasioae reteemaa khodvaamaa aavela chhichhara khadaoma manav haadkaan aneey lokhandnaa saadhno (kuhaadeeo, kadaa, bhaala, chamchi, lokhandani chalani noto) naa bundle jamaa karaavya hataa. beeja samaygaalaa darmiyan, kabaro dastavejikrut karvaamaa aavee chhe jyaan mrutdeho (sanrakshit nathee) vaasanothi gheraayela hataa, jemaa kadaach khoraak aneey alcoholic pinaan hataan. mrutakone temnaa shangaar (collar, bangadio aneey pagnee ghoonti) aneey ketalik vyaktigat sampatti (chhareeo aneey edies) saathe dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. jyaare portugies khalasio 1471maan mino nadimukhma aavyaa, tyaare temane nondhyu keey aaa vistaarnaa taapuo mukhyatve vastee vinaanaa hataa. taapuni aaspaas anubhavaayela vavazodane kaarane teoae 'vijadee' parthee corrisconu naam raakhyu. trana sadiothi vadhu samaynaa tyaag pachhi, jyaare european khalasio dwara chhutachhvaya mulakat levaamaa aavtee hatee, tyaare corisco benga loko dwara sthaayi karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teo 18mee sadeena uttaraardhmaa europeano saathena vepaarnee sambhavnaothi aakarshaine aavyaa hataa. aaa taapu paachhalthi 1843maan spain dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey juan joses lerenaa vaay barry dwara bunga raajaa boncoro pratham saathe karvaamaa aaveli vyavsthaanaa parinaame hato. boncoro pratham 1846maan mrutyu paamyo aneey tenaa putra boncoro dhviteey dwara anugaamee banyo, parantu taapu parnee harifaaine kaarane, boncoro dhviteey saao tomemaa rahevaa gayo, aneey munga prathame 1848thee 1858 sudhee corisco parr shaasan karyoo, tenaa putra munga dhvitiyae sattaa sambhaali, aneey 1870naa daykama sanshodhak manual iradiyarne malyaa. saamanya reete, spanish lokoae corisco parr bahoo ochhu dhyaan aapyu hatoo. 20mee sadeena praarambhik bhagma teey elobi, anobone aneey corisco vahivatitantrano bhaag hato aneey teey naam hethal tapaal ticket bahaar padvama aavee hatee. aazadi pachhi teey vishuvvruteey gineeno abhinn bhaag bunny gayo. taajetarnaa varshomaa corrisco aneey corrisco khaadini aaspasna paanee temnee telnee sambhavnao maate rasnaa bunny gayaa chhe. elph aquitain aneey petrogebnaa sanghe 1981maan tenee sambhavna sharoo curry hatee. telnaa katheet moolyane kaarane aaa vistaar gabon saathe vivaadit chhe. februari 2003maan, gabony sanraxan mantree allie-bayne bongo ondimba tapuoni mulakat leedhi hatee aneey gabonno daavo temne fareethi janaavyo hato.

corisco corisco, mandaj, yaa mundy, bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny kaa ack chhota saa dweep haye, joe riyo muni muhaane key dakshin-paschim mein sthit haye joe gabon key saath seema koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. corisco, jiska naam bijli key liye purtagaali shabd seey nikla haye, kaa ack kshetra haye, aur iska uchchatam bindu samudra tala seey oopar haye. dweep parr sabse mahatvapurna basti gobe haye. itihas. lauh yug (50 eesaa poorv-1400 esvi) key dauran aur purtagaliyon key aaney seey pahale, dweep ghanee aabaadi vaalaa thaa. maanav vyavasaay kaa sabse mahatvapurna pramaan purvi tata key paas nandaa key kshetra seey aataa haye, jahan darjanon pragaitihasik kabron kii khudai kii gaee haye. yeye dafan dou alag-alag avadhiyon key hainh praarambhik lauh yug (50 eesaa poorv-450 esvi) aur madhya lauh yug (1000-1150 AD). pahali avadhi key dauran, dweepwasiyon ney rait mein khode gaye uthale gaddhon mein maanav haddiyon aur lohe key aujaaron (kulhadi, kangan, bhaale, chammach, lohe kii mudra) key bundle jamaa kiye. doosari avadhi key dauran, kabron kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye jahan shav (sanrakshit naheen) bartanon seey ghire hue they, jinamen shayed bhojan aur maadak peya they. mritakon koo unake alankaran (collar, kangan aur payal) aur kuchh vyaktigat sampatti (chaku aur edge) key saath dafnaya gayaa thaa. jaba purtagaali navik 1471 mein mino muhaane mein pahunche, tou unhone nott kiya kii kshetra key dweep mukhya roop seey nirjan they. dweep key aspas anubhav kii gaee havaaon key kaaran unhone 'bijli' key naam parr corisco kaa naam rakhaa. teen shataabdiyon seey adhik key parityag key baad, jaba europeeya naavikon dwara chhitput roop seey iska daura kiya gayaa thaa, taba corisco mein benga loga buss gaye they. way 18veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran aae joe europeeya logon key saath vyaapaar kii sambhaavanaon seey aakarshit they. dweep koo baad mein 1843 mein spen dwara adhigrahan kiya gayaa thaa, joe juan jose lerena vaaee bairi dwara benga raajaa boncoro aaee key saath kii gaee vyavastha key parinamswarup thaa. boncoro pratham kii mrityu 1846 mein hui aur unake putra boncoro dwiteeya ney unakaa uttaradhikari banaa, lekin dweep parr pratidvandvita key kaaran, boncoro dwiteeya saao tome chaley gaye, aur munga dwiteeya ney 1848 seey 1858 taka corisco mein shasson kiya, unake putra munga dwiteeya ney padbhar sambhala, aur 1870 key dashak mein khojkarta manuel iradiar seey mulakat kii. samanya taur parr, spanish logon ney corisco parr bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa. 20veen shatabdi key shuruati bhaag mein yeh aloby, anobone aur corisco key prashaasan kaa hissa thaa aur usa naam key tahat daak tikat jaari kiye gaye they. yeh swatantrata key baad bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny kaa ack abhinn anga bunn gayaa. corisco aur corisco khaadi key aspas key paani haal key varshon mein unaki tail sambhaavanaon key liye ruchi kaa vishay bunn gaye hain. elf aquitain aur petrogabe key ack sangh ney 1981 mein sambhavana shuru kii. tail key kathit moolya key kaaran iss kshetra mein gabon key saath vivaad haye. farwari 2003 mein, gabony raksha mantri allie-bayne bongo ondimba ney dweepon kaa daura kiya aur unhein gabon key daave koo phir seey bataaya.

corisco corisco, mandz athawa mandiyu, bhoomadhyarekheya giniyaada ondu sanna dweepawaagiddu, idu reo muni nadeemukhada nairtya bhagadallide, idu gyabannondige gadiyannu vyaakhyaanisuttade. corisco emba hesaru portugees padavaada minchininda bandide, idu ondu pradeshavannu hondide mattu adara atyunnata binduvu samudra mattakkinta melide. ee dveepada atyanta pramukha vasaahatu gob aagide. itihaasa. kabbinada yugadalli (cree. poo. 50-cree. shaa. 1400) mattu portugeesara aagamanada modalu, dweepawu dattavaagi nelegondittu. manava udyogada pramukha puraavegalu purva karavaliya baliya nandaa pradeshadinda baruttave, allie dajangattale praagaitihaasika samadhigalannu utkhanana maadalaagide. ee samadhigalu eradu vibhinn avadhigalige seriveh arambhika kabbina yuga (cree. poo. 50-cree. shaa. 450) mattu madhya kabbina yuga (cree. shaa. 1). modala avadhiyalli, dweepawaasigalu manava moolegala kattugalu mattu kabbinada upakaranagalannu (kodaligalu, kadagagalu, eetigalu, chamachagalu, kabbinada nanyagalu) maralinalli alugaadisida aalavillada gundigalalli sangrahisidaru. eradane avadhiyalli, shavagalu (samrakshisalpattilla) madikegalinda suttuvarediruva samadhigalannu daakhalisalaagide, bahushah aahara mattu aalkohaalyukta paniyagalannu hondiruttave. mrutarannu avara alankaaragalu (kaalargalu, kadagagalu mattu chilagalu) mattu kelavu vaiyaktika aastigalondige (chakugalu mattu aadjgalu) samadhi maadalaayitu. 1471ralli portugees naavikaru mino nadimukhakke agamisidaga, aaa pradeshada dweepagalu mukhyavaagi jananibidavagive endu avaru gamanisidaru. dveepada suttaloo avaru anubhavisida birugaligalindagi avaru 'minchu' yaya hesarannu corisco endu ittaru. mooru shatamaanagaligoo hecchu kaala tyajisida nantara, european naavikaru viralavaagi bheti niididaaga, koriskovannu bengaada janaru nelesidaru. yuropiyannarondigina vyaapaarada niriksheyinda aakarshitaraagi avaru 18neey shatamaanada dvitiyaardhadalli agamisidaru. benga raaja wandane bonkoronondige juwan jose lerena vaii byaari madikonda oppandada parinaamavaagi ee dweepawannu nantara 1843ralli spain swadhinapadisikonditu. modalane boncoro 1846ralli nidhanaraadaru mattu avara maga eradane boncoro uttaradhikariyadanu, aadare dweepadallina paipoti kaaranadindaagi, eradane boncoro savo tomege sthalaantaragondanu mattu modalane munga 1848rinda 1858ravarege koriskovannu aalidanu, avana maga eradane munga adhikara vahisikondanu mattu 1870rahra dasakadalli parishodhaka manuel iraadiyarnannu bhetiyaadanu. samanyavagi, spanish janaru koriskokke kadime gamana niididaru. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli idu elobi, anoban mattu corisco aadalitada bhagavagittu mattu aaa hesarinalli anchecheetigalannu bidugade maadalaayitu. idu swatantryada nantara bhoomadhyarekheya giniyaada avibhajya angavaayitu. corisco mattu adara suttamuttalina corisco kolliya neeru ittichina varsagalalli tamma tailada nirikshegala bagge aasaktiyannu moodisive. elph aquitine mattu petrogabgala okkootavu 1981ralli niriksheyannu praarambhisitu. tailada grahisida moulyadindaagi ee pradeshavu gyabannondige vivaadaatmakavaagide. 2003rahra phebravariyalli, gabonese raxana sachiva allie-benn bongo ondimba dweepagalige bheti niididaru mattu gabon avara hakkannu avarige maru-pratipaadisidaru.

corrisco rioo muni azhimukhathinu thekkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunna bhoomadhyarekhayilulla giniyayude oru cheria dveepaanu corrisco, maandu allengil mandy, ithu gabonumayullah athirthi nirvachikkunnu. minnal enna porchugees padatthil ninnu uruthirinja corrisco enna perinu samudranirappinu mukalilulla ettavum uyarnna sthalavum vistheernnavumund. dveepile ettavum pradhanappetta vaasasthalam gobeyanu. charithram. irumbukaalathum (bii. sii. 50-eiii. dii. 1400) porchugeesukaarude varavinu munbum dveepil janasandrata niranja vaasasthalamundaayirunnu. charithraatheethakaalatthe dussen kanakkinu shavakudeerangal khananam cheytha kizhakkan theerathinaduthulla nanda pradeshathu ninnaan manushya adhiniveshathinte ettavum pradhanappetta thelivukal labhikkunnath. eee shavakudeerangal rund vyathyastha kaalaghattangalil pettavayaana aadyakaala irumbu yugam (bii. sii. 50-450 edii), madhya irumbu yugam (<aii. dii. 1> edii). aadya kaalaghattatthil, dveepukaar manushya asthikaludeyum irumbu upakaranangaludeyum (kodali, valakal, kunthangal, spoonukal, irumbu currency) bundleukal manalil kuzhicha aazhamillaatha kuzhikalil nikshepichu. randaam kaalaghattatthil, mrithadehangal (samrakshikkappedaatha) bhakshanavum madyapaanavum adangiya kalangalaal chuttappettathayi shavakudeerangal rekhappeduthiyittundu. marichavare avarude alankaarangalum (collarukal, valakal, kanankaalukal) kurachu vyakthigatha vasthukkalum (kathiyum ads) upayogichu samskarichu. 1471ll porchugees naavikar minoo azhimukhathu athiyappol, eee pradeshathe dveepukal pradhaanamaayum janavaasamillaathavayaanenna avar shradhichu. dveepinu chuttum anubhavapetta kaattinethudarnnu avar 'minnal' enna peril corrisco ennu perittu. moonnu noottaandilere kaalathe upekshichathinusesham, europian naavikar idaykkide sandarshichappol, corriscoyil banga janatha sthirathaamasamaakki. pathinettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil yooropyanmaarumaayulla vyaapaarathinte saadhyathakalil aakrishtaraayi avar ethi. 1843ll banga rajaavaaya bongoro onnamanumaayi juvan jose lerena vaii baari nadatthiya oru krameekaranatthinte falamaayi eee dweep pinneedu spain etteduthu. bongoro onnaaman 1846-ll marikkukayum addehathinte makan bongoro randaaman addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu, ennaal dveepile sathruthakal kaaranam bongoro randaaman saavo tomailek thamasam maarukayum munga onnaaman 1848 muthal 1858 vare corriscoyil bharikkukayum addehathinte makan munga randaaman chumathalayelkkukayum 1870-kalil paryavekshakanaaya maanuval iraadiyare kandumuttukayum cheythu. pothuve, spanish janatha choriscoic kaaryamaaya shradha nalkiyilla. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil ithu elobi, anobon, corrisco ennivayude bharanathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, aaa peril tapal staambukal puratthirakki. swaathanthryaanantharam ithu madhyarekhayile giniyayude avibhaajya gadakamaayi maari. corrisco corrisco ulkkadalinte chuttumulla jalavum sameepa varshangalil avayude enna saadhyathakalekkurich thaalpparyamullathaayi mariyirikkunnu. 1981ll elph akvittainum petrogab chernna oru kansorshyam pratheekshikkan thudangi. ennayude moolyam kanakkileduthu eee pradesham gabonumaayi tharkkathilaanu. 2003 februvariyil gabonian prathirodha mantri alii-benn bongo ondimba dveepukal sandarshikkukayum gaboninte avakaashavaadam avayodu veendum prasthavikkukayum cheythu.

corisco corisco, manj kinwa manday heey bhoomadhyareshevaril giniche eka chhotese bett aahe, jeey reo munee nadimukhachya nairutyela sthit aahe, jeey gabonchya simechi vyakhya karate. corisco, jyache naav portugij shabd vijevaroon aale aahe, tyache kshetrafal aahe aanee tyacha sarvoch bindu samudraspatipasun varr aahe. yaa betavaril sarvat mahattvachi vasahat mhanje gobe. itihas. lohyugat (ii. sha. puu. 50-ii. sha. 1400) aanee portugijanchya aagmanapurvi, bett ghandat vasahat hote. manvi vyaparacha sarvat mahattvacha purava purv kinadhyalagatchya nanda bhagatoon midato, jithe dazanbhar pragaitihasik dafanbhumiche utkhanan karnyat aale aahe. heey daphan done vegvegalya kalkhandatil aaheth prarambhik lohyug (ii. sha. puu. 50-ii. sha. puu. 450) aanee madhya lohyug (ii. sha. puu. 1). pahilya kalat, betavaril lokanni valoot khodalelya uthal khaddyanmadhye manvi hadey aanee lokhandi avajare (kuhwad, bracelet, bhale, chamche, lokhandi chalan) jamaa kelee. dusya kalat, kabarinchi nond karnyat aalee aahe jithe mrutdeh (jatan kelele naheet) bhandi yanni vedhalele hote, jyat kadachit ann aanee madak peye hotee. mrutanna tyanche alankar (collar, bracelet aanee payghol) aanee kahee vaiyaktik malmatta (chakoo aanee aadaj) deuun daphan karnyat aale. 1471 madhye portugij khalashi mino nadimukhat aale tevha tyanni nondavale qee yaa bhagatil bete pramukhyane nirjan hotee. betavar tyanni anubhavalelya vadalanmule tyanni 'vije' varoon 'corrisco' asey naav dile. teen shatkanhun adhik kaal sodoon gelyanantar, jevha european navikanni turalak bhet dilee, tevha koriskomadhye benga lock sthayik jhaale. teey 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat europeanansobatchya vyaparachya sambhavyatemule aakarshit houn aale. juan jose lerena vaay barryne bangalcha raja boncoro pahila yachyashi kelelya vyavasthecha parinam mhanoon 1843 madhye spenne heey bett nantar tabyat ghetale. boncoro pahila 1846 madhye maran pavala aanee tyacha mulga boncoro dusra tyachya jaagi aala, parantu betavaril shatrutvamule, boncoro dusra saao tooma yethe gela aanee munga pahila yane 1848 teey 1858 paryant koriskomadhye rajya kele, tyacha mulga munga dusra yane padbhar swikarla aanee 1870 chya dashakat sanshodhak manuel irradierla bhetala. sarvasadharanpane, spanish lokanni koriskokade farse laksh dile nahee. 20vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat too elobi, anobone aanee koriskochya prashasanacha bhag hota aanee tyaa navane tapal tikite jaaree kelee jaat hotee. swatantryanantar too vishuvavruttiy ginicha avibhajya bhag banala. alikadachya varshant, corisco aanee koriskochya upasagarachya aaspasche paanee tyanchya telachya sambhavyatesathi swarasyapoorn banale aahe. elph equitain aanee petrogabchya eka samoohane 1981 madhye shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. telachya kathit moolyamule yaa kshetravar gabonshey vaad aahe. februwari 2003 madhye, gabonese sanrakshn mantri allie-baine bongo ondimba yanni betanna bhet dilee aanee gaboncha dawa tyanna punha sangitala.

korisko korisko, manj, wa mondy, bhumadhyarekhiya giniko euta sano tapu how, june riyo muni nadimukhko dakshinapashchimma awasthit chha jasle gyabonsangko simalai paribhashit gardacha. korisko, jasko naam portugali shabda bijulibata aeko how, yasako kshetrafal chha, rar yasako uchchatam bindu samudra satahabata mathi chha. tapuko sabaibhanda mahatwapurna basti gobe how. itihas. falam yug (50 isapurva-1400 iswi) rar portugaliharuko agamanaghi, tapu ghana basobas thiyo. manav kabjako sabaibhanda mahatwapurna praman purvi tata najikaiko nanda kshetrabata aunchha, jahaan darjanaun pragaitihasik dafanharu utkhanan garieko chha. yee dafanharu dui farak awadhika hunh prarambhik falam yug (50 isa purva-450 iswi) rar madhya falam yug (1000-1150 AD). pahilo awadhima, tapuwasiharule baluwama khopieka uthala gaddhaharuma manav haddi rar falamka upkaranharu (kulhadi, bracelet, bhala, chamcha, falamko mudra) jamma gare. dosro awadhima, chihanharu kagjat garieko chha jahaan shawaharu (sanrakshit chhainan) bhandabata gherieka thie, sambhawatah khana rar madak peya padarthaharu thie. mritakharulai uniharuko sajawat (colour, bracelet rar pangra) rar kehi wyaktigat sampatti (chhuri rar adge) sanga dafanaiyo. sann 1471 maa jab portugali nawikharu mino nadimukhma aipuge, tiniharule yass kshetraka tapuharu mukhyataya nirjan thie bhanera ullekha gare. uniharule tapu waripari anubhav gareko aandhika karan 'bijuli' ko nambata korisko naam rakhe. tinn shatabdi bhanda badhi parityag pachhi, jab yo europeli nawikharudwara chhitputa rupma bhraman garieko thiyo, koriskolai benga manisharule basobas gare. tiniharu 18 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama aipugeka thie june yuropeliharusanga wyaparko sambhawanabata akarshit thie. benga raja boncoro prathamsanga juan jose lerena wai barryle gareko wyawasthako parinam swarup sann 1843 maa yo tapu spainle adhigrahan gareko thiyo. boncoro prathamko sann 1846 maa mrityu bhayo rar unka chhora boncoro dwitiyadwara uttaradhikari bane, tara tapuma pratidwandwitaka karan, boncoro dwitiya sao tomema sare, rar munga prathamle koriskoma 1848 dekhi 1858 samma shasson gare, unka chhora munga dwitiyale padabhar grahan gare, rar sann 1870 ko dashakma anweshak manuel iradiyarlai bhete. samanyataya, spainyharule koriskoma thorai dhyan die. 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhik bhagma yo aloby, anobone rar koriskoko prashasanko hissa thiyo, rar tyas naam antargat hulak tikatharu jaari gariyo. yo swatantra bhaepachi bhumadhyarekhiya giniko abhinna anga banyo. korisko rar korisko khadiko warparko pani halaika warshaharuma tiniharuko tel sambhawanaharuka lagi chasoko vishaya baneko chha. elf aquitain rar petrogabko euta consortiumle sann 1981 maa sambhawana dekhauna thalyo. telko kathit mulyaka karan yo khetra gyabansanga vivadit chha. february 2003 maa, gabony rakshamantri alie-bayne bongo ondimbale tapuharuko bhraman gare rar gabonko dawilai feri batae.

corisco corisco, mandz, kimba mandi, bishubeeah giniara eka chhot dwepa, jaahaa reo muni mohanatira dakhina-paschimare abasthita jaahaa gabbon sahita seemaaku byakhya kare . corisco, jahara naama portugeej sabda bajrapataru aasichhi, ehara eka khetraphala achhi, ebong ehara sarbocha bindu samudra prustharu upare . ehi dwepara sabutharu gurutwapurna basati heuchhi gobe. itihas. lauha juga (khreestapoorba 50-1400 khristabda) samajare ebong partugeejamananka agman purbaru, ehi dwepati ghana basati sthapana karithila. manab dakhaldarira sabutharu gurutwapurna pramana purba upakula nikatabartee nanda anchalaru aasichhi, jeunthare dozen dozen pragaitihasika kabara khanan karajaichi . ehi samadhigudika duiti bhinna samaira ateh prarambhika lauha juga (50 khreestapoorba-450 khristabda) ebong madhya lauha juga (1000-1150 AD). pratham samajare, dwepabaseemane balire khodei hoithiba agabhira garttare manab haada ebong luha upakarana (akhya, bracelet, barchha, chamacha, luha mudra) rahr bundle jamaa karithile. dwiteeja samajare, samadhigudika document karajaichi jeunthare mrutadehagudika (sanrakhita nuhen) paatra dwara gheri rahithila, bodhahue khadya ebong madyapanajukta paniah thila . mrutakamananku semananka sajasajja (colour, bracelet ebong pangapala) ebong kichhi byaktigata sampatti (chhuri ebong adge) sahita kabara diajaithila. 1471 masihare portugeej nabikamane jetebele mino mohanare pahanchithile, setebele semane ullekha karithile je ehi anchalara dwepapunja mukhyatah janbasatihin thila. dwepa charipakhare semane anubhaba karithiba bajrapata karanaru semane 'bajrapata' naamare corisco naama rakhithile. tini shatabdiru adhika samai parityaga parey, jetebele europeah nabikamane ehaaku bikhipta bhabare paridarshan karithile, korishkore benga lokamane basati sthapana karithile. juropeejamananka sahita banijyara sambhabana dwara akarshita hoi semane 18shaa shatabdir dwiteejardhare pahanchithile. parey 1843 masihare benga raja karithila।nka saha juan jose lerena wai barinka dwara karajaithiba eka byabasthara phala swaroopa ehi dwepaku spain adhigrahan karithila. karithila। 1846 masihare mrutyubarana karithile ebong taanka putra karanaru taanka uttaradhikari hoithile, kintu dwepare pratidwandita karanaru, karanaru sao tomaku chalijaithile, ebong ebong korishkore korishkore 1858 parjyanta shasson karithile, taanka putra putra dajitwa grahan karithile, ebong 1870 dashakare explorer manuel iradiaranku bhetithile. sadharanatah, spenijamane corisco prati comm dhyana deuthile. binsha shatabdir prarambhare ehaa elobi, anoban ebong corisco prashasanara anshabisesha thila ebong sehi naamare daaka tikata jaari karajaithila. swadheenata parey ehaa bishubeeah ginira eka abichhedya anga hoigala . sampratika barshagudikare, corisco ebong corisco upasagar akhpakh jala semanankara taila sambhabana paain agrahajanaka hoiparichhi. elph aquitain ebong petrogab rahr eka sangha 1981 ray sambhabana arambha karithila. ehi anchalara gabbon sahita bibada rahichhi kaaran taila rahr anubhuta mulya . februari 2003 ray, gabonra pratirakhya mantri aali-bayne bongo ondimba dwepapunja paridarshan karithile ebong semananku gabonanka daabi punarbara darshaithile.

chorisco chorisco, manj jaan mundy, bhumadh rekha ginni daa ikk chhota jiha tapu haii, joe reo munee muhane dey dakkhan-pachham witch sathit haii joe gabbon naal sarhadd noon paribhashit karda haii. chorisco, jisda naam puratgali shabad bijli toon liaa giaa haii, daa khetarfal haii, atey isda sabh toon uccha bindu samunder tall toon uppar haii. tapu utte sabh toon mahattavpuran basti gobe haii. itihaas. lohe dey yugg (50 ee. poo.-1400 ee.) dauran atey puratgaliaan dey aaunn toon pahilan, ih tapu sanghani aabadi vaala see. manukkhi kabze daa sabh toon mahattavpuran saboot purbi tatt dey nede nandaa dey khetar toon milda haii, jitthe pragaitihasik kabran dey darjanan putte gaye hunn. ih dafnaun doou vakkh-vakkh periodan naal sabandhat hann shuruati lohe daa yugg (50 ee. poo.-450 ee.) atey maddh lohe daa yugg (1000-1150 AD). pahile arse dauran, tapuvasiaan neey manukkhi haddiaan atey lohe dey sandan (kuhadiaan, kangan, barchhe, chammach, lohe dee mudra) dey bundle rait witch putte gaye khokhle toiaan witch jamhan keete. dooje arse dauran, kabran daa dastavezikaran keeta giaa haii jitthe laashan (surakhiat naheen) ghadiaan naal ghiriaan hoiaan sunn, shayed bhojan atey alcohol vaale peenn vaale padarath sunn. mritakan noon unhan dey shingar (kaalar, kangan atey gitte) atey kujh nijji sampatiaan (chaku atey eds) naal dafnaiaa giaa see. jadon puratgali mallah 1471 witch mino muhane witch pahunche, taan unhan neey nott keeta kii iss khetar dey tapu mukkh taur 'teey aabadi vaale naheen sunn. tapu dey aale-duaale unhan neey joe toofan daa anubhav keeta, uss caarn unhan neey 'bijli' dey naam utte chorisco daa naam rakkhiaa. tinn sadiaan toon vaddh samein toon chaddan toon baad, jadon european malahan duaara iss daa daura keeta giaa see, taan chorisco noon banga lokan duaara basaiaa giaa see. uh uh sadee dey dooje addh dauran aae sunn joe european lokan naal vapaar deeaan sambhavnavan toon aakarshit sunn. iss tapu noon baad witch 1843 witch spain duaara haasal keeta giaa see, joe kii juan jose lerena vaaee bairi duaara banga raaja boncoro I naal keete gaye parbandh dey natije vajon see. boncoro pahile dee 1846 witch maut hoow gaee atey uss dey puttar boncoro dooje neey uss daa sathaan liaa, parr tapu utte virodhiaan dey caarn, boncoro dooja saao tome chalaa giaa, atey munga pahile neey chorisco 1848 toon 1858 takk shasan keeta, uss dey puttar munga dooje neey satta sambhali, atey 1870 dey dahake witch khoji manuel iradier noon miliaa. aam taur utte, spanish lokan neey chorisco vall bahut ghatt dhiaan ditta. ਦਿੱਤਾ। sadee dey shuruati hisse witch ih aloby, anobone atey chorisco dey parshasana daa hissa see atey iss naam heth daak tikatan jaari keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. ih aazadi toon baad bhumadh rekha ginni daa ikk attutt hissa bann giaa. chorisco atey chorisco khaadi dey aale-duaale dey paanee haal hii dey saalan witch unhan deeaan tail sambhavnavan laee dilchaspi daa visha bann gaye hunn. elef acvitain atey patrogab dey ikk sangh neey 1981 witch sambhavna shuru keeti. tail dey manne jaande mull caarn ih khetar gabbon naal vivadgrast haii. farvari 2003 witch, gabony rakkhiaa mantri allie-baine bongo ondimba neey tapuan daa daura keeta atey unhan noon gabo dey daave noon dubara dassiaa.

corisco corisco, mandj, athavaa mandi, bhoomadhyarekheey-ginee-ityasya ekaha laghudweepah asti, yah riyo muni-nadimukhasya nairrutyadishi sthitah asti, yah gabon-ityanena saha simam nirdhaarayati. corisco iti naam portugees-bhashayaha vidyud-shabdat vyutpannam asti, yasya kshetrafalam samudratalasya oordhvataayaam asti. dweepasya mahattvapoornam nivaasasthaanam gobe asti. itihaasah. lohayuge (saa. sha. poo. 50-saa. sha. 1400) portugijarajyasya agamanat poorvam cha ayam dweepah ghanatayaa sthityamaanah aasit. maanav-vyavasaayasya mahattvapoornam pramanam poorvatate sameepe nandaa-kshetraat praaptam asti, yatra dozen-adhikaani pragaitihasika-samaadhayah utkhanitaah santi. ete samaadhayah dwayoh bhinnayoho kaalayoh santi-praarambhik-lohayugasya (50 saa. sha. poo.-450 saa. sha.) tathaa madhya-lohayugasya (1000-1150 AD). prathamakaale dweepawaasinah maanav-asthi-loha-upakaranani (akshah, breaslet, barcchaah, spoon, loha-mudraa) cha balukayam khodite agacchadaggeshu nikshiptavantah. dwiteeyakaale, samaadhayah abhilekhitaani santi yatra shavaani (samrakshitaani naa aasan) paatraih pariveshtitaani aasan, praayah khaadyaani madyapaani cha aasan. mrutaanaam samaadhih swasaundaryena (colours, breaslets, enclates), katipayaih vyaktigatasampattayah (chaakuh, edge) cha aasan. 1471 tame varshe yadaa portugees-naavikah mino-nadeemukham aagacchan, tadaa te avadat yat asmin kshetre dweepaah mukhyataya janavasteeyaah aasan iti. dweepasya paritah anubhavitaanaam vayupravahanam karanat te 'vidyut' ityasya namna corisco iti namakaranam krutavantah. trishataabdyaah api adhikakalat parityaktasya anantaram, yadaa europiya-naavikaih viralaroopen bhramanam abhavat, tadaa bengaa-janaah corisco-nagare nivaasam sthaapayan. 18 shataabdyaah dwiteeyaardhe te european-janaihi saha vyaapaarasy sambhaavanaayaam aakrushtaah abhavan. pashchat 1843 tame varshe bengaa-raajnaa bonkoro-prathamena saha juvaan-jose-lerena-vai-bairee ityanena krutasya vyavasthaayaah parinaamen spen-deshah ayam dweepam adhigrahitavaan. bonkoro prathamah 1846 tame varshe amriyata, tasya putrah bonkoro dwiteeyah uttaraadhikaari abhavat, parantu dweepe pratidwandwitwasya karanat bonkoro dwiteeyah saavo tome-nagaram gatavaan, mungaa prathamah 1848 taha 1858 paryantam corisco-nagare ashaasu, tasya putrah mungaa dwiteeyah adhikaram sveekrutavaan, 1870 tame dashake anveshakam myaanuyel iradier-ityanena saha militavaan. samanyataya spen-deshaah corisco-nagaram prati alpam avadhaanam dattavantah. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe ayam aloby, anoban, corisco ityetayoho prashasanasya bhaagah aasit, tathaa cha tasmin namna daakatikitaani nirmeeyante sma. swaatantryaanantaram ayam bhoomadhyarekheey-ginee-deshasya abhinnah bhaagah abhavat. corisco-samudrasya pariveshtitajalaani api cha corisco-samudrasya jalaani, sadyah varsheshu teshaam taila-sambhavanayaha krute ruchim avaapnot. elf aquitain tathaa petrogyab ityetayoho sanghatanen 1981 tame varshe nirikshanam aarabdham. tailam mulyena asya kshetre gyabon ityanena saha vivaadah asti. 2003 februvari-maase, gabonese-deshasya rakshaamantri allie-benn bongo ondimbaa ityeshah dvipan gatvaa gabon ityasya davam punah uktavaan.

corisco corisco, mondge allathu maandi, poomaththiya raekai kiniyaavin oru siriya theevu, idhu reo muni mugaththuvaaraththin thenmaerkil amainthullathu, idhu caponudan ellaiyai varaiyarukkirathu. minnal endra poarththukeesiya vaarththaiyilirunthu perappatta corisco, adhan parappalavaik kondullathu, maelum adhan miga uyarnththa pulli kadal mattaththirku maelae ullathu. theevil miga mukkiyamaana kudiyaettram gobe aagum. varalaaru. irumbuk kaalaththil (kimu 50-kibi 1400) mattrum poarththukeesiyarkal varuvatharku munbu, inthath theevu adarththiyaaga kudiyaeriyirundhadhu. manitha aakiramippukkaana miga mukkiyamaana saandrugal kilakku kadarkaraikku arugilulla nandhaa paguthiyil irunthu varukintrana, angku dajan kanakkaana varalaattrukku munththaiya pudhaikuzhigal agazhvaaraaichchi seiyappattullana. inththa adakkam irandu vevvaeru kaalakattangalaich sernthathu aarambagaala irumbuk kaalam (kimu 50-kibi 450) mattrum naduththara irumbuk kaalam (kibi 1-kibi 450). muthal kaalakattathil, theevuvaasigal manitha elumbugal mattrum irumbuk karuvigalin (koadaarigal, valaiyalgal, eettikal, karandigal, irumbu naanayam) moottaikalai manalil thoandappatta aazhamattra kuzhigalil deposit seithanar. irandaavathu kaalakattathil, udalgal (paathukaakkappadaathavai) paanangkalaal soolappattirukkum kallaraigal aavanappaduththappattullana, anegamaaga unavu mattrum mathupaanangkalaik kondirukkalaam. iranththavargal thangal alangkaarangkal (kaalarkal, valaiyalgal mattrum kanukkaal) mattrum oru sila thanipatta udaimaigal (kaththigal mattrum adjus) aagiyavattrudan adakkam seiyappattanar. seiyappattanar poarththukeesiya maalumigal minoo mugaththuvaaraththirku vanthapoathu, ippaguthiyil ulla theevugal perumpaalum makkal thogai illaathavai endru avarkal kurippittanar. theevaich suttri avarkal anubaviththa puyalgalin kaaranamaaga avarkal 'minnal' endra peyaraal corisco endru peyarittanar. moontru noottraandugalukkum maelaaga kaividappatta piragu, iroappiya maalumigal avvappoathu varugai thanthapoathu, corisco benga makkalaal kudiyaeriyadhu. avarkal 18 aam noottraandin irandaam paathiyil iroappiyarkaludanaana varththagaththin vaaippugalaal eerkkappattanar. benga mannar muthalaam ponkoaroavudan juwan jose lerena oy paari seitha aerpaattin vilaivaaga, 1843 aam aandil inthath theevu spainol kaiyagappaduththappattathu. muthalaam poncoro poncoro iranthaar, avarukkup piragu avarathu magan irandaam poncoro aatchikku vanthaar, aanaal theevil aerpatta poattikalin kaaranamaaga, irandaam poncoro saavo domikku kudipeyarnthaar, muthalaam munga 1848 muthal 1858 varai koriskovai aatchi seithaar, avarathu magan irandaam munga poruppaettru, poruppaettru aaivaalar maenuval iraadiyarai sandhiththaar. podhuvaaga, spaaniyargal corisco meethu adhiga kavanam seluththavillai. 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil idhu elobi, anopan mattrum corisco nirvaagaththin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu, maelum antha peyaril anjal thalaikal veliyidappattana. suthanthiraththin pinnar idhu poomaththiya raekai kiniyaavin orunginaintha paguthiyaaga maariyathu. corisco mattrum corisco virigudaavaich suttriyulla neernilaigal sameepathiya aandugalil avattrin ennei vaaippugalukkaaga aarvamaaga ullana. elp akvidain mattrum petrocop aagiyavattrin koottamaippu 1981 aam aandil ethirpaarththuk kollath thodangiyathu. enneyin mathippu kaaranamaaga ippaguthi caponudan sarchchaikkullaakiyullathu. pipravari 2003 ill, cabonian paathukaappu amaichar alii-penn bongo ontimba theevugalukkuch sendru cabone urimaikoaralai avarkalidam meendum therivitthaar.

corisco corisco, mandz ledhaa mandyi, bhoomadhyarekha ginia yokka oka chinna dveepam, idhi gabanto sarihaddunu nirvachinche reo muni esturyki nairuti disalo undhi. corisco, dheeni paeru portugees padam merupu nundi vachindi, dheeni visteernam, mariyu daani ettaina pradaesam samudra mattaniki paina undhi. eee dveepamlo atyanta mukhyamaina sthaavaram gobe. charitra. inupa yugamlo (cree. puu. 50-cree. sha. 1400) mariyu portugeesu raakaku mundu, eee dveepamlo dattamaina sthiranivaasaalu undevi. maanava aakramanaku atyanta mukhyamaina aadharalu thoorpu tiiraaniki sameepamlo unna nandaa praantam nundi vachayi, ikkada dozenla koddi charitrapurva samadhulu tavvabaddaayi. eee samadhulu rendu ververu kaalaalaku chendinavi prarambha inupa yugam (cree. puu. 50-cree. puu. 450) mariyu madhya inupa yugam (1000-1150 AD). modati kaalamlo, dveepavaasulu maanava emukalu mariyu inupa panimutla (goddali, kankanaalu, eetelu, chenchaalu, inupa currency) kattalanu isukalo tavvina nissara guntalalo jama chesaaru. rendava kaalamlo, mrutadehaalu (samrakshinchabadaledu) kundalatho chuttumuttabadi, bahusha aaharam mariyu madya paaneeyaalu kaligi unna samadhulu namodu cheyabaddaayi. mrutulanu vaari alankaranalu (patteelu, kankanaalu mariyu cheelamandalu) mariyu konni vyaktigata aastulu (kattulu mariyu adges) thoo khananam chesaaru. 1471loe portugees naavikulu mino nadeemukhaaniki cherukunnappudu, eee praantamlooni dveepaalu pradhanamgaa janabha laenivigaa unnayani vaaru gurtinchaaru. dveepam chuttoo vaaru anubhavinchina gaalula kaaranamgaa vaaru 'merupu' paeru meeda corisco anie paeru pettaru. moodu sataabdaalaku paiga vidichipettina taruvaata, european naavikulu appudappudu sandarsinchinappudu, corriscolo benga prajalu sthirapaddaaru. europeanlatho vaanijya avakaasaala patla aakarshitulaina vaaru 18va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo ikkadiki vacchaaru. benga raaju modati boncorotho juvan jose lerena vai baarii chesina erpaatu phalitamgaa 1843loe eee dveepaanni speyin swaadheenam chesukundi. modati boncoro 1846loe maraninchaadu, athani kumarudu rendava boncoro athani taruvaata vacchaadu, conny dveepamlo satrutvaala kaaranamgaa, rendava boncoro saavo tomeku vellaadu, modati mungaa 1848 nundi 1858 varaku koriskonu paripaalinchaadu, athani kumarudu rendava mungaa baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu, 1870laloe anveshakudu manuel iradiyarnu kalisaadu. saadhaaranamgaa, spanish vaaru corisco patla peddagaa shraddha chuupaleedu. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo idhi elobi, anobone mariyu corisco paripaalanalo bhaagamgaa undedi mariyu aaa paerutoe tapala billalu jaarii cheyabaddaayi. swaatantryam vacchina taruvaata idhi bhoomadhyarekha ginealo antarbhaagamgaa maarindi. corisco mariyu corisco bay chuttupakkala jalaalu iteevali samvatsaraalalo vaati chamuru avakaasaala kosam aasaktini kaliginchaayi. elph aquitine mariyu petrogab yokka consortium 1981loe anveshana praarambhinchindi. chamuru yokka grahinchina viluva kaaranamgaa eee praantam gabanto vivadaspadamga undhi. fibravari 2003loe, gabonese rakshana mantri allie-benn bongo ondimba eee dveepaalanu sandarsinchi, vatiki gabon yokka vaadananu tirigi prakatinchaaru.

courseco courseco maanj yaa maandi istewai ganee kaa eek chhota saa jazirah hay juu riyo mony kay dahanay kay janub maghrab mein waaqa hay juu gaiban kay saath sarhad kii wazahat kartaa hay. courseco jiss kaa naam partagali lafz bajli say makhuz hay kaa raqbah hay aur iss kaa buland tareen maqaam satah samandar say oopar hay. jazeeray kii sabb say aham bastee gobay hay. tareekh. lohay kay door (50 qabal maseeh-1400 eiswi) kay doraan aur partagaliyon kii aamad say pehley yaha jazirah gahnay aabaad thaa. insani qabze kaa sabb say aham sabut mashriqi saahil kay qareeb naanda kay elaqay say milta hay jehaan darjanon maaqabal tarikhi tadfin kii gayee haine. yaha tadfin duu mukhtalif adwaar say taaluq rakhti haine: ibtadayi lohay kaa door (50 qabal maseeh-450 eiswi) aur darmiyani lohay kaa door (1000-1150 AD). pehley door mein jazeeray kay baashindon nay insani hadiyon aur lohay kay aalat (kulhaadi kangan nezay chamchay lohay kii karansi) kay bundle reet mein khooday gayey atlee garhon mein jamaa kiye. dosray door kay doraan maqbaron kuu dastawezi shakal dee gayee hay jehaan laashein (mahfuz nahein) bartanon say gharaa hawaa thaa jiss mein shayed khaaney aur alkahal mashrubaat thay. matufiyon kuu inn kii sajawat (kaalar kangan aur tangiyan) aur chand zaati saamaan (chaqo aur adz) kay saath dafan kiyaa gayaa. jabb partagali milaah 1471 mein manoo kay dahanay parr pahunche tuu inhon nay nott kiyaa kahh iss elaqay kay jazair ziyadah tarr ghair aabaad thay. jazeeray kay ard gird aaney waali toofani hawaon kii wajah say inhon nay 'bajli' kay naam parr courseco kaa naam rakhaa. teen sadiyon say ziyadah arsey takk turk kiye jaanay kay baad jabb europi malahon nay iss kaa waqfe waqfe say dorah kiyaa tubb courseco kuu bung kay loag aabaad kirr chakay thay. wah 18 wein sadee kay dosray nasf kay doraan pahunche juu europiyon kay saath tajarat kay amkanat say mutasir thay. iss jazeeray kuu baad mein 1843 mein speen nay haasil kirr liyaa joaan josay larina waayi barry kay zariah bung baadshah boncoro awal kay saath kiye gayey intezam kay natijay mein thaa. boncoro awal kaa 1846 mein inteqal hawaa aur iss kay baad iss kaa betaa boncoro dom aayaa leakin jazeeray parr dushmani kii wajah say boncoro dom saao tomi chalaa gayaa aur mangaa awal nay 1848 say 1858 takk courseco mein hukumat kii iss kay betay mangaa dom nay iqtedar sanbhala aur 1870 kii dahayi mein explorer minoal airdier say mulaqat kii. aam toor parr hispanvi loag courseco parr behat kumm taujah deetay thay. 20 wein sadee kay ibtadayi hasay mein yaha alloby annobon aur courseco kay intezamiya kaa hasah thaa aur iss naam say ddaak ticket jaari kiye jaatay thay. aazadi kay baad yaha istewai ganee kaa eek lazmi hasah bunn gayaa. courseco aur courseco bay kay aas paas kay paani haaliyah barson mein apnay teel kay amkanat kay liye dilchaspi kaa baais banay haine. ailf acvitin aur patrogab kay eek consortium nay 1981 mein amkanat kaa aaghaz kiyaa. teel kii samjhi jaanay waali qeemat kii wajah say yaha elaqah gaiban kay saath mutnazah hay. faroori 2003 mein gaboon kay wazeer dafaa alee beenn bongo oondamba nay jazair kaa dorah kiyaa aur inn parr gaboon kay daway kuu dobarah biyaan kiyaa.

00090d1f890704d54d77134935e90f7d6e92d89eb84aed07704708f7e14cce7d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3375098

Down by Law (band)

Down by Law (band) Down by Law is an American punk rock band formed in 1989 by former All frontman Dave Smalley, who is the only remaining original member. The band has recorded seven studio albums. They stayed on Epitaph Records until 1998 and have since switched to other labels. Down by Law has never achieved substantial commercial success, but a number of largely popular acts cite them as influential, and they have an underground following. After several lineup changes, the band went on hiatus from touring and recording in 2003, but resurfaced in 2008 before beginning work on new material and embarking on their first tour in six years in 2009. In 2017, the band reunited their Punkrockacademyfightsong lineup and are currently active and touring. Biography. After Dave Smalley left All in 1989, he formed Down by Law with Chris Bagarozzi on guitar, Ed Urlik on bass and Dave Naz on drums. The band considers their first show to be held on March 10, 1990, at the Anti-Club in Hollywood. After signing to Epitaph Records, they released their debut album, which is self-titled, in 1991. It was produced by Brett Gurewitz, guitarist of punk rock band Bad Religion and the founder of Epitaph. Down by Law entered the studio to record their second album, "Blue", in 1992 (again produced by Gurewitz). After the touring to promote the album, they parted ways with their original lineup in 1993, leaving Smalley as the band's only original member. Bagarozzi, Urlik and Naz were replaced by Sam Williams III, Angry John Di Mambro and Hunter Oswald on guitar, bass and drums respectively. The new lineup recorded their third album "Punkrockacademyfightsong", which was released in 1994 and is generally cited as their best selling release. Video clips for the songs "Hit or Miss" and the cover of The Proclaimers' "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" were made and they received some airplay on MTV and radio stations. To support the album, Down by Law embarked on a year-long tour and on some shows they supported bands like Burning Heads and The Vandals as well as their now-former labelmates NOFX, The Offspring, Pennywise and Bad Religion. Down by Law recorded and released two more albums, "All Scratched Up" (1996) and "Last of the Sharpshooters" (1997) before they left Epitaph in 1998. A brief stint on Go-Kart Records saw the release of "Fly the Flag" (1999). Shortly after the release of the album, bassist John DiMambro and drummer Chris Lagerborg departed the band. Lagerborg would die in his sleep in 2002. He was 33 years old. They were succeeded by Keith Davies on bass and Milo Todesco on drums. In December 2002, the band signed to Union 2112 Records, who would release "Windwardtidesandwaywardsails" in May 2003. Neither album was as successful as their Epitaph releases. The band went on a hiatus later that same year. In August 2008, Down by Law announced that they were working on an album for and posted a new track called "Bullets" on their official website. In 2009, Down by Law embarked on their first tour since 2003, where they played shows in South America as well as some shows in the United States. "Crystal" was posted online in February 2010. They also played two shows in Florida in April 2010 and two shows in the Netherlands that October. On August 3, 2011, Smalley posted an update on Down by Law's Facebook page saying, "so there are new songs by DBL, being mixed as we speak... Sam rocks the songwriting as always. Hopefully we'll release something soon, either online or with a label." In late 2011, DBL announced a signing with DC Jam Records, with an album release expected in August 2012. The album "Champions at Heart" was released in 2012, followed in 2013 by a seven-track mini album, "Revolution Time", on Floricore Records (CD only), which was released in expanded form on 10" coloured vinyl in 2014 by UK label Dry Heave records. The additional tracks were acoustic cover versions of "Gotta Getaway" (Stiff Little Fingers), "Whiskey In The Jar" (Thin Lizzy), and "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding" (Elvis Costello). There were also some European shows at this time including a week of UK shows (the first in over a decade) in mid-2014. In late 2015 and into 2016, Smalley has been playing a number of solo shows playing tracks from across his career including material from DYS, Dag Nasty, All as well as DBL, this has included a mainland Europe tour in May and June 2016. In 2017, Dimambro and Oswald would rejoin the band. Discography. Studio albums Compilation albums Live albums EPs and splits References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aainor dwara daaun (bendo) daaun baai lo hoise 1989 sonot prakton ol frontman debh smelir dwara gothon koraa etaa aamerikan pank rok bendo, ji ekmatro baaki thoka mool xodosyo. bende xatota studio 'elbam record korise. xeibur 1998 sonoloike epituf recordot aasil aaru tetiyar poraa onyanyo lebeloloi xoloni hoise. aain onuxori ketiyau jothesto banijyik xofolota laabh koraa naai, kintu keibatau bohulbhabe jonopriyo karzoi teulukok probhawxali buli ullekh kore, aaru teulukor ek bhumigot onuxoronkari aase. keibatau lineup poribortonor pisot, bendtuwe 2003 sonot bhromon aaru recordingor poraa biroti loisil, kintu notun xamogrir uporot kaam aarombho korar aagote aaru 2009 sonot choy bosoror pisot teulukor prothom bhromon aarombho korar aagote 2008 sonot punor dekha paisil. 2017 sonot, bende teulukor pankorokekedemifaitsong lineup punor ekotrito korisil aaru bortoman xokriyo aaru bhromon kori aase. jiwani. 1989 sonot debh smeliye xokolu eri juwar pisot, teu aain onuxori gitarot crich bagruji, besot aid eurolik aaru dramot debh naajor xoite gothon korisil. bende teulukor prothomtu onusthan 1990 sonor 10 marchot holywodor anty-klabot onusthito huwar kotha bibesona kore. epituf recordot swakhyor korar pisot, teuluke 1991 sonot teulukor aatmo-xirunamor prothom elbam mukoli korisil, jitu pank rok bendo bedd rithiunor guiteraster aaru epitafor protisthapok brett gurevitze projujona korisil. aain onuxori 1992 sonot teulukor dwitiyo elbam "blue" record koriboloi studio 'too prowex korisil (punor gurevitze projujona korisil). elbamtur prosaror baabe bhromon korar pisot, 1993 sonot teuluke teulukor mool lineupor xoite prithok hoisil, smelik bendor ekmatro mool xodosyo hisape eri disil. bagruji, urolik aaru naajor thait chem uiliams tritiyo, engeri john di membru aaru sikari oh 'sowald krome gitter, bes aaru dramot sthan loisil. notun lineupe teulukor tritiyo elbam "pankor 'cademifietsong" record korisil, jitu 1994 sonot mukti paisil aaru xadharonote teulukor xorbadhik bikri huwa mukti hisape ullekh koraa hoy. hitt or miss" gitor video "clip aaru ghuxonakarixokolor" aai em go 'noo bi (500 maail) "ror proschod prostut koraa hoisil aaru teuluke em. ti. bhi aaru readyo' stationxomuhot kichu xomprosar laabh korisil. elbamtu xomorthon koriboloi aain onuxori ebosor dhori bhromon aarombho korisil aaru kisuman onusthanot teuluke jwoluwa muur aaru bhandelor logote teulukor bortomanor labelmate nophox, xontan, poyoxa aaru beyaa dhormor dore bendok xomorthon korisil. aain onuxori daaun record koraa aaru aaru dutaa elbam mukoli koraa hoisil, "ol scaraced aap" (1996) aaru "lust owo dyo swarpswoters" (1997) 1998 sonot epituf eraar aagote. gu-cart recordot ek xongkhipto xomoyor baabe "fly dyo flag" (1999) ror mukti dekha goisil. elbamtu mukoli huwar kichu xomoyor pisote, besbadok john dimembru aaru drummer crich leggerborge bendtu tyag kore. leggerborgor 2002 sonot tuponir bhitorot mrityu hoh 'bob. teur boyox aasil 33 bosor. teulukor pisot besot keith debhis aaru dramot milu todeskuwe uttoradhikar laabh korisil. 2002 sonor disembor maahot bende union 2112 recordsor xoite swakhyor kore, jiye 2003 sonor mey "maahot" windwardtides endwaywardels "mukoli koribo. kunu elbamoi teulukor epituf muktir dore xofol huwa nasil. xei bosoror xexor faale bendtur biroti hoisil. 2008 sonor aagosto maahot, aain onuxori ghuxona koraa hoisil je teuluke etaa elbamor baabe kaam kori aase aaru teulukor sorkari websiteot "bullets" naamor etaa notun trekk post korisil. 2009 sonot aain onuxori 2003 sonor pisot teulukor prothom bhromon aarombho hoisil, zo 'too teuluke dokhyin aamerikat onusthanor logote aamerikat kisuman onusthanou solaisil. "christel" 2010 sonor februaryt onlainot prokax paisil. teuluke 2010 sonor aprilot flo "ridat dutaa swo" aaru xei octoborot netherlandot dutaa swo "onusthito korisil. 2011 sonor 3 aagostot smeliye aainor fesbuk pristhat etaa update post kori koichil, "gotike aami kotha kuwar xomoyot misrito hoi thoka di. bi. el.-ror notun geet aase... seme xodayor dore geet likhokor uporot rong maare. aaxa koru aami online baa labelor xoite oti xunkale kiba etaa mukoli korim." 2011 sonor xexor faale, di. bi. el.-e di. chi. zem recordsor xoite swakhyor korar ghuxona kore, 2012 sonor aagosto maahot elbamtu mukoli huwar xombhawona aase. elbamtu "champions ett heart" 2012 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil, taar pisot 2013 sonot flo "rikur recordsot (kewol chi. di.) xatota trekor mini elbam" ribh "lyushyon time" mukoli koraa hoisil, jitu 2014 sonot eu. key. label dry hibh recordsor dwara 10 "rongor bhinailot xomproxarito rupot mukoli koraa hoisil. otirikto trekbur aasil "gutta getwe" (kothin xoru aanguli), "jaarot huiski" (paatol liji), aaru "(imaan haisyorxatmok 'bout) xanti, prem, aaru buja" (elvis coustelu) ror dhwonigoto aaworon xongskoron. ei xomoyot kisuman europiyo swo 'aasil, jaar bhitorot 2014 sonor majbhagot ek xoptahor iuke swo' (ek doxokor bhitorot prothomtu) aasil. 2015 sonor xexor faale aaru 2016 sonoloike smeliye teur keriyarororot keibatau ekok swo 'play kori aahise, zo' too dis, daag nusty, xokolure logote di. bi. el.-ror xamogri ontorbhukto aase, iyat 2016 sonor mey 'aaru june maahot mool bhukhondor euroop bhromon ontorbhukto koraa hoise. 2017 sonot demumbru aaru oh' sowald punor bendot jugdan koribo. discography. studio 'elbamxomuh xongkolon elbamxomuh live elbamxomuh eps aaru bibhajon

aain dwara niche (banned) daaun baai lawl 1989 saale praktan oll frontman debha smally dwara gothito ekti american punk rock banned, jini ekmatro aboshishto mool sadasya. bandti satti studio album record koreche. taaraa 1998 saal porjonto epituff recorde chhilo ebong tarpor theke anyanno lebele choley geche. aain onusare kokhono ullekhjoggo banijyik safalya orjon koraa yayni, tobey besh koyekti janapriya kaaj taader prabhabshali hisabe ullekh korey ebong taader ekti bhugorbhostho anusari royeche. besh koyekti lineup poribortoner porr, bandti 2003 saale sofor ebong recording theke biroto hoy, kintu notun upadan niye kaaj shuru korar agey ebong 2009 saale chhoy bochorer modhye taader prothom sofor shuru korar agey 2008 saale punra abirbhuto hoy. 2017 saale, bandti taader punkercamifietsong lineupke punra ekotrito korey ebong bortomane sakriya ebong sofor korche. jeeboni. 1989 saale debha smally sobb chhede choley yawar porr, tini gitter bajano criss bagarozzi, bases bajano edd urlik ebong drum bajano debha naajer sange aain anujayi kaaj shuru corren. bandti taader prothom anusthanti holywooder anty-clubey 1990 saaler 10ee march onusthito howar kotha bibechona korey. epituff recordgulite swakkhar korar porey, taaraa 1991 saale taader prothom album prakash korey, jaa swa-shironamjukto, etty punk rock banned byada relismer guiterbadok ebong epituffer protisthata brett gureuits dwara projojito hoyechilo. 1992 saale (abar gureuitz dwara projojito) taader dwitiya album "blue" record korar jonno studiote probesh korey. albumtir procharer jonno soforer porr, 1993 saale taaraa taader mool lineuper saathe alada hoye yaay, smally bandtir ekmatro mool sadasya hisabe chhede deyo. bagarojhi, urlik ebong naaz jothakrome gitter, bases ebong drumsey syama uilliams tritiya, angri john dii mambro ebong hunter oswald dwara protisthapito hoyechilo. notun lineup taader tritiya album "punkercademifietsong" record korey, jaa 1994 saale mukti paay ebong sadharonoto taader sorbadhik bikrito rilija hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. hitt orr miss" gaaner vdo clip ebong ghoshonakarider "aaee emm gondi bii (500 myle)"-err prochchod toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong taaraa mtv ebong redio stationgulite kichhu samprachar peyechilo. albumtike samarthan korar jonno, aain onusare taaraa eka bochorbyapi sofor shuru korey ebong kichhu shote taaraa jolonto matha ebong vandalder pashapashi taader bortoman-praktan labelmate nophox, bongshodhor, orthoboho ebong kharap dhormer moto bandgulike samarthan korechilo. 1998 saale epituff chhede yawar agey aain onusare arow duti album record koraa ebong mukti deoa hoy, "oll scratched up" (1996) ebong "lust off dya shirpshooters" (1997). goo-curt recordgulite ekti sangkhipto somoyer jonno "fly dya flagg" (1999) mukti paay. albumty prokasher porpori, bassist john demambro ebong drummer criss leggerberg banned chhede choley zaan. 2002 saale leggerberg ghumer modhye maaraa zaan. taanr boyce hoyechilo 33 bochor. taader porey bases bajano keith davies ebong drum bajano milo todesco asen. 2002 saaler decembere, bandti union 2112 recordser saathe swakkhar korey, jaaraa 2003 saaler meey maase "windwardtides andwaredsells" prakash korbe. konao albumyi taader epituff prokasher moto sofol hoyney. ekoi bochorer shesher dike bandti biroti neyo. 2008 saaler auguste, aain onusare ghoshana koraa hoy jey taaraa ekti albumer jonno kaaj korche ebong taader official website "bullets" naame ekti notun track poosta koreche. 2009 saale, aain onusare 2003 saaler porr theke taader prothom sofor shuru hoy, jekhane taaraa dakkhin america shoe ebong markin juktorashtre kichhu shoe khelechilo. "christal" 2010 saaler februaryte online poosta koraa hoyechilo. taaraa 2010 saaler aprile florida duti shoe ebong seii octobore netherlandsey duti showo khelechilo. 2011 saaler 3raa august smally aainer facebook peje ekti update poosta korey boley, "taai dbl-err notun gaan royeche, jaa amra kotha bolar somoy mishrito hachche... boraborer moto syama ganti likhe chomke deyo. aasha corry amra shighroi online baa ekti lebel soho kichhu prakash korob." 2011 saaler shesher dike, dbl dissy jyama recorder saathe ekti chuktir ghoshana korey, 2012 saaler auguste ekti album mukti pawar kotha chhilo. albumty "champions ayata heart" 2012 saale mukti paay, tarpore 2013 saale floricor recordgulite (seedy shudhumatra) ekti shaat-tracker minnie album "revolution time" mukti paay, jaa 2014 saale juktorajyer lebel dry hibha records dwara 10 "rongin vinailer somprosarito akare mukti paay. atirikto ganguli chhilo "gotta getaoye" (shokto chhoto angul), "jaarer huiski" (patla liji), ebong "(eto mojar 'bout) shanti, bhalobasa ebong bojhar" (elvis costello) err acoustic cover sanskaran. 2014 saaler majhamajhi somoye juktorajyer eka saptaher shoe (eka doshokero beshi somoyer modhye prothom) soho eyi somoye kichhu europea showo chhilo. 2015 saaler shesher dike ebong 2016 saale, smally taar karmajiban judey besh koyekti ekok shoe bajiye cholechen jaar modhye dees, dugg nasty, samasta pashapashi dbl-err upadan royeche, err modhye meey ebong june 2016-ayee mool bhukhanda europe sofor antarbhukta royeche. 2017 saale, demambro ebong oswald bande punra jog deben. discography. studio album sangkalan album live album eps ebong bibhajan

kaayada dwara neeche (benned) daaun baay loow aee 1989maan bhutpurv ola frontman dave smelly dwara rachaayel american punk roqa benned chhe, jeey ekmatra baakee rahela mool sabhy chhe. bende saat studiyo album reqorda karyaa chhe. teo 1998 sudhee epitaf records parr rahyaa aneey tyaarthi anya labels parr switch karyaa chhe. kaayada dwara kyaarey nondhpaatra vyaapaari safalataa praapt thaee nathee, parantu sankhyaabandh motaa pramanma lokpreey kaayadao temne prabhavshali tareeke taanktaa hoya chhe, aneey temnaa bhugarbh anuyaayeeo hoya chhe. shreneema ghanaa ferfaro pachhi, benned 2003maan pravaas aneey recordingthi veeram parr gayoo, parantu navee samagri parr kaama sharoo kartaa pahelaa aneey 2009maan chh varshmaa temnaa pratham pravaas parr sharoo kartaa pahelaa 2008maan pharii ubhoo thayu. 2017maan, bende temnee puncrocademifietsong shreneene pharii aek curry aneey haalmaa sakreey aneey pravaas curry rahyu chhe. jivancharitra. 1989maan dave smelly badhu chhodi deedhaa pachhi, temane gitaar parr criss bagarozi, baas parr aeda uraleek aneey drum parr dave naaz saathe kaayada dwara rachnaa curry. benned temno pratham shho 10 march, 1990naa roj hollywoodna anty-klabmaa yojvaanu maane chhe. epitaf records parr hastakshar karyaa pachhi, teoae 1991maan temnu pratham album bahaar paadyu, jeey swa-sheershak chhe. tenu nirmaan punk roqa benned bayd releasonna gitaarvaadak aneey epitafna sthaapak breta gurevitz dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kaayada dwara 1992maan (fareethi gurevitz dwara nirmeet) temnaa beeja album, "blue" neey reqorda karvaa maate studiyomaa pravesh karyo. aalbamna prachaar maate pravaas karyaa pachhi, teo 1993maan temnee mool shrenee saathe alag thaee gayaa, aneey smellyne bendnaa ekmatra mool sabhy tareeke chhodi deedhaa. bagarozi, uraleek aneey naaznee jagyae anukrame gitaar, baas aneey drum parr same williams III, angree john dii membro aneey hunter oswald aavyaa hataa. navee shreniae temnu triju album "puncrocademifietsong" reqorda karyoo hatoo, jeey 1994maan rajoo thayu hatoo aneey saamanya reete temnee sauthee vadhu vechaati rajuaat tareeke tankvama aave chhe. hita athavaa miss" geeto maate videeyo clips aneey udghoshakonu cover "aaee aema gonbi (500 mile)" banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey temne mtv aneey rediyo stationo parr ketlaak prasaaran praapt thayu hatoo. aalbamne teko aapvaa maate, kaayada dwara aek varsh laambi mulakat sharoo curry aneey ketlaak shomaa teoae salagata maatha aneey tofaano temaj temnaa haalnaa lablemates, nophux, santaan, paisani reete aneey kharaab dharm jevaa bendne teko aapyo. kaayada dwara reqorda karvaamaa aavela aneey 1998maan epitaf chhodata pahelaa vadhu beey albums, "ola scratched up" (1996) aneey "laast off dhaa sharpshooter" (1997) rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. goo-cart records parr tunkaa gaadaama "fly dhaa flagg" (1999) noon prakaashan jovaa malyun hatoo. aalbamna prakaashan pachhi toonk samayma, bassist john demambro aneey drummer criss lazerborge benned chhodi didhu. laggerborg 2002maan unghamaa mrutyu pamya hataa. teo 33 varshnaa hataa. temnaa pachhi baaz parr keith davies aneey drum parr meelo todesco aavyaa hataa. december 2002maan, bende union 2112 records saathe hastakshar karyaa, jeey meey 2003maan "windwardtides endwavordsales" rajoo karashe. bannemathi koee pann album temnaa epitaf release jetalu safal nahotu. teey jaj varshe benned veeram parr gayoo. august 2008maan, kaayada dwara jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey teo aek album parr kaama curry rahyaa chhe aneey temnee sattavaar website parr "bullet" naamnu navoo geet poosta karyoo hatoo. 2009maan, kaayada anusaar 2003 pachhi temno pratham pravaas sharoo thayo, jyaan teoae dakshin americama temaj united statesma ketlaak shho ramyaa. "chrystal" februari 2010maan online poosta karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teoae april 2010maan fluoridama beey shho aneey teey octoberma netherlandma beey shho pann ramyaa hataa. 3 august, 2011naa roj, smelly kayadana facebook pej parr aek update poosta karyoo hatoo, jemaa kahyoo hatoo keey, "tethee dii. bii. aela. dwara navaa geeto chhe, jeey aapane boliae tyaare mishreet thaee rahyaa chhe... same hammeshnee jaim gitalekhanne hachmachaave chhe. aashaa chhe keey amey toonk samayma kaneek online athavaa label saathe rajoo kareeshu." 2011naa antamaa, dii. bii. aela. aee deesee jaam records saathe karaar karvaanee jaaherat curry hatee, jemaa august 2012maan album release thavaani apeksha hatee. album "champions aeta haart" 2012maan release thayu hatoo, tyarbad 2013maan fluoricoor records (seedee maatra) parr saat treknu miinii album "revolution time" rajoo thayu hatoo, jeey 2014maan yuke label dry heave records dwara 10 "rangeen vinaila parr vistrut swarupma rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vadharana track "gotta gateway" (sakhat naanee aangadio), "whisky ina dhaa baranee" (paatali zinee), aneey "(jeey khoob ramuji chhe) shaanti, prem aneey samajan" (alvis coastello) naa acoustic cover version hataa. aaa samaye ketlaak european shho pann hataa, jemaa 2014naa madhyamaa yukena aek athvadiyana shho (aek daykama pratham) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. 2015naa antamaa aneey 2016maan, smelly temnee samagr karkidrimathi sankhyaabandh solo shho ramee rahyaa chhe, jemaa diss, deega nesty, ola temaj dii. bii. aela. nee saamgreeno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa meey aneey juuna 2016maan mainland europe pravaasno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2017maan, demambro aneey oswald bendamaa fareethi jodashe. dyscography. studiyo albums sankalan albums jivant albums ee. pii. aesa. aneey vibhajan

kaanoon dwara neeche (baind) kaanoon dwara down ack americi punk rock baind haye jiska gathan 1989 mein poorv aul frontman dave smally dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe ekmatra shesh mool sadasya haye. baind ney saat studio album record kiye hain. way 1998 taka epitoff record parr rahey aur taba seey anya lebalon parr chaley gaye hain. kaanoon dwara kabhi bhee paryaapt vyaavsaayik safalata hassil naheen kii gaee haye, lekin kaee badey paimaane parr lokpriya adhiniyam unhein prabhaavshaali bataate hain, aur unake paas ack bhoomigat anuyaayi haye. kaee lineup parivartanon key baad, baind 2003 mein daure aur recording seey antaral parr chalaa gayaa, lekin 2009 mein naee samagri parr kaam shuru karane aur chhah varshon mein apane pahale daure parr jaane seey pahale 2008 mein phir seey saamane aaya. 2017 mein, baind ney apane puncrocademifietsong lineup koo phir seey milaaya aur vartamaan mein sakriya aur daura curr rhaa haye. jeevani. 1989 mein dave smally key sabhi koo chhodane key baad, unhone gitar parr criss bagarozi, baas parr aid urlik aur drum parr dave naaz key saath kaanoon dwara gathan kiya. baind kaa maanana haye kii unakaa pahala show 10 march, 1990 koo hollywood key anty-club mein aayojit kiya jaayega. epitoff record parr hastakshar karane key baad, unhone apana pahala album jaari kiya, joe 1991 mein swa-sheershak haye. ise punk rock baind badd religion key gitarvadak aur epitoff key sansthaapak, brett gurevitz dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. kaanoon key anusaar 1992 mein (phir seey gurevitz dwara nirmit) apane dusare album, "blue" koo record karane key liye studio mein pravesh kiya. album koo badhaava dene key liye daure key baad, way 1993 mein apane mool lineup key saath alag hoe gaye, aur smally koo baind key ekmatra mool sadasya key roop mein chhod diyaa. bagarozi, urlik aur naaz koo kramshah saim williams III, angri johnn dee mambro aur hunter oswald dwara gitar, baas aur drum parr pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. nae lineup ney apana teesara album "puncrocademifietsong" record kiya, joe 1994 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur aam taur parr unaki sabse adhik bikane vaali release key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye. hitt yaa miss" geeton key liye video clip aur udghoshakon key cover "aaee aim gonbi bee (500 meal)" banaae gaye they aur unhein aim. tii. vee. aur radio stations parr kuchh prasaran praapt huaa. album kaa samarthan karane key liye, kaanoon key anusaar ack saal key lambe daure parr shuru kiya aur kuchh show mein unhone jalate hue sir aur vidhvansak key saath-saath unake abb-poorv labelmate nofux, santan, paise key hisab seey aur burey dharm jaise baind kaa samarthan kiya. kaanoon key anusaar record kiye gaye aur dou aur album jaari kiye gaye, "aul scratched upp" (1996) aur "last off dha sharpshooter" (1997), isase pahale kii way 1998 mein epitoff chhod gaye. goo-cart record parr ack sankshipt karyakal mein "fly dha flagg" (1999) kaa vimochan dekhaa gayaa. album key jaari honey key turant baad, bassist johnn demambro aur drummer criss lazerborg ney baind chhod diyaa. leggerborg 2002 mein apani neend mein marr jaayega. vaha 33 saal kaa thaa. unake baad baas parr keath davie aur drum parr milo todesco ney safalata praapt kii. disambar 2002 mein, baind ney union 2112 record key liye hastakshar kiye, joe maee 2003 mein "windwardtides endwavordales" jaari karenge. naa tou album unake epitoff release key roop mein safal thaa. usee varsh baad mein baind ack antaral parr chalaa gayaa. agast 2008 mein, kaanoon dwara ghoshana kii gaee kii way ack album parr kaam curr rahey hain aur apani aadhikarik website parr "bullet" naamak ack nayaa track post kiya. 2009 mein, kaanoon key anusaar 2003 key baad seey unakaa pahala daura shuru huaa, jahan unhone dakshin america mein show key saath-saath sanyukt raajya mein kuchh show bhee khele. "chrystal" farwari 2010 mein online post kiya gayaa thaa. unhone aprail 2010 mein florida mein dou show aur usa octuber mein neetherland mein dou show bhee khele. 3 agast, 2011 koo smally ney kaanoon key facebook pays parr ack adyatan post kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa, "isaliye dee. bee. ell. dwara nae gaane hain, joe humm bolate hue mishrit kiye jaa rahey hain... saim hamesha kii tarah geet lekhan koo raundata haye. ummeed haye kii humm jald hii kuchh jaari karenge, yaa tou online yaa label key saath." 2011 key anta mein, dee. bee. ell. ney dee. see. jaim record key saath hastakshar karane kii ghoshana kii, jisamen agast 2012 mein ack album release honey kii ummeed thee. album "champions aitt haart" 2012 mein release huaa thaa, isake baad 2013 mein floricor record (kewal cd) parr saat-track mini album "revolution time" jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jise 2014 mein yuu. key. label dry heave record dwara 10 "rangeen vinail parr vistaarit roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. atirikt track "gotaa getaway" (kathor chhoti ungaliyaan), "jaar mein whisky" (patali lizzy), aur "(itna mazedaar 'bout) shaanti, pyaar aur samajh" (alvis costello) key dhwanik aavaran sanskaran they. iss samay kuchh europeeya show bhee they, jinamen 2014 key madhya mein ack saptah key yuu. key. show (ack dashak mein pahala) shamil they. 2015 key anta mein aur 2016 mein, smally apane currier mein kaee ekal show khel rahey hain, jisamen diss, dagg nasty, sabhi key saath-saath dee. bee. ell. kii samagri shamil haye, isamen maee aur juuna 2016 mein mukhya bhoomi europe kaa daura shamil haye. 2017 mein, demembro aur oswald baind mein phir seey shamil honge. dyscography. studio album sankalan album live album ee. pee. aiss. aur vibhajan

kaanoonina prakara (byaand) down bye laa embudu 1989ralli maaji aall frontman dave smaaliyinda rachisalpatta american punk rock byaand aagiddu, avaru ulidiruva ekaika moola sadasyaragiddare. byaand elu studio aalbangalannu dhwanimudriside. avaru 1998 ravarege epitoff daakhalegalalliye iddaru mattu nantara itara lebalgalige badalaagiddaare. kaanoonina prakara, idu endigoo gananeeya vanijya yashassannu sadhisilla, aadare halavaaru janapriya krutigalu avugalannu prabhavashali endu ullekhisuttave mattu avu ondu aadhaararahita anuyaayigalannu hondive. halavaaru shreniya badalaavanegala nantara, byaand 2003 ralli pravaasa mattu dhwanimudranadinda viraamavannu tegedukonditu, aadare hosa vishayada kelasavannu praarambhisuva modalu 2008 ralli matte kaanisikonditu mattu 2009 ralli aaru varsagalalli tamma modala pravaasavannu praarambhisitu. 2017 ralli, byaand tamma puncracacademitsangs shreniyannu matte serisitu mattu prastuta sakriyavagide mattu pravaasadallide. jivanacharitre. 1989ralli dave smally ellavannoo toreda nantara, aata guitarnalli criss bagarojhi, basnalli edd urlik mattu drumsnelly dave naaz avarondige kaanoonina prakara roopugondaru. byaand tamma modala pradarshanavannu march 10,1990 randu hollywoodna aanti-klabnalli nadeyuttade endu pariganisuttade. epitoff rekaardgalige sahi haakida nantara, avaru 1991 ralli tamma chocchala album annu bidugade maadidaru, idu swayam-shirshikeyagide. idannu punk rock byaand byaad relismn guitar vaadaka mattu epitophne samsthaapaka brett gurevitz nirmisidaru. kaanoonina prakara, 1992ralli (mattomme gurevitz nirmisida) tamma eradane album "blue" annu record maadalu studiyovannu praveshisidaru. album annu prachara maadalu pravaasa maadida nantara, avaru 1993 ralli tamma moola tandadondige berpattaru, smaliyannu bandna ekaika moola sadasyaraagi bittaru. bagarojhi, urlik mattu naaz avara sthaanavannu kramavagi samm villiams III, angri zaan dii mambro mattu hunter oswald avaru guitar, baas mattu drumgalalli padedaru. hosa tandavu tamma moorane album "puncracacademitsangs" annu dhwanimudrana maaditu, idu 1994ralli bidugadeyaayitu mattu samanyavagi avara atyuttama maaratavaada bidugade endu ullekhisalaagide. hitt aarr miss" haadugala video tunukugalu mattu ghoshakara "aii aum gone bii (500 mailugalu)" mukhaputavannu tayaarisalaayitu mattu avu emm. tii. vii mattu radeo kendragalalli swalpa prasaaravannu svikarisidavu. album annu bembalisalu, kaanoonina prakara ondu varshada pravaasavannu praarambhisidaru mattu kelavu pradarshanagalalli avaru suduva talegalu mattu vidhvamsakaru mattu avara eega-hindina labelmetgalaada nofx, santati, pennivice mattu ketta dharmadantaha byandgalannu bembalisidaru. kaanoonina prakara, avaru 1998ralli epitoff annu toreyuva modalu "aall scratched up" (1996) mattu "laust off dhii shorpshooters" (1997) emba innoo eradu aalbangalannu dhwanimudrana maadi bidugade maadidaru. goo-cort daakhalegala mele sankshipta avadhiyavarege "fly dhii flag" (1999) bidugadeyaayitu. album bidugadeyaada swalpa samayada nantara, baas vaadaka zaan demambro mattu drummer criss loggerbourg byaand annu toredaru. loggerberg 2002ralli nidreyalli nidhanaraadaru. avarige 33 varsha vayassaagittu. avara nantara basnalli keeth davis mattu drumgalalli milo todesco adhikaarakke bandaru. 2002rahra decembernalli, byaand union 2112 recordsge sahi haakitu, avaru mayee 2003ralli "windwardtides mattu waywardsiles" annu bidugade maadidaru. eradoo aalbangalu tamma epitoff bidugadegalashtu yashasviyagalilla. adhe varshada koneyalli byaand viramakke hoyitu. august 2008ralli, kaanoonina prakara, avaru albamgagi kelasa maduttiddare endu ghoshisidaru mattu tamma adhikruta jaalataanadalli "bullets" emba hosa haadannu post maadidaru. 2009ralli, kaanoonina prakara, 2003rahra nantara tamma modala pravaasavannu praarambhisidaru, allie avaru daksina americadalli pradarshanagalannu niididaru mattu united statesnalli kelavu pradarshanagalannu niididaru. "chrystal" annu 2010rahra phebravariyalli anlinelli post maadalaayitu. avaru 2010rahra aprilnalli floridadalli eradu pradarshanagalannu mattu aaa october nalli netherlandsnalli eradu pradarshanagalannu niididaru. august 3,2011 randu, smally kaanoonina facebook putadalli ondu navikaranavannu post maadidaru, "aaddarinda naavu maatanaaduvaaga mishravaguttiruva dblna hosa haadugalive... samm endinante gitarachaneyannu achcharigolisuttaane. ashadayakavagi naavu shighradalle anlinelli athawa lebalnondige enannaadaroo bidugade maadutteve." 2011rahra koneyalli, dbl disi jaam recordsnondige sahi haakuvudaagi ghoshisitu, august 2012ralli album bidugadeyaguva niriksheyide. album "champions aut haart" 2012ralli bidugadeyaayitu, nantara 2013ralli fluoricore recordsonalli (cd maatra) elu-track mini album "revolution time" bidugadeyaayitu, idu 2014ralli yuke label dry heave recordsninda 10 "bannada vinailnalli vistarita roopadalli bidugadeyaayitu. hechchuvari haadugalendare "gotta gett away" (gattiyaada chikka beralugalu), "jaadiyalli visky" (teluvaada lizzi), mattu "(tumba tamaasheya 'bott) shanti, preeti mattu tiluvalike" (elvis castello). 2014rahra madhyabhaagadalli ondu vaarada yuke pradarshanagalu (ondu dashakada modala) seridante ee samayadalli kelavu european pradarshanagalu saha iddavu. 2015rahra koneyalli mattu 2016ralli, smally avaru dies, dogg nasty, ellah mattu dblna vishayagalu seridante tamma vrattijeevanaduddakku halavaaru ekavyakti pradarshanagalannu nudisuttiddaare, idaralli 2016rahra mayee mattu zoon tingalalli europina mukhya bhoobhaagada pravaasavoo seride. 2017ralli, demambro mattu oswald bandge matte seridaru. discography. studio aalbangalu sankalana aalbangalu live aalbangalu ips mattu splits

kayadyanusar khalee (band) daun buy low haah 1989 madhye majee aul frontman dave smally yanni sthapan kelela eka american punk rock band aahe, joou ekmev mool sadasya aahe. yaa bandney saat studio album reecord kele aahet. teey 1998 paryant epitaf nondinvar rahile aanee tevhapasoon itar labelver gele aahet. kayadyane kadhihi lakshaniy vyavsayik yash midavale nahee, parantu anek mothya pramanat lokpriy kayade tyanna prabhavshali mhanoon uddhrut karatat aanee tyanche anuyayi bhoomigat aahet. anek shreni badalannantar, band 2003 madhye daura aanee dhvanimudranapasun door gela, parantu naveen samagrivar kaam suru karnyapurvi aanee 2009 madhye sahaa varshant tyanchya pahilya dauyala suruvat karnyapurvi 2008 madhye punha samore aala. 2017 madhye, bandney tyanchya puncrocakedmifietsong lineupla punha ekatra kele aanee sadhya sakriy aanee daura karat aahe. charitra. 1989 madhye dave smallyne serve kahee sodalyanantar, tyane gitarvar criss bagarozi, basvar edd urlik aanee drumwar dave naaz yanchyasobat kayadyanusar sthapana kelee. band tyancha pahila karyakram 10 march 1990 roji hollywoodmadheel anty-klabmadhye aayojit karnar asalyache manate. epitaf recordsver swakshari kelyanantar, tyanni 1991 madhye tyancha pahila album prakashit keela, jyache swa-shirshak aahe. tyachi nirmiti punk rock band badd badd religionche gitarvadak aanee epitafche sansthapak bratt gurevitz yanni kelee hotee. 1992 madhye (punha gurevitz yanni nirmiti keleli) tyancha dusra album 'blue' reecord karnyasathi kayadyane studiomadhye pravesh keela. albumchya pracharasathichya dauyanantar, 1993 madhye teey tyanchya mool shrenipasoon vegale jhaale aanee smally haah bandcha ekmev mool sadasya mhanoon rahila. bagarozi, urlik aanee naaz yanchya jaagi anukrame samm williams tisra, angree johnn dii mambro aanee hunter oswald yanni gitar, baas aanee drumwar sthan ghetale. naveen samoohane tyancha tisra album 'puncrocademifietsong' reecord keela, joou 1994 madhye pradarshit jhaala aanee samanyatah tyancha sarvadhik vikri honara prakash mhanoon uddhrut keela jaato. hiit aur miss' yaa ganyansathi video clip aanee ghoshakanchya 'aay emm gonbi bii (500 mail)' chya mukhprushthavar tayar karnyat aale aanee tyanna emm. tii. vhee. aanee redio kendranvar kahee prasaran midale. yaa dhwanimudrikela pathimba denyasathi, kayadyanusar tyanni varshbhar daura suru keela aanee kahee karyakramanmadhye tyanni jalat asaleli doki aanee vidhvansak tasech tyanche aatache labelmate, nophux, santati, paishachya babatit aanee white dharm yasarkhya bandche samarthan kele. 1998 madhye epitaf sodanyapurvi, kayadyane aanakhi done dhwanimudrit aanee prakashit kelele, 'aul scratched up' (1996) aanee 'last auph daad sharpshooter' (1997). goo-cart recordsverchya eka chhotya karyakalat 'fly daad flagg' (1999) pradarshit jhaale. albumchya prakashanantar lagechach, bassist johnn demembro aanee drummer criss leggerberg yanni band sodala. 2002 madhye leggerberg zopetach maran pavala. too 33 varshancha hota. tyanchya nantar basvar keath davies aanee drumwar milo todesco aale. december 2002 madhye, bandney union 2112 recordshee karar keela, jeey meey 2003 madhye 'windwardtides andd waredsells' prakashit kartil. donhipaiki konatahi album tyanchya epitaf rilijaitka yashasvi jhaala nahee. tyach varshachya uttaradhat bandcha viram jhaala. august 2008 madhye, kayadyane jaheer kele qee teey eka albamvar kaam karat aahet aanee tyanchya adhikrut sanketsthalavar 'bullet' navache naveen gaane poost kele. 2009 madhye, kayadyanusar 2003 nantar tyancha pahila daura suru jhaala, jithe tyanni dakshin americet tasech united statesmadhye kahee karyakram khelale. "februwari 2010 madhye 'chrystal' online prakashit karnyat aala. tyanni april 2010 madhye floridamadhye done shhow aanee tyaa octobermadhye netherlandsmadhye done shhow dekhil kele. 3 august 2011 roji smallyne kayadyachya facebook prushthavar eka adyayavat poost kele, jyamadhye mhatale aahe qee, "mhanoon dii. bii. ell. chee naveen ganee aahet, jee aapan bolat asatana misalali jaat aahet... samm nehmipramane gitalekhanala dhakka deto. aasha aahe qee, ektar online kinwa labels, aapan lavkarach kahitari prakashit karoo." 2011 chya uttaradhat, dii. bii. ell. neey dii. see. jaam records karar karanyachi ghoshana kelee, august 2012 madhye album releases honyachi apeksha hotee. album 'champions ett haart' 2012 madhye releases jhaala, tyanantar 2013 madhye fluoricor recordsver (fakt see. dii.) 'revolution time' haah saat trackcha miinii album pradarshit jhaala, joou 2014 madhye yooke label dry heave recordsdware 10 'rangeet vinailavar vistarit swarupat releases karnyat aala. atirikt ganee mhanje 'gotta getway' (kadak chhoti bote), 'visky inn daad jaar' (patal lizzy) aanee '(kaay itake majedar' bout) shantata, prem aanee samajootdarpana '(elvis costello) chya dhwanik cover aavrutya. 2014 chya madhyat brittonchya eka aathvadyatil karyakramansah (eka dashkatil pahile) yaa velee kahee european karyakramahi jhaale. 2015 chya uttaradhat aanee 2016 madhye, smally tyachya sampoorn karkirditil anek ekal karyakram khelat aahe jyat dis, dagg nasty, serve tasech dii. bii. ell. madheel samagri samavisht aahe, yamadhye meey aanee juuna 2016 madheel mukhya bhoomichya europe dauyacha samavesh aahe. 2017 madhye, demembro aanee oswald punha bandmadhye sameel hotil. dyscography. studio album sankalan album thet dhvanimudrike eae. pii. ess. aanee vibhajan

kanuna dwara dauna (banned) dauna baya law euta americi punk ruck banned how june 1989 maa purva sabai frontman debh smalidwara gathan garieko thiyo, jo ek matra baanki muel sadasya how. bandley saat studio album record gareko chha. tiniharu sann 1998 samma epitaf recordharuma rahe rar tyasapachhi anya lebelharuma switch gareka chhan. kanundwara tall kahilyai paryapta wyawasayik safalta hasil gareko chhaina, tara dherai lokpriya karyaharule tiniharulai prabhawashaliko rupma uddhrit gardacha, rar tiniharusanga bhumigat anuyayiharu chhan. dherai lineup pariwartanharu pachhi, banned 2003 maa bhraman rar recordingbata antaralma gayo, tara 2008 maa nayan samagrima kaam suru garnu aghi rar 2009 maa chha warshama afno pahilo bhraman suru garnu aghi punah dekha paryo. 2017 maa, bandley afno pankarokakedmifitesang lineuplai punah milae rar hall sakriya rar bhraman gardai chhan. jiwani. debh smalile sann 1989 maa sabai chhodepachhi, unle guiterma criss bagaroji, basma aid urlik rar drumma debh najsanga kanundwara gathan gare. bandley afno pahilo karyakram 10 march 1990 maa haliudako anti-clubma ayojana hune vichar gardacha. epitaf recordharuma hastakshar garepachhi, tiniharule afno pahilo album jaari gare, june swa-shirshak how, 1991 maa. yo punk ruck banned badd religionka gitarwadak rar epitafka sansthapak brett gurewitzle nirman gareka thie. kanunanusar sann 1992 maa (feri gurevitzdwara nirmit) afno dosro album, "blue" record garna studioma prawesh gare. albumko prachar garna bhraman garepachhi, tiniharule sann 1993 maa bandko ek matra muel sadasyako rupma smalilai chhodera afno muel lineupsanga bato alag gare. bagaroji, urlik rar najlai kramashah gitar, bass rar drumma saam williams III, angree john dee mambro rar hunter oswaldle pratisthapan gare. nayan lineuplay uniharuko tesro album "pankarokakyadmifaitsang" record garyo, june 1994 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo rar samanyataya uniharuko sabaibhanda dherai bikri hune releaseko rupma uddhrit garieko chha. heat wa miss" githaruka lagi bhidiyo clipharu rar ghoshanakarharuko "aie emm gondi (500 mile)" ko awaran banaiyo rar tiniharule mtv rar radio stationharuma kehi prasaran prapta gare. albumlai samarthan garna, kanunle ek warsha lamo bhraman suru garyo rar kehi karyakramharuma uniharule jaleko tauko rar bhyandalharu sathai uniharuko ahile-pahileka lebelmetharu nofux, santan, paisa rar kharab dharma jasta bandharulai samarthan gare. kanunle record garera rar jaari gareko thap dui albumharu, "sabai scratched up" (1996) rar "last aff da sharpsuiter" (1997) uniharule 1998 maa epitaf chhodnu aghi. go-cart recordharuma chhoto karyakalle "fly da flag" (1999) ko rilij dekhyo. album rilij bhaeko kehi samayapachi, bassist john demambro rar drummer criss lazerborgle banned chhode. lejarborgko sann 2002 maa nidrama mrityu hune thiyo. uni 33 warshaka thie. tiniharu pachhi besma keith devis rar drumma milo todescole safal bhae. december 2002 maa, bandley union 2112 recordharuma hastakshar garyo, jasle mey 2003 maa "windwardtides endwaywardsels" jaari garnechha. naha tata album uniharuko epitaf rilijharu jattikai safal bhayo. banned tyahi warshako antyama breakma gayo. august 2008 maa, kanunle ghoshana garyo kii uniharule albumma kaam gariraheka chhan rar uniharuko adhikarik websitema "bullet" namak nayan track post gare. sann 2009 maa, kanunanusar sann 2003 pachhi tiniharuko pahilo bhraman suru bhayo, jahaan uniharule dakshin americama karyakramharu sathai sanyukta rajyama kehi karyakramharu khele. "crystal" february 2010 maa unline post garieko thiyo. tiniharule april 2010 maa floridama duiwata show rar octoberma netherlandsma duiwata show pani khele. august 3,2011 maa, smalile kanunko facebook prishthabata daunama euta update post gardai bhane, "tyasaile tyahan dbldwara nayan githaru chhan, hammy bolda misaundai... samle sadhain jastai geet lekhanlai hallaunchha. asha chha kii hammy chaandai nai unline wa lebelko sath kehi jaari garnechhaun." sann 2011 ko antyama, dblle dc jyam recordharusanga hastakshar garne ghoshana garyo, august 2012 maa album rilij hune apeksha garieko thiyo. album "champions att hart" 2012 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo, tyasapachhi 2013 maa floricore recordharuma (sidi matra) saat-track minny album, "ribholusan time", june 2014 maa yuke lebel dry hebh recordharudwara 10 "rangin vinailma wistarit rupma jaari garieko thiyo. atirikta trackharu "gota gateaway" (kada sano aunlaa), "jarma whisky" (patlo liji), rar "(key yati ramailo 'bout) shanti, prem, rar samajh" (alwiss coastelo) ko dhwanik awaran sanskaranharu thie. sann 2014 ko madhyama belayatka ek haptaka karyakramharu (ek dashakma pahilo) sahit yass samayama kehi europeli karyakramharu pani thie. sann 2015 ko antyama rar sann 2016 maa, smalile diss, dagg nasty, sabaika sathai dibielka samagrisahit afno kariyarka dherai ekal karyakramharu bajaundai aeka chhan, yasama mey rar june 2016 maa mukhya bhumi yuropko bhraman samawesh garieko chha. 2017 maa, demambro rar oswald bandma punah samel hunechhan. discography. studio albumharu albumharu sankalan garnuhos laibh albumharu eps rar vibhajanharu

ine anusare (banned) down baai laal heuchhi eka americae pank rock banned jaahaa 1989 ray purbatana all frontman debh smalinka dwara gathita hoithila, jie ekamatra abasista moola sadasya . ehi banned satati studio album record karichhi. semane 1998 parjyanta epitaf recordre rahithile ebong sebetharu anya lebalgudiku badalaichhanti . ine anusare kebe bii yathesta byabasajika saphalata hassel karinahin, kintu aneka lokpriya karjya semananku prabhabasali bolly ullekha kare, ebong semanankara eka bhutala anusarana achhi . aneka lineup paribartana parey, banned 2003 ray gasta ebong rekardingru birati neithila, kintu nutan bishajabastu upare kaama arambha kariba ebong 2009 ray chhaa barsha madhyare semanankara pratham gasta arambha kariba purbaru 2008 ray punarbara ubha hoithila. 2017 ray, banned semanankara pankarokakademifaitsanga lineupku punarbara ekathi karithila ebong bartamana sakriya ebong gasta karuchhi . jeebani. 1989 ray debh smally sabukichhi chhadiba parey, shay gitaarare criss bagarojhi, baasare aid urlik ebong drum upare debh najanka saha ine dwara gathan karithile. ehi banned semanankara pratham shoe march 10,1990 ray holywoder anty-klabare anusthita heba bolly bibechana kare . epitaf recordre dastakhat kariba parey, semane semanankara pratham album jaari karithile, jaahaa swa-shirshaka, 1991 ray. ehaa panka rock banned badd religioner guiterbadaka ebong epitapher pratisthata brett gurebhitjnka dwara nirmita hoithila . ine anusare 1992 ray semanankara dwiteeja album, "blue" record karibaku studiore prabesha karithile (punarbara gurevitz dwara nirmita) . albummer prachara paain gasta parey, semane 1993 ray semanankara moola lineup sahita alga hoithile, smalinku bander ekamatra moola sadasya bhabare chadithile . bagarojhi, urlik ebong najnka sthanare jathakrame gitara, baasa ebong drum upare saam william truteeja, aangri zohn dii mambro ebong hunter oswaldnku sthanita karajaithila. nutan lineup semanankara truteeja album "pankarokakademifaitsnga" record karithila, jaahaa 1994 ray muktilabha karithila ebong sadharanatah semanankara sarbadhika bikri hoithiba muktilabha bhabare ullekha karajae . heat kimba miss" geeta paain bhidio clip ebong ghoshanakarinka prachada 'aai aam goan bii (500 mile)' tiari karajaithila ebong semane emm. tii. bhi ebong redio stationre kichhi prasarana paithile . alabamku samarthan kariba paain, ine anujai eka barsha byapee gasta arambha karithile ebong keteka shoe 'ray semane jwalanta munda ebong bhandal tatha semanankara bartamana-purbatana labelmate nophox, santan, arthabyabastha ebong kharap dharma pari byandaku samarthan karithile. ine anusare record ebong ahuri duiti album jaari karajaithila, "samasta scratched up" (1996) ebong "last off daa sharpsuiters" (1997) semane 1998 ray epitaf chhadiba purbaru. goo-cart recordre eka sankhipta karjyakala "fly daa flag" (1999) muktilabha karithila . album muktilabha karibara kichhi samai parey, bassist zohn demambro ebong drummer criss lazerboarg banned chadithile. 2002 masihare lazerberg nidare mrutyubarana karithile. tanku 33 barsha hoithila. semananka parey baasare keith devij ebong drum upare milo todesco saphala hoithile. december 2002 ray, banned union 2112 record sahita swakhyara karithila, jeunmane meey 2003 ray "windwardtide andwardel" muktilabha karibe. kaunasi album semanankara epitaf release pari saphala hoinathila . sehi barsha parey bandti eka birati neithila. august 2008 ray, ine anujai semane eka album upare kaama karuchanti bolly ghoshana karithile ebong semananka official webasaitare "bullets" namaka eka nutan track post karithile. 2009 ray, ine anujai 2003 paratharu semanankara pratham gasta arambha hoithila, jeunthare semane dakhina aamerikare shoe ebong aamerikare kichhi shoe khelithile . "februari 2010 ray "christal" unlinere post karajaithila. semane april 2010 ray floridare duiti shoe ebong octoberre nedaralyandare duiti shoe madhya khelithile . august 3,2011 ray, smally einer facebook prusthare eka update post curry kahichanti, "tenu dbl dwara nutan geeta achhi, aame kathaa heba samajare mishrit heuchhi ..... saama sabubele pari geeta lekhiba saileeku chamakai dianti. aasha karuchhi aame shighra kichhi prakash karibu, unlinere kimba eka lebel sahita." 2011 masiha sheshare, dbl disey zaam records sahita eka chukti ghoshana karithila, august 2012ray eka album releases hebara aasha thila. album "champions aata hart" 2012ray muktilabha karithila, taa 'parey 2013ray floricore records (sidi kebala) ray eka saata-track mini album "rivolyusana time" muktilabha karithila, jaahaa 2014ray juke lebel dry hebha records dwara 10 "rangina bhinailare samprasarita aakarare muktilabha karithila. atirikta trackgudic thila "gotta getawe" (kathina chhot anguli), "zaar ray huisky" (patala liji), ebong "(jaahaa ete mazadar 'baat) shanti, prem, ebong bujhamana" (elavisa coastello) rahr dhwani prachada sanskarana . ehi samajare kichhi europeah shoe madhya thila jeunthire 2014 masiha madhyabhagare eka saptahara jayu. kee. shoe (eka dashandhiru adhika samai madhyare pratham) antarbhukta thila. 2015 masiha sheshabhagare ebong 2016 masiha parjyanta, smally taanka kyarijararu aneka ekaka shoe kheluchanti, jeunthire dis, dagg nasty, samasta tatha dblra samagri antarbhukta, ethire meey ebong june 2016ray eka mukhya bhukhanda europe gasta antarbhukta hoichhi. 2017 masihare, demambro ebong oswald byandare punarbara jogadebe. discography. studio album album sankalana live album eps ebong bibhajan

kanoon duaara hethan (baind) kanoon duaara daaoon ikk amriki punk raak baind haii joe 1989 witch sabka aal frontman dave samali duaara banaiaa giaa see, joe kii ikko ikk baaki asal member haii. baind neey satt studio ailabman ricard keetiaan hunn. uh 1998 takk epitoff ricard utte rahey atey udon toon horr leblan utte chaley gaye hunn. kanoon duaara kadey vee kaafi vaparak safalta prapat naheen keeti gaee haii, parr bahut saare prasidh aikat uhanan noon prabhavshali dassde hunn, atey uhanan dee ikk bhumigat fallowing haii. kaee lineup tabdiliaan toon baad, baind 2003 witch tour atey recording toon break 'teey chalaa giaa, parr naveen samaggari' teey kamm shuru curran atey 2009 witch chhe saalan witch aapne pahile daure 'teey jaanh toon pahilan 2008 witch dubara sahmane aaiaa. 2017 witch, baind neey aapni puncrocademifietsong lineup noon dubara milaiaa atey varatman witch sargaram atey tour qarr riha haii. jeevani. 1989 witch dave samali dey sabh kujh chaddan toon baad, uss neey kanoon duaara gitar utte criss bagrozi, baas utte aidd urlik atey drum utte dave naaz naal gathan keeta. baind daa mannana haii kii unhan daa pahila shoa 10 march, 1990 noon hollywod dey ainti-club witch aayojit keeta javega. epitoff recordan utte hastakhar curran toon baad, unhan neey aapni pahili album jaari keeti, joe kii sway-sirlekh haii, 1991 witch. iss noon punk raak baind baid religion dey guitarist atey epitoff dey sansthapak bratt gurvitz duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. kanoon anusar 1992 witch aapni duji album, "blue" (dubara gurevitz duaara tiaar keeti gaee) noon ricard curran laee studio witch dakhal hoiaa. album noon utshahit curran laee daure toon baad, uh 1993 witch aapni mool lineup naal vakkh hoow gaye, jiss naal samali noon baind daa iklauta mool member chhadd ditta giaa. bagrozi, urlik atey naaz dee thaan kramvaar gitar, baas atey drum utte saim villiams III, angri jauhan dee membro atey hunter oswald neey lae laee. naveen lineup neey aapni tiji album "puncrocademifietsong" ricard keeti, joe 1994 witch jaari keeti gaee see atey aam taur utte uhanan dee sabh toon vaddh vikann vaali rileez vajon darsai jaandi haii. hitt jaan miss" geetan laee vdo clip atey ghoshna curran valiaan dey cover 'aaee aim gainda bee (500 meal)' banaae gaye sunn atey uhanan noon aimm. tii. vee. atey radio stationan 'teey kujh prasaran prapat hoiaa see. album daa samarthan curran laee, kanoon anusar ikk saal dey daure dee shuruat keeti atey kujh shoa witch unhan neey balde hoye sir atey bhann-todd curran valiaan dey naal-naal unhan dey hunn dey labelmate, santan, penivise atey kharaab dharam varge baindan daa samarthan keeta. kanoon anusar doou horr ailabman ricard keetiaan gaeeaan atey jaari keetiaan gaeeaan, "aal scratched upp" (1996) atey "sharpshooters vicchon aakhri" (1997) 1998 witch epitoff chaddan toon pahilan. goo-cart recordan utte ikk sankhep karajkal witch "fly dha flagg" (1999) jaari keeti gaee. album dey jaari honn toon turant baad, bassist jauhan demembro atey drummer criss leggerborg neey baind chhadd ditta. leggerborg dee 2002 witch neend witch maut hoow gaee see. uh 33 saal daa see. uhanan toon baad baas utte keath davies atey dhol utte milo todesco neey kabza keeta. dasambar 2002 witch, baind neey union 2112 recordan naal dastkhat keete, joe maee 2003 witch "windwardtides aind waredsells" jaari karange. koee vee album unhan dey epitoff rileez jinni safal naheen see. use saal baad witch baind ikk viram utte chalaa giaa. agast 2008 witch, kanoon duaara ailaan keeta giaa kii uh ikk album 'teey kamm qarr rahey hunn atey aapni adhikarat website' teey "bullets" namak ikk navaan track post keeta. sann 2009 witch, kanoon anusar 2003 toon baad unhan daa pahila daura shuru hoiaa, jitthe unhan neey dakkhni amrica witch shoa dey naal-naal sanyukat raaj witch kujh shoa vee khede. "chrystal" farvari 2010 witch online post keeta giaa see. uhanan neey aprail 2010 witch florida witch doou shoa atey aktubar witch needarlands witch doou shoa vee khede sunn. 3 agast, 2011 noon, samali neey kanoon dey facebook pej duaara hethan ikk update post keeta, jiss witch kiha giaa see, "iss laee dee. bee. ail. duaara navein geet hunn, jiven kii aseen bolde haan... saim hamesha dee tarahan geet likhan noon rock karda haii. umeed haii kii aseen jaldi hii kujh jaari karange, jaan taan online jaan label dey naal." 2011 dey akheer witch, dee. bee. aill. neey dee. see. jaim recordan naal dastkhat curran daa ailaan keeta, jiss witch agast 2012 witch ikk album rileez honn dee umeed see. album "champions aitt haart" 2012 witch jaari keeti gaee see, iss toon baad 2013 witch ikk satt-track minni album, "revolution time", floricor recordan (cd siraf) utte jaari keeti gaee see, joe kii 2014 witch yuke label dry heev recordan duaara 10 "rangdar vinayil utte vistrit roop witch jaari keeti gaee see. vadhu track "gota getaway" (sakhat chhotiaan unglan), "viski inn dha jaar" (patli lizzy), atey "(qee bahut mazedar 'bout) shanti, piaar atey samajh" (alvis costello) dey dhuni cover sanskaran sunn. iss samein kujh european shoa vee sunn jinhan witch 2014 dey addh witch ikk hafte dey yuke shoa (ikk dahake witch pahila) shamal sunn. 2015 dey akheer witch atey 2016 witch, samali aapne poore carrier toon kaee solo shoa khed riha haii jiss witch diss, daeg nesty, saare dey naal-naal dee. bee. aill. dee samaggari shamal haii, iss witch maee atey juun 2016 witch mukkh bhumi yoorap daa daura shamal haii. 2017 witch, demembro atey oswald baind witch dubara shamal honge. dyscography. studio ailabman sangrah ailabman live ailabman ee. pee. aiss. atey vandd

vidhi dwara (bend) down bai laa iti american-pank-raak-bend asti, yat 1989 tame varshe poorva-aal-frontman dave smally ityanena nirmitam, yah ekamaatrah avashishtah moolasadasyah asti. bend-varyaha sapta studio-aalbam-dhwanimudranam krutavaan. te 1998 tamavarshaparyantam epitoff-abhilekheshu eva tishtan tatah param anyaani label-patraani prati paryavartitaah. vidhinaa kadaapi paryaaptam vaanijya-saafalyam naa prapta, parantu aneke lokapriyaah karyani taan prabhaawashaalih iti udaghoshayanti, teshaam anuyaayinah cha adhomukhi santi. anekanam shrenyaah parivartanaanaam anantaram, 2003 tame varshe bend-samoohah pravaasaat dhvanimudranaat cha viraamam praapnot, parantu 2008 tame varshe nootan-vishayavastoonaam karyam aarabhy 2009 tame varshe shut varsheshu prathamaparyatanm aarabhy punah prakatitah. 2017 tame varshe, bend-samoohah swasyaah pankraakaakyaademeefaitasggaa-shrenyaah punah militavaan, samprati sakriyah, paryatanah cha asti. jeevanacharitram. 1989 tame varshe dave smally ityanena sarvam parityajy, saha gitaar-vaadake criss bagrozi ityanena, baas-vaadake edd urlik ityanena, drums-vaadake dave naaz ityanena cha saha vidhinaa sthapitavan. bend ityeshaa swasyaah prathamam pradarshanm 1990 maarch 10 dinaanke hollywood-nagarasya anty-club-madhye aayojayet iti manyante. epitoff-abhilekheshu hastaaksharam krutvaa, te swa-sheershakam swa-aalbam iteedam 1991 tame varshe prakaashitavantah, etat pank-raak-bend-byaad-religion ityasya gitaar vaadaken, epitaf-ityasya samsthaapakena cha brett-gurevitz ityanena nirmitam. 1992 tame varshe (punah gurevitz ityanena nirmitam) swasya dwiteeyam aalbam "bloo" dhvanimudranaartham studio-madhye niyamaanugunam pravesham akarot. aalbam ityasya pracharartham pravaasasya anantaram, 1993 tame varshe te swamoola-shrenyaah margan pruthak krutvaa smally ityetam vaadyavrundasya ekamaatram moolasadasyatwen parityajyant. bagrozi, urlik, naaz ityetayoho sthaane kramashah syaam viliums III, engree jaan dii mambro, hunter oswald cha gitaar, baas, drums ityetayoho sthaane sthaanam agruhnan. nootan-samoohah swasya truteeyam aalbam "pankrokaakyaadameefaitsaa" iteedam dhvanimudrayat, yat 1994 tame varshe pradarshitam, tathaa cha praayah teshaam sarwaadhikawikrayamaanah prakaashah iti ullekhitah asti. hitt aar miss" iti gitanam veediyo-clips, "aii aam gone bee (500 mails)" iti ghoshakanam mukhaputam cha nirmitaani, te emm. tea. vee. tathaa radio-kendreshu kechan prasaaranam cha praaptavantah. aalbam ityasya samarthanaay, vidhinaa varshaantya-pravaasaha aarabhat, keshuchit pradarshaneshu te dahan-shiraha, vidhvamsakaaha, tathaa cha teshaam adhunaa poorva-labelmates nofks, santatihi, dhana-vyasanee, dushta-dharmah ityadinam vaadyavrundaan samarthayan. 1998 tame varshe epitoff-ityasya nishkasanat poorvam, "aal-scratched-up" (1996), "laast-aaf-da-sharpashootars" (1997) iti cha, kaanoonen dhwanimudritam, prakaashitam cha, tathaa cha dhwanimudritam, go-cart-abhilekheshu alpakalam yaavat "flai-da-flag" (1999) ityasya vimochanam drushtam. aalbam ityasya vimochanasya kinchitkalanantaram, bassist-jaan demambro, drummer criss leggerborg cha vaadyavrundam parityajyant. lagerborg 2002 tame varshe nidrayam mrutah bhavishyati. saha 33 varsheeyah aasit. teshaam uttaraadhikaari baas-kridaayaam keet davis, drums-kridaayaam milo todesco cha abhavat. 2002 december-maase, bend-sanghena 2112 dhvanimudrikaasu hastaaksharam krutam, ye 2003 mey-maase "windwardtads-endway -wardels" ityetam pradarshanti sma. naa tu aalbam api teshaam epitoff-prakaashanam iva safalam aasit. tasmin eva varshe pashchat sangeetavrundah viraamam praapnot. 2008 august-maase, kaanoonen, te ekaa aalbam ityasya krute karyam kurwantah iti ghoshayan, swasya aadhikaarik-jaalapute "bullets" iti nootanam geetam post krutavaan. 2009 tame varshe, niyamaanugunam 2003 tamaat varshaat param prathamavaaram pravaasam prarabdhavan, yatra te dakshinamerikadeshe tathaa samyuktarajyamerikadesha keshuchit karyakrameshu abhyanayn. "chrystal" iti chalacchitram 2010 februvari-maase antarjaaliye prakaashitam aasit. te 2010 april-maase floridaadeshe dwau pradarshanau api abhyanayt, tathaa cha tasmin october-maase netherlands-deshe dwau pradarshanau api abhyanayt. 2011 august 3 dinaanke smally ityanena vidhi-facebook-prushtasya down-ityatra adyataneekaranam krutvaa, "ataha dee. bee. ell. ityasya nootanaani geetaani santi, ye vayam bhaashante smah mishritaah santi... saamah sarvadaa iva gitarachanam prajjwalitawaan. asha asti yat vayam sheeghramev anlain athavaa label ityanena saha kimapi prakashayamaha." 2011 tamasya varshasya ante, dee. bee. ell. ityanena dee. see. jaam-abhilekhaih saha hastaksharasya ghoshanaa krutaa, 2012 tamasya varshasya august-maase apekshitam aalbam-vimochanam aasit. 2012 tame varshe "champions att haart" iti aalbam prakaashitam, tadanantaram 2013 tame varshe floricor-abhilekheshu (kevalam see. dee.) sapta-track-laghu-aalbam "revolution-taim" prakaashitam, yat 2014 tame varshe yoo. key.-lebul-dwara 10 "varna-vinail-madhye vistrutaroopena pradarshitam. atiriktaani geetaani "gotta gett ave" (drudaani laghu-angulihi), "viskee inn da jaar" (patalam lizzy), "(kim haasyam 'baat) shaantih, premah, samajhah" (elvis coastelo) ityetaani dhvanika-aawaran-samskaranaani aasan. asmin samaye kechan european-sho api aasan, yeshu 2014 tamasya varshasya madhyabhaage ekasaptahabhyantare (dashakaat adhikakaale prathamah) yoo. key. sho api aasit. 2015 tamavarshasya ante 2016 tame varshe cha smally ityayam swasya vruttijeevanasya anekaan solo-sho-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play-play discography. studio aalbam sankalan-sangrahah laiv aalbam ee. pi. ess. tathaa vibhaajanam

sattappadi keezhae (isaikkuzhu) down paii laa enbathu 1989 aam aandil munnaal aall frondman dave smaliyal uruvaakkappatta oru america pank raak isaikkuzhuvaagum, avar mattumae asal uruppinaraaga ullaar. inththa isaikkuzhu aezhu studio aalbangkalai pathivu seithullathu. avai 1998 varai epitoff pathivukalil irunththana, adhan piragu mattra lablegalukku marivittana. sattappadi kanisamaana vaniga vetrtriyai orupoathum adaiyavillai, aanaal pala perumpaalum pirabalamaana seyalgal avattrai selvaakku mikkavai endru maerkoal kaattugindrana, maelum avai oru nilaththadi pinthodarpavargalaik kondullana. pala varisai maattrangkalukkup piragu, isaikkuzhu 2003 aam aandil suttruppayanam mattrum pathivilirunthu idaiveli eduththathu, aanaal 2008 aam aandil puthiya porul vaelaiyaith thodanguvatharkum, 2009 aam aandil aaru aandugalil thangal muthal sutruppayanaththaith thodanguvatharkum munbu meendum thoantriyathu. 2017 aam aandil, isaikkuzhu thangal bangracacotemifits varisaiyai meendum inaiththathu mattrum tharpoothu seyalil mattrum suttruppayanamaaga ullathu. vaazhkkai varalaaru. 1989 aam aandil dave smally anaiththaiyum vittuvita piragu, avar kittar meethu chriss pakaroajiyum, baas meethu edd urlikkum, trumkalil dave naas aakiyoarudan sattappadi uruvaanaar. thangal muthal nigazhchchi maarch 10,1990 andru hollywoodil ulla ethirppu kilappil nadaiperum endru isaikkuzhu karudhugiradhu. epitoff pathivukalil kaiyeluththitta piragu, avarkal thangal muthal aalpaththai veliyittanar, idhu 1991 aam aandil suya-thalaippu, idhu pank raak isaikkuzhuvin ketta madhaththin kittar kalaignarum epidaappin niruvanarumaana brett grevits thayaaritthaar. 1992 aam aandil (meendum grevits thayaaritthaar) avarkalin irandaavathu aalbamaana "blue" aip pathivu seiya studiovil sattappadi nuzhainthaar. inththa aalpaththai vilambarappaduththuvatharkaaka suttruppayanam maerkonda piragu, avarkal 1993 aam aandil thangal asal varisaiyudan pirinthanar, smally isaikkuzhuvin oray asal uruppinaraaga vittuch sendranar. bagaroji, urlik mattrum naas aakiyoarukku pathilaaka saam villiams III, aengri john dii mambro mattrum hunder ooswald muraiyae kittar, baas mattrum trumkalil niyamikkappattanar. puthiya varisai avarkalin moontraavathu aalbamaana "bangrocacotemifits" aii pathivu seithathu, idhu 1994 ill veliyidappattathu mattrum podhuvaaga avarkalin sirantha virpanaiyaana veliyeedaaga maerkoal kaattappadugiradhu. hiid aarr miss" paadalkalukkaana veediyoa kilipkal mattrum pirakadanathaararkalin "aii aam kung pee (500 mailgal)" endra attaiyin attaippadam thayaarikkappattu avai emm. dii. vii mattrum vanoli nilaiyangalil sila oliparappukalaip petrtrana. inththa aalpaththai aatharippatharkaaka, sattappadi oru varuda kaala sutruppayanaththaith thodangkinar, sila nigazhchchigalil avarkal eriyum thalaikal mattrum kundarkal poantra isaikkuzhukkalaiyum, ippoathu avarkalin munnaal muththiraippulligal, santhathiyinar, panakkaara mattrum moasamaana madham poantravattraiyum aathariththanar. 1998 aam aandil epitoff vidumun "aall scratchtu app" (1996) mattrum "laust off thii shorpshooters" (1997) aagiya maelum irandu aalbangkalai sattappadi pathivu seithu veliyittanar. coow-cord pathivukalil oru kurugiya kaalap pakuthi "fly thii flock" (1999) veliyeettaik kandadhu. aalbam veliyaana sirithu neraththilaeyae, bassist john timambro mattrum trummer chriss loggerboarg aagiyoar isaikkuzhuvai vittu veliyaerinar. loggerboarg 2002 aam aandil thanathu thookkaththileye irappaar. avarukku 33 vayathu. avarkalukkup piragu baas meethu keeth davis mattrum trumkalil miloo todesco aagiyoar pathaviyaettranar. 2002 disambaril, isaikkuzhu union 2112 pathivukaludan kaiyezhuththittathu, avarkal mae 2003 ill "wind waredites mattrum vaevae wordsails" veliyiduvaargal. endha aalbamum avarkalin epitoff veliyeedugalaip poala vetrtrikaramaaka illai. athae aandin pirpaguthiyil isaikkuzhu oru idaiveli eduththathu. august 2008 ill, sattappadi avarkal oru aalpaththil vaelai seivathaaga arivitthu, "bullet" endra puthiya paadalai thangal athikaarappoorva inaiyathalaththil veliyittanar. 2009 aam aandil, sattappadi 2003 kkup piragu avarkalin muthal sutruppayanaththaith thodangkinar, angku avarkal thenn americavil nigazhchchigalaiyum, americavil sila nigazhchchigalaiyum nadaththinar. "chrystal" pipravari 2010 ill anline veliyidappattathu. avarkal aepral 2010 ill ploaridaavil irandu nigazhchchigalaiyum, octoberil netherlaandhil irandu nigazhchchigalaiyum nadaththinar. august 3,2011 andru, smally sattaththin facebook pakkaththil oru pudhuppippai veliyittaar, "enavae dii. pii. ell. inn puthiya paadalkal ullana, naam paesumpoathu kalakkappadugiradhu... saam eppoathum poala paadal ezhuthuvathai ulukkukiraar. anline allathu lableudon viraivil aethaavathu veliyiduvoam endru nambukiraen." 2011 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, dii. chii. jaam pathivukaludan kaiyezhuththiduvadhaaga dii. pii. ell ariviththathu, august 2012 ill oru aalbam veliyeedu ethirpaarkkappattathu. aalbam "sampions add haard" 2012 ill veliyidappattathu, adhaith thodarnthu 2013 ill aezhu track mini aalbam, "revolution time", fluoricor pathivukalil (sidi mattum), idhu 2014 aam aandil englaanthu lable ular heave pathivukalaal 10 "vanna vinylil virivaakkappatta vadivaththil veliyidappattathu. koodudhal tracugal "kotta kedaway" (kadinamaana siriya viralgal), "jadiyil visky" (melliya liji), mattrum "(migavum vaedikkaiyaana 'poatti) amaithi, kaathal mattrum purithal" (elvis castello) aagiyavattrin olii kavar pathippukal aagum. 2014 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil oru vaara englaanthu nigazhchchigal (oru thasaapthaththil muthal) udpada sila iroappiya nigazhchchigalum inththa neraththil irunththana. 2015 aam aandin pirpaguthiyilum 2016 aam aandilum, smally thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyilirunthu pala thanii nigazhchchigalai vilayaadi varukiraar, idhil tiss, tock nasty, anaiththum mattrum dii. pii. ell. inn porul udpada, idhil mae mattrum juun 2016 ill oru pirathaana iropa suttruppayanam adangkum. 2017 aam aandil, timambro mattrum ooswald meendum isaikkuzhuvil saeruvaargal. dyschography. studio aalbangkal thoguppu aalbangkal neradi aalbangkal eeps mattrum pilavugal

chattam prakaram (byaand) down bye laa anedi 1989loe maajee aall frontman dave smalliche erpaatu cheyabadina oka american punk rock byaand, athanu matrame migili unna asalu sabhyudu. eee byaand edu studio albumlanu record chesindi. avi 1998 varaku epitoff recordulalo undipoyaayi mariyu appati nundi itara lebullaku marai. chattam prakaram ennadoo gananeeyamaina vaanijya vijayanni saadhinchaledu, conny aneka janaadarana pondina chattalu vaatini prabhaavavantamainavigaa paerkontaayi, mariyu vatiki bhoogarbha falloying undhi. aneka lineup maarpula taruvaata, byaand 2003loe paryatana mariyu recording nundi viramam teesukundi, conny kotta vishayaalapai pani praarambhinchadaaniki mariyu 2009loe aaru samvatsaraalalo vaari modati parytananu praarambhinchadaaniki mundu 2008loe tirigi kanipinchindi. 2017loe, byaand vaari puncracademifitesangsang lainapnu tirigi kalusukunnaru mariyu prastutam churukuga mariyu paryatanalo unnaaru. jeevita charitra. 1989loe dave smally annintinee vidichipettina taruvaata, athanu guitar meeda criss bagarojji, baas meeda edd urlik mariyu drums meeda dave naajtho kalisi chattabaddhamgaa erpaddaadu. tama modati pradarsana marchi 10,1990naa hollywoodloni anty-clublo nirvahinchaalani byaand bhavistondi. epitoff recordulaku santakam chesina taruvaata, vaaru 1991loe tama toli albumnu vidudala chesaaru, idhi sweeya-paerutoe undhi. dheenini punk rock byaand baad releasian yokka guitarist mariyu epitoff vyavasthaapakudu brett gurevitz nirminchaaru. 1992loe vaari rendava album "blue" nuu record cheyadaaniki studioloki pravesinchaaru (mallii gurevitz nirminchaaru). albumnu pracharam cheyadaaniki paryatana tarvaata, vaaru 1993loe tama asalu lainapto vidipoyaaru, smaaleeni byaand yokka ekaika asalu sabhyudiga vadilivesaaru. bagarojji, urlik mariyu naaz sthaanamlo varusaga guitar, baas mariyu drumlapy saam villiams III, angri zaan dii mambro mariyu hunter oswald unnaaru. kotta lineup vaari moodava album "pancracademifietsang" nuu record chesindi, idhi 1994loe vidudalaindi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vaari atyadhikamgaa ammudaina vidudalagaa perkonabadindi. hitt aarr miss" paatalaku sambandhinchina veediyo cliplu mariyu 'ii yaam goan bii (500 maillu)' anae prakatanakartala mukhachitram tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu avi mtv mariyu radeo stationlalo kontha prasaram cheyabaddaayi. albumku maddatugaa, chattam prakaram, edaadi podavunaa parytananu praarambhinchaaru mariyu konni pradarsanalalo vaaru mandutunna talalu mariyu vidhvamsakulu, alaage vaari prastuta labelmates, santaanam, pennivice mariyu chedu matam vanti byaandlaku maddatu icchaaru. 1998loe epitafnu vidichipettadaaniki mundu, chattam prakaram record chesi, "aall scratched up" (1996) mariyu "laast off dhi shorpshooters" (1997) anae maroe rendu albumlanu vidudala chesaaru. goo-cart recordulalo kontakaalam paatu "fly dhi flag" (1999) vidudalaindi. album vidudalaina koddikaalaanike, bassist zaan demambro mariyu drummer criss loggerbourg byaandnu vidichipettaru. loggerbourg 2002loe nidralone maraninchaadu. ataniki 33 samvatsaraalu. vaari taruvaata baas meeda keeth davis mariyu drums meeda milo todesco vacchaaru. december 2002loe, byaand union 2112 recordulatho santakam chesindi, vaaru mae 2003loe "windwardtides und waywardiles" nuu vidudala chestaaru. vaari epitoff vidudalala vale yea album kooda vijayavantam kaaledu. adhe samvatsaram taruvaata byaand viramam teesukundi. augustu 2008loe, chattam prakaram vaaru oka album kosam panichestunnatlu prakatinchaaru mariyu vaari adhikaarika websitelo "bulletlu" anae kotta patanu post chesaaru. 2009loe, chattam prakaram 2003 tarvaata vaari modati parytananu praarambhinchaaru, akkada vaaru dakshina americalo pradarsanalu alaage united stateslo konni pradarsanalu icchaaru. "christal" fibravari 2010loe aanlainlo post cheyabadindi. vaaru april 2010loe floridalo rendu pradarsanalu mariyu aaa octoberlo netherlandslo rendu pradarsanalu kooda icchaaru. augustu 3,2011naa, smally laa yokka facebook pageelo oka naveekarananu post chestu, "kabatti dbl dwara kotta paatalu unnaayi, manam matladetappudu mishramamgaa unnaayi... saam eppatilaage gtarachananu uttejaparustaadu. aanlainlo ledhaa lebultho tvaralo edainaa vidudala chestam anie aasistunnaam." 2011 chivaralo, disi jaam recordulatho santakam chestunnatlu dbl prakatinchindi, augustu 2012loe album vidudala avtundani bhaavistunnaaru. album "champions ett haart" 2012loe vidudalaindi, taruvaata 2013loe fluoricore recordulalo (sidi matrame) edu-track minee album "revolution time" vidudalaindi, idhi 2014loe yuke label dry heave recordula dwara 10 "rangu vinaillo vistarinchina roopamlo vidudalaindi. adanapu tracklu "gotta getway" (gatti chinna vellu), "wiskey inn dhi jaar" (sannani lizzie), mariyu "(chaalaa funny 'bott) shanti, prema mariyu avagahana" (elvis castello) yokka dhwani cover versionlu. 2014 madhyalo oka vaaram paatu UK pradarsanalu (oka dasaabdamloo modatidi) thoo sahaa eee samayamlo konni european pradarsanalu kooda jarigaayi. 2015 chivarilo mariyu 2016 loe, smally thana kereer antataa aneka solo sholanu play chestu unnadu, indulo dies, dogg nasty, annee alaage dbl nundi material unnaayi, indulo mae mariyu juun 2016 loe pradhana bhuubhaagam airopa paryatana kooda undhi. 2017 loe, demambro mariyu oswald bandlo tirigi chaerataaru. discography. studio albumlu sankalana albumlu live albumlu eps mariyu splits

qanoon kay mutabiq (bend) ddaun bayee laa eek americi punk raak bend hay jasay 1989 mein saabiq aal frunt meen ddio sameli nay tashkil diyaa thaa juu waahid baaqi asl rakan hay. bend nay saat studio albumz record kiye haine. wah 1998 takk apatof record parr rahay aur iss kay baad say dosray labels parr chalay gayey haine. qanoon kay mutabiq kabhi bhee khaatir khwah tajarti kamiyabi haasil nahein kii hay leakin bury hadd takk maqbool karwaiyon mein inn kaa hawalah baasir kay toor parr diyaa gayaa hay aur inn kii zeer zameen peervi hay. kayee line app tabdiliyon kay baad bend 2003 mein toring aur recording say waqafah parr chalaa gayaa leakin nayey mawaad parr kaam sharoo karnay aur 2009 mein chh saalon mein apnay pehley doray parr jaanay say pehley 2008 mein dobarah namodar hawaa. 2017 mein bend nay apnee pankrok academy fightsong line app kuu dobarah muthad kiyaa aur iss waqat faal aur torr kirr rehaa hay. sawanah umri. 1989 mein ddio sameli kay sabb kachh chhodnay kay baad inhon nay gataar parr curse bagarozi baas parr aidd arlak aur drum parr ddio naaz kay saath qanoon kay mutabiq tashkil dee. bend kaa khayaal hay kahh inn kaa pehla show 10 maarch 1990 kuu haali wode kay ainti kalb mein munaqid hoga. apatof records parr dastakhat karnay kay baad inhon nay apnaa pehla album jaari kiyaa juu khood anwaan hay 1991 mein. asay breat greutz nay tayaar kiyaa thaa juu punk raak bend beedd religion kay gtarst aur apatof kay baanee thay. qanoon kay mutabiq 1992 mein (dobarah gory vitz kay zariah tayaar kardah) apnaa dosra album "blue" record karnay kay liye studio mein daakhil hoay. album kuu farogh deenay kay liye doray kay baad wah 1993 mein apnee asl line app say alg how gayey jiss say wah ismalay kuu bend kay waahid asl rakan kay toor parr chhod gayey. bagrozi arlak aur naaz kii jagah baltarteeb gataar baas aur drum parr seem waleems IIIyee angry jaan ddee membro aur hunter oswald nay lay lee. nayee line app nay apnaa teesra album "pencrocacademy fightsong" record kiyaa juu 1994 mein release hawaa thaa aur aam toor parr asay inn kii sabb say ziyadah farokhat honay waali release kay toor parr hawalah diyaa jaataa hay. hutt yaa miss" gaanon kay video clips aur aalaan kanandgan kay sarwaraq "aayee ayem goyan bee (500 meel)" banaye gayey aur inhein ayem tye wee aur redio stationon parr kachh nashar kiyaa gayaa. album kii himayat karnay kay liyay qanoon kay mutabiq eek saal taweel doray kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur kachh shoz mein inhon nay jaltay hoay sarr aur badamani kay saath saath inn kay abb kay leebal mets nofix aulaad paisah aur braa mazhab jeesay bend kii himayat kii. qanoon kay mutabiq 1998 mein apitaaf chhodnay say pehley duu mazeed albumz "aal screached app" (1996) aur "laast aaf dee shaarp shotarz" (1997) record kiye aur jaari kiye gayey. gow cart records parr eek mukhtasir kaam kay doraan "flayee dee fleeg" (1999) kii release dekhi gayee. album kii release kay foraa baad baasist jaan demembro aur dermer curse leggerberg nay bend chhod diyaa. leggerberg 2002 mein apnee naind mein marr jaaye gaa. wah 33 saal kaa thaa. inn kay baad baas parr keeth ddioz aur dahol parr melo todsco nay kamiyabi haasil kii. dasambar 2002 mein bend nay union 2112 records say muahidah kiyaa juu mayee 2003 mein "wondward tides aind way wordeals" jaari karein gay. koyee bhee album atnaa kamiyab nahein thaa jitna inn kay apatof release. asee saal kay aakhir mein bend waqfe parr chalaa gayaa. agast 2008 mein qanoon kay mutabiq inhon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah eek album parr kaam kirr rahay haine aur apnee sarkaari waib saait parr "builts" naami eek neeya track post kiyaa. 2009 mein qanoon kay mutabiq 2003 kay baad say inn kaa pehla dorah sharoo hawaa jehaan inhon nay janubi america mein shoz kay saath saath riyasathaye muthadah mein kachh shoz bhee khelay. "cristal" faroori 2010 mein aann line post kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay apreel 2010 mein fluoreda mein duu shoz aur iss aktobar mein netherlands mein duu shoz bhee khelay. 3 agast 2011 cow ismeley nay qanoon kay fees buck paij kay zariye ddaun parr eek app ddait post kiyaa jiss mein kahaa gayaa "lehza ddee bee eel kay nayey gaaney haine juu humm boltay hoay milay jalay how rahay haine... saam hamishah kii tarah geeth likhnay mein hairat kaa izhaar kartaa hay. ameed hay kahh humm jald hyee kachh jaari karein gay yaa tuu aann line yaa leebal kay saath." 2011 kay aakhir mein ddee bee eel nay ddee see jaam records kay saath dastakhat karnay kaa aalaan kiyaa jiss kay saath agast 2012 mein album release honay kii toqaa thee. album "champines aett haart" 2012 mein release hawaa iss kay baad 2013 mein saat track waala manee album "revolotion tyme"yee fluorcor records parr (sarf see ddee)yee jasay 2014 mein bartaniah kay leebal darayee hayoo records kay zariah 10 "rangeen wanael parr tausiyi shakal mein jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. izaafi track "gotaa gait way" (sakht chhoti angliyan)yee "wahaski inn dee jaar" (patli lazee)yee aur "(juu atnaa mazhakah khaiz 'bowt) aman mahbat aur tafheem" (ailos coustilo) kay suutee coor warzan thay. iss waqat kachh europi shoz bhee thay jinn mein 2014 kay wast mein bartaniah kay shoz kaa eek haftah (eek dahayi say ziyadah kaa pehla) bhee shaamil thaa. 2015 kay aakhir mein aur 2016 mein ismeley apnay puray carrier kay track khelnay waalay mutadid solo shoz kheel rehaa hay jiss mein ddais deeg nesty sabb kay saath saath ddee bee eel kaa mawaad bhee shaamil hay iss mein mayee aur joone 2016 mein meen lend europ kaa dorah shaamil hay. 2017 mein demembro aur oswald dobarah bend mein shaamil hoan gay. discography. studio albumz taleef albumz laiyo albumz apps aur taqsim

000914c4556d145d337545e0d0ff78330fa122a9ab7d709fc59e842219118005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40534463

Online supermarkets in China

Online supermarkets in China Online supermarkets in China are shopping websites that offer grocery buyers a complete shopping solution from a single online platform. The emphasis on these sites is to provide consumers all the products they would normally find on a supermarket shop floor, but delivered direct to the house or office door. Customers pay for goods with popular online payment systems such as Alipay, or by bank transfer, or cash on delivery. Some online grocers such as Yihaodian (also known as The No 1 Store) and Dingdong Maicai deliver to customers directly from their distribution centers, other providers such as Auchan employ staff to pick goods from store shelves which are then delivered to customers. Main competitors. As of June 2011, there was only one online supermarket which is fully national across China: Yihaodian. All other online supermarkets only operate in Shanghai. In a China a consumer study published in May 2011 (DDMA Market Research) found that in Shanghai 89% of white collar online grocery shoppers had used Yihaodian recently, whereas only 39% had used Taobao Supermarket. The same study by DDMA Market Research identified the main drivers of usage for online supermarkets in China as: US retail giant Wal-Mart in May 2011 announced it was in talks to purchase a minority stake in Yihaodian for an undisclosed amount. Taobao Supermarket also has access to large amounts of investment capital through its parent Alibaba Group (40% owned by Yahoo). Taobao Supermarket has announced on its website that it plans to expand into Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Hangzhou. Online Consumer Purchases in China. 10% of all consumer goods purchases in Shanghai are carried out online, according to another market research study by DDMA Market Research. This compares to 10.5% for the UK. On average across China the share is lower at 3%, but internet penetration is growing rapidly so this number is expected to increase. A recent study shows that in China, online shopping benefits rural residents statistically by enhancing their living standards. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

seenor online supermarketxomuh seenor online supermarket hoise bojar koraa website jibure gelamal kretaxokolok etaa ekok online platformor poraa xompurno bojar korar xomadhan prodan kore. ei siteburor uporot gurutwo diya hoise grahokxokolok xadharonote supermarketor dukanor mojiyat puwa xokolu xamogri prodan koraa, kintu punpotiyakoi ghor baa karzaloyor duwaroloi preron koraa. grahoke aalipe, baa benk trensfer, baa kes ono deliveryr dore jonopriyo online payment pronali thoka xamogrir baabe dhon porixudh kore. kisuman online gelamal bikreta jene yih 'diane (nong 1 dukan buliu jonaa yaay) aaru dingdong maikaiye teulukor bitoron kendror poraa punpotiyakoi grahokoloi delivery kore, aan prodankari jene ausanoi dukanor taakor poraa xamogri lo' boloi kormosarixokolok niyug kore jibur pisot grahokoloi preron koraa hoy. mukhyo protijugi. 2011 sonor june maholoike xomogro sinot xompurnorupe rastriyobhabe thoka kewol etaa online supermarket aaseh yih 'diane. aan xokolu online supermarket kewol sanghaite sole. seenor ekhon dexot 2011 sonor mey "maahot prokaxito ek grahok odhyoyonot (ddma bojar gowexona) puwa goise je sanghait 89 xotangxo swait kolor online gelamal bojar korutai xehotiyakoi yih 'diane byobohar korisil, aanhate maatro 39 xotangxoi taubau supermarket byobohar korisil. ddma bojar gowexonai koraa eke odhyoyonot seenor online supermarketor byoboharor mool salokbur sinakto koraa hoiseh 2011 sonor mey "maahot aamerika juktorastror khusura company waal-marte ghuxona korisil je ee ek ogyat porimanot iyar xongkhyaloghu ongxo kroy korar baabe alusona kori aase. taubau supermarkete iyar mool alibaba gutor (40 xotangxo yahur malikanadhin) joriyote brihot porimanor biniyug muldhon laabh koribo paare. taubau supermarkete iyar websiteot ghuxona korise je ee beijing, sanghai, guwangjhu aaru hangjhouloi xomproxaron korar porikolpona korise. sinot online grahok kroy. ddma bojar gowexonar aan ek bojar gowexona odhyoyon onuxori, sanghair xokolu upobhukta xamogri kroyor 10 xotangxo onlainot koraa hoy. iyak iuker baabe 10.5% ror xoite tulona koraa hoy. xomogro sinot gorh hisapot ei ongxo 3 xotangxo komm, kintu internetor prowex drutogotit briddhi paise xeyehe ei xongkhya briddhi huwar aaxa koraa hoise. xehotiya ek odhyoyonot dekha goise je sinot online bojar korile gramyo baxindaxokole teulukor jiwan dharonor mandondo briddhi kori porixongkhyagotobhabe labhowan hoy.

cheener online supermarket cheener online supermarket holl emon kenakatar website jaa mudi kretader ekti ekok online platform theke ekti sampurna kenakatar samadhan pradan korey. eyi sitegulir upor jore deoa hoy grahokder samasta ponno sarbaraha koraa jaa taaraa sadharonoto ekti supermarketer dokaner mejhete khunje paay, tobey sarasari baadi baa officer dorjai pouche deyo. grahokra janapriya online payment system jemon alipe, baa bank transfer baa cash ono delivery madhyome ponner jonno ortho pradan corren. kichhu online mudi dokan jemon iaodian (1 nambar dokan nameo porichito) ebong dingdong maikai sarasari taader bitoron kendra theke grahokder kachhe sarbaraha korey, anyanno sorborahokari jemon auchan dokaner taak theke ponno bachhai korar jonno karmider niyog korey jaa porey grahokder kachhe sarbaraha koraa hoy. prodhan protijogira. (june 2011) porjonto shudhumatra ekti online supermarket royeche jaa chean judey sampurna jatiyah iaodian. anyanno samasta online supermarket shudhumatra sanghaite kaaj korey. 2011 saaler meey maase prokashito ekti bhokta samikshai (ddma bazar gobeshona) dekha geche jey sanghaite saadaa collar online mudi kretader 89 shotangsho samprati iaodoan byabohar korechen, jekhane matro 39 shotangsho taobao supermarket byabohar korechen. ddma bazar gobeshonar ekoi gobeshonai cheener online supermarketer byaboharer prodhan chalikashoktiguli chinnito koraa hoyeche markin khuchro giant oyala-mart 2011 saaler meey maase ghoshana korey jey etty ekti aprokashito porimane iaodianer ekti sankhyalaghu angshidaritto kenara jonno alochona korche. taobao supermarketer mool alibaba grouper (iahu-rawr malikanadhin 40 shotangsho) madhyomeo prachur porimane biniyog muldhaner axes royeche. taobao supermarket taader website ghoshana koreche jey taaraa beijing, sanghai, guangjhu ebong hyangjhute prosarito korar parikalpana koreche. cheene online grahok croy. ddma bazar gobeshonar arekti bazar gobeshona anujayi, sanghaiyer samasta bhogyoponner 10 shotangsho kenakata online koraa hoy. etty juktorajyer jonno 10.5% err saathe tulna korey. chean judey gadey eyi ongsho 3 shotangsho qama, kintu interneter anuprabesh druto briddhi pachche taai eyi sankhyati briddhi paabe boley aasha koraa hachche. samprotik eka gobeshonai dekha geche jey, cheene online kenakata gramin basindader jeebonjatrar maan unnoto korey porisongkhangotobhabe upokrito korey.

cheenma online supermarket cheenma online supermarketo aee khareedini websites chhe jeey kariyana khareeddaarone aek jaj online platform parthee sampoorn khareedi ukel pradaan karey chhe. aaa sites parr bhaar graahakone supermarketnee dukanna flore parr saamanya reete maltaa tamaam utpaadno pradaan karvaano chhe, parantu teey seedha ghar athavaa officena darvaja parr pahonchadvama aave chhe. graahako lokpreey online chukavani pranaalio jevee keey elipe athavaa benk transfer athavaa cash ona delivery dwara maal maate chukavani karey chhe. ketlaak online kareeyanao jaim keey yehodian (number 1 store tareeke pann odakhaay chhe) aneey dingdong maikai graahakone temnaa vitaran kendromathi seedha jaj pahonchaade chhe, anya pradaatao jaim keey ouchan storeni chhajaliomathi maal pasand karvaa maate staffne niyukt karey chhe jeey pachhi graahakone pahonchadvama aave chhe. mukhya spardhako. (juuna 2011) sudhee maatra aek jaj online supermarket chhe jeey samagr cheenma sampurnpane raashtriy chheh yihodian. anya tamaam online supermarket maatra shanghaima jaj chaale chhe. cheenma meey meey prakashit thayela aek graahak abhyasma (dii. dii. aema. aee. marqeta research) jaanvaa malyun chhe keey shanghaima 89 takaa white collar online kariyana dukaandaaroae taajetarma yihodiyanno upyog karyo hato, jyaare maatra 39 takaa lokoae taobao supermarketno upyog karyo hato. dii. dii. aema. aee. bajaar sanshodhan dwara karvaamaa aavela samaan abhyasma cheenma online supermarketo maate upyognaa mukhya pareebalone aaa reete odakhvaamaa aavyaa chheh meey meey yuu. aesa. retail giant wall-marte jaaherat curry hatee keey teey agnaat rakamma yihodiyanmaa laghumati hisso khareedava maate vataghato curry rahee chhe. taobao supermarket tenaa mool alibaba jooth (40 takaa yaahuni maliki) dwara pann motee matrama rokaan moodini pahonch dharaave chhe. taobao supermarkete tenee website parr jaaherat curry chhe keey teey beijing, shanghai, guangzhou aneey hangzouma vistaran karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. cheenma online graahak khareedi. dii. dii. aema. aee. marqeta research dwara anya aek bajaar sanshodhan abhyaas anusaar, shanghaima tamaam graahak chijavastuoni kharidimathi 10 takaa online karvaamaa aave chhe. aanee sarkhaamani yuke maate 10.5% saathe thaay chhe. samagr cheenma sarerash hisso 3 takaa jetalo ochho chhe, parantu internetno vyaap zadapthi vadhee rahyo chhe tethee aaa sankhyama vadhaaro thavaani apeksha chhe. taajetarnaa aek abhyasma jaanvaa malyun chhe keey cheenma online khareedithi graameen rahevasione temnaa jivandhoranmaa vadhaaro kareene aankadaakiy reete fayado thaay chhe.

chean mein online supermarket chean mein online supermarket kharidari websiten hain joe kiraane key kharidaaron koo ack hii online platform seey poori kharidari kaa samadhan pradaan karati hain. inn saiton parr jore upbhoktaon koo way sabhi utpaad pradaan karane parr haye joe way aam taur parr ack supermarket dukaan key farsh parr paate hain, lekin seedhe ghar yaa karyalaya key darwaaje parr vitarit kiye jaate hain. graahak lokpriya online bhugtan pranali jaise kii elipe, yaa baink hastaantaran, yaa kaish onn delivery key saath saman key liye bhugtan karate hain. kuchh online grocer jaise kii yehodian (jise number 1 store key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) aur dingdong maikai grahakon koo seedhe unake vitaran kendron seey vitarit karate hain, anya pradaata jaise kii ouchan store almaariyon seey saman lene key liye karmchaariyon koo niyukt karate hain joe taba grahakon koo vitarit kiye jaate hain. mukhya pratiyogi. (juuna 2011) taka kewal ack online supermarket haye joe poori tarah seey chean mein rashtriya haih yododian. anya sabhi online supermarket kewal shanghai mein sanchaalit hotey hain. chean mein maee 2011 mein prakaashit ack upabhokta adhyayan (dee. dee. aim. aeye. bajar anusandhaan) mein paaya gayaa kii shanghai mein 89 pratishat safed collar online kiraane key dukandaron ney haal hii mein yododian kaa upayog kiya thaa, jabaki kewal 39 pratishat ney taobao supermarket kaa upayog kiya thaa. dee. dee. aim. aeye. bajar anusandhaan dwara kiye gaye isi adhyayan ney chean mein online supermarket key upayog key mukhya chalakon kii pehchaan iss prakaar keeh maee 2011 mein us retail diggaj wall-maart ney ghoshana kii kii vaha ack agyaat raashi key liye yodian mein ack alpansh hissedari khareedane key liye baatchit curr rhaa haye. taobao supermarket key paas apane mool alibaba samooh (yahu key swaamitva mein 40 pratishat) key madhyam seey badee matra mein nivesh poonji taka pahunch haye. taobao supermarket ney apani website parr ghoshana kii haye kii vaha beijing, shanghai, gwangjhou aur hangjhou mein vistaar karane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye. chean mein online upabhokta kharidari. dee. dee. aim. aeye. bajar anusandhaan dwara ack anya bajar anusandhaan adhyayan key anusaar, shanghai mein sabhi upabhokta vastuon kii khareed kaa 10 pratishat online kiya jaataa haye. yeh yuu. key. key liye 10.5% seey tulanaa kartaa haye. chean mein ausatan hissedari 3 pratishat seey cumm haye, lekin internet kii paith teji seey badh rahee haye isaliye iss sankhya mein vriddhi honey kii ummeed haye. haal key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii chean mein online kharidari graameen nivaasiyon koo unake jeevan star koo badhaakar saankhyikiya roop seey labhanvit karati haye.

chinaadalli anline sooparmaarketgalu cheenaada anline sooparmaarketgalu kirani khareedidaararige onde anline platformaninda sampoorna shopping parihaaravannu needuva shopping websitegalaagiwe. ee taanagala ottu endare grahakarige avaru samanyavagi supermarket angadia mahadiyalli kaanuva ellah utpannagalannu odagisuvudu, aadare neravagi maney athawa kacheria bagilige talupisuvudu. grahakaru alipeyantaha janapriya anline pavati vyavasthegalondige sarakugalige athawa bank vargaavane athawa cash aun delivery moolaka paavatisuttaare. kelavu anline kirani vyapaarigalaada yehodian (number 1 store endoo kareyalpaduva) mattu dingdong maikai tamma vitaranaa kendragalinda neravagi grahakarige talupisuttave, auchannantaha itara pooraikedaararu angadia kapaatinallidda sarakugalannu tegedukollalu sibbandiyannu nemisikolluttaare, nantara avugalannu grahakarige talupisalaaguttade. pramukha spardhigalu. (zoon 2011) rahra hottige, chinaadaadyanta sampoornavaagi rashtriyavagiruva onde ondu anline supermarket ideh yehodian. itara ellah anline sooparmaarketgalu shanghainalli maatra kaaryanirvahisuttave. chinaadalli mayee 2011ralli prakatavaada grahaka adhyayanavu (ddma marukatte samshoodhane) shanghainalli shekada 89rashtu bili collar anline kirani shapargalu ittichege yehodian annu balasiddare, kevala shekada 39rashtu janaru maatra tavobavo supermarket annu balasiddaare endu kanduhididide. ddma marukatte samshoodhaneya adhe adhyayanavu chinaadalli anline supermarketgala balakeya pramukha chalakagalannu gurutisideh yuu. ess. naa chillare daitya walmart 2011rahra mayee tingalalli, yihodiannalli alpa pramanada palannu bahirangapadisada mottakke khareedisalu matukate nadesuttide endu ghoshisitu. tavobavo supermarket tanna moola alibaba samoohada moolaka (40 pratishata yaahoo odetanadallide) dodda pramanada hoodike bandavaalavannu saha hondide. beijing, shanghai, gwangjhou mattu hyangjhougalige vistarisalu yojiside endu tavobavo supermarket tanna jaalataanadalli ghoshiside. chinaadalli anline grahaka khareedigalu. ddma marukatte samshoodhaneya mattondu marukatte samshodhanaa adhyayanada prakara, shanghainallina ellah grahaka sarakugala khareedigalalli shekada 10rashtu anlinelli nadeyuttade. idu yukege 10.5% ge holisuttade. chinaadaadyanta sarasari shekada 3rashtu kadime paalu ide, aadare antarjaalada olaharivu vegavagi beleyuttide aaddarinda ee sankhye hechchaguva niriksheyide. ittichina adhyayanavondu chinaadalli, anline shopping grameena nivasigalige avara jeevana mattavannu hechchisuva moolaka sankhyaashaastriyavaagi prayojanavannu niiduttade endu torisuttade.

chinmadhil online supermarket chinmadhil online supermarket hii kharedichi sanketsthale aahet jee kirana kharedidaranna ekach online manchavarun sampoorn kharedi upay detat. grahakanna supermarketchya dukanatil majalyavar samanyatah sapadanari, parantu thet ghar kinwa karyalayin daraparyant pohochavaleli serve utpadane puravine haah yaa sanketsthalancha bharr aahe. grahak lokpriy online deyak pranali asalelya vastunsathi, jase qee elipe, kinwa banq hastantaranadvare kinwa cash aun deliverydware paise detat. yehodian (kramank 1 dukan mhanoonahi olakhale jaanare) aanee dingdong maikai yasarkhe kahee online kirana vikrete thet tyanchya vitaran kendranmadhun grahakanna pohochavtat, aauchansarkhe itar puravathadar dukanatil kapatatoon vastoo nivadanyasathi karmchari niyukt karatat jeey nantar grahakanna vitarit kele jaatat. pramukh spardhak. (juuna 2011) paryant chinmadhye purnapane rashtriy asalele ekach online supermarket aaheh yehodian. itar serve online supermarket keval shanghaymadhye chalatat. chinmadhye meey 2011 madhye prakashit jhalelya eka grahak abhyasat (dii. dii. emm. aii. bajar sanshodhan) asey aadhalun aale aahe qee shanghaymadhye 89 takke pandhya collarchya online kirana kharedidaranni alikadech yehodiancha vapar keela hota, tarr keval 39 takke lokanni taobao supermarketcha vapar keela hota. dii. dii. emm. aii. bajar sanshodhanane kelelya yach abhyasat chinmadhil online supermarketchya vaparache mukhya chalak asey olakhale geleh meey 2011 madhye us retail giant wall-martney jaheer kele qee teey adnyat rakmesathi yihodiyanmadhil alpasankhyak bhag kharedi karnyasathi bolani karat aahet. taobao supermarketla tyachya mool alibaba samoohachya (yahuchya malkichya 40 takke) madhyamatoon mothya pramanat guntavanuk bhandwal dekhil upalabdh aahe. taobao supermarketne aaplya sanketsthalavar ghoshana kelee aahe qee teey beijing, shanghay, gwangzou aanee hangzoumadhye vistar karanyachi yojana aakhat aahe. chinmadhil online grahak kharedi. dii. dii. emm. aii. bajar sanshodhan sansthene kelelya aanakhi eka bajar sanshodhan abhyasanusar, shanghaymadhil serve grahak vastoonchya kharedipaiki 10 takke online kelee jaatat. yachee tulana yuu. keey. sathee 10.5% shhee hote. chinmadhye sarasari haah vaataa 3 takkyanvar qamee aahe, parantu internetcha vapar zapatyane vadhat aahe, tyamule hii sankhya vadhanyachi apeksha aahe. alikadil abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee chinmadhye online kharedi grameen rahivashanna tyanche jivanman vadhavun sankhyikiyadrushtya laabh dete.

chinma unline supermarketharu chinma unline supermarketharu kinmail garne websiteharu hun jasle kirana kharidadarharulai ekal unline platformbata purna kinmail samadhan pradan gardacha. yee siteharuma jode bhaneko upabhoktaharulai uniharule samanyataya supermarket pasalko bhuinma fela parney sabai utpadanharu pradan garnu how, tara ghar wa officeko dhokama sidhai deliver garinchha. grahakharule lokpriya unline bhuktani pranaliharu jastai elipe, wa bank sthanantaran, wa nagad unn deliverydwara samanharuka lagi bhuktani garchhan. yehodian (number 1 store pani bhaninchha) rar dingdong maikai jasta kehi unline kirana vikretaharule grahakharulai uniharuko witaran kendraharubata sidhai deliver garchhan, auchan jasta anya pradayakharule storeko almarharubata samanharu chhannaka lagi karmachariharulai niyukta garchhan june tyasapachhi grahakharulai deliver garinchha. mukhya pratispardhiharu. (june 2011) samma tyahan kewal euta unline supermarket chha june chinbhari purna rupma rashtriya chhah yihodian. anya sabai unline supermarketharu sanghaima matra sanchalan hunchhan. chinma mey 2011 maa prakashit ek upabhokta adhyayan (ddma bazar anusandhan) ley sanghaima 89 pratishat white colour unline kirana pasalharule halai yehodian prayog gareko patta lagayo, jabki 39 pratishatle matra taobao supermarket prayog gareka thie. ddma bazar anusandhandwara garieko uhi adhyayanle chinma unline supermarketharuka lagi prayogko mukhya chalakharu pahichan garyoh yues retail giant wall-martley mey 2011 maa ghoshana garyo kii yo agyat rakamma yihodianma alpasankhyak hissedari kharid garna warta gariraheko chha. taobao supermarketsanga yasako muel alibaba samuha (yahuko swamitwama raheko 40 pratishat) marfat thulo matrama lagani punjima pani pahunch chha. taobao supermarketle afno websitema beijing, sanghai, guangjhau rar hyangjhauma wistar garne yojana banaeko ghoshana gareko chha. chinma unline upabhokta kharidharu. ddma bazar anusandhandwara garieko arko bazar anusandhan adhyayananusar sanghaima sabai upabhokta wastu kharidko 10 pratishat unline garinchha. yo belayatka lagi 10.5% sanga tulana garinchha. chinbhari ausatma yo hissa 3 pratishatma cum chha, tara internetko pahunch tiwra gatima badhiraheko chha tyasaile yo sankhya badhne apeksha garieko chha. halaiko ek adhyayanle dekhaunchha kii chinma, unline kinmelle gramin basindaharulai uniharuko jiwanstar badhaera sankhyikiya rupma labh puryaunchha.

cheenare unline supermarket cheenra unline supermarket heuchhi saping website jaahaa grocery kretamananku gotie unline platformru eka sampurna saping samadhan pradan kare . ehi saitgudikare gurutwa diajauchhi je grahakamane sadharanatah eka supermarket dokan floorare miluthiba samasta utpada pradan karibe, kintu sidhasalakha ghara kimba karjyalaja dwaraku bitarana karibe. grahakamane alipe bhali lokpriya unline payment system thiba samagri paain kimba byanka transfer kimba cash aun delivari jariaare deiah dianti. kichhi unline grocer jepariki ehodian (nambara 1 store bhabare madhya janashuna) ebong dingdonga maikai sidhasalakha grahakamananku semananka bitarana kendraru bitarana karanti, auchan pari anya pradanakari store alamariru samagri bachhiba paain karmacharinku nijukta karanti jaahaa parey grahakamananku bitarana karajae . mukhya pratijogee. (june 2011) suddha kebala gotie unline supermarket achhi jaahaa samagra cheenare sampurna jatijaha ehodian . anya samasta unline supermarket kebala sangahaire karjya kare . meey 2011 ray prakashita eka upabhokta adhyajana (ddma bajaara anusandhana) ray dekhibaku milichi je sanghaire white colour unline grocery kretamane 89 pratishata yahaodian byabahara karithibabele kebala 39 pratishata taobao supermarket byabahara karithile. dii. dii. emm. aii. bajaara gabeshana dwara karajaithiba samaana adhyajanare cheenare unline supermarket paain byabaharara mukhya driver chinhat karajaichihi meey 2011 ray jayu. ess. retail giant waal-mart ghoshana karithila je ehaa eka agyata parimanara yahaodian ray eka sankhyalaghu anshadhana kinibaku kathabartta karuchhi . taobao supermarket madhya ehara moola alibaba group (jahunka malikanadhin 40 pratishata) madhyamare bipula parimanara nibesh punji hassel karichhi. taobao supermarket ehara webasaitare ghoshana karichhi je ehaa beijing, sanghai, guangajhu ebong hangajhure bistara karibaku yojana karichhi. cheenare unline grahaka kraiah. dii. dii. emm. aii. bajaara gabeshana dwara karajaithiba anya eka bajaara gabeshana adhyajana anujai, sangahaire samasta upabhokta samagri krajara 10 pratishata unlinere karajaithae. ehaa britten paain 10.5% sahita tulana kare . samagra cheenare harahari bhabe ehara ansha 3 pratishatare comm rahichhi, kintu internetra prasara druta gatire brudhi pauchhi, tenu ehi sankhya brudhi paiba bolly aasha karajauchhi. nikatare hoithiba eka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je cheenare, unline saping grameena basindanku semananka jibanadharana maana brudhi curry parisankhyana drustiru labhanwita karithae.

cheen witch online supermarkeetan cheen witch online supermarkeetan khariddari websitean hunn joe kariaane dey khariddaran noon ikk single online platform toon ikk sampuran khariddari hall pesh kardiaan hunn. inhan saitan utte zor khaptkaran noon uh saare utpaad pardan curran utte haii joe uh aam taur utte supermarkeet dee dukan dey farsh utte labhde hunn, parr siddhe gharr jaan daftar dey darwaze takk pahunchae jaande hunn. gaahak prasidh online bhugtan pranaliaan jiven kii alipay, jaan baink transfer, jaan kaish aana delivery duaara maal laee bhugtan karde hunn. kujh online kariaane jiven kii yihodian (jiss noon number 1 store vee kiha jaanda haii) atey dingdong maikai gaahkan noon siddhe unhan dey vandd kendran toon pahunchaunde hunn, horr pradata jiven kii auchan store deeaan shelfan toon saaman chukkan laee staff noon niyukat karde hunn joe firr gaahkan noon ditte jaande hunn. mukkh pratiyogi. (juun 2011) takk itthe siraf ikk online supermarkeet haii joe poore cheen witch puurii tarahan rashtari haiyav yihodian. horr saare online supermarkeetan siraf shanghai witch kamm kardiaan hunn. cheen witch maee 2011 witch prakashit ikk khaptkar adhiaen (dee. dee. aimm. aii. markeet risarch) witch paaiaa giaa kii shanghai witch 89 pratishat white kaalar online kariaane dey khariddaran neey haal hii witch yihodian dee varton keeti see, jadon kii siraf 39 pratishat neey taobao supermarkeet dee varton keeti see. dee. dee. aimm. aii. markeet khoj duaara keete gaye isey adhiaen neey cheen witch online supermarkeetan laee varton dey mukkh chalkan dee pachanh iss tarahan kitia maee 2011 witch us retail company vaal-maart neey ailaan keeta kii uh ikk anailani rakam witch yihodian witch ghatt ginti hissedari kharidan laee gallbat qarr rahee haii. taobao supermarkeet cole aapne mool alibaba samooh (40 pratishat yahu dee malkiat) raahin vaddi matra witch nivesh poonji takk pahunch haii. taobao supermarkeet neey aapni website 'teey ailaan keeta haii kii uh beijing, shanghai, guangzhou atey hangzhou witch vistaar curran dee yojna bnaa riha haii. cheen witch online khaptkar khariddari dee. dee. aimm. aii. markeet risarch duaara keete gaye ikk horr markeet risarch adhiaen anusar, shanghai witch saariaan khaptkaran deeaan vastan dee khareed daa 10 pratishat online keeta jaanda haii. ih yuu. keey. laee 10.5% naal tulna karda haii. cheen witch austan hissa 3 pratishat toon ghatt haii, parr internet dee pahunch tezi naal vadh rahee haii iss laee ih ginti vadhan dee umeed haii. ikk taaza adhiaen darsaunda haii kii cheen witch, online khariddari pendu vasnikan noon unhan dey jeevan paddhar noon vadha keey ankada pakkhon laabh pahunchaundi haii.

cheenadeshe antarjaaleey-supermarkets cheenadeshe antarjaaleey-supermarket ityete krayan-jaalapute stah ye upaskaradidravyanam kretrubhyah ekasmaat antarjaaleey-manchaat poorna-krayan-upayam pradaasyanti. eteshaam jalaputeshu upabhoktrubhyah supermarket-shaap-floor ityatra praayah prapyamanani sarvaani utpaadaani pradadat, parantu tatt sakshat gruham vaa karyalaya-dwaaram vaa pradadaati iti mahattvam vartate. grahakaha lokapriy-anlain-deya-pranaaleebhih yuktaanaam vastoonaam krute, yathaa alipe, athavaa byaank-sthanantaranena, athavaa kyaash-aan-delivery ityanena cha dhanam dadati. kechan anlain-upaskaradaraha yathaa yihodian (nam. 1 store iti api dnyaayate), dingdong maikai cha svavitaranakendraat sakshat grahakan prati pradadaati, anye pradaataarah yathaa auchaan ityete, store-alamaryam vastooni sweekartum karmachaarinah niyojayanti, ye tatah grahakan prati pradattaah bhavanti. mukhyapratispardhakaah. (joon 2011) yaavat kevalam ekaha anlain soopar-markett asti yah sampoorne cheenaa-deshe sampurnataya raashtriyah asti-yihodian. anye sarve antarjaaleey-supermarket kevalam sanghai-nagare eva karyam kurvanti. cheenadeshe mey 2011 tame varshe prakashitasya upabhoktru-adhyayanasya (dee. dee. emm. e. vipani-anusandhaanah) matena, sanghai-nagare 89 pratishatam shveta-caller-anlain-kirana-kretaarah sadyah yehodian-aushadham upayujyant, parantu kevalam 39 pratishatam janaah eva taobao-soopar-markett-ityasya upayogam krutavantah iti. dee. dee. emm. e. vipanisamshodhanasya api adhyayanm cheenadeshe anlain-soopar-markett-krute upayogasya mukhya-chalakan yathaa-ankayat. 2011 mey-maase yoo. ess.-deshasya retail-daityah wall-maart-ityanena, ajnaata-rashihi, yihodian-deshe alpasankhyak-amsham kretum vartalapaha asti iti ghoshitam. taobao-soopar-markett-samsthaayaah mool-alibaba-samuhasya (40 pratishatam yaahu-samsthaayaah svaamitvam) madhyamena api bruhadaakaarasya nivesha-poonjeeh praapyate. taobao-soopar-markett-samsthaa swasya jaalapute ghoshayat yat bejing, shanghay, guaang-zau, haang-zau ityeteshu kshetreshu vistaarasya yojanaa asti iti. cheenadeshe upabhoktru-krayanm antarjaale bhavati. dee. dee. emm. e. vipanisamshodhanasya anyasya vipanisamshodhanasya adhyayanasya anusaaram, sanghai-nagare upabhoktru-vastoonaam krayanasya 10 pratishatam bhaagam antarjaladwara bhavati. etat yoo. key. deshasya 10.5% ityanena saha tulyate. samagra-cheenaa-deshe, samanyataha asya bhaagah 3 pratishatam nyoonah asti, parantu antarjaala-prasaarah drutagatyaa vardhamaanah asti, ataha eshaa sankhyaa vardhamana iti apekshitam asti. sadyah eva ekena adhyayanasya anusaaram cheenadeshe, anlain-krayan-paddhatihi graminanivasinam jeevanastaram vardhayitvaa sankhyikiyadrushtya labhapradam bhavati.

seenaavil anline palporul angkaadigal seenaavil ulla anline palporul angkaadigal enbathu maligaik kadaigalai vaangkubavargalukku oray anline thalaththilirunthu muzhumaiyaana shopping theervai vazhangkum shopping valaiththalangkalaakum. inththa thazhangalil mukkiyathuvam alikkappaduvathu, nugarvoar podhuvaaga oru palporul angadi kadai thalaththil kaanum anaitthu thayaarippukalaiyum vazhangkuvathaagum, aanaal veedu allathu aluvalaga kadhavukku neradiyaaga vazhangkappadukirathu. vaadikkaiyaalargal pirabalamaana anline kattana muraigalaana alibe allathu vangki parimaattram allathu kesh aann delivery moolam porutkalai seluththugiraargal. sila anline maligaip porutkal virpanaiyaalargalaana yihodian (nambar 1 store endrum azhaikkappadukirathu) mattrum dingtang mykkaai aagiyavai vaadikkaiyaalargalukku avarkalin viniyoaga maiyangkalilirunthu neradiyaaga vazhangkukintrana, avuchan poantra pira vazhangkunargal kadaiyin alamaarigalilirunthu porutkalaith thaernthedukka oozhiyargalaip payanpaduththukiraarkal, avai pinnar vaadikkaiyaalargalukku vazhangkappadugindrana. mukiya poattiyaalarkal. juun 2011 nilavarappadi, cheena muzhuvathum muzhumaiyaaga thaesiya alavil oray oru anline palporul angadi mattumae ullathu yihodian. mattra anaitthu anline palporul angkaadigalum shankail mattumae seyalpadugindrana. seenaavil 2011 mae maatham veliyidappatta oru nugarvoar aaivil (tdma santhai aaraaichi) shankail 89 sathaveetham vellai kaalar anline maligaik kadaikkaarargal sameepaththil yahodianaip payanpaduththiyathaagak kandariyappattathu, athae neraththil 39 sathaveetham paer mattumae tavobavo palporul angkaadiyaip payanpaduththinar. tdma santhai aaraaychchiyin athae aaivu seenaavil anline palporul angkaadigalukkaana payanpaattin mukiya iyakkigalai adaiyaalam kandathu america sillarai virpanai niruvanamaana wall-maart 2011 mae maatham, yahodianil oru sirupaanmai pangai veliyidappadaatha thogaikku vaangka pechchuvaarththai nadaththi varuvathaaka ariviththathu. tavobavo palporul angadi adhan thaai niruvanamaana alibaba kuzhumaththin (yaagoo niruvanaththirku sonthamaana 40 sathaveetham) moolam periya alavilaana muthaleettu moolathanaththaiyum anugugirathu. beijing, shankoy, gwangjo mattrum hangjo varai virivupaduththa thittamittullathaaka tavobavo palporul angadi thanathu inaiyathalaththil ariviththullathu. seenaavil anline nugarvoar kolmudhal. tdma santhai aaraaychchiyin mattroru santhai aaraaichi aaivinpadi, shankail anaitthu nugarvoar porutkal kolmudhal seivathilum 10 sathaveetham anline maerkollappadugindrana. idhu englaandhin 10.5% udan oppidugirathu. cheena muzhuvathum saraasariyaaga inththa pangku 3 sathaveethamaaga kuraivaaga ullathu, aanaal inaiya ooduruval vaekamaaka valarnthu varuvathaal inththa ennikkai athikarikkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. seenaavil, anline shopping graamappura kudiyiruppaalargalin vaazhkkaith tharatthai maempaduththuvathan moolam pullivivara reethiyaaga payanadaikirathu endru sameepathiya aaivu kaattukirathu.

chainaalooni online suupar marketlu chainaalooni online suupar marketlu anevi kirana konugoludaarulaku oke online platfam nundi puurti shopping parishkaranni andinche shopping websitelu. eee saitlalo viniyogadaarulaku vaaru saadhaaranamgaa suupar market dukaanam antastulo kanugone anni utpattulanu andinchadam, conny neerugaa illu ledhaa karyalaya talupuku pampinhee cheyadam praadhaanyata. viniyogadaarulu alipe vanti pramukha online chellimpu vyavasthalatho ledhaa byaank badilee ledhaa cash aann delivery dwara vastuvulaku chellistaaru. yihodian (number 1 store anie kooda pilustaaru) mariyu dingdong maikai vanti kontamandi online kirana vyaapaarulu tama pampinhee kendraala nundi neerugaa viniyogadaarulaku pampinhee chestaaru, achan vanti itara providerlu dukaanaala almarala nundi vastuvulanu enchukoovadaaniki sibbandini niyamistaaru, taruvaata vaatini viniyogadaarulaku pampinhee chestaaru. pradhana pootiidaarulu. (juun 2011) natiki chaina antataa puurtigaa jaateeyamaina oke oka online suupar market undih yihodian. anni itara online suupar marketlu shanghailo matrame panicheestaayi. chainaalo mae 2011loe prachurinchina oka viniyogadaarula adhyayanam (ddma market research) prakaram shanghailo 89 saatam mandhi white collar online kirana dukaanadaarulu iteevala yihodian nuu upayoginchagaa, 39 saatam mandhi matrame tavobavo suupar marketnu upayoginchaaru. ddma market parisoedhana chesina adhe adhyayanam chainaalooni online suupar marketlaku upayoginche pradhana driverlanu ilaa gurtinchindihi us retail diggajam wall-maart 2011 maeloe yihodianlo minority vatanu velladinchani mottaaniki konugolu cheyadaaniki charchalu jaruputunnatlu prakatinchindi. tavobavo suupar marketku daani maatru samstha alibaba group (yaahuu yaajamaanyamloni 40 saatam) dwara pedda mottamlo pettubadi muuladhanam kooda andubaatulo undhi. beijing, shanghai, gwangjou mariyu hangjou praantaalaku vistarinchaalani yochistunnatlu tavobavo suupar market thana websitelo prakatinchindi. chainaalo online viniyogadaarula konugollu. ddma market research nirvahinchina maroe market parisoedhana adhyayanam prakaram, shanghailo mottam viniyoga vastuvula konugollalo 10 saatam aanlainlo jarugutaayi. idhi UK kosam 10.5% thoo polchabadutundi. chaina antataa sagatuna vataa 3 saatamgaa takkuvagaa undhi, conny internet vyaapti vaegamgaa perugutondi kabatti eee sankhya perugutundani bhaavistunnaaru. chainaalo online shopping graameena nivaasitulaku vaari jeevana pramaanaalanu meruguparachadam dwara ganankaparamga prayojanam chekuurustumdani iteevali adhyayanam choopistundi.

cheen mein aann line spir marketein cheen mein aann line spir marketein kharidari kii waib saaitein haine juu karyanah kharidaron kuu eek hyee aann line plait faarm say kharidari kaa makmal hall paish karti haine. inn sights parr zoor saarfin kuu wah tamaam masnuaat farahim karnay parr hay juu inhein aam toor parr spir market shaap floor parr milti haine leakin braah raast gahar yaa daftar kay darwazay takk pahunchayi jaati haine. gahik maqbool aann line adayegi kay nazaam jeesay kahh alee pey yaa benak transfer yaa keesh aann delivery kay zariye saamaan kay liye adayegi kartay haine. kachh aann line grocer jeesay yahaodeen (jasay number 1 store bhee kahaa jaataa hay) aur dung dong maikayi saarfin kuu braah raast inn kay taqsim marakaz say pahunchatay haine dosray farahim kanandgan jeesay aachan store kii sheelf say saamaan leenay kay liye amley kuu mulazimat deetay haine juu phir saarfin takk pahunchaye jaatay haine. aham hareef. (joone 2011) takk sarf eek aann line spir market hay juu puray cheen mein makmal toor parr qomi hay: yahaudiyan. deegar tamaam aann line spir marketein sarf shanghayi mein kaam karti haine. cheen mein mayee 2011 mein shaye honay waali eek saarfin kii tehqeeq (ddee ddee ayem aey market recerch) say patah chalaa hay kahh shanghayi mein waait kaalar aann line karyanah khareedne waalon mein say 89 faisad nay haal hyee mein yahudiyan kaa istemaal kiyaa thaa jabkah sarf 39 faisad nay taobao spir market kaa istemaal kiyaa thaa. ddee ddee ayem aey market recerch kay asee mutalay mein cheen mein aann line spir marketon kay istemaal kay aham moharrikat kii nishandahi kii gayee hay: yuu aiss retail diyo waal maart nay mayee 2011 mein aalaan kiyaa kahh wah eek namalum raqam mein yahudiyan mein aqliyati hassas khareedne kay liye baath cheet kirr rehaa hay. taobao spir market kuu apnay parent alee baaba grop (40 faisad yaahu kii malkiyat) kay zariye bury maqdar mein sarmayah kaaree kay sarmaye takk bhee rasayi haasil hay. taobao spir market nay apnee waib saait parr aalaan kiyaa hay kahh wah beijing shanghayi gawangzo aur hangzo mein tausia karnay kaa aradah rakhti hay. cheen mein aann line saarfin kii kharidari. ddee ddee ayem aey market recerch kay eek aur market recerch study kay mutabiq shanghayi mein saarfin kay saamaan kii tamaam kharidariyon kaa 10 faisad aann line kiyaa jaataa hay. iss kaa mawaznah bartaniah kay liye 10.5% say hotaa hay. puray cheen mein austa hasah 3 faisad say kumm hay leakin internet kii rasayi teezi say badh rahee hay iss liye iss taadad mein izaafe kii toqaa hay. eek haaliyah tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh cheen mein aann line shopping say deehi baashindon kuu inn kay mayaar zindagi kuu behatar banaa kirr aidadushmar kay lahaaz say fayedah hotaa hay.

00091e1214a0d10f5850492317f9e0c0047201646bb656bef77a07a6c46457ab

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1024349

Altbib

Altbib Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing, or Altbib, is a bibliography available online to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing. The bibliography is produced from MEDLARS database searches analyzed by experts from the Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the National Library of Medicine. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ultibibo joibo sikitsa gowexona aaru porikhyat jiwito merudondi pranir byoboharor bikolpor uporot gronthoponji, baa altbibi hoise joibo sikitsa gowexona aaru bixakto bigyan porikhyat merudondi pranir byoboharor bikolpoxomuhor bikax, porikhya, proyug aaru boidhokoronot xohay koraa poddhoti aaru prokriya sinaktokoronot xohay koriboloi onlainot upolobdho ek gronthoponji. rastriyo sikitsa bigyanor bixex tothyo xewa bibhag (ess. aai. ess.) ror bixakto bigyan aaru poriwexgot swasthyo tothyo karzoxusir bixexogyoxokole bislexon koraa medleror databes xondhanor poraa gronthoponji prostut koraa hoy.

ultbib biomedical sanshodhan aneey parikshanma jivant karodasthidhari praniona upyognaa vikalpo parnee granthsuchi, athavaa ultbib, biomedical sanshodhan aneey zerii vigyaan parikshanma karodasthidhari praniona upyognaa vikalponaa vikaas, parikshan, upyog aneey maanyataane teko aapvama madadarup paddhateeo aneey prakriyaone odakhvaamaa sahaay maate online uplabdh granthsuchi chhe. granthsuchi raashtriy davaa pustakalayna vishisht maahitee sevaao vibhag (aesa. aaee. aesa.) naa toxicology aneey paryaavaraniy aarogya maahitee kaarykram (tehip) naa nishnato dwara vishleshan karaayel medler database shodhomathi taiyar karvaamaa aave chhe.

altibib jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan aur pareekshan mein jeevit kasheruki jeevon key upayog key vikalpon parr granth soochi, yaa altbeeb, ack granth soochi haye joe jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan aur vish vigyaan pareekshan mein kasheruki jeevon key upayog key vikalpon key vikas, pareekshan, anuprayog aur satyapan mein sahayak tarikon aur prakriyaon kii pehchaan karane mein sahaayata key liye online upalabdh haye. granth soochi kaa utpaadan rashtriya chikitsa pustakalaya key vishesh soochana seva prabhaag (aiss. aaee. aiss.) key vish vigyaan aur paryaavaran swaasthya soochana karyakram (tii. ee. aich. pee.) key visheshagyon dwara vishleshan kiye gaye medler databases khojon seey kiya jaataa haye.

altbib jaivika vaidyakeeya samshoodhane mattu pariksheyalli jeevanta kasherukagala balakege paryayagala kuritaada granthasoochi, athawa altbib, jaivika vaidyakeeya samshoodhane mattu vishashaastra pariksheyalli kasherukagala balakege paryayagala abhivruddhi, parikshe, anvaya mattu urjitagolisuvikeyannu bembalisalu sahayakavada vidhaanagalu mattu karyavidhanagalannu gurutisalu sahaaya maadalu anlinelli labhyaviruva ondu granthasoochiyaagide. rashtriya vaidyakeeya granthaalayada vishesha mahiti sevegala vibhagada (ess. aii. ess) vishashaastra mattu parisara aarogya mahiti kaaryakramada (tehip) tagnaru vishleshisida medlargala dattasanchaya hudukaatagalinda granthasoochi tayaarisalaaguttade.

ultbeab jaivavaidhyakiy sanshodhan aanee chachanimadhye jiwant prushthavanshiy pranyanchya vaparas paryayanvaril granthasuchi kinwa altib hii eka granthasuchi aahe jee jaivavaidhyakiy sanshodhan aanee vishavidnyan chachanimadhye prushthavanshiy pranyanchya vaparas paryayanchya vikas, chachani, anuprayog aanee pramanikaranas samarthan denyasathi upayukt asalelya paddhati aanee karyapaddhati olakhanyas madat karnyasathi online upalabdh aahe. rashtriy aushadhsangrahalayachya vishesh mahitee seva vibhagachya (ess. aay. ess.) vishavidnyan aanee paryavaraniy aarogya mahitee karyakramachya (tehip) tadnyanni vishleshan kelelya medler databases shodhanmadhun granthasuchi tayar kelee jaate.

altibiba biomedical gabeshana ebong parikhyanare jibanta merudandi praneenka byabaharara bikalpa upare granthapanji, kimba altibib heuchhi eka granthapanji jaahaa unline upalabdha paddhati ebong prakrijaku chinhat karibare sahajya kare jaahaa biomedical gabeshana ebong bishakta bigyana parikhyanare merudandi praneenka byabaharara bikalpagudikara bikash, parikhyana, prajoga ebong baidhikaranaku samarthan karibare sahajaka . jatiah oushadha pathagarara swatantra suchana seba bibhaga (ess. aai. ess.) rahr bishakta bigyana ebong paribesha swasthya suchana karjyakram (tehip) rahr bisheshagyamananka dwara bisleshana karajaithiba medlar databases sarcharu granthapanji prastuta karajae .

altbeeb biomedical khoj atey testing, jaan altbeeb witch jeevat reedh dee haddi dey janwaran dee varton dey vikalpan baare pustak-suchi ikk pustak-suchi haii joe online upalbadh haii joe biomedical khoj atey zahirile vigiaan testing witch reedh dee haddi dey vikalpan dey vikas, testing, application atey vikalpan dee pramanikta witch sahaita curran vaale tarikiaan atey prakiriaavan dee pachanh curran witch sahaita kardi haii. pustak suchi rashtari library aaf maddison dey vishesh soochna sevavan vibhag (aiss. aaee. aiss.) dey zahirile vigiaan atey vatavaran sihat jankari program (tii. ee. aaee. pee.) dey maaharan duaara vishleshan keete gaye medler databases khojan toon tiaar keeti gaee haii.

altibib jeevavaidyakeeya-samshodhane tathaa pareekshane jeevant-kasherukaanaam upayogasya vikalpaanaam granthasuchi, athavaa altbib, jeevavaidyakeeya-samshodhane tathaa vishavijnaana-pareekshane kasherukaanaam upayogasya vikalpaanaam vikaasam, parikshanam, upayojanam, pramaananam cha samarthayitum sahaayakaani vidhaanaani prakriyaani cha dnyaatum sahayyartham antarjaale upalabhyamanam granthasuchi asti. granthasuchi, rashtriya-chikitsaa-pustakaalayasy vishesha-suchana-sevaa-vibhaagasya (ess. aii. ess.) vishavijnaana-paryaawaran-swaasthya-suchana-karyakramasya (tehip) visheshadnyaih vishleshiteshu medlar-dattaamsha-shodhaih nirmitam asti.

000920475fb88c124ce534cba1572f9882a5ee7c62c04cc728761fb823a6c37a

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=216229

constituir

constituir Catalan. Etymology. From . Spanish. Etymology. From .

constitunir ketalan. byutpotti. poraa. spanis. byutpotti. poraa.

constiture catalan. byutpatti. theke. spanish. byutpatti. theke.

bandhaaraniy kataalan. vyutpatti. maanthi. spanish. vyutpatti. maanthi.

samvaidhaanik katalan. vyutpatti. seey. spanish. vyutpatti. seey.

constitutor catalan. vyutpatti. ninda. spanish. vyutpatti. ninda.

bharanaghadanaa kaathaalan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. spanish. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu.

sanvaidhanik catalan. vyutpatti. pasoon. spanish. vyutpatti. pasoon.

sanwaidhanik katalan. wyutpatti. batt. spanis. wyutpatti. batt.

constitutor catalan. byutpatti. ru. spanis. byutpatti. ru.

sanvidhanak catalan. shabdawali. toon. spanish. shabdawali. toon.

samvidhaana-katalan. vyutpattih. ityatah. spanish-bhashayam. vyutpattih. ityatah.

arasiyalamaippu kattalan. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. spanish. sorpirappiyal. irunthu.

raajyaangabaddhamaina catalan. vyutpatti. nundi. spanish. vyutpatti. nundi.

aayeen kii bunyaad. siftiyat. say. hispanvi. siftiyat. say.

0009206dd4bff9c04d1fab28849b22408338d0e5a8350abcd617e439ea351254

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24651755

Pomerol AOC

Pomerol AOC "Right bank" Bordeaux wine Pomerol () is a French wine-growing commune and "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) within the Libournais ("Right Bank") in Bordeaux. The wine produced here is predominately from Merlot with Cabernet Franc playing a supporting role. Unlike most other Bordeaux communes, there is no real village of Pomerol, although there is a church. The houses are set among the vineyards. The region was recognized as a distinct wine region apart from Saint-Émilion and the greater Libournais region by the French government in 1923 and was granted AOC status in 1936 as part of the first wave of AOC establishments by the "Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité" (INAO). While it is now one of the most prestigious of the Bordeaux AOCs, this situation is relatively recent, dating to the second half of the twentieth century, which is often given as one of the reasons why Pomerol is not included in any of the Bordeaux classifications. Pomerol is the smallest of the major fine wine regions in Bordeaux, covering an area that is roughly three kilometers wide by 4 kilometers long. It is roughly one-seventh of the size of its much larger Right Bank neighbor Saint-Émilion AOC and is on par with the smallest Left Bank commune of Saint-Julien AOC in the Médoc. In 1998, there were 784 hectares of grape vines planted within the AOC boundaries producing 36,066 hectoliters (≈ 952,763 gallons or 400,733 cases) of wine. In 2003 there were 150 declared producers in Pomerol harvesting 780 ha and producing a year average of 32,250 hl (around 358,333 cases) of wine. Almost all the wine is estate-bottled. Unlike other French wine regions, such as Burgundy and the Rhône Valley, there are no co-operatives currently operating in Pomerol. By 2007, the number of planted hectares had risen slightly to 800 ha (1980 acres). In 2009, there were 140 declared producers in Pomerol, have an average surface area of six hectares and the vineyard of the "Pomerol" appellation covers 800 hectares for an average production of 35,000 hectoliters per year. While many Pomerol wines now fetch very high prices at wine auctions and in the private market on a par with the most highly rated classified growths of Bordeaux, there is no official classification of Pomerol wine. However, the region does contain one property widely held to be equivalent to "premier cru": Château Pétrus. History. The Pomerol region, and its northern border, the Barbanne river was historically considered the frontier boundary between the north where people spoke the Langues d'oïl and the south where they spoke the Langue d'oc. Though it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when grapes were first planted in the Pomerol region there is enough evidence to show that viticulture was present in the area during the time of the Romans. Similarly there is uncertainty as to the origins of the name "Pomerol", although there is some speculation that it stems from the Latin word "poma" which refers to a fruit bearing seeds and is the origin of the French word "pomme", meaning apple. This theory is supported by the region's long history of polyculture with many other crops, particularly fruits and grains, being cultivated in the area long before viticulture became a primary focus. In 1270, the English founded the city of Libourne, which may have brought the vineyards of Pomerol to wider attention. However, as with most of Bordeaux, the wines of Pomerol were of lesser repute than the wines from further up the Garonne in the present-day departments of Tarn-et-Garonne and Lot-et-Garonne. The area's location along the major pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain also attracted the interest of the Knights Hospitaller, returning Crusaders who set up several hostels and hospitals in the region. Several of these establishments, such as the Gazin hospital, which was first mentioned in 1288, are now the sites of modern vineyards and wineries such as Château Gazin. The Knights remained in the region for several centuries, even helping to replant vineyards that were devastated by Hundred Years War. Transition from white wines to red. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Dutch traders wielded considerable influence over the wine trade in the Bordeaux market. While the Dutch were most notable for draining the marshes of Médoc and paving the way for viticulture in the land north of Graves, they offered the communes of the right bank of the Dordogne a market in Northern Europe (particularly the Baltic and Hanseatic states) bypassing the grip that the port of Bordeaux had on the English market. However, the taste of the Dutch and these northern markets leant towards white wines and it was white grape varieties that were most widely planted in Pomerol during this period. The transition to red grape varieties was slow. Plantings of Cabernet Franc in the Pomerol area were recorded, under the names "Vidure" and "Bidure", as early as the 16th century but Merlot does not appear to have been introduced to the area until a couple of hundred years later. In 1760, Louis-Léonard Fontémong, a Libournais "négociant", planted what appears to be the first documented instance of Merlot in the region, in a vineyard that is now part of Château Rouget. However, white wine grapes continued to dominate the vineyards of Pomerol until the late 19th century when the higher prices of red clarets and the waning Dutch influence made red wine production more enticing. When the region received its full AOC status in 1936, the AOC regulation specifically outlawed the plantings of any white grape varieties in Pomerol. Even after its complete transformation into a red wine region, the reputation of Pomerol still lagged far behind that of the Médoc. A 1943 comparative price list commissioned by the Vichy government listed Pétrus only at the level of a mid-tier Second Growth from the Médoc with the next highest rated Pomerol estates, Vieux Château Certan and Château La Conseillante commanding prices in line with Third Growth estates like Château Giscours and Château La Lagune. Moueix family and ascent to prominence. Jean-Pierre Moueix and his family are widely credited with putting Pomerol "on the international map". Born in the central French department of Corrèze, Moueix moved to the Bordeaux region with his family and first attempted to open up a "négociant" house in the city of Bordeaux itself. However, he found that market heavily saturated, so he moved across the river to the Libournais region and opened up a négociant house in the city of Libourne in 1937. In 1945, Moueix acquired exclusive selling rights to Château Pétrus. At first, Moueix mostly traded with Pomerol's traditional market in Belgium. However, as Moueix began buying and leasing properties and exhibiting more creative control over the winemaking process he began looking to expand Pomerol's recognition on the world market. In 1953 he purchased Château Trotanoy and Château La Fleur-Pétrus followed by Château Lagrange in 1959. Then in 1964, Moueix acquired majority share in Pétrus and fully took over the supervision and direction of winemaking. The 1982 vintage was a watershed moment for Moueix and Pomerol. Aided by a strong US dollar and the glowing reviews of American wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr., the region gained a strong foothold in the American market and helped propel estates like Pétrus to unprecedented prices on the auction circuit. In addition to Pétrus, the Moueix family also owns Château La Grave, Château Latour à Pomerol and Château Hosanna. Climate and viticulture. While the climate of Pomerol is broadly similar to the rest of Bordeaux in the maritime influence, the region's distance from the sea and the Gironde estuary make the climate distinctly more continental than that of the Médoc. This means that Pomerol sees more diurnal temperature variation during the growing season, between daytime highs and evening lows. Also while the region experiences more rainfall during the spring (which can cause problems for Merlot during flowering) there is overall significantly less rainfall during the summer months after "veraison". Nevertheless, the threat of harvest rains is still present in Pomerol, especially for winemakers employing the philosophy of "extended hanging" time in order to prolong the ripening process. When rain does occur it can pose a significant risk of grey rot, especially for Merlot planted on heavy clay soils which tend to retain water. While some wineries, such as Château Pétrus, can afford the labor costs of covering their vineyard in plastic sheeting to prevent water from soaking down into the roots and employ helicopters to hover over their vineyards, generating wind to dry out the grapes, not every property can take such measures. While very hot vintages (such as 2003 and 2009) can create problems of over-ripeness in Merlot, the Pomerol region (and the Right Bank as a whole) tend to fare better during cooler years (such as 2006 and 2008). The main viticultural hazards are spring time frosts, which can occur frequently in the Pomerol region and disrupt entire vintages. Geography. Pomerol lies immediately to the east and north-east of Libourne. Unlike most of the most prestigious communes of Bordeaux, it has no direct river access, being separated from the Dordogne to the south by the town and by Saint-Émilion, which lies to the south-east. To the north-east, across a stream called "la Barbanne Rau" lies Lalande-de-Pomerol. It stands on a gravel bank (a feature it shares with the prestigious appellations of the Médoc); towards the south and west, the soil is more sandy, while towards the north and east, it tends to clay. The sub-soil is dark packed clay, with a high iron content. The terrain is relatively flat with slight undulating slopes that fall from a height of 35-40 meters (115–130 feet) above sea level over a course of 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) to around 10 meters (33 feet). Most of the more highly rated estates in Pomerol are located in the eastern half the region, up to the border of Saint-Émilion where the vineyards of the Premier Grand Cru Classé (A) estate of Château Cheval Blanc can often be seen from the Pomerol estates themselves. The southernmost reaches of Pomerol extend past the hamlet of Catusseau whereas just north of the hamlet the soil contains some of the finest gravel particles in the region. In the northeast is the hamlet of Maillet which borders the AOCs of Lalande-de-Pomerol, Montagne-Saint-Émilion and Saint-Émilion with the road running through the hamlet itself being the official boundary between Pomerol and Saint-Émilion. This has led to some legal issues as a few vineyards which are technically within the borders of Saint-Émilion but extend into Pomerol have had to be granted "honorary citizenship of Pomerol". Vineyard soils. The soils of the Pomerol region are very diverse with a mixture of gravel, sand and clay scattered across the plateau. Roughly speaking the vineyard soils to the north and east, closer to the border of Saint-Émilion tend to have more clay while the soils to the west and south become lighter and more gravelly. The plateau on which Pomerol sits is bordered by three rivers, the Barbanne to the north, the Isle to the west and Dordogne and the city of Libourne to the south. As the terrain moves down the slopes of the plateau and towards these rivers the soils become more alluvial and sandy. The majority of the Pomerol plateau is made up of sandy clay marl that is layered with gravel that dates back to the Günzian period (and is the same gravel found in the Médoc and Graves AOC), with the gravel on the lower slopes closer to Libourne coming from younger Mindel glaciation period. The vines on the lighter, sandier soils tend to ripen earlier than those on soils with higher clay content but also tend to have less powerful fruit and aging potential. Molasse and Crasse de fer. Within the region of Pomerol lies what is described as a "bouttonière" (or "buttonhole") of unique blue-clay (known as "molasse") sitting on top of band of sand rich in iron deposits that is known as "crasse de fer" or "machefer". This is a small region of only about 20 hectares (50 acres) that is very atypical of the soils found in rest of Pomerol, but because the vineyard of the noted estate of Château Pétrus is planted on more than half of these hectares, its influence on the wine has been much discussed in the literature. Other vineyards which have at least some planting on this "bouttonière" include Château La Conseillante, Château L'Évangile, Château Lafleur, Château Gazin, Château Trotanoy, Château Clinet, Château le Gay, Château Haut Ferrand and Vieux Château Certan. According to Catherine Moueix the "clinkers" of iron tinted sand adds aroma notes of violets and truffles while Alexandre Thienpont of Vieux Château Certan says its benefits are more viticultural, in limiting the vigor and excessive leaf growth of the vine. However, despite its association with Château Pétrus, not every wine grower in Pomerol extols the virtues of having "crasse de fer" on their property. Denis Durantou of Château L'Église-Clinet believes that iron-rich soils is too impermeable to allow the vines' roots to descend deeply in the soil, which is a feature often associated with high quality "terroir". He has been working to break up the ferruginous bands on his property and at other estates at which he consults. Durantou also believes that many of the benefits attributed to the blue-clay "bouttonière" exist apart from the "crasse de fer", namely the clay's ability to retain moisture in dry years and produce wines of body and power, and notes that there is a second "bouttonière" of this blue-clay without the iron deposit located northwest of Pétrus. Among the vineyards with at least some planting on this second "bouttonière" are Château L'Église-Clinet, Château Trotanoy, Château Clos l'Église, Château La Cabanne and Château Nenin. Winemaking. For most of the 20th century, the winemaking styles of Pomerol were influenced by University of Bordeaux oenologist Émile Peynaud and his work on the Cabernet Sauvignon grape in the Médoc. While Peynaud's techniques were largely successful in the Médoc, they did not always translate well to Pomerol. Not only was this region working with a different grape, but also with different soil conditions that were cooler (despite the overall warmer climate). In this climate Cabernet Sauvignon didn't ripen well but Merlot grapes being harvested at the same sugar levels as Cabernet Sauvignon on the Left Bank would produce under-ripe flavors and "hard wine". It wasn't until the 1980s when more Pomerol producers began developing "Right Bank" techniques, including extended hanging time to ripen the Merlot grapes more fully, that the style associated with Pomerol wines today evolved. As with most wine regions, the style of winemaking varies by winemaker and by vintage. In general, many Pomerol winemakers practice 15 to 21 days maceration and press when the wine has reached full dryness. The wine almost always goes through malolactic fermentation. The wine will receive 18 to 20 months of aging in barriques prior to bottling and release. Tradition in Pomerol has been to separate the free-run wine and blend back in a proportion of the "vin de presse" as needed depending on the vintage. The rest of the press wine would often be used in the estate's second wine or sold to "négociants". The timing of the blending (such as during or after fermentation) will vary by estate with some houses such as Château Pétrus adding the "vin de presse" during fermentation in order to allow the wine components to mature together and, theoretically, reduce the harshness of the typically more tannic and phenolic press wine. As with many Bordeaux estates, the basket press has come back into vogue but with modern elements such as pneumatic controls. Jean-Claude Berrouet, one of the head winemakers for the Moueix estates helped designed a vertical basket press aimed at more gently handling the pomace and this has been adopted by several estates. Influence of Michel Rolland and contrasting philosophy. World-renowned winemaker Michel Rolland was born in the Pomerol region and has a family estate, Château Le Bon Pasteur, that he co-owns with his wife Dany. As Rolland rose to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s, aided by a style that favored the palate of wine critic Robert Parker, many Pomerol wine estates began adopting the "Rolland style" either by imitation or by hiring Rolland as a consultant winemaker. This style includes delaying harvest as much as possible to give the grapes a long, extended hang time to produce full "physiological ripeness" which can give the fruit an "over-ripe" flavor and the wine alcohol levels over 14%. In the chai the must often goes through an extended period of maceration (3 to 8 weeks) followed aging in new oak barrels. In contrast, the "Moueix style" places a premium on vibrancy and freshness in the fruit flavor with Moueix owned estates like Trotanoy and Pétrus often among the first estates to pick. Wine. Pomerol now produces exclusively red wine, although 100 years ago it produced a great volume of white. Merlot is the most important grape here, accounting for 80% of the vineyard area. Although it is almost invariably blended, the proportion of Merlot can reach as high as 95%, though it is more usually in the range 70–80%. The next most important grape is Cabernet Franc, locally known as "le Bouchet", accounting for around 15% of the vineyard area and usually accounting for 5–20% of the blend. Malbec, known locally as "Pressac", and not much planted in the rest of Bordeaux, is also used. The remaining permitted grapes, Cabernet Sauvignon and Petit Verdot, are barely planted and rarely used in the "grand vin" though, like Malbec, they may appear in an estate's second wine. In the early 20th century, as Pomerol's transition to a red wine producing district was completed, Cabernet Franc was the dominant grape variety. However, an early spring frost in 1956 killed a large portion of the Cabernet Franc plantings and many estates took this event as an opportunity to replant with the higher yielding and earlier ripening Merlot. Despite Merlot's tendency to suffer from coulure if the weather is cold and rainy during flowering, the grape quickly rose to prominence in Pomerol and has become the grape most closely associated with the region. Nevertheless, very few Pomerols are pure Merlot and Cabernet Franc is still valued for the tannic structure and acidity it gives, which can add longevity and aging potential to the wines. In fact, as the trend of the late 20th and early 21st century towards harvesting Merlot later and at increasingly higher sugar levels has continued, the role of Cabernet Franc in balancing the opulent but potentially flabby nature of over ripe Merlot has become even more appreciated by Pomerol winemakers. In general, Merlot tends to be planted on predominantly clay soils while Cabernet Franc is more likely to be on limestone outcroppings and Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec planted in the more gravelly soils. Among the few estates with plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon are Vieux Château Certan, Château Beauregard, Château Certan de May, Château Gazin, Château Nenin and Château Petit-Village. Château La Conseillante is among the estates with plantings of Malbec. AOC regulations. Pomerol is exclusively a red wine with the only permitted grape varieties for AOC wine being Merlot, Cabernet Franc (Bouchet), Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec (Pressac). Harvest yields are restricted to a maximum of 42 hectoliters/hectare (≈ 2.2 tons/acre) with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 10.5%. Wine from Pomerol may be labelled as Bordeaux or Bordeaux Supérier ("declassified"): this would typically happen if the producer felt that the wine was not of a sufficiently high standard to merit the "Pomerol" label. Styles and aging. The style of the wine varies with the "terroir". In the west, where the soil is more sandy, the wines are lighter; in the south, where the soil is more gravelly, the proportion of Merlot is lower, and the wines tend more towards the flavors of the Médoc. The wine has been described as 'velvety' or 'unctuous'. The characteristic fruit flavor is plum, sometimes tending towards prune. According to wine expert Oz Clarke, Pomerols can have, in addition to the characteristic plum notes, honeyed spice, truffles, peppermint, chocolate, roasted nuts and raisin notes with a creamy, sometimes buttery mouthfeel and supple tannins. Master of Wine Clive Coates describes Pomerols as a "halfway house" between the soft, plump, flesh fruit of a Saint-Émilion and the austerity and backbone associated with the wines of the Médoc. Coates notes that Pomerols tend to have less "fruitcakey" flavors than Saint-Émilion with more rich, velvety and plum notes compared to the dominant "blackcurrant" notes in most Médocs. This concentrated rich fruit stems from the nature of Merlot which also allows the wines of Pomerol to be less overtly tannic than the Cabernet Sauvignon-based wines of the Médoc. According to wine expert and Master of Wine Hugh Johnson, Pomerol requires less aging than most Bordeaux: five years is usually sufficient, and 12 years is enough even for the grandest vintages. Johnson notes that Pomerols are usually distinguished by their deep color and sometimes creamy, concentrated ripe-plum flavors but without the high acidity and tannins that are typical of other Bordeaux wines. Châteaux. There is no official classification for the châteaux of Pomerol. While the reason for this is often touted as the relatively recent prominence of Pomerol on the world market, even now with the wines of Pomerol generating worldwide acclaim and recognition, many of the producers still feel that an official ranking of Pomerol estates is not needed. Some producers, such as Nicolas de Bailliencourt of Château Gazin, believe most of the opposition is from small growers who fear being left off any ranking making their wines perceived to be inferior. Another proprietor told wine writer Stephen Brooks that the current, unranked system "allows the mediocre wines to profit from the reputation of Pomerol's best wines," and pointed to the results of the 2002 AOC label tasting panel, determining whether wines are allowed to bear the name AOC Pomerol on their wine label. Despite 2002 being a very difficult and sub-par vintage not a single wine failed to gain AOC approval. However, despite the lack of an official ranking, many wine writers and critics have over the years came up with their own personal classifications that have been cited by other sources. In 2001, Master of Wine Clive Coates included a ranking of Pomerol estates in his book "An Encyclopedia of the Wines and Domaines of France". Food matching. Wine writer Hugh Johnson has suggested that beef fillet or well hung venison is a good partner, particularly cooked in wine, but that Beef Wellington is to be avoided, as the pastry dulls the palate. Wine writer Oz Clarke has suggested that highly flavored game dishes, such as terrine and pâté can also be good, as they match up to the intensity of the wine. Tourism. Pomerol is well noted for the unassuming rural flavor that is a sharp contrast to the grand châteaux and ornate architecture that distinguishes many wine estates of the Médoc. Many of even the most distinguished estates are housed in what are often described as "simple farm houses" with very little exterior identification. As with much of Bordeaux, very few of the estates have tasting rooms and even fewer are open to the public without appointment. This is partly because the bulk of Pomerol wine is sold "en primeur", allocated to exclusive distributors and clients shortly after harvest, leaving little to no wine to be sold through the tasting room door. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pomerol eo "chi pomerol () hoise bordur libo "ronais (" xu paar ") ror bhitorot thoka ek france xura utpadon koraa commune aaru" appellation di 'orijin konotro "(e. oh. chi). iyat utpadito xura prodhankoi merlotor poraa hoy zo 'too cabornet franke xohayok bhumika paalon kore. aan besibhag bordu communor dore, pomerolor kunu prokrito gaau naai, jodiu iyat etaa girja aase. ghorbur drakhyakhetror maajot sthapon koraa hoy. 1923 sonot france sorkare ei oncholok saint-emilion aaru greater libo "ronais oncholor baahire ek prithok xura onchol hisape swikriti disil aaru 1936 sonot" institut nesnel di el 'orijin ett di laa kuyalite "(inau) ror dwara eo" chi protisthanor prothom dhour ongxo hisape eo "chi morzada prodan koraa hoisil. jodiu ee etiya bordu oh "korr bhitorot ataitkoi xonmaniyo, ei poristhiti tulonamulokbhabe xehotiya, bingxo xotikar dwitiyo ordhor xomoyor, jaak praye kunu bordu shrenibibhajonor bhitorot pomerol ontorbhukto nuhuwar etaa kaaron hisape diya hoy. pomerol hoise bordur prodhan xukhmo xura oncholxomuhor bhitorot ataitkoi xoru, ji pray tini kilometer bohol aaru 4 kilometer dighol onchol aawori aase. ee iyar bohut dangor xu paaror suburiya saint-emilion eukor aakaror pray ek-xoptom aaru medd 'korr saint-julien eukor ataitkoi xoru baau paaror communor xoman. 1998 sonot, e. oh ". chi. ximar bhitorot 784 hector aanguror lotaa rupon koraa hoisil, ji 36,066 hector (± 952,763 gaylon baa 400,733 kes) xura utpadon korisil. 2003 sonot pomerol sopuwat 150 john utpadok ghuxona koraa hoisil aaru bosori gorh 32,250 eis. el. (pray 358,333taa ghotona) xura utpadon korisil. pray xokolu xura estet-botoljukto. onyanyo forasi xura onchol jene bargundi aaru rune upotyokar biporite, bortoman pomerolot kunu xomobay karzokori nohoy. 2007 sonor bhitorot, rupon koraa hectoror xongkhya xamanyokoi 800 hector (1980 ekor) loi briddhi paisil. 2009 sonot pomerolot 140 john utpadok ghuxona koraa hoisil, gorh pristhobhag choy hector aaru "pomerol" naamor aangur bagisai proti bosore gore 35,000 hector utpadonor baabe 800 hector xamori loiche. jodiu bohutu pomerol winer etiya wine nilamot aaru byoktigoto bojarot bordur ataitkoi uscho mulyayito shrenibodho bikaxor xoman mulyot oti uscho mulyo puwa yaay, pomerol winer kunu anusthanik shrenibibhajon naai. obosye, ei oncholot "primiyar kru" ror xomotulyo buli bohulbhabe dhora etaa xompoti aaseh setu petrus. itihax. pomerol onchol aaru iyar uttor ximanto, barban nodik oitihaxikbhabe uttoror maajot ximanto xeema hisape gonyo koraa hoisil zo 'too manuhe lengu di' oh 'ill aaru dokhyine lengu di' uk koichil. jodiu pomerol oncholot prothombaror baabe ketiya aangur rupon koraa hoisil xeitu xothikbhabe sinakto koratu kothin, tothapiu rumanxokolor xomoyot ei oncholot viticolser uposthito aasil buli dekhuwaboloi jothesto proman aase. ekedore "pomerol" naamtur utpottir bixoye onischoyota aase, jodiu kisuman onuman aase je ee letin xobdo "puma" ror poraa udbhob hoise ji folojukto bijok bujay aaru forasi xobdo "pume" ror utpotti, jaar ortho hoise aapel. ei totwotu oncholtur bohubidh xosyo, bixexkoi foll aaru xosyor xoite bohubidh xosyor xoite bohubidh xosyor khetir digholiya itihaxor dwara xomorpito, ji ei oncholot udbhidor khetir prathomik kendrobindu huwar bohu aagotei kheti koraa hoisil. 1270 sonot ingrajxokole libo "rno sohor protistha korisil, jiye hoyotu pomerolor aangur bagisar uporot odhik dristi aakorxon korisil. obosye, besibhag bordur dore, pomerolor winebur bortomanor turn-ett-gaarun aaru lott-ett-gaarun bibhagor garunor poraa odhik wainotkoi komm xunamor aasil. spainor santiyagu di compostelaloi juwa mukhyo tirthojatra pothor kaxot thoka oncholtuwe nightxokolor hosteleror aagroh aakorxito korisil, ji ghuri ohaa crusaderxokolor aagroh aakorxito korisil jiye oncholtut keibatau hoh 'stell aaru sikitsaloy sthapon korisil. iyare keibatau protisthan, jene 1288 sonot prothombaror baabe ullekh koraa gazine sikitsaloy, etiya aadhunik drakhyakhetro aaru sateu gazinor dore wineryr sthan. ei oncholtut keiba xotika dhori rajokiyo bahini aasil, aanoki ex bosoror juddhor folot bidhwosto huwa aangur bagisa punor rupon korat xohay korisil. bogaa winer poraa ronga rongoloi poriworton. 16xo aaru 17xo xotikat, dusch byowoxayixokole bordu bojaror xurar byowoxayot jothesto probhab pelaisil. dussoxokole medd 'korr jolaxoy niskaxon korar baabe aaru koboror uttor dixot thoka maatit viticolseror baabe poth proxosto korar baabe ataitkoi ullekhjugyo aasil jodiu teuluke dord' nor xu paaror communexomuhok uttor europor (bixexkoi bultic aaru hunsetic rajyo) bojarot prodan korisil. obosye, dusch aaru ei uttor bojaror xuwad bogaa modor proti jhukisil aaru eitu bogaa aanguror prokar aasil jibur ei xomoisuwat pomerolot ataitkoi byapokbhabe rupon koraa hoisil. ronga aanguror prokaroloi poriworton monthor aasil. pomerol oncholot cabernet frankor ruponxomuh "videwor" aaru "bidiur" naamere 16 xotikar aarombhonite lipibodho koraa hoisil, kintu keix bosoror aagoloike ei oncholot merlotor proborton huwa dekha nayay. 1760 sonot, luis-leonard fonteng, etaa libo "ronais" negocient ", ji oncholtut merlutor prothom nothibhukto udahoron buli dekha yaay, bortoman setu rujetor ongxo huwa etaa drakhyakhyetrot rupon koraa hoisil. obosye, 19 xotikar xexoloike bogaa xura aangure pomerolor aangur bagisar uporot aadhipotyo bojai rakhisil jetiya redd clertor uscho mulyo aaru dusch probhab hraax huwar folot redd wine utpadon odhik aakorxoniyo hoi porisil. 1936 sonot jetiya oncholtuwe iyar xompurno e. oh '. chi. morzada laabh korisil, tetiya e. oh'. chi. niyome bixexbhabe pomerolot jikunu bogaa aanguror prokaror puli ruponok nixidho korisil. redd wine onsololoi xompurno rupantorit huwar pisotu, pomerolor khyati etiyau medd 'korr tulnat bohu pich pori aasil. 1943 sonot bhisi sorkare aarombho koraa tulonamulok mulyor talikat metrus kewol medd 'korr poraa modhyo-storor dwitiyo briddhir storot talikabhukto koraa hoisil, zo' too poroborti xorbuscho rating pomerol istet, viewks setu charton aaru setu laa concillente setu jiskers aaru setu laa legunor dore tritiyo briddhir istetor xoite xamonjosyo raakhi daambur commanding korisil. mouix poriyal aaru pradhanyor pradhanyo. jinn-piyere mouix aaru teur poriyalok "antohrastriyo manchitrot" pomerol rokhar baabe byapokbhabe krititwo diya hoy. kurejor kendriyo forasi bibhagoto jonmogrohon koraa mauixe teur poriyalor xoite bordu onsololoi sthanantorito hoisil aaru prothome bordu sohorote etaa "nig" sient "ghor khuliboloi chesta korisil. obosye, teu dekhisil je bojarkhon otyadhikbhabe xongtripto hoi porisil, xeyehe teu nodir paare paar hoi libo "ronais onsololoi guchi goisil aaru 1937 sonot libo" rne sohorot etaa nig "sient house mukoli korisil. 1945 sonot, mauixe setu petrasor bixex bikrir odhikar laabh korisil. prothomote, mauixe besibhag beljiyamor pomerolor poromporagot bojaror xoite byoboxai korisil. obosye, mauixe xompoti kroy aaru liz diboloi aarombho korar loge loge aaru wine nirman prokriyar uporot odhik sristixil niyontron prodorxon korar loge loge teu biswo bojarot pomerolor swikriti xomproxaron koriboloi bisariboloi aarombho korisil. 1953 sonot teu 1959 sonot setu trotanoy aaru setu laa flaar-petrus kroy korisil aaru taar pisot setu legrange kroy korisil. taar pisot 1964 sonot mauixe petrasor xongkhyagoristho ongxo laabh korisil aaru xompurnorupe weinmakingor nirikhyon aaru dixtu grohon korisil. 1982 sonor vintage mouikx aaru pomerolor baabe ek jolobibhajikar muhurto aasil. ek xoktixali aamerikan dollar aaru aamerikan wine xomalusok robert em-ror ujjwol xomaluchonar xohayot. parker, je. aar.ei oncholtuwe aamerikar bojarot ek xoktixali sthan laabh korisil aaru petrasor dore xompotiburok nilam charkitot obhutpurbo mulyoloi aguwai niyar khetrot xohay korisil. petrasor uporiu, mouix poriyaltuwe setu laa ger, setu letur e pomerol aaru setu husannaru maalik. jolobayu aaru viticolser. pomerolor jolobayu xamudrik probhawot baaki bordur xoite byapokbhabe eke, aanhate xagor aaru girunde muhonar poraa oncholtur durotwe jolobayuk medd 'kotkoi odhik mohadexiyo kori tule. iyar ortho hoise je pumerole briddhir botorot, dinor uscho aaru xondhiyar nimnor maajot odhik nixar taapmatrar bhinnota dekhe. logote ei oncholot boxontokalot odhik borxun hoy (ji ful fular xomoyot merlotor baabe xomosyar sristi koribo paare) "veraison" ror pisot grishmokalot xamogrikbhabe borxun jothesto komm hoy. tothapiu, pomerolot xosyo sopuwar borxunor bhabuki etiyau aase, bixexkoi poripoko prokriyatu digholiya koriboloi "xomproxarito fasi diya" xomoyor dorxon byobohar koraa wine nirmataxokolor baabe. jetiya borxun hoy tetiya ee dhuriya ronga huwar ek guruttopurno bipodaxongka sristi koribo paare, bixexkoi godhur maatir maatit rupon koraa merlotor baabe ji paanee dhori raakhe. aanhate kisuman winery, jene setu petrus, teulukor drakhyakhyetrok plastikor sadorot dhaaki rokhar sromik byoy bohon koribo paare jaate paanee xipar bhitorot bhijai juwar poraa rokhya koribo paare aaru teulukor drakhyakhetror uporot ghuri furiboloi helicopter byobohar kore, aangur xukaboloi botah utponno kore, protitu xompottiye ene byowostha lo 'bob nuware. jodiu oti gorom vintage (jene 2003 aaru 2009) merlotor oti-pokaa xomosyar sristi koribo paare, pomerol onchol (aaru xomogro banktuwe) xitol bosorburot (jene 2006 aaru 2008) bhaal hoy. mool viticulseral bipodbur hoise boxontokalin himm, ji pomerol oncholot xoghonai hoh 'bob paare aaru xomogro vintagebur byahot koribo paare. bhugul. pomerol libo "rnor pubo aaru uttor-pubo dixot owosthito. bordur besibhag xonmaniyo communor biporite, iyar kunu punpotiya nodee prowex naai, jaak dord 'gner poraa dokhyinoloi sohorkhon aaru dokhyin-pubo dixot owosthito saint-emilionor dwara prithok koraa hoise. uttor-pubo dixot, "laa barban ru" naamor etaa dharar uporere lalande-di-pomerol owosthito. ee ekhon nurir paarot thiyo hoi aase (etaa boixistyo jitu ee medd 'korr xonmaniyo abedonor xoite bhag kore); dokhyin aaru poschimor faale maati odhik baalir hoy, aanhate uttor aaru pubor faale, ee maatir faale yaay. upo-maatitu gaarh aawori thoka maati, zo 'too luhar poriman besi. bhupristhotu tulonamulokbhabe xomotol aaru xamanyo urbor dhaal aase ji xagor pristhor poraa 2 kilometer (1.2 maail) ror poraa pray 10 mitter (33 fut) uschotat pore. pumerulor besibhag uscho mulyor istet pubor aadha oncholot owosthito, saint-emilionor ximantoloike zo 'too prodhan grand kru shrenir (e) setu cheval blankor istetor drakhyakhyetrobur praye pomerol istetor poraa dekha puwa yaay. pomerolor dokhyinotom prantotu ketsusour gaonr maajere bistrito, aanhate gaonr thik uttore maatit oncholtur kisuman utkristo nurir konika aase. uttor-pubot melletor gaaw aase ji lalende-di-pomerol, montagne-saint-emilion aaru saint-emilionor eo "sisor ximare aaru gaonr maajere juwa pothtu pomerol aaru saint-emilionor maajot sorkari xeema. iyar folot kisuman aainee xomosyar sristi hoise kiyonu kisuman drakhyakhetro karikoribhabe saint-emilionor ximar bhitorot aase kintu pumeruloloi xomproxarito hoise jiburok "pomerolor xonmaniyo nagorikotwo" prodan koribologiya hoise. aanguror bagisar maati. pomerol oncholor maati oti boisitryomoy aaru malbhumit bikhyiptobhabe bikhyiptobhabe nuraa, baali aaru maatir mishron aase. uttor aaru pubo dixot thoka aanguror bagisar maatir kotha koo 'boloi go' ley, saint-emilionor ximar usorot odhik maati thaake aanhate poschim aaru dokhyin dixot maati paatol aaru odhik nuruwa hoi pore. pomerol owosthito malbhumir ximat tinita nodee aase, uttore barban, poschimot eyeland aaru dokhyine dord 'gne aaru libo' rne sohor. bhukhondotu malbhumir dhaalor poraa aaru ei nodiburor faale naami juwar loge loge maati odhik polxuwa aaru baalir hoi pore. pomerol malbhumir besibhagei baalir maatir marlore gothito ji nurar xoite storito hoy ji gunjian xomoyor (aaru medd 'koo aaru grove e' koo-too puwa eke nuraa), tolor dhalburor nurar usorot thoka nurar xoite komm monor himbahor xomoyor poraa aahi aase. paatol, balimoy maatit thoka lotabur odhik maati thoka maatit thoka lotar tulnat xunkale pokar probonota thaake kintu iyar logote komm xoktixali foll aaru boyox briddhir xombhawonau thaake. mulax aaru cress di fer. pomerol oncholor bhitorot "cress di fer" baa "messefer" naamere jonajat luhar jomaa thoka baalir bendor uporot bohi thoka ononyo neela-kle ("mulas" naamere jonajat) ror "butuniyer" (baa "butamhul") hisape bornona koraa hoise. eitu maatro 20 hector (50 ekor) ror etaa xoru onchol ji baaki pomerolot puwa maatir oti oswabhabik, kintu setu petrasor bikhyat estator drakhyakhyetrotu ei hectoror aadhatkoi odhik oncholot rupon koraa huwar baabe, xurar uporot iyar probhab xahityot bohu alusona koraa hoise. ei "butuniyer" too komeu kichu rupon koraa aan drakhyakhetroburor bhitorot aase setu laa concillent, setu lo 'evangail, setu laflyur, setu gazine, setu trotnoy, setu cleanet, setu ley ge, setu haat ferrand aaru viewks setu charton. ketherin mauixor mote aaironor rongor baalir "clinker"-e violet aaru trafolor xugondhojukto tuka jug kore aanhate viax setu chartanor alekjendre thiyenponte koy je iyar upokarxomuh odhik viticolceral, jaar folot drakhyalotar xokti aaru otyodhik paator briddhi ximito hoy. obosye, setu petrasor xoite iyar xomporko thoka swotweu, pomerolor protijon xura utpadoki teulukor xompotir uporot "cress di fer" thokar gunagunor proxongxa nokore. setu el 'aglis-clinetor denis durantuwe biswax kore je luha xomridho maati bortupor xipa maatit gobhirbhabe naami jaboloi onumoti diboloi oti obhedyo, jitu praye uscho mandondor "ter" irr "ror xoite xomporkito ek boixistyo. teu nijor xompoti aaru teu poramorxo diya onyanyo xompotir uporot thoka xurokhito bendbur bhangiboloi kaam kori aase. durantuwe eituu biswax kore je "cress di fer" ror baahire neela-kle "buttonir" ror bohutu upokar aase, orthat xukan bosorot ardrota bojai rokha aaru xorir aaru xoktir wine utpadon koraa kler khyomota, aaru tuke je petrasor uttor-poschime owosthito aairon jomaa obihone ei neela-kler dwitiyo "butonir" aase. ei dwitiyo "butniyer" too ontotoh kichu rupon koraa drakhyakhetroxomuhor bhitorot aase setu el 'aglis-cleanet, setu trotnoy, setu klo' jo el 'aglis, setu laa kaaben aaru setu nenin. weinmaking. 20 xotikar besibhag xomoyor baabe, pomerolor weinmaking xoili biswobidyaloyor bordu oh 'eno "logist emil paynoud aaru medd' korr cabernet saubhigonon aanguror uporot teur kaamor dwara probhabito hoisil. jodiu panoudor kouxolxomuh medd 'korr khetrot bohulangxe xofol hoisil, tothapiu xeibure xoday pumeruloloi bhaldore onubad koraa nasil. ei oncholtu kewol etaa beleg aanguror xoite kaam korai nasil, kintu bibhinno maatir poristhitir xoiteu xitol aasil (xamogrikbhabe ushno jolobayu thokar swotweu). ei jolobayut cabernet souvigonone bhaldore pokaa nasil kintu baufale thoka cabernet souvigononor dore eke senir storot merlot aangur sopuwar folot komm pokaa xuwad aaru "hard wine" utpadon hoh "bob. 1980 sonoloike odhik pomerol utpadokxokole "xothik benk" kouxol bikoxito koriboloi aarombho koraa nasil, zo "too merlot aangur odhik xompurnorupe poriwexon koriboloi digholiya fasi diya xomoy ontorbhukto aasil, ji aaji pomerol winer xoite jorito xoili bikoxito hoisil. besibhag xura oncholor dore, xura nirmanor xoili xura nirmata aaru vintageor dwara prithok hoy. xadharonote, bohutu pomerol winemakere 15ror poraa 21 dinor macaration onuxilon kore aaru jetiya wine xompurno xukan hoi pore tetiya press kore. xura pray xoday mell "lactic gajonor maajere yaay. modor bottling aaru mukoli korar aagote berikxomuhot 18ror poraa 20 maahor boyox briddhi paab. pomerolor porompora hoise muktobhabe soluwa xura prithok koraa aaru vintageor uporot nirbhor kori proyujon onuxori "bhin di press" ror onupatot punor misrito koraa. baaki press wine praye istetor dwitiyo wainot byobohar koraa hoh 'bob baa "nig" sients "koo bikri koraa hoh' bob. misronor xomoy (jene gajonor xomoyot baa pisot) xompoti onuxori beleg beleg hoh 'bob, kisuman ghor jene setu petrasor xoite gajonor xomoyot "bhin di press" jug kori xurar upadanbur ekeloge poripoko hoh' boloi onumoti diya hoh 'bob aaru tatwikbhabe, xadharonote odhik tenik aaru fenlick press xurar kothurota hraax koribo. bohutu bordu istetor dore basket press punor prosolito hoi aahise kintu bayuxongkranto niyontronor dore aadhunik upadanor xoite. mouix istetor mukhyo wine nirmataxokolor bhitorot ejon jinn-cloud beruyete pomes odhik mridubhabe porisalona korar lokhyore etaa ulombo basket press design korat xohay korisil aaru iyak keibatau istetor dwara grohon koraa hoise. michael rollandor probhab aaru biporit dorxon. biswobikhyat weinmaker michael rollandor jonmo hoisil pomerol oncholot aaru teur etaa poriyalor xompoti aase, setu ley bonn pestur, jitu teur potni denir xoite xoho-maalik. 1980 aaru 1990-ror doxokot rollandor pradhanyo briddhi huwar loge loge, wine xomalusok robert parkaror onukul xoilir xohayot, bohutu pomerol wine estete onukoronor dwara baa poramorxodata weinmaker hisape rollandok niyug kori "rolland xoili" grohon koriboloi aarombho korisil. ei xoilir bhitorot aangurok xompurno "xaririk poripokota" utpadon koriboloi digholiya, digholiya xomoy diboloi jiman paari xosyo sopuwat polom koratu ontorbhukto aase jiye foltuk "oti-pokaa" xuwad aaru xurar matra 14 xotangxotkoi odhik dibo paare. sait praye notun uk barrelot boyox briddhir pisot mesaresyonor ek xomproxarito xomoy (3 ror poraa 8 xoptah) ror maajere jaabo lagibo. iyar biporite, "mouix xoili" ye folor xuwador spondon aaru xotejotar uporot ek primiyam sthan diye zo "too mauixor malikanadhin istet jene trotnoy aaru petrus praye basoni koraa prothom estatexomuhor bhitorot thaake. xura. pumerole etiya bixexbhabe redd wine utpadon kore, jodiu 100 bosor aagote ee ek brihot porimanor bogaa utpadon korisil. merlot hoise iyar ataitkoi guruttopurno aangur, ji drakhyakhetror 80 xotangxo oncholor baabe dayee. jodiu ee pray obisolvabe misrito, merlutor onupat 95 xotangxoloike uscho hoh 'bob paare, jodiu ee xadharonote 70-80% porixorot thaake. poroborti ataitkoi guruttopurno aangur hoise cabernet frank, jaak sthaniyobhabe "ley buset" buli jonaa yaay, ji drakhyakhetror pray 15 xotangxo aaru xadharonote misronor 5-20% ror baabe dayee. sthaniyobhabe "presek" naamere jonajat malbek, aaru baaki borduburot besi rupon koraa nohoy, iyaru byobohar koraa hoy. baaki thoka onumudit aangur, cabernet saubhigonon aaru pattit verod 'tot, ekebare rupon koraa hoy aaru "grand bhin" too khubo komhe byobohar koraa hoy jodiu, malbekor dore, xeibur etaa istetor dwitiyo xurar bhitorot dekha dibo paare. 20 xotikar aarombhonite, pomerolor redd wine utpadonkari jilaar poriworton xompurno huwar loge loge, cabernet frank aasil probhawxali aanguror prokar. obosye, 1956 sonor boxontor aarombhonite huwa himor folot cabernet frankor khetir etaa dangor ongxor mrityu hoisil aaru bohutu istetoi ei onusthantu odhik utpadon aaru purbe pokaa merlotor xoite punor proyug korar xujug hisape loisil. ful fular xomoyot botor thanda aaru borxun hoh 'ley merlutor kuluror dwara akranto huwar probonota thokar swotweu, aangurtu xunkale pomerolot proxidho hoi porisil aaru oncholtur xoite ataitkoi ghonisthobhabe jorito aangur hoi porise. tothapiu, oti komm pomerol bixudho merlot aaru cabornet frank etiyau ee diya tenik gothon aaru omlotar baabe mulyowan, jiye wineburot dirghayu aaru bardhokyor xombhawona jug dibo paare. dorasolote, 20 xotikar xexor faale aaru ekbingxo xotikar aarombhonite merlot xosyo sopuwar probonotar pisot aaru kromanwoye uscho senir storot obyahot thokar loge loge, odhik poripora merlotor xomridho kintu xombhabyo flaby prokritir bharxamyo bojai rokhat cabernet frankor bhumika pomerol winemakerxokole aaru odhik proxongxa korise. xadharonote, merlot prodhankoi maatir maatit rupon koraa hoy aanhate cabernet frank sunxilor outcroppings aaru cabernet saubhigonon aaru odhik nuruwa maatit rupon koraa malbekot rupon korar xombhawona besi. cabernet souvigononor kheti thoka keitaman istetor bhitorot aase viewks sateu charton, sateu beuregard, sateu charton di mey, sateu gazine, sateu nenin aaru sateu pattit-village. setu laa concillent malbekor kheti koraa estetxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo. e. oh '. chi. niyomawoli. pomerol hoise ek bixex redd wine zo 'too euk winer baabe kewol onumudit aanguror prokar hoise merlot, cabernet frank (buset), cabernet saubhigonon aaru malbek (presek). xosyor utpadon xorbadhik 42 hector/hector (± 2.2 tonn/ekor) loike ximito koraa hoy aaru xomapto xuratuwe komeu 10.5% ror nimnotomo xurar storot uponeet hoh 'bob laage. pomerolor poraa uluwa xurak bordu baa bordu supariyar ("oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh - xoili aaru boyox briddhi. xurar xoili "ter" irr "ror xoite prithok hoy. poschimot, zo 'too maati odhik baalir hoy, winebur paatol hoy; dokhyinot, zo' too maati odhik nururiya hoy, merlutor onupat komm hoy, aaru winebur medd 'korr xuwador faale odhik probonota dekhuway. xurak 'mokhmol' baa 'oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh - folor bixex xuwad hoh "lo plum, ketiyaba prunor faale mukh kori thaake. xura bixexogyo oh 'jo clerkor mote, pomerolburot, boixistyopurno plum nutor uporiu, moujukto mosola, trafol, piermint, socklet, roasted badam aaru reisin nutbur creamy, ketiyaba batari mouthfill aaru spill tenin thakibo paare. master owo wine clive kute pomerolxomuhok saint-emilionor kumol, mutaa, mangxor foll aaru medd 'korr winer xoite jorito toposya aaru merudondor maajot thoka "aadha ghor" hisape bornona kore. kutche ullekh kore je pomerolburot besibhag medd 'korr probhawxali "blackerant" nutor tulnat odhik xomridho, mokhmol aaru plum nutor xoite saint-emilionotkoi komm "fruitkeki" swad thaake. ei ghonibhut xomridho foll merlutor prokritir poraa udbhob hoy jiye pomerolor winebur medd 'korr cabernet saubhigonon-aadharito wainotkoi komm spostobhabe tenik hoh' boloi onumoti diye. xura bixexogyo aaru xurar prodhan hiu jonosonor mote, pomerolor baabe besibhag bordur tulnat komm boyoxor proyujonoh xadharonote paas bosor jothesto, aaru aanoki ataitkoi dangor vintageor babeu 12 bosor jothesto. jonosone ullekh korise je pomerolbur xadharonote xeiburor gobhir rong aaru ketiyaba krimjukto, ghonibhut pokaa-plumor xuwador dwara prithok koraa hoy kintu uscho omlota aaru tenin obihone ji onyanyo bordu winer xadharon. setu. pomerolor setur baabe kunu anusthanik shrenibibhajon naai. jodiu iyar karontu praye biswo bojarot pomerolor tulonamulokbhabe xehotiya pradhanyo hisape kuwa hoy, aanoki etiyau pomerolor winexomuhe biswobyapi proxongxa aaru swikriti prodan korar loge loge, bohutu utpadoki etiyau onubhob kore je pomerol istetor ek anusthanik rankingor proyujon naai. kisuman utpadok, jene setu gazinor nikulax di balliancort, biswax kore je besibhag birudhi khyudro krixokor poraa aahise jixokole teulukor winebur nikristo buli gonyo koraa jikunu rankingor poraa baad diyar bhoy kore. aan ejon swotwadhikariye xura lekhok stephen brookchok koichil je bortomanor, oh-ranking byowosthai "xadharon xurare pomerolor shrestho xurar khyatir poraa labhanwito hoh 'boloi onumoti diye", aaru 2002 sonor eo' chi label testing penelor folafolor faale anguliyai diye, ji nirdharon kore je xurar labelot eo 'chi pomerol naam bohon koriboloi onumoti diya hoise ney naai. 2002 son oti kothin aaru upo-xomotulyo vintage huwar pisotu etau modd e "koo onumudon laabh korat byortho huwa nasil. obosye, anusthanik rankingor obhab thokar swotweu, bohu xura lekhok aaru xomalusoke bosor bosor dhori teulukor nijor byoktigoto shrenibibhajonor xoite aahise jibur aan utxor dwara uddhrito koraa hoise. 2001 sonot, master owo wine clive kute teur grontho "eno encyclopedia owo dyo wine endo domains owo france" too pomerol istetor ranking ontorbhukto korisil. khadyor mill. xura lekhok hiu jonosone poramorxo dise je gumangxor philate baa bhaal bhaabe jhulai rokha venison etaa bhaal ongxidar, bixexkoi xurare rondha, kintu xei gumangxor wellington erai solibo laage, kiyonu pestriye taalur rong mlaan kori pelay. wine lekhok oj clerke poramorxo dise je terrin aaru peter dore oti xuwadjukto gaim disburu bhaal hoh 'bob paare, kiyonu xeibur winer tibrotar xoite mill khaay. porjoton. pomerol gramyo swader baabe bhaldore jonajat ji hoise brihot xoitu aaru olongkrito sthapotyor ek tikhno biporitota ji medd 'korr bohutu xurar bagisa prithok kore. aanoki ataitkoi bixisto bohu xompottiu "xadharon krixighor" hisape bornona koraa hoy zo 'too oti komm bahyik sinaktokoronor xoite rokha hoy. bordur besibhagor dore, oti komm xongkhyok estetot xuswadu kutha aase aaru aanoki komm xongkhyok nijukti obihone jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli. iyar aangxik kaaron hoise pomerol xurar brihot ongxo "eno primor" bikri koraa hoy, xosyo sopuwar kichu xomoyor pisote eksetiya bitorok aaru grahokxokolok aabonton koraa hoy, aaru xuwad khuwa kuthar duwarot bikri koriboloi komm baa kunu xura eri diya nohoy.

pomerol aoc pomerol () holl ekti farasi wine-kromobordhoman sampradai ebong bordote libornais ("dunn teer")-err modhye "appellation dii 'origin controlle" (aoc). ekhane utpadito wine mulat merlot theke pawa yaay ebong cabernet franc ekti sahayak bhumika palon korey. anyanno bordo sampradayer moto noy, pomeroler konao asol grama nei, jodio sekhane ekti girja royeche. gharguli drakkhakkhetrer modhye sthapon koraa hoy. 1923 saale farasi sarkar eyi anchalke seenta-emilion ebong brihottor libornais anchal chhada ekti swatantra wine anchal hisabe swikriti deyo ebong 1936 saale "institute national dii lawl 'origin ett dii laa qualite" (ino) dwara eok protisthaner prothom toronger ongsho hisabe eok morjada deoa hoy. jodio etty ekhon bordo aokoser modhye sabcheye morjadapurno, eyi poristhiti tulonamulokbhabe samprotik, bingsho shatabdir dwitiardhe, jaa prayashai konao bordo shrenibinnase pomerol antarbhukta naa howar onnotomo kaaron hisabe deoa hoy. pomerol holl bordote prodhan sukkho wine anchalgulir modhye sabcheye chhoto, jaa pray tinn kilometres chaoda ebong 4 kilometres deergho ekti elaka judey royeche. etty taar onek borh dunn teerer protibeshi seenta-emilion aoker akarer pray eka-saptam ebong medoker seenta-julien aoker khudrotomo baam teerer sampradayer samatulya. 1998 saale, ayee. oo. shee seemanar modhye 784 hector angurer lataa ropon koraa hoyechilo jaa 36,066 hector (± 952,763 gallon baa 400,733 cases) wine utpadon koroto. 2003 saale pomerol utpadone 780 hector jomite 150 john utpadok ghoshito hoyechilo ebong bochore gadey 32,250 aechl (pray 358,333 cases) wine utpadon koroto. pray sobb wineyi esteta-botaljat. anyanno farasi wine anchaler moto noy, jemon bargundi ebong roone upottoka, bortomane pomerle konao somobai kaaj korche naa. 2007 saaler modhye, ropon koraa hector sankhya samanno bede 800 hector (1980 ekor) hoye yaay. 2009 saale, pomerle 140 john ghoshito utpadok chhilen, jaar garh pristho elaka chhoy hector ebong "pomerol" appellationer drakkhakkhetro proti bochor gadey 35,000 hector utpadoner jonno 800 hector judey royeche. jodio onek pomerol wine ekhon wine nilame ebong besarkari bajare bordo-err sabcheye uchcho retjukto shreniboddho briddhir samatulya khub beshi daam paay, pomerol winer konao sarkari shrenibinnas nei. tobey, eyi anchale ekti sampatti royeche jaa byapokbhabe "premiere kru"-err samatulya boley money koraa hayah cheto petrus. itihas. pomerol anchal ebong err uttor seemanto, barban nodike oitihasikbhabe uttorer modhye seemanto seemana hisabe bibechona koraa hoto jekhane lokera language dii 'oil ebong dakkhine jekhane taaraa languade dii' oka bhasay kotha boloto. jodio pomerol anchale prothom kakhan angur ropon koraa hoyechilo taa thhik kakhan koraa kathin, romander somoye eyi anchale viticulture uposthito chhilo taa dekhanor jonno jotheshto proman royeche. ekibhabe "pomerol" naamer utpotti somporke anishchayata royeche, jodio kichhu anuman royeche jey etty lattin shobdo "poma" theke udbhuto hoyeche jaa ekti foll dharankari beejke bojhai ebong farasi shobdo "pomey"-err utpotti, jaar ortho apel. eyi tottoti eyi anchaler bohujatik chasher deergho itihas dwara somorthito, anyanno onek fosol, biseshoto foll ebong shosyo, jaa viticolture ekti prathomik kendravindu howar onek agey eyi anchale chaash koraa hoyechilo. 1270 khristabde ingrezra liborn shohor protistha korey, jaa sombhoboto pomeroler drakkhakhetrogulike arow beshi monojog akarshan koreche. tobey, beshirbhag bordo-rawr moto, pomeroler weinguli bortomaner turn-ett-garon ebong lott-ett-garon bibhaggulite arow uporer dick theke winegulir tulna qama sunamer chhilo. spener santiago dii composteller prodhan tirthojatra poth borabor eyi anchaler abosthan nights hospitaller agroho akarshan korechilo, jaaraa firey eshe crusaderder eyi anchale besh koyekti hostel ebong hospital sthapon korechilo. err modhye besh koyekti protisthan, jemon gezin hospital, jaa 1288 saale prothom ullekh koraa hoyechilo, ekhon adhunik drakkhakkhetro ebong winery jemon cheto gaziner sthan. naitra koyek shatabdi dhorey eyi anchale theke yaay, emonki shoto bochorer juddhe biddhosto drakkhakhetroguli punra ropon korte sahayata korey. saadaa wine theke laal oyaine rupantar. 16shha oo 17shha shotabdite, dutch byabasayira bordo bajare moder banijye jotheshto prabhab bistar korechilo. dachra jokhon medoker jolabhumi nishkashon ebong koborer uttore jomite viticolturer poth proshosto korar jonno sabcheye ullekhjoggo chhilo, tokhon taaraa dordogoner dunn teerer communigulike uttor europer ekti bazar (biseshoto baltic ebong hansiatic rajyo) diyechilo jaa ingrez bajare bordo bondorer dokholke upekkha korey. tobey, dutch ebong eyi uttaranchaliya bajargulir swad saadaa winer dike jhunke porey ebong etty saadaa angurer jaat jaa eyi somoye pomerle sorbadhik ropon koraa hoyechilo. laal angurer jatgulite rupantar dheer chhilo. pomerol elaka cabernet franker gaachh lagano 16 shotoker godar dike "vidure" ebong "bidur" naame nothibhukto koraa hoyechilo, tobey koyeksho bochor porey porjonto eyi anchale merlot chaalu koraa hoyechilo boley money hoy naa. 1760 saale, lui-leonard fonteng, ekti libornais "negocient", eyi anchale merloter prothom nothibhukto udaharan hisabe jaa dekha yaay taa ekti drakkhakkhetre ropon koraa hoy jaa ekhon cheto rujeter ongsho. tobey, saadaa wine angur 19 shotoker sheshbhag porjonto pomeroler drakkhakhetrogulite adhipatya bistar korte thaake jokhon laal clareter uchcho mulya ebong dutch prabhab hrass laal wine utpadonke arow akarshaniya korey toley. 1936 saale jokhon eyi anchalti taar purno ayee. oo. shee morjada paay, tokhon ayee. oo. shee regulation biseshbhabe pomerle jey konao saadaa angurer jaater gaachh laganoke nishiddho korey. reeda wine anchale sampurna rupantarita howar poreo, pomeroler khyati ekhono medoker cheye onek pichhiye chhilo. 1943 saale vichi sarkar kortrik nirdharito tulonamulok mulya talika anujayi, petrus kebolmatro mida-tear dwitiya briddhir store talikabhukto chhilo, jekhane poroborti sorbochcho retjukto pomerol esteta, viex cheto sarton ebong cheto laa concillanter saathe tritiya briddhir esteta jemon cheto giscores ebong cheto laa lagooner daamer saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo. mauix poribar ebong bishistotai arohan. zina-piyer mauix ebong taanr poribarke "antorjatik manchitre" pomerol rakhar jonno byapokbhabe krititto deoa hoy. korojer kendriya farasi bibhage jonmogrohonkari mauix taar poribarer saathe bordo anchale choley zaan ebong prothome bordo shohorei ekti "negocient" baadi kholar chesta corren. zaihok, tini dekhte paan jey bajarti prachur porimane saturated, taai tini nadeer opare libornais anchale choley zaan ebong 1937 saale liborone shohore ekti negocient house kholen. 1945 saale, mauix cheto petruser ekchetia bikroy adhikar orjon corren. prothome, mouix beshirbhag belgiumer pomeroler oitijjobahi bajarer saathe byabosa koroto. tobey, mauix sampatti kenaa ebong liz deoa shuru korar saathe saathe wine toirir prokriyar upor arow srijanshil niyantran prodorshon korar saathe saathe tini bishwa bajare pomeroler swikriti prosarito korte shuru corren. 1953 saale tini 1959 saale cheto trotanoy ebong cheto laa fluor-petrus kinechilen ebong tarpore cheto lagrange kinechilen. tarpor 1964 saale, mauix petruse sankhyagarishtha ongsho orjon corren ebong wine toirir tadarki oo dick sampurnarupe grohon corren. 1982 saaler vintage chhilo mauix ebong pomeroler jonno ekti jalbibhajika muhurta. ekti shaktishali markin dollar ebong american wine somalochok robbert emm-err ujjal porjalochona dwara sahayata koraa hoyeche. parker, junior.eyi anchalti markin bajare ekti shaktishali abosthan orjon korey ebong petrus-err moto estategulike nilamer sarkite abhutopurbo mulye chaalito korte sahayata korey. petrus chharao, mauix poribarti cheto laa grave, cheto lator ayee pomerol ebong cheto hosanaro malik. jalbayu oo viticulture. pomeroler jalbayu samudrik probhaber bucky bordor moto bistrito holeo, samudra ebong gironde mohna theke eyi anchaler durotto jalbayuke medoker cheye sposhtobhabe beshi mahadeshiya korey toley. err ortho holl jey pomerol kromobordhoman morsume diner uchcho ebong sondhyar nimnotar modhye arow beshi daeenik tapmatrar tartomyo dekhe. echhadao eyi anchale bosontokale beshi brishtipat hoy (jaa phul photara somoy merlot samasya srishti korte paare) ebong "varaison"-err porey grisser masgulite samogrikbhabe ullekhjoggobhabe qama brishtipat hoy. taa sotteo, pomerle fosol cutter brishtir humki ekhono royeche, bishesh korey wine prostutkarokder jonno pucker prokriya dirghayita korar jonno "bordhito jhulonto" somoy darshan byabohar korey. jokhon brishti hoy tokhon etty dhusar pochon howar ekti ullekhjoggo jhunki toiri korte paare, bishesh korey bharee kadamati matite ropon koraa merlotgulir jonno jaa joll dhorey rakhe. jodio kichhu winery, jemon cheto petrus, taader drakkhakkhetroke plasticker sheete ddheke rakhar shrom kharach bohon korte paare jaate joll shikde vije naa yaay ebong taader drakkhakkhetrer upor ghore helicopter byabohar korey, angur shukanor jonno batas toiri korey, protiti sampatti eyi dharaner byabostha nitey paare naa. jodio khub gorom vintage (jemon 2003 ebong 2009) merlote atirikto paka samasya toiri korte paare, pomerol anchal (ebong samogrikbhabe sothik bank) sheetal bochorgulite (jemon 2006 ebong 2008) arow vall korar probonota dekhay. prodhan viticultural bipod holl bosontokalin tusharpat, jaa pomerol anchale ghono ghono ghotote paare ebong puro vintageke byahoto korte paare. bhugol. pomerol liboroner purbo oo uttor-purbe abilambe abosthito. bordo-err beshirbhag morjadapurno sampradayer moto noy, err konao sarasari nodee probeshadhikar nei, jaa dordogne theke dakkhine shohor ebong seenta-emilion dwara prithak koraa hoyeche, jaa dakkhin-purbe abosthito. uttor-purbe, "laa barbane rue" naame ekti sroter upor diye lalande-dii-pomerol abosthito. etty ekti nudi teere dandiye achhe (ekti baisishtya jaa etty medoker morjadapurno appellationer saathe bhag korey neyo); dakkhin ebong poschim dike, mutty arow balukamoy, ebong uttor ebong purbo dike, etty kadamatir dike probonota rakhe. upo-mutty gaadh bhora kadamati, jaar modhye lohar poriman beshi. bhuprodeshti tulonamulokbhabe samtal ebong samanno ddheukhelan ddhalguli samudraprishtha theke 2 kilometres (1.2 myle) theke pray 10 mitter (33 foot) uchchotai porey. pomeroler beshirbhag uchchomaner estateguli purbo ardhek anchale, seenta-emilioner seemanto porjonto abosthito, jekhane prodhan granned kru classer (ayee) chetu cheval blunk estater drakkhakhetroguli prayashai pomerol esteta theke dekha yaay. pomeroler dakkhintama ongsho catasu gramer paash diye prosarito, jekhane gramer thhik uttore matite eyi anchaler kichhu sera nudi royeche. uttor-purbe melleter gramti royeche jaa lalande-dii-pomerol, montagne-seenta-emilion ebong seenta-emilioner aokoser seemana judey royeche ebong gramer modhyo diye yawa rastati pomerol ebong seenta-emilioner modhye sarkari seemana. err foley kichhu aini samasya dekha diyeche kaaron koyekti drakkhakkhetro projuktigotobhabe seenta-emilioner seemanar modhye royeche tobey pomerol porjonto prosarito hoyeche jaa "pomeroler sommansuchok nagorikotto" pradan korte hoyeche. drakkhakkhetrer mutty. pomerol anchaler mutty atyanta boichitromoy ebong malvumi judey nudi, bully ebong kadamatir mishran chhoriye chhitiye royeche. motamutibhabe bolte gele, uttor oo purbo dike drakkhakkhetrer matite, seenta-emilioner seemanter kachakachi arow beshi kadamati thaake, onnodike poschim oo dakkhine mutty halka ebong arow nudi hoye yaay. jey malvumite pomerol abosthito, taar seemante tinti nodee royeche, uttore barban, poschime aail ebong dakkhine dordogne ebong liborne shohor. bhukhandati malvumir ddhaal theke niche neme eyi nadigulir dike agrasar howar saathe saathe mutty arow polly oo balukamoy hoye othe. pomerol malvumir beshirbhag ongsho balukamoy kadamatir marle diye toiri jaa nudir saathe storito jaa gunjian juger (ebong medok ebong kobor eok-ayee pawa ekoi nudir), nimno ddhaler nudir saathe liboroner kachakachi torun moner himbah somoy theke asche. halka, balukamoy maatir lataa beshi kadamatir maatir tulna agey paka hoy tobey qama shaktishali foll ebong bardhokyo sombhabonao thaake. molas ebong crass dii phera. pomerol anchaler modhye jaa "butonier" (baa "botamhole") hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche taa ananya neel-clay ("molas" naame porichito) lohar amanoto samriddha balir bander upore bosey royeche jaa "crass dii phera" baa "mashefer" naame porichito. etty pray 20 hector (50 ekor) jomir ekti chhoto anchal jaa pomeroler bucky ongshe pawa maatir khub aswabhabik, tobey kaaron eyi hector ardhekero beshi jomite cheto petruser bikhyato estater drakkhakkhetro ropon koraa hoy, taai winer upor err prabhab sahitye onek alochona koraa hoyeche. anyanno drakkhakkhetro jekhane eyi "butonier"-ayee ontoto kichhu ropon koraa hoyeche taar modhye royeche cheto laa concillant, cheto lawl 'evangail, cheto lafluor, cheto gazin, cheto trotanoy, cheto cleanet, cheto leey geey, cheto hutt ferrand ebong viewx cheto sartana. cathryn mauixer motey, lohar rongin balir "clinker" violet ebong traffler sugandha jog korey, onnodike viewx chatto shartaner alekjandar thienpont bolechen jey err upokarita arow beshi viticultural, jaa drakkhalotar shakti ebong atyadhik patar briddhike seemaboddho korey. tobey, cheto petruser saathe err somporko thaka sotteo, pomeroler protiti wine utpadok taader sompottite "crass dii phera" thucker gunabolir proshongsha korey naa. cheto ell 'azlice-clineter dennis durantou biswas corren jey loha samriddha mutty khub abhedya jey lataa shikadke matite govirbhabe namte deyo, jaa prayashai uchcho maaner "teror"-err saathe jukto ekti baisishtya. tini taanr sampatti ebong anyanno estategulite jegulite tini poramorsho corren sekhane hingsro bandguli venge feller jonno kaaj korchen. durantou arow biswas corren jey neel-clay "butonier"-err onek upokarita "crass dii phera" chharao vidyaman, arthat shushko bochorgulite ardrota dhorey rakhar ebong shorir oo shaktir wine utpadan korar jonno maatir khomota, ebong note korey jey petruser uttor-poschime abosthito loha jomaa chhada eyi neel-clay-err ekti dwitiya "butonier" royeche. eyi dwitiya "butonier"-ayee ontoto kichhu ropon soho drakkhakhetrogulir modhye royeche cheto ell 'aglis-cleanet, cheto trotanoy, cheto close ell' aglis, cheto laa caban ebong cheto nenin. wine toiri koraa. 20 shotoker beshirbhag somoy, pomeroler wine toirir shaili bordo oenologist emil penoud vishwavidyalaya ebong medke cabernet sovignon angurer upor taanr kaaj dwara probhabito hoyechilo. jodio penauder kaushalguli medke byapokbhabe sofol hoyechilo, taaraa sabsamoy pomerle bhalbhabe anubad koroto naa. eyi anchalti cable ekti vinno angurer saathe kaaj korchilo naa, tobey bivinno maatir abosthar satheo sheetal chhilo (samogrik ushno jalbayu sotteo). eyi jalbayute cabernet sovignon bhalbhabe pakeni kintu baam teere cabernet sovigononer moto ekoi chinir matra merlot angur kaata holey qama paka swad ebong "hard wine" toiri hobey. 1980-err doshok porjonto jokhon arow beshi pomerol utpadok "sothik bank" kaushal bikash korte shuru korey, jaar modhye merlot angur arow sompurnobhabe paka korar jonno bordhito jhulonto somoy antarbhukta chhilo, tokhon pomerol winegulir saathe somporkito shailiti aaz bikoshito hoyechilo. beshirbhag wine anchaler moto, wine toirir shaili wine prostutkarok ebong vintage dwara poribortito hoy. sadharonbhabe, onek pomerol wine prostutkarok 15 theke 21 diner macaration anushilan korey ebong winety sampurna shushkatai pouchole presha korey. wine pray sabsamoi malolactic ganjan madhyome yaay. modti botaljat korar ebong chhadar agey byarike 18 theke 20 maas bardhokyo paabe. pomeroler oitijhyo holl binamulye-chaalito wineke alada koraa ebong vintage-err upor nirbhar korey "vinn dii presse"-err onupate mishran koraa. presha winer bucky ongsho prayashai estater dwitiya oyaine byabohar koraa hoto baa "negosients"-err kachhe bikri koraa hoto. mishraner somoy (jemon ganjan korar somoy baa porey) esteta onusare poribortito hobey, kichhu baadir saathe jemon cheto petrus ganjan korar somoy "vinn dii presha" jog korbe jaate winer upadanguli eksathe poripoko hotey paare ebong tattikbhabe, sadharonoto arow tannic ebong phenolic presha winer kathorata hrass korey. onek bordo estater moto, basket presha abar procholito hoye utheche tobey bayusankranta niyantraner moto adhunik upadangulir saathe. mauix estater prodhan wine prostutkarokder modhye ekjon zina-clode beruette ekti ullamba basket presha design korte sahayata korechilen jaar lakkhya chhilo pomeske arow altovabe porichalona koraa ebong etty besh koyekti esteta dwara grihito hoyeche. mishela rolander prabhab ebong baiparityapurna darshan. bishwobikhyato wine prostutkarok michael roland pomerol anchale jonmogrohon korechilen ebong taanr ekti paribarik esteta royeche, jaa tini taanr stree dannyr saathe soho-malik. 1980 ebong 1990-err doshke roland jokhon janapriyata orjon korey, tokhon modd somalochok robbert parker pochonder ekti shailir sahajye, onek pomerol wine esteta anukaran korey baa poramorshodata weinmaker hisabe rolandke niyog korey "roland shaili" grohon korte shuru korey. eyi shailir modhye royeche angurke ekti deergho, bordhito jhulonto somoy deoar jonno jotota sombhob fosol cutter bilamba koraa jaate purno "sharirbrittiya paka" utpadon koraa yaay jaa foltike ekti "atirikto paka" swad ebong winer matra 14 shotangsher beshi ditey paare. chayer modhye prayashai notun oka byarelgulite bardhokyer porey macarationer ekti bordhito somoyer (3 theke 8 saptaha) modhyo diye jete hobey. err biporite, "mauix shaili" foler swade compon ebong sotejotar upor ekti premium rakhe, jekhane prayashai prothom estategulir modhye trotanoy ebong petruser moto mauix malikanadhin estateguli thaake. wine. pomerol ekhon ekchetiabhabe reeda wine utpadon korey, jodio 100 bochor agey etty prachur porimane saadaa wine utpadon koroto. merlot ekhankar sabcheye guruttopurno angur, jaa drakkhakkhetrer 80 shotangsho elaka judey royeche. jodio etty pray oporibortoniyobhabe mishrito, tobey merloter anupat 95 shotangsher moto uchchotai pouchte paare, jodio etty sadharonoto 70-80% porisore thaake. poroborti sabcheye guruttopurno angur holl cabernet franc, jaa sthaniyobhabe "leey buchet" naame porichito, jaa drakkhakkhetrer pray 15 shotangsho elaka judey thaake ebong sadharonoto mishraner 5-20%-err jonno dayee. sthaniyobhabe "presaka" naame porichito malbeck, ebong bucky bordote khub beshi ropon koraa hoy naa, etio byabohrito hoy. aboshishto onumodito angur, cabernet sovignon ebong pettit verdot, sobematro ropon koraa hoy ebong "granned vinn"-ayee khub komoi byabohrito hoy, jodio malbaker moto, eguli konao estater dwitiya oyaine uposthito hotey paare. 20 shotoker godar dike, jokhon pomeroler ekti reeda wine utpadonkari jelaay rupantar somponno hoyechilo, tokhon cabernet franc chhilo prodhan angurer jaat. tobey, 1956 saaler bosonter godar dike tusharpat cabernet franc chasher ekti borh ongshoke hotya korey ebong onek esteta eyi anusthantike uchcho follon ebong agey paka merlot diye punra roponer sujog hisabe grohon korey. phul photara somoy abhawa thhanda ebong brishti holey merloter cooler theke bhugte probonota thaka sotteo, angur druto pomerle pradhanno paay ebong eyi anchaler saathe sabcheye ghonisthobhabe jukto angur hoye utheche. taa sotteo, khub qama pomerol bishuddho merlot ebong cabernet franc ekhono tannic kathamo ebong acidityr jonno mulyaban, jaa waingulite dirghayu ebong bardhokyo sombhabona jog korte paare. prokritopokkhe, 20 shotoker shesher dike ebong ekbingsho shatabdir godar dike merlot fosol cutter probonota porey ebong kromobordhoman uchcho sharkarar matra abyahoto thakay, atirikto paka merleter samriddha kintu sombhabbo flabby prokritir bharsamyo bojay rakhte cabernet franker bhumika pomerol wine prostutkarider dwara arow beshi proshongshito hoyeche. sadharonbhabe, merlot prodhanoto kadamati matite ropon koraa hoy, onnodike cabernet franc chunapatharer outcropping ebong cabernet savignon ebong malbeck arow nudi matite ropon koraa howar sombhabona beshi. cabernet souvignoner gaachh lagano koyekti estater modhye royeche viex cheto sarton, cheto buregard, cheto sarton dii meey, cheto gazin, cheto nenin ebong cheto pettit-village. malbeck gaachh lagano estategulir modhye cheto laa concillant onnotomo. ayee. oo. shee-rawr niyamavali. pomerol holl ekchetiabhabe ekti reeda wine jaar modhye shudhumatra onumodito angurer jatguli holl merlot, cabernet franc (buchet), cabernet savignon ebong malbeck (presack). fosoler follon sorbochcho 42 hector/hector (± 2.2 tonn/ekor)-ayee seemaboddho thaake ebong somapto winer nyuntama alcohol stor kompokkhe 10.5% orjoner prayojan hoy. pomerol theke assa wineke bordo baa bordo superior ("abikrito") hisabe chinnito koraa jete paareh etty sadharonoto ghotobe jodi projojok money corren jey winety "pomerol" lebeler jogyatar jonno jotheshto uchcho maaner noy. shaili ebong bardhokyo. winer shaili "teroir"-err saathe poribortito hoy. poschime, jekhane mutty beshi balukamoy, sekhane weinguli halka hoy; dakkhine, jekhane mutty beshi nudi, sekhane merloter anupat qama, ebong weinguli medoker swader dike beshi probonota dekhay. winetike 'makhmal' baa 'aprayojaniya' hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. foler baisishtapurna swad holl plum, jaa kokhono kokhono pruner dike jhunke thaake. wine biseshoggo oz clerker motey, pomeralgulite baisishtapurna plum note chharao, modhujukto moshla, traffle, morich, chocolate, roast koraa badam ebong kishmish note krimojukto, kokhono kokhono buttery mukher anubhuti ebong suppel tannin thakte paare. muster off wine clive coats pomerolke ekti seenta-emilioner norom, motaa, mangser foll ebong medoker winer saathe jukto kathorata ebong merudonder modhye ekti "ardhek baadi" hisabe bornona korey. coats note korey jey pomeralgulite beshirbhag medoker prabhabshali "blackerant" noter tulna beshi samriddha, makhmal ebong plum note soho seenta-emilioner tulna qama "foler keeka" swad thaake. eyi samriddha folti merloter prokriti theke udbhuto hoy jaa pomeroler winegulike medoker cabernet savignon-vittik winegulir tulna qama sposhtobhabe tannic hotey deyo. wine biseshoggo ebong wine muster hiu johnsoner motey, pomeroler jonno beshirbhag bordo-rawr tulna qama boyoser prayojan hayah sadharonoto panch bochor jotheshto, ebong 12 bochor emonki sabcheye borh moder jonnou jotheshto. johnson ullekh korechen jey pomeralguli sadharonoto taader govir rongo ebong kokhono kokhono krimojukto, ghono paka-plumer swad dwara alada koraa hoy tobey uchcho acidity ebong anyanno bordo winegulir sadharan tannin chharai. chhyato. pomeroler cheto-err jonno konao sarkari shrenibibhag nei. jodio err karonti prayashai bishwa bajare pomeroler tulonamulokbhabe samprotik pradhanno hisabe bibechito hoy, emonki ekhon pomeroler wine bishwobyapi proshongsha ebong swikriti toiri korey, onek projojok ekhono money corren jey pomerol estater ekti sarkari rankinger prayojan nei. kichhu projojok, jemon chatto gaziner nicolas dii belliencourt, biswas corren jey beshirbhag birodhi khudro chashider kachh theke aase jaaraa taader wineke nikrishto boley money korey emon konao ranking theke baad deoar bhoy paay. arekjon malik wine lekhok steffen brookske bolechen jey bortoman, kromohin byabostha "majhari winegulike pomeroler sera winegulir khyati theke laav korte deyo", ebong 2002 saaler aoc lebel testing paneler folafoler dike ingito korey, nirdharan korey jey weinguli taader wine lebele aoc pomerol naam bohon korte deoa hoy kina. 2002 saal khub kathin ebong upo-samatulya modd haoya sotteo ektio wine aoc anumodan petey byartho hoyney. tobey, ekti sarkari rankinger abhab sotteo, onek wine lekhok ebong samalochakra bochorer porr bochor dhorey taader nijaswa byaktigato shrenibibhag niye esechen jaa anyanno sootro dwara uddhrito koraa hoyeche. 2001 saale, muster off wine clive coats taanr boi "ayana encyclopedia off dya wines anned domains off france"-ayee pomerol estater ekti ranking antarbhukta korechilen. khabarer mill. wine lekhok hiu johnson poramorsho diyechen jey gorur mangser phillet baa bhalbhabe jhulano venison ekti vall angshidar, biseshoto oyaine ranna koraa, tobey seii gorur mangser wellington edano uchito, kaaron pastry taluke nistez korey deyo. wine lekhok oz clerk poramorsho diyechen jey, terrin ebong petey-err moto atyanta swader gema dishgulio vall hotey paare, kaaron seguli winer tibrotar saathe melle. porjoton. pomerol nirankush gramin swader jonno suporichito jaa granned cheto ebong alangkrito sthapotter ekti teekkhno baiparitya jaa medoker onek wine estateke alada korey. emonki onek bishishto estate emon jaiga abosthito jekhane prayashai khub qama bahyik sanaktakaran soho "sadharan khamar ghor" hisabe bornona koraa hoy. bordo-rawr moto, khub qama estateri swad neoar ghor royeche ebong emonki qama sankhyak appointment chharai jonosadharoner jonno unmukto. err angshik kaaron holl pomerol winer borh ongsho "enn praimur" bikri koraa hoy, jaa fosol cutter porpori ekchetia poribeshok ebong grahokder jonno baradda koraa hoy, ebong testing rumer dorjai khub qama baa konao wine bikri koraa hoy naa.

pomerol aoc pomerol () aee french wine ugaadtu samudaay chhe aneey boardoma liborness ("jamani baaju") nee andar "appalation dii 'origin controlle" (aoc) chhe. aheen utpaadit wine mukhyatve merlotmathi aave chhe, jemaa caburnut franc sahayak bhoomika bhajve chhe. motabhagna anya bordo samudayothi vipareet, tyaan pomerolnu koee vaastavik gaam nathee, jooe keey tyaan aek church chhe. gharo drakshavadio vachche gothavvama aave chhe. chhe french sarkaar dwara aaa pradeshne sant-ammillion aneey grater liborness pradesh sivaaynaa aek alag wine pradesh tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyo hato aneey jyaare "institute national dii lae 'origin aeta dii laa kwolite" (aaee. aena. aee. oo.) dwara aee. oo. see. sansthaona pratham tarangnaa bhaag rupe aee. oo. see. noow darajjo aapvama aavyo hato. jyaare keey teey havey bordo aeoseema sauthee pratishthit paikeenu aek chhe, aaa paristhiti pramanma taajetarni chhe, jeey visamee sadeena beeja bhagma chhe, jeey ghanivaar koee pann bordo vargikaranmaa pomerolno samaavesh naa karvaanaa aek kaaran tareeke aapvama aave chhe. pomerol aee boardoma mukhya fine wine pradeshomaa sauthee naano chhe, jeey aashre trana kilometer paholo aneey 4 kilometer laambo vistaar aavari leey chhe. teey tenaa motaa jamnaa keenare aavela padoshi sant-ammillion aeoseena kadano aashre saatmo bhaag chhe aneey medokmaa sant-julien aeoseena sauthee naana daaba keenare aavela samudaayni samkaksh chhe. chhe, aoc seemaoma 784 hector drakshni velaao vavvama aavee hatee, jeey 36,066 hector (± 952,763 gaylan athavaa 400,733 cases) wine utpaadan karatee hatee. hatee pomerol lananimaa 780 hectorma 150 utpaadako jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey aek varshmaa sarerash 32,250 aech. aela. (aashre 358,333 cases) wine utpaadan karyoo hatoo. lagbhag tamaam wine estate-boatled chhe. burgandy aneey roona kheen jevaa anya french wine pradeshothi vipareet, haalmaa pomerolma koee sahakaari sansthao kaaryarat nathee. 2007 sudhimaa vaavetar karaayel hectorni sankhyaa sahej vadheene 800 hector (1980 aekar) thaee gaee hatee. hatee, pomerolma 140 ghoshit utpaadako hataa, sarerash sapaati vistaar chh hectorno hato aneey "pomerol" appalation drakshna bagichaamaa darr varshe 35,000 hectornaa sarerash utpaadan maate 800 hectorno samaavesh thaay chhe. jyaare ghanaa pomerol wine havey wine harajima aneey khangi bajaarmaa boardoni sauthee vadhu mulyankan karaayelee vargikrut vrudhdhi saathe sarkhavvama aave chhe tyaare pomerol wine koee sattavaar vargikaran nathee. jooe keey, aaa pradeshmaa aek meelkat vyaapakpane "premiere cru" nee samkaksh hovaanu manvama aave chheh cheto patrus. itihas. pomerol pradesh aneey tenee uttareey sarhad, barben nadeene aitihasik reete uttarnee sarhad manvama aavtee hatee jyaan loko langue dii 'oil aneey dakshinma jyaan teo langue dii' oak bolata hataa. pomerol pradeshmaa pratham kyaare drakshnu vaavetar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo teey barabar odakhavu mushkel hovaa chhataa, romnonaa samay darmiyan aaa vistaarmaa viticulture haajar hatoo teey darshaavvaa maate purtaa puraava chhe. tevee jaj reete "pomerol" naamnee utpatti ange anishchitataa chhe, jooe keey ketalik atkalo chhe keey teey lattin shabd "pomaa" parthee udbhave chhe jeey fala aapnaar bijno sandarbh aape chhe aneey french shabd "pome" noon mool chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe safarjan. aaa siddhaantne aaa pradeshnaa anya ghanaa paako, khaas kareene falo aneey anaaj saathe bahuutpadanna laambaa itihas dwara teko aapvama aavyo chhe, jeey viticulture praathmeek kendra banyu teey pahelaa aaa vistaarmaa ugadvama aavtu hatoo. hatoo, angrejoae lieburn shahernee sthaapnaa curry, jene pomerolnaa drakshavadionun vadhu dhyaan khenchyu hashe. jooe keey, motabhagna boardoni jaim, pomerolni wine haalnaa tarne-aeta-gaaron aneey looat-aeta-gaaron vibhagoma gaaron karataa ochhi pratishthit hatee. spainma santiago dii compostella sudhinaa mukhya tirthyaatraa maarg parr aaa vistaarnu sthaan pann nites hospitelarnaa rasne aakarshit karey chhe, jeo paachha fartaa hataa aneey crusaders keey jemane aaa pradeshmaa ghanee chhatralayo aneey hospitalo sthaapi hatee. aamaani ketalik sansthao, jaim keey ghazin hospital, jeno pratham vakhat 1288 maan ullekh karvaamaa aavyo hato, teey havey aadhunik drakshavadio aneey chateu ghazin jevee wineryni sites chhe. aaa pradeshmaa nites ghanee sadeeo sudhee rahyaa, aneey soow varshnaa yuddhthi barbad thayela drakshavadionun punsthaapan karvaamaa pann madad curry. safed winethi laalmaa sankraman. nondh aneey aneey sadimaa, dutch vepaarioae bordo bajaarmaa wine vepaar parr nondhpaatra prabhaav paadyo hato. jyaare dutch loko medoknaa bhejwala vistaarone saaf karvaa aneey kabaroni uttare jameenma viticulture maate maarg mokalo karvaa maate sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra hataa, tyaare teoae dordognena jamnaa kaanthaana samudaayone uttar europema (khaas kareene baltic aneey hansitic raajyo) bajaarni rajuaat curry hatee, jeey angreji bajaar parr bordexna bandarni pakadne bipass karatee hatee. jooe keey, dutch aneey aaa uttareey bajaarono swaad safed wine taraf vadelo hato aneey teey safed drakshni jaato hatee jeey aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan pomerolma sauthee vadhu vaavetar karvaamaa aavee hatee. laal drakshni jaato tarafnu sankraman dheemu hatoo. pomerol vistaarmaa caburnut frankna vaavetarni nondh nondh sadeeni sharuaatmaa "vidyur" aneey "bidyur" naamo hethal karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu beey soow varsh pachhi sudhee aaa vistaarmaa meralotnee rajuaat karvaamaa aavee hovaanu janaatu nathee. nathee, luis-lyonard fontmong, aek libornais "negosient", aaa pradeshmaa mairlotno pratham dastaveji daakhalo hovaanu janaay chhe teey vaavetar karyoo, aek drakshna bagichaamaa jeey havey cheto rugetno bhaag chhe. jooe keey, safed drakshni draksh draksh sadeena anta sudhee pomerolnaa drakshna bageechao parr prabhutva jaalvi raakhtee rahee, jyaare laal rangnaa lakadana unchaa bhaav aneey ghatata dutch prabhaavne kaarane laal wine utpaadan vadhu aakarshak banyu. jyaare jyaare aaa pradeshne teno sampoorn aoc darajjo malyo, tyaare aoc niyamanmaa khaas kareene pomerolma koipan safed drakshni jaatona vaavetar parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. reeda wine pradeshmaa tenaa sampoorn parivartan pachhi pann, pomerolni pratishtha haju pann medock karataa ghanee paachhal chhe. chhe witchy sarkaar dwara sharoo karaayelee tulnaatmak keematni soochima patrusne medokthee maatra madhya-starnee beejee vruddhinaa stare soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa aagaami sauthee vadhu retwali pomerol estate, viax cheto serton aneey cheto laa conceylante commanding kimmato, cheto giskers aneey cheto laa lagyun jevee triji vrudhdhi estateni saathe susangat chhe. mauiks parivaar aneey prasiddhi taraf chadata. jiina-piyare mauiks aneey temnaa parivaarne pomerolne aantarrashtriy naksha parr mukvaano vyaapak shrey aapvama aave chhe. coursenaa kendreey french vibhagma janmela mauiks potaana parivaar saathe boardex pradeshmaa rahevaa gayaa aneey saupratham boardex shaherma jaj "sanlagn" ghar kholvaano prayaas karyo. jooe keey, temane joyu keey bajaar bhaare santrupt hatoo, tethee teo nadeeni paar liborness pradeshmaa gayaa aneey aneey liborne shaherma aek sanlagn ghar kholyu. kholyu, mauikse cheto petrasnaa vishisht vechaan adheekaro hastgat karyaa. sharuaatmaa, mauikse motaabhaage belgium pomerolnaa paramparagat bajaar saathe vepaar karyo hato. jooe keey, jaim jaim mauikse meelakato khareedavaanu aneey bhaade aapvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey wine banaavvaani prakriyaa parr vadhu sarjanatmak niyantran darshaavyu, tema tema tene vishva bajaarmaa pomerolni maanyataane vistrut karvaanu sharoo karyoo. karyoo temane cheto trotenoy aneey cheto laa fluor-patrus aneey tyarbad tyarbad cheto legrange khareedhya. pachhi pachhi, mauikse patrusemaa bahumatee hisso melvyo aneey winemakingni dekhrekh aneey disha sampurnpane sambhaali leedhi. leedhi vintage mouix aneey pomerol maate aek jalvibhajak kshan hatee. majboot us dollar aneey american wine vivechak roobert aema. nee chamakati sameekshao dwara sahaay. parker, juniyar.aaa pradeshe american bajaarmaa majboot pug mookyo aneey patrus jevee vasaahatone haraji circuit parr abhutpurv kimmato sudhee pahonchadvama madad curry. patrus upraant, mauiks parivaar paase cheto laa grave, cheto lator aee pomerol aneey cheto hozanna pann chhe. aabohva aneey viticulture. jyaare pomerolni aabohva dariyai prabhaavmaa baakinaa bordo jevee jaj chhe, tyaare samudra aneey gironde nadimukhthi aaa pradeshnu antar aabohvaane medock karataa vadhu khandeey banaave chhe. aano arth aee chhe keey pomerol vadhati mosam darmiyan divasnaa unchaa aneey saanjnaa neecha taapmaan vachche vadhu dainik tapmanma tafaavat juae chhe. jyaare aaa pradeshmaa vasant darmiyan vadhu varsaad padey chhe (jeey phoolo darmiyan merlot maate samsyaaonu kaaran bunny shake chhe) tyaare "varison" pachhi unalana maheenao darmiyan ekandare nondhpaatra reete ochho varsaad padey chhe. tema chhataa, pomerolma lananinaa varsaadnu jokham haju pann chhe, khaas kareene pakvani prakriyaane lambavva maate "vistrut latkavvana" samaynee filosoofino upyog kartaa wine utpaadako maate. jyaare varsaad padey chhe tyaare teey grey sado thavaanu nondhpaatra jokham ubhoo curry shake chhe, khaas kareene bhaare maateeni jameen parr vaavetar karaayel mairlot maate jeey paanee jaalvi raakhe chhe. jyaare keey ketalik wineryo, jaim keey cheto patrus, temnaa drakshna bageechaane plasticni chaadarma aavari levaanaa majur kharchane posaay chhe jethee paanee mulmaan dooby naa jaay aneey temnaa drakshna bageechao parr farvaa maate helikoptarno upyog karey, drakshne sukavavaa maate pawan pedaa karey, darek meelkat aavaa pagalaa laee shaktee nathee. jyaare khoob jaj garam vintage (jaim keey 2003 aneey 2009) meralotmaa vadhu padatee pakvani samasyao pedaa curry shake chhe, tyaare pomerol pradesh (aneey samagr reete yogya benk) thandaa varsho (jaim keey 2006 aneey 2008) darmiyan vadhu saaru kaama karey chhe. mukhya viticultural jokhamo vasant samaynaa hiima chhe, jeey pomerol pradeshmaa vaaramvaar thaee shake chhe aneey samagr vintagene vikshepit curry shake chhe. bhugol. pomerol libernni purv aneey uttar-purvamaa tarat jaj aavelu chhe. bordexna motabhagna pratishthit samudayothi vipareet, tene koee seedhi nadeeno pravesh nathee, jeey dordognethi dakshinma shaher dwara aneey sant-ammillion dwara alag karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey dakshin-purvamaa aavelu chhe. uttar-purvamaa, "laa barben raau" naamnaa pravaahnee paar lalende-dii-pomerol aavelu chhe. teey kankarina kaanthe aavelu chhe (aek laxan jeey teey medoknaa pratishthit appalation saathe shhare karey chhe); dakshin aneey pashchim taraf, maatee vadhu retaal chhe, jyaare uttar aneey purv taraf, teey maatee taraf valan dharaave chhe. oop-maatee kaalee bharelee maatee chhe, jemaa lokhandani maatraa vadhaare hoya chhe. bhupradesh pramanma sapaat chhe aneey sahej unchaa dhholaav saathe samudra sapatithi 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) thee lagbhag 10 meater (33 foot) nee unchaiaethee neeche aave chhe. pomerolma vadhu uchch mulyankan dharaavati motabhagni vasaahato purveey adadhaa pradeshmaa, sant-ammelionni sarhad sudhee stheet chhe, jyaan mukhya grand cru class (aee) cheto chewal blanknee estetnaa drakshna bageechao ghanivaar pomerol estatemathi joee shakaay chhe. pomerolni sauthee dakshini pahonch ketyusoni vastithi aagad vistare chhe jyaare gaamnee uttare jameenma aaa pradeshnaa ketlaak shreshth kankarina kano chhe. uttarpurvmaa melaletanu gaam chhe jeey lalende-dii-pomerol, montagne-saint-ammillion aneey saint-ammelionni sarahade aavelu chhe, jeey gaammaanthi pasaar thato rasto pomerol aneey saint-ammillion vachcheni sattavaar sarhad chhe. aanaathi ketlaak kaanuni muddaao taraf doree gayaa chhe kaaran keey ketlaak drakshavadio jeey takneeki reete sant-ammelionni sarahadoni andar chhe parantu pomerol sudhee vistare chhe temne "pomerolni maanad nagrikta" aapvi puddy chhe. drakshna bagichani jameen. pomerol pradeshni jameen khoob jaj vaividhyasabhar chhe, jemaa kankari, retee aneey maateenu mishran uchchpradeshma patharaayelu chhe. aashre uttar aneey purvamaa drakshavadini jameenni vaat kareeae too, sant-ammelionni sarhadni najik vadhu maatee hoya chhe jyaare pashchim aneey dakshinma jameen hadvee aneey vadhu kankari bunny jaay chhe. jeey uchchpradesh parr pomerol aavelu chhe teey trana nadiothi gheraayelu chhe, uttarmaa barben, pashchimma iceley aneey dakshinma dordogne aneey lieburn shaher. jaim jaim bhupradesh uchchpradeshnaa dhholaav parthee neeche jaay chhe aneey aaa nadeeo taraf jaay chhe tema tema jameen vadhu kaampvaadee aneey reteeli bunny jaay chhe. pomerol uchchpradeshno motaabhaagno bhaag reteeni maatinaa marlthi banelo chhe jeey kankari saathe starbaddh chhe jeey gunzian samaygaalaa (aneey teey jaj kankari chhe jeey medock aneey graves aeoseema jovaa maley chhe) nee taarikhe chhe, neechala dhholaav parr kankari saathe libernni najik yuvan mannaa himnadi samaygaalaathi aave chhe. hadvee, reteeni jameen parnee velaao vadhu maateeni samagri dharaavati jameenni sarkhaamanimaa vahelaa paake chhe parantu temaa ochha shaktishaali fala aneey vruddhatvani kshamata pann hoya chhe. molas aneey krese dii phera. pomerolnaa pradeshmaa jeey "boutonier" (athavaa "buttonhall") tareeke varnavama aave chhe teey ananya vaadadi-clay ("molas" tareeke odakhaay chhe) nee reteeni toach parr aaveli chhe jeey lokhandani thapanothi samruddh chhe jene "cress dii phera" athavaa "matchefer" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. aaa maatra 20 hector (50 aekar) noow aek naano pradesh chhe jeey baakini pomerolma jovaa malatee jameenni khoob jaj asamanya chhe, parantu kaaran keey cheto patrusnee jaaniti estetnaa drakshna bagichaamaa aaa adadhaathi vadhu hectorma vaavetar karvaamaa aave chhe, saheetyma wine parr tenaa prabhaavni ghanee charcha karvaamaa aavee chhe. anya drakshna bageechao keey jemaa aaa "boottoniyar" parr ochhama ochhu thodu vaavetar karvaamaa aave chhe temaa cheto laa concillent, cheto lae 'avangil, cheto laflair, cheto ghazin, cheto trotenoy, cheto clinnet, cheto leey geey, cheto haat ferrand aneey viax cheto certanno samaavesh thaay chhe. katherine mauiksna janaavya anusaar, lokhandani rangeen reteena "clinkers" violets aneey trufflesnee sugandh umere chhe, jyaare viax chetonaa alexander theanpont kahe chhe keey tenaa fayada vadhu viticultural chhe, velaani shaktee aneey ateeshay pandadani vrudhdhine maryadit karvaamaa. jooe keey, cheto patrus saathe tenaa jodaan chhataa, pomerolma darek wine utpaadak temnee meelkat parr "cress dii phera" hovaana gunonee prashansa kartaa nathee. cheto lae 'aglis-kleenetnaa dennis durantau maane chhe keey lokhandthi samruddh jameen khoob abhedhya chhe jethee velaaona mool jameenma undanpurvak neeche aavee shake, jeey ghanivaar uchch gunvattaani "teroir" saathe sankalaayelu laxan chhe. teey potaani meelkat aneey anya vasaahato parr jeey teey salah leey chhe tenaa parnee kroor pattaao todvaanu kaama curry rahyo chhe. durantau aevu pann maane chhe keey vaadadi-maatee "butonier" neey aabhaari ghanaa fayada "cress dii phera" sivaay astitva dharaave chhe, etale keey shushk varshomaa bhej jaalvi rakhvani aneey shareer aneey shaktini wine utpann karvaanee maateeni kshamata, aneey nondhe chhe keey patrusnee uttarpashchimma stheet lokhandani thaapan vinaa aaa vaadadi-maatino beejo "butonier" chhe. aaa beeja "butonier" parr ochhama ochhu ketlaak vaavetar saathe drakshna bagichaoma cheto lae 'aglis-clinnet, cheto trotenoy, cheto close lae' aglis, cheto laa kebaane aneey cheto nenin chhe. winemaking. hakeekatma sadeena motabhagna samay maate, pomerolni wine banaavvaani shaileeo bordo oenologist emil paynoud university aneey medokmaa caburnet savignon draksh parr temnaa kaamthee prabhaavit hatee. jyaare panoudni takneeko medokmaa motaa bhaage safal rahee hatee, tyaare teo hammesha pomerolma saaree reete anuvaadit thataa naa hataa. aaa pradesh maatra aek alag draksh saathe kaama karato naa hato, parantu viveedh maateeni paristhitio saathe pann kaama karato hato jeey thandee hatee (ekandar garam aabohva hovaa chhataa). aaa aabohvama caburnut savignon saaree reete paakyu naa hatoo parantu daabi bajuae caburnut savignonni jaim jaj khaandnaa stare lanani karvaamaa aavtee mairlot draksh ochhi pakela swaad aneey "haard wine" noon utpaadan karashe. teey teey daaykaa sudhee nahotu jyaare vadhu pomerol utpadakoae "yogya benk" takneeko vikasaavvaanu sharoo karyoo, jemaa mairlot drakshne vadhu sampoorn reete pakavvaa maate vistrut latkaavaano samay saamel chhe, keey jeey aaje pomerol wine saathe sankalaayelee shailee vikaseet thaee chhe. motabhagna wine pradeshoni jaim, wine banaavvaani shailee winemaker aneey vintage dwara badalaay chhe. saamanya reete, ghanaa pomerol winemakers 15 thee 21 divasni mackersion practices karey chhe aneey jyaare wine sampoorn shushktaa sudhee pahonche tyaare presa karey chhe. wine lagbhag hammesha melolectic aathomathi pasaar thaay chhe. wine bottle aneey release pahelaa bereekma 18 thee 20 maheena sudhee vruddhatva praapt thashe. pomerolma mukt reete pivama aavtee wine alag karvaanee aneey vintagena aadhare jaroori "winn dii prese" naa pramanma mishran karvaanee parampara rahee chhe. baakini presa wine upyog ghanivaar estetnaa beeja winema karvaamaa aavto hato athavaa "negosients" neey vechvaamaa aavto hato. mishranno samay (jaim keey aatho darmiyan athavaa pachhi) estate anusaar badalashe, jemaa ketlaak gharo jaim keey cheto patrus aatho darmiyan "winn dii prese" umerashe jethee wine ghatako eksaathe paripakva thaee shake aneey saiddhaantik reete, saamanya reete vadhu tennic aneey phenolic presa wine kathortaa ghataadi shakaay. ghanaa bordo estateni jaim, basket presa pharii prachaleet thaee gayoo chhe parantu vaayuyukt niyantrano jevaa aadhunik tatvo saathe. mauiks estate maate mukhya winemakersmana aek jiina-klaud beruetae pomesane vadhu narmashthi sambhalvana hetuthi oobhi basket presnee rachnaa karvaamaa madad curry aneey aaney ghanee estate dwara apnavvama aavee chhe. mishel rollandno prabhaav aneey virodhabhasi filosoofi. vishva vikhyaat winemaker mishel rolandno janm pomerol pradeshmaa thayo hato aneey tenee paase aek paarivaarik estate chhe, jeey tenee patnee denny saathe saha-maliki dharaave chhe. 1980 aneey aneey daykama rollandnu pradhanya vadhatu gayoo, wine vivechak roobert parkerni tarfen karatee shailee dwara sahaayit, ghanaa pomerol wine estatemaa anookaran dwara athavaa salaahkaar winemaker tareeke rollandne bhaade rakheene "rolland shailee" apnaavvaanu sharoo karyoo. aaa shailima drakshne sampoorn "shaaririk paak" utpann karvaa maate laambo samay aapvaa maate shakya tetalo veelamb karvo, vistrut samay aapvo, jeey falne "vadhu pakela" swaad aneey daarunaa starne 14 takaathi vadhu aapee shake chhe. chaaima ghanivaar navaa oak beralmaa vruddhatva pachhi mackeration (3 thee 8 athvadiya) naa vistrut samaygalamathi pasaar thavu aavashyak chhe. tenaathi vipareet, "mauiks shailee" falonaa swaadma compan aneey tajgi parr bhaar mooke chhe, jemaa trotenoy aneey patrus jevee mauiks malikini estate ghanivaar pasand karvaa maate pratham estatemaa hoya chhe. wine. pomerol havey fakt reeda wine utpaadan karey chhe, jooe keey 100 varsh pahelaa teey safed rangnu aek motoo pramaan utpann karatu hatoo. mairlot aheeno sauthee mahatvapurn draksh chhe, jeey drakshna bagichaanaa 80 takaa vistaar maate jawabdar chhe. jooe keey teey lagbhag nishchitpane mishreet hoya chhe, meralotnu pramaan 95 takaa jetalu unchu pahonchi shake chhe, jooe keey teey saamanya reete 70-80% shreneema hoya chhe. aagaami sauthee mahatvapurn draksh caburnut frank chhe, jeey sthaaneek reete "leey buchet" tareeke odakhaay chhe, jeey drakshna bagichaanaa aashre 15 takaa vistaar maate jawabdar chhe aneey saamanya reete mishrannaa 5-20% maate jawabdar chhe. malback, jeey sthaaneek reete "presak" tareeke odakhaay chhe, aneey baakinaa boardoma vadhu vaavetar karvaamaa aavtu nathee, teno pann upyog thaay chhe. baakini manjuriwali draksh, caburnet savignon aneey pattit verdot, bhagye jaj vaavetar karvaamaa aave chhe aneey bhagye jaj "grand winn" maan upyogmaa levaay chhe, joke, malbekni jaim, teo estetnaa beeja winema dekhai shake chhe. hakeekatma sadeeni sharuaatmaa, jaim jaim pomerolnu reeda wine utpaadak jeellama sankraman purn thayu, caburnut frank drakshni prabal vividhataa hatee. jooe keey, keey vasantrutunaa praarambhmaa himvarshaae caburnut franc vaavetarnaa motaa bhagne maaree nakhyo hato aneey ghanee vasahatoae aaa ghatanaane vadhu upaj aneey agau pakela mairlot saathe punah vaavetar karvaanee taka tareeke leedhi hatee. jooe havaman thandaa hoya aneey phoolo darmiyan varsaad hoya too meralotnee koolarthi pidavani vrutti hovaa chhataa, draksh zadapthi pomerolma pradhanyma aavee aneey aaa pradesh saathe sauthee najikthi sankalaayel draksh bunny gaee chhe. tema chhataa, khoob ochha pomerols shuddh mairlot chhe aneey caburnut franc haju pann tennic maalakhu aneey teey aape chhe teey acidity maate mulyavaan chhe, jeey winema laambaa aayushya aneey vruddhatvani sambhavna umeree shake chhe. hakeekatma, hakeekatma sadeena antamaa aneey aneey sadeeni sharuaatmaa lananinaa mairlot tarafnaa valan pachhithi aneey vadhune vadhu uchch khaandnaa stare chaalu rahyu hovathi, vadhu padata pakela meralotnee samruddh parantu sambhaveet reete naram prakrutine santulit karvaamaa caburnut franknee bhoomika pomerol winemakers dwara vadhu prashansa karvaamaa aavee chhe. saamanya reete, mairlot mukhyatve maateeni jameen parr vaavetar karvaamaa aave chhe jyaare caburnut frank chunaanaa pattharo aneey caburnut savignan aneey vadhu kankariwali jameenma ropvaamaa aavela malback parr vaavetar thavaani shakyata vadhu hoya chhe. caburnet savignonna vaavetar saatheni ketalik vasahatoma viax cheto serton, cheto beuregard, cheto serton dii meey, cheto ghazin, cheto nenin aneey cheto pattit-village chhe. cheto laa concillent aee malbekna vavetarvali vasaahatomaanu aek chhe. aoc niyamo. pomerol aee fakt aek reeda wine chhe jemaa aoc wine maate maatra parvangi aapvama aaveli drakshni jaato mairlot, caburnet frank (buchet), caburnet savignon aneey malback (presek) chhe. paaknee upaj mahattam 42 hector/hector (± 2.2 tunn/aekar) sudhee maryadit chhe, jemaa taiyar wine ochhama ochhu 10.5% naa alcohole starne praapt karvaanee jaroor chhe. pomerolmathi wine bordo athavaa bordo superior ("vargikrut") tareeke label curry shakaay chheh aaa saamanya reete tyaare thashe jyaare utpadakne laage keey wine "pomerol" lablene laayak banaavvaa maate purtaa uchch dhoranni naa hatee. shaileeo aneey vruddhatva. wine shailee "teroir" saathe badalaay chhe. pashchimma, jyaan maatee vadhu reteeli hoya chhe, tyaan wine hadvaa hoya chhe; dakshinma, jyaan maatee vadhu kankari hoya chhe, tyaan meralotnu pramaan ochhu hoya chhe, aneey wine medoknaa swaad taraf vadhu valan dharaave chhe. wine 'makhmali' athavaa 'aprachalit' tareeke varnavama aavee chhe. lakshaneek falno swaad plum chhe, jeey ketalikvaar prune taraf valelu hoya chhe. wine nishnaat oz clarknaa janaavya anusaar, pomerolsmaa lakshaneek plum notes upraant, madhvaalu masala, truffles, papermint, chocolate, shekela badaam aneey creamy saathe kismissni nondho, ketalikvaar butterary mouthfiel aneey supple tennin hoi shake chhe. master off wine clive coats pomerolsne sant-ammelionna naram, bharaavdaar, maansnaa fala aneey medoknee wine saathe sankalaayel karaksar aneey karodrajju vachche "adadhaa ghar" tareeke varnave chhe. coats nondhe chhe keey motabhagna medokmaa prabal "black current" notsnee sarkhaamanimaa pomerolsmaa vadhu samruddh, makhmali aneey plum notes saathe saint-ammillion karataa ochha "fruitcakey" swaad hoya chhe. aaa samruddh fala merlotnaa svabhavmathi udbhave chhe jeey pomerolni wine medoknee cabnet savignon-aadharit wine karataa ochhi spasht reete tennic hovani manjuri aape chhe. wine nishnaat aneey wine master hyug johnsonna janaavya anusaar, pomerolne motabhagna bordo karataa ochhi vruddhatvani jaroor padey chheh paanch varsh saamanya reete puratu hoya chhe, aneey 12 varsh sauthee bhavya vintage maate pann puratu hoya chhe. johnson nondhe chhe keey pomerols saamanya reete temnaa undaa rung aneey ketalikvaar creamy, kendrit pakela-plumnaa swaad dwara alag padey chhe parantu uchch acidity aneey tennin vinaa jeey anya bordo wine lakshanikta chhe. chattox. pomerolnaa cheto maate koee sattavaar vargikaran nathee. jyaare aanun kaaran ghanivaar vishva bajaarmaa pomerolni pramanma taajetarni prasiddhi tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare pomerolni wine vishvbharma prashansa aneey maanyata pedaa karey chhe, ghanaa utpaadako haju pann maane chhe keey pomerol estetnaa sattavaar rankingni jaroor nathee. ketlaak utpaadako, jaim keey cheto ghazinna nicolas dii ballioncourt, maane chhe keey motabhagna veerodh naana utpaadako tarafthi chhe jeo dartaa hoya chhe keey temnee wine halkee gunvattaavaadi ganvaamaa aave chhe. anya aek malike wine lekhak stephen brookne kahyoo keey vartmaan, biin-kramaankit pranali "saamanya wine pomerolni shreshth wine pratishthathi nafo karvaanee manjuri aape chhe", aneey 2002 aoc label testing panelnaa parinaamo taraf dhyaan doryu, jeey nakki karey chhe keey wine temnaa wine label parr aoc pomerol naam rakhvani manjuri chhe keey qema. 2002 khoob jaj mushkel aneey petaa-samaan vintage hovaa chhataa aek pann wine aoc manjuri melavaamaa nishfal rahee nathee. jooe keey, sattavaar rankingno abhaav hovaa chhataa, ghanaa wine lekhako aneey vivechako varshothi temnaa potaana vyaktigat vargikaran saathe aavyaa chhe jeey anya stroto dwara tankvama aavyaa chhe. chhe, wine clive kotsana masterae temnaa pustak "aena encyclopedia off dhaa wine anned domens off france" maan pomerol estateni rankingno samaavesh karyo hato. khoraak mela khaay chhe. wine lekhak hyug johnasne soochavyu chhe keey gomaansnee phillet athavaa saaree reete latkaavelu venison aek saaro bhagidar chhe, khaas kareene winema randhvama aave chhe, parantu gomaansnee wellington taalvi joiae, kaaran keey pastry taalvaane manda karey chhe. wine lekhak oz clarke soochavyu chhe keey atyant swadwali ramatnee vaangeeo, jaim keey terrin aneey pete pann saaree hoi shake chhe, kaaran keey teey wine tivrataa saathe mela khaay chhe. pravaasan. pomerol namr graameen swaad maate jaanitu chhe jeey bhavya shaito aneey alankrut sthaapatyathi teevra virodhabhas chhe jeey medoknaa ghanaa wine estatene alag paade chhe. ghanee pratishthit vasaahato pann aevee chhe keey jene ghanivaar "saral pharma house" tareeke varnavama aave chhe, jemaa khoob ochhi baahy odakh hoya chhe. motabhagna boardoni jaim, bahoo ochhi vasahatoma swaadnaa oradaao chhe aneey tenaathi pann ochha loko nimanook vinaa jaaher janata maate khulla chhe. aanun anshatah kaaran aee chhe keey pomerol wine moto hisso "aena praimur" tareeke vechvaamaa aave chhe, jeey lanani pachhi toonk samayma vishisht vitarako aneey graahakone falavvama aave chhe, aneey swaad khandnaa darvaja dwara vechvaa maate bahoo ochho athavaa koee wine chhodvama aavto nathee.

pomerol aoc pomerol () ack francisi sharaab ugaane vaalaa samudaay haye aur bordo mein liborness ("raait baink") key bheetar "appellation dee 'origin controlle" (aoc) haye. yahaan utpaadit sharaab mukhya roop seey merlot seey hoti haye jisamen cabernet frank sahayak bhoomika nibhaata haye. adhikansh anya bordo samudaay key vipareet, pomerol kaa koee vaastavik gaanv naheen haye, haalaanki ack church haye. ghar daakh kii bariyon key beach sthaapit hain. iss kshetra koo 1923 mein francisi sarkaar dwara sent-ammelion aur grater liborness kshetra key alawa ack alag sharaab kshetra key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee aur 1936 mein "institute national dee ell origin aitt dee laa qualite" (inao) dwara aoc pratishthanon kii pahali lahar key hisse key roop mein aoc kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa. jabaki yeh abb bordo aoc mein seey sabse pratishthit mein seey ack haye, yeh sthiti apekshaakrit haal kii haye, joe beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh kii haye, jise aksar ack kaaran key roop mein diyaa jaataa haye kii pomerol koo kissy bhee bordo vargeekaran mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye. pomerol bordo mein pramukh maheen sharaab kshetron mein sabse chhota haye, joe lagbhag teen kilometres chauda aur 4 kilometres lamba kshetra haye. yeh apane bahut badey daahine tata key padosi sant-emilion aoc key aakar kaa lagbhag satwan hissa haye aur medok mein sant-juuliyan aoc key sabse chhote baaen tata key samudaay key barabar haye. 1998 mein, aoc seemaon key bheetar 784 hectare mein angur kii belein lagaai gaeen, joe 36,066 hectare (± 952,763 gallen yaa 400,733 mamle) sharaab kaa utpaadan karati theen. 2003 mein pomerol kataai mein 150 ghoshit utpaadak they joe 780 hectare they aur ack varsh mein ausatan 32,250 aich. ell. (lagbhag 358,333 mamle) sharaab kaa utpaadan karate they. lagbhag sabhi sharaab sampatti-bottle haye. anya francisi sharaab kshetron key vipareet, jaise kii bargandi aur rone ghaati, vartamaan mein pomerol mein koee sahakaari samitiyaan kaam naheen curr rahee hain. 2007 taka, lagaae gaye hectare kii sankhya thodi badhkar 800 hectare (1980 ekad) hoe gaee thee. 2009 mein, pomerol mein 140 ghoshit utpaadak they, jinka ausat satah kshetra chhah hectare thaa aur "pomerol" appellation key daakh kii baari mein prati varsh 35,000 hectare key ausat utpaadan key liye 800 hectare shamil haye. jabaki kaee pomerol wine abb wine nilami mein bahut adhik keematen praapt karate hain aur niji bajar mein bordo key sabse uchch mulyankan vaale vargeekrit vikas key barabar, pomerol wine kaa koee aadhikarik vargeekaran naheen haye. haalaanki, iss kshetra mein ack sampatti haye joe vyaapak roop seey "pramukh cru" key barabar haih chatto patrus. itihas. pomerol kshetra aur isaki uttari seema, barben nadee koo aitihaasik roop seey uttar key beach kii seema maanaa jaataa thaa jahan loga bhasha dee 'oil aur dakshin mein bhasha dee' oc bolate they. halanki yeh pataa lagaana mushkil haye kii pomerol kshetra mein pahali baar kaba angur lagaae gaye they, yeh dikhaane key liye paryaapt saboot hain kii romanon key samay key dauran iss kshetra mein viticulture maujood thaa. isi tarah "pomerol" naam kii utpatti key baare mein anishchitata haye, halanki kuchh atkalen hain kii yeh lattin shabd "poma" seey nikla haye joe ack phal dene vaale beej koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur francisi shabd "pome" kii utpatti haye, jiska arth haye seb. iss siddhant koo kaee anya fasalon, vishesh roop seey falon aur anaaj key saath polyculture key kshetra key lambe itihas dwara samarthit kiya jaataa haye, joe viticulture key praathamik kendra banane seey bahut pahale iss kshetra mein ugaaya jaa rhaa thaa. 1270 mein, angrejon ney lieburn shahar kii sthaapana kii, jisane pomerol key daakh kii bariyon koo vyaapak dhyaan mein laaya hoga. haalaanki, adhikansh bordo kii tarah, pomerol kii sharaab vartamaan mein tarne-aitt-garon aur lott-aitt-garon key vibhagon mein garon kii tulanaa mein cumm pratishthit thee. spen mein santigo dee compostella key pramukh teerth maarg key saath kshetra key sthaan ney bhee shurveeron key hospitler kii ruchi koo aakarshit kiya, joe vaapas aaa rahey crusader they jinhone iss kshetra mein kaee chhatrawas aur aspatal sthaapit kiye. inmein seey kaee pratishthaan, jaise kii ghazin aspatal, jiska pahali baar 1288 mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, abb aadhunik daakh kii bariyon aur winery jaise kii chatto ghazin key sthal hain. shurveer kaee shataabdiyon taka iss kshetra mein baney rahey, yahaan taka kii una daakh kii bariyon koo phir seey lagaane mein bhee madad kii joe sou saal key yuddh seey tabah hoe gaye they. safed sharaab seey laal mein sankraman. 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi mein, dutch vyapariyon ney bordo bajar mein sharaab key vyaapaar parr kaafee prabhaav daala. jabaki dutch loga medok key daldal koo nikaalane aur kabron key uttar mein bhoomi mein viticulture kaa maarg prashast karane key liye sabse ullekhaniya they, unhone uttari europe mein (vishesh roop seey baltic aur hansiatic raajyon) dordogne key daahine kinare key samudaay koo ack bajar kii peshkash kii, joe angreji bajar parr bordo key bandargah kii pakad koo darkinar kartaa thaa. haalaanki, dutch aur inn uttari baajaron kaa swaad safed sharaab kii or jhukata haye aur yeh safed angur kii kismein theen joe iss avadhi key dauran pomerol mein sabse vyaapak roop seey lagaai gaee theen. laal angur kii kismon mein sankraman dheema thaa. pomerol kshetra mein cabernet frank key ropan koo 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein "vidyur" aur "bidure" key naam seey darj kiya gayaa thaa, lekin aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii dou sou saal baad taka iss kshetra mein merlot kii shuruat naheen hui thee. 1760 mein, luis-lyonard fontmong, ack liborness "negoscient", ney ack daakh kii baari mein joe abb cheto roojet kaa hissa haye, iss kshetra mein merlot kaa pahala pralekhit udaaharan prateet hotaa haye, usey lagaaya. haalaanki, safed sharaab key angur 19 veen shatabdi key anta taka pomerol key daakh kii bariyon parr haavi rahey jaba laal clarets kii uchch kimaton aur ghatate dutch prabhaav ney laal sharaab key utpaadan koo adhik aakarshak banaa diyaa. jaba 1936 mein iss kshetra koo poorna aoc kaa darja milaa, tou aoc viniyaman ney vishesh roop seey pomerol mein kissy bhee safed angur kii kismon key ropan koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. redd wine kshetra mein isake poorna parivartan key baad bhee, pomerol kii pratishtha abhee bhee medok seey bahut peechhe haye. 1943 kii ack tulanaatmak moolya soochi jise witchy sarkaar dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa, ney patrus koo kewal mid-tear doosari vriddhi key star parr soochibaddh kiya, jisamen agale uchchatam rated pomerol estate, viex cheto serton aur cheto laa concillent jaise teesare vikas estate key anuroop keematen shamil theen. moix parivaar aur pramukhta kii or badhana. jeane-piyare moix aur unake parivaar koo vyaapak roop seey pomerol koo "antarrashtriya maanchitra parr" rakhane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. correz key kendriya francisi vibhaag mein janme, moix apane parivaar key saath bordo kshetra mein chaley gaye aur pahale bordo shahar mein hii ack "negoscient" ghar kholane kaa prayaas kiya. haalaanki, unhone paaya kii bajar bahut adhik santript thaa, isaliye vaha nadee key paar liborness kshetra mein chaley gaye aur 1937 mein liborne shahar mein ack negoscient house khola. 1945 mein, moix ney cheto patrus key vishesh bikri adhikaar hassil curr liye. sabse pahale, moix kaa jyaadaatar karobar belgium mein pomerol key paaramparik bajar key saath hotaa thaa. haalaanki, jaise hii moix ney sampattiyon koo kharidana aur patte parr denaa shuru kiya aur wine banaane kii prakriya parr adhik rachanaatmak niyantran kaa pradarshan kiya, unhone vishva bajar mein pomerol kii maanyata kaa vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa. 1953 mein unhone 1959 mein cheto trotanoy aur cheto laa fluor-patrus khareede, jisake baad cheto lagrange ney 1959 mein kharida. phir 1964 mein, moix ney patrus mein bahumat hissedari hassil kii aur winemaking kii dekhrekh aur disha koo poori tarah seey sambhal liya. 1982 kaa wintage moix aur pomerol key liye ack mahatvapurna kshan thaa. ack majboot americi dollar aur americi sharaab aalochak robbert aim kii chamakati sameekshaon dwara sahaayata praapt. parker, junier.iss kshetra ney americi bajar mein ack majboot pair jamaa liya aur nilami paripath parr abhootpoorv kimaton taka patrus jaisi sampattiyon koo aage badhaane mein madad kii. patrus key alawa, moix parivaar key paas cheto laa grave, cheto lataur aeye pomerol aur cheto hosanna bhee hain. jalavaayu aur viticulture. jabaki pomerol kii jalavaayu motey taur parr samudri prabhaav mein baaki bordo key samaan haye, samudra aur gironde muhaane seey kshetra kii doori jalavaayu koo medok kii tulanaa mein spasht roop seey adhik mahadvipiya banaati haye. iska matlab haye kii pomerol badhate mausam key dauran dinn key uchch aur shaam key nimn star key beach adhik dainik tapman bhinnata dekhta haye. jabaki iss kshetra mein vasant key dauran adhik varsha hoti haye (joe foolon key dauran marlot key liye samasya paida curr sakati haye) "veraisan" key baad garmiyon key maheenon key dauran kull milakar kaafee cumm varsha hoti haye. phir bhee, pomerol mein fasal kii barish kaa khatra abhee bhee maujood haye, vishesh roop seey wine nirmaataon key liye joe pakane kii prakriya koo lamba karane key liye "vistaarit latakane" key darshan kaa upayog karate hain. jaba barish hoti haye tou yeh dhusar sadaandh kaa ack mahatvapurna jokhim paida curr sakata haye, vishesh roop seey bhaari mitty kii mitty parr lagaae gaye marlot key liye joe paani koo banaae rakhta haye. jabaki kuchh winery, jaise kii cheto patrus, apane daakh kii baari koo plastic kii chaadar mein dhakane kii shram laagat wahan curr sakate hain taaki paani koo jadon mein bhigone seey rokaa jaa sakey aur apane daakh kii bariyon parr mandaraane key liye helicopters kaa upayog kiya jaa sakey, jisase angur koo sookhane key liye havaa paida hoe sakey, harr sampatti iss tarah key upaay naheen curr sakati haye. jabaki bahut germ wintage (jaise 2003 aur 2009) merlot mein adhik pakepan kii samasyaaen paida curr sakate hain, pomerol kshetra (aur poore key roop mein sahee baink) thhande varshon (jaise 2006 aur 2008) key dauran behtar pradarshan kartaa haye. mukhya viticultural khatare vasant key samay key paale hain, joe pomerol kshetra mein aksar hoe sakate hain aur poore wintage koo baadhit curr sakate hain. bhugol. pomerol lieburn key poorv aur uttar-poorv mein sthit haye. bordo key adhikansh sabse pratishthit samudaay key vipareet, isaki koee seedhi nadee pahunch naheen haye, joe shahar dwara dakshin mein dordogne seey alag kiya jaa rhaa haye aur sent-ammelion dwara, joe dakshin-poorv mein sthit haye. uttar-poorv mein, "laa barbane raau" naamak ack dhaara key paar landland-dee-pomerol sthit haye. yeh ack bajari key kinare parr khadaa haye (ack visheshta joe yeh medock key pratishthit upakhyanon key saath saajha karati haye); dakshin aur paschim kii or, mitty adhik retili haye, jabaki uttar aur poorv kii or, yeh mitty kii or jaati haye. upa-mitty gahare rung kii mitty haye, jisamen lohe kii matra adhik hoti haye. yeh ilaka apekshaakrit sapaat haye aur thodi see lahardaar dhalaanen hain joe samudra tala seey 2 kilometres (1.2 meal) seey lagbhag 10 meater (33 feat) kii oonchaai parr 35-40 meater (115-130 feat) kii oonchaai seey girati hain. pomerol mein adhikansh uchch shreni kii sampadaaen purvi aadhe kshetra mein sent-emilion kii seema taka sthit hain, jahan pramukh grand cru class (aeye) cheto cheval blanck kii sampatti key daakh kii baariyan aksar pomerol sampadaon seey dekhi jaa sakati hain. pomerol kii sabse dakshini pahunch catuso key gaanv seey aage taka faili hui haye jabaki gaanv key uttar mein mitty mein iss kshetra key kuchh behtareen bajari key kann hain. poorvottar mein maillet kaa gaanv haye joe layland-dee-pomerol, monten-sent-emilion aur sent-emilion key aoc kii seema seey lagata haye, jisamen gaanv seey gujarane vaali sadak pomerol aur sent-emilion key beach kii aadhikarik seema haye. isake kaaran kuchh kanuni mudde saamane aae hain kyonki kuchh daakh kii baariyan takniki roop seey sant-ammelion kii seemaon key bheetar hain lekin pomerol taka faili hui hain jinhen "pomerol kii maanad nagrikta" pradaan kii jaani haye. daakh kii baari kii mitty. pomerol kshetra kii mitty bahut vividh haye jisamen pathaar mein bikhare hue bajari, rait aur mitty kaa mishran haye. motey taur parr uttar aur poorv mein daakh kii baari kii mitty, sant-ammelion kii seema key karib adhik mitty hoti haye jabaki paschim aur dakshin mein mitty halki aur adhik bajari hoe jaati haye. jiss pathaar parr pomerol sthit haye, usaki seemaaen teen nadiyon seey lagati hain, uttar mein barben, paschim mein aail aur dakshin mein dordogne aur liborne shahar. jaise-jaise bhoobhaag pathaar kii dhalanon seey neeche kii or badhata haye aur inn nadiyon kii or mitty adhik jalodh aur retili hoe jaati haye. pomerol pathaar kaa adhikansh hissa retili mitty key maarl seey banaa haye joe bajari key saath paratit haye joe gunzian kaal kii haye (aur vahee bajari haye joe medok aur grave aoc mein paaee jaati haye), nichali dhalanon parr bajari key saath yuva mindale glaciation avadhi seey lieburn key karib aatee haye. halki, retili mitty parr belein adhik mitty vaali mitty kii tulanaa mein pahale puck jaati hain, lekin unamen cumm shaktishali phal aur umr badhane kii kshamata bhee hoti haye. molase aur kraase dee fair. pomerol key kshetra key bheetar vaha haye jise advitiya neeli-mitty (jise "molas" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key "boutonier" (yaa "buttonhole") key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe lohe key bhandar seey bharpur rait key baind key oopar baithaa haye jise "crass dee fair" yaa "mashafer" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh kewal lagbhag 20 hectare (50 ekad) kaa ack chhota saa kshetra haye joe baaki pomerol mein paaee jaane vaali mitty kaa bahut hii asamanya haye, lekin kyonki cheto patrus kii prasiddh sampatti key daakh kii baari inn hectare key aadhe seey adhik hisse mein lagaai jaati haye, sharaab parr isake prabhaav kii saahitya mein bahut charcha kii gaee haye. anya daakh kii baariyan jinamen iss "boutonier" parr cumm seey cumm kuchh ropan haye, unamen cheto laa concillent, cheto ll 'avangile, cheto laflur, cheto ghazin, cheto trotanoy, cheto clanet, cheto leey gey, cheto haat ferrand aur viex cheto serton shamil hain. catherine moix key anusaar lohe kii rangeen rait key "clinker" violets aur truffles kii sugandh jodate hain jabaki viex cheto certain key alekjendar thianpont kaa kahana haye kii isake laabh adhik viticultural hain, joe bell key josh aur atyadhik patte key vikas koo seemit karate hain. haalaanki, cheto patrus key saath isake judaav key bavjood, pomerol mein harr sharaab utpaadak apani sampatti parr "cross dee fair" honey key gunon kii prashansa naheen kartaa haye. chatto ell 'aglis-clanet key dennis duranto kaa maanana haye kii loha yukt mitty bahut abhedya haye jisase belon kii jadein mitty mein gaharaai seey utarane detee hain, joe aksar uchch gunavatta vaale "teroir" seey judee ack visheshta haye. vaha apani sampatti aur anya sampattiyon parr maadak baind koo todane key liye kaam curr rhaa haye, jahaan vaha paramarsh kartaa haye. duranto kaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii neele-mitty "boutonier" key liye jimmedaar kaee laabh "crass dee fair" key alawa maujood hain, arthaat sookhe varshon mein namee banaae rakhane aur shareer aur shakti kii sharaab kaa utpaadan karane kii mitty kii kshamata, aur nott kartaa haye kii patrus key uttar-paschim mein sthit lohe key bhandar key binaa iss neele-mitty kaa doosara "boutonier" haye. iss dusare "boutonier" parr cumm seey cumm kuchh ropan key saath daakh kii bariyon mein cheto ell 'aglis-clanet, cheto trotanoy, cheto close ell' aglis, cheto laa caben aur cheto nenin hain. winemaking. 20veen shatabdi key adhikansh samay key liye, pomerol kii wine banaane kii shailiyaan bordo oenologist emil paynoud vishvavidyalaya aur medok mein caburnet savignan angur parr unake kaam seey prabhaavit theen. jabaki paynoud kii takneeken medock mein kaafee hudd taka safal raheen, way hamesha pomerol mein achchi tarah seey anuvaad naheen karati theen. yeh kshetra naa kewal ack alag angur key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa, balki vibhinn mitty kii sthitiyon key saath bhee kaam curr rhaa thaa joe thhandi thee (samagr germ jalavaayu key bavjood). iss jalavaayu mein cabernet savignan achchi tarah seey naheen pakata thaa, lekin marallot angur koo usee cheeni key star parr kaataa jaa rhaa thaa joe kii baaen kinare parr cabernet savignan key roop mein cumm pakey hue swaad aur "haard wine" kaa utpaadan kartaa thaa. yeh 1980 key dashak taka naheen thaa jaba adhik pomerol utpadakon ney "sahee baink" takneekon kaa vikas karna shuru kiya, jisamen merlot angur koo aur adhik poori tarah seey pakaane key liye vistaarit latakane kaa samay shamil thaa, kii aaj pomerol wine seey judee shally vikasit hui. adhikansh sharaab kshetron kii tarah, wine banaane kii shally weinmaker aur wintage dwara bhinn hoti haye. samanya taur parr, kaee pomerol weinmaker 15 seey 21 dinon key mackeration kaa abhyaas karate hain aur jaba sharaab poori tarah seey sookh jaati haye tou press karate hain. sharaab lagbhag hamesha malolactic kinwan seey gujarati haye. sharaab koo bottle mein daalane aur chhodane seey pahale 18 seey 20 maheene taka purani sharaab mill jaayegi. pomerol mein parampara rahee haye kii mukt sharaab koo alag kiya jaae aur puraane key aadhar parr "winn dee presse" key anupaat mein vaapas milaaya jaae. baaki press wine kaa upayog aksar estate kii doosari wine mein kiya jaataa thaa yaa "negocient" koo becha jaataa thaa. mishran kaa samay (jaise kinwan key dauran yaa baad mein) kuchh gharon key saath estate key anusaar bhinn hoga jaise kii shatto patrus kinwan key dauran "winn dee presse" jodate hue taaki sharaab key ghatakon koo ack saath paripakva honey diyaa jaa sakey aur, saiddhaantik roop seey, aam taur parr adhik tannic aur phenolic press wine kii kathorta koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. kaee bordo estates kii tarah, basket press phir seey prachalan mein aaa gayaa haye lekin vaayaviya niyantran jaise aadhunik tatvon key saath. jeane-clod beruet, joe moix estate key pramukh wine nirmaataon mein seey ack haye, ney pomes koo adhik dheere seey sambhaalane key uddeshya seey ack urdhvaadhar tokri press koo design karane mein madad kii aur ise kaee estate dwara apanaaya gayaa haye. michel roland aur vipareet darshan kaa prabhaav. vishva prasiddh weinmaker michel roland kaa janm pomerol kshetra mein huaa thaa aur unakaa ack parivarik estate haye, joe kii unaki patni danny key saath saha-swaamitva mein haye. 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein roland pramukhta seey ubhara, ack aisee shally kii sahaayata seey joe sharaab sameekshak robbert parker key taaloo koo pasand karati thee, kaee pomerol wine estate ney yaa tou anukaran karke yaa ack salaahkaar weinmaker key roop mein roland koo kaam parr rakhate hue "rolland shally" koo apnana shuru curr diyaa. iss shally mein fasal kii kataai mein jitna sambhav hoe utanaa deree karna shamil haye taaki angur koo ack lamba, vistaarit samay diyaa jaa sakey taaki poorna "shaaririk pakane" kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey joe phal koo "adhik pakey hue" swaad aur sharaab key star koo 14 pratishat seey adhik dey sakata haye. chaay mein aksar nae oak bairal mein umr badhane key baad ack vistaarit avadhi (3 seey 8 saptah) seey gujarna padata haye. isake vipareet, "moix shally" falon key swaad mein jeevantata aur tajgi parr ack pramukh sthaan rakhti haye, jisamen moix key swaamitva vaali sampattiyan jaise trotanoy aur patrus aksar pahali baar chuni jaane vaali sampattiyon mein seey hain. sharaab. pomerol abb vishesh roop seey laal sharaab kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, halanki 100 saal pahale yeh safed kii ack badee matra kaa utpaadan kartaa thaa. merlot yahaan kaa sabse mahatvapurna angur haye, joe daakh kii baari key kshetra kaa 80 pratishat haye. haalaanki yeh lagbhag hamesha mishrit hotaa haye, lekin merlot kaa anupaat 95 pratishat taka pahunch sakata haye, haalaanki yeh aamtaur parr 70-80% kii seema mein hotaa haye. agala sabse mahatvapurna angur cabernet frank haye, jise sthaaniya roop seey "leey buchet" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe daakh kii baari key kshetra kaa lagbhag 15 pratishat haye aur aamtaur parr mishran key 5-20% key liye jimmedaar haye. malbeck, jise sthaaniya roop seey "presack" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur baaki bordo mein bahut adhik naheen lagaaya jaataa haye, kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. shesh anumat angur, cabernet savignan aur payteat verdot, mushkil seey lagaae jaate hain aur shayed hii kabhi "grand winn" mein upayog kiye jaate hain, halanki, malbeck kii tarah, way ack estate kii doosari sharaab mein dikhaai dey sakate hain. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, jaba pomerol kaa ack laal sharaab utpaadak jile mein sankraman puuraa huaa, tou cabernet frank pramukh angur kii kism thee. haalaanki, 1956 mein vasant key shuruati paale ney cabernet frank key ack badey hisse koo maar daala aur kaee estates ney iss ghatana koo uchch upaj aur pahale pakane vaale merlot key saath punah ropan karane key avsar key roop mein liya. foolon key dauran mausam thandaa aur barsaat honey parr merlot kii cooler seey peedit honey kii pravritti key bavjood, angur jaldi seey pomerol mein pramukhta seey badh gayaa aur iss kshetra key saath sabse nikatata seey judaa huaa angur bunn gayaa haye. phir bhee, bahut cumm pomerol shuddh merlot hain aur cabernet frank abhee bhee tannic sanrachana aur amlata key liye moolyavaan haye, joe sharaab mein deerghaayu aur umr badhane kii kshamata jodd sakata haye. vaastav mein, 20veen sadee key anta aur 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein jaba baad mein aur teji seey uchch cheeni star parr fasal kataai kii pravritti jaari rahee haye, tou adhik pakey hue merlot kii samriddh lekin sambhaavit roop seey dubli prakriti koo santulit karane mein cabernet frank kii bhoomika koo pomerol weinmakers dwara aur bhee adhik saraha gayaa haye. samanya taur parr, merlot koo mukhya roop seey mitty kii mitty parr lagaaya jaataa haye, jabaki cabernet frank choona patthar kii outcropping aur cabernet savignan aur adhik bajari mitty mein lagaae gaye malbeck parr honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. cabernet savignan key ropan key saath kuchh sampattiyon mein viex cheto serton, cheto buregard, cheto serton dee meey, cheto ghazin, cheto nenin aur cheto pettit-village shamil hain. chatto laa concillent malbeck key ropan vaali sampattiyon mein seey ack haye. aoc niyam. pomerol vishesh roop seey ack laal sharaab haye jisamen aoc wine key liye kewal anumat angur kii kismein merlot, caburnet frank (buchet), caburnet savignan aur malbeck (presack) hain. fasal kii paidawar adhikatam 42 hectare/hectare (± 2.2 tunn/ekad) taka seemit haye, jisamen taiyar sharaab koo cumm seey cumm 10.5% key nyuntam sharaab key star koo praapt karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. pomerol seey sharaab koo bordo yaa bordo superior ("avargeekrit") key roop mein label kiya jaa sakata haih yeh aamtaur parr taba hotaa haye jaba nirmaata koo lagata haye kii sharaab "pomerol" label key yogya honey key liye paryaapt uchch maanak kii naheen thee. shally aur umr badhane kii. sharaab kii shally "teroir" key saath bhinn hoti haye. paschim mein, jahan mitty adhik retili haye, sharaab halki hoti haye; dakshin mein, jahan mitty adhik bajari hoti haye, merlot kaa anupaat cumm hotaa haye, aur sharaab medok key swaad kii or adhik hoti haye. sharaab koo 'makhmali' yaa 'aprachalit' key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. phal kaa vishisht swaad bair haye, joe kabhi-kabhi prune kii or jhukata haye. wine visheshagya oz clark key anusaar, pomerol mein vishisht bair key noton key alawa, shahad masaale, truffles, papermint, chocolet, bhune hue nuts aur kishmish key nott ack malaidar, kabhi-kabhi butterary mouthfiel aur sapl tannin hoe sakate hain. wine clive coats key master ney pomerols koo ack sant-ammelion key naram, motaa, maans key phal aur medok kii wine seey judee tapasya aur reedh key beach ack "aadhe ghar" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. coat nott karate hain kii adhikansh medox mein pramukh "blackcrent" noton kii tulanaa mein pomerol mein adhik samriddh, makhmali aur bair key noton key saath sent-ammelion kii tulanaa mein cumm "fruitkeki" swaad hotey hain. yeh samriddh phal merlot kii prakriti seey utpann hotaa haye joe pomerol kii wine koo medok kii cabernet savignan-adharit wine kii tulanaa mein cumm khule taur parr tannic honey detaa haye. sharaab visheshagya aur sharaab key master hyug johnson key anusaar, pomerol koo adhikansh bordo kii tulanaa mein cumm umr badhane kii aavashyakta hoti haih paanch saal aamtaur parr paryaapt hotey hain, aur 12 saal sabse bhavya wintage key liye bhee paryaapt hotey hain. johnson ney nott kiya kii pomerol aamtaur parr unake gahare rung aur kabhi-kabhi malaidar, kendrit pakey-plum swaadon seey alag hotey hain, lekin uchch amlata aur tannin key binaa joe anya bordo wine kii vishishtata hain. shatto. pomerol key shatto key liye koee aadhikarik vargeekaran naheen haye. jabaki iska kaaran aksar vishva bajar mein pomerol kii apekshaakrit halia pramukhta key roop mein bataaya jaataa haye, abb bhee pomerol kii wine duniya bhar mein prashansa aur maanyata paida karati haye, kaee utpadakon koo abhee bhee lagata haye kii pomerol estate kii aadhikarik ranking kii aavashyakta naheen haye. kuchh utpaadak, jaise kii chatto gajin key nicolas dee bellioncourt, kaa maanana haye kii adhikansh virodh chhote utpadakon seey haye joe kissy bhee shreni seey chhootane seey darte hain jisase unaki sharaab koo nimn maanaa jaataa haye. ack anya malik ney sharaab lekhak stephen brook koo bataaya kii vartamaan, gair-krambaddh pranali "ausat darje kii sharaab koo pomerol kii sabse achchi sharaab kii pratishtha seey laabh uthaane kii anumati detee haye", aur 2002 key aoc label swaad panel key parinamon kii or ishara kiya, yeh nirdhaarit karate hue kii kyaa wine koo unake sharaab label parr aoc pomerol naam rakhane kii anumati haye. 2002 key bahut kathin aur upa-samaan wintage honey key bavjood ack bhee sharaab aoc anumodan praapt karane mein whiffle rahee. haalaanki, ack aadhikarik shreni kii kamee key bavjood, kaee sharaab lekhakon aur alochakon ney pichhale kuchh varshon mein apane vyaktigat vargeekaran key saath aaya haye joe anya sroton dwara uddhrit kiye gaye hain. 2001 mein, wine clive coats key master ney apani pustak "aine encyclopaedia off dha wine aind domen off france" mein pomerol estate kii ranking shamil kii. bhojan milan. sharaab lekhak hyug johnson ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii gomans kaa phillet yaa achchi tarah seey latka huaa venis ack achchha saathi haye, vishesh roop seey sharaab mein pakaaya jaataa haye, lekin usa gomans key wellington seey bachana chaahiye, kyonki pastery taaloo koo sust curr detee haye. wine raitar oz clark ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii atyadhik swaad vaale khel vyanjan, jaise kii terrin aur pete bhee achche hoe sakate hain, kyonki way sharaab kii teevrata seey mell khaate hain. paryatan. pomerol vinamra graameen swaad key liye achchi tarah seey jaanaa jaataa haye joe bhavya shatto aur alankrit vastukala key liye ack tej vipareet haye joe medok key kaee sharaab estate koo alag kartaa haye. yahaan taka kii kaee sabse pratishthit sampattiyan bhee aisee hain jinhen aksar "saral farm house" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, jinaki baahari pehchaan bahut cumm hoti haye. jaise kii bahut seey bordo key saath, bahut cumm estate mein swaad lene key kamare hain aur isase bhee cumm janata key liye binaa niyukti key khule hain. yeh aanshik roop seey isaliye haye kyonki pomerol wine kaa badaa hissa "aine praimur" becha jaataa haye, joe fasal kataai key turant baad vishesh vitarakon aur grahakon koo aavantit kiya jaataa haye, jisase swaad kaksh key darwaaje key madhyam seey bahut cumm yaa koee sharaab naheen bechi jaati haye.

pomerol aoc pomerol () embudu french wine beleyuva samudaayavaagide mattu bordodallina libornise ("rait bank") olage "applation dii 'origine controlly" (aoc) aagide. illi utpaadisalaaguva wine mukhyavaagi merlotninda baruttade mattu caburnet fraank poshaka patravannu vahisuttade. itara bordo samudaayagaliginta bhinnavagi, allie ondu church iddaroo, pomerol emba nijavaada gramavilla. manegalannu drakshitotagala naduve idalaagide. idalaagide french sarkaaravu ee pradeshavannu saint-emilion mattu grater libornis pradeshavannu horatupadisi ondu vishishtavaada wine pradeshavendu gurutisitu mattu aakarshakavaagisitu "institute national dii ell 'origine ett dii laa qualite" (inavo) yuu aoc samsthegala modala aleya bhagavagi aoc sthaanamaanavannu needitu. idu eega bordo eosigalalli atyanta pratishtitavaadudaadaru, ee paristhitiyu tulanaatmakavaagi ittichinadu, ippattane shatamaanada dwitiyaardhakke sambandhiside, idannu samanyavagi yaavude bordo vargikaranagalalli pomerol annu serisadiruvudakke ondu kaaranavendu nidalaaguttade. pomerol bordodallina pramukha sukshma wine pradeshagalalli atyanta chikkadaagide, idu sarisumaaru mooru kilometer agala mattu 4 kilometer uddada pradeshavannu olagondide. idu adara baladandeya nereya doddadaada saint-emilion oac gatrada sarisumaaru elane ondu bhagavagide mattu medoknalliruva saint-julien oac yaya chikka edadandeya samudaayakke samanagiruttade. samanagiruttade, aa. oo. sii. gadiyolage 784 hectare drakshi balligalannu nedalaayitu, idu 36,066 hectare (± 952,763 gallen athawa 400,733 cases) wine annu utpaadisitu. utpaadisitu, 780 hectare pomerol koylu mattu varshakke sarasari 32,250 hl (sumaru 358,333 prakaranagalu) wine annu utpaadisuva 150 ghoshita utpaadakaru iddaru. bahuteka ellah vaingalu estate-bataligalagive. bargandi mattu rone kaniveyantaha itara french wine pradeshagaliginta bhinnavagi, prastuta pomerolnalli yaavude sahakari sanghagalu kaaryanirvahisuttilla. 2007rahra hottige, nedalaada hektergala sankhye 800 hectare (1980 ekare) ge swalpa hechchaagittu. hechchaagittu, pomerolnalli 140 ghoshita utpaadakariddaru, sarasari aaru hectare melmai vistirnavannu hondiddaru mattu "pomerol" hesarina drakshitotavu varshakke sarasari 35,000 hectare utpaadanege 800 hektergalannu olagondide. aneka pomerol vaingalu eega wine haraajinalli mattu khasagi marukatteyalli bordogala atyanta hecchu rait maadalaada vargeekruta belavanigege samanagi hecchina belegalannu padeyuttaveyaadaru, pomerol wine yaavude adhikruta vargeekaranavilla. aadaagyoo, ee pradeshavu "premiere cru" ge samaanavaada ondu aastiyannu hondideh chaate petrus. itihaasa. pomerol pradesha mattu adara uttarada gadiyaada barbanne nadiyannu aitihaasikavaagi uttarada naduvina gadi endu pariganisalaagittu, allie janaru longues dii 'oll mattu dakshinadalli avaru longue dii' ok maatanaaduttiddaru. pomerol pradeshadalli drakshigalannu modalu yavaga nedalaayitu embudannu nikharavaagi gurutisuvudu kashtavaadaru, romannara kaaladalli ee pradeshadalli drakshi saakane ittu endu torisalu saakashtu puraavegalive. adhe reeti "pomerol" emba hesarina moolada bagge anishchitate ide, aadaagyoo idu lattin pada "poma" dinda udbhaviside endu kelavu uhapohagalive, idu hannugalannu hondiruva bijagalannu soochisuttade mattu french pada "pome" emba aapal padada moolavaagide. ee siddhaantavannu ee pradeshada paali krushiya sudirgha itihaasavu bembalisuttade, aneka itara belegalu, visheshavaagi hannugalu mattu dhanyagalu, ee pradeshadalli krishi maadalpaduttiddu, viticulture praathamika kendrabinduvaguva bahala hindeye. hindeye, inglish janaru liborne nagaravannu sthaapisidaru, idu pomerolna drakshitotagalannu vyapaka gamanakke tandirabahudu. aadaagyoo, hecchina bordogalanteye, pomerolna vaingalu indina gaarn-ett-garon mattu lott-ett-garon vibhagagalallina vaingaliginta kadime khyatiyannu hondiddavu. spennallina santiago dii compostelage pramukha yatra maargadalli ee pradeshada sthalavu nites haaspitallargala aasaktiyannu aakarshisitu, hindirugida krusedargalu ee pradeshadalli halavaaru vasati nilayagalu mattu aaspatregalannu sthaapisidaru. sthaapisidaru modalu ullekhisalaada gajin aaspatreyantaha ee halavaaru samsthegalu eega aadhunika drakshitotagalu mattu chaate gajinnantaha wine kaarkhaanegala taanagalaagive. ee nites halavaaru shatamanagala kaala ee pradeshadalli ulidukondaru, nooru varshagala yuddhadinda dhvamsagonda drakshitotagalannu marubalake maadalu saha sahaaya maadidaru. bili vaingalinda kempu vaingalige parivartane. 16 mattu 17neey shatamanagalalli, dutch vyaapaarigalu bordo marukatteyallina wine vyaapaarada mele gananeeya prabhaavavannu hondiddaru. dutch janaru medochna javugu pradeshagalannu baridu maadalu mattu samadhigala uttarada bhoomiyalli drakshi sakanege daari maadikodalu atyanta gamanarhavagiddaroo, avaru uttara europinalli (visheshavaagi baltic mattu hansiatic rajyagalu) bardo bandaru inglish marukatteyalli hondidda hiditavannu tappisi, dardogna bala dandeya samudaayagalige maarukatteyannu niididaru. aadaagyoo, dutch mattu ee uttarada marukattegala ruchiyu bili vaingala kadege olavu toruttade mattu ee avadhiyalli pomerolnalli bili drakshiya prabhedagalannu hecchu vyaapakavaagi nedalaayitu. kempu drakshi prabhedagalige parivartaneyu nidhaanavaagittu. pomerol pradeshadalli caburnet fraank neduvikeyannu "vidyur" mattu "bidyur" emba hesarugalinda 16neey shatamaanadashtu hindeye daakhalisalaagittu, aadare wanderadu nooru varshagala nantaravoo ee pradeshakke merlot annu parichayisalagilla. parichayisalagilla, libornise "negosient" emba louis-leonard fontemang, ee pradeshadalli merlotna modala daakhalita nidarshanavendu toruvadannu, eega chaate rougetna bhagavagiruva drakshitotadalli nedalaayitu. aadaagyoo, bili wine drakshigalu 19neey shatamaanada antyadavarege pomerolna drakshitotagalalli praabalyavannu munduvaresidavu, aaga kempu claretgala hecchina belegalu mattu kshinisuttiruva dutch prabhaavavu kempu wine utpaadaneyannu hecchu aakarshakavaagisitu. aakarshakavaagisitu ee pradeshavu tanna purna aa. oo. sii sthaanamaanavannu padedaga, aa. oo. sii. niyantranavu nirdishtavagi pomerolnallina yaavude bili drakshi prabhedagala neduvudannu kaanunubaahiragolisitu. kempu wine pradeshavaagi adara sampoorna roopaantarada nantaravoo, pomerolna khyaatiyu innoo medoknashtu hindulidide. hindulidide vichi sarkaaravu niyojisida tulanaatmaka bele pattiyu petrus annu medochninda eradane hantada belavanigeya mattadalli maatra patti maaditu, mundina athi hecchu darada pomerol estetgalu, viax chateyu sartan mattu chaateu laa concillante commanding belegalu chateyu giscourse mattu chaateu laa lagyunnantaha moorane belavanigeya estetgalige anugunavagi. mouix kutumba mattu pramukhyatege eruvudu. zeane-piyare mouix mattu avara kutumbavu "antararashtriya naksheyalli" pomerol annu haakuvalli vyaapakavaagi mannane padedide. korejna kendra french ilaakheyalli janisida mouix tanna kutumbadondige bordo pradeshakke sthalaantaragondanu mattu modalu bordo nagaradalliye "negosient" maneyannu tereyalu prayatnisidanu. aadaagyoo, aaa marukatteyu hecchu saturated agiruvudannu avaru kandukondaru, aaddarinda avaru nadiya uddakkoo libornise pradeshakke teralidaru mattu 1937 ralli liborne nagaradalli ondu negocient house annu tereyidaru. 1945 ralli, mouix chaate petrasge vishesha maaraatada hakkugalannu padedaru. modalige, mouix hechchaagi belgiumnalli pomerolna saampradaayika maarukatteyondige vyapara maaduttittu. aadaagyoo, mouix aastigalannu khareedisalu mattu guttigege needalu prarambhisidaga mattu wine tayaarike prakriyeya mele hecchu srujanasheela niyantranavannu pradarshisuttiddante, avaru vishwa marukatteyalli pomerolna gurutannu vistarisalu praarambhisidaru. praarambhisidaru aata cheto trotanoy mattu cheto laa fluor-petrus annu annu khareedisidaru. nantara nantara, mouix petrasnalli bahupalu palannu padedaru mattu wine tayaarikeya melvichaarane mattu nirdeshanavannu sampoornavaagi vahisikondaru. 1982rahra vintage mouix mattu pomerolge ondu nirnayaka kshanavagittu. idu balavaada yuu. ess. dollar mattu american wine vimarshaka robbert emm avara holeyuva vimarshegalinda sahaaya maaditu. parkar, zhe.ee pradeshavu americada marukatteyalli balavaada neleyannu galisitu mattu petrasnantaha estetgalannu haraju circuitnalli abhootapoorva belegalige kondoyyalu sahaaya maaditu. petrus jotege, mouix kutumbavu chaate laa grave, chaate latore aa pomerol mattu chaate hosanavannu saha hondide. havamana mattu drakshi saakane. pomerolna havaamaanavu kadala prabhaavadalli ulida bordogalanteye vishaalavaagiddaru, samudra mattu gironde nadeemukhadinda ee pradeshada antaravu havaamaanavannu medokginta hecchu khandaantaravaagisuttade. idarartha, beleyuva rtuvinalli, hagalina garishta mattu sanje kanishta taapamaanagala naduve, pomerol hecchu dainandina taapamaanada vyatyaasavannu noduttade. ee pradeshavu vasanta rtuvinalli hecchu maleyannu anubhavisuttadeyaadaru (idu hoobiduva samayadalli merlotge samasyegalannu untumaadabahudu) "veraison" nantara besigeya tingalugalli ottare gamanarhavagi kadime maleyaguttade. aadaagyoo, koylu maleya apaayavu innoo pomerolnalli kandubaruttade, visheshavaagi pakvagolluva prakriyeyannu deerghakaaladavarege munduvarisalu "vistarita nenuhaakuva" tatvavannu balasuva wine tayaarakarige. maley bandaaga adhu boodu koleyuva gamanarha apaayavannu untumaadabahudu, visheshavaagi neerannu ulisikolluva pravruttiyannu hondiruva bhaaree jedimannina manninalli nedalaaguva merlotge. kelavu wine kaarkhaanegalu, udaaharanege cheto petrus, tamma drakshitotavannu plaastik haaleyalli muchchuva kaarmika vechchavannu bharisabahudu, neeru berugalalli muluguvudannu tadeyalu mattu tamma drakshitotagala mele suttaadalu helikaptargalannu balasikollabahudu, drakshigalannu onagisalu gaaliyannu utpaadisabahudu, prati aastiyoo antaha kramagalannu tegedukollalu sadhyavilla. tumba bisiyaada vintejgalu (2003 mattu mattu merlotnalli atiyaada maagida samasyegalannu srushtisabahudaadaru, pomerol pradeshavu (mattu ottaareyaagi sariyaada bank) tampaada varsagalalli (2006 mattu mattu uttama sthitiyannu hondiruttade. mukhya viticultural apayagalu vasantakaalada himagalaagive, idu pomerol pradeshadalli aagaagge sambhavisabahudu mattu sampoorna vintejgalannu addipadisabahudu. bhougolika. pomerol liborne purva mattu eeshaanyakke takshanave ide. bordoda atyanta pratishthita samudaayagaliginta bhinnavagi, idu yaavude nera nadhi praveshavannu hondilla, idu dakshinakke dardogneyinda pattanadinda mattu agneyakke iruva saint-emiliyanninda berpattide. eeshaanyadalli, "laa barbanne raav" emba holeyuddakku lalande-dii-pomerol ide. idu jalli dandeya mele nintide (idu medochna pratishthita anvayagalondige hanchikolluva ondu vaishishtya); daksina mattu pashchimada kadege, mannu hecchu maralinaddagiruttade, aadare uttara mattu purvada kadege, idu jedimanninatta olavu toruttade. upa-mannu gaadhavaada jedimannagiddu, hecchina kabbinada amshavannu hondide. bhoopradeshavu tulanaatmakavaagi samathattaagiddu, samudra mattadinda 2 kilometer (1.2 maili) ninda sumaru 10 meater (33 addi) ettaradalli beeluva swalpa alegala ilijaarugalannu hondide. pomerolna hecchina unnata shreniya estetgalu purva bhagada ardhadashtu pradeshadallive, saint-emilion gadiyavarege, allie pradhana grand cru classes (aa) cheval blankna pramukha chevel estatena drakshitotagalannu pomerol estetgalindale kaanabahudu. pomerolna dakshinada bhagavu catuso graamada hallia aachegu vistariside, aadare hamletn uttarakke mannu ee pradeshada kelavu atyuttama jalli kanagalannu hondide. eeshaanyadalli laland-dii-pomerol, montagne-saint-emilion mattu saint-emilion eosigala gadiyalliruva melletna kugramavide, ee kugramada moolaka haaduhoguva rasteyu pomerol mattu saint-emilion naduvina adhikruta gadiyagide. idu kelavu kaanoonu samasyegalige kaaranavaagide, ekendare kelavu drakshitotagalu taantrikavaagi saint-emilion gadiyallive aadare pomerolge vistarisalpattive, avugalige "pomerol gaurava pouratva" vannu niidabeekaayitu. drakshitotada mannu. pomerol pradeshada mannugalu bahala vaividhyamayavaagiddu, prasthabhoomiyaadyanta haradida jalli, maralu mattu jedimannina mishranavannu hondive. sarisumaaru uttara mattu purvakke drakshitotada mannu, saint-emilion gadiya hattiradalli hecchu jedimannannu hondiruttade, aadare paschima mattu dakshinakke mannu haguravaagi mattu hecchu jalligalaagiruttade. pomerol iruva prasthabhoomiyu mooru nadigalinda suttuvaredide, uttarakke barbanne, paschimakke ail mattu dakshinakke dordogne mattu liborne nagara. bhoopradeshavu prasthabhumiya ilijaarugala kelage chalisuvaga mattu ee nadigala kadege mannu hecchu javugu mattu maralinantaguttade. pomerol prasthabhumiya bahupalu bhagavu maralina jedimannina maarlninda maadalpattide, idu gunjian avadhiya jalligalinda padaravagide (mattu idu medok mattu graves aoc yalli kandubaruva adhe jalli), kela ilijaarugalallina jalligalu yuva mindell himanadiyinda baruva libornge hattiradallive. haguravaada, maralina manninalliruva balligalu hecchina jedimannina amshaviruva mannugaliginta modale maguttave aadare kadime shaktiyutavaada hannu mattu vayassaada saamarthyavannu hondiruttave. molas mattu crosse dii ferr. pomerol pradeshadolage vishishtavaada neeli-kleya ("molas" endu kareyalpaduva) "batonier" (athawa "button hole") endu vivarisalaaguva maralina bandna mele kabbinada nikshepagalinda samruddhavaagide, idannu "crossy dii ferr" athawa "matchefer" endu kareyalaaguttade. idu kevala 20 hectare (50 ekare) nashtu sanna pradeshavaagiddu, idu ulida pomerolgalalli kandubaruva mannina atyanta vilakshanavaagide, aadare prasiddha estate off chaate petrasna drakshitotavannu ee hectaregalalli ardhakkinta hecchu pradeshadalli nedalaagiruvudarinda, wine mele adara prabhaavavannu saahityadalli hecchu charchisalaagide. ee "boutonier" nalli kanishta kelavu nettiruva itara drakshitotagalalli chaate laa concillante, chaate laa evangile, chaate lafluor, chaate gajin, chaate trotanoy, chaate cline, chaate leey gay, chaate hout ferrand mattu viax chaate certain serive. catherine mouix prakara, kabbinada bannada maralina "klinkargalu" vailetgalu mattu trafalgala parimalavannu serisuttave, aadare viex chatev certachna alexander thienpant adara prayojanagalu hecchu viticultural aagive, idu balligala hurupu mattu atiyaada eleya belavanigeyannu simitagolisuttade. aadaagyoo, chaate petrasnondige adara sambandhada horataagiyoo, pomerol nalliruva prati wine belegaaranu tamma aastiya mele "crosse dii ferr" annu hondiruva sadgunagalannu shlaghisuvudilla. chetou ell 'eglis-cline denis duranto, kabbina-samruddha mannu balligala berugalu manninalli aalavaagi iliyalu anuvu maadikoduvudilla endu nambuttaare, idu samanyavagi uttama gunamattada "terroir" ge sambandhisida ondu lakshanavaagide. aata tanna aastiya mele mattu aata samalochisuva itara estategalalli ugragami gumpugalannu wadeyalu kelasa maduttiddane. crosse dii ferr" annu horatupadisi, neeli-clay "butonier" ge kaaranavaada aneka prayojanagalu astitvadallive endu duranto nambuttaare, avugalendare ona varsagalalli tevaamshavannu ulisikolluva mattu deha mattu shaktiya vaingalannu utpaadisuva jedimannina samarthya, mattu petrasna vayuvya bhagadalliruva kabbinada nikshepavillade ee neeli-kleya eradane "butonier" ide endu tippani maaduttade. ee eradane "batonire" yalli kanishta kelavu netta drakshitotagalalli chatev ell 'eglis-clinnet, chatev trotanoy, chatev closs ell' eglis, chatev laa cabonne mattu chatev nenin serive. wine tayaarike. 20neey shatamaanada bahupalu, pomerolna wine tayarika shailigalu bordo oenologist emil penad vishvavidyaanilayadinda mattu medochnallina caburnet savignon drakshiya melina avara kelasadinda prabhaavitavaagiddavu. penadna tantragalu medaknalli hechchaagi yashasviyaadaru, avu yavagalu pomerolge chennagi bhashantarisalilla. ee pradeshavu vibhinn drakshiyondige kelasa maaduvudallade, tampaada vibhinn mannina paristhitigalondige (ottare becchagina havaamaanada horataagiyoo) kaaryanirvahisuttittu. ee havaamaanadalli caburnet savignon chennagi magalilla aadare eda dandeyalliruva caburnet savignon adhe sakkare mattadalli koylu maaduvudarinda kadime-maagida suvaasane mattu "haard wine" annu utpaadisuttade. 1980rahra dasakadalli hecchina pomerol utpaadakaru merlot drakshigalannu hecchu sampoornavaagi magisalu vistarita hang time seridante "rait bank" tantragalannu abhivraddhipadisalu prarambhisidaga, indu pomerol vaingalige sambandhisida shailiyu vikasanagonditu. hecchina wine pradeshagalanteye, wine tayaarikeya shailiyu wine tayaarakarinda mattu vintejninda badalaaguttade. samanyavagi, aneka pomerol wine tayaarakaru 15 rinda 21 dinagala mackeration annu abhyasa maaduttaare mattu wine purna onaguvikeyannu talupidaaga press maaduttaare. wine bahuteka yavagalu malolactic huduguvikeya moolaka hoguttade. bottley haakuva mattu bidugade maaduva modalu wine 18 rinda 20 tingalugala kaala byaarikgalalli vruddhaapyavannu padeyuttade. pomerolnallina sampradaayavu uchita-chaalita wine annu pratyekisuvudu mattu vintage annu avalambisi agatyaviruvante "winn dii press" anupaatadalli mishrana maaduvudu. ulida patrika wine annu samanyavagi estatena eradane vainnalli balasalaaguttade athawa "sanghasamsthegalige" marata maadalaaguttade. wine ghatakagalu ottige pakvagollalu anuvu maadikoduva saluvaagi mattu saiddhaantikavaagi, samanyavagi hecchu tannic mattu phenolic press wine kathorateyannu kadime maaduva saluvaagi, kelavu manegalaada chaate petrus annu huduguvikeya samayadalli "winn dii press" annu serisuva moolaka mishranada samayavu (huduguvikeya samayadalli athawa nantara) estateninda badalaaguttade. aneka bordo estetgalanteye, butty mudranaalayavu matte balakege bandide aadare neumatic niyantranagalantaha aadhunika amshagalondige. mouix estetgala mukhya wine tayaarakaralli obbaraada zeane-cloude berut, pomace annu hecchu nidhaanavaagi nirvahisuva guriyannu hondiruva lamba butty mudranaalayavannu vinyaasagolisalu sahaaya maadidaru mattu idannu halavaaru estetgalu alavadisikondive. micheal roland mattu vyatirikta tatvashaastrada prabhaava. vishvaprasiddha wine tayaaraka micheal roland avaru pomerol pradeshadalli janisidaru mattu avaru tamma patni danny avarondige saha-malikatva hondiruva kutumba estate, chatev leey baan paster annu hondiddaare. 1980 mattu 1990rahra dasakagalalli roland pramukhyateyannu galisidante, wine vimarshaka robbert parkar avara angulannu olavu torida sailiya sahayadinda, aneka pomerol wine estetgalu anukaraneya moolaka athawa salahegaara wine tayaarakaraagi roland annu nemisikolluva moolaka "roland sailiyannu" alavadisikollalu praarambhisidavu. ee shailiyu drakshige purna "daihika maagida" parimalavannu needalu saadhyavaadashtu vilambavannu olagondiddu, idu hannuge "atiyagi maagida" parimalavannu mattu madyada mattavannu shekada shekada hecchu niiduttade. hosa ok byarelgalalli vayassaada nantara, chaaynalli, aagaagge vistarita avadhiya meseration (3 rinda 8 vaaragalu) moolaka hogabeku. idakke vyatiriktavagi, "mouix shaili" yuu hannugala parimaladalli kampana mattu taajaatanakke hecchina ottu niiduttade, idaralli mouix odetanada trotanoy mattu petrasnantaha estetgalu hechchaagi modala estategalalli serive. wine. 100 varshagala hinde idu dodda pramanada bili wine annu utpaadisuttittaadaru, eega pomerol pratyekavagi kempu wine annu utpaadisuttade. drakshi totada 80 pratishatadashtu bhagavannu hondiruva merlot illina atyanta pramukha drakshiyagide. idu bahuteka ekaroopavaagi mishranagondiddaru, merlotna pramanavu 95 pratishatadashtu hechchagabahudu, aadaroo idu samanyavagi 70-80% vyaaptiyalliruttade. sthaliyavaagi "leey bouchet" endu kareyalaaguva caburnet fraank mundina atyanta pramukha drakshiyagiddu, idu drakshitotada pradeshada sumaru 15 pratishatadashtu bhagavannu hondide mattu samanyavagi 5-20% mishranakke kaaranavaaguttade. sthaliyavaagi "presk" endu kareyalaaguva malbeck annu saha balasalaaguttade mattu ulida bordogalalli hecchu nedalaaguvudilla. ulida anumatisalaada drakshigalu, caburnet savignon mattu petit verdot, kevala nedalaaguttade mattu "grand winn" nalli viralavaagi balasalaaguttade, aadaagyoo, malbeknante, avu estatena eradane vainnalli kanisikollabahudu. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, kempu wine utpaadisuva jilleyaagi pomerol parivartaneyu purnagondaga, caburnet fraank pramukha drakshi prabhedavagittu. aadaagyoo, 1956rahra vasantakaalada aarambhada himavu caburnet fraank totagala dodda bhagavannu konditu mattu aneka estetgalu ee ghataneyannu hecchina iluvari mattu munchitavaagi maagida merlotnondige marubalake maaduva avakaashavaagi tegedukondavu. havaamaanavu tampagiddare mattu hoobiduva samayadalli maleyagiddare, merlot kooloorninda balaluva pravruttiya horataagiyoo, drakshi shighravagi pomerolnalli pramukhyateyannu galisitu mattu ee pradeshadondige atyanta nikata sambandha hondiruva drakshiyagide. aadaagyoo, kelave kelavu pomerolgalu suddha merlot aagive mattu caburnet fraank innoo tannic rachane mattu aamleeyatege moulyayutavaagide, idu vaingalige dirghayushya mattu vayassaada saamarthyavannu serisuttade. vaastavaagi, 20neey shatamaanada koneyalli mattu 21neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli merlot koylu maaduva pravrutti nantara mattu hecchina sakkare mattagalli munduvaredante, hecchu maagida merlotna srimanta aadare sambhaavyavaagi flabi svabhaavavannu samatolanagolisuvalli caburnet frankna patravu pomerol wine tayaarakarinda innoo hecchu mechchuge padedide. samanyavagi, merlotannu pradhaanavaagi mannina manninalli nedalaaguttade, aadare caburnet fraank annu sunnada kallugala horaharivu mattu caburnet savignon mattu hecchu jalli manninalli malbeck annu nedalaaguttade. caburnet savignon neduva kelavu estategalalli viex chateyu certain, chateyu beuregard, chateyu certain dii mayee, chateyu gajin, chateyu nenin mattu chateyu petit-village serive. malbechna nedutopugalannu hondiruva estategalalli chaate laa concillant ondaagide. aoc niyamagalu. pomerol pratyekavagi kempu wine aagiddu, aoc vainge anumatisalaada drakshi prabhedagalu merlot, caburnet fraank (bouchet), caburnet savignon mattu malbeck (presk) maatra. suggiya iluvariyannu garishta 42 hectare/hectare (± 2.2 tunn/ekare) ge simitagolisalagide, siddhapadisida wine kanishta 10.5% alcohol mattavannu saadhisuva agatyavide. pomerolninda baruva wine annu bordo athawa bordo superior ("declassified") endu label maadabahuduh "pomerol" labelgay arhate padeyalu wine saakashtu unnata gunamattaddalla endu nirmapakaru bhavisidare idu samanyavagi sambhavisuttade. shailigalu mattu vayassaada. wine shailiyu "terroir" nondige badalaaguttade. pashchimadalli, mannu hecchu maralinalliruvalli, vaingalu haguravagiruttave; dakshinadalli, mannu hecchu jalligaliruvalli, merlotna pramanavu kadimeyagide, mattu vaingalu medochna ruchigala kadege hecchu olavu toruttave. wine annu 'velveti' athawa 'unctuse' endu vivarisalaagide. vishishta hannina ruchiyendare plum, kelavomme prune kadege olavu toruttade. wine tagna oj clark prakara, pomerolgalu vishishta plum tippanigala jotege, jenutuppada masaalegalu, trafals, pudina, chocolate, hurida beejagalu mattu onadrakshi tippanigalannu kene, kelavomme benneya baayi mattu supple taningalondige hondirabahudu. master off wine clive coats pomerolgalannu saint-emilion mrudu, bojju, maamsada hannu mattu medochna vaingalige sambandhisida kathinate mattu bennelubina naduvina "ardhadaariyalle iruva maney" endu vivarisuttade. hecchina medokgalallina prabala "kappu currant" notugalige holisidare, pomerolgalu hecchu srimanta, velveti mattu plum notugalondige saint-emiliyanginta kadime "fruitcakey" suvaasanegalannu hondiruttave endu coats tippanigalu heluttave. ee samruddhavaada samruddha hannu merlotna svaroopadinda udbhavisuttade, idu pomerolna vaingalu medochna caburnet savignon-aadhaarita vaingaliginta kadime bahirangavagi tannic aagalu anuvu maadikoduttade. wine tagna mattu wine master hyoog johnson prakara, pomerolge hecchina bordogaliginta kadime vayassaada agatyaviruttadeh aidu varshagalu samanyavagi saakaaguttave, mattu 12 varshagalu bhavyavaada vintejgalige saha saakaaguttave. pomerolgalu samanyavagi avugala aalavaada banna mattu kelavomme kene, kendrikrutavaada maagida-plum suvaasanegalinda pratyekisalpaduttave aadare hecchina aamliyateyilla mattu itara bordo vaingala vishishtavaada tanningalilla endu johnson heluttaare. chatex. pomerolna chatexge yaavude adhikruta vargeekaranavilla. idakke kaaranavendare vishwa marukatteyalli pomeralna ittichina pramukhyate endu helalaaguttadeyaadaru, egaloo pomeralna vaingalu vishvaadyanta mechchuge mattu mannaneyannu galisuttive, aneka nirmapakaru innoo pomerol estetgala adhikruta shreyankada agatyavilla endu bhavisuttare. kelavu nirmapakaru, udaaharanege chatev gajinna nicolaus dii bailian court, virodhada hecchina bhagavu sanna belegaararinda bandide endu nambuttaare, avaru tamma vaingalannu kelamattadavendu pariganisuva yaavude shreniyinda horaguliyuttaare endu bhayabhitaraagiddaare. mattobba maaleeka wine barahagara stephen brooksge prastuta, shreniyillada vyavastheyu "madhyama vaingalige pomerolna atyuttama vaingala khyatiyinda labha padeyalu anuvu maadikoduttade" endu helidaru mattu 2002 rahra aoc label ruchiya phalakada phalitaamshagalannu soochisidaru, vaingalige tamma wine labelnalli aoc pomerol hesarannu hondalu anumatisalaagideye endu nirdharisidaru. 2002 bahala kashtakara mattu upa-samaana vintage aagiddaroo, onde ondu wine saha aoc anumodaneyannu padeyalu viphalavaayitu. aadaagyoo, adhikruta shreyankada korateya horataagiyoo, aneka wine barahagararu mattu vimarshakaru tamma vaiyaktika vargeekaranagalannu itara moolagalinda ullekhisiddaare. ullekhisiddaare, master off wine clive coats tanna pustaka "aun encyclopedia off dhii wines und domains off france" nalli pomerol estetgala shreyankavannu serisidaru. aahaarada hondaanike. wine barahagara hyoog johnson avaru gomamsa phillet athawa chennagi netuhaakida veneson uttama paludara endu soochisiddaare, visheshavaagi vainnalli beyisalaaguttade, aadare pastery angulannu mandagolisuvudarinda gomamsavannu tappisabeku. wine barahagara oj clark avaru terrin mattu pyaategalantaha hecchu ruchiya aatada bhakshyagalu saha uttamavaagirabahudu endu soochisiddaare, ekendare avu wine tivratege hondikeyaguttave. pravasodyama. pomerol, medochna aneka wine estetgalannu pratyekisuva bhavyavaada shaito mattu alankruta vaastushilpakke tikshnavaada vyatiriktavaada, soumyavaada grameena parimalake hesaruvaasiyaagide. atyanta vishishtavaada estategalalliyu saha, "sarala krishi manegalu" endu samanyavagi vivarisalaaguva sthalagalu bahala kadime baahya gurutannu hondive. bordoda hecchina bhagagalanteye, kelave kelavu estetgalu ruchiya kotadigalannu hondive mattu innoo kadime janaru appointment illade saarvajanikarige terediruttaare. idakke kaaranavendare, pomerol wine hecchina bhagavannu "enn praimur" endu marata maadalaaguttade, idannu koylu maadida swalpa samayada nantara vishesha vitarakaru mattu grahakarige hanchalaaguttade, ruchiya kooneya bagilina moolaka marata maadalu wine kadime athawa yaavude illa.

pomerol eosi bordo libornaisinullil ("valath baank") veenju valarthunna oru franch commune "appaleshan dii orijin kontroli" (eiii. oo. sii) umm aanu pomerol (). ivide uthppaadippikkunna veenju pradhaanamaayum merlottil ninnaan, cabernet frank oru sahayaka punk vahikkunnu. mattu mikka bordo kammyoonukalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru palli undengilum yadhaartha gramamaaya pomerol illa. munthirithottangalkki veedukal sthaapichirikkunnathu. 1923-ll franch sarkkar sent-emilian, grettar libornise mekhala ennivaykku purame eee pradeshathe oru vyathyastha veenju mekhalayaayi amgeekarikkukayum 1936-ll "instittyoott naashanal dii ell orijin ettu dii laa kwaalitte" (inavo) eosi sthaapanangalude aadya tharamgatthinte bhaagamaayi eosi padavi nalkukayum cheythu. ippol ithu bordo eosi-kalil ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya onnaanengilum, irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil ninnulla eee sahacharyam thaarathamyena sameepakaalamaan, ithu pomerol bordo vargeekaranangalil ulppeduthaathathinte oru kaaranamaayi palappozhum nalkappedunnu. ekadesham moonnu kilometer veethiyum 4 kilometer neelavumulla bordo pradhana phine wine pradeshangalil ettavum cheruthaanu pomerol. athinte valath karayile ayalrajyamaaya seyint-emilian eosiyude ekadesham ezhilonnu valuppamulla ithu medokkile seyint-juuliyan eosiyude ettavum cheria idathu karaa communinu thulyamaanu. 1998ll, eiii. oo. sii athirthikalil 784 hector munthiri munthirivallikal nattupidippichu 36,066 hectoliter (± 952,763 gallen allengil 400,733 kesukal) veenju uthppaadippichirunnu. 2003ll 780 hector pomerol vilaveduppilum oru varsham sharashari 32,250 echu. ell. (ekadesham 358,333 kesukal) veenjum uthppaadippikkunnathil 150 prakhyapitha uthppaadakaraayirunnu. mikkavarum ellah veenjum estettu kuppikalullathaanu. bargandi, roonn thaazhvara thudangiya mattu franch wine pradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, nilavil pomerolil sahakarana samghangalonnum pravarthikkunnilla. 2007 aayappozhekkum nattupidippicha hectorukalude ennam 800 hector (1980 ekkar) cheruthaayi uyarnnu. 2009ll, pomerolil 140 prakhyapitha uthppaadakaraayirunnu, sharashari uparithala vistheernnam aarr hector "pomerol" appaleshante munthirithottam 800 hector prathivarsham sharashari 35,000 hectoliter ulppaadanavum ulkkollunnu. pala pomerol vainukalum ippol wine lelathilum swakaarya vipaniyilum bordo ettavum uyarnna rating labhicha classified valarchaykku thulyamaayi valare uyarnna vila labhikkunnundenkilum, pomerol veenjinte audyogika vargeekaranamilla. ennirunnaalum, eee pradeshathu "premiier kroo" nuu thulyamaayi vyaapakamaayi nilanilkkunna oru swath undu chaatto petrus. charithram. pomerol mekhalayum athinte vadakkan athirthiyaaya barbanne nadhiyum charitraparamaayi aalukal bhashakal samsaarikkunna vadakkum bhashakal samsaarikkunna thekkum thammilulla athirthiyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pomerol mekhalayil aadyamaayi munthirippazham nattath eppozhaanennu krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan prayaasamaanengilum romacar undaayirunna kaalath eee pradeshathu vittikkalchar undaayirunnuvennu kaanikkan mathiyaya thelivukal undu. athupole thanne "pomerol" enna perinte uthbhavathekkurich anishchithathvamundu, ennirunnaalum ithu laattin padamaaya "poma" yill ninnaan uthbhavichathennum ithu pazhangal nalkunna vithukale soochippikkunnuvennum apple ennartham varunna franch padamaaya "pomme" yude uthbhavamaanennum chila oohaapohangalundu. eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnathu eee pradeshathe poolii kalcharinte neenda charitramaanu, koodaathe mattu niravadhi vilakal, prathyekichu pazhangalum daanyangalum, vittikkalchar oru praadhamika kendramaayi maarunnathin valare munbuthanne eee pradeshathu krishi cheythirunnu. 1270-ll engleeshukaar libon nagaram sthaapichu, ithu pomerolile munthirithottangale kooduthal shradhayilekku konduvannirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, mikka bordoile pole, innathe taarn-ettu-gaaron, lottu-ettu-gaaron vakuppukalile garonil ninnulla vainukale apekshichu pomerolinte vainukalkku prashasthi kuravaayirunnu. speyinile santiago dii compostelayilekkulla pradhana theerthaadana pathayil eee pradeshatthinte sthaanam naitts hospitalarude thaalparyam aakarshichu, eee mekhalayil niravadhi hostalukalum aashupathrikalum sthaapicha kurishuyudhakkaar madangi. 1288ll aadyamaayi paraamarshicha gassin ashupatri polulla eee sthaapanangalil palathum ippol aadhunika munthirithottangalude chaatto gassin polulla vainarikaludeyum sthalangalaanu. nooru varshathe yudhathil takarnna munthirithottangal veendum nattupidippikkaan polum sahaayichukond niravadhi noottaandukalaayi naitukal eee pradeshathu thudarnnu. velutha vainukalil ninnu chuvappilekku parivartthanam. 16, 17 noottaandukalil dutch vyapaarikal bordo vipaniyile veenju vyaapaarathil ganyamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi. medokkinte chathuppukal vattikkunnathilum shavakudeerangalkk vadakkulla bhoomiyil vittikkalcharin vazhiyorukkunnathilum duchukal ettavum sradheyamaayirunnuvenkum, bordo thuramukhathinu engleesh vipaniyil undaayirunna pidi marikadannu avar dordogneyude valath theerathe kammyoonukalkk vadakkan europile (prathyekichu baltic, hansiatic samsthaanangal) oru vipani vaagdaanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, dachukaarudeyum eee vadakkan vipanikaludeyum ruchi velutha vainukalilekku chaayunnu, eee kaalayalavil pomerolil ettavum vyaapakamaayi natta velutha munthiri inangalaayirunnu. chuvanna munthiri enangalilekkulla parivartthanam mandagathiyilaayirunnu. pathinaram noottaandil thanne "vidoor", "bidur" ennee perukalil pomerol pradeshathu cabernet frank nattathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu noorukanakkinu varshangalkk sesham vare merlot eee pradeshathu avatharippikkappettathayi thonnunnilla. 1760-ll, libornise "negosiant" aaya luis-leonard fonteng, eee mekhalayile merlottinte aadyathe rekhappeduthiya udaaharanamaayi thonnunna oru munthirithottathil, ippol chaatto roottukalude bhagamaaya oru munthirithottathil nattupidippichu. ennirunnaalum, 19-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam vare velutha veenju munthirippazham pomerolile munthirithottangalil aadhipathyam thudarnnu, appol chuvanna klaarettukalude uyarnna vilayum kurayunna dutch swaadheenavum chuvanna veenju ulppaadanathe kooduthal akarshakamaakki. 1936ll eee pradeshathinu poornna eiii. oo. sii padavi labhichappol, eiii. oo. sii niyanthranam pomerolile eathenkilum velutha munthiri enangalude nadeel prathyekamaayi nirodhichu. oru redu wine mekhalayaayi poornnamaayum parivartthanam cheyyappettathinusheshavum, pomerolinte prashasthi medokkinekkaal valare pinnilaayirunnu. vichi sarkkar niyogicha 1943 leeii thaarathamya vila pattika, medocil ninnulla midu-tayar randaamathe valarchayude thalatthil maathram petrasine adutha ettavum uyarnna rating labhicha pomerol estettukalaaya viex chaatto surtan, chaatto laa konsilaant enniva chetto giscourse, chaatto laa lagyoon thudangiya moonnaam valarchaa estettukalkku anusrithamaayi commanding vilakalaayi pattikapedutthi. mouyiks kudumbavum praadhaanyathilekkulla aarohanavum. anthaaraashtra bhoopadatthil" "pomerol ulppeduthiyathinte bahumati jeane-piyari mouyiksinum kudumbatthinum parakke labhikkunnu. central franch department oof corressil janicha mouyiks thante kudumbathodoppam bordo mekhalayilekku thamasam maarukayum bordo nagaratthil thanne oru "negosiant" veedu thurakkaan aadyam sramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, aaa vipani valareyadhikam poorithamaanennu addeham kandethi, athinaal addeham nadikku kuruke libornise mekhalayilekku maarukayum 1937 ll liborn nagaratthil oru negosiant house thurakkukayum cheythu. 1945 ll mouyiks chaatto petrasinte prathyeka vilppana avakasham nedi. thudakkathil, beljiyathile pomerolinte parambaraagatha vipaniyumaayaan mouyiks kooduthalum vyapaaram nadathiyathu. ennirunnaalum, mouyiks propertykal vaangaanum paattatthinu nalkaanum thudangiyappol wine nirmmaana prakriyayil kooduthal sargaathmaka niyanthranam prakadippichukondu loka vipaniyil pomerolinte amgeekaaram vipuleekarikkaan addeham sramikkaan thudangi. 1953ll addeham chaatto trotanoy, chaatto laa fluor-petrus enniva vaangi, thudarnnu 1959ll chaatto lagranch vaangi. 1964ll mouyiks petressil bhooripaksham vihitam nedukayum wine nirmmaanatthinte melnottavum dishayum poornnamaayum ettedukkukayum cheythu. 1982leeii vinteju mouyiksinum pomerolinum oru neertthada nimishamaayirunnu. sakthamaaya us dollar american wine niroopakanaaya roobert emm.-nte thilangunna avalokanangalum sahayichu. parker, juu.eee pradesham american vipaniyil sakthamaaya kaalukuthukayum lela sarcutil petrus polulla estettukale abhoothapoorvamaaya vilayilekku nayikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. petressinu purame, mouyiks kudumbatthinu chaatto laa grave, chaatto laattor eiii pomerol, chaatto hosana ennivayum undu. kaalaavasthayum vittikkalcharum. samudra swaadheenathil pomerolile kaalavastha bakkiyulla bordoyode vishaalamaayi saamyamullathaanenkilum, kadalil ninnum jirond azhimukhathu ninnumulla eee pradeshatthinte dooram kaalaavasthaye medokkinekkaal bhookhandamaakki maattunnu. ithinartham valarunna seasonil pakalsamayatthe uyarnna thapanilaykkum vaikunnerathe thaazhnna thapanilaykkum idayil kooduthal dainamdina thaapanila vyathiyaanam pomerol kaanunnu ennaanu. vasanthakaalath eee pradeshathu kooduthal mazha labhikkumbol (poovidumbol merlottinu prasnangal undaakkum) "veraison" kazhinjaal venalkkaalath mothatthil mazha ganyamaayi kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, vilaveduppu mazhayude bheeshani ippozhum pomerolil nilanilkkunnu, prathyekichu paakamakal prakriya neendunilkkunnathinaayi "deerghakaala thoongikkidakkunna" thathwashaasthram upayogikkunna wine nirmmaathaakkalkk. mazha peiyumbol athu chaaraniratthilulla azhukalinu ganyamaaya apakadasaadhyatha srishtikkum, prathyekichu vellam nilanirthunna kanatha kaliman mannil nattupidippikkunna merlottinu. chaatto petrus polulla chila vainarikalkk avarude munthirithottam plaastik sheettingil moodunnathinulla thozhil chelavu thangaan kazhiyumbol, vellam verukalilekku kuthikkunnath thadayaanum avarude munthirithottangalkku mukalil sanjarikkaan helikopttarukal upayogikkaanum kazhiyum, ithu munthirippazham unakkaan kaatt srishtikkunnu, ellah swathukkalkkum atharam nadapadikal sweekarikkaan kazhiyilla. valare choodulla vintageukal (2003,2009 polullava) merlottil amithamaayi pakamakunna prasnangal srishtikkumbol, pomerol mekhalayum (mothatthil sariyaaya bankum) thanutha varshangalil (2006,2008 polullava) mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnu. pomerol mekhalayil pathivayi sambhavikkukayum muzhuvan vintejukaleyum thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunna vasanthakala manju aanu pradhana vittikkalcharal apakadangal. bhoomishaasthram. liboninte kizhakkum vadakkukizhakkum bhagathaanu pomerol sthithi cheiyunnathu. bordo ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya kammyoonukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, dordognail ninnu thekk pattanavum thekk-kizhakk bhaagathulla sent-emilian verthirikkunnathinaal ithinu nerittu nadee praveshanamilla. vadakkukizhakku, "laa barbanne rau" enna aruvikk kuruke lande-dii-pomerol sthithicheyyunnu. ithu oru charal theerathu nilkkunnu (ithu medokkinte abhimaanakaramaaya appaleshanukalumaayi pankidunnu); thekkum padinjaarum mannu kooduthal manal niranjathaanu, athesamayam vadakkum kizhakkum kalimannilekku neengunnu. uyarnna irumbu ulladakkamulla irunda niratthilulla kalimannu aanu upa mannu. samudranirappil ninnu 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) muthal ekadesham 10 meter (33 adii) vare uyarathil ninnu thaazhekku veezhunna cheria uyarnna charivukalulla bhoopradesam thaarathamyena parannathaanu. pomerolile kooduthal uyarnna rating ulla estettukalil bhooribhaagavum eee pradeshatthinte kizhakkan pakuthiyil, sent-emiliyante athirthi vare sthithicheyyunnu, avide chaatto cheval blankinte premiier grand kroo klaas (eiii) estettile munthirithottangal palappozhum pomerol estettukalil ninnu kaanaan kazhiyum. pomerolinte thekke attathu kaattoosiyo kugramathiloode vyaapichukidakkumbol kugramathinu vadakku bhaagath mannil eee mekhalayile ettavum mikacha charal kanikakal adangiyirikkunnu. vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath lande-dii-pomerol, montagne-sent-emilian, sent-emilian ennivayude athirthikalulla mailot kugramamundu, kugramathiloode kadannupokunna rooad thanne pomerolinum sent-emilian thammilulla audyogika athirthiyaanu. saankethikamaayi sent-emiliyante athirthikkullil sthithicheyyunna, ennaal pomerolilekku vyaapichukidakkunna chila munthirithottangalkku "pomerolinte oonarari pourathvam" nalkendivannathinaal ithu chila niyamaparamaaya prashnangalilekku nayichu. munthirithottathile mannu. pomerol mekhalayile mannu valare vaividyamaarnnathaanu, charal, manal, kalimannu ennivayude misritham peedabhoomiyil chitharikkidakkunnu. ekadesham paranjaal vadakkum kizhakkum, sent-emiliyante athirthikkaduthulla munthirithotta mannil kooduthal kalimannu undaakaarund, athesamayam padinjaarum thekkum mannu bharam kuranjathum kooduthal charal niranjathumaanu. vadakku barbanne, padinjaaru dweep, thekk dordogne, libon nagaram enningane moonnu nadikalaanu pomerol sthithicheyyunna peedabhoomiyude athirthikal. bhoopradesam peedabhoomiyude charivukaliloode thaazhekku neengukayum eee nadikalilekku neengukayum cheyyumbol mannu kooduthal melinjathum manal niranjathumaayi maarunnu. pomerol peedabhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum gunsian kaalaghattatthile charal kondu adukki vechirikkunna manal kaliman maarl kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu (medockilum graves easilum kaanapedunna athe charal), thaazhathe charivukalile charal liborninode aduthaanu, ithu yuva mindell glaciation kaalaghattatthil ninnaan varunnath. bharam kuranjathum manal niranjathumaaya mannile munthirivallikal uyarnna kaliman ulladakkamulla manninekkaal neratthe paakamaakumenkilum sakthamaaya pazhangalum vaardhakyasheshiyum kuravaanu. molasses crasse dii ferre. crass dii ferr" allengil "matchefer" ennariyappedunna irumbu nikshepangalaal sambannamaaya manalinte baandinu mukalil irikkunna savisheshamaaya neela-kalimanninte ("molas" ennariyappedunna) "boutoniyar" (allengil "buttonhole") ennu visheshippikkappedunnath pomerol mekhalaykkullil sthithicheyyunnathu. ekadesham 20 hector (50 ekkar) maathram visthruthiyulla ithu oru cheria pradesamaanu, ithu backie pomerolil kaanapedunna manninekkaal valare asaadhaaranamaanu, ennaal prashasthamaaya chaatto petrus estettile munthirithottam eee hectoril pakuthiyiladhikam nadunnathinaal, veenjile athinte swaadheenam saahithyathil valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappettittund. eee "boutaniyari" ll kuranjathu kurachu nadeelukalulla mattu munthirithottangalil chaatto laa konsilaant, chaatto eiii evanjail, chaatto laflur, chaatto gassin, chaatto trotanoy, chaatto klaint, chaatto leeii geey, chaatto howt ferrand, viex chaatto surtan enniva ulppedunnu. catherine mouyiksinte abhipraayathil irumbu kalarnna manalinte "clinkerukal" vayalattukaludeyum trafilukaludeyum sugandham cherkkunnu, athesamayam viakes chaatto sarttaanile alexander theanpond parayunnath munthirivalliyude oorjjavum amithamaya ila valarchayum parimithappeduthunnathil athinte gunangal kooduthal vittikalcharal aanennaan. ennirunnaalum, chaatto petrasumaayi bandhamundengilum, pomerolile ellah veenju uthppaadakarum avarude swathil "crass dii ferr" enna gunathe prasamsikkunnilla. irumbu sambushtamaaya mannu munthirivallikalude verukal mannil aazhathil erangaan anuvadikkunnathra abhedyamaanennu chaatto ell 'eglis-klinettile denis duranto vishwasikkunnu, ithu palappozhum uyarnna nilavaaramulla "teroirumaayi" bandhapetta oru savisheshathayaanu. thante swathukkalilum thaan koodiyaalochikkunna mattu estettukalilum ulla krooramaaya samghangale takarkkaan addeham pravartthikkunnu. neela-kalimannu "boutaineer" ennathukondu undaakunna pala gunangalum "crass dii ferr" ennathinu purame nilanilkkunnuvennum, athaayath varanda varshangalil eerppam nilanirthaanum shareerathinteyum shakthiyudeyum vainukal uthppaadippikkaanum kalimanninu kazhiyumennum durantau vishwasikkunnu, koodaathe petrosinu vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunna irumbu nikshepamillaathe eee neela-kalimanninte randaamathe "boutaineer" undennum rekhappeduthunnu. eee randaamathe "bouttaniyer" ll kuranjathu kurachu nadeelukalulla munthirithottangalil chaatto ell 'eglis-klaint, chaatto trotanoy, chaatto closs eglis, chaatto laa kabane, chaatto nenin enniva ulppedunnu. wine nirmmaanam. irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum, pomerolinte wine nirmmaana shailikale bordo oonoolajist emily painode sarvakalashaalayum medokkile cabernet saavignon munthirippazhathekkurichu addehathinte pravartthanangalum swaadheenichu. medocil painodinte saankethikavidyakal valia thothil vijayichuvenkilum avaa ellaayppozhum pomerolilekku nannayi vivarthanam cheythilla. eee pradesham vyathyasthamaaya munthirippazham mathramalla, thanutha vyathyastha mannu avasthakalum (mothatthilulla choodulla kaalavastha undaayirunnittum) upayogichirunnu. eee kaalaavasthayil cabernet saavignon nannayi paakamaayillengilum idathu theerathulla cabernet saavignoninte athe panchasaara alavil vilavedukkunna merlot munthirippazham paakamaakaattha ruchiyum "haard wine" utppaadippikkum. 1980kalil kooduthal pomerol nirmmathaakkal merlot munthirippazham kooduthal poornnamaayum pakam cheiyunnathinaayi neettivacha thoongikkidakkunna samayam ulppede "sariyaaya baank" saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkaan thudangunnathuvare, innu pomerol vainukalumaayi bandhapetta shaili vikasichu. mikka wine pradeshangalileyum pole, wine nirmmaanatthinte shaili wine nirmmathaavinum vintejinum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. pothuve, pala pomerol wine nirmmaathaakkalum 15 muthal 21 divasam vare maakareshan pariseelikkukayum wine poornnamaayum varandupokumbol amarthukayum cheiyunnu. veenju mikkavarum ellaayppozhum malolectic pulippikkaliloodeyaanu kadannupokunnathu. kuppiyil kayattunnathinum purathirakkunnathinum munbu veenjinu 18 muthal 20 maasam vare vaardhakyamundaakum. swathanthramaayi upayogikkunna veenjine verthirichu vinteju anusarichu aavasyamulla "winn dii pras" enna anupaathathil veendum kalarthuka ennathaanu pomerolile paarambaryam. bakkiyulla pras wine palappozhum estettinte randaamathe veenjil upayogikkukayo "negosiyantukalkk" vilkkukayo cheyyum. wine gadakangal orumichu pakwata praapikkunnathinum saidhaanthikamaayi, saadhaaranayaayi kooduthal tannic, phenolic pras vaininte kaadinyam kuraykkunnathinum vendi chaatto petrus polulla chila veedukal pulippikkal samayat "winn dii pras" cherkkunnathiloode blendinginte samayam (pulippikkumbozho athinusheshamo polullava) estettu anusarichu vyathyaasappedum. pala bordo estettukalileyum pole, basket press veendum prachaaratthilundu, pakshe numatic niyanthranangal polulla aadhunika gadakangalumaayi. mouyiks estettukalude pradhana wine nirmmaathaakkalil oralaaya jeane-claude beraut, pomase kooduthal soumyamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi oru lamba basket press roopakalppana cheyyaan sahayichu, ithu niravadhi estettukal sweekarichu. maikkal rolandinteyum vairudhyamulla thathwachinthayudeyum swaadheenam. lokaprashasta wine nirmmathaavaaya maikkal rolland pomerol mekhalayil janichu, addehathinu bhaarya daniyumaayi saha udamasthathayilulla chaatto leeii boonn paasttar enna oru kudumba estettu undu. 1980kalilum 1990kalilum rolland praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnappol, wine niroopakanaaya roobert parkerude annaakkine anukarikkunna oru shailiyude sahaayathode, pala pomerol wine estettukalum anukaranathiloodeyo allengil oru kansalttant wine nirmmathaavaayi rolandine niyamikkunnathiloodeyo "rolland shaili" sweekarikkaan thudangi. eee reethiyil vilaveduppu kazhiyunnathra vaikippikkunnath ulppedunnu, munthirippazhathinu poornnamaaya "physiological pakwata" nalkunnathinu deerghavum vipulavumaaya thoongikkidakkunna samayam nalkunnu, ithu pazhatthinu "amithamaayi paakamaya" ruchiyum veenjile madyathinte alavu 14 sathamaanathiladhikam nalkum. puthiya ookku baaralukalil vaardhakyathethudarnnu chaayayil palappozhum oru neenda kaalayalaviloode (3 muthal 8 aazhcha vare) kadannupokanam. ithinu vipareethamaayi, "mouyiks shaili" pazhangalude ruchiyile oorjjaswalathaykkum puthumaykkum oru premium nalkunnu, mouyiksinte udamasthathayilulla trotanoy, petrus thudangiya estettukal palappozhum thiranjedukkunna aadya estettukalil ulppedunnu. veenju. 100 varsham munbu valia alavil vella uthppaadippichirunnuve pomerol ippol redu wine maathramaayi uthpaadippikkunnu. munthirithottathinte 80 sathamaanavum varunna merlot ividathe ettavum pradhanappetta munthirippazhamaanu. ithu mikkavarum sthiramaayi mishrithamaanengilum, merlottinte anupatham 95 sathamaanam vare uyaraam, ennirunnaalum ithu saadhaaranayaayi 70-80% sreniyilaanu. adutha ettavum pradhanappetta munthirippazham praadeshikamaayi "leeii boshett" ennariyappedunna cabernet frank aanu, ithu munthirithottathinte ekadesham 15 sathamaanamaanu, saadhaaranayaayi mishrithatthinte 5-20% aanu. praadeshikamaayi "pressack" ennariyappedunna bakkiyulla bordoil adhikam nadaattha malbeck upayogikkunnu. bakkiyulla anuvadaneeyamaaya munthirippazhangalaaya cabernet saavignon, pettitt verdot enniva valare kurachu maathrame nadunnulloo, avaa "grand winn" ll apoorvvamaayi maathrame upayogikkunnulloo, ennirunnaalum malbekkineppole, avaa oru estettinte randaamathe veenjil prathyakshappedaam. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, redu wine uthppaadippikkunna jillayilekkulla pomerolinte parivartthanam poortthiyaayappol, cabernet frank aayirunnu pradhana munthiri inam. ennirunnaalum, 1956 leeii vasanthakaalathe oru manju cabernet frank thottangalude valiyoru bhaagathe nasippikkukayum pala estettukalum eee paripadi uyarnna vilavum neratthe paakamaakunnathumaaya merlot upayogichu punarnirmmikkanulla avasaramaayi edukkukayum cheythu. poovidumbol kaalavastha thanuppullathum mazhayullathumaayi maarukayaanengil koolur baadikkaanulla merlottinte pravanatha undaayirunnittum, eee munthiri valare vegam pomerolil praadhaanyathilekku uyarukayum eee pradeshavumaayi ettavum adutha bandhamullah munthirippazhamaayi maarukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, valare kurachu pomerolukal maathramaan shudhamaaya merlot, athu nalkunna tannic gadanaykkum aciditic cabernet frank ippozhum vilamathikkappedunnu, ithu vainukalkku deerghaayussum vaardhakyavum nalkum. vaasthavathil, 20-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum merlot vilaveduppilekkulla pravanatha pinneedu vardhichuvarunna panchasaarayude alavil thudarunnathinaal, amithamaayi paakamaya merlottinte sambannavum ennaal pottunnathumaya swabhaavam santhulithamaakkunnathil cabernet fraankinte punk pomerol wine nirmmathaakkal kooduthal prashamsichu. pothuve, merlot pradhaanamaayum kaliman mannil nadumbol cabernet frank chunnaambukallu puranthallalukalilum cabernet saavignon, malbeck enniva kooduthal charal mannil nadaanum saadhyathayund. cabernet saavignon nattupidippikkunna churukkam chila estettukalil viex chaatto surtan, chaatto beuregard, chaatto surtan dii meyy, chaatto gassin, chaatto nenin, chaatto pettitt villej enniva ulppedunnu. malbeck thottangalulla estettukalil onnaanu chaatto laa konsilaant. eiii. oo. sii niyanthranangal. merlot, cabernet frank (buchettu), cabernet saavignon, malbeck (presk) ennivayaanu eosi veenjinu anuvadaneeyamaaya oreyoru munthiri inangalaaya pomerol. vilaveduppu vilavu paramavadhi 42 hectoliter/hector (± 2.2 tonn/ekkar) aayi parimithappedutthiyirikku, poortthiyaaya veenjinu kuranjathu <aii. dii. 1> enna alcohol alavu kaivarikkendathundu. pomerolil ninnulla veenjine bordo allengil bordo superrior ("declassified") ennu label cheyyaam "pomerol" labelinu arhatayullah uyarnna nilavaaramulla veenjallennu nirmmaathaavin thonniyaal ithu saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkum. shailikalum vaardhakyavum. veenjinte shaili "teroire" anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. padinjaaru, mannu kooduthal manal niranjirikkunna, vainukal bharam kuranjathaanu; thekk, mannu kooduthal charal niranjirikkunna, merlottinte anupatham kuravaanu, koodaathe vainukal medokkinte ruchiyilekku kooduthal chaayunnu. veenjine 'velvetti' allengil 'anktyoos' ennaanu visheshippichirikkunna. chilappol karuppikkunnathilekku valarunna plum aanu pazhatthinte savisheshamaaya ruchi. wine vidagthanaaya oos klaarkkinte abhipraayathil, plum nottukalkku purame, thaine sugandhavyanjanagal, traffles, kurumulak, choklettu, varutha andipparippu, unakkamunthiri nottukal enniva creamy, chilappol vennayude mouthu pheel, minusamarnna tannin ennivayodoppam pomerolukalil undakam. oru vishudha-emiliyante mriduvaaya, kattiyulla, maamsafalangalkkum medokkinte vainukalumaayi bandhapetta kaadinyathinum nattellinum edayilulla "paathivazhiyulla veedu" ennaanu maasttar oof wine clive kottukal pomerolukale visheshippikkunnathu. mikka medocukalileyum prabalamaaya "black karant" nottukale apekshichu kooduthal sambannavum velvetti, plum nottukal ulla sent-emiliyanekkaal kuranja "fruitcakey" sugandhangalaanu pomerolukalkullathenn kottukal rekhappeduthunnu. merlottinte swabhaavathil ninnaan eee sambannamaaya pazham uthbhavikkunnath, ithu medokkile cabernet saavignon adisthaanamaakkiyulla vainukale apekshichu pomerolinte vainukal prathyakshamaayi tannic allaathathaakkaan anuvadikkunnu. wine vidagthanum wine maastarumaaya hyoog jonson parayunnathanusarichu, pomerolinu mikka bordoyekkalum kuranja vaardhakyamaanu aavashyamaayi varunnathu saadhaaranayaayi anchu varsham mathiyakum, ettavum valia vintejukalkku polum 12 varsham mathiyakum. pomerolukal saadhaaranayaayi avayude aazhathilulla niravum chilappol creamy, saandreekrithamaaya paakamaya plum sugandhangalum kondu verthirichariyappedunnu, ennaal mattu bordo vainukalude savisheshamaaya uyarnna acidityum taaninukalum illaathe. chaatto. pomerolinte chaattoksin audyogika vargeekaranamilla. loka vipaniyil pomerolinte thaarathamyena sameepakaala praadhaanyamaayi ithinu palappozhum visheshippikkappedunnum, pomerolinte vainukal lokamembaadumulla prasamsayum amgeekaaravum srishtikkunnundengilum, pomerol estettukalude audyogika ranking aavasyamillennu pala nirmmaathaakkalum ippozhum karuthunnu. chaatto gaasinte nicolas dii bailiancourt polulla chila nirmmathaakkal, thangalude vainukal thaazhnnathaanennu karuthunna eathenkilum rankingle ninnu ozhivaakkappedumennu bhayappedunna cherukida karshakaril ninnaan bhooribhaagam ethirppukalum undaakunnathenn vishwasikkunnu. mattoru udama wine ezhuthukaaranaaya steefan brookinode, nilavile, rank cheyyaatha samvidaanam "pomerolinte mikacha vainukalude prashasthiyil ninnu labhikkaan sharashari vainukale anuvadikkunnu", koodaathe 2002 eosi label tasting paanalinte phalangalilekku viral choondukayum, wine labelil eosi pomerol enna peru vahikkaan vainukalkku anuvaadamundo ennu nirnnayikkukayum cheythu. 2002 valare budhimuttullathum thulyamaaya vintejumaanenkilum oru veenjinum eiii. oo. sii amgeekaaram nedaanaayilla. ennirunnaalum, audyogika rankinginte abhavam undaayirunnittum, pala wine ezhuthukaarum vimarshakarum varshangalayi mattu srothassukal udharicha avarude swantham vyakthigatha vargeekaranangal konduvannittundu. 2001-ll, maasttar oof wine clive kottukal thante "aan encyclopedia oof dhii wines aandu domainus oof france" enna pusthakatthil pomerol estettukalude ranking ulppeduthi. bhakshanathinte poruthappedutthal. beef phillat allengil nannayi thookkiyidunna panniyirachi oru nalla pankaaliyaanennu wine ezhuthukaaran hyoog jonson abhipraayappettittund, prathyekichu veenjil pakam cheiyunnathinaal, pastry annaakkine mangikkunnathinaal beef vellington ozhivaakkanam. terrin, paatte thudangiya uyarnna ruchiyulla geyim vibhavangalum veenjinte theevrathayumaayi poruthappedunnathinaal nallathaayirikkumenn wine ezhuthukaaran oos clark abhiprayappettu. vinodasanjaaram. medokkinte niravadhi wine estettukale verthirikkunna grand chaatto, alankaricha vaasthuvidya ennivayil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya saadhaarana grameena ruchiykk pomerol prashasthamaan. ettavum vishishtamaaya estettukalil palathum polum valare kurachu baahya thirichariyal ulla "lalithamaaya phaam houseukal" ennu palappozhum visheshippikkappedunna sthalangalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. bordo mikka pradeshangalilethupole, valare kurachu estettukalil maathrame ruchiyulla murikalulloo, athilum kurachuper maathrame appoyintment illaathe pothujanangalkkayi thurannirikkunnulloo. vilaveduppinu thottupinnaale prathyeka vitharanakkarkkum upabhokthakkalkkum anuvadicha "enn praimur" enna peril pomerol veenjinte bhooribhaagavum vilkkunnathinaal, ruchi muriyude vaathililoode wilkan wine kuravo illayo.

pomerol aoc pomerol () haah eka french wine-utpadak samuday aahe aanee bordomadhil liborness ("ujavya ("ujavya madheel "appellation dii origine controlly" (aoc) aahe. yethe utpadit honari wine pramukhyane merlotmadhun yete aanee cabernet phrank sahayyak bhoomika bajavate. itar bahutek bordo samudayanpramane, jaree tethe church asale taree pomerolche kharey gaav nahee. ghare drakshbaganmadhye basavali jaatat. 1923 madhye french sarkarne seent-emmillion aanee grater libornais pradeshavyatirikt yaa pradeshala eka vegala wine pradesh mhanoon manyata dilee hotee aanee 1936 madhye 'institute national dii laal origine ett dii laa kwalite' (ii. aine. aii. oo.) dware aii. oo. see. aasthapananchya pahilya latecha bhag mhanoon tyala aii. oo. see. darja denyat aala. aata hii bordexchya sarvat pratishthit aoc paiki eka asali taree, hii paristhiti tulanene alikadachi aahe, visavya shatkachya uttaradhatil aahe, jeey bahutekda portochya konatyahi vargikaranat pomeraulcha samavesh qaa keela jaat nahee yache eka kaaran mhanoon dile jaate. pomeraul heey bordomadhil sarvat lahan sookshm madya pradesh aahe, jeey andaje teen kilometer rund aanee 4 kilometer lamb kshetra vyapate. too tyachya ujavya ujavya shejarchya seent-emilian aeosichya aakarachya andaje satvya kramankacha aahe aanee medokmadhil seent-julien aeosichya sarvat lahan davya ujavya samudayachya barobaricha aahe. 1998 saalee, aii. oo. see. chya simemadhye 784 hector drakshanchya velanchi lagwad karnyat aalee hotee, jyamule 36,066 hector (± 952,763 gallen kinwa 400,733 cases) wine tayar hote. 2003 saalee pomeraulchya 780 hector kapanimadhye 150 ghoshit utpadak hote aanee varshakathi sarasari 32,250 etch. ell. (sumare 358,333 prakarane) madya utpadan karat hote. jawaljawal serve madya malmatta-batalya aahet. bargandi aanee rone rone itar french wine pradeshanpramane, sadhya pomerolmadhye konatihi sahkari sanstha karyarat nahee. 2007 paryant lagwad kelelya hectorchi sankhya kinchit vadhoon 800 hector (1980 ekar) jhaali hotee. 2009 madhye, pomeraulmadhye 140 ghoshit utpadak hote, jyanche sarasari prushthbhagache kshetrafal sahaa hector aahe aanee "pomeraul" yaa upkramachya drakshmalyamadhye 800 hector kshetra vyapale aahe, jyache sarasari utpadan darvarshi 35,000 hector hote. anek pomeraul wine aata wine lilavat aanee khajgi bajarat bordochya sarvat uchch darjachya vargikrut vadhichya barobarine khoop jaast kimmati midavatat, parantu pomeraul wineche konatehi adhikrut vargikaran nahee. tathapi, yaa pradeshat eka malmatta aahe jee mothya pramanavar "pramukh kru" chya samatulya aaheh cheto petrus. itihas. pomerol pradesh aanee tyachi uttarekadil seema, barben nadee hii aitihasikdrushtya uttareteel seema manali jaat asey, jithe lock dii 'oil bhasha bolatat aanee dakshinet jithe teey dii' oo. see. bhasha bolatat. pomerol pradeshat drakshe pahilyanda kevha lavali gelee heey nemke sangane katheen asale taree romananchya kalat yaa bhagat viticulture astitvat hote heey darshavinyasathi purese purave aahet. tyachpramane 'pomerol' yaa navachya utpattibabat anishchitata aahe, jaree kahee andaj aahet qee too 'poma' yaa lattin shabdavarun aala aahe, joou phal phal biyanancha sandarbh deto aanee french shabd 'pome' chaa ugam aahe, jyacha arth safarchand aahe. yaa siddhantala yaa pradeshatil bahuutpadanchya pradirgh itihasache samarthan aahe, jyamadhye itar anek pike, visheshtah fale aanee dhanye, hii vanaspati vanaspati shetivar prathamik laksh kendrit honyachya khoop aadhipasoon yaa bhagat lagwad kelee jaat hotee. 1270 madhye ingrajanni liborne shaharachi sthapana kelee, jyane pomeraulchya drakshamalyanvar vyapak laksh vedhale asave. tathapi, bahutek bordopramanech, pomerolchi wine sadhyachya tarn-ett-garon aanee lott-ett-garon vibhaganmadhil garonchya varchya bhagatil vainpeksha qamee pratishthit hotee. spainmadhil santiago dii compostelachya pramukh tirthyatrechya margavar asalelya yaa bhagachya sthanane dekhil nites hospitallerchi utsukata aakarshit kelee, kelee crusadersney yaa pradeshat anek vasatigruhe aanee rugnalaye ubharali. yapaiki anek aasthapana, jase qee ghazin rugnalay, jyacha pratham 1288 madhye ullekh karnyat aala hota, aata aadhunik drakshamalyanchi aanee cheto gazinsarkhya winerychi thikane aahet. shoorvir anek shatake yaa pradeshat rahile, agadi shambhar varshanchya yuddhane uddhvast jhalelya drakshamalyanchi punha lagwad karnyas madat kelee. konatyahi winepasoon laal winemadhye sankraman. sankraman aanee aanee shatkat, dutch dutch bordo bajaratil madyavikrivar lakshaniy prabhav hota. dutch lock medockchya daldalichya bhagatoon paanee kadhoon taknyasathi aanee kabarinchya uttarekadil pradeshat viticulturecha marg mokala karnyasathi sarvat ullekhaneey hote, tarr tyanni dordognechya ujavya ujavya samudayanna uttar europemadhil bajarpeth (visheshtah baltic aanee hansiatic rajye) deu kelee, jee bordochya bandarachi ingraji bajaravaril pakad mage takat hotee. tathapi, dutch aanee yaa uttarekadil bajarpethanchi chav konatyahi drakshankade jhukali hotee aanee yaa kalat konatyahi drakshanchya jaatee pomeraulmadhye sarvat jaast lagwad kelya gelya hotya. laal drakshanchya prakarankade sankraman santh hote. pomerol bhagat cabernet frankchi lagwad 16 vya shatkachya suruvatilach 'vidyur' aanee 'bidyur' yaa navanni nondavali gelee hotee, parantu donashe varshannantarhi yaa bhagat merlotchi olakh jhaleli disat nahee. 1760 madhye, lui-leonard fontemong yaa libornais "negosient" neey, yaa pradeshatil merlotche pahile dastaivajikaran kelele udaharan, aata cheto roogetcha bhag asalelya drakshbagat lavale. tathapi, 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhaparyant konatyahi drakshanche pomerolchya drakshamalyanvar varchasva kayam rahile, jevha laal ranganchya pattyanchya vadhatya kimmati aanee dutch prabhavachya ghatanyane laal drakshanche utpadan adhik aakarshak jhaale. 1936 madhye jevha yaa pradeshala purn aii. oo. see. darja midala, tevha aii. oo. see. niyamnamule pomeraulmadhil konatyahi konatyahi drakshanchya jaatinchya lagvadivar visheshtah bandee ghalanyat aalee. reed wine pradeshat tyache sampoorn rupantar jhalyanantarhi, pomeraulchi pratishtha ajunahi medockchya tulanet khoop mage rahili. 1943 madhye vichee sarkarne suru kelelya tulanatmak kimmatichya yadeet petruschi yadee medockchya madhya-stariy estatechya vadhichya patalivar, pudhil sarvoch darjachya pomerol eastates, vx cheto serton aanee cheto laa concillent, cheto giskers aanee cheto laa lagoon sarkhya sarkhya vadhichya estatechya anushangane, soochibaddha kelee gelee. moix kutumb aanee pramukhata prapt karane. jeane-piyare moix aanee tyachya kutumbala pomerola "aantarrashtriy nakashavar" thevanyache shrey mothya pramanat dile jaate. madhya french vibhagat janmalela moix tyachya kutumbasah bordo pradeshat gela aanee tyane bordo shaharatach eka 'negocient' ghar ughadanyacha pratham prayatna keela. tathapi, tyala tee bajarpeth mothya pramanat santrupt jhalyache aadhalale, mhanoon too nadichya palikade liborness pradeshat gela aanee 1937 madhye liborne shaharat eka negotient haus ughadale. 1945 madhye, mouixney cheto petrusche vishesh vikri adhikar midavale. suruvatila, moixcha vyapar mukhytah beljiyammadhil pomeraulchya paramparik bajarpethet hott asey. tathapi, mouixney malmatta kharedi aanee bhadepattivar denyas suruvat kelee aanee wine banavanyachya prakriyevar adhik sarjansheel niyantran darshavitana tyane jaagtik bajarpethet pomeraulchi manyata vadhavanyacha vichar suru keela. 1953 madhye tyanni 1959 madhye cheto trotanoy aanee cheto laa flair-petrus aanee tyanantar cheto lagrange vikat ghetale. tyanantar 1964 madhye, mouixney petrasmadhye bahusankhya vaataa midavala aanee winemaking paryavekshan aanee disha purnapane sweekarli. 1982 chaa wintage haah moix aanee pomerolsathi eka jalvibhajak kshan hota. majboot americi dollar aanee american wine samikshak robbert emm. yanchya chamakdar punravloknanmule madat jhaali. parker, junier.yaa pradeshane american bajarpethet bhakkam paay rovale aanee petrasarkhya vasahatinna lilav paripathavar abhootpurv kimmatinparyant nenyas madat kelee. petrus vyatirikt, moix kutumbakade cheto laa grave, cheto lator aii pomerol aanee cheto hosanna dekhil aahet. hawaman aanee viticulture. pomerolche hawaman sagari prabhavat urvarit bordosarkhech asale taree, samudra aanee gironde nadimukhapasoonche yaa pradeshache antar hawaman medockpeksha spashtapane adhik khandiy banavate. yacha arth, arth hangamat, divasache uchch aanee sandhyakalche nimn tapman darmyan, pomeraulmadhye dainandin tapmanat adhik farak disun yeto. tasech yaa pradeshat vasant rutumadhye jaast paus padato (jyamule fulanchya velee merlotsathi samasya udbhavu shakatat) tarr 'veraison' nantar unhalyachya mahinyant ekoon paus lakshaniyaritya qamee asato. tathapi, pikanyachi prakriya lambanivar taknyasathi visheshtah 'vistarit latkav' veleche tattvadnyan vaparnare wine utpadak, pomeraulmadhye kapanichya pavasacha dhoka ajunahi aahe. jevha paus padato tevha visheshtah paanee sathavun thevanyacha cull asalelya judd chikanmatichya mativar lavalelya marlotsathi, teey rakhadi sadan honyacha lakshaniy dhoka nirman karoo shakate. jaree kahee winery, jase qee cheto petrus, tyanchya drakshamalyala plasticchya aavaranat jhakanyacha shram kharch paravadu shakatat jenekarun paanee mulanmadhye bhiju naye aanee tyanchya drakshamalyanvar taranganyasathi helicoptercha vapar karava, drakshe sukavanyasathi vaara nirman karava, pratyek malmatta asha upayayojana karoo shakat nahee. khoop garam wintage (jase qee 2003 aanee 2009) heey merlotmadhye atee-pikanyachya samasya nirman karoo shakatat, tarr pomerol pradesh (aanee sampurnapane yogya kinara) thund varshant (jase qee 2006 aanee 2008) adhik changle kaam karato. vasant rututil danv heey mukhya viticultural dhoke aahet, jeey pomeraul pradeshat varanvar udbhavu shakatat aanee sampoorn vintejmadhye vyatyay aanoo shakatat. bhoogol. pomeraul libornchya purv aanee ishanyela aahe. bordochya bahutek pratishthit samudayanpramane, tyala thet nadee pravesh nahee, jeey dakshinekade dordognepasun shahar aanee aagneyela asalelya sant-emmeliondware vegale kele jaate. ishanyela, 'laa barbane raav' navachya eka pravahavar landey-dii-pomerol aahe. too eka khadkal khadkal ubha aahe (eka vaishishtya jeey too maddockchya pratishthit upnamansah samayik karato); dakshin aanee paschim dishela maatee adhik valukamay aahe, tarr uttar aanee purv dishela tee chikanmatikade valate. up-maatee hii gadad bharalelya chikanmatichi aahe, jyat lohache praman jaast aahe. samudraspatipasun 2 kilometer (1.2 mail) teey sumare 10 meater (33 phoot) yaa kalavadhit 35-40 meater (115-130 phoot) unchivarun unchivarun thodyasha tarangatya utaransah bhupradesh tulanene sapat aahe. pomerolmadhil bahutek uchch darjachya vasahati yaa pradeshachya purv ardhya bhagat, seent-emilionchya simeparyant aahet, jithe pramukh grand kru class (aaa) cheto chevel blankchya estatechi drakshamale anekada pomerol estatemadhunach pahili jaau shakatat. pomeraulche sarvat dakshinekadil bhag katusochya vastyapalikade vistarle aahet, tarr vastyachya agadi uttarekadil matimadhye yaa pradeshatil kahee utkrusht kankariche kann aahet. ishanyekade melaletache gaav aahe jeey landey-dii-pomerol, montagne-seent-emilian aanee seent-emilionchya aeosichya simevar aahe, jyachya gavatoon jaanara rasta pomerol aanee seent-emilian yanchyatil adhikrut seema aahe. yamule kahee kayadeshir samasya nirman jhalya aahet kaaran tantrikdrushtya seent-emilionchya simechya aat asalelya parantu pomerolparyant vistarlelya kahee drakshamalyanna 'pomerolche manad nagrikatva' dyave lagale aahe. drakshamalyachi maatee. pomerol pradeshatil maatee atishay vaividhyapurn asoon patharavar vikhuralelya kankari, valoo aanee chikanmatiche mishran aahe. sadharanpane uttar aanee purvela asalelya drakshbagatil matimadhye, seent-emilionchya simechya jawal, jaast chikanmati asate tarr paschim aanee dakshinela asaleli maatee halki aanee adhik khadkal hote. pomerol jyaa patharavar aahe, tyachya uttarela barben, paschimela eyeland aanee dakshinela dordogne aanee liborne shahar asha teen nadya aahet. jasjasa bhupradesh patharachya utaranvarun khalee sarakato aanee yaa nadyankade jaato tastashi maatee adhik jalodh aanee valukamay hote. pomerol patharatil bahutansh bhag valukamay matichya marlney banalela aahe, joou gunzian kalatil (aanee medock aanee grave aeosimadhye aadhalanari teech kankari aahe) kankarine tharalela aahe, khalchya utaranvaril kankari libernchya jawal aahe, jee tarun mindale himnadi kalapasoon yete. halakya, valukamay mativaril drakshanchya velancha chikanmatiche praman jaast asalelya matipeksha lavkar pikanyacha cull asato parantu tyat qamee shaktishali fale aanee vruddhatvachi kshamata dekhil asate. mollus aanee crassey dii phera. pomeraulchya pradeshat, jyala 'crassey dii phera' kinwa 'matchefer' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya loh sathyanni samruddha asalelya valuchya pattyavar basalelya adviteey nilya-matiche ('mollus' mhanoon olakhale jaanare) 'butonier' (kinwa 'buttonhole') mhanoon varnan kele jaate. haah keval sumare 20 hector (50 ekar) chaa eka lahansa pradesh aahe joou urvarit pomerolmadhye pomerolmadhye matipeksha atishay asamanya aahe, parantu cheto petruschya prasiddha malmattechya drakshamalyachya lagwad yaa ardhya hectorpeksha jaast kshetranvar kelya jaat asalyane, wineveryl tyachya prabhavachi sahityat khoop charcha jhaali aahe. yaa "boottonier" varr kiman kahee lagwad asalelya itar drakshmalyanmadhye cheto laa concillent, cheto laal 'evangele, cheto lafluor, cheto gazin, cheto trotanoy, cheto cleanet, cheto leey geey, cheto haat ferrand aanee vx cheto serton yancha samavesh hoto. catherine mouixchya matey, lokhandi rangachya valuche 'clinker' violet aanee trafalsachya sugandh nondavtat tarr vx cheto certonche alekzandar theonpont mhanatat qee tyache fayade adhik jivansattvapurna aahet, jyamule velchi takad aanee jastichi pananchi vaadh maryadit hote. tathapi, cheto petrussi tyacha sambandh asoonahi, pomerolmadhil pratyek madya utpadak tyanchya malmattevar 'crassey dii phera' asanyachya gunanchi prashansa karat nahee. cheto laal 'agliz-klinetchya dennis durantocha assa vishvas aahe qee lohyukt maatee hii velanchi mule jamineet kholvar khalee utaranyas parvanagi denyas abhedya aahe, jeey anekada uchch darjachya' teroir 'shhee sambandhit eka vaishishtya aahe. too tyachya malmattevaril aanee jyaa itar malmattanmadhye too sallah gheto tyaa malmattanvaril kroor pattya todanyache kaam karat aahe. durantocha assa dekhil vishvas aahe qee nilya-matichya "boottonier" chey anek fayade "crassey dii phera" vyatirikt astitvat aahet, mhanje koradya varshant aadrata tikavoon thevanyachi aanee shareer aanee shaktichi wine tayar karanyachi chikanmatichi kshamata aanee heey lakshat yete qee petruschya vayvyes asalelya lokhandi sathyashivay yaa nilya-matiche dusare "butonier" aahe. yaa estatechya "boottonier" varr kiman kahee lagwad asalelya drakshmalyanmadhye cheto laal 'agliz-cleanet, cheto trotanoy, cheto closs laal' agliz, cheto laa caben aanee cheto nenin yancha samavesh aahe. wine banavane. 20 vya shatkatil bahutansh kaal, pomeraulchya wine banavanyachya shailinvar bordex oenologist emil paynoud vidyapithacha aanee medokmadhil caburnet sauvignon drakshavaril tyachya kamacha prabhav hota. penaudchi tantre medockmadhye mothya pramanat yashasvi jhaali asali taree, tyanche pomeraulmadhye nehmich changle bhashantar jhaale nahee. haah pradesh keval vegalya drakshansah kaam karat navhata, tarr matichya vegvegalya paristhitisaha dekhil kaam karat hota jee thund hotee (ekoon ubdar hawaman asoonahi). yaa havamanat caburnet sauvignon changle pikale nahee parantu davya kathavaril caburnet sovignonchya sakharechya patalipramanech kapani kelee jaanari merlot drakshe qamee pikaleli chav aanee "haard wine" tayar kartil. 1980 chya dashkaparyant jevha adhik pomeraul utpadakanni "yogya banq" tantre vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat merlot drakshe adhik purnapane pikavanyasathi vistarit latkanyachya velecha samavesh hota, tevha aaj pomeraul wineshey sambandhit shaili vikasit jhaali. bahutek madya pradeshanpramanech, madyanirmitichi shaili madyanirmata aanee vintejanusar badalate. sarvasadharanpane, anek pomeraul winemakers 15 teey 21 divas mackerationcha sarav karatat aanee jevha wine purn koradepanachya jawal pohochate tevha dabtat. wine jawaljawal nehmich malolectic kinvanatoon jaate. daruchi batali taknyapurvi aanee sodanyapurvi darula 18 teey 20 mahine vruddhatva milel. pomeraulmadhil parampara muktapane chalanari wine vegali karanyachi aanee vintejanusar aavashyakatenusar 'wiin dii presse' chya pramanat punha misalanyachi rahili aahe. urvarit press wine bahutekda estatechya estatechya winemadhye vaparali jaat asey kinwa "negocient" laa vikali jaat asey. mishran karanyachi vel (jase qee kinwan darmyan kinwa nantar) malmattenusar badalel, kahee gharanmadhye jase qee cheto petrus kinwan darmyan "wiin dii presse" jodatat jenekarun wineche ghatak ekatra paripakv houu shaktil aanee saiddhantikdrushtya, samanyatah adhik tannic aanee phenolic press winechi kathorata qamee hoil. anek bordo vasahatinpramanech, basket press punha prachalit jhaale aahe parantu vayaveey niyantranasarkhya aadhunik ghatkansah. moix estatesathi mukhya wine utpadakanpaiki eka asalelya jeane-claude beroetne pomes adhik haluvarpane hatalanyachya uddeshane ubhya basket presachi rachana karnyas madat kelee aanee heey anek istetdware sweekarle gele aahe. michel rolandcha prabhav aanee parasparvirodhi tatvadnyan. jagprasiddha winemaker michel rolandcha janm pomerol pradeshat jhaala hota aanee tyachi kautumbik malmatta aahe, cheto leey bonn pestur, jee tyachi patni danisobat saha-malkichi aahe. 1980 aanee 1990 chya dashakat rollandche mahatva vadhat asatana, wine samikshak robbert parkarchya talhula anukool asalelya shailichya madatine, anek pomerol wine estateny ektar anukaran karoon kinwa sallagar winemaker mhanoon rollandla kamavar gheuun 'rolland shaili' swikaranyas suruvat kelee. yaa shailimadhye drakshanna purn 'sharirik pakwata' nirman karnyasathi lamb, vistarit vel denyasathi shakya titka vilamb karane samavisht aahe jyamule falala 'jaast pikaleli' chav miloo shakate aanee darumadhye alcoholchi patali 14 takkyanpeksha jaast houu shakate. chahachya naveen okchya okchya vruddhatvanantar, bahutekda tee mackerationchya vistarit kalavadhitun (3 teey 8 aathvade) jaate. yaulat, 'moix shaili' falanchya swadat chaitanya aanee tajepanavar bharr dete, jyat mouixchya malkichya trotanoy aanee petrus sarkhya istet bahutekda bahutekda pahilya estatepacky asatat. daroo. pomeraul aata keval reed wineche utpadan karate, jaree 100 varshanpurvi tyane mothya pramanat pandhare utpadan kele hote. drakshbaganchya kshetrafalachya 80 takke bhagasathi, merlot haah yetheel sarvat mahattvacha draksh aahe. jaree teey jawaljawal nehmich mishrit asale taree, jaree teey samanyatah 70-80% chya shreneet asale taree, merlotche praman 95 takkyanparyant pohochu shakate. pudhil sarvat mahattvacha draksh mhanje cabernet phrank, jyala sthanik patalivar "leey buchet" mhanoon olakhale jaate, joou drakshamalyachya kshetrafalachya sumare 15 takke bhagacha vaataa aahe aanee sahasa mishranacha 5-20% vaataa asato. malbeck, jyala sthanik patalivar 'presak' mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee urvarit bordomadhye jaast lagwad kelee jaat nahee, tee dekhil vaparali jaate. urvarit parvanagi asaleli drakshe, cabernet sauvignon aanee pettit verdot, kvachitach lavali jaatat aanee kvachitach 'grand wiin' madhye vaparali jaatat, tathapi, malbekpramanech, tee ekhadya estatechya estatechya winemadhye disu shakatat. tarr shatkachya suruvatila, pomerolche reed wine utpadak jeelhyat sankraman purn jhaale, tevha caburnet phrank haah drakshancha pramukh prakar hota. tathapi, 1956 madhye vasant rutuchya suruvatichya danvane cabernet phrank lagvadicha motha bhag nasht jhaala aanee anek vasahatinni yaa ghatanecha vapar uchch utpadan aanee purvi purvi marlots punha lagwad karanyachi sandhee mhanoon keela. fulanchya velee hawaman thund aanee pavsalyache asalyas merlotchi kularcha tras honyachi pravrutti asoonahi, draksh heey pomeraulmadhye patkan pramukh jhaale aanee yaa pradeshashi sarvat jawalun sambandhit asalele draksh banale aahe. tathapi, khoop qamee pomerols heey shuddha merlot asatat aanee cabernet frankche moolya ajunahi teey dete tyaa tannic rachana aanee aamlatasathi aahe, jyamule winemadhye dirghayushya aanee vruddhatvachi kshamata vadhu shakate. kharey tarr, tarr shatkachya uttaradhat aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatichya kalat, nantar aanee sakharechya vadhatya uchch patalivar, marlotchi kapani karnyacha cull suru asatana, jaast pikalelya marlotchya samruddha parantu sambhavya najuk swarupache santulan rakhanyat cabernet frankchi bhoomika pomeraul wine nirmatyandvare aanakhi kautukaspad bunley aahe. sarvasadharanpane, merlotchi lagwad pramukhyane chikanmatichya mateet kelee jaate, tarr cabernet phrank chunkhadichya baherchya pikanvar aanee cabernet sauvignon aanee malbeck adhik khadkal mateet lagwad kelee jaanyachi shakyata jaast asate. caburnet sovignonchi lagwad asalelya kahee vasahatinmadhye vx cheto serton, cheto beuregard, cheto serton dii meey, cheto gazine, cheto nenin aanee cheto pettit-village yancha samavesh aahe. cheto laa concillent heey malbekchya lagvadi asalelya vasahatinpaiki eka aahe. aii. oo. see. niyam. pomeraul hii keval eka reed wine aahe, jyamadhye aii. oo. see. vainsathi keval merlot, caburnet phrank (buchet), caburnet sauvignon aanee malbeck (presack) yaa drakshanchya prakaranna parvanagi aahe. kapaniche utpadan kamal 42 hector/hector (± 2.2 tunn/ekar) paryant maryadit aahe, aanee tayar kelelya madyala kiman 10.5% chee alcoholchi patali gathane aavashyak aahe. pomeraulchya winela bordo kinwa bordo superior ("vargikrut") asey label kele jaau shakateh jarr utpadkala vatale qee wine "pomerol" lebalsathi yogya asalelya uchch darjachi nahee tarr heey samanyatah ghadate. shaili aanee vruddhatva. winechi shaili 'teroir' nusar badalate. pashchimet, jithe maatee adhik valukamay aahe, tithe madya halake asate; dakshinet, jithe maatee adhik khadkal aahe, tithe mertlotche praman qamee asate aanee madya medockchya swadakade adhik cull karate. yaa madyala 'makhmali' kinwa 'ashuddha' asey varnan kele gele aahe. falanchi vaishishtyapurn chav mhanje manuka, jee kadhikadhi chhatanikade valate. wine tadnya oz clark yanchya matey, pomeralsmadhye, berchya vishisht swaranvyatirikt, madhyukt masale, truffles, papermint, chocolate, bhajalele nuts aanee manukyukt, kadhikadhi butterary mouthfill aanee lavchik tannins manukechya swar asoo shakatat. master auph wine clive coats heey pomerolsche varnan sant-emilionche mauu, bharad, mansafal aanee medockchya wineshey sambandhit tapashcharya aanee kanaa yanchyatil "ardhya margavaril ghar" mhanoon karatat. coat nondavtat qee bahutek medoxmadhil pramukh 'black current' notanchya tulanet pomeralsmadhye seent-emilionpeksha qamee 'fruitkeki' chav asate, jyat adhik samruddha, makhmali aanee plum note asatat. hii samruddha samruddha phal hii merlotchya swarupatoon tayar hote, jyamule pomeraulchi wine medockchya caburnet sauvignon-aadharit vainpeksha qamee ughadpane tannic houu shakate. wine tadnya aanee wineche master hyoog johnson yanchya matey, pomeraula bahutek bordopeksha qamee vruddhatvachi aavashyakta asateh paach varshe sahasa pureshi asatat aanee 12 varshe agadi bhavya vintejsathi dekhil pureshi asatat. johnson nondavtat qee pomerals sahasa tyanchya khol rangamule aanee kadhikadhi malaiyukt, kendrit pikalelya-plumchya swadamule vegale kele jaatat parantu uchch aamlata aanee tanninshivay jeey itar bordo wineche vaishishtya aahe. chau. pomeraulchya shaitosathi konatehi adhikrut vargikaran nahee. yache kaaran anekada jaagtik bajarpethet pomeraulche tulanene alikadil pradhanya mhanoon olakhale jaat asale taree, aajahi pomeraulchya winemule jagbharat prashansa aanee manyata milat asatana, anek utpadakanna ajunahi vatate qee pomeraul estatechya adhikrut kramvarichi aavashyakta nahee. cheto gazinche nicolaus dii bellioncourt yanchyasarkhya kahee utpadakanche asey mutt aahe qee bahutek virodh lahan utpadkankadun aahet jyanna konatyahi shrenitun vagalale jaanyachi bheeti vatate jyamule tyanchi wine nikrusht manali jaate. dusarya malkane wine lekhak stephen brooks yanna sangitale qee sadhyachi, kramvari nasaleli pranali "madhyam darjachya winela pomerolchya sarvottam winechya pratishthecha fayda ghenyas anumati dete" aanee 2002 chya aoc label testing panelchya nikalankade laksh vedhale, jeey nirdharit karate qee winela tyanchya wine labelver aoc pomerol naav dharan karanyachi parvanagi aahe qee nahee. 2002 heey varsh atishay katheen aanee agadi qamee kalapasoonche asale taree ekahi madya aii. oo. see. manyata midvanyat ayashasvi tharale nahee. tathapi, adhikrut kramvaricha abhav asoonahi, anek madya lekhak aanee samikshakanni gelya kahee varshant tyanche swatache vaiyaktik vargikaran kele aahe jeey itar strotandvare uddhrut kele gele aahe. 2001 madhye, master auph wine clive kotsane tyachya 'aine encyclopedia auph daad wine andd domens auph france' yaa pustakat pomerol estatechya kramvaricha samavesh keela. khadyapadarthanchi julani. wine lekhak hyoog johnson yanni suchavale aahe qee gomans phillet kinwa changle latkavalele venison haah eka changla bhagidar aahe, visheshtah winemadhye shijavalela, parantu gomansache wellington talhale pahije, kaaran pastery talvyala mand karate. wine lekhak oz clark yanni suchavale aahe qee terrin aanee patte yasarkhe atyant chavdar khel padarth dekhil changle asoo shakatat, kaaran teey winechya tivrateshi julatat. paryatan. pomeraul heey vinamra grameen swadasathi prasiddha aahe jeey bhavya shaito aanee alankrut vastukalechya tivra virodhabhas aahe jeey medockchya anek wine estatemadhye farak karate. agadi sarvat pratishthit vasahatidekhil asha aahet jyanche varnan anekada "sadhee shet ghare" asey kele jaate, jyanchi bahya olakh farach qamee aahe. bordochya bahutansh bhaganpramanech, phaar qamee vasahatinmadhye chav ghenyachya kholya aahet aanee tyahunahi qamee jaaga lokansathi bhetishivay khulya aahet. yache anshatah kaaran mhanje pomeraul winecha motha bhag "aine praimur" mhanoon vikala jaato, joou kapaninantar lagechach vishesh vitarak aanee grahakanna deela jaato, jyamule chav ghenyachya kholichya daratoon vikanyasathi farsa kinwa konatahi wine shillak rahat nahee.

pomerol aii. oh. sii. pomerol (ποερολ) heuchhi eka farasi mudd utpadana karuthiba commune ebong bordore libornais ("dahana tata") madhyare "appellation dii 'origine controle" (aii. oh. sii) . ethaare utpadita mudd mukhyatah marlotaru asithae ebong ethire cabornet phranka sahajaka bhumika grahan karithae. anya adhikansha bordo commune bhali, pomerolra kaunasi prakruta gramm naahin, jadio sethare eka church achhi . drakhyakhetra madhyare gharagudika sthapana karajaithae. 1923 masihare frances sarkar ehi anchalaku cent-emilion ebong bruhattara libornais anchala byatita eka swatantra mudd anchala bhabare swekruti deithile ebong 1936 masihare "institute national dii laal 'arijina ait dii laa qualite" (aai. aii. oh.) dwara aii. oh. sii. pratisthanara pratham tarangara ansha bhabare aii. oh. sii. manyata pradan karajaithila. jadio ehaa bartamana bordo aoc madhyaru sabutharu sammanajanaka, ehi paristhiti apekhyakruta sampratika, binsha shatabdir dwiteejardhare, jaahaa prajatah kaunasi bordo bargeekaranare pomerol antarbhukta hoinabara eka kaaran bhabare diajaichhi . pomerol heuchhi boardor pramukh sukshma mudd anchala madhyaru sabutharu chhot, jaahaa praiah tini kilometer chauda ebong 4 kilometer lumb anchalaku aachadita kare . ehaa ehara bahuta budd dahana koolara padoshi cent-emilion aoc akarara praiah eka-saptama ebong medokare cent-julien aoc rahr khudratama baama koolara commune sahita samaana . 1998 masihare, aii. oh. sii. seema madhyare 784 hector drakhya brukhya ropana karajaithila, jaahaa 36,066 hector (± 952,763 gallon kimba 400,733 cases) mudd utpadana karuthila. 2003 masihare pomerol amalare 150 john ghoshita utpadaka thile, 780 hector ebong eka barshar harahari 32,250 echa. ell. (pakhapakhi 358,333 mamla) mudd utpadana karuthile. praiah samasta mudd sampatti-botalare bhartti. anya farasi mudd anchala, jepariki bargandi ebong rone upatyaka bhali, pomerolare bartamana kaunasi samabai samiti karjya karunahin. 2007 masiha suddha, ropana hector sankhya samanya brudhi paai 800 hector (1980 ekara) ray pahanchithila. 2009 masihare, pomerolre 140 john ghoshita utpadaka thile, jahara harahari prusthabhaga khetraphala chhaa hector ebong "pomerol" aapilesanara drakhyakhetra 800 hektaraku aachadita kare, jaahaa barshika harahari 35,000 hector utpadana kare . aneka pomerol wine bartamana wine nilaamare ebong gharoi bajaarare boardor sarbadhika uccha manyata prapta bargeekruta abhibruddhi sahita samaana moolyare bahuta adhika mulya paithae, pomerol winera kaunasi sarkari bargikarana naahin . tebe, ehi anchalare "premiyara kru" sahita samaana bolly byapaka bhabare dhaaran karajaithiba eka sampatti rahichhih chetto petros . itihas. pomerol anchala ebong ehara uttara seema, barban nadeeku aitihasika bhabare uttara madhyare seema seema bhabare bibechana karajauthila jeunthare lokamane bhasha dii 'ol ebong dakhinare jeunthare semane bhasha dii' oak kahuthile . jadio pomerol anchalare pratham thara paain ketebele angura ropana karajaithila taaha sathik bhabare chinhat kariba kastakara, romanmananka samajare ehi anchalare viticalture upasthita thila bolly darshaiba paain yathesta pramana achhi . sehipari "pomerol" namara utpatti bishajare anishchitata rahichhi, jadio kichhi kalpana karajauchhi je ehaa latin sabda "poma" ru utpanna hoichhi jaahaa eka phalajukta manji ku suchita kare ebong ehaa french sabda "pome" rahr utpatti, jahara artha seo . ehi siddhanta ehi anchalara bahubidha fasal, bisesh curry phala ebong shasya sahita bahubidha chasher dirgha itihas dwara samarthita, jaahaa vitikalachara eka prathamika kendrabindu hebara bahu purbaru ehi anchalare chaash karajauthila . 1270 masihare, ingrejamane liborne sahara pratistha karithile, jaahaa pomerolra drakhyakhetraku byapaka dhyana akarshana karithila. tebe, adhikansha bordo bhali, pomerolra wainra pratistha barttamanara tarn-ett-garon ebong lutt-ett-garon bibhagara garonra wine tulanare comm thila. spainer santiago dii compostela parjyanta pramukh tirthajatra maargare ehi anchalara abasthana madhya nights hospitalnka aagrahaku akarshita karithila, jeunmane ehi anchalare aneka chhatrabasa ebong daktarakhana sthapana karithiba krusedarmananku ferai aanithile . ethimadhyaru aneka pratisthana, jepariki gazine daktarakhana, jahara ullekha prathame 1288 masihare karajaithila, bartamana adhunika drakhyakhetra ebong chateu gazine pari winerygudikara sthana . ehi joddhamane aneka shatabdi dhari ehi anchalare rahithile, epariki shaha shaha barshar juddhare dhwansa hoithiba drakhyakhetragudiku punah ropana karibare sahajya karithile. dhalaa wainru lalaku paribartana. 16shaa ebong 17shaa shatabdire, douch byabasajeemane bordo bajaarare mudd byabasai upare yathesta prabhaba pakaithile. dachmane medokra jalmagna anchalaku nishkasita kariba ebong kabarar uttarare thiba bhumire viticulture paain path parishkara kariba paain sabutharu ullekhaneeah hoithibabele, semane dordognra dahana koolara kamyunaku uttara yuropara eka bajaara (bisesh curry baltic ebong hansiatic rajya) pradan karithile, jaahaa ingraji bajaarare bordo bandar nijantranaku edai deithila . tebe, douch ebong ehi uttara bazargudikar swada dhalaa wine prati prabrutta thila ebong ehaa dhalaa angurara prakara thila jaahaa ehi samajare pomerolare sarbadhika ropana karajaithila . laal angura prakaraku paribartana manthara thila . pomerol anchalare cabornet phranka ropana 16shaa shatabdire "bhidyur" ebong "bidyur" naamare record karajaithila, kintu dui shaha barsha parey madhya ehi anchalare merlot prabartana hoinathiba pari manehue . 1760 masihare, louis-leonard phantemang, eka libornais "negocient", eka drakhyakhetrare jaahaa ehi anchalare merlotara pratham documented udaharana bolly janapade, taaha ropana karithila jaahaa bartamana chetto rujetra ansha . tebe, 19shaa shatabdir seshabhaga parjyanta pomerol drakhyakhetrare dhalaa drakhyaras pradhanya bistara curry chalithila, jetebele redd claretra adhika mulya ebong hrass pauthiba douch prabhaba redd wine utpadanaku adhika aakarshaneeah karithila. 1936 masihare jetebele ehi anchala ehara purna aii. oh. sii. manyata paithila, aii. oh. sii. nijamabali pomerolare kaunasi prakarara dhalaa angura ropanaku nirdista bhabare beaina karithila. eka redd wine anchalare sampurna rupantarita heba parey madhya, pomerolra sunam medak thaaru bahuta pachare rahithila. bhichi sarakaranka dwara 1943 ray arambha hoithiba eka tulanatmaka mulya talikare petros kebala medokaru madhya-stariah dwiteeja abhibruddhi starare talikabhukta hoithila, jaahaa parabarti sarbocha rated pomerol estate, vx chetto certan ebong chetto laa concillante sahita truteeja abhibruddhi estate jepariki chetto jiscourse ebong chetto laa lagun sahita samanjasya rakhi damaku nirdesh kare . mouix paribara ebong pramukhata aarohan. zin-piar mouix ebong taanka paribaraku pomerol ku "antarjatija manachitrare" rakhiba paain byapaka bhabare shreya diajae . correger kendriah farasi bibhagare janmagrahana karithiba mouix taanka paribara sahita bordo anchalaku chalijaithile ebong prathame bordo saharare eka "negocient" ghara kholibaku chesta karithile. tebe, shay dekhile je bajaara atyadhika paripurna, tenu shay nadee paara hoi libornais anchalaku gale ebong 1937 ray liborne saharare eka negocient houses kholile. 1945 ray, mouix chetto petrasra swatantra bikrai adhikara hassel karithile. prathame, mouix mukhyatah belajijamare pomerolra paramparika bajaara sahita karbar karuthila. tebe, mouix sampatti kiniba ebong liz deba arambha kariba sahita wine tiari prakriya upare adhika srujanashila nijantrana pradarshan kariba sahita shay biswa bajaarare pomerolra swekruti bistara karibaku chesta arambha karithile. 1953 masihare shay chetto trotanoa ebong chetto laa fluor-petros kinithile ebong 1959 masihare chetto lagrange kinithile. taa 'parey 1964 masihare mouix petrasra adhikansha ansha hassel karithile ebong wine prastutira tadarakh ebong digaku sampurna bhabe grahan karithile. 1982 masihar vintage mouix ebong pomerol paain eka jalabibhajika muhurta thila. eka shaktishali americae dollar ebong americae mudd samalochaka robert emm nka ujjwala samikhya dwara sahajata . parker, juniara.ehi anchala americae bajaarare eka drudha paada thapithila ebong petros bhali istetku nilam circuit upare abhutapurba mulyaku aagei nebare sahajya karithila. petros byatita, mouix paribarara madhya chetto laa grebh, chetto latore aii pomerol ebong chetto hosannah madhya achanti . jalabaju ebong vitikalachara. pomerolra jalabaju samudrika prabhabare abasista bordo sahita byapaka bhabare samaana hoithibabele, samudra ebong gironde mohanatharu ehi anchalara durata jalabajuku medock apekhya spust bhabare adhika mahadeshiah karithae . ehara artha heuchhi, pomerol brudhi ruture, dinara sarbocha ebong sandhyara nimna stara madhyare, adhika dainika tapamatrara paribartana dekhuchhi. basanta ruture ehi anchalare adhika barsha heuthiba bele (jaahaa phul phuliba samajare merlot paain samasya srusti karipare) "veraisana" parey grishma maasare samagrika bhabe ullekhaneeah bhabe comm barsha hoithae. tathapi, pomerolare amala barshara bipada ebe bii rahichhi, bisesh curry wine prastutakareemananka paain, paripakwata prakrijaku deerghajita kariba paain "bardhita fashi" samaira darshanaku nijojita kariba. jetebele barsha hue, ehaa dhusara khyaja hebara eka gurutwapurna bipada srusti karipare, bisesh curry bhaari mruttika maatire ropana karajaithiba merlot paain jaahaa paani dhaaran karithae . keteka winery, jepariki chetto petros, semananka drakhyakhetraku plastic chadarare aachadana karibara shrama kharcha bahn kariparibe, jaahaa phalare paani moolare bhijai nathaae ebong semananka drakhyakhetra upare ghuriba paain helicopter nijojita karanti, angura sukhaiba paain pabana srusti karanti, pratyeka sampatti ehipari padakhyepa neiparibe naahin . jetebele kii ati garam vintage (jepariki 2003 ebong 2009) merlot ray atyadhika paripakwatara samasya srusti karipare, pomerol anchala (ebong samagrika bhabare sathik byanka) thanda barshagudikare (jepariki 2006 ebong 2008) bhal pradarshan kare . mukhya viticalcharal bipada heuchhi basanta ruture tusharpat, jaahaa pomeral anchalare barambar ghatipare ebong samagra vintage ku byahata karipare . bhugol. pomerol liberner purba ebong uttara-purbare abasthita . boardor adhikansha sammanajanaka commune tulanare, ehara kaunasi sidhasalakha nadee prabesha naahin, jaahaa dakhinare dordogne thaaru sahara dwara ebong dakhina-purbare abasthita cent-emilion dwara pruthaka hoichhi . uttara-purba digare, "laa barbane rao" namaka eka prabaha upare lalande-dii-pomerol rahichhi. ehaa eka bajra koolare rahichhi (eka biseshatwa jaahaa ehaa medokra sammanajanaka abedan sahita anshidara kare); dakhina ebong paschima digare, maati adhika balukamai, jetebele uttara ebong purba digare, ehaa maati aadaku prabrutta . upa-mruttika gadha dhanki hoithiba mruttika, jeunthire adhika parimanara luha thaae. ehi bhukhanda apekhyakruta samtal ebong samanya tarangajita dhalu rahichhi, jaahaa samudra prustharu 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) ru pakhapakhi 10 mitter (33 phuta) parjyanta samudra prustharu <aai. dii. 1> mitter (<aai. dii. 2> phuta) uchchataru khasithae. pomerolra adhikansha ucchamanara estate ehi anchalara purba bhagare, cent-emilion seema parjyanta abasthita, jeunthare pradhan grand kru class (aii) chateu chebhal blankara estatra drakhyakhetra prajatah pomerol istetaru dekhibaku milithae. pomerolra dakhinatama ansha katusore gramaku atikrama curry byapithiba bele gramatira thick uttarare mruttikare ehi anchalara keteka sarbottama bajra kanika rahichhi. uttara-purbare mellet hamlet achhi jaahaa lalande-dii-pomerol, montagne-cent-emilion ebong cent-emilion rahr aaok seema sahita ehi hamlet dei jauthiba rasta pomerol ebong cent-emilion madhyare sarkari seema . ehaa keteka aaingata samasya srusti karichhi kaaran keteka drakhyakhetra jaahaa baishajika drustiru cent-emilion seema madhyare achhi kintu pomerol parjyanta bistara karichhi, semananku "pomerolra sammanajanaka nagarikatwa" pradan karibaku padichi. drakhyakhetra maati. pomerol anchalara mruttika bahuta bibidha ebong malabhumire pathara, baali ebong mruttikara mishran bikhipta. praiah uttara ebong purbare thiba drakhyakhetra mruttikaku dekhile, cent-emilion seemarekha nikatare adhika mruttika thibabele paschima ebong dakhinare mruttika haluka ebong adhika nuanla hoijae . pomerol abasthita malabhumiti tinoti nadee dwara seemabaddha, uttarare barban, paschimare dwepa ebong dakhinare dordogne ebong liborne sahara . bhukhandati malabhumira dhalu aadaku ebong ehi nadeegudika aadaku gati kariba sahita mruttika adhika palala ebong balukamai hoijae . pomerol malabhumira adhikansha balukamai mruttika marlre gathita jaahaa grazian samaira grazil sahita starita hoichhi (ebong medak ebong grebh aoc ray miluthiba samaana grazil), nimna dhalure grazil liborne nikatatar juba mindale glaciation samajaru aasuchhi . haluka, balukamai mruttikare thiba lataa adhika mruttika thiba mruttika tulanare shighra paripakwa hoithae, kintu phala ebong bardhakya sambhabana madhya comm thaae. molas ebong crass dii pharr. pomerol anchala madhyare eka ananya neela-kalaara (jaahaaku "molas" kuhajae) "butonier" (kimba "button hole") bhabare barnana karajaichi jaahaa luha bhandarare samruddha balira banned upare basithae jaahaa "crass day pharr" kimba "matchefer" bhabare janashuna . ehaa maatra 20 hector (50 ekara) rahr eka chhot anchala jaahaa abasista pomerolare miluthiba mruttika thaaru bahuta asadrusha, kintu jehetu chetto petrasra prasidha sampattira drakhyakhetra ehi hector adhaaru adhika anchalare ropana karajae, tenu mudd upare ehara prabhaba sahityare bahuta alochana karajaichi . anya drakhyakhetragudika, jeungudikare ehi "butoniare" ray ati kamre kichhi ropana karajaithae, segudika helah chetto laa concillante, chetto laal 'ebhanjile, chetto laflier, chetto gajin, chetto trotanoa, chetto cleanet, chetto leey gey, chetto hutt ferrand ebong vx chetto sartan. catherine mauiksnka anujai, luha rangara balira "klinkara" violet ebong troflesor sugandhajukta note joga karuthibabele viox chetto certaner alekjander theanpont kahichanti je ehara laabh adhika viticultural, drakhyalatara shakti ebong atyadhika patra brudhiku seemita karibare . tebe, chetto petros sahita ehara samparka satwe, pomerolra pratyeka mudd utpadaka semananka sampatti upare "crass day pharr" rakhibara gunaku prashansa karanti naahin. chetto ell 'aglis-clinetra denis duranto biswasa karanti je lauha samruddha mruttika ete abhedya je drakhyalatara moola maatire gabhira bhabare talaku olhaibaku anumathi die, jaahaa prajatah uccha gunabatta "teroir" sahita jadita eka baisistya . shay taanka sampatti ebong anya istetare jeungudika upare shay paramarsha karanti, segudika upare thiba lauha-jukta byandagudiku bhangiba paain karjya karuchanti. duranto ehaa madhya biswasa karanti je neela-mruttika "butonier" ku daie karajaithiba aneka laabh "crass dii pharr" byatita bidyamana, arthat shukhila barshare ardrata bajaiah rakhiba ebong sharira ebong shaktira wine utpadana karibara mruttikara khyamata, ebong ullekha kare je petrasra uttara-paschimare abasthita luhapathara jamaa bina ehi neela-mruttikara eka dwiteeja "butonier" achhi . ehi dwiteeja "butoniare" ray ati kamare kichhi ropana thiba drakhyakhetra madhyare chateu ell 'aglise-cleanet, chateu trotanoa, chateu closs ell' aglise, chateu laa kaban ebong chateu nenin . mudd tiari. binsha shatabdir adhikansha samai paain, pomerolra wine tiari sailee bordo oenologist emil paynoud biswabidyalaja ebong medokare thiba cabornet saviganan angura upare tankara karjya dwara prabhabita hoithila. penaudnka kaushala medak ray mukhyatah saphala hoithibabele, segudika sarbada pomerolaku bhal bhabare anubada karinathila . ehi anchala kebala eka bhinna angura sahita kaama karunathila, barang bibhinna mruttika abastha sahita madhya karjya karuthila jaahaa thanda thila (samagrika bhabare ushma jalabaju satwe) . ehi jalabajure cabornet saviganan bhal bhabare pakei parunathila kintu baama koolare cabornet saviganan pari samaana chini starare amala karajauthiba merlot angura comm pakeithiba swada ebong "hard wine" utpadana kariba . 1980 dashaka parjyanta adhika pomerol utpadaka "sathik byanka" kaushala bikashita kariba arambha karinathile, jeunthire merlot anguraku adhika sampurna bhabare pakeiba paain bardhita jhulaiba samai antarbhukta thila, jaahaa pomerol wine sahita jadita sailee aaji bikashita hoichhi . adhikansha wine anchala pari, wine prastutira sailee wine prastutakaree ebong vintage dwara bhinna hoithae . sadharanatah, aneka pomerol wine prastutakaree 15 ru 21 deane masseration abhyasa karanti ebong wine sampurna shukhila heba parey press karanti . mudd praiah sabubele malolactic formantation dei jaithae . botalare bhartti kariba ebong chhadiba purbaru madaku byarikgudikare 18 ru 20 maasa bardhakya miliba. pomeralara parampra heuchhi mukta-parichalita wainaku alga kariba ebong vintage upare nirbhara curry aabasyaka anujai "bhina dii press" anupatare mishran kariba . abasista press wine prajatah estatra dwiteeja winere byabahruta heba kimba "negocients" ku bikri heba . misranara samai (jepariki kinabina samajare kimba parey) sampatti anusare bhinna heba, kichhi ghara jepariki chetto petros kinabina samajare "bhina dii press" joga karibe, jaahaa mudd upadanagudiku ekathi paripakwa hebaku anumathi deba ebong, tatwika bhabare, sadharanatah adhika tannic ebong phenolic press winera kathorata hrass kariba . aneka bordo estate bhali basket press puni prachlita hoichhi, kintu bajusankranta nijantrana bhali adhunika upadanagudika sahita. mouix estatra mukhya wine prastutakareemananka madhyaru jane zin-clod beruet, pomes ku adhika dheere dheere parichalana kariba uddeshyare eka ullamb basket presra design karibare sahajya karithile ebong ehaaku aneka estate dwara grahan karajaichi . mishel roland ebong bipareet darsanara prabhaba. biswa prasidha wine nirmata michael roland pomerol anchalare janmagrahana karithile ebong tankara eka paribarika estate achhi, chetto leey bunn paster, jaahaa shay taanka patni daninka saha saha-malika atanti . 1980 ebong 1990 dashakare roland pradhanya laabh kariba sahita, mudd samalochaka robert parkaranka taluku pasanda karuthiba eka sailee dwara sahajya curry, aneka pomerol wine estate anukaran curry kimba paramarshadata wine nirmata bhabare roland nijukti dei "roland sailee" grahan kariba arambha karithile . ehi saileere jathaa sambhaba amalare bilamba kariba antarbhukta, jaahaa phalare anguraku eka dirgha, bardhita hanga samai mile, jaahaa sampurna "sharirika paripakwata" utpadana karithae, jaahaa phalaku eka "atyadhika paripakwa" swada ebong mudd mudd staraku 14 pratishataru adhika deipare. chaa 'ray, nutan oak byarelare bardhakya parey, ehaa prajatah eka bardhita abadhi (3 ru 8 saptaha) dei gati karithae. aparapakhyare, "mouix sailee" phalara swadare pranabantata ebong satejata upare eka premium rakhe, jeunthire mouix malikanare thiba estate jepariki trotanoa ebong petros prajatah pratham estate madhyaru chayan karanti . mudd. pomerol bartamana swatantra bhabare redd wine utpadana kare, jadio 100 barsha purbe ehaa eka budd parimanara dhalaa utpadana karithila . merlot heuchhi ethakara sabutharu gurutwapurna angura, jaahaa drakhyakhetrara 80 pratishata atte. jadio ehaa praiah sarbada mishrit hoithae, tathapi meralotra anupata 95 pratishata parjyanta pahanchipare, jadio ehaa sadharanatah 70-80% parisara madhyare thaae. parabarti sabutharu gurutwapurna angura heuchhi cabornet phranka, jaahaa sthaniah bhabare "leey buchet" bhabare janashuna, drakhyakhetra khetrara praiah 15 pratishata paain account kare ebong sadharanatah misranara 5-20% paain account kare . malbeck, jaahaa sthaniah bhabare "presac" bhabare janashuna, ebong abasista boardore adhika ropana karajae naahin, madhya byabahruta hue . abasista anumodita angura, cabornet saviganan ebong pettit verdot, kwachit ropana karajae ebong kwachit "grand bhina" ray byabahruta hue, jadio malbeck pari, segudika eka estator dwiteeja winere dekhajaipare . binsha shatabdir prarambhare, pomerolra eka redd wine utpadanakari jillaku paribartana samapta heba sahita, cabornet phrank pramukh angura prajati thila . tebe, 1956 masihar eka basanta ruture tusharpat heba phalare cabornet phranka chasher eka budd ansha nust hoijaithila ebong aneka estate ehi karjyakramaku adhika utpadanakhyama ebong purbaru paripakwa heuthiba merlot sahita punah ropana karibara eka sujoga bhabare grahan karithile. phul phuliba samajare jadi paaga thanda ebong barsha hoithae, tebe merlotara kulurare peedita hebara prabrutti satwe, angura shighra pomerolare pramukhata hassel karithila ebong ehi anchala sahita sabutharu ghanistha bhabare jadita angurare parinata hoichhi . tathapi, bahuta comm pomerol heuchhi shudha merlot ebong cabornet phrank eparjyanta tannic sanrachana ebong acdt paain mulyabana, jaahaa winere deerghaju ebong bardhakya sambhabana joga karipare . bastabare, 20shaa shatabdir seshabhaga ebong ekabingsha shatabdir prarambhare mortlet amala prati prabrutti parey ebong adhikaru adhika chini starare jaari rahithiba bele, adhika paripakwa mortlet rahr samruddha kintu sambhabya patala prakrutiku santulita karibare cabornet phrankara bhumika pomeral wine nirmatamananka dwara ahuri adhika prashansita hoichhi . sadharanatah, merlot mukhyatah mruttika maatire ropana karajae, jetebele kii cabornet phranka chunapathara outcrapping ebong cabornet saviganan ebong malbeck adhika grabley maatire ropana hebara sambhabana adhika . cabornet saviganan gacha lagaiba sahita alpa kichhi estate madhyare vx chateu certan, chateu beoregard, chateu certan dii meey, chateu ghazin, chateu nenine ebong chateu pettit-village antarbhukta . malbeck brukhyaropana thiba istetagudika madhyare chetto laa concillent anyatama. aii. oh. sii. nijamabali. pomerol heuchhi eka bisesh bhabe redd wine, jeunthire aii. oh. sii. wine paain kebala anumatiprapta angura prakara heuchhi merlot, cabornet phrank (buchet), cabornet saviganan ebong malbeck (presac). amala utpadana sarbadhika 42 hector/hector (± 2.2 tunn/ekara) ray seemita rahichhi ebong samapta mudd ati kamare <aai. dii. 1> rahr sarbanimna mudd stara hassel kariba aabasyaka. pomerolaru prastuta madaku bordo kimba bordo superior ("bargeekruta") bolly chinhita karajaipareh ehaa sadharanatah setebele hoithae jetebele utpadaka anubhaba karanti je mudd "pomerol" labeler jogya heba paain parjyapta uccha manara nuhen. sailee ebong bardhakya. teroir" anusare madra sailee bhinna bhinna hoithae. paschimare, jeunthare maati adhika balukamai, wine haluka; dakhinare, jeunthare maati adhika gruel atte, marlotra anupata comm, ebong wine medokar swada prati adhika prabrutti kare . ehi drakhyarasaku 'makhmali' kimba 'aaa-tarala' bolly barnana karajaichi. phalara swada heuchhi plum, belebele chhanani aadaku prabrutti kare . wine bisheshagya oz klarkanka anujai, pomerolsre, bisesh plum note byatita, mahu masala, trofle, papermint, chakolet, roasted nutt ebong kishmish note sahita eka crimmy, belebele batarari mouthfill ebong namaniah tannin thaipare . master off wine clive coats pomerolsku eka cent-emilionara naram, mota, maansa phala ebong medokar wine sahita jadita kathorata ebong merudanda madhyare eka "adhaa ghara" bhabare barnana kare . coats ullekha karichanti je pomerolsre cent-emilion tulanare comm "fruitkeki" swada thaae, jeunthire adhika samruddha, makhmali ebong plum note thaae, adhikansha medoxer prabhabasali "blackarent" note tulanare . ehi ghanibhuta samruddha phala meralotara prakrutiru utpanna hoithae jaahaa pomeralara wainaku medokar cabornet saviganan-aadharita wine tulanare comm spust tannic hebaku anumathi deithae . mudd bisheshagya ebong madyapanara guru hugg janasanka anujai, pomerol adhikansha bordo tulanare comm bardhakya aabasyaka kare, sadharanatah pancha barsha yathesta, ebong 12 barsha epariki sabutharu budd mudd paain madhya yathesta . johnson ullekha karichanti je pomerol sadharanatah semanankara gabhira ranga ebong belebele crimmy, ghanibhuta paca-plum swada dwara pruthaka hoithae, kintu uccha acdt ebong tannin bina jaahaa anya bordo wine rahr sadharana . chhataksa. pomerolara shaito paain kaunasi sarkari bargikarana naahin . jadio ehara kaaran biswa bajaarare pomeralara apekhyakruta sampratika pramukhata bhabare janashuna, bartamana madhya pomeralara wine biswabyapee prashansa ebong swekruti srusti karuthibaru, aneka utpadaka tathapi anubhaba karanti je pomerol estate rahr eka sarkari ranking aabasyaka naahin . keteka nirmata, jepariki chateu gajin rahr nicolas dii beliencourt, biswasa karanti je adhikansha birodha khudra chashimananka thaaru aasichhi jeunmane kaunasi rankingaru baad padibaku bhaja karanti jaahaa semananka wine ku nimnamanara bolly bibechana kare . anya jane malika wine lekhaka stephen bruksanku kahithile je barttamanara, anah-manyata byabastha "madhyama dharanara waingudiku pomerolra sarbottama winera sunamaru laabh uthaibaku anumathi deithae", ebong 2002 aoc lebel testing pyanelara phalaphalaku suchaithile, jaahaa sthira kare je wine gudiku semananka wine lebel upare aoc pomerol naama bahn karibaku anumathi diajaichhi kii naahin . 2002 eka atyanta kathina ebong upa-samaana vintage heba satwe gotie bii wine aoc anumodana hassel karibare biphal hoinathila . tebe, eka sarkari manyata abhaba satwe, aneka mudd lekhaka ebong samalochaka barsha barsha dhari semanankara byaktigata bargikarana nei aasichanti jaahaa anya utsa dwara uddhruta hoichhi . 2001 masihare, master off wine clive coats taanka pustaka "enn encyclopedia off dee wine anded domens off frances" ray pomerol estate rahr eka rankinga antarbhukta karithile. khadya mela. mudd lekhaka hugg johnson paramarsha deichhanti je gomansa phillet kimba bhal bhabare hanga hoithiba venison eka bhal anshidara, bisesh curry madare randha, kintu gomansa welingtonku edaiba uchit, kaaran pestry taluku nisteja karideithae . wine lekhaka oz clark paramarsha deichhanti je atyadhika swadajukta khela byanjan, jepariki terrin ebong pete madhya bhal hoipare, kaaran segudika winera tibrata sahita mela khaanti . parjyatan. pomerol sadharana grameena swada paain suparichita jaahaa grand chetto ebong alankruta sthapatya sahita eka spust baiparitya jaahaa medokar aneka wine istetaku pruthaka kare . epariki aneka bisista estate madhya sehi sthanare rahichhi, jaahaaku prajatah "sarala farm house" bhabe barnana karajaithae, jahara bahya parichai khub comm. adhikansha bordo bhali, bahuta comm istetre swada neba paain kothari achhi ebong ehatharu madhya comm nijukti bina janasadharananka paain khola . ehara aanshika kaaran heuchhi pomerol winera adhikansha ansha "enn praimur" ray bikri hue, jaahaa amala parey swatantra bitaraka ebong grahakamananku abunton karajae, ebong swada kothari dwara dei bikri karibaku bahuta comm kimba kaunasi wine nathaae .

pomerol aoc pomerol () ikk franch wine ugaun vaala kamioon haii atey bordo witch libornice ("sajje kinare") dey ander "apeel dee 'origin controlly" (aoc) haii. itthe paida keeti wine mukkh taur utte marlot toon haii jiss witch cabernet frank ikk sahaik bhumika nibha rahee haii. ziaadaatar horr bordo kamioon dey ulat, pomerol daa koee asal pind naheen haii, halanki itthe ikk church haii. gharr anguran dey baagan witch sathapat keete gaye hunn. iss khetar noon 1923 witch franch sarkaar duaara cent-emilion atey greater libornice khetar toon ilava ikk vakkhre wine khetar vajon maanta ditti gaee see atey 1936 witch "institute national dee ail origin aett dee laa quality" (aaee. aii. ou.) duaara aii. ou. see. sansthavan dee pahili lahir dey hisse vajon aii. ou. see. daa darja ditta giaa see. halanki ih hunn bordo aocs vicchon sabh toon vakkari haii, ih sathiti mukabaltan haal hii witch haii, joe veehvin sadee dey dooje addh witch haii, jiss noon aksar ikk caarn vajon ditta jaanda haii kii pomerol noon kise vee bordo vargikaran witch shamal naheen keeta giaa haii. pomerol bordo dey pramukh vadhiaa wine khetran vicchon sabh toon chhota haii, joe ikk khetar noon cover karda haii joe lagbhag tinn kilometer chauda atey 4 kilometer lamba haii. ih aapne bahut vadde sajje kinare dey guandhi cent-emilion aoc dey aakaar daa lagbhag sattvan hissa haii atey maddock witch cent-julien aoc dey sabh toon chhote khabbe kinare dey kamioon dey barabar haii. sann 1998 witch, aii. ou. see. haddan dey ander 784 hectare angur deeaan anguran lagaiaan gaeeaan sunn, joe 36,066 hectoliter (± 952,763 gallen jaan 400,733 case) wine daa utpadan kardiaan sunn. 2003 witch pomerol dee vaadhi witch 150 ghoshit utpadak sunn 780 hectare atey ikk saal dee ausat 32,250 aich. aill. (lagbhag 358,333 mamle) wine daa utpadan karde sunn. lagbhag saaree wine astet-bottle haii. horr franch wine khetran dey ulat, jiven kii bargundi atey rone valley, iss vele pomerol witch koee sehkari sansthavan kamm naheen qarr rahiaan hunn. 2007 takk, lagaae gaye hectare dee ginti thodhi vadh keey 800 hectare (1980 ekad) hoow gaee see. saal 2009 witch, pomerol witch 140 ghoshit utpadak sunn, jinhan daa ausat satah khetar chhe hectare see atey "pomerol" apeel daa anguran daa baag pratee saal 35,000 hectare dey ausat utpadan laee 800 hectare noon cover karda haii. jadon kii bahut saariaan pomerol wine hunn wine dee nilami witch atey private markeet witch bardo dey sabh toon ucch darjabandi vaale vargikrit vaadhe dey barabar bahut ucchiaan keematan prapat kardiaan hunn, pomerol wine daa koee adhikarat vargikaran naheen haii. halanki, iss khetar witch ikk jaidad haii joe viaapak taur 'teey "premiere karoo" dey barabar haiyav chatto patters. itihaas. pomerol khetar atey iss dee uttri sarhadd, barben nadee noon itihasak taur utte uttar dey vichkaar sarhaddi sarhadd manniaa jaanda see jitthe lock bhasha dee 'aail bolde sunn atey dakkhan jitthe uh bhasha dee' oak bolde sunn. halanki ih sahee dhang naal dassna mushkal haii kii pomerol khetar witch pahili vaar angur kadon lagaae gaye sunn, ih darsaun laee kaafi saboot hunn kii romanan dey samein dauran iss khetar witch angur dee kaashat maujood see. isey tarahan "pomerol" naam dee utpati baare anishchitta haii, halanki kujh atkalan hunn kii ih latini shabad "poma" toon paida hoiaa haii joe ikk fall vaale beej noon darsaunda haii atey franch shabad "pome" dee utpati haii, jisda arth haii seb. iss sidhant noon khetar dey polyculture dey lambe itihaas duaara samarthan ditta giaa haii jiss witch bahut saariaan horr faslan, khaas karke fall atey anaaj, joe kii anguran dee kaashat dey muddhale kendra bannan toon bahut pahilan iss khetar witch kaashat keete jaa rahey sunn. 1270 witch, angrezan neey liborn shehar dee sathapana keeti, jiss neey shayed pomerol dey anguran dey baagan noon viaapak dhiaan witch lianda howay. halanki, ziaadaatar bordo wang, pomerol deeaan wine ajj dey samein dey vibhag witch garon toon lae keey taaran-aett-garon atey laat-aett-garon naalon ghatt prasidhi deeaan sunn. spain witch santiago dee compostella dey pramukh tirath maarag dey naal khetar dee sathiti neey vee nights hospitler dee dilchaspi noon aakarshit keeta, joe waps aaa rahey crusaderan neey iss khetar witch kaee hostal atey hospital sathapat keete. ihanan vicchon kaee sansthavan, jiven kii gazin hospital, jisda pahili vaar 1288 witch zikar keeta giaa see, hunn aadhunik anguran dey baagan atey wineryan jiven kii chatto gazin deeaan thaavan hunn. nights kaee sadiaan takk iss khetar witch rahey, ithon takk kii sainkade saalan dey yuddh duaara tabah hoye anguran dey baagan noon dubara lagaun witch vee sahaita keeti. chitty wine toon laal witch tabdili 16veen atey 17veen sadee witch, dutch vapariaan daa bardo markeet witch wine dey vapaar utte kaafi prabhav see. jadon kii dutch maddock dey daldal noon bahr kaddhan atey kabran dey uttar witch zameen witch angur paalan daa raah padhra curran laee sabh toon vaddh prasidh sunn, unhan neey dordogan dey sajje kinare dey communes noon uttri yoorap (khaas karke baltic atey hansetic raajan) witch ikk markeet dee peshkash keeti joe bordo dee bandargah dee angrezi markeet utte pakad noon darkinar kardi see. halanki, dutch atey inhan uttri bazaran daa suaad chitty wine vall jhukda haii atey ih chitte angur deeaan kisman sunn joe iss samein dauran pomerol witch sabh toon vaddh lagaae gaye sunn. laal angur deeaan kisman witch tabdili hauli see. pomerol khetar witch cabernet frank dey paude 16veen sadee dey shuru witch "videur" atey "bidur" dey naam heth daraj keete gaye sunn, parr ajiha lagda haii kii doou saun saal baad takk iss khetar witch merlot dee shuruat naheen keeti gaee see. 1760 witch, luis-leonard fontmong, ikk libornice "negocient", neey ikk anguran dey baagh witch joe hunn chatto roozet daa hissa haii, iss khetar witch merlot dee pahili dastavezi udaharan jaapadi haii, noon lagaiaa. halanki, 19veen sadee dey akheer takk chitty wine dey anguran daa pomerol dey anguran dey baagan utte dabdaba baniaa riha jadon laal clertan deeaan ucchiaan keematan atey ghatde dutch prabhav neey laal wine dey utpadan noon vadhere aakarshak bnaa ditta. jadon iss khetar noon 1936 witch aapna poora aii. ou. see. darja miliaa, taan aii. ou. see. niyam neey vishesh taur 'teey pomerol witch kise vee chitte angur deeaan kisman dey paude lagaun noon gairkanunni karaar ditta. ikk redd wine khetar witch iss dey sampuran parivartan toon baad vee, pomerol dee pratishtha ajey vee maddock toon bahut pichhe see. vichi sarkaar duaara 1943 witch shuru keeti gaee ikk tulnatmak keemat suchi witch patters noon maddock toon maddh-padhri dooje vikas dey paddhar 'teey suchibadh keeta giaa see jiss witch agli sabh toon ucchi darjabandi vaali pomerol astet, viox chatto certon atey chatto laa concillent commanding keematan jiven kii chatto giscors atey chatto laa lagoon vargiaan tiji vikas astet dey anusar sunn. moix parivaar atey pramukhta vall chadhan laee. jeane-peear moix atey uss dey parivaar noon viaapak taur utte pomerol noon "antarashtari nakshe utte" rakkhan daa sihra ditta jaanda haii. korze dey kendri francisi vibhag witch paida hoiaa, moix aapne parivaar naal bardo khetar witch chalaa giaa atey pahilan bardo shehar witch ikk "negocient" gharr kholhan dee koshish keeti. halanki, uss neey paaiaa kii markeet bahut ziaada santripat haii, iss laee uh nadee dey paar libornice khetar witch chalaa giaa atey 1937 witch liborne shehar witch ikk negocient haaoos kholhiaa. 1945 witch, moix neey chatto patters dey vishesh vikri adhikar prapat keete. sabh toon pahilan, moix neey ziaadaatar belgium witch pomerol dey ravaiti baazaar naal vapaar keeta. halanki, jiven hii moix neey jaidadan kharidna atey lease 'teey denna shuru keeta atey wine banaun dee prakiriaa' teey vadhere rachnatmak niyantaran daa pardarshan keeta, usne vishav baazaar witch pomerol dee maanta daa vistaar karna shuru qarr ditta. sann 1953 witch uss neey 1959 witch chatto trotanoy atey chatto laa fler-patters atey uss toon baad chatto legrange kharidiaa. firr 1964 witch, moix neey patters witch bahuginti hissa haasal keeta atey puurii tarahan wine banaun dee nigrani atey disha noon sambhal liaa. 1982 daa vintage moix atey pomerol laee ikk watershed pall see. ikk mazboot amriki dallar atey amriki wine aalochak robbert aim deeaan chamakdar samikhiaavan duaara sahaita keeti gaee. parker, junier.iss khetar neey amriki baazaar witch mazboot pair rakkhiaa atey patters vargiaan jaidadan noon nilami circut utte bemisal keematan takk lijaan witch sahaita keeti. patters toon ilava, moix parivaar dey cole chatto laa kabar, chatto lattor aii pomerol atey chatto hosana vee hunn. jalvayu atey angur dee kheti. jadon kii pomerol daa jalvayu samundari prabhav witch baaki bordo dey samaan haii, samunder atey gironde muhane toon iss khetar dee doori jalvayu noon maddock naalon vadhere mahandeepi banaundi haii. iss daa arth haii kii pomerol vadh rahey mausam dauran rozana tapman witch vadhere bhinnta vekhda haii, dinn dey ucch atey shaam dey hethle padhran dey vichkaar. iss dey naal hii iss khetar witch basant rutt dauran vadhere varkha hundi haii (joe fullan dey dauran merlot laee samassiaavan daa caarn bann sakadi haii) "vereson" toon baad garmiaan dey mahiniaan dauran kull milaa keey kaafi ghatt varkha hundi haii. firr vee, pomerol witch vaadhi dee varkha daa khatra ajey vee maujood haii, khaskar wine nirmatavan laee joe pakkan dee prakiriaa noon lamma curran laee "vistrit latkan" dey falsafe dee varton karde hunn. jadon meenh painda haii taan ih slaty sdun daa mahattavpuran jokham paida qarr sakda haii, khaskar bhaari mitty dee mitty utte lagaae gaye merlot laee joe paanee noon barkarar rakkhde hunn. jadon kii kujh wineryan, jiven kii chatto patters, aapne anguran dey baag noon plastic dee chaadar witch dhakkan dey mazdoori dey kharchiaan noon sehann qarr sakdiaan hunn taan joe paanee noon jadahn witch bhijjan toon rokiaa jaa sake atey unhan dey anguran dey baagan utte ghumman laee helicoptran dee varton keeti jaa sake, anguran noon sukaun laee havaa paida keeti jaa sake, harr sampati ajihe upaa naheen qarr sakadi. jadon kii bahut garam vintage (jiven kii 2003 atey 2009) merlot witch ziaada pakkan deeaan samassiaavan paida qarr sakde hunn, pomerol khetar (atey samuche taur 'teey sahee baink) thande saalan (jiven kii 2006 atey 2008) dauran bihtar pardarshan karde hunn. mukkh vitamin sabheyacharak khatre basant rutt dey samein dey thhand hunn, joe kii pomerol khetar witch aksar hoow sakde hunn atey poore vintage noon vighan paa sakde hunn. bhugol. pomerol liborn dey turant purab atey uttar-purab witch sathit haii. bordo dey ziaadaatar vakkari kamioon dey ulat, iss cole koee siddhi nadee pahunch naheen haii, joe kii shehar duaara dakkhan vall dordogan toon atey dakkhan-purab vall sathit cent-emilion duaara vakkh keeti gaee haii. uttar-purab witch, "laa barben raao" namak ikk dhaara dey paar laland-dee-pomerol sathit haii. ih ikk bajjari dey kinare utte khadah haii (ikk visheshta joe ih maddock dey vakkari apeelan naal sanjhi kardi haii); dakkhan atey pachham vall, mitty vadhere retli haii, jadon kii uttar atey purab vall, ih mitty vall rukhh rakkhdi haii. upp-mitty goodhi bharee mitty haii, jiss witch lohe dee matra ucch haii. ih khetar mukabaltan samtal haii atey iss witch thodhi jihi lahiran valiaan dhalanan hunn joe samunder tall toon 2 kilometer (1.2 meal) toon lagbhag 10 meeter (33 futt) dee uchaee utte 35-40 meeter (115-130 futt) dee uchaee toon dhigdiaan hunn. pomerol witch ziaadaatar ucch darje deeaan astet purbi addhe khetar witch sathit hunn, cent-emilion dee sarhadd takk jitthe pramukh grand karoo class (aii) chatto chewal blanck dee astet dey anguran dey baag aksar pomerol astet toon vekhe jaa sakde hunn. pomerol dey dakkhni hisse catuso dey pind toon langhde hoye faile hoye hunn jadon kii pind dey uttar witch mitty witch iss khetar dey kujh vadhiaa bajjari dey kann hunn. uttar-purab witch mellet daa pind haii joe laland-dee-pomerol, monten-cent-emilion atey cent-emilion dey aocs naal laggda haii atey pind vicchon langhan vaali sadak pomerol atey cent-emilion dey vichkaar adhikarat sarhadd haii. iss naal kujh kanunni mudde paida hoye hunn kiunki kujh anguran dey baag joe takniki taur utte cent-emilion deeaan sarhaddan dey ander hunn parr pomerol takk faile hoye hunn, noon "pomerol dee aanreri nagrikta" ditti jaanhi chahidi haii. anguran dey baag dee mitty. pomerol khetar dee mitty bahut vibhinn haii jiss witch pathaar witch khinde hoye bajjari, rait atey mitty daa mishran haii. lagbhag uttar atey purab vall anguran dey baag dee mitty, cent-emilion dee sarhadd dey nede, vadhere mitty hundi haii jadon kii pachham atey dakkhan vall dee mitty halki atey vadhere bajjari bann jaandi haii. jiss pathaar utte pomerol sathit haii, uss deeaan haddan tinn nadiaan naal laggdiaan hunn, uttar witch barben, pachham witch tapu atey dakkhan witch dordogan atey liborn shehar. jiven-jiven ih khetar pathaar deeaan dhalanan toon hethan jaanda haii atey inhan nadiaan vall jaanda haii, mitty vadhere jalodh atey retli hoow jaandi haii. pomerol pathaar daa bahuta hissa retli mitty dey maaral naal baniaa haii joe bajjari naal parat keeta giaa haii joe kii gunzian period dee haii (atey uhee bajjari haii joe maddock atey kabran aoc witch paaee jaandi haii), hethliaan dhalanan utte bajjari dey naal liborn dey nede naujwan mindale glaciation period toon aaa rahee haii. halki, retli mitty utte anguran mitty utte ucch matra vaali mitty naalon pahilan puck jandiaan hunn parr ghatt shaktishali fall atey umar vadhan dee samratha vee hundi haii. molls atey cress dee fair. pomerol dey khetar witch uh haii joe vilakkhan neeli-mitty (jiss noon "molls" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) dey "batonier" (jaan "buttenhole") vajon darsaiaa giaa haii, joe lohe dey bhandaran naal bharpur rait dey baind dey sikhar 'teey baitha haii jiss noon "cress dee farr" jaan "matchefer" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ih siraf lagbhag 20 hectare (50 ekad) daa ikk chhota jiha khetar haii joe baaki pomerol witch paaee jaanh vaali mitty daa bahut hii asadharan haii, parr kiunki chatto patters dee prasidh jaidad daa anguran daa baag inhan hectare dey addhe toon vaddh hisse witch lagaiaa giaa haii, iss laee saahit witch wine utte iss dey prabhav dee bahut charcha keeti gaee haii. horr anguran dey baag jinhan witch iss "boutnear" utte ghatto ghatt kujh paude lagaae gaye hunn, unhan witch chatto laa concillent, chatto ll 'avangel, chatto lafalur, chatto gazin, chatto trotanoy, chatto clinet, chatto leey gey, chatto hott ferend atey viox chatto certon shamal hunn. catherine moix dey anusar lohe dey rung dee rait dey "clinker" violets atey turfles dey khushbu notes jodade hunn jadon kii viex chatto certain dey alegzander theonpont daa kahina haii kii iss dey laabh vadhere vitamin cultural hunn, joe well dey josh atey bahut ziaada patte dey vikas noon seemat karde hunn. halanki, chatto patters naal iss dey sabndh dey bavjood, pomerol witch harr wine utpadak aapni jaidad utte "cress dee fair" rakkhan dey gunan dee parshansa naheen karda. chatto ail 'aglize-cleanet dey dennis duranto daa mannana haii kii lohe naal bharpur mitty bahut abhedya haii joe anguran deeaan jadahn noon mitty witch dunghai naal hethan aaunn dindi haii, joe kii aksar ucch gunwatta vaale "terroir" naal judee ikk visheshta haii. uh aapni jaidad atey horr jaidadan utte joe uh salaah lainda haii, uss utte khatarnak baindan noon todan laee kamm qarr riha haii. duranto daa ih vee mannana haii kii neeli-mitty "boutnear" dey bahut saare laabh "cress dee fair" toon ilava maujood hunn, arthaat mitty dee sukke saalan witch namee banayi rakkhan atey sareer atey shakti dee wine paida curran dee yogta, atey nott karda haii kii iss neeli-mitty daa ikk dooja "boutnear" haii joe patters dey uttar-pachham witch sathit lohe dey bhandar toon binan haii. iss dooje "boutnear" utte ghatto ghatt kujh paude lagaun vaale anguran dey baagan witch chatto ail 'aglize-cleanet, chatto trotanoy, chatto close ail' aglize, chatto laa caben atey chatto nenin shamal hunn. wine banauna. 20veen sadee dey ziaadaatar samein laee, pomerol deeaan wine banaun deeaan shailiaan bardo onologist aimil paynoud university atey maddock witch cabernet savinan angur utte uss dey kamm toon prabhavit sunn. jadon kii paynoud deeaan taknikan maddock witch vadde paddhar 'teey safal rahiaan, uh hamesha pomerol witch changi tarahan anuvad naheen kardiaan sunn. ih khetar naa siraf ikk vakkhre angur naal kamm qarr riha see, balki vakkh-vakkh mitty deeaan sathitiaan naal vee kamm qarr riha see joe thande sunn (samuche taur 'teey garam jalvayu dey bavjood). iss jalvayu witch cabernet savinan changi tarahan pakkiaa naheen see parr marlot angur khabbe kinare utte cabernet savinan dey barabar khand dey paddhar utte katte jaa rahey sunn, joe ghatt pakke suaad atey "haard wine" paida karange. ih 1980 dey dahake takk naheen see jadon vadhere pomerol utpadakan neey "sahee baink" taknikan daa vikas karna shuru keeta, jiss witch marlot angur noon vadhere puurii tarahan pakkan laee latkan daa samaan vadhauna shamal see, kii ajj pomerol wine naal judee shaili vikast hoee. ziaadaatar wine khetran dee tarahan, wine banaun dee shaili wine nirmata atey vintage duaara vakkhari hundi haii. aam taur utte, bahut saare pomerol wine nirmata 15 toon 21 dinan dey macression daa abhiaas karde hunn atey jadon wine puurii tarahan khushak hoow jaandi haii taan dabaunde hunn. wine lagbhag hamesha melolectic fermentation vicchon langhdi haii. wine noon bottle witch suttan atey chaddan toon pahilan barric witch 18 toon 20 mahiniaan dee umar prapat hovegi. pomerol witch parampra rahee haii kii mufat challan vaali wine noon vakkh keeta jaave atey vintage dey adhaar teey load anusar "winn dee presses" dey anupat witch waps milaiaa jaave. baaki presses wine aksar astet dee duji wine witch varti jaandi see jaan "negozients" noon vechi jaandi see. mishran daa samaan (jiven kii fermentation dauran jaan baad witch) astet anusar vakkhra hovega jiven kii chatto patters witch fermentation dauran "winn dee presses" shamal keeta jaanda haii taan joe wine dey hissiaan noon ikkathe pakkan dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake atey, sidhantak taur 'teey, aam taur' teey vadhere tennic atey phenolic presses wine dee kathorta noon ghatao. jiven kii bahut saariaan bordo astet dey naal, tokri presses waps prachalan witch aaa gaee haii parr aadhunik tattan jiven kii havaa niyantaran dey naal. jeane-cloud beruate, joe kii moix astet laee mukkh wine nirmatavan vicchon ikk haii, neey ikk vertical basket presses tiaar curran witch sahaita keeti jisda udesh pomes noon vadhere narmi naal sambhalna haii atey iss noon kaee astet duaara apnaiaa giaa haii. michel roland daa prabhav atey ulat falsafe. vishav prasidh wine nirmata michel roland daa janam pomerol khetar witch hoiaa see atey uss dee ikk parivarak jaidad haii, chatto leey bohn paster, jiss daa uh aapni patni danny naal sahi-maalak haii. jiven kii 1980 atey 1990 dey dahake witch roland pramukhta prapat keeti, ikk shaili dee sahaita naal joe wine aalochak robbert parker dey talu daa pakkh purdi haii, bahut saare pomerol wine astet neey nakal karke jaan salahkar winemaker vajon roland noon kiraae 'teey lae keey "rolland shaili" noon apnauna shuru qarr ditta. iss shaili witch anguran noon puurii "sarirak pakkan" daa utpadan curran laee ikk lamma, vistrit latkan daa samaan denh laee fasal dee katai witch jinna sambhav hoow sake deree karna shamal haii joe fall noon ikk "ziaada pakkiaa hoiaa" suaad dey sakda haii atey wine alcohol daa paddhar 14 pratishat toon vaddh dey sakda haii. chaah witch aksar navein oak bairal witch umar vadhan toon baad macression (3 toon 8 hafte) dee ikk vistrit miaad vicchon langhna chahida haii. iss dey ulat, "moix shaili" fall dey suaad witch jiwantata atey tazgi utte ikk premium rakkhdi haii jiss witch moix dee malkiat valiaan astet jiven kii trotanoy atey patters aksar chunhiaan jaanh valiaan pahiliaan astet vicchon ikk hundiaan hunn. wine. pomerol hunn vishesh taur 'teey laal wine daa utpadan karda haii, halanki 100 saal pahilan iss neey chitte rung dee ikk vaddi matra daa utpadan keeta see. merlot itthe sabh toon mahattavpuran angur haii, joe anguran dey baag dey khetar daa 80 pratishat hissa haii. halanki ih lagbhag hamesha mishrat hunda haii, parr marlot daa anupat 95 pratishat takk pahunch sakda haii, halanki ih aam taur 'teey 70-80% dee seema witch hunda haii. agla sabh toon mahattavpuran angur cabernet frank haii, jiss noon sathanak taur 'teey "leey bushet" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe anguran dey baag dey khetar daa lagbhag 15 pratishat hissa haii atey aam taur' teey mishran daa 5-20% hissa hunda haii. malbeck, jiss noon sathanak taur utte "presk" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, atey baaki bordo witch ziaada naheen laaiaa jaanda, dee vee varton keeti jaandi haii. baaki manzurshuda angur, cabernet savinan atey petit verdot, mushkil naal lagaae jaande hunn atey "grand winn" witch ghatt hii varte jaande hunn, halanki, malback dee tarahan, uh kise astet dee duji wine witch dikhai dey sakde hunn. 20veen sadee dey arambh witch, jiven kii pomerol dee ikk laal wine utpadak zilhe witch tabdili puurii hoee see, cabernet frank pramukh angur dee kisam see. halanki, 1956 witch basant rutt dee thhand neey cabernet frank paude lagaun dey ikk vadde hisse noon maar ditta atey bahut saariaan astet neey iss ghatna noon ucch paidavar atey pahilan pakkan vaale marlot naal dubara lagaun dey mauke vajon liaa. marlot dey fullan dey dauran mausam thanda atey barsati honn dey bavjood, angur jaldi hii pomerol witch pramukhta prapat qarr giaa atey iss khetar naal sabh toon nediyon judiaa angur bann giaa haii. firr vee, bahut ghatt pomerol shudh merlot hunde hunn atey cabernet frank ajey vee iss duaara ditti jaanh vaali tennic banatar atey acidity laee mahattavpuran haii, joe wine witch lambi umar atey umar vadhan dee sambhavna noon jode sakda haii. asal witch, jiven kii 20veen sadee dey akheer atey 21veen sadee dey arambh witch marlot dee vaadhi daa rujhan baad witch atey khand dey ucch padhran utte jaari riha haii, vadhere pakke marlot dey shandar parr sambhavat taur utte kamzor subhaa noon santulit curran witch cabernet frank dee bhumika dee pomerol wine nirmatavan duaara horr vee parshansa keeti gaee haii. aam taur utte, marlot mukkh taur utte mitty dee mitty utte laaiaa jaanda haii jadon kii cabernet frank choone dey pathran atey cabernet savinan atey malbeck utte vadhere bajjari mitty witch lagaae jaanh dee sambhavna haii. cabernet savinan dey paude lagaun valiaan kujh astet witch viex chatto certon, chatto beoregard, chatto certon dee meey, chatto gazin, chatto nenin atey chatto petit-village shamal hunn. chatto laa concillent malbeck dey paude lagaun valiaan jaidadan vicchon ikk haii. aii. ou. see. niyam. pomerol vishesh taur utte ikk laal wine haii jiss witch aoc wine laee siraf aagiashuda angur deeaan kisman marlot, cabernet frank (buchet), cabernet savinan atey malback (presk) hunn. vaadhi dee paidavar vaddh toon vaddh 42 hectoliter/hectare (± 2.2 tunn/ekad) takk seemat haii atey tiaar keeti wine noon ghatto ghatt 10.5% dey ghatto ghatt alcohol dey paddhar noon prapat curran dee zaroorat haii. pomerol toon wine noon bordo jaan bordo superior ("vargikrit") vajon label keeta jaa sakda haiyav ih aam taur 'teey udon hunda haii jadon utpadak noon lagda haii kii wine "pomerol" label dey yog honn laee kaafi ucch miaar dee naheen see. shaili atey umar. wine dee shaili "terroir" dey naal badaldi haii. pachham witch, jitthe mitty vadhere retli haii, wine halki hundi haii; dakkhan witch, jitthe mitty vadhere bajjari vaali hundi haii, marlot daa anupat ghatt hunda haii, atey wine maddock dey suaad vall vadhere rujhan rakkhdi haii. wine noon 'makhmali' jaan 'unctuse' vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. fall daa vishesh suaad bair hunda haii, joe kaee vaar chhaann vall jhukaunda haii. wine mahr oz clark dey anusar, pomerols witch, vishesh plum notes toon ilava, honeyed masale, turfles, papermint, chocolet, bhunne hoye giridar atey kishmish notes ikk creamy, kaee vaar buttery moonh dee bhavna atey komal tannin hoow sakde hunn. maastar aaf wine clive coats neey pomerols noon ikk sant-emilion dey naram, mota, maas dey fall atey maddock dee wine naal judee tapassiaa atey reedh dee haddi dey vichkaar ikk "addha gharr" vajon darsaiaa haii. coats nott karda haii kii ziaadaatar maddock witch pramukh "black current" notes dee tulna witch pomerols witch vadhere ameer, makhmali atey palam notan dey naal cent-emilion naalon ghatt "faldar" suaad hunde hunn. ih kendrit ameer fall marlot dee prakirti toon paida hunda haii joe pomerol dee wine noon maddock dee cabernet savinan-adharat wine naalon ghatt spasht taur 'teey tennic honn dee aagiaa dinda haii. wine mahr atey wine dey maastar hoog johnson dey anusar, pomerol noon ziaadaatar bordo naalon ghatt umar dee zaroorat hundi haiyav panj saal aam taur 'teey kaafi hunde hunn, atey 12 saal sabh toon shandar vintage laee vee kaafi hunde hunn. johnson neey nott keeta kii pomerol aam taur utte aapne dunghe rung atey kaee vaar creamy, kendrit pakke-plum dey suaad duaara vakkhre hunde hunn parr ucch acidity atey tannin toon binan joe horr bordo wine dee visheshta hunn. shaat. pomerol dey shatto laee koee adhikarat vargikaran naheen haii. halanki iss daa caarn aksar vishav baazaar witch pomerol dee mukabaltan halia pramukhta vajon dassiaa jaanda haii, ajj vee pomerol dee wine dunia bharr witch parshansa atey maanta paida kardi haii, bahut saare utpadak ajey vee mahisus karde hunn kii pomerol astet dee adhikarat darjabandi dee zaroorat naheen haii. kujh utpadakan, jiven kii chatto gazin dey nicholls dee bellion court daa mannana haii kii ziaadaatar virodh chhote utpadakan daa haii joe darde hunn kii unhan dee wine noon ghatiaa manniaa jaanda haii. ikk horr maalak neey wine lekhak stephen brooks noon dassiaa kii maujuda, gair-darja pranali "aam wine noon pomerol dee sabh toon vadhiaa wine dee pratishtha toon laabh uthaun dee aagiaa dindi haii", atey 2002 dey aoc label chakkhan vaale panel dey natijiaan vall ishara keeta, ih nirdharat karde hoye kii qee wine noon uhanan dey wine label utte aoc pomerol naam rakkhan dee aagiaa haii. 2002 dey bahut hii mushkal atey upp-barabar vintage honn dey bavjood ikk vee wine aii. ou. see. pravangi prapat curran witch asfal naheen rahee. halanki, adhikarat darjabandi dee ghaat dey bavjood, bahut saare wine lekhakan atey aalochakan neey pichle saalan witch aapne nijji vargikaran pesh keete hunn joe horr sarotan duaara havala ditte gaye hunn. 2001 witch, wine clive coats dey maastar neey aapni kitaab "france dey wine atey domains daa ikk vishwakosh" witch pomerol astet dee darjabandi shamal keeti. bhojan mail khanda haii. wine lekhak hyug johnson neey sujhaa ditta haii kii beef philate jaan changi tarahan latkaiaa hoiaa hiran ikk changa saathi haii, khaas karke wine witch pakaiaa jaanda haii, parr uss beef wellington toon parhez keeta jaanha chahida haii, kiunki pastery talu noon naram qarr dindi haii. wine lekhak oz clark neey sujhaa ditta haii kii bahut ziaada suaad vaale game pakwan, jiven kii terrin atey pete vee change hoow sakde hunn, kiunki uh wine dee tibarta naal mail khaande hunn. sair-spata. pomerol nimmer pendu suaad laee changi tarahan janhiaa jaanda haii joe shandar shatto atey alankrit architecture dey tikkhe ulat haii joe maddock dey bahut saare wine astet noon vakkhra karda haii. bahut saariaan vilakkhan astet vee uhanan witch rakkhiaan gaeeaan hunn jinhan noon aksar "sadharan farm haaoos" vajon darsaiaa jaanda haii jinhan dee bahut ghatt baahari pachanh hundi haii. jiven kii bahut saare bordo dey naal, bahut ghatt astet witch suaad kamre hunn atey iss toon vee ghatt janata laee binan mulakat dey khulleh hunn. ih anshak taur 'teey iss laee haii kiunki pomerol wine daa vadda hissa "ainn primer" vechiaa jaanda haii, joe vaadhi toon turant baad vishesh distribiuterstran atey gaahkan noon allot keeta jaanda haii, jiss naal suaad kamre dey darwaze raahin bahut ghatt jaan koee wine naheen vechi jaandi.

pomerol e. o. sii. pomerol () iti french-deshasya vain-utpaadane kamyoon asti, tathaa cha bordo-nagarasya liborness ("rait-byaank") madhye "appellation dii 'origin controlle" (e. o. see.) iti cha asti. atra utpaadyamaanam madyam mukhyataya merlot-nagaraat bhavati, yatra cabernet-fraank sahayakam paatram nirvahati. anyeshu bordo-samudayanam apekshayaa, pomerol-ityasya vaastavikam gramam naasti, yadyapi charch asti. drakshakshetranam madhye gruhaani sthaapitaah santi. 1923 tame varshe french-sarvakaarena sent-emilian tathaa bruhattar-liborness-kshetraat pruthak vishishtah madya-pradesha iti ayam pradesha manyataya, 1936 tame varshe "institute-national-dii-ell-origin-ett-dii-laa-kwaalite" (inaavo) ityanena e. o. sii. samsthanam prathama-tarangasya bhagarupena e. o. sii. iti sthaanam dattam. yadyapi adhunaa bordo-e. o. see. ityeteshu atyantam pratishtitaasu paristhitishu eshaa anyatamah asti, tathaapi eshaa sthitihi apekshakrutataya nootanah asti, yat vimshatishatakasya dwiteeyaardhe asti, yat praayah bordo-vargeekaraneshu kasyaapi pomerol-ityasya samaaveshasya kaaraneshu anyatam iti kathyate. pomerol iti bordo-nagarasya pramukheshu sukshma-madyapradesheshu laghutamam kshetram asti, yat praayah tri-kilometer-parimitam, 4 kilometer-parimitam cha vistrutam kshetram aacchaadayati. ayam praayah tasya vishaalasya dakshinatateh samipasthasya sent-emilian-e. o. see. ityasya saptamah bhaagah asti, tathaa cha medok-nagarasya sent-julien-e. o. see. ityasya laghutamasya vaamatateh samudaayasy samatulyam asti. 1998 tame varshe, e. o. see. simayam 784 hector-kshetreshu draksha-draakshaaras-ropitaani aasan, ye 36,066 hectoliter-dravapadaarthaan (±952,763 gyaalan athavaa 400,733 prakaranaani) utpaadyante sma. 2003 tame varshe pomerol-sasyasya 780 hector-kshetrasya utpaadanam 150 ghoshitaah utpaadakaah aasan, tathaa cha prativarsham 32,250 ech. ell. (praayah 358,333 prakaranaani) madyasya utpaadanam cha kurvanti sma. praayah sarvam madyam sampatti-seemaatre asti. anyeshu french-madyapradesheshu yathaa bargandi, rone-upatyakaa ityaadishu bhinnatayaa, pomerol-nagare samprati naa sahakaarinah karyam kurvanti. 2007 tame varshe, ropana-hector-kshetraanaam sankhyaa 800 hector-kshetraparyantam (1980 ekar-kshetraani) alpatayaa vardhitaa aasit. 2009 tame varshe pomerol-deshe 140 ghoshita-utpaadakaah aasan, teshaam prushtabhaagasya kshetrafalam shanmekater-parimitam aasit, tathaa cha "pomerol" iti namakam drakshakshetram 800 hector-parimitam yaavat vyaaptam, prativarsham 35,000 hectolator-parimitam utpaadanam bhavati. yadyapi bahavah pomerol-vain-vain-vain-vikrayane adhunaa atyantam ucchamoolyam praapayanti, tathaa cha nijeevipanyaam bordo-ityasya atyantam ucchamoolyam praaptasya vargeekrutavruddheh samatulyam moolyam praapayanti, tathaapi pomerol-vain-ityasya adhikarikam vargeekaranam naasti. parantu asmin pradeshe "premiyar kroo" ityasya samatulyam iti vyaapakaroopen dharita ekaha sampattih asti-cheto petrus. itihaasah. pomerol-pradesha, tasya uttarasima cha, baarbanne-nadee aitihaasikaroopena uttarasyam dishi, yatra janaah dii 'ol-bhasham bhaashante sma, dakshinasyam dishi cha, yatra te dii' ok-bhasham bhaashante sma, teshaam madhye sima iti manyate sma. yadyapi pomerol-pradeshe prathamavaaram yadaa aangurasy ropanam abhavat tatt samyak nirdishitum kathinam asti tathaapi roman-jananam kaale asmin kshetre viticulture ityasya upasthitihi aasit iti niroopayitum paryaaptam pramanam vartate. tathaiva "pomerol" iti naamnah utpattih anishchitah asti, yadyapi keshaanchan anumanani santi yat etat lattin-bhashayaha "pomaa" iti shabdat udbhootam asti, yat phaladaatru beejam soochayati, tathaa cha aapal iti arthasya "pomme" iti french-shabdasya utpattih asti iti. asya siddhaantasy samarthanam asya pradeshasya bahu-krushi-deergha-itihasena bhavati, yatra anyaani anekaani sasyaani, visheshatah phalaani, dhaanyaani cha, atra krushihi bhavati sma, yat viticulture-ityasya praathamik-kendrasthanat bahubhyah poorvam eva aasit. 1270 tame varshe aangleyaah liborn-nagaram sthaapitavantah, yena pomerol-ityasya drakshakshetrani bahudhaa vistrutam avadhaanam praaptaani. parantu, adhikaamsha-bordo-ityetayoho iva, pomerol-ityasya vain iteedam, vartamaanakaale tarn-ett-gaaran tathaa laat-ett-gaaran ityetayoho vibhaageshu gaaran ityasya apekshayaa adhika-vain ityasya apekshayaa nyoon-pratishtaayuktam aasit. spen-deshasya santiago dee compostella-nagaram prati pramukha-teerthayaatraaroopen asya kshetrasya sthaanam api nats-hospitallers-ityasya ruchim aakarshayat, ye pratyaawartit-crusader-ityete asmin pradeshe anekaan vasatigruhaan chikitsalayan cha sthaapayan. eteshu bahavah samsthah, yathaa gajin-chikitsaalayah, yasya prathamavaaram 1288 tame varshe ullekhah aasit, adhunaa aadhunik-drakshakshetranam, cheto gajin ityadinam vain-karakhananam cha sthale stah. shooraveerah asmin pradeshe anekashatabdan yaavat tishtan, shatavarshaanaam yuddhen vinaashah krutaanaam drakshakshetranam punah ropanartham api sahayyam krutavantah. shveta-madyaat rakta-vain prati parivartanam. 16 tame saptadashayoho shataabdayoh, dutch-vanijaha bordo-vipanyaam madya-vyaapaarasy upari mahatee prabhaavam avahan. dutch-janaah medok-jalamagnanam nirgamanartham, samaadhyaah uttardishi bhoomau viticulture-krute maargah prashastum cha atyantam ullekhaneeyaah aasan, tathaapi te dordogne-ityasya dakshinatate sthitanam communes-samudayan uttar-europe-deshasya vipanim (visheshatah baltic-hansiatic-rajyani) aangl-vipanyaam bordo-naukaashrayasya dhaaram avagatya, pradaasyanta. parantu, dutch-jananam tathaa eteshaam uttar-vipaninaam cha ruchihi shveta-vain-prati pravahati, tathaa cha shveta-draksha-prakaraha eva aasan ye asmin kaale pomerol-madhye sarvadhikataya ropitaani aasan. rakta-draksha-prakaranam prati sankramanam mandam aasit. pomerol-kshetre cabernet-fraank ityasya ropanaani "vidoor" tathaa "bidoor" iti namna 16 shataabdyaah poorvam eva abhilekhitaani aasan, parantu shatavarshaanaam anantaram dvivarshaparyantam asmin kshetre merlot ityasya parichayah naa abhavat iti drushyate. 1760 tame varshe, louis-leonard-fontemang iti liborness "negocient" iti namna, asmin pradeshe merlot ityasya prathamam pralekhitam udaaharanam iti prateeyate tatt, adhunaa cheto-root ityasya bhaagam asti iti drakshakshetre ropitavaan. parantu 19 shataabdyaah ante yaavat shveta-draakshaaras-draakshah pomerol-ityasya drakshakshetreshu adhipatyam saadhayan aasan, yadaa rakta-clarett-ityasya adhikamoolyam, dutch-deshasya prabhaavasya ksheenam cha redd-vain-utpaadanam adhikam akarshakam krutavaan. 1936 tame varshe yadaa ayam pradesha poorna-e. o. see.-padaveem praapnot, tadaa e. o. see.-viniyamena pomerol ityasmin kasyaapi shveta-draksha-prakarasya ropanam visheshatayaa nishiddham krutam. redd-vain-pradeshe poornaroopen parivartanaat api pomerol-ityasya pratishtaa adyaapi medok-ityasya apekshayaa bahu nyoonam aasit. 1943 tame varshe vichee-sarvakaarena niyuktaam tulanatmakamoolyani suchyam, petrus-nagaram kevalam medak-nagaraat madhya-starasya dwiteeya-vruddhehe stare suchibaddham, tadanantaram ucchatama-rated pomerol-estates, wicks cheto certain, cheto laa concillent ityetaih saha, cheto giscourse, cheto laa lagoon ityadinam truteeya-vruddhi-estates ityetaih anuroopam moolyaani nirdeshayanti. mauyiks-parivaarah, pramukhatam cha praptavan. jeane-piyare mauyiks tathaa tasya parivaarah pomerol-ityetam "antarashtriya-maanachitre" sthaapayitum shreyah praaptaah. correz ityasya kendriya-french-vibhaage janma praapnot, mauyiks svaparivaarena saha bordo-pradesham prati gatavaan, prathamam bordo-nagare eva "negocient" gruham udghaatayitum prayatat. parantu, saha tatt vipanim atyadhikam santruptam iti dnyaatavaan, ataha saha nadyaah param liborness-pradesham prati gatavaan, 1937 tame varshe liborn-nagare ekam negocient-gruham udghatitavan. 1945 tame varshe mauyiks, cheto petrus ityasya visheshavikraya-adhikaran praptavan. prathame mauyiks-samsthaa belgium-deshe pomerol-ityasya paramparikavipanyaya saha bahudhaa vyaapaaram karoti sma. parantu, yadaa mauyiks-varyaha sampattih kretum, pattarupena daatum cha aarabdhavaan, vain-nirmanaprakriyayam adhika-rachanaatmak-niyantranam pradarshayat, tadaa saha vishvavipanyaam pomerol-ityasya manyatam vistaarayitum aarabdhavaan. 1953 tame varshe saha cheto trotanoy tathaa cheto laa fluor-petrus ityetaan krinaat, tadanantaram 1959 tame varshe cheto lyaagrenj ityetaan krinaat. tatah 1964 tame varshe mauyiks petrus ityasmin bahusankhyaam bhaagam praapya vain-nirmanasya paryavekshanam nirdeshanm cha purnataya sveekrutavaan. 1982 tamavarshasya wintage-kaalah mauyiks-pomerol-ityetayoho krute jalavibhajika aasit. asya sahayyam yu. ess. daalar ityasya drudham moolyam, american-vain-vimarshakah rabert emm. ityasya cha ujjwala-samiksham cha krutam. parker, jey. aar.ayam pradesha amerikaadeshasy vipanyaam drudham sthaanam praapnot, tathaa cha petrus ityadinam bhusampattim lilaava-paripathasya abhutapurvamulyanam prati praavartayitum sahayyam krutavaan. petrus-ityanena saha mauyiks-parivaarasya cheto laa grave, cheto latoor e pomerol, cheto hosanna cha santi. vaayugunah tathaa jalchar-krushihi. pomerol-nagarasya vaayugunah samudreeyaprabhaavasya shesh-bordo-pradeshaih samaanah asti, parantu samudraat, gironde-nadimukhaat cha asya pradeshasya dooram medok-pradeshasya apekshayaa spashtatayaa mahadvipiya-vaayugunam kalpayati. asya arthah asti yat pomerol-vrukshah vardhamaanakaale, dinasya ucchasya sayankalasya nimnasya cha madhye, adhikam dainika-taapamaanam parivartayati iti. yadyapi asmin pradeshe vasantakaale adhikavrushtihi bhavati (yena pushpakaale merlot-krute samasyaah bhavitum arhanti) tathaapi "veraisan" ityasya anantaram grishmakaaleshu samagratayaa nyoonawrushtih bhavati. tathaapi, pomerol-pradeshe, visheshatah pakaprakriyayaha dirghayutaya "vistaarit-zulana-samayasya" tattvajnaanam upayoktum vain-nirmaatrubhyah, fasal-vrushtehe shankaa adyaapi asti. yadaa varshaa bhavati tadaa dhoosarakshayasy mahatee ashamka bhavitum arhati, visheshatah jalasya dhaaranam kurvataam bhaaree-mruttikaayaam ropitanam merlot-sasyanam krute. yadyapi kechan vain-karakhanani, yathaa cheto petrus, swasya draakshaakshetrasy plastic-sheeting-dwara aacchaadayitum shramavyayam kartum shaknuvanti, yena jalam mooleshu nimajjitam naa bhavet, api cha teshaam drakshakshetreshu paribhramayitum helicopter-ityetaan niyojayitum shaknuvanti, anguran shushkum vaayuh utpadyate, pratyekam sampattih etaadrushaani upayani naa kartum shaknoti. yadyapi atiushna-vintage-ityetaani (yathaa 2003,2009 cha) merlot-nagare ati-pakwataayaah samasyaah janayitum shaknuvanti, tathaapi pomerol-pradesha (tathaa samagratayaa samyak tateeyah) shitakaleshu (yathaa 2006,2008 cha) uttamm karyam karoti. mukhyaani viticulture-apaayaani vasantakaalasya himaani santi, ye pomerol-pradeshe bahudhaa bhavitum shaknuvanti, sampoornam vintage-kshetram api vighatitum shaknuvanti. bhoogolah. pomerol-pradesha liborn-nagarasya poorvadishi eeshanyadishi cha sthitah asti. bordo-nagarasya adhikamshanam pratishtitaanaam samudayanam vipareetam, dakshinadishi dordogne-nadyaah dakshinadishi sent-emilian-ityanena cha pruthak krutvaa, tatt sakshat nadee-praveshah naasti. eeshanyadishi "laa baarbanne rau" iti namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna namna. ayam gravel-tate sthitah asti (ekam lakshanm yat medak ityasya pratishtita-upaakhyaanaih saha saha saha saha asti); dakshina-pashchim-dishaasu mruttikaa adhika-balukiyaha asti, uttar-poorva-dishaasu mruttikaa bhavati. upamruttikaa krushnavarneeyaa aacchaaditah mruttikaa asti, yasmin lohasya matra adhikah asti. bhoopradeshah apekshaakrutam samatalah asti, yatra laghu-tarangasheel-dhaalaah santi, ye samudratalaat 35-40 meater (115-130 feet) yaavat oordhvatah 2 kilometer (1.2 mail) taha praayah 10 meater (33 feet) yaavat yaavat pravahanti. pomerol-nagarasya adhika-uccha-mulyankita-bhoosampattayah poorva-ardhabhaage, sent-emilian-ityasya seemaasamavetah santi, yatra pradhaan-grand kroo-vargasya (a) cheto-cheval-blaank-ityasya bhoosampattyaah drakshakshetrani praayah pomerol-bhoosampattayah eva drushyante. pomerol ityasya dakshinatamapraantah kaatoosau-gramat param vistrutaah santi, parantu gramasya uttardishi eva mruttikaayaam asya pradeshasya kechan uttamaah gravel-kanaah santi. eeshanyadishi mellet-graamah asti, yah lalende-dii-pomerol, montaagne-sent-emilian, sent-emilian ityetayoho e. o. see.-ityetayoho simayam vartate, yatra gramasya madhyamena pravahamaanah maargah pomerol-sent-emilian ityetayoho madhye aadhikarikasima asti. anena kechan vidhi-samasyaah abhavan, yatah kechan draksha-udyaaneh, ye tantrikadrushtya sent-emilian ityasya simayam santi, kintu pomerol-paryantam vistrutaah santi, te "pomerol-ityasya maanad-naagarikatvam" daatavyam aasit. draakshaakshetrasy mruttikaa. pomerol-pradeshasya mruttikaa ateeva vaividhyapoornah asti, yatra pathaare cha vitaritanam shilajanam, balukanam, mruttikaayaah cha mishranm vartate. praayah uttarapoorvayoh draakshaakshetrasy mruttikaayaah vishaye vadan, sent-emilian ityasya simayam sameepe adhikasheershah bhavati, pashchim-dakshinayoho mruttikaah laghuhu, adhikah shilaayugah cha bhavanti. pomerol-peethabhoomih uttardishi baarbanne-dweepah, paschimadishi dweepaah, dakshinadishi dordogne-nagaram, liborn-nagaram cha iti tribhihi nadyah simayam vartate. yathaa bhoo-bhaagah pataarasya vaalanaani adhah, etaan nadyah prati cha gacchati, mruttikaa adhikatayaa jalodah, balukiyaha cha bhavati. pomerol-pataarasya adhikaamshah bhaagah baalukayuktena kle-maarl ityanena nirmitah asti, yah gunjian-kalat aarabhy (tathaa cha medok tathaa graves-e. o. see. madhye drushyamaanena samanena grail-dwara staritah asti), nimna-vaalukeshu grail-yukttaah liborn ityasya sameepe yuva-mandell-himanadiya-kalat aagacchanti. laghu-baaluk-mruttikaayaah vrukshaah adhika-mruttikaayuktaanaam mruttikaayaah apekshayaa poorvamev pakwaah bhavanti, parantu teshaam falaanaam vruddhehe cha kshamata nyoonah bhavati. mlaanah tathaa cha kraase dee ferr. pomerol-pradeshe "cress day ferr" athavaa "matchefer" iti namna prasiddhasy loha-nikshepaih samruddhasya balukayaha pattyaah upari upavishyamaanasya vishishtasya neel-kardamasya ("molas" iti namna prasidhah) "butonier" (athavaa "button hole") iti varnitam vartate. ayam kevalam 20 hector (50 ekar) parimitam laghukshetram asti, yat shesheshu pomerol-bhoomau drushyate, parantu asya ardhashataadhikeshu hector-kshetreshu cheto-petrus-ityasya prasiddhasy sampatteh draakshaakshetrasy ropanam asti, ataha madyasya upari tasya prabhaavasya vishaye saahitye bahu charchaa krutaa asti. anyeshu drakshakshetreshu yatra "buttonier" ityatra nyunatinyoonam kechan ropanaani santi teshu cheto laa concillent, cheto law 'evengile, cheto lafluor, cheto gajin, cheto trotanoy, cheto clanet, cheto leey ge, cheto hout ferrond, wicks cheto certan cha santi. catherine mauyiks ityasya matena, lohavarnayuktasya balukayaha "clinkers" iti varnaha violet-trafals-ityetayoho sugandham samyojayati, tathaa cha viyaks-cheto-certon ityasya alexander-thianpont ityeshah vadati yat asya labha adhika-viticulture-yukttaah santi, yena drakshalasya shakttih, atyadhika-paata-vruddhihi cha seemitah bhavati. tathaapi, cheto petrus ityanena saha sambaddham satsu api, pomerol ityasmin pratyekam madyotpaadakah swasampattyaam "kraase dee ferr" ityasya gunaan naa prashamsayati. cheto ell 'agless-clanet ityasya denis durantou ityasya matam asti yat lohasamruddhah mruttikaa etaavat abhedyah asti yat vrukshavrundaanaam mulani bhoomau gabhirataya adhah patayitum naa shaknoti, yat praayah ucchagunayuktena "terorir" ityanena saha sambaddham lakshanm vartate. saha swasampattim, anyeshu sampattim cha, yatra saha paraamarsham karoti, tatra cha ugra-pattan vighatayitum karyam karoti. durantou api manayati yat "cress day ferr" ityetaat atirichya neel-kardamasya "butonier" ityasya anekaani labhani santi iti, yathaa shushkavarsheshu ardratam dhaarayitum, sharirasya shaktteh cha madyasya utpaadanam kartum karmmabhoomyaah kshamata, tathaa cha petrus ityasya vaayavyadishi sthitasya lohasya nikshepam vinaa asya neel-karmmasy dwiteeyam "butonier" asti iti soochayati. asya dwiteeye "butonier" ityatra nyunatinyoonam kechan ropanaani yukteshu drakshakshetreshu cheto ell 'agless-clanet, cheto trotoy, cheto closs mull' agless, cheto laa kaabanne, cheto nenin cha santi. madyasya utpaadanam. 20 shataabdyaah adhikaamshakaale, pomerol ityasya vain-nirmaanashailyaah prabhaawah bordo-vishvavidyaalayasya oenologist-emil penad-ityanena, medok-madhye cabernet-savignan-draksha-vishaye tasya karyena cha aasit. yadyapi penad ityasya tantraani medok ityasmin bahudhaa safalaani aasan, tathaapi te sarvadaa pomerol ityasmin samyak anuvaadam naa krutavantah. ayam pradesha naa kevalam bhinna-draakshaih saha karyam kurvan aasit, apitu sheetal-bhinna-mruttikaa-sthityaa saha api karyam kurvan aasit (samagra-ushna-vaayugunah satsu). asmin vaayugunasya cabernet-savignan-sasyam samyak pakwam naa jaatam, parantu vaamatate cabernet-savignan-sasyasya samaan-sharkaraa-stare cha krutaah merlot-draakshah alpa-pakwaan swaad, "haard-vain" cha utpaadyante sma. 1980 tamam dashakam yaavat yadaa adhikaah pomerol-utpaadakaah "rait-byaank" tantraan vikasayitum aarabhant, yatra merlot-draakshah purnataya pakwetum vistaarit-zulana-samayah api antarbhavati, tadaa adya pomerol-vain-ityanena saha sambaddh-shailee vikasitah. adhikaamsheshu madyapradesheshu iva, madyanirmaanasya shailee vain-nirmaatrubhihi wintage-dwara cha bhinnah bhavati. samanyataya bahavah pomerol-vain-nirmataraha 15 taha 21 dinaani yaavat mackeration-abhyaasam kurvanti, yadaa vain purnataya shushkataam praapyate tadaa press-kurvanti. vain praayah sarvadaa melolactic-fermentation-dwara gacchati. madyasya paatrasya nirgamanaat cha poorvam barrics-madhye 18 taha 20 maasaparyantam vruddhatvam praaptam bhavishyati. pomerol-deshe mukta-chaalit-madyasya pruthakkaranam krutvaa, wintage-ityasya aadhaaren aavashyakataanusaaram "winn day press" ityasya anupaate punah mishranm kartum parampara asti. sheshah press-vain praayah estatesya dwiteeya-vain ityasmin upayujyate athavaa "negocients" ityetasmai vikreeyate sma. mishranm kartum samayah (yathaa kinvanasya samaye vaa anantaram vaa) sampattih anusrutya bhinnah bhavishyati, kechan gruhaani yathaa cheto petrus, kinvanasya samaye "winn day press" yojayanti, yena vain-ghatakaah militvaa paripakwam bhaveyuhu, tathaa cha saiddhaantikaroopen, samanyataya adhika-taanik-phenolic-press-vain-ityasya katorataam nyooneekartum shakyate. anekebhyah bordo-estates-ityetebhyah iva basket-press iteedam punah prachalati, parantu numatic-niyantranebhyah aadhunik-tattwaih saha. mauyiks-estates ityasya pramukha-vain-nirmaatrushu anyatamah jeane-claude beraut ityeshah, pomes ityasya adhika-mrudu-nirvahanaartham oordhvaadhar-basket-press ityasya vinyaasam kartum sahayyam krutavaan, etat anekebhyah estates-dwara sweekrutam asti. mishel rolyand ityasya prabhaawah, bhinnadarshanam cha. vishvaprasiddhah vain-nirmaatru michel roland ityayam pomerol-pradeshe ajayata, tasya parivaar-sampattih asti, cheto leey baan pasteur iti, yasya saha-swami saha swapatnyaa denny ityanaya saha asti. 1980 tathaa 1990 tame dashake yadaa rolyand-ityasya praamukhyam vardhamana, vain-vimarshakena rabert-parker ityasya taaluh anukulatam praptam shailyaah saahaayyen, bahavah pomerol-vain-estates-kshetraani anukaranena athavaa rolyand-ityasya paraamarshak-vain-nirmaatruroopen niyuktvaa "rolyand-shailyaah" sweekaranam praarabhant. asmin shailimadhye yathaashaktihi fasalasya vilambah antarbhavati yena anguranam deerghah, vistaaritah dirghakalam yaavat yaavat yaavat "sharirikam pakwataam" utpaadanam bhavati yena falasya "ati-pakwam" swaadah, madyasya madyasya starah cha 14 pratishataat adhikam bhavet. chaya-kridaayaam praayah nootan-ok-byaarel-madhye vruddhataayaah anantaram messersion-ityasya vistruta-kalat (3 taha 8 saptaahaparyantam) avashyam gacchet. asya vipareetam, "mauyiks-shailee" phalaswaade chaitanyam taajaapanam cha adhikatayaa sthaapayati, yatra mauyiks-svamitva trotanoy, petrus ityadini praayah prathama-bhoosampattayah santi. madyam. pomerol-aushadham adhunaa visheshatayaa rakta-madyasya utpaadanam karoti, yadyapi 100 varshaanaam poorvam tasya shveta-dravyasya utpaadanam mahatim jaatam. merlot iti atra mahattvapoornam draakshah asti, yat draakshaakshetrasy 80 pratishatam bhaagam bhavati. yadyapi praayah nityena mishritam bhavati tathaapi merlot ityasya anupaatah 95 pratishatam yaavat uccham praaptum shaknoti, yadyapi praayah 70-80% iti shreneem bhavati. agrime mahattwapoornatamah draakshah cabernet fraank asti, yah sthaniyarupena "leey buchet" iti namna prasidhah asti, yah draakshaakshetrakshetar praayah 15 pratishatam bhaagam bhavati, praayah mishranm 5-20% iti bhavati. malbeck iti, sthaniyarupena "presaak" iti namna prasidhah, shesheshu bordo-pradesheshu adhikam naa ropitah, api upayujyate. sheshaah anumataah draakshah, cabernet savignan, petit verdat cha, viralaroopen ropitaani santi, "grand winn" ityasmin viralaroopen upayujyante, yadyapi malbeck-sadrushaani, te sampatteh dwiteeya-madya-dravye drushyante. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe, yadaa pomerol ityasya rakta-madya-utpaadaka-mandale parivartanam poornam abhavat, tadaa cabernet-fraank iti pramukhah draksha-prakaarah aasit. parantu 1956 tame varshe vasantakaalasya aarambhe himasya karanat cabernet-fraank-vrukshasya vrukshasya vishaalah bhaagah amriyata, tathaa cha bahavah bhoosampattayah asya ghatanam adhika-utpaadanam poorva-pakwatayaa cha merlot-vrukshena punah ropanasya avasararoopen sveekrutya. pushpakaale sheetakaalam varshaakaalah cha bhavati chet merlot ityasya kuloor-rogena peedayitum pravruttihi satsu api, pomerol-pradeshe draksha sheeghram pramukhatam praapnot, tathaa cha pradeshena saha atyantam nikatayaa sambadhah draksha abhavat. tathaapi, atyalpaah pomerol-dhaatuh shuddha-merlot-dhaatuh santi, tathaa cha cabernet-fraank ityasya moolyam adyaapi tasya danasya tannic-samrachanaa, amlataa cha iti bhavati, yena vain-ityasya deerghaayuh vruddhehe cha sambhavana vardhate. vastutah, 20 shataabdyaah ante, 21 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha yadaa marlot ityasya sasyotpaadanasy pravruttihi anantaram, adhikatameshu sharkaraa-stareshu cha prachalati, tadaa adhikapakva-marlot ityasya samruddham parantu sambhaavyam cha kshipta-swaroopasya santulane cabernet-fraank ityasya bhumika pomerol-vain-nirmaatrubhihi itoapi adhikam prashamsitaa abhavat. samanyataya, merlot-vruksham mukhyataya kardamabhoomau ropitum praabhavati, cabernet-fraank-vrukshah chunashilaayaah bahirbhaageshu, cabernet-savignan-vrukshah, malbeck-vrukshah cha adhika-gravel-mruttikaasu ropitum shakyate. cabernet-savignan ityasya sasyanam sasyanam katipayeshu bhoosampattau viewks-cheto-certan, cheto-beuregaard, cheto-certan-day-mey, cheto-gajin, cheto-nenin, cheto-petit-village cha santi. cheto laa concillent iti malbeck-vrukshasya ropananam sampattau asti. e. o. see. niyamaah. pomerol visheshatayaa redd-vain asti, yatra e. o. see. vain krute kevalam anumoditaah draakshah santi-merlot, cabernet-fraank (buchet), cabernet-savignan, malbeck (presaak) cha. fasalasya utpaadanam adhikatamm 42 hectoliter/hector (± 2.2 tunn/ekar) parimitam bhavati, tathaa cha samapta-madyasya nyunatamam 10.5% madyasya staram praaptum aavashyakam bhavati. pomerol ityasya vain iteedam bordo athavaa bordo superior ("avargeekrutam") iti mudritam bhavet-yadi utpadakena "pomerol" iti mudrapatrasya yogyatam praaptum vain paryaaptam ucchamaanakam naasti iti anubhooyate tarhi etat praayah bhavishyati. shaileeh tathaa vruddhaavasthaa. madyasya shailee "teroyer" ityanena saha bhinnah bhavati. paschimadishi, yatra mruttikaa adhika-balukiyaha bhavati, vain-padaarthaah laghavah bhavanti; dakshine, yatra mruttikaa adhika-graili-yuktah bhavati, merlot-padarthasya anupaatah nyoonah bhavati, vain-padaarthaah medok-padarthasya swaadeh prati adhikatayaa pravruttaah bhavanti. madyasya varnanam 'makhamalah' athavaa 'a-rasayuktah' iti krutam asti. falaanaam vishishtam swaadah plum iti asti, yah kadaachit proon-prati pravruttaa bhavati. vain-visheshajnasya oj clark ityasya matena, pomerol-ityeteshu vishishta-plum-notes-ityetaan atirichya, madhuyukta-masaalaani, trafals, papermint, chocolate, roasted-nuts, kishamish-notes cha kreemee, kadaachit buttery-maut-feel, suppling-tannins ityetaih saha bhaveyuhu. master aaf vain-clave-coats iti pomerols-ityetam, sent-emilian ityasya mrudu-sthool-maamsaphalasya, medok ityasya vain-ityanena saha sambaddhasy tapasya, merudandasya cha madhye "ardhagruham" iti varnayati. coats ityasya matanusarena, pomerol-ityeteshu sent-emilian ityasya apekshayaa "fruitkeki" ityasya swaraah nyoonaah bhavanti, yeshu adhika-samruddhaah, makhamalayuktaah, plum-swaraah cha bhavanti, adhikaamsheshu medox-madhye "black karant" svaranam apekshayaa. ayam samruddhah samruddhah phalah merlot-ityasya svabhaavaat utpannah asti, yena pomerol-ityasya vain-padarthah medok-ityasya cabernet-savignan-aadhaarit-vain-ityasya apekshayaa nyunataya tannic-padarthah bhavet. vain-visheshajnasya tathaa vain-ityasya guruhu hug-jaansan ityasya matena, pomerol ityasya praayah adhikaamshaah bordo-ityasya apekshayaa nyoonah bhavatihi praayah panchavarshaani paryaaptaani bhavanti, api cha bhavyatamaanaam wintage-krute api 12varshaani paryaaptaani bhavanti. jaansan ityanena suchitam yat pomerol-ityetaani praayah teshaam gahanavarnena, kadaachit kreemee, kendreekruta-pakwaan-plum-swaadeh cha vibhedyante, parantu uccha-aamliyatayaa, anyeshu bordo-vain-ityasya vishishtaanaam tannin-ityetaih cha vinaa bhavanti. chateks. pomerol ityasya cheto ityasya krute adhikarikam vargeekaranam naasti. yadyapi asya karanam praayah vishvavipanyaam pomerol ityasya apekshaakrutam sadyah pramukhataa iti kathyate, adyatve api pomerol ityasya vain vishvavyaapeem prashamsaam manyatam cha janayati, tathaapi bahavah utpaadakaah api manyante yat pomerol-estates ityasya aadhikaarik-shrenikaranasya aavashyakataa naasti iti. kechan utpaadakaah, yathaa cheto gajin ityasya nicolas day beliyan court, manyante yat adhikaamshah virodhah laghukrushibhihi asti ye kasyaapi shreneetah parityaktaah iti bhayanti yena teshaam vain nyoonatarah iti manyate. anyah swami vain-lekhakam stephen brooks ityasmai avadat yat vartamaanam, krama-rahita-vyavasthaa "madhyam-vain-ityetaan pomerol-ityasya sarvottama-vain-ityasya khyatya laabham praaptum anumanyate" iti, tathaa 2002 tame varshe e. o. see.-label-testing-pyanal ityasya parinaman soochayat, yat vain-ityasya vain-label-madhye e. o. see. pomerol-naam dharanasya anumatihi asti vaa iti nirdhaarayati. 2002 tame varshe ateeva kathinam tathaa cha wintage ityasya samaanam cha aasit, tathaapi ekam api vain e. o. see. anumodanam praaptum naa asaphalam abhavat. tathaapi, aadhikaarik-shrenikaranasya abhaawah satsu api, bahavah madya-lekhakaah vimarshakau cha varshaanuvarshebhyah swakeeyam vyaktigatam vargeekaranam aarabhyant, yat anyaih sroteshu uddhrutam asti. 2001 tame varshe, vain-clave-coats-ityasya guruhu, "enn-encyclopedia aaf da-vain-and-domans aaf france" iti swasya pustake pomerol-estates-ityasya shreneekaranam samavishtavan. bhojanasya samyam. vain-lekhakah hug-jaansan ityeshah soochitavaan yat gomaamsasya philet athavaa su-heng-venison iti uttamah sahabhaagi asti, visheshatah vain-madhye paakitah, parantu gomaamsasya wellington-ityasya nivaaranam kartavyam, yatah pastery taaluh nistejayati. vain-lekhakah oz clark ityanena suchitam yat, terrin, pete ityadini atyadhika-swaadayuktaani creedaa-vyanjanaani api uttamaani bhavitum arhanti, yatah taani vain-ityasya teevratayaa melayanti. paryatanam. pomerol-nagaram samanya-graameen-swaaderoopen prasidham asti, yat bhavya-shaito-vaastushilpasya, alankruta-vaastukalaayaah cha teevra-vairuddhyam asti, yat medok-ityasya anekaan vain-estates-ityetaan vibhedyate. bahooni vishishtaani bhoosampattayah api tatra eva santi, ye praayah "saral-krushi-gruhaani" iti varnitaah santi, yatra baahya-parichayah atyalpah asti. yathaa bordo-pradeshasya adhikaamsheshu, atyalpeshu eva bhoosampattau svaada-kakshaah santi, api cha alpaah api niyuktyaa vinaa janaanaam krute udghaatitaah santi. asya aamshikam karanam bhavati yat pomerol-vain ityasya adhikaamshah "enn praimoor" iti vikreeyate, yat vishesha-vitarakaanaam grahakanam cha krute, fasalasya anantaram sheeghramev aabamlitam asti, ataha testing-room-dwaarasya madhyamena vikrayanam kartum alpam athavaa naa tu vain-draavakam avashishtam asti.

pomarol aee. ooo. chii pomarol () enbathu pirenchu oyin valarum commune mattrum poardoavil ulla libornoise ("valathu vangki") kkul "dii aarijin controle" (aee. ooo. chii) endra peyar. ingku urpaththi seiyappadum oyin mukkiyamaaga merloattilirunthu varukirathu, idhil cabernet frank oru thunai paaththiraththai vagikkirathu. perumpaalaana pira portiaux kamyoongalaip poalallaamal, oru devalayam irunththaalum, unmaiyana graamamaana pomarol illai. thiraatchaith thoattangalukku idaiyae veedugal amaikkappattullana. 1923 aam aandil pirenchu arasaangkaththaal saint-emilion mattrum crater libornis piraanthiyaththaith thavira ippaguthi oru thaniththuvamaana oyin piraanthiyamaaga angkeekarikkappattathu, maelum 1936 aam aandil "institute national dii ell 'aarijin edd dii laa gwalidae" (inoa) aall oaesi niruvanangalin muthal alaiyin oru paguthiyaaga oaesi anthasthu vazhangkappattathu. idhu ippoathu portiaux aee. ooo. chii. kazhil migavum mathippumikka ontraakum, inththa nilaimai oppeettalavil sameepaththiyathu, irupathaam noottraandin irandaam paathiyil ullathu, idhu perumpaalum portiaux vagaippaadugalil ethilum pomarol saerkkappataathatharku oru kaaranamaaga vazhangkappadukirathu. portioxyl ulla mukiya sirantha oyin pakuthikalil pomerol migachchiriyathu, idhu sumar moontru kilometer agalam mattrum 4 kilometer neelamulla oru paguthiyai ulladakkiyathu. idhu adhan migap periya valathu karaiyin pakkaththu nagaramaana saint-emilion oaesin alavil aezhil oru bangaagum, maelum idhu medokil ulla saint-juuliyan oaesin migachchiriya idathu karaiyin communukku inaiyaaga ullathu. 1998 aam aandil, aee. ooo. chii ellaikalukkul 784 hectare thiraatchai kodigal nadappattana, avai 36,066 hectare (± 952,763 kaelangal allathu 400,733 vazhakkugal) madhuvai urpaththi seithana. 2003 aam aandil, 780 hectare parappalavil pomarol aruvadai seivathil 150 urpaththiyaalargal arivikkappattanar, maelum oru varuda sarasari 32,250 ech. ell (sumar 358,333 vazhakkugal) oyin urpaththi seithanar. kittatthatta anaitthu madhuvum thoattaththil poadappattavai. barkhandi mattrum roone pallatthaakku poantra pira pirenchu oyin pakuthikalaip poalallaamal, tharpoothu pomaroalil endha kootturavu niruvanangalum seyalpadavillai. 2007aam aandukkul, nadappatta hectare ennikkai 800 hectare (1980 aekkar) aaga sattru uyarnthathu. 2009 aam aandil, pomaroalil 140 urpaththiyaalargal arivikkappattanar, sarasari maerparappu parappalavu aaru hectare mattrum "pomarol" vinnappaththin thiraatchaith thoattaththil aandukku saraasariyaaga 35,000 hectare urpathtikku 800 hectare parappalavu ullathu. pala pomarol oyingal ippoathu oyin aelaththil miga adhiga vilaigalaik kondullana, maelum thaniyar santhaiyil portioxin migavum uyarnththa mathippidappatta vagaippaduththappatta valarcchikku inaiyaaga, poamaraal oyin athikaarappoorva vagaippaadu illai. iruppinum, ippaguthiyil "premiier cru" kku samamaana oru soththu paravalaaka ullathu sato petrus. varalaaru. pomarol piraanthiyam mattrum adhan vadakku ellaiyaana barbane nadhi varalaattru reethiyaaga vadakkil makkal mozhi paesum idaththirkum therkil avarkal mozhi paesum idaththirkum idaiyilaana ellaippura ellaiyaaka karudhappattathu. pomerol piraanthiyaththil muthanmuthalil thiraatchai nadappattapoathu sariyaaga adaiyaalam kaanpathu kadinam entraalum, roamargalin kaalaththil ippaguthiyil vitticulture irunththatharkaana poathumaana saandrugal ullana. idhaepoal "pomarol" endra peyarin thoattram kuritthu nichchayamatra thanmai ullathu, iruppinum idhu latheen vaarthaiyaana "poamaa" enbathilirunthu uruvaanathu endru sila uukangkal ullana, idhu oru pazham tharum vithaikalaik kurikkirathu mattrum apple endru porulpadum pirenchu vaarthaiyaana "poamme" enbathan thoattram aagum. inththa kootpaattai pala payirkaludan, kurippaaga pazhangkal mattrum thaaniyangaludan, ippaguthiyin neenda varalaattrin palvagaiyaana panmuga valarppu, thaavarap payir valarppu oru muthanmai maiyamaaga maaruvatharku neenda kaalaththirku munbae ippaguthiyil payiridappadukirathu. 1270 aam aandil, aangkilaeyargal liborne nagaraththai niruvinar, idhu pomeroline thiraatchaith thoattangalai parantha kavanaththirku kondu vandhirukkalaam. iruppinum, perumpaalaana poartoakkalaip poalavae, pomaraalin oyingalum intraiya darn-edd-caron mattrum lott-edd-caron thuraikalil ulla caron oyingalai vida kuraivaana narpeyaraik kondirunthana. speyinil ulla sandiago dii compostalavukkaana mukiya yaatthirai paathaiyil ulla ippaguthiyin iruppidam, nites aspitallarin aarvatthai eerththathu, thirumbi vantha siluvai veerargal ippaguthiyil pala viduthigalaiyum maruththuvamanaigalaiyum amaiththanar. 1288 aam aandil muthanmuthalil kurippidapatta kasin maruthuvamanai poantra inththa niruvanangalil pala, ippoathu naveena thiraatchaith thoattangal mattrum satte kasin poantra oyin aalaikalin thazhangalaaga ullana. noottrukkanakkaana aandukaala poarinaal paerazhivirkullaana thiraatchaith thoattangalai meendum nadavu seiya uthaviyum, pala noottraandugalaaga inththa piraanthiyaththil kuthiraigal irunththana. vellai oyingalilirunthu sivappu niraththirku maaruthal. 16 mattrum 17 aam noottraandugalil, duchu varththagargal portiaux santhaiyil madhu varththagaththil kanisamaana selvaakkai seluththinar. dutchukkaararkal medokin sathuppu nilangkalai vadikatti, kallaraigalukku vadakkae ulla nilaththil aththippala valarpukku vazhi vaguththathil migavum kurippidaththakkavargalaaga irunththapoathilum, avarkal dardognavin valathu karaiyin kamyoonkalukku vadakku iroappaavil oru santhaiyai (kurippaaga paltic mattrum haansiyaatik maanilangkal) vazhangkinar. iruppinum, dutchukkaararkal mattrum inththa vadakku santhaigalin suvai vellai oyingalai noakki saaikirathu, maelum inththa kaalakattathil vellai thiraatchai vagaikal migavum paravalaaka pomerolil nadappattana. sivappu thiraatchai vagaikalukku maattram methuvaaka irunththathu. 16 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, pomarol paguthiyil cabernet frank nadavu "vidoor" mattrum "pidoor" endra peyarkalil pathivu seiyappattathu, aanaal merload ooriru nooru aandugalukkup piragu varai ippaguthiyil arimugappaduththappattathaak theriyavillai. 1760 aam aandil, luis-leonard fontemang, oru libornis "negosiant", ippaguthiyil merlottin muthal aavanappaduthappatta eduththukkaattaagath thoandruvathai, ippoathu sato rujettin oru paguthiyaaga irukkum thiraatchaith thoattaththil nadappattathu. iruppinum, vellai oyin thiraatchai 19 aam noottraandin pirpaguthi varai pomerolin thiraatchaith thoattangalil thodarnthu aathikkam seluththiyathu, appoathu sivappu kilaarettukalin adhiga vilaigal mattrum kuraindhu varum duchu selvaakku sivappu oyin urpaththiyai maelum kavarnthizhukkach seithana. 1936 aam aandil ippaguthi adhan muzhu aee. ooo. chii anthasthaip petrtrapoathu, aee. ooo. chii ozhungkumurai kurippaaga pomerolil ulla endha vellai thiraatchai vagaikalaiyum nadavu seivathai sattaviroathamaakkiyathu. sivappu oyin piraanthiyamaaga adhan muzhumaiyaana maattraththirkup piragum, pomaraalin narpeyar innum medokin narpeyarai vida migavum pinthangkiyirunthathu. 1943 aam aandu vichi arasaangkaththaal niyamikkapatta opeettu vilai pattiyal, petrasai medoakkilirunthu naduththara adukku irandaavathu valarchchiyin mattaththil mattumae pattiyalittathu, aduththa miga uyarnththa mathippidappatta pomarol estategal, viex sato surton mattrum sato laa concillant aagiyavai sato jiscores mattrum sato laa lagun poantra moontraavathu valarchi estategalukku aerpa vilaigalaik kattalaiyidugindrana. muix kudumbam mattrum mukkiyathuvam peruthal. jeane-piyarae muix mattrum avarathu kudumbaththinar "sarvadesa varaipadaththil" pomarolai vaittha perumai paravalaaka ullathu. coursein matthiya pirenchu thuraiyil pirantha muix, thanathu kudumbaththudan portiaux pakuthikku kudipeyarnthaar, muthalil portiaux nagaraththilaeyae oru "negosiant" veettaith tirakka muyantraar. iruppinum, santhai perithum nirambiyiruppathaik kandarindha avar, enavae avar aattrin kurukkae libornis pakuthikku nagarnthu 1937 aam aandil liborne nagaril oru nagotient havusait thiranthaar. 1945 aam aandil, muix sato petresukku pirathyaeka virpanai urimaigalaip pettraar. muthalil, muix perumpaalum beljiyaththil ulla pomaraalin paarambariya santhaiyudan varththagam seiyappattathu. iruppinum, muix sothukkalai vaangkavum kuththagaikku vidavum thodangi, oyin thayaarikkum seyalmuraiyin meethu adhiga aakkapoorvamaana kattupaattai velippaduththiyathaal, avar ulaga santhaiyil pomaraalin angkeekaaraththai virivupaduththath thodangkinaar. 1953 aam aandil avar sato trotanoy mattrum sato laa fluor-petrasai 1959 aam aandil vaankinaar. pinnar 1964 aam aandil, muix petressil perumbaanmaiyaana pangaip pettraar mattrum oyin thayaarippin maerpaarvai mattrum thisaiyai muzhumaiyaaga eduththuk kondaar. 1982 vindej muix mattrum pomaroalukku oru thelivaana tharunamaaga irunththathu. oru valuvaana america dollar mattrum america oyin vimarsagar robbert emm inn pirakaasamaana mathippuraikal moolam uthaviyathu. bargarh, juu.ippaguthi america santhaiyil valuvaana kaaladi eduththu vaiththathu mattrum petrus poantra thoattangalai aelach suttril munnoadiyillaatha vilaikalukkuth thalla uthaviyathu. petresuden koodudhalaaga, muix kudumbam sato laa kallarai, sato lattur eeyee pomerol mattrum sato hosanna aagiyavattraiyum kondullathu. kaalanilai mattrum thaavaraviyal. pomaraalin kaalanilai kadalsaar selvaakkil ulla mattra poartoakkalaip poalavae paravalaaka irukkumpoathu, kadal mattrum gronde mugaththuvaaraththilirunthu piraanthiyaththin thooram kaalanilaiyai medokai vida kandatthai vida thelivaaga aakkukirathu. idhan porul ennaventraal, valarnthu varum paruvaththil, pakal naera uyarvukkum maalai naera thaalvukkum idaiyil, pomarol adhiga thinasari veppanilai marupaattaik kaankirathu. vasantha kaalaththil ippaguthiyil adhiga mazhaippozhivu aerpadum athaevaelai (idhu pookkum poathu merlottukku pirachchanaikalai aerpaduththalaam) "veraisan" kkup piragu koadai maathangkalil ottumoththamaaga kanisamaaga kuraivaana mazhaippozhivu irukkum. iruppinum, aruvadai mazhai achchuruththal innum pomaroalil ullathu, kurippaaga pazhukkum seyalmuraiyai neettikka "neettikappatta thongkuthal" neraththin thaththuvaththaip payanpaduththum oyin thayaarippaalarkalukku. mazhai peiyumpoathu adhu saambal azhugalin kurippidatthakka aabaththai aerpaduththum, kurippaaga kanamaana kaliman mannil nadappatta merlottukku idhu thanneeraith thakkavaitthuk kollum. sila oyin aalaikal, sato petrus poantravai, thangal thiraatchaith thoattaththai plaastik thaalil mooduvatharkaana thozhilaazhar selavugalai vaangka mudiyum, ithanaal thanneer vaerkalil moozhkuvathaith thadukkirathu mattrum helikaaptarkalaip payanpaduththi avattrin thiraatchaith thoattangalil mithakkirathu, thiraatchaiyai ularththa kaattrai uruvaakkukirathu, ovvoru soththum aththagaiya nadavadikkaigalai edukka mudiyaathu. migavum soodaana vindaejkal (2003 mattrum 2009 poantravai) merlottil adhiga pazhuththa pirachchanaikalai uruvaakka mudiyum, pomarol pakuthi (mattrum ottumoththamaaga sariyaana vangki) kulirntha aandugalil (2006 mattrum 2008 poantravai) sirappaaga seyalpada munaigindrana. mukiya vidhigalchar abaayangkal vasantha kaala uraipanigalaagum, idhu pomarol piraanthiyaththil adikkadi nigazhalaam mattrum muzhu vindaejkalaiyum seerkulaikkalaam. puviyiyal. pomerol udanadiyaaga libornin kilakku mattrum vadakizhakkil amainthullathu. portioxin migavum mathippumikka kamyoongalaip poalallaamal, idhu neradiyaaga nadhi anugal illai, idhu tordognavilirunthu therkae nagaraththaal pirikkappadukirathu mattrum thenkizhakkil amainthulla saint-emilion moolam pirikkappadukirathu. vadakizhakkil, "laa barbanne raav" endru azhaikkappadum oru neeroattaththin kurukkae lalande-dii-pomerol ullathu. idhu oru saralaik karaiyil nirkirathu (idhu medokin mathippumikka koottrugaludan pagirnthu kollum oru amsam); therku mattrum maerku noakki, mann adhiga manal, athae neraththil vadakku mattrum kilakku noakki, idhu kaliman noakki selkirathu. thunai mann irunda nirambiya kaliman, adhiga irumbu ulladakkam kondadhu. nilaparappu oppeettalavil thattaiyaanathu, kadal mattaththilirunthu 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) muthal sumar 10 meettar (33 addii) varai uyaraththil irunthu vizhum siriya alai alai sarivugaludan. pomaroalil ulla adhiga mathippidappatta thoattangalil perumbaalaanavai piraanthiyaththin kizhakkup paguthiyil, saint-emilion ellai varai amainthullana, angku premiier grand cru classes (auuu) seval blank thoattaththin thiraatchaith thoattangalai perumpaalum pomarol thoattangalilirunthu kanalaam. pomerolin thenkoadiyaana pakuthikal kedusovin kundraik kadanthu selkindrana, athae neraththil kundrin vadakkae mann ippaguthiyil ulla migachchirantha saralaith thugalgalaik kondullathu. vadakizhakkil mallet kundrugal ullana, idhu lalande-dii-pomerol, montagney-saint-emilion mattrum saint-emilion aagiyavattrin ellaikalai ellaikalaaka kondullathu, inththa kundrin vazhiyaaga sellum saalai pomerol mattrum saint-emilion idaiyaeyaana athikaarappoorva ellaiyaaka ullathu. idhu sila satta sikkalkalukku vazhivaguththullathu, aenenil sila thiraatchaith thoattangal thozhilnutpa reethiyaaga saint-emilion ellaikalukkul ullana, aanaal avai pomarol varai virivadainththullana, avai "pomaraalin kavurava kudiyurimai" vazhangka vaendiyirunththathu. thiraatchaith thoatta mann. pomarol piraanthiyaththin mann migavum maarupattathu, idhil saralai, manal mattrum kaliman aagiyavai peedabhoomiyil sitharikkidakkindrana. thoaraayamaaga vadakkum kizhakkilum ulla thiraatchaith thoatta mannaip porutthavarai, punitha-emilion ellaikku arugil adhiga kaliman ullathu, athae neraththil maerku mattrum therkil ulla mann ilaguvaanathaakavum, saralai nirainthathaagavum maarukirathu. pomerol amainthulla peedabhoomi moontru aarukalaal soozhappattullathu, vadakkae barbane, maerkae theevu mattrum therkae dordogne mattrum liborne nagaram. nilaparappu peedabhoomiyin sarivugalilirunthu keezhae nagarnthu inththa aarukalai noakkich sellumpoathu mann adhiga vandal mattrum manal nirainthathaaga maarum. pomarol peedabhoomiyin perumbaguthi manal kaliman marlal aanathu, idhu kunsian kaalatthaich saerntha saralai kondu adukkappattullathu (maelum idhu medok mattrum kallaraigalil kaanappadum athae saralai), keezh sarivugalil ulla saralai ilaiya mananilai panippaaraikal kaalaththilirunthu varum libornukku arugil ullathu. ilaguvaana, manal mannil ulla kodigal adhiga kaliman ulladakkam konda mannil ullavattrai vida munnathaaka palukka munaigindrana, aanaal kuraivaana sakthivaaintha pazhangkal mattrum vayathaana thiranaik kondullana. molas mattrum gross dii feber. pomarol pakuthikkul thaniththuvamaana neela-kaliman ("molas" endru azhaikkappadukirathu) konda "puuttaaniyar" (allathu "pothaan hooll") endru vivarikkappaduvathu "crossy dii feber" allathu "massefer" endru azhaikkappadum irumbu vaippugal niraintha manalin pattaiyin mael amarnthirukkirathu. idhu sumar 20 hectare (50 aekkar) mattumae konda oru siriya paguthiyaagum, idhu meethamulla pomaroalil kaanappadum mannil migavum vazhakkaththirku maaraanathu, aanaal pugazhpettra thottamaana sato petressin thiraatchaith thoattaththil inththa hectare nilangkalil paathikkum maerpatta idangkalil nadappattiruppathaal, madhubaanaththil adhan thaakkam ilakkiyaththil adhigam vivaathikkappattullathu. inththa "puuttaaniyar" ill kurainthapatcham sila nadavu seiyum pira thiraatchaith thoattangalil sato laa concillant, sato ell 'evaangilae, sato laflair, sato kasin, sato trotanoy, sato clinet, sato leeii kae, sato hott ferrand mattrum viex sato surton aagiyavai adangkum. keththarin muixin koottruppadi, irumbu nira manalin "kilinkarkal" violet mattrum traflesin narumanatthai saerkkindrana, athae neraththil viex sato sartaanin alexandre theonpand adhan nanmaigal adhiga vidicultural endru koorukiraar, idhu thiraatchaiyin veeriyam mattrum athigappadiyaana ilai valarcchiyaik kattuppaduththukirathu. iruppinum, sato petresuden adhan thodarbu irunththapoathilum, pomaroalil ulla ovvoru oyin valarppaalarum thangal soththil "crossey dii feber" vaiththiruppathan nallozhukkanggalai paaraattuvathillai. chetto ell 'eclis-cline tennis trando, irumbu niraintha mann mannil kodiyin vaerkal aazhamaaga irangka anumathippatharku migavum ooduruva mudiyaathathu endru nambukiraar, idhu perumpaalum uyar tharamaana "terroyer" udan thodarpudaiya oru amsamaagum. avar thanathu soththil mattrum avar aaloasanai seiyum pira thoattangalil ulla payankaramaana kuzhukkalai udaikka paniyaattri varukiraar. neela-kaliman "puuttaaniyar" enbatharkuk kaaranamaana pala nanmaigal "gross dii feber" thavira ullana endrum trando nambukiraar, athaavathu varanda aandugalil eerappathaththaith thakkavaitthu, udal mattrum sakthiyin oyingalai urpaththi seiyum kaliman thiran, maelum inththa neela-kaliman irandaavathu "puuttaaniyar" ullathu endrum kurippidugiradhu. inththa irandaavathu "pottaaniyar" ill kurainthapatcham sila nadavu konda thiraatchaith thoattangalil sato ell 'eclis-clinet, sato trotanoy, sato closs ell' eclis, sato laa kaben mattrum sato nenin aagiyavai adangkum. oyin thayaarippathu. 20 aam noottraandin perumbaguthiyil, pomaraalin oyin thayaarikkum paanigal portiaux oonaalajist emil beanat palkalaikkazhagaththaal eerkkappattana mattrum medokil ulla cabernet savignon thiraatchai kuriththa avarathu vaelai. penatin nutpangkal medokil perumpaalum vetrtrikaramaaka irunththapoathilum, avai eppoathum pomaroalukku nanku molipeyarkkavillai. inthap pakuthi vevvaeru thiraatchaiyudan vaelai seivathu mattumallaamal, vevvaeru mann nilaimaigaludan kuliraaga irunththathu (ottumoththa veppamaana kaalanilai irunththapoathilum). inththa kaalanilaikku aerpa cabernet savignon nandraaga pazhukkavillai, aanaal idathu karaiyil ulla cabernet savignon athae sarkkarai mattaththil aruvadai seiyappadum merload thiraatchai kuraindha pazhuththa suvaigalaiyum "kadinamaana oyin" yaiyum urpaththi seiyum. 1980kazhil athigamaana pomerol urpaththiyaalargal merload thiraatchaiyai muzhumaiyaaga palukka neettikappatta thongkum neram udpada "sariyaana vangki" nutpangalai uruvaakkath thodangiyapoathu, intru pomerol oyingaludan thodarpudaiya paani uruvaanathu. perumpaalaana oyin pakuthikalaip poalavae, oyin thayaarikkum paaniyum oyin thayaarippaalarukkum vindaejukkum maarupadum. podhuvaaga, pala pomarol oyin thayaarippaalarkal 15 muthal 21 naatkal mccaration payirchi seikiraargal mattrum oyin muzhu varatchiyai ettiyavudan azhuththavum. madhu kittatthatta eppoathum malolectic pulikkavaippu vazhiyaaga selkirathu. paattil poaduvatharkum veliyiduvatharkum munbu madhu 18 muthal 20 maathangkal varai perrixil irukkum. pomaroalil ulla paarambariyam ilavasamaaka iyangkum mathuvaip piriththu, vindejaip porutthu "vinn dii brez" endra vigithaththil meendum kalappathu. meethamulla paththirigai oyin perumpaalum thoattaththin irandaavathu oyin payanpaduththappadum allathu "negosiantkalukku" virkappadum. kalakkum neram (nothiththal poathu allathu piragu poantravai) thoattaththirku aerpa maarupadum, sila veedugalil satte petrus poantravai nothiththal poathu "vinn dii brez" aich saerkkindrana, idhu oyin koorugal ontraaka muthirchiyadaiya anumathikkum mattrum koatpaattalavil, podhuvaaga adhiga danic mattrum phenolic piras oyin kadumaiyaana thanmaiyaik kuraikkum. pala portiaux thoattangalaip poalavae, koodai achagamum meendum vazhakkaththirku vanthullathu, aanaal numatic kattuppaadugal poantra naveena koorugaludan. muix thoattangalukkaana thalai oyin thayaarippaalarkalil oruvaraana jeane-cload berut, bomezai migavum methuvaagak kaiyaalum noakkil oru sengkuththu koodai achagaththai vadivamaikka uthaviyathu, idhu pala thoattangalaal aetrtrukkollappattullathu. michael roland mattrum maarupatta thaththuvaththin selvaakku. ulagap pugazhpettra oyin thayaarippaalar michael roland pomarol piraanthiyaththil piranthaar, maelum avar thanathu manaivi daeniyudan inainthu vaiththirukkum oru kudumba estate, sato leeii paan basteur ullathu. 1980kall mattrum 1990kazhil roland mukkiyathuvam pettrathaal, madhu vimarsagar robbert bargarin annaththirku saathagamaana oru paaniyin uthaviyudan, pala pomarol oyin thoattangal "roland paaniyai" pinpattrath thodangkina, idhu oru aaloasagar oyin thayaarippaalaraaga rolandai paniyamarththuvathan moolam allathu pinpattruvathan moolam. inththa paaniyil, tiraatchaikku neenda, neettikappatta thongavida neraththai vazhangkuvatharku mudinthavarai aruvadaiyai thaamathappaduththuvathu adangkum, idhu muzhu "udaliyal pazhuththa thanmaiyai" urpaththi seikirathu, idhu pazhaththirku "adhiga pazhuththa" suvaiyaiyum, madhubaanaththin alavai 14 sathaveethaththirkum athigamaagak kodukka mudiyum. saayil perumpaalum puthiya oak peeppaaikalil vayathaanathaith thodarnthu neettikappatta kaala megareshan (3 muthal 8 vaarangkal) vazhiyaaga sella vaendum. idharku maaraaga, "muix paani" pazhaththin suvaiyil athirvu mattrum puththunarchikku oru premium vaikkirathu, muix sonthamaana thoattangalaana trotanoy mattrum petrus perumpaalum thernthedukkappatta muthal thoattangalil adangkum. madhu. 100 aandugalukku munbu idhu oru periya alavilaana vellai madhuvai urpaththi seitha poathilum, pomarol ippoathu piraththiyaegamaaga sivappu oyin urpaththi seikirathu. ingku miga mukkiyamaana thiraatchai merload aagum, idhu thiraatchaith thoattaththin parappalavil 80 sathaveetham aagum. idhu kittatthatta eppoathum kalakkappattirundhaalum, merlottin vigitham 95 sathaveetham varai uyarakkoodum, iruppinum idhu podhuvaaga 70-80% varambil irukkum. aduththa miga mukkiyamaana thiraatchai cabernet frank aagum, idhu ullnaattil "leeii boochet" endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu thiraatchaith thoattap paguthiyil sumar 15 sathaveetham aagum mattrum podhuvaaga 5-20% kalavaiyaik kanakkidugiradhu. malbeck, ullooril "prasak" endru azhaikkappadukirathu, maelum meethamulla portioxyl adhigam nadappadavillai, idhu payanpaduththappadukirathu. meethamulla anumathikkappatta thiraatchai, cabernet savignon mattrum pedit vertot, arithaagavae nadappadugindrana mattrum "grand vinn" ill arithaagavae payanpaduththappadugindrana, iruppinum, maalpekkaip poalavae, avai oru thoattaththin irandaavathu madhuvil thoandralaam. 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, sivappu oyin urpaththi seiyum maavattaththirku pomarol maattram seiyappattathaal, cabernet frank aathikkam seluththum thiraatchai vagaiyaaga irunththathu. iruppinum, 1956 aam aandin aarambagaala vasanthakaala uraipani cabirnet frank thoattangalin perumbaguthiyaik kondrathu, maelum pala thoattangal inththa nigazhvai adhiga magasool mattrum munththaiya palukkakkoodiya merlottudan marusuzharchi seivatharkaana vaaippaaga eduththuk kondana. pookkum poathu vaanilai kulirchchiyaagavum mazhaiyaagavum irunthaal, merlottin kooloor noayaal paathikkappadum poakku irunththapoathilum, thiraatchai viraivil pomaroalil mukkiyathuvam pettrathu mattrum ippaguthiyudan migavum nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiya thiraatchaiyaaga maariyullathu. iruppinum, vegu sila poamaroalgal thooya merload mattrum cabernet frank innum danic amaippu mattrum amilatthanmaikku mathippukkuriyavai, idhu oyingalukku neenda aayulaiyum vayathaana thiranaiyum saerkka mudiyum. unmaiyil, 20 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyilum 21 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyilum merload aruvadaikkaana poakku pinnar mattrum adhiga sarkkarai alavugalil thodarnthu iruppathaal, pazhuththa merlottin aadambaramaana aanaal saathiyamaana flaby iyarkaiyai samanilaippaduththuvathil cabernet frankin pangku pomarol oyin thayaarippaalargalaal innum paaraattappattullathu. podhuvaaga, merload perumpaalum kaliman mannil nadappadugirathu, athae neraththil cabernet frank sunnambukkal velippurap payirkal mattrum cabernet souvignon mattrum malbeck adhiga saralai mannil nadappadugirathu. cabernet savignon thaavarangalai nadum sila thoattangalil viex sato surton, sato buregard, sato surton dii mae, sato kasin, sato nenin mattrum sato pedit-villej aagiyavai adangkum. malbeck thoattangalaik konda thoattangalil sato laa concillant ontraakum. aee. ooo. chii vithimuraigal. pomarol piraththiyaegamaaga oru sivappu oyin aagum, idhil murlett, cabernet frank (boochet), cabernet savignon mattrum malbeck (prasak) mattumae anumathikkappadum thiraatchai vagaikal aagum. aruvadai vilaichchal athigapatchamaaga 42 hectolitergal/hectare (± 2.2 dunkle/aekkar) aaga kattuppaduththappattullathu, mudikappatta oyin kurainthapatcham 10.5% alkahal alavai adaiya vaendum. pomaroalil irunthu varum oyin portiaux allathu portiaux superior ("vagaippaduththappattathu") endru mutthirai kuthappadalaam thayaarippaalar "pomarol" mutthiraikku thaguthiyaana alavukku oyin poathumaana uyar tharaththil illai endru unarnthaal idhu podhuvaaga nadakkum. paanigal mattrum vayathaana. madhuvin paani "terroyer" udan maarupadum. maerkil, mann adhiga manal niraintha idaththil, oyingal ilaguvaanavai; therkil, mann adhiga saralai konda idaththil, merlottin vigitham kuraivaaga ullathu, maelum oyingal medokin suvaigalai noakki adhiga munaigindrana. madhu 'velvetti' allathu 'unctuse' endru vivarikkappattullathu. pazhaththin sirappiyalbu suvai pilam aagum, sila nerangalil brunai noakki selkirathu. oyin nipunar oas clarkin koottruppadi, poamaroalgal, sirappiyalbu pilam kurippugal, thaen masala, trafles, milaguththool, sacklate, varuththa kottaikal mattrum oru gream, sila nerangalil vennai vaai unarvu mattrum menmaiyaakkum daaningal konda thiraatchai kurippugal aagiyavattraik kondirukkalaam. maastar off oyin clive coats, oru punitha-emilion menmaiyaana, plump, maamisa pazham mattrum medokin oyingaludan thodarpudaiya sikkanam mattrum muthukelumbu aagiyavattrukku idaiyil oru "paathi veedu" endru poamaroalgalai vivarikkirathu. perumpaalaana medoakkugalil ulla maelaathikka "karuppu karavai" panigaludan oppidumpoathu, adhiga panakkaara, velvetti mattrum pilam panaththaalkaludan koodiya saint-emiliyanai vida poamaroalgal kuraivaana "palachchaaru" suvaigalaik kondullana endru code kurippidugiradhu. inththa serivoottappatta valamaana pazham merlottin iyalpilirunththu uruvaagirathu, idhu medokin cabernet savignon adippadaiyilaana oyingalai vida pomaraalin oyingal velippadaiyaaga kuraivaana danic aaga irukka anumathikkirathu. oyin nipunarum oyin nibunarumaana huck johnson koottruppadi, perumpaalaana portiaxai vida pomaroalukku kuraivaana vayathu thevaippadukirathu ainthu aandugal podhuvaaga poathumaanathu, maelum 12 aandugal pirammaandamaana vindaejkalukku kooda poathumaanathu. poamaroalgal podhuvaaga avattrin aalamaana niram mattrum sila nerangalil gream, serivoottappatta pazhuththa-pilam suvaigalaal vaerupadugindrana, aanaal adhiga amilatthanmai mattrum daaningal illaamal mattra portiaux oyingalil podhuvaanavai endru johnson kurippidugiraar. satox. pomaraalin saettoavirku athikaarappoorva vagaippaadu ethuvum illai. idharkuk kaaranam ulagach santhaiyil pomaraalin oppeettalavil sameepathiya mukkiyathuvam endru perumpaalum koorappadugiradhu, ippoathu kooda pomaraalin oyingal ulagalaaviya paaraattaiyum angkeekaaraththaiyum uruvaakkukintrana, pala urpaththiyaalargal innum poamaraal thoattangalin athikaarappoorva tharavarisai thevaiyillai endru ninaikkiraarkal. sila thayaarippaalarkal, satte kajin nicolaus dii baeliyan court poantravarkal, perumpaalaana ethirppukal siru vivasaayigalidamirunthu vanthavai endru nambukiraargal, avarkal thangal oyingalai thaazhnthathaaga karudhum endhavoru tharavarisaiyilirunthu vidappaduvaargal endru anjchukiraarkal. mattroru urimaiyaalar oyin raittar stephen prooksidam, tharpoothaiya, tharavarisaippaduththappadaatha amaippu "sarasari oyingalai pomaraalin sirantha oyingalin narpeyaril irunthu laapam eetta anumathikkirathu" endrum, 2002 oaesi lable suvai kuzhuvin mudivugalai suttikkaattinaar, oyingal thangal oyin lable oaesi pomarol endra peyaraith thaanga anumathikkappadukirathaa enbathai theermaanikkirathu. 2002 migavum kadinamaana mattrum thunai-samamaana vindej irunththapoathilum, oru oyin kooda oru thartkaalika opputhalaip perath thavarivittathu. iruppinum, athikaarappoorva tharavarisai illaatha poathilum, pala oyin ezhuththaalargalum vimarsagargalum pala aandugalaaka thangal sontha thanipatta vagaippaadugaludan vanthullanar, avai pira aathaarangkalaal maerkoal kaattappattullana. 2001 aam aandil, maastar off oyin clive coats thanathu puththagaththil "brancin oyingal mattrum kazhangalin kalaikkalanjchiyam" endra puththagaththil pomarol thoattangalin tharavarisaiyai ulladakkiyathu. unavu poruththam. oyin ezhuththaalar huck johnson, maattiraichi fillet allathu nanku thongavidappatta vanison oru nalla banguthaarar endru parinthuraiththullaar, kurippaaga madhuvil samaikkappadukirathu, aanaal bastry annatthai manthamaakkum enbathaal, antha maattiraichi wellingtonith thavirkka vaendum. oyin ezhuththaalar oas clark, terraine mattrum batte poantra migavum suvaiyaana vilayaattu unavugal nallathaaga irukkum endru parinthuraiththullaar, aenenil avai madhuvin theeviraththudan porunththukintrana. suttrulaa. pomarol migavum elimaiyaana graamappura suvaikku nanku ariyappattathaagum, idhu periya satox mattrum alangarikkappatta kattidakkalaikku oru koormaiyaana maarupaadu, idhu medokin pala oyin thoattangalai vaerupaduththukirathu. migavum pugazhpettra thoattangalil pala kooda "eliya pannai veedugal" endru perumpaalum vivarikkappadum idangkalil migak kuraindha velippura adaiyaalaththudan vaikkappattullana. perumpaalaana poartoakkalaip poalavae, migach sila thoattangalil suvai araikal ullana, maelum kuraivaanavai kooda podhu makalukku santhippu illaamal thiranthirukkum. idharkuk kaaranam, pomerol oyin "enn praimur" endra peyaril virkappadukirathu, idhu aruvadaikkup piragu pirathyaeka viniyoagasthargalukkum vaadikkaiyaalargalukkum odhukkappadukirathu, maelum suvai araiyin kadhavu vazhiyaaga madhubaanam virkappaduvathillai.

pomerol eosi pomerol () anedi bordiaxloni libornais ("kudi byaanku") lopala french wine-perugutunna commune mariyu "applation dii 'origin controlly" (aoc). ikkada utpatti cheyabade wine pradhanamgaa merlot nundi vastundi, cabernet fraank sahayaka paatra poeshistumdi. chaalaa itara bordo communela maadirigaa kakunda, oka charchi unnappatikee, pomerol yokka nijamaina graamam ledhu. illu drakshatotala madhya erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. 1923loe french prabhutvam eee praantaanni seyint-emilion mariyu grater libornais praanthamtho paatu oka pratyaekamaina wine praantamgaa gurtinchindi mariyu 1936loe "institute national dii ell origin ett dii laa qualite" (inavo) dwara eosi samsthala modati tarangamlo bhaagamgaa eosi hodaanu manjuru chesindi. idhi ippudu bordiaux eoseelalo atyanta pratishtaatmakamaina vaatilo okati ayinappatikee, eee paristhiti saapekshamgaa iteevalidi, iravayyava sataabdam rendava bhaagaaniki chendinadi, idhi tarachugaa bordiaux vargeekaranalalo edhee pomerolnu cherchakapovadaniki oka kaaranamgaa ivvabadutundi. bordiaxloni pradhana chakkati wine praantaalalo pomerol athi chinnadi, idhi sumaru moodu kilometres vedalpu mariyu 4 kilometres podavutho kuudina praantaanni kaligi undhi. idhi daani chaalaa pedda kudi odduna unna porugu seyint-emilion eosi parimaanamlo sumaru edava vanthu mariyu medokloni seyint-juuliyan eosi yokka atichinna edama odduna unna communetho samanamga untundi. 1998loe, 36,066 hectorla (± 952,763 gaalanlu ledhaa 400,733 kesulu) wine utpatti chese 784 hectorla draksha teegalu aoc sarihaddulalo natabaddayi. 2003loe 780 hectorla pomerol pantakotalo 150 mandhi utpattidaarulu unnatlu prakatinchaaru, mariyu oka samvatsaram sagatuna 32,250 hchl (sumaru 358,333 kesulu) wine utpatti chesaaru. daadaapu anni wine estetto nindinavi. bargundi mariyu rone loya vanti itara french wine praantaala maadirigaa kakunda, prastutam pomerol loe sahakaara sanghaalu laevu. 2007 natiki, naatina hectorla sankhya koddigaa 800 hectarlaku (1980 ekaraalu) perigindi. 2009loe, pomerol loe 140 mandhi utpattidaarulu unnatlu prakatinchaaru, sagatu uparitala vaisaalyam aaru hectorlu mariyu "pomerol" applation yokka drakshatota samvatsaraaniki sagatu 35,000 hectorla utpattiki 800 hectarlanu kaligi undhi. chaalaa pomerol vainlu ippudu wine vaelamloe chaalaa ekkuva dharalanu pondutaayi mariyu private marketlo bordiaux yokka atyanta adhika rating pondina vargeekruta vruddhitho samanamga, pomerol wine yokka adhikaarika vargeekarana ledhu. ayithe, eee praantamloo "premiere cru" kuu samanamga vistrutamgaa nirvahinchabade oka aasti undih chaateyu petrus. charitra. pomerol praantam, daani uttara sarihaddu, barbanne nadhi chaaritraatmakamgaa uttara sarihaddugaa pariganinchabadindi, ikkada prajalu langues dii 'oll mariyu dakshinaana langue dii' ook matladataru. pomerol praantamloo draakshanu modata eppudu nataro khachitamgaa gurtinchadam kashtam ayinappatikee, romanla kaalamlo eee praantamloo viticulture undani choopinchadaaniki taginanta aadharalu unnaayi. adevidhamgaa "pomerol" anae paeru yokka muulaala gurinchi anischiti undhi, ayinappatikee idhi latin padam "poma" nundi udbhavinchindani konni oohagaanaalu unnaayi, idhi pandlanu kaligi unna vittanaalanu suuchistumdi mariyu french padam "pomme" yokka muulam, antey aapil. eee siddhaantaaniki eee praantam yokka aneka itara pantalatho, mukhyamgaa pandlu mariyu dhaanyaalato kuudina polyculture yokka sudeergha charitra maddatu istundi, eee praantamloo viticulture praathamika kendramgaa maaradaaniki chaalaa kaalam mundu saagu cheyabadutondi. 1270loe, aangleyulu liborne nagaranni sthaapinchaaru, idhi pomerol drakshatotalanu vistruta drushtiki teesukuvacchi undavacchu. ayithe, chaalaa bordiaux maadirigaane, pomerol vainlu prastuta gaarn-ett-garon mariyu lott-ett-garon vibhagalalo marinta varaku unna vainla kante takkuva paeru kaligi unnaayi. speyinlooni santiago dii compostelaku pradhana teerthayaatra maargam venta unna praantam kooda nites hospitaller aasaktini aakarshinchindi, tirigi vacchina crusaderlu eee praantamloo aneka vasati gruhalu mariyu aasupatrulanu erpaatu chesaaru. 1288loe modata prastaavinchabadina ghazin aasupatri vanti veetilo aneka samsthalu ippudu aadhunika drakshatotalu mariyu chaate ghazin vanti wine tayari kendraalugaa unnaayi. nites aneka satabdaalugaa eee praantamloo undipoyaaru, vanda samvatsaraala yuddhamtho naasanam cheyabadina drakshatotalanu tirigi naatadaaniki kooda sahayapaddaru. tellati vainla nundi erupu vainlaku maaradam. 16va mariyu 17va sataabdaalaloo, dutch vyaapaarulu bordo marketlo wine vyaparampai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupaaru. dutch vaaru medok chittadi neelalanu paaraveyadam mariyu samaadhulaku uttaraana unna bhoomilo viticulture kosam maargam sugamam cheyadam kosam atyanta prasiddhi chendinappatikii, vaaru uttara airopalo (mukhyamgaa baltic mariyu hansiatic rashtraalu) bordo naukaasrayam aangla marketlo kaligi unna pattunu daatavesi, dordogne yokka kudi odduna unna kamyoonlaku oka marketnu andinchaaru. ayithe, dutch mariyu eee uttara marketla ruchi tellati vainla vaipu moggu chooputundi mariyu eee kaalamlo pomerol loe ekkuvagaa naatabadina tella draksha rakalu. erra draksha rakalaku parivartana nemmadigaa jarigindi. pomerol praantamloo cabernet fraank mokkalu 16va sataabdam praarambhamloonae "vidur" mariyu "bidur" anae paerlatoe namodu cheyabaddaayi, ayithe konni vandala samvatsaraala taruvaata varaku eee praantaaniki merlot pravesapettinatlu kanipinchadam ledhu. 1760loe, luis-leonard fontemang, oka libornais "negosient", eee praantamloo merlot yokka modati document udaaharanagaa kanipinche daanini nataru, ippudu chaate roujetlo bhaagamaina drakshatotalo. ayithe, 19va sataabdam chivari varaku white wine draakshalu pomerol drakshatotalalo aadhipatyam konasaginchayi, appudu redd clarets yokka adhika dharalu mariyu ksheenistunna dutch prabhavam redd wine utpattini marinta aakarshanheeyamgaa chesaayi. 1936loe eee praantaaniki puurti aoc hodha vachinappudu, aoc niyantrana pratyaekamgaa pomerol looni edainaa tella draksha rakalanu nishedhinchindi. redd wine praantamgaa puurtigaa maarina taruvaata kooda, pomerol yokka keerti ippatikee medok kante chaalaa venukabadi undhi. 1943loe vichi prabhutvam niyaminchina tulanaatmaka dharala jabita, petrasnu medok nundi madhya-sthaayi rendava vruddhi sthaayilo matrame jabita chesindi, tadupari atyadhika rating pondina pomerol estatelu, viax chaateyu sartan mariyu chaateyu laa concillante commanding dharalu chaateyu giscourse mariyu chaateyu laa lagoon vanti moodava vruddhi estatelaku anugunamgaa unnaayi. mouix kutumbam mariyu praamukhyataki aarohana. zeane-pierry mouix mariyu athani kutumbam "antarjaateeya patamlo" pomerolnu unchina ghanata vistrutamgaa undhi. courge yokka central french vibhaagamlo janminchina mouix thana kutumbamtho bordo praantaaniki vellaaru mariyu bordo nagaramlone oka "negosient" intini teravadaaniki modata prayatninchaaru. ayithe, aaa market bhaareega santruptamaindani athanu kanugonnadu, kabatti athanu nadhi meedugaa libornais praantaaniki velli 1937loe liborne nagaramlo oka anubandha gruhanni terichaadu. 1945loe, mouix chaateyu petrasku pratyeka vikraya hakkulanu pondaadu. modata, mouix ekkuvagaa belgiumlo pomerol yokka saampradaaya marketto vartakam chesindi. ayithe, mouix aastulanu konugolu cheyadam mariyu leeju ivvadam praarambhinchadamtho mariyu wine tayari prakriyapai marinta srujanaatmaka niyantrananu pradarsinchadamtho athanu prapancha marketlo pomerol gurtimpunu vistarinchaalani chudatam praarambhinchaadu. 1953loe athanu cheto trotanoy mariyu cheto laa fluor-petrasnu konugolu chesaadu, aaa taruvaata 1959loe cheto lagranjnu konugolu chesaadu. taruvaata 1964loe, mouix petraslo majority vatanu pondaadu mariyu wine tayari paryaveekshanha mariyu disanu puurtigaa chepattadu. 1982 naati paatakaalapu kaalam mouix mariyu pomerol kosam oka mukhyamaina samayam. balamaina us dollar mariyu american wine vimarsakudu robbert emm yokka prakaasavantamaina sameekshala sahayamtho. parker, zhe.eee praantam american marketlo balamaina pattu saadhinchi, petrus vanti estatelanu vaelam circuitlo apuurvamaina dharalaku teesukelladaaniki sahaayapadindi. petrasto paatu, mouix kutumbam kooda cheto laa grave, cheto latou eah pomerol mariyu cheto hosannalanu kaligi undhi. vaataavaranam mariyu viticulture. samudra prabhaavamlo pomerol vaataavaranam migilina bordolatho samanamga undagaa, samudram mariyu gironde estury nundi eee praantam yokka dhooram vaataavaranaanni medok kante spashtamgaa khandaantaramgaa chestundi. antey perugutunna kaalamlo, pagatipuuta garishtalu mariyu saayantram kanishtaala madhya, pomerol marinta rojuvaaree ushnograta vyatyaasaanni chustundi. eee praantamloo vasantakaalamlo ekkuva varshapaatam namodavutundagaa (idhi pushpinche samayamlo merlot samasyalaku kaaranamavutundi) "veraison" tarvaata vesavi nelallo mottam meeda gananeeyamgaa takkuva varshapaatam untundi. ayinappatikee, panta varshaala muppu ippatikee pomerol loe undhi, mukhyamgaa pandina prakriyanu podiginchadaaniki "podiginchina uri" samayanni upayoginche wine tayaareedaarulaku. varsham kurisinappudu adhi buudida rangu kullipoye pramaadaanni kaligistundi, mukhyamgaa neetini nilupukune bhaarii bankamatti neelalapai naatina merlot kosam. chaate petrus vanti konni wine tayari kendraalu, tama drakshatotanu plaastik sheetinglo kappukune kaarmika kharchulanu bharinchagalavu, tadwara neeru verlaloki munigipokunda nirodhinchavacchu mariyu vaari drakshatotalapai tirugutuu undataaniki helicopterlanu upayoginchavacchu, draakshanu endabettadaaniki gaalini utpatti chestundi, prati aasti alanti charyalu teesukodu. chaalaa vaedi vintagelu (2003 mariyu 2009 vantivi) merlotlo ekkuva pandina samasyalanu srushtinchagalavu, ayithe pomerol praantam (mariyu mottam kudi byaanku) challani samvatsaraalalo (2006 mariyu 2008 vantivi) merugga untundi. pradhana viticultural pramaadaalu vasantakaalapu manchu, ivi pomerol praantamloo tarachugaa sambhavinchavachhu mariyu mottam vintejlaku antaraayam kaliginchavacchu. bhougolikam. pomerol liborne yokka thoorpu mariyu eshaanyamlo ventane undhi. bordiaxloni atyanta pratishtaatmaka communela maadirigaa kakunda, dheeniki pratyaksha nadhee pravesam ledhu, idhi dordogne nundi dakshinaana pattanam mariyu aagneyamlo unna seyint-emilion dwara vaeru cheyabadindi. eshaanyamlo, "laa barbanne rau" anie piluvabade oka pravaham meedugaa lalande-dii-pomerol undhi. idhi oka kankara odduna undhi (idhi medok yokka pratishtaatmaka appilationlatho panchukune oka lakshanam); dakshina mariyu paschimam vaipu, matti marinta isukatho untundi, ayithe uttara mariyu thoorpu vaipu, idhi bankamatti vaipu untundi. upa matti muduru matti, adhika inumu kantentto nindi untundi. eee bhuubhaagam saapekshamgaa chadunainadi, samudra mattaniki 2 kilometres (1.2 maillu) nundi sumaru 10 meterla (33 adugulu) varaku 35-40 meterla (115-130 adugulu) etthu nundi padee swalpa alala vaalulatoe untundi. pomerol looni adhika rating pondina estatelalo chaalaa varaku thoorpu sagam praantamloo unnaayi, seyint-emilion sarihaddu varaku, ikkada pradhana grand cru class (eah) cheval blanck yokka pradhana chevalla estateloni drakshatotalu tarachugaa pomerol estatela nundi chudavachu. pomerol yokka dakshinaana unna praantaalu katusou kugramam daati vistarinchi undagaa, kugramaniki uttaraana matti eee praantamlooni konni atyuttama kankara kanaalanu kaligi undhi. eshaanyamlo mail kugramam undhi, idhi lalande-dii-pomerol, montagne-seyint-emilion mariyu seyint-emilion yokka eosi latho sarihaddulugaa undhi, eee kugramam gundaa vellae rahadari pomerol mariyu seyint-emilion madhya adhikaarika sarihaddugaa undhi. saanketikamgaa seyint-emilion sarihaddula lopala unna konni drakshatotalu, conny pomerol varaku vistarinchina vatiki "pomerol gourava pourasatvam" manjuru cheyavalasi unnanduna idhi konni chattaparamaina samasyalaku daariteesindi. drakshatota neelalu. pomerol praantam yokka neelalu chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untaayi, peethabhoomi antataa chellacheduruga unna kankara, isuka mariyu bankamatti misramam untundi. sumaruga uttara mariyu thoorpuna unna drakshatota neelalu, seyint-emilion sarihadduku daggaragaa ekkuva mattini kaligi untaayi, ayithe paschima mariyu dakshinaana neelalu teelikagaa mariyu marinta kankaragaa marutayi. pomerol unna peethabhoomi moodu nadulatho sarihaddulugaa undhi, uttaraana barbanne, paschimaana ail mariyu dakshinaana dordogne mariyu liborne nagaram. bhuubhaagam peethabhoomi yokka vaalula nundi krindiki mariyu eee nadula vaipu kadulutunnappudu neelalu marinta ondru mariyu isukagaa marutayi. pomerol peethabhoomilo ekkuva bhaagam isuka matti maarltho tayaaru cheyabadindi, idhi gunjian kaalam naati kankaratho poralugaa untundi (mariyu idhi medok mariyu graves eosi loe kanipinche adhe kankara), diguva vaalulapai unna kankara yuva mindell himaninadam kaalam nundi vachhe libornku daggaragaa untundi. thelikaina, isuka neelalapai unna teegalu adhika bankamatti padaartham unna neelala kante mundugaane pandutaayi, conny takkuva saktivantamaina pandlu mariyu vruddhaapya saamarthyaanni kooda kaligi untaayi. molas mariyu crossey dii ferr. pomerol praantamloo "crossey dii ferr" ledhaa "matchefer" anie piluvabade inupa nikshaepaalatoe kuudina isuka patti paina kuurchunna pratyaekamaina neelam-clay ("molas" anie pilustaaru) yokka "butonier" (ledhaa "button hole") gaa varninchabadindi. idhi kevalam 20 hectorla (50 ekaraalu) vistiirnamloo unna oka chinna praantam, idhi migilina pomerol loe kanipinche neelalaku chaalaa vilakshanamainadi, conny cheteyu petrus yokka pramukha estate yokka drakshatota eee hectarlalo sagaaniki paiga naatabadinanduna, vainpai daani prabhavam saahityamlo chaalaa charchinchabadindi. eee "batonier" loe kaneesam kontha naatadam unna itara drakshatotalalo chaate laa concillante, chaateyu ell 'evangele, chaateyu laflur, chaateyu ghazin, chaateyu trotanoy, chaateyu clinnet, chaateyu lae gay, chaateyu hott ferrand mariyu viax chaateyu sartan unnaayi. catherine mouix prakaram inupa rangu isuka yokka "clinkerlu" vailetlu mariyu trafuls yokka sugandha gamanikalanu jodistaayi, ayithe vikes chaateyu sartan yokka alegzander thienpant daani prayojanaalu marinta viticultural anie, wine yokka shakti mariyu adhika aaku perugudalanu parimitam cheyadamlo chebutundi. ayithe, chaateyu petrasto anubandham unnappatikee, pomerol looni prati wine pandinchevaaru tama aastipai "crossey dii ferr" kaligi undatam yokka sadgunaalanu prasamsimcharu. chettou ell 'eglis-clinnet yokka denis duranto, inumu adhikamgaa unde neelalu mattiloo teegala muulaalu lothugaa digadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki chaalaa abhedyamainavani nammutaaru, idhi tarachugaa adhika naanhyata gala "terroir" thoo mudipadi unna lakshanam. athanu thana aastipai mariyu athanu sampradinche itara estatelalo krooramaina byaandlanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki krushi chestunnadu. crossey dii ferr" kakunda, blue-clay "buttonier" kuu aapaadinchabadina aneka prayojanaalu unnayani durantov vishwasistaadu, avi podi samvatsaraallo temanu nilupukogala mariyu sareeram mariyu shakti yokka vainlanu utpatti chese bankamatti saamarthyam, mariyu petrasku vaayuvya disalo unna inumu nikshepam lekunda eee blue-clay yokka rendava "buttonier" undani perkontundi. eee rendava "batonier" loe kaneesam kontha naatina drakshatotalalo chaateyu ell 'eglis-clinnet, chaateyu trotanoy, chaateyu closs ell' eglis, chaateyu laa kaabanne mariyu chaateyu nenin unnaayi. wine tayari. 20va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku, pomerol yokka wine tayari sailulu bordo oenologist emile peenad vishwavidyaalayam mariyu medokloni cabernet savignon draakshapai ayana chesina pani dwara prabhaavitamayyaayi. penad yokka paddhatulu medoklo ekkuvagaa vijayavantamainappatiki, avi ellappuduu pomerolga anuvadinchabadaledu. eee praantam vaerae draakshatoo panicheyadame kakunda, challaga unde vividha matti paristhithulatho kooda panichesindi (mottam vecchani vaataavaranam unnappatikee). eee vaataavaranamloo cabernet savignon baga pandaledu, conny edama odduna cabernet savignon adhe chakkera sthaayilalo pandinchina merlot draksha takkuva pandina ruchulu mariyu "haard wine" nuu utpatti chestundi. 1980la varaku ekkuva mandhi pomerol utpattidaarulu "saraina byaanku" paddhatulanu abhivruddhi cheyadam praarambhinchaledu, merlot draakshanu marinta puurtigaa pandinchadaaniki podiginchina velaadadeeyadam samayamtho sahaa, pomerol vainlatho anubandhinchabadina shaili nedu abhivruddhi chendindi. chaalaa wine praantaala maadirigaane, wine tayari shaili wine tayaareedaaru mariyu paatakaalapu sailini batti maarutuu untundi. saadhaaranamgaa, chaalaa mandhi pomerol wine tayaareedaarulu 15 nundi 21 rojula varaku meserationnu abhyasistaaru mariyu wine puurtigaa endipoyinappudu press chestaaru. wine daadaapu ellappuduu malolactic kinva prakriya dwara velutundi. bottling mariyu vidudalaku mundu wine barricle 18 nundi 20 nelala vruddhaapyaanni andukuntundi. pomerol loe saampradaayam emitante, uchita wine nuu vaeru chesi, paatakaalapu wine nuu batti avasaramaina vidhamgaa "winn dii press" nishpattilo tirigi kalapadam. migilina press wine tarachugaa estate yokka rendava vainlo upayoginchabadutundi ledhaa "sanghaalaku" vikrayinchabadutundi. wine bhagalu kalisi paripakvam chendadaaniki veelugaa, mariyu siddhaantaparamgaa, saadhaaranamgaa marinta tannic mariyu phenolic press wine yokka kathinatanu tagginchadaaniki, kalipe samayam (puliyabettadam samayamlo ledhaa taruvaata vantivi) estate prakaram maarutuu untundi, chaate petrus vanti konni illu puliyabettadam samayamlo "winn dii press" nuu jodistaayi. aneka bordo estatela maadirigaane, butta mudranaalayam tirigi vaadukaloki vachindi, conny vaayu niyantranalu vanti aadhunika amsaalatoe. mouix estatela pradhana wine tayaareedaarulalo okaraina zeane-cloude berut, pomesnu marinta sunnitamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki uddesinchina niluvu butta presnu roopondinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi mariyu dheenini aneka estatelu sweekarinchaayi. maikhel roland yokka prabhavam mariyu viruddhamaina tatvasaastram. prapancha prakhyaata wine tayaareedaaru maikhel roland pomerol praantamloo janminchaadu mariyu athani bhaarya daaneetho kalisi saha yajamaniga unna oka kutumba estate, chaate lae baan paster undhi. 1980luu mariyu 1990laloe wine vimarsakudu robbert parkarku anukuulamgaa unde shaili sahayamtho roland praamukhyata santarinchukunnanduna, aneka pomerol wine estatelu anukarana dwara ledhaa consultant wine makerga rolandnu niyaminchukovadam dwara "roland shaili" nii avalambinchadam praarambhinchaayi. eee shaililo draakshaku puurti "saareeraka pakwata" utpatti cheyadaaniki veelainanta ekkuva kaalam, podiginchina hyang time ivvadaaniki pantanu alasyam cheyadam untundi, idhi panduku "atigaa pandina" ruchini mariyu wine alkahal sthaayilanu 14 saataaniki paiga istundi. chailo tarachugaa kotta ook barrells loe vruddhaapyam taruvaata meseration yokka podiginchina kaalam (3 nundi 8 vaaralu) gundaa vellaali. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, "mouix shaili" tarachugaa enchukunna modati estatelalo trotanoy mariyu petrus vanti mouix yaajamaanyamloni estatelatho pandla ruchilo prakampanalu mariyu taajaadanampai adhika praadhaanyatanistundi. wine. 100 samvatsaraala kritam pedda mottamlo tellani wine utpatti chesinappatiki, pomerol ippudu pratyaekamgaa redd wine utpatti chestundi. ikkada merlot atyanta mukhyamaina draksha, idhi drakshatota vistiirnamloo 80 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. idhi daadaapu sthiramgaa mishramamgaa unnappatikee, merlot nishpatti 95 saatam varaku cheravacchu, ayithe idhi saadhaaranamgaa 70-80% paridhiloo untundi. tadupari atyanta mukhyamaina draksha cabernet fraank, dheenini sthaanikamgaa "leey bouchet" anie pilustaaru, idhi drakshatota praantamloo sumaru 15 saatam vatanu kaligi untundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa misramam yokka 5-20% kuu khaataanu kaligi untundi. sthaanikamgaa "presk" anie piluvabade malbeck, migilina bordiauxlo ekkuvagaa naatabadadu, idhi kooda upayoginchabadutundi. migilina anumatinchabadina draakshalu, cabernet savignon mariyu petit verdot, kevalam naatabadataayi mariyu "grand winn" loe arudugaa upayoginchabadataayi, ayithe malbeck laaga, avi estate yokka rendava vainlo kanipinchavacchu. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, erra wine utpatti chese jillaaku pomerol parivartana puurtayinanduna, cabernet fraank pradhana draksha rakam. ayithe, 1956loe vasanta rutuvu praarambhamlo manchu kaaranamgaa cabernet fraank plantinglalo pedda bhaagam chanipoyindi mariyu aneka estatelu eee karyakramanni adhika digubadi mariyu antakumundu pandina merlotto tirigi naatadaaniki avakaasamgaa upayoginchaayi. pushpinche samayamlo vaataavaranam challaga mariyu varshamgaa unte, merlot kulur thoo badhapade dhorani unnappatikee, draksha twaragaa pomerol loe praamukhyatanu santarinchukundi mariyu eee praanthamtho atyanta daggari sambandham unna draakshagaa maarindi. ayinappatikee, chaalaa takkuva pomerols swachchamaina merlot mariyu cabernet fraank ippatikee tannic nirmaanam mariyu aamlataku viluvainadi, idhi vainlaku deerghaayuvu mariyu vruddhaapya saamarthyaanni jodistundi. vaastavaaniki, 20va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo merlot pantanu taruvaata mariyu ekkuva chakkera sthaayilalo pandinche dhorani konasaagutunnanduna, pandina merlot yokka sampannamaina conny sambhaavyamgaa mettati swabhaavaanni samatulyam cheyadamlo cabernet fraank paatra pomerol wine tayaareedaarulachae marinta prasamsimchabadimdi. saadhaaranamgaa, merlot pradhanamgaa bankamatti neelalaloo naatabadutundi, ayithe cabernet fraank sunnapurayi avtcroppings mariyu cabernet savignon mariyu malbeck marinta kankara neelalaloo natabade avakaasam undhi. cabernet savignon mokkalu naatina konni estatelalo viax chaateyu sartan, chaateyu buregard, chaateyu sartan dii mae, chaateyu ghazin, chaateyu nenin mariyu chaateyu petit-village unnaayi. malbeck mokkalu naatina estatelalo chaate laa concillante okati. aoc nibandhanalu. pomerol anedi pratyaekamgaa redd wine, indulo eosi wine kosam anumatinchabadina draksha rakalu merlot, cabernet fraank (buchet), cabernet savignon mariyu malbeck (presk) matrame. panta digubadi garishtamgaa 42 hectorla/hectaruku (± 2.2 tannulu/ekaraaniki) parimitam cheyabadindi, kaneesam 10.5% kaneesa alkahal sthaayini saadhinchadaaniki avasaramaina wine puurtayimdi. pomerol nundi vachhe vynnu bordo ledhaa bordo superior ("declassified") gaa label cheyavachuhu "pomerol" lebulku arhata pondadaaniki wine taginanta adhika pramaanamloo ledani utpattidaaru bhaavisthe idhi saadhaaranamgaa jarugutundi. sailulu mariyu vruddhaapyam. wine shaili "terroir" thoo maarutuu untundi. paschimaana, matti ekkuva isukatho unna chota, vainlu teelikagaa untaayi; dakshinaana, matti ekkuva kankaratho unna chota, merlot nishpatti takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu vainlu medok yokka ruchula vaipu ekkuvagaa untaayi. wine 'velveti' ledhaa 'unctuse' gaa varninchabadindi. konnisaarlu prune vaipu moggu chuuputuu, plum anedi pandla ruchi. wine nipunudu oj clark prakaram, pomerols, plum notlatho paatu, thene masala dinusulu, trafuls, pippermint, chocolate, kaalchina nuts mariyu endudraaksha notlanu creamy, konnisaarlu butter noru mariyu sapul taaninlatoe kaligi undavacchu. wine clive coats yokka master pomerolsnu seyint-emilion yokka mruduvaina, boddugaa, maamsam pandlu mariyu medok yokka vainlatho anubandhinchabadina kaatinyam mariyu vennemuka madhya "sagam illu" gaa varninchaaru. chaalaa medoklaloni prabalamaina "nallati" notlatho poliste, pomerols seyint-emilion kante takkuva "fruitkee" ruchulanu kaligi untaayi, ekkuva dhanika, velveti mariyu plum notlatho untaayi. eee gaadamaina goppa pandlu merlot swabhaavam nundi udbhavinchaayi, idhi medok yokka cabernet savignon aadhaarita vainla kante pomerol vainlu takkuva bahirangamgaa tannicga undataaniki kooda anumatistundi. wine nipunudu mariyu wine nipunudu hyoog johnson prakaram, chaalaa bordiaux kante pomerol kuu takkuva vayassu avasaramh aidu samvatsaraalu saadhaaranamgaa saripotundi, mariyu 12 samvatsaraalu kooda goppa vintejlaku saripotundi. pomerols saadhaaranamgaa vaati lothaina rangu mariyu konnisaarlu creamy, kendrikruta pandina-plum ruchula dwara vaeru cheyabadatayani johnson paerkonnaadu, conny itara bordo vainla vilakshanhamaina adhika aamlata mariyu taaninlu lekunda untaayi. chats. pomerol yokka chatex kosam adhikaarika vargeekarana ledhu. dheeniki kaaranam tarachugaa prapancha marketlo pomerol yokka iteevali praamukhyatagaa pracharam cheyabadinappatiki, ippudu kooda pomerol vainlu prapanchavyaaptamgaa prasamsalu mariyu gurtimpunu pondutunnaayi, chaalaa mandhi utpattidaarulu ippatikee pomerol estatela adhikaarika ranking avasaram ledani bhaavistaaru. chaate ghazin yokka nicolas dii baileen court vanti kontamandi utpattidaarulu, tama vainlanu takkuva sthaayiga bhaavinche yea rankinglonaina vadiliveyabadatarani bhayapade chinna saagudaarula nundi chaalaa mandhi vyatiraekata undani nammutaaru. maroka yajamani wine rachayita stephen brooks kii prastuta, rank laeni vyavastha "saadhaarana vainlanu pomerol yokka uttama vainla keerti nundi labham pondadaaniki anumatistundi" anie cheppadu mariyu 2002 eosi label ruchi panel yokka phalitaalanu etthi chuupaaru, vainlu vaari wine labelpy eosi pomerol paerunu kaligi undataaniki anumatinchabadataya anie nirnayistundi. 2002 chaalaa kashtamaina mariyu upa-samaanamaina paatakaalapu ayinappatikee okka wine kooda taatkaalika aamodam pondadamlo viphalamaindi. ayithe, adhikaarika ranking laenappatikee, chaalaa mandhi wine rachayitalu mariyu vimarsakulu samvatsaraalugaa itara muulaala dwara udaharinchabadina vaari swantha vyaktigata vargeekaranalato munduku vacchaaru. 2001loe, wine clive coats yokka master thana pustakam "encyclopedia off dhi wines und domains off france" loe pomerol estatela rankingnu chaerchaaru. aahaaraaniki saripolika. wine rachayita hyuu johnson, goddu maamsam fillet ledhaa baga velaadadeesina venison manchi bhagaswamy anie, mukhyamgaa vainlo vandinadi anie suuchimchaaru, conny aaa goddu maamsam wellington nivaarinchaali, endukante pastery angilini mandagistundi. wine rachayita oj clark terrin mariyu paetae vanti atyanta ruchigala aata vantakaalu kooda manchivi kaavacchani suuchimchaaru, endukante avi wine teevratatoo saripolutaayi. paryatakam. pedda chetla mariyu alankarinchabadina vaastusilpaaniki padunaina viruddhamgaa unna graameena ruchiki pomerol baga prasiddhi chendindi, idhi medok yokka aneka wine estatelanu vaeru chestundi. chaalaa varaku vishishtamaina estatelu kooda chaalaa takkuva bahya gurtimputoe "saadhaarana vyavasaya gruhalu" gaa varninchabade vaatilo unnaayi. bordiaux maadirigaane, chaalaa takkuva estatelalo ruchi gadulu unnaayi mariyu appointment lekunda prajalaku takkuva mandhi matrame terichi untaaru. dheeniki kaaranam, pantakota tarvaata kontakaalam tarvaata pratyeka pampineedaarulu mariyu khaataadaarulaku ketaayinchina "enn primer" anae pedda mottamlo pomerol wine vikrayinchabadatam, ruchi gadhi dwaaram dwara vikrayinchadaaniki wine takkuvagaa ledhaa aemee lekunda undatam.

pomerol aey awo see pomerol () eek francisi sharaab agaaney waala kamyun hay aur bordo mein labornais ("daayein kinaray") kay andar "appelsion ddee aurejan kontroli" (aey awo see) hay. yahaan tayaar kii jaanay waali sharaab ziyadah tarr marlot say hoti hay jiss mein cabernet frank maawan kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. ziyadah tarr deegar bordo kamyunon kay barakas pomerol kaa koyee haqeeqi gaaon nahein hay halankah wahaan eek charch hay. gahar takistanon kay darmiyan rakhay jaatay haine. iss khatay kuu 1923 mein francisi hukumat nay sent emiline aur greater labornais khatay kay elawah eek alg sharaab kay elaqay kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa thaa aur 1936 mein "insity teut national ddee eel aurejan aett ddee laa kawalti" (anaao) kay zariah aey awo see idaaron kii pehli lehar kay hasay kay toor parr aey awo see kaa darjah diyaa gayaa thaa. agarcha abb yaha bordo aey awo seez mein sabb say ziyadah bawaqar mein say eek hay yaha surathaal nasbata haaliyah hay juu beswein sadee kay dosray nasf say taaluq rakhti hay jasay aksar inn wajuhaat mein say eek kay toor parr diyaa jaataa hay kahh pomerol kuu bordo kii kasee bhee darjah bundi mein shaamil nahein kiyaa gayaa hay. pomerol bordo mein sharaab kay sabb say chhotay baday barek elaqon mein say eek hay juu taqriba teen chlometer choday aur 4 chlometer lambay elaqay parr maheet hay. yaha apnay behat baday daayein kinaray kay padosi sent emiline aey awo see kay size kaa taqriba saatwaan hasah hay aur medok mein sent joleen aey awo see kay sabb say chhotay bayein kinaray kay kamyun kay baraabar hay. 1998 mein aey awo see hadood kay andar 784 hector angor kii bailein lagayi gayein jinn say 36,066 hectolter (± 952,763 gailan yaa 400,733 kees) sharaab paida hoti thee. 2003 mein pomerol kii katayi mein 150 aalaan shadah producer thay juu 780 hector thay aur eek saal mein austa 32,250 aich eel (taqriba 358,333 kees) sharaab paida kartay thay. taqriba tamaam sharaab steat kii botalon mein hay. deegar francisi sharaab kay elaqon kay barakas jeesay bargandi aur rune weeli pomerol mein phee alhaal koyee coopreto nahein haine. 2007 takk lagaye gayey hector kii taadad qadray badh kirr 800 hector (1980 aikad) how gayee thee. 2009 mein pomerol mein 140 aalaan shadah producer thay jinn kaa ausat satah raqbah chh hector hay aur "pomerol" apeel kay daah kii baari mein 800 hector kaa ahatah kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kii salanah ausat paidawar 35,000 hector hay. agarcha behat see pomerol sharaab abb sharaab kii nilami mein aur najee bazaar mein bordo kii sabb say ziyadah darjah bund darjah bund tarqi kay baraabar behat ziyadah qeematein haasil karti haine leakin pomerol sharaab kii koyee sarkaari darjah bundi nahein hay. tahim iss khatay mein eek jayedad hay juu baday paimanay parr "premier crow" kay masawi hay: cheato patters. tareekh. pomerol kaa alaqah aur iss kii shamali sarhad barban daryaa kuu tarikhi toor parr shamaal kay darmiyan sarhadi sarhad samjha jaataa thaa jehaan loag zabanein boltay thay aur janub jehaan wah zabanein boltay thay. agarcha yaha waazah karnaa mashkal hay kahh pomerol kay elaqay mein pehli baar kabb angor lagaye gayey thay leakin iss baath kay kaafi shawahid mojud haine kahh romiyon kay zamanay mein iss elaqay mein watee culture mojud thaa. asee tarah "pomerol" naam kii ibtada kay baaray mein ghair yaqeeni surathaal hay halankah kachh qayaas aaraiyan haine kahh yaha laatini lafz "poma" say nikla hay jiss say maraad phal daar beej hay aur yaha francisi lafz "pomi" say nikla hay jiss kaa matlab seeb hay. iss nazariyah kii himayat khatay kii pouli culture kii taweel tareekh say hoti hay jiss mein behat see dosri faslein khaas toor parr phal aur anaaj juu watee culture kay bunyadi markaz bannay say behat pehley hyee iss elaqay mein kaasht kiye jaatay thay. 1270 mein angrezon nay laboran shehar kii bunyaad rakhee jiss nay shayed pomerol kay daah kii baariyon kuu wasee tarr taujah mein laaya how. tahim ziyadah tarr bordo kii tarah pomerol kii sharaab maujudah door kay mahkamon mein gaaron say ziyadah mashhur sharabon kay muqabilay mein kumm shahrat kii haamil thee. speen mein santigo ddee compostla kay baday ziyarat kay raastay kay saath iss elaqay kay maqaam nay bhee nights hospitler kii dilchaspi kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa waps aaney waalay saleebiyon nay khatay mein kayee haastal aur hospital qayem kiye. inn mein say kayee adaaray jeesay kahh gazeen hospital jiss kaa pehli baar 1288 mein zakar kiyaa gayaa thaa abb jadeed takistanon aur sharaab khaanon jeesay cheato gazeen kay maqamat haine. shorveeron nay kayee sadiyon takk iss khatay mein qayaam kiyaa yahaan takk kahh inn daah kii baariyon kuu dobarah laganay mein madad kii juu sue saal kii jung say tabaah how chakay thay. safed sharaab say sarkh mein muntaqli. 16 wein aur 17 wein sadee mein dich tajiron nay bordo market mein sharaab kii tajarat parr kaafi asar woo rasokh kaa mazahirah kiyaa. agarcha dich loag medok kay dildal kuu nikalnay aur qabron kay shamaal mein zameen mein watee culture kii raah hamwaar karnay kay liye sabb say ziyadah qaabil zakar thay leakin inhon nay dordogan kay daayein kinaray kay kamyunon kuu shamali europ mein eek market (khaas toor parr baltak aur hansetik riyasaton) paish kii juu bordo kii bandargah kii angrezi market parr giraft kuu nazar andaaz karti thee. tahim dich aur inn shamali bazaron kaa zaiqah safed sharaab kii taraf jhakaa hawaa thaa aur yaha safed angor kii aqsaam thein juu iss arsey kay doraan pomerol mein sabb say ziyadah lagayi gayein. sarkh angor kii aqsaam kii taraf muntaqli sast thee. pomerol kay elaqay mein cabernet frank kay poday "vedvar" aur "bedor" kay naamon say 16 wein sadee kay awail mein darj kiye gayey thay leakin aisa lagtaa hay kahh duu sue saal baad takk meerlot kuu iss elaqay mein mutaarif nahein karaya gayaa thaa. 1760 mein lois-leonard fontimong eek laburni "negocient"yee nay eek daah kii baari mein juu abb cheato rojat kaa hasah hay iss khatay mein marlot kii pehli dastawezi misaal dikhayi deeti hay lagaya. tahim safed sharaab kay angor 19 wein sadee kay aakhir takk pomerol kay daah kii baariyon parr haawi rahay jabb reed clarates kii ziyadah qeematon aur dich kay zawal pazeer asar woo rasokh nay reed sharaab kii paidawar kuu mazeed parkashish banaa diyaa. jabb 1936 mein iss khatay kuu makmal aey awo see kaa darjah milaa tuu aey awo see zabtay nay pomerol mein safed angor kii kasee bhee qasm kay poday laganay kuu khaas toor parr ghair qanuni qaraar day diyaa. reed wine kay elaqay mein iss kii makmal tabdili kay baad bhee pomerol kii saakh abb bhee medok say behat peeche thee. 1943 kii taqabili qeemat kii fehrist jasay wachi hukumat nay commission kiyaa thaa mein patros kuu sarf medok say darmiyani darjay kii dosri tarqi kii satah parr darj kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein agli sabb say ziyadah darjah bundi waali pomerol states viewaks cheato certon aur cheato laa councilient commanding qeematein teesri tarqi kii states jeesay cheato gascourse aur cheato laa lagon kay mutabiq thein. moeks khaandaan aur arooj parr. jaine paiyar moeks aur inn kay khaandaan kuu pomerol kuu "beenn alaqwami naqshe parr" daalnay kaa baday paimanay parr sehra diyaa jaataa hay. korz kay markazi francisi mohkamah mein paida honay waalay moeks apnay khaandaan kay saath bordo kay elaqay mein muntaqil how gayey aur sabb say pehley bordo shehar mein hyee eek "negocient" gahar khoolnay kii koshish kii. tahim iss nay paaya kahh bazaar behat ziyadah seer shadah hay iss liye wah daryaa kay paar laburnai kay elaqay mein chalaa gayaa aur 1937 mein laboran shehar mein eek negocent house khola. 1945 mein moeks nay cheato patters kay khususi farokhat kay haqoq haasil kirr liye. sabb say pehley moeks ziyadah tarr belgium mein pomerol kii rawayati market kay saath tajarat kartaa thaa. tahim jeesay hyee moeks nay jayedadon kuu kharidna aur lease parr deena sharoo kiyaa aur sharaab bananay kay amal parr mazeed takhliqi control kaa mazahirah kiyaa iss nay aalimi mundy mein pomerol kii pehchaan kuu badhanay kii koshish sharoo kardi. 1953 mein iss nay 1959 mein cheato trotanoye aur cheato laa flavor-patters kay baad cheato legrange kharida. phir 1964 mein moeks nay patters mein aksariyat haasil kii aur sharaab saazi kii nigrani aur samat kuu makmal toor parr sanbhaal liyaa. 1982 kaa ventage moeks aur pomerol kay liye eek watersheed lamhah thaa. eek mazboot americi ddaalar aur americi sharaab kay nqad raabart ayem kay shandar jaizon kii madad say. paarkar juniyar.iss khatay nay americi market mein mazboot qadm rakhaa aur petras jaisi jayedadon kuu nilami kay circuit parr bay misaal qeematon takk pahunchanay mein madad kii. petras kay alawah moeks khaandaan cheato laa qabar cheato letor aey pomerol aur cheato hosana kaa bhee maalik hay. aab woo hawaa aur vitculture. agarcha pomerol kii aab woo hawaa samandari asar mein baqiyah bordo say wasee paimanay parr milti jalti hay leakin samandar aur gironday kay dahanay say khatay kaa faaslah aab woo hawaa kuu medok kay muqabilay mein waazah toor parr ziyadah barazmi banata hay. iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh pomerol mein dunn kay waqat kii bulandiyon aur shaam kii kumm tareen sathon kay darmiyan badhtay hoay mosam kay doraan rozanah kay darjah hararat mein ziyadah taghir nazar aataa hay. iss kay elawah jabb kahh iss khatay mein mosam bahaar kay doraan ziyadah baarish hoti hay (juu phulon kay doraan marlot kay liye masail kaa baais bunn sakti hay) "viraisan" kay baad mosam garma kay maheenon kay doraan majmuyi toor parr numayan toor parr kumm baarish hoti hay. iss kay bawajood pomerol mein fasal kii barishon kaa khatrah abb bhee mojud hay khaas toor parr sharaab bananay waalon kay liye juu paknay kay amal kuu taweel karnay kay liye "tausiyi latkanay" kay falsafe kuu istemaal kartay haine. jabb baarish hoti hay tuu yaha sarmayi sadnay kaa eek aham khatrah paida kirr saktaa hay khaas toor parr bhaari mutty kii mutty parr lagaye gayey marlot kay liye juu paani kuu barqarar rakhti hay. jabkah kachh sharaab khaanon jeesay kahh cheato patters apnay takistan kuu plastik kii chaadron say dahaknay kay leebar ikhrajat bardasht kirr saktay haine taakah paani kuu jadoon mein dobay rehney say rooka jaa sakay aur haili copters kuu inn kay takistanon parr ghoomnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay juu angor kuu khashak karnay kay liye hawaa paida karti haine harr jayedad iss tarah kay iqdamat nahein kirr sakti. agarcha behat garm ventage (jeesay 2003 aur 2009) marlot mein ziyadah paknay kay masail paida kirr saktay haine pomerol kaa elaqah (aur majmuyi toor parr saheeh kinaray) thanday saalon (jeesay 2006 aur 2008) kay doraan behatar hotaa hay. aham watee cultural khatraat mosam bahaar kay waqat kii thand haine juu pomerol kay elaqay mein aksar how sakti haine aur puray ventage mein khalal ddaal sakti haine. geografiya. pomerol laboran kay mashriq aur shamaal mashriq mein waaqa hay. bordo kay beshtar bawaqar kamyunon kay barakas iss takk braah raast daryaa takk rasayi nahein hay juu janub mein shehar kay zariah aur janub mashriq mein waaqa sent emiline kay zariah dordogan say alg hay. shamaal mashriq mein "laa barban raao" naami nadee kay paar laland-ddee-pomerol waaqa hay. yaha bajri kay kinaray parr khadaa hay (eek khususiyat juu yaha medok kay bawaqar appelsion kay saath mushtarik hay) vovo janub aur maghrab kii taraf mutty ziyadah riteli hay jabkah shamaal aur mashriq kii taraf yaha mutty kii taraf maail hay. zeeli mutty gehri bharee hoyee mutty hay jiss mein lohay kaa mawaad ziyadah hay. yaha khatah nasbata hamwaar hay jiss mein halki lehar waali dhalwanein haine juu satah samandar say 2 chlometer (1.2 meel) say taqriba 10 metter (33 fitt) kay fasilay parr 35-40 metter (115-130 fitt) kii oonchayi say girti haine. pomerol mein ziyadah tarr aalee darjah bundi waalay steat mashriqi nasf khatay mein waaqa haine sent emiline kii sarhad takk jehaan cheato shival blank kii premier grend crow klaas (aey) steat kay daah kii baari aksar pomerol states say hyee dekhi jaa sakti hay. pomerol kay janubi tareen hasay catoso kii bastee say guzartay hoay phailay hoay haine jabkah bastee kay balkal shamaal mein mutty mein khatay kay kachh behtareen bajri kay zaraat mojud haine. shamaal mashriq mein melliot kii bastee hay jiss kii sarhadein laland-ddee-pomirol montgun-sent-emiline aur sent-emiline kay aey awo see say milti haine jiss mein hammelt say guzarnay waali sadak pomerol aur sent-emiline kay darmiyan sarkaari sarhad hay. iss say kachh qanuni masail paida hoay haine keunkah chand daah kii baari juu takniki toor parr sent emiline kii sarhadon kay andar haine leakin pomerol takk phailay hoay haine inhein "pomerol kii aizazi shahriyat" deeni padee hay. takistan kii mutty. pomerol kay elaqay kii mutty behat matnua hay jiss mein satah martafa mein bikhray hoay bajri reet aur mutty kaa markab hay. taqriba shamaal aur mashriq mein daah kii baari kii mutty sent emiline kii sarhad kay qareeb ziyadah mutty hoti hay jabkah maghrab aur janub kii mutty halki aur ziyadah bajri daar how jaati hay. jiss satah martafa parr pomerol betha hay iss kii sarhadein teen driyaon say milti haine shamaal mein baarban maghrab mein jazirah namaa aur janub mein dordogan aur shehar laboran. jeesay jeesay khatah satah martafa kii dhalwanon say neechey aur inn driyaon kii taraf badhta hay mutty ziyadah jaali daar aur riteli how jaati hay. pomerol satah martafa kii aksariyat riteli mutty kay maaral say bunny hay juu bajri say parton parr mushtamil hay juu gonziyayi door kii hay (aur wahee bajri hay juu medok aur qabron mein payee jaati hay)yee nichli dhalwanon parr bajri kay qareeb laboran naujawan mindal gleashi aishan door say aatee hay. halki riteli mutty parr mojud bailon kaa ziyadah mutty waali mutty kay muqabilay mein pehley paknay kaa rajhaan hotaa hay leakin inn mein phal aur amar badhnay kii salahiyat bhee kumm hoti hay. molls aur karaas ddee farr. pomerol kay elaqay mein wah cheez waaqa hay jasay manfard neeli mutty (jasay "molls" kahaa jaataa hay) kaa "botonire" (yaa "button houl") kahaa jaataa hay juu lohay kay zakhayer say bharpur reet kay bend kay oopar betha hay jasay "karaas ddee farr" yaa "meshar" kahaa jaataa hay. yaha sarf 20 hector (50 aikad) kaa eek chhota saa khatah hay juu baaqi pomerol mein payee jaanay waali mutty say behat ghair mamuli hay leakin chonkah cheato patters kii mashhur steat kaa daah kii baari inn hectors mein say nasf say ziyadah parr lagaya jaataa hay iss liye sharaab parr iss kay asraat parr adab mein behat bahas kii gayee hay. deegar daah kii baariyan jinn mein iss "boutonier" parr kumm az kumm kachh poday lagaye jaatay haine inn mein cheato laa councilient cheato laal avangile cheato lafliver cheato geezan cheato trotanoye cheato clent cheato lee gee cheato hott ferend aur viewaks cheato certon shaamil haine. catherine moeks kay mutabiq lohay kii rangat waali reet kay "klenkaron" mein violet aur turfles kii khushbo shaamil hoti hay jabkah viewaks cheato certon kay alegzender theenpont kaa kehna hay kahh iss kay fawaid ziyadah vitcultural haine juu bail kii taaqat aur patoon kii zarurat say ziyadah nashonuma kuu mahdud kartay haine. tahim cheato patters kay saath iss kii waabistagi kay bawajood pomerol mein harr sharaab paida karnay waala apnee jayedad parr "karees ddee farr" rakhnay kii khoobiyon kii tareef nahein kartaa hay. cheato eel elize-clent kay dense doranto kaa khayaal hay kahh lohay say bharpur mutty atnee naqabil taskhir hay kahh iss say angor kii jadein mutty mein gahrayi say neechey atrein juu kahh aksar aalee mayaar kay "terroir" say waabistah eek khususiyat hay. wah apnee jayedad aur deegar states parr jinn parr wah mashurah kartaa hay inn parr mojud ferogenes bend kuu todnay kay liye kaam kirr rehaa hay. doranto kaa yaha bhee khayaal hay kahh neeli mutty kay "botanier" say mansub behat say fawaid "karees ddee farr" kay elawah mojud haine yauni khashak saalon mein namee barqarar rakhnay aur jasm aur taaqat kii sharaab paida karnay kii mutty kii salahiyat aur nott kartaa hay kahh petras kay shamaal maghrab mein waaqa lohay kay zakhiray kay baghair iss neeli mutty kaa dosra "botanier" mojud hay. iss dosray "botanier" parr kumm az kumm kachh poday laganay waalay daah kii baariyon mein cheato eel agleez-clent cheato trotanoye cheato close eel aglez cheato laa kaabeen aur cheato neenan shaamil haine. sharaab saazi. 20 wein sadee kay beshtar arsey takk pomerol kay sharaab bananay kay andaaz university aaf bordo kay maahir annologist emil pyanaud aur medok mein cabernet sovignan angor parr inn kay kaam say mutasir thay. agarcha pinaud kii taknikein medok mein bury hadd takk kamiyab rahein leakin wah hamishah pomerol mein achhi tarah say tarjumah nahein karti thein. yaha khatah naha sarf eek mukhtalif angor kay saath kaam kirr rehaa thaa balkah mutty kay mukhtalif halaat kay saath bhee juu thanday thay (majmuyi toor parr garm aab woo hawaa kay bawajood). iss aab woo hawaa mein cabernet sovignan achhi tarah say pukk nahein paaya leakin marlot kay angor cheeni kii asee satah parr kaatay jaa rahay haine juu bayein kinaray parr cabernet sovignan kay baraabar hay kumm pakay zaiqe aur "haard wine" paida karay gaa. yaha 1980 kii dahayi takk nahein thaa jabb pomerol kay mazeed prodiosaron nay "saheeh benak" taknik tayaar karnaa sharoo kii jiss mein marlot kay angor kuu ziyadah makmal toor parr pakanay kay liye latkanay kaa waqat bhee shaamil thaa kahh aaj pomerol sharaab say waabistah andaaz tayaar hawaa. ziyadah tarr sharaab kay elaqon kii tarah sharaab bananay kaa andaaz sharaab bananay waalay aur praani sharaab kay lahaaz say mukhtalif hotaa hay. aam toor parr behat say pomerol sharaab bananay waalay 15 say 21 dunn takk macretion kii mashq kartay haine aur jabb sharaab makmal khashak honay takk pahunch jaati hay tuu dabayein. sharaab taqriba hamishah melolectic khameer say guzarti hay. sharaab kuu botal bund karnay aur chhodnay say pehley bairks mein 18 say 20 maah kii amar hogi. pomerol mein rawayat rahee hay kahh mufta chalnay waali sharaab kuu alg kiyaa jaaye aur praani sharaab kay lahaaz say zarurat kay mutabiq "winn ddee prais" kay tanasib mein dobarah milaya jaaye. baaqi prais sharaab aksar steat kii dosri sharaab mein istemaal hoti thee yaa "negotients" kuu farokhat kii jaati thee. markab kaa waqat (jeesay khameer kay doraan yaa baad mein) steat kay lahaaz say mukhtalif hoga jiss mein kachh makanaat jeesay kahh cheato patters khameer kay doraan "winn ddee prais" shaamil kartay haine taakah sharaab kay ajzaa kuu eek saath pakhtah honay diyaa jaa sakay aur nazaryati toor parr aam toor parr ziyadah tenk aur phenolic prais sharaab kii sakhti kuu kumm kiyaa jaa sakay. behat say bordo states kii tarah basket prais dobarah raej how gayaa hay leakin jadeed anaasir jeesay numatic control kay saath. jaine-clowed beroit juu moeks states kay head wine mackers mein say eek hay nay eek amudi tokri prais design karnay mein madad kii jiss kaa maqsad pomas kuu ziyadah narmi say sanbhalna thaa aur asay kayee states nay apnaya hay. masheel roland kaa asar aur mutzad falsafah. aalimi shahrat yaaftah sharaab bananay waalay masheel roland pomerol kay elaqay mein paida hoay thay aur inn kay paas eek khaandaani steat hay cheato lee boone paaschar jiss kaa wah apnee bewi deaney kay saath shareek maalik hay. jeesay jeesay 1980 aur 1990 kii dahayiyon mein roland nay shahrat haasil kii eek aisey andaaz kii madad say juu sharaab kay nqad raabart parkar kay taalo kuu pasand kartaa thaa behat say pomerol sharaab kay states nay "roland style" kuu yaa tuu nql karkay yaa masheer sharaab bananay waalay kay toor parr roland kii khidmaat haasil karkay apnana sharoo kiyaa. iss andaaz mein fasal kii katayi mein ziyadah say ziyadah takhir karnaa shaamil hay taakah angor kuu makmal "jasmani pakhtagi" paida karnay kay liye eek taweel tausia shadah haing tyme diyaa jaa sakay juu phal kuu "ziyadah pakay" zaiqah aur sharaab kii alkahal kii satah kuu 14 faisad say ziyadah day saktaa hay. chaye mein aksar nayey baloot kay biral mein amar badhnay kay baad macretion (3 say 8 haftay) kii eek taweel madat say guzarna zaruri hay. iss kay barakas "moeks style" phal kay zaiqe mein josh woo kharoosh aur taazgi parr eek premium rakhta hay jiss mein moeks kii malkiyat waali steat jeesay trotanoye aur patters aksar pehli steat mein shaamil hotay haine. sharaab. pomerol abb khususi toor parr reed wine tayaar kartaa hay halankah 100 saal pehley iss nay safed kii eek bury maqdar tayaar kii thee. marlot yahaan kaa sabb say aham angor hay juu takistan kay raqbe kaa 80 faisad hay. agarcha yaha taqriba hamishah milaa hawaa hotaa hay leakin marlot kaa tanasib 95 vovo takk pahunch saktaa hay halankah yaha ziyadah tarr 70-80% kii hadd mein hotaa hay. aglaa sabb say aham angor cabernet frank hay jasay maqami toor parr "lee boshet" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay juu takistan kay elaqay kaa taqriba 15 faisad hasah hay aur aam toor parr markab kaa 5-20% hasah hotaa hay. malback jasay maqami toor parr "presk" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur baaqi bordo mein ziyadah nahein lagaya jaataa hay bhee istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. baaqi ajazat shadah angor cabernet sawagnan aur pattet verdot bamashkal lagaye jaatay haine aur shaaz woo naadir hyee "grend winn" mein istemaal hotay haine halankah malback kii tarah wah kasee steat kii dosri sharaab mein zahir how saktay haine. 20 wein sadee kay awail mein jeesay hyee pomerol kii reed wine paida karnay waalay zalaa mein muntaqli makmal hoyee cabernet frank angor kii ghalib qasm thee. tahim 1956 mein mosam bahaar kay ibtadayi thand nay cabernet frank kay podon kaa eek badaa hasah halaak kirr diyaa aur behat say states nay iss taqrib kuu ziyadah paidawar deenay waalay aur pehley paknay waalay marlot kay saath dobarah laganay kay moqaa kay toor parr liyaa. agar mosam sard aur phulon kay doraan baarish kaa how tuu marlot kay collar kaa shikaar honay kay rajhaan kay bawajood angor teezi say pomerol mein numayan how gayaa aur iss khatay say sabb say ziyadah qareeb say waabistah angor bunn gayaa hay. iss kay bawajood behat kumm pomerol khaalis marlot hotay haine aur cabernet frank abb bhee iss say milnay waali tenk saakhat aur tezabiyat kay liye qaabil qadr hay juu sharaab mein lambi amar aur amar badhnay kii salahiyat mein izafah kirr saktaa hay. darhaqiqat jeesay jeesay 20 wein sadee kay aakhir aur 21 wein sadee kay awail mein marlot kii katayi kaa rajhaan baad mein aur cheeni kii badhti hoyee satah parr jaari rehaa hay ziyadah pakay marlot kii shandar leakin mamkanah toor parr halki noiyat kuu matwazan karnay mein cabernet frank kaa kirdaar pomrol sharaab bananay waalon kay zariah aur bhee ziyadah saraha gayaa hay. aam toor parr marlot kuu ziyadah tarr mutty kii mutty parr lagaya jaataa hay jabkah cabernet frank chonaa pathar kii aaot cropping aur cabernet sawagnan aur malback parr ziyadah bajri waali mutty mein lagaye jaanay kaa amkaan hay. cabernet sawagnan kay poday laganay waali chand steat mein viewaks cheato certon cheato beauregard cheato certon ddee mayee cheato geezan cheato neenan aur cheato pattet waleej shaamil haine. chatto laa councilient malback kay podon waali jayedadon mein say eek hay. aey awo see kay qawaid. pomerol khususi toor parr eek sarkh sharaab hay jiss mein aey awo see sharaab kay liye sarf ajazat shadah angor kii aqsaam marlot cabernet frank (boshet)yee cabernet sawagnan aur malback (presk) haine. fasal kii paidawar ziyadah say ziyadah 42 hectolter/hector (± 2.2 tunn/aikad) takk mahdud hay jiss mein tayaar shadah sharaab kuu kumm az kumm 10.5% kii kumm az kumm alkahal kii satah haasil karnay kii zarurat hoti hay. pomerol say nikalnay waali sharaab kuu bordo yaa bordo superior ("declesified") kay toor parr leebal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay: yaha aam toor parr iss soorat mein hotaa hay jabb producer kuu lagtaa hay kahh sharaab "pomerol" leebal kay laiq honay kay liye kaafi aalee mayaar kii nahein thee. tarz aur amar. sharaab kaa andaaz "terroir" kay mutabiq mukhtalif hotaa hay. maghrab mein jehaan mutty ziyadah riteli hay sharaab halki hoti hay vovo janub mein jehaan mutty ziyadah bajri daar hay marlot kaa tanasib kumm hay aur sharaab medok kay zaiqon kii taraf ziyadah maail hoti hay. sharaab kuu 'mukhmil' yaa 'ghair faal' kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. phal kaa khaas zaiqah bair hay juu baaz auqaat katayi kii taraf maail hotaa hay. sharaab kay maahir auz clark kay mutabiq pomerol mein bair kay makhsus noton kay alawah shehad kay masalay turfils paperment chocolet roasted garee daar mewe aur kashmash kay noton kay saath creamy baaz auqaat makhan kay manah kii ahsaas aur tennon kuu naram karnay waalay how saktay haine. maaster aaf wine klaiyo coats pomerols kuu sent emiline kay naram motay gosht kay phal aur medok kii sharaab say waabistah kafayat shaari aur reedh kii huddy kay darmiyan "aadhay raastay kay gahar" kay toor parr biyaan kartay haine. coats nott kartay haine kahh pomerol mein ziyadah tarr medox mein ghalib "bleek crunt" noton kay muqabilay mein ziyadah ameer mukhmil aur bair kay noton kay saath sent emiline kay muqabilay mein kumm "frot keeki" zaiqe hotay haine. yaha mutamarkaz bharpur phal marlot kii noiyat say nikalta hay juu pomerol kii sharaab kuu medok kii cabernet sovignan parr mubni sharaab kay muqabilay mein kumm waazah toor parr tenk honay kii ajazat deeta hay. sharaab kay maahir aur sharaab kay maahir hugg jaansan kay mutabiq pomerol kuu ziyadah tarr bordo kay muqabilay mein kumm amar kii zarurat hoti hay: aam toor parr paanch saal kaafi hotay haine aur 12 saal yahaan takk kahh azeem tareen ventage kay liye bhee kaafi hotay haine. jaansan nott kartay haine kahh pomerol aam toor parr inn kay gehrey rung aur baaz auqaat creamy martakaz pakay phalkay zaiqon say mamtaz hotay haine leakin aalee tezabiyat aur tennon kay baghair juu deegar bordo sharabon kii khususiyat haine. cheato. pomerol kay cheato kay liye koyee sarkaari darjah bundi nahein hay. agarcha iss kii wajah kuu aksar aalimi mundy mein pomerol kii nasbata haaliyah ahmiyat kay toor parr paish kiyaa jaataa hay leakin abb bhee pomerol kii sharaab duniya bhar mein pazirayi aur pehchaan paida karti hay behat say producer abb bhee mahsus kartay haine kahh pomerol steat kii sarkaari darjah bundi kii zarurat nahein hay. kachh producer jeesay cheato gazeen kay necolas ddee belin court kaa khayaal hay kahh ziyadah tarr mukhalifat chhotay kashatkaron kii taraf say hay juu kasee bhee darjah bundi say chhoday jaanay say dartay haine jiss say inn kii sharaab kuu kamtar samjha jaataa hay. eek aur maalik nay sharaab kay masnaf stephan broks kuu bataya kahh mojudah ghair darjah bund nazaam "ausat sharaab kuu pomerol kii behtareen sharaab kii saakh say munafa kamanay kii ajazat deeta hay"yee aur 2002 kay aey awo see leebal testing pinal kay nataij kii taraf asharah kiyaa iss baath kaa tayeen kartay hoay kahh aayaa sharaab kuu inn kay sharaab kay leebal parr aey awo see pomerol kaa naam rakhnay kii ajazat hay. 2002 kay behat mashkal aur sabb paar ventage honay kay bawajood eek bhee sharaab aey awo see manzori haasil karnay mein nakaam nahein rahee. tahim sarkaari darjah bundi kii kamee kay bawajood behat say sharaab kay masnafeen aur naqdin nay barson kay doraan apnee zaati darjah bundi kay saath saamney aayey haine jinn kaa hawalah dosray zaraye nay diyaa hay. 2001 mein maaster aaf wine klaiyo coats nay apnee kitaab "aine encyclopaedia aaf dee wines aind domains aaf france" mein pomerol states kii darjah bundi shaamil kii. khaaney kaa milaap. sharaab kay masnaf hugg jaansan nay tajweez kiyaa hay kahh gaaye kaa gosht kaa fleet yaa achhi tarah say latka hawaa harran eek achhaa saathi hay khaas toor parr sharaab mein pakaya jaataa hay leakin iss gaaye kaa gosht wellington say greez kiyaa jaana chahiye keunkah pestry taalo kuu dhandla deeti hay. sharaab kay masnaf auz clark nay tajweez kiyaa hay kahh intehayi zaiqah daar gaim dish jeesay terrian aur paatay bhee achhay how saktay haine keunkah wah sharaab kii shadat say miltay jaltay haine. seyahat. pomerol ghair mamuli deehi zaiqah kay liye mashhur hay juu kahh azeem alshaan cheato aur aaraish funn tameer kay balkal barakas hay juu medok kay behat say sharaab kay baghat kuu mamtaz kartaa hay. yahaan takk kahh behat see mamtaz araazi bhee inn mein waaqa haine jinhein aksar "saadah faarm houses" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaataa hay jinn kii beruni shanakhat behat kumm hoti hay. ziyadah tarr bordo kii tarah behat kumm states mein zaiqah leenay kay kamray haine aur iss say bhee kumm awaam kay liye baghair mulaqat kay khalay haine. iss kii jazwi wajah yaha hay kahh pomerol sharaab kaa badaa hasah "aine primore" farokhat kiyaa jaataa hay juu fasal kii katayi kay foraa baad khususi taqsim kaaron aur gahikon kuu mukhtas kiyaa jaataa hay jiss say zaiqah leenay kay kamray kay darwazay say behat kumm yaa koyee sharaab farokhat nahein hoti hay.

0009287e62e26e0747f0d0240147ac855154fd8069361c7e6c3b2034dac6434f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7583252

Our Everlasting

Our Everlasting Manga series is a yaoi manga series by Toko Kawai published by Biblos and licensed by Digital Manga Publishing. Plot. Surfer dude Houryu and shy intellectual Shouin are very much in love. Their days together are filled with happiness, but when Shouin's French tutor - a handsome and openly gay man named Nanami - makes his affection for Shouin known, doubts begin to surface between the couple. Houryu begins to believe Nanami's theory that Houryu is at heart a straight man and will turn to a woman when his experimentation period with Shouin is over. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aamar onontokalor biblosor dwara prokaxito aaru digital manga prokaxor dwara onugyapotroprapto tuku kawair etaa iyaui manga sringkhola. plot. surfer dood hoh 'riyu aaru lajuk boudhik swuin bohut premot pore. teulukor ekeloge thoka dinbur xukhore bhori thaake, kintu jetiya swuinor forasi xikhyok-nanami naamor ejon dhuniya aaru mukolibhabe xomokami byoktiye swuinor proti thoka teur moromor bixoye janiboloi diye, tetiya dompotihalor maajot xondehor sristi hoy. hoh 'ruwe nanamir totwotu biswax koriboloi aarombho kore je hoh' ruwe hridoyot ejon punpotiya purux aaru swuinor xoite teur porikhyar xomoy xex hoh 'ley egoraki mohilar faale ghuri jaabo.

amader chirantan etty biblos dwara prokashito ebong digital manga prokashona dwara licensprapt toko kawai dwara ekti iaoi manga sirij. plot. surfer dosto aoru ebong lajuk buddhijibi shouin khub preme porey. taader eksange dinguli anande purno, kintu jokhon shouiner farasi shikkhok-nanami naame ekjon sudarshan ebong prokashye samakami byakti-shouiner proti taar snehoke prakash korey, tokhon dampatir modhye sandeha dekha ditey shuru korey. aorui nanamir totto biswas korte shuru korey jey aorui ekjon sorol purush ebong shouiner saathe taar porikkhar somoy shesh holey ekjon mohilar dike firey jaabe.

aapanu shashvat aaa biblos dwara prakashit aneey digital mangaa prakaashan dwara licenses praapt toko kavaai dwara aek yaoi mangaa shrenee chhe. plooat. surfer dude huriyu aneey sharmaal bauddhik shauin khoob jaj premmaa chhe. temnaa divaso saathe khushiothi bharela hoya chhe, parantu jyaare shauinnaa french shikshak-nanami naamno aek sunder aneey khulleaam geey maanas-shauin pratyenaa tenaa premne jaana karey chhe, tyaare dampati vachche shankaao oobhi thavaa laage chhe. avaryu nanamina siddhaantne maanvaanu sharoo karey chhe keey avaryu hradaythi aek seedho purush chhe aneey jyaare shauin saathe teno prayogno samaygaalo samaapt thashe tyaare teey stree taraf valashe.

hamara shashwat biblos dwara prakaashit aur digital mangaa prakaashan dwara licenses praapt toko kavaai dwara ack yaoi mangaa shrinkhala haye. plot. surfer dude aavaryu aur sharmile bauddhik shouin bahut pyaar mein hain. unake saath key dinn khushi seey bharey hotey hain, lekin jaba shouin kaa francisi shikshak-nanami naam kaa ack sunder aur khule taur parr samlaingik vyakti-shouin key liye apane sneh koo gyaat kartaa haye, tou dampati key beach sandeh paida honey lagata haye. avaryu ney nanami key siddhant parr vishvaas karna shuru curr diyaa kii avaryu ack seedha purush haye aur jaba shouin key saath uska prayog avadhi samaapt hoe jaayegi tou vaha ack mahila kii or rukh karega.

namma shaashvata idu biblos prakatisida mattu digital manga pablishingninda paravaanagi padeda toko kawai avara yavoi manga saraniyagide. plat. surfer dude avaryu mattu naachike bouddhika shouin tumba pritiyalliddaare. avara ottige iruva dinagalu santoshadinda tumbiruttave, aadare shouin french bodhaka-nanami emba sundara mattu bahiranga salingakami vyakti-shouin bagegina avana pritiyannu tilidaaga, dampatigala naduve anumaanagalu horahommalu praarambhisuttave. avaryu hrudayadalli nera purushanagiddane mattu shouyinnondigina tanna prayogada awadhi mugida nantara mahileya kadege tiruguttaane emba nanamiya siddhaantavannu avaryu nambalu prarambhisuttane.

aamche shashvat biblosdware prakashit aanee digital manga prakashanadvare parvanaprapt, toko kavaichi eka yaoi manga malika aahe. plot. surfer dude huriyu aanee lajalu bauddhik shouin khoop premat aahet. tyanche ekatra divas anandane bharalele asatat, parantu jevha shauinche french shikshak-nanami navacha eka sunder aanee ughadpane samalingi manus-shauinbaddalche tyache prem kalavato, tevha jodpyamadhye shanka nirman houu lagatat. avaryu haah nanamichya siddhantavar vishvas thevanyas suruvat karato qee avaryu haah eka saral purush aahe aanee jevha tyacha shauinavareel prayogcha kalavadhi sampel tevha too strikade valel.

hamro ananta biblosdwara prakashit rar digital manga prakashandwara ijajatpatra prapta toko kawaidwara yoi manga shringkhala how. plut. surfer dude huriu rar lajmardo baudhik shouin dherai premma chhan. uniharuka dinharu sangai khushile bharieka hunchhan, tara jab sauinako francelli shikshak-nanami namko ek sunder rar khula samalingi wyaktile-sauinapratiko unko snehalai thaha garaunchha, dampati bitch shanka dekha parna thalcha. awaryule nanamiko siddhantalai vishwas garna thalcha kii awaryu hridayama ek sidha purush how rar suinasangko prayog awadhi samapta bhaepachi uni mahilama farkanechhan.

ammer chirantan ehaa biblos dwara prakashita ebong digital manga prakashan dwara licences prapta toko kawainka dwara eka ijaoi manga sirij . plut. surfer dood hyurju ebong lajuka buddhijibi shouin bahuta bhal paanti . semanankara dinagudika khusire paripurna, kintu jetebele shouinnka farasi sikhyaka-nanami namaka jane sunder ebong kholakholi samalingi byakti-shouin prati tankara sneha janaa pakaithanti, dampatinka madhyare sandeha srusti hebaku arambha kare . hyurju nanaminka siddhantaku biswasa karibaku arambha karanti je hyurju hrudajare jane sidha purush ebong shouin sahita tankara parikhyana abadhi shesh heba parey jane mahilanka aadaku pheribe .

saada sadivi biblos duaara prakashit atey digital manga parkashan duaara laisanshuda, toko kawai duaara ikk yaoi manga luddy haii. plaat. surfer yaar ghoriyu atey sharmile budhijivi shoin bahut piaar witch hunn. unhan dey dinn ikkathe khushiaan naal bharey hunde hunn, parr jadon shoin daa franch franch naam daa ikk sunder atey khulleh taur 'teey samlingi aadmi-shoin laee uss dey piaar noon darsaunda haii, taan jode dey vichkaar shanke paida honn laggde hunn. huryu neey nanami dey sidhant utte vishwas karna shuru qarr ditta kii huryu dill witch ikk siddha aadmi haii atey jadon shoin naal uss daa prayog daa samaan khatam hoow javega taan uh ikk aurat vall mudd javega.

asmakam nityam biblos ityanena prakaashitam, digital-mangaa-prakashanadvara anudnyaapatram praaptam cha toko-kavaai ityasya yoee-mangaa-shrunkhalaa asti. plut. surfer dude avaryu, laajukah bauddhikah shauyin cha ateeva preme stah. teshaam dinaani sukhaihi pooritaah bhavanti, parantu yadaa shauyin ityasya french-shikshaka-nanami naamakah sundarah, khulvaa samalingeeh cha purushah-shauyin-prati tasya premam prakatayati, tadaa dampatyoho madhye sandehah prakaashayitum aarabhate. avar-yu nanami ityasya siddhaantam vishvasitum aarabhate yat avar-yu hrudayatah ekaha saralah purushah asti, yadaa tasya shauyin-saha prayogakaalah samaaptah bhavishyati tadaa saha stree prati pratyaavartati iti.

namathu nitthiya idhu biblosol veliyidappatta togo kavaai ezhuthiya oru yaavoai manga thodar mattrum digital manga veliyeettaal urimam pettrathu. sathi. surfer tood avaryu mattrum vetkakkaedaana arivujeeviyaana shaun migavum kaathalikkiraarkal. avarkalin naatkal ontraaka magizhchchiyaal nirambiyullana, aanaal shouyinin pirenchu aasiriyar-nanami endra azhagaana mattrum velippadaiyaana oorinachchaerkkaiyaalar-shouyin meethaana avarathu paasaththai ariya vaikkumpoathu, thambathiyinarukku idaiyae santhegangal velippadath thodangugindrana. avar oru neradiyaana aann, shouyinudanaana avarathu parisoathanai kaalam mudinthathum avar oru pennaaga maaruvaar endra naanaamiyin kootpaattai avar nambath thodangukiraar.

mana nityamu biblose prachurinchina mariyu digital maangaa publishing dwara licenses pondina taco kaway roopondinchina yavoi maangaa syries idhi. plaat. surfer dude avaryu mariyu siggupade medho shouin chaalaa premalo unnaaru. vaari rojulu kalisi aanandamto nindi untaayi, conny shouin yokka french tutor-nanami anae andamaina mariyu bahiranga swalinga samparkudu-shouin patla tanakunna premanu teliyajesinappudu, aaa janta madhya sandehaalu talettadam praarambhistaayi. avaryu hrudayamlo oka saralamaina purushudu anie, shouinto thana prayoga kaalam mugisinappudu oka mahila vaipu moggu chuuputaadani nanami siddhaantaanni avaryu nammadam praarambhistaadu.

humara abdi yaha toko kawee kii eek yaoyi mangaa seerez hay jasay bablos nay shaye kiyaa hay aur degital mangaa publishing kay zariah license yaaftah hay. plaat. sarf yaar aawriyo aur sharmili danishwar shaween behat pyaar mein haine. inn kay saath kay dunn khushi say bhar jaatay haine leakin jabb shaween kaa francisi teuter-eek khubsurat aur khalay aam humm jans parsat aadmi jiss kaa naam nanami hay-shaween kay liye iss kii mohabat kaa patah lagaata hay tuu joday kay darmiyan shakok woo shabhaat paida honay lagtay haine. aawriyo nanami kay iss nazariyah parr yaqeen karnaa sharoo kirr deeta hay kahh aawriyo dall say eek seedha aadmi hay aur jabb shaween kay saath iss kaa tajarbah khatam how jaaye gaa tuu wah aurat kii taraf rajooa karay gaa.

00092d25f922aaeda23e126afc58c2647c3a8008fdd140af3c0708454dd7e566

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61470950

2019–20 Maltese FA Trophy

2019–20 Maltese FA Trophy Football tournament season The 2019–20 Maltese FA Trophy was the 82nd edition of the football cup competition. Balzan were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Pietà Hotspurs. On 18 May 2020, the Malta FA Executive Committee decided to terminate the competition due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Format. The clubs in the Premier League, First Division, Second Division and Third Division together with those from the Gozo Football League are involved in the draws of the initial rounds. The 14 top-flight sides enter the fray in the third round. Matches which are level after regulation advanced to extra time and afterwards to penalties to determine a winner, when needed. Schedule. The draws were made on 6 August 2018 and were conducted by Dr. Angelo Chetcuti, the General Secretary of the Malta Football Association, and Rodney Pisani, the Deputy General Secretary of the Association who leads the Competitions Department. Preliminary round. Eight preliminary round matches were played on 6 till 9 September 2019. The draw for the preliminary, first, and second rounds was held on 8 August 2019. First round. Nine first round matches were played on 13 till 16 September 2019. The draw for the preliminary, first, and second rounds was held 8 August 2019. Second round. Eighteen second round matches were played on 25 and 28 October 2019. The draw for the preliminary, first, and second rounds was held 8 August 2019. All teams from Maltese First Division and Maltese Second Division entered in the Second round. In the Second Round there are 2 clubs from Maltese Third Division and 5 clubs from Gozo Football League First Division left. Third round. Sixteen third round matches were played on 29 November and 1 December 2019. The draw for the third and fourth rounds was held on 6 November 2019. All teams from Maltese Premier League entered in Third round. The top six position from 2018-19 Maltese Premier League teams that are seeded in the third round of the FA Trophy. A total of thirty-two clubs will be involved in the draw. In the Third Round there are 9 clubs from Maltese First Division, 5 clubs from Maltese Second Division and 4 clubs from Gozo Football League First Division left. Fourth round. Eight Fourth round matches were played on 24–26 January 2020. The draw for the third and fourth rounds was held on 6 November 2019. In the Fourth Round there are 11 clubs from Maltese Premier League, 3 clubs from Maltese First Division and 2 clubs from Gozo Football League First Division left. Quarter-finals. Four quarter-final matches were scheduled on 29 February and 1 March 2020. The draw for the quarter-finals will be held on 31 January 2020. In the Quarter-finals there are 7 clubs from Maltese Premier League and 1 club from Maltese First Division left. Semi-finals. Two semi-final matches was going to play in May 2020 at National Stadium, Ta' Qali. On 18 May 2020, the Malta FA Executive Committee decided to terminate the competition due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Television rights. The following matches were broadcast live on TVM2: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019-20 multies faa trophy 2019-20 multies faa trophy aasil football kaap protijugitar 82 xongkhyok xongskoron. baljan defending champion aasil, kintu cowarter finalot pitaa hotspersor dwara baad porisil. 2020 sonor 18 mey 'too multa faa karzobahi xomitiye koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe protijugita bondho korar xiddhanto loy. formate. primiyar leeg, prothom bibhag, dwitiyo bibhag aaru tritiyo bibhagor clubbure logote guju football leegor clubbure prarombhik roundor dro "too jorito hoi thaake. 14taa xirxo-biman pokhyoi tritiyo roundot prowex kore. niyomor pisot xomotulyo khelbur otirikto xomoyoloi aaru pisot proyujon hoh 'ley bijoyi nirdharon koriboloi penaltiloi unnit hoy. xomoixusi. 2018 sonor 6 aagostot dro "koraa hoisil aaru dodd. multa football xongsthar xadharon xompadok angelu setkuti aaru protijugita bibhagor netritwo diya xongsthatur upo-xadharon xompadok rodney pisani. prathomik round. 2019 sonor 9 septemboroloike 6 tarikhe aathkhon prarombhik roundor khel onusthito hoisil. prarombhik, prothom aaru dwitiyo roundor dro '2019 sonor 8 aagostot onusthito hoisil. prothom round. 2019 sonor 16 septemboroloike 13 tarikhe prothom roundor roundor khel onusthito hoisil. prathomik, prothom aaru dwitiyo roundor dro "2019 sonor 8 aagosto tarikhe onusthito hoisil. dwitiyo round. 2019 sonor 25 aaru 28 octoborot aathta dwitiyo roundor khel onusthito hoisil. prathomik, prothom aaru dwitiyo roundor dro "2019 sonor 8 aagosto onusthito hoisil. multies prothom bibhag aaru multies dwitiyo bibhagor xokolu dole dwitiyo roundot prowex korisil. dwitiyo roundot multies tritiyo bibhagor 2taa club aaru guju football leegor 5taa club prothom bibhagor baufale aase. tritiyo round. 2019 sonor 29 novembor aaru 1 disemborot xullokhon tritiyo roundor khel onusthito hoisil. tritiyo aaru soturtho roundor dro '2019 sonor 6 novemborot onusthito hoisil. multies primiyar leegor xokolu dole tritiyo roundot prowex korisil. ef. e. trophir tritiyo roundot said koraa 2018-19 multies primiyar leeg dolor poraa xirxo soita sthan. dro "too muth botrixkhon club jorito hoh" bob. tritiyo roundot multies prothom bibhagor 9taa club, multies dwitiyo bibhagor 5taa club aaru guju football leegor 4taa club aase. soturtho round. 2020 sonor january maahot soturtho roundor aathkhon khel onusthito hoisil. tritiyo aaru soturtho roundor dro "2019 sonor 6 novemborot onusthito hoisil. soturtho roundot multies primiyar leegor 11taa club, multies prothom bibhagor 3taa club aaru guju football leegor 2taa club aase. cowarter finalot. 2020 sonor 29 february aaru 1 marchot sarita cowarter finalor khelor xomoy nirdharon koraa hoisil. cowarter finalor dro "31 januaryt onusthito hoh" bob. cowarter finalot multies primiyar leegor 7taa club aaru multies prothom bibhagor 1taa club baufale aase. semi finalot. 2020 sonor mey "maahot rastriyo stadium taa 'kaali-too dukhon semi-final khel khelibologiya aasil. 2020 sonor 18 mey 'too multa faa karzobahi xomitiye koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe protijugita bondho korar xiddhanto loy. televisionor odhikar. nimnolikhito khelxomuh khelxomuh punpotiyakoi xomprosar koraa hoisiloh

2019-20 multies fa trophy 2019-20 multies fa trophy chhilo football cup protijogitar protijogitar sanskaran. baljan chhilen defending champion, kintu quarter finale pieta hotsperser kachhe porajito hohn. 2020 saaler 18 meey, malta fa karjonirbahi committy covid-19 mahamarir karone protijogitati batil korar siddhanta neyo. format. premiere ligg, prothom bibhag, dwitiya bibhag ebong tritiya bibhager clubguli ebong gozo football liger clubguli prathomik rounder drote jorito. sheersho-flaiter 14tii doll tritiya rounde protijogitai probesh korey. jey matchguli niyamavalir porey atirikto somoyer jonno ebong porey prayojan holey vijayi nirdharoner jonno penaltir jonno unnito hoy. samayasuchi. droguli 6ee august 2018-ayee koraa hoyechilo ebong daa. malta football associationer sadharan sompadok angelo chetkuti ebong associationer upo-sadharan sompadok rodney pisani protijogita bibhager netritto deena. prathomik round. 2019 saaler 9ee septembara porjonto 6 tarikhe atti prathomik rounder match onusthito hoy. 2019 saaler 8ee august prathomik, prothom ebong dwitiya rounder dra onusthito hoy. prothom round. prothom rounder noyti match 13ee septembara theke 16ee septembara 2019 porjonto onusthito hoy. prathomik, prothom ebong dwitiya rounder dra onusthito hoy 8ee august 2019 tarikhe. dwitiya round. dwitiya rounder 18tii match onusthito hoy 2019 saaler 25 oo 28 octobor. prathomik, prothom oo dwitiya rounder dra onusthito hoy 2019 saaler 8ee august. multies prothom bibhag oo multies dwitiya bibhager samasta doll dwitiya rounde probesh korey. dwitiya rounde multies tritiya bibhager 2tii club ebong gozo football liger prothom bibhager 5tii club baam dike royeche. tritiya round. 2019 saaler 29shhey navembar ebong 1laa december sholti tritiya rounder match onusthito hoy. tritiya ebong choturtho rounder dra onusthito hoy 2019 saaler 6ee navembar. multies premiere liger samasta doll tritiya rounde probesh korey. eff. ayee. trophyr tritiya rounde bachhai haoya multies premiere ligg dalgulir theke sheersho chhoyti abosthan. dra-ayee moat botrishti club ongsho nebe. tritiya rounde multies prothom bibhager 9tii club, multies dwitiya bibhager 5tii club ebong gozo football liger prothom bibhager 4tii club royeche. choturtho round. 2020 saaler januari maase atti choturtho rounder match onusthito hoy. tritiya oo choturtho rounder dra onusthito hoy 2019 saaler 6 navembar. choturtho rounde multies premiere liger 11tii club, multies prothom bibhager 3tii club ebong gozo football liger prothom bibhager 2tii club royeche. quarter final. 2020 saaler 29shhey february ebong 1laa march charti quarter-final match nirdharito chhilo. quarter-finaler dra 31shhey januari onusthito hobey. quarter-finale multies premiere liger 7tii club ebong multies prothom bibhager 1tii club thakbe. semiphinal. 2020 saaler meey maase jatiya stadium taa 'cully-teey duti semiphinal match onusthito hotey jachchilo. 2020 saaler 18 meey, malta fa karjonirbahi committy covid-19 mahamarir karone protijogitati batil korar siddhanta neyo. television adhikar. nimnolikhito matchguli matchguli sarasari somprocharito hoyechiloh

2019-20 malties faa trophy 2019-20 malties faa trophy football cup spardhani 82mee aavrutti hatee. balzan defending champiyan hataa, parantu quarter finalmaan piitaa hotspers dwara bahaar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 18 meey 2020naa roj, malta aef. aee. nee kaarykaari sameetiae covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane spardhaane samaapt karvaano nirnay leedho. swaroop. premiere leag, pratham vibhag, beeja vibhag aneey trija vibhagma club, gozo football leegnaa club saathe maleene praarambhik roundnaa dromaa saamel chhe. tochnee 14 baajuo trija roundma medaanmaa pravesh karey chhe. jeey match niyaman pachhi star parr hoya chhe, teey vadharana samay maate aagad vadhe chhe aneey pachhi jyaare jaroor padey tyaare vijeta nakki karvaa maate dund thaay chhe. samaypatrak. aaa drow 6 august 2018naa roj karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey doow. malta football association general secretory angelo chetkuti aneey association deputy general secretory roadnee pisani spardhaa vibhagnu netrutva karey chhe. praarambhik round. praarambhik roundnee aath match 6 september 2019thee 9 september 2019 sudhee ramaai hatee. praarambhik, pratham aneey beeja roundnee drow 8 august 2019naa roj yojai hatee. pratham round. pratham roundnee nava match 13 september 2019 sudhee 16 september 2019 sudhee ramvaamaa aavee hatee. praarambhik, pratham aneey beeja round maate drow 8 august 2019naa roj yojaayo hato. beejo round. 25 aneey 28 october 2019naa roj beeja roundnee adhhaar match ramvaamaa aavee hatee. praarambhik, pratham aneey beeja round maate drow 8 august 2019naa roj yojaayo hato. malties pratham vibhag aneey malties beeja vibhagmathi tamaam teamo beeja roundma praveshi hatee. beeja roundma malties third divisionni 2 clubo aneey gozo football leag first divisionni 5 clubo daabi bajuae chhe. trijo round. sola trija roundnee match 29 november aneey 1 december 2019naa roj ramvaamaa aavee hatee. trija aneey chothaa round maate drow 6 november 2019naa roj yojaayo hato. malties premiere leegnee tamaam teamo trija roundma praveshi hatee. aefae trophyna trija roundma kramaankit malties premiere leag teamomathi tochnu chh sthaan. coole batris club dromaa saamel thashe. trija roundma malties first divisionni 9 clubo, malties second divisionni 5 clubo aneey gozo football leag first divisionni 4 clubo baakee chhe. chotho round. chothaa roundnee aath match 24-26 january 2020naa roj ramvaamaa aavee hatee. trija aneey chothaa round maate drow 6 november 2019naa roj yojaayo hato. chothaa roundma malties premiere leegnee 11 club, malties first divisionni 3 club aneey gozo football leag first divisionni 2 club daabi bajuae chhe. quarter final. quarter finalni chaar match 29 februari aneey 1 march 2020naa roj yojavani hatee. quarter final maate drow 31 january 2020naa roj yojashe. quarter finalmaan malties premiere leegnee 7 club aneey malties first divisionni 1 club baakee chhe. semifinal. meey 2020maan raashtriy stadium taa 'kaalee khaate beey semiphinal match ramvani hatee. 18 meey 2020naa roj, malta aef. aee. nee kaarykaari sameetiae covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane spardhaane samaapt karvaano nirnay leedho. television adheekaro. neecheni mecho tvm2 parr jivant prasaarit karvaamaa aavee hateeh

2019-20 malties faa trophy 2019-20 malties faa trophy football cup pratiyogita kaa 82vaan sanskaran thaa. baalzan gata champion they, lekin quarter final mein pieta hotspers dwara baahar curr diye gaye. 18 maee 2020 koo, malta aff. aeye. karyakari samiti ney covid-19 mahamari key kaaran pratiyogita koo samaapt karane kaa nirnay liya. praarup. premiere leag, pratham shreni, dwiteeya shreni aur tritiya shreni key club, gojo football leag key clubon key saath milkar praarambhik daur key drow mein shamil hotey hain. sheersh udaan key 14 paksh teesare daur mein bhaag lete hain. match joe viniyaman key baad atirikt samay key liye aur baad mein penalti key liye aage badhate hain taaki aavashyakta padane parr vijeta kaa nirdhaaran kiya jaa sakey. anusuchi. drow 6 agast 2018 koo banaae gaye they aur dow. malta football sangh key mahasachiv angelo chetkuti aur pratiyogita vibhaag kaa netritva karane vaale sangh key upa mahasachiv rodney pisani. praarambhik daur. praarambhik daur key aathh match 6 sitambar 2019 seey 9 sitambar 2019 taka khele gaye they. praarambhik, pahale aur dusare daur key liye drow 8 agast 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. pahala daur. pahale daur key nau match 13 sitambar 2019 taka khele gaye they. praarambhik, pahale aur dusare daur key liye drow 8 agast 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. doosara daur. 18 dusare daur key match 25 aur 28 octuber 2019 koo khele gaye they. praarambhik, pahale aur dusare daur key liye drow 8 agast 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. malties pratham shreni aur malties dwiteeya shreni kii sabhi teams ney dusare daur mein pravesh kiya. dusare daur mein malties thurd division key 2 club aur gojo football leag first division key 5 club hain. teesara daur. solah teesare daur key match 29 navambar aur 1 disambar 2019 koo khele gaye they. teesare aur chauthe daur key liye drow 6 navambar 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. malties premiere leag kii sabhi teams ney teesare daur mein pravesh kiya. aff. aeye. trophy key teesare daur mein vareeyata praapt malties premiere leag teams seey sheersh chhah sthaan. drow mein kull battis club shamil honge. teesare daur mein malties pratham shreni key 9 club, malties dwiteeya shreni key 5 club aur gojo football leag pratham shreni key 4 club hain. chautha daur. aathh chauthe daur key match janwari 2020 koo khele gaye they. teesare aur chauthe daur key liye drow 6 navambar 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. chauthe daur mein malties premiere leag key 11 club, malties pratham shreni key 3 club aur gojo football leag pratham shreni key 2 club hain. quarter final. chaar quarter final match 29 farwari aur 1 march 2020 koo nirdhaarit kiye gaye they. quarter final key liye drow 31 janwari 2020 koo aayojit kiya jaayega. quarter final mein malties premiere leag key 7 club aur malties pratham shreni key 1 club bache hain. semifinal. dou semifinal match maee 2020 koo rashtriya stadium, taa 'kaali mein khelane jaa rahey they. 18 maee 2020 koo, malta aff. aeye. karyakari samiti ney covid-19 mahamari key kaaran pratiyogita koo samaapt karane kaa nirnay liya. television adhikaar. nimnalikhit maichon kaa tvm2 parr seedha prasaran kiya gayaa thaah

2019-20 malties phaa trophy 2019-20 malties phaa trophiu football cup spardheya 82neey aavruttiyaagittu. baljan haali champiyan aagiddaru, aadare quarter finalnalli peeta hotspersninda horahakalpattaru. 2020rahra mayee mayee, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi malta efa kaaryakaari samitiyu spardheyannu konegolisalu nirdharisitu. svaroopa. premiere leigh, prathama vibhaga, dvitiya vibhaga mattu trutiya vibhagada klabgalu gojo football leagna klabgalondige arambhika suttugala dragalalli todagikondive. 14 agra-haaraatada tandagalu moorane suttinalli spardheyannu praveshisuttave. niyamada nantara mattadalliruva pandyagalu hechchuvari samayakke munduvaridavu mattu nantara agatyaviddaaga vijetarannu nirdharisalu penaltigalige munduvaridavu. velapatti. 2018rahra august november dra pandyagalannu nadesalaayitu mattu daa. malta football sanghada pradhana karyadarshi angelo chetkuti mattu spardhegala vibhagada netrutva vahisuva sanghada upa pradhana karyadarshi rodney pisani. praathamika suttu. 2019rahra september september november entu praathamika suttina pandyagalannu aadalaayitu. 2019rahra august august praathamika, modala mattu eradane suttina dra nadeyitu. modala suttu. modala suttina ombattu pandyagalannu pandyagalannu 2019rahra september september aadalaayitu. modala suttina, modala suttina mattu eradane suttina dra pandyagalannu 2019rahra august august nadesalaayitu. eradane suttu. 2019rahra october 25 mattu mattu hadinentane eradane suttina pandyagalannu aadalaayitu. praathamika, modala mattu eradane suttina dra 2019rahra august august nadeyitu. maaltaada modala vibhaga mattu maaltaada eradane vibhagada ellah tandagalu eradane suttinalli praveshisidavu. eradane suttinalli maaltaada moorane vibhagada 2 klabgalu mattu gojo football leigh modala vibhagada 5 klabgalu edabhagadallive. moorane suttu. 16 moorane suttina pandyagalannu 2019rahra november 29 mattu december march aadalaayitu. moorane mattu nalkane suttina dra 2019rahra november november nadeyitu. malties premiere leagna ellah tandagalu moorane suttige praveshisidavu. efa trophia moorane suttinalli shreyanka padeda malties premiere leigh tandagalinda agra aaru sthanagalu. ottu moovatteradu klabgalu dradalli bhagavahisuttave. moorane suttinalli maaltaada modala vibhagada 9 klabgalu, maaltaada eradane vibhagada 5 klabgalu mattu gojo football leigh modala vibhagada 4 klabgalu ulidive. nalkane suttu. entu nalkane suttina pandyagalannu 2020rahra janavari march aadalaayitu. moorane mattu nalkane suttina dra 2019rahra november november nadeyitu. nalkane suttinalli malties premiere leagna 11 klabgalu, malties prathama vibhagada 3 klabgalu mattu gojo football leagna 2 klabgalu edabhagadallive. quarter final. naalku quarter final pandyagalannu 2020rahra phebravari 29 mattu march march nigadipadisalaagittu. quarter final pandyagala dra 2020rahra janavari janavari nadeyalide. quarter finalnalli malties premiere leagna 7 klabgalu mattu malties prathama vibhagada 1 club edabhagadallive. semiphinal. 2020rahra mayee tingalalli rashtriya kridaanganavaada thaa 'khaali yalli eradu semiphinal pandyagalu nadeyabekittu. 2020rahra mayee mayee, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi malta efa kaaryakaari samitiyu spardheyannu konegolisalu nirdharisitu. dooradarshanada hakkugalu. ee kelagina pandyagalannu pandyagalannu nalli nera prasara maadalaayituh

2019-20 malties eff. aii. chashak malties eff. aii. chashak hii football chashak spardhechi 82 vee aavrutti hotee. balzan heey gatavijete hote, parantu upantyapoorv fereet pieta hotsperskadoon baad jhaale. 18 meey 2020 roji, malta eff. aii. karyakari samiteene covid-19 mahamarimule spardha radd karnyacha nirnay ghetala. swaroop. premiere leag, pratham vibhag, dviteey vibhag aanee truteey vibhagatil sangh aanee gozo football leegmadhil sangh suruvatichya suruvatichya barobarit sahbhagi hotat. avval 14 sangh gele fereet pravesh karatat. niyamanusar samatulya asalele samne atirikt velesathi pudhe gele aanee nantar garaj bhasalyas vijeta tharvanyasathi dand aakarla gela. velapatrak. 6 august 2018 roji anirnit samne jhaale aanee dow. malta football associationche sarchitanis angelo chetkuti aanee spardha vibhagache netrutva netrutva associationche up sarchitanis rodney pisani. prathamik pherii. 6 teey 9 september 2019 yaa kalavadhit aath prathamik feriche samne khelale gele. prathamik, pahilya aanee keela ferisathiche anirnit samne 8 august 2019 roji jhaale. pahili pherii. pahilya feriche nauu samne 13 roji 16 september 2019 paryant khelale gele. prathamik, pahilya aanee keela chauthya anirnit samne 8 august 2019 roji jhaale. dusari pherii. 25 aanee 28 aktoobar 2019 roji keela feriche athara samne khelale gele. prathamik, pahilya aanee keela dusya anirnit 8 august 2019 roji khelale gele. malties pratham vibhag aanee malties dviteey vibhagatil serve sanghanni keela fereet pravesh keela. keela fereet malties truteey vibhagatil 2 sangh aanee gozo football leegchya pratham vibhagatil 5 sangh shillak aahet. tisari pherii. 29 november aanee 1 december 2019 roji sola gele feriche samne khelale gele. gele aanee chauthya ferisathicha anirnit samna 6 november 2019 roji jhaala. malties premiere leegmadhil serve sangh gele fereet dakhal jhaale. eff. aii. chashak spardhechya gele fereet manankan manankan malties premiere leag sanghanmadhil pahilya sahaa sthananvar. yaa barobarit ekoon battis sangh sahbhagi hotil. gele fereet malties pratham vibhagatil 9 sangh, malties dviteey vibhagatil 5 sangh aanee gozo football leag pratham vibhagatil 4 sangh shillak aahet. chauthi pherii. chauthya feriche aath samne 24-26 janewari 2020 roji khelale gele. gele aanee chauthya chauthya barobariche samne 6 november 2019 roji jhaale. chauthya fereet malties premiere leagueche 11 club, malties pratham vibhagatil 3 club aanee gozo football leegchya pratham vibhagatil 2 club shillak aahet. upantyapoorv pherii. 29 februwari aanee 1 march 2020 roji chaar upantyapoorv samne niyojit hote. upantyapoorv ferisathiche anirnit samne 31 janewari 2020 roji honar aahet. upantyapoorv fereet malties premiere leagueche 7 sangh aanee malties pratham vibhagacha 1 sangh shillak aahe. upantya pherii. meey 2020 roji rashtriy stadium, taa 'kaalee yethe done upantya feriche samne khelale jaanar hote. 18 meey 2020 roji, malta eff. aii. karyakari samiteene covid-19 mahamarimule spardha radd karnyacha nirnay ghetala. durchitravani adhikar. khaleel samne samne varr thet prasarit karnyat aaleh

2019-20 malties fa trophy 2019-20 malties fa trophy football cup pratiyogitako 82 aun sanskaran thiyo. baljan defending champion thie, tara quarter finalma pieta hotspersdwara bahirie. 18 mey 2020 maa, malta fa karyakari samitile covid-19 mahamarika karan pratiyogita samapta garne nirnaya garyo. dhancha. premiere ligg, pratham division, dosro division rar tesro divisionka clubharu sathai gojo football ligka clubharu prarambhik roundko barabarima sanlagna chhan. shirsha udanka 14 wata pakshaharu tesro charanma maidanma prawesh garchhan. niyampachhi star bhaeka khelharu atirikta samayama rar pachhi awashyak hunda vijeta nirdharan garna penaltima aghi badhchan. samaya talika. draharu 6 august 2018 maa garieko thiyo rar dah. malta football sanghaka mahasachiva angelo chetkuti rar pratiyogita vibhagko netritwa garne sanghaka upa mahasachiva rodney pisani. prarambhik round. prarambhik charanka atha khelharu 6 dekhi 9 september 2019 samma khelieka thie. prarambhik, pahilo rar dosro charanka lagi barabari 8 august 2019 maa bhaeko thiyo. pahilo round. pahilo charanko nau khel 13 maa 16 september 2019 samma khelieka thie. prarambhik, pahilo rar dosro charanko barabari 8 august 2019 maa bhaeko thiyo. dosro round. 25 rar 28 october 2019 maa athar dosro charanko khelharu khelieka thie. prarambhik, pahilo rar dosro charanko barabari 8 august 2019 maa bhaeko thiyo. malties pratham division rar malties dosro divisionka sabai toliharu dosro charanma prawesh gare. dosro charanma malties tesro divisionka 2 wata club rar gojo football ligko pratham divisionka 5 wata clubharu baanki chhan. tesro round. sohra tesro charanko khelharu 29 november rar 1 december 2019 maa khelieka thie. tesro rar chautho charanko barabari 6 november 2019 maa bhaeko thiyo. malties premiere ligka sabai toliharu tesro charanma prawesh gare. fa trafiko tesro charanma wariyata prapta 2018-19 malties premiere ligg toliharubata shirsha chha sthan. barabarima kull 32 wata club sahabhagi hunechhan. tesro charanma malties pratham divisionka 9 wata club, malties dosro divisionka 5 wata club rar gojo football ligg pratham divisionka 4 wata clubharu baanki chhan. chautho round. atha chautho charanko khelharu janawari 2020 maa khelieka thie. tesro rar chautho charanko barabari 6 november 2019 maa bhaeko thiyo. chautho charanma malties premiere ligka 11 wata clubharu, malties pratham divisionka 3 wata clubharu rar gojo football ligg pratham divisionka 2 wata clubharu baanki chhan. quarter final. chaar quarter final khelharu 29 february rar 1 march 2020 maa nirdharit garieko thiyo. quarter finalka lagi dra 31 janawari 2020 maa hunechha. quarter finalma malties premiere ligka 7 clubharu rar malties pratham divisionko 1 club baanki chha. semifinal. dui semifinal khelharu mey 2020 maa rashtriya stadium, taa 'kalima kheline thiyo. 18 mey 2020 maa, malta fa karyakari samitile covid-19 mahamarika karan pratiyogita samapta garne nirnaya garyo. television adhikar. nimna khelharu tvm 2 maa pratyaksha prasaran garieko thiyoh

2019-20 malties aif. aii. trophy 2019-20 malties aif. aii. trophy football cop pratijogitara pratijogitara sanskarana thila. baljan defending champion thile, kintu quarter phainalare pita hotspersnka dwara baad padithile. 2020 masiha meey 18 tarikhare, malta faa karjyanirbahee kamiti kovida-19 mahamari karanaru ehi pratijogitaku samapta karibaku nishpatti neithila. formatt. premiyara ligg, pratham bibhaga, dwiteeja bibhaga ebong truteeja bibhagara klabagudika, gojo football ligra klabagudika sahita mishi prarambhika round drare samil hoithanti. ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି। shirsha-udaana pakhya truteeja roundre daudare prabesha karanti . niam parey samaana thiba matchgudika atirikta samajaku agrasara hue ebong parey aabasyaka samajare bijeta nirnai karibaku penalty ku agrasara hue . karjyasuchi. 2018 august 6 tarikhare dra hoithila ebong dodd. malta football associationara sadharana sampadaka angelo chetakuti ebong pratijogita bibhagara netrutwa neuthiba associationara upa sadharana sampadaka rudney pisani. prarambhika parjyaja. 2019 masiha september maasa 9 tarikh parjyanta 6 tarikhare athati prarambhika parjyaja match khelajaithila. prarambhika, pratham ebong dwiteeja parjyaja paain dra august august anusthita hoithila. pratham round. 13 tarikhare 16 september 2019 parjyanta nauty pratham parjyaja match khelajaithila. prarambhika, pratham ebong dwiteeja parjyaja paain dra august 8,2019 ray anusthita hoithila . dwiteeja parjyaja. 2019 october 25 ebong 28 tarikhare tarikhare dwiteeja parjyaja match khelajaithila. prarambhika, pratham ebong dwiteeja parjyaja paain dra august august anusthita hoithila. malties pratham bibhaga ebong malties dwiteeja bibhagara samasta dala dwiteeja parjyajare prabesha karithile. dwiteeja roundre malties truteeja divijanara divijanara club ebong gojo football ligg pratham divijanara divijanara club baama achhi. truteeja parjyaja. 2019 navember 29 ebong december 1 tarikhare sohalati truteeja parjyaja match khelajaithila. truteeja ebong chaturtha parjyaja paain dra navember navember anusthita hoithila. malties premiyara ligra samasta dala truteeja parjyajare prabesha karithile. aif. aii. trophyr truteeja roundre manyata paithiba malties premiyara ligg dalagudikaru shirsha chhaati sthana. drare mote batrisati club anshagrahana karibe. truteeja roundre malties pratham divijanara divijanara club, malties dwiteeja divijanara divijanara club ebong gojo football ligg pratham divijanara divijanara club baaki rahichhi. chaturtha parjyaja. januari 2020 ray athati chaturtha round match khelajaithila. truteeja ebong chaturtha round paain dra navember 6 ray anusthita hoithila 2019. chaturtha roundre malties premiyara ligra 11 tii club, malties pratham divijanara 3 tii club ebong gojo football ligra 2 tii club baama achhi . quarter final. 2020 februari 29 ebong march march charoti quarter final match dharjya hoithila. quarter final paain dra 31 januari januari anusthita heba. quarter phainalare malties premiyara ligra ligra club ebong malties pratham divijanara divijanara club baaki achhi. semi-final. meey 2020 ray jatiah stadium, taa 'kaali ray duiti semi-final match khelibaku thila . 2020 masiha meey 18 tarikhare, malta faa karjyanirbahee kamiti kovida-19 mahamari karanaru ehi pratijogitaku samapta karibaku nishpatti neithila. television adhikara. nimnalikhita myachgudika myachgudika ray sidhasalakha prasarana karajaithilaha

2019-20 malties FA trophy 2019-20 malties FA trophy football kapp mukabale daa daa sanskaran see. balzon defending champion sunn, parr quarter final witch peeta hotspurs duaara bahr qarr ditte gaye sunn. 18 maee 2020 noon, malta eff. aii. karajkari kameti neey covid-19 mahamari caarn mukabale noon khatam curran daa faisla keeta. format. premiere leeg, pahili division, duji division atey tiji division dey club atey gojo football leeg dey club shuruati daur dey daraa witch shamal hunde hunn. choti dey 14 pakkh teeje daur witch daud witch dakhal hunde hunn. niyam dey baad barabar honn vaale match vadhu samein laee atey baad witch zaroorat painn 'teey jetu nirdharat curran laee jurmane laee agge vadhade hunn. samaan-saarnee. daraa 6 agast 2018 noon keete gaye sunn atey daa. malta football association dey general sakattar angelo chetkuti atey association dey dipty general sakattar rodney pisani, joe mukabale vibhag dee agvai karde hunn. shuruati daur. 6 toon 9 satambar 2019 takk atth shuruati daur dey match khede gaye sunn. shuruati, pahile atey dooje daur laee daraa 8 agast 2019 noon aayojit keeta giaa see. pahila daur. pahile daur dey naun match 13 noon 16 satambar 2019 takk khede gaye sunn. shuruati, pahile atey dooje daur laee daraa 8 agast 2019 noon aayojit keeta giaa see. dooja daur. 25 atey 28 aktubar 2019 noon dooje daur dey 18 match khede gaye sunn. shuruati, pahile atey dooje daur laee daraa 8 agast 2019 noon aayojit keeta giaa see. malties pahili division atey malties duji division deeaan saariaan teaman dooje daur witch dakhal hoiaan sunn. dooje daur witch malties tiji division dey 2 club atey gojo football leeg dee pahili division dey 5 club bache hunn. teeja daur. solan teeje daur dey match 29 navambar atey 1 dasambar 2019 noon khede gaye sunn. teeje atey chauthe daur laee daraa 6 navambar 2019 noon aayojit keeta giaa see. malty premiere leeg deeaan saariaan teaman teeje daur witch dakhal hoiaan sunn. eff. aii. trophy dey teeje daur witch darja prapat malty premiere leeg teaman vicchon choti dey chhe sathaan. daraa witch kull 32 club shamal honge. teeje daur witch malties fust division dey 9 club, malties saikand division dey 5 club atey gojo football leeg fust division dey 4 club bache hunn. chautha daur. atth chauthe daur dey match janwari 2020 noon khede gaye sunn. teeje atey chauthe daur laee daraa 6 navambar 2019 noon aayojit keeta giaa see. chauthe daur witch malty premiere leeg dey 11 club, malties fust division dey 3 club atey gojo football leeg fust division dey 2 club bache hoye hunn. quarter final. chaar quarter final match 29 farvari atey 1 march 2020 noon nirdharat keete gaye sunn. quarter final laee daraa 31 janwari 2020 noon hovega. quarter final witch malty premiere leeg dey 7 club atey malties fust division dey 1 club bache hunn. semifinal. doou semifinal match maee 2020 noon rashtari stadium, taa 'kaali witch khedan jaa rahey sunn. 18 maee 2020 noon, malta eff. aii. karajkari kameti neey covid-19 mahamari caarn mukabale noon khatam curran daa faisla keeta. television adhikar heth likhe maichan daa siddha prasaran tvm 2 utte keeta giaa seeuuu

2019-20 malties faa trophy 2019-20 malties-ef. e. trophy iti football-cup-pratiyogitaayaah 82 tamam samskaranam aasit. balzan ityeshah defending-chaampiyan aasit, parantu quarter-fainal-kridaayaam peetaa-hotspers ityanena nishkaasitah. 2020 mey 18 dinaanke malta-faa-karyakari-samitihi covid-19 mahamarya karanena spardhaam samaaptum nishchitavatee. swaroopam. premiyar leag, prathamawibhaagah, dwiteeyawibhaagah, truteeyavibhaagah cha ityete club-samsthah, gojo-football-leag-samsthah cha, praarambhik-charananam samaphalane bhaagam vahanti. 14 shirsha-vimana-pakshaah truteeye paridheye spardhayam praveshanti. niyamaanusaaren samatulyaani spardhaah atirikta-samayaay, tatah param aavashyakataa samaye vijetam nirnetum dandaay cha agre gacchanti sma. anusoochih. 2018 august 6 dinaanke ankitaani ankitaani, daa. malta-football-sanghasya saamaanyasachivah engelo chetkuti, pratiyogitaa-vibhaagasya netrutvam kurvataam sanghasya upa-saamaanyasachivah radney pisani cha. praarambhik-chakram. 2019 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 9 dinaankaparyantam 6 dinaanke ashta praarambhik-charana-spardhaah aacharyant. 2019 tamasya varshasya august-masasya 8 dinaanke prathama-dwiteeya-charana-spardhaah anirnayitaa. prathama-chakram. 13 dinaanke 2019 september 16 paryantam nava prathama-charana-spardhaah aacharyant. praarambhik-prathama-dwiteeya-charananam sama-samaankah 2019 august 8 dinaanke abhavat. dwiteeyah chakrah. 2019 october 25,28 dinaanke cha ashtaadash-dwiteeya-charana-spardhaah aacharyant. praarambhik-prathama-dwiteeya-charananam sama-samaankah 2019 august 8 dinaanke abhavat. malties prathama-vibhaagasya, malties dwiteeya-vibhaagasya cha sarve dalaani dwiteeya-charane pravishtaani. dwiteeya-charane malties-truteeya-vibhaagaat 2 club-ityete, gojo-football-leag-prathama-vibhaagaat 5 club-ityete cha vaamabhaage santi. truteeyah chakrah. 2019 tame varshe november-masasya 29 dinaanke, december-masasya 1 dinaanke cha shohat truteeya-charana-spardhaah aacharyant. truteeya-chaturtha-charananam sama-samaankah 2019 tame varshe november-masasya 6 dinaanke abhavat. malties-premiyar-leag-ityasya sarve dalaani truteeya-charanam pravishtavantah. ef. e. trophy ityasya truteeya-charane shreyaamkitaanaam <aii. dii. 1> malties-premiyar-leag-dalanam shirsha-shut sthanani. samakramane aahaty 32 club ityete bhaagam graheeshyanti. truteeya-charane malties prathama-vibhaagasya 9 club-ityete, malties dwiteeya-vibhaagasya 5 club-janaah, gojo-football-leag prathama-vibhaagasya 4 club-janaah cha santi. chaturtham chakram. ashta chaturthah-charana-spardhaah 2020 janavaree-maase 24-26 dinaanke aacharyant. truteeya-chaturtha-charana-krute dra 2019 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 6 dinaanke abhavat. chaturtha-charane malties-premiyar-leag-ityasya 11 club-ityete, malties-prathama-vibhaagasya 3 club-ityete, gojo-football-leag-prathama-vibhaagasya 2 club-ityete cha santi. chaturtha-antimam. 2020 februvari 29 dinaanke, maarch 1 dinaanke cha chaturnam quarter-fainal-spardhaam niyataani aasan. quarter-fainal-krute dra 2020 janavaree 31 dinaanke bhavishyati. quarter-fainal-kridaayaam malties-premiyar-leag-ityasya 7 club-ityete santi, malties-prathama-vibhaagasya 1 club-pakshah cha asti. semee-final. 2020 mey-maase taa 'kaalee-nagarasya rashtriya-kreedaagruhe dwau semee-fainl-kridaabhyaam kreedayitum nirneetau aasit. 2020 mey 18 dinaanke malta-faa-karyakari-samitihi covid-19 mahamarya karanena spardhaam samaaptum nishchitavatee. dooradarshanasy adhikaarah. nimnalikhitaani spardhaah tea. vee. emm. 2 ityatra pratyakshaprasaaritaah.

2019-20 malties phaa kooppai 2019-20 malties phaa kooppai enbathu kaalpandhu kooppai poattiyin 82 vadhu pathippaakum. baljan nadappu saambiyangalaaga irunththanar, aanaal kaalirudhip poattiyil beeta hotsburs moolam veliyaettrappattanar. 2020 mae 18 andru, malta efa nirvaagak kuzhu koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga poattiyai niruththa mudivu seithathu. vadivam. premiier leak, muthal pirivu, irandaavathu pirivu mattrum moontraam pirivil ulla kilappugal, coso kaalpandhu leekkaich saernthavargaludan inainthu aaramba suttrugalin trackalil eedupattullana. 14 uyarmatta vimaana pakkankal moontraavathu suttril kazhaththil nuzhaigindrana. ozhungkumuraikkup piragu samamaana poattikal koodudhal neeraththirku munnaerina, pinnar thaevaippadumpoathu vettriyaalaraith theermaanikka abaraathangkalukku munnaerina. attavanai. inththa trackal august 6,2018 andru nadaththappattana mattrum doctor. malta kaalpandhu sangaththin pothuch seyalaalar aenchaloa setkutty mattrum sangaththin thunai pothuch seyalaalar rodney bisani aagiyoar poattith thuraiyai vazhinadaththukintranar. aaramba suttru. 2019 septumber 9 varai 8 aaramba suttru poattikal 6 aam thaethi nadaipettrana. muthal, muthal mattrum irandaavathu suttrugalukkaana dira 2019 august 8 aam thaethi nadaipettrathu. muthal suttru. muthal suttru poattikal 13 andru 2019 septumber 16 varai nadaipettrana. muthal, muthal mattrum irandaavathu suttrugalukkaana dira 2019 august 8 andru nadaipettrathu. irandaavathu suttru. october 25 mattrum 28,2019 andru pathinettu irandaavathu suttru poattikal nadaththappattana. mutharkatta, muthal mattrum irandaavathu suttrugalukkaana dira august 8,2019 andru nadaipettrathu. malties muthal pirivu mattrum malties irandaavathu pirivaich saerntha anaitthu anigalum irandaavathu suttril nuzhainththana. irandaavathu suttril maltin moontraam pirivaich saerntha 2 kilapkalum, coso kaalpandhu leak muthal pirivaich saerntha 5 kilapkalum ullana. moontraavathu suttru. 16 moontraavathu suttru poattikal navambar 29 mattrum disambar 1,2019 andru vilaiyaadappattana. moontraavathu mattrum naankaavathu suttrugalukkaana dira navambar 6,2019 andru nadaipettrathu. malties premiier leekkaich saerntha anaitthu anigalum moontraavathu suttril nuzhainththana. phaa kooppaiyin moontraavathu suttril vithaikkappadum 2018-19 malties premiier leak anigalilirunthu muthal aaru idangkal. moththam muppaththirandu kilappugal travil eedupadum. moontraavathu suttril malties muthal pirivaich saerntha 9 kilapkalum, malties irandaavathu pirivaich saerntha 5 kilapkalum, coso kaalpandhu leak muthal pirivaich saerntha 4 kilapkalum ullana. naankaavathu suttru. ettu naankaavathu suttru poattikal janavari 2020 ill vilaiyaadappattana. moontraavathu mattrum naankaavathu suttrugalukkaana dira navambar 6,2019 andru nadaipettrathu. naankaavathu suttril malties premiier leakil irunthu 11 kilapkal, malties muthal pirivilirunthu 3 kilapkal mattrum coso kaalpandhu leak muthal pirivilirunthu 2 kilapkal ullana. kaaliruthi. naanku kaalirudhip poattikal pipravari 29 mattrum maarch 1,2020 andru thittamidappattana. kaalirudhip poattikalukkaana dira 2020 janavari 31 andru nadaiperum. kaalirudhip poattikalil malties premiier leakil irunthu 7 kilapkalum, malties muthal pirivil irunthu 1 kilappum ullana. araiyiruthi. irandu araiyiruthip poattikal 2020 mae maatham thaesiya maithaanamaana thaa 'kaalii maithaanaththil vilaiyaadavirunththana. 2020 mae 18 andru, malta efa nirvaagak kuzhu koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga poattiyai niruththa mudivu seithathu. tholaikaatchi urimaigal. pinvarum poattikal tholaikaatchi 2 ill neradiyaaga oliparapappattana

2019-20 malties phaa trophy 2019-20 malties phaa trophy football cup pootii yokka 82va edition. baljan defending champiyanluga unnaaru, conny quarter finalslo peetaa hotspers chetha tolaginchabaddaaru. 2020 mae 18naa, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa pootiini raddu cheyaalani malta phaa executive kamitee nirnayinchindi. formatt. premiere leag, modati vibhagam, rendava vibhagam mariyu moodava vibhagam looni clublu, gojo football leag nundi vacchina vaaritho kalisi prarambha roundla dralalo palgontayi. 14 agrashreni pakshalu moodava roundloo pootiiloo pravesistaayi. regulation tarvaata sthaayi matchlu adanapu samayaniki mariyu taruvaata avasaramainappudu vijaetanu nirnayinchadaaniki penaalteelaku munduku saagutaayi. schedule. 2018 augustu 6naa dra cheyabaddaayi mariyu daa. malta football association pradhana karyadarshi engelo chetkuti, mariyu pootii vibhaagaaniki naayakatvam vahistunna association deputy general secretory rodney pisani. praathamika round. 2019 september 9 varaku 6va teedeena enimidi praathamika round matchlu jarigaayi. 2019 augustu 8naa praathamika, modati, rendava roundla dra jarigindi. modati round. modati round matchlu 13va teedeena 2019 september 16 varaku jarigaayi. praathamika, modati, rendava roundla dra 2019 augustu 8naa jarigindi. rendava round. 2019 aktobaru 25 mariyu 28 tedeello paddenimidella rendava round matchlu jarigaayi. praathamika, modati mariyu rendava roundla dra 2019 augustu 8naa jarigindi. malties modati division mariyu malties rendava division nundi anni jatlu rendava roundloki pravesinchaayi. rendava roundloo malties moodava vibhagam nundi 2 clubbulu mariyu gojo football leag modati vibhagam nundi 5 clubbulu edamavaipuku unnaayi. moodo round. 2019 november 29 mariyu december 1naa padahaaru moodava round matchlu jarigaayi. moodava mariyu nalgava roundla dra 2019 november 6naa jarigindi. malties premiere leag nundi anni jatlu moodava roundloki pravesinchaayi. efae trophy moodava roundloo seed cheyabadina malties premiere leag jatla nundi modati aaru sthaanaalu. mottam muppai rendu clublu drallo palgontayi. moodava roundloo malties modati division nundi 9 clublu, malties rendava division nundi 5 clublu mariyu gojo football leag modati division nundi 4 clublu unnaayi. naalugo round. enimidi naalugo round matchlu 2020 janavari loe jarigaayi. moodava mariyu nalgava roundla dra 2019 november 6naa jarigindi. naalugo roundloo malties premiere leag nundi 11 clublu, malties modati division nundi 3 clublu mariyu gojo football leag modati division nundi 2 clublu edamavaipuku unnaayi. quarter finals. naalugu quarter-final matchlu 2020 fibravari 29 mariyu marchi 1naa jaragalsi undhi. quarter-finals dra 2020 janavari 31naa jarugutundi. quarter-finalslo malties premiere leag nundi 7 clublu mariyu malties modati division nundi 1 club edamavaipuku unnaayi. semiphinals. rendu semiphinal matchlu 2020 mae nelaloo jaateeya stadium, thaa 'kaleelo jaragalsi undhi. 2020 mae 18naa, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa pootiini raddu cheyaalani malta phaa executive kamitee nirnayinchindi. television hakkulu. eee krindi matchlu tvm2loe pratyaksha prasaram cheyabaddayi

2019-20 malties aif aey trophy malties aif aey trophy fitt baal cup muqabilay kaa 82 waan edition thaa. balzan dafayi champine thay leakin kwarter final mein peeta hott spirs kay haathon inn kaa khaatima how gayaa. 18 mayee 2020 cow maalta aif aey execto committy nay coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say muqabilah khatam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. shakal. premier leeg frust devision second devision aur thard devision kay kalb gozo fitt baal leeg kay kalbon kay saath mill kirr ibtadayi round kay draa mein shaamil hotay haine. topp flyte kay 14 fareeq teesre round mein medaan mein daakhil hotay haine. wah meech juu zabtay kay baad baraabar hotay haine izaafi waqat mein aur baad mein zarurat padnay parr faatah kaa tayeen karnay kay liye jarmanay mein aagay badh jaatay haine. sheedol. draa 6 agast 2018 kuu hoay thay aur inn kaa anaqad doctor nay kiyaa thaa. maalta fitt baal aisosi aishan kay general screetry angelo chetkoti aur aisosi aishan kay dipty general screetry rudni paisani juu muqabilon kay mahkame kii qayadat kartay haine. ibtadayi round. ibtadayi round kay aath meech 6 kuu 9 satambar 2019 takk khelay gayey. ibtadayi pehley aur dosray round kay liye draa 8 agast 2019 kuu munaqid hawaa. pehla round. pehley round kay noow meech 13 kuu 16 satambar 2019 takk khelay gayey. ibtadayi pehley aur dosray round kay liye draa 8 agast 2019 kuu munaqid hawaa. dosra round. dosray round kay utharah meech 25 aur 28 aktobar 2019 kuu khelay gayey. ibtadayi pehley aur dosray round kaa draa 8 agast 2019 kuu hawaa. maalti frust devision aur maalti second devision kii tamaam teamein dosray round mein daakhil hoyein. dosray round mein malties thard devision kay 2 kalb aur gozo fitt baal leeg frust devision kay 5 kalb baaqi haine. teesra round. solah teesre round kay meech 29 nomber aur 1 dasambar 2019 kuu khelay gayey. teesre aur choothay round kaa draa 6 nomber 2019 kuu hawaa. maalti premier leeg kii tamaam teamein teesre round mein daakhil hoyein. aif aey trophy kay teesre round mein seed kii gayee 2018-19 maalti premier leeg teamon kii topp chh position. draa mein kill batees kalb shaamil hoan gay. teesre round mein maalti frust devision kay 9 kalab maalti second devision kay 5 kalb aur gozo fitt baal leeg frust devision kay 4 kalb baaqi haine. chotha round. choothay round kay aath meech januri 2020 kuu khelay gayey. teesre aur choothay round kaa draa 6 nomber 2019 kuu hawaa. choothay round mein maalti premier leeg kay 11 kalab maalti frust devision kay 3 kalb aur gozo fitt baal leeg frust devision kay 2 kalb baaqi haine. kwarter final. kwarter final kay chaar meech 29 faroori aur 1 maarch 2020 kuu sheedol thay. kwarter final kaa draa 31 januri 2020 kuu hoga. kwarter final mein maalti premier leeg kay 7 kalb aur maalti frust devision kaa 1 kalb baaqi hay. seemi final. duu seemi final meech mayee 2020 kuu national stadium thee 'kaali mein khelnay waalay thay. 18 mayee 2020 cow maalta aif aey execto committy nay coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say muqabilah khatam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. teeli vision kay haqoq. mandarjah zeel meechon kuu tye wee ayem 2 parr braah raast nashar kiyaa gayaa:

00092d411cf3c841873426164a4c2f286a0d0211bcfc1845ca917cbbe90813f8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19048987

Niedobczyce

Niedobczyce Niedobczyce () is a district of Rybnik, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. Between 1955 and 1975 it was an independent town On December 31, 2013 it had about 12,300 inhabitants. History. The village was first mentioned in 1228 as "Nedobcici". After World War I in the Upper Silesia plebiscite 1,419 out of 1,816 voters in Niedobczyce voted in favour of joining Poland, against 395 opting for staying in Germany. In 1922 it became a part of Silesian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic. They were then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland. In years 1945-1954 it was a seat of a gmina. On November 13, 1954 it gained town rights. In 1955 Niewiadom was adjoined to the town. On May 27, 1975 it was amalgamated with Rybnik. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

need 'bosais nide 'bosis () dokhyin polyandor raibonik, silsian voiv' dosipor ekhon jilaa. 1955 sonor poraa 1975 sonor bhitorot 2013 sonor 31 disemborot ee ekhon swadhin sohor aasil, zo 'too pray 12,300 john baxinda aasil. itihax. 1228 sonot ei gaukhonok prothombaror baabe "nedubosisi" buli ullekh koraa hoisil. prothom biswojudhor pisot uscho silesiyat jonomot grohon kori nidobosisor 1,816 john bhutdatar bhitorot 1,419 john bhutkariye polandot jugdan korar xopokhe bhutdan korisil, aanhate 395 john luke germanyt thokar xiddhanto loisil. 1922 sonot ee dwitiyo poo 'liss gonorajyo silsian bho' eve 'dosipor ongxo hoi pore. dwitiyo biswojudhor aarombhonite teulukok natxi germanye dokhol korisil. juddhor pisot iyak poo 'landloi punor sthapon koraa hoisil. bosorburot 1945-1954 ee etaa jiminar aaxon aasil. 1954 sonor 13 novemborot ee nogoror odhikar laabh kore. 1955 sonot nibiyadom sohorkhonor logot xonglogno hoisil. 1975 sonor 27 mey 'too iyak raibonikor xoite ekotrito koraa hoisil.

nedobozice nedobozice () dakkhin polyander silesian voivodshiper ribniker ekti zela. 1955 theke 1975 saaler modhye etty ekti swadhin shohor chhilo, 31 december, 2013-ayee err pray 12,300 john basinda chhilo. itihas. 1228 khristabde eyi gramtike prothom "nedobochi" hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. prothom bishwojuddher porr uchcho silesia janamat joripe nedobozicer 1,816 john voter modhye 1,419 john polyande jogdaner pokkhe bhot deena, onnodike 395 john germanyte thucker pokkhe bhot deena. 1922 saale etty dwitiya polisha projatontro silesian voivodshiper ekti ongsho hoye othe. dwitiya bishwojuddher shurute natsi germany taader dokhol korey neyo. juddher porr etty polyande punoruddhar koraa hoy. bochorgulite etty ekti jiminar asson chhilo. 1954 saaler 13ee navembar etty shohorer adhikar orjon korey. 1955 saale niviyadam shahartir saathe sangjukto hoy. 1975 saaler 27shhey meey etty ribniker sange ekibhuto hoy.

nedobzize neidobzis () aee dakshin polendnaa rayabaneek, sileshiyana voyododshipno jeello chhe. 1955 aneey 1975 nee vachche teey 31 december, 2013 naa roj aek swatantra shaher hatoo, jemaa lagbhag 12,300 rahevasio hataa. itihas. aaa gaamno pratham ullekh ullekh "nedobisi" tareeke karvaamaa aavyo hato. pratham vishvyuddh pachhi upala celesiama janmat sangrahma 1,816 matdaromathi 1,419 matdaaroae polendmaa jodavani tarfenma matdaan karyoo hatoo, jyaare 395 matdaaroae germanyma rahevaanu pasand karyoo hatoo. hatoo teey beeja polisha prajasattak, sileshiyana voyododshipno aek bhaag bunny gayoo. pachhi beeja vishvyuddhni sharuaatmaa naazi germany dwara temne jodee devaamaa aavyaa hataa. yuddh pachhi tene polendmaa punsthapit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. varsho 1945-1954 maan teey aek jeemeena bethak hatee. 13 november, november roj tene nagar adheekaro malyaa. malyaa niviadom aaa shaher saathe jodaayelu hatoo. 27 meey, meey roj tene ribnic saathe jodvama aavyu hatoo.

needobazaais needobazaais (<unk>) dakshini polland key ribnic, sileshiyan voivodopship kaa ack jilaa haye. 1955 aur 1975 key beach yeh 31 disambar, 2013 koo ack swatantra shahar thaa, jisamen lagbhag 12,300 nivasi they. itihas. iss gaanv kaa pahali baar 1228 mein "nedobasi" key roop mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key baad oopari sileshiya mein janmat sangrah mein needobzaais mein 1,816 matdaataon mein seey 1,419 ney polland mein shamil honey key paksh mein matdan kiya, jabaki 395 ney germany mein rahane kaa vikalp chunaa. 1922 mein yeh dusare polish ganarajya, sileshiyan voivodopation kaa ack hissa bunn gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat mein unhein naazi germany dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad ise polland mein bahaal curr diyaa gayaa. varshon mein yeh ack jeemina kii seat thee. 13 navambar, 1954 koo isane shahar key adhikaar praapt kiye. 1955 mein niviadam shahar seey judaa huaa thaa. 27 maee, 1975 koo ise ribnic key saath milaa diyaa gayaa thaa.

neidobsice nydobjais () daksina polandna ribnic, silician voivodshipna ondu jilleyaagide. 1955 mattu 1975rahra naduve idu december 31,2013 randu swatantra pattanavagittu, idu sumaru 12,300 nivasigalannu hondittu. itihaasa. ee graamavannu modala baarige 1228ralli "nedobisi" endu ullekhisalaagittu. modalaneya mahayuddhada nantara, meelbhaagada sailsiyaadalli 1,419 matadaararu, needobjisnalli 1,816 matadaararu, polendge seruva paravagi matha chalaayisidaru, 395 matadaararu germaniyalli uliyalu nirdharisidaru. 1922ralli idu eradane polish ganaraajyavaada silician voivodshipna bhaagavaayitu. nantara eradane mahayuddhada aarambhadalli avarannu naaji germany vashapadisikonditu. yuddhada nantara adannu polyandge punahsthaapisalaayitu. varsagalalli idu ondu jimina aasanavaagittu. 1954rahra november 13randu idu pattanada hakkugalannu galisitu. 1955ralli neeviyadam pattanakke hondikondittu. 1975rahra mayee 27randu idannu ribnic nondige vileenagolisalaayitu.

needobsize thekkan polandile saileshyan voyododshipile ribnikkile oru jillayaan needobsize (). () 1955num idayil 2013 desember desember ithu oru swatantra pattanamaayirunnu, ekadesham 12,300 nivaasikalundaayirunnu. charithram. 1228-laanu eee graamathe aadyamaayi "nedobsichi" ennu paraamarshichathu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham upper saileshyayil nadanna pothuprameyatthil needobsaisile 1,816 votermaaril 1,419 perum polandil cheraan anukoolamaayi vottu cheythappol 395 perr germmaniyil thudaraan theerumaanichu. 1922ll ithu randaamathe poolish republicaya saileshyan voyodospisheyude bhaagamaayi. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil avaa naasi jarmmani pidichadakki. yudhaanantharam ithu polandilekku punasthaapichu. varshangalil ithu oru jiminayude irippidamaayirunnu. 1954 november november ithinu nagaravakaasham labhichu. 1955ll neeviyattam pattanathodu chernnu. 1975 meyy meyy ithu ribnikkumaayi samyojippichu.

nidobazice nidobzais () haah dakshin polandmadhil cylasian viododeshape yaa rayabanikacha eka jilha aahe. 1955 teey 1975 darmyan heey eka swatantra shahar hote, 31 december 2013 roji, yethe sumare 12,300 rahivasi hote. itihas. yaa gavacha ullekh pahilyanda 1228 madhye 'nedobisi' mhanoon karnyat aala hota. pahilya mahayuddhanantar varchya syllasiamadhye janmat chachani kelee gelee, nidobzaismadhil 1,816 matdaranpaiki 1,419 matdaranni polandmadhye sameel honyachya bajoone matdan kele, tarr 395 matdaranni germanyt rahanyacha nirnay ghetala. 1922 madhye teey dusare polandache prajasattak, cylasian viododeshepcha eka bhag banale. tyanantar tyanantar mahayuddhachya suruvatila nazi germanyne tyanna tabyat ghetale. yuddhanantar teey polandmadhye punarsanchayit karnyat aale. varshanmadhye 1945-1954 heey eka giminache aasan hote. 13 november 1954 roji tyala shaharache haqq midale. 1955 madhye niviadom shaharala lagoon hote. 27 meey 1975 roji teey ribnikmadhye villin karnyat aale.

nidobjais nidobjais () dakshini polandko ribnick, silesian bhayobhodsipko euta zilla how. sann 1955 rar 1975 ko bichma yo 31 december 2013 maa euta swatantra sahar thiyo, yasama lagbhag 12,300 basindaharu thie. itihas. yass gaunlai pahilo patak sann 1228 maa "nedobisi" ko rupma ullekha garieko thiyo. pahilo vishwayuddhapachhi mathillo silesiama janamatasangrahama nidobjaiska 1,816 madhye 1,419 matadataharule polandma samel hune pakshama matadan gare, jabki 395 ley germanyma basna rojeka thie. sann 1922 maa yo dosro polyand ganatantra silesian bhayobhodesapko euta bhag banyo. tyasapachhi dosro wishwayuddhako suruma nazi germanyle tiniharulai kabja prapta. yuddhapachhi yasalai polandma punarsthapit gariyo. warshaharuma 1945-1954 yo euta jiminako sitt thiyo. november 13,1954 maa yasale sahar adhikar prapta prapta. sann 1955 maa niviadom saharsanga jodieko thiyo. 27 mey 1975 maa yasalai ribniksanga milaieko thiyo.

nedobasice nedobjis () heuchhi dakhina polander ribnic, silesian voivodsip rahr eka zillah . 1955 ru 1975 masiha madhyare ehaa 31 december december eka swadheena sahara thila, jeunthire pakhapakhi 12,300 lock basabasa karuthile. itihas. ehi gramaku prathame 1228 masihare "nedobasichi" bhabe ullekha karajaithila. pratham biswajudha parey uccha sailesiaare janmat sangraha curry nidobjaijira 1,816 john bhotaranka madhyaru 1,419 john polandare jogadeba sapakhyare bhot deithile, jetebele kii 395 john germanyre rahibaku pasanda karithile. 1922 masihare ehaa dwiteeja polish ganarajya silesian voivodespesanara eka anshabisesha hoithila. dwiteeja biswajudhara prarambhare semananku nazi germany dwara adhikruta karajaithila. juddha parey ehaaku polandaku ferai diajaithila. barsha barsha dhari ehaa eka jimina aasana thila . 1954 masiha navember 13 tarikhare ehaa saharar adhikara hassel karithila. 1955 masihare niviadom sahara sahita sanlagna hoithila. 1975 masiha meey 27 tarikhare ehaaku ribnic sahita mishran karajaithila.

neidobzice neidobzice () dakkhni poland dey ribnic, sileshian voivodospish daa ikk zilha haii. 1955 atey 1975 dey vichkaar ih 31 dasambar, 2013 noon ikk sutantar shehar see, iss dey lagbhag 12,300 vasneek sunn. itihaas. pind daa zikar pahili vaar 1228 witch "nedobcc" vajon keeta giaa see. pahile vishav yuddh toon baad uppri sileshia witch janmat sangrah witch neidobzice dey 1,816 vicchon 1,419 votaran neey poland witch shamal honn dey huck witch vott paaee, jadon kii 395 neey germany witch rahinn dee chonh keeti. sann 1922 witch ih dooje polish ganraj, sileshian voivodospish daa hissa bann giaa. dooje vishav yuddh dee shuruat witch uhanan noon naazi germany duaara aapne naal milaa liaa giaa see. yuddh toon baad iss noon poland witch bahaal qarr ditta giaa see. saalan witch ih ikk jimina dee seet see. 13 navambar, 1954 noon iss neey shehar dey adhikar prapat keete. 1955 witch niviadom shehar naal judiaa hoiaa see. 27 maee 1975 noon iss noon ribnic naal milaa ditta giaa see.

needobsees needobsees () dakshina-polyand-deshasya rabnic, salacian voyododshep ityasya mandalam asti. 1955 taha 1975 paryantam 31 december 2013 dinaanke etat swatantram nagaram aasit, yatra praayah 12,300 janaah nivasanti sma. itihaasah. asya gramasya prathamavaaram ullekhah 1228 tame varshe "nedobisi" iti abhavat. prathamavishvayuddhaanantaram, uccha-sailesia-deshe, needobsees-nagarasya 1,816 madhye 1,419 matadaataarah polyand-deshe sammilane matam adadan, germany-deshe eva nivasitum 395 mataan adadan. 1922 tame varshe etat dwiteeya-polish-ganarajyasya salacian-voyododshep ityasya bhaagah abhavat. tatah dviteeyavishvayuddhasya aarambhe nazi-germany-deshah teshaam vileenam krutavaan. yuddhanantaram polend-deshe punah sthaapitam. varshaani yaavat 1945-1954 etat giminaa ityasya aasanam aasit. 1954 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 13 dinaanke idam nagar-adhikaran praapnot. 1955 tame varshe naviadom iti nagaram sanlagnam aasit. 1975 mey 27 dinaanke rabnic ityanena saha asya ekeekaranam abhavat.

netopsise nitopsise (Niedobczyse) enbathu therku poalanthin raipnik, cylasian voivotpaeshil ulla oru maavattamaagum. 1955 mattrum 1975 kku idaiyil idhu oru suyaatheena nagaramaaga disambar 31,2013 andru irunththathu, idhil sumar 12,300 makkal vasiththu vanthanar. varalaaru. inththa gramam muthanmuthalil 1228 aam aandil "netopsici" endru kurippidappattathu. muthalaam ulagap poarukkup piragu, uyarmatta sailesia makkal vaakkeduppil, netopsizil 1,816 vaakkaalargalil 1,419 paer poalanthil saera aatharavaaka vaakkaliththanar, 395 paer germanyil thangkuvathaith thaerntheduththanar. 1922ill idhu irandaam poalanthu kudiyarasaana cylasian voivodeshibin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. irandaam ulagap poarin thodakkaththil avarkal naji germaniyal inaikkappattanar. poarukkup piragu adhu poalanthirku meettedukkappattathu. aandugalil 1945-1954 idhu oru jiminaavin irukkaiyaaka irunththathu. navambar 13,1954 andru idhu nagara urimaigalaip pettrathu. 1955 aam aandil newiyaadam nagaraththudan inaikkappattathu. 1975 mae 27 andru idhu raipnikkudan inaikkappattathu.

needobjees nydobges () anedi dakshina polandloni ribnic, sailisian voyododship jilla. 1955 mariyu 1975 madhya idhi december 31,2013naa oka swatantra pattanamgaa undedi, indulo sumaru 12,300 mandhi nivaasitulu unnaaru. charitra. eee gramanni gramanni "nedobisi" gaa modatisaarigaa prastaavinchaaru. modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata eguva sailsialo 1,419 mandhi pourulu, needobjees looni 1,816 mandhi otarlu polandlo chaeradaaniki anukuulamgaa ootu vaesaaru, 395 mandhi germanylo undataaniki anukuulamgaa ootu vaesaaru. vaesaaru idhi rendava polish republic ayina silician voyododshiplo bhaagamaindi. rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamlo vaaru naajii germanyche swaadheenam cheyabaddaaru. yuddham taruvaata idhi polandku punaruddharinchabadindi. samvatsaraalalo idhi oka jimina seatu. 1954 november 13naa idhi pattana hakkulanu pondindi. pondindi eee pattanaaniki pakkane neeviyadam undhi. 1975 mae 27naa dheenini ribnic thoo vileenam chesaaru.

nedobikes nedobuzees () janubi poland kay rebink celiciayi viviewdoship kaa eek zalaa hay. 1955 aur 1975 kay darmiyan yaha 31 dasambar 2013 kuu eek aazaad qasbah thaa jiss kii aabadi taqriba 12,300 thee. tareekh. iss gaaon kaa zakar pehli baar 1228 mein "nedobasi" kay naam say kiyaa gayaa thaa. pehli jung azeem kay baad opri celesia mein raaye shumari mein nedobuzees kay 1,816 raaye dehandgan mein say 1,419 nay poland mein shaamil honay kay haqh mein woat diyaa jabkah 395 nay germani mein rehney kaa intekhaab kiyaa. 1922 mein yaha dosri poland kii jamhuria celecin viewadship kaa hasah bunn gayaa. iss kay baad dosri jung azeem kay aaghaz mein naazi germani nay inn parr qabzah kirr liyaa. jung kay baad asay poland mein bahaal kirr diyaa gayaa. saalon mein yaha eek jamna kii nashast thee. 13 nomber 1954 kuu iss nay shehar kay haqoq haasil kiye. 1955 mein neoyadom shehar say mansalk thaa. 27 mayee 1975 kuu asay rebink kay saath zam kirr diyaa gayaa.

00092d555812152847fea066cadc73ba5f97559a4c9c9546431ad32f346574f6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5808385

Salempur, Uttar Pradesh

Salempur, Uttar Pradesh Salempur City is one of the oldest Tehsil Headquarters (founded in 1939), 71 Parliamentary Constituency which covers Vidhan Sabha of Salempur and Bhatpar Rani in Deoria district and Belthara Road, Sikanderpur and Bansdih of Ballia District. It is a Nagar Panchayat in Deoria district in the India state of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of oldest Tehsil which was founded in 1939 at the time of British Rule. It has an important Railway Station of North Eastern Railway. The Chhoti Gandak river passes through Salempur Town. Demographics. In the past Salempur was one of the biggest Tehsils. But later it separated into three new Tehsils- Barhaj, Rudrapur and Bhatpar Rani one by one. To facilitate the administration, Salempur Tehsil is further divided into four towns and 522 villages. As of the 2011 Census of India, Salempur Tehsil of Deoria district has total population of 604,483. Out of which 298,212 are males while 306,271 are females. In 2011 there were total 91,896 families residing in Salempur Tehsil. The Average Sex Ratio of Salempur Tehsil is 1,027. As per the 2011 census out of total population, 14.2% people lives in urban areas while 85.8% lives in the rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 76.6% while that in the rural areas is 72.9%. Also the sex ratio of urban areas in Salempur Tehsil is 951 while that of rural areas is 1,040. The population of children of age 0–6 years in Salempur Tehsil is 87153 which is 14% of the total population. There are 45363 male children and 41790 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Salempur Tehsil is 921 which is less than Average Sex Ratio ( 1,027 ) of Salempur Tehsil. The total literacy rate of Salempur Tehsil is 73.43%. The male literacy rate is 72.31% and the female literacy rate is 53.62% in Salempur Tehsil. History. Salempur was under Gupta and Pal dynasty. Due to thick forest all around, it was never invaded by Muslim rulers. It was under Majhauliraj (king of Majhauli). There is a famous temple of Lord Shiva at 5 km away at Dirgheshwernath, which was made by Ashwatthama when he had surrendered his mani (jewel on forehead) to Arjuna and left for Devaranya (place of forest of God) which, in present day, officially or popularly called as Deoria district. Pipra Ramdhar There is a famous village of Gautam Vanshiya Vaidic Brahmna. Gautam and their Aradhya Devta Temple which was made by Traditional Vaidic Brahmans. Piplava-Ban is present day Pipra Ramdhar which was centrepoint of Vaidic Shastratha. Parashurama Dham temple is in Sohnag where Parashurama stayed for one night during his journey and this place is also famous for the great Vishwakarma temple which has one among the oldest statue of lord Vishwakarma and now it is in supervision of Mr. Vishwanath Vishwakarma (chief of the temple); on every 17th of September there is a huge celebration of Vishwakarma jayanti by the Vishwakarma family which also feed a thousand of people in the name of lord Vishwakarma. Shonitpur is present day Sohanpur which was capital of Banasur. Salempur has many private schools including Little Flower High School (ICSE Board), Scholar's Public School and St. Xavier high school. It also has a Kendriya Vidyalaya and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, a CBSE Board school run by Central Government. There are government colleges, too for higher studies as Bapu Inter College,GNET Computer Institute, Janta Inter College Chakarawa Barsipar Salempur, and Rainathinter College. Flora and fauna. Salempur has a very low proportion of forested area. The total area under forest (12.66 percent) is much less than the state average, which is barely around 7 percent. The forest area is negligible in the district. Shisham, Dhak, Mahua, Babul, Neem, Peepal, Ashok, Khajur, Mango and Gular trees are grown here. Different varieties of mangoes specially Dasheri are grown in Goplapur and Haraiya block of the district and exported to other countries, too. The main crops are wheat, paddy, rice, sugarcane, mustard, and potatoes. Vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, and brinjals are grown here. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated on a large area of the land. Also, many medicinal and herbal plants are grown here. The City Zoological Garden made efforts to bring chinkaras to the Salempur zoo. Common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests (like Moosa Bagh). Transport Infrastructure. Salempur is a Constituency and have interconnected roads for all district of UP. The state highwary Deoria Salempur Road Uttar Pradesh "State Highway" 79 passes from here. "National Highway" 727A, commonly referred to as NH 727A is a "national highway in" India. ... Gorakhpur, "Deoria", Salempur - Bihar border. The nearest Airport is Gorakhpur and Kushinagar international Airport. Salempur is a Jn . so it have a Fine tuned Railway station.

xalempur, uttor prodex xalempur sohor hoise ataitkoi puroni tohsil mukhyo karzaloixomuhor bhitorot etaa (1939 sonot protistha), 71taa xongxodiyo xomosti zo 'too deuriya jilaar xalempur aaru bhatpar ranir bidhan xobha aaru belia jilaar belthara road, xikandorpur aaru bonsih ontorbhukto. ee bharotor uttor prodex rajyor deuriya jilaar ekhon nogor ponchayot. 1939 sonot britis xaxonor xomoyot protistha huwa eitu ataitkoi puroni tohsilxomuhor bhitorot etaa. iyat uttor-pubo rey "lower etaa guruttopurno rey" lowe steson aase. suti gondok nodikhon xalempur sohoror maajere paar hoi yaay. jonogathoni. purbote xalempur onyotomo brihot tohsil aasil. kintu pisoloi iyak tinita notun tohsilot bibhokto koraa hoisil-borhoj, rudropur aaru bhatpar rani. proxaxonor xubidhar baabe, xalempur tohsilok aaru sarita sohor aaru 522 khon gaont bibhokto koraa hoise. bharotor 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori deuriya jilaar salempur tohsilor muth jonoxongkhya 6,04,483 john. iyar bhitorot 298,212 john purux aaru 30,6,271 john mohila. 2011 sonot salempur tohsilot muth 91,896taa poriyal baax korisil. xalempur tohsilor gorh lingo onupat hoise 1,027. 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori muth jonoxongkhyar bhitorot 14.2% luke nogor oncholot baax kore aanhate 85.8% luke gramyo oncholot baax kore. nogor oncholot gorh xakhyorotar haar 76.6% aaru gramyo oncholot 72.9%. logote xalempur tohsilor nogoriya oncholor lingo onupat 951 aaru gramyo oncholor lingo onupat 1,040. salempur tohsilot 0-6 bosor boyoxor xixur jonoxongkhya 87153, ji hoise muth jonoxongkhyar 14 xotangxo. 0-6 bosor boyoxor bhitorot 45363 goraki purux aaru 41790 goraki mohila xixu aase. xeyehe 2011 sonor mote xalempur tohsilor xixu lingo onupat 921 jitu salempur tohsilor gorh lingo onupat (1,027) tokoi komm. xalempur tohsilor muth xakhyorotar haar 73.43%. xalempur tohsilot puruxor xakhyorotar haar hoise 72.31% aaru mohilar xakhyorotar haar 53.62%. itihax. salempur gupto aaru paal rajbonxor odhinot aasil. sariufale ghono oronyo thokar baabe, iyak ketiyau musolman xaxokxokole aakromon koraa nasil. ee mojhuliraj (majohulir roja) ror odhinot aasil. 5 kilometer durot dirgeswornathot bhogowan xibor etaa bikhyat mondir aase, jitu oswothomai teur moni (kopalor rotno) orjunor usorot aatmoxomorpon korar xomoyot nirman korisil aaru deboronyo (debotar oronyor sthan) loi guchi goisil, jaak bortoman sorkaribhabe baa jonopriyobhabe deuriya jilaa buli kuwa hoy. pipora ramdhorot goutom bongxiya boidik brahmanar ekhon bikhyat gaau aase. goutom aaru teulukor oradhyo debota mondir jitu poromporagot boidik brahmonxokole nirman korisil. pipolob-baan hoise bortomanor pipora ramdhor ji boidik xastror kendrobindu aasil. poroxurom dhaam mondir xuhongot aase zo 'too poroxurame teur jatrar xomoyot etaa raati aasil aaru ei thaikhon mohan biswokorma mondiror babeu bikhyat zo' too bhogowan biswokormar ataitkoi puroni murti aase aaru etiya ee srijut shrir totwawodhanot aase. biswanath biswokorma (mondiror murobbi); proti 17 septemborot biswokorma poriyale ek bixal biswokorma joyonti udjapon kore ji bhogowan biswokormar naamot haajar haajar lukok khadyo jugan dhore. swonitpur bortomanor xuhanpur ji bonxuror rajdhani aasil. xalempurot bohutu byoktigoto bidyaloy aase jaar bhitorot aase little flower haiskul (icse bob "rd), scholars rajohuwa bidyaloy aaru saint. javier haiskul. iyat kendriyo sorkaror dwara porisalito ekhon kendriyo bidyaloy aaru jowahar nobudoy bidyaloy aase, jitu hoise chi. bi. ess. ee. bob "rd bidyaloy. uscho xikhyar baabe sorkari mohabidyaloyxomuh aase, jene-baapu aantoh mohabidyaloy, jinet computer institut, jonota aantoh mohabidyaloy sokrowa baripar salempur, aaru rainthinter kolej. udbhid aaru prani. xalempurot bonancholor onupat oti komm. bonancholor muth eleka (12.66 xotangxo) rajyor gorotkoi bohu komm, jitu maatro pray 7 xotangxo. jilakhonor bonanchol nogonyo. iyat xixom, dhaak, mohuya, babul, nim, pipol, aaxuk, khajur, aam aaru gular goch kheti koraa hoy. jilakhonor goplapur aaru horaiya blokot bibhinno prokaror aam bixexkoi daxeri kheti koraa hoy aaru onyanyo dexoloiu roptani koraa hoy. iyar mukhyo xosyoxomuh hoh "lo ghehu, dhaan, dhaan, kuhiyar, xoriyoho aaru aalu. iyat fulkobi, bondhakobi, bilahi aaru bengenar dore xaak-pasoli kheti koraa hoy. ekedore, xurjyomukhi, gulap aaru gaathir kheti maatir ek brihot oncholot koraa hoy. logote, iyat bohutu ouxodhi aaru bhexoj udbhid kheti koraa hoy. sohoror prani udyankhone salempur siriyakhanaloi singkara onaar proyax korisil. xadharon bharotiyo bandorbur sohoror oronyo aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka ongxot (jene musa baag) puwa yaay. poribohon antohgathoni. xalempur ekhon xomosti aaru iyar uporor xokolu jilaar baabe antoxongzukto poth aase. rajyik uscho nirapotta diyariya xalempur road uttor prodex "rajyik ghaipoth" 79 iyar poraa paar hoi yaay. "rastriyo ghaipoth" 727e, jaak xadharonote eno. eis. 727e buli kuwa hoy, hoise bharotor etaa "rastriyo ghaipoth". ... gurakhpur, "deuriya", xalempur-bihaar ximanto. nikototom bimanbondortu hoise gurakhpur aaru kuxinagar antohrastriyo bimanbondor. xalempur hoise etaa je. eno. gotike iyat etaa xukhmo xurojukto rey "lo steson aase.

salempur, uttor pradesh salempur shohor holl prachintama tehsil sodor daftargulir modhye ekti (1939 saale protisthito), 71tii sangsadiya nirbachoni elaka jaa deoria jelara salempur oo bhatpar ranir bidhan sova ebong belthara road, sikandarpur oo balia jelara bonodihoke antarbhukta korey. etty bharoter uttor pradesh rajyer deoria jelara ekti nogor panchayet. etty prachintama tohosilgulir modhye ekti jaa 1939 saale british shasoner somoy protisthito hoyechilo. ekhane uttor-purbo railer ekti guruttopurno rail steshana royeche. chhoto gondok nodee salempur shohorer modhyo diye probahito hoy. jonosongkha. atite salempur chhilo onnotomo brihottomo tehsil. kintu porey etty tinti notun tohosile bivokto hoy-barhaz, rudrapur ebong bhatpar runny. proshashonke sahajtara korar jonno salempur tohosilti arow charti shohor ebong 522tii grame bivokto. bharoter 2011 saaler jonogonona anujayi, deoria jelara salempur tohosiler moat jonosongkha 6,04,483 john, jaar modhye 29,82,12 john purush ebong 30,6,271 john mohila. 2011 saale salempur tohosile moat 91,896tii poribar bosobas koroto. salempur tohosiler garh ling anupat 1,027. 2011 saaler jonogonona anujayi, moat jonosongkhar modhye, 14.2% manush shaharanchale baas korey ebong 85.8% manush gramanchale baas korey. shaharanchale sakkhorotar garh haar holl 76.6% ebong gramanchale sakkhorotar haar holl 72.9%. salempur tohosiler shaharanchale ling anupat 951 ebong gramanchale 1,040. salempur tohosile 0 theke 6 bochor vayasi shishuder jonosongkha 87153, jaa moat jonosongkhar 14 shotangsho. 0 theke 6 bochor vayasi 45363 john purush shishu ebong 41790 john mohila shishu royeche. sutrang 2011 saaler hisab anujayi salempur tohosiler shishu ling anupat 921 jaa salempur tohosiler garh ling onupater (1,027) cheye qama. salempur tohosiler moat sakkhorotar haar 73.43%. salempur tohosile purush sakkhorotar haar holl 72.31% ebong mohila sakkhorotar haar holl 53.62%. itihas. salempur gupto oo paal rajbongsher adhine chhilo. charpashe ghono boner karone, etty kokhono muslim shasokder dwara akraman koraa hoyney. etty chhilo majoulirajer (majoulir raja) adhine. 5 kilometres doore diregheshwernath-ayee bhagwan shiber ekti bikhyato mondir royeche, jaa ashwatthama toiri korechilen jokhon tini taanr monee (kopale ratna) orjoner kachhe samarpan korechilen ebong deboronner (issorer boner sthan) uddeshye raona diyechilen, jaa bortomane anusthanikbhabe baa jonopriyobhabe deoria zela naame porichito. pipra ramdhar sekhane gautama bongshiyo boidyik bramhaner ekti bikhyato grama. gautama ebong taader aradhya debotar mondir jaa oitijjobahi boidik bramhander dwara nirmito hoyechilo. pipolva-baan bortoman pipra ramdhar jaa boidyo shastrer kendravindu chhilo. parashuram dhaam mandirti sohnag-ayee abosthito jekhane parashuram taanr jatrar somoy eka raat abosthan korechilen ebong eyi sthanti mohan vishwakarma mondirer jonnou bikhyato, jekhane bhagwan biswokormar prachintama murtigulir modhye ekti royeche ebong ekhon etty shree ramchandra tottabodhane royeche. biswanath vishwakarma (mondirer prodhan); proti 17ee septembara vishwakarma poribarer dwara bishwokormo jayantir ekti bishal udjapon hoy jaa bhagwan biswokormar naame eka hazar manushke khaoa. sonitpur bortomaner sohanpur jaa bonsurer rajdhani chhilo. salempure little flower hye school (aaee. shee. esha. ee board), scholars public school ebong seenta seenta soho onek besarkari school royeche. javier hye school. ekhane ekti kendriya vidyalaya ebong kendriya sarkar dwara porichalito ekti cbse board school, jawar navodaya vidyalaya royeche. uchchoshikkhar jonno sarkari collegulio royeche jemon-bapu antoh mahavidyalaya, jineta computer institute, jonota antoh mahavidyalaya chakraoa barsipar salempur ebong rainthinter college. udbhid oo prani. salempure bonancholer anupat khubyi qama. bonancholer moat ayton (12.66 shotangsho) rajyer gader tulna onek qama, jaa pray 7 shotangsho. jelaay bananchal khub qama. ekhane shisham, ddhaak, mahua, babul, neem, pipple, ashoke, khajur, aam ebong gular gaachh chaash koraa hoy. jelara goplapur oo haraiya blocke bivinno dharaner aam, bishesh korey dasheri chaash koraa hoy ebong anyanno desheo roptani koraa hoy. ekhankar prodhan fosol holl gomm, dhaan, dhaan, aakh, sorshe ebong alu. phulakapi, bandhakapi, tometo ebong begun-err moto sabji ekhane chaash koraa hoy. ekibhabe, surjomukhi, golap ebong jhilli chaash koraa hoy jomir ekti borh ongshe. echhadao, ekhane onek oushadhi oo bheshoj gachpala chaash koraa hoy. shohorer prani uddan salempur chidiakhana chingkara aanar chesta korechilo. sadharan bharatiya banarguli shohorer bonanchole ebong taar ashepasher ongshe (jemon musa bugg) pawa yaay. poribohon porikatthamo. salempur ekti nirbachoni elaka ebong uporer samasta jelara jonno antoshongjukto sadak royeche. ekhan theke rajyo uchcho podostho deoria salempur road uttor pradesh "rajyo mahasadak" 79 atikram korey. "jatiya mahasadak" 727ayee, jaa sadharonoto enn. eich 727ayee hisabe porichito, bharoter ekti "" jatiya mahasadak "". ... gorakhpur, "deoria", salempur-bihar seemanto. nikatatama bimanbandar holl gorakhpur ebong kushinagar antorjatik bimanbandar. salempur ekti jeey. enn. taai etite ekti sukkho surojukto rail steshana royeche.

salempur, uttar pradesh salempur shaher sauthee junaa taluka mukhyalayomanu aek chhe (1939maan sthapaayelu), 71 sansadeey matvistaar jemaa devariya jeellama salempur aneey bhatparanini vidhaan sabhaa aneey baleeya jeellana belthara rooad, seekandarpur aneey banshihno samaavesh thaay chhe. teey bhaaratnaa uttar pradesh rajyanaa devariya jeellama aaveli aek nagar panchayat chhe. teey sauthee junaa taalukaaomaanu aek chhe, jenee sthaapnaa british shaasannaa samaye 1939maan karvaamaa aavee hatee. aheen uttar purveey railwaynu aek mahatvapurn railway station chhe. chhoti gandak nadee salempur shahermathi pasaar thaay chhe. vastee vishhayak. bhutkaalmaa salempur sauthee motaa taalukaaomaanu aek hatoo. parantu pachhithi teey trana navaa talukaoma vibhajit thaee-barhaj, rudrapur aneey bhatpar raanee aek pachhi aek. vaheevatne saral banaavvaa maate, salempur taalukaane chaar nagaro aneey 522 gaamoma vahenchvaamaa aavyo chhe. bhaaratni 2011nee vastee ganatari anusaar, devariya jeellana salempur talukama coole vastee 6,04,483 chhe. jemathi 298,212 purusho chhe jyaare 30,6,271 maheelao chhe. varsh 2011maan salempur talukama coole 91,896 parivaaro raheta hataa. salempur talukama sarerash ling gunottar 1,027 chhe. 2011nee vastee ganatari anusaar, coole vastimathi 14.2% loko shaheri vistaroma rahe chhe jyaare 85.8% loko graameen vistaroma rahe chhe. shaheri vistaroma sarerash saksharta darr 76.6% chhe jyaare graameen vistaroma teey 72.9% chhe. salempur talukama shaheri vistaarono ling gunottar pann 951 chhe jyaare graameen vistaarono ling gunottar 1,040 chhe. salempur talukama 0 thee 6 varshnee vayanaa baadakoni vastee 87153 chhe jeey coole vasteena 14 takaa chhe. 0 thee 6 varshnee vaya vachchena 45363 purush baadako aneey 41790 kanyaa baadako chhe. aama 2011naa aankada anusaar salempur talukama baad ling gunottar 921 chhe, jeey salempur talukama sarerash ling gunottar (1,027) kartaa ochho chhe. salempur talukama coole saksharta darr 73.43% chhe. salempur talukama purush saksharta darr 72.31% chhe aneey maheela saksharta darr 53.62% chhe. itihas. salempur goopt aneey paal rajvansh hethal hatoo. chaare baaju gaadh jungle hovaane kaarane, muslim shaasako dwara tenaa parr kyaarey aakraman karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. teey mazauliraj (mazaulina raajaa) hethal hatoo. 5 kimee door durgeshwarnath khaate bhagvaan shivnu aek prasiddh mandeer chhe, jeey ashvatthama dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo jyaare temane potaani manee (kapaal parno ratna) arjunane sonpee deedhi hatee aneey devranya (bhagvanna jangalnu sthal) maate ravaana thayaa hataa, jene haalmaa sattavaar reete athavaa lokpreey reete devariya jilla tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. pipra ramdhar tyaan gautam vanshiya vaidik braahmannu aek prakhyaat gaam chhe. gautam aneey temnu aaradhya devtaa mandeer jeey paramparagat vaidik braahmano dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo. pipalava-bunn aee haalnaa pipra ramdhar chhe jeey vaidik shaastranu kendrabindu hatoo. parashuram dhaam mandeer sohnagma chhe jyaan parashuram temnee yaatra darmiyan aek raat rokaaya hataa aneey aaa sthal mahaan vishvkarma mandeer maate pann prakhyaat chhe, jemaa bhagvaan vishvkarma nee sauthee juunii pratimaa chhe aneey havey teey shrini dekhrekhma chhe. vishwanath vishvkarma (mandeerna vadaa); darr 17 septembernaa roj vishvkarma parivaar dwara vishvkarma jayantini vishaal ujavani karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey bhagvaan vishvkarma naa naame hajaaro lokone bhojan pann aape chhe. shonitpur aee haalnaa sohanpur chhe jeey bansurni raajdhaani hatee. salempurma little flower haai school (aaee. see. aesa. ee. booard), scholars public school aneey saint. zavier uchch shaala. aheen kendra sarkaar dwara sanchaalit kendreey vidhyalay aneey jawahar navoday vidhyalay pann chhe, jeey cbse booard school chhe. uchch abhyaas maate sarkari collego pann chhe, jaim keey bapu aantar college, jee. aena. tii. computer institute, janata aantar college chakraavaa barsipar salempur aneey renathinter college. vanaspati aneey pranisrushti. salempurma jungle vistaarnu pramaan khoob ochhu chhe. jungle hethalnaa coole vistaar (12.66 takaa) raajyani sarerash karataa ghano ochho chhe, jeey bhagye jaj lagbhag 7 takaa chhe. jeellama jungle vistaar najivi chhe. aheen shisham, dhhaak, mahua, babul, leemado, pipal, ashok, khajur, keree aneey gulaarnaa vruksho ugadvama aave chhe. jeellana goplapur aneey haraiya blokmaa kereeni viveedh jaato khaas kareene dasheri ugadvama aave chhe aneey anya deshomaa pann nikas karvaamaa aave chhe. mukhya paak ghaun, dangar, chokha, sherdi, sarsav aneey batata chhe. aheen kobij, kobij, tametaa aneey ringanaa jevaa shakbhaji ugadvama aave chhe. tevee jaj reete, jameenna motaa vistaarmaa sooryamukhi, gulab aneey zhengarni khetee karvaamaa aave chhe. aheen ghanaa aushhadheey aneey herble chhod pann ugadvama aave chhe. shahernaa pranee udhyanma salempur pranisangrahalayma chinkara lavvana prayaaso karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. saamanya bhaartiy vaandarao shahernaa jangalo (jaim keey moosa baag) maan aneey tenee aaspasna vistaroma jovaa maley chhe. parivahan maalakhu. salempur aek matvistaar chhe aneey teey uparnaa tamaam jeellaao maate aekbeeja saathe jodaayela rastaao dharaave chhe. raajy uchch-dekhrekh vistaar devariya salempur rooad uttar pradesh "raajy dhorimaarg" 79 aheenthi pasaar thaay chhe. "raashtriy dhorimaarg" 727aee, jene saamanya reete aena. aech. 727aee tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey bhaaratno "raashtriy dhorimaarg" chhe. ... gorakhpur, "devariya", salempur-bihaar sarhad. sauthee najiknu havaai mathak gorakhpur aneey kushinagar aantarrashtriy havaai mathak chhe. salempur aek jeey. aena. chhe. tethee temaa aek saras tune karelu railway station chhe.

salempur, uttar pradesh salempur shahar sabse puraane tehseel mukhyalayon mein seey ack haye (1939 mein sthaapit), 71 sansadiya nirvaachan kshetra jisamen devariya jile mein salempur aur bhatpar raani kii vidhaan sabhaa aur baliya jile key belthara road, secunderpur aur bansid shamil hain. yeh bhaarat key uttar pradesh raajya key devariya jile mein ack nagar panchaayat haye. yeh sabse purani tehseel mein seey ack haye jisaki sthaapana 1939 mein british shasson key samay hui thee. isamen uttar purvi railway kaa ack mahatvapurna railway station haye. chhoti gandak nadee salempur shahar seey hocker gujarati haye. jansankhyiki. ateet mein salempur sabse badee tehsilon mein seey ack thee. lekin baad mein yeh teen naee tehsilon-barhaj, rudrapur aur bhatpar raani mein ack-ack karke alag hoe gaee. prashaasan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, salempur tehseel koo aage chaar shaharon aur 522 gaanvon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. bhaarat kii 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, devariya jile kii salempur tehseel kii kull jansankhya 604,483 haye, jisamen seey 298,212 purush hain jabaki 306,271 mahilaaen hain. saal 2011 mein salempur tehseel mein kull 91,896 parivaar rahate they. salempur tehseel kaa ausat linganupat 1,027 haye. 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, kull jansankhya mein seey 14.2% loga shahari kshetron mein rahate hain jabaki 85.8% graameen kshetron mein rahate hain. shahari kshetron mein ausat saksharta darr 76.6% haye jabaki graameen kshetron mein yeh 72.9% haye. salempur tehseel mein shahari kshetron kaa linganupat bhee 951 haye jabaki graameen kshetron kaa linganupat 1,040 haye. salempur tehseel mein 0 seey 6 varsh kii ayu key bachchon kii jansankhya 87153 haye joe kull aabaadi kaa 14 pratishat haye. 0 seey 6 varsh kii ayu key beach 45363 purush bachche aur 41790 mahila bachche hain. iss prakaar 2011 key anusaar salempur tehseel kaa baal ling anupaat 921 haye joe salempur tehseel key ausat ling anupaat (1,027) seey cumm haye. salempur tehseel kii kull saksharta darr 73.43% haye. salempur tehseel mein purush saksharta darr 72.31% haye aur mahila saksharta darr 53.62% haye. itihas. salempur gupt aur paal rajvansh key adheen thaa. chaaron or ghaney jangal key kaaran, muslim shasakon dwara kabhi aakraman naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh majhauliraj (majauli key raajaa) key adheen thaa. 5 kii. mee. door dirgeshwarnath mein bhagwan shiv kaa ack prasiddh mandir haye, jise ashwatthama ney taba banaaya thaa jaba unhone apani mani (maathe parr gahana) arjun koo saunp dee thee aur devaranya (bhagwan key jangal kaa sthaan) key liye chhod diyaa thaa, jise vartamaan mein aadhikarik taur parr yaa lokpriya roop seey devariya jilaa kahaa jaataa haye. pipra ramdhar vahaan gautam vanshiya vaidik brahmin kaa ack prasiddh gaanv haye. gautam aur unakaa aradhya devta mandir joe paaramparik vaidik brahmanon dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. piplove-bunn vartamaan pipra ramdhar haye joe vaidik shaastra kaa kendra bindu thaa. parashuram dhaam mandir sohnag mein haye jahan parashuram apani yatra key dauran ack raat rahey aur yeh sthaan mahaan vishvakarma mandir key liye bhee prasiddh haye jisamen bhagwan vishvakarma kii sabse purani pratima haye aur abb yeh shree kii dekhrekh mein haye. vishwanath vishvakarma (mandir key pramukh); harr 17 sitambar koo vishvakarma parivaar dwara vishvakarma jayanti kaa ack badaa utsav hotaa haye joe bhagwan vishvakarma key naam parr ack hazaar logon koo bhojan bhee detaa haye. shonitpur vartamaan mein sohanpur haye joe bansur kii rajdhani thee. salempur mein kaee niji school hain jinamen little flower hyee school (aaee. see. aiss. ee. board), scholar public school aur sent. zavier hyee school. isamen ack kendriya vidyalaya aur kendra sarkaar dwara sanchaalit ack see. bee. aiss. ee. board school, jawahar navodaya vidyalaya bhee haye. uchch shiksha key liye sarkari college bhee hain, jaise bapu inter college, genate computer institute, janata inter college chakrawa barispar salempur aur rainthinter college. vanaspati aur jeev. salempur mein vann kshetra kaa anupaat bahut cumm haye. vanon key antargat kull kshetra (12.66 pratishat) raajya key ausat seey bahut cumm haye, joe mushkil seey lagbhag 7 pratishat haye. jile mein vann kshetra naa key barabar haye. yahaan shisham, dhaak, mahua, babul, neem, peepal, ashok, khajur, aam aur gular key pedh ugaaye jaate hain. aam kii vibhinn kismein vishesh roop seey daseri jile key goplapur aur haraiya block mein ugaai jaati hain aur anya deshon mein bhee niryaat kii jaati hain. mukhya fasalen gehuun, dhaan, chawal, ganna, sarason aur aaloo hain. phoolgobhi, pattagobhi, tamatar aur baingan jaisi sabjiyaan yahaan ugaai jaati hain. isi tarah, bhoomi key ack badey kshetra mein surajmukhi, gulab aur marigold kii kheti kii jaati haye. yahaan kaee aushadhiya aur jadee-bootiyon key paudhe bhee ugaaye jaate hain. shahar key prani udyaan ney salempur chidiyaghar mein chinkara laane kaa prayaas kiya. aam bhaaratiya bandar shahar key jangalon mein aur usake aspas key hisson mein paae jaate hain (jaise moosa baag). parivahan avasanrachana. salempur ack nirvaachan kshetra haye aur yahaan key sabhi jilon key liye aapas mein judee sadaken hain. raajya uchch stariya devariya salempur sadak uttar pradesh "raajya rajmarg" 79 yahaan seey gujarta haye. "rashtriya rajmarg" 727aeye, jise aamtaur parr aine. aich. 727aeye key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, bhaarat mein ack "rashtriya rajmarg" haye. ... gorakhpur, "devariya", salempur-bihaar seema. nikatatam havaai adda gorakhpur aur kushinagar antarrashtriya havaai adda haye. salempur ack janvaadi sangathan haye. isaliye isamen ack badhiya tune railway station haye.

salempur, uttara pradesha salempur nagaravu atyanta haleya tehsil pradhana kacherigalalli ondaagide (1939ralli sthaapanegonditu), 71 samsadeeya kshetravu devaria jilleya salempur mattu bhatpar raniya vidhana sabheyannu mattu balia jilleya beltara raste, secunderpur mattu bansih annu olagondide. idu bhaaratada uttara pradesha rajyada deorrhea jilleya ondu nagara panchayitiyagide. idu british aalvikeya samayadalli 1939ralli sthaapaneyaada atyanta haleya tahasilgalalli ondaagide. idu eeshaanya railveya pramukha railu nildaanavannu hondide. chhoti gandak nadiyu salempur pattanada moolaka haaduhoguttade. janasankhyaashaastra. hinde salempuravu atidodda tahasilgalalli ondaagittu. aadare nantara idu mooru hosa tahasilgalaagi vibhajaneyaayitu-barhaj, rudrapur mattu bhatpar raani. aadalitavannu sugamagolisalu, salempur tehsil annu naalku pattanagalu mattu 522 graamagalaagi vingadisalaagide. bhaaratada 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, deoria jilleya salempur tehsilna ottu janasankhyeyu 604,483. idaralli 298,212 purusharu mattu 306,271 mahileyaru. 2011ralli salempur tahasilnalli ottu 91,896 kutumbagalu vaasisuttiddavu. salempur tehsilna sarasari linga anupaata 1,027 aagide. 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, ottu jansankhyeya paiki, <aii. dii. 2> janaru nagara pradeshagalalli vasisuttiddare mattu <aii. dii. 1> janaru grameena pradeshagalalli vasisuttiddare. nagara pradeshagalalli sarasari saaksharateya pramanavu <aii. dii. 2> agiddare, grameena pradeshagalalli adhu <aii. dii. 1> aagide. salempur tahasilnalli nagara pradeshagala linga anupaatavu 951 agiddare, grameena pradeshagala linga anupaatavu 1,040 aagide. salempur tahasilnalli 0rinda 6 varshadolagina makkala janasankhyeyu 87153 aagiddu, idu ottu jansankhyeya shekada 14rashtide. 0rinda 6 varshadolagina 45363 gandu makkalu mattu 41790 hennu makkalu iddaare. heegaagi 2011rahra prakara salempur tehsilna makkala linga anupaatavu 921 aagiddu, idu salempur tehsilna sarasari linga anupatakkinta (1,027) kadimeyagide. salempur tehsilna ottu saaksharateya pramanavu <aii. dii. 1>% aagide. salempur tahasilnalli purushara saaksharateya pramanavu <aii. dii. 2>% mattu mahileyara saaksharateya pramanavu <aii. dii. 1>% aagide. itihaasa. salempuravu gupta mattu paul rajavamshada adiyalli ittu. suttaloo dattavaada aranyadindaagi, muslim arasaru endigoo adara mele akramana madalilla. idu majauliraja (majauli raaja) adiyalli ittu. 5 kii. mea. dooradalliruva dirgheshwaranathadalli bhagwan sivana prasiddha devaalayavondide, idannu ashvatthaamanu tanna mani (haneya melina abharana) yannu arjunanige sharanagisidaga nirmisidanu mattu devaranyakke (devara aranyada sthala) horatanu, idannu indu adhikrutavaagi athawa janapriyavagi devaria jille endu kareyalaaguttade. pipra ramdhar, gautama vamshiya vaidik brahmanana prasiddha graamavaagide. gautama mattu avara aradhya devate devaalayavannu saampradaayika vaidika braahmanaru nirmisidaru. piplava-baan indina pipra ramdhar aagiddu, idu vaidika shaastrada kendrabinduvagittu. parasurama dhaama devaalayavu sohanagnallide, allie parasuramanu tanna prayanada samayadalli ondu ratri tangiddanu mattu ee sthalavu bhagwan vishvakarmana atyanta haleya pratimeyalli ondaada mahan vishwakarma devalayakkoo hesaruvaasiyaagide mattu eega idu shree. vishwanath vishwakarma (devaalayada mukhyastha); prati september 17randu vishwakarma kutumbavu dodda pramanada vishwakarma jayantiyannu aacharisuttade, idu bhagwan vishvakarmana hesarinalli savira janarige aahara niiduttade. banasurna raajadhaaniyaagidda shonitpuravu indina sohanpuravagide. salempuradalli little flover haiskool (aii. sii. ess. ii. board), scholars public school mattu saint school seridante aneka khasagi shaalegalive. xavier haiskool. idu kendra sarkaaravu nadesuttiruva kendriya vidyalaya mattu jawahar navodaya vidyaalayavannu saha hondide. unnata shikshanakkagi sarkari kaalejugalaada baapoo antara kaaleju, zii. enn. tii. computer institute, janata antara kaaleju chakarawa barispar salempur mattu rhinathinter kaalejugaloo ive. sasya mattu prani sankula. salempuravu bahala kadime pramanada aranya pradeshavannu hondide. aranyada adiyalli ottu vistirnavu (<aii. dii. 1> pratishata) rajyada sarasariginta bahala kadimeyagide, idu kevala 7 pratishatadashtide. jilleyalli aranya pradeshavu teeraa kadime ide. sisham, dhak, mahuwa, babul, bevinakayi, peepal, ashoka, khajur, maavinahannu mattu gular maragalannu illi beleyalaaguttade. jilleya gopalapur mattu haraiya blaakgalalli vividha bageya mavinahannannu visheshavaagi dasheriyannu beleyalaaguttade mattu itara deshagaligoo raftu maadalaaguttade. godhi, bhatta, akki, kabbu, saasive mattu aaloogaddegalu illina pramukha belegalaagive. hookosu, elekosu, tometo mattu badanekaayiyantaha tarakaarigalannu illi beleyalaaguttade. anteye, suryakanti, gulaabigalu mattu kottambarigalannu bhumiya dodda pradeshadalli beleyalaaguttade. allade, illi aneka aushadheeya mattu gidamoolikegala sasyagalannu beleyalaaguttade. nagarada prani udyaanavu selampur mrugaalayakke chinkaaraagalannu taralu prayatnagalannu maaditu. saamaanya bhaaratiya mangagalu nagarada kadugalalli mattu suttamuttalina pradeshagalalli kandubaruttave (moosa bogg nantahavu). saarige moolasoukarya. salempuravu ondu kshetravagiddu, meelbhaagada ellah jillegalige paraspara samparkita rastegalannu hondide. raajya haivariya deorrhea salempur raste uttara pradesha "raajya heddaari" 79 illinda haaduhoguttade. "rashtriya heddaari" 727aa, samanyavagi enh 727aa endu kareyalpaduttade, idu bhaaratada "rashtriya heddaari" aagide. ... gorakh pura, "deoria", salempur-bihar gadi. hattirada vimaana nildaanavendare gorakh pura mattu kushinagar antaaraashtriya vimaana nildaana. salempuravu ondu zhe. enn. aagide. aaddarinda idu uttamavaada railu nildaanavannu hondide.

salempur, uttarpradesh ettavum pazhaya tahasil aasthaanangalilonnaanu salempur nagaram (1939 ll sthaapithamaayathu), 71 paarlamentari niyojakamandalatthil deorrhoea jillayile salempoorileyum bhatpar raniyileyum vidhan sabayum ballia jillayile beltara rooad, sikanderpur, bansdih ennivayum ulppedunnu. indiayile utharpradeshile deoria jillayile oru nagar panchaayathaanu ithu. britiish bharanakaalathu 1939ll sthaapithamaaya ettavum pazhaya tahasil aanith. vadakkukizhakkan reyilveyude oru pradhana railway steshan ivideyundu. chotti gandak nadhi salempur pattanatthiloode ozhukunnu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. munkaalangalil ettavum valia thaalookkukalilonnaanu salempur. ennaal pinneedu ithu barhaj, rudrapur, bhatpar raani enningane moonnu puthiya tahasilukalaayi verpirinju. bharanam sugamamakkunnathinaayi salempur tahasil naalu pattanangalaayum 522 gramangalaayum thirichirikkunnu. 2011leeii sensus prakaram deoria jillayile salempur thaalookkile aake janasamkhya 6,04,483 aanu. ithil 298,212 purushanmaarum 30,6,271 sthreekalumaanu. 2011ll salempur thaalookkil 91,896 kudumbangalaanu thaamasichirunnathu. salempur thaalookkile sharashari linganupatham 1,027 aanu. 2011leeii sensus prakaram motham janasamkhyayil, <aii. dii. 1> aalukal nagarapradeshangalilum <aii. dii. 2> aalukal graamapradeshangalilumaanu thaamasikkunnath. nagarapradeshangalile sharashari saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 2> aanenkil graamapradesangalile sharashari saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 1> aanu. salempur thaalookkile nagarapradeshangalude linganupatham 951 umm graamapradeshangalude linganupatham 1,040 umm aanu. salempur thaalookkile 0 muthal 6 vayass vare praayamulla kuttikalude janasamkhya 87153 aanu, ithu motham janasamkhyayude 14 sathamaanamaanu. 0 muthal 6 vayass vare praayamulla 45363 aankuttikalum 41790 penkuttikalum undu. 2011leeii kanakk prakaram salempur thaalookkile sisumarana anupatham 921 aanu, ithu salempur thaalookkile sharashari lingaanupaathathekkaal (1,027) kuravaanu. salempur thaalookkinte motham saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 1>% aanu. salempur thaalookkil purusha saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 2>% umm sthree saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 1>% umm aanu. charithram. salempur gupthanteyum paal raajavamshathinteyum keezhilaayirunnu. chuttum idathoornna vanam ullathinaal, musleem bharanadhikaarikal orikkalum aakramichittilla. athu majauliraajinte (majauliyile rajaavu) keezhilaayirunnu. 5 kilometer akale dirgeshwarnaadhil shivabhagavaante oru prashasthamaaya shethramundu, athu arjunan thante munny (nettiyile ratnam) samarppichukond ashwathaama nirmmikkukayum innathe divasam audyogikamaayo janapriyamaayo deoria jilla ennu vilikkappedunna devaranyayilekku (daivathinte vanasthaanam) pookukayum cheythu. gautham vanshia vaidik braahmanayude prashasthamaaya oru graamamaan pipra ramdhar. parambaraagatha vaidika braahmanar nirmmicha gauthamum avarude aaraadhyaadeva shethravum. vaidika shaasthrathinte kendrabinduvaaya innathe pipra ramdhar aanu piplava-bunn. parasuraman thante yaathrayil oru ratri thaamasicha sohanagilaan parasurama dhaam kshethram sthithicheyyunnathu, eee sthalam bhagwan vishwakarmmante ettavum pazhaya prathimayulla valia vishwakarmma shethrathinum prashasthamaan, ippol ithu shree. viswanatha vishwakarmma (kshethrathinte thalavan); ellah septambar 17-num vishwakarmma kudumbam vishwakarmma jayanthiyude oru valia aakhosham nadathunnu, ithu bhagwan vishwakarmmante peril ayiram aalukalkk bhakshanam nalkunnu. banasoorinte thalasthaanamaayirunna innathe sohanpur aanu shonitpur. littil flover haiskool (aii. sii. ezz. iii. board), scholars public school, sent. seviyar haiskool. kendra sarkkar nadathunna oru kendra vidyaalayavum cbse board skoolaaya jawahar navodaya vidyaalayavum ivideyundu. bappu inter koleju, jii. nettu computer instittyoott, janata inter koleju chakarava barsipar salempur, raininter koleju enningane unnatha padanathinaayi sarkkar kolejukalum undu. sasyajanthujaalangalum. salempuril vanamekhalayude anupatham valare kuravaanu. vanathin keezhilulla motham vistheernnam (<aii. dii. 1> sathamaanam) samsthaana saraashariyekkaal valare kuravaanu, ithu ekadesham 7 sathamaanamaanu. jillayil vanamekhala valare kuravaanu. sisam, dhakk, mahuva, babul, veppu, peeppal, asok, khajoor, maanga, gular marangal ivide valarunnu. jillayile gopalapur, haraiah blokkukalil vividha inam maambazhangal, prathyekichu dasheri, valarthukayum mattu raajyangalilekkum kayattumathi cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. gothamb, nellu, nellu, karimbu, kaduk, urulakkizhangu ennivayaanu pradhana vilakal. coliflower, kaabej, tomato, vazhuthananga thudangiya pachakkarikal ivide krishi cheiyunnu. athupole, sooryakanthi pookkal, rosaappookkal, marigoldukal enniva bhoomiyude valiyoru pradeshathu krishi cheiyunnu. koodaathe, niravadhi aushadha, aushadha sasyangalum ivide valarunnu. nagaratthile suvological garden salempur mrgashaalayilekku chinkaarakal konduvaraan shramichu. saadhaarana indian kurangukale nagara vanangalilum parisarangalilum (moosa bagg pole) kaanapedunnu. gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangal. oru niyojakamandalamaaya salempuril ellah jillakalkkum parasparam bandhippicha rodukalundu. samsthaana haiwari deoria salempur rooad uttarpradesh "samsthaana haiway" 79 ivide ninnu kadannupokunnu. "deseeya paatha" 727eiii, saadhaaranayaayi enh 727eiii ennu ariyappedunnu, ithu indiayile oru "deseeya paatha" aanu. ... gorakhpoor, "deoria", salempur-bihar athirthi. gorakhpoor, kushinagar anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaanu ettavum aduthulla vimaanathaavalam. salempur oru jeey. enn aanu. athinaal ithinu mikacha tyoon cheytha railway steshan undu.

salempur, uttar pradesh salempur shahar heey sarvat junya tehsil mukhyalayanpaiki eka aahe (1939 madhye sthapan), 71 sansadiy matdarsangh jyamadhye devaria jilhyatil salempur aanee bhatpararanichi vidhan sabha aanee baliya jilhyatil belthara road, secunderpur aanee banshih yancha samavesh aahe. hii bharatachya uttar pradesh rajyatil devaria jilhyatil eka nagar panchayat aahe. british rajvatichya kalat 1939 madhye sthapan jhalelya sarvat junya talukyanpaiki hii eka aahe. yethe ishanya railwayche eka mahattvache railway sthanak aahe. chhoti gandak nadee salempur shaharatoon vahate. loksankhyashastra. purvi salempur heey sarvat mothya talukyanpaiki eka hote. parantu nantar teey eka eka karoon barhaj, rudrapur aanee bhatparrani yaa teen naveen talukyanmadhye vibhagale gele. prashasana sulabh karnyasathi salempur taluka pudhe chaar shahare aanee 522 gavanmadhye vibhagala gela aahe. bharatachya 2011 chya jangananenusar, devaria jilhyatil salempur talukyachi ekoon loksankhya 6,04,483 aahe. tyapaiki 298,212 purush aahet tarr 30,6,271 mahila aahet. 2011 saalee salempur talukyat ekoon 91,896 kutumbe rahat hotee. salempur talukyatil sarasari ling gunottar 1,027 aahe. 2011 chya jangananenusar, ekoon loksankhyepaiki 14.2% lock shahari bhagat rahatat tarr 85.8% lock grameen bhagat rahatat. shahari bhagatil sarasari saksharta darr 76.6% aahe tarr grameen bhagatil saksharta darr 72.9% aahe. salempur talukyatil shahari bhagache ling gunottar 951 aahe tarr grameen bhagache ling gunottar 1,040 aahe. salempur talukyatil 0 teey 6 varshe vayogatatil mulanchi loksankhya 87153 aahe, jee ekoon loksankhyechya 14 takke aahe. 0 teey 6 varshe vayogatatil 45363 purush mule aanee 41790 mulee aahet. asha prakare 2011 chya aakadevarinusar salempur talukyatil baal ling gunottar 921 aahe jeey salempur talukyatil sarasari ling gunottarapeksha (1,027) qamee aahe. salempur talukyacha ekoon saksharta darr 73.43% aahe. salempur talukyat purush saksharateche praman 72.31% aahe aanee mahilanche saksharta darr 53.62% aahe. itihas. salempur heey gupt aanee paal rajvanshachya adhipatyakhali hote. sarvatra ghandat jungle asalyamule, muslim shasakanni tyavar kadhihi aakraman kele nahee. too majhauliraj (majhaulicha raja) yachya adhipatyakhali hota. 5 qii. mea. antaravar durgeshwarnath yethe bhagwan shivache eka prasiddha mandir aahe, jeey ashvatthamane aapali manee (kapalavaril ratna) arjunala sopavalyavar bandhale hote aanee devaranya (devache jungle) yethe sodale hote, jyala aaj adhikrutpane kinwa lokpriyapane devaria jilha mhanatat. pipra ramdhar heey gautam vanshiya vaidik brahmananche eka prasiddha gaav aahe. gautam aanee tyanche aaradhya devata mandir jeey paramparik vaidik brahmananni bandhale hote. piplove-bunn haah sadhyacha pipra ramdhar aahe joou vaidik shastracha kendrabindu hota. parashuram dham mandir sohanagmadhye aahe jithe parashuram tyanchya pravasadarmyan eka ratra rahile hote aanee heey thikan bhagwan vishvakarma yanchya sarvat junya putalyanpaiki eka asalelya mahan vishvakarma mandirasathi dekhil prasiddha aahe aanee aata teey shree. vishwanath vishvakarma (mandiracha pramukh); darr 17 september roji vishvakarma kutumbakadun vishvakarma jayanticha motha utsav asato, joou bhagwan vishvakarma yanchya navane hajaro lokanna ann puravato. shonitpur hii sadhyachi sohanpur aahe jee banasurchi rajdhani hotee. salempurmadhye little flover hyschool (aay. see. ess. eae. board), scholar public school aanee seent. zavier hyschool. yethe kendra sarkardware chalavali jaanari kendriya vidyalay aanee jawahar navoday vidyalay hii see. bii. ess. eae. mandal shaala dekhil aahe. uchch shikshanasathi sarkari mahavidhyalaye dekhil aahet, udaharanarth bapu aantar mahavidhyalay, jee. aine. tii. sanganak sanstha, janata aantar mahavidhyalay chakrawa barsipar salempur aanee rainthinter mahavidhyalay. vanaspati aanee prani. salempurmadhye jungle kshetrache praman khoopach qamee aahe. jangalakhalil ekoon kshetra (12.66 takke) rajyachya sarasaripeksha khoopach qamee aahe, jeey keval 7 takke aahe. jeelhyat vankshetra atyalp aahe. shisham, dhaak, mahua, babul, kadunimbir, pipal, ashoke, khajur, aamba aanee gularchi zaade yethe pikavali jaatat. jilhyatil goplapur aanee haraiya vibhagat aambyache vividh prakar, visheshtah dasheri pikavale jaatat aanee itar deshanmadhyehi niryat kele jaatat. gahoo, bhaat, tandul, oos, mohari aanee batate hii mukhya pike aahet. fulkobi, cobies, tomato aanee vangi yasarkhya bhajya yethe pikavalya jaatat. tyachpramane, suryaful, gulab aanee zendu yanchi lagwad mothya jaminivar kelee jaate. tasech, yethe anek aushadhi aanee vanaushadhi vanaspatihi pikavalya jaatat. shaharatil prani udyanane salempur pranisangrahalayat chinkara aananyache prayatna kele. samanya bharatiy makade shaharachya jangalanmadhye aanee aaspaschya bhaganmadhye (jase moosa baag) aadhaltat. vahtook payabhoot suvidha. salempur haah eka matdarsangh aahe aanee serve jilhyansathi ekmekanshi jodalele raste aahet. yethoon uttar pradeshcha "rajya mahamarg" 79 haah rajya uchch suraksha asalela devaria salempur rasta jaato. "rashtriy mahamarg" 727aii, jyala samanyatah aine. etch. 727aii mhanoon sambodhale jaate, haah bharatatil "rashtriy mahamarg" aahe. ... gorakhpur, "devaria", salempur-bihar seema. gorakhpur aanee kushinagar aantarrashtriy vimantal heey sarvat jawalche vimantal aahe. salempur heey eka jeey. aine. aahe. tyamule tyat eka uttam tune kelele railway sthanak aahe.

salempur, uttara pradesh salempur sahara heuchhi sabutharu puruna tehsil mukhyalaja madhyaru gotie (1939 ray sthapita), 71 tii sansadeeah nirbachana mandali jaahaa salempur bidhan sabha ebong deoria jillara bhatapara raanee ebong belthara road, secunderpur ebong balia jillara bansih antarbhukta . ehaa bharatara uttara pradesh rajyara deoria jillara eka nagara panchajata. ehaa heuchhi sabutharu puruna tehsil madhyaru gotie jaahaa british shasson samajare 1939 ray sthapita hoithila . ethaare uttara-purba relabaira eka gurutwapurna rela station rahichhi. chhot gandaka nadee salempur sahara dei prabahita hoithae. janasankhyika. ateetare salempur sabutharu budd tehsil madhyaru gotie thila. kintu parey ehaa tinoti nutan tahasilare bibhakta helah-barhaj, rudrapur ebong bhatapara raanee. prashasanaku sugama kariba paain salempur tahasilaku ahuri charoti sahara ebong 522tii graamare bibhakta karajaichi. bharatara 2011 janganana anujai, deoria jillara salempur tehsilra mote janasankhya 6,04,483. jeunthiru 298,212 john purush ebong 30,6,271 john mahila. 2011 masihare salempur tahasilare mote 91,896tii paribara basabasa karuthile. salempur tehsilra harahari linga anupata 1,027 atte. 2011 janganana anujai, mote janasankhyaru, <aai. dii. 1> lock saharanchalare rahuthiba bele <aai. dii. 2> lokamane gramanchalare rahuchanti. saharanchalare harahari sakhyarata haara heuchhi <aai. dii. 1> ebong gramanchalare ehaa heuchhi <aai. dii. 2>. salempur tahasilare saharanchalara linga anupata 951 thibabele gramanchalara linga anupata 1,040 rahichhi. salempur tahasilare 0ru 6 barsha baisar pilamananka sankhya 87153, jaahaa mote janasankhyara 14 pratishata. 0ru 6 barsha baisar 45363 john purush ebong 41790 john mahila shishu achanti. tenu 2011 masiha anujai salempur tehsilra shishu linga anupata 921 atte, jaahaa salempur tehsilra harahari linga anupata (1,027) thaaru comm. salempur tehsilra mote sakhyarata haara heuchhi <aai. dii. 1>%. salempur tahasilare purush sakhyarata haara heuchhi <aai. dii. 2>% ebong mahila sakhyarata haara heuchhi <aai. dii. 1>%. itihas. salempur gupta ebong paal rajabansha adheenare thila. charipakhare ghana jangala thibaru, ehaa musalman shasakamananka dwara kebe aakraman karajai nathila. ehaa majauliraja (majaulira raja) nka adheenare thila. 5 kilometer doorare dargheshabarnathare bhagaban shibanka eka prasidha mandira rahichhi, jaahaa aswathamanka dwara nirmita hoithila jetebele shay nijara mani (kapara thiba ratna) arjunanku samarpana karithile ebong debaranya (bhagabananka jangala sthana) ku jaithile, jaahaaku bartamana sarkari kimba lokpriya bhabare deoria zillah kuhajae . pipra ramdhar sethare gautama banshiah baidyutika brahmanankara eka prasidha gramm . gautama ebong semanankara aaradhya debata mandira jaahaa paramparika baidya brahmanamananka dwara nirmita hoithila. piplaba-baan heuchhi barttamanara pipra ramdhar jaahaa baidyutika shastrara kendrabindu thila . parasuram dham mandira sohanagare achhi jeunthare parasuram taanka jatra samajare gotie raati rahithile ebong ehi sthana mahan biswakarma mandira paain madhya prasidha, jeunthire bhagaban biswakarmanka sabutharu puruna pratimurti rahichhi ebong bartamana ehaa shree. biswanatha biswakarma (mandirar mukhya); prati september 17 tarikhare biswakarma paribara dwara biswakarma jayanti palana karajae, jaahaa bhagaban biswakarmanka naamare hazar hazar lokanku khadya jogaithae. sonitpur heuchhi barttamanara sohanpur jaahaa bansurar rajdhani thila. salemapurare little flawara haiskul (aai. sii. ess. ee. board), scholars public skula ebong cent. jabhijara haiskul. ethaare eka kendria bidyalaja ebong kendra sarakaranka dwara parichalita eka cbse board bidyalaja, jawahara nabodai bidyalaja madhya rahichhi. uccha sikhya paain sarkari college madhya rahichhi, jathaa-'bapu inter college', 'jii. enn. tii. computer institute', 'janata inter college', 'chakarawa barsipar salempur' ebong 'renathinter college'. udbhida ebong jeebajantu. salemapurare jangala khetra ati comm. jangala adheenare thiba mote khetraphala (<aai. dii. 1> pratishata) rajya harahari tulanare bahuta comm, jaahaa praiah 7 pratishata. jillare jangala khetra ati comm. sisham, dhaaka, mahua, babul, nima, pipple, ashoke, khajur, amb ebong gular gacha ethaare chaash karajae . jillara gopalapur ebong haraiah blakre bibhinna prakarara amb, bisesh curry dasheri chaash karajaithae ebong anya deshaku madhya raptani karajaithae. mukhya phasalgudika helah gaham, dhaana, dhaana, aakhu, sorish ebong aalu. phulkobi, bandhakabi, tomato ebong begun bhali panipariba ethaare chaash karajae. sehibhali, surjyamukhi, golap ebong jhitipiti chaash jamira eka budd anchalare karajae . ehaa byatita, ethaare aneka oushadheeja ebong bheshaj udbhida madhya chaash karajae . saharar prani udyan salempur chidiakhanaku chinkaraku aaniba paain prayasa karithila. sadharana bharatiah mankadamane saharar jangala ebong ehara akhpakh anchalare (jepari musa baaga) dekhibaku milithae. paribahana bhittibhumi. salempur heuchhi eka nirbachana mandali ebong uparar samasta zillah paain aantahsanjukta sadaka rahichhi. etharu rajya uchchastarija deoria salempur sadaka uttara pradesh "rajya rajpath" 79 atikrama karithae. "jatiah rajpath" 727aii, jaahaaku sadharanatah enn. etch. 727aii. kuhajae, bharatara eka "jatiah rajpath". ...... gorakhpur, "deoria", salempur-bihara seema. nikattam bimanbandar heuchhi gorakhpur ebong kushinagar antarjatija bimanbandar. salempur heuchhi eka jay. enn.. tenu ethire eka sunder rela station achhi .

salempur, uttar pradesh salempur shehar sabh toon purane tehseel headquarteran vicchon ikk haii (1939 witch sathapit), 71 sansadi halke jiss witch salempur dee vidhan sabha atey deoria zilhe witch bhatpar raanee atey baliaa zilhe dey belthara road, sikanderpur atey banasdih shamal hunn. ih bharat dey uttar pradesh raaj dey deoria zilhe witch ikk nagar panchait haii. ih sabh toon puraniaan tehsilan vicchon ikk haii jiss dee sathapana 1939 witch british shasan dey samein keeti gaee see. iss witch uttar purbi railway daa ikk mahattavpuran railway station haii. chhoti gandak nadee salempur shehar vicchon langhdi haii. jansankhiaa. ateet witch salempur sabh toon vaddi tehsilan vicchon ikk see. parr baad witch ih tinn naviaan tehsilan-barhaj, rudrapur atey bhatpar raanee witch vandiaa giaa. parshasana dee sahulat laee, salempur tehseel noon chaar kasbiaan atey 522 pindan witch vandiaa giaa haii. bharat dee 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar deoria zilhe dee salempur tehseel dee kull aabadi 604,483 haii, jiss vicchon 298,212 marad hunn atey 306,271 aurtan hunn. saal 2011 witch salempur tehseel witch kull 91,896 parivaar rahinde sunn. salempur tehseel daa ausat ling anupat 1,027 haii. 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar kull aabadi vicchon, 14.2% lock shahiri khetran witch rahinde hunn jadon kii 85.8% pendu khetran witch rahinde hunn. shahiri khetran witch ausat sakharta darr 76.6% haii jadon kii pendu khetran witch 72.9% haii. salempur tehseel witch shahiri khetran daa ling anupat vee 951 haii jadon kii pendu khetran daa ling anupat 1,040 haii. salempur tehseel witch 0 toon 6 saal dee umar dey bacchiaan dee aabadi 87153 haii joe kull aabadi daa 14 pratishat haii. 0 toon 6 saal dee umar dey 45363 purash bacche atey 41790 aurtan hunn. iss tarahan saal 2011 dey anusar salempur tehseel daa baal ling anupat 921 haii joe salempur tehseel dey ausat ling anupat (1,027) toon ghatt haii. salempur tehseel dee kull sakharta darr 73.43% haii. salempur tehseel witch purash sakharta darr 72.31% haii atey mahila sakharta darr 53.62% haii. itihaas. salempur gupta atey paal rajvansh dey adheen see. chaare paase sanghane jangal dey caarn, iss utte kadey vee muslim shaskan duaara hamla naheen keeta giaa see. ih majhauliraj (majhauli dey raaja) dey adheen see. 5 kilometer door dirgeshwarnath vikhe bhagwan shiv daa ikk prasidh mandar haii, joe ashwatham duaara banaiaa giaa see jadon usne aapni munny (matthe utte gahina) arjun noon saunp ditti see atey devrania (parmatma dey jangal daa sathaan) laee ravana hoow giaa see, jiss noon ajj adhikarat taur utte jaan prasidh taur utte deoria zilha kiha jaanda haii. pipra ramdhar itthe gautam vanshiaa vaidik brahmana daa ikk prasidh pind haii. gautam atey uhanan daa aaradhya devta mandar joe ravaiti vaidik brahmanan duaara banaiaa giaa see. pipalva-bunn ajj daa pipra ramdhar haii joe vaidik shastar daa kendra bindu see. parshuram dhaam mandar sohnag witch haii jitthe parshuram aapni yaatra dauran ikk raat thahiriaa see atey ih sathaan mahaan vishwakarma mandar laee vee mashur haii jiss witch bhagwan vishwakarma dee sabh toon purani murti haii atey hunn ih shriman dee nigrani witch haii. vishwanath vishwakarma (mandar daa mukhi); harr 17 satambar noon vishwakarma parivaar duaara vishwakarma jayanti daa ikk vishal jashan manaiaa jaanda haii joe bhagwan vishwakarma dey naam utte ikk hazaar lokan noon bhojan vee dinda haii. shonitpur ajj daa sohanpur haii joe bansur dee rajdhani see. salempur witch bahut saare private school hunn jinhan witch little flower hyee school (aaee. see. aiss. ee. board), scholars public school atey cent. zavier hyee school. iss witch ikk kendri vidyalaya atey jawahar navodiaa vidyalaya vee haii, joe kendra sarkaar duaara chalaiaa jaanh vaala ikk see. bee. aiss. ee. board school haii. ucch padahi laee sarkari kaalaj vee hunn, jiven kii bapu inter kaalaj, jee. ainn. tii. computer institute, janata inter kaalaj chakrawa barsipar salempur atey rainthinter kaalaj. banaspati atey jeev-jantu. salempur witch jangal khetar daa anupat bahut ghatt haii. janglan heth kull khetarfal (12.66 pratishat) raaj dee ausat naalon bahut ghatt haii, joe kii mushkil naal lagbhag 7 pratishat haii. zilhe witch jangal khetar bahut ghatt haii. itthe shisham, dhaak, mahua, babul, nimm, peepal, ashoke, khajur, amb atey gular dey darakhat ugaae jaande hunn. zilhe dey goplapur atey hariaa block witch amban deeaan vakkh-vakkh kisman, khaas karke dasheri, ugaiaan jandiaan hunn atey dooje deshan noon vee niryaat keetiaan jandiaan hunn. mukkh faslan kanak, jhona, chawal, ganna, sarhon atey aaloo hunn. itthe fulgobhi, gaajar, tmatter atey baingan vargiaan sabziaan ugaiaan jandiaan hunn. isey tarahan, surajmukhi, gulab atey jhand dee kaashat zameen dey ikk vadde khetar witch keeti jaandi haii. iss toon ilava, itthe bahut saare aushadhi atey jadee-bootiaan dey paude ugaae jaande hunn. shehar dey prani vigiaan baagh neey salempur chidiaghar witch chinkara liaun dee koshish keeti. aam bharti bandar shehar dey janglan (jiven kii moosa baag) dey aale-duaale dey khetran witch paae jaande hunn. aavajai buniaadi dhancha. salempur ikk chonh khetar haii atey upparle saare zilhiaan laee ops witch judiaan sadkan hunn. raaj hyee-vairi deoria salempur road uttar pradesh "raaj rajmarg" 79 ithon langhda haii. "rashtari rajmarg" 727aii, jiss noon aam taur utte ainn. aich. 727aii. kiha jaanda haii, bharat witch ikk "rashtari rajmarg" haii. ... gorakhpur, "deoria", salempur-bihaar sarhadd. sabh toon nazdiki havaai adda gorakhpur atey kushinagar antarashtari havaai adda haii. salempur ikk sanstha haii. iss laee iss witch ikk vadhiaa railway station haii.

salempur, uttar pradesha salempur-nagaram prachinatamasu tahaseel-mukhyalayeshu anyatam asti (1939 tame varshe sthaapitam), 71 samsadeeya-nirvaachanakshetreshu devaria-mandalasya salempur-ityasya vidhanasabha, bhaatpar-raanee-mandalaani, balia-mandalasya beltara-maargah, sikanderpur-mandalaani, bansdih-mandalaani cha santi. bharatasya uttar-pradesha-rajyasya devaria-mandale eshah nagar-panchayat asti. ayam prachinatamasu tahaseel-mandaleshu anyatamah asti, yasya sthapana 1939 tame varshe british-shasanakale abhavat. asmin eeshaany-rail-margasya mahattvapoornam relasthanakam asti. chhotee-gandak-nadee salempur-nagarena pravahati. janasaamkhyikee. poorvam salempur-nagaram bruhattamaasu taalukeshu anyatam aasit. parantu pashchat etat nootanatrayam taalukam vibhaktam-barahaj, rudrapur, bhaatpar raanee cha. prashasanasya sulabhataayaah krute salempur-tahaseelah itoapi chaturnagareshu 522 graameshu cha vibhaktah asti. bharatasya 2011 janaganananusaram, devaria-mandalasya salempur-tahasilasya kula-janasankhyaa 604,483 asti. teshu 298,212 purushaah, 306,271 mahilaah cha santi. 2011 tame varshe salempur-tahasil-mandale aahaty 91,896 parivaaraah nivasanti sma. salempur-tahasilasya madhya-linganupataha 1,027 asti. 2011 janaganananusaram kulajanasankhyayaha madhye 14.2% janaah nagareshu nivasanti, 85.8% janaah gramineshu nivasanti. nagareeyakshetreshu saksharata-daraha 76.6% asti, graminakshetreshu saksharata-daraha 72.9% asti. salempur-tahasilasya nagarakshetram linganupataha 951 asti, graminakshetranam linganupataha 1,040 asti. salempur-tahasil-mandale 0 taha 6 varshaani yaavat balanam janasankhyaa 87153 asti, yaa kulajanasankhyayaha 14 pratishatam bhavati. 0 taha 6 varshaanaam madhye 45363 purushaah, 41790 mahilaah cha santi. evam 2011 tamavarshasya anusaaram salempur-tahasilasya baal-linganupataha 921 asti, yat salempur-tahasilasya madhya-lingaanupaatah (1,027) nyoonah asti. salempur-tahasilasya samagra-saksharata-daraha 73.43% asti. salempur-mandale purushaanaam saaksharataayaah pramaanam 72.31% asti, mahilanam saaksharataayaah pramaanam 53.62% asti. itihaasah. salempur-nagaram gupta-paal-vamshayoho adheene aasit. sarvatra ghanavanasya karanat, muslim-shaasakaih kadaapi akramanam naa krutam. saha mazauliraajasya (mazauli-raajnah) adheene aasit. 5 kii. mee. doore dargheshvaranaatha-nagare bhagavatah shivasya prasidham mandiram vartate, yat ashvatthama-varyaha yadaa swasya manim (kapaale ratnam) arjunasya sharanaagaty devaranyam (devasya vanasthaanam) prati prasthanam krutavaan tadaa nirmitam aasit, yat adyatve aadhikaarikaroopen athavaa lokapriyataya devaria-mandalam iti namna prasidhah asti. pipra ramdhar ityatra gautama-vamshiyaa-vaidika-brahmanasya prasidhah graamah asti. gautamam tathaa teshaam aaraadhyaadevamandiram cha paaramparikaih vaidika-braahmanaih nirmitam. piplava-baan iti vartamaanakaalasya pipra-ramadharaha asti, yah vaidikashaastraadhaarah kendrabinduhu aasit. parashuramadhamamandiram sohnag-nagare asti yatra parashuraamah yatrayam eka raatrih avasat, idam sthalam mahaan vishvakarmaa-mandirasya krute api prasidham asti, yatra bhagavatah vishvakarmaa ityasya prachinatameshu pratimeshu anyatam asti, adhunaa saha shriswamyah paryavekshane asti. vishvanaatha-vishvakarmaa (mandirasya pramukhah)-prativarsham september-masasya 17 dinaanke vishvakarmaa-parivaaren vishvakarmaa-jayantyaah vishaalah utsavah aacharyate, yah bhagavaan vishvakarmaa ityasya namna sahasraan jananam poshanam cha karoti. shonitpur iteedam vartamaanakaalasya sohanpur-nagaram asti yat banasoor-nagarasya rajadhani aasit. salempur-nagare bahavah svaayatta-vidyaalayaah santi, yeshu litil-flover-hascool (aii. sii. ess. ee. board), scholars-public-school, ess. zaaviyar ucchavidyaalayaha. atra kendra-vidyaalayah, jawaahar navodaya-vidyaalayah cha asti, yat kendra-sarvakaarena sanchaalitam see. bee. ess. ee. board-vidyaalayam asti. ucchashikshaartham sarvakaareey-mahaavidyaalayaani api santi yathaa bapu-antara-mahaavidyaalayaha, jee. enn. tea. ganakayantr-samsthaa, janataa-antara-mahaavidyaalayaha, chakaravaa-barispar-salempur, reyinaathintar-mahaavidyaalayaha cha. vanaspatihi jeevajantuh cha. salempur-nagare vanakshetrasya anupaatah atyalpah asti. vanasya adhah kulakshetram (12.66 pratishatam) rajyasya samanyasya apekshayaa bahu nyoonam asti, yat praayah 7 pratishatam bhavati. mandale vanakshetram naganyam vartate. shisham, dhaak, mahuaa, babul, neema, peepal, ashoka, khajoor, aama, gular ityetaani vrukshaah atra utpadyante. mandalasya gopalapur-haraiyaa-khandeshu vividhaah aantra-jaatayah visheshatah dasheree-aama-jaatayah utpadyante, anyebhyah deshaan api niryaatitaah bhavanti. godhoomah, tandulah, tandulah, ikshuhu, sarasom, aalookah cha mukhyaani sasyaani santi. atra phulakapi, gomamsa, tamoto, vreena ityadini shaakaani utpaadyante. tathaiva bhoomau vishaalakshetre sooryapushpaah, gulaabih, zaagaha cha krushihi bhavati. api cha atra anekaani aushadheeyaani, vanaushadheeyaani cha sasyaani utpadyante. nagarasya praanee-udyaanam salempur-mrugaalayam prati chinkaran aanayitum prayatat. samanya-bhaarateey-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner-wanner parivahana-aadhaarabhoot-samrachanaa. salempur iti nirvaachanakshetram asti, yatra uparitalasya sarveshu mandalebhyah parasparm sambadhaah maargaah santi. rajya-uccha-nireekshan-devaria salempur-maargah uttar-pradesha-"rajya-rajamargaha" 79 ityatah gacchati. "rashtriya-rajamargaha" 727e, samanyataya enn. ech. 727e iti namna prasidhah, bharatasya "rashtriya-rajamargaha" asti. ... gorakhpurh, "devaria", salempur-bihaar-sima. sameepastham vimaanasthaanakam gorakhpur-kushinagar-antarashtriya-vimaanasthaanakam cha asti. salempur iti janaha asti. ataha asya uttamm relasthanakam vartate.

salempur, uttarapradesam salempur nagaram palamaiyaana taluka thalaimaiyagangalil ontraakum (1939 ill niruvappattathu), 71 naadaalumandrath thoguthigal salampur vidhan sabai mattrum theoria maavattaththil ulla badbar raani mattrum beltara saalai, sigandarpur mattrum balia maavattaththin bunstey ulladakkiyathu. idhu inthiyaavin uttarapradesa maanilaththil ulla theoria maavattaththil ulla oru nagar panjaayaththu aagum. idhu british aatchiyin poathu 1939 ill niruvapatta migap palamaiyaana tehsil aagum. idhu vadakizhakku rayilveyin mukkiyamaana rayil nilaiyatthaik kondullathu. soatti kandhak aaru salempur nagaram vazhiyaaga selkirathu. makkalthogai. kadantha kaalaththil salempur migapperiya thaalukaakkalil ontraaka irunththathu. aanaal pinnar adhu barhaj, rudrapur mattrum badbar raani aagiya moontru puthiya thaalukaakkalaagap pirinthathu. nirvaagaththai elithaakkuvatharkaaka, salempur taluka maelum naanku nagarangal mattrum 522 kiraamangalaaga pirikkappattullathu. 2011 inthiya makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, theoria maavattaththin salempur vattaththin moththa makkal thogai 604,483 aagum. idhil 298,212 aangal mattrum 306,271 penkal aavar. 2011aam aandil salimpur vattaththil moththam 91,896 kudumbangal vasiththu vanthana. salempur vattaththin sarasari paalina vigitham 1,027 aagum. 2011 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, moththa makkal thogaiyil, makkal nagarppurangalil vaazhkintranar, athae neraththil makkal kiraamappurangalil vaazhkintranar. nagarppurangalil sarasari kalviyarivu vigitham 76.6% aagavum, kiraamappurangalil 72.9% aagavum ullathu. salampur vattaththil nagarppurangalin paalina vigitham 951 aagavum, kiraamappurangalin paalina vigitham 1,040 aagavum ullathu. salempur vattaththil 0 muthal 6 vayathu varayilaana kuzhandhaigalin makkal thogai 87153 aagum, idhu moththa makkal thogaiyil 14 sathaveethamaagum. 0 muthal 6 vayathukkutpatta 45363 aann kuzhandhaigalum 41790 penn kuzhandhaigalum ullanar. 2011aam aandin puddy, salempur vattaththin kuzhandhai paalina vigitham 921 aagum, idhu salempur vattaththin sarasari paalina vigithaththai (1,027) vida kuraivaagum. salempur vattaththin moththa kalviyarivu vigitham 73.43% aagum. salempur vattaththil aann kalviyarivu vigitham 72.31% aagavum, penn kalviyarivu vigitham 53.62% aagavum ullathu. varalaaru. salempur kuptha mattrum paal vamsaththin keezh irunththathu. suttrilum adarntha kaadu iruppathaal, adhu orupoathum musleem aatchiyaalarkalaal padaiyedukkappadavillai. idhu majoulirajin (majauliyin mannar) keezh irunththathu. 5 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla thirkeshwernathil pugazhpettra sivan koayil ullathu, idhu ashwatamawal thanathu maniyai (nettriyil ulla nagai) arjunanidam oppadaiththu, thevaranyaththirku (kadavulin kaadu) purappattapoathu kattappattathu, idhu intru athikaarappoorvamaaga allathu pirabalamaaga theoria maavattam endru azhaikkappadukirathu. bibra ramdhar kautham vanshiya vaithik brahmna endra pugazhpettra gramam ullathu. paarambariya vaithik piraamanarkalaal kattapatta kautham mattrum avarkalin aradhya devda koayil. biblawa-paan enbathu intraiya bibra ramdhar aagum, idhu vaithik saasthiraththin maiya pulliyaaga irunththathu. parasuraama thaam koayil sohanakkil ullathu, angku parasuraamar thanathu payanaththin poathu oru iravu thangiyirunthaar, maelum inththa idam periya viswagarma koayilukkum pirabalamaanathu, idhu viswagarmaavin palamaiyaana silaigalil ontraakum, ippoathu idhu thiru. viswanath viswagarma (koayilin thalaivar); ovvoru septumber 17 aam thaethiyum viswagarma kudumbaththaal viswagarma jayanti oru periya kondaattam ullathu, idhu viswagarmaavin peyaril aayiram makalukku unavalikkirathu. panasur maanilaththin thalainagaraaga irunththa sonitpur intraiya sohanpur aagum. salempuril little pilavar uyarnilaip palli (icse vaariyam), arinyarkalin podhup palli mattrum saint udpada pala thaniyar palligal ullana. javier uyarnilaip palli. ingku matthiya arasaal nadatthappadum kendriya vidyalaya mattrum javahar navodaya vidyalaya endra cpse vaariyam palliyum ullathu. uyarkalvikkaaga arasu kalloorigalaana paapu idaik kalluri, jii. enn. dii kanini niruvanam, janatha idaik kalluri chakkarava barsibar salempur mattrum mazhaikkaalak kalluri aagiyavaiyum ullana. thaavarangal mattrum vilangkinangkal. salempuril migak kuraindha alavilaana vanappaguthi ullathu. kaadugalin keezh ulla moththa parappalavu (12.66 sathaveetham) maanila saraasariyai vida migak kuraivu, idhu 7 sathaveethamaagum. maavattaththil vanappaguthi migak kuraivaagavae ullathu. shisam, tock, mahuvaa, babul, vaeppilai, beeppaal, asok, kajur, maampazham mattrum kular marangkal ingku valarkkappadugindrana. palvaeru vagaiyaana maampazhangkal kurippaaga dasheri maavattaththin goplapur mattrum haraiya thoguthigalil payiridappattu mattra naadugalukkum aetrtrumathi seiyappadugindrana. koathumai, nell, arisi, karumbu, kadugu mattrum urulaikkizhangku aagiyavai mukiya payirkalaakum. cauliflower, muttaikose, thakkaali mattrum kathirikkaai poantra kaaikarigal ingku payiridappadugindrana. idhaepoal, suuriyakaanthi malarkal, roajaakkal mattrum marakkoazhigal nilaththin oru periya paguthiyil payiridappadugindrana. maelum, pala maruththuva mattrum mooligaith thaavarangalum ingku valarkkappadugindrana. nagara vilangkiyal poongaa salempur mirugakkaatchisaalaikku singaaraavaik konduvaruvadharkaana muyarchigalai maerkondathu. podhuvaana inthiya kurangugal nagara kaadugalilum athaich suttriyulla pakuthikalilum (moosaa paak poantravai) kaanappadugindrana. poakkuvaraththu ulkattamaippu. salempur oru thoguthiyaagum, maelum mael anaitthu maavattangkalukkum ontroadondru inaikappatta saalaigalaik kondullathu. maanila uyar paathukaappu theoria salempur saalai uttarapradesa "maanila nedunjaalai" 79 ingirunththu selkirathu. "thaesiya nedunjaalai" 727aee, podhuvaaga enh 727aee endru kurippidappadugiradhu, idhu inthiyaavin oru "" thaesiya nedunjaalai "" aagum ". ... gorakpur, "theoria", salempur-beehar ellai. arugilulla vimaana nilaiyam gorakpur mattrum kushinagar sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyam aagum. salempur oru jn aagum. enavae idhu oru sirantha rayil nilaiyatthaik kondullathu.

salempur, uttara pradesh salempur nagaram puraatana tehseel pradhana karyalayalalo okati okati sthaapinchabadindi), 71 parliamentary niyojakavargaalu, indulo devaria jillaalooni salempur mariyu bhatpar raani yokka vidhana sabha mariyu balia jillaalooni beltara road, secunderpur mariyu bansdih unnaayi. idhi bharatadesamloni uttara pradesh raashtramloni deorrhoea jillaalo unna oka nagara panchayati. idhi british paalana samayamlo samayamlo sthaapinchabadina puraatana tahaseellalo okati. idhi eshaanya railway yokka mukhyamaina railway stationnu kaligi undhi. choti gandak nadhi salempur pattanam gundaa pravahistundi. janabha. gatamlo salempur atipedda tahaseellalo okatigaa undedi. conny taruvaata idhi moodu kotta tehseellugaa vidipoyindi-barhaj, rudrapur mariyu bhatpar raani okkokatigaa. paripalananu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki, salempur tahaseelnu naalugu pattanaalu mariyu 522 gramaluga vibhajinchaaru. 2011 bhaarata janabha lekkala prakaram, deorrhoea jillaalooni salempur tehseello mottam janabha 604,483. indulo 298,212 mandhi purushulu kaga, 306,271 mandhi mahilalu unnaaru. unnaaru salempur tehseello mottam 91,896 kutumbaalu nivasistunnaayi. salempur tehseello sagatu linga nishpatti 1,027. 2011 janabha lekkala prakaram, mottam janabhalo, 14.2% prajalu pattana praantaallo nivasistundagaa, 85.8% prajalu graameena praantaallo nivasistunnaaru. pattana praantaallo sagatu aksharaasyata raetu 76.6% kaga, graameena praantaallo 72.9% undhi. salempur tehseello pattana praantaallo linga nishpatti 951 kaga, graameena praantaallo 1,040 undhi. salempur tehseello 0 nundi 6 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillala janabha 87153, idhi mottam janabhalo 14 saatam. 0 nundi 6 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu gala 45363 mandhi maga pillalu mariyu 41790 mandhi aada pillalu unnaaru. 2011 prakaram salempur tehseello pillala linga nishpatti 921, idhi salempur tehseello sagatu linga nishpatti (1,027) kante takkuva. salempur tehseel mottam aksharaasyata raetu 73.43%. salempur tehseello purushula aksharaasyata raetu <ii. dii. 1>% mariyu mahilala aksharaasyata raetu <ii. dii. 2>%. charitra. salempur gupta mariyu paal raajavamsam krinda undedi. chuttoo dattamaina adavi kaaranamgaa, muslim paalakulu daanipai eppuduu daadi cheyaledu. idhi majauliraj (majauli raaju) aadhvaryamlo undedi. 5 kilometres dhooramlo dirgheswaranath vadda oka prasiddha shivalayam undhi, dheenini aswattama thana manini (nuditipai unna aabharanam) arjunudiki appaginchi, devaranya (devuni adavi pradaesam) kuu bayaludaerinappudu nirminchaadu, idhi prastutam adhikarikamga ledhaa prajaadarana pondina deoria jilla anie piluvabadutundi. pipra ramdhar anae graamam gautam vamsiya vaidik braahmana yokka prasiddha graamam. saampradaaya vaidik braahmanulu nirminchina gautam mariyu vaari aradhya devata aalayam. piplava-baan prastuta pipra ramdhar, idhi vaidika saastraaniki kendra binduvugaa undedi. parasuramudu dham aalayam sohanaglo undhi, ikkada parasuramudu thana prayaanamloo oka raatri basa chesaadu mariyu eee pradaesam goppa viswakarma aalayaaniki kooda prasiddhi chendindi, idhi lard viswakarma yokka puraatana vigrahalalo okati mariyu ippudu idhi shree shree paryaveekshanhaloo undhi. viswanatha viswakarma (aalaya adhipati); prati september 17naa viswakarma kutumbam dwara viswakarma jayanti bhaarii vedukalu jarugutaayi, ivi kooda viswakarma naamamlo veyyi mandiki aaharam andistaayi. shonitpur prastuta sohanpur, idhi banasur rajadhaanigaa undedi. salempurlo little flover haiskool (ii. sii. ess. ii. boardu), scholars public school mariyu seyint thoo sahaa aneka private paatasaalalu unnaayi. javier unnata paatasaala. ikkada kendra prabhutvam naduputunna kendriya vidyaalayam mariyu jawahar navodaya vidyaalayam, cbse boardu paatasaala kooda unnaayi. unnata vidya kosam baapuu inter college, zii. enn. tii computer institute, janataa inter college chakarva barispar salempur, raininter college vanti prabhutva kalaasaalalu kooda unnaayi. vrukshajaalam mariyu jantujaalam. salempurlo atavee praantam chaalaa takkuva. atavee visteernam (12.66 saatam) rashtra sagatu kante chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi, idhi kevalam 7 saatam matrame. jillaalo atavee praantam chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. ikkada sisam, dhak, mahuva, babul, vepa, peepal, ashoke, khajur, mamidi mariyu gular chetlu pandinchabadataayi. jillaalooni gopalapur mariyu haraiah blacklalo vividha rakaala mamidi pandlanu, mukhyamgaa daseri pandistaaru mariyu itara deshaalaku kooda egumati chestaaru. godhumalu, vari, vari, cheraku, aavalu mariyu bangaalaadumpalu pradhana pantalu. cauliflower, cabage, tamota mariyu vankaya vanti kuuragaayalu ikkada pandinchabadataayi. adevidhamgaa, bhuumilooni pedda praantamloo poddutirugudu puvvulu, gulaabeelu mariyu gulmapu puvvulu saagu cheyabadutunnayi. alaage, ikkada aneka aushadha mariyu mulika mokkalu pandinchabadutunnaayi. nagara jantusastra udyaanavanam selampur janthupradarshanashaalaku chinkaaraalanu teesukuraavadaaniki prayatnaalu chesindi. saadhaarana bharatiya kothulu nagara adavulalo mariyu chuttupakkala paacheslo kanipistaayi (moosa baag vantivi). ravana moulika sadupayalu. selampur oka niyojakavargam, idhi anni jillaalaku anusandhaaninchabadina rahadaarulanu kaligi undhi. rashtra haiwar deorrhoea salempur road uttara pradesh "rashtra rahadari" 79 ikkada nundi velutundi. "jaateeya rahadari" 727eah, saadhaaranamgaa enhetch 727eah anie pilustaaru, idhi bhaaratadesamlo oka "" jaateeya rahadari "." ... gorakh puur, "deoria", salempur-beehar sarihaddu. sameepa vimaanaasrayam gorakh puur mariyu kushinagar antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam. salempur oka jn. kabatti idhi chakkati tuned railway stationnu kaligi undhi.

saleem poor utar pardesh saleem poor shehar sabb say qadeem tehseel head kwarters mein say eek hay (jiss kii bunyaad 1939 mein rakhee gayee thee)yee 71 parlimani halqay jiss mein zalaa devariya mein saleem poor aur bhatpar raani kii wadhaan sabhaa aur balthara road sikandar poor aur bulya zalaa kay bansadiyah shaamil haine. yaha hindustan kii riyasat utar pardesh kay zalaa devariya mein eek nigar panchayat hay. yaha qadeem tareen tehseelon mein say eek hay jiss kii bunyaad 1939 mein bartanvi hukumat kay waqat rakhee gayee thee. iss mein shamaal mashriqi railway kaa eek aham railway station hay. chhoti gandak nadee saleem poor shehar say guzarti hay. aabadi. maazi mein saleem poor sabb say bury tehseelon mein say eek thee. leakin baad mein yaha teen nayee tehseelon mein taqsim how gayee-barjehaj rudar poor aur bhatpar raani eek eek kirr kay. intezamiya kuu aasaan bananay kay liye saleem poor tehseel kuu mazeed chaar qasbon aur 522 dehaton mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. hindustan kii 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq zalaa devariya kii saleem poor tehseel kii kill aabadi 604,483 hay. jinn mein say 298,212 mard haine jabkah 306,271 khwatin haine. 2011 mein saleem poor tehseel mein kill 91,896 khaandaan rehtay thay. saleem poor tehseel kaa ausat jansi tanasib 1,027 hay. 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq kill aabadi mein say 14.2% loag shehri elaqon mein rehtay haine jabkah 85.8% deehi elaqon mein rehtay haine. shehri elaqon mein ausat sharah khwandagi 76.6% hay jabkah deehi elaqon mein 72.9% hay. saleem poor tehseel mein shehri elaqon kaa jansi tanasib bhee 951 hay jabkah deehi elaqon kaa 1,040 hay. saleem poor tehseel mein 0 say 6 saal kii amar kay bachon kii aabadi 87153 hay juu kill aabadi kaa 14 faisad hay. 0 say 6 saal kii amar kay 45363 mard bachay aur 41790 khwatin bachay haine. iss tarah 2011 kay mutabiq saleem poor tehseel kaa bachon kaa jans tanasib 921 hay juu saleem poor tehseel kay ausat jans tanasib (1,027) say kumm hay. saleem poor tehseel kii kill sharah khwandagi 73.43% hay. saleem poor tehseel mein mardon kii sharah khwandagi 72.31% hay aur khwatin kii sharah khwandagi 53.62% hay. tareekh. saleem poor gupta aur paal khaandaan kay maatehat thaa. chaaron taraf gahnay jangal kii wajah say iss parr muslim hukmaranon nay kabhi hamlah nahein kiyaa. yaha majhuli raaj (majhuli kay baadshah) kay maatehat thaa. 5 chlometer door dargeshwar naath mein bhagwan sheev kaa eek mashhur mandar hay jasay ashuthama nay iss waqat banaya thaa jabb iss nay apnee maanee (maathay parr zewar) arjan kay hawalay kirr dee thee aur dewarniya (khadaa kay jangal kii jagah) kay liye rawanah how gayaa thaa jasay aaj kill sarkaari toor parr yaa maqbool toor parr devariya zalaa kahaa jaataa hay. pepra raam dhar wahaan gotam wanashiya waidak brahman kaa eek mashhur gaaon hay. gotam aur inn kaa aradhiya devta mandar juu rawayati waidak brahmanon nay banaya thaa. peplav-bunn maujudah door kaa peepar raam dhar hay juu waidak shastrath kaa markaz thaa. parshorma dhaam mandar sohing mein hay jehaan parshorma apnay safar kay doraan eek raat thehre thay aur yaha jagah azeem washorma mandar kay liye bhee mashhur hay jiss mein bhagwan washorma kaa sabb say qadeem mujasmah hay aur abb yaha mister kii nigrani mein hay. washonath vishwakarma (mandar kaa sarbarah) vovo harr 17 satambar kuu vishwakarma khaandaan kay zariah vishwakarma jeenti kaa eek behat badaa jashan manaya jaataa hay juu bhagwan vishwakarma kay naam parr eek hazaar logon kuu khaana bhee khilata hay. shoniyat poor maujudah waqat kaa sohaan poor hay juu banasoor kaa darulhukumat thaa. saleem poor mein behat say najee school haine jinn mein luttle flawar hayee school (aayee see aiss ayee board)yee scholars publik school aur sent. zeveer hayee school. iss mein eek kendriyah wadiyaliya aur jawahir nauvadiyah wadiyaliya bhee hay juu markazi hukumat kay zeer intezam eek see bee aiss ayee board school hay. aalee taleem kay liye baapo inter college jee neet computer insity teute jantaa inter college chakrawa baripar saleem poor aur renathenter college jeesay sarkaari college bhee haine. nabatat aur haiwanat. saleem poor mein janglaat waalay elaqay kaa tanasib behat kumm hay. janglaat kay tahat kill raqbah (12.66 faisad) riyasati ausat say behat kumm hay juu bamashkal 7 faisad kay qareeb hay. zalaa mein janglaat kaa raqbah naha honay kay baraabar hay. yahaan shasham dahaak mahwa baabal neem peepal ashook khajoor aam aur gular kay darkhat agaye jaatay haine. aamon kii mukhtalif aqsaam khaas toor parr dashiri zalaa kay goplapur aur hariya block mein agayee jaati haine aur dosray mamalik mein bhee baraamad kii jaati haine. aham faslein gandam dhaan chawal ganaa sarson aur aalo haine. yahaan gobhi gobhi timater aur benjal jaisi sabziyan agayee jaati haine. asee tarah zameen kay eek baday elaqay mein soraj phool gulaab aur gond kii kaasht kii jaati hay. yahaan behat say adviyati aur jadee botiyon kay poday bhee agaye jaatay haine. shehar kay haiwaniyati baagh nay saleem poor chadiya gahar mein chankara laanay kii koshishein kein. aam hindustani bandar shehri janglaat mein aur iss kay aas paas kay elaqon mein paaye jaatay haine (jeesay mosi baagh). nql woo hamal kaa bunyadi dahancha. saleem poor eek halqah hay aur iss mein oopar kay tamaam azlaa kay liye aaps mein jadee hoyee sadkein haine. riyasati hayee wardy devariya saleem poor road utar pardesh "riyasati shahrah" 79 yahaan say guzarti hay. "qomi shahrah" 727 aey jasay aam toor parr aine aich 727 aey kahaa jaataa hay hindustan mein eek "qomi shahrah" hay. ... gorakh poor "devariya"yee saleem poor-bahaar barder. qareeb tareen hawai addah gorakh poor aur kashee nigar beenn alaqwami hawai addah hay. saleem poor eek jay aine hay. iss liye iss mein eek emdah tewand railway station hay.

00092e791528f16482fc42275fea1524ace757feed1b4c5edf813e218e093809

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42711631

Amuropaludina chloantha

Amuropaludina chloantha Species of gastropod Amuropaludina chloantha is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae. Distribution. This species is found in the Amur River basin, in Russia. The type locality is "various tributaries of the central part of the Amur River" ("divers affluents de l'Amour moyen"). Description. The width of the shell is 16 mm. The height of the shell is 16 mm. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aamurupaludina kluwantha aamurupaludina klo "naatha hoise viviporide poriyalor ek joloj gerspord mulasko gill aaru oporkulam thoka mitha panir xamukor etaa projati. bitoron. ei projatitu rasiyar aamur nodee owobahikat puwa yaay. ei dhoronor sthan hoise "aamur nodir kendriyo ongxor bibhinno uponodi" ("diverse affluents dey lo 'aam" ror moyen "). bornona. xeltur prostho 16 millimeter. xeltur uschota 16 millimeter.

amuropaludina cloantha amuropaludina cloantha holl mitha joler shamuker ekti prajati jaar ekti gill ebong ekti operculum royeche, jaa vvparidae poribarer ekti joloj gastropoid molask. bitoron. eyi projatiti russier amur nodee abobahikai pawa yaay. eyi dharaner elaka holl "amur nadeer kendriya ongsher bivinno uponodi" ("diverse affluents deey lawl 'amore moen"). bornona. kholer prostho 16 mimmy. kholer uchchota 16 mimmy.

amuropaludina chloantha amuropaludina cloantha meethe paani key ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye jisamen ack gill aur ack operculum haye, joe viviparidae parivaar mein ack jaleey gastropod molsk haye. vitaran. yeh prajaati roose mein amoor nadee besin mein paaee jaati haye. yeh prakaar kaa ilaka "amoor nadee key madhya bhaag kii vibhinn sahayak nadiyaan" ("diverse affluents dee ll 'amaur moyen") haye. varnan. khol kii chaudaai 16 mimi haye. khol kii oonchaai 16 mimi haye.

amuropaludina clontha amuropaludina cloantha embudu sihineerina basavana ondu jatiyagiddu, idu vvparidae kutumbadalli ondu jalavasi gastropod mrudvangi, gill mattu operculum annu hondide. vitarane. ee prabhedavu rashyaadalli amur nadhi jalanayana pradeshadalli kandubaruttade. ee reetiya pradeshavu "amur nadiya madhya bhagada vividha upanadigalu" ("diverse affluvents dii ell 'amore moen") aagide. vivarane. chippina agala 16 mii. mea. aagide. chippina ettaravu 16 mii. mea. aagide.

amuropaludina klonda vvparidae kudumbatthile jala gastropod molesk aaya oru gillum operkkulavum ulla shudhajala ochayude oru inamaanu ameuropaludina klonda. vitharanam. russiayile amur nadeethadatthilaanu eee inam kaanappedunnath. amur nadiyude madhyabhaagathe vividha poshakanadikal" ("diverse affluvents dii ell amoor moen") aanu eee tharam pradesham. vivaranam. shellinte veethi 16 millimeteraanu. shellinte uyaram 16 millimeteraanu.

amuropaludina cloantha amuropaludina cloantha hii godya panyachya gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe jyat gill aanee operculum aahe, jee vvpridae kutumbatil eka jalchar gastropod molsk aahe. vitaran. hii prajati rashiyatil amoor nadichya khonyat aadhalate. amoor nadichya madhya bhagachya vividh upanadya" ("diverse effluents dii laal 'amore moyen") haah prakar aahe. varnan. kavachachi rundi 16 miimii aahe. kavach 16 miimii unch aahe.

amuropaludina clonta amuropaludina cloantha taja paniko ghongha ko ek prajati how jasma gill rar aperakulam, bhaibhiparide pariwarma ek jaliya gastrapod molsk chha. witaran. yo prajati rusko amur nadi besinma painchha. yass prakarko ilakalai "amur nadiko madhya bhagka vibhinna sahayak nadiharu" ("diverse affluent day law 'amore moyen") bhaninchha. warnan. kholko chaudai 16 mimmy chha. kholko uchai 16 mimmy chha.

amuropaludina cloanta amuropaludina cloantha heuchhi eka prajati mitha paani shamuk jahara eka gill ebong eka aparkulam, bhibhiparide paribarara eka jalaja gastropod molsk . bunton. ehi prajati rushiaara amur nadee ababahikare dekhibaku milithae. ehi prakarara anchala heuchhi "amur nadira kendriah bhagara bibhinna upanadi" ("diverse effluents dii laal 'amore moen"). barnana. kholara osara 16 mea. mea.. ehi kholara uchchata 16 mea. mea..

amuropludina cloantha amuropludina cloantha taaze paanee dey ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii jiss witch ikk gill atey ikk aprekulam haii, joe kii parivaar vivipridae witch ikk jall gastropod molsk haii. vandd. ih prajati roos witch amoor nadee besin witch paaee jaandi haii. iss kisam daa ilaka "amoor nadee dey kendri hisse deeaan vakkh-vakkh sahaik nadiaan" ("diverse affluents dee ll 'amaur moyen") haii. varnan. shell dee chaudai 16 millimeter haii. shell dee uchaee 16 millimeter haii.

amuropaludina klontha amuropaludina klonthaa iti jalajalasy snell ityasya ekaha prajaatih asti yasya gill tathaa operculum asti, yah viviparidae-parivaarasya jalaja-gastropod-molask asti. vitaranam. eshaa prajaatih rashiyaadeshasy amoor-nadee-kshetre drushyate. asya prakarasya sthaanam "amoor-nadyaah madhyabhagasya vividhaah upanadyaah" ("daverse-affluents dey law 'amaur moyen") iti asti. varnanam. koshasya prasthah 16 mii. mee. asti. shell ityasya oordhvataa 16 mii. mee. asti.

amurobaludina clonta amuropaludina clontha enbathu oru neer nanneer natthai inamaagum, idhu oru kill mattrum oru aperculum, vvparidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru neervaazh iraippai molask aagum. viniyoagam. inththa inam russiavil ulla amur aattrup padugaiyil kaanappadugiradhu. inththa vagai vattaram "amur aattrin matthiya paguthiyin palvaeru thunai nadhigal" ("diverse affluvents dii ell 'amore moen") aagum. vilakkam. shellin agalam 16 mimee aagum. shellin uyaram 16 mimee aagum.

amuropaludina kloyanta amuropaludina cloantha anedi viviparide kutumbaaniki chendina oka neeti gastropod molask ayina gill mariyu operculum thoo kuudina manchineeti natta jaathi. pampinhee. eee jaathi rashyaalooni amur nadhee pareevaahaka praantamloo kanipistundi. eee rakamaina praantam "amur nadhi madhya bhaagamlooni vividha upanadulu" ("diverse affluents dii ell 'amore moen"). vivarana. shell yokka vedalpu 16 mimi. shell yokka etthu 16 mimi.

amoropalodina kalwantha amoropalodina kalwantha meethay paani kay ghonghe kii eek nooa hay jiss mein gull aur eek opericulum hay juu kahh vivipareddy khaandaan mein eek aabi gastropod mollsk hay. taqsim. yaha nasal roos mein daryaae amoor kay taas mein payee jaati hay. iss qasm kaa elaqah "daryaae amoor kay markazi hasay kii mukhtalif maawan nadiyan" ("diverse afloints ddee laal 'morr moyan") hay. wazahat. khool kii chodayi 16 milly metter hay. khool kii oonchayi 16 milly metter hay.

000931a451e3d2a23d67aff9ce9a4773cf206cf720206502c9de83b1a0783039

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34735261

ITF Junior

ITF Junior

ee. ti. ef. juniyor

aay. tii. eff. junier

aai. tii. aif. juniara

aaee. tii. eff. junier

ee. tii. ef. kanishtah