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Which actor founded the American Ocean's campaign in 1987?

Sign up today to get weekly updates and alerts from Oceana. About Us Oceana was established in 2001 by a group of leading foundations — The Pew Charitable Trusts, Oak Foundation, Marisla Foundation (formerly Homeland Foundation), and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. In 1999, these foundations commissioned a study and discovered that less than 0.5 percent of all resources spent by environmental nonprofit groups in the United States went to ocean advocacy — an appalling statistic. No organization was working exclusively to protect and restore the oceans on a global scale. To fill the gap, our founders created Oceana: an international organization focused solely on oceans, dedicated to achieving measurable change by conducting specific, science-based campaigns with fixed deadlines and articulated goals. The Ocean Law Project — also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts — was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor and environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address our common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans.

Ted Danson

In which decade did Bonnie & Clyde operate?

Ted Danson - Biography - IMDb Ted Danson Biography Showing all 32 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trivia  (16) | Personal Quotes  (5) | Salary  (4) Overview (3) 6' 2" (1.88 m) Mini Bio (1) Ted Danson is well known for his role as Sam Malone in the television series Cheers (1982). During the show's 11-year run, he was nominated nine times for an Emmy Award as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and won twice, in 1990 and 1993. The role also earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series in 1989 and 1990. He and his wife, actress Mary Steenburgen , starred in and were executive producers of the CBS comedy series Ink (1996). Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (MacMaster) and Edward Bridge Danson, Jr., who was an archaeologist and museum director. He has English, Scottish, and some German, ancestry. He was raised just outside Flagstaff, Ariz. Danson attended Stanford University, where he became interested in drama during his second year. In 1972, he transferred to Carnegie-Mellon University (formerly Carnegie Tech) in Pittsburgh. After graduation, he was hired as an understudy in Tom Stoppard 's Off Broadway production of "The Real Inspector Hound." Danson moved to Los Angeles in 1978 and studied with Dan Fauci at the Actor's Institute, where he also taught classes. Danson lives with his family in Los Angeles. He is a founding member of the American Oceans Campaign (AOC), an organization established to alert Americans to the life-threatening hazards created by oil spills, offshore development, toxic wastes, sewage pollution and other ocean abuses. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Grace Z Spouse (3) Trivia (16) Likes to tap dance. Graduated from Kent School in 1966, the same high school Peter Farrelly , Sebastian Siegel , Treat Williams and Seth MacFarlane attended. Has heard one of his more famous characters, "Dr. John Becker," described by a fan as "the American Medical Association's answer to Basil Fawlty." Danson completely agrees with this sentiment. Is one of the 4 actors who appeared in all 271 episodes of Cheers (1982). Has appeared in episodes of three different series with John Mahoney : Cheers (1982), Frasier (1993) and Becker (1998). Has appeared in episodes of three different series with Kelsey Grammer : Cheers (1982), Frasier (1993) and Becker (1998). Played Jason Ritter 's father in Mumford (1999). His wife Mary Steenburgen played Ritter's mother in Joan of Arcadia (2003). Said in a TV interview that his daughter was on the set during the scene from Creepshow (1982) where his character returns from the dead encased in rotted flesh and seaweed. He purposely tried avoiding his young daughter out of a fear of scaring her. Finally, despite his best efforts, she went up to him, looked at him and simply said, "Oh, Hi Dad". Children: Katherine Danson (born December 24th 1979) and Alexis Danson (born 1985), adopted by Ted and Casey Danson in 1987. Step-children are Lilly McDowell and Charlie McDowell . President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton attended his 1995 wedding to Mary Steenburgen . Steenburgen had personally known Clinton since he was governor of Arkansas when she resided in Little Rock. The President celebrated his 51st birthday at the Martha's Vineyard home of the couple. Father of actress Kate Danson and Alexis Danson. Father-in-law of Jesse Bochco . Appeared on the cover of GQ magazine three times: September '84, August '88 and July '93. He has played the same character (Sam Malone) in three different series: Cheers (1982), The Simpsons (1989) and Frasier (1993). He has English, Scottish, and smaller amounts of Scots-Irish (Northern Irish) and German, ancestry. His paternal grandfather was born in England. He has played the same character (D. B. Russell) in three different series: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000), CSI: NY (2004) and CSI: Cyber (2015). Personal Quotes (5) If I had my way everyone would be in a 12-step program. Smoking is a great prop. It's a great prop in life. Acting is pretending that you're not pretending when you're actually pretending. I am the king of the faux pas. I call everybody by their wrong name, and I congratulate women who are not pregnant. I've done so many awful things by mistake, and usually it's things that make me look totally foolish. (On Nancy Travis ) If she can pretend she finds me attractive after a tuna fish sandwich, then she's my kind of girl. Salary (4)

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Which C S wrote The African Queen?

Review of C.S. Forester's The African Queen - BrothersJudd.com [Cecil Scott] 1899-1966 C. S. Forester is well remembered for his Horatio Hornblower series (see Orrin's review ), which has won renewed popularity with the excellent A & E movie versions and a coattail effect from the cult status of Patrick O'Brien's best-selling Aubrey and Maturin books.  However, few today recall that he wrote the original novel upon which John Huston based the great Bogart and Hepburn film, The African Queen.  The film then spawned both Peter Viertel's excellent roman-a-clef novel, White Hunter, Black Heart (1953) and the Clint Eastwood movie of the same name, and a Katherine Hepburn memoir about the making of the original movie. Not a bad track record. The plot of the book will be familiar to anyone who's seen Huston's classic film; his adaptation is quite faithful.    The setting is German Central Africa in 1914.  At the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, the local German commander has rounded up the local natives, effectively closing the Christian mission run by the Reverend Samuel Sayer.  This proves to be a fatal blow to the Reverend and his spinster sister, Rose Sayer, is left on her own.  She hitches a ride down the Ulanga River with a little cockney river rat, Charlie Allnutt, aboard his rickety launch, the African Queen. Rose, who had spent her whole life deferring to her pious brother, finds her sudden freedom to be quite exhilarating.  Despite Charlie's feeble protestations, she determines to revenge Samuel by crashing the explosives laden Queen into the German police steamer, Konigin Luise, which is the only ship of any size in the region and so completely dominates Lake Wittelsbach, making British invasion extremely difficult.  Meanwhile, just getting the Queen downstream to the Lake requires them to face the guns of a local fort, treacherous currents, raging rapids, voracious insects, unfriendly hippopotami, leeches, malaria, near impenetrable vegetation, and a host of mechanical problems. United in common cause, these two very different characters go from low level hostility to grudging mutual dependence to helpless love.  Perhaps the best aspect of the book, the one that really differentiates it from the movie, is Forester's brutal honesty about the quality of their romance.  Rose is quite inured to the service of deeply flawed men like her brother and father :     So Rose did not look for perfection in the man she loved.  She took it for granted that she would     not respect him.  He would not be so dear to her if she did.  If, as to her certain knowledge he did,     he got drunk, and was not enamored of a prospect of personal danger, that was only on a par with     her father's dyspeptic malignity, or Uncle Albert's habit of betting, or Samuel's fits of cold     ill-temper.  It was not a question of knowing all and forgiving all, but of knowing all except that     she was entitled to forgive.  And these very frailties of his made an insidious appeal to the maternal     part of her, and so did his corporal frailty, and the hard luck he had always experienced.  She     yearned for him in a way that differed from and reinforced the clamourings of her emancipated     body. Nor does Charlie think he's stumbled into one of history's great romances :     Allnutt was very happy too.  Whatever he might do in the heat of passion, his need was just as     much for a mother as for a mistress.  To him there was a comfort in Rose's arms he had never     known before.  He felt he could trust her and depend upon her as he had never trusted or depended     upon a woman in his life. There's an unusual frankness to this that you don't often find in such stories and the book ends on a wistful note that's equally refreshing :     So they left the Lakes and began the long journey to Matadi and marriage.  Whether or not they     lived happily ever after is not easily decided. This richly nuanced relationship adds to the enjoyment of the thrilling adventure tale and makes for a terrific read. (Reviewed:

Forester

Who had a 60s No 1 with Everyday People?

The African Queen - C. S. Forester - Google Books The African Queen 1 Review https://books.google.com/books/about/The_African_Queen.html?id=JcNaAAAAMAAJ Rose Sayer joins forces with the Cockney pilot of a dilapidated steam launch in a desperate journey along a Central African river From inside the book What people are saying -  Write a review The African Queen User Review  - llb1 - Overstock.com The movie was a bargain and arrived promptly. Overstock did a great job of shipping. The only drawback the reason it was a 4 star instead of 5 is because it had a foreign language on the cover. I would recommend it to a friend. Read full review The African Queen User Review  - Not Available - Book Verdict Forester is now remembered for his Horatio Hornblower sea adventures; his 1935 novel has been forgotten in lieu of the popular 1951 film by John Huston. However, those who want to experience the ... Read full review Contents

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Igor Sikorsky developed which means of transport?

Sikorsky · Lockheed Martin   AAG AAG delivers a broad range of aviation solutions to New York (NYC) and the Northeast, from private helicopter charter to fractional shares, aircraft management, and maintenance. Visit AAG   Composite Technology Inc. CTI is the only worldwide certified Blade Repair Center of Excellence. They currently average delivery of more than 1,500 refurbished rotor blades per year. Visit Composite Technology, Inc.   Derco Aerospace Derco Aerospace provides logistics and technical support for fixed-wing aircraft, offering a suite of fleet management solutions, spares distribution, logistics solutions, repair and overhaul services. Visit Derco Aerospace Helitech Heitech offers support for Sikorsky and other manufacturers of rotary wing aircraft throughout the Pacific and South East Asian regions.     LifePort/Enflite LifePort, Inc.™ (LifePort) supports military and commercial customers by designing, manufacturing and certifying customized interior solutions for fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Visit LifePort/Enflite   PZL The largest Polish manufacturer of aircraft, currently expanding its production profile to include aero structures and helicopters.  

Helicopter

Which widow of a rock star appeared in Dallas?

Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer July 05, 2005 (MUSIC) ANNOUNCER: Now, the VOA Special English program, EXPLORATIONS. Today Shirley Griffith and Steve Ember tell about Igor Sikorsky. He was a leader in designing and building new kinds of aircraft. (MUSIC) VOICE ONE: Igor Sikorsky was born in the city of Kiev, Russia, on May twenty-fifth, eighteen eighty-nine. His mother was a doctor. His father was a professor of psychology. Igor became interested in science when he was very young. He was especially interested in the possibilities of human flight. As a ten-year-old boy, he started building toy flying machines out of paper and bamboo. One was a helicopter. Igor turned the blades and held them in place with a thin piece of rubber. When he let go of the rubber, the blades turned in the opposite direction. And the little helicopter flew around the room. VOICE TWO: Igor dreamed of building a real helicopter. But he had little hope. Later he said: "I had read with great interest the stories of French writer Jules Verne. In some of the stories, Verne described a helicopter. Many intelligent people, however, said such a machine would never fly. So I decided my dream would remain just that." Sikorsky entered the naval college in St. Petersburg. Then he studied engineering at the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev. He did not know that,a few years earlier, Americans Orville and Wilbur Wright had succeeded in flying. VOICE ONE: In nineteen-oh-eight, Sikorsky traveled to Germany with his father. He saw a picture in a newspaper of Orville Wright and his airplane. "Within twenty-four hours," he said, "I decided to change my life's work. I would study aviation." The next year, Sikorsky went to Paris. At that time, Paris was the center of aviation in Europe. Sikorsky met several French pilots, including Louis Bleriot, the first person to fly across the English Channel. The pilots gave him advice about building successful airplanes. (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: Sikorsky returned home to Kiev after learning all he could in Paris. He decided to build a helicopter, even though many experts said it was not possible. He tested his first helicopter in nineteen-oh-nine. It weighed too much and had too little power. It could not get off the ground. He tested his second helicopter a year later. That one could lift itself off the ground. But it was not powerful enough to lift a pilot, too. After these failures, Sikorsky decided to work on airplanes, instead. VOICE ONE: His technique was unusual. First, he drew pictures of a plane. Then he built it. Finally, he trained himself to fly it. In this way, he quickly discovered any problems in the design and was able to correct them. The first plane Sikorsky designed and built was called the S-Two. He tested it in the summer of Nineteen-Ten. Just two years later, another Sikorsky plane -- the S-Six -- won the highest prize at an aviation show in Moscow. VOICE TWO: Sikorsky's success helped win him a job as head of the airplane division of the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works. That is where he developed his first major new airplane design. Planes at that time had only one engine. Sometimes, a plane's propeller pulled masses of flying insects into the engine. The engine stopped, and the plane crashed. Sikorsky thought planes would be safer if they had more than one engine. So he designed a plane with four engines. He called it "The Grand." VOICE ONE: Sikorsky's plane was revolutionary. It was the first to have more than one engine. It was the first to have a closed area for the pilot and passengers. And it was the first to have a toilet. After designing "The Grand," Sikorsky designed an even bigger airplane. He called it the "Ilia Mourometz," the name of a famous Russian who lived in the tenth century. He made a military version of this plane. It became the most successful bomber used in World War One. (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: Igor Sikorsky left Russia at the start of the revolution in nineteen seventeen. He stayed for a while in Britain and France. Then he went to the United States. He arrived with little money and no real chances for work. America's aviation industry was new and very small. There were no jobs. In nineteen twenty-three, however, he got help from a group of Russian exiles in the United States. They gave him enough money to start his own aviation company, Sikorsky Aero Engineering. It was on Long Island, east of New York City. VOICE ONE: Sikorsky's greatest success during this period was designing seaplanes. These planes could land on ground or on water. They could fly long distances. The Pan American airline company used them to fly from North America to Central and South America. In nineteen twenty-nine, the Sikorsky company became part of the United Aircraft Corporation. The re-organized company produced a series of large planes known as flying boats. These planes were big enough and powerful enough to fly across oceans. They made it possible to move people and goods quickly from the United States to Europe and Asia. Passengers on flying boats rested in soft seats. They ate hot meals. Air travel had become fun, as well as safe. (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: By nineteen thirty-eight, Igor Sikorsky decided to experiment with helicopters again. It had been thirty years since his first unsuccessful attempts. Through those years, he had written down ideas for possible new designs. The first helicopter Sikorsky built in America was the V-S-Three-Hundred. It was a skeleton of steel tubes. In its first test flight, it rose about a meter off the ground. Sikorsky then tested nineteen more designs. VOICE ONE: The final design had one main rotator, or rotor. The rotor was connected to three long blades on top. These blades turned around like an album on a record player. They lifted the helicopter into the air. A smaller rotor, with shorter blades, was at the back end. Those blades turned around like the wheel of a car. They kept the body of the helicopter pointed forward. This remained the basic design of all Sikorsky helicopters. VOICE TWO: By nineteen forty-one, the V-S-Three-Hundred had set all world records for helicopter flight. Military versions were made and some were used in the last years of World War Two. Most people, however, still did not accept the new flying machine. They said the helicopter had to prove its worth. It did that during the war in Korea in the early nineteen fifties. Helicopters take off straight into the air. They can land just about anywhere. They do not need long airport runways like planes. During the Korean War, helicopters flew into battle areas to rescue wounded soldiers. They flew the men quickly to medical centers set up away from the fighting. This greatly improved the men's chances of survival. VOICE ONE: Igor Sikorsky, the man most responsible for successfully designing and building helicopters, thought helicopters would be a common form of transportation. People, he said, would use them instead of automobiles. They would fly into a city, land on top of a building, go to work, then fly home again. This has not happened. Privately-owned helicopters are not common. Yet helicopters have proved their value in other ways. Companies use them to transport heavy equipment to hard-to-reach places. Farmers use them to put insect poisons on their crops. And emergency teams use them to rescue people from fires and floods. VOICE TWO: Igor Sikorsky continued as an engineering adviser to his aircraft company until he died in Nineteen-Seventy-Two. He was one of the best-known and most respected leaders in international aviation. He received more than ninety major awards and honors from many countries and organizations. He always said, however, that his greatest satisfaction did not come from receiving honors. It did not come from being the first person to design new kinds of aircraft. Igor Sikorsky said his greatest satisfaction came from knowing that his helicopters were responsible for saving lives. (MUSIC) ANNOUNCER: This Special English program was written by Marilyn Rice Christiano. Your narrators were Shirley Griffith and Steve Ember. I'm Ray Freeman. Join us again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program on the VOICE OF AMERICA.

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Who wrote the novel The Power and The Glory?

SparkNotes: The Power and the Glory: Plot Overview The Power and the Glory Graham Greene Context Character List At the beginning of the novel, the priest is waiting for a boat that will take him out of the capital city. He is on the run from the police because religion has been outlawed in his state and he is the last remaining clergyman. While talking to a man named Mr. Tench, he is summoned to a dying woman's house and misses his boat. He hides out in a barn on the estate of a plantation owner, befriending the owner's daughter. Forced to move on, he heads to a village in which he used to live and work as pastor. There he meets Maria, a woman with whom he has had a brief affair, and Brigida, his illegitimate daughter. He spends the night in the town and wakes before dawn to say mass for the villagers. The lieutenant—a sworn enemy of all r eligion—arrives at the end of mass, leading a group of policemen in search of the priest, and the priest goes out to the town square to face his enemy. No one in the village turns him in, however, and the lieutenant does not realize that he has foun d the man he is looking for. Instead, the lieutenant takes a hostage, whom he says he will execute if he finds that the villagers have been lying to him about the whereabouts of the wanted man. The priest heads to the town of Carmen, and on the way he meets a man known simply as the mestizo. Uninvited, the mestizo accompanies the priest on his journey, and it very soon becomes clear that he is an untrustworthy figure, and most likely interes ted in following the priest so that he can turn him in and collect the reward money. The priest finally admits that he is, indeed, a priest. But the mestizo, who has become feverish by the second day of their journey together, does not have the strength t o follow the priest when he veers off course. The priest knows that if he enters Carmen he will surely be captured, and he lets the mestizo ride on towards the town by himself. The priest then backtracks to the capital city. He is in disguise, wearing a drill suit, and he tries to procure a bottle of wine so he can say mass. He meets a beggar who takes him to a hotel and introduces him to a man who says he can supply him with th e wine. The man arrives and sells the priest a bottle of wine and a bottle of brandy. But, taking advantage of the priest's offer to share a drink with him, the man proceeds to drink the entire bottle of wine, thwarting the priest's plan. The priest then leaves the hotel but is caught with the bottle of brandy by a state official. After a lengthy chase through the streets of the town, during which the priest unsuccessfully attempts to take refuge at the house of Padre Jose, he is caught and taken to j ail. In jail he speaks with the prisoners, admitting to them that he is a priest. A pious woman, in jail for having religious articles in her home, argues with the priest. The next day, the priest is ordered to clean out the cells and, while doing so, meets the mestizo again. But the mestizo decides not to turn the priest in to the authorities. The priest has another face-to-face encounter with the lieutenant, but again goes unrecognized, and is allowed to go free. The priest spends a night at the abandoned estate of the Fellows and then moves on to an abandoned village. He meets an Indian woman whose son has been shot and killed by the gringo, an American outlaw who is also on the run from police. He accompanie s the woman to a burial ground and then leaves her there. Fatigued, and almost completely drained of the will to live, the priest staggers on, eventually coming upon a man named Mr. Lehr who informs him that he is out of danger, having crossed the bor der into a neighboring state where religion is not outlawed. After spending a few days at the home of Mr. Lehr, the priest prepares to leave for Las Casas. But before he can depart, the mestizo arrives, informing him that the gringo has been mortally wounded by the police and is asking for someone to come and hear his confession. The priest, aware that he is walking into a trap, finally agrees to accompany the mestizo back across the border. There he meets the gringo, who refuses to repent for his sins and then dies. Then, as expected, the lieutenant arrives and ta kes the priest into custody. The two men have a long conversation about their beliefs and then, when the storm front clears, the lieutenant takes the priest back to the capital city for his trial. On the night before the priest is to be executed, the lieutenant goes to the home of Padre Jose to see if he will come and hear the confession of the captured priest. Padre Jose refuses and the lieutenant returns to the police station with a bottle of bra ndy for the priest. That night, the priest tries to repent for his sins, but finds he cannot. He wakes up the next morning afraid of the impending execution. The next day, Mr. Tench watches the execution from the window of the jefe's office. Later that night the boy hears about what happened to the priest and realizes that the man is a martyr and a hero. He dreams about him that night, and wakes up to the sound of knocking at the door. Opening the door, he finds a man seeking shelter, and when the boy learns that the man is a priest, he swings the door wide open to let him in. More Help

Graham Greene

The German terrorist group The Red Army Faction were more usually known as which Gang?

The Power and the Glory Essay - Critical Essays - eNotes.com The Power and the Glory Essay - Critical Essays link Link The Power and the Glory is one of the most powerful of Graham Greene’s novels, and many critics consider it his finest. The story arose from Greene’s journey through Tabasco and Chiapas in 1938. President Plutarco Elías Calles, in the name of revolution, had closed the churches and exiled and murdered priests and practicing Catholics. In Greene’s journalistic account of his visit, The Lawless Roads (1938), he describes characters and settings that reappear and form the basis of his novel. The theme of the hunted man establishes an exciting and nightmarish atmosphere to this novel and makes it a thriller. Greene has, moreover, created characters who are at once human and symbolic. The priest and the lieutenant embody the extreme dualism in the human spirit: godliness versus godlessness, love versus hatred, spirituality versus materialism, concern for the individual versus concern for the state. After the lieutenant captures the priest, Greene provides an extended dialogue between these two figures that forms a disputation that lies at the heart of his parable of good and evil. The lieutenant is the antithesis of the priest, but ironically his obsession with the hunt and with the task of eradicating all traces of Catholicism from his country leads him to live a life that is ironically priestlike. His simple lodgings, for example, are described as “comfortless as a prison or a monastic cell.” Like the priest, he has an abiding concern for the children and the suffering poor. The priest, who has endured pain, anxiety, and guilt for years, recognizes in his suffering the purposeful presence of God’s love: “It might even look like—hate. It would be enough to scare us—God’s love.” This philosophic insight is hard won. The priest is keenly aware of his weakness and failure as a man and as a priest. An alcoholic, a scandalous priest with an illegitimate child, a man terrified of pain and death, he harbors no illusions about himself. It is, in fact, his self-knowledge that raises him to the level of the heroic. When he is in prison for possessing brandy, he tells one of the pious inmates who thinks he is a martyr, “My children, you must never think the holy martyrs are like me. . . . I am a whisky priest.” Unlike Father... (The entire section is 941 words.) Get Free Access Start your free trial with eNotes for complete access to this resource and thousands more. 30,000+ Study Guides Save time with thousands of teacher-approved book and topic summaries. Get Homework Help Ask real teachers questions on any subject or search 300,000+ answers. On the Go Access

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How many people traditionally sing barbershop?

What is Barbershop? © Preston Barbershop Harmony Singers Red Rose Chorus 2016 What is Barbershop? There are several types of harmony singing. Barbershop is one of the more complex because it has four different voices, each with its own role. Many people are familiar with the traditional Barbershop Quartets, who often dressed in striped blazers and straw hats. Four is the minimum number of members but a group can be much larger with varying numbers of singers for each of the voices. The lead sings the melody The tenor harmonises above the melody The bass sings the lowest harmonising notes The baritone completes the chord, usually below the lead The melody is not usually sung by the tenor or bass. The voice parts do not correspond closely to voice parts of the same name in classical music. Women’s groups use the same terminology as men’s. The thing that makes Barbershop different from other harmony singing is the ringing chord. This is a special acoustical effect which is known by several different names including the overtone, expanded sound, angel's voice, fifth voice, and barbershop seventh. This is a way of combining the parts so that there appear to be more voices than there really are. There are several Wikipedia entries with more detailed information about Barbershop Music, Barbershop Arranging, Vocal Harmony, Close Harmony, A cappella. For the technically- minded, these websites make much reference to the dominant seventh, which is another name for the barbershop seventh. Some arrangers  believe that about half of each song should contain dominant seventh chords in order to give the Barbershop sound.

four

What was Diana Ross's first solo No 1?

Chorus America Chorus America Understanding Audiences This August, Chorus America released the results of the first-ever systematic look at what moves and motivates the people who attend choral music concerts. In partnership with leading research and consulting firm WolfBrown, the Intrinsic Impact Audience Project worked with 23... Read More Practice, Practice, Practice What does it take to get to Carnegie Hall? Or to a memorable choral performance? Everyone knows the answer. But many are the music scores that sit unattended in car trunks between rehearsals. And many are the frustrated choral conductors who wish their singers would put in the... Read More Meet A Donor: Michael Pettry, Indianapolis Symphonic Choir Each month, Chorus America profiles one of our members in our Meet A Member interview series. To mark the season of giving, we changed things up a little bit for December and spoke to a Chorus America donor, Michael Pettry, executive director of the Indianapolis Symphonic Choir, who has also been known to be generous with his time and talents. President & CEO Catherine Dehoney spoke to Michael about his latest work with the Symphonic Choir and what inspires him to give. Read more 11.17.16 Vocal Hacks Every conductor, singer or voice teacher needs a few good vocal hacks. No, we’re not talking mediocre singers; we’re borrowing from the tech world where Merriam-Webster defines a hack as a “creative solution to a computer hardware or programming problem or limitation.” Read more 11.14.16 Chorus Operations Survey Report (2016) Chorus America's annual survey of the operations of choruses, the Chorus Operations Survey Report includes more than 45 different analyses, from number of board meetings to board giving, from ticket pricing to chorus dues amounts, from accompanist pay practices to marketing efficiency. The 2016 report features data from the 2014-2015 season, as well as a new series on board terms and director term limits. Read more 11.03.16 In the wake of terrible events, choruses and choral leaders have found ways to be part of the response and healing process. Read more 11.03.16 Understanding Audiences Takeaways from the Intrinsic Impact Audience Project This August, Chorus America released the results of the first-ever systematic look at what moves and motivates the people who attend choral music concerts. In partnership with leading research and consulting firm WolfBrown, the Intrinsic Impact Audience Project worked with 23 choruses across North America to survey their audiences.  Read more High Notes

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Which Bond girl was Honor Blackman?

Honor Blackman | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Last: Goldfinger Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress who played Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger . Previously she played Cathy Gale on The Avengers Contents [ show ] Early life Blackman was born in West Ham, London to a statistician father. She trained as an actress at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, after persuading her father that an appropriate birthday gift would be acting lessons. Films Blackman's films include: Quartet and So Long at the Fair with Dirk Bogarde, Life at the Top with Laurence Harvey, The Virgin and the Gypsy, Shalako with Sean Connery and Brigitte Bardot and Something Big with Dean Martin. She played the role of Hera in Jason and the Argonauts (1963). She also did an overdub for an actress in the same film providing the voice for the character of Medea. More recently, she had small roles in the films Bridget Jones Diary and Hot Gold. Theatre She spent most of 1987 at the Fortune Theatre. From 2005 to 2006 she toured the country as Mrs Higgins in My Fair Lady. Her show Word Of Honor, premiered in October 2006. In April 2007 she took over the role of Fraulein Schneider from Olivier Award-winning actress Sheila Hancock, in Cabaret at the Lyric Theatre in London's West End. She left the show at the end of September 2007. Television In a 1965 episode of The Avengers, titled "Too Many Christmas Trees", John Steed received his Christmas cards, one of which was from Cathy. "A card from Mrs Gale!", Steed exclaims in delight. Then, reading the inscription, he says, in a puzzled voice, "Whatever can she be doing at Fort Knox...?". It was an inside joke, as Blackman was filming Goldfinger at the time. In 1986, she played the role of Professor Lasky in the Doctor Who serial The Trial of a Time Lord. From 1990 to 1995 she appeared as Laura West on The Upper Hand. Blackman took a guest role on Midsomer Murders as ex-racing driver Isobel Hewitt in the episode A Talent for Life. She also, in September 2004, briefly joined the Coronation Street cast in a storyline about wife swapping. In 2007, she participated in the BBC TV project The Verdict, as one of 12 well known figures forming a jury to hear a fictional rape case. The series was designed to explore the jury system. She was sworn in as a juror under the name 'Honor Kaufmann'. Blackman was featured, alongside Chris Tarrant, in the show Lose A Million. Singing A song she recorded with Patrick Macnee during 1964, "Kinky Boots", was a surprise hit, peaking at #5, in 1990 after it was played incessantly by BBC Radio 1 breakfast show presenter Simon Mayo. After her appearance in Goldfinger, Blackman recorded a full album of songs entitled Everything I've Got. Personal life She married twice: Bill Sankey (1946 – 1956) and the British actor Maurice Kaufmann (1963 – 1975), with whom she appeared in the film Fright (1971); they adopted two children, Barnaby and Lottie. She is a signed supporter of Republic, The Campaign for an Elected Head of State, the UK campaign to replace the monarchy with a republic. She declined a CBE honour in 2002. She has also been a prominent supporter of the Liberal Democrats.

Pussy Galore

Which Latvian was principal dancer with the American Ballet Theater in the 70s returning later as director?

Bond girl Honor Blackman says Daniel Craig beats Sean Connery | Daily Mail Online She made her name in The Avengers and, later, the 007 franchise. But former Bond girl Honor Blackman has proved there's absolutely no sentimentality in business - especially showbusiness The 89 year-old star, who played Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger, has claimed Daniel Craig is better at playing the suave spy than her handsome co-star Sean Connery.    Scroll down for video Controversial? 89 year-old Honor Blackman, who played Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger, has claimed Daniel Craig is better at playing the suave spy than her handsome co-star Sean Connery Commenting on Craig's interpretation of Bond - which will be seen again in new movie 'Spectre' - she told The Mirror : 'I'm sorry to say he's a better actor - but I think Sean would acknowledge that. I think Dan is terrific. He's capable of so much more.' Comparing the two actors' portrayals, Honor added: 'Sean was perfection as Bond only as Ian Fleming wrote it. He was a Mr Universe entrant, he was handsome and very, very, sexy and had that ridiculous accent. 'Now it's no longer like Ian Fleming, it's more like 'The Bourne Identity'. It's a different kind of film. But that doesn't make any difference to the fact they're super films and Daniel is probably the best actor that ever played Bond.'  Best-ever? Liverpool-born Daniel Craig replaced Pierce Brosnan as agent 007 in 1996 The original and best? 'I'm sorry to say he's a better actor - but I think Sean would acknowledge that,' she said. The controversial comments will no doubt anger fans of the long-running film franchise, which remains one of the most popular in world history.  Ironically, she added that Ian Fleming - who created Bond - was a misogynist, but insists that any future incarnation of the 007 actor must be 'very attractive'. She added the caveat in relation to whether a person of colour could take on the role of the secret agent, which she believes is a given because the role has evolved so much.    Flashing some flesh: Craig pictured emerging from the ocean in THAT iconic 007 scene...  Beautiful: Honor remains a timeless beauty from her 1964 Bond performance as Pussy Galore Good working relationship, then? Pussy and 007 certainly enjoyed a strong chemistry - which saw them 'bond' Honor's views come shortly after Sir Roger Moore sparked controversy by wading into the debate. Interviewed in the new Paris Match magazine he is asked about the widely mooted idea of black British actor Idris Elba becoming the next 007. 'A few years ago, I said that [black actor] Cuba Gooding Jnr would make an excellent Bond, but it was a joke!' replies Sir Roger, 87, who starred in seven Bond movies between 1973 and 1985. 'Although James may have been played by a Scot, a Welshman and an Irishman, I think he should be "English-English",' he continues. 'Nevertheless, it's an interesting idea, but unrealistic.'  Frank: Honor's views come shortly after Sir Roger Moore sparked controversy by wading into the debate First meeting: Connery meets Honor Blackman who played the leather-clad, crime-fighting Cathy Gale in the TV series The Avengers  

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Hard-rock group Motley Crue come from which city?

Home - Motley Crue Motley Crue Official Website for Mötley Crüe Home No shows booked at the moment. Latest News Worldwide Release of 'Motley Crue: The End' Box Set Announced - Pre-Order Available Now! September 27th, 2016 DVD of Final Live Performance To Be Included NEW YORK, NY, September 27, 2016—Just in time for th [...] September 7th, 2016 For one night only on Thursday 13th October, selected cinemas across the UK and Europe, South Americ [...] July 13th, 2016 Beginning July 16, music fans can experience the final performance from iconic rock band Mötley Crüe [...]

Los Angeles

Cindy Birdsong was a member of which singing group?

The Band - Motley Crue Motley Crue Official Website for Mötley Crüe The Band MÖTLEY CRÜE is The World’s Most Notorious Rock Band. Vince Neil (vocals), Mick Mars (guitar), Nikki Sixx (bass) and Tommy Lee (drums) laid the foundation for their inimitable career in the ’80s with their genre-bending music, a mix of anthemic choruses, stadium-sized riffs, punk rock and melodic power, along with their relentless reputation, typifying an excess never before seen in modern music. But they didn’t stop there. MÖTLEY CRÜE continued to evolve through the ’90s and beyond, releasing their NY Times best-selling book The Dirt long before it was common and cool for celebrities to have their own tomes. The page-turning rock epic offered a keyhole view into life in The CRÜE. It is currently being adapted into a feature film by noted director Jeff Tremaine. MÖTLEY CRÜE reinvented itself yet again through the ’00s and the present decade by continually doing new things, such as launching a branded tour known as Crüefest. Also, The CRÜE was the first band to do a rock residency in Las Vegas, something its peers, Def Leppard and Guns N’ Roses, did after them. Their sold-out stint at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino further elevated MÖTLEY CRÜE ‘s mythos, demonstrating the fact that they can do anything. They’ve also executed impressive, innovative live production, such as Lee’s roller coaster, which sends him around a 360-degree loop during his drum solo. MÖTLEY CRÜE has also become a part of the cultural lexicon, with songs featured in films like Little Nicky and Hot Tub Time Machine. “Kickstart My Heart” was used in the award winning KIA MOTORS 2012 Super Bowl commercial, featuring Victoria’s Secret supermodel Adriana Lima and UFC legend Chuck Liddell. The song is also being used in Dodge’s 100th Anniversary spots in 2014. MÖTLEY CRÜE’s career-spanning numbers are impressive. The band has sold 100 million albums globally; has reached seven platinum or multi-platinum certifications; 22 Top 40 mainstream rock hits; six Top 20 pop singles; a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; three Grammy nominations for Best Hard Rock Performance; and countless sold-out tours across the globe, playing to millions and generations of fans. Besides the hook-filled, ground-breaking music, MÖTLEY CRÜE’s image pioneered an attitude, fashion sense and lifestyle, influencing a legion of fans who copied its look. The members of the band have published a total of five New York Times Best-Selling books, including The Heroin Diaries and This Is Gonna Hurt by Nikki Sixx; Tommyland by Tommy Lee; Tattoos and Tequila by Vince Neil and the infamous The Dirt. This capacity for reinvention and innovation is why Motley Crue continues to attract fans young and old – many who weren’t even born during the band’s early reign. That fact proves that they are the rock band for all ages and eras. But All Bad Things Must Come To An End and Motley Crue is taking one last trip around the world embarking on its victory lap in high-impact fashion. 2014 marks the onset of MÖTLEY CRÜE’s swan song, their Final Tour, which will take the band all the way through the end of 2015. JOIN THE MAILING LIST

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Which movie won Marlon Brando his second Oscar?

Marlon Brando - Awards - IMDb Marlon Brando Showing all 30 wins and 32 nominations Academy Awards, USA The Godfather (1972) Brando did not attend the ceremony, choosing instead to have himself represented by Sacheen ... More Brando did not attend the ceremony, choosing instead to have himself represented by Sacheen Littlefeather (a.k.a. Maria Cruz), a Native American Californian actress. She clarified that Brando respectfully refused the award due to the poor treatment of American Indians in entertainment, as well as the recent Wounded Knee Incident. After several jeers were drowned out by applause, Littlefeather further stated that she hoped she had not intruded and that "our hearts and understandings will meet with love and generosity".

The Godfather

On a Monopoly board, what are B & O, Reading, Short Line and Pennsylvania?

Marlon Brando turns down 'Godfather' Oscar - Oscar History (Video) | abc7.com OTRC: Marlon Brando refuses Oscar via Sacheen Littlefeather - Oscar History (Video) none Satchee, an American Indian, accepted Marlon Brando's Academy Award for "The Godfather" in a very memorable way - by declining it. (OTRC / Academy Awards) OTRC OnTheRedCarpet.com Staff Throughout this Oscar season, we are looking back at some of the great moments in Academy Awards history. At the 45th Academy Awards in March 1973, Sacheen Cruz Littlefeather stepped in to refuse Marlon Brando's Oscar for Best Actor for his role in "The Godfather." Brando had been a longtime supporter of Native American rights, and became involved with the American Indian Movement. The actor wanted to make a statement about the Wounded Knee incident in 1973 as well as to voice his discontent with Hollywood's portrayal of Native Americans in film and television. American Indian Rights activist Sacheen Cruz Littlefeather attended the ceremony and rejected the Oscar on his behalf. Littlefeather appeared at the ceremony dressed in Apache attire. Roger Moore presented the Oscar to Littlefeather, who waived the actor off and said at the podium, "Hello. My name is Sacheen Littlefeather. I'm Apache and I am president of the National Native American Affirmative Image Committee." "I'm representing Marlin Brando this evening, and he has asked me to tell you in a very long speech which I cannot share with you presently because of time, but I will be glad to share with the press afterwards, that he very regretfully cannot accept this very generous award." Littlefeather continued, "And the reasons for this being are the treatment of American Indians today by the film industry, excuse me, and on television in movie re-runs and also with recent happenings at Wounded Knee. I beg at this time that I have not intruded upon this evening and that in the future, our hearts and our understandings will meet with love and generosity." She ended her statement with, "Thank you on behalf of Marlon Brando." That night, Brando became the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award, the first was George C. Scott who turned down his Oscar for the 1970 film "Patton." Oscar.com also hosts the official Oscar blog , which will feature red carpet fashion trends and tips from chef and lifestyle experts for hosting the best Oscar party. Enter the Ultimate Oscar Red Carpet Fan Experience Sweepstakes for a chance to win TWO bleacher tickets and a trip to this year's Oscars red carpet in Los Angeles.

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The Harry Lime theme was used in which film?

My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man) - YouTube My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 9, 2011 The Harry Lime Theme (Engl. The Third Man Theme ) is an instrumental composition by Anton Karas for the film The Third Man and was named after the character in the movie, Harry Lime. We're showing some post war photos of Vienna. "The Harry Lime Theme" is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the film The Third Man (1949). Karas was working as a zither player when director Carol Reed, during location scouting for the film, heard him playing in a beer garden. Reed wanted music that wasn't a waltz but would be appropriate to the city of Vienna, in which the film was set, so he asked Karas if he would write and record the film's score. Karas agreed, and he wrote the theme based on a melody in a practice book. The zither had not previously been widely used in English or American music, but the theme became popular with audiences of the film soon after its premiere. The tune was originally released in the U.K. in 1949, where it was known as 'The Harry Lime Theme.' Following its release in the U.S. in 1950, "The Third Man Theme" spent eleven weeks at number one on Billboard's U.S. Best Sellers in Stores chart. Its success led to a trend in releasing film theme music as singles. According to Faber and Faber, the different versions of the theme have collectively sold an estimated forty million copies. Anton Karas was born in Vienna of Hungarian and Czech origin, one of five children of a factory worker, Anton Karas was already keen on music as a child. He desired to become a band leader, which due to the family's financial situation was impossible. However, he was allowed to learn to play an instrument, as were his two brothers and two sisters. He later reported that his first zither was one he found in his grandmother's attic, at the age of 12. Music is copyrighted by its corresponding owners. No infringement of copyright is meant and if it does infringe, please message me and I'll remove it. -----------------------------------------------------------

The Third Man

Which city hosts the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival?

The Third Man (TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb IMDb 18 January 2017 5:37 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Harry Lime makes money dealing art and solves crime to save his life. Stars: Harry goes to Ceylon to determine the provenance of a fabulous necklace that is 1250 years old and meets with unsavory characters who attempt to discourage him from purchasing additional pieces. 9.5 When the body of Italian partisan who was last seen with Harry Lime during World War II is discovered at the end of a glacier, Harry returns to the Alps to face retribution from the agent's former ... 9.4 In New York City, Mr. Clark of James Clark Home Enterprises, hires Harry Lime to deliver a $5 million dollar check - at a castle located in Soain, in exchange for 10% - $50,000. When Harry arrives in... 7.0 a list of 106 titles created 13 May 2012 a list of 44 titles created 09 Jul 2013 a list of 171 titles created 19 Aug 2013 a list of 100 titles created 1 month ago a list of 27 titles created 6 days ago Title: The Third Man (1959–1965) 8.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? 29 January 1959 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia James Mason had been considered for the part of Harry Lime, but Michael Rennie ended up in the role. See more » Connections (N Syracuse NY) – See all my reviews Harry Lime in the 1949 movie is a charming, totally amoral character. In the 1951 radio series, (an episode of which can be heard on the Criterion Collection DVD of the film), which also starred Orson Welles, he is a charming adventurer of dubious reputation who is not as ammoral as people think he is. In the TV show, as played by Michael Rennie, he's a rather conservative businessman whose reputation seems to have been a case of mistaken identity. I would love to have seen Welles essay the role in the TV show. It would have made all the difference. But of course, he didn't do TV series. One wonders who might have been more interesting than Rennie who was doing TV at that time. The name, (and face) that pops into my mind is Ross Martin but perhaps he was not a big enough star yet. At least Jonathan Harris provides some liveliness as Lime's persnickety assistant, although one can hardly imagine Welles' Lime finding a use for such a character. Also, in a half hour show his intrusions often detract from the story too much. I will say that I like the way the show was filmed, with some good camera angles, clever editing and, of course, Anton Karras' musical theme, which never seems to stop playing. It's still not a patch on the movie but what TV series is? 22 of 27 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

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What was the profession of Burt Reynolds' father?

Burt Reynolds Net Worth Money and More - Rich Glare Burt Reynolds Net Worth Money and More Profession: Actor, Director and Voice Artist Introduction The complete name of Burt Reynolds is Burton Leon “Burt” Reynolds. He was born on 11th February 1936.  He is a multi-talented personality. He is not just a well known actor but is also a very talented director. He has worked in many movies and television shows like Riverboat, Angel Baby, The twilight Zone, Gunsmoke, Hooper as Hooper, Sam Whiskey, Dan August, Everything You always Wanted to Know about Sex, The man Who loved Cat Dancing, Silent Movie, Starting Over, Rough Cut, The Man Who Loved Women, City heat, The Golden Girls, Physical Evidence, Breaking In, Switching Channels, All dogs go to Heaven, Mad Dog Time and the Longest Yard   Early life Fern H Reynolds and Burton Milo Reynolds are the parents of Burt Reynolds. Waycross, Georgia is the birth place of Burt Reynolds. His father was a part of Unites States Army. After some time his father became the chief police of Riviera Beach. This beach is adjacent to West Palm Beach which is located in north. He has completed his schooling from Palm Beach high School. In his school he used to participate in all the competitions which were related to acting and theatre. In his childhood he was a very intelligent student. He received a large number of scholarships. He completed his graduation from Florida State University. He was a great football player in his college days. He even won a scholarship for playing football. When he was in college he met with an accident. The accident gave him an injury and his football career ended with that accident. He never played football after that accident. He never thought of acting to be his career. After he ended up with his football career he aimed to become a police officer. When he got a scholarship to Hype Park Playhouse, he dropped his plan for becoming a police officer and went to New York for Summer Stock Theater. He found this job more interesting than the job of police officer. Quotes by Burt Reynolds Marriage is about the most expensive way for average man to get laundry done The moment you grab someone by the lapels, you’re lost. You can only hold your stomach in for so many years. I have always gotten along well with Texas. You’ve got to. My movies were the kind they show in prisons and airplanes, because nobody can leave     Acting career Burt won Florida State Drama Award. Along with this award he even won a scholarship for Hyde Park playhouse. This playhouse is a summer stock theatre. Burt thought this scholarship to be a golden opportunity and so he accepted the scholarship. He started working at Hyde Park he met Joanne Woodward. After meeting Joanne he fell in love with her. The couple dated for many years. Carol Lawrence, Frank Gifford, Jan Murray and Red Buttons.   Personal Life Reynolds is said to be involved with many women like Tammy Wynette, Susan Clarks, Lorna Luft, Tawny Lift, Sally Field, Christ Evert and Pam Seals. After so many affairs he got married to Judy Carne. But his marriage with Judy didn’t work well and they got divorced. After his divorce he got married to Loni Anderson. After his marriage with Loni he adopted a son. He named his son as Quinton Anderson Reynolds. Awards and Achievements   He is a very refined actor and director. His work received a lot of appreciation. He has won many awards for his incredible work. In year 1991 he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding lead actor in comedy series. He won People’s choice award for many categories like Favourite motion Picture actor, Favourite all Around Male Entertainer and Favourite Male Performer in New TV Series. In year 1980 he won American Movie Award for Favourite Male film Star. In year 1991 he won Viewers for Television Quality Award. He won many other awards like Best Buddies Canada Life Time Achievement Award, Taurus Lifetime Achievement Award, Atlanta Image Film and Video Award, Children at Heart Award, American Cancer Society’s Lifetime Achievement award,  Eastman Kodak Second century award, male star of the year Award, Golden boot Awards, Crystal Reel Award and Durex man of the year Award. His success can be tracked by the list of awards he has won in his career. Richness Burt Reynolds is a very rich personality. He leads a very luxurious and lavish lifestyle. His profession makes a lot of money for him. He is said to be the highest paid actor in the world. His estimated net worth is said to be $185 million. His annual salary is said to be around $58 million. His movies earn a lot of money. He has a beautiful house located in Florida. The house covers around 4 acres of land. The estimated market price of this house is $1.2 million. The house is located on a very beautiful sight. The presence of garden further enhances the beauty of the house. The interior of the house is quite mesmerizing. It house encompasses many facilities like it has a separate area for pool and a well equipped kitchen.

Police officer

Which Scottish border town was the scene of a jumbo jet disaster?

Burt Reynolds Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Film & Theater Personalities Burt Reynolds Biography Achieved his share of fame through his breakthrough performance in the movie ‘Deliverance’, Burt Reynolds is an American actor, director and a voice artist. Quick Facts Loni Anderson (m. 1988–1993), Judy Carne (m. 1963–1965) children Palm Beach Lakes Community High School Palm Beach Community College 1991 - Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series 1992 - Golden Globes Awards for Best Performance 1997 - Golden Globes Awards for Best Supporting Actor More Awards 1979 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actor 1979 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer 1980 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actor 1982 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actor 1982 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer 1983 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actor 1983 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer 1984 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actor 1991 - People's Choice Awards for Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Series 1980 - American Movie Awards for Favorite Film Star 1991 - Viewers For Quality Television Awards for Best Actor 1985 - Durex Man Of The Year Awards 2002 - Crystal Reel Awards for Lifetime Achievement 1998 - ShoWest Convention Award for Supporting Actor of the Year 1990 - Golden Boot Awards 1978 - Male Star of the Year Award from National Association of Theater Owners 1980 - Male Star of the Year Award from National Association of Theater Owners 1978 - Hollywood Walk of Fame 1987 - Eastman Kodak Second Century Award 1991 - American Cancer Society's Lifetime Achievement Award 2000 - Children at Heart Award 2003 - Atlanta IMAGE Film and Video Award 2007 - Taurus Lifetime Achievement Award 2007 - Best Buddies Canada Lifetime Achievement Award Image Credit http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/11/on-burt-reynolds-birthday_n_2647219.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in Burton Leon ‘Burt’ Reynolds, Jr. is an American actor, director, producer, voice artist, ex-restaurant owner and an ex-sports team owner. He was born and brought up in Michigan and had a police chief officer for a father. He went to the Palm Beach High School and Florida State University where he played college professional football and dreamt of pursuing it further but could not see it through as he suffered from serious injuries twice during his youth. He instead went to the Palm Beach Junior, thinking that he will follow his father’s profession. But his acting skills were recognized there and he got a scholarship to work at a theatre in New York. From there onwards he strived and got himself a series of plays, television shows and movies. He is best known for his movies ‘Deliverance’, ‘Smokey and the Bandit’ and ‘Boggie Nights’. Reynolds is winner of an Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award and has also been nominated for an Academy Award for his supporting role in ‘Boggie Nights’. His immense talent has earned him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He has been linked with many actresses romantically throughout his acting career and was married twice. Childhood & Early Life Burt Reynolds was born in Lansing, Michigan, to Burton Milo Reynolds, Sr. and Fern H. Reynolds. His father was a police chief of Riviera Beach and had also served in the US Army. Reynolds studied at Palm Beach High School and after that attended the Florida State University on a college football scholarship. He wanted to become a professional footballer but in the first season he was injured and had another injury in a car accident. This ended his hopes for a football career and after that he thought of becoming a police officer. He went to the Palm Beach Junior in Lake Worth and it was there that one of his teachers asked him to take part in a play ‘Outward Bound’. He won a Florida State Drama Award for it. Career After getting his initial award in acting, Reynolds got a scholarship to work in Hyde Park Playhouse, a summer stock theatre, New York. He met with Joanne Woodward there who helped him finding an agent. In 1953, he was cast in a play called ‘Tea and Sympathy’ at Neighborhood Playhouse, New York. He was critically appreciated for his performance and went on a tour to perform the play in various parts of the country. In 1957, he got a part in the play ‘Mister Roberts’. His performance fetched him an audition for a movie called ‘Sayonara’. He was rejected for the role and was told to go and try in the Hollywood. From 1959 to 1961, he starred in a television series ‘Riverboat’, an NBC series. He worked with Darren McGavin in it. This was offered to him right after he made his Broadway debut with ‘Look, We’ve Come Through’. In 1959, Reynolds did an episode, ‘The Payoff’, in the television series called ‘The Lawless Years’ which was a crime drama. His character was called ‘Tony Sapio’ and he starred opposite Ruta Lee. Until 1961, he appeared in episodes of various TV shows like: ‘Pony Express’, ‘The Brothers Brannagan’, ‘The Everglades’, ‘Gunsmoke’, ‘Perry Mason’, ‘The Twilight Zone’, ’12 O-Clock High’, etc. In 1961, Reynolds acted in his first movie called ‘Angel Baby’. After this movie, he was advised by his good friend and actor Clint Eastwood to act in low-budget movies that are made overseas and he did ‘Navajo Joe’. Around this time, while he was acting in the low-budget foreign movies, Reynolds worked on two cop television shows called ‘Hawk’ and ‘Dan August’. But he was not happy with the limited creative scope of these shows. In 1972, his breakthrough movie ‘Deliverance’ was released. It was an American Thriller movie directed by John Boorman, based on a novel written by American writer James Dickey, who also did a small role in the movie. In 1973, he pursued his singing talent and came out with an album called ‘Ask Me What I Am’ and also sang a duet with Dolly Parton in ‘The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas’. In 1977, Reynolds starred in the movie ‘Smokey and the Bandit’, along with Jerry Reed, Sally Field and Jackie Gleason. In the same year he turned down an offer to act in ‘Star Wars’. In 1989, he starred in a successful venture called ‘Physical Evidence’, which was a much relief for him from the stereotypical and unsuccessful movies that he was offered after the success of ‘Smokey and the Bandit’. He produced a television show ‘Win, Lose or Draw’ and appeared in one of its celebrity episodes. In 1989, he starred in a detective drama called ‘B.L. Stryker’ for the ABC Mystery Movie. In 1990, he starred in a television series produced by CBC called ‘Evening Shade’. His impeccable performance earned him an Emmy Award for it in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. In 1996, after a long break from acting, Reynolds appeared in the successful ‘Striptease’ and in the following year, he gave another commercial hit called ‘Boggie Nights’ for which he won a Golden Globe. In 2002, he gave his voice to the character ‘Avery Carrington’ in a video game called ‘Grand Theft: Vice City’. It was a controversial video game which he did right after the creation and touring for ‘Burt Reynolds’ One-Man Show’. In 2005, he starred in the remake of ‘The Longest Yard’ along with Adam Sandler, who played the part that Reynolds played in the original version of the movie. His performance was criticized and he received a Razzie Award for it. In 2010, he starred in a small role in American version of ‘Burn Notice’. He played an ex-CIA agent in the series. His performance was appreciated critically as it was a tough role to play for the complexity of the character. In 2012, He guest starred on ‘Archer’, an animated production of FX TV and also did ‘Saints Row: The Third’ during the same time. Personal Life & Legacy Reynolds had a romantic relationship with many female artists like Tammy Wynette, Lucie Arnaz, Susan Clark, Dinah Shore, etc. He was much in news for his relationship with Dinah Shore for she was 20 years older to him. In 1963, Reynolds got married to actress Judy Carne but the marriage worked out only for 2 years and he got married to Loni Anderson and had a son with her - Quinton Anderson Reynolds. This marriage too ended in 5 years. In 1993, he had a troublesome divorce with his ex-wife Loni Anderson and had to give away a lot of money to her which ended up into Reynolds declaring himself bankrupt. Trivia This famous Hollywood actor lost a lot of money in unsuccessful restaurant ventures in Florida. In 1978, Reynolds earned his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He built a dinner theatre in Jupiter, Florida, which he had to eventually sell off. He declined the role of James Bond by saying that there could never be an American James Bond. This famous actor had posed naked on the cover of Cosmopolitan in 1972. Reynolds owned a nightclub called ‘Burt’s Place’ in Atlanta, Georgia. He co-owned a professional football team Tampa Bay Bandits.   Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Burt Reynolds

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Solidarity was the mass movement of the people in which country?

The Rise and Fall of Solidarity - The New York Times The New York Times The Opinion Pages |The Rise and Fall of Solidarity Search The Rise and Fall of Solidarity By MARK KRAMER Continue reading the main story Thirty years ago Tuesday, the whole of Poland came under martial law. The sudden introduction of military rule after an 18-month-long crisis was a turning point in the history of both Poland and the Cold War. The crisis stemmed from the formation of Solidarity, which started out as a free trade union but quickly became far more: a social movement, a symbol of hope and an embodiment of the struggle against communism and Soviet domination. Nothing analogous to Solidarity existed either before or after. Solidarity had its roots in the worker unrest of December 1970 in Poland’s northern cities, but the movement that emerged in the summer of 1980 was incomparably larger and drew from all segments of Polish society. Roughly 10 million people — nearly half of Poland’s adult population — eventually joined. The Polish Communist regime had tried, unsuccessfully, to prevent the formation of Solidarity. Faced with crippling strikes at major shipyards and factories in August 1980, the Polish authorities considered resorting to a full-scale crackdown. But after deliberating they ultimately decided against the use of force and — with great reluctance — to sign three landmark accords that formally recognized the establishment of Solidarity, which soon rivaled the Polish Communist Party in political power. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The founding of Solidarity is now the stuff of legend, but in the summer of 1980 the outcome of the workers’ protests seemed uncertain at best. When mass strikes began in Gdansk in mid-August 1980, nearly all of the strike leaders feared that the protests would soon peter out or would not spread widely enough to compel the regime to negotiate. Many were worried that the authorities would instinctively rely on violent repression, as they had in December 1970. But the workers at the Gdansk shipyard pressed on, and the strikes spread rapidly to more than 750 sites around the country. The feared crackdown did not come until a year and a half later, after extensive planning and preparations by the Polish security forces and army, under close Soviet supervision. The move to crush Solidarity proved remarkably swift and effective, a textbook case of how an authoritarian regime can bring a rebellious society to heel. Photo Credit Raquel Marín The long and elaborate planning resulted in a crackdown that killed surprisingly few. Many thousands were arrested, a curfew was enacted, and communications and transportation were severely restricted. Poles, long known for their defiance of communism, put up surprisingly little resistance. Part of the reason is that by December 1981, Solidarity’s popularity was waning. The strikes and economic upheavals in 1981 had eroded Poles’ living standards, causing many to hope that stability might be restored. As the anniversary of martial law has approached, some observers have been inclined to look back on the formation of Solidarity in 1980 as the death knell of communism or at least the first nail in communism’s coffin. That view is far too glib and teleological. Solidarity certainly highlighted the enormous public discontent with Communist rule — discontent that had surfaced many times before in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe — but the organization was crushed in December 1981. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Solidarity, despite its achievements, was unable to overthrow communism on its own. When Mikhail Gorbachev took office in Moscow in March 1985, Solidarity was still outlawed and barely functioning as an underground movement. It never returned to what it had once been in 1980-1981. Moreover, the role that Solidarity played in 1989 was feasible only because of the fundamental changes in Soviet foreign policy under Gorbachev. Had there not been a drastic reorientation of Soviet policy, Solidarity might well have faded into oblivion. None of this detracts from the invaluable contribution that Solidarity made. The organization brought together millions of people in a genuinely popular movement against the strictures of communism. Unlike in Poznan in June 1956, when tens of thousands of Poles waged fierce battles against Polish military and security forces for two days, Solidarity pursued its goals entirely peacefully and was able to survive for a year and a half. Solidarity ultimately could not prevent martial law, but the union’s mere existence underscored for everyone how bankrupt the Communist system was. And the introduction of military rule put an end to any lingering illusions in both East and West about the nature of communism. The nearly 40 million Poles who woke up to martial law 30 years ago could scarcely have imagined that their country would be a member of both NATO and the European Union barely two decades later. Perhaps that augurs well for the brave protesters in Syria, Iran, and China today who are being ruthlessly suppressed by autocratic regimes that do not hesitate to kill thousands of their own people. Mark Kramer is director of the Cold War Studies Program and senior fellow at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University. A version of this op-ed appears in print on December 13, 2011, in The International Herald Tribune. Today's Paper | Subscribe

Poland

Which golfer Sandy triumphed at the US Masters?

BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy Analysis: Solidarity's legacy BBC Europe analyst Solidarity brought books and libraries to the Polish shipyards Sunday 14 August 1980 was a turning-point in Polish history: the day the Gdansk shipyard strike started, paving the way for Solidarity. It was the first independent mass political movement to emerge in the Soviet bloc. But the debate continues over Solidarity's significance for the ultimate collapse of East European communism. On 31 August 1980, Polish government representatives signed an agreement with striking shipyard workers, authorising the establishment of a new trade union free of communist control. Sixteen months later, the experiment in political co-existence came to an end, with tanks on the streets and mass arrests. Re-legalised in 1989, Solidarity soon took over Poland's government from the communists - but then rapidly disintegrated amid acrimony and mutual recriminations. Papal visit Stalin once said that establishing Communism in Poland was like trying to saddle a cow. The largest of Moscow's post-World War II satellites, Poland had a long history of conflict with Russia, and a tradition of personal freedom, Roman law, and limited government, very different from Russia's. Throughout Poland's vital Baltic region, the strike movement is gaining momentum. This afternoon, the new strike committee in the Lenin shipyard has been expanding by the hour BBC reporter Tim Sebastian, 1980 For three decades, it rumbled away like an indigestible meal inside the Soviet stomach. Stalin's terror gave way to a more flexible form of dictatorship. By the 1970s, many young Poles were travelling to the West to see relatives and to moonlight, their awareness of living in an impoverished backwater becoming more acute. Then, in 1978, a Polish archbishop, Karol Wojtyla, was elected Pope - taking the name John Paul II. His return visit to Poland the following year turned into a triumphal progress, with millions turning out to greet him. Gdansk shipyard worker and future Solidarity leader, Lech Walesa, summed up the effect: "The Holy Father, through his meetings, demonstrated how numerous we were. He told us not to be afraid". On 31 August 1980, the communist authorities conceded the strikers' main demand: their own trade union, independent of communist control. Soon Solidarity was claiming 10 million members. In Lech Walesa, it also found its "People's Tribune". With his rough and ready manners, mangled grammar, ostentatious Catholic piety and apparent lack of humbug, he was "Our Lech". Solidarity blatantly contradicted the Soviet principle that every aspect of public life had to be animated and controlled by the Communist Party. It soon evolved into a mass movement for civil and national rights - but of a peculiar kind. Its intellectual advisers coined the term "self-limiting revolution". Society, they said, would organise itself from below - but would not make a direct grab for power. Moral revolution The communist regime - hollowed out from inside - would remain as a facade, protecting Poland from Soviet attack. Pope John Paul II played a major role, inspiring many Poles One of the first elements of the communist system to disintegrate was censorship - as a Solidarity activist later explained to the BBC. "We were setting up libraries of independent publishing inside the enterprises," he said. "I have the impression that many workers were only then starting to read books." But if Solidarity promoted personal and social freedom, the West was not necessarily seen as a model. Solidarity saw itself as driving a moral revolution: an end to the mutual suspicion, self-abasement, double-talk, influence-peddling and corruption of life under communism. Meanwhile, the Czech and East German authorities successfully exploited traditional anti-Polish prejudices. And as developments in 1981 would amply demonstrate, two of the Polish regime's institutions remained relatively untouched: the army and the secret police. Years later, Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski sought to justify martial law as the lesser of two evils: "This was our own sovereign decision - but one which took into account the realities of those times. At that time the socialist system was the reality of that state - its backbone. And toppling that reality would have meant both civil war and foreign intervention." The Soviet invasion threat has never been proved. Former members of the Soviet leadership have said that armed intervention was discussed - but rejected. Martial law Mr Jaruzelski certainly did Moscow a favour, by sparing it the international opprobrium which would have followed an invasion. Wojciech Jaruzelski could not stem the tide of opposition But martial law did play into the hands of right-wing US President Ronald Reagan, who used the Polish crisis to step up Washington's ideological confrontation with the Soviet Union. Behind the trappings of a military junta, the Polish leadership tried to reassemble the familiar structures of a communist regime. But the old fear had gone. Confrontations between demonstrators and the Zomo riot police went on for months. Eventually, the regime, society and the Solidarity underground settled down to a sullen co-existence. A new reforming Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, paid a visit - but appeared badly out of touch. If Poles wanted their own reformer, he reportedly told a roomful of silent communist activists, they had one in Jaruzelski. When in 1988 UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher arrived in Gdansk, she was greeted with chants of "Send the Reds to Siberia!" Maybe we are the witnesses of a revolution without blood, without barricades, without violence Solidarity activist Later that year, the Jaruzelski leadership authorised talks with what it dubbed the "responsible opposition". The result was Solidarity's re-legalisation and partly-free parliamentary elections in the summer of 1989. 'Evil' crackdown To its own surprise, Solidarity won all but one of the seats it had been allowed to contest. On 25 August, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a veteran Catholic newspaper editor and Solidarity adviser, was sworn in as prime minister. But Solidarity's victory proved an anti-climax - being quickly overshadowed by events elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe. In November 1989 the Berlin Wall came down. That same month, Prague experienced its own "festival of freedom", when half a million people flocked to Wenceslas Square to hear the future Czech President, Vaclav Havel, denounce the communist regime. In December, Romania's dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was deposed and shot. Suddenly, Poland's "negotiated transition" looked rather timid. Lech Walesa: 1980s hero still hoping for a comeback Prime Minister Mazowiecki announced he was "drawing a thick line" over the past: thus apparently precluding any serious investigation of communist crimes. But it was the younger Communist Party reformers who proved to be quicker on their feet. In 1990, the Polish Communist Party abandoned Marxism-Leninism, renamed itself the Democratic Left Alliance and redefined itself as a "social-democrat party of the West European type". In 1993, it won the parliamentary elections and in 1995, its leader Aleksander Kwasniewski defeated Lech Walesa in presidential elections. Mr Kwasniewski had been a junior minister in the last communist government of the 1980s. In retrospect, he is highly critical of Mr Jaruzelski's decision to impose martial law in 1981, not least because of its longer-term psychological effects: "We will never know whether - to use the colloquial expression - the 'Ruskis' would have come in and when. Martial law was an evil. Evil, because it was directed against our reviving freedom. Evil, because it quenched revived hopes for a life lived in dignity, for civil liberties and democracy." Wealth creation Perhaps the summer of 1980 represented a unique moment: when economic crisis, working class discontent, intellectual ferment, a tired and clueless regime, and an upsurge of national pride in the new Pope, combined to produce a dynamic chemical reaction. However, sectional interests, class prejudices and personal ambitions quickly reasserted themselves. There have been huge changes in Poland since the fall of communism. Newsreel footage of the Gdansk strikers - moustaches, bad haircuts, polyester trousers and all - show a vanished era, as remote to many younger Poles as top hats and walking sticks. Lech Walesa still dreams of a political comeback. General Jaruzelski concentrates on his memoirs and on avoiding jail. Most significantly perhaps, Poles have discovered an unexpected talent for hard work and wealth creation. But the country's booming "enterprise culture" appears to have little obvious connection with Solidarity's old communitarian ethos - except as an expression of an underlying desire for freedom.

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Who became the world's youngest ever boxing heavyweight champion?

Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history - Nov 22, 1986 - HISTORY.com Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history Share this: Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history Author Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history URL Publisher A+E Networks On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. “I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,” Tyson told his manager after the fight, “and I’m going to be the oldest.” Tyson’s bravado wasn’t misplaced: When he walked into the ring to face Berbick, he had won all 27 of the matches he’d fought, knocking out 26 of his opponents. He threw unbelievably hard punches–“pineapples,” trainer Angelo Dundee called them. Ref Mills Lane agreed: “Everything he’s got has ‘good night’ written all over it,” he said. Berbick refused to be intimidated by the younger man’s furious arm and decided–unwisely, it turned out–to stand up to Tyson instead of boxing him. He didn’t bob or weave or even throw punches. He just stood there, wanting to show the world that he could take whatever Tyson was dishing out. “I was trying to prove to myself that I could take his best shot,” Berbick said, but “he punches pretty hard.” Tyson had a plan, too: “I wanted to throw every punch with bad intentions,” he said after the fight. “I was throwing–what can I say–hydrogen bombs.” During the first round, Berbick had fought in such slow motion that he looked like he was underwater; early in the second, Tyson walloped him to the mat with a powerful left hook. The older man bounced up, but Tyson thumped him again. Berbick froze; then his legs buckled and he fell. The ref began to count while the champ struggled to get up. He lifted himself off the mat twice, and twice his legs wobbled so much that he fell again. He finally made it up, but Lane stopped the fight anyway. “Berbick was up,” he said later, “but to allow somebody to get hit in that condition, that’s criminal.” Tyson kept his title for nine more bouts, until Buster Douglas beat him in 1990. After that, his life unraveled. He was sent to prison for three years for rape. Then, five fights into his comeback in 1995, he bit off a part of Evander Holyfield’s ear and was disqualified. He retired for good in 2005. Berbick didn’t fare much better: He, too, spent time in prison for rape, and was found dead (of “chop wounds” to his head, according to the coroner’s report) in a church courtyard in Jamaica in 2006. Related Videos

Mike Tyson

What was the world's first reusable spacecraft called?

1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight Title) - YouTube 1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight Title) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 18, 2009 Nov. 22, 1986 - Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20. Video Obtained From: vpo Category

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What was Patricia Highsmith's first novel?

10 Best Patricia Highsmith Books 10 Best Patricia Highsmith Books By Joan Schenkar | Aug 29, 2014 Joan Schenkar is the author of the must-read biography The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith , a New York Times Notable Book. With the release of the new movie, The Two Faces of January, based on Highsmith's novel, we asked Schenkar to rank the best of the author's books. "It is impossible," wrote Patricia Highsmith (1921-1995), the Dark Lady of American Letters (and double trouble for a biographer) "for me to live from day to day without putting myself to a judgement…" And so, five to seven sheets of finished fiction rolled from the platen of her coffee-colored Olympia Deluxe portable typewriter every morning; the keys detonating like little pistol shots under her huge hands. She typed each page twice--for neatness, she said (her inner chaos required a Head Librarian's habits)--channeling the news she brought back from the ends of her nerves into the booby-trapped plots, double-gated psychologies, and reflective "realities" of her nearly 30 published volumes of fiction. She produced an iconic character in The Talented Mr. Ripley, but the hundreds of raspingly acute portraits of quietly transgressive acts punctuating her other novels have added a new terror to "mid-century modern." Her great invention was Highsmith Country, the Alternate Earth where all her detail-saturated fictions are set. There, good intentions corrupt naturally; guilt afflicts the innocent; pursuit is everywhere; identities, genders, and genres are undermined; and life is a suffocating trap from which even her most accomplished escape artists cannot find a graceful exit. Filmmakers have been strip-mining her novels for decades, unable except in three or four instances to crack her codes. Even the masterpiece Alfred Hitchcock made of her own masterpiece, Strangers On a Train, couldn't quite face the quintessential Highsmith Situation: two men bound together by a stalker-like fixation which always involves a murderous, implicitly homoerotic fantasy. Hossein Amini's new film of The Two Faces of January is an exception: better than its eponymous novel because it fracks the work (which writhes uncomfortably in over-complicated coils) for a Noir plot, a damaging Highsmithian premise, and some stylish period smoking. But even Pat's excesses compel for their obsessions: murder is always on her mind and she always confuses it with love. Here, in publication order, are some of Pat Highsmith's–and the twentieth century's--most delinquently original novels. They've haunted me for years. 1. Strangers on a Train (1950) - This remarkable debut novel takes Pat's double-indemnifying nugget–strangers who agree to exchange murders and "get away with it"–and settles it on Guy Haines, a brilliant architect whose moody purity invites corruption, and Charles Bruno, a psychopathic, subliterate mastermind who yearns to join him. In their tranced, mutual, psychological seduction, these Terrible Twins vacate their characters, mingle their identities, and misdirect their pursuers in as thorough an anatomy of guilt as can be found in modern literature. 2. The Price of Salt (as Claire Morgan, 1952) - Pat, who died for love a thousand times in life, killed for it in every novel except this one. But murder is in the brilliant metaphors, and the richly-figured language borrows elements from Strangers and subdues them to requited lesbian love--the only "crime" she never wrote about. Salt glows with a luminous halo of incest, a little light pedophilia, and sexual consummations that are spied upon, recorded, and prosecuted. But Carol and Therese, its steely, attractive, successful heroines, get away with their "crime" in a fascinating novel that made its author uneasy all her life. 3. The Blunderer (1954) - With her adept's feel for sado-masochistic relations, Pat focused this unusual work on role reversals. When slim, anglified Walter Stackhouse blunders in on fat, foreign Otto Kimmel's wife-murder and is infected by it, they become each other's unlikely Alter Egos; sharing the sluggish libidos and ambiguous affections Highsmith gives to all her male characters. Walter implicates himself in a crime he hasn't committed, kills the wrong man, and blunders into his own death in a pursuit stranger than fiction. 4. The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955) - My candidate for the Great American Novel--and Highsmith Country's best known ambassador. Tom Ripley, a socially sinuous, fragilely-gendered serial killer/forger/fraudster/identity impersonator, shares his confusion of love and murder and his passion for “the best” in life with his author. When Pat turned the plot of Henry James The Ambassadors upside down to give Ripley a handsome, poised, trust-funder to reclaim from Europe (Tom kills Dickie Greenleaf instead of kissing him, then assumes his identity), she infused her favorite sociopath with her own, special interpretation of the American Dream. 5. Deep Water (1957) - A brilliantly uncomfortable novel whose resident psychopath, Vic Van Allen, refuses sex, cooks and cleans his family home wearing an apron, takes care of his child, murders two of his wife's lovers, and–he's a completist–kills his wife as well. His major excitements: observing the slow copulations of his companion snails, allowing his pet bedbugs to draw his blood, and fostering rumors that he's a killer avant la lettre. 6. This Sweet Sickness (1960) - One of Highsmith's most interesting novels, this is the story of a psychopath who creates a double identity and two addresses to match it. He builds a house for (and an entirely imaginary relationship with) the woman who obsesses him--then steps out of his dream to murder her husband. An unusually vivid scene: William Neumeister walks into Romeo Salta's in Manhattan and orders two complete Italian dinners: one for himself, and one for the woman only he can see. 7. The Cry of the Owl (1962) - After a bruising marriage (and as hesitant to sleep with the opposite sex as any other Highsmith male), Robert Forester becomes a reluctant, gentle stalker whose "innocent" act of voyeurism brings a vengeful pursuer (and a vengeful ex-wife) to haunt him, and catastrophe and death to everyone he knows. Pat's most spectral novel. 8. The Tremor of Forgery (1969) - What happens to a writer–decent, indecisive Howard Ingam from Greenwich Village (for once, not a psychopath)--when he finds himself in North Africa without known customs or a familiar language? One thing that happens: moral codes and violent acts become meaningless and Howard throws a duplicate of Pat's own typwriter at a thief (her pleasure in this is palpable) and kills him. 9. Ripley Under Ground (1970) - Like other shortcuts to transformation, forgery fascinated High smith; under the surface of this second Ripley novel is a credible aesthetic argument in favor of forged art. Ripley, married now to an heiress (her golden hair reminds him of money) but preferring the company of criminal males, is involved in an international forgery operation which requires him to impersonate a dead artist, murder an art collector (with a bottle of vintage wine), and dispose of the corpse of his favorite forger. "I'm afraid to say how much I like it," Pat wrote. I like it too. 10. Pat's ambivalence is contagious: here are three novels whose style sometimes drives me to kickscreams (the push-broom of her paragraphs sweeps up too many flat facts or ropey plots) but whose themes are riveting. Suspension of Mercy (1965): An American novelist in Suffolk cannot refrain from replacing his life's dullish realities with the homicidal narratives he wants for his work. Those Who Walk Away (1967): Two men, mourning the same suicided woman, seek their own–and each other's--death in Venice. Edith's Diary (1977): A mild-mannered woman slips into madness, horror and homicide, while her diary records a bright life of happy triumphs. ADVERTISEMENT

Strangers on a Train

In which war was cowboy star Tom MIx shot in the mouth?

Carol: the women behind Patricia Highsmith's lesbian novel | Books | The Guardian Patricia Highsmith Carol: the women behind Patricia Highsmith's lesbian novel Todd Haynes’s film of Highsmith’s only openly lesbian novel, Carol, is about to premiere in Cannes, starring Cate Blanchett. Novelist Jill Dawson writes about the women behind the book Private affairs … Cate Blanchett in Carol. Photograph: Wilson Webb Wednesday 13 May 2015 05.40 EDT Last modified on Tuesday 20 September 2016 06.08 EDT How Patricia Highsmith became hip Read more Patricia Highsmith was in love many times and with many women – “more times than rats have orgasms”, to use one of her own more disquieting similes. She plundered these objects of her desire extravagantly in her 22 novels and hundreds of short stories. Not one glance, not one feminine gesture or foible of any one of her many girlfriends was ever wasted, but only once – and spectacularly – did she write openly about lesbianism. This was her second novel, Carol , first published as The Price of Salt in 1952, with Highsmith using the pseudonym Claire Morgan, and now adapted into a Todd Haynes film starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara (star of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ) and just about to premiere at Cannes . In 1952 Highsmith, barely 30, perhaps startled by the wayward success of her first novel Strangers on a Train (conferring instant stardom when the Hitchcock movie followed a year later), had good reason to be edgy about the reception The Price of Salt would receive. “Those were the days when gay bars were a dark door somewhere in Manhattan, where people wanting to go to a certain bar got off the subway a station before or after the convenient one, lest they were suspected of being homosexual,” she wrote, in a postscript to the novel, many years later. She showed some early extracts to her favourite teacher from Barnard College, Ethel Sturtevant, whose excited reply – “Now this packs a wallop!” – probably alarmed and reassured the former student in equal measure. Highsmith’s own publisher Harper & Brothers rejected it, so it was published first by a small press, and the solution of the pseudonym Claire Morgan was decided on. “It flowed from the end of my pen as if from nowhere,” Highsmith wrote. She also admitted a specific inspiration: a “blondish woman in a fur coat”, who wafted into Macy’s in New York to buy her daughter a doll. Highsmith was working there as a sales-girl during the Christmas rush. On her day off she took a bus to New Jersey, found the woman’s house (from the address on the sales slip) and simply walked by it. There was another inspiration for the character of Carol: Highsmith’s former lover Virginia Kent Catherwood, the elegant and well-heeled socialite from Philadelphia, whose divorce in the 1940s had kept gossip columnists in New York in a state of scandalised delirium with its lesbian intrigue. “Ginnie” and Highsmith were lovers in the mid 1940s and full vent is given in Highsmith’s diary to her powerful desire for her lover and also, at times, the feelings of murderous vengefulness that are expressed in all of Highsmith’s writings. Catherwood had lost custody of her child after a recording made of her in a hotel bedroom with another woman was used in court against her, a detail mined for the plot of The Price of Salt in a way that gave Highsmith pause. In the end the detail stayed, an essential driver to the narrative, making the love affair between Carol and the younger, mute-with-longing Therese (based on Highsmith herself) all the more perilous and poignant. The cult success of The Price of Salt came a year later when the paperback edition was published as a Bantam 25‑cent edition. A mass-market version with the catchline “The novel of a love society forbids” swiftly followed. It soon chalked up a million copies. “Claire Morgan” received a stream of letters at her publisher from women writing: “Yours is the first book like this with a happy ending!” and: “Thank you for writing such a story. It is a little like my own story.” By the time the writer Marijane Meaker met her in 1960, Highsmith, “a handsome, dark-haired woman in a trenchcoat” was fully identified as Morgan and the novel “stood on every lesbian bookshelf, along with classics like The Well of Loneliness ; We, Too, Are Drifting; Diana and Olivia”. Cate Blanchett reveals 'many' past relationships with women Read more Yet Highsmith remained ambivalent about the novel. In particular she was worried about what her 84-year-old grandmother, Willie-Mae, who had raised her whenever her young mother, Mary, was out of town, would make of it. Highsmith never lied to her mother and stepfather; she assumed they knew she was gay. But that didn’t mean she wanted to discuss it with them, or anybody else. To her girlfriend Meaker, she was outspoken: “The only difference to us and heterosexuals is what we do in bed.” Her courage and openness about her sexuality were real and admirable, not least because it warred with her intensely private nature. But her anxiety was real, too. She was furious when her mother, many years later, told her grandmother about the novel, explaining to an unrepentant Mary that the obvious point of using a pseudonym was to keep something private. Two biographies (by Andrew Wilson and Joan Schenkar) depict Highsmith as troubled, obsessive and in many ways unsavoury. They chart her alcoholism, her rudeness, her meanness. They reveal how later in life she frequently exploded in virulent anti-semitic and racist rants; the increasing isolation she preferred to live in; her eccentricities – that she kept snails as pets is one of the few things many people know about her. Yet love simmers away, deep in the ugly hearts of the most psychopathic and dangerous of her characters (the obsessive stalking of David Kelsey in This Sweet Sickness, or the confused infatuation that turns to murderous hate in Tom Ripley in The Talented Mr Ripley ). When The Price of Salt was finally published as Carol by Bloomsbury 40 years later, Highsmith proved as difficult an interviewee as she had always been. She saved her honesty for her novels. • Carol is premiered at Cannes 2015 . Jill Dawson’s novel The Crime Writer, about Patricia Highsmith, will be published next year.

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How many years did the Holocaust last?

How Many Years Did the Holocaust Last | uk.QACollections.com How Many Years Did the Holocaust Last  How Many Years Did the Holocaust Last? Holocaust refers to the state-sponsored murder of millions of Jews by Nazi Germany. The Holocaust lasted for 12 years; people were imprisoned in camps as early as 1933 and it lasted until the end o... Read More » Related Videos Top Q&A For: How Many Years Did the Holocaust Last How Many Years Did World War 2 Last? World War 2 was a war that involved most of the world's nations that were eventually divided into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. World war 2 lasted for six years; it star... Read More » How Many Years Did Slavery Last? Slavery in America started since 1619 and lasted until 1865. After 246 long years, President Abraham Lincoln put an end to it. How Many Years Did the Vietnam War Last? The Vietnam War was a battle fought by the pro and anti communist groups in the country. The war, which started on September 26, 1959 and ended on April 30, 1975, lasted for exactly fifteen years, ... Read More » How Many Years Does Bankruptcy Last? One way people deal with debts they can't pay is by announcing bankruptcy. Bankruptcy usually lasts for one year. You can find more information here:

twelve

"Which soap had people asking. ""Who shot JR?"""

Frequently Asked Questions — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1. Can you help me find a particular quotation I saw at the Museum? The Bible What have you done? Hark, thy brother’s blood cries out to me from the ground! Source: Genesis 4:10 Only guard yourself and guard your soul carefully, lest you forget the things your eyes saw, and lest these things depart your heart all the days of your life, and you shall make them known to your children, and to your children’s children. Source: Deuteronomy 4:9 I call heaven and earth to witness this day: I have put before you life and death, blessing and curse. Choose life—that you and your offspring shall live. Source: Deuteronomy 30:19 Source: Isaiah 43:10 George H. W. Bush Here we will learn that each of us bears responsibility for our actions and for our failure to act. Here we will learn that we must intervene when we see evil arise. Here we will learn more about the moral compass by which we navigate our lives and by which countries will navigate the future. Source: George H. W. Bush, 41st president of the United States, February 15, 1991 Jimmy Carter Out of our memory...of the Holocaust we must forge an unshakable oath with all civilized people that never again will the world stand silent, never again will the world...fail to act in time to prevent this terrible crime of genocide....we must harness the outrage of our own memories to stamp out oppression wherever it exists. We must understand that human rights and human dignity are indivisible. Source: Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States, at the presentation of the report of the President’s Commission on the Holocaust, September 27, 1979 William J. Clinton This museum will touch the life of everyone who enters and leave everyone forever changed—a place of deep sadness and a sanctuary of bright hope; an ally of education against ignorance, of humility against arrogance, an investment in a secure future against whatever insanity lurks ahead. If this museum can mobilize morality, then those who have perished will thereby gain a measure of immortality. Source: William J. Clinton, 42nd president of the United States, at the dedication of the Museum, April 22, 1993 Albert Einstein A desire for knowledge for its own sake, a love of justice that borders on fanaticism, and a striving for personal independence—these are aspects of the Jewish people’s tradition that allow me to regard my belonging to it as a gift of great fortune. Those who today rage against the ideals of reason and individual freedom and who seek by means of brutal force to bring about a vapid state-slavery are justified in perceiving us as their implacable enemies. History has imposed on us a difficult struggle; but so long as we remain devoted servants of truth, justice, and freedom, we will not only persist as the oldest of living peoples, but will also continue as before to achieve, through productive labor, works that contribute to the ennoblement of humanity. Source: Albert Einstein, from a translation by David Luebke of a passage from Albert Einstein’s Mein Weltbild (Amsterdam: Qerido Verlag, 1934), p. 133 General Dwight D. Eisenhower The things I saw beggar description...The visual evidence and the verbal testimony of starvation, cruelty and bestiality were...overpowering...I made the visit deliberately in order to be in a position to give first-hand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to “propaganda.” Source: General Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a cable message to General George C. Marshall on April 15, 1945 Hermann Göring I herewith commission you to carry out all preparations with regard to...a total solution of the Jewish question in those territories of Europe which are under German influence...I furthermore charge you to submit to me as soon as possible a draft showing the...measures already taken for the execution of the intended final solution of the Jewish question. Source: Hermann Göring, in a directive to Reinhard Heydrich dated July 31, 1941, as quoted in William L. Shirer’s The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 964 Willy Heidinger (speaking about the Hollerith machine) We are recording the individual characteristics of every single member of the nation onto a little card....We are proud that we can contribute to such a task, a task that provides the physician of our German body politic with the material [he needs] for his examination, so that our physician can determine whether, from the standpoint of the nation’s health, the data thus arrived at correlate in a harmonious, that is, healthy, relationship—or whether diseased conditions must be cured by corrective interventions....We have firm confidence in our physician and will follow his orders blindly, for we know that he will lead our nation toward a great future. Heil to our German people and their leader! Source: “Festrede des Grunders, Generaldirektor Willy Heidinger,” in Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin, Lichterfelde am 8. Januar 1934 (Berlin: Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft m.b.H., 1934) p. 39 Heinrich Heine Where books are burned, in the end people will be burned. Source: Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), German Jewish poet, from Almansor: A Tragedy (1823) Adolf Hitler The great mass of the people...will more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a small one. Source: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Today I will once more be a prophet: if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! Source: Translation from J. Noakes and G. Pridham, Nazism 1919–1945, Volume 3 (Exeter: University of Exeter, 1988), p. 1049 I have issued the command—and I’ll have anybody who utters but one word of criticism executed by firing squad—that our war aim does not consist of reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head formations in readiness—for the present only in the East—with orders to them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain the living space (Lebensraum) which we need. Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians? Source: Adolf Hitler, Obersalzberg, August 22, 1939, speech delivered by Hitler to the Supreme Commanders and Commanding Generals; as stated by Former Bureau Chief of the Associated Press in Berlin, Louis Lochner, in his book What About Germany? (New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 1942), p. 2. This particular language does not appear in any of the other primary source accounts of Hitler’s speech. Abba Kovner January 1, 1942: Before our eyes they took away our parents, our brothers and sisters.... Of those taken out through the gates of the Ghetto not a single one has returned.... You who hesitate, cast aside all illusions. Your children, your wives and husbands are no longer alive.... Hitler plans to destroy all the Jews of Europe, and the Jews of Lithuania have been chosen as the first in line. We will not be led like sheep to the slaughter! True, we are weak and defenseless, but the only reply to the murderer is revolt! Brothers! Better to fall as free fighters than to live by the mercy of the murderers. Resist! Resist with your last breath! Source: Abba Kovner, “A First Attempt to Tell,” in The Holocaust as Historical Experience, edited by Yehuda Bauer and Nathan Rotenstreich (New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981), p. 81. Primo Levi My number is 174517; we have been baptized, we will carry the tattoo on our left arm until we die. Source: Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz (New York: Summit Books, 1986), p. 27. Pastor Martin Niemöller First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out— because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out— because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out— because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me. Source: Attributed to Pastor Martin Niemöller, as stated in Franklin H. Littell’s foreword to Exile in the Fatherland: Martin Niemöller’s Letters from Moabit Prison, edited by Hubert G. Locke (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1986), p. viii Ronald Reagan We who did not go their way owe them this. We must make sure that their deaths have posthumous meaning. We must make sure that from now until the end of days all humankind stares this evil in the face...and only then can we be sure it will never arise again. Source: Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States, at the cornerstone-laying ceremony for the Museum, October 5, 1988 Hannah Senesh Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame. Blessed is the flame that burns in the secret fastness of the heart. Blessed is the heart with strength to stop its beating for honour’s sake. Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame. Source: Hannah Senesh (1921–1944), Sardice, Yugoslavia, May 2, 1944 Moses Schulstein We are the shoes, we are the last witnesses. We are shoes from grandchildren and grandfathers, From Prague, Paris, and Amsterdam, And because we are only made of fabric and leather And not of blood and flesh, each one of us avoided the hellfire. Source: From Moses Schulstein’s (Moishe Shulstein’s) poem “I Saw a Mountain,” translated by Beatrice Stadtler and Mindele Wajsman in From Holocaust to New Life, edited by Michael Berenbaum (New York: The American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors, 1985), p. 121. Harry S. Truman There are left in Europe 1,500,000 Jews, men, women and children, whom the ordeal has left homeless, hungry, sick, and without assistance. These, too, are victims of the crime for which retribution will be visited upon the guilty. But neither the dictates of justice nor that love of our fellowman which we are bidden to practice will be satisfied until the needs of these sufferers are met. Source: Remarks to a delegation from the United Jewish Appeal on February 25, 1946, from the Public Papers of the United States, Harry S. Truman, January 1–December 31, 1946 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1962), p. 131 George Washington The government of the United States...gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance. Source: George Washington’s letter “To the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island,” dated August 17, 1790 Elie Wiesel Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. Source: Elie Wiesel, Night (New York: Bantam, 1982), p. 32. Yevgeny Yevtushenko The wild grasses rustle over Babi Yar. The trees look ominous, Here all things scream silently, and, baring my head, am one massive, soundless scream above the thousand thousand buried here. Source: Yevgeny Yevtushenko, The Collected Poems 1952–1990, edited by Albert C. Todd with the author and James Ragan (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), pp. 102–4 2. What are some significant dates in the Museum’s history? 1978, November 1  President Jimmy Carter establishes the President’s Commission on the Holocaust. 1979, April 24  The first Days of Remembrance ceremony is held in the Capitol Rotunda. 1979, September 27  The President’s Commission on the Holocaust submits its report concerning Holocaust remembrance and education in the United States. 1980, October 7  President Carter signs Public Law 96-388 , establishing the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. 1983, April 13  Land for the Museum building is transferred from the government to the Council in a ceremony held at the Capitol. 1984, April 30  A symbolic groundbreaking ceremony is held at the future site of the Museum. 1985, October 16  Actual groundbreaking ceremonies take place. Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from different concentration and extermination camps are symbolically buried on the site. 1986, October 8  15th Street, adjacent to the future Museum entrance, is officially renamed Raoul Wallenberg Place. 1988, October 5  The cornerstone for the Museum is laid. President Reagan speaks at the ceremony. 1989, July 17  The contract for the Museum’s construction is awarded to Blake Construction Company. 1989, August 2  Construction of the Museum begins. 1990, April 17  Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from different concentration and extermination camps are buried under the basement level of the Hall of Remembrance. 1993, April 21  A tribute to liberators and rescuers is held at Arlington National Cemetery. [Back to top] 3. How did the Museum get started? On November 1, 1978, President Carter established the President’s Commission on the Holocaust and charged it with issuing a report on the state of Holocaust remembrance and education in the United States. Almost a year later, on September 27, 1979, the President’s Commission presented their results and made four main recommendations: That a living memorial be established to honor the victims and survivors of the Holocaust and to ensure that the lessons of the Holocaust are taught in perpetuity; That an educational foundation be established to stimulate and support research in the teaching of the Holocaust; That a Committee on Conscience be established to collect information on and alert the national conscience regarding reports of actual or potential outbreaks of genocide throughout the world; and That a national Day of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust be established in perpetuity and held annually. In 1980, Congress unanimously passed legislation to establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. The Council, which succeeded the President’s Commission on the Holocaust, was charged with carrying out the above recommendations. Elie Wiesel was named the first chairman of the Council and Mark E. Talisman the first vice chairman. 4. Who were the members of the President’s Commission on the Holocaust? Elie Wiesel, Chairman 8. How long did it take to build the Museum? Actual construction took almost four years, from July 1989 until April 1993. [Back to top] 9. How much did it cost to build the Museum? The Museum cost approximately $168 million to build ($90 million for the building’s construction and $78 million for the exhibits). [Back to top] 10. How were the funds raised for the Museum’s construction? Built on land donated by the federal government and funded with more than 200,000 private donations, the Museum is the result of a strong partnership between the government and private philanthropy. As required by law, all funds for planning, constructing, and equipping the Museum were raised exclusively from private, tax-deductible contributions. [Back to top] 11. How big is the Museum? The Museum is 161 feet wide, 312 feet long, 91 feet tall, and 265,000 square feet in size. The Permanent Exhibition occupies 36,000 square feet on three floors. [Back to top] 12. How many people have visited the Museum? As of June 2016, more than More than 40.2 million people had visited the Museum since it opened in April 1993: 24% were school children 12% were from outside the United States approximately 90% were not Jewish more than 3,500 were dignitaries, from more than 132 countries and including 98 heads of state or government For the most recent attendance figures, please see the Museum Press Kit . 13. Who was primarily responsible for the design of the Permanent Exhibition? Michael Berenbaum worked as the project director for developing the Permanent Exhibition. Ralph Appelbaum, through his firm, Ralph Appelbaum Associates (external link), served as the exhibition designer for the Permanent Exhibition. Martin Smith, a British documentary filmmaker, served as the first director of the Permanent Exhibition. Raye Farr developed the 70 videos central to the storytelling design of the Permanent Exhibition, and in 1990 she replaced Smith as the exhibition’s director. (Edward Phillips is the current director of exhibitions.) Cindy Miller and David Luebke wrote the majority of the exhibition texts. [Back to top] 14. What is the story behind the Children’s Tile Wall? In 1990, under the leadership of Adeline Yates, wife of Congressman Sidney R. Yates, a group of Congressional wives and other women formed the Committee to Remember the Children, in honor of the estimated 1.5 million children killed during the Holocaust. They invited thousands of young students throughout the nation to help create this wall of remembrance. The children recorded their impressions of the Holocaust on ceramic tiles that were then combined to create this permanent memorial. 15. What special exhibitions has the Museum displayed? Remember the Children: Daniel’s Story (since 1991) Assignment: Rescue, The Story of Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee (1993–95) Faces of Sorrow: Agony in the Former Yugoslavia (1994–95) Liberation 1945 (1995–96) [Back to top] 16. Who said “Thou shall not be a perpetrator; thou shall not be a victim; and thou shall never be a bystander”? On January 27, 1998, Yehuda Bauer, professor of Holocaust studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, delivered a speech to the German Bundestag in which he said, "I come from a people who gave the Ten Commandments to the world. Time has come to strengthen them by three additional ones, which we ought to adopt and commit ourselves to: thou shall not be a perpetrator; thou shall not be a victim; and thou shall never, but never, be a bystander.” Variations of the quote have been used in many other contexts and attributed to various people. The quote does not appear on the walls of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The full text of Bauer’s speech to the Bundestag is available on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ website (external link). The quote gained further attention when Professor Bauer included it in a speech delivered at the opening of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust on January, 26, 2000. The forum was attended by major dignitaries and leading figures in the field of Holocaust studies and remembrance and was covered by the international press. More recently, the quote was used in a United Nations discussion paper (external link) issued in connection with the observance of International Holocaust Remembrance Day in January 2006. 17. How can I find out more about the Museum, including its history, architecture, and exhibitions? Please consult the following resources on the Museum’s website:

i don't know

Which tennis ace completed his fifth successive Wimbledon singles triumph?

History - 1990s - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM  READ MORE 1990: A record for Navratilova On a sunny Saturday afternoon, Martina Navratilova produced a near-flawless performance to win her ninth Wimbledon singles title, a record that will take some topping in today's day and age. Competing against fellow American Zina Garrison, Navratilova served and volleyed her way around Centre Court in emphatic fashion, dropping just five games as she took the title 6-1, 6-4. The 33-year-old Navratilova won six consecutive championships from 1982 to 1987 but was made to wait before surpassing Helen Wills Moody's record of eight titles, losing the previous two years in the final to Steffi Graf. But, with Graf disposed of by Garrison in the semi-finals, Navratilova got there eventually, straddling the net to acknowledge her beaten opponent and then, her courtside courtesies complete, sinking down on her knees for an instant of silent communion with the tennis court she loves best. "There were no glitches this time; everything came up nines," she said. "This tops it all, absolutely, because I've worked so hard." 1990: Boris Becker v Stefan Edberg The most defining aspect of the rivalry between Boris Becker and Stefan Edberg was the three successive Wimbledon finals they contested between 1988 and 1990. Having split the titles in '88 and '89, their 1990 encounter was undoubtedly the most riveting.  Edberg, who had been routed by Boris the year before, swept ahead, crunching through the first two sets 6-2, 6-2. But, as was his wont, Becker rallied in typical fashion to win the next two sets 6-3, 6-3, and send the match into a fifth. Becker broke Edberg early in the fifth set, on course for a fourth Wimbledon title, and setting up the possibility of being the first Wimbledon champion to win the last three sets in a five-set match since Henri Cochetin 1927. But, it was not to be. Edberg regained the break and then broke Becker in the ninth game of the set with a topspin lob winner, eventually serving it out for his second Wimbledon title. The Swede went on to win the US Open in 1991 and 1992. 1991: Steffi Graf v Gabriela Sabatini One of SW19's greatest champions arrived at Wimbledon in 1991 having suffered rather a seesaw period, registering one of the worst defeats of her career against Arantxa Sanchez Vicario in the French Open semi-finals, losing her first 6-0 set since 1984. But, as is so often the case, the green grass of the All England Club gave the formerly indomitable German a boost, powering her way to the final. Coming up against friend and rival Gabriela Sabatini, the odds on form were in the Argentine's favour, having beaten Graf in four tournaments in the spring. But Graf was always capable of something special at Wimbledon, and so it proved, the German rallying back from dropping the second set, and holding her nerve to win an epic Centre Court final 6-4 3-6 8-6, the longest final for 15 years. 1991: Middle Sunday One of the wettest first weeks in the tournament's history - just 52 out of about 240 matches were completed by Thursday evening - prompted the decision to stage play on the traditional day off, the Middle Sunday. Gabriela Sabatini and Andrea Strnadova emerged from their dressing room on to Centre Court for their third-round noon showdown. They were greeted by a packed stadium, a seemingly unending roar and enough Mexican waves to fill an ocean. The spectators had raced from the gates for prime, £10-a-head unreserved seats. They had formed part of a queue snaking almost two miles that produced an attendance of 24,894. On No.1 Court, John McEnroe, a three-time champion, did not disappoint his adoring fans with a victory against Frenchman Jean-Philippe Fleurian, while victories for eventual Swedish semi-finalist Stefan Edberg and Arantxa Sanchez Vicario warmed up the effervescent crowd on the main court for the top of the bill: Jimmy Connors. Despite thriving on the atmosphere, Connors was eventually upstaged by fellow American Derrick Rostango, but the atmosphere overtook the results that day. 1992: Andre Agassi v Goran Ivanisevic  They said that he couldn't win Wimbledon, and certainly not by playing resolutely pinned to the baseline. But Andre Agassi wasn't having that. Defeating Goran Ivanisevic 6-7(8), 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4 for the Wimbledon title, the Las Vegan erased the stigma of his previous Grand Slam failures, becoming the first back-of-the-court player to win the title since Bjorn Borg, and the first American to win Wimbledon since John McEnroe in 1984. Illustrating that thundering groundstrokes can be just as important as booming serves, the flamboyant American stood firm throughout a Wimbledon final record onslaught of 37 aces from the 6’4” Croatian, waiting for his chances, and eventually breaking Ivanisevic three times in the match. One of the remarkable statistics was the fact that Ivanisevic came to the net 91 times, not uncommon on grass, but was passed by Agassi an astounding 26 times.  "So many things were going through my mind - Wimbledon champion, Grand Slam winner, a lot of months and years of people doubting me," he said. 1992: John McEnroe v Michael Stich John McEnroe collected his fifth Wimbledon men's doubles title as he and Michael Stich beat Americans Jim Grabb and Richie Reneberg 5-7, 7-6(5), 3-6, 7-6(5), 19-17 in a record-breaking final. McEnroe had been dumped out of the singles by the sprightly Andre Agassi in the semi-finals, and so his and Stich's performance, in the longest men's doubles final since the 1968 Roche and Newcombe victory over Rosewall and Stolle, certainly made amends. Held over from Saturday because of fading light, the match was moved to Court 1 on the final Sunday, the All England Club allowing 7,500 fans into the Grounds for free. After 34 games in the final set had gone with serve, McEnroe produced a stunningly disguised lob to bring up match point, followed by Reneberg dumping Super Brat's serve into the net. Stich grabbing McEnroe around the waist and lifting him into the air, the unseeded pair triumphed after five hours and one minute. 1993: The Long Term Plan In March 1993, The All England Lawn Tennis Club unveiled its Long Term Plan, the blueprint to take Wimbledon into the 21st Century by providing the finest facilities for all those involved with the event — spectators, players, media, officials — and consistent with our aspiration for The Championships to be embraced as the world’s premier tennis tournament, and still played on grass. 1993: Steffi Graf v Jana Novotna  Steffi Graf's fifth Wimbledon title was almost overshadowed by her opponent, Jana Novotna, conspiring to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory after leading by a double break of serve in the third set. Graf looked down and out as Novotna went for broke on a second serve while leading 4-1 in the third set, having romped through the second set 6-1. But whether it was nerves or simply getting ahead of herself, she missed, and the whole match changed.  The German storming back to win 7-6, 1-6, 6-4, Novotna cried her eyes out on the Duchess of Kent's shoulder during the trophy presentation, in what has become one of Wimbledon's most iconic images. "Don't worry Jana, I know you can do it," said the Duchess to Novotna. And she was right, the Czech player triumphing in her third Wimbledon final in 1998. "With the way Jana was playing and the way I was playing, yes, I'd kind of lost it," said Graf, who yelped for joy after pulling off a remarkable turnaround. "I didn't give up but I didn't have a very positive feeling." 1994: Steffi Graf v Lori McNeil In a timely reminder, 1994 proved no champion is safe at Wimbledon. The first Tuesday dawned with an ill wind that blasted through Wimbledon's elite like a bull in a china shop, rattling nerves, stealing the strawberries, flipping the table with a glorious smash. And there was no greater fall than the world No.1 and five-time champion Steffi Graf, a victim of what the legendary Fred Perry described as "wet, greasy and slippery" gusts.  Graf and the wind proved no match for the contrasting cool intensity of her first round opponent, the unseeded Lori McNeil of the US. The German, winner of the last three Wimbledon’s and five of the past six, was blown out of the draw faster than any other defending women's champ in 101 years, and after she cracked nobody was safe. Triumphing 7-5, 7-6, it was the best showing by African-Americans at a Grand Slam event since Arthur Ashe won Wimbledon in 1975, and was received with a huge ovation from the rather wet Centre Court crowd. It was, McNeil said, the best moment she had ever known. "It seemed very short, but at the same time—if this makes any sense—it seemed very long and very loud," she said. "It was a great feeling, a great moment for me." 1994: Conchita Martinez v Martina Navratilova Even in Wimbledon’s rich history, Conchita Martinez’s triumph in the 1994 Ladies’ Singles has to be one of The Championships’ most fascinating stories. She beat a whole host of top names, including nine-time Champion Martina Navratilova in the final. By doing so, Martinez became the first – and to date only – Spanish woman to lift the Venus Rosewater Dish, and the only Champion between 1982 and 1996 other than Navratilova or Steffi Graf.  Despite her excellent run, few gave Martinez a chance in the final against Navratilova. Even at 37, the legendary left-hander was a huge favourite, hunting what would have been her 10th singles crown. But it was not to be, as Martinez produced a stunning upset. The Spaniard admits she was actually more anxious about the prospect of meeting Princess Diana on Centre Court that day. "When they told me she would be at the final and I would have to curtsy for her, I was more nervous about having to do that and meeting her than playing the match! So maybe that was a good thing." 1995: Tim Henman and the ball girl Always considered to be the epitome of British etiquette, it comes as some surprise that Tim Henman, who shouldered British hopes admirably for so long, became the first player ever to be disqualified from Wimbledon. Playing a doubles match alongside Jeremy Bates, the British pair were leading Jeff Tarango and Henrik Holm by two sets to one. Deep into the fourth set, Henman missed a net cord during the tie-break, and, being an impressionable young thing at that time, lashed out with his racket in frustration, hitting the ball he was holding. But it was his and her misfortune that as he did so, a ball girl was crossing the net, and received the full force of the ball on the side of her head.  Referee Alan Mills and Wayne McKewan were summoned to the court, and defaulted the pair for ball abuse. At a late-night press conference at the All England Club, Henman described the incident. "I was not happy at losing the point and was angry. I went to hit the ball hard. I'd looked to see if the linespeople were out of the way." Clearly on the verge of tears, he said: "It's a complete accident, but I'm responsible for my actions." 1995: Arantxa Sanchez Vicario v Steffi Graf Steffi Graf won her sixth Wimbledon title but was forced to work hard in the final by her erstwhile rival Arantxa Sanchez Vicario, eventually triumphing 4-6, 6-1, 7-5. The Spaniard, a clear underdog on grass, dropped only five points on her own serve to take the first set with some exquisite tennis. But Graf battled back, running through the second set before sealing the win with a break in a titanic 20-minute 11th game in the third set, which featured a boggling 13 deuces and 18 game points. Sanchez Vicario attacked Graf's backhand with such consistency that the German spent much of the game camped in the tramlines on the edge of the court. On her sixth game point, Graf at last found a powerful backhand drive to seal the break of serve and effectively the match.  The Centre Court crowd applauded for the entire changeover, the euphoria continuing as Graf served out for the title. Graf let out an enormous sigh of relief and a cry of joy. She won seven Wimbledons among her 22 Grand Slams but never was she forced to fight harder for victory. 1995: Jeff Tarango’s tantrum If John McEnroe, for all his explosions and mutterings, was a master at delivering a line and working the crowd, fellow American Jeff Tarango was the complete opposite. His meltdown at Wimbledon in 1995, was the perfect lesson in how to alienate an entire crowd with a pathetic, childish outburst.  Trailing Alexander Mronz in his third-round match, Tarango became increasingly annoyed with chair umpire Bruno Rebeuh, screaming ‘That’s it, I’m not playing….you are one of the most corrupt officials in the game’. After his request to have Rebeuh removed from the match was denied, Tarango walked off the court, defaulting the match. He then made matters worse by yelling at the crowd to ‘shut up’ when they jeered him off. Even more bizarrely, a few minutes later, Tarango's wife, Benedicte, slapped Rebeuh twice in the face when they encountered one another in the corridor. Tarango was subsequently banned for two Grand Slam tournaments and fined $63,000. 1996: The streaker The 1996 final between Richard Krajicek and MaliVai Washington was the subject of several headlines, not necessarily because it was the first Sampras-less final in four years, or Washington being the first black man in the final since Arthur Ashe, but because 23-year-old Melissa Johnson became the first female streaker to get on to Centre Court. As the players were preparing to warm up, Johnson ran on to the court with an apron on, disrobed, and ran around the hallowed turf. Six years later, a streaker got on to Centre Court during the men’s final at Wimbledon. During a rain break, with Lleyton Hewitt leading David Nalbandian 6-1, 1-0 in 2002, 37-year-old Mark Roberts jumped on to the court, shed his clothes and gave spectators quite a show. He pirouetted, bowed, somersaulted over the net and flexed his muscles before he was finally caught and escorted away with a red sheet covering his modesty. 1996: Sir Cliff Richard In one of the most famous and clichéd of all Wimbledon rain delays, play was interrupted extensively in 1996, and so Sir Cliff Richard was invited to give an impromptu concert on Centre Court. The ageing popstar delighted the sodden crowd with a rendition of ‘Singing in the Rain,’ backed by the implausible choir of Virginia Wade, Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernandez and Conchita Martinez. "I started with Summer Holiday, almost as a joke," Sir Cliff said. "It was totally a capella, which has its advantages - it's impossible to sing out of key for a start. And the crowd see the vulnerability of someone singing without any help. They were magnificent, from the first moment. The reaction was stunning." 1997: Middle Sunday After two days of the 1997 Championships were washed out by rain, the club took the decision to play on the middle Sunday for only the second time in Wimbledon history. This was made particularly thrilling thanks to one match where sporting theatre reached its absolute peak – a third-round clash between Tim Henman, the No.14 seed, and Dutchman Paul Haarhuis, regarded as a doubles expert. For the first time in nearly 20 years, a Brit had a chance of Wimbledon glory and the local public, along with genuine tennis enthusiasts from all over the world, camped all night to pick up one of 14,000 cut-price £15 Centre Court tickets. As Tim Henman recalled, he would never experience a crowd like that "Super Sunday" one again in the 10 remaining years of his career.  "From the word go, it was something I'd never experienced before," he admitted. "The noise was at a different level. Every time I won a point it felt like the roof was going to come off. I’ve never played at Wembley, but I can say that’s as good as it gets in tennis."  1997: Tim Henman v Paul Haarhuis On the 1997 Middle Sunday, Tim Henman and Paul Haarhuis met on Centre Court to contest the sought-after fourth round place against defending champion Richard Krajicek. Neither Henman nor Haarhuis were on top form - there were far too many unforced errors and double faults for the purists, but you would struggle to find any tennis match that could beat it for sheer drama. Henman carved out six first-set points in the opener and squandered them all, three on double faults, and went down 9-7 in the tiebreaker. Haarhuis then got the jitters, a double fault of his own handing the British No.1 the second set and two more giving him the third.  There then followed an absolutely exhilarating fourth set. Haarhuis broke early then held strong when Henman twice had golden opportunities to break back, to the groans of the crowd. The underdog was putting up a tremendous fight, but it now became all about who had the bravest of brave hearts. The subsequent fifth and final set went on and on, each game and each point feeling like a lifetime for the predominately British crowd, who cheered every Henman winner with a roar to put soccer fans to shame. Tiger Tim eventually prevailed 6-7(7), 6-3, 6-2, 4-6, 14-12, Haarhuis dropping serve to bring the titanic 93-minute decider to an end. Henman went on to beat Krajicek in a four-set, three tie-break thriller before losing to Michael Stich in the quarter-finals.  1997: Martina Hingis Martina Hingis produced the tennis version of rope-a-dope to exhaust Jana Novotna, and become, at 16, the youngest player to win the Wimbledon singles title since 1887. Floating around the court, the young Swiss dismantled the experienced Novotna 2-6, 6-3, 6-3 with a poise and savvy far beyond her years. Despite a slightly timid start, the teenager rallied to hand out an all-court attack that the increasingly weary Novotna was too tired to handle. "It might be that maybe I'm too young to win this title," said Hingis, who had lost in the French Open final the month before. "But at the French Open I just knew I wasn't in great shape. This time it's like I could do it." It was another blow for Novotna, who had surrendered the title to Steffi Graf four years earlier, but she went on to triumph against Nathalie Tauziat the following year.  1997: The new No. 1 Court Some of Wimbledon's greatest champions, including Rod Laver, John Newcombe, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Pete Sampras, Louise Brough, Maria Bueno, Margaret Court, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova gathered at the All England Club in 1997, invited for the opening ceremony of the new No.1 Court at Wimbledon. Officially opened by the Duke of Kent, the new No.1 Court seats 11,000, an increase of 4,500 on the original No.1 Court, which has been demolished. The building incorporates a food village, a merchandising shop, 11 hospitality suites and a debenture holders' lounge overlooking courts 14-17. In addition to the new No.1 Court, a broadcast centre, new courts 18 and 19, and a road tunnel linking Somerset Road and Church Road came into operation for the first time. As part of the continuation of the Long Term Plan, the site where the original No.1 Court stood, adjacent to the Centre Court, was turned into what is the Millennium Building today - the new player and press facilities, which were completed in 2000. 1998: Martina Hingis v Jelena Dokic Even Jelena Dokic's volatile father was left speechless after the 16-year-old Australian qualifier knocked out world No.1 Martina Hingis in the first round in 1999 in one of the biggest shocks in Wimbledon history. Bobbing up and down like a boxer on the baseline as she swept past Hingis 6-2, 6-0, Dokic summed it up with the understatement so beloved of teengagers - "I think I played quite well today. There was no pressure on me to win. I didn't feel nervous. I just went for it," Dokic said. "It's tough to beat her, whether you practise with her or not ... I tried to play my own game."  Somewhat ironically, Hingis had taken Dokic under her wing as a training partner, practising together before the French Open, and even taking a holiday together. "Martina and her mum made us feel part of the family for a whole week. We never stopped talking and it was such good fun," Dokic said then. "I hope we are friends forever." 1999: Steffi Graf v Venus Williams Old met new in the quarter-finals at Wimbledon, as 19-year-old Venus Williams came up against Steffi Graf, on a high after claiming the French Open. It was a second quarter-final in a row at SW19 for Venus, who hussled and tussled to beat Anna Kournikova in the fourth round. But Graf had not won seven Wimbledon titles by just ambling about. The seven-time champion neutralised the young Venus's powerful hitting in typical athletic style, running down every groundstroke that her opponent pummelled over the net, and sending it back just as hard. Interrupted four times by rain, both players were forced to produce some of their best tennis, Graf in particular mixing it up with drop shots and net play to keep Williams guessing. Converting on her first match point, Graf hopped up and down, punching the air and screaming with delight. "It rarely happens in the quarter-final to play that kind of tennis," said Graf, remarking that it was the best she had ever had to play to get to the semi-finals at Wimbledon. 1999: Pete Sampras v Andre Agassi Sampras v Agassi was the classic duel of the 1990s. Pistol Pete was the quiet, unassuming fellow who kept to himself while going about the business of amassing a record haul of 14 Grand Slam titles, seven of them at Wimbledon. He served, volleyed and one-handed-backhanded his way into the record books, spent 286 weeks as world No.1 and was a model of consistency. Agassi on the other hand was a veritable firecracker, up one day, down the next. World No.1, world No.141 – it all depended on where his focus was at the time. The two all-American heroes played each other 34 times between 1989 and 2002, with Sampras holding a 20-14 record and a 4-1 advantage in Grand Slam finals. Serving for the title at 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, Sampras fired down two service winners to make it 30-0. An Agassi backhand return clipped the baseline, then he sent a perfect cross-court forehand as Sampras came in behind a second service to level matters at 30-all. The prostrate Sampras, who had dived in vain to retrieve Agassi’s masterpiece, then picked himself up, dusted himself off and banged a second service right on the T for an ace. On match point, Sampras repeated the feat: two second-serve aces and the title, his sixth Wimbledon crown of seven – was his.

Björn Borg

Who replaced Erich Honecker as GDR head of state?

Federer wins fifth Wimbledon title - Wikinews, the free news source Federer wins fifth Wimbledon title From Wikinews, the free news source you can write! Jump to: navigation , search Monday, July 9, 2007  World number one in tennis Roger Federer has defeated Spaniard Rafael Nadal to win his fifth consecutive Wimbledon mens single title. The 25-year-old Swiss maestro overcame the second-seeded Nadal in five sets, 7-6, 4-6, 7-6, 2-6, 6-2. The final took 3 hours and 45 minutes to complete. Federer, who lost to Nadal in the 2007 French Open final less than a month ago, equalled Swede Bjorn Borg's record of five straight Wimbledon titles. Borg was men singles champions at the All England Club between 1976 and 1980. Borg attended the match and met with Federer afterwards to offer his congratulations. The match was very evenly contested throughout all five sets. Federer won the first set in a tiebreak, 9-7, which featured a series of uncharacteristic errors from both players. Both players had broken each other early in the first set. Federer was in trouble on serve twice in the second set. He managed to recover from 15-40 down in the sixth game with three successive aces - Federer ended up serving 24 aces in the match to Nadal's one. However, he couldn't repeat the effort in the tenth game, and Nadal broke to close the set out 6-4. The third set went on serve for all twelve games, with no breaks leaving the score at 6-all. Federer won the tiebreak 7-3. The fourth set was entirely different again. Nadal charged out to a 4-0 lead, aided by the assistance of the Hawkeye appeals system. Federer, who has been an outspoken critic of the technology, snapped at the end of the third game after a Nadal ball was called 'out' but overturned after Hawkeye revealed that 2 mm of the ball had touched the back of the line. "How in the world was that ball in? ... Look at the score now. This system is killing me," he said in the direction of the umpire. Nadal went on to win the set 6-2 with no further breaks of serve. The players entered the final set, the first for Federer in his five-year reign as Wimbledon champion, and the defending champion had to scrap to save his first two service games. Down 15-40 in both, he managed to hold on, and it appeared to deflate Nadal. Nadal was then broken by Federer - his first break since the first set - in the sixth game to lead 4-2, with Federer producing some high-quality shots to break the serve. He held serve to love to lead 5-2, and then broke Nadal on his second match point to win the final. The match was the third-longest men's final, at 3 hours 45 minutes, in the history of the Wimbledon championships. Federer has now won eleven Grand Slam titles, and has a record of 11-2 in Grand Slam finals. The two losses were both against Nadal and both at the French Open, the only one of the four Grand Slams he is yet to win. Have an opinion on this story? Share it! Sources

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Off which pitcher did Babe Ruth smash his 714th and final Major League home run?

The Babe’s Last Game | Philadelphia Athletics Philadelphia Athletics The Babe’s Last Game By Bob Warrington Hollywood has twice portrayed the life of Babe Ruth in major motion pictures. The first, “The Babe Ruth Story,” done in 1948, starred William Bendix as the Bambino. Generally regarded as a terrible film with Bendix horribly miscast in the lead role, the film sugar coated Ruth’s life beyond recognition. Hollywood’s second effort at telling the Babe’s life was filmed in 1992. Called, “The Babe,” it starred John Goodman as the Sultan of the Swat and received more favorable reviews, with Leonard Maltin calling it “agreeably sentimental.” Maltin also notes, however, that “facts are tampered with and often ignored” in both films. That is certainly true in how they overlook reality in depicting Ruth’s last game as a Major Leaguer. A Last Hurrah In 1935, Babe Ruth was forty years old, in poor physical shape, and playing out the string with the Boston Braves. On May 25, 1935, with the team on a road trip and playing at Forbes File in Pittsburgh, Ruth hammered three home runs and a single, driving in six runs. The last, off pitcher Guy Bush, was the 714th of Ruth’s career and the first ball ever to be hit completely over Forbes Field’s right-field roof (added to the ballpark in 1925). Thanks to Hollywood, many people believe that was Ruth’s final Major League game—circling the bases in triumph one last time before going into the dugout, entering the clubhouse, and calling it a career. The scene, undoubtedly, provides a storybook conclusion to a fabled tale. Wouldst that it was true; but regrettably, it is not. Maybe Ruth should have called it a career at that point, but perhaps sensing that the old magic was back, he hung around for one more game.   Final Stop After leaving Pittsburgh, the Braves next stop on their road trip was Philadelphia. There, they would play the Philadelphia Phillies at Baker Bowl. Like Babe Ruth, Baker Bowl’s days of glory had receded to the past. The ballpark, widely ridiculed for its deteriorating condition, was near the end of its life as the home of a Major League baseball team. The Phillies would finally abandon it mid-way through the 1938 season, moving down Lehigh Avenue to become tenants of the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park. But, there was one more moment of drama to be played out at the old place, mixing both acclamation and pathos. Babe Ruth would provide it on May 30, 1935.   The Braves were scheduled to play the Phillies in a Memorial Day doubleheader. Ruth was inserted in the line-up, batting third and playing leftfield. Coming up to bat in the first inning, Ruth faced Phillies’ pitcher Jim Bivin. 1935 was Bivin’s only year in the Major Leagues, and he played the entire season with the Phillies. He compiled an unenviable 2-9 record for a woeful team that would finish the season in seventh place with a 56-93 record. Bivin, nevertheless, would have the singular distinction of being the last pitcher ever to face Babe Ruth in a Major League game.   At the plate, Ruth grounded out softly to Phillies first baseman Dolph Camilli as the Braves went down without scoring any runs in the inning. Ruth took his customary place in the outfield for the bottom half of the inning. Phillies’ second baseman Lou Chiozza hit a soft fly to leftfield. Ruth came in trying to make the catch, but the ball dropped in front of him and rolled past to the wall. A run scored, but Chiozza, trying for an inside-the-park home run, was thrown out at the plate when Braves shortstop Bill Urbanski retrieved the ball and got it back to Braves catcher Al Spohrer in time for the tag out. The Phillies wound up scoring three runs in the inning and would go on to win the game 11-6. Rich Westcott, in his book, “Philadelphia’s Old Ballparks,” describes what happened after the first inning ended:   “As the inning ended, Ruth tucked his glove in his pocket, turned, and ran to the clubhouse in centerfield. The fans, sensing that the end of a glorious career might have arrived, rose and gave Ruth a standing ovation.”   On June 2, 1935, Ruth was given his unconditional release by the Boston Braves, and he announced his retirement from baseball.   Although it is not recorded in any contemporary histories of the game, one might wonder if Babe Ruth paused just briefly to take one last look around Baker Bowl before entering the clubhouse. You see, it was at this same ballpark 20 years before that Ruth had made his first appearance in a World Series game. Playing then for the Boston Red Sox, he appeared as a pinch hitter in the first game of the 1915 Series. In a similarity touched with irony, Ruth grounded out to the Phillies first baseman, just as he would do 20 years later in his last Major League at-bat in the same ballpark.   The Occasion Commemorated So, despite Hollywood’s attempts to portray Ruth’s last Major League game in triumphal terms at Forbes Field, it was actually shrouded in pathos at Baker Bowl that the Babe’s fabled career came to an end. The Pennsylvania state historical marker erected for Baker Bowl, which was sponsored by the A’s Society and stands at Broad Street and Huntingdon Avenue, correctly notes that the ballpark was the site of “Babe Ruth’s last Major League game.”  

Guy Bush

Which US President was linked with the 'Star Wars' policy?

May 25, 1935: Ruth smashes 3 homers in final hurrah | Society for American Baseball Research May 25, 1935: Ruth smashes 3 homers in final hurrah Pittsburgh Pirates 11 If you can help us improve this game story, contact us . May 25, 1935: Ruth smashes 3 homers in final hurrah This article was written by Jack Zerby The bedraggled Boston Braves were already in their familiar abode—the National League cellar—at 8-19 and 11 games out when they played their 28th game of the 1935 season. The venue was Pittsburgh’s bucolic Forbes Field; the opponents were the home-standing Pirates. But the Braves had Babe Ruth, a free agent newcomer to the National League, acquired at a high-mileage age 40 by Boston’s owner and erstwhile manager 1 Judge Emil E. Fuchs 2 when the Yankees cast the legend adrift on February 26. Although the Braves already had a “new Babe Ruth,” as writers tabbed popular slugger Wally Berger 3 , “the Judge liked to take on long-shot comeback players,” 4 and Ruth became “a very big frog in a very small pond” when Fuchs signed him. 5 He’d departed Boston 15 years earlier, when Red Sox owner-theater impresario Harry Frazee sold him to the Yankees. The Yankees had scorned Ruth in spring training by re-assigning his uniform number and using his locker for firewood as prelude to release. 6 Fuchs brought him to Boston in the announced triple capacities of player, second vice president, and assistant manager, 7 but the VP and assistant managerial posts were public relations fluff. Ruth’s playing days were essentially over, but after banishment by the Yankees, taking his celebrity to Boston seemed a better option than retirement. As the early season progressed, his new pond tended to engulf the overweight, weak-legged Babe. He had lifted spirits and made Fuchs look like a genius with an Opening Day home run at Braves Field against Giants’ ace Carl Hubbell on April 16. But through May 24 he was hitting just .153 with three home runs and five RBIs, three of which had come in the opener. Ruth’s curiosity value had resulted in his starting 22 of the team’s first 27 games, generally in left field, although manager Bill McKechnie often lifted him late for a pinch-runner or defensive replacement. This day in Pittsburgh, however, McKechnie had the Babe in his time-honored right field position, slotted third in the batting order in front of steady producer Berger. Pirate manager Pie Traynor started Red Lucas. The righty was in trouble before all of the recorded 10,000 in attendance had settled into their seats on a chilly Saturday afternoon. Boston shortstop Billy Urbanski walked and advanced to second on a sacrifice by second baseman Les Mallon, bringing up Ruth, slugging a paltry .305. But the Babe, seeing yet another new National League pitcher, responded with some of his old-time pizazz and lofted career home run No. 712 into the right field stands to give the Braves a quick 2-0 edge. After Berger and first baseman Randy Moore both singled, Traynor yanked Lucas in favor of National League veteran Guy Bush, now toiling for Pittsburgh after 12 seasons with the Cubs. Bush induced a double-play grounder off the bat of left fielder Sheriff Lee to end the inning. Huck Betts, only two years Ruth’s junior at 38, was the Boston starter. He survived two hits and an error to hold Pittsburgh scoreless in the first, and then notched a perfect 1-2-3 second inning. Ruth batted for the second time in the Braves’ third. Facing Bush, who had hit him with a pitch in Game 4 of the 1932 World Series--with Ruth and the Yankees on the way to a demoralizing sweep of the Cubs--he retaliated with another homer to right. The shot, career No. 713, plated Urbanski again and upped the Braves’ lead to 4-0. Betts cruised through the third, but his 4-0 lead dissolved into a 4-4 deadlock in the Pittsburgh fourth on RBI hits by Gus Suhr and Tommy Thevenow and Earl Grace’s sacrifice fly. Still in a groove, Ruth added another RBI with a single off Bush in the fifth to put the Braves back on top, 5-4. Pittsburgh responded in the bottom of the inning with three runs on four hits, including an inside-the-park home run by second baseman Pep Young. The rally chased Betts as McKechnie needed Ben Cantwell to record the third out. The Pirates now led 7-5. With that score intact and Bush still pitching, Ruth came up for the fourth time in the top of the seventh with one out and the bases empty. By now the crowd 8 was solidly on the Bambino’s side and rooted enthusiastically for more of his old magic. The Babe obliged. Career home run No. 714 came on a 3-1 count and bettered the earlier efforts, majestically clearing Forbes Field’s right field roof—for the first time in the ballpark’s 26-year history. 9 “The way he smacked it, you knew it was gone. The crowd just roared,” Paul Warhola, brother of iconic Pittsburgh pop artist Andy Warhol, remembered. 10 “He was fat and old but he still had that great swing,” was sportswriter Robert W. Creamer’s retrospective take. 11 After rounding the bases in a 1935 version of his classic trot, Babe saluted the fans with a tipped cap, and then excused himself from the game. Sole access to the visiting clubhouse was through the Pittsburgh dugout. Enroute, he briefly plopped himself down at the end of the bench and told rookie Pirate pitcher Mace Brown, “Boy, that last one felt good!” 12 No. 714 had closed the gap to a run 13 , and the Braves tied the score, 7-7, later in the inning. But Cantwell faltered in the seventh, allowing three runs. Larry Benton pitched the eighth for Boston, yielding another run. Waite Hoyt finished up for the Pirates and was the winning pitcher in their 11-7 victory. It’s sometimes reported that this memorable game was the Babe’s last. It truly was his “last hurrah,” but he went on to play in five more games, without a hit in 13 plate appearances. Throughout May, Fuchs, Ruth and McKechnie had come to the conclusion that Ruth’s retirement, sooner rather than later, was in the mutual best interest. He made it official in early June after pinch hitting in the first game of a doubleheader in Philadelphia on May 30--the same day his May 25 feats were noted without fanfare in a Sporting News “Highlights of the Week” column. Two weeks later the paper editorialized: “If the Babe saw the hand writing on the wall, as he indicated that he did, it is too bad that he did not announce his retirement the day after he made three home runs in one game in Pittsburgh, so he could have gone out in a blaze of glory, instead of waiting to make his departure along a trail of unpleasantness.” 14   Sources Cicotello, David and Angelo J. Louisa, Eds., Forbes Field (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2007). Fuchs, Robert S. and Wayne Soini, Judge Fuchs and the Boston Braves (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1998). Dvorchak, Robert, “Ruth Had Final Hurrah At Forbes 75 Years Ago,” Post-Gazette.com, May 25, 2010 (Accessed March 27, 2014). Wood, Allan, “Babe Ruth,” SABR Biography Project, sabr.org. The Sporting News, May 30, 1935, 5. The Sporting News, June 13, 1935, 4. Retrosheet.org   Notes 1 Fuchs owned the Braves from 1923 through 1935 and out of frugality assumed the field managerial reins as well for the 1929 season. Fuchs, Judge Fuchs and the Boston Braves, 68. The team finished 8th, at 56-98. For 1930, Fuchs plucked future Hall of Fame manager Bill McKechnie away from Cardinals’ owner Sam Breadon. Ibid., 83-84. McKechnie had managed the 1925 Pirates to a World Series victory. He was still at the Braves’ helm in 1935. Baseball-Reference.com. 2 “He served briefly as a real judge [in New York City], but the name was his ever after.” Fuchs, 11. 3 Ibid., 84-85. The Braves acquired Berger from the Pacific Coast League Los Angeles Angels in late 1929. He hit 38 home runs and drove in 119 runs in his rookie 1930 season, kept slugging, and capably anchored center field to earn the acclaim of Braves fans with little else to cheer about.

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Where in the Ukraine was there a nuclear explosion in 1986?

Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1986, the world’s worst nuclear accident to date occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant near Kiev in Ukraine. The full toll from this disaster is still being tallied, but experts believe that thousands of people died and as many as 70,000 suffered severe poisoning. In addition, a large area of land may not be livable for as much as 150 years. The 18-mile radius around Chernobyl was home to almost 150,000 people who had to be permanently relocated. The Soviet Union built the Chernobyl plant, which had four 1,000-megawatt reactors, in the town of Pripyat. At the time of the explosion, it was one of the largest and oldest nuclear power plants in the world. The explosion and subsequent meltdown of one reactor was a catastrophic event that directly affected hundreds of thousands of people. Still, the Soviet government kept its own people and the rest of the world in the dark about the accident until days later. At first, the Soviet government only asked for advice on how to fight graphite fires and acknowledged the death of two people. It soon became apparent, however, that the Soviets were covering up a major accident and had ignored their responsibility to warn both their own people and surrounding nations. Two days after the explosion, Swedish authorities began measuring dangerously high levels of radioactivity in their atmosphere. Years later, the full story was finally released. Workers at the plant were performing tests on the system. They shut off the emergency safety systems and the cooling system, against established regulations, in preparation for the tests. Even when warning signs of dangerous overheating began to appear, the workers failed to stop the test. Xenon gases built up and at 1:23 a.m. the first explosion rocked the reactor. A total of three explosions eventually blew the 1,000-ton steel top right off of the reactor. A huge fireball erupted into the sky. Flames shot 1,000 feet into the air for two days, as the entire reactor began to melt down. Radioactive material was thrown into the air like fireworks. Although firefighting was futile, Pripyat’s 40,000 people were not evacuated until 36 hours after the explosion. Potentially lethal rain fell as the fires continued for eight days. Dikes were built at the Pripyat River to contain damage from contaminated water run-off and the people of Kiev were warned to stay indoors as a radioactive cloud headed their way. On May 9, workers began encasing the reactor in concrete. Later, Hans Blix of the International Atomic Energy Agency confirmed that approximately 200 people were directly exposed and that 31 had died immediately at Chernobyl. The clean-up effort and the general radioactive exposure in the region, however, would prove to be even more deadly. Some reports estimate that as many as 4,000 clean-up workers died from radiation poisoning. Birth defects among people living in the area have increased dramatically. Thyroid cancer has increased tenfold in Ukraine since the accident. Related Videos

Chernobyl

Anwar Sadat was President of which country when he died in 1981?

On this page Background - 20 March, 2006 Discover what exactly caused the catastrophic explosion at the Chernobyl plant, how the clean up was conducted at huge human cost, and the current state of the site. zoom Construction of the sarcophagus (cover) over the destroyed Chernobyl reactor. On April 26, 1986, a major accident occurred at Unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former USSR. The operating crew was planning to test whether the turbines could produce sufficient energy to keep the coolant pumps running in the event of a loss of power until the emergency diesel generator was activated. To prevent any interruptions to the power of the reactor, the safety systems were deliberately switched off. To conduct the test, the reactor had to be powered down to 25 percent of its capacity. This procedure did not go according to plan and the reactor power level fell to less than 1 percent. The power therefore had to be slowly increased. But 30 seconds after the start of the test, there was an unexpected power surge. The reactor's emergency shutdown (which should have halted a chain reaction) failed. The reactor's fuel elements ruptured and there was a violent explosion. The 1000-tonne sealing cap on the reactor building was blown off. At temperatures of over 2000°C, the fuel rods melted. The graphite covering of the reactor then ignited. The graphite burned for nine days, churning huge quantities of radiation into the environment. The accident released more radiation than the deliberate dropping of a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima, Japan in August 1945. The clean up Initial attempts to extinguish the burning reactor involved fire fighters pouring cooling water into the reactor, and were abandoned after 10 hours. From 27 April to 5 May, more than 30 military helicopters flew over the burning reactor. They dropped 2400 tonnes of lead and 1800 tonnes of sand to try to smother the fire and absorb the radiation. These efforts were also unsuccessful. In fact they made the situation worse: heat accumulated beneath the dumped materials. The temperature in the reactor rose again, along with the quantity of radiation emerging from it. In the final phase of fire fighting, the core of the reactor was cooled with nitrogen. Not until 6 May were the fire and the radioactive emissions under control. Despite the obvious dangers the response to the disaster needed people. Not just a few but thousands of people whose lives and health were sacrificed in vain attempts to contain the disaster. These people were termed 'liquidators'. The 600 men of the plant's fire service and the operating crew were themost severely irradiated group. In this group 130 men were irradiated with doses equivalent to 650 years worth of a radiation worker's annual limit. Thousands of military personal and other workers were drafted in to move deadly radioactive material with little or no protection. 31 workers died shortly afterwards. A total of between 600,000 and 800,000 men were involved in the clean-up operations in Chernobyl up to 1989. Of these men, 300,000 received radiation doses 500 times the limit for the public over one year. Today, the ones who still survive are still suffering from the damage to their health. How many of them have died to date from the disaster is a controversial question. According to government agencies in the three former Soviet States affected, about 25,000 "liquidators" have so far died. Estimates provided by the liquidator associations in the three countries are well in excess of the official figures. The Chernobyl Forum's 2005 Report, on the other hand, attributes a far lower number of liquidator deaths to the reactor disaster. These discrepancies in numbers are due to different methods of assessment. Also the liquidator statistics (number of casualties and amount of radiation received) were distorted by the Soviet authorities so definitive numbers may never be known. The end of the disaster? On 22 December 1988, Soviet scientists announced that the sarcophagus now enclosing the reactor was designed for a lifetime of only 20 to 30 years. Three years after the nuclear accident, the Soviet government halted construction of the fifth and sixth reactor units at the Chernobyl nuclear power complex. After prolonged international negotiations, the entire complex was closed on 12 December 2000, 14 years after the accident. What is the sarcophagus? Following the explosion, a massive concrete 'sarcophagus' (cover) was constructed around the damaged no. 4 Reactor. This sarcophagus encases the damaged nuclear reactor and was designed to halt the release of further radiation into the atmosphere. The first task in containing the destroyed reactor was to build a 'cooling slab' under the reactor to prevent the still-hot reactor fuel from burning a hole in the base of thereactor. Coal miners were drafted in to dig this tunnel under the reactor and by 24 June four hundred coal miners had built the 168m long tunnel under the reactor. By November 1986 the sarcophagus containing the reactor was completed using more than 7,000 tonnes of steel and 410,000m3 of concrete. The sarcophagus was designed with a lifetime of only 20 to 30 years in mind. The greatest problem is a lack of stability: it was hastily constructed, and corrosion of supporting beams threaten the integrity of the entire structure. Water is leaking through the sarcophagus via holes in its roof, becomes radioactively contaminated, then seeps through the floor of the reactor into the soil below. Scientists predict that the next nuclear catastrophe in the scale of Chernobyl will be in Chernobyl itself, due to the fragile status of its protective shield. There is no certainty as to how much fuel has been left inside the reactor but most estimates put it at more than 95 percent of its original contents. Also dumped inside the sarcophagus are thousand of cubic metres of nuclear waste created by fragments of the destroyed reactor building and contaminated soil that has also been dumped into the sarcophagus. Categories

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Who released an album called Thriller in 1982?

Steve Lukather Official Website - Thriller Thriller Buy on iTunes In 1982 Michael Jackson released the world's largest selling album of all time, Thriller. This album produced 7 hit singles, breaking yet again more records, and went on to sell over 50 million copies worldwide. Michael was keen to use music video or short films as he called them to promote his singles from the album. He worked with the best directors and producers, using the latest technology and special effects for the hit song Billie Jean. The short film Thriller used the latest make-up artists technolgy combined with fantastic dancing and choreography, to produce a 14 minute video, with a start, a middle and an ending. So successful was this video that The making of Michael Jackson's Thriller became the world's largest selling home video combined with soaring album sales. In 1983 Michael performed the now legendary moonwalk for the first time on the 'Motown 25 years' anniversary show. This performance alone set Michael undoubtable into the realm of a superstar. In 1984 Michael won a record breaking 8 Grammy awards in one night. The awards were for his work on the Thriller album and his work on the narrative for the ET Storybook. Rock guitarist Eddie Van Halen was interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine in 1984. In the interview, he explained why he didn't ask for any royalties over the sales of Beat it, the song on which he plays a guitar solo. "I did it as a favor. I didn't want anything. Maybe Michael will give me dance lessons someday. I was a complete fool, according to the rest of the band [Van Halen], our manager and everybody else. I was not used. I knew what I was doing. I don't do something unless I want to do it." Steve Lukather: "Quincy Jones and Michael took a skeleton version of Beat it up to Eddie Van Halen's place as they wanted him to solo over the verse section. However, he played over a section that had more chord changes. So to fit his solo to where it went in the song, they had to cut the tape which took a lot of time to synchronise together." "After they had managed this, Jeff Porcaro and me were called in to bind Eddie's solo and some haphazard percussion which was a major headache. Initially, we rocked it out as Eddie had played a good solo but Quincy thought it too tough. So I had to reduce the distorted guitar sound and this is what was released. It was a huge R&B/rock success for us all really and helped pave the way for the bands of today that fuse these styles." Steve Lukather in 2004: "I was doing all of Quincy Jones' records back then. I wanted to be a part of this one as Michael was way hot after Off the wall. I remember having a lot of fun and the music was good. Funny story: I was in the house band for the Grammy's "Album of the year" three years in a row. Quincy's The dude record, Toto IV, then Thriller. It was happening big time back then. The last great era of the 'session guy' scene. I had a blast at that time as we were doing almost every record that came out of LA. We took a lot of shit from the press for it; still do, but 28 years later I am still working!!!" Tracklist Wanna be startin' somethin' (Michael Jackson) Baby be mine (Rod Temperton) The girl is mine (duet with Paul McCartney) (Michael Jackson) Thriller (Rod Temperton) Beat it (Luke & Eddie) (Michael Jackson) Billie Jean (Michael Jackson) Human nature (Steve Porcaro & John Bettis) P.Y.T. (Pretty young thing) (James Ingram & Quincy Jones) The lady in my life (Rod Temperton) Thriller special edition bonus material: o Someone In The Dark (Never before available on a Michael Jackson solo album) o Billie Jean (Michael Jackson's original demo recording) o A segment from the Michael Jackson & Vincent Price voice over session from Thriller (including Vincent Price reading the never before heard 2nd verse) o Carousel (outtake from the Thriller sessions) o Interview with Producer Quincy Jones discussing the recording of Thriller o Interview with songwriter Rod Temperton Credits Michael Jackson: guitar, arranger, sound effects, vocals, handclapping, producer, vocal arrangement, horn arrangements, rhythm arrangements Steve Lukather: guitars (3) (5) (7), arranger, bass Eddie Van Halen: guitar solo (5) David Paich: synthesizer, piano, arranger (7), keyboards, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer arrangements Jeff Porcaro: Drums (3) (5) (7) (9) Steve Porcaro: synthesizer, arranger (7), programming, synthesizer Programming Rod Temperton: synthesizer, arranger, vocal arrangement, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer arrangements Howard Hewett: vocals (bckgr) James Ingram: keyboards, vocals (bckgr), handclapping Janet Jackson: vocals, vocals (bckgr) Paul McCartney: vocals (3) Quincy Jones: producer, vocal arrangement, rhythm arrangements Bill Reichenbach: trombone David Foster: synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements LaToya Jackson: vocals, vocals (bckgr) Vincent Price: vocals, rap Bunny Hull: vocals, vocals (bckgr) Tom Bahler: keyboards, synclavier Brian Banks: synthesizer, programming, producer Michael Boddicker: synthesizer, keyboards, emulator, vocoder Leon "Ndugu" Chancler: drums

Michael Jackson

Which 80s leader had a wife called Raisa?

Michael Jackson Thriller Album Bio   Thriller Album As an adult solo artist Michael Jackson set his sights as high as possible and dreamed of creating the best selling album in the world. Michael's first album, " Off The Wall " had sold very well, over 15 million copies and Michael worked again with worked with Quincy Jones as producer and Rod Temperton writing some of the songs including the title "Thriller". The albums aim was for every single to be a stand out track, and 7 of the albums 9 songs were released as singles. The exceptions being "Baby Be Mine" and "The Lady In My Life". In promoting the album Michael was one of the first to use music videos to promote some of the songs. He created videos for 3 of the singles, Billie Jean, Beat It, and the Thriller video. After a slow start and some reported pressure from Michael the videos received regular plays on MTV which at the time was the worlds main satellite music channel and up until then rarely played music videos by black artists, including those by Michael. In fact it was MTV who actually funded the 14 minute Thriller video which went on to become a record breaker in its own right after the record label had refused to fund a third album video, being fully satisfied with the albums success. The release of the Thriller video again sent album sales soaring. Each video portrayed a story to go with the song, Michael often used to refer to these as short films rather than music videos. Michael also teamed up again with Paul McCartney for the track "The Girl Is Mine" which was the first single to be released from the album. Michael's sisters Janet Jackson and LaToya Jackson featured on back up vocals on "Pretty Young Thing". Album Track listings:

i don't know

In what month in 1990 did Iraq invade Kuwait?

FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields . PBS Al–Sadr Killings In the early hours of August 2, 1990, more than 100,000 Iraqi troops moved tanks, helicopters and trucks across the border into Kuwait. Iraq maintained the world’s fourth–largest military and had mobilized an overwhelming invading force. Within an hour, they reached Kuwait City, and by daybreak, Iraqi tanks were attacking Dasman Palace, the royal residence. The emir had already fled into the Saudi desert, but his private guard and his younger half–brother, Sheik Faud al–Ahmad al–Sabah, had stayed behind to defend their home. The sheik was shot and killed, and according to an Iraqi soldier who deserted after the assault, his body was placed in front of a tank and run over. It was Saddam’s idea alone to invade Kuwait. He had gambled that he could get away with seizing the tiny oil–rich nation to help pay off debts. But his gamble did not pay off –– he had misread the interests of the international community and the United States in a stable Middle East. After the invasion, Saddam defied orders to retreat and the U.N. imposed sanctions. After months of deliberations and with U.N. support, the United States and international Coalition forces launched a full–scale air and missile attack on Iraq on January 16, 1991. A ground assault followed a month later, and Saddam’s troops were quickly forced out of Kuwait. The United Nations declared an end to the war on April 11, 1991. Charges and evidence The Iraqi military allegedly committed crimes while in Kuwait. Evidence suggests that it tortured and killed hundreds of Kuwaiti nationals and people from other nations. Foreign hostages were taken, Kuwaiti properties were looted, and Iraqi forces set fire to more than 700 Kuwaiti oil wells and opened pipelines to let oil pour into the Gulf. In addition to these crimes, Saddam may be tried for the crime of aggression. An Iraqi law dating back to the 1950s prohibits the act of aggressive war against other Arab countries.

August

Who won the ladies singles most times at Wimbledon in the 80s?

August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait Published: 17:16 August 1, 2015 staff LARGE August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait 1990 -Iraq invades Kuwait to enforce its claims on Kuwaiti land and oil, sending shock waves through financial markets and drawing worldwide condemnation. The Emir of Kuwait goes to Saudi Arabia where he is due to hold crisis talks with Arab leaders including his host King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Thousands of Iraqi troops poured across the border and had seized key installations in the capital, including the royal palace. Kuwait suffered between 100 and 200 casualties. The reported announcements included pledges to settle Baghdad’s complaints against Kuwait, which include demands for at least $2.4 billion in compensation. Iraq accuses Kuwait of having stolen oil from a field under their long disputed border and of overproducing, causing low oil prices which have harmed the Iraqi economy. US President George H W Bush, condemning the invasion as “naked aggression, sent warships steaming towards the Gulf but said he was not contemplating military intervention. Bush froze Iraqi assets in the US and banned trade with Iraq. Other important events 1824 Turkey captures island of Psara from the Greeks. 1847 William A. Leidesdorff launches the first steam boat in San Francisco Bay. 1858 British Parliament passes the India Bill, which transferred the government of India from the East India Company to the Crown. 1870 The first tube railway opens in London. 1928 Italy signs 20-year treaty of friendship with Ethiopia. 1934 Germany’s President Paul von Hindenburg dies, and Adolf Hitler assumes the title of Der Fuehrer. 1959 US military successfully tests heat-seeking missiles to be used by infantrymen. 1977 North Korea creates a ‘military sea boundary’. 1980 A bomb explodes at the train station in Bologna, Italy, killing 85 people. 1984 The three hijackers of an Air France jet surrender at Tehran airport after releasing 45 hostages before an explosion blows a hole in the fuselage of the Boeing 737. 1993 Serb gunners destroy a vital bridge in Croatia, severing the only land link between the southern Dalmatian coast and the rest of the country. 1997 The US ends a 20-year-old ban on the sale of most advanced weapons to Latin America. 1999 226 people die in India when two trains collide head-on at Gaisal, north of Kolkata. 2000 Armed youths demanding jobs have seize 165 people working for the oil company Royal Dutch/Shell, and are holding them hostage on two rigs in southeast Nigeria 2001 Former Bosnian Serb general Radislav Krstic is jailed and becomes the first person convicted of genocide by The Hague war crimes court. 2002 Australia and Malaysia sign a counter-terrorism pact. 2005 An Air France A340 jet with 309 people aboard overshot the runway at Toronto international airport and burst into flames after plunging into a muddy ravine. 2005 King Fahd, one of the world’s wealthiest monarchs, is laid to rest in Riyadh, Saudia Arabia. 2007 An overnight train derails in central Congo after its brakes fail, killing about 100 people. 2009 UAE swim team set a new national relay record at the Fina World Championships in Rome, clocking at 04:00:37, more than five seconds than last year’s national record. 2011 The main link on Africa’s fastest railway opens between Johannesburg and the South African capital Pretoria at speeds up to 160 kilometres per hour. 2014 An explosion kills at least 68 people at a factory that makes wheels in Kunshan city, China.  

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Which island was the home of Bob Marley, who died in 1981?

Bob Marley dies - May 11, 1981 - HISTORY.com Bob Marley dies Publisher A+E Networks In what would prove to be the next to the last concert of his tragically short life, Bob Marley shared the bill at Madison Square Garden with the hugely popular American funk band The Commodores. With no costumes, no choreography and no set design to speak of, “The reggae star had the majority of his listeners on their feet and in the palm of his hand,” according to New York Times critic Robert Palmer. “After this show of strength, and Mr. Marley’s intense singing and electric stage presence, the Commodores were a letdown.” Only days after his triumphant shows in New York City, Bob Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park and later received a grim diagnosis: a cancerous growth on an old soccer injury on his big toe had metastasized and spread to Marley’s brain, liver and lungs. Less than eight months later, on May 11, 1981, Bob Marley, the soul and international face of reggae music, died in a Miami, Florida, hospital. He was only 36 years old. Nesta Robert Marley was born on February 6, 1945, in rural St. Ann Parish, Jamaica, the son of a middle-aged white Jamaican Marine officer and an 18-year-old black Jamaican girl. At the age of nine, Marley moved to Trench Town, a tough West Kingston ghetto where he would meet and befriend Neville “Bunny” Livingston (later Bunny Wailer) and Peter McIntosh (later Peter Tosh) and drop out of school at age 14 to make music. Jamaica at the time was entering a period of incredible musical creativity. As transistor radios became available on an island then served only by a staid, BBC-style national radio station, the music of America suddenly became accessible via stateside radio stations. From a mix of New Orleans-style rhythm and blues and indigenous, African-influenced musical traditions arose first ska, then rock steady—precursor styles to reggae, which did not take shape as a recognizable style of its own until the late 1960s. Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer performed together as The Wailers throughout this period, coming into their own as a group just as reggae became the dominant sound in Jamaica. Thanks to the international reach of Island Records, the Wailers came to the world’s attention in the early 1970s via their albums Catch a Fire (1972) and Burnin’ (1973). Eric Clapton spread the group’s name even wider by recording a pop-friendly version of “I Shot The Sheriff” from the latter album. With the departure of Tosh and Wailer in 1974, Marley took center stage in the group, and by the late 70s he had turned out a string of albums— Exodus (1977), featuring “Jamming,” “Waiting In Vain” and “One Love/People Get Ready;” Kaya (1978), featuring “Is This Love” and “Sun Is Shining”; and Uprising (1980), featuring “Could You Be Loved” and “Redemption Song.” While none of the aforementioned songs was anything approaching a hit in the United States during Bob Marley’s lifetime, they constitute a legacy that has only increased his fame in the years since his death on this day in 1981. Related Videos

Jamaica

Which John portrayed The Elephant Man on film?

Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify Bob Marley & The Wailers Play on Spotify Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international superstardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe. Marley's music gave voice to the day-to-day struggles of the Jamaican experience, vividly capturing not only the plight of the country's impoverished and oppressed but also the devout spirituality that remains their source of strength. His songs of faith, devotion, and revolution created a legacy that continues to live on not only through the music of his extended family but also through generations of artists the world over touched by his genius. Robert Nesta Marley was born February 6, 1945, in rural St. Ann's Parish, Jamaica; the son of a middle-aged white father and teenaged black mother, he left home at 14 to pursue a music career in Kingston, becoming a pupil of local singer and devout Rastafarian Joe Higgs . He cut his first single, "Judge Not," in 1962 for Leslie Kong, severing ties with the famed producer soon after over a monetary dispute. In 1963 Marley teamed with fellow singers Peter Tosh , Bunny Livingston, Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso, and Cherry Smith to form the vocal group the Teenagers; later rechristened the Wailing Rudeboys and later simply the Wailers , they signed on with producer Coxsone Dodd's legendary Studio One and recorded their debut, "I'm Still Waiting." When Braithwaite and Smith exited the Wailers , Marley assumed lead vocal duties, and in early 1964 the group's follow-up, "Simmer Down," topped the Jamaican charts. A series of singles including "Let Him Go (Rude Boy Get Gail)," "Dancing Shoes," "Jerk in Time," "Who Feels It Knows It," and "What Am I to Do" followed, and in all, the Wailers recorded some 70 tracks for Dodd before disbanding in 1966. On February 10 of that year, Marley married Rita Anderson , a singer in the group the Soulettes; she later enjoyed success as a member of the vocal trio the I-Threes. Marley then spent the better part of the year working in a factory in Newark, DE, the home of his mother since 1963. Upon returning to Jamaica that October, Marley re-formed the Wailers with Livingston and Tosh , releasing "Bend Down Low" on their own short-lived Wail 'N' Soul 'M label; at this time all three members began devoting themselves to the teachings of the Rastafari faith, a cornerstone of Marley's life and music until his death. Beginning in 1968, the Wailers recorded a wealth of new material for producer Danny Sims before teaming the following year with producer Lee "Scratch" Perry ; backed by Perry 's house band, the Upsetters , the trio cut a number of classics, including "My Cup," "Duppy Conqueror," "Soul Almighty," and "Small Axe," which fused powerful vocals, ingenious rhythms, and visionary production to lay the groundwork for much of the Jamaican music in their wake. Upsetters bassist Aston "Family Man" Barrett and his drummer brother Carlton soon joined the Wailers full-time, and in 1971 the group founded another independent label, Tuff Gong , releasing a handful of singles before signing to Chris Blackwell's Island Records a year later. 1973's Catch a Fire, the Wailers ' Island debut, was the first of their albums released outside of Jamaica, and immediately earned worldwide acclaim; the follow-up, Burnin', launched the track "I Shot the Sheriff," a Top Ten hit for Eric Clapton in 1974. With the Wailers poised for stardom, however, both Livingston and Tosh quit the group to pursue solo careers; Marley then brought in the I-Threes, which in addition to Rita Marley consisted of singers Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt . The new lineup proceeded to tour the world prior to releasing their 1975 breakthrough album Natty Dread, scoring their first U.K. Top 40 hit with the classic "No Woman, No Cry." Sellout shows at the London Lyceum, where Marley played to racially mixed crowds, yielded the superb Live! later that year, and with the success of 1976's Rastaman Vibration, which hit the Top Ten in the U.S., it became increasingly clear that his music had carved its own niche within the pop mainstream. As great as Marley's fame had grown outside of Jamaica, at home he was viewed as a figure of almost mystical proportions, a poet and prophet whose every word had the nation's collective ear. His power was perceived as a threat in some quarters, and on December 3, 1976, he was wounded in an assassination attempt; the ordeal forced Marley to leave Jamaica for over a year. 1977's Exodus was his biggest record to date, generating the hits "Jamming," "Waiting in Vain," and "One Love/People Get Ready"; Kaya was another smash, highlighted by the gorgeous "Is This Love" and "Satisfy My Soul." Another classic live date, Babylon by Bus, preceded the release of 1979's Survival. 1980 loomed as Marley's biggest year yet, kicked off by a concert in the newly liberated Zimbabwe; a tour of the U.S. was announced, but while jogging in New York's Central Park he collapsed, and it was discovered he suffered from cancer that had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Uprising was the final album released in Marley's lifetime -- he died May 11, 1981, at age 36. Posthumous efforts including 1983's Confrontation, the best-selling 1984 retrospective Legend, and the 2012 documentary Marley kept the man's music alive, and his renown continued to grow in the years following his death -- even decades after the fact, he remains synonymous with reggae's world-wide popularity. In the wake of her husband's passing, Rita Marley scored a solo hit with "One Draw," but despite the subsequent success of singles "Many Are Called" and "Play Play," she had largely withdrawn from performing to focus on raising her children by the mid-'80s. Oldest son David, better known as Ziggy , went on to score considerable pop success as the leader of the Melody Makers , a Marley family group comprised of siblings Cedella, Stephen , and Sharon; their 1988 single "Tomorrow People" was a Top 40 U.S. hit, a feat even Bob himself never accomplished. Other Marley children -- including Damian , Julian , and Ky-Mani -- pursued careers in music as well. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi Read More Show less

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Which city was devastated by an earthquake in 1985 and then hosted the World Cup in 1986?

Mexico City History | Culture | Religion | MexicoCity.com Blog Mexico History The land of Mexico City has been inhabitated for over 7000 years with the first tribes travelling from Central Europe around 5000 to 300 B.C. Some of the tribes in Mexico City settled around the slopes of mount Benacantil on which today stands the castle of Santa Barbara. The highlight of this mountain was that it wos close to the sea, but yet offered securoty from invaders due to its height. According to some historians, the Iberians (native Spanish) secured the hilltop by fortifying it. The Nahua Aztec or Mexica tribe established Mexico City on 18th March 1325 and it became the capital of a sophisticated growing empire. It was originally located on a small island but because of its rapid growth, the city was forced to build artificial islands and a series of canals to absorb the growth of the metropolis. Rulers like Izcoatl, Moctezuma I, Axayacatl, Tizoc, Ahyuizotl, and Moctezuma II and their groups of eagle-warriors and jaguar-warriors led the city successfully with a pre-Colombian civilization. In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes entered the area. He acquired the city on 13th August 1521 and in 1524, it was rebuilt as the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain. It was the political and cultural centre of Mexico and the administration of Guatemala, Yucatan, Cuba, Florida and Philippines was carried out from the city. The baroque Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Guadalupe were built during this period. The area was under the Spanish rule and when Napoleon acquired Spain in 1808, the people of Mexico started to act for the self-rule under a Catholic priest named Father Miguel de Hidalgo Y Costilla. He led an armed revolution in 1810. This war of independence ended as Mexico became the host of the first ruler of the Mexican Empire, Agustin de Iturbide and the nation became a republic in March 1823. Then in 1824, the new government was established, the Mexican Federal District by the signing of their new constitution. The two-year war with the United States ended in 1848, after losing half of the country to the United States. Benito Juarez led the War of Reform which lasted from 1858 to 1861 and he captured the city in 1867. However, in 1871, Porfirio Diaz succeeded to overthrow the government and then the city was under the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz for three decades. During this period the French influence was forced out of Mexico City. The gold Angel of Independence was built under his administration to celebrate the first centenary of the beginning of the War of Independence. In February 1913, Mexico City suffered from the Decena Tragica, a battle between Francisco I. Madero's forces and Felix Diaz's, which destroyed many parts of the city. The post-revolutionary government reinforced the importance of the city. In the late 20th century, Mexico City experienced most of its growth in population. In 1950, the city had a population of around 3 million. Mexico City was the host for the Olympic Games in 1968 and FIFA World Cup in 1970. The city was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale on 19th September 1985 at 07.19 am. It resulted in the deaths of around 5,000 people leaving around 90,000 people homeless. Mexico city again experienced an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 after 36 hours. However, it hosted the FIFA World Cup again in 1986 showing a rapid recovery. The city continued its recovery and growth during the 1990s. Today, Mexico City has a remodeled World Trade Center Mexico, a skyscraper like Torre Mayor, the tallest building in Latin America. The city is ranked 8th among North America’s Top Ten Major Cities. It is one of the major economic and cultural centers with an international importance ranking 4th in Economic Potential and 4th as the Most Cost Effective city. Recommended Activities

Mexico

Hahnium was so named by US scientists in honor of Otto Hahn; what was its original name?

Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies | Fox News Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies Published April 01, 2012 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 livefyre Email Print FILE - In this Dec. 13, 1985 file photo, former Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid applauds during the opening of the newly constructed press center for the 1986 World Cup soccer tournament in downtown Mexico City. De la Madrid, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988, died Sunday April 1, 2012 at age 77, Mexico's President Felipe Calderon announced on his Twitter account.  (AP) MEXICO CITY –  Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988 during economic crisis and a devasting earthquake, died Sunday at age 77, President Felipe Calderon announced on his Twitter account. A spokeswoman for Calderon's office speaking on condition of anonymity because she was not authorized to speak to be quoted by the press confirmed Sunday that the message was posted by Calderon. Calderon said he is "profoundly sorry for the death of ex-President De la Madrid." The cause of death was not immediately announced, but the former president had been hospitalized for respiratory problems since late last year. Several false rumors about De la Madrid's death surfaced in December, and Calderon even sent an incorrect tweet on his official Twitter account at that time offering condolences to the former president's family. He corrected that earlier false report minutes later. During his presidency, De la Madrid pulled Mexico back from economic collapse but left it with a political crisis. His term from 1982 to 1988 was a grim time for most Mexicans, a six-year hangover after spending binge by the previous government that was convinced soaring oil prices would never fall. When they did, the buying power of Mexican salaries was slashed in half as inflation chewed up paychecks. A magnitude-8.1 earthquake killed an estimated 9,000 people and flattened parts of the capital. A fiery explosion at a government gas facility killed more than 500 people on the outskirts of Mexico City. The government's handling of the election to replace de la Madrid caused a political scandal that later helped topple the political system that dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century. But the initial economic panic was so deep that many thought de la Madrid did well just by not making things worse. As he put it just before leaving office, "I took a country with great problems and leave it with problems." De la Madrid also launched a historic free-market transformation of Mexico's economy. He sold off about 750 of the 1,155 companies the government had owned when he took office and signed international free-trade treaties that paved the way for the North American Free Trade Agreement and helped Mexico develop into a global industrial power, although one overwhelmingly dependent on the United States . Born on Dec. 12, 1934, to a prominent family in the western city of Colima, de la Madrid earned a degree from the National Autonomous University's law school, a spawning ground of Mexican politicians, and later earned a master's degree in public administration at Harvard University. He began a rapid but unflashy climb through government agencies, serving in a series of finance-related posts before joining the Cabinet of President Jose Lopez Portillo as secretary of planning and programming in 1979. Like all presidents to that time, Lopez Portillo was unchallenged master of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party, and the country as a whole. He chose de la Madrid, a 47-year-old bureaucrat who had never held elective office, as his successor and forced party activists who favored a more savvy politician to accept it. In the pro-forma vote that followed, de la Madrid won more than 75 percent of the vote. It was the last time that the result of a Mexican presidential election could be seen as inevitable. De la Madrid's lack of political experience sometimes cost him dearly. When big earthquakes hit on Sept. 19 and 20, 1985, devastated Mexico City residents ignored government appeals to stay in their homes and instead formed impromptu rescue brigades that rushed to collapsed buildings to save lives, with little official help. De la Madrid's scarce public appearances fed the public outrage. The grass-roots aid groups that emerged from the quake helped energize a political opposition that was already growing because of economic woes. Jeers and catcalls from frustrated Mexicans showered down on the president when he appeared at the World Cup soccer games Mexico hosted in 1986. De la Madrid fumbled again when that opposition roused the strongest challenge yet to the party that had held an ironclad grip on Mexico for six decades. The 1988 presidential election bid by leftist Cuauhtemoc Cardenas was so strong the results were in doubt as the votes were being counted. The government stopped reporting vote returns for a long period and then de la Madrid declared his own hand-picked successor Carlos Salinas the victor without formal results, leading many Mexicans to assume fraud had been committed. The ballots, never recounted, were burned three years afterward. Anger over that election helped accelerate reforms that allowed an opposition party to finally win the presidency in 2000. De la Madrid himself claimed some small share of credit for overseeing Mexico's move to democracy. Some early reforms came under his leadership, and he shocked party faithful when he predicted a time, "as Mexican society matures, when the opposition will share in the government." But if Mexico's authoritarian system bent during his term, he did not break it. Opposition parties were allowed to win a few city mayoral races, but an ruling party victory for governorship of Baja California state was widely seen as fixed, and officials refused to accept clear opposition wins in some cities. De la Madrid's main problems were rooted in the free-spending policies of Lopez Portillo, and a collapse in oil prices that left him with an economy that was spiraling rapidly downward, an inflation rate of more than 150 percent and an unpayable foreign debt of nearly $100 billion, more than half of the nation's gross domestic product at the time. He raised taxes, cut the government budget, increased interest rates and imposed price and wage controls, while renegotiating debt conditions. Inflation dropped to about 50 percent. The shrinking of the state also gave corrupt government officials fewer opportunities to squeeze private businessmen, and de la Madrid paired it with an a "moral renovation" anti-corruption campaign that reached its high point, at least in terms of publicity, with the arrest of the state oil company chief. Still, even de la Madrid's closest aides acknowledged the overall cleanup effort largely failed. Relations with the U.S., always crucial for any Mexican leader, were mixed. De la Madrid personally got along well with President Ronald Reagan , but the two governments disagreed sharply over Central America, particularly Nicaragua , where Mexico was viewed by administration officials as perhaps the most stalwart noncommunist backer of the leftist Sandinista government. Mexico also sometimes irritated the U.S. with its shared leadership of the so-called Contadora Group of Latin American nations, which contributed to ending Central America's civil wars. Relations with Washington also were damaged when a U.S. drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was kidnapped, tortured and killed in Mexico in 1985. U.S. officials accused several high-ranking Mexican officials of collaborating with traffickers who killed Camarena, though a Mexican judge sentenced drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero to 40 years in prison for his role in the Camarena slaying. In an interview with The Associated Press before leaving office, de la Madrid said that the challenge of living next to such a wealthy and complicated country had fed Mexico's sense of nationalism. "Perhaps that is one of the great advantages of being a neighbor of the United States: our desire to continue being an independent and sovereign nation that rules its own destiny," he said. For the most part, de la Madrid kept a low profile after leaving office, heading a state publishing company for several years. He shook up Mexico's political class, however, when he gave a radio interview in 2009 accusing Salinas of stealing from a secret government fund and of turning a blind eye when his brother Raul Salinas profited from government contracts and contacts with drug traffickers. De la Madrid retracted the allegations hours after they aired, claiming that because of his poor health he had been "weak and confused" in a radio interview with journalist Carmen Aristegui. One of his five children, Enrique, has served in Mexico's congress and as director of the government farm finance bank, Financiera Rural. He also is survived by his wife, Paloma Cordero, and several grandchildren. Advertisement

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Which movement was thought to be responsible for the kidnapping of Western hostages in Lebanon in the 890s?

Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his peace with Hezbollah | The Independent Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his peace with Hezbollah Former hostage meets captors during return to Lebanon Sunday 9 December 2012 21:15 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Terry Waite today was on captivity in Lebanon for years PA For a man used to spending time in solitary confinement, Terry Waite could be forgiven for feeling very alone as he was shuttled to a secret location in Beirut for talks with the group thought to be responsible for his kidnapping 25 years ago. When the author and humanitarian last visited the city's southern suburbs he was forced to spend 1,760 days locked in a cramped cell, being subjected to mock executions and beatings while chained to a radiator. But under the cover of darkness on Monday last week, he returned to Lebanon offering forgiveness and reconciliation to his captors, a quarter of a century after he was kidnapped and tortured by associates of the militant group Hezbollah. Mr Waite, now 73, held talks with Ammar Moussawi, Hezbollah's senior foreign affairs official. It was his first time in the area since 1991. At about 10pm he was taken to a secret location in the city's suburbs, with the meeting held at about 11pm. He said the rendezvous had been confirmed only at the last moment, which was "often how Hezbollah works". "My first reason for the visit is to say the past is the past," Mr Waite told Mr Moussawi, surrounded by Hezbollah flags. He added: "Let us leave it." During the meeting Mr Moussawi denied Hezbollah was responsible for his kidnapping. Mr Waite travelled to Lebanon in 1987 as the special envoy of the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, hoping to secure the release of the British journalist John McCarthy and other Western captives. But he was accused of being an agent acting for the CIA and was himself kidnapped. In the first year of his captivity Mr Waite was kept in solitary confinement, chained to a radiator for 23 hours a day. He communicated with other hostages in the cell next door by tapping on the wall using a rudimentary code. Mr Waite conceded that last week's meeting was not without "a degree of risk", but that he had to "trust" in Hezbollah. The powerful political and military Shia Muslim part of Lebanon's government is regarded by some in the West as a terrorist group. The US has claimed its political wing is a terrorist organisation as well as its military arm. Speaking about his latest visit, which was first reported by the Sunday Telegraph, Mr Waite said there would be accusations that he was consorting with terrorists. "I would remind such accusers that Hezbollah has grown into a fully-fledged political party with seats in Lebanon's parliament and is now in a unique position to work for peace in the region," he said. "I met with them quite prepared to put my own sufferings in the past. The only way forward is by the pathway of forgiveness, which is a difficult and dangerous road." His reconciliation was an attempt to highlight the plight of Christians who have been forced to flee their homeland by the civil war in Syria. Hezbollah has forged an unlikely alliance with the Free Patriotic Movement, Lebanon's largest Christian party. Mr Waite asked Hezbollah to provide assistance and aid to Christian refugees in the weeks before Christmas. He said: "It is my view that Hezbollah can do itself a great deal of good at Christmas, the Christian festival, by perhaps doing something to give some support to the refugees who are in this country." More about:

Hezbollah

Who was Franklin ?D Roosevelt's secretary of state from 1933 to 1944?

Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers " far away" proclaims day of loyalty" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand - Militant Islam Monitor - Militant Islam Monitor Home      |      Weblog      |      Articles      |      Satire      |      Links      |      About      |      Contact Militant Islam Monitor > Articles > Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers " far away" proclaims day of loyalty" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers " far away" proclaims day of loyalty" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand July 20, 2006 http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3274616,00.html (VIDEO) Hizbullah leader Sheikh Nasrallah makes first public appearance following kidnapping of two IDF soldiers, to deliver victorious speech. �This is day of loyalty to Samir Quntar and rest of the Lebanese prisoners in Israel,' he says. IDF shells Lebanon by land, air and sea Roee Nahmias P{margin:0;} UL{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-right: 16; padding-right:0;} OL{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-right: 32; padding-right:0;} VIDEO - Secretary General of Hizbullah, Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, termed the Wednesday kidnapping of two IDF soldiers along the northern border by members of his terrorist organization, "The promise that was kept." Nasrallah appeared before the cameras Wednesday afternoon and delivered a public speech promising that the abducted Israeli soldiers were still alive. Video: Al-Jazeera "First, thank God for the victory, the Jihad, and the results," he said. "I want to turn to the brave fighters who today fulfilled the promise and therefore this operation is called 'The promise that was kept.' I thank them and kiss their hands. Today is a day of loyalty to Samir Quntar and the rest of the Lebanese prisoners in Israel." 'Two soldiers kidnapped' Nasrallah continued, "We announced that two soldiers were taken hostage. We will make details known as the time is right. It is not true that IDF forces entered the south of Lebanon after the encounter. The Israeli report is not true. No forces entered. Whoever heard this could have assumed that they reached Beirut, but this didn't happen." Regarding the reports of the Israeli tank that was destroyed, Nasrallah said, "The tank was destroyed when it infiltrated Lebanese territory. Other than that there was no infiltration. The hostages are in a secure place, very far away." "The operation was carried out at 9:05 a.m., and at 10:30 the Israelis still didn't know what happened. The infiltration of the tank was at one point only, and it was destroyed. What we did today was our natural right and the only way to bring about the release of prisoners and detainees held by Israel." Nasrallah demands prisoner exchange Regarding the kidnapped Israeli soldiers, he said: "The soldiers will be returned on one condition � indirect negotiations for the exchange of prisoners. If the aim of the Israelis is to bring their soldiers home, they can't do it with a military operation. The Lebanese government is under very heavy pressure from the United States, the UN and the rest of the international elements. We are getting very severe threats." "Up until now the Israelis carried out a series of response operations and we exercised great restraint," he continued. "Any infiltration into Lebanese territory will meet a very harsh response. Our restraint is not out of weakness. We are exercising level-headed restraint." IDF pursues kidnappers Wednesday afternoon, the IDF continued its ground pursuit of the kidnappers on Lebanese territory. Simultaneous to the ground battle, Lebanese land was being shelled by IDF tank artillery, cannons, planes and navy battleships. The Air Force attacked over 30 targets in Lebanon. During the IDF operations, the IAF targeted bridges, power stations and a number of Lebanese infrastructure sites. Lebanese media reported that due to the shelling, the Lebanese army was preventing residents from entering Tyre. In one of the shellings, it was reported, at least two Lebanese civilians were killed. Simultaneously, fighter jets flew over Beirut. The kidnapping itself occurred in the morning hours. Under heavy shelling, that "lit up" the whole region, RPG missiles were fired towards IDF stations. Tracks, blood stains and a breach in the fence were found on the scene. Shortly thereafter, Hizbullah announced that it was holding two Israeli soldiers hostage, who had been transported to a secure location and who would only be released � together with Gilad Shalit � in a large-scale prisoner exchange. ----------------- Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine Organization of the Oppressed on Earth Revolutionary Justice Organization Hizballah is an Islamic movement founded after the Israeli military seizure of Lebanon in 1982, which resulted in the formation of Islamic resistance units committed to the liberation of the occupied territories and the ejection of Israeli forces. Hizbollah was established in 1982 during the Lebanon War when a group of Lebanese Shi'ite Muslims declared themselves to be the "Party of God" (Hizb Allah, which is clear in Hizbollah but progressively less so in Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah). Upon the realization that the IDF was entrenching itself in south Lebanon, and influenced and assisted by 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon, Hizballah cells began developing with the immediate desire to resist the Israeli invasion. Hizbollah began establishing its base in Lebanon in 1982 and has expanded and strengthened ever since, primarily due to its wave of suicide bombings and foreign support by Iran and Syria. Description Formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, this Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. The Majlis al-Shura, or Consultative Council, is the group's highest governing body and is led by Secretary General Hasan Nasrallah. Hizballah is dedicated to liberating Jerusalem and eliminating Israel, and has formally advocated ultimate establishment of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Nonetheless, Hizballah has actively participated in Lebanon's political system since 1992. This radical Shia is dedicated to creation of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. It is strongly anti-Western and anti-Israeli. A very important factor that developed Hizballah was the establishment of the Islamic Revolution in Iran that was led by the Imam Khomeini. This revolution consolidated new concepts in the field of Islamic thought mainly the concept of Willayat Al-Faqih. The revolution also generalized Islamic expressions against the west such as arrogance, the great Satan, hypocrites and the oppressed. Due to that it was only normal for the ideological doctrine in Iran to take root in Lebanon. This tie was very quickly translated on the ground by direct support from the Islamic Republic of Iran through its revolutionary guards and then to Hizballah that was resisting the Israeli occupation. This religious and ideological tie between Hizballah and Iran following the revolution with its stance towards the Zionist entity had a great effect on releasing vital material and moral support to Hizballah. Hizballah's ideological ideals sees no legitimacy for the existence of Israel, a matter that elevates the contradictions to the level of existence. And the conflict becomes one of legitimacy that is based on religious ideals. The seed of resistance is also deep in the ideological beliefs of Hizballah, a belief that found its way for expression against the occupation of Lebanon. Activities Once established as a militia, Hizbollah received acclaim and legitimacy in Lebanon and throughout the Muslim world by fighting against IDF and SLA troops. In fact, since 1988 Hizbollah replaced Amal (the other prominent Shi'ite organization in Lebanon) as the predominant force due to its activity against Israel. Over the years Hizbollah military operations have grown to include attacking IDF and SLA outposts, ambushing convoys, laying explosive devices booby-trapping cars, and launching long range mortar shells and Katyusha rockets at IDF outposts and into Israel proper. Between the spring of 1983 to the summer of 1985 the Hizballah launched an unprecedented wave of suicide bombings which included an attack on the US embassy and at a US Marine base in Beirut. Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy Annex in Beirut in September 1984. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. The group also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992. On 07 February 2000 Prime Minister and Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered the IDF to act, in accordance with the decisions of the Political-Security Cabinet, against terrorist and Lebanese infrastructure targets. The Political-Security Cabinet's decisions were in response to the serious escalation in Hizballah operations against the IDF and SLA, operations which are based in Lebanese villages - a violation of the "Grapes of Wrath" understandings. These operations were being neither prevented by the Lebanese government nor restrained by Syria. The organization was very active against Israel during its stay in Lebanese territory, and since the IDF's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000 it began focusing on increasing and expanding its activities within Israel with the aim of carrying out "quality" attacks in Israeli territory, thus disrupting any attempt at dialogue and any opportunity to return to the peace process. This became evident during earlier attempts to hold negotiations with regard to a 'hudna' (ceasefire), when Hizballah operators encouraged attacks aimed at causing these contacts to fail. On Saturday morning, 7 October 2000, an armed and frenzied mob, numbering in the hundreds, attacked the border fence from Lebanese territory, immediately followed by heavy shelling of Israeli border positions by Hizballah terrorist elements from Lebanese territory, using explosives, rocket-propelled grenades, Sager missiles and border shells. During the course of this aggression, three Israeli soldiers were kidnapped by a Hizballah unit which had entered Israeli territory for this purpose. The organization operates against Israel in four main ways: Bringing terrorists and collaborators through the border crossings using foreign documents Setting up a terrorist organization inside Israel and in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip Cross-border operations - smuggling weapons and terrorists Financial support for Palestinian organizations and groups. Since 2003 it has been possible to see a trend of increasing cooperation between Hizballah in Lebanon and operational entities among the other Palestinian terrorist organizations, with the accent on Tanzim, Islamic Jihad, Hamas and the Popular Front. This cooperation is particularly evident between Hizballah and the Tanzim and in practice, in recent months Hizballah has served as a kind of "external command" for most of the Tanzim organizations in the territories. Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hizballah, admitted for the first time in public the existence of a Hizballah unit responsible for activities with the Palestinians. He said this on Almanar television on July 19, 2004, after the death of Ghaleb Awaleh, a senior Hizballah terrorist: "� the fallen Ghaleb Awaleh is like the fallen Ali Salah, from the group which dedicated its life in recent years to helping our brothers in conquered Palestine. We do not wish to conceal the truth. We declare it and glory in it. Ghaleb Awaleh today has fallen on the Palestine road. He is a Jerusalem martyr. He is an Al Aksa Mosque martyr. He is a martyr in the fight against the Zionist enterprise� and we will not to abandon this fight and have never abandoned it. We are in a position where we will fight openly and we will fight clandestinely." Hizballah's methods of controlling terrorist organizations in the territories are similar to those characteristic of the involvement of the command centers of Palestinian terrorist organizations abroad (Hamas and Islamic Jihad) in the actions of their organizations inside the country. Striking in this framework are the instructions to carry out mass murder attacks within Israeli territory, mediation between terrorists at the different centers of action, the large-scale transfer of money, and finally, coordination of the effort to upgrade the terrorist capabilities of the organizations. The most significant remaining armed group in Lebanon is Hizballah, which the Government refers to, not as a Lebanese militia, but as a "national resistance group". Hizballah seeks to defend Lebanon from Israel and the removal of Israeli forces from Lebanese soil, namely, the Shab'a farms. Lebanon maintains that the Shab'a farms are Lebanese territory, not Syrian. In the Secretary-General's report of 16 June 2000, however, he confirmed that Israel has fulfilled the requirements of Security Council resolutions 425 and 426 to "withdraw its forces from all Lebanese territory". The Council endorsed that conclusion on 18 June 2000 in a presidential statement. Notwithstanding the Lebanese Government's position that the Shab'a farms area lies within Lebanon, the Government has confirmed that it would respect the Blue Line as identified by the United Nations. The Council has called on Lebanon to respect fully its line. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (02 September 2004) called for the "disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias". The Government of Lebanon is responsible for the disbanding and disarming of the militias, including Hizballah, and preventing the flow of armaments and other military equipment to the militias, including Hizballah, from Syria, Iran, and other external sources. Lebanon basically rejected Resolution 1559, and by early 2005 this presented the risk of Israeli retaliation against vital Lebanese infrastructure to force action to disarm Hizballah. A heavy exchange of fire between Hizbollah and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) across the Blue Line took place on 21 November 2005, surpassing any activity level since Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000. The exchange began with heavy Hizbollah mortar and rocket fire from a number of locations against several IDF positions close to the Blue Line in the eastern sector of the UNIFIL area of operation. Simultaneously, a large group of Hizbollah fighters infiltrated Ghajar village and launched an assault on the Mayor's office and the IDF position inside the village, south of the Blue Line, which was vacant at the time. The ensuing Israeli retaliation was heavy and included aerial bombing. The exchange of fire subsequently spread all along the Blue Line and lasted for over nine hours. Around 800 artillery, tank and mortar rounds and rockets were exchanged. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) dropped at least 30 aerial bombs. In a written report to the Security Council 18 April 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan called on Syria and Iran to stop interfering in Lebanon. The report, which was written by the secretary-general's special envoy Terje Roed-Larsen, said that Hizballah, the Lebanese militant group, "maintains close ties, with frequent contacts and regular communication" with Syria and Iran. Resolution 1680 (2006), adopted by the Security Council on 17 May 2006, welcomed the decision of the Lebanese national dialogue to disarm Palestinian militias outside refugee camps within six months, supports its implementation and calls for further efforts to disband and disarm all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias and to restore fully the Lebanese Government's control over all Lebanese territory. On July 12, 2006 members of Hizballah infiltrated the Lebanese-Israeli border near Shtula, an Israeli farming village, and claimed responsibility for an ambush conducted on two Israeli Army Hummvees. The attack resulted in the capture of two Israeli soldiers and the deaths of three others. Five more Israeli soldiers were killed in the ensuing pursuit of Hizballah members into Lebanese territory. The combined capture of two soldiers and the deaths of 8 others; was considered the worst loss for Israeli military forces in more than four years. Hizballah also claimed responsibility for two separate Katyusha rocket attacks on Israeli towns resulting in the death of 1 civilian and the injury of 25 others. The kidnapping of Israeli troops by Hizballah came in the wake of a similar incident less than a month before, on June 25th, 2006, when Palestinian militants forcibly captured an Israeli soldier to use as leverage for bargaining with the Israeli government. The last time Hizballah carried out a similar operation against Israel was in October of 2000, when 3 Israeli soldiers were abducted by the Lebanese militants. All three victims died either by execution or wounds sustained during their capture. Their bodies were returned to Israel in exchange for the release of several Arab prisoners. The 12 July 2006 attack resulted in immediate retaliation by the Israeli military, which responded to the hostilities against their troops and citizens by bombing roads, bridges, and power plants inside Lebanon. The specific targeting of al-Manar, the Hizballah controlled television station, and the Lebanese international airport as well as the blockading of Lebanon's sea ports was an attempt to force the return of the captured Israeli troops and place greater pressure on Hizballah. These retaliatory actions by Israel resulted in the deaths of dozens of Lebanese civilians and threats of further rocket attacks by Hizballah. Strength The State Department's 1993 report on international terrorism lists Hizbollah's "strength" at several thousand. Hizbollah sources assert that the organization has about 5,000-10,000 fighters. Other sources report that Hizbollah's militia consists of a core of about 300-400 fighters, which can be expanded to up to 3,000 within several hours if a battle with Israel develops. These reserves presumably are called in from Hizbollah strongholds in Lebanon, including the Bekaa Valley and Beirut's southern suburbs. The number of members involved in combat activity in southern Lebanon is under 1,000. But it has many activists and moral supporters. After the Israeli withdrawal Hizballah reduced the number of full time fighters to about 500, though estimates range from 300 to 1,200. There are also several thousand reserves, but these lack training or experience. Hizbollah's militia is a light force, equipped with small arms, such as automatic rifles, mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, and Katyusha rockets, which it occasionally has fired on towns in northern Israel. Hizbollah forces are shown on television conducting military parades in Beirut, which often include tanks and armored personnel carriers that may have been captured from the Lebanese army or purchased from Palestinian guerrillas or other sources. Location/Area of Operation Operates in the Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley), the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon. Has established cells in Europe, Africa, South America, North America, and elsewhere. Its training bases are mostly in the previously Syrian-controlled Biqa Valley, and its headquarters and offices are in southern Beirut and in Ba'albek. External Aid Hizballah was established by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards who came to Lebanon during the 1982 "Peace for Galilee" war, as part of the policy of exporting the Islamic revolution. It receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria. Published reports that Iran provides hundreds million dollars of aid annually are probably exaggerated. Iran probably provides financial assistance and military assistance worth about $25-50 million. Hizballah is closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but has the capability and willingness to act independently. Closely allied with, and often directed by Iran, it may have conducted operations that were not approved by Tehran. Though Hizballah does not share the Syrian regime's secular orientation, the group has been a strong ally in helping Syria advance its political objectives in the region. The "Martyr's Charity" (Bonyad-e Shahid) supplied charitable funds for the families of suicide bombers. In 2001, Paraguayan police searched the home of Hizballah operative Sobhi Mahmoud Fayad in the the Tri-Border Area where Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay meet. Police found receipts from the Martyr's Organization totaling more than $3.5 million for donations Fayad sent, though authorities believed Fayad had sent over $50 million to Hizballah since 1995. Besides operating a worldwide network of fundraisers, funds are also raised through so-called �charity funds.' Some of these are extremist Islamic institutions that, while not directly connected to Hizballah, support it, albeit marginally, in view of their radical Islamic orientation. While some of these funds undoubtedly pay for Hizballah's military and terrorist operations, other funds enable the group to provide its members with day jobs, to drape itself in a veil of legitimacy, and to build grassroots support among not only Shi'a, but also Sunni and Christian Lebanese. In March 2005, Hizballah organized a large demonstration to protest American and other international pressure on Syria to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Syria did subsequently withdraw its military and intelligence forces. The Syrian withdrawal may have left a vacuum for Iran to expand its influence in Lebanon and on Hizballah. In Israel's view, Hizballah's activities are part of Iran's overall policy with regard to Israel, which is to fan the flames of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and initiate terrorist activities against Israel, despite the fact that Hizballah is a Lebanese organization consisting entirely of terrorists from Lebanon, with no national connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In view of Iran's interest in smudging its fingerprints with regard to direct control over internal terrorist activities, Hizballah's status is significant as Iran's front-line operative arm against Israel. --------------------- MIM: Hezbollah's spiritual leader Husayn Fadlallah Sheik Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah Name: Sheik Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah Role: Spiritual Leader of the Lebanese Hizbullah (Party of God) Born: 1935 Quotation: "What martyrdom is greater than making yourself a human bomb detonating it among the enemy? What spiritualism is greater than this spiritualism in which a person loses all feeling of his body and life for the sake of his cause and mission?" Narrative section: I was born in 1935 in Najaf, Iraq, to a Shi'i Muslim family from Aynata in southern Lebanon. My father, Ayatollah Abd-al Rauf Fadlallah, was an alim (religious scholar) in Najaf, a shrine and university city. I underwent all of my schooling in Najaf, where Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr also studied. Baqir al-Sadr became my friend and mentor, and it was he who encouraged me to combine my religious convictions with political and social participation. Consequently, when the ulama (community of religious scholars) appointed me, in 1966, to Nab'ah, an impoverished suburb of Beirut, I began opening community centers and cultural clubs for our youth, as well as free clinics. When the Maronites, a Lebanese Christian sect, destroyed Nab'ah, in 1976, I went to southern Lebanon with fellow Shi'i Muslim refugees. Several years later, when the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini launched his successful revolution in Iran, I began to recognize the necessity for an Islamic revolution in Lebanon. Since 1985, I have been president of the Lebanese council of Hizbullah. In that capacity, I helped draft the Lebanese Islamic Constitution, which was inspired by the model cast by my friend Baqir al-Sadr in Najaf in 1979. In addition to drafting the constitution, I provide authoritative opinions, advice, and decisions for Hizbullah members and Islamists everywhere, as we prepare for a full Islamic revolution. Such a revolution will lead to an Islamic economy and social structure. Despite my influence, however, I do not participate directly with political or military affairs any longer. Instead, I have assumed the unofficial role of spiritual leader for the party, serving as a highly influential beacon of Islamic truth for all the oppressed peoples of the world. Politically, my primary objective is to see the Islamic revolution in Lebanon brought to fruition. The newly dissolved and recreated Lebanese government, led by men like Hrawi, Berrih, and Jumblatt, is clearly an obstacle in the path to revolution, and I believe that this government has been put together by imperialist Americans hoping to achieve their own ends in the Middle East. The United States and Israel are full partners in a war against the people of the Middle East. Therefore, we must secure their departure from Lebanon as a precursor to Israel's obliteration from existence, and as the first step towards liberating our people from the talons of Western imperialism. Only then may we begin to construct a political system favored by the people based upon the teachings of the holy Quran. All those who seek peace with Israel are traitors to our cause, including the treasonous Yasir Arafat. We reject the accords signed between Israel and the PLO, just as we have rejected Camp David, the Fahd, Fez, Reagan, Brezhnev, and French-Egyptian plans, and any other plan that offers even tacit recognition of the Zionist entity. "Land for Peace" is a betrayal of Palestinian blood and of the sacred cause of Palestine. Arafat, just like Israel, America, and the rest of the Western world stand in our way of revolution. So too, the secular government in Lebanon stands in our way. So too the Amal with its Syrian ties and secular orientation. The latter two have gone so far as to combat their kin, the Palestinian refugees in Beirut, during the camp wars of the mid-80's. We stood up for our people then, as we do now, while traitors like the Syrians strive for accords with the Zionists and imperialists. Only Iran stands firmly by the Palestinian cause. Khomeini provided inspiration with the Iranian revolution, and then military and financial support in later years. Since Khomeini's death, Iran under Khamenai and Rafsanjani has continued to support us, although to a lesser degree. Still, they remain allies against the Zionist/Imperialist menace. The Hizbullah has also cultivated allies from a wide array of groups, including the Islamic Resistance Movement, Jund Allah, the Hussein Suicide Squad, al Dawa, Holy Warriors for Freedom, The Organization of the Oppressed of the Earth, Islamic Amal, and Revolutionary Justice Organization. Together, we fight for an Islamic nation. In addition, as articulated in the Hizbullah's covenant, also known as the open letter, we consider all the downtrodden people of the world to be our allies. Whether they are Muslim or not, we believe that they will discover a path to freedom through Islamic principles. Thus far, we have celebrated one major achievement, namely the military defeat of the Israeli occupation forces in Lebanon. February 18, 1985 stands as a triumphant day as Sidon was freed from Zionist clutches. Yet, that was but a small step towards the ultimate goal: Our finest hour will arrive when the revolution is complete and Lebanon is reconstructed along Islamic lines. For the most part, my political ideologies are shaped by theological convictions. I write commentaries on the Quran, as well as spiritual poetry. However, I also try to include historical and psycho- sociological perspectives in my speeches and sermons. I am not an active policy-maker; my influence is manifested through speeches and sermons. I welcome cooperation with non-Muslims, and I am willing to leave margin for compromise, provided no interference arises hindering the creation of an Islamic state. I do not believe that conditions are right yet for an Islamic state in Lebanon due to the significant non-Muslim minority, but the time will come soon for revolution--that is our primary objective. Here are some excerpts from my writings, speeches, and interviews: "The Zionist occupation continues to usurp the lands of the Muslims" "Israel poses a great danger to our future generations and to the destiny of our modern nation, especially since it embraces a settlement-oriented and expansionist idea that it has already begun to apply in occupied Palestne and it is extending and expanding to build Greater Israel, from the Euphrates to the Nile" "I believe that there is an attempt to cause something similar to a political tremor in the region through the world arrogance of the United States, whose changes in loyalties according to changes in economic and strategic interests are familiar to us." "Iran is standing alone in the world with the Palestinian people and supporting their struggle." "All Palestine is a war zone and every Jew who unlawfully occupies a house or land belonging to a Palestinian is a legitimate target." "There are no innocent Jews in Palestine. The area is a war zone. They kill many of our women, children, and elderly people. They destory our homes. They confiscate our water and freedom."

i don't know

The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led ot a 1989 ban on which substance?

Do you know...? Do you know...? 1. Over which country did Pan Am flight 103 crash in December 88? 2. Who sang about his Prerogative in the 1980s? 3. Which all-girl group had 80s No 1s with Walk Like An Egyptian and Eternal Flame? 4. Which sitcom, premiered in 1988, featured Dr. Harry Weston? 5. The 1980 Olympics were boycotted because of the USSR's invasion of which country? 6. What kind of Boys had an 80s No 1 with West End Girls? 7. Anwar Sadat was President of which country when he died in 1981? 8. What kind of disaster claimed some 100,000 lives in Armenia in 1988? 9. Where in the Ukraine was there a nuclear explosion in 1986? 10. Which President of the Philippines was deposed in 1986? 11. The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led to a 1989 ban on which substance? I'll post the answers on Friday..... shockhazard Over which country did Pan Am flight 103 crash in December 88? A: Scotland. Who sang about his Prerogative in the 1980s? A: Bobby Brown. Which all-girl group had 80s No 1s with Walk Like An Egyptian and Eternal Flame? A: Bangles. Which sitcom, premiered in 1988, featured Dr. Harry Weston? A: Empty Nest. The 1980 Olympics were boycotted because of the USSR's invasion of which country? A: Afghanistan. What kind of Boys had an 80s No 1 with West End Girls? A: Pet Shop Boys. Anwar Sadat was President of which country when he died in 1981? A: Egypt. What kind of disaster claimed some 100,000 lives in Armenia in 1988? A: Earthquake. Where in the Ukraine was there a nuclear explosion in 1986? A: Chernobyl. Which President of the Philippines was deposed in 1986? A: Marcos. The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led to a 1989 ban on which substance? A: Ivory. Where ever you go, there you are.    

Ivory

Sarah Ferguson became Duchess of where?

A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa | TIME.com Follow @TIME It’s open season on elephants in Africa. In 2012 poachers killed 35,000 elephants—that’s nearly 96 per day, part of an illegal killing spree that has seen the number of African elephants plummet by 76% since 1980. The targets are the elephants’ tusks, made of ivory that can be shipped abroad and sold for more than $1,000 per pound in rapidly growing Asian markets. Wildlife trafficking is valued at $7-$10 billion a year, making it the fifth most lucrative illegal activity after the drug trade, human trafficking, oil theft and counterfeiting. And because the penalties for poaching tend to be far more weaker than the punishment for trading drugs or people, it’s become an attractive business for criminal syndicates and terrorist groups alike. “Poaching has become an enormous problem and one of the most profitable criminal activities there is,” says Peter Seligmann, the CEO of Conservation International. “It’s destabilizing to nations, it’s a threat to security forces and it’s a serious loss for local economies that depend on wildlife.” The illegal wildlife trade is blood money at its bloodiest. Part of the problem is that the good guys have long been outgunned by the bad guys. Rangers in African nations are often poorly equipped compared to syndicate-backed hunters with night-vision goggles and high-powered rifles. But a new commitment that will be announced later this morning at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) summit in New York may begin to balance the fight. An alliance of conservation groups—including CI, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) and the International Fund for Animal Welfare—will come together with a number of African nations to improve anti-poaching efforts on the ground, disrupt international trafficking networks—and perhaps most importantly, work to cool the feverish demand for ivory products in the rising consumer nations of Asia. “We have a proposed strategy to stop the killing, stop the trafficking and stop the demand,” says Cristian Samper, the president of WCS. “We need to step up the game.” This isn’t the first time wide scale poaching threatened ivory-carrying species like the African elephant and the even-rarer rhino—the 1980s were marked by the bloody “Ivory Wars” that only came to an end in 1989 when the members of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) voted to ban the sale of ivory altogether. Ivory jewelry became taboo in much of the world, which reduced the demand and the killing. Elephant and rhino numbers were able to recover. But the tremendous economic growth in Asian nations like China has created a new and massive class of consumers who have the money to buy ivory. And with the demand growing, criminal syndicates have moved into ensure the supply. That means more dead elephants and rhinos—South Africa alone has been on a pace to lose almost 1,000 rhinos this year, which would be a huge increase from the less than 20 rhinos that were poached annually on average between 2000 and 2008. “If you look at the number of new consumers in China who have enough disposable income to buy ivory jewelry and you look at the number of elephants left, you can see that if everyone in that demographic bought a kilo of ivory, there’s be no elephants left,” says Azzedine Downes, the president of IFAW. It’s bad enough that poachers are hunting elephants, rhinos and other threatened species to death. But wildlife trafficking has also become an international security issue. There’s evidence that militant groups like al-Shabaab, the al-Qaeda-backed Somali terrorist group responsible for the devastating attack on a Nairobi shopping mall last week, are funded partially by the illegal wildlife trade. Ivory is an ideal substance for criminals to trade—it’s portable and valuable, its origin can easily be erased and the criminal penalties for poaching rarely amount to more than a small fine. As the militants have moved in, poaching has gotten more sophisticated and bloodier. African wildlife agencies that were used to policing local hunters are now involved in a “low-level form of counterinsurgency,” as Ian J. Saunders put it in a report this year for the International Conservation Caucus Foundation. There’s a cost in lives—at least 1,000 park rangers have been killed in the line of duty over the past 10 years. “People look at elephants as capital on the hoof,” says Patrick Bergin, the CEO of AWF. “The poachers might have night-vision goggles, and the rangers don’t even have proper rain gear.” The funds that are part of the commitment announced at CGI will be used to support governments in Africa—including Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya, South Sudan, Malawi and Uganda—in anti-poaching efforts at 50 priority elephant sites, hiring and supporting another 3,100 park guards. On the trafficking side, money will go to strengthen intelligence networks and toughen the laughably light penalties for poaching and trading. There’s also an agreement to try to raise an additional $70 million over the next three years to further the fight. The partners behind the agreement will also work together to reduce the demand for ivory in consuming countries, in part by trying to highlight the connection between ivory products and wildlife slaughter. “A lot fewer people would buy an ivory trinket if they knew it required slaughtering a magnificent animal,” says Carter Roberts, the president and CEO of WWF. That might sound like a tall order, but there’s already progress being made. Earlier this year the Thai Prime Minister Thai Yingluck Shinawatra announced that her country—a major ivory consumer—would begin the legislative process of ending the ivory trade. In China, the retired basketball star Yao Ming has worked to raise awareness in his home country about the bloody consequences of wildlife trafficking, just as he’s done with shark-fin soup , which leads to the slaughter of millions of sharks each year. Change is possible—in an interview with TIME, Chelsea Clinton, who’s now the vice chair of the Clinton Foundation and who helped put together the commitment, noted that the popularity of pianos in middle-class homes in the 19th century led at the time to a huge uptick in the killing of elephants, whose tusks were used to make ivory keys. When consumers began to become aware of the slaughter, they pushed piano companies to find new materials to make their keys. “You can change the demand dynamics,” she says. This is a key moment in the fight against wildlife trafficking. On one hand, poaching might be as bad as it has ever been, adding a mortal threat to species that already face habitat loss, disease and climate change. On the other hand, the growing awareness that wildlife trafficking is becoming an international security issue—one connected to terrorism—mean that more resources will be devoted to fighting it. When she was Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton made wildlife trafficking a priority in part because, as she noted in a 2012 meeting , it has “serious implications for the security and prosperity of people around the world.” On a visit to Africa earlier this year, President Obama announced an executive order to combat trafficking, and established a task force on the subject. “This is a security issue because of how closely ivory trafficking is linked to destabilizing forces in central and west Africa,” says Chelsea Clinton. “It’s also a conservation and development issue. I know I don’t want my children to grow up in a world without elephants.” If poaching continues unabated, that’s a very real possibility. Hopefully, today’s commitment at CGI is a sign that the world is up to the challenge of stopping the illegal slaughter, trafficking and consumption of some of the most majestic animals to walk the Earth. Bryan Walsh is a senior editor at TIME. Subscribe Popular Among Subscribers

i don't know

Tiananmen Square was a scene of conflict in which country?

Tiananmen Square massacre takes place - Jun 04, 1989 - HISTORY.com Tiananmen Square massacre takes place Share this: Tiananmen Square massacre takes place Author Tiananmen Square massacre takes place URL Publisher A+E Networks Chinese troops storm through Tiananmen Square in the center of Beijing, killing and arresting thousands of pro-democracy protesters. The brutal Chinese government assault on the protesters shocked the West and brought denunciations and sanctions from the United States. In May 1989, nearly a million Chinese, mostly young students, crowded into central Beijing to protest for greater democracy and call for the resignations of Chinese Communist Party leaders deemed too repressive. For nearly three weeks, the protesters kept up daily vigils, and marched and chanted. Western reporters captured much of the drama for television and newspaper audiences in the United States and Europe. On June 4, 1989, however, Chinese troops and security police stormed through Tiananmen Square, firing indiscriminately into the crowds of protesters. Turmoil ensued, as tens of thousands of the young students tried to escape the rampaging Chinese forces. Other protesters fought back, stoning the attacking troops and overturning and setting fire to military vehicles. Reporters and Western diplomats on the scene estimated that at least 300, and perhaps thousands, of the protesters had been killed and as many as 10,000 were arrested. The savagery of the Chinese government’s attack shocked both its allies and Cold War enemies. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declared that he was saddened by the events in China. He said he hoped that the government would adopt his own domestic reform program and begin to democratize the Chinese political system. In the United States, editorialists and members of Congress denounced the Tiananmen Square massacre and pressed for President George Bush to punish the Chinese government. A little more than three weeks later, the U.S. Congress voted to impose economic sanctions against the People’s Republic of China in response to the brutal violation of human rights. Related Videos

China

Which hospital was Princess Diana taken to after her tragic car accident?

After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten Tiananmen : NPR After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten Tiananmen Embed Embed After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten Tiananmen After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten Tiananmen Embed Embed Enlarge this image The world media captured the 1989 protests and crackdown in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. But across China, similar protests were taking place. Students in the southwest city of Chengdu began their own hunger strike in Tianfu Square several days after their Beijing counterparts. The photographer of this image — and several below — asked not to be identified because of current ties with China. Courtesy of the owner via Louisa Lim hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of the owner via Louisa Lim The world media captured the 1989 protests and crackdown in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. But across China, similar protests were taking place. Students in the southwest city of Chengdu began their own hunger strike in Tianfu Square several days after their Beijing counterparts. The photographer of this image — and several below — asked not to be identified because of current ties with China. Courtesy of the owner via Louisa Lim Twenty-five years ago, on April 15, 1989, Chinese students were mourning the death of a reformist leader. But what began as mourning evolved into mass protests demanding democracy. Demonstrators remained in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, day after day, until their protests were brutally suppressed by the Chinese army — on June 4. Hundreds died; to this day, no one knows how many. The media captured some of the story of the massacre in Beijing. But Louisa Lim, NPR's longtime China correspondent, says the country's government has done all it can in the intervening 25 years to erase the memory of the uprising. Lim's forthcoming book, The People's Republic of Amnesia, relates how 1989 changed China and how China rewrote what happened in 1989 in its official version of events. Her story includes an investigation into a forgotten crackdown in the southwestern city of Chengdu — which, to this day, has never been reported. It was in Chengdu, which is now a bustling mega-city with a population of 14 million, that Lim met Tang Deying. Enlarge this image Chengdu resident Tang Deying, who is now in her 70s, has spent the past 25 years seeking answers about her son's disappearance. The 17-year-old was beaten to death in police custody in June 1989; police later gave her a photograph showing his battered corpse. Louisa Lim/NPR hide caption toggle caption Louisa Lim/NPR Chengdu resident Tang Deying, who is now in her 70s, has spent the past 25 years seeking answers about her son's disappearance. The 17-year-old was beaten to death in police custody in June 1989; police later gave her a photograph showing his battered corpse. Louisa Lim/NPR Tang Deying holds her determination in the stubborn set of her jaw. This diminutive, disheveled, elderly woman shuffling into the room in her pink plastic flip-flops is one of the few living links to the crackdown in Chengdu during the summer of 1989. When martial law troops opened fire on civilians in Beijing on June 4, 1989, the violence was beamed immediately into living rooms around the world. Yet it has taken a quarter-century for details to emerge of the deadly events in Chengdu that cost Tang's 17-year-old son his life. Article continues after sponsorship For 25 years, a single aim has driven Tang's existence: seeking restitution and accountability for the death of her son, Zhou Guocong, who was fatally beaten in police custody after disappearing in the 1989 Chengdu crackdown. "Right is right. Wrong is wrong," she told me firmly. That simple mantra became the starting point for me to pursue a trail of evidence sprawling over three continents, including eyewitness accounts, old photographs, hastily scribbled, anguished journal entries, U.S. diplomatic cables and the Chinese government records laying out the official version of events. These disparate threads entwine to illustrate Chengdu's forgotten tragedy, which has been almost entirely wiped from the collective memory. Police initially used tear gas and stun grenades against protesters to try to disperse the crowds thronging Chengdu's main square on June 4. Courtesy of Kim Nygaard hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of Kim Nygaard Police initially used tear gas and stun grenades against protesters to try to disperse the crowds thronging Chengdu's main square on June 4. Courtesy of Kim Nygaard Protests in Chengdu mirrored those in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, with students mourning the sudden death from a heart attack of reformist party leader Hu Yaobang on April 15, 1989. This soon morphed into mass protests, followed by a hunger strike beginning in mid-May. Students occupied Chengdu's Tianfu Square, camping at the base of its 100-foot-tall Chairman Mao statue and proudly proclaiming it to be a "Little Tiananmen." The initial move by police to clear protesters from Tianfu Square on the morning of June 4 went ahead relatively peacefully. But on hearing the news that troops had opened fire on unarmed civilians in Beijing, the citizens of Chengdu took to the streets once more. This time they knew the risk; they carried banners denouncing the "June 4th massacre" and mourning wreaths with the message: "We Are Not Afraid To Die." Independent Booksellers Soon the police moved in with tear gas. Pitched battles broke out in Tianfu Square. Protesters threw paving stones at the police; the police retaliated by beating protesters with batons. At a nearby medical clinic, the bloodied victims of police brutality lay in rows on the floor. Kim Nygaard, an American resident of Chengdu, recalled that they begged her: "Tell the world! Tell the world!" A row of patients sat on a bench, their cracked skulls swathed in bandages, their shirts stained scarlet near the collar, visceral evidence of the police strategy of targeting protesters' heads. But the violence went both ways: Dennis Rea, an American then teaching at a local university, watched, horrified, as the crowd viciously attacked a man they believed to be a policeman. The crowd pulled at his arms and legs, then dropped him on the ground and began stomping on his body and face, crushing it. Eight people were killed that day, including two students, according to the local government's official account. It said the fighting left 1,800 people injured — of them, it said, 1,100 were policemen — though it described most of the injuries as light. But U.S. diplomats at the time told The New York Times they believed as many as 100 seriously wounded people had been carried from the square that day. Protests continued into the next evening, and as June 5 turned into June 6, a crowd broke into one of the city's smartest hotels, the Jinjiang. It was there, under the gaze of foreign guests, that one of the most brutal — and largely forgotten — episodes of the Chengdu crackdown played out after a crowd attacked the hotel . More than a dozen Western guests initially took shelter in the quarters of the U.S. consul general. But in the early hours of the morning while returning to her room, Nygaard saw what looked like sandbags piled in the courtyard. As she wondered what they would be used for, she spotted a flicker of movement and realized with a chill of horror that the sandbags were actually people lying face-down on the ground, their hands secured behind their backs. "I remember so well, because I was thinking, 'Oh my God, they're breaking their arms when they're doing that,' " she told me. After People's Armed Police were deployed to clear the square on June 4, pitched battles broke out between police and angry crowds throwing stones. Courtesy photo hide caption toggle caption Courtesy photo After People's Armed Police were deployed to clear the square on June 4, pitched battles broke out between police and angry crowds throwing stones. Courtesy photo Eventually, two trucks pulled up. Nygaard remembers that moment vividly: "They piled bodies into the truck, and we were, like, 'There's no way you could survive that.' Certainly the people on the bottom would have suffocated. They picked them up like sandbags, and they threw them into the back of the truck. They threw them like garbage." Five separate witnesses described the same scene, which was also mentioned in a U.S. diplomatic cable. The witnesses estimated they had seen 30 to 100 bodies thrown into the trucks. Enlarge this image Those injured in the clashes wait to receive treatment. The prevalence of head wounds is indicative of the police strategy of beating protesters around the head. The injured begged the Western photographer to "tell the world!" Courtesy of Kim Nygaard hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of Kim Nygaard Those injured in the clashes wait to receive treatment. The prevalence of head wounds is indicative of the police strategy of beating protesters around the head. The injured begged the Western photographer to "tell the world!" Courtesy of Kim Nygaard The local government made no secret of the detentions. The Whole Story of the Chengdu Riots, a Chinese-language book recounting the official version of events, notes that "70 ruffians" had been caught at the Jinjiang hotel. As to what happened to those detainees and how many — if any — of them died, it is impossible to know. The Chengdu protests were immediately labeled "political turmoil" on a par with Beijing, with the protesters seen as "rioters," stigmatizing all who took part. This instant rewriting of history was the first step toward lowering a blanket of state-sponsored amnesia over the events of 1989. Why does it even matter 25 years later? It matters because of Tang Deying, who has been punished for her refusal to forget. Her son, who was detained riding his bike home on June 6, never emerged from police custody. She was told by another detainee that he'd been beaten to death. On her quest for an explanation of his death, she has visited Beijing five times to lodge official complaints. Each time she was intercepted and sent back. She has been detained by police, beaten, placed under surveillance and twice locked in an iron cage. But her stubbornness paid out hard-won dividends. In 2000, she was presented with a photograph of her son's corpse, which confirmed the painful knowledge of how he died. Blood was congealed around his nostrils and on one side of his mouth. There was a large bruise across his nose, and his face appeared swollen and uneven. One of his eyes was slightly open. On seeing it, she fainted. In death, her son was still watching her. In 2006, she accepted a "hardship allowance" of almost $9,000, becoming the first and only person to be given a government payout in connection with a 1989 death. The authorities expected her to stop her activities — but she hasn't. She says those responsible still need to admit their culpability. Enlarge this image On June 4, a badly injured man is carried into a Chengdu hospital. Witnesses described scenes of police brutality, where people were beaten unconscious simply for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Courtesy of Kim Nygaard hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of Kim Nygaard On June 4, a badly injured man is carried into a Chengdu hospital. Witnesses described scenes of police brutality, where people were beaten unconscious simply for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Courtesy of Kim Nygaard What happened in Chengdu 25 years ago matters enough that the local government continues to devote financial and human resources to muzzling Tang. Her treatment shows how scared the Chinese authorities are of their own recent history. A quarter-century ago, the government used guns and batons to suppress its own people. Now it is deploying more sophisticated tools of control — censorship of the media and the falsification of its own history — to build patriotism and create a national identity. Though China's citizens have become undeniably richer and freer in the post-Tiananmen era, Tang Deying's experience shows the limits to that freedom. Simply by keeping alive a memory that others have suppressed or simply forgotten, Tang has become seen as a threat to social stability. What happened in Chengdu matters because it shows the success of the Chinese government in not just controlling its people, but also in controlling their memories. In the China of today, that most personal space of all — memory — has become a political tool.

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Elected in 1913, how long was Pedro Mascurain president of Mexico?

Today in Mexican history: the shortest presidency ever (1913) | and that's the way it was and that's the way it was Today in Mexican history: the shortest presidency ever (1913) Posted on by DWD I’ve been doing this blog for a while now, so it should be pretty clear that Mexican history is not my area. But some stories are too absurd to pass up. To wit, everybody meet Pedro Lascuráin: Hi, Pedro! Pedro Lascuráin is, to my knowledge, not a household name in the US. He’s probably not even a household name in Mexico, although I have no was of actually knowing that. But my point is that he should be. In this electoral season, when we’re deciding who will spend at least the next four years–ideally–in the White House, when there are presidents in other parts of the world working the system to give themselves a third, fourth, or even fifth term in office, Pedro Lascuráin has the distinction of heading the shortest-lived presidential administration in history. Ever. Anywhere. His entire term lasted somewhere between 15 and 55 minutes. If you don’t know anything about Lascuráin, your first instinct is probably that the guy died or something, but I wouldn’t be making such light of his sub-one hour term if there were a death involved. Then you might be thinking, “man, what did this guy do in those ~30 minutes in office to get himself tossed out so fast?” But it’s not like that either. Lascuráin’s short term was arranged that way. This all happened within the context of the 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution, which began as a rebellion against the never-ending presidency of Porfirio Diaz (d. 1915) in November 1910. Diaz was forced to abdicate in May 1911 (forgive me for going light on the details, but again, Mexican history is not my thing) and was replaced by revolutionary leader Francisco Madero (d. 1913) in an election that was held in October. Madero governed the country for a bit over 2 years, which was just long enough for him to alienate pretty much everybody. He tried to chart a moderate political course, which in that polarized environment meant that he was too revolutionary for the Mexican establishment and not revolutionary enough for his former fellow revolutionaries. Madero increasingly turned to the conservative establishment, particularly the military, to help him fend off a series of local rebellions by various revolutionary leaders. He made the special mistake of turning to General Victoriano Huerta (d. 1916), who was happy to put down revolutionaries for Madero but really had no loyalty to Madero himself. On February 9, Madero ordered Huerta to put down a revolt in Mexico City itself, led by a couple of Huerta’s fellow generals, and Huerta accepted his mission but eventually turned on Madero and joined the rebels. In a deal brokered by US Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, who was deeply sympathetic (to say the least) to Huerta and the rebels, Madero agreed to resign the presidency in favor of Huerta and go into exile. In this case, it was a very distant exile, because after he stepped down Huerta had him murdered. The presidency was now Huerta’s, but for some reason at this point, after having led a successful coup d’etat, he decided to stick to the rule of law under the terms of Mexico’s constitution. The line of succession was supposed to run from the vice president to the attorney general (who had also resigned with Madero) to the foreign minister to the interior minister. Enter Lascuráin, who happened to be Madero’s foreign minister. He was advanced to the presidency and was allowed to hold the office just long enough to make Huerta his interior minister. Then he too resigned, and Huerta legally became president. I’d like to imagine that Huerta let him give an order or two, or let him sit in the president’s chair for a couple of minutes, or something, but probably not. Lascuráin’s reward for cooperation was that he was allowed to stay alive, which is more than Madero and his VP had gotten–both of them were killed on Huerta’s orders. Huerta even offered him a role in the new government, but Lascuráin wisely declined. He lived a nice long life as a civilian, dying in 1952 at the age of 96. Huerta’s presidency/dictatorship lasted a little over a year before he was forced to flee the country, after suffering a series of defeats in battles against the reinvigorated rebels, especially the forces of Pancho Villa in Chihuahua. He eventually wound up in the US, where he apparently began conspiring with a German agent to arrange German support for an invasion of Mexico. If the Germans put Huerta back in power, he promised to go to war with the United States, which the Germans figured would put an end to American arms shipments to the Allies. Instead of German weaponry, Huerta’s negotiations got him a jail cell, as he was arrested by American authorities for sedition in 1915. He died in jail in January 1916. I need your help to keep this blog going! Please read this and consider contributing something . Also, while you’re out there on the internet tubes, please consider liking this blog’s Facebook page  and following me on Twitter ! And please share my work with your friends/followers to help me grow the audience around here! Thank you! Share this:

One Hour

Who was NATO commander between 1974 and 1979?

The world’s briefest presidency | The Complete MesoAmerica… and more The Complete MesoAmerica… and more Posted on 12/04/2011 by judugrovee The world’s briefest period of a president in service itself wouldn’t be a topic for this blog. However, it was also the briefest period of a Mexican president, which makes it very much relevant. At this point, I let you guess about the actual period. We are talking about Pedro Lascuráin Paredes today, born in 1856. He was appointed the 34th president of Mexico in 1913, in a time of very fragile politics in Mexico; just consider the revolution that had taken place, just 3 years ago. Lascuráin was foreign secretary in the cabinet of Francisco Ignacio Madero, a name well known to anyone who is interested in the history of Mexico. Pedro Lascuráin Enter Victoriano Huerta, a Mexican army general, who really, really wanted to become president. To achieve this, he thought about a shortcut. “Why not simply dispossess Madero to become president?” he might have thought. And this is exactly what he did, although he wanted to be… discrete. After Huerta captured and threatened Madero in an unmistakable manner, Lascuráin urged the unlucky president to resign in order to save his life, which Madero did. According to the consitution of Mexico the order of candidates for presidency if a president resigns was: vice-president, justice secretary, foreign secretary. Huerta took care of the first two and Lascuráin automatically became president. All this just to resign for himself shortly after, when he appointed Huerta as his interior secretary. Huerta eventually became president through this move – and through the use of weapons threaten the congress! His plan definitely worked out… "Yay! President!!" The presidency of Lascuráin therefore was nothing but a tactical step in Huerta’s plans. And all of the before-mentiuoned happened at the same evening. Everyone that guessed the period being longer than one hour is allowed to feel disappointed now. The sources vary on the exact period, but it lies somewhere between 15 to 55 minutes. That’s very brief indeed… We will come across Huerta in another blog post. Lascuráin however didn’t take part in Huerta’s tactics for himself, but for the survival of Madero (who got executed anyway later) and for the country. Even though he got offered a post as a secretary in Huerta’s cabinett, he denied and quitted politics once and for all.

i don't know

Which disks replaced cassettes and ordinary records?

History of the Recording Industry LIBRARY The Digital Era The LP lives on, sort of, as the medium for disc jockeys, and a few rock groups insisted on releasing their music on LP records well into the 1990s. But both the LP and the cassette were pushed aside by the Compact Disc. The Phillips company, which had earlier introduced the cassette, had developed a laser disc for video recording in the late 1970s. Phillips teamed up with Sony, which had developed a digital tape recorder for making "master" recordings at about the same time. The new discs were created by re-recording ordinary studio tapes onto the digital tape, then using the digital tape to burn laser discs. A copy of the master laser disc was then used to press plastic duplicates, which were coated with shiny aluminum, encased in protective layers, and packaged for sale. Unlike the LP or the original Phillips video laser discs, which were quite large, the audio-only laser discs were "compact," and hence the name Compact Disc. The CD was introduced to the public in 1982. Partly because of the high initial cost (a player cost over $2000, and the discs themselves cost $12-16), sales were limited. By about 1985, however, it was possible to buy a player for $350 or less, and prices were around $150 a few years later. Many consumers resented being pressured to abandon the collections of LP records they had accumulated over the years. However, the CD eventually won over the hearts of most consumers. Sony also became a record company in the 1980s through the purchase of CBS Records (formerly Columbia). Sony followed this up in 1989 with the purchase of Columbia Pictures Entertainment. In the studio, digital technology was making an important impact. Where the role of digital recorders was initially quite limited, soon it became easy and relatively inexpensive to use digital devices to compose, perform, record, edit, and mix songs. Previously, musical instruments had been separate from recording machines, and both had been separate from computers, but new technologies combined all three. Where tape recorders had made it possible for individual musicians to play multiple instruments or record multiple vocal parts, or even become "one man bands," digital technology accelerated the tendency to do so. Many "bands" were really just one or two people manipulating drum machines and synthesizers, or re-recording bits and pieces of existing music. If digital recording was a success in the studio, it was initially a failure as a consumer technology. The first consumer digital recorders were introduced in the late 1970s. They were essentially modified Betamax VCRs, and the cost was quite high. Digital recording re-appeared in 1990 with the introduction of Digital Audio Tape, and later with the Digital Compact Cassette, and again with the Sony Minidisc. Opposed by a recording industry fearful of music piracy, these formats failed to appeal to consumers. Through the end of the 1990s, it appeared that the next home recording medium would undoubtedly be a recordable form of CD. It took many years for these to be introduced, and many more years for them to come down in price. Only in the early years of the 21st century did the price of a CD burner and the blank discs compete with a cassette deck. By that time, however, the whole idea of storing sound on physical "records" was being called into question. Home computer users began sharing digitized music in a number of different formats in the late 1990s. The MP3 standard began to catch on, and Napster software appeared to make it possible for users to access each other's songs via the World Wide Web. The recording industry freaked and shut down Napster, but the appeal of Internet-distributed music remained. It is not clear at this time whether the physical record--tape, disc, or what have you--will survive at all.  

Compact disc

Groucho Marx resigned from where as he didn't care to belong to any club that would have him as a member?

Music Records - History of Vinyl Records History of Vinyl Music Records   Early disc music records were made of various materials including hard rubber. From 1897 onwards, earlier materials were largely replaced by a rather brittle formula of 25% shellac (a material obtained from the excretion of a southeast Asian beetle), a filler of a cotton compound similar to manila paper, powdered slate, and a small amount of a wax lubricant. The mass production of shellac records began in 1898 in Hanover, Germany. Shellac music records were the most common until the 1950s. Unbreakable music records, usually of celluloid (an early form of plastic) on a pasteboard base, were made from 1904 onwards, but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise. In the 1890s the early recording formats of discs were usually seven inches (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4cm) music record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5cm) were also commercially sold, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Such music records were usually sold separately, in plain paper or cardboard sleeves that may have been printed to show the producer or the retailer's name and, starting in the 1930s, in collections held in paper sleeves in a cardboard or leather book, similar to a photograph album, and called record albums. Empty music record albums were also sold that customers could use to store their records in. While a 78 rpm record is brittle and relatively easily broken, both the microgroove LP 33? rpm record and the 45 rpm single records are made from vinyl plastic that is flexible and unbreakable in normal use. However, the vinyl records are easier to scratch or gouge. 78s come in a variety of sizes, the most common being 10 inches (25 cm), and 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter, (sometimes 6–8 inches in the UK), and these were originally sold in either paper or card covers, generally with a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen. 45 rpm singles and EPs (Extended Play) are of a 7-inch (17.5 cm) diameter, the earlier copies being sold in paper covers. In 1930, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing music record, marketed as "Program Transcription" discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33? rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc. Vinyl had the advantage of lower surface noise level than shellac and was more durable. Beginning in 1939, Columbia Records continued development of this technology. Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff undertook exhaustive efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. In 1948, the 12" (30 cm) Long Play (LP) 33? rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record at a dramatic New York press conference. In 1949, RCA Victor released the first 45 RPM single, 7" in diameter, with a large center hole to accommodate an automatic play mechanism on the changer, so a stack of singles would drop down one record at a time automatically after each play. Early 45 RPM music records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. The earliest rotation speeds varied widely. Most music records made in 1900–1925 were recorded at 74–82 revolutions per minute (RPM). However a few unusual systems were deployed. The Dutch Philips company introduced records whose rotational speed varied such that the reproducing "needle" ran at a constant linear velocity (CLV) in the groove. These records also, unusually, played from the inside to the outside. Both of these features were to be emulated by the modern day Compact Disc. The London Science Museum displays a Philips music record marked as "Speed D". It is one of these CLV disks. In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm with a 46:1 gear ratio which produced 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 RPM (3000 rpm with a 38.5:1 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60Hz). Thus these records became known as 78s (or "seventy-eights"). This term did not come into use until after World War II when a need developed to distinguish the 78 from other newer disc record formats, an example of a retronym. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records. Standard records was also used, although the same term had also been used earlier for two-minute cylinders. Columbia and RCA's competition extended to equipment. Some turntables included spindle size adapters, but other turntables required snap-in inserts like this one to adapt RCA's larger 45 rpm spindle size to the smaller spindle size available on nearly all turntables. After World War II, two new competing formats came on to the market and gradually replaced the standard "78": the 33? rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm. The 33? rpm LP (for "long play") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in 1948. RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in 1949, in response to Columbia. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with a smaller stylus—typically 0.001" (25 µm) wide, compared to 0.003" (76 µm) for a 78—so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred standard, requiring discriminating listeners to use preamplifier with multiple selectable equalization curves. A number of recordings were pressed at 16? RPM, but these were mostly used for radio transcription discs or narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was still common to see turntables with a 16 RPM speed setting produced as late as the 1970s. The older 78 music record format continued to be mass produced alongside the newer formats into the 1950s, and in a few countries, such as India, into the 1960s. As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7" (175 mm) /45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the "War of the Speeds". Eventually the 12" (300 mm) 33? rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and the 7" (175 mm) 45 rpm disc or "single" established a significant niche for shorter duration discs, typically containing one song on each side. The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the LP discs provided up to one half hour of time per side (though typically 15 to 20 minutes). The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as Extended play (EP) which achieved up to 10-15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home "record player" or "stereo" would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player with changer (78, 45, 33?, and sometimes 16? rpm); a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styluses; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole. The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. RCA 45s can also be adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a "spider"; such inserts were prevalent starting in the 1960s. In 1958 the first stereo two-channel records were issued—by Audio Fidelity in the USA and Pye in Britain, using the Westrex "45/45" single-groove system. While the stylus moves horizontally when reproducing a monophonic disc recording, on stereo music records the stylus moves vertically as well as horizontally.In the Westrex system, each channel drives the cutting head at a 45 degree angle to the vertical. During playback the combined signal is sensed by a left channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the inner side of the groove, and a right channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the outer side of the groove. It is helpful to think of the combined stylus motion in terms of the vector sum and difference of the two stereo channels. Effectively, all horizontal stylus motion conveys the L+R sum signal, and vertical stylus motion carries the L-R difference signal. The advantages of the 45/45 system are: • greater compatibility with monophonic recording and playback systems. A monophonic cartridge will reproduce an equal blend of the left and right channels instead of reproducing only one channel. Conversely, a stereo cartridge reproduces the lateral grooves of monophonic recording equally through both channels, rather than one channel. • a more balanced sound, because the two channels have equal fidelity (rather than providing one higher-fidelity laterally recorded channel and one lower-fidelity vertically recorded channel); • higher fidelity in general, because the "difference" signal is usually of low power and thus less affected by the intrinsic distortion of hill-and-dale recording. This system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933. It was not used commercially until a quarter of a century later. Stereo sound provides a more natural listening experience where the spatial location of the source of a sound is, at least in part, reproduced. In 1955 Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961 Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder. The development of quadraphonic music records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later "surround sound" systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today. A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded rear channel information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully-calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. Typically the high frequency information inscribed onto these LPs wore off after only a few playings, and CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. In the late 1970s and 1980s, a method to improve the dynamic range of mass produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. Also in the late 1970s, "direct-to-disc" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a "purist" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, "half-speed mastered" and "original master" records were released, using expensive state-of-the-art technology. A further late 1970s development was the Disco Eye-Cued(TM) system used mainly on Motown 12" singles released between 1978 and 1980. The introduction, drum-breaks or choruses of a track were indicated by widely separated grooves, giving a visual clue to DJs mixing the records. The appearance of these music records is similar to an LP, but they only contain one track each side. The early 1980s saw the introduction of "dbx-encoded" music records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB: quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain, via automatic gain control in the playback equipment; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages). A similar and very short lived scheme involved using the CBS-developed "CX" noise reduction encoding/decoding scheme. ELPJ, a Japanese-based company, has developed a player that uses a laser instead of a stylus to read vinyl discs. In theory the laser turntable eliminates the possibility of scratches and attendant degradation of the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records. Various other laser-based turntables were tried during the 1990s, but while a laser reads the groove very accurately, since it does not touch the record, the dust that vinyl naturally attracts due to static charge is not cleaned from the groove, worsening sound quality in casual use compared to conventional stylus playback. The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side of the disc, running from the outside edge towards the centre. Since the late 1910s, both sides of the record have been used to carry the grooves. The recording is played back by rotating the disc clockwise at a constant rotational speed with a stylus (needle) placed in the groove, converting the vibrations of the stylus into an electric signal (see magnetic cartridge), and sending this signal through an amplifier to loudspeakers. The majority of music records are pressed on black vinyl. The colouring material used to blacken the transparent PVC plastic mix is carbon black, the generic name for the finely divided carbon particles produced by the incomplete burning of a mineral oil based hydrocarbon. Carbon black increases the strength of the disc and renders it opaque. Some music records are pressed on coloured vinyl or with paper pictures embedded in them ("picture discs"). These discs can become collectors' items in some cases. Certain 45-rpm RCA or RCA Victor "Red Seal" records used red translucent vinyl for extra "Red Seal" effect. During the 1980s there was a trend for releasing singles on coloured vinyl — sometimes with large inserts that could be used as posters. This trend has been revived recently and has succeeded in keeping 7" singles a viable format. Vinyl music record standards for the United States follow the guidelines of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The inch dimensions are nominal, not precise diameters. The actual dimension of a 12 inch record is 302 mm (11.89 in), for a 10 inch it is 250 mm (9.84 in), and for a 7 inch it is 175 mm (6.89 in). Records made in other countries are standardized by different organizations, but are very similar in size. The record diameters are typically 300 mm, 250 mm and 175 mm. There is an area about 6 mm (0.25?) wide at the outer edge of the disk, called the lead-in where the groove is widely spaced and silent. This section allows the stylus to be dropped at the start of the record groove, without damaging the recorded section of the groove. Between each track on the recorded section of an LP record, there is usually a short gap of around 1 mm (0.04") where the groove is widely spaced. This space is clearly visible, making it easy to find a particular track. Towards the label centre, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section, the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings (for example Spice by Eon), the sound continues on the lock groove, which gives a strange repeating effect. Automatic turntables rely on the position or angular velocity of the arm, as it reaches these more widely spaced grooves, to trigger a mechanism that raises the arm and moves it out of the way of the record. The catalog number and stamper ID is written or stamped in the space between the groove in the lead-out on the master disc, resulting in visible recessed writing on the final version of a record. Sometimes the cutting engineer might add handwritten comments or their signature, if they are particularly pleased with the quality of the cut. When auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and label area. This would allow records to be stacked onto each other, gripping each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, thus reducing the risk of damage. Auto changing turntables included a mechanism to support a stack of several records above the turntable itself, dropping them one at a time onto the active turntable to be played in order. Many longer sound recordings, such as complete operas, were interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms, so that the first disk of a three-disk recording would carry sides 1 and 6 of the program, while the second disk would carry sides 2 and 5, and the third, sides 3 and 4, allowing sides 1, 2, and 3 to be played automatically, then the whole stack reversed to play sides 4, 5, and 6. The sound quality and durability of vinyl music records is highly dependent on the quality of the vinyl. During the early 1970s, as a cost-cutting move towards use of lightweight, flexible vinyl pressings, much of the industry adopted a technique of reducing the thickness and quality of vinyl used in mass-market manufacturing, marketed by RCA Victor as the "Dynaflex" (125 g/m²) process, considered inferior by most record collectors. Most vinyl records are pressed on recycled vinyl. New "virgin" or "heavy" (180-220 g/m²) vinyl is commonly used for modern "audiophile" vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have 180 g/m² vinyl albums, and they have been reported to have a better sound than normal vinyl. These albums tend to withstand the deformation caused by normal play better than regular vinyl180 g/m² vinyl is more expensive to produce and requires higher-quality manufacturing processes than regular vinyl. Since most vinyl records are from recycled plastic, impurities can be accumulated in the record, causing a brand new album to have audio artifacts like clicks and pops. Virgin vinyl means that the album is not from recycled plastic, and will theoretically be devoid of the possible impurities of recycled plastic. In practice, this depends on the manufacturer's quality control. The orange peel effect on vinyl records is caused by worn moulds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have what looks like an orange peel texture. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. It should be noted that with direct metal mastering (DMM) the master disc is cut on a copper-coated disc which can also have a minor "orange peel" effect. As this "orange peel" originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage, there is no ill-effect. While most vinyl music records are pressed from metal master discs, a technique known as lathe-cutting is used to create the master discs. A lathe is used to cut microgrooves into a lacquer disc. A mold is then made from the lacquer disc out of nickel, this is called a stamping record. Lathe cut records are commonly used for small runs and was the dominant format for audio archiving before the wide spread use of tape. For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the master disc (also called the matrix, sometimes just the master) at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc. A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early versions of these master discs were soft wax, and later a harder lacquer was used. The mastering process was originally something of an art as the operator had to manually allow for the changes in sound which affected how wide the space for the groove needed to be on each rotation. Sometimes the engineer would sign his work, or leave humorous or cryptic comments in the run-off groove area, where it was normal to scratch or stamp identifying codes to distinguish each master. The soft master known as a lacquer would then be electroplated with a metal, commonly a nickel alloy. This and all subsequent metal copies were known as matrices. When this metal was removed from the lacquer (master), it would be a negative master since it was a negative copy of the lacquer. (In the UK, this was called the master; note the difference from soft master/lacquer disc above). In the earliest days the negative master was used as a mold to press records sold to the public, but as demand for mass production of records grew, another step was added to the process. The metal master was then electroplated to create metal positive matrices, or "mothers". From these positives, stampers (negative) would be formed. The stampers would be used in hydraulic presses to mould the LP discs. The advantages of this system over the earlier more direct system included ability to make a large number of records quickly by using multiple stampers. Also, more records could be produced from each master since molds would eventually wear out. Since the master was the unique source of the positive, made to produce the stampers, it was considered a library item. Accordingly, copy positives, required to replace worn positives, were made from unused early stampers. These were known as copy shells and were the physical equivalent of the first positive. The "pedigree" of any music record can be traced through the stamper/positive identities used, by reading the lettering found on the record run-out area.  

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In which natural valley is San Jose?

Nature | Discover Coyote Valley Nature Coyote Creek Parkway Trail Santa Clara County Parks invites you to explore the Coyote Creek Parkway Trail. This scenic parkway meanders along Coyote Creek for 15 miles. The north portion features a paved multi-use trail popular with bicyclists, roller-bladers, and hikers. South of Metcalf Road, and through Coyote Valley, an equestrian trail parallels the paved trail. Public transit is available to Coyote Creek Parkway. Tulare Hill Ecological Preserve A preserve dedicated to the protection of the Bay checkerspot butterfly, the California Red-legged frog, and other threatened and endangered species.  Owned and managed by the Silicon Valley Land Conservancy. Coyote Valley Open Space Preserve A beautiful 350-acre open space preserve in the foothills along the west of the valley. A recent acquisition of the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, which is currently developing miles of beautiful trails for the Fall 2014 opening. Spreckles Hill

Santa Clara

In which Chicago theater did over 500 people die in a fire in 1903?

Nature | Discover Coyote Valley Nature Coyote Creek Parkway Trail Santa Clara County Parks invites you to explore the Coyote Creek Parkway Trail. This scenic parkway meanders along Coyote Creek for 15 miles. The north portion features a paved multi-use trail popular with bicyclists, roller-bladers, and hikers. South of Metcalf Road, and through Coyote Valley, an equestrian trail parallels the paved trail. Public transit is available to Coyote Creek Parkway. Tulare Hill Ecological Preserve A preserve dedicated to the protection of the Bay checkerspot butterfly, the California Red-legged frog, and other threatened and endangered species.  Owned and managed by the Silicon Valley Land Conservancy. Coyote Valley Open Space Preserve A beautiful 350-acre open space preserve in the foothills along the west of the valley. A recent acquisition of the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, which is currently developing miles of beautiful trails for the Fall 2014 opening. Spreckles Hill

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How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?

Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? View the step-by-step solution to: Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? This question was answered on May 08, 2016. View the Answer Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? JohnnieFritzle posted a question · May 08, 2016 at 3:11am Top Answer It took 95 minutes... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401026) ]} Chrisjoel answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:12am Other Answers Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401030) ]} ProfVictor answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:13am Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time by a... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401043) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401126) ]} dr.sasha98 answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:23am The first production of Model T Ford was completed in the year 1908. Ford managed to produce 15 million... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29402446) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need a World History tutor? Miss-white 11 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 2 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!

95 minutes

Which couple were implicated in the Whitewater affair?

Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? View the step-by-step solution to: Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? This question was answered on May 08, 2016. View the Answer Anyone please........How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?????? JohnnieFritzle posted a question · May 08, 2016 at 3:11am Top Answer It took 95 minutes... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401026) ]} Chrisjoel answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:12am Other Answers Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401030) ]} ProfVictor answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:13am Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time by a... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401043) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29401126) ]} dr.sasha98 answered the question · May 08, 2016 at 3:23am The first production of Model T Ford was completed in the year 1908. Ford managed to produce 15 million... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29402446) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need a World History tutor? Miss-white 11 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 2 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!

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Who did James Earl Ray shoot in Memphis in April 1968?

Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (4 April 1968) Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (4 April 1968) At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. During King’s funeral a tape recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered after his death: ‘‘I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others’’(King, ‘‘Drum Major Instinct,’’ 85). King had arrived in Tennessee on Wednesday, 3 April to prepare for a march the following Monday on behalf of striking Memphis sanitation workers . As he prepared to leave the Lorraine Motel for a dinner at the home of Memphis minister Samuel ‘‘Billy’’ Kyles, King stepped out onto the balcony of room 306 to speak with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) colleagues standing in the parking area below. An assassin fired a single shot that caused severe wounds to the lower right side of his face. SCLC aides rushed to him, and Ralph Abernathy cradled King’s head. Others on the balcony pointed across the street toward the rear of a boarding house on South Main Street where the shot seemed to have originated. An ambulance rushed King to St. Joseph’s Hospital, where doctors pronounced him dead at 7:05 P.M. President Lyndon B. Johnson called for a national day of mourning to be observed on 7 April. In the following days, public libraries, museums, schools, and businesses were closed, and the Academy Awards ceremony and numerous sporting events were postponed. On 8 April King’s widow, Coretta Scott King , and other family members joined thousands of participants in a march in Memphis honoring King and supporting the sanitation workers. King’s funeral service was held the following day in Atlanta at Ebenezer Baptist Church . It was attended by many of the nation’s political and civil rights leaders, including Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and Ralph Bunche . Morehouse College President Benjamin Mays delivered the eulogy, predicting that King ‘‘would probably say that, if death had to come, I am sure there was no greater cause to die for than fighting to get a just wage for garbage collectors’’ (Mays, 9 April 1968). Over 100,000 mourners followed two mules pulling King’s coffin through the streets of Atlanta. After another ceremony on the Morehouse campus, King’s body was initially interred at South-View Cemetery. Eventually, it was moved to a crypt next to the Ebenezer Church at the King Center , an institution founded by King’s widow. Shortly after the assassination, a policeman discovered a bundle containing a 30.06 Remington rifle next door to the boarding house. The largest investigation in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) history led its agents to an apartment in Atlanta. Fingerprints uncovered in the apartment matched those of James Earl Ray, a fugitive who had escaped from a Missouri prison in April 1967. FBI agents and police in Memphis produced further evidence that Ray had registered on 4 April at the South Main Street roominghouse and that he had taken a second-floor room near a common bathroom with a view of the Lorraine Motel. The identification of Ray as a suspect led to an international manhunt. On 19 July 1968, Ray was extradited to the United States from Britain to stand trial. In a plea bargain, Tennessee prosecutors agreed in March 1969 to forgo seeking the death penalty when Ray pled guilty to murder charges. The circumstances leading to the plea later became a source of controversy, when Ray recanted his confession soon after being sentenced to a 99-year term in prison. During the years following King’s assassination, doubts about the adequacy of the case against Ray were fueled by revelations of the extensive surveillance of King by the FBI and other government agencies. Beginning in 1976, the House Select Committee on Assassinations, chaired by Representative Louis Stokes, re-examined the evidence concerning King’s assassination, as well as that of President John F. Kennedy . The committee’s final report suggested that Ray may have had co-conspirators. The report nonetheless concluded that there was no convincing evidence of government complicity in King’s assassination. After recanting his guilty plea, Ray continued to maintain his innocence, claiming to have been framed by a gun-smuggler he knew as ‘‘Raoul.’’ In 1993 Ray’s lawyer, William F. Pepper, sought to build popular support to reopen Ray’s case by staging a televised mock trial of Ray in which the ‘‘jury’’ found him not guilty. In 1997 members of King’s family publicly supported Ray’s appeal for a new trial, and King’s son Dexter Scott King supported Ray’s claims innocence during a televised prison encounter. Despite this support Tennessee authorities refused to reopen the case, and Ray died in prison on 23 April 1998. Even after Ray’s death, conspiracy allegations continued to surface. In 1999, on behalf of King’s widow and children, Pepper won a token civil verdict of wrongful death against Lloyd Jowers, owner of Jim’s Grill, a restaurant across the street from the Lorraine Motel. Although the trial produced considerable testimony that contradicted the original case against Ray, the Justice Department announced in 2000 that its own internal investigation, launched in 1998 at the King family’s request, had failed to find sufficient evidence to warrant a further investigation. Sources Homer Bigarts, ‘‘Leaders at Rites,’’ New York Times, 10 April 1968. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 2007. King, ‘‘Drum Major Instinct,’’ in Knock at Midnight, eds. Carson and Holloran, 1998. Mays, Eulogy, 9 April 1968, MLKJP-GAMK. Pepper, Orders to Kill, 1995. Posner, Killing the Dream, 1998.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Who was the first black American to win the Nobel peace prize?

New footage found of Martin Luther King’s assassin – Channel 4 News United States , World New footage found of Martin Luther King’s assassin Previously unseen footage of James Earl Ray arriving in Memphis to face trial for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr has come to light. Share on Twitter The videotapes were discovered amid old material in the Shelby County sheriff’s office. Footage shows James Earl Ray being read his rights on a plane to Memphis, after being extradited from the UK. Ray is shown being strip-searched at the prison and undergoing medical checks by prison doctors. It also shows the assassin being led into a cell. I hope Martin Luther King, my daddy, did not die in vain. Bernice King Ray, a segregationist, confessed to the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, but recanted shortly afterwards, and for years tried to get a new trial. He died in prison in 1998 while serving a 99-year sentence. Ray shot and killed King 45 years ago yesterday, on 4 April 1968, as he leaned over a balcony outside his room at the Lorraine motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Mr King was in Memphis to lead a march supporting the city’s striking sanitation workers. As news broke of the assassination, riots sparked in cities across America. Thousands of federal troops and National Guardsmen were called and dispatched to maintain order and security throughout the country. Mr King was buried in Atlanta, Georgia, five days later. 45th anniversary Honouring his memory on the 45th anniversary of his assassination yesterday, Mr King’s daughter Bernice said: “I hope Martin Luther King, my daddy, did not die in vain, We must repent and change our direction and minds.” She spoke as hundreds of union members and their supporters, from as far as Louisiana, California and New York, marched in Memphis. A wreath was placed on the front of Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta, where Mr King had preached, in the same spot where one was placed the day after his death. Mr King, who advocated non-violence, racial brotherhood and equal rights, rose to prominence after leading the Montgomery bus boycott, which began in Alabama in December 1955 after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Mr King went on to win the Nobel peace prize in 1964. The Lorraine motel where he was shot is now home to the National Civil Rights Museum, which commemorated Mr King’s death with a labour union rally, wreath-laying and panel discussion including Alvin Turner, a retired sanitation worker who participated in the strike.

i don't know

Where was the first nuclear reactor built, by Enrico Fermi?

Early Exploration - Reactors designed/built by Argonne National Laboratory Early Exploration Tweet BOOKSHELF “Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor” by Charles E. Till and Yoon Chang gives the history of the IFR at Argonne. The book is available on Amazon.com… More about the IFR » Early Exploration Early exploration nuclear reactors designed by the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory, the direct predecessor to Argonne National Laboratory, began the development of nuclear technology. CP-3 CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor) This drawing depicts the historic Dec. 2, 1942, event -- the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. It took place under the abandoned football stands at the University of Chicago. Click on photo to view a larger image. Chicago Pile 1 was the world's first nuclear reactor, built in 1942 by Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi. The reactor was built underneath the University of Chicago's Stagg Field football stadium. On Dec. 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi and 48 of his colleagues succeed in achieving in this reactor the world’s first man-made controlled nuclear chain reaction, thereby establishing the ability of mankind to control the release of nuclear energy. He and other scientists from that group later founded Argonne National Laboratory. Scale model of CP-1 reactor. Courtesy Archival Photographic Files, [apf2-00504], Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library. Click on photo to view a larger image. Download image from Flickr The photograph at right shows a scale model depicting Fermi’s reactor setup on that day in 1942. The model shows a segment of the football stadium and gives a perspective on where the reactor was located under the stands. Fermi and his colleagues were assembled on the balcony to the right to observe the instruments recording the neutron intensity in the pile. After the reactor had sustained the chain reaction for 28 minutes the operators to the right of the reactor (in the left foreground of the photo) pushed in a cadmium control rod called zip, which absorbed neutrons and ended the chain reaction. The reactor fuel was lumps of uranium metal and uranium oxide; these were spaced on a cubic lattice within layers of graphite, with some graphite layers containing only uranium metal pseudospheres, some only uranium oxide pseudospheres, and some containing both. The pile was built by alternating graphite layers seeded with uranium metal and/or uranium oxide with layers of solid graphite blocks. The completed reactor contained 57 layers, which was about one layer beyond the critical stage needed to sustain the chain reaction. Early in 1943, CP-1 was dismantled and moved to a less-populated site in the "Argonne Forest" section of the Cook County Forest Preserve in Palos Park. That part of the forest has since been renamed, but its appellation survives today in the name of Argonne National Laboratory. For more information on CP-1 : Watch the video on YouTube (posted on May 15, 2014) CP-2 (Chicago Pile 2 Reactor) In early 1943, Chicago Pile 1 was dismantled at the University of Chicago, moved to the Argonne Forest section of the Palos Hills Forest Preserve, and renamed Chicago Pile 2. Click on photo to view a larger image. In early 1943 Manhattan Engineer District disassembled Chicago Pile 1 and rebuilt it at Palos Park, IL, as Chicago Pile 2. CP-2 had a thermal- power level of 10 kW. The fuel for CP-2 was natural uranium (uranium in which the natural abundance of the isotopes uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238 has not been altered). A small laboratory atop the 14,000-ton reactor provided space for limited experiments using neutrons from the reactor's core. The reactor's face contained ports through which materials could be inserted into the core for irradiation. For more information on CP-2: Evaluation of the ZPR-6 assembly for DOE Nuclear Criticality Safety Program ANL-NT-175 (April, 2001) [5.8MB] — Report featuring detailed descriptions of all the ZPR-6 assemblies, also contains an extensive bibliography of technical reports that detail the results of all the experiments on ZPR-6. History of MET Lab Section C-I, April 1942--April 1943 [40MB], by Glenn T. Seaborg, February 01, 1977 — This is a report assembled in the 1970’s by Glenn Seaborg on his work at the Met Lab in the April 1942 to April 1943 period. See page 201 of the report for his personal account of how Plutonium was isolated by the microchemists at the Met Lab. Having a Meltdown? Cool Your Engines with a Nuclear Power Trip Dennis Jacobs from the BurridgePatch wrote a great article about Argonne National Laboratory's surroundings and why they are definitely worth a visit -- burrridge.patch.com blogs (Sep. 7, 2011) CP-3 (Chicago Pile 3 Reactor) The Chicago Pile-3 reactor. Click on photo to view a larger image. Chicago Pile 3 was the world's first "heavy-water moderated" reactor. It was designed by Eugene Wigner; at Enrico Fermi's request, Walter Zinn directed its construction in the Argonne Forest in 1943. Chicago Pile 3 achieved criticality in 1944. The fuel was, as in the case of the CP-2 reactor , natural uranium. CP-3 was dismantled in January 1950 because of suspected corrosion of the aluminum cladding around some of the fuel rods. The natural uranium fuel in CP-3 was replaced with enriched uranium (uranium in which the amount of uranium-235 in the fuel has been increased from its naturally occurring abundance). The redesigned reactor, named CP-3’ ("CP-3 prime"), became operational in May 1950. CP-3’ shut down in 1954. CP-3 was shared with the Canadians, who used it in the design of the Canadian NRX reactor, from which the 27 CANDU commercial power reactors evolved. Research programs conducted at CP-3 and CP-3’ included reactor physics studies, fission product separations, tritium recovery from irradiated lithium, and studies of radionuclide metabolism in laboratory animals. For more information on CP-3 :

Chicago

Which state on the Gulf of Mexico has the longest name?

History of Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association Outline History of Nuclear Energy (Updated March 2014) The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was developed from 1895 to 1945, much of it in the last six of those years. Over 1939-45, most development was focused on the atomic bomb. From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled fashion for naval propulsion and for making electricity. Since 1956 the prime focus has been on the technological evolution of reliable nuclear power plants. Exploring the nature of the atom Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, and named after the planet Uranus. Ionising radiation was discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895, by passing an electric current through an evacuated glass tube and producing continuous X-rays. Then in 1896 Henri Becquerel found that pitchblende (an ore containing radium and uranium) caused a photographic plate to darken. He went on to demonstrate that this was due to beta radiation (electrons) and alpha particles (helium nuclei) being emitted. Villard found a third type of radiation from pitchblende: gamma rays, which were much the same as X-rays. Then in 1896 Pierre and Marie Curie gave the name 'radioactivity' to this phenomenon, and in 1898 isolated polonium and radium from the pitchblende. Radium was later used in medical treatment. In 1898 Samuel Prescott showed that radiation destroyed bacteria in food. In 1902 Ernest Rutherford showed that radioactivity as a spontaneous event emitting an alpha or beta particle from the nucleus created a different element. He went on to develop a fuller understanding of atoms and in 1919 he fired alpha particles from a radium source into nitrogen and found that nuclear rearrangement was occurring, with formation of oxygen. Niels Bohr was another scientist who advanced our understanding of the atom and the way electrons were arranged around its nucleus through to the 1940s. By 1911 Frederick Soddy discovered that naturally-radioactive elements had a number of different isotopes (radionuclides), with the same chemistry. Also in 1911, George de Hevesy showed that such radionuclides were invaluable as tracers, because minute amounts could readily be detected with simple instruments. In 1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron. Also in 1932 Cockcroft and Walton produced nuclear transformations by bombarding atoms with accelerated protons, then in 1934 Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot found that some such transformations created artificial radionuclides. The next year Enrico Fermi found that a much greater variety of artificial radionuclides could be formed when neutrons were used instead of protons. Fermi continued his experiments, mostly producing heavier elements from his targets, but also, with uranium, some much lighter ones.  At the end of 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin showed that the new lighter elements were barium and others which were about half the mass of uranium, thereby demonstrating that atomic fission had occurred. Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch, working under Niels Bohr, then explained this by suggesting that the neutron was captured by the nucleus, causing severe vibration leading to the nucleus splitting into two not quite equal parts. They calculated the energy release from this fission as about 200 million electron volts. Frisch then confirmed this figure experimentally in January 1939.  This was the first experimental confirmation of Albert Einstein's paper putting forward the equivalence between mass and energy, which had been published in 1905. Harnessing nuclear fission These 1939 developments sparked activity in many laboratories. Hahn and Strassmann showed that fission not only released a lot of energy but that it also released additional neutrons which could cause fission in other uranium nuclei and possibly a self-sustaining chain reaction leading to an enormous release of energy. This suggestion was soon confirmed experimentally by Joliot and his co-workers in Paris, and Leo Szilard working with Fermi in New York. Bohr soon proposed that fission was much more likely to occur in the uranium-235 isotope than in U-238 and that fission would occur more effectively with slow-moving neutrons than with fast neutrons, the latter point being confirmed by Szilard and Fermi, who proposed using a 'moderator' to slow down the emitted neutrons. Bohr and Wheeler extended these ideas into what became the classical analysis of the fission process, and their paper was published only two days before war broke out in 1939. Another important factor was that U-235 was then known to comprise only 0.7% of natural uranium, with the other 99.3% being U-238, with similar chemical properties. Hence the separation of the two to obtain pure U-235 would be difficult and would require the use of their very slightly different physical properties. This increase in the proportion of the U-235 isotope became known as 'enrichment'. The remaining piece of the fission/atomic bomb concept was provided in 1939 by Francis Perrin who introduced the concept of the critical mass of uranium required to produce a self-sustaining release of energy. His theories were extended by Rudolf Peierls at Birmingham University and the resulting calculations were of considerable importance in the development of the atomic bomb. Perrin's group in Paris continued their studies and demonstrated that a chain reaction could be sustained in a uranium-water mixture (the water being used to slow down the neutrons) provided external neutrons were injected into the system. They also demonstrated the idea of introducing neutron-absorbing material to limit the multiplication of neutrons and thus control the nuclear reaction (which is the basis for the operation of a nuclear power station).  Peierls had been a student of Werner Heisenberg, who from April 1939 presided over the German nuclear energy project under the German Ordnance Office. Initially this was directed towards military applications, but by 1942 the military objective was abandoned as impractical. However, the existence of the German Uranverein project provided the main incentive for wartime development of the atomic bomb by Britain and the USA. Nuclear physics in Russia Russian nuclear physics predates the Bolshevik Revolution by more than a decade. Work on radioactive minerals found in central Asia began in 1900 and the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences began a large-scale investigation in 1909. The 1917 Revolution gave a boost to scientific research and over 10 physics institutes were established in major Russian towns, particularly St Petersburg, in the years which followed. In the 1920s and early 1930s many prominent Russian physicists worked abroad, encouraged by the new regime initially as the best way to raise the level of expertise quickly. These included Kirill Sinelnikov, Pyotr Kapitsa and Vladimir Vernadsky. By the early 1930s there were several research centres specialising in nuclear physics. Kirill Sinelnikov returned from Cambridge in 1931 to organise a department at the Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute (FTI) in Kharkov which had been set up in 1928. Academician Abram Ioffe formed another group at Leningrad FTI (including the young Igor Kurchatov), which in 1933 became the Department of Nuclear Physics under Kurchatov with four separate laboratories. By the end of the decade, there were cyclotrons installed at the Radium Institute and Leningrad FTI (the biggest in Europe). But by this time many scientists were beginning to fall victim to Stalin's purges -- half the staff of Kharkov FTI, for instance, was arrested in 1939. Nevertheless, 1940 saw great advances being made in the understanding of nuclear fission including the possibility of a chain reaction. At the urging of Kurchatov and his colleagues, the Academy of Sciences set up a "Committee for the Problem of Uranium" in June 1940 chaired by Vitaly Khlopin, and a fund was established to investigate the central Asian uranium deposits. Germany's invasion of Russia in 1941 turned much of this fundamental research to potential military applications. Conceiving the atomic bomb British scientists had kept pressure on their government. The refugee physicists Peierls and Frisch (who had stayed in England with Peierls after the outbreak of war), gave a major impetus to the concept of the atomic bomb in a three-page document known as the Frisch-Peierls Memorandum. In this they predicted that an amount of about 5kg of pure U-235 could make a very powerful atomic bomb equivalent to several thousand tonnes of dynamite. They also suggested how such a bomb could be detonated, how the U-235 could be produced, and what the radiation effects might be in addition to the explosive effects. They proposed thermal diffusion as a suitable method for separating the U-235 from the natural uranium. This memorandum stimulated a considerable response in Britain at a time when there was little interest in the USA. A group of eminent scientists known as the MAUD Committee was set up in Britain and supervised research at the Universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Liverpool and Oxford. The chemical problems of producing gaseous compounds of uranium and pure uranium metal were studied at Birmingham University and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Dr Philip Baxter at ICI made the first small batch of gaseous uranium hexafluoride for Professor James Chadwick in 1940. ICI received a formal contract later in 1940 to make 3kg of this vital material for the future work. Most of the other research was funded by the universities themselves. Two important developments came from the work at Cambridge. The first was experimental proof that a chain reaction could be sustained with slow neutrons in a mixture of uranium oxide and heavy water, ie. the output of neutrons was greater than the input. The second was by Bretscher and Feather based on earlier work by Halban and Kowarski soon after they arrived in Britain from Paris. When U-235 and U-238 absorb slow neutrons, the probability of fission in U-235 is much greater than in U-238. The U-238 is more likely to form a new isotope U-239, and this isotope rapidly emits an electron to become a new element with a mass of 239 and an Atomic Number of 93. This element also emits an electron and becomes a new element of mass 239 and Atomic Number 94, which has a much greater half-life. Bretscher and Feather argued on theoretical grounds that element 94 would be readily fissionable by slow and fast neutrons, and had the added advantages that it was chemically different to uranium and therefore could easily be separated from it. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by McMillan and Abelson in the USA in 1940. Dr Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element # 93 and plutonium for # 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium, element # 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names, and the identification of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg. Developing the concepts By the end of 1940 remarkable progress had been made by the several groups of scientists coordinated by the MAUD Committee and for the expenditure of a relatively small amount of money. All of this work was kept secret, whereas in the USA several publications continued to appear in 1940 and there was also little sense of urgency. By March 1941 one of the most uncertain pieces of information was confirmed - the fission cross-section of U-235. Peierls and Frisch had initially predicted in 1940 that almost every collision of a neutron with a U-235 atom would result in fission, and that both slow and fast neutrons would be equally effective. It was later discerned that slow neutrons were very much more effective, which was of enormous significance for nuclear reactors but fairly academic in the bomb context. Peierls then stated that there was now no doubt that the whole scheme for a bomb was feasible provided highly enriched U-235 could be obtained. The predicted critical size for a sphere of U-235 metal was about 8kg, which might be reduced by use of an appropriate material for reflecting neutrons. However, direct measurements on U-235 were still necessary and the British pushed for urgent production of a few micrograms. The final outcome of the MAUD Committee was two summary reports in July 1941. One was on 'Use of Uranium for a Bomb' and the other was on 'Use of Uranium as a Source of Power'. The first report concluded that a bomb was feasible and that one containing some 12 kg of active material would be equivalent to 1,800 tons of TNT and would release large quantities of radioactive substances which would make places near the explosion site dangerous to humans for a long period. It estimated that a plant to produce 1kg of U-235 per day would cost ?5 million and would require a large skilled labour force that was also needed for other parts of the war effort. Suggesting that the Germans could also be working on the bomb, it recommended that the work should be continued with high priority in cooperation with the Americans, even though they seemed to be concentrating on the future use of uranium for power and naval propulsion. The second MAUD Report concluded that the controlled fission of uranium could be used to provide energy in the form of heat for use in machines, as well as providing large quantities of radioisotopes which could be used as substitutes for radium. It referred to the use of heavy water and possibly graphite as moderators for the fast neutrons, and that even ordinary water could be used if the uranium was enriched in the U-235 isotope. It concluded that the 'uranium boiler' had considerable promise for future peaceful uses but that it was not worth considering during the present war. The Committee recommended that Halban and Kowarski should move to the USA where there were plans to make heavy water on a large scale. The possibility that the new element plutonium might be more suitable than U-235 was mentioned, so that the work in this area by Bretscher and Feather should be continued in Britain. The two reports led to a complete reorganisation of work on the bomb and the 'boiler'. It was claimed that the work of the committee had put the British in the lead and that "in its fifteen months' existence it had proved itself one of the most effective scientific committees that ever existed". The basic decision that the bomb project would be pursued urgently was taken by the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, with the agreement of the Chiefs of Staff. The reports also led to high level reviews in the USA, particularly by a Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, initially concentrating on the nuclear power aspect. Little emphasis was given to the bomb concept until 7 December 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the Americans entered the war directly. The huge resources of the USA were then applied without reservation to developing atomic bombs. The Manhattan Project The Americans increased their effort rapidly and soon outstripped the British. Research continued in each country with some exchange of information. Several of the key British scientists visited the USA early in 1942 and were given full access to all of the information available. The Americans were pursuing three enrichment processes in parallel: Professor Lawrence was studying electromagnetic separation at Berkeley (University of California), E. V. Murphree of Standard Oil was studying the centrifuge method developed by Professor Beams, and Professor Urey was coordinating the gaseous diffusion work at Columbia University. Responsibility for building a reactor to produce fissile plutonium was given to Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. The British were only examining gaseous diffusion. In June 1942 the US Army took over process development, engineering design, procurement of materials and site selection for pilot plants for four methods of making fissionable material (because none of the four had been shown to be clearly superior at that point) as well as the production of heavy water. With this change, information flow to Britain dried up. This was a major setback to the British and the Canadians who had been collaborating on heavy water production and on several aspects of the research program. Thereafter, Churchill sought information on the cost of building a diffusion plant, a heavy water plant and an atomic reactor in Britain. After many months of negotiations an agreement was finally signed by Mr Churchill and President Roosevelt in Quebec in August 1943, according to which the British handed over all of their reports to the Americans and in return received copies of General Groves' progress reports to the President. The latter showed that the entire US program would cost over $1,000 million, all for the bomb, as no work was being done on other applications of nuclear energy. Construction of production plants for electromagnetic separation (in calutrons) and gaseous diffusion was well under way. An experimental graphite pile constructed by Fermi had operated at the University of Chicago in December 1942 ?the first controlled nuclear chain reaction. A full-scale production reactor for plutonium was being constructed at Argonne, with further ones at Oak Ridge and then Hanford, plus a reprocessing plant to extract the plutonium. Four plants for heavy water production were being built, one in Canada and three in the USA. A team under Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos in New Mexico was working on the design and construction of both U-235 and Pu-239 bombs. The outcome of the huge effort, with assistance from the British teams, was that sufficient Pu-239 and highly enriched U-235 (from calutrons and diffusion at Oak Ridge) was produced by mid-1945. The uranium mostly originated from the Belgian Congo. The first atomic device tested successfully at Alamagordo in New Mexico on 16 July 1945. It used plutonium made in a nuclear pile. The teams did not consider that it was necessary to test a simpler U-235 device. The first atomic bomb, which contained U-235, was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. The second bomb, containing Pu-239, was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August. That same day, the USSR declared war on Japan. On 10 August 1945 the Japanese Government surrendered. The Soviet bomb Initially Stalin was not enthusiastic about diverting resources to develop an atomic bomb, until intelligence reports suggested that such research was under way in Germany, Britain and the USA. Consultations with Academicians Ioffe, Kapitsa, Khlopin and Vernadsky convinced him that a bomb could be developed relatively quickly and he initiated a modest research program in 1942. Igor Kurchatov, then relatively young and unknown, was chosen to head it and in 1943 he became Director of Laboratory No.2 recently established on the outskirts of Moscow. This was later renamed LIPAN, then became the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. Overall responsibility for the bomb program rested with Security Chief Lavrenti Beria and its administration was undertaken by the First Main Directorate (later called the Ministry of Medium Machine Building). Research had three main aims: to achieve a controlled chain reaction; to investigate methods of isotope separation; and to look at designs for both enriched uranium and plutonium bombs. Attempts were made to initiate a chain reaction using two different types of atomic pile: one with graphite as a moderator and the other with heavy water. Three possible methods of isotope separation were studied: counter-current thermal diffusion, gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic separation. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945, German scientists were "recruited" to the bomb program to work in particular on isotope separation to produce enriched uranium. This included research into gas centrifuge technology in addition to the three other enrichment technologies. The test of the first US atomic bomb in July 1945 had little impact on the Soviet effort, but by this time, Kurchatov was making good progress towards both a uranium and a plutonium bomb. He had begun to design an industrial scale reactor for the production of plutonium, while those scientists working on uranium isotope separation were making advances with the gaseous diffusion method. It was the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the following month which gave the program a high profile and construction began in November 1945 of a new city in the Urals which would house the first plutonium production reactors -- Chelyabinsk-40 (Later known as Chelyabinsk-65 or the Mayak production association). This was the first of ten secret nuclear cities to be built in the Soviet Union. The first of five reactors at Chelyabinsk-65 came on line in 1948. This town also housed a processing plant for extracting plutonium from irradiated uranium. As for uranium enrichment technology, it was decided in late 1945 to begin construction of the first gaseous diffusion plant at Verkh-Neyvinsk (later the closed city of Sverdlovsk-44), some 50 kilometres from Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk) in the Urals. Special design bureaux were set up at the Leningrad Kirov Metallurgical and Machine-Building Plant and at the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) Machine Building Plant. Support was provided by a group of German scientists working at the Sukhumi Physical Technical Institute. In April 1946 design work on the bomb was shifted to Design Bureau-11 -- a new centre at Sarova some 400 kilometres from Moscow (subsequently the closed city of Arzamas-16). More specialists were brought in to the program including metallurgist Yefim Slavsky who was given the immediate task of producing the very pure graphite Kurchatov needed for his plutonium production pile constructed at Laboratory No. 2 known as F-1. The pile was operated for the first time in December 1946. Support was also given by Laboratory No.3 in Moscow -- now the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics -- which had been working on nuclear reactors. Work at Arzamas-16 was influenced by foreign intelligence gathering and the first device was based closely on the Nagasaki bomb (a plutonium device). In August 1947 a test site was established near Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan and was ready for the detonation two years later of the first bomb, RSD-1. Even before this was tested in August 1949, another group of scientists led by Igor Tamm and including Andrei Sakharov had begun work on a hydrogen bomb. Revival of the 'nuclear boiler' By the end of World War II, the project predicted and described in detail only five and a half years before in the Frisch-Peierls Memorandum had been brought to partial fruition, and attention could turn to the peaceful and directly beneficial application of nuclear energy. Post-war, weapons development continued on both sides of the "iron curtain", but a new focus was on harnessing the great atomic power, now dramatically (if tragically) demonstrated, for making steam and electricity. In the course of developing nuclear weapons the Soviet Union and the West had acquired a range of new technologies and scientists realised that the tremendous heat produced in the process could be tapped either for direct use or for generating electricity. It was also clear that this new form of energy would allow development of compact long-lasting power sources which could have various applications, not least for shipping, and especially in submarines. The first nuclear reactor to produce electricity (albeit a trivial amount) was the small Experimental Breeder reactor (EBR-1) designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory and sited in Idaho, USA. The reactor started up in December 1951. In 1953 President Eisenhower proposed his "Atoms for Peace" program, which reoriented significant research effort towards electricity generation and set the course for civil nuclear energy development in the USA. In the Soviet Union, work was under way at various centres to refine existing reactor designs and develop new ones.  The Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (FEI) was set up in May 1946 at the then-closed city of Obninsk, 100 km southwest of Moscow, to develop nuclear power technology. The existing graphite-moderated channel-type plutonium production reactor was modified for heat and electricity generation and in June 1954 the world's first nuclear powered electricity generator began operation at the FEI in Obninsk. The AM-1 (Atom Mirny -- peaceful atom) reactor was water-cooled and graphite-moderated, with a design capacity of 30 MWt or 5 MWe. It was similar in principle to the plutonium production reactors in the closed military cities and served as a prototype for other graphite channel reactor designs including the Chernobyl-type RBMK (reaktor bolshoi moshchnosty kanalny -- high power channel reactor) reactors. AM-1 produced electricity until 1959 and was used until 2000 as a research facility and for the production of isotopes. Also in the 1950s FEI at Obninsk was developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) and lead-bismuth reactors for the navy. In April 1955 the BR-1 (bystry reaktor -- fast reactor) fast neutron reactor began operating. It produced no power but led directly to the BR-5 which started up in 1959 with a capacity of 5MWt which was used to do the basic research necessary for designing sodium-cooled FBRs. It was upgraded and modernised in 1973 and then underwent major reconstruction in 1983 to become the BR-10 with a capacity of 8 MWt which is now used to investigate fuel endurance, to study materials and to produce isotopes. The main US effort was under Admiral Hyman Rickover, which developed the Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) for naval (particularly submarine) use. The PWR used enriched uranium oxide fuel and was moderated and cooled by ordinary (light) water. The Mark 1 prototype naval reactor started up in March 1953 in Idaho, and the first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, was launched in 1954. In 1959 both USA and USSR launched their first nuclear-powered surface vessels. The Mark 1 reactor led to the US Atomic Energy Commission building the 60 MWe Shippingport demonstration PWR reactor in Pennsylvania, which started up in 1957 and operated until 1982. Since the USA had a virtual monopoly on uranium enrichment in the West, British development took a different tack and resulted in a series of reactors fuelled by natural uranium metal, moderated by graphite, and gas-cooled. The first of these 50 MWe Magnox types, Calder Hall-1, started up in 1956 and ran until 2003. However, after 1963 (and 26 units) no more were commenced. Britain next embraced the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (using enriched oxide fuel) before conceding the pragmatic virtues of the PWR design. Nuclear energy goes commercial In the USA, Westinghouse designed the first fully commercial PWR of 250 MWe, Yankee Rowe, which started up in 1960 and operated to 1992. Meanwhile the boiling water reactor (BWR) was developed by the Argonne National Laboratory, and the first one, Dresden-1 of 250 MWe, designed by General Electric, was started up earlier in 1960. A prototype BWR, Vallecitos, ran from 1957 to 1963. By the end of the 1960s, orders were being placed for PWR and BWR reactor units of more than 1000 MWe. Canadian reactor development headed down a quite different track, using natural uranium fuel and heavy water as a moderator and coolant. The first unit started up in 1962. This CANDU design continues to be refined. France started out with a gas-graphite design similar to Magnox and the first reactor started up in 1956. Commercial models operated from 1959. It then settled on three successive generations of standardised PWRs, which was a very cost-effective strategy. In 1964 the first two Soviet nuclear power plants were commissioned. A 100 MW boiling water graphite channel reactor began operating in Beloyarsk (Urals). In Novovoronezh (Volga region) a new design -- a small (210 MW) pressurised water reactor (PWR) known as a VVER (veda-vodyanoi energetichesky reaktor -- water cooled power reactor) was built. The first large RBMK (1,000 MW - high-power channel reactor) started up at Sosnovy Bor near Leningrad in 1973 and in the Arctic northwest a VVER with a rated capacity of 440 MW began operating. This was superseded by a 1000 MWe version which became a standard design. In Kazakhstan the world's first commercial prototype fast neutron reactor (the BN-350) started up in 1972, producing 120 MW of electricity and heat to desalinate Caspian seawater. In the USA, UK, France and Russia a number of experimental fast neutron reactors produced electricity from 1959, the last of these closing in 2009. This left Russia's BN-600 as the only commercial fast reactor. Around the world, with few exceptions, other countries have chosen light-water designs for their nuclear power programs, so that today 60% of the world capacity is PWR and 21% BWR. The nuclear power brown-out From the late 1970s to about 2002 the nuclear power industry suffered some decline and stagnation. Few new reactors were ordered, the number coming on line from mid 1980s little more than matched retirements, though capacity increased by nearly one third and output increased 60% due to capacity plus improved load factors. The share of nuclear in world electricity from mid 1980s was fairly constant at 16-17%. Many reactor orders from the 1970s were cancelled. The uranium price dropped accordingly, and also because of an increase in secondary supplies. Oil companies which had entered the uranium field bailed out, and there was a consolidation of uranium producers. However, by the late 1990s the first of the third-generation reactors was commissioned - Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 - a 1350 MWe Advanced BWR, in Japan. This was a sign of the recovery to come. Nuclear revival In the new century several factors have combined to revive the prospects for nuclear power. First is realisation of the scale of projected increased electricity demand worldwide, but particularly in rapidly-developing countries. Secondly is awareness of the importance of energy security, and thirdly is the need to limit carbon emissions due to concern about global warming. These factors coincide with the availability of a new generation of nuclear power reactors, and in 2004 the first of the late third-generation units was ordered for Finland - a 1600 MWe European PWR (EPR). A similar unit is being built France as the first of a possible full fleet replacement there, and more are planned in the UK. In the USA the 2005 Energy Policy Act provided incentives for establishing new-generation power reactors there, and the first four AP1000 reactors are under construction. But plans in Europe and North America are overshadowed by those in China, India and South Korea. China alone plans and is building towards a huge increase in nuclear power capacity by 2020, and has more than one hundred further large units proposed and backed by credible political determination and popular support. A large portion of these are the latest western design, expedited by modular construction. The history of nuclear power thus starts with science in Europe, blossoms in UK and USA with the latter's technological might, languishes for a few decades, then has a new growth spurt in east Asia. Main sources: Atomic Rise and Fall, the Australian Atomic Energy Commission 1953-1987, by Clarence Hardy, Glen Haven, 1999. Chapter 1 provides the major source for 1939-45. Radiation in Perspective, OECD NEA, 1997. Nuclear Fear, by Spencer Weart, Harvard UP, 1988. Judith Perera (Russian material).

i don't know

The Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in which American City?

The Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in which American City? The Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in which American City? Tagged With :- It looks like that was Chicago, Dixie. Here's a pic and some info regarding the founding members. "The first four Rotarians: (from left) Gustavus Loehr, Silvester Schiele, Hiram Shorey, and Paul P. Harris Courtesy of Rotary Images" Posted 1334 day(s) ago DixieRock 1333 day(s) ago Yup, Chicago correct. Thanks for the info, very interesting, I learn many new things when you post information like this, Thanks Kraven, Kravenhead 1332 day(s) ago Looks like there was one rebel in the group.... Hanky in his top pocket, and his hand in his lower pocket. Must be a trouble maker.  

Chicago

Where is the HQ of Chrysler and General Motors?

Orientation - Rotary Club of Chicago Rotary Club of Chicago FY 15/16   This manual is intended to supplement the manual “ABC’s of Rotary” and should be referenced for information about our club. WELCOME to ROTARY/One! Congratulations on your decision to join us in the world’s first service club.    Founded in 1905, ROTARY/One is the founding club of Rotary International, the premier humanitarian and service organization in the world.  We are business and community leaders who believe that we can have a positive impact in our communities and around the world through fellowship with other like-minded individuals.  By joining Rotary, you become part of a family with 1.2 million members, in 33,000 clubs, in over 200 countries.     I have been a member of Rotary since 1996, and it is my privilege to serve our club as President this year.  Like many people, I joined Rotary because I believed in its guiding principles and wanted to get to know the leaders in my community.  I am still a member almost 20 years later because the Rotarians I have met – both in my own club and from clubs around the world – have become my good friends and partners in worthy causes.   The Mission Statement for the Chicago Rotary Club (ROTARY/One) is: The mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago is to promote ethical leadership, professional success and friendship among Club members through service in our community and around the world.     Every year, the President of Rotary International selects a theme for his or her Rotary year.  This year, Rotary International President Ron Burton’s theme is “Engage Rotary, Change Lives.”  Personally, I love this theme, because in my opinion it distills into a single phrase both the challenge and the opportunity that we Rotarians face.    Our challenge is that we all have lots of things competing for our limited time and energy.  And Rotary can be a significant investment of both.  But our opportunity is that time and energy devoted to Rotary will directly and measurably change lives for the better.  And if you accept the Rotary challenge and invest real time and energy in your Rotary experience, I guarantee that one of the lives that will change will be yours.    Like any investment, the more time and energy you invest in Rotary, the more you will get out of it.  And like any good investment, you will get more out than you put in.    And that is why I encourage you to learn more about Rotary and your fellow Rotarians.  The materials in this welcome packet are a great first step.  You will find here an overview of our history, our philosophy, and our structure.  You will find descriptions of some of our projects here in Chicago and around the world.  And most importantly, you fill find ideas for ways that you can get engaged and information on who to talk to for more information.   Each of us has a unique path to, and career in, Rotary.  What you make of your Rotary experience will be up to you, but we are here to help.  If you have any questions, just ask.  Our committee chairs, our board members, our past presidents, and I are all excited to work with you.  We can’t wait to share our Rotary club with you.    ROTARY/One is the founding Club of the world’s premier international business and service organization.   ROTARY/One members are business and professional leaders who volunteer their expertise, compassion and power to improve communities at home in Chicago as well as in communities around the world.  ROTARY/One was founded in 1905 in Chicago by four businessmen for professional synergy and friendship.  Having quickly realized the power of teaming up, they began to pull their collective talents together and started solving local community problems.  Within 10 years, Rotary was on the east and west coasts and in Canada.  Today there are over 34,000 clubs and 1.2 million members around the world.     Our club website is www.rotaryone.org Our District website is www.rotarydistrict6450.org         Your club login and password, works on the district website, as well. Rotary International’s website is www.rotary.org        Rotary International President is Ron Burton (Norman, Oklahoma) Our District Governor is Nicki Scott (Naperville Sunrise) Our Club President is Pedro Cevallos Our Club President Elect is Cheryl McIntrye Our Club President Nominee is Paul McConville Our Club Secretary is Jodi Santeford Our Club Treasurer is Matt McNulty For a complete list of the Board of Directors see Appendix 1 and the Committee listings on the club’s website.   ROTARY/One is in Rotary International’s Zone 28, which includes the state of Wisconsin, North Dakota, most of Minnesota and Iowa, and parts of Northern Illinois, Nebraska, the UP of Michigan, and Ontario, Canada.    Within Zone 28, we are in District 6450.  District 6450 encompasses Chicago and generally the western suburbs extending south to about Kankakee.  District 6440 makes up the northern areas to the Wisconsin border.   Our Mission:   The mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago is to promote ethical leadership, professional success and friendship among Club members through service in our community and around the world.   Our Club:   ROTARY/One is made up of approximately 170 professional men and women who meet together to collaborate on business as well as use our collective talents and resources to make a difference in the world.  Just in this last year ROTARY/One has contributed in a meaningful way to significant Chicago community and international projects, including: •    Providing summer internships to 250 Chicago Public High School students through Job1, our signature project, now in its 109th year.  Our Job1 project is in cooperation with the City of Chicago Corporate and Kid Start Initiatives.  Job1 prepares high school students for the workplace with job skills training and substantial summer internships in city businesses and not for profits. Students who successfully complete these internships are eligible to apply and qualify for a limited number of college scholarships in amounts up to $2,500. Each student is assigned to a Rotary member to mentor him or her and act as an advocate; •    Dictionary Project.  Every year we deliver over 2,000 dictionaries to Chicago Public School 3rd graders; •    Impacting 1000+  students, teachers and family members from a school district in Thailand by enabling them to access clean water; •    Building shelters and digging water wheels in the Central Plateau of Haiti, a region particularly hard hit by the recent cholera outbreak;   Other recent projects include: Initiated a peace forum with local community and government leaders to address the rash of gun violence in Chicago; Participated in the Easter Seals Holiday Party, which provides a holiday celebration for children with autism and their families; Spearheaded a unique partnership between Loyola University, the Jessie White Tumblers, private donors, and the ROTARY/One Community Service and International Service Committees to provide scholarships to enable disadvantaged students to participate in the Loyola Rome Center’s overseas study programs in Rome, Italy; Enabled women in an economically depressed Chicago neighborhood to receive access to mammograms and education about breast cancer prevention and awareness; Supported the work of Friends for Youth (formerly Partners with Youth), which reaches out to at-risk youth, their families and their peers in Chicagoland to guide them with mentoring, job training and educational opportunities by linking them to church and community resources; Invested in the historic legacy of Rotary International by making a leadership gift toward efforts to preserve the home of ROTARY/One founder Paul Harris and his wife Jean in the South Chicago Beverly neighborhood; Supported the Cara Program’s efforts to transform the lives of homeless and impoverished individuals to help them build the life and career skills they need to find employment. Our Meetings   ROTARY/One has a variety of gatherings to foster fellowship and participation among members:  Most weeks of the year you can join us for our regular Tuesday luncheons at the Union League Club. Often (but not always, so check the online calendar) meetings falling on the first Tuesday of the month take place in the evening at a member’s business or other local institution, often in conjunction with a tour or other educational program highlighting our host for the evening. On the second and fourth Wednesday of each month, all members of ROTARY/One are welcome to attend our ROTARY/One Cosmopolitan members in a special evening meeting at O’Brien’s Pub. In addition to such special annual events as our holiday party, celebration of the birth of ROTARY/One on February 23, 1905, and our annual installation of new officers in June or July, we have frequent social events throughout the year. REGULAR TUESDAY LUNCHEONS:   Our meetings begin at 12:00 Noon on Tuesdays at the Union League Club (unless otherwise announced) Lunch costs are billed to you monthly.Because of this, you pay for lunch whether you attend or not. At 12:10 PM the President rings the bell to begin the meeting. A “thought of the day” or “words of wisdom” usually follows. Normally the President makes some announcements, then calls for 15 minutes of fellowship so that members can eat and fellowship at their tables.This is up to the current President. Once the meeting is brought to order all cell phones are to be off, or in a quiet mode. Guests are introduced and further announcements are made. Our Speaker is introduced and makes their presentation. The meeting ends at 1:30 PM. If you must leave early you should go to the speaker prior to the beginning of the meeting and introduce yourself and explain that you will be leaving early, and then leave just prior to the introduction. Please note: The Gyrator, our weekly bulletin, is usually available on the tables. ROTARY AFTER WORK:   ROTARY/One welcomes and values the participation of young professionals and leaders from all parts of the community.  In order to encourage participation by members in the early stages of their careers, we have instituted a new alternative meeting opportunity, as well as a special membership category for young professionals for whom our regular Tuesday luncheons are not practical.  Thus we have a diverse calendar with luncheon and evening meetings and events.   Our ROTARY AFTER WORK meetings are a great time for young professionals, and their more seasoned ROTARY/One colleagues, to get together to engage in business networking, hands-on community service events, fundraisers for good causes, social events, and sharing the Rotary story with others.  ROTARY AFTER WORK meetings frequently include speakers or other programs, as well as other activities.  Guests are always warmly welcomed. ROTARY/One Foundation  - Our Foundation   The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The ROTARY/One Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the ROTARY/One Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America. Background   Incorporated in the State of Illinois on January 10, 1938, the ROTARY/One Foundation’s stated object is “to dispense charity, to encourage, maintain and assist in the maintenance of educational, benevolent and charitable activities, agencies and institutions, and for the purposes above specified, to receive, manage, take hold and use real and personal property, or the proceeds thereof or income there from, by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase and invest, sell, convey, pledge and dispose of the same.” Since its inception, the ROTARY/One Foundation has given over six million dollars to support service projects of the Rotary Club of Chicago, which focus primarily on the priorities established by the Rotary International known as the six Areas if Focus – Peace and conflict prevention and resolution; disease prevention and treatment, water and sanitation, maternal and child health; basic education and literacy, and economic and community development, including:   •    Rehabilitation services for children with physical disabilities; •    scholarships for students attending Chicago area colleges and universities; •    employment opportunities for Chicago high school students; •    eradication of polio; •    life-saving or life-altering surgery for children with congenital abnormalities. Haiti Homes, Water Wells and Goats for $25,000. India Grants for $8,000 with District 3060. This is to provide 30,000 notebooks, 13,000 dictionary books and 500 bicycles for girls in 50 different villages. Additionally, 20 school benches in 50 different class rooms. Mexico-Water Tanks for Schools $5,000. Following many years of tradition, we continued our support of The Rotary Foundation program, Group Study Exchange. SOUTH AFRICA – Bicycle Empowerment Network TOGO – School Books PERU – School Equipment and Computers PERU - Peruvian American Medical Society KENYA – Vision for Kenya: Water Wells & Hospital Equipment ECUADOR – Causes for Change – Dental Care MALAWI – Water Wells with Joliet ROTARY/One joined with District 7000 and approximately a dozen clubs on the island of Puerto Rico to furnish a hospice in Old San Juan with used equipment and beds. ZIMBABWE – Vaenaevevhu, Children’s Vocational Support RUSSIA, SERBIA, and TURKEY – Open World Judges Program   The ROTARY/One Foundation has committed over $100,000 for the 2013-2014 service projects of the Rotary Club of Chicago.   Supporting the ROTARY/One Foundation   Contributions to the ROTARY/One Foundation, a qualified 501(c)(3) corporation, are tax-deductible within the limitations of the law and provide opportunities for both Rotarians and friends of the ROTARY/One Foundation to support the service projects of the Rotary Club of Chicago. Individuals can support the Foundation through contributions of cash, securities, or property. People who have access to matching giving programs are encouraged to use those to maximize their contribution. The ROTARY/One Foundation takes pride in recognizing contributions of any size. Those who give $1,000 or more (or in whose name a donation of $1,000 or more is made) are acknowledged as Chesley R. Perry Fellows. Perry, an early member of the Rotary Club of Chicago, was the first General Secretary of Rotary International and is credited by Paul Harris as “ the builder of Rotary International.”   In addition, ROTARY/One Foundation’s Legacy Award is given to individuals who commit to bequest $25,000 or more to the ROTARY/One Foundation in their will. A gift made in a person’s will is deductible from the estate in computing federal and Illinois estate taxes. Donations may also be made at any time in recognition of an individual or event, or as a memorial to a loved one, friend, or colleague.   Your initial payment of the new member proposal fees includes a $250 charge for your first donation towards your achievement as a Chesley R. Perry Fellow.   The Rotary Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation that supports the efforts of Rotary International to achieve world understanding and peace through international humanitarian, educational, and cultural exchange programs. It is supported solely by voluntary contributions from Rotarians and friends of the Foundation who share its vision of a better world.  This is, as well, a qualified 501(c)(3) corporation.   The Foundation was created in 1917 by Rotary International's sixth president, Arch C. Klumph, as an endowment fund for Rotary "to do good in the world."  The Rotary Foundation has two main streams of activity: programs and fundraising.  Fundraising directly feeds program activities. The programs of The Rotary Foundation fall into three main categories: Educational Programs, which fund Ambassadorial Scholarships and cultural exchanges; Humanitarian Programs, which fund a wide variety of grant programs to assist people in developing countries; and PolioPlus, Rotary's worldwide effort to eradicate the poliomyelitis virus.   The fundraising efforts fall into two main categories: The Annual Programs Fund, which supplies monies for the Educational and Humanitarian programs; and the Permanent Fund, which is Rotary's endowment — a fund whose principal is never spent and investment earnings are channeled into programs. The PolioPlus program is funded through a separate PolioPlus Fund — the result of an extraordinary fundraising effort in the mid-1980s when Rotarians and friends of the Foundation contributed more than $240 million to eradicate polio. SUSTAINING MEMBERS A Rotary Foundation Sustaining Member is a person who contributes $100 or more per year to the Annual Programs Fund. Without sustained support of the Annual Programs Fund, the programs of The Rotary Foundation cannot happen. With contributions of $100 from every member every year, Rotary could nearly double its efforts to help needy people the world over, supporting the continued growth of programs. In April 2001, the Council on Legislation unanimously passed a resolution approving the goal of $100 per capita by the year 2005.    EREY – Every Rotarian Every Year We recognize that financial conditions change continually and that $100 annual contribution may be beyond the reach of a member.  Our club has a “Every Rotarian – Every Year” goal to support these worthwhile ventures of Rotary.  Under EREY we ask every club member to contribute something. PAUL HARRIS FELLOWS Anyone who contributes – or in whose name is contributed – a gift of $1,000 or more to support the Rotary Foundation may become a Paul Harris Fellow. Each new Paul Harris Fellow receives a commemorative certificate, a Paul Harris Fellow pin, and a medallion. Donors are eligible for Paul Harris Fellow recognition when their cumulative giving reaches $1,000.  For additional gifts totaling $1,000 or more, a Paul Harris Fellow: • is recognized as a Multiple Paul Harris Fellow • may also choose to honor someone else as a Paul Harris Fellow with their Foundation Recognition Points, formerly called "available credit" • is eligible to receive a Multiple Paul Harris Fellow pin with additional stones. This important designation is highly respected among Rotarians. When you visit our club, the District Conference or the Global Conference, you’ll see Paul Harris Fellows wear their pins proudly.   Attendance   While you have committed to attend at least 50% of meetings, all members are expected to attend all meetings. If a member cannot make a meeting they can make up the meeting within two weeks of (before or after) the missed meeting by attending a committee meetings, Board meetings, select social events, service projects, District Assembly, District Conference,  and International Events like the International Convention (to be held in Sydney, Australia in 2014).    You can also make up a meeting at another Rotary club anywhere in the world (see the District 6450 or 6440 website for a list of nearby clubs and the time and day they regularly meet).  You can also do a make-up online by going to http://www.rotaryeclubone.org. Rotary International has developed an app for your smart phone which can assist you in finding other Rotary clubs.  There is also a complete list on the Rotary International web site.    Rotarians are expected to attend or make up at least 50% of regular club meetings.  Missed meetings may be made up at another club 14 days before or after a meeting.  Your account will be credited with $15 upon production of a make-up card from the club he or she visited. GUESTS   All members are welcome and encouraged to bring business associates, friends, or family members to our weekly meetings. Bringing a guest is encouraged.  As a member, you may bring one prospective member as a guest to a luncheon per quarter at no charge (does not accumulate).   When you invite a guest, you should be prepared to introduce them to the club during the meeting.      Rotary loses approximately ten percent of its membership every year due to members moving out of our community, life changes, passing on, or other reasons. In addition, Rotary seeks to grow because more members and more clubs directly translates to being able to do more for our community.   To achieve this growth, our club needs to find qualified people who might be interested in becoming members. Typically this is done by identifying prospective members and inviting them to lunch.  If someone is interested in joining Rotary, the sponsoring club member should have them fill out a membership application (available under Membership on our website), and they should continue to invite them every week to lunch as their guest. This gives that person a better sense of the club, and allows the club members to get to know them.   The following shall be the process by which a proposal for membership is considered: (a)      The name of a prospective regular or honorary member, proposed by an active member of the club, shall be submitted to the board in writing in a method and/or according to procedures established by the board from time to time. A transferring or former member of another club may be proposed to active membership by the former club. The proposal shall be kept confidential except as otherwise provided in this procedure. (b)      The board shall ensure that the proposal meets all the membership requirements of these bylaws and the club's constitution. (c)      The board shall approve or disapprove the proposal within 60 days of its submission, and shall notify the proposer of its decision. (d)      If the decision of the board is favorable, the prospective member shall be informed of the purposes of Rotary and of the privileges and responsibilities of membership, following which the prospective member shall be requested to sign the membership proposal form and to permit his or her name and proposed classification to be published to the club by way of the club's newsletter or website, or as otherwise reasonably determined by the board. (e)      If no written objection to the proposal, stating reasons, is received by the board from any member (other than honorary) of the club within seven (7) days following the date of first publication of information about the prospective member as set forth in subsection (d) of this section, that person, upon payment of the application fee (if not honorary membership), as prescribed in these bylaws, shall be considered to be elected to membership. If any such objection has been filed with the board, it shall vote on this matter at its next meeting. If approved despite the objection, the proposed member, upon payment of the admission fee (if not honorary membership), shall be considered to be elected to membership. (f)      Following the election, the president or his or her designee shall arrange for the new member's induction, membership card, and new member Rotary literature. In addition, the president or secretary will ensure that new member information is reported to RI, as well as assign the new member to a club project or function.   CAMPAIGNING and ADVERTISING This Club shall not endorse or recommend any candidate for public office and shall not discuss at any Club meeting the merits or demerits of any such candidate. The merits of any public question involving the social, economic, moral or physical welfare of the people may be fairly and intelligently studied and discussed before a Club meeting for the enlightenment of its members, but this Club shall not take any action endorsing or condemning any measure which is to be submitted to the vote of the people. No member of this Club shall sponsor, assist in or be a member of any organization or activity which uses the name "Rotary" and asks the support, financial or otherwise, of Club members as such, unless and until such organization or activity shall have been approved by the Board of Directors. If the Board gives its approval of such organization or activity, it shall require full and complete financial statements, at least annually, of all receipts and disbursements and reports of all the objectives, acts and operations thereof. Such approval shall be revocable by the Board at any time.  MONETARY and RELATED EXPECTATIONS   The Rotary Club of Chicago – the founding club in the worldwide Rotary movement – is a group of professional men and women committed to local and international service, each other’s personal and professional success and setting the standard for ethical leadership.   As such, we expect the following from each other…   Financial Obligations   Prompt payment of dues to support the Club’s operations. Currently, dues are $150 each month and includes Tuesday luncheons. Weekly lunches are an additional $35 for members’ guests. Members are permitted to charge weekly luncheons and other Club-related expenses to their member accounts. Members are invoiced monthly and are expected to make prompt payment.   Support of the ROTARY/One Foundation, which underwrites the service efforts of the Club. We expect that every member of the Club will make contributions to the ROTARY/One Foundation commensurate with his or her ability; and make the ROTARY/One Foundation a top priority for his or her personal philanthropy. Our hope is that each member of the Club each year becomes a Ches Perry Fellow, a designation currently awarded to any person who makes a $1,000 contribution to the ROTARY/One Foundation.   Support of The Rotary Foundation, which underwrites international service efforts coordinated by Rotary International. Again, we expect that every member of the Club will make contributions to The Rotary Foundation commensurate with his or her ability, but of at least $100 annually. Our hope is that each member of the Club becomes a Paul Harris Fellow, a designation currently awarded to any person who makes a $1,000 contribution to The Rotary Foundation.   Participation   Participation in Club activities. We expect each member to attend at least 50% of the Club’s weekly luncheon meetings in a six-month period. But in recognition of the other, pressing obligations of the men and women elected to membership in the Club, participation in other activities are considered in lieu of attendance at the weekly luncheons, including attendance at other Rotary club meetings, participation in the Club service activities, attendance at Club committee meetings and participation in Rotary District and Rotary International activities.   Participation in Club service projects. As the world’s first service club, we expect that each member of the Club not only support the Club’s service projects financially through the ROTARY/One Foundation, but actively plan and participate in the execution of those service projects. Each member of the Club chooses or is assigned to at least one committee or project task force, which is charged with the planning and coordination of those activities.   Commitment to each other’s success. As a club originally founded to facilitate business networking, we encourage members to support each other professionally. Through our weekly luncheon meetings, fellowship activities and service projects, we expect that members will develop relationships that will encourage and enable them to advance in their careers.   Facilitation of Club meetings. We expect that each member of the Club will facilitate at least one luncheon meeting annually by serving as a greeter of members and guests, invocator or similar role.   Promoting the Club. We expect each member to serve as an ambassador for our club, our activities and the Rotary movement for friends, colleagues and other personal and professional contacts. Our hope is that members will invite those people they believe to be best suited to join our Club to attend and participate in Club activities and programs, giving them the opportunity to share in our experience.   Ethical Behavior   Ethical behavior in our personal and professional lives. We expect each member to strive to set the standard for ethical behavior in his or her vocation and community.   THE ROTARY PINS   Each member is given a lapel pin to wear at our meetings and functions. In addition, each club President wears a President pin, and at the end of the term, the President is given a Past Presidents pin.  Throughout the years other pins have been given out for Paul Harris donations, bringing in new members, and other significant achievements. If you see a member wearing a pin you don’t recognize… just ask.   CLASSIFICATIONS and BADGES   As you recently joined, you will appreciate that our members wear name badges to help you feel comfortable learning so many new names.  Make sure you wear yours every week.  I know, I know, you are still awaiting you Member badge.  Apparently ROTARY/One has a standing tradition of having to wait long periods for your badge!  There is a storage box provided and a number on the back of your badge tells you what slot you should use.    One of the most confusing, non-critical, but often discussed rules is regarding classifications. The concept is simple. No club should have too many members of a single profession. Thus, no more than 10% of any club can be made up of doctors, for example. Well, that is not really true as classifications can be broken down into specialties, which would allow a club to meet the 10% rule by dividing up a profession into multiple specialties.  The concept behind classifications is to keep each club diverse in skills and experience. This strengthens the club by having a membership that can offer a variety of resources and knowledge. In turn, individuals in the club benefit by interacting with a variety of professionals.   See the Membership listing on our Website for a listing of all Members and their classifications.  Make sure to update your profile information while online!   The Four Way Test Hang around Rotarians for very long and you’ll hear the question “Does that meet the Four Way Test?”.  The Four Way Test of the things we think, say, or do. 1. Is it the TRUTH? 2. Is it FAIR to all concerned? 3. Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS? 4. Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned? ANNUAL THEMES   Each year the RI President and the District Governor offer the clubs themes for the year that can be stated in a short expression. Some past themes have been, ‘Mankind is Our Business’ , ‘Sow the Seeds of Love’, and ‘Reach Within to Embrace Humanity’. This year the RI President’s theme is “Engage Rotary, Change Lives”.   The idea behind the theme is to remind members that we have the opportunity to examine our own individual reasons for being in Rotary, what we have to offer to our clubs and what we can do to individually and collectively make a difference in the world.   ABOUT DISTRICT 6450   District 6450 encompasses Chicago and generally the western suburbs extending south to about Kankakee.  There are 62 clubs within our district.  The purpose of the district is to support clubs both strategically and educationally as well as support the interaction between Rotary International and the Club.  You may visit the District website to learn more about its function.  As well, you are encouraged to participate in District functions as this will enhance your Rotary experience.   OUR LEADERSHIP   ROTARY/One is led by a President and Board of Directors, selected from the membership, who set policy and serve for varying lengths of time.   Our PRESIDENT   A President’s term begins on July 1, and ends the following June 30. Club members should refer to the President by using her/his title and first name. He or she assumes the role of President Elect during the year prior to their term of President.   The selection process is as follows:   Election of Directors and Officers Section 1. At a regular meeting held between 30 and 60 days prior to the meeting for election of officers and directors, the presiding officer shall ask for nominations for president-nominee, secretary, treasurer and four directors all of whose terms shall commence on the first day of July next following the election. The nominations shall be presented by a nominating committee which shall be appointed by the board of directors no less than 120 days prior to the meeting for election of officers and directors. Additional nominations for any office may be submitted in writing by any active member no later than twenty-one days prior to the meeting for election of officers and directors provided such nominations specify the name of the active member being nominated and the position for which he or she is being nominated, and provided that such nominations are duly seconded in writing at the time of submission by at least 20% of the active membership as of the first day of the month in which the additional nominations are made. If no additional nominations are submitted, then those candidates nominated by the nominating committee shall be deemed elected at the meeting without the necessity of a vote. If additional nominations have been duly submitted, then nominations duly made shall be listed in alphabetical order under each office and shall be voted for at the meeting for election of officers and directors, or by ballot-by-mail prior to the meeting, provided that in the case of ballot-by-mail, members shall have the opportunity to vote during a period which lasts at least five business days and which begins at least fourteen days prior to the date of the meeting. The candidates receiving a majority of the votes shall be deemed and declared elected. The nominating committee shall be composed of 5 persons. The chairperson of the nominating committee shall be the immediate past-president or, if such person is unable or unwilling to serve, the most recent past president of the club who is able and willing to serve. Past presidents, board members and any active member of the club may serve on the nominating committee, provided they meet the eligibility requirements set forth in this paragraph. All members of the nominating committee must be active members of the club and must have been active members of the club for at least the two consecutive years immediately prior to the date of their appointment in order to be eligible to serve on the committee. No more than two members of the nominating committee may be current members of the board except that the President, President-Elect, and President-Nominee shall not be eligible to serve on the nominating committee. Anyone who has been seated on the nominating committee in any year, regardless of whether or not such person remains on the committee through the election that year, becomes ineligible for re-appointment to the nominating committee for the two immediately following elections of officers and directors. Directors shall serve two year terms, with the terms staggered such that four directors are elected each year. The candidate elected to be president nominee shall be the president nominee for the year commencing on the first day of July next following the election, and shall assume office as president-elect on the first day of July immediately following the year in which he or she serves as president nominee, and shall assume office as president on the first day of July immediately following the year in which he or she serves as president-elect. The president shall serve a period of one (1) year or until a successor has been duly elected and qualified. Section 2. Each officer and director shall be a member in good standing of this club. Section 3. The officers and directors, so elected, shall constitute the board. Section 4. A vacancy in the board or any office shall be filled by majority action of the board. Section 5. A vacancy in the position of any officer-elect or director-elect shall be filled by majority action of the board.   Our BOARD of DIRECTORS   Our club is governed by a Board of Directors that include the President, the President Elect, the Treasurer, the Secretary, and other members of the club.  Board meetings are currently held on the third Wednesday of the month at 4:30 pm.  All club members are invited to attend the Board meetings.  In addition, President Mike is currently holding telephone conferences on the second and fourth Thursdays of each month from 8 to 9 am at which all Board members or other members of the club interested in participating in discussion of issues related to the club are welcome to participate.  Contact the Secretary for dial-in and agenda information.   For a list of the current Board Members, see Appendix 1.   Our COMMITTEES   Every club member can and should on a standing club committee and/or an ad hoc committee.  Committees are established to function in one of Rotary’s Five Avenues of Service, and to assist the Board in operations necessary to the smooth functioning of the club: Standing Committees: Finance Fundraising The club President, in conjunction with the Board, determines a set of goals for each year. The President selects club members to serve as Committee Chairs. Most committees have Co-Chairs to reduce the burden on any one member from serving as Chair.  Most Co-Chairs serve for at least two years to gain the experience that comes with longer service, and the President endeavors to have at least one Co-Chair with experience at all times by staggering terms.  The President and Board also establish other committees on a temporary or long-term basis.   For a list of the current committees, see Appendix 2.   THE ROTARY OFFICE The club maintains office support through effectus, LLC.  David Phelps, long term Rotarian, serves as the club’s chief administrative officer.  The office for practical purposes is a virtual office.   Nancy Phelps manages the office and meeting reservations.  Moya Belcaster keeps all the accounting records up to date, including your member account for dues, luncheons, events, donations and other activities. Luncheon Reservations: members, guests and visiting Rotarians are asked to make a reservation in advance for Tuesday meetings and special events.  Tuesday luncheon and evening events have a 3:00 PM Monday deadline.  For most Wednesday evening meetings at O’Briens advance notice is not required. Rotary Account: upon submission of the membership proposal application the office establishes a Rotary account in your name for charging for events, guests at luncheons, etc.  As charges accumulate the office runs a transaction on your credit card or bank account, separate from the normal monthly dues that is on the 1st of each month. In addition, effectus, LLC serves as the office support for Rotary International District 6450, Inc.  

i don't know

In All In The Family, what was Archie's son-in-law's full name?

Video: Jtube: All in the Family: Archie’s Jewish Friend Be proud of your Jewish identity and Jewish name   (175) Phillip Barton (Segall), January 28, 2013 9:21 AM Why I use(d) my middle name as my last name. When I began my career in radio 65 years ago in the Sourthern "Bible Belt," I'd have never made it with my Jewish name. Even so, some anti-Semites guessed I was a Jew -- though I didn't "look" it -- and didn't want me in their house. By the time I got to the West Coast where Jews were "accepted," my middle name was hung on me, including in both my military and police employments. Now, because of Medicare, my wife and children use the family name even as I still use my middle name; it would simply be an explanatory mishmash should I change at this late date!   (174) Anonymous, January 28, 2013 4:08 AM redemption from Egypt It is said that one of the reasons that the Israelites merited redemption from the slavery in Egypt was that they retained their Jewish names while in slavery.   (173) Jerry strug, January 12, 2013 2:48 AM I was an engineer with a non Jewish sounding name. I always let it be know I was Jewish. the inevitable reaponse was " You are different" from the Other Jews. I was nmot different.   When did Stretch Cunningham die?   (171) Mort aurence, January 11, 2013 4:58 AM Perfect combination: humor and pathos Loved this one. Love for a friend surmounts all barriers. This should be repeated at leSt once a year.   (170) dave bier, January 7, 2013 2:29 PM Jewish names "A Jewish name ain't got no 'ham' in it." That's so funny I nearly wet myself laughing. Great writing, wonderful delivery.   (169) Morris Kaplan, January 7, 2013 5:35 AM A good line was taken out of this clip I saw this when it originally aired, and one line in Archie's eulogy, not included in this clip, went something like this, "I couldn't tell he was Jewish by looking at his face, and I didn't see anything else." Then there's a closeup of Edith, and after a few seconds a look on her face as though realizing what he accidentally implied.   (168) stew feigel, January 5, 2013 12:37 AM we should be able to joke with our friends, and not be so sensitive as to not be able to enjoy them.   (167) Dr. Ronald Shultz, January 4, 2013 12:04 AM Never Hide or Surrender! Always be proud of your heritage! Never hide who you are or you surrender your soul to tyrants and fools!   Jewish folks are the smartest, best business people on the planet . Tough to beatn   (164) cathy, December 31, 2012 5:04 PM thinking from the past With the internet and instant coverage in what's happening in the world, we are becoming more concerned with human rights. We will never go back to the Archie Bunker thinking.   Anonymous, January 2, 2013 4:30 PM WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN THE ARCHIE BANKERS ARE AS STRONG AS EVER   (163) Lonna Kahn, December 29, 2012 5:33 PM It's important to keep your Jewish name. It is your connection to your ancestors and your heritage. Never be ashamed to own your heritage; it is one way to fight prejudice.   (162) sultana, December 28, 2012 10:20 AM proud to be jewish. We havv paid enough to be able to say this! I don't think any other religion has had so much suffering.When i left Egypt after the Canal War and went to Italy, one of the first things I was told, "you deserve everything you got You LKILLED CHRIST!   (161) Israel Dorinbaum, December 27, 2012 5:03 PM I am proud to be Jewish we Give more to humanity than any other people in the world   (160) greene, December 27, 2012 3:20 PM many years ago, my father changed our name from Greenblatt to Greene because he felt that Greenblatt was too jewish for business purposes. I was never satisfied with his reasoning- but he grew up in another era.   (159) Anonymous, December 27, 2012 5:32 AM Yes, it is my ongoingconnectionwith my ancestors. When I adopted my grandson, it was also the first thing he requested, that his last name be changed to mine.   (158) Don Rubin, December 26, 2012 10:48 PM terrific We need more and more of these scenarios to have a look at how others may feel. It's OK to be Jewish, Catholic, Presbyterian or ???? and it's Ok to laugh at ourselves as well.   (157) Thelma, December 26, 2012 7:43 PM This showed an understand of all people. You laugh and cry with the actors, and you love them for teaching a lesson.   (156) Pasadena Bob, December 26, 2012 5:32 PM Only a consummate actor could Only a consummate actor who knew of the time could portray this skit in the program as Carrol O'Conner did in portraying the brotherhood of mankind didn't pre-select one group as good or another as bad to convey the evils of bigotry.   (155) Marjorie Rosenthal, December 26, 2012 5:06 PM A name is only a name. It's what's in your heart that counts. I never liked my last name and neither did my husband. There was no religious reason as we were both raised in a Jewish home and being Jewish was just a fact of life. However, being called Mrs. Rosenberg all the time was getting on my nerves. My husband always wanted to change our last name, but for one reason or the other, we never got around to it . At my age now, I couldn't care less. As a matter of fact, my grandson is to become a father in April and the doctor told the happy couple that it was a boy. I asked Matthew if he wanted to change his last name and he asked me why he would do that. He is a Rosenthal and his son will be a Rosenthal. So the name will live on. Sometimes. the older generation can learn a lot from their children and grandchildren.   (150) Yochannah, December 24, 2012 8:36 PM The Twists and Turns of Life This was and still is a classic.   (149) Abbey, December 24, 2012 7:58 PM tearjerking I watched this program all the time, but don't remember this episode. Made me cry. Loved "All in The Family". What a fantastic show.   (148) Bill Kay, December 24, 2012 3:59 AM One of funniest TV series ever , it was all just a joke on Bigoritry to show how redicules Bigority really is.   (147) Michael P, December 22, 2012 11:20 PM Happy that Archie said, "Shalom". A friend will always be a friend. Archie Bunker belongs to the "Ages". He was the epitome of bigotry but the writers never made you hate him. An episode like this one made me happy and sad at the same time. He wasn't a total bigot. Just an uneducated man who worked hard at keeping his family together and appreciated for being "Archie". He was the antithesis of the character portrayed by Robert Young in Father Knows Best. Glad he found out that "Stretch" was Jewish and that he ended the show by saying Shalom.. Goodbye Jerome..   (146) Joe Nodvin, December 22, 2012 8:03 PM So poignant and so true. So poignant and so true.     (144) Anonymous, December 21, 2012 5:51 PM Every Saturday night back then our family watched 'All in the Family' knowing that just about anything would be on with laughter and messages. You just couldn't help loving him despite his bigotry. And live for the first few years! [email protected]   (143) Paul Mathless, December 21, 2012 5:27 PM Archie and the JDL This fine clip reminds me of an episode in which Archie somehow gets caught up in the goings-on of the Jewish Defense League. At the end, he finds a swastika painted on his front door, which he covers up with a cloth. Pondering over the incident, Edith says, "I wonder why they call it a swastika?" Arche opens the front door, lifts up the cloth, and says, with perfect Archie logic, "Look at it. What else would you call it?"   (142) Jai, December 21, 2012 1:29 PM Archie Bunker was a spokesman for the conscience of America at a time when bigotry was still a part of that nation's "acceptable" culture. Language and identity through names are an important part of keeping culture alive ... and Archie makes the point in no uncertain way that it would have made no difference if he had known stretch was Jewish.   (141) Laura Berkowitz, December 19, 2012 3:08 PM Excellent video. Always watched Archie Bunker Very important to to know and have Jewish name.   Archie, in his way , ridiculed bigotry, and exposed it effectively.   (139) Seymour Levy, December 18, 2012 5:00 PM An honest "slice of life" A wonderful summary of todays social condition. Well expressed. I just wished that there was no laugh track attached to the audio. It seemed out of place when considering the content of the message.   (138) Anonymous, December 18, 2012 7:52 AM a great clip! isn't it amazing how Archie Bunker's dead-pan face still enthralls us after all these years? This Stretch Jerome Cunningham clip together with his segment with guest star Sammy Davis-Junior must surely two of the best Jewish-content segments from his amazing shows.   That was Archie Bunker at his best.   (136) Frank, December 17, 2012 4:22 PM keeping your identity Growing up in No Miami Beach, my father had a jewelry store in a retired Jewish and Italian neighborhood. While we were Cubans, we always passed as "Jew-bans" because we had a special connection with this nation. My father celebrated the Jewish Holidays and we always paid our respects at Jewish funerals. One of my most prized books was "Josephus, the Jewish Wars" given to me by Adam Chait. In short, my respect for the Jewish nation runs deep, as they have held onto their identity, through countless years of persecution and isolation. I can only help my nation, Cubans forced to leave the communist island, can maintain that same sense of identity and that they can one day, return to their homeland. May the good Lord continue to guide the Jewish nation!   Matt Greenberg, December 18, 2012 6:05 PM Reply to Frank Thanks Frank for those beautifully expressed thoughts. I with the same to the Cuban community, both the diaspora and on the Island. G-d willing, Castro will be gone soon and the people can live life freely.   (135) Anonymous, December 17, 2012 2:18 PM This seems like a great web site   (134) Anonymous, December 17, 2012 9:44 AM Archie Bunker was a great comedian I;m Jewish and this episode was meant to be funny. Anyone who get's offended, as some of these posted comments, state that I just read,all I have to say is where's your sense of humor. When this show began in the early 70s,they never showed this kind of stuff on TV. After 40 plus years, come on -- give me a break.   (133) GillesBbrissette, December 17, 2012 9:21 AM Archie Binker had a great heart but did not want people to know   (132) judy eichner, December 17, 2012 5:34 AM Heart rending and excellent All in the Family is still one of our favorite shows. Through Archie's 'ignorance' we all learned how to be better and more understanding people. Whenever I see it is on TV, I watch it and it never fails to make me laugh.   (131) GERI STERN, December 16, 2012 7:05 PM THE SUM OF ALL THE PARTS NOT ONLY THE NAME DEPENDS ON HOW IMPORTANT YOUR HEARITAGE IS TO YOU, TO ME IT'S PART OF ME, NOT ALL OF ME BUT SOME PEOPLE ONLY SEE THAT AND DON'T CARE TO SEE THE PERSON INSIDE, THE SUM ALL THE PARTS.   (130) Ellen, December 16, 2012 6:37 PM Proud of my Jewish name My maiden name is very Jewish. I grew up in the 50's in a very small Midwestern town where we were one of only two Jewish families. I would never consider giving up my name to hide my heritage. It's who I am.   I thank G-d for all my Jewish Friends,Draken Got.   (128) Mike, December 15, 2012 6:46 PM Great Show The show made us laugh at the wide spread mis-conceptions we have about each other and showed us how stupid racist stero types are, but we all knew Archies growing up in the 50's.   (127) jerry cooperman, December 15, 2012 1:04 PM wonderful funny and touching all in the jewish family really we need more shows like this,its so nice to laugh, as there areso many bad things happening every day to keep us from laughing..   (126) Kay, December 15, 2012 7:55 AM What's the answer? The question posed was: How important is it to keep your Jewish name? But the responses focused safely on a critique of All in the Family. The message from Archie was clearly that keeping the heritage of a name is important, no mather the ethnicity. If names have been modified by predecessors, what about changing it back to recapture the history and heritage. Above all, let friends know you are Jewish and share your values and rich history with them.   (125) Morris Mark, December 15, 2012 4:04 AM Judaism is belief in god with recognition of the history of all those who share that common belief and heritage. It is not, and should not be, defined by a person's name. It is, and should be, defined by that common belief, and recognition of the universality and equality of all living beings. Cunningham is great with me.   (124) Anonymous, December 14, 2012 9:31 PM I haver been to a lot of Jewish funerals...Never ha ve I been to on with a Chanukiah burningy candels.   Anonymous, December 16, 2012 1:31 PM Not a Chanukiah What was burning was not a Chanukah but a menorah - the symbol of the Jewish people. When you think about it it was most appropriate for it to be there for the episode. It can symbolize the tree of life. Archie, Stretch, all of us as people are part of the tree; we just may come from different branches. And, btw, Archie is a product of the twenties/thirties and not the fifties.   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:43 AM well said I agree very much . well said . we are all from one tree and all mankind is really one family and we should all act like it   You should have counted the candles.. A Hannukah menorah has 9 not 7.   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:52 AM chanukia the one in the temple built by king solomon and the one in the moveable temple that moses built in the desert had a seven candle chanukia. It certainly does represent peace as the entire temple stood for peace amongst all nations , and king solomons' name actually means "peace " in hebrew . his name is really "shlomo" which is like the word "shalom " ,......... well said by archie   (123) Karen, December 14, 2012 9:01 PM more to people This is touching. It is also a reminder that people are always deeper than they may appear.   (122) Jerry Selby, December 14, 2012 5:22 PM Shalom and God bless Shalom and God bless you, Carroll, for all of the laughs that have added to my years...   (121) Judi Pittel j, December 14, 2012 5:17 PM made me cry What's in a name? arose by any other name would still smell as sweet. so the man wrote many years ago.   (120) Brad Ashton, December 14, 2012 3:47 PM The Archie Bunker series set out to highlight the evils of bigotry, but it wound up with the reverse effect. That's because Archie's arguments against minority groups were sometimes written to be so convincing that some viewers thought he was putting forward valid points. In the end the producers tried to combat this by having a sequal series called Archie Bunker's Place. which was a restaurant he ran with a Jewish partner, actor Martin Balson. It was too late and the series didn't run because the audience wouldn't accept the dramatic change in Archie's character. As a point of interest, in the British TV series on which All In The Family was based, Alf Garnett the bigot was played by actor Warren Mitchell who is Jewish.   (119) Lou Cohen, December 14, 2012 2:29 PM Great Story I never thought of changing my name, although faced with anti- semitism during my life. Changing one's name does not change who they are. Jewish is in the soul. it can't be changed with a name change   (118) Anonymous, December 14, 2012 1:34 PM I too never saw this episode It was a wonderful episode, made me cry, nothing like the truth.   (117) Ray Arcella, December 14, 2012 1:07 PM funny and also sad Although "Strecth" came from a wonderful ancestry he chose to hide that fact because of anti-Semitism then as it is to this day. It is evident in the political sector when "our president's" words tend to favor Islam over the Judao/Christan ethic.   (116) Fran, December 14, 2012 4:19 AM This was a touching moment in the clip All In The Family was a wonderful show all those years. It fit the times that we lived.but it also depicted the TYPES of human beings on earth... Bigots,activists etc..... I bet our younger generation could relate to this show. I think they could relate to all the characters!   (115) Anonymous, December 13, 2012 10:06 PM We need more shows like All in the family.   (109) PAT, December 13, 2012 2:11 AM VERY MOVING REMINDS ME OF MY DEAR DEPARTED BROTHER YOUR UPBRINGING CAN REALLY INTERFERE WOTH YOUR OWN TRUE FEELINGS.   (108) Noah, December 12, 2012 11:00 PM Another bit of good television not around anymore I remember this show's importance in history, but I am too young to have watched it when it was on during its original run. I love M*A*S*H episodes and a number mention Jewish themes and even rituals (a soldier attempting to make Matzoh on a rock during Passover, a Korean boy with a Jewish soldier for a father needing a Bris (and thus a Rabbi), and some others too. They don't make television like this anymore in most cases.   (107) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 9:50 PM Delightful What a delightful clip. All in the Family was a wonderful show. Wish it were back in reruns.   (106) Joel, December 12, 2012 8:44 PM It brought tears to my eyes!   Anonymous, December 13, 2012 7:08 PM We always have the opportunity to grow. Thanks for this.   (105) art glass, December 12, 2012 6:20 PM saw the show thought most were were coments on life at that time   (104) E. Weber, December 12, 2012 6:17 PM Tears of laughter....Tears of sadnes.... Tears of laughter...Tears of sadness...All come from the same place in the heart.   (103) Skip Litz, December 12, 2012 5:29 PM Still enjoy Archie Bunker series There has never been such a funny yet serious show on TV and, because of political correctness, there never again will be. I catch reruns of the series whenever I can - usually late at night. Shalom, Stretch.   (102) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 7:06 AM That was great and one of the best tv show. glad I got to see this one, thanks   (101) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 6:30 AM I didn't think it was funny. It was poignant. The laughter was inappropriate.   Ron, December 12, 2012 2:07 PM It was both. Canned laughter really doesn't work for such a delicate subject but many who see the programme are not Jewish and not as sensitive to the inappropriateness. Better that THEY here the messages contained with inappropriate laughter than not at all.   Batya, December 12, 2012 6:40 PM You had to see it in context of the times. Surely the laughter was appropriate. All in the Family was a ground-breaking show, breaking all the stereotypes, an presenting what was sensitive material in a way never seen before. This episode was from January 1977. "A Jewish name ain't supposed to have no 'ham' in it," Archie says. Throughout the series, his friend, "Stretch" Cunningham, bore the brunt of many of Archie's jokes, including anti-Semitic ones. The laughter was because we were uncomfortable at being presented with these realities. Archie said if he had known that Stretch were Jewish, it wouldn't have made a difference. The uncomfortable humor was that it WOULD have made a difference. "I wouldn't have believed that Stretch was a Jew. [Afterall] he wasn't a doctor or a lawyer, in the dress business, nothing like that.... He was just like myself...," Archie eulogizes. Fact is, there was much overt anti-Semitism accepted in public. We forget from the comfort of 2012, 35 years having passed, how raw and startling this presentation was. Yes, the writing IS funny and DESERVES laughter. We can see this clearly now. At the time however, it was "pushing the envelope," a description that had been reserved for the Air Force flyers who broke the sound barrier.   Ruth Nodiff, December 13, 2012 2:25 AM The laughter made no sense. People who change their names are burying their true identity   saul, December 17, 2012 11:02 AM you are the only one   (100) Robert Axt, December 12, 2012 4:59 AM I wish we had such thoughtful scenes on the tube today. And my great-great-grandfather Gelder's mother came from parents born Cohen who changed it to Cowan.   (99) Leah Weiss, December 12, 2012 4:16 AM Wonderful!!!! ...I hope so much he, Edith and family willl be back on Wonderful....Please bring Archie, Edith ,Gloria "Meat Head " and All In The Family back on TV soon!!! t   (98) judith, December 12, 2012 3:16 AM It is important to be who you were born to be Your name is the most important thing you have in life. You may bring honor to it or shame.. keeping your Jewish name confirms that you are a member of the nation of israel.. Gd;s chosen people.Wear it proudly and bring only pride to it..   (97) OldSchoolBus, December 11, 2012 11:32 PM Producers, Directors & Writers You have to remember the time these shows were written in. I haven't looked this up but I'm sure it was taped in the early '70s. Back then those laughs you here were done with signs flashing in the studio asking to laugh or clap and since all the live TV shows let the audience in for free as they still do today people felt obligated to do what the sign said. As far as the Jewish thing goes, allot of the writers directors & producers were Jewish along with Costar Rob Reiner who was also a writer for the show.   (96) Dr. Philip J. Shapiro, December 11, 2012 7:18 PM Excellent presentation of acting skills Carroll O'Connor had more versatility as an actor than many realized at the time of these "All In the Family" series. His Archie Bunker persona was always very well played, and in this particular segment, the eulogy revealed a man who had a heart underneath his soul.   This was done in a very tasteful way.   (94) margaret rossomano, December 11, 2012 5:19 PM your name is who you are. be proud to be! ethnic jokes or slurs are dispicable.& should not be used to denigrate someone. we are all God's children.   (93) H Walsky, December 11, 2012 3:39 PM Archie's performance was one of his best; there was nothing offensive in it because, after all, the show was supposed to be a comedy. I was moved to shed a tear. The writers did an excellent job!   (92) Christi Tatum, December 11, 2012 2:17 PM Wonderful! I am so blessed to have so many Jewish friends! Love, Christi   Was this episode written by Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskoff?   (90) Manny, December 11, 2012 1:37 AM Humor at Jewish funeral I am not sure that the audience giggles and laughter was appropriate given the Jewish funeral. The writers pulling for laughs by having Edith call the Kipah a "beanie" was so unnecessary. Having Archie being unsure of which end of the coffin was the "head-end" was another laugh moment that was in poor taste. I felt that way when viewing that segment during the original series.   Anonymous, December 11, 2012 4:00 PM Laugh at life Nothing here was done in "poor taste". However a more insightful individual would appreciate how funny ignorance can be as long as it is not malicious. My gift to you, if it were in my power, would be to grant you a sense of humor.   (88) Phil Levine, December 11, 2012 12:20 AM Name change at Ellis Island My grand parents came through Ellis Island and their Russian names were changed because they spoke no English. I am proud to have the same name as my Russian-American grandfather   Irene, December 12, 2012 1:43 PM All Ellis Island name changes voluntary U.S. immigration officials admitted immigrants using passenger lists provided by ship lines. The lists were compiled at port of embarkation. No names were changed at Ellis Island. Our ancestors made conscious decisions to change their names for any number of personal reasons and at varying intervals after arrival. Many name changes were never recorded, so ask your oldest relatives if they know about your family names. See Jewish.Gen.org for more info about name changes and tracing your family's history.   stewart feigel, January 5, 2013 12:54 AM All Ellis Island name changes voluntary(not) i have been to Ellis island many times. they tell you that the names of many were changed. it was not done maliciously but for many reasons. by the way legal name changes going back to the early part of the century can be found in the civil court of NY in each county court house. anyone can look at the records   (87) Dave Solomon, December 11, 2012 12:09 AM Szielunczyk to Solomon Very thoughtful and touching performance by a great actor. My parents came to the U.S. on the last boat out of Poland in August 1939. When they were clearing immigration in NY, the folks there told them there were too many consonants and not enough vowels in their last name and Americans would have a very hard time spelling or pronouncing it. They suggested Solon or Solomon and they chose the latter. I was very proud to grow up with it as a last name and have always joked that we're distantly related to the king....which I guess is actually true. Zai gezunt!   (86) laura, December 10, 2012 10:42 PM thank you i was too young to have seen this the first time around, thanks for posting! laura, american, now in rome   (85) Bob Dugas, December 10, 2012 10:35 PM Abe Lincoln, Jewish?? I read a story about Lincoln and some compelling information that he came from a region in Wisconsin that had a large Jewish presence. I can't post all of it here but, maybe a Google serch would find it.   (84) Bryna Warren, December 10, 2012 10:24 PM Excellent. How I miss Archie, Edith, Meathead,& Gloria My husband converted to Judaism in 1969. We were together some 46 years before he died, and we always joked that he should change his name and add "stein" or" berg" to the Warren. Brought lottsa tears to my eyes, thank you.   (83) Ellie Presner, December 10, 2012 9:13 PM Very moving I think 'Archie' learned a valuable lesson, thus passing it along to his non-Jewish fans. A Jew can be a regular 'working stiff' too...not to mention a really nice guy. (Of course *we* knew that but a lot of unworldly gentiles don't!)     (80) Philip Tropea, December 10, 2012 5:59 PM During the Nazi terror, many Jews changed their names, eg those living in Italy would change their name to Roma, Messina, or Fiorenza, etc names of cities, and I understand and sympathize with that at the time. But the fascists figured that out and arrested all with similar names to cities. It was a pox on humanity. I wouldn't anglicize or change my name today because it would be disrespectful to my heritage and my family.   (79) richard terry, December 10, 2012 4:22 PM My real name is very Jewish. I was born: Sheldon M. Skolnick. I started studying for the opera in 1960. And believed my true name might be a detriment to my succeeding. I have always regretted changing my name legally.   (78) Larry Richman, December 10, 2012 2:15 PM Archie Bunker's genius was always to reveal some deep truth with a laugh.... No birth certificate came with the name Reichman, where my dad was born, but Ameri   (77) Dennis Roberts, December 9, 2012 10:16 PM Don't blame me My father came to London first after leaving Germany in the Twenties and fearing anti-eemitism, a not unrealistic fear, changed Rosenthal to Roberts. I only wish I had changed it back before I became established professionally. Not a lot of Jews named Dennis either. That one I can blame on my mother who thought some Irish singer named Deenis Day was the greatest. Oh well, in my next life . . .   (76) sondra kolker, December 9, 2012 8:45 PM I will look for more of these... This brought tears to my eyes....That is one reason I "preach" being current...any day could be our last...we need to tell those we love...that we DO!   (75) Bo Salsberg, December 9, 2012 7:37 PM Each of us was named for a reason. Important to maintain a sense of indviduality My maternal grandfather lives on in my Hebrew Name. Baruch for Benjamin became Brachah for Barbara. I am honored to have received my name as a Blessing.   (74) Anonymous, December 9, 2012 5:52 PM I laughed and then I cried. This was priceless and I could not believe that it brought tears to my eyes but id did.     Stan Marks, December 10, 2012 5:02 PM I laughed & then cried, also. My dad changed his last name from Markofsky, for business purposes. So did my Uncle Benny. Of course, many Jews had their last name shortened, by immigrant officers, at Ellis Island.   (72) Anonymous, December 8, 2012 11:05 PM My husband shotened his name when he graduated highschool becaue he felt it was too long and cumbersome and he also shortened his first name for the same reason. When he volunteered in World War II,after all papers were signed the new inductees, with hands raised ready to be sweared in, were asked, "Is this the name on your birth certificate?" One hand went down to the great annoyance of those in charge. When he was in combat, in Germany, he was summoned from his foxhole to receive important papers. Turned out his father had changed his son's name legally in case he got captured by German soldiers and they discovered he was Jewish. .   Rhonda bishop, December 18, 2012 4:27 PM Father Changed Sons name for safeties sake. This story is so heart warming. The Father so loved his Son that He changed his name, that in it's self is so beautiful. He knew that the name doesn't define the person or his heart, his safety was the only concern. How selfless, but shows the love this man had for his child.   (71) Alyse, December 8, 2012 11:02 PM Touching I cannot comment anymore, the tears are flowing too quickly. Thank you for this touching moment, and for the reminder.   (70) cHUCK wINTNER, December 8, 2012 10:46 AM Great cut. Still relevant. Maybe you should request the show's owners to run the Archie Bunker segment in theaters every Chanukah season, followed by in-theater community discussions on "Who is today's American Jew?" adding?"...and how much does Israel matter to him...or her." Possibly sponsored by Jewish organizations. Great focal point.   (69) Clel, December 8, 2012 5:26 AM Archie, the contrarian Carroll O'Conner was the one of the most tolerant persons in show business. That is why he could play the bigot and racist and always shown to be wrong. If they would only have the same type programs now, instead of the "political correct" junk. We loved Archie & All in the Family for that reason. Too bad Obama didn't watch that show!   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:55 AM indeed yes indeed , Obama could have learned a lot from the archie bunker show all in the family   (68) Anonymous, December 8, 2012 3:14 AM goes to show you people are people does it matter what religion you are.?NO Like people for what they are not for what they look like or believe in. A lsesson learned   (67) Angela M Abraham, December 8, 2012 1:38 AM I am happy to have a Jewish name, and proud to be Jewish! I cannot understand why anyone would take another name that was not Jewish, it just does not make sense! I am already on your Aish mailing list.   (66) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 10:46 PM A beautiful name I'm a gentile woman, born in 1944. When I was young I lived next door to a very old lady, a Christian peasant who had married a Jewish tailor and immigrated with him from Poland to the USA, where they had a tailor shop in the Lower East Side. When I knew her she had been a widow for a long time. She was important to me, and appeared in two deeply significant dreams. When she died her daughter (an old woman herself) came, and for the first time I heard her daughter's name: Judenfreund. This touched me so deeply that tears came to my eyes. It was clear that this made the woman uncomfortable, so I didn't ask any questions about the name. I have always tried to be a good Judenfreund myself.   to laugh is to make life a better place,to smile is pleasure.   (64) stanley Felsen, December 7, 2012 6:31 PM Elective Giiven or Surname? Surnames are derived from variable sources, some unpleasant. The choice of surname retention in a multicultural society should be general expediency of prononciation   (63) Ms Jo L Ray, December 7, 2012 6:12 PM Absouletly wonderful! I truly loved this piece and am sharing with all my people. It's so funny and at the same time sad but it sure says a lot.   (62) Richard Bennett, December 7, 2012 5:42 PM It doesn't matter. Friendship should know no race or religion. Archie was a bigot and if he had known Stretch was Jewish, he might have missed the friendship they had. Learning his friend was Jewish, I believe he realized that his life was richer for the friendship they had and with the final word, Shalom, he acknowledged his own shortcomings and gave his friend what was probably the best farewell he was capable of giving. And he knew as he left that his life was richer for that friendship and would be a little lonlier without it. Thanks to my good friend, Herb, for forwarding this to me. He keeps me grounded in what is truly important.....family, faith, and friends. Thanks again, Herb. Always, The Goy   (61) Al Aguinaga, December 7, 2012 5:36 PM Mexican Jew and honor in a name! I am Mexican with a Spanish last name, my wife is Jewish. We married and she kept her last name. I believe it is important for her to honor her family name. We just had a baby and named him Asher Berg Aguinaga. I want the world to know he has Jewish and Latin blood in his heart. Peace   (60) cc, December 7, 2012 10:10 AM name changing My father had 4 brothers. The 5 of them had different last names...for business purposes. In those days people were not as tolerant of the name Cohen.   (59) Jerry Baruch, December 7, 2012 4:34 AM The show was very touching and great my last name in Hebrew means blessed. Some people thought it was a French name. It was a blessing to see this episode again.   (58) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 2:38 AM That series was always a classic! It's hard to imagine there are still people in this world just like Archie was in the series...even with all the technilogical gadgets available to educate about all religions...Happy Channukah!   (57) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 12:48 AM Well done. Jews change their names for all kinds of reasons. I kept my non-Jewish married name after my divorce. It was shorter than my maiden-Jewish name. I have to admit I have found having a Gentile name advantageous because I have a chance to present myself as a person first before I'm a minority. I've never denied or hidden my religion, and no one has ever "slipped" and said something about Jews (at least not in my hearing). If someone said something about Jews, I'd inform them that I'm Jewish even though Reed is my last name.   hoibret, December 7, 2012 7:10 PM Interesting comment about Jewish names Your comment was quite interesting and informative about you in that you are a coward and ashamed of being a so-called quisi-Jew. You basically a the rear end of a Horse or a donkey with no brain.   Sharon, December 12, 2012 5:03 PM why?! Why be so judgmental and so hurtful?! I, too have a last name from my marriage that became my professional name. So, I'm stuck with it! But, living in Israel for most of my life, it has never been a problem. Interestingly, my son changed his name to a very Jewish one. You sound a bit Archie Bunkerish, sir!   (55) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 10:18 PM Very funny and makes you think. Occasionally, my friend will use a phrase or saying that is anti-semitic, and not be aware that it is not politically correct. I always use the occasion to educate her, and ask her not to say those things around me. Makes me wonder how many times people say similar things when Jews are not around.   (54) stewart perry, December 6, 2012 9:06 PM Very very touching. It brought damp eyes. Interesting. My name is Perry. I am a Jew. My father was brought to America from Lithuania by an uncle. Dad's name was Yakov Peretzman. He was 16, went to school for a year to learn English and when he was 17 went out to Wyoming and became a cowboy on the Wyoming Hereford Ranch. THE COWBOYS RENAMED HIM JACK PERRY. Hence my name: Stewart Perry. I was raised Jewish by my Russian Grandmother. And am very grateful to my "Bobo."   (53) Pat Knight, December 6, 2012 4:29 PM Changing names was done in the 1930,s and 40,s because of antisemitism in our Country. I married a man whose name whose father's birth name was Cohen. The father left the family and the boys decided to change their name to Knight because of the Antisemitism in the US. I had an uncle who denied he was Jewish because they would not give a Car Dealership to a Jew during the 1940's. I did not grow up with this hanging over my head. We were always proud to be Jewish. My family came from Baghdad, Iraq and by the 1950's All Jews who hadn't left were hung in the square.   Shlomo, December 12, 2012 2:00 AM non-jewish name I had an Iraqi friend in Yerushalayim named Ephraim Keli. When he was in New York. He was called Frank. frank Kelly!   (52) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 3:10 PM Very touching,but also hilarious! Clever,funny but well done. Shows bigotry with a level of humor that doesn't disguise his awkward tenderness and sadness over the loss of a friend,and also his lack of social awareness .   (51) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 2:14 PM They don't produce shows like this anymore. Wonderful I remember this one very well. It was both heart wrenching and extremely funny. This series took chances that I believe changed the face of a lot of series that came afterwards.     (49) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 3:58 AM Why oh why can we not see re-runs of the Archie Bunker Show - He was funny.   (48) Diane schoolsky, December 6, 2012 3:39 AM Be proud to be Jewish. We have a lot to be proud of Watched the show often but missed this episode. Hopefully we can all wear our heritage proudly   (47) Helene Plotkin, December 6, 2012 2:33 AM Very touching segment I used to watch All in the Family every week when i was on TV, I never saw this episode until my mother emailed it to me. I think it's a great moment and should go down as one of TV's greatest moments,   (46) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 2:08 AM and what is important in life............ we are all people.Alike ! All have a heart and a soul ,and the same feelings, our tears are the same and our joys are alike. Does it really matter what religion we are as long as we do good ?   (45) Brian Oelberg, December 6, 2012 1:57 AM Sometimes it doesn't matter My Mom's boss at Yeshiva University (in New York) used to tell the tale of how when his Grandparents came to the New World, his grandfather wanted nothing more than to fit in. They'd come from persecution and did not want to be assumed Jewish. So grandfather went through the phone book to find a "good AMERICAN name" and found page after page of one in particular, and so said "That's it!" And thus, became the Goldstiens. Now having told that tale, I have to say that my name, Oelberg, is not Jewish, though it's often assumed that it is, and it could be. My point is that all the Goldstiens out there already changed their names at some point in the past. But, (and this is the big one) as population grows, and as we as a world become more accepting of "funny names" and we crave identity rather than granpa Goldstien's anonymity I see the trend of people re-claiming their ancient family names taking over.   It was warm, funny,compassionate and totally out of character.   (43) Anonymous, December 5, 2012 8:36 PM Jewish stereotypes are clearly not true Considering the blatant disregard for copyright law shown here. Does hbo know you ripped off the sound design from their network id?   (42) Howard Bleicher, December 5, 2012 8:36 PM I can't add much to the heart felt comments above, except to say I loved that show!!!   (41) Betty Conway, December 5, 2012 7:57 PM Excellent show, definitely in keeping with exposing the not-so-subtle face of racism that good ole Archie possessed - There are many "Archie's" in our world, however I do believe there are fewer with his mind set than there used to be (at least I hope so)   it is not the least bit important   (39) Deb, December 5, 2012 3:49 PM How far have we come? Interestingly, All in the Family would never have been produced today because of its "politically incorrect" content. I think this is a convincing example of how in the last 40 years, our society has managed to go backward instead of forward. I find it very sad that the vast majority of the current TV programs are geared toward an audience of folks having a brain no larger than a pea.   William, December 6, 2012 6:51 AM You misunderstood It was thanks to the frank but necessarily satiric treatment of uncomfortable issues that All in the Family contributed to the education of the public. A result is the very "political correctness" which is so hated by conservatives but which finally taught some of the most backward that it is no longer socially acceptable to use certain words in public. An obvious example is that despite the clear racism behind more than a little of the ciriticism of our president even the dullards and bigots no longer openly use racist language.   Dvirah, December 11, 2012 1:11 PM From One Extreme to the Other Both Deb and William make good points. The problem seems to be that even "good" trends continue until they go too far and become the opposite of what they should be. Thus "political correctness" from increased sensitivity to others has become a fear of expressing any honest opinion which goes against the "socially acceptable" one. Note that the "social acceptable" opinion need not be favorable or even just (cf. Israel in the media).   (38) Judith, December 5, 2012 7:20 AM a classic This episode was a classic--funny but heartwarming as well. Carroll O'Connor is so believable as Archie Bunker that it's easy to forget he was cast (waaay) against type. Many controversial issues were addressed during the run of this show and yet the writers always managed to inject some humor without being crass or offensive. Boy, how times have changed. They don't write shows like this anymore; the 60's & 70's were great years for television. If these kinds of shows were on the air today, I would actually miss not having a TV.   (37) John-Paradox Lake, December 5, 2012 12:52 AM What NO Jews In Ireland ? God Bless Israel & Ireland the land of My birth for my best & closest friends are R&M and they have always brought laughter and sun to my darkest days it was classic BUNKER.... sent by our friends PEACE on Earth someday   This vignette is truly a classic, heart-warming and inspirational.   (35) Keren Carmel, December 4, 2012 2:23 AM Brought tears to my eyes What a national treasure we had in Carol O'Connor, a great actor and a phenomenon that can never be matched or imitated. Shalom to him too...   (34) JOE HALFON, December 4, 2012 12:01 AM i AM A SEPHARDIC JEW MY MOTHERS FAMILY IS FROM ITALY SOME OF OUR FAMILY NAMES WHERE ALGRANATI TORANTO CRESPI SUHAMI ROMANO PALERMO NOW TELL ME ARE WOULLDYOU CONSIDER THEIR NAMES AS TYPICALLY "JEWISH'   (33) Dick H, December 3, 2012 10:07 PM Truth to power...Thank you Archie! Thank you to whom ever found this and and brought it back to LIFE. In todays world, it gave decency and brotherhood a much needed perspective on life. Shalom Archie   (32) Anonymous, December 3, 2012 9:03 PM That was one of the finest scenes from "All in the Family"   (31) Shmookie of Encino, December 3, 2012 8:12 PM And, Shalom to Archie also.......Who next, will bring back a TV series that portrays messages (agreed or not agreed) of the great American 'Freedoms' we are so blessed to express in this country? "All in the Family" was a brilliant series; Depicting the 'good and bad' of human frailties...but, most of all, never 'provoked' the call for 'suicide missions' nor 'rage and revenge'! Wil the future of America hold to its past great culture and achievements? Only, time will tell!   (30) Michael H. Manning, December 3, 2012 8:10 PM It seems that it was "the content of his [Stretch's] character" not his religion that showed Archie what's important during life and relationships.   (28) Miller, December 3, 2012 3:42 PM So many Archie Bunkers, and so few Ediths Who are the Jews? Everyone...same as Who are the Blacks? Everyone, and on and on.. When everyone gets it, we will have peace. Marvin   (27) Marcia, December 3, 2012 1:09 AM I loved this one. Thanks   (26) Barry J White, December 2, 2012 10:13 PM As usual, Edith gets it right Edith said, "What's in a name.". The Hebrew name given after 30 days is the only one that really counts; the family name is just a matter of convenience. Judaism looks to what one does, not to thoughts or consequences and Archie did try to focus on something his friend did, possible add days to his life through laughter and good will and good cheer, worthy behavior.   (25) Anonymous, December 2, 2012 7:45 PM There is much truth in the wisdom of jewish humor. Read my one liner under summary.   (24) Eva Yelloz, December 2, 2012 7:06 PM Archie's goodbye to his "Jewish" friend Stretch This episode spoke volumes - although Archie loved his workmate Stretch during his lifetime, looking back, he realized that all those stereotypical feelings he had about Jews suddenly disappeared and he truly cared for the man, regardless of his religion. Archie learned from his shortcomings - that's what was beautiful about his character.     (22) leon fajnsod, December 2, 2012 1:13 PM i just loved a bunker he eas never a racist just an every day guy making a living and what a wife edith ..............rest in peace   (21) MURRAY MALISE, December 1, 2012 10:59 PM THIS IS A CLASSIC GREAT PLAY BY SOME FANTASTIC ACTORS. PEOPLE HAVE TO HAVE A OPEN MIND ABOUT THIS CHAPTER. IT IS FUNNY AND NOT RACIAL   (20) rabbi ray, December 1, 2012 5:44 PM You live on by your deeds while alive. Baal Shem Tov a Jewish scholar of old translates his name as Master of the Good Name. So true Archie and this is why I leave my legacy on you tube with my American Stew-"We are all brothers under the skin."   (19) Anonymous, December 1, 2012 5:30 PM I can't believe I never saw this episode. Thank you so much for sharing.   Don't judge by beliefs, but by actions.   (15) Jay Mandelker, November 30, 2012 3:20 PM I always loved 'All in the Family' There was never an episode which didn't make us laugh out loud, except the few, which taught us the seriousness of 'tzedaka', of getting along with one another and the idiocy of bigotry. Thank you Norman Lear (another one of us) for enlightening and educating the North American public so well for so long.   (14) R O C K Y, November 29, 2012 8:55 PM Yish ga doll va yish ka dashh shamay rabor LIFE IS TO SHORT AND BEFOR YOU KNOW IT ...IT'S G O N E .   (13) Anonymous, November 29, 2012 2:17 PM WONDERFUL ARCHIE BUNKER VIDEO TAKES ALOT TO MAKE THIS SALTY DOG TEAR UP. THIS DID IT. A BRILLIANT ACTING PERFORMANCE BY IRISH AMERICAN CARROLL O'CONNOR, OF BLESSED MEMORY. TRULY BRILLIANT. EVEN IN DEATH 'STRETCH' AND ARCHIE ARE TEACHING US ABOUT BIGOTRY AND REDEMPTION. SHALOM STRETCH , SHALOM ARCHIE. THANKS FOR THE LAUGHS.   (12) Mali Vishnevsky, November 29, 2012 2:06 PM Identity and pride for future generations It's so important to keep one's Jewish name in order to instill pride and a sense of identity both for one's children and for future generations. There are so many Jews today who would prefer to keep their true identity in the background of their lives but this just causes more confusion in their children.   I would rather hang around with liberals than you   Steve Shoenbrun, December 10, 2012 8:30 AM False dichotomy Of course that is a false dichotomy. There is no reason that a person can't be tolerant of others and appreciative of their differences, and still maintain a conservative political philosophy. In fact, political correctness is often guilty of the soft bigotry of lowered expectations.   (8) Anonymous, November 28, 2012 9:50 AM to David I think you're wrong. archie's character was an attempt at an honest portrayal of a poorly educated blue collar american in his day. Although he was filled with stereotypes and didn't hesitate to express them - something that today would be "politically incorrect" , what made him "lovable" was that he would allow himself to be enlightened to the truth (at least until the next episode). And that was one of the the great aspects of the show.   (7) Varda Eisikovich, November 28, 2012 4:48 AM What's in a name? I am at the moment in the process of doing my family tree. To all of you who changed your name it will make it impossible to add you in the family tree.   This was so heartwarming. Brought back wonderful memories.   (5) David S. Levine, November 28, 2012 12:34 AM My Favorite Episode This, along with the Sammy Davis Jr episode was my favorite episode of the "All in the Family" program. the only problem I might have with it (as well as the show in general) is that underneath it all it showed Archie as a "lovable" bigot. But G-d, how I laughed all through the 25 minutes the episode was on. What a great actor Carol O'Connor was that he could capture the "outer borough" character so well and make that show the one many discussed for the next few days after it was on television. Thanks to Aish.com for this clip!   (4) Pearl Sloane, November 28, 2012 12:09 AM Thare are many ways of expressing love! Very touching! There are many ways of expressing love!   (3) Ra'anan, November 27, 2012 10:20 PM including Archie's life was about moving from excluding "the others" to ultimately including them. No doubt that he would not have included his close friend who he'd thought was a Irish Catholic if he'd initially known he was Jewish. Archie's final "shalom" was a step in the direction of inclusion. How many Jews are afraid to use their Jewish names for fear of exclusion? Jewish names according to our tradition are really our life missions encoded & therefore certainly worthy of not only constant use, but of study. How many opportunities are lost because we've not taken the time to investigate much as Archie realized that he'd hurt his close friend w/degrading anti-Semitic jokes because he'd not investigated to find his good friend was a Jew & therefore shown him sensitivity. We have to show OURSELVES sensitivity & be at least as good as Archie, if not more.   (2) Carolyn R, November 27, 2012 6:16 PM Very touching episode! Sad but true, but with an encouraging ending. Since finding I have Jewish DNA, I see things differently. Most don't realize the pain of rejection that many go through and people have told me how they have hidden their true heritage for fear of persecution. I was never anti-Semitic before but just unaware.   (1) Melissa, November 26, 2012 2:15 PM Time and circumstance Thank you aish for choosing to run this video - a very moving acct. of a real life issue that affects everyone. People of all faiths die with secrets. Perhaps if some of the people in your professional life 'do not know your jewish name' this is not as relevant to a legacy lived in which you are remembered (hopefully) for the JOY you brought into the world. I'm going to take this example to heart with the challenges in my life. Thank you, again.  

Michael Stivic

What is the architectural style of the Radio City Music Hall in New York?

Video: Jtube: All in the Family: Archie’s Jewish Friend Be proud of your Jewish identity and Jewish name   (175) Phillip Barton (Segall), January 28, 2013 9:21 AM Why I use(d) my middle name as my last name. When I began my career in radio 65 years ago in the Sourthern "Bible Belt," I'd have never made it with my Jewish name. Even so, some anti-Semites guessed I was a Jew -- though I didn't "look" it -- and didn't want me in their house. By the time I got to the West Coast where Jews were "accepted," my middle name was hung on me, including in both my military and police employments. Now, because of Medicare, my wife and children use the family name even as I still use my middle name; it would simply be an explanatory mishmash should I change at this late date!   (174) Anonymous, January 28, 2013 4:08 AM redemption from Egypt It is said that one of the reasons that the Israelites merited redemption from the slavery in Egypt was that they retained their Jewish names while in slavery.   (173) Jerry strug, January 12, 2013 2:48 AM I was an engineer with a non Jewish sounding name. I always let it be know I was Jewish. the inevitable reaponse was " You are different" from the Other Jews. I was nmot different.   When did Stretch Cunningham die?   (171) Mort aurence, January 11, 2013 4:58 AM Perfect combination: humor and pathos Loved this one. Love for a friend surmounts all barriers. This should be repeated at leSt once a year.   (170) dave bier, January 7, 2013 2:29 PM Jewish names "A Jewish name ain't got no 'ham' in it." That's so funny I nearly wet myself laughing. Great writing, wonderful delivery.   (169) Morris Kaplan, January 7, 2013 5:35 AM A good line was taken out of this clip I saw this when it originally aired, and one line in Archie's eulogy, not included in this clip, went something like this, "I couldn't tell he was Jewish by looking at his face, and I didn't see anything else." Then there's a closeup of Edith, and after a few seconds a look on her face as though realizing what he accidentally implied.   (168) stew feigel, January 5, 2013 12:37 AM we should be able to joke with our friends, and not be so sensitive as to not be able to enjoy them.   (167) Dr. Ronald Shultz, January 4, 2013 12:04 AM Never Hide or Surrender! Always be proud of your heritage! Never hide who you are or you surrender your soul to tyrants and fools!   Jewish folks are the smartest, best business people on the planet . Tough to beatn   (164) cathy, December 31, 2012 5:04 PM thinking from the past With the internet and instant coverage in what's happening in the world, we are becoming more concerned with human rights. We will never go back to the Archie Bunker thinking.   Anonymous, January 2, 2013 4:30 PM WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN THE ARCHIE BANKERS ARE AS STRONG AS EVER   (163) Lonna Kahn, December 29, 2012 5:33 PM It's important to keep your Jewish name. It is your connection to your ancestors and your heritage. Never be ashamed to own your heritage; it is one way to fight prejudice.   (162) sultana, December 28, 2012 10:20 AM proud to be jewish. We havv paid enough to be able to say this! I don't think any other religion has had so much suffering.When i left Egypt after the Canal War and went to Italy, one of the first things I was told, "you deserve everything you got You LKILLED CHRIST!   (161) Israel Dorinbaum, December 27, 2012 5:03 PM I am proud to be Jewish we Give more to humanity than any other people in the world   (160) greene, December 27, 2012 3:20 PM many years ago, my father changed our name from Greenblatt to Greene because he felt that Greenblatt was too jewish for business purposes. I was never satisfied with his reasoning- but he grew up in another era.   (159) Anonymous, December 27, 2012 5:32 AM Yes, it is my ongoingconnectionwith my ancestors. When I adopted my grandson, it was also the first thing he requested, that his last name be changed to mine.   (158) Don Rubin, December 26, 2012 10:48 PM terrific We need more and more of these scenarios to have a look at how others may feel. It's OK to be Jewish, Catholic, Presbyterian or ???? and it's Ok to laugh at ourselves as well.   (157) Thelma, December 26, 2012 7:43 PM This showed an understand of all people. You laugh and cry with the actors, and you love them for teaching a lesson.   (156) Pasadena Bob, December 26, 2012 5:32 PM Only a consummate actor could Only a consummate actor who knew of the time could portray this skit in the program as Carrol O'Conner did in portraying the brotherhood of mankind didn't pre-select one group as good or another as bad to convey the evils of bigotry.   (155) Marjorie Rosenthal, December 26, 2012 5:06 PM A name is only a name. It's what's in your heart that counts. I never liked my last name and neither did my husband. There was no religious reason as we were both raised in a Jewish home and being Jewish was just a fact of life. However, being called Mrs. Rosenberg all the time was getting on my nerves. My husband always wanted to change our last name, but for one reason or the other, we never got around to it . At my age now, I couldn't care less. As a matter of fact, my grandson is to become a father in April and the doctor told the happy couple that it was a boy. I asked Matthew if he wanted to change his last name and he asked me why he would do that. He is a Rosenthal and his son will be a Rosenthal. So the name will live on. Sometimes. the older generation can learn a lot from their children and grandchildren.   (150) Yochannah, December 24, 2012 8:36 PM The Twists and Turns of Life This was and still is a classic.   (149) Abbey, December 24, 2012 7:58 PM tearjerking I watched this program all the time, but don't remember this episode. Made me cry. Loved "All in The Family". What a fantastic show.   (148) Bill Kay, December 24, 2012 3:59 AM One of funniest TV series ever , it was all just a joke on Bigoritry to show how redicules Bigority really is.   (147) Michael P, December 22, 2012 11:20 PM Happy that Archie said, "Shalom". A friend will always be a friend. Archie Bunker belongs to the "Ages". He was the epitome of bigotry but the writers never made you hate him. An episode like this one made me happy and sad at the same time. He wasn't a total bigot. Just an uneducated man who worked hard at keeping his family together and appreciated for being "Archie". He was the antithesis of the character portrayed by Robert Young in Father Knows Best. Glad he found out that "Stretch" was Jewish and that he ended the show by saying Shalom.. Goodbye Jerome..   (146) Joe Nodvin, December 22, 2012 8:03 PM So poignant and so true. So poignant and so true.     (144) Anonymous, December 21, 2012 5:51 PM Every Saturday night back then our family watched 'All in the Family' knowing that just about anything would be on with laughter and messages. You just couldn't help loving him despite his bigotry. And live for the first few years! [email protected]   (143) Paul Mathless, December 21, 2012 5:27 PM Archie and the JDL This fine clip reminds me of an episode in which Archie somehow gets caught up in the goings-on of the Jewish Defense League. At the end, he finds a swastika painted on his front door, which he covers up with a cloth. Pondering over the incident, Edith says, "I wonder why they call it a swastika?" Arche opens the front door, lifts up the cloth, and says, with perfect Archie logic, "Look at it. What else would you call it?"   (142) Jai, December 21, 2012 1:29 PM Archie Bunker was a spokesman for the conscience of America at a time when bigotry was still a part of that nation's "acceptable" culture. Language and identity through names are an important part of keeping culture alive ... and Archie makes the point in no uncertain way that it would have made no difference if he had known stretch was Jewish.   (141) Laura Berkowitz, December 19, 2012 3:08 PM Excellent video. Always watched Archie Bunker Very important to to know and have Jewish name.   Archie, in his way , ridiculed bigotry, and exposed it effectively.   (139) Seymour Levy, December 18, 2012 5:00 PM An honest "slice of life" A wonderful summary of todays social condition. Well expressed. I just wished that there was no laugh track attached to the audio. It seemed out of place when considering the content of the message.   (138) Anonymous, December 18, 2012 7:52 AM a great clip! isn't it amazing how Archie Bunker's dead-pan face still enthralls us after all these years? This Stretch Jerome Cunningham clip together with his segment with guest star Sammy Davis-Junior must surely two of the best Jewish-content segments from his amazing shows.   That was Archie Bunker at his best.   (136) Frank, December 17, 2012 4:22 PM keeping your identity Growing up in No Miami Beach, my father had a jewelry store in a retired Jewish and Italian neighborhood. While we were Cubans, we always passed as "Jew-bans" because we had a special connection with this nation. My father celebrated the Jewish Holidays and we always paid our respects at Jewish funerals. One of my most prized books was "Josephus, the Jewish Wars" given to me by Adam Chait. In short, my respect for the Jewish nation runs deep, as they have held onto their identity, through countless years of persecution and isolation. I can only help my nation, Cubans forced to leave the communist island, can maintain that same sense of identity and that they can one day, return to their homeland. May the good Lord continue to guide the Jewish nation!   Matt Greenberg, December 18, 2012 6:05 PM Reply to Frank Thanks Frank for those beautifully expressed thoughts. I with the same to the Cuban community, both the diaspora and on the Island. G-d willing, Castro will be gone soon and the people can live life freely.   (135) Anonymous, December 17, 2012 2:18 PM This seems like a great web site   (134) Anonymous, December 17, 2012 9:44 AM Archie Bunker was a great comedian I;m Jewish and this episode was meant to be funny. Anyone who get's offended, as some of these posted comments, state that I just read,all I have to say is where's your sense of humor. When this show began in the early 70s,they never showed this kind of stuff on TV. After 40 plus years, come on -- give me a break.   (133) GillesBbrissette, December 17, 2012 9:21 AM Archie Binker had a great heart but did not want people to know   (132) judy eichner, December 17, 2012 5:34 AM Heart rending and excellent All in the Family is still one of our favorite shows. Through Archie's 'ignorance' we all learned how to be better and more understanding people. Whenever I see it is on TV, I watch it and it never fails to make me laugh.   (131) GERI STERN, December 16, 2012 7:05 PM THE SUM OF ALL THE PARTS NOT ONLY THE NAME DEPENDS ON HOW IMPORTANT YOUR HEARITAGE IS TO YOU, TO ME IT'S PART OF ME, NOT ALL OF ME BUT SOME PEOPLE ONLY SEE THAT AND DON'T CARE TO SEE THE PERSON INSIDE, THE SUM ALL THE PARTS.   (130) Ellen, December 16, 2012 6:37 PM Proud of my Jewish name My maiden name is very Jewish. I grew up in the 50's in a very small Midwestern town where we were one of only two Jewish families. I would never consider giving up my name to hide my heritage. It's who I am.   I thank G-d for all my Jewish Friends,Draken Got.   (128) Mike, December 15, 2012 6:46 PM Great Show The show made us laugh at the wide spread mis-conceptions we have about each other and showed us how stupid racist stero types are, but we all knew Archies growing up in the 50's.   (127) jerry cooperman, December 15, 2012 1:04 PM wonderful funny and touching all in the jewish family really we need more shows like this,its so nice to laugh, as there areso many bad things happening every day to keep us from laughing..   (126) Kay, December 15, 2012 7:55 AM What's the answer? The question posed was: How important is it to keep your Jewish name? But the responses focused safely on a critique of All in the Family. The message from Archie was clearly that keeping the heritage of a name is important, no mather the ethnicity. If names have been modified by predecessors, what about changing it back to recapture the history and heritage. Above all, let friends know you are Jewish and share your values and rich history with them.   (125) Morris Mark, December 15, 2012 4:04 AM Judaism is belief in god with recognition of the history of all those who share that common belief and heritage. It is not, and should not be, defined by a person's name. It is, and should be, defined by that common belief, and recognition of the universality and equality of all living beings. Cunningham is great with me.   (124) Anonymous, December 14, 2012 9:31 PM I haver been to a lot of Jewish funerals...Never ha ve I been to on with a Chanukiah burningy candels.   Anonymous, December 16, 2012 1:31 PM Not a Chanukiah What was burning was not a Chanukah but a menorah - the symbol of the Jewish people. When you think about it it was most appropriate for it to be there for the episode. It can symbolize the tree of life. Archie, Stretch, all of us as people are part of the tree; we just may come from different branches. And, btw, Archie is a product of the twenties/thirties and not the fifties.   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:43 AM well said I agree very much . well said . we are all from one tree and all mankind is really one family and we should all act like it   You should have counted the candles.. A Hannukah menorah has 9 not 7.   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:52 AM chanukia the one in the temple built by king solomon and the one in the moveable temple that moses built in the desert had a seven candle chanukia. It certainly does represent peace as the entire temple stood for peace amongst all nations , and king solomons' name actually means "peace " in hebrew . his name is really "shlomo" which is like the word "shalom " ,......... well said by archie   (123) Karen, December 14, 2012 9:01 PM more to people This is touching. It is also a reminder that people are always deeper than they may appear.   (122) Jerry Selby, December 14, 2012 5:22 PM Shalom and God bless Shalom and God bless you, Carroll, for all of the laughs that have added to my years...   (121) Judi Pittel j, December 14, 2012 5:17 PM made me cry What's in a name? arose by any other name would still smell as sweet. so the man wrote many years ago.   (120) Brad Ashton, December 14, 2012 3:47 PM The Archie Bunker series set out to highlight the evils of bigotry, but it wound up with the reverse effect. That's because Archie's arguments against minority groups were sometimes written to be so convincing that some viewers thought he was putting forward valid points. In the end the producers tried to combat this by having a sequal series called Archie Bunker's Place. which was a restaurant he ran with a Jewish partner, actor Martin Balson. It was too late and the series didn't run because the audience wouldn't accept the dramatic change in Archie's character. As a point of interest, in the British TV series on which All In The Family was based, Alf Garnett the bigot was played by actor Warren Mitchell who is Jewish.   (119) Lou Cohen, December 14, 2012 2:29 PM Great Story I never thought of changing my name, although faced with anti- semitism during my life. Changing one's name does not change who they are. Jewish is in the soul. it can't be changed with a name change   (118) Anonymous, December 14, 2012 1:34 PM I too never saw this episode It was a wonderful episode, made me cry, nothing like the truth.   (117) Ray Arcella, December 14, 2012 1:07 PM funny and also sad Although "Strecth" came from a wonderful ancestry he chose to hide that fact because of anti-Semitism then as it is to this day. It is evident in the political sector when "our president's" words tend to favor Islam over the Judao/Christan ethic.   (116) Fran, December 14, 2012 4:19 AM This was a touching moment in the clip All In The Family was a wonderful show all those years. It fit the times that we lived.but it also depicted the TYPES of human beings on earth... Bigots,activists etc..... I bet our younger generation could relate to this show. I think they could relate to all the characters!   (115) Anonymous, December 13, 2012 10:06 PM We need more shows like All in the family.   (109) PAT, December 13, 2012 2:11 AM VERY MOVING REMINDS ME OF MY DEAR DEPARTED BROTHER YOUR UPBRINGING CAN REALLY INTERFERE WOTH YOUR OWN TRUE FEELINGS.   (108) Noah, December 12, 2012 11:00 PM Another bit of good television not around anymore I remember this show's importance in history, but I am too young to have watched it when it was on during its original run. I love M*A*S*H episodes and a number mention Jewish themes and even rituals (a soldier attempting to make Matzoh on a rock during Passover, a Korean boy with a Jewish soldier for a father needing a Bris (and thus a Rabbi), and some others too. They don't make television like this anymore in most cases.   (107) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 9:50 PM Delightful What a delightful clip. All in the Family was a wonderful show. Wish it were back in reruns.   (106) Joel, December 12, 2012 8:44 PM It brought tears to my eyes!   Anonymous, December 13, 2012 7:08 PM We always have the opportunity to grow. Thanks for this.   (105) art glass, December 12, 2012 6:20 PM saw the show thought most were were coments on life at that time   (104) E. Weber, December 12, 2012 6:17 PM Tears of laughter....Tears of sadnes.... Tears of laughter...Tears of sadness...All come from the same place in the heart.   (103) Skip Litz, December 12, 2012 5:29 PM Still enjoy Archie Bunker series There has never been such a funny yet serious show on TV and, because of political correctness, there never again will be. I catch reruns of the series whenever I can - usually late at night. Shalom, Stretch.   (102) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 7:06 AM That was great and one of the best tv show. glad I got to see this one, thanks   (101) Anonymous, December 12, 2012 6:30 AM I didn't think it was funny. It was poignant. The laughter was inappropriate.   Ron, December 12, 2012 2:07 PM It was both. Canned laughter really doesn't work for such a delicate subject but many who see the programme are not Jewish and not as sensitive to the inappropriateness. Better that THEY here the messages contained with inappropriate laughter than not at all.   Batya, December 12, 2012 6:40 PM You had to see it in context of the times. Surely the laughter was appropriate. All in the Family was a ground-breaking show, breaking all the stereotypes, an presenting what was sensitive material in a way never seen before. This episode was from January 1977. "A Jewish name ain't supposed to have no 'ham' in it," Archie says. Throughout the series, his friend, "Stretch" Cunningham, bore the brunt of many of Archie's jokes, including anti-Semitic ones. The laughter was because we were uncomfortable at being presented with these realities. Archie said if he had known that Stretch were Jewish, it wouldn't have made a difference. The uncomfortable humor was that it WOULD have made a difference. "I wouldn't have believed that Stretch was a Jew. [Afterall] he wasn't a doctor or a lawyer, in the dress business, nothing like that.... He was just like myself...," Archie eulogizes. Fact is, there was much overt anti-Semitism accepted in public. We forget from the comfort of 2012, 35 years having passed, how raw and startling this presentation was. Yes, the writing IS funny and DESERVES laughter. We can see this clearly now. At the time however, it was "pushing the envelope," a description that had been reserved for the Air Force flyers who broke the sound barrier.   Ruth Nodiff, December 13, 2012 2:25 AM The laughter made no sense. People who change their names are burying their true identity   saul, December 17, 2012 11:02 AM you are the only one   (100) Robert Axt, December 12, 2012 4:59 AM I wish we had such thoughtful scenes on the tube today. And my great-great-grandfather Gelder's mother came from parents born Cohen who changed it to Cowan.   (99) Leah Weiss, December 12, 2012 4:16 AM Wonderful!!!! ...I hope so much he, Edith and family willl be back on Wonderful....Please bring Archie, Edith ,Gloria "Meat Head " and All In The Family back on TV soon!!! t   (98) judith, December 12, 2012 3:16 AM It is important to be who you were born to be Your name is the most important thing you have in life. You may bring honor to it or shame.. keeping your Jewish name confirms that you are a member of the nation of israel.. Gd;s chosen people.Wear it proudly and bring only pride to it..   (97) OldSchoolBus, December 11, 2012 11:32 PM Producers, Directors & Writers You have to remember the time these shows were written in. I haven't looked this up but I'm sure it was taped in the early '70s. Back then those laughs you here were done with signs flashing in the studio asking to laugh or clap and since all the live TV shows let the audience in for free as they still do today people felt obligated to do what the sign said. As far as the Jewish thing goes, allot of the writers directors & producers were Jewish along with Costar Rob Reiner who was also a writer for the show.   (96) Dr. Philip J. Shapiro, December 11, 2012 7:18 PM Excellent presentation of acting skills Carroll O'Connor had more versatility as an actor than many realized at the time of these "All In the Family" series. His Archie Bunker persona was always very well played, and in this particular segment, the eulogy revealed a man who had a heart underneath his soul.   This was done in a very tasteful way.   (94) margaret rossomano, December 11, 2012 5:19 PM your name is who you are. be proud to be! ethnic jokes or slurs are dispicable.& should not be used to denigrate someone. we are all God's children.   (93) H Walsky, December 11, 2012 3:39 PM Archie's performance was one of his best; there was nothing offensive in it because, after all, the show was supposed to be a comedy. I was moved to shed a tear. The writers did an excellent job!   (92) Christi Tatum, December 11, 2012 2:17 PM Wonderful! I am so blessed to have so many Jewish friends! Love, Christi   Was this episode written by Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskoff?   (90) Manny, December 11, 2012 1:37 AM Humor at Jewish funeral I am not sure that the audience giggles and laughter was appropriate given the Jewish funeral. The writers pulling for laughs by having Edith call the Kipah a "beanie" was so unnecessary. Having Archie being unsure of which end of the coffin was the "head-end" was another laugh moment that was in poor taste. I felt that way when viewing that segment during the original series.   Anonymous, December 11, 2012 4:00 PM Laugh at life Nothing here was done in "poor taste". However a more insightful individual would appreciate how funny ignorance can be as long as it is not malicious. My gift to you, if it were in my power, would be to grant you a sense of humor.   (88) Phil Levine, December 11, 2012 12:20 AM Name change at Ellis Island My grand parents came through Ellis Island and their Russian names were changed because they spoke no English. I am proud to have the same name as my Russian-American grandfather   Irene, December 12, 2012 1:43 PM All Ellis Island name changes voluntary U.S. immigration officials admitted immigrants using passenger lists provided by ship lines. The lists were compiled at port of embarkation. No names were changed at Ellis Island. Our ancestors made conscious decisions to change their names for any number of personal reasons and at varying intervals after arrival. Many name changes were never recorded, so ask your oldest relatives if they know about your family names. See Jewish.Gen.org for more info about name changes and tracing your family's history.   stewart feigel, January 5, 2013 12:54 AM All Ellis Island name changes voluntary(not) i have been to Ellis island many times. they tell you that the names of many were changed. it was not done maliciously but for many reasons. by the way legal name changes going back to the early part of the century can be found in the civil court of NY in each county court house. anyone can look at the records   (87) Dave Solomon, December 11, 2012 12:09 AM Szielunczyk to Solomon Very thoughtful and touching performance by a great actor. My parents came to the U.S. on the last boat out of Poland in August 1939. When they were clearing immigration in NY, the folks there told them there were too many consonants and not enough vowels in their last name and Americans would have a very hard time spelling or pronouncing it. They suggested Solon or Solomon and they chose the latter. I was very proud to grow up with it as a last name and have always joked that we're distantly related to the king....which I guess is actually true. Zai gezunt!   (86) laura, December 10, 2012 10:42 PM thank you i was too young to have seen this the first time around, thanks for posting! laura, american, now in rome   (85) Bob Dugas, December 10, 2012 10:35 PM Abe Lincoln, Jewish?? I read a story about Lincoln and some compelling information that he came from a region in Wisconsin that had a large Jewish presence. I can't post all of it here but, maybe a Google serch would find it.   (84) Bryna Warren, December 10, 2012 10:24 PM Excellent. How I miss Archie, Edith, Meathead,& Gloria My husband converted to Judaism in 1969. We were together some 46 years before he died, and we always joked that he should change his name and add "stein" or" berg" to the Warren. Brought lottsa tears to my eyes, thank you.   (83) Ellie Presner, December 10, 2012 9:13 PM Very moving I think 'Archie' learned a valuable lesson, thus passing it along to his non-Jewish fans. A Jew can be a regular 'working stiff' too...not to mention a really nice guy. (Of course *we* knew that but a lot of unworldly gentiles don't!)     (80) Philip Tropea, December 10, 2012 5:59 PM During the Nazi terror, many Jews changed their names, eg those living in Italy would change their name to Roma, Messina, or Fiorenza, etc names of cities, and I understand and sympathize with that at the time. But the fascists figured that out and arrested all with similar names to cities. It was a pox on humanity. I wouldn't anglicize or change my name today because it would be disrespectful to my heritage and my family.   (79) richard terry, December 10, 2012 4:22 PM My real name is very Jewish. I was born: Sheldon M. Skolnick. I started studying for the opera in 1960. And believed my true name might be a detriment to my succeeding. I have always regretted changing my name legally.   (78) Larry Richman, December 10, 2012 2:15 PM Archie Bunker's genius was always to reveal some deep truth with a laugh.... No birth certificate came with the name Reichman, where my dad was born, but Ameri   (77) Dennis Roberts, December 9, 2012 10:16 PM Don't blame me My father came to London first after leaving Germany in the Twenties and fearing anti-eemitism, a not unrealistic fear, changed Rosenthal to Roberts. I only wish I had changed it back before I became established professionally. Not a lot of Jews named Dennis either. That one I can blame on my mother who thought some Irish singer named Deenis Day was the greatest. Oh well, in my next life . . .   (76) sondra kolker, December 9, 2012 8:45 PM I will look for more of these... This brought tears to my eyes....That is one reason I "preach" being current...any day could be our last...we need to tell those we love...that we DO!   (75) Bo Salsberg, December 9, 2012 7:37 PM Each of us was named for a reason. Important to maintain a sense of indviduality My maternal grandfather lives on in my Hebrew Name. Baruch for Benjamin became Brachah for Barbara. I am honored to have received my name as a Blessing.   (74) Anonymous, December 9, 2012 5:52 PM I laughed and then I cried. This was priceless and I could not believe that it brought tears to my eyes but id did.     Stan Marks, December 10, 2012 5:02 PM I laughed & then cried, also. My dad changed his last name from Markofsky, for business purposes. So did my Uncle Benny. Of course, many Jews had their last name shortened, by immigrant officers, at Ellis Island.   (72) Anonymous, December 8, 2012 11:05 PM My husband shotened his name when he graduated highschool becaue he felt it was too long and cumbersome and he also shortened his first name for the same reason. When he volunteered in World War II,after all papers were signed the new inductees, with hands raised ready to be sweared in, were asked, "Is this the name on your birth certificate?" One hand went down to the great annoyance of those in charge. When he was in combat, in Germany, he was summoned from his foxhole to receive important papers. Turned out his father had changed his son's name legally in case he got captured by German soldiers and they discovered he was Jewish. .   Rhonda bishop, December 18, 2012 4:27 PM Father Changed Sons name for safeties sake. This story is so heart warming. The Father so loved his Son that He changed his name, that in it's self is so beautiful. He knew that the name doesn't define the person or his heart, his safety was the only concern. How selfless, but shows the love this man had for his child.   (71) Alyse, December 8, 2012 11:02 PM Touching I cannot comment anymore, the tears are flowing too quickly. Thank you for this touching moment, and for the reminder.   (70) cHUCK wINTNER, December 8, 2012 10:46 AM Great cut. Still relevant. Maybe you should request the show's owners to run the Archie Bunker segment in theaters every Chanukah season, followed by in-theater community discussions on "Who is today's American Jew?" adding?"...and how much does Israel matter to him...or her." Possibly sponsored by Jewish organizations. Great focal point.   (69) Clel, December 8, 2012 5:26 AM Archie, the contrarian Carroll O'Conner was the one of the most tolerant persons in show business. That is why he could play the bigot and racist and always shown to be wrong. If they would only have the same type programs now, instead of the "political correct" junk. We loved Archie & All in the Family for that reason. Too bad Obama didn't watch that show!   Anonymous, September 25, 2013 2:55 AM indeed yes indeed , Obama could have learned a lot from the archie bunker show all in the family   (68) Anonymous, December 8, 2012 3:14 AM goes to show you people are people does it matter what religion you are.?NO Like people for what they are not for what they look like or believe in. A lsesson learned   (67) Angela M Abraham, December 8, 2012 1:38 AM I am happy to have a Jewish name, and proud to be Jewish! I cannot understand why anyone would take another name that was not Jewish, it just does not make sense! I am already on your Aish mailing list.   (66) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 10:46 PM A beautiful name I'm a gentile woman, born in 1944. When I was young I lived next door to a very old lady, a Christian peasant who had married a Jewish tailor and immigrated with him from Poland to the USA, where they had a tailor shop in the Lower East Side. When I knew her she had been a widow for a long time. She was important to me, and appeared in two deeply significant dreams. When she died her daughter (an old woman herself) came, and for the first time I heard her daughter's name: Judenfreund. This touched me so deeply that tears came to my eyes. It was clear that this made the woman uncomfortable, so I didn't ask any questions about the name. I have always tried to be a good Judenfreund myself.   to laugh is to make life a better place,to smile is pleasure.   (64) stanley Felsen, December 7, 2012 6:31 PM Elective Giiven or Surname? Surnames are derived from variable sources, some unpleasant. The choice of surname retention in a multicultural society should be general expediency of prononciation   (63) Ms Jo L Ray, December 7, 2012 6:12 PM Absouletly wonderful! I truly loved this piece and am sharing with all my people. It's so funny and at the same time sad but it sure says a lot.   (62) Richard Bennett, December 7, 2012 5:42 PM It doesn't matter. Friendship should know no race or religion. Archie was a bigot and if he had known Stretch was Jewish, he might have missed the friendship they had. Learning his friend was Jewish, I believe he realized that his life was richer for the friendship they had and with the final word, Shalom, he acknowledged his own shortcomings and gave his friend what was probably the best farewell he was capable of giving. And he knew as he left that his life was richer for that friendship and would be a little lonlier without it. Thanks to my good friend, Herb, for forwarding this to me. He keeps me grounded in what is truly important.....family, faith, and friends. Thanks again, Herb. Always, The Goy   (61) Al Aguinaga, December 7, 2012 5:36 PM Mexican Jew and honor in a name! I am Mexican with a Spanish last name, my wife is Jewish. We married and she kept her last name. I believe it is important for her to honor her family name. We just had a baby and named him Asher Berg Aguinaga. I want the world to know he has Jewish and Latin blood in his heart. Peace   (60) cc, December 7, 2012 10:10 AM name changing My father had 4 brothers. The 5 of them had different last names...for business purposes. In those days people were not as tolerant of the name Cohen.   (59) Jerry Baruch, December 7, 2012 4:34 AM The show was very touching and great my last name in Hebrew means blessed. Some people thought it was a French name. It was a blessing to see this episode again.   (58) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 2:38 AM That series was always a classic! It's hard to imagine there are still people in this world just like Archie was in the series...even with all the technilogical gadgets available to educate about all religions...Happy Channukah!   (57) Anonymous, December 7, 2012 12:48 AM Well done. Jews change their names for all kinds of reasons. I kept my non-Jewish married name after my divorce. It was shorter than my maiden-Jewish name. I have to admit I have found having a Gentile name advantageous because I have a chance to present myself as a person first before I'm a minority. I've never denied or hidden my religion, and no one has ever "slipped" and said something about Jews (at least not in my hearing). If someone said something about Jews, I'd inform them that I'm Jewish even though Reed is my last name.   hoibret, December 7, 2012 7:10 PM Interesting comment about Jewish names Your comment was quite interesting and informative about you in that you are a coward and ashamed of being a so-called quisi-Jew. You basically a the rear end of a Horse or a donkey with no brain.   Sharon, December 12, 2012 5:03 PM why?! Why be so judgmental and so hurtful?! I, too have a last name from my marriage that became my professional name. So, I'm stuck with it! But, living in Israel for most of my life, it has never been a problem. Interestingly, my son changed his name to a very Jewish one. You sound a bit Archie Bunkerish, sir!   (55) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 10:18 PM Very funny and makes you think. Occasionally, my friend will use a phrase or saying that is anti-semitic, and not be aware that it is not politically correct. I always use the occasion to educate her, and ask her not to say those things around me. Makes me wonder how many times people say similar things when Jews are not around.   (54) stewart perry, December 6, 2012 9:06 PM Very very touching. It brought damp eyes. Interesting. My name is Perry. I am a Jew. My father was brought to America from Lithuania by an uncle. Dad's name was Yakov Peretzman. He was 16, went to school for a year to learn English and when he was 17 went out to Wyoming and became a cowboy on the Wyoming Hereford Ranch. THE COWBOYS RENAMED HIM JACK PERRY. Hence my name: Stewart Perry. I was raised Jewish by my Russian Grandmother. And am very grateful to my "Bobo."   (53) Pat Knight, December 6, 2012 4:29 PM Changing names was done in the 1930,s and 40,s because of antisemitism in our Country. I married a man whose name whose father's birth name was Cohen. The father left the family and the boys decided to change their name to Knight because of the Antisemitism in the US. I had an uncle who denied he was Jewish because they would not give a Car Dealership to a Jew during the 1940's. I did not grow up with this hanging over my head. We were always proud to be Jewish. My family came from Baghdad, Iraq and by the 1950's All Jews who hadn't left were hung in the square.   Shlomo, December 12, 2012 2:00 AM non-jewish name I had an Iraqi friend in Yerushalayim named Ephraim Keli. When he was in New York. He was called Frank. frank Kelly!   (52) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 3:10 PM Very touching,but also hilarious! Clever,funny but well done. Shows bigotry with a level of humor that doesn't disguise his awkward tenderness and sadness over the loss of a friend,and also his lack of social awareness .   (51) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 2:14 PM They don't produce shows like this anymore. Wonderful I remember this one very well. It was both heart wrenching and extremely funny. This series took chances that I believe changed the face of a lot of series that came afterwards.     (49) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 3:58 AM Why oh why can we not see re-runs of the Archie Bunker Show - He was funny.   (48) Diane schoolsky, December 6, 2012 3:39 AM Be proud to be Jewish. We have a lot to be proud of Watched the show often but missed this episode. Hopefully we can all wear our heritage proudly   (47) Helene Plotkin, December 6, 2012 2:33 AM Very touching segment I used to watch All in the Family every week when i was on TV, I never saw this episode until my mother emailed it to me. I think it's a great moment and should go down as one of TV's greatest moments,   (46) Anonymous, December 6, 2012 2:08 AM and what is important in life............ we are all people.Alike ! All have a heart and a soul ,and the same feelings, our tears are the same and our joys are alike. Does it really matter what religion we are as long as we do good ?   (45) Brian Oelberg, December 6, 2012 1:57 AM Sometimes it doesn't matter My Mom's boss at Yeshiva University (in New York) used to tell the tale of how when his Grandparents came to the New World, his grandfather wanted nothing more than to fit in. They'd come from persecution and did not want to be assumed Jewish. So grandfather went through the phone book to find a "good AMERICAN name" and found page after page of one in particular, and so said "That's it!" And thus, became the Goldstiens. Now having told that tale, I have to say that my name, Oelberg, is not Jewish, though it's often assumed that it is, and it could be. My point is that all the Goldstiens out there already changed their names at some point in the past. But, (and this is the big one) as population grows, and as we as a world become more accepting of "funny names" and we crave identity rather than granpa Goldstien's anonymity I see the trend of people re-claiming their ancient family names taking over.   It was warm, funny,compassionate and totally out of character.   (43) Anonymous, December 5, 2012 8:36 PM Jewish stereotypes are clearly not true Considering the blatant disregard for copyright law shown here. Does hbo know you ripped off the sound design from their network id?   (42) Howard Bleicher, December 5, 2012 8:36 PM I can't add much to the heart felt comments above, except to say I loved that show!!!   (41) Betty Conway, December 5, 2012 7:57 PM Excellent show, definitely in keeping with exposing the not-so-subtle face of racism that good ole Archie possessed - There are many "Archie's" in our world, however I do believe there are fewer with his mind set than there used to be (at least I hope so)   it is not the least bit important   (39) Deb, December 5, 2012 3:49 PM How far have we come? Interestingly, All in the Family would never have been produced today because of its "politically incorrect" content. I think this is a convincing example of how in the last 40 years, our society has managed to go backward instead of forward. I find it very sad that the vast majority of the current TV programs are geared toward an audience of folks having a brain no larger than a pea.   William, December 6, 2012 6:51 AM You misunderstood It was thanks to the frank but necessarily satiric treatment of uncomfortable issues that All in the Family contributed to the education of the public. A result is the very "political correctness" which is so hated by conservatives but which finally taught some of the most backward that it is no longer socially acceptable to use certain words in public. An obvious example is that despite the clear racism behind more than a little of the ciriticism of our president even the dullards and bigots no longer openly use racist language.   Dvirah, December 11, 2012 1:11 PM From One Extreme to the Other Both Deb and William make good points. The problem seems to be that even "good" trends continue until they go too far and become the opposite of what they should be. Thus "political correctness" from increased sensitivity to others has become a fear of expressing any honest opinion which goes against the "socially acceptable" one. Note that the "social acceptable" opinion need not be favorable or even just (cf. Israel in the media).   (38) Judith, December 5, 2012 7:20 AM a classic This episode was a classic--funny but heartwarming as well. Carroll O'Connor is so believable as Archie Bunker that it's easy to forget he was cast (waaay) against type. Many controversial issues were addressed during the run of this show and yet the writers always managed to inject some humor without being crass or offensive. Boy, how times have changed. They don't write shows like this anymore; the 60's & 70's were great years for television. If these kinds of shows were on the air today, I would actually miss not having a TV.   (37) John-Paradox Lake, December 5, 2012 12:52 AM What NO Jews In Ireland ? God Bless Israel & Ireland the land of My birth for my best & closest friends are R&M and they have always brought laughter and sun to my darkest days it was classic BUNKER.... sent by our friends PEACE on Earth someday   This vignette is truly a classic, heart-warming and inspirational.   (35) Keren Carmel, December 4, 2012 2:23 AM Brought tears to my eyes What a national treasure we had in Carol O'Connor, a great actor and a phenomenon that can never be matched or imitated. Shalom to him too...   (34) JOE HALFON, December 4, 2012 12:01 AM i AM A SEPHARDIC JEW MY MOTHERS FAMILY IS FROM ITALY SOME OF OUR FAMILY NAMES WHERE ALGRANATI TORANTO CRESPI SUHAMI ROMANO PALERMO NOW TELL ME ARE WOULLDYOU CONSIDER THEIR NAMES AS TYPICALLY "JEWISH'   (33) Dick H, December 3, 2012 10:07 PM Truth to power...Thank you Archie! Thank you to whom ever found this and and brought it back to LIFE. In todays world, it gave decency and brotherhood a much needed perspective on life. Shalom Archie   (32) Anonymous, December 3, 2012 9:03 PM That was one of the finest scenes from "All in the Family"   (31) Shmookie of Encino, December 3, 2012 8:12 PM And, Shalom to Archie also.......Who next, will bring back a TV series that portrays messages (agreed or not agreed) of the great American 'Freedoms' we are so blessed to express in this country? "All in the Family" was a brilliant series; Depicting the 'good and bad' of human frailties...but, most of all, never 'provoked' the call for 'suicide missions' nor 'rage and revenge'! Wil the future of America hold to its past great culture and achievements? Only, time will tell!   (30) Michael H. Manning, December 3, 2012 8:10 PM It seems that it was "the content of his [Stretch's] character" not his religion that showed Archie what's important during life and relationships.   (28) Miller, December 3, 2012 3:42 PM So many Archie Bunkers, and so few Ediths Who are the Jews? Everyone...same as Who are the Blacks? Everyone, and on and on.. When everyone gets it, we will have peace. Marvin   (27) Marcia, December 3, 2012 1:09 AM I loved this one. Thanks   (26) Barry J White, December 2, 2012 10:13 PM As usual, Edith gets it right Edith said, "What's in a name.". The Hebrew name given after 30 days is the only one that really counts; the family name is just a matter of convenience. Judaism looks to what one does, not to thoughts or consequences and Archie did try to focus on something his friend did, possible add days to his life through laughter and good will and good cheer, worthy behavior.   (25) Anonymous, December 2, 2012 7:45 PM There is much truth in the wisdom of jewish humor. Read my one liner under summary.   (24) Eva Yelloz, December 2, 2012 7:06 PM Archie's goodbye to his "Jewish" friend Stretch This episode spoke volumes - although Archie loved his workmate Stretch during his lifetime, looking back, he realized that all those stereotypical feelings he had about Jews suddenly disappeared and he truly cared for the man, regardless of his religion. Archie learned from his shortcomings - that's what was beautiful about his character.     (22) leon fajnsod, December 2, 2012 1:13 PM i just loved a bunker he eas never a racist just an every day guy making a living and what a wife edith ..............rest in peace   (21) MURRAY MALISE, December 1, 2012 10:59 PM THIS IS A CLASSIC GREAT PLAY BY SOME FANTASTIC ACTORS. PEOPLE HAVE TO HAVE A OPEN MIND ABOUT THIS CHAPTER. IT IS FUNNY AND NOT RACIAL   (20) rabbi ray, December 1, 2012 5:44 PM You live on by your deeds while alive. Baal Shem Tov a Jewish scholar of old translates his name as Master of the Good Name. So true Archie and this is why I leave my legacy on you tube with my American Stew-"We are all brothers under the skin."   (19) Anonymous, December 1, 2012 5:30 PM I can't believe I never saw this episode. Thank you so much for sharing.   Don't judge by beliefs, but by actions.   (15) Jay Mandelker, November 30, 2012 3:20 PM I always loved 'All in the Family' There was never an episode which didn't make us laugh out loud, except the few, which taught us the seriousness of 'tzedaka', of getting along with one another and the idiocy of bigotry. Thank you Norman Lear (another one of us) for enlightening and educating the North American public so well for so long.   (14) R O C K Y, November 29, 2012 8:55 PM Yish ga doll va yish ka dashh shamay rabor LIFE IS TO SHORT AND BEFOR YOU KNOW IT ...IT'S G O N E .   (13) Anonymous, November 29, 2012 2:17 PM WONDERFUL ARCHIE BUNKER VIDEO TAKES ALOT TO MAKE THIS SALTY DOG TEAR UP. THIS DID IT. A BRILLIANT ACTING PERFORMANCE BY IRISH AMERICAN CARROLL O'CONNOR, OF BLESSED MEMORY. TRULY BRILLIANT. EVEN IN DEATH 'STRETCH' AND ARCHIE ARE TEACHING US ABOUT BIGOTRY AND REDEMPTION. SHALOM STRETCH , SHALOM ARCHIE. THANKS FOR THE LAUGHS.   (12) Mali Vishnevsky, November 29, 2012 2:06 PM Identity and pride for future generations It's so important to keep one's Jewish name in order to instill pride and a sense of identity both for one's children and for future generations. There are so many Jews today who would prefer to keep their true identity in the background of their lives but this just causes more confusion in their children.   I would rather hang around with liberals than you   Steve Shoenbrun, December 10, 2012 8:30 AM False dichotomy Of course that is a false dichotomy. There is no reason that a person can't be tolerant of others and appreciative of their differences, and still maintain a conservative political philosophy. In fact, political correctness is often guilty of the soft bigotry of lowered expectations.   (8) Anonymous, November 28, 2012 9:50 AM to David I think you're wrong. archie's character was an attempt at an honest portrayal of a poorly educated blue collar american in his day. Although he was filled with stereotypes and didn't hesitate to express them - something that today would be "politically incorrect" , what made him "lovable" was that he would allow himself to be enlightened to the truth (at least until the next episode). And that was one of the the great aspects of the show.   (7) Varda Eisikovich, November 28, 2012 4:48 AM What's in a name? I am at the moment in the process of doing my family tree. To all of you who changed your name it will make it impossible to add you in the family tree.   This was so heartwarming. Brought back wonderful memories.   (5) David S. Levine, November 28, 2012 12:34 AM My Favorite Episode This, along with the Sammy Davis Jr episode was my favorite episode of the "All in the Family" program. the only problem I might have with it (as well as the show in general) is that underneath it all it showed Archie as a "lovable" bigot. But G-d, how I laughed all through the 25 minutes the episode was on. What a great actor Carol O'Connor was that he could capture the "outer borough" character so well and make that show the one many discussed for the next few days after it was on television. Thanks to Aish.com for this clip!   (4) Pearl Sloane, November 28, 2012 12:09 AM Thare are many ways of expressing love! Very touching! There are many ways of expressing love!   (3) Ra'anan, November 27, 2012 10:20 PM including Archie's life was about moving from excluding "the others" to ultimately including them. No doubt that he would not have included his close friend who he'd thought was a Irish Catholic if he'd initially known he was Jewish. Archie's final "shalom" was a step in the direction of inclusion. How many Jews are afraid to use their Jewish names for fear of exclusion? Jewish names according to our tradition are really our life missions encoded & therefore certainly worthy of not only constant use, but of study. How many opportunities are lost because we've not taken the time to investigate much as Archie realized that he'd hurt his close friend w/degrading anti-Semitic jokes because he'd not investigated to find his good friend was a Jew & therefore shown him sensitivity. We have to show OURSELVES sensitivity & be at least as good as Archie, if not more.   (2) Carolyn R, November 27, 2012 6:16 PM Very touching episode! Sad but true, but with an encouraging ending. Since finding I have Jewish DNA, I see things differently. Most don't realize the pain of rejection that many go through and people have told me how they have hidden their true heritage for fear of persecution. I was never anti-Semitic before but just unaware.   (1) Melissa, November 26, 2012 2:15 PM Time and circumstance Thank you aish for choosing to run this video - a very moving acct. of a real life issue that affects everyone. People of all faiths die with secrets. Perhaps if some of the people in your professional life 'do not know your jewish name' this is not as relevant to a legacy lived in which you are remembered (hopefully) for the JOY you brought into the world. I'm going to take this example to heart with the challenges in my life. Thank you, again.  

i don't know

What was the debut movie of the actress born Shirley Beaty?

Shirley MacLaine - Biography - IMDb Shirley MacLaine Biography Showing all 91 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (52) | Personal Quotes  (25) | Salary  (6) Overview (3) 5' 7" (1.7 m) Mini Bio (1) Shirley MacLaine was born Shirley MacLean Beaty in Richmond, Virginia. Her mother, Kathlyn Corinne (MacLean), was a drama teacher from Nova Scotia, Canada, and her father, Ira Owens Beaty, a professor of psychology and real estate agent, was from Virginia. Her brother, Warren Beatty , was born on March 30, 1937. Her ancestry includes English and Scottish. Shirley was the tallest in her ballet classes at the Washington School of Ballet. Just after she graduated from Washington-Lee High School, she packed her bags and headed for New York. While auditioning for Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II 's "Me and Juliet", the producer kept mispronouncing her name. She then changed her name from Shirley MacLean Beaty to Shirley MacLaine. She later had a role in "The Pajama Game", as a member of the chorus and understudy to Carol Haney . A few months into the run, Shirley was going to leave the show for the lead role in "Can-Can" but ended up filling in for Haney, who had broken her ankle and could not perform. She would fill in for Carol, again, three months later, following another injury, the very night that movie producer Hal B. Wallis was in the audience. Wallis signed MacLaine to a five-year contract to Paramount Pictures. Three months later, she was off to shoot The Trouble with Harry (1955). She then took roles in Hot Spell (1958) and Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), completed not too long before her daughter, Sachi Parker (born Stephanie), was born. With Shirley's career on track, she played one of her most challenging roles: "Ginny Moorhead" in Some Came Running (1958), for which she received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. She went on to do The Sheepman (1958) and The Matchmaker (1958). In 1960, she got her second Academy Award nomination for The Apartment (1960). Three years later, she received a third nomination for Irma la Douce (1963). In 1969, she brought her friend Bob Fosse from Broadway to direct her in Sweet Charity (1969), from which she got her "signature" song, "If My Friends Could See Me Now". After a five-year hiatus, Shirley made a documentary on China called The Other Half of the Sky: A China Memoir (1975), for which she received an Oscar nomination for best documentary. In 1977, she got her fourth Best Actress Oscar nomination for The Turning Point (1977). In 1979, she worked with Peter Sellers in Being There (1979), made shortly before his death. After 20 years in the film industry, she finally took home the Best Actress Oscar for Terms of Endearment (1983). After a five-year hiatus, Shirley made Madame Sousatzka (1988), a critical and financial hit that took top prize at the Venice Film Festival. In 1989, she starred with Dolly Parton , Sally Field and Julia Roberts in Steel Magnolias (1989). She received rave reviews playing Meryl Streep 's mother in Postcards from the Edge (1990) and for Guarding Tess (1994). In 1996, she reprised her role from "Terms of Endearment" as "Aurora Greenway" in The Evening Star (1996), which didn't repeat its predecessor's success at the box office. In mid-1998, she directed Bruno (2000), which starred Alex D. Linz . In February 2001, Shirley worked with close friends once again in These Old Broads (2001), and co-starred with Julia Stiles in Carolina (2003) and with Kirstie Alley in Salem Witch Trials (2002). MacLaine as her own website which includes her own radio show and interviews, the Encounter Board, and Independent Expression, a members-only section of the site. In the past few years, Shirley starred in a CBS miniseries based on the life of cosmetics queen Mary Kay Ash -- The Battle of Mary Kay (2002), and wrote two more books, "The Camino" in 2001, and "Out On A Leash" in 2003. After taking a slight hiatus from motion pictures, Shirley returned with roles in the movies that were small, but wonderfully scene-stealing: Bewitched (2005) with Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell , In Her Shoes (2005) with Cameron Diaz and Toni Collette , in which Shirley was nominated for a Golden Globe in the best supporting actress category, and Rumor Has It... (2005) with Jennifer Aniston and Kevin Costner . Shirley completed filming of Closing the Ring (2007), directed by Sir Richard Attenborough , in 2007. Her latest book is entitled "Sage-ing While Ag-ing"; Shirley's latest film is Valentine's Day (2010), which debuted in theaters on February 12, 2010. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jennifer Obakhume [email protected] Spouse (1) ( 17 September  1954 - 9 December  1982) (divorced) (1 child) Trade Mark (3) Her trademark theme song, taken from the movie, Sweet Charity (1969), is "If My Friends Could See Me Now". It is usually the music that accompanies her when she makes entrances on talk shows. Strong-willed characters who fluctuate between endearing and abrasive Her eternally red hair Named after Shirley Temple . Led a series of weekend-long higher-self seminars in the late 1980s teaching people about her views on many aspects of New Age practices and techniques. Attended Washington-Lee H.S. in Arlington, VA. Mother of Sachi Parker with former husband Steve Parker . A frequent visitor to Houston, Texas, where she starred in Terms of Endearment (1983) and The Evening Star (1996). At each visit, she goes to Tony's Restaurant, where she orders a complete soufflé just for herself. Born at 3:57 PM EST. Sister-in-law of actress Annette Bening . Is a horse lover. Turned down the role of Diane Freeling in Poltergeist (1982) to play the Oscar-winning role of Aurora Greenway in Terms of Endearment (1983). Her childhood dinner for many years consisted of tabasco and saltine crackers (which often resulted in bad dreams--her missing the bus to ballet class). Took ballet as a child and always played the boy's role due to being the tallest in her class. As of 2009, she is only one of six performers who won a Golden Globe Award as Best Lead Actor/Actress in a Motion Picture Drama without being nominated for an Oscar for that same role (hers for Madame Sousatzka (1988)). The others are Spencer Tracy in The Actress (1953), Anthony Franciosa in Career (1959), Omar Sharif in Doctor Zhivago (1965), Jim Carrey in The Truman Show (1998) and Kate Winslet in Revolutionary Road (2008). Right before a performance of "Cinderella" with the Washington School of Ballet (she was dancing the role of the Fairy Godmother), she was warming up backstage when she broke her ankle. Instead of bowing out, she simply tied the ribbon on her toe shoes tighter and danced the role through. After the show was over, she called for an ambulance. Was close friends with the members of the Rat Pack. She starred with all of them in Ocean's 11 (1960). Other works with Rat Pack members include: Some Came Running (1958), Cannonball Run II (1984) and Can-Can (1960). Member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1967. Close friends with actress Julie Christie , who lived with Shirley's brother Warren Beatty for over a decade. Columbia originally wanted to cast her as Fanny Brice in Funny Girl (1968). However, producer Ray Stark --who produced the Broadway show and was Brice's son-in-law--insisted on Barbra Streisand repeating her Broadway role. Her performance as Aurora Greenway in Terms of Endearment (1983) is ranked #81 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. She and Barbra Streisand celebrate their joint birthday together every year. Attended the same high school, Washington-Lee High School, as Sandra Bullock . Both were also cheerleaders at the school. Her brother, Warren Beatty also attended this high school. When writing The Exorcist (1973), William Peter Blatty based the character of "Chris O'Neil" on MacLaine, who was a friend of his. Dropped out of the The Blue Bird (1976) before shooting began. Father was a professor, then a real estate agent. Mother was a teacher. About 1975, while starring in a special musical show that played at Chrysler Hall in Norfolk, VA, she walked out on the show because of the poor acoustics and sound system. Chrysler Hall was well known for this problem at the time, and Miss MacLaine was not the only performer to complain about it. Years later, the theatre closed for a while and underwent extensive renovations to improve the acoustics, thanks in part to the star's vigorously vocal objections. Friends with: Sally Field , Bea Arthur , William Peter Blatty , Debbie Reynolds , Julie Christie , Doris Roberts , Joan Collins , Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis Jr. , Dean Martin , Meryl Streep , Peter Sellers , Elizabeth Taylor , Julia Roberts , Maggie Smith , Billy Wilder , Carol Burnett , Jennifer Aniston , Geraldo Rivera , Jane Fonda , Bob Fosse , Kathy Bates and Barbra Streisand . Grandmother to Frank Murray Jr. (born 1996) and Arin Murray (born 1998); the son and daughter of her daughter Sachi Parker . In her book, "My Lucky Stars", MacLaine wrote that before production on My Geisha (1962) began, Yves Montand bet her husband, Steve Parker , that he could seduce her. Parker, whom MacLaine learned later, was having an affair at the time, took Montand up on the bet; Montand won. Will receive the American Film Institute's Life Achievement award on June 7, 2012, in Los Angeles [October 9, 2011]. In her memoir "I'm Over That And Other Confessions", she claims to have been intimate with Danny Kaye , and Robert Mitchum , among others. She told Oprah Winfrey in an April 2011 TV appearance that she was not attracted to Jack Lemmon because he was not "dangerous" and "complicated". She has English, Scottish, and distant Irish and Danish, ancestry. Release of book, "Out on a Limb". [1983] Release of the book, "Out on a Leash: Exploring the Nature of Reality and Love". [2003] Release of book, "Shirley and Warren" by James Spada . [1985] Release of the book, "My Lucky Stars: A Hollywood Memoir". [1995] Starred in Award winning British Drama Downton Abbey played Hugh Bonneville's character's Mother-In-Law. [January 2012] Filming a movie about the Mary Kay Cosmetics founder, Mary Kay Ash , in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The movie is called The Battle of Mary Kay (2002). [June 2002] Release of book, "Don't Fall Off the Mountain". [1970] Release of book, "Dancing in the Light". [1985] Completing filming for Closing the Ring (2007) in Northern Ireland and Canada. [June 2006] Release of the book, "Dance While You Can". [1991] Release of her book, "Sage-ing While Age-ing". [2007] Release of book, "You Can Get There From Here". [1975] Release of the book, "It's All in the Playing". [1987] Initially she was cast as Bonnie Parker in her brother's film 'Bonnie and Clyde'. When Warren Beatty decided to play Clyde himself, she was dropped. Recipient of Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime contribution to American culture, in Washington, DC on December 8, 2013 (telecast on Dec. 29). Fellow honorees are Billy Joel , 'Carlos Santana', Herbie Hancock and Martina Arroyo . As of 2014, has appeared in four films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: the winners Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), The Apartment (1960), Terms of Endearment (1983) and the nominated The Turning Point (1977). Was the 89th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Terms of Endearment (1983) at The 56th Annual Academy Awards (1984) on April 9, 1984. Initially she was cast as Bonnie Parker in her brother's film 'Bonnie and Clyde'. When Warren Beatty decided to play Clyde himself, she was dropped for obvious reasons. Had an open relationship with ex-husband Steve Parker . He lived in Japan with their daughter Sachi Parker , while MacLaine focused on her career. Is one of 11 actresses who won the Best Actress Oscar for a move that also won the Best Picture Oscar (she won for Terms of Endearment (1983)). The others are Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night (1934), Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld (1936), Vivien Leigh for Gone with the Wind (1939), Greer Garson for Mrs. Miniver (1942), Louise Fletcher for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Diane Keaton for Annie Hall (1977), Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Jodie Foster for The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love (1998) and Hilary Swank for Million Dollar Baby (2004). As of 2016 she is the 5th earliest surviving recipient of a Best Actress Oscar nomination, behind only Olivia de Havilland , Leslie Caron , Carroll Baker and Joanne Woodward . She was nominated in 1958 for Some Came Running (1958). Personal Quotes (25) Some people think I look like a sweet potato, I consider myself a spud with a heart of gold. It is useless to hold a person to anything he says while he's in love, drunk, or running for office. I had a video made of my recent knee operation. The doctor said it was the best movie I ever starred in. I think in my 40s, right around the time of The Turning Point (1977), that I began to address myself more to the future. See, I wasn't afraid of getting old, because I never had the problems the other actresses my age had. I was never a great beauty. I was never a sex symbol. I did, however, have great legs, because I was a dancer. But I didn't have that baggage. I wasn't interested in my stature as a star. Ever. I was just interested in good parts. [about her considering ballet as a profession) I was never good enough to be a soloist. Quatre ballet was about all I could handle. I didn't have those beautifully constructed feet [high arches, high insteps]. My extension on my left leg was pretty good, but I didn't point my foot with that grace that suggests true beauty. An actor has many lives and many people within him. I know there are lots of people inside me. No one ever said I'm dull. I can't define longevity. I don't know what it means. [New York Times interview, Oct. 16, 2005]: I regret turning down the lead role in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) which Ellen Burstyn deservedly won an Oscar for. I said to myself: "Who is this Martin Scorsese person?". [on Oscars] I love to win those things. Love it. The only part about it I don't like is the red carpet and getting a dress and walking around in high heels and holding in my stomach. I hate that. [on accepting her Oscar, 1983] I am going to cry because this show has been as long as my career! I have wondered for 26 years what this would feel like! Thank you for terminating the suspense. I'm not unaware of how I'm perceived, I just don't care about it. Unless I really hurt someone's feelings. I care about that. ...I was always a character actress and never a sex symbol. Even when I was the leading lady, I was a character actor. I've made so many movies playing a hooker that they don't pay me in the regular way anymore. They leave it on the dresser. My first few weeks in New York were an initiation into the kingdom of guts. [after being offended by David Letterman on his show] Cher was right! You are an asshole! On personal power: You are the architect of your personal experience. [on Warren Beatty ] The difference between us is sex. I can take it or leave it. But my kid brother ... well, now, he enjoys his reputation. Sex is the most important thing in his life. It's his hobby, you could say. [on Mia Farrow ] All turned in and vulnerable, a child with a highly energetic brain. From the neck up she's eighty. On mothering: If we can genuinely honor our mother and father we are not only at peace with ourselves but we can give them birth to our future. I'm very interested in how insane everybody is. That's why I write. I don't know what the norm is. The latest evaluations on human sexuality say that we are one-third monogamous, one-third serially monogamous and one-third polygamous. I would say there should be some kind of form to fill out before you promise monogamy. [on planning a scene in Downton Abbey (2010) which involved a conversation with Maggie Smith ] I told her I was going to sing it, and first she said to me, 'You know, dear, when you do that, I'm going to fall off my chair'. I said, OK. And then she said, 'No, I think not. I think I'll fall asleep'. I said, OK, that's good too. And then she said, 'No, I think I will cry'. I said, I don't know what you'd do that for, but whatever. What she did instead was flirt back. I was so surprised. I do miss the stage. There's nothing like it, nothing. When I did my one-woman show and played the Palace and played the Gershwin and all that, I did - what? - eight shows or maybe more a week. Of course you can't do anything else, and you can't run quickly for a cab in the rain, and you can't have a drunken love affair. You can't do any of that. Because you've got to be perfectly healthy. And I guess I value enjoying my life a little bit more than the discipline these days. [on Peter Sellers ] Peter had a leaking aura and these past-life incarnations would come through and that's why he could play these parts so well. He was positive he was having a sexual, a deep, erotic relationship with me, he actually thought he was! Dick Zanuck would walk into his dressing room and hear Peter doing sex talk over the phone and he would ask me, 'What is it like having a relationship with Peter Sellers?' and I said, 'He's out of his mind.' He did the same thing with Sophia Loren when they made 'The Millionairess.' Once the soul of India gets into you, it sits on your shoulder all the time. Salary (6)

The Trouble with Harry

On which river is the USA's highest concrete dam?

Shirley MacLaine | Israelian postcard by Editions de Luxe, n… | Flickr Israelian postcard by Editions de Luxe, no. 118.   American actress Shirley MacLaine (1934) is among Hollywood's most unique stars. With her auburn hair cut impishly short, she made her film debut in Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble With Harry (1955). She earned Oscar nominations for Some Came Running (1959), for Billy Wilder's The Apartment , and for Irma La Douce (1963). Later triumphs included Sweet Charity! (1969), The Turning Point (1977), Being There (1979) and Terms of Endearment (1983). And she's still going strong.   Shirley MacLaine was born Shirley MacLean Beaty in 1934 in Richmond, USA. She was the daughter of drama coach and former actress Kathlyn MacLean Beaty and Ira O. Beaty, a professor of psychology and philosophy. Her younger brother, Warren Beatty, also grew up to be an important Hollywood figure as an actor/director/producer and screenwriter. MacLaine took dance lessons from age two, first performed publicly at age four, and at 16 went to New York, making her Broadway debut as a chorus girl in Me and Juliet (1953). When not scrambling for theatrical work, MacLaine worked as a model. Her big break came in 1954, when she was understudying Broadway actress Carol Haney in The Pajama Game. Haney fractured her ankle, MacLaine replaced her and was spotted and offered a movie contract by producer Hal Wallis. Her film debut was Alfred Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble With Harry (1955). Later that year, she co-starred opposite Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis in the comedy Artists and Models (Frank Tashlin, 1955). In her next feature, Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Anderson, 1956), she appeared as an Indian princess. The film was completed not too long before her daughter, Sachi Parker (born Stephanie), was born. Father was her husband Steve Parker, whom she had married in 1954 and would divorce in 1982.   Shirley MacLaine earned her first Oscar nomination for her portrayal of a pathetic tart who shocks a conservative town by showing up on the arm of young war hero Frank Sinatra in Some Came Running (Vincente Minnelli, 1959). She then got the opportunity to show off her long legs and dancing talents in Can-Can (Walter Lang, 1960). Prior to that, she appeared in a bit part with Rat Packers Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Peter Lawford in Oceans Eleven (Lewis Milestone, 1960). MacLaine, the only female member of the famed group, would later recount her experiences with them in her seventh book My Lucky Stars. In 1960, she won her second Oscar nomination for Billy Wilder's comedy/drama The Apartment, and a third nomination for Irma La Douce (Billy Wilder, 1963), both opposite Jack Lemmon. MacLaine's career was in high gear during the '60s, with her appearing in everything from dramas to madcap comedies to musicals such as What a Way to Go! (J. Lee Thompson, 1964) and Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity! (1969). In addition to her screen work, she actively participated in Robert Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign and served as a Democratic Convention delegate. She was similarly involved in George McGovern's 1972 campaign.   Bored by sitting around on movie sets all day awaiting her scenes, Shirley MacLaine started writing down her thoughts and was thus inspired to add writing to her list of talents. She published her first book, Don't Fall Off the Mountain in 1970. She next tried her hand at series television in 1971, starring in the comedy Shirley's World (1971-72) as a globe-trotting photographer. The role reflected her real-life reputation as a world traveller, and these experiences resulted in her second book Don't Fall Off the Mountain and the documentary The Other Half of the Sky -- A China Memoir (1975) which she scripted, produced and co-directed with Claudia Weill. MacLaine returned to Broadway in 1976 with a spectacular one-woman show A Gypsy in My Soul, and the following year entered a new phase in her career playing a middle-aged former ballerina who regrets leaving dance to live a middle-class life in The Turning Point (Herbert Ross, 1977). It meant her fourth Best Actress Oscar nomination. MacLaine was also memorable starring as a lonely political wife opposite Peter Sellers' simple-minded gardener in Being There (Hal Asby, 1979), but did not again attract too much attention until she played the over-protective, eccentric widow Aurora Greenway in Terms of Endearment (James L. Brooks, 1983). After 20 years in the film industry, she finally took home the Best Actress Oscar for this role. In 1983, she also published the candid Out on a Limb, bravely risking public ridicule by describing her experiences and theories concerning out-of-body travel and reincarnation.   Shirley MacLaine's film appearances were sporadic through the mid '80s, although she did appear in a few television specials. In 1988, she came back strong with three great roles in Madame Sousatzka (John Schlesinger, 1988), Steel Magnolias (Herbert Ross, 1989) and particularly Postcards from the Edge (Mike Nichols, 1990), in which she played a fading star clinging to her own career while helping her daughter (Meryl Streep), a drug addicted, self-destructive actress. Through the '90s, MacLaine specialized in playing rather crusty and strong-willed eccentrics, such as her title character in the comedy Guarding Tess (Hugh Wilson, 1994). In 1997, MacLaine stole scenes as a wise grande dame who helps pregnant, homeless Ricki Lake in Mrs. Winterbourne (Richard Benjamin, 1997), and the same year revived Aurora Greenway in The Evening Star (Robert Harling, 1997), the critically maligned sequel to Terms of Endearment. MacLaine's onscreen performances were few and far between in the first half of the next decade, but in 2005 she returned in relatively full force, appearing in three features. She took on a pair of grandmother roles in the comedy-dramas In Her Shoes (Curtis Hanson, 2005) and Rumor Has It... (Rob Reiner, 2005), and was a perfect fit for the part of Endora in the bigscreen take on the classic sitcom Bewitched (Nora Ephron, 2005). In the coming years, McLaine would continue to give critically acclaimed performances in movies like Coco Chanel (Christian Duguay, 2008), Valentine's Day, (Garry Marshall, 2010) and Bernie (Richard Linklater, 2011). For a long time, MacLaine did seminars on her books, but in the mid '90s stopped giving talks, claiming she did not want "to be anyone's guru." She does, however, continue writing and remains a popular writer. For 2015, four new films with her are announced or in pre-production.   Sources: AllMovie, Wikipedia and IMDb. Done

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In square miles, how big is lake Superior?

How Big is Lake Superior? - Lake Superior Magazine Expand Lake Superior vs. East Coast Steve Colman, now retired from the University of Minnesota Duluth's Large Lakes Observatory, uses this comparison with the U.S. East Coast to explain the size of the Big Lake. Raising Lake Superior's level by a single inch requires 551 billion gallons of water, but even that enormous sum is a mere drop in the Big Lake bucket. It's the world's largest freshwater lake by surface area – 31,700 square miles (82,100 square kilometres), or roughly the size of Maine – and holds 10 percent of the world's surface fresh water. (By volume, it's the third largest, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.) Lake Superior's 3 quadrillion gallons are enough to cover both North and South America under a foot of water. Here's another (preposterous) way to think about it: Downing half a gallon of water daily, it would take you 16.4 trillion years to drink Lake Superior. Or the entire world population of 7 billion people, each person drinking half a gallon per day, could together polish off Lake Superior in 2,348 years. The Big Lake holds as much water as all of the other Great Lakes combined plus three more Lake Eries. To reach its deepest point, you'd need to descend 1,276 feet – about the distance of a ride down from the top floor of Chicago's 108-story Willis Tower. Lake Superior is so large and so deep that its retention time – about how long an average drop of water remains in the Lake – is 191 years. For Lake Michigan it's 99 years, Huron 22, Ontario 6 and Erie just 2.6 years. No wonder ours is called Superior. × Expand Superior Volume Lake Superior has as much water as the rest of the Great Lakes combined – plus three more Lake Eries. More facts

31700

Near which town were there reports of a space ship landing on the 4th July 1947?

Largest Lake in the World - Largest in the United States Largest Lake in the World & Largest Lake in the United States Caspian Sea map: Map of the Caspian Sea - World's largest landlocked water body (by surface area). Image by CIA. Which Lake is the World's Largest? There are a few different ways to define the world's largest lake. Are you interested in the lake with the largest surface area? Or, the lake with the greatest water volume? And, do you want to consider saltwater seas in your comparison? "Which lake is the world's largest?" is not a simple question to answer. So, we will explore the question from a few different perspectives. World's Largest Lake (by volume): Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake in terms of volume. It contains about 5,521 cubic miles of water (23,013 cubic kilometers), or approximately 20% of Earth's fresh surface water. This is a volume of water approximately equivalent to all five of the North American Great Lakes combined. While Lake Baikal is extremely deep, its surface area is only about 12,248 square miles (31,722 square kilometers), putting it in seventh place worldwide in terms of surface area. Lake Baikal map: Map of Lake Baikal - World's largest freshwater lake (by volume). Image by CIA. World's Largest Lake (by surface area): The salty Caspian Sea has the greatest surface area of any lake at 143,200 square miles (370,886 square kilometers). Lake Superior, on the United States/Canada border, is the named freshwater lake with the greatest surface area at 31,700 square miles (82,103 square kilometers). However, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron can technically be considered a single lake because they both have the same surface elevation and they are connected by the Mackinac Strait (which is not a river because the water does not have a consistent flow direction). So, Lake Michigan-Huron could be considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It has a total surface area of 45,410 square miles (117,611 square kilometers), which is significantly larger than Lake Superior. The total water volume in Lake Michigan-Huron, at 2,026 cubic miles (8,443 cubic kilometers), is much smaller than the volume of Lake Baikal. Great Lakes map: Map of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan-Huron - World's largest freshwater lakes (by surface area). Image by CIA. Largest Lake in the United States (by volume): The largest lake in the United States on the basis of water volume is Lake Superior with a volume of 2,904 cubic miles (12,104 cubic kilometers). Largest Lake in the United States (by surface area): Lake Superior is the single named lake with the largest surface area in the United States at 31,700 square miles (82,103 square kilometers). However, as mentioned above, if you consider Lake Michigan and Lake Huron as a single lake, then Lake Michigan-Huron has the largest surface area at 45,410 square miles (117,611 square kilometers).

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Where was the World Fair held in 1903?

St. Louis world's fair - Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress) Jump to: Sample Articles Important Dates: 1901. Planning and construction for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition begins. President McKinley issues a proclamation inviting the international community to participate. 1902. Although Exposition organizers had planned for a 1903 opening, it is delayed to 1904 to complete the preparations for what would be the largest ever World’s Fair. April 30, 1903. The Dedication ceremonies commemorating the centennial of the signing of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty are held, though the Exposition will not officially open for another year. April 30, 1904. The official opening day of the Fair – both President Roosevelt and Secretary of War William Howard Taft participated in the opening ceremonies. December 1, 1904. Closing night of the Fair. Suggested Search Strategies: [Try the following terms in combination, proximity, or as phrases using Search Pages in Chronicling America.] St. Louis World’s Fair, 1904 World’s Fair, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the “Pike” To narrow your results, search between 1899 and 1905. To find articles relating to specific events related to the Fair include additional terms in search. Ex. When searching for articles about the opening of the Fair, including opening or opening day in search terms. Sample Articles from Chronicling America: " National Comission Goes Over Fair Site ," St. Louis Republic (St. Louis, MO), June 27, 1901, Page 1, Image 1, col. 3. " President McKinley Issues World's Fair Proclamation ," St. Louis Republic (St. Louis, MO), August 22, 1901, Page 1, Image 1, col. 4. " Postponed at St. Louis ," Minneapolis Journal (Minneapolis, MN), January 17, 1902, Page 1, Image 1, col. 4.

St. Louis

Which singer had the first names Harry Lillis?

All the World's A Fair - Explore St. Louis 1. Gateway Arch 1.0 Hour It is fitting that the tour starts at the Gateway Arch – the internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis, Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase, and subsequent westward expansion of the nation. Groups can take the popular tram ride to the top of the 630-feet-tall monument for amazing views of the majestic Mississippi River and all of St. Louis. 2. Forest Park 2.0 Hours When the world came to St. Louis in 1904, Forest Park served as the main fairgrounds for the great Fair. Today, the 1,300-acre park remains one of St. Louis’ premiere attractions and visitor destinations not only for its World’s Fair heritage, but for the treasure trove of free attraction within it. 3. Saint Louis Art Museum 2.0 Hours Visitors can walk in the footsteps of fairgoers at the Saint Louis Art Museum, the only permanent exhibition facility built for the 1904 “Meet Me in St. Louis” World’s Fair. As it did in 1904, the museum houses masterpieces and ancient artifacts reflecting thousands of years of human culture from around the world. Words engraved above the main entrance to the museum read: Dedicated to Art and Free to All. The Saint Louis Art Museum’s permanent collection is open to the public free of charge. Note the statue of Saint Louis, King of France outside the museum’s main entrance. The statue originally was located at the head of the Plaza during the Fair and was the first large piece of statuary to greet visitors passing through the main entrance gates. 4. Saint Louis Zoo 3 hours Another spectacular structure remaining from the Fair is found at the Saint Louis Zoo, just east of the Art Museum in Forest Park. The giant walk-through Flight Cage was the Smithsonian Institution’s exhibit at the Fair. At 228 feet long, 84 feet wide and 50 feet high, it was the largest aviary ever built and today it remains one of the largest free flight cages in the world. The landmark structure, which served as the impetus for the development of the Forest Park location of the Saint Louis Zoo in 1913, is a cornerstone of the Zoo’s Bird Garden. It brings visitors closer to the feathered creatures who reside in a lushly landscaped exhibit called Cypress Swamp, a habitat for birds native to the lower Mississippi River. 5. World's Fair Pavilion 0.5 Hours The World’s Fair Pavilion is perched high atop a hill to the east of the Flight Cage. Built on the site of the Fair’s original Missouri Building, the Pavilion was designed to be a lasting memorial to the Fair. 6. Forest Park Boathouse 1.5 Hours In 1904, a popular mode of transportation through the fairgrounds was a boat ride through the miles of canals that wound through Forest Park. Modern day visitors can relive the romance of the Fair on a paddleboat ride from the cheerful Forest Park Boathouse. Boaters can paddle to a picnic island in the lake, cruise around a wildlife island and enjoy eight new fountains that now dot the Grand Canal beneath the Saint Louis Art Museum. 7. Missouri History Museum 2 hours The magnitude and pageantry of the Fair sometimes overshadowed the event it was staged to commemorate – the centennial of the signing of the Louisiana Purchase and the consequent exploration of the new territory by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. At the Missouri History Museum, also located within Forest Park, groups can see the original Louisiana Purchase Transfer Document that formalized the transfer of the Upper Louisiana Territory from Spain to France to the United States on March 9 and 10, 1804 in St. Louis. A map of the Louisiana Purchase territory that traces Lewis & Clark’s Corps of Discovery route is etched in the stone walkway at the museum’s north entry. Galleries within the museum also include artifacts from the Lewis & Clark journey and the rest of Clark’s life in St. Louis. The Missouri History Museum’s continuing exhibit, “1904 World’s Fair: Looking Back at Looking Forward,” showcases the people, entertainment, food, and the many objects, artworks and examples of technology that were on view in St. Louis during the seven magical months that the Fair was open. 8. Francis Field at Washington University 1.0 Hour In addition to hosting the Fair, St. Louis became the first American city to host the Olympic Games. The 1904 games were held at Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis, just west of the World’s Fair grounds in Forest Park. Drive by the athletic field and gymnasium, still in use today by the university, which held the majority of the track and field events. Francis Gymnasium and Francis Field, both used as venues during the 1904 Olympics, are named for David Rowland Francis, an 1870 graduate of Washington University, governor of Missouri, president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company (1904 World’s Fair), and U.S. ambassador to Russia. 9. St. Louis Union Station 1.0 Hour To get to the fair, thousands traveled to the city by train, and they were greeted by a stunning architectural gem in St. Louis Union Station. Today, the National Historic Landmark has been beautifully restored and redeveloped as a festival marketplace of specialty shops, restaurants and a luxury hotel. Union Station provides self-guided exhibits, including one on the World’s Fair that celebrates the station’s history since opening in 1894. Historic memorabilia is housed in display cases located throughout the station and within the free “Memories Museum.” 1. Central Library – St. Louis Public Library 1 hour Visit the century-old St. Louis Public Library , a magnificent building designed by world-famous architect Cass Gilbert in 1912 and restored for its 100th anniversary. Known as Central Library, it is one of 16 branches in the St. Louis Public Library system. The building’s classic beauty, now complemented with 21st century technology means visitors can find information about the 1904 World’s Fair, Civil War battle maps, learn a new language or create their own high-quality recording. 2. Scott Joplin House 2 hours Composer Scott Joplin’s famous Rag, “The Cascades,” was inspired by the beautiful fountains in Forest Park that welcomed visitors to the Fair. The popular entertainment of the era, including Ragtime music, could be found along the section of the Fairgrounds known as “The Pike.” A stop at the Scott Joplin House allows visitors to tour the two-story antebellum structure that was home to the “King of Ragtime” during some of his most productive years. 3. Chatillon-DeMenil Mansio 2 hours The restored 1848 Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion houses an extravagant and diverse collection of 1904 World’s Fair memorabilia. More than 1,200 pieces are on view including photographs and souvenirs in excellent condition. Visitors can tour the entire antebellum Greek Revival home, a National Historic Landmark. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden 3 hours Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is the nation’s oldest public garden and was a tourist attraction at the time of the 1904 World’s Fair. Beautiful stone lanterns from the 1904 Fair are displayed within Seiwa-En, the largest traditional Japanese garden in North America located on the Gardens southern edge. 5. Grant's Farm 3 hours Among the interesting exhibits at the 1904 World’s Fair was the log cabin home hand-built by 18th U.S. President and Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant. Just as Fairgoers did in 1904, modern day group visitors to St. Louis can view the cabin which is the only house still standing that was hand-built and occupied by a U.S. president. At the time of the Fair, the home had been moved from its original St. Louis County location and brought to the fairgrounds. After the Fair, Grant’s Cabin was purchased by Adolphus Busch (of Anheuser-Busch brewing fame) who was an admirer of Grant. Busch moved it to his property on Gravois Road that was once owned by Grant’s in-laws. The land is now part of the Grant’s Farm animal preserve which is operated as a free family attraction by Anheuser-Busch.

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What was the San Francisco Ballet formerly called?

What was the San Francisco Ballet formerly called? What was the San Francisco Ballet formerly called? 1331 day(s) ago Best Answer I was totally clueless,Dixie, but here's what I found. "San Francisco Ballet, the oldest professional ballet company in America, has emerged as a world-class arts organization since it was founded as the San Francisco Opera Ballet in 1933. Initially, its primary purpose was to train dancers to appear in lavish, full-length opera productions." I've never been to an Opera or a Ballet. Posted 1330 day(s) ago

San Francisco Ballet

Parker and Barrow were more usually known as what?

San Francisco Ballet - Ballet Classes Ballet Classes Planned Giving Ballet Classes For children with an interest in dance or students who dream of a life as a ballet dancer, we offer a training program of unqualified excellence. San Francisco Ballet School students in class // © Erik Tomasson Kristi DeCaminada instructing SF Ballet School students // © Erik Tomasson San Francisco Ballet School students in class // © Erik Tomasson San Francisco Ballet School students rehearse Neumeier's Yondering // © Erik Tomasson Who is this for? Students interested in ballet or pre-professional dancers ages 8-18 Tuition 455 Franklin Street San Francisco, CA 94102 Girls and boys are placed in one of eight levels according to age, experience, and ability. Ballet classes at San Francisco Ballet School follow a progressively more rigorous path, beginning with young boys and girls ages eight through 11 in Level 1 and increasing in difficulty to our pre-professional programs for 18-year-old dancers in Level 8. Classes follow a structured sequence of training stages designed to increase technical skills, stamina, and discipline in accordance with students’ age and physical development. We start with the joy of moving to music, and support that with a foundation in classical technique and instruction in basic ballet terminology. The program, over the course of several levels, incorporates technique, pointe work, pas de deux, men's technique, contemporary dance, character dance, conditioning, and musicality. As students master each level and progress to the next, classes become increasingly challenging, as we prepare students for a career in professional ballet. Each year, more the 400 students enroll in the ballet program at San Francisco Ballet School, coming to us from across the US and Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, England, France, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Macedonia, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, and Ukraine. Our regular faculty has danced with some of the foremost ballet companies in the world, including American Ballet Theatre, New York City Ballet, Boston Ballet, Joffrey Ballet, and the English National Ballet. All classes include live piano accompaniment.  Admissions To be accepted into SF Ballet School, students must audition. Auditions are held in the late spring for boys and girls ages eight through 11, with or without previous training. Students ages 12 to 18 should audition for and attend either the intermediate or advanced Summer Session. During the Summer Session, select students are invited to attend the school year program. Summer Session auditions are held nationally in January and February. Audition Criteria & Schedule for Ages 8–11 Evaluations Every student in Levels 1 through 8 receives two written evaluations per year. The evaluations will include information on the student’s technical development, attendance, and deportment. In addition, each student will be invited to attend one meeting each year to review his/her progress with the student’s primary teacher and their parents or guardians. Tuition To be considered for SF Ballet School we require a $150 registration fee. Once you or your child is admitted into the school we’ll discuss the cost of tuition and eligibility for financial aid. Scholarships, Financial Aid & Payment Plans Need-based financial aid is available to Level 1-8 students participating in the year-round program and all students participating in the Summer Session programs. Merit‑based scholarships are offered to upper-level students as determined by the Associate Director of SF Ballet School. Please contact the School for more information.

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Al Capone was finally nailed for what crime?

Al Capone - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Capone’s Early Years in New York Alphonse Capone (1899–1947) was born in Brooklyn, New York , the son of recent Italian immigrants Gabriele and Teresina Capone. A poor family that came to America seeking a better life, the Capones and their eight children lived a typical immigrant lifestyle in a New York tenement. Capone’s father was as a barber, and his mother was a seamstress. There was nothing in Capone’s childhood or family life that could have predicted his rise to infamy as America’s most notorious gangster. Did You Know? Capone earned $60 million annually selling illegal liquor. Capone was a good student in his Brooklyn elementary school, but began falling behind and had to repeat the sixth grade. It was around that time that he started playing hooky and hanging out at the Brooklyn docks. One day, Capone’s teacher hit him for insolence and he struck back. The principal gave him a beating, and Capone never again returned to school. By this time, the Capones had moved out of the tenement to a better home in the outskirts of the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn. It was here that Capone would meet both his future wife, Mary (Mae) Coughlin, and his mob mentor, numbers racketeer Johnny Torrio. Capone Meets Johnny Torrio Torrio was running a numbers and gambling operation near Capone’s home when Capone began running small errands for him. Although Torrio left Brooklyn for Chicago in 1909, the two remained close. Early on, Capone stuck to legitimate employment, working in a munitions factory and as a paper cutter. He did spend some time among the street gangs in Brooklyn, but aside from occasional scrapes, his gang activities were mostly uneventful. In 1917, Torrio introduced Capone to the gangster Frankie Yale, who employed Capone as bartender and bouncer at the Harvard Inn in Coney Island. It was there that Capone earned his nickname “Scarface.” One night, he made an indecent remark to a woman at the bar. Her brother punched Capone, then slashed him across the face, leaving three indelible scars that inspired his enduring nickname. Capone in Chicago When Capone was 19, he married Mae Coughlin just weeks after the birth of their child, Albert Francis. His former boss and friend Johnny Torrio was the boy’s godfather. Now a husband and a father, Capone wanted to do right by his family, so he moved to Baltimore where he took an honest job as a bookkeeper for a construction company. But when Capone’s father died of a heart attack in 1920, Torrio invited him to come to Chicago. Capone jumped at the opportunity. In Chicago, Torrio was presiding over a booming business in gambling and prostitution, but with the enactment in 1920 of the 18th Amendment prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcohol, Torrio focused on a new, more lucrative field: bootlegging. As a former petty thug and bookkeeper, Capone brought both his street smarts and his expertise with numbers to Torrio’s Chicago operations. Torrio recognized Capone’s skills and quickly promoted him to partner. But unlike the low-profile Torrio, Capone began to develop a reputation as a drinker and rabble-rouser. After hitting a parked taxicab while driving drunk, he was arrested for the first time. Torrio quickly used his city government connections to get him off. Capone cleaned up his act when his family arrived from Brooklyn. His wife and son, along with his mother, younger brothers and sister all moved to Chicago, and Capone bought a modest house in the middle-class South Side. In 1923, when Chicago elected a reformist mayor who announced that he planned to rid the city of corruption, Torrio and Capone moved their base beyond the city limits to suburban Cicero. But a 1924 mayoral election in Cicero threatened their operations. To ensure they could continue doing business, Torrio and Capone initiated an intimidation effort on the day of the election, March 31, 1924, to guarantee their candidate would get elected. Some voters were even shot and killed. Chicago sent in police to respond, and they brutally gunned down Capone’s brother Frank in the street. Capone’s Reputation After an attempt on his life in 1925 by rival mobsters, Torrio decided to leave the business and return to Italy, turning over the entire operation to Capone. Scarface again ignored his mentor’s advice to maintain a low profile and instead, moved his headquarters to a plush suite in the Metropole Hotel in downtown Chicago. From there, he began living a luxurious and public lifestyle, spending money lavishly, although always in cash to avoid a trail. Newspapers of the time estimated Capone’s operations generated $100 million in revenue annually. The press followed Capone’s every move avidly, and he was able to gain public sympathy with his gregarious and generous personality. Some even considered him a kind of Robin Hood figure, or as anti- Prohibition resentment grew, a dissident who worked on the side of the people. However, in later years, as Capone’s name increasingly became connected with brutal violence, his popularity waned. In 1926, when two of Capone’s sworn enemies were spotted in Cicero, Capone ordered his men to gun them down. Unbeknownst to Capone, William McSwiggin, known as the “Hanging Prosecutor,” who had tried to prosecute him for a previous murder, was with the two marked men and all three were killed. Fed up with Chicago’s gang-dominated lawlessness, the public clamored for justice. The police had no evidence for the murders, so instead they raided Capone’s businesses, where they gathered documentation that would later be used to bolster charges against him of income-tax evasion. In response, Capone called for a “Peace Conference” among the city’s criminals, and an agreement was reached to stop the violence. It lasted just two months. St. Valentine’s Day Massacre By early 1929 Capone dominated the illegal liquor trade in Chicago. But other racketeers vied for a piece of the profitable bootlegging business, and among them was Capone’s long-time rival “Bugs” Moran. Moran had previously tried to assassinate both Torrio and Capone, and now he was after Capone’s top hit man, “Machine Gun” Jack McGurn. Capone and McGurn decided to kill Moran. On February 14, 1929, posing as police, McGurn’s gunmen assassinated seven of Moran’s men in cold blood in a North Side garage. Alerted to the danger as he approached the garage, Bugs Moran escaped the slaughter. Although Capone was staying at his Miami home at the time, the public and the media immediately blamed him for the massacre. He was dubbed “Public Enemy Number One.” Prison Time In response to the public outcry over the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, President Herbert Hoover ordered the federal government to step up its efforts to get Capone on income-tax evasion. The Supreme Court had ruled in 1927 that income gained on illegal activities was taxable, which gave the government a strong case for prosecuting Capone. On June 5, 1931 the U.S. government finally indicted Capone on 22 counts of income-tax evasion. Although the government had solid evidence against him, Capone remained confident that he would get off with a minimal sentence and struck a plea bargain in return for a two-and-a-half year sentence. When the judge in the case declared that he would not honor the agreement, Capone quickly withdrew his guilty plea, and the case went to trial. During the trial Capone used the best weapon in his arsenal: bribery and intimidation. But at the last moment, the judge switched to an entirely new jury. Capone was found guilty and sent to prison for 11 years. Final Days Capone spent the first two years of his incarceration in a federal prison in Atlanta. After he was caught bribing guards, however, Capone was sent to the notorious island prison Alcatraz in 1934. Isolated there from the outside world, he could no longer wield his still considerable influence. Moreover, he began suffering from poor health. Capone had contracted syphilis as a young man, and he now suffered from neurosyphilis, causing dementia. After serving six-and-a-half years, Capone was released in 1939 to a mental hospital in Baltimore, where he remained for three years. His health rapidly declining, Capone lived out his last days in Miami with his wife. He died of cardiac arrest on January 25, 1947. When Capone died, a New York Times headline trumpeted, “End of an Evil Dream.” Capone’s was at times both loved and hated by the media and the public. When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, some in the public felt that Capone’s and others’ involvement in selling liquor had been vindicated. But Capone was a ruthless gangster responsible for murdering or ordering the assassinations of scores of people, and his contemptible acts of violence remain at the center of his legacy. Capone’s image as a cold-blooded killer and quintessential mobster has lived on long beyond his death in the many films and books inspired by his life as the most notorious gangster in American history. Tags

Tax evasion

Alcatraz was in which Bay?

The man who really caught Capone | Express Yourself | Comment | Daily Express VIDS The man who really caught Capone A NEW book claims 'fearless lawman' Eliot Ness was a preening self-publicist whose arrogance hid the truth about who snared America's biggest gangster. 00:00, Fri, Jul 23, 2010 Al Capone was hounded by agent Eliot Ness, but was finally jailed thanks to attorney George Johnson [] IN 1956 sports journalist Oscar Fraley took time out to interview a former Prohibition agent with the US Treasury Department who was generally acknowledged to be the man who had brought down America’s most notorious gangster. When he met the 53-year-old he found him embittered, depressed, deeply in debt and in the grip of a serious drink problem. Undeterred the opportunistic hack plied his subject with whisky and persuaded him to put down his exploits, explaining that it might make the basis for a rollicking good book.   The agent wrote 21 pages of self-aggrandising history and gave it to Fraley who proceeded to turn the facts into legend, embellishing and improving on the agent’s more or less truthful account. The book that emerged was The Untouchables. The agent was Eliot Ness, the man who has gone down in history as the nemesis of Al Capone, America’s Public Enemy No 1. Shortly after reading the proof manuscript Ness died of a heart attack and did not live to see what happened afterwards. Never shy of publicity he would have been surprised and very pleased at the consequences of the book that inspired a long-running television series and hit movie. He would have been flattered to find that he was portrayed by Robert Stack and Kevin Costner as a kind of Galahad of Chicago, an incorruptible hero whose dogged determination to wipe out the illegal activities of Capone and bring him to book met with such success. The trouble is it’s a myth. While Ness was undoubtedly one of the many people who contributed to Capone’s discomfort none of his actions led to the gangster’s incarceration. The real hero was quietly consigned to oblivion. Until now. Jonathan Eig’s new book Get Capone reveals the true story behind the fall of the gangster and debunks the myth of Eliot Ness and his Untouchables. It portrays Ness as a self-serving, goody two-shoes whose insatiable appetite for press coverage granted him a status far beyond his actual achievements. And the blame for much of this lies with Fraley, who was more interested in creating a best-selling book than reporting facts. As Eig shows in brilliant detail the real hero was the quiet, unobtrusive and persistent Chicago US Attorney George Emerson Quincy Johnson, the son of Swedish immigrants. According to papers, IRS documents, wiretaps and FBI files recently released the true story of Capone’s reign and downfall is far more complex than the simple-minded heroics of The Untouchables would have us believe. Chicago in the Twenties was one of the most corrupt cities in the United States. Arriving in 1920 Alphonse Capone had risen from the humble origins of New York’s Brooklyn, where he worked as a bouncer at a Coney Island bar. He came to work for Johnny Torrio, a rising star in Chicago’s underworld. When Torrio finally took the top spot following the assassination of his boss Big Jim Colosimo he made Capone one of his most trusted lieutenants. Aside from long-established vice and gambling rackets Torrio extended his business interests into bootlegging: buying up stills and breweries and providing alcohol which the Prohibition Law, enforced by The Volstead Act, had made illegal in 1920. It was boom time for bootleggers and the gangsters cleaned up. When Torrio retired from Chicago in 1925, having barely survived an assassination attempt by rivals, he left Capone in charge of his empire. At 27 Alphonse Capone became Big Al, kingpin of the Chicago underworld. Money, booze and blood flowed in torrents as the gangsters of the north side and south side went to war for the increasing profits of bootlegging, which also involved shipping in vast quantities of whisky from Canada, a country beyond the reach of Prohibition. Cops and councillors were bribed, corrupted and bought by racketeers to protect their interests. Few arrests were made and the city was alive to the sound of screeching tyres, the chatter of the Chicago typewriter or Tommy gun (which was invented just too late for the First World War but just in time for Capone & Co) and the music of the speakeasies and juke joints. When Herbert Hoover became America’s 31st president on March 4, 1929, he vowed to put an end to the lawlessness and corruption that grew and blossomed in Chicago like a poisonous weed and whose tendrils reached from the east to the west coasts. While ranks of agents and lawyers under the Treasury Department and the FBI were trying and failing to get Capone indicted on bootlegging, racketeering and murder charges Johnson and his crew of tax sleuths were quietly and doggedly digging away at the entrails of Capone’s business interests. It was not exciting, not high profile and certainly not as glamorous or appealing to the press as Eliot Ness’s raids on the illegal breweries where his Untouchables would enter with sledgehammers and smash barrels until a tidal wave of illegal booze washed across the floor and lapped the shoes of the ever-present photographers and newsmen whom Ness never failed to alert. But it was Johnson’s work that was making a difference and it is now being truly recognised. Ness and Capone had one thing in common: their love of publicity. It was this hubris and egotism that eventually was to affect them both. While Hoover knew that bringing down Capone wouldn’t stop crime he also realised that the gangster’s high profile would send a message to the rest of the criminal fraternity that there was a new sheriff in town. Meanwhile Ness, whose raids were clearly affecting Capone’s profits and causing him a great deal of financial suffering, was also becoming something of a newshound’s favourite. In his later years he may have regretted his hubris. Following Capone’s imprisonment he took a variety of official positions but the glory days were over, along with two of his three marriages. When he ran into trouble over his divorces and a nasty drunk-driving incident he was unable to avoid the backlash of the press and the public. There is a stinging irony in the fact that the most famously upright guardian of Prohibition temperance should have himself succumbed to the bottle. Especially so when reading question 15 on his application for joining the Prohibition Unit: does he drink? If so, to what extent? To which the reply is: A-No B-No C-No. An ill-fated attempt to regain his lost fame in 1947 by running for Mayor of Cleveland began a downward spiral that coninued for the final decade of his life. He drifted from one failing business enterprise to another. Finally he accepted an executive position with North Ridge Industrial Corporation in 1956, unaware that the company was on the verge of bankruptcy. He died of a heart attack in his Coudersport home on May 16, 1957 at the age of 54. Having sought possible redemption through Oscar Fraley he would never live to see it. Following years of diligent research and eye-straining work George Johnson finally nailed Capone in court on charges of criminal tax evasion in October, 1931. The judge handed down a sentence of 11 years and a fine of $50,000. Capone’s days as America’s most notorious gangster were over. Having served seven years and six months of his sentence Capone was released on November 16, 1939 a terminally ill man. He died in January 25, 1947 at the age of 48 following years of madness and illness as a result of tertiary syphilis that he had contracted in his 20s. For a man whose victims had died in a hail of machine-gun bullets and shotgun blasts it was a pathetic as well as bathetic end. When his real nemesis George EQ Johnson died two years later the Chicago Daily News wrote: “As long as organised crime and crooked politics challenge society he will be remembered as the man who fought and defeated the most ruthless crime syndicate of our day.” Unfortunately for Johnson the Chicago Daily News didn’t bargain on the collusion of Eliot Ness and Oscar Fraley who between them managed to hijack Johnson’s quiet thunder and cover themselves in bogus glory. Maybe now decades late the self-effacing Swede will receive the recognition that is his rightful due. To order Get Capone by Jonathan Eig (JR Books) at £20 send a cheque payable to Express Bookshop to: Capone Offer, PO Box 200, Falmouth TR11 4WJ or tel 0871 988 8367 or online at www.expressbookshop.com.

i don't know

Which 20s gangland boss was nicknamed Scarface?

The Life and Crimes of Al Capone Updated February 29, 2016. Who Was Al Capone? Al Capone was a notorious gangster who ran an organized crime syndicate in Chicago during the 1920s, taking advantage of the era of Prohibition . Capone, who was both charming and charitable as well as powerful and vicious, became an iconic figure of the successful American gangster. Dates: January 17, 1899 -- January 25, 1947 Also Known As: Alphonse Capone, Scarface Al Capone's Childhood Al Capone was the fourth of nine children born to Gabriele and Teresina (Teresa) Capone. Although Capone's parents had emigrated from Italy, Al Capone grew up in Brooklyn, New York . From all known accounts, Capone's childhood was a normal one. His father was a barber and his mother stayed home with the children. They were a tight-knit Italian family who were trying to succeed in their new country. Like many immigrant families at the time, the Capone children often dropped out of school early to help earn money for the family. Al Capone stayed in school until he was 14 and then left to take a number of odd jobs. continue reading below our video The St. Valentine's Day Massacre Around the same time, Capone joined a street gang called the South Brooklyn Rippers and then later the Five Points Juniors. These were groups of teenagers who roamed the streets, protected their turf from rival gangs, and sometimes carried out petty crimes like stealing cigarettes. Scarface It was through the Five Points gang that Al Capone came to the attention of brutal New York mobster Frankie Yale. In 1917, 18-year-old Al Capone went to work for Yale at the Harvard Inn as a bartender and as a waiter and bouncer when needed. Capone watched and learned as Yale used violence to maintain control over his empire. One day while working at the Harvard Inn, Capone saw a man and woman sitting at a table. After his initial advances were ignored, Capone went up to the good-looking woman and whispered in her ear, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother, Frank Gallucio. Defending his sister's honor, Gallucio punched Capone. However, Capone didn't let it end there; he decided to fight back. Gallucio then took out a knife and slashed at Capone's face, managing to cut Capone's left cheek three times (one of which cut Capone from ear to mouth). The scars left from this attack led to Capone's nickname of "Scarface," a name he personally hated. Family Life Not long after this attack, Al Capone met Mary ("Mae") Coughlin, who was pretty, blonde, middle-class, and came from a respectable Irish family. A few months after they started dating, Mae became pregnant. Al Capone and Mae got married on December 30, 1918, three weeks after their son (Albert Francis Capone, a.k.a. "Sonny") was born. Sonny was to remain Capone's only child. Throughout the rest of his life, Al Capone kept his family and his business interests completely separate. Capone was a doting father and husband, taking great care in keeping his family safe, cared for, and out of the spotlight. However, despite his love for his family, Capone did have a number of mistresses over the years. Plus, unknown to him at the time, Capone contracted syphilis from a prostitute before he met Mae. Since the symptoms of syphilis can disappear quickly, Capone had no idea that he still had the sexually transmitted disease or that it would so greatly affect his health in later years. Capone Moves to Chicago About 1920, Capone left the East Coast and headed to Chicago. He was looking for a fresh start working for Chicago crime boss Johnny Torrio. Unlike Yale who used violence to run his racket, Torrio was a sophisticated gentleman who preferred cooperation and negotiation to rule his crime organization. Capone was to learn a lot from Torrio. Capone started out in Chicago as a manager for the Four Deuces, a place where clients could drink and gamble downstairs or visit prostitutes upstairs. Capone did well in this position and worked hard to earn Torrio's respect. Soon Torrio had increasingly important jobs for Capone and by 1922 Capone had risen up the ranks in Torrio's organization. When William E. Dever, an honest man, took over as Chicago's mayor in 1923, Torrio decided to avoid the mayor's attempts to curb crime by moving his headquarters to the Chicago suburb of Cicero. It was Capone who made this happen. Capone established speakeasies, brothels, and gambling joints. Capone also worked diligently to get all the important city officials on his payroll. It didn't take long for Capone to "own" Cicero. Capone had more than proven his worth to Torrio and it wasn't long before Torrio handed over the entire organization to Capone. Capone Becomes Crime Boss Following the November 1924 murder of Dion O'Banion (an associate of Torrio and Capone's who had become untrustworthy), Torrio and Capone were seriously hunted by one of O'Banion's vengeful friends. Fearing for his life, Capone drastically upgraded everything about his personal safety, including surrounding himself with bodyguards and ordering a bulletproof Cadillac sedan. Torrio, on the other hand, did not greatly change his routine and on January 12, 1925 was savagely attacked just outside his home. Nearly killed, Torrio decided to retire and hand his entire organization over to Capone in March 1925. Capone had learned well from Torrio and soon proved himself to be an extremely successful crime boss. Capone as a Celebrity Gangster Al Capone, only 26-years old, was now in charge of a very large crime organization that included brothels, nightclubs, dance halls, race tracks, gambling establishments, restaurants, speakeasies, breweries, and distilleries. As a major crime boss in Chicago, Capone put himself in the public's eye. Capone was an outlandish character. He dressed in colorful suits, wore a white fedora hat, proudly displayed his 11.5 carat diamond pinky ring, and would often pull out his huge roll of bills while out in public places. It was hard not to notice Al Capone. Capone was also known for his generosity. He would frequently tip a waiter $100, had standing orders in Cicero to hand out coal and clothes to the needy during the cold winters, and opened some of the first soup kitchens during the Great Depression . There were also numerous stories of how Capone would personally help out when he heard a hard-luck story, such as a woman considering turning to prostitution to help her family or a young kid who couldn't go to college because of the high cost of tuition. Capone was so generous to the average citizen that some even considered him a modern-day Robin Hood. Capone the Killer As much as the average citizen considered Capone to be a generous benefactor and local celebrity, Capone was also a cold-blooded killer. Although the exact numbers will never be known, it is believed that Capone personally murdered dozens of people and ordered the killing of hundreds of others. One such example of Capone handling things personally occurred in the spring of 1929. Capone had learned that three of his associates planned to betray him, so he invited all three to a huge banquet. After the three unsuspecting men had eaten heartily and drank their fill, Capone's bodyguards quickly tied them to their chairs. Capone then picked up a baseball bat and began hitting them, breaking bone after bone. When Capone was done with them, the three men were shot in the head and their bodies dumped out of town. The most famous example of a hit believed to be ordered by Capone was the February 14, 1929 assassination now called the St. Valentine's Day Massacre . On that day, Capone's henchman "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn attempted to lure rival crime leader George "Bugs" Moran into a garage and kill him. The ruse was actually quite elaborate and would have been completely successful if Moran hadn't been running a few minutes late. Still, seven of Moran's top men were gunned down in that garage. Tax Evasion Despite committing murder and other crimes for years, it was the St. Valentine's Day Massacre that brought Capone to the attention of the federal government. When President Herbert Hoover learned about Capone, Hoover personally pushed for Capone's arrest. The federal government had a two-pronged attack plan. One part of the plan included collecting evidence of Prohibition violations as well as shutting down Capone's illegal businesses. Treasury agent Eliot Ness and his group of "Untouchables" were to enact this part of the plan by frequently raiding Capone's breweries and speakeasies. The forced shut down, plus the confiscation of all that was found, severely hurt Capone's business -- and his pride. The second part of the government's plan was to find evidence of Capone not paying taxes on his massive income. Capone had been careful over the years to run his businesses with cash only or through third parties. However, the IRS found an incriminating ledger and some witnesses who were able to testify against Capone. On October 6, 1931, Capone was brought to trial. He was charged with 22 counts of tax evasion and 5,000 violations of the Volstead Act (the main Prohibition law). The first trial focused only on the tax evasion charges. On October 17, Capone was found guilty of only five of the 22 tax evasion charges. The judge, not wanting Capone to get off easily, sentenced Capone to 11 years in prison, $50,000 in fines, and court costs totalling $30,000. Capone was completely shocked. He had thought he could bribe the jury and get away with these charges just like he had dozens of others. He had no idea that this was to be the end of his reign as crime boss. He was only 32 years old. Capone Goes to Alcatraz When most high ranking gangsters went to prison, they usually bribed the warden and prison guards in order to make their stay behind bars plush with amenities. Capone was not that lucky. The government wanted to make an example of him. After his appeal was denied, Capone was taken to the Atlanta Penitentiary in Georgia on May 4, 1932. When rumors leaked out that Capone had been receiving special treatment there, he was chosen to be one of the first inmates at the new maximum security prison at Alcatraz in San Francisco. When Capone arrived at Alcatraz in August 1934, he became prisoner number 85. There were no bribes and no amenities at Alcatraz. Capone was in a new prison with the most violent of criminals, many of whom wanted to challenge the tough gangster from Chicago. However, just as daily life became more brutal for him, his body began to suffer from the long-term effects of syphilis. Over the next several years, Capone began to grow increasingly disoriented, experienced convulsions, slurred speech, and a shuffling walk. His mind quickly deteriorated. After spending four-and-a-half years at Alcatraz, Capone was transferred on January 6, 1939 to a hospital at the Federal Correctional Institution in Los Angeles. A few months after that Capone was transferred to a penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. On November 16, 1939, Capone was paroled. Retirement and Death Capone had tertiary syphilis and it wasn't something that could be healed. However, Capone's wife, Mae, took him to a number of different doctors. Despite many novel attempts at a cure, Capone's mind continued to degenerate. Capone spent his remaining years in quiet retirement at his estate in Miami, Florida while his health slowly got worse. On January 19, 1947, Capone suffered a stroke. After developing pneumonia, Capone died on January 25, 1947 of cardiac arrest at age 48.

Al Capone

Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997?

Al Capone | Organized Crime Encyclopedia Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Organized Crime Encyclopedia Wiki January 17, 1899 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Died January 25, 1947 (aged 48) Palm Island (Florida), U.S. Gender Chicago Outfit/Head of the Outfit Status Mount Carmel Cemetery, but he was originally buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois Predecessor Paul Ricca "faggot." - Al Capone Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s. Born in Brooklyn, New York New York, to southwest Italy emigrants Gabriele and Teresina Capone, Capone began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal organization known as the Chicago Outfit (although his business card reportedly described him as a used furniture dealer). By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission’s “public enemies” list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone’s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax invasion. Contents Edit Capone was born to Gabriele Capone (December 12, 1864 – November 14, 1920) and his wife Teresina Raiola (December 28, 1867 – November 29, 1952) in Brooklyn, on January 17, 1899. Gabriele was a barber from Castellammare di Stabia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) south of Naples, Italy. Teresina was a seamstress and the daughter of Angelo Raiola from Angri, a town in the province of Salerno in southwestern Italy. The Capones had emigrated to the United States in 1894 and settled in the Navy Yard section of downtown Brooklyn. When Al was 14, the Capone family moved to 21 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The new home was where Al met Mae Josephine Coughlin, whom he married a few years later at St. Mary’s Star of the Sea Roman Catholic Church, and gangster Johnny Torrio. Gabriele and Teresina had seven sons and two daughters:Edwardo Capone (1852 – October 1, 1952), Raffaele Capone (January 12, 1894 – November 22, 1974), Salvatore Capone (January 1895 – April 1, 1924) Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), Erminio Capone (born 1901, date of death unknown), Umberto Capone (1906 – June 1980), Matthew Capone (1908 – January 31, 1967), Rose Capone (born and died 1910) and Mafalda Capone (later Mrs. John J. Maritote, January 28, 1912 – March 25, 1988). Early Criminal Days Edit Capone’s life of crime began early. As a teenager, he joined two gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and engaged in petty crime. Capone left school in the sixth-grade at age 14, after being expelled for punching a teacher in the crotch at Public School 133. He then worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including in a candy store and a bowling alley. After his initial stint with small-time gangs, Capone joined the notorious Five Points Gang, headed by Frankie Yale. It was at this time he began working as a bartender and a bouncer at Yale’s establishment, the seedy Harvard Inn. It was there that Capone got the scars that gave him the nickname “Scarface”. Capone was still working for Frankie Yale and is thought to have committed at least two murders before being sent to Chicago in 1919, mainly to avoid the retribution of Bill Lovett, a violent lieutenant in the White Hand Gang, who was busy searching for Capone who had supposedly hospitalized one of his subordinates. Capone was familiar with Chicago, having been sent there previously by Yale in order to help crime boss James “Big Jim” Colosimo dispose of a troublesome group of Black Hand extortionists. Capone went to work for Colosimo’s empire under Giovanni “Johnny” Torrio, another Brooklyn native. Capone also met a man named Anthony Accetturo, who he helped in many things. Accetturo repaid him by killing Capone’s slight enemies. Accetturo was at Capone’s court hearing for tax evasion. Orgin of the nickname Edit When he was working as a waiter for a young couple, he turn down his mom in sex for his wife down and said to the woman, “Honey, you have a nice ass dick and I mean that as a compliment.” Her brother, Frank Gallucio, pulled a knife and slashed Capone in the face three times before leaving the bar with his sister. Word of the fight eventually reached Yale, who forced Capone to apologize to Gallucio. This incident caused Yale to take Capone under his wing and eventually led to his rule over the Chicago Outfit. It is speculated that Capone forgave Frank Gallucio and even hired him as a bodyguard later in his career. However, the knife wounds left gruesome scars, which plagued Capone for the rest of his life. He truly disliked this sobriquet and once, allegedly, killed another man because he called him that. Personal Life Edit On December 30, 1918, Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin, an Irish woman, who, shortly before their marriage, had given birth to his son, Albert Francis (“Sonny”) Capone. The couple lived in Brooklyn before moving to Amityville, Long Island, to be close to “Rum Row.”  immediately recognized Capone’s talents, and soon Capone was elevated to running the Four Deuces bar and given responsibility for much of the alcohol and prostitution rackets in the city of Chicago. With prohibition in full effect, there was a fortune to be made in bootlegging. Colosimo’s reluctance to move into this area of crime led to his murder on May 11, 1920, in the foyer of his own nightclub. Yale was later arrested for the murder, but the case collapsed through lack of evidence. Torrio was now in charge and promoted Capone to be his second in command. The Capone family moved to Chicago for good, buying a red-brick bungalow at 7244 South Prairie Avenue on the city’s South Side. The house served as Al Capone’s first headquarters. Cicero,Illinois Edit After the 1923 election of reform mayor William Emmett Dever in Chicago, Chicago’s city government began to put pressure on the gangster elements inside the city limits. To put its headquarters outside of city jurisdiction and create a safe zone for its operations, the Capone organization muscled its way into Cicero, Illinois. This led to one of Capone’s greatest triumphs: the takeover of Cicero’s town government in 1924. The 1924 town council elections in Cicero became known as one of the most crooked elections in the Chicago area’s long history, with voters threatened at polling stations by thugs. Capone’s mayoral candidate won by a huge margin but only weeks later announced that he would run Capone out of town. Capone met with his puppet-mayor and personally knocked him down the town hall steps, a powerful assertion of gangster power and a major victory for the Torrio-Capone alliance. For Capone, this event was marred by the death of his brother Frank at the hands of the police. As was the custom amongst gangsters Capone signaled his mourning by attending the funeral unshaven, and he cried openly at the gathering. He ordered the closure of all the speakeasies in Cicero for a day as a mark of respect. Much of Capone’s family put down roots in Cicero as well. In 1930, Capone’s sister Mafalda’s marriage to John J. Maritote took place at St. Mary of Czestochowa, a massive Neogothic edifice towering over Cicero Avenue in the so-called Polish Cathedral style. Power and wealth in Chicago Edit Severely injured in a 1925 assassination attempt by the North Side Gang, the shaken Torrio turned over his business to Capone and returned to Italy. Capone was notorious during the Prohibition Era for his control of large portions of the Chicago underworld, which provided the Outfit with an estimated US$10 million per year in revenue. This wealth was generated through all manner of illegal enterprises, although the largest money-maker was the sale of liquor. Demand was met by a transportation network that moved smuggled liquor from the rum-runners of the East Coast and The Purple Gang in Detroit and local production in the form of Midwestern moonshine operations and illegal breweries. With the funds generated by his bootlegging operation, Capone’s grip on the political and law enforcement establishments in Chicago grew stronger. Through this organized corruption, which included the bribing of Mayor of Chicago William “Big Bill” Hale Thompson, Capone’s gang operated largely free from legal intrusion, operating brothels, casinos and speakeasies throughout Chicago. Wealth also permitted Capone to indulge in a luxurious lifestyle of custom suits, cigars, gourmet food and drink (his preferred liquor was Templeton Rye from Iowa), jewelry and female companionship. However, this unprecedented level of criminal success drew the attention of Capone’s rivals, particularly his bitter rivalries with North Side gangsters such as Levi Rivaille, Eren Jaeger and lieutenant Erwin Smith. Such opposition led to attempts to assassinate Capone throughout the 1920s. He was shot in a restaurant, and he had his car riddled with bullets more than once. These attacks prompted Capone to order the outfitting of his Cadillac with armor plating, bullet-proof glass, run-flat tires, and a police siren. However, most of the would-be assassins were incompetent, and Capone was never seriously wounded. But, it should be noted that although Capone was never hurt, every attempt on his life left him increasingly shaken and slightly afraid of Moran who most certainly had an involvement in almost every attempt. Members of the gang that had wounded Torrio shot into the headquarters of Capone’s gang, which was disguised as a doctor’s office and an antique dealer’s shop. Nobody was hurt in the raid (Capone’s bodyguard threw him to the ground at the first sound of gunfire), although the headquarters was riddled with bullet holes. This event scared Capone to no end and forced him to call for truce, one that would be short-lived.When the headquarters moved to the Lexington Hotel, Capone had it filled with his armed bodyguards around the clock. For his trips away from Chicago, Capone was reputed to have had several other retreats and hideouts located in Brookfield, Wisconsin; Saint Paul, Minnesota; Olean, New York; French Lick, as well as Terre Haute, Indiana; Dubuque, Iowa; Hot Springs, Arkansas; Johnson City, Tennessee; and Lansing, Michigan. Tunnels found under the city of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, are said to have been another hideout of Capone’s.[3] As a further precaution, Capone and his entourage would often suddenly show up at a one of Chicago’s train depots and buy up an entire Pullman sleeper car on night trains to places like Cleveland, Omaha, Kansas City and Little Rock/Hot Springs, Ark. where they would spend a week in a luxury hotel suite under assumed names (with the apparent knowledge and blessing of local authorities). In 1928, Capone bought a retreat on Palm Island, Florida. In retrospect, these security measures seem excessive and based on paranoid ideation. Nevertheless, Capone’s fear of being killed was quite understandable in light of the North Side’ repeated attempts to eliminate him. The fusilade launched against his headquarters where at least ten gunmen blasted away at him for over ten minutes must have been particularly unnerving. Capone considered Moran to be a homicidal lunatic (for good reason) and lived in continuous fear of him and his gang of brutal thugs. Even in his last days, as he lay ravaged by syphilis, Capone raved on about Moran (as well as communists and foreigners) whom he was convinced was still plotting to do him in from the confines of his Ohio prison cell. Capone`s Image Edit Part of the reason Capone was taken to task in this way was his status as a celebrity. On the advice of his publicist, he stopped hiding from the media by the mid-1920s and began to make public appearances. When Charles Lindbergh performed his famous transatlantic flight in 1927, Capone was among the first to push forward and shake his hand upon his arrival in Chicago. Capone often tried to whitewash his image and be seen as a community leader. For example, he started a program, which was continued for decades after his death, to fight rickets by providing a daily milk ration to Chicago school children. Also during the Great Depression, Capone opened up a few soup kitchens for the poor and homeless. Capone was a man with style, and if he ever killed someone himself, or one of his henchmen killed an important person, hundreds of dollars worth of flowers was sent to the funeral, and even Capone and some of his men went to the funeral. In one instance, one of Capone’s rival gang leaders was killed by his men, and Capone sent $5,000 worth of flowers to the funeral. In one fight between Capone’s men and another gang, an innocent woman was shot, not fatally, and required hospital treatment. Capone paid for all the hospital fees. Capone could often be seen sitting in box seats with his son and bodyguards at Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs games. He, his brother Ralph, and Gusik regularly went to the race tracks in Chicago as well as during their security forays into Arkansas and Nebraska. He was also an opera fan and liked circuses and rodeos where he would buy huge blocks of tickets and distribute them among low income neighborhoods. Capone and Nitti were both fans of “New Orleans” jazz music and were instrumental in the rise of such talents as Louis Armstrong and others who regularly played at Capone speakeasies on the South Side. Bob Hope related performing, when he was an up and comer, at one of these clubs where he was terrified of the prospects of bombing in front of such a crowd. He gained a great deal of admiration from many of the poor in Chicago for his flagrant disregard of the Prohibition law that they despised. He was viewed for a time as a lovable outlaw, partially because of his extravagant generosity to strangers and often lending a hand to struggling Italian-Americans. His nightclub, the Cotton Club, became a hot spot for new acts such as Charlie Parker and Bing Crosby. He was often cheered in the street. Such efforts, however, did not change his reputation for violence and murder within the city. Capone did not help his own PR problems by being linked to an incident where two men were bludgeoned to death with baseball bats after they were thought to be disloyal to the Outfit. The brutal murders of the St. Valentine’s Day massacre also didn’t help, as they made people view Capone as a killer and socially unacceptable. Capone headed a list of “public enemies” corrupting the city compiled by the chairman of the Chicago Crime Commission, Frank J. Loesch, in April 1930. The list was published by newspapers nationwide, and Capone became known as “Public Enemy No. 1.” St. Valentine’s Day Massacre Edit Al Capone orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on Chicago’s North Side. Although details of the killing of the seven victims in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Jack “Machine Gun” McGurn. McGurn is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns and Thompson submachine guns. The massacre was Capone’s effort to dispose of Moran. The North Side gang had become increasingly bold in hijacking the Outfit’s booze trucks and encroaching on the South Side and Capone was ready to put it to an end. After all efforts to secure a truce had failed, Capone, his accountant/chief extortionist Jake “Greasy Thumb” Gusik and Frank “The Enforcer” Nitti agreed that they’d have to risk the political heat that would come from wiping out Moran and his gang or face eventual elimination at the hands of the North Siders. They assigned the task to McGurn and told him to use “outside torpedoes” to avoid implication. McGurn secured the services of triggermen from New York, Tennessee, Detroit and downstate Illinois.They rented an apartment across from the Clark Street trucking garage that served as a Moran headquarters to monitor their targets’ habits and movements and placed a call to the garage offering to sell a truckload of whiskey stolen by freelancing Sicilian immigrants from a Capone shipment. Such freelancers often hijacked such shipments from both gangs and sold them to the highest bidders so no suspicions were aroused in the Moran camp. The stolen booze (high-grade Canadian whiskey) was brought to the the garage and the deal was done. As hoped, the entire Moran gang was there. Unknown to the North Siders, these “freelancers” were being paid by McGurn to set them up for the kill. On January 13, the freelancers called again and set up another transaction for the next day. The freelancers were expected to drive the truck right into the garage, where McGurn hoped the entire Moran gang would again be assembled. At the set time, a stolen Chicago police car pulled up and uniformed “officers” entered the building along with others who had been standing nearby. Apparently, the gang members thought that they had been scammed and that they had been set up for a raid. They sheepishly lined up to cooperate in the belief that their lawyers would fix things downtown as they had many times before. Moran, spotting what he thought to be a police car outside, decided to keep walking and did not enter the garage. It is believed that a local optometrist (who supplemented his income through bootlegging and liked to hang out at the garage with the gang members) had been mistaken that morning for Moran because he was of similar height and wore the same color gray hat and coat favored by the North Side chieftain. After the bogus Moran entered, the lookouts triggered the “raid.” Forensic evidence shows that the seven victims were almost cut in two by machine gun fire and that many of the victims had their faces shot off by shotgun blasts for good measure. People in the neighborhood saw the police go in and heard what they thought were a series of backfires which were common at a garage. The “police” later led some men out to the car and left. The grisly scene was discovered after the mechanic’s dog began to howl so loudly that neighbors went in to see what was wrong. One of the Moran gang survived long enough to be questioned in a hospital before he died. True to gangland fashion, he refused to cooperate with the police in the slightest degree, obedient to the unwritten code of honor then prevalent among the Chicago underworld. Although Moran escaped, all his chief deputies were killed and his illegal liquor operation in Chicago rapidly declined. When asked by reporters if he believed Capone was behind the killings, Moran scornfully replied “Only Capone kills like that!” An indignant Capone countered, “Oh yeah? Listen … they don’t call that guy ‘Bugs’ for nothing!” in a reference to Moran’s reputation for savagery. With his remaining resources, Moran marked Capone and his key underlings for extermination. Capone arranged to have himself jailed in Philadelphia for a year to avoid numerous “murder for hire” outfits that were hunting for him. McGurn was gunned down at a bowling alley on the anniversary of the garage slaughter and two others involved in the kllling disappeared. Moran eventually ran out of resources and fled to Ohio, allowing Capone to return to Chicago, where he quickly found himself in the legal quagmire that effectively removed him from power. It is generally thought that Capone precipitated his own decline with the garage killings. Graphic photos of bodies lying in pools of blood were plastered all over the papers. A secret convocation of Chicago civic leaders initiated an all-out effort to drive Capone from power. Nevertheless, had Capone and his gang done nothing, the North Side gang likely would have succeeded in killing their rivals and taking over the entire city. Moran and his associates were driven by a visceral hatred of the “South Side Scum” whom they considered to be sexual deviants and degenerates who dealt in prostitution and drug peddling and allowed debased jazz musicians to play in their bars and brothels. Moran had also repeatedly vowed to avenge the deaths of his close friends and mentors O’Banion and Weiss (the latter being gunned down on the steps of Trinity Cathedral). It is said that Nitti became enraged with McGurn (whom he considered to be a rival) over Moran’s escape and the unfavorable publicity that ensued. Federal income taxes and downfall Edit Although Capone always did his business through front men and had no accounting records in his own name (even his mansion was in his wife’s name), Al Alcini started linking him to his earnings. The federal income tax laws allowed the federal government to pursue Capone on tax evasion, their best chance of finally convicting him. Pursuing Capone were Treasury agent Eliot Ness and his hand-picked team of incorruptible U.S. Prohibition agents, “The Untouchables,” and internal revenue agent Frank Wilson of the Treasury Department’s Bureau of Internal Revenue. During a routine warehouse raid, they discovered in a desk drawer what was clearly a crudely coded set of accounts. Ness then concentrated on pursuing Capone for his failure to pay tax on this substantial illegal income. This story has become a legend and the subject of books and films. Capone was tried in a federal court in 1931. The Alcinis tried to help Capone, but he pleaded guilty to the charges on advice of his legal counsel hoping for a plea bargain. But after the judge refused his lawyer’s offers, and the jury was replaced on the day of the trial to frustrate Capone’s associates’ efforts to bribe or intimidate the original panel, Al Capone was found guilty on five of 22 counts of tax evasion for the years 1925, 1926, and 1927, and willful failure to file tax returns for 1928 and 1929. Capone’s legal team offered to pay all outstanding tax and interest and told their client to expect a severe fine. The judge sentenced him to eleven years in a federal prison and one year in the county jail, as well as an earlier six-month contempt of court sentence; he ultimately served only six and a half years because of good behavior. He also had to pay fines and court costs totalling 80,000 dollars. Prison Time Edit In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlantis, a tough federal prison, but he was able to take control and obtain special privileges. He was then transferred to Alcatraz, where tight security and an uncompromising warden ensured that Capone had no contact with the outside world. Capone entered Alcatraz with his usual confidence, but his isolation from his associates, and the repeal of Prohibition, meant his empire was beginning to wither. He attempted to earn time off for good behavior by being a model prisoner and refusing to participate in prisoner rebellions. When Capone attempted to bribe guards he was sent to solitary confinement. During his early months at Alcatraz, Capone made an enemy by showing his disregard for the prison social order when he cut in line while prisoners were waiting for a haircut. James Lucas, a Texas bank robber serving 30 years, reportedly confronted the former syndicate leader and told him to get back at the end of the line. When Capone asked if he knew who he was, Lucas reportedly grabbed a pair of the barber’s scissors and, holding them to Capone’s neck, answered “Yeah, I know who you are, greaseball. And if you don’t get back to the end of that fucking line, I’m gonna know who you were.” Capone earned the contempt of many of the inmates in Alcatraz when he refused to take part in a prisoners’ strike after a sick inmate, accused of malingering, was denied medical treatment and died. Continuing his work in the prison laundry, Capone was continually harassed by other prisoners and often called a “scab” or “rat.” He was eventually allowed to remain in his cell until the strike was resolved. Shortly after returning to work, an unidentified inmate threw a heavy lead sash at Capone’s head, but he suffered only a deep cut on the arm after being pushed out of the way by convicted bank robber Roy Gardner. Reassigned to mopping up the prison bathhouse, Capone was nicknamed the “wop with the mop” by inmates. He was later stabbed in the back by Lucas, who was sentenced to solitary confinement. Capone was hospitalized for a week. He suffered further harassment and unsuccessful attempts on his life throughout his prison sentence, including spiking his coffee with lye and attacking him as he was walking towards the dentist’s office. He remained under protection from several inmates (possibly from payoffs by the Chicago Outfit). Though he adjusted relatively well to his new environment, his health declined as his syphilis (contracted as a youth) progressed, and he spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was released on November 16, 1939, spent a short time in a hospital, then returned to his home in Palm Island, Florida. Death Edit Capone’s control and interests within organized crime had decreased rapidly after his imprisonment, and he was no longer able to run the Outfit after his release. He had lost weight, and his physical and mental health had declined, most noticeably with the onset of dementia probably caused by the third stage of untreated syphilis Capone had contracted in his youth. On January 21, 1947, Capone had an apoplectic stroke. He regained consciousness and started to improve but contracted pneumonia on January 24, and suffered a cardiac arrest the next day (possibly associated with the complications of third-stage neurosyphilis). Alphonse Capone was originally buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, in Chicago’s far South Side between the graves of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Frank. However, in March 1950, the remains of all three family members were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois, west of Chicago. Popular Culture Edit Literature In a book of photographs titled "New York City Gangland", both Capone and his NYC bootlegging ally Guiseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria appear in Prohibition-era "bathing beauty" portraits. In Mario Puzo's 1969 novel, The Godfather, Capone played a small role in the fictionalized mob war of 1933. In reality, Capone was in prison by 1933. In the musical Annie, which takes place in December 1933, an unnamed cabinet member states that "We still haven't caught Al Capone!". In reality, he was already in prison. Capone was featured in the Kinky Friedman novel The Love Song of J. Edgar Hoover. In Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne's novel Back in the USSA, Al Capone is President and Chairman of the alternate history United Socialist States of America, serving as an analog of Joseph Stalin. Jimmy Hoffa and Frank Nitti take the place of Vyacheslav Molotov and Lavrenti Beria. Also more recently, a historical fiction book was written by Gennifer Choldenko called Al Capone Does My Shirts. In Peter F. Hamilton's Night's Dawn Trilogy, Capone's spirit possesses the body of a man named Brad Lovegrove, allowing him to eventually form a group he calls The Organization that takes over the planet of New California and wages war against the Confederation. Movies and Television In The Onion satirical journal, CPA-ONE was a prominent member of an office accounting gang led by Herbert Kornfeld. Film and Television Capone has been portrayed on screen by: Rod Steiger in Al Capone (1959). Neville Brand, The George Raft Story (1961). Neville Brand, The Untouchables (1959–1961) José Calvo, Due mafiosi contro Al Capone (1966). Jason Robards, The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1967). Buddy Lester, Poor Devil (1973) Ben Gazzara, Capone (1975). Robert De Niro, The Untouchables (1987). Eric Roberts, The Lost Capone (1990) William Forsythe, The Untouchables (1993–1994) William Devane, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (Episode 2.7, That Old Gang of Mine, 1994) Anthony LaPaglia, Road to Perdition (2002).(Deleted Scene) Jon Bernthal, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009). Actors playing characters based on Capone include: Wallace Beery played the character Louis 'Louie' Scorpio in The Secret Six (1931). Ricardo Cortez played Goldie Gorio in Bad Company (1931). Paul Lukas, Big Fellow Maskal in City Streets (1931). Paul Muni, Antonio 'Tony' Camonte in Scarface (1932). Jean Hersholt, Samuel 'Sam' Belmonte in The Beast of the City (1932). Edward Arnold, Duke Morgan in Okay, America! (1932). C. Henry Gordon, Nick Diamond in Gabriel Over the White House (1933). John Litel, 'Gat' Brady in Alcatraz Island (1937). Barry Sullivan, Shubunka in The Gangster (1947). Ralph Volkie, Big Fellow in The Undercover Man (1949). Edmond O'Brien, Fran McCarg in Pete Kelly's Blues (1955). Lee J. Cobb, Rico Angelo in Party Girl (1958). George Raft as Spats Colombo and Nehemiah Persoff as Little Bonaparte in Some Like It Hot (1959). Al Pacino, Tony Montana in Scarface (1983). Al Pacino, Alphonse "Big Boy" Caprice in Dick Tracy (1990). Cartoons In the anime Soul Eater, BlackStar and Tsubaki's target when introduced are the demonic souls Al Capone and his gang of 98 men. He ends every sentence with the words, "You know?", adding to the mafia stereotype. Jon Polito of Miller's Crossing voiced Al Capone in an episode of the Cartoon Network animated series Time Squad. Music Al Capone is referenced heavily in Prodigy's track "Al Capone Zone", produced by The Alchemist and featuring Keak Da Sneak. Al Capone transcribed a love song called Madonna Mia while in prison. In May 2009, his rendition of the song was recorded for the first time in history. Prince Buster achieved UK top 20 success in 1967 with "Al Capone". Al Capone was mentioned in the song "The Night Chicago Died" by the British band Paper Lace, which describes a fictionalized battle between Al Capone's gang and the Chicago police. In 1990, the Serbian band Riblja Corba released their album Koza Nostra, which features a song, "Al Kapone", which mentions the gangster. In the Queen song Stone Cold Crazy, Freddie Mercury claims to be "dreaming I was Al Capone". "Young Al Capone" was a song by the punk band Rancid off the album "Rancid 2000." The Violent Femmes mention Al Capone in their song "To The Kill" with the lyrics: 'I ain't know kid Chicago, I ain't know Al Capone.' 'I said I don't live in Chicago, I don't know no Al Capone' Canadian band Stereos mention Al Capone in their song "Turn It Up" with the lyrics: "I won't just kill it, I'mma Al Capone it" Comics In Tintin in America, boy reporter Tintin captures Capone but, because of a policeman's blunder, Capone escapes. Al Capone is the only real person featured in any Tintin book. Capone and Eliot Ness are regular supporting characters in the Franco-Belgian comics series Sammy, written by Raoul Cauvin. In the manga series Soul Eater, Al Capone appears as a Mob Boss for people who devour human souls.He is killed later on by a bodyguard who was protecting a young witch. In the manga series One Piece, the pirate captain, Capone 'Gang' Bege is based on Al Capone. In the first issue of the 1980s miniseries Kid Eternity, Al Capone is one of the historical figures that the main character summons to aid him in his battle. In Savarese by Robin Wood the main character fails a plot to assassinate a man, who later turns out to be Capone. Games In the PlayStation 2 role playing game Shadow Hearts: From the New World, Capone must be rescued from Alcatraz by the party when an assassin is sent to kill him. He is deeply indebted to the party thereafter, assisting them on a number of occasions. In the PlayStation 2 game Scarface: The World Is Yours there is a selectable car which is said to be Capone's car. In Worms 3D, there is a selectable soundbank called "Capone". When chosen, the worms in the team speak with a distinctive gangster accent and use various famous Italian slang words made popular by many gangster movies and television shows. Enterprises Capone's Chicago has provided a theme for numerous dining establishments. Restaurants named Capone's exist in cities as far-flung as Norristown, (Pennsylvania, USA), Vancouver (BC, Canada) and Taipei (Taiwan).

i don't know

Who was Butch Cassidy's partner?

Read More in Wild West Magazine Subscribe online and save nearly 40%!!! In May 1913, a Missouri carpenter named Francis M. Lowe was arrested in La Paz on suspicion of being George Parker (Butch’s real name, according to the Pinkertons’ wanted posters). With the aid of the American Legation, Lowe established that his was a case of mistaken identity. In filing a report on the matter, an official at the legation advised U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan that ‘certain Englishmen and others here assert that a man known as George Parker [whom the La Paz police were seeking] had been killed in one of the provinces two or three years ago while resisting’ arrest. Shortly before Lowe was detained, William A. Pinkerton had heard about the San Vicente shootout, but had dismissed ‘the whole story as a fake.’ The agency never officially called off the search for Butch and Sundance. Indeed, in 1921, Mr. Pinkerton told an agent that ‘the last we heard of [the Sundance Kid]…he was in jail in Peru for an attempted bank robbery. Butch Cassidy had been with him but got away and is supposed to have returned to the Argentine.’ Needless to say, the Pinkertons never caught up with the pair. This article was written by Anne Meadows and Daniel Buck and originally appeared in the February 1997 issue of Wild West. For more great articles, order your subscription of Wild West magazine today! Featured Article Cassidy: I’m Butch Cassidy. Powers: Well, what can I do for you? Cassidy: I’ll tell you. There’s a heap of charges out against me and considerable money offered for me in rewards. I’m getting sick of hiding out; always on the run and never able to stay long in one place. Now, when it comes to facts, I’ve kept close track of things and I know there ain’t a man left in the country who can go on the stand and identify me for any crime. All of them have either died or gone away. I’ve been thinking. Why can’t I go and just give myself up and stand trial on one of those old charges? Powers: No use. You’ve robbed too many big corporations in your time. I do not doubt what you say, but if you were ever to go on trial you can depend on it, some one of those companies would bring someone to the stand who’d swear against you. No, you’ll have to keep on the run, I’m afraid. In substance, the two versions vary little, and had either author paraphrased the conversation, the slight differences would have likely gone unnoticed. However, both Kelly and Greene chose to report the conversation verbatim. Even then, the most notable difference concerns how Butch Cassidy was dressed. Kelly says ‘well-dressed,’ which suggests city clothes, while Greene says ‘overalls and a blue denim jumper,’ as if Cassidy had recently come off the trail. Granted, this is a minor inconsistency, but it does raise one’s curiosity. Something else in Kelly’s version is bothersome. He says Butch introduced himself to Powers as ‘George’ LeRoy Parker. Cassidy’s real name was Robert LeRoy Parker, a fact later verified by his family and by church records. It’s true that during his outlaw career Butch did use the name George Cassidy, and throughout his book Charles Kelly mistakenly refers to him as George. However, if Butch chose to bare his soul to Powers and seek his help, would he not have used his real name? Again, this minor discrepancy would mean little if it were not that Kelly was purporting to provide a verbatim account of the meeting. Partly because of this slip, I chose Greene’s version over Kelly’s for my book on Cassidy, reducing Kelly’s account to an endnote reference. Another reason I favored Greene is that he had been a contemporary of Cassidy’s and might have even known him personally. What’s more, it’s rumored that Greene was related by marriage to the John Simpson family, who were Butch’s neighbors and close friends when he had his ranch near Dubois, Wyo. As minor as these discrepancies were, I couldn’t let them alone, so recently I dug a little deeper into the matter, hoping to find the source (or sources) of the two accounts. Thanks to a tip from Wild Bunch writers Dan Buck and Anne Meadows, it did not take long to learn where Greene’s version came from. He took it word for word from Frederick R. Bechdolt’s 1924 book Tales of the Old Timers, a source that I had failed to track down when I was writing my biography of Cassidy. I was aware of the Bechdolt book at the time, but it had been out of print for years, and after a brief search for a copy I gave up looking. Frankly, I was put off by the title, thinking it was just one of those many potboilers on the Old West cranked out in the 1920s. After all, Bechdolt was primarily a novelist and short-story writer whose stories occasionally had been adapted by Hollywood for early two-reel Westerns. I had underestimated Bechdolt. It seems he also turned out some decent frontier history. So, if Bechdolt’s book was the first published account of the story of Butch’s offer to surrender, what was his source? Bechdolt’s Tales of the Old Timers was mostly about southwestern frontier characters. He devoted only one chapter to Butch Cassidy. Like Charles Kelly and A.F.C. Greene, he did not include footnotes or endnotes, but he did provide a single page of ‘Acknowledgments.’ Among the names mentioned there with a connection to Cassidy were W.A. Richards (Wyoming governor during part of Butch’s outlaw career), Will Simpson (prosecutor at Butch’s trial in 1894) and James Simpson (Will Simpson’s son). Governor Richards and Will Simpson were at least possible sources for Bechdolt’s account of the Cassidy-Powers meeting. However, neither man was on the scene at the time of the meeting nor even indirectly involved in the incident. But what about Bechdolt himself? Although born in Pennsylvania, Frederick Ritchie Bechdolt (1874-1950) grew up in the West and attended the University of North Dakota and later the University of Washington. Following graduation from the latter in 1896, he was hired as a reporter by the Seattle Star. He soon moved on, and for the next 10 years he wrote for major newspapers in Oakland, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Salt Lake City. Reporters find ways to dig out information. Being on the scene in Salt Lake City, possibly during the same year the Cassidy-Powers meeting took place or at least shortly thereafter, it is possible Bechdolt could have obtained the story, maybe even a stenographer’s record of the meeting. (Despite an obligation to keep information confidential, attorneys will tell you off the record that law offices can become leaky places when famous clients are involved. It was probably no different in those days.) Thus Bechdolt’s proximity to Powers could explain his version of the meeting, as well as give his account some credibility, but what about Kelly’s version? It is possible that he also might have had contact with persons who had known Powers. Although Kelly was not around at the time of the Cassidy-Powers meeting, he did spend many years in Salt Lake City. In 1919, following discharge from the Army, he married and settled down there. However, at that time his primary interest was music (he played the violin and cornet), not writing. It would be another 10 years before he published his first book and nearly two decades before publication of The Outlaw Trail. Of course, it is possible that Kelly simply rewrote the Bechdolt version. Kelly’s acknowledgments in the second edition of The Outlaw Trail reveal that he also had access to Bechdolt’s book when he wrote the first edition. In fact, in 1939, a year after the first edition was published, Kelly admitted in a letter to Cassidy’s prosecutor, Will Simpson, that Bechdolt was one of his ‘principal authorities’ for The Outlaw Trail. But if he simply used Bechdolt’s version, why did he change it? Kelly was not averse to repeating verbatim earlier writers’ work, including Bechdolt’s (which he admitted in his letter to Simpson). However, he might have already lifted sizable portions of Bechdolt’s material on other aspects of Cassidy’s career and perhaps decided that he should give the conversation between Cassidy and Powers his own interpretation. In any case, Cassidy was no doubt discouraged when he left Powers’ office that day in 1899, but he was not ready to give up. He knew of someone else in Salt Lake City who might help him, someone who might be more receptive to his pursuit of a pardon and, more important, someone who had even better access to Utah Governor Heber Wells than attorney Orlando Powers. That man was Parley P. Christensen. In his book, Charles Kelly describes Parley Christensen as a former sheriff of Juab County, Utah, a man who knew Butch Cassidy in his early years. However, when I checked with Juab County officials, they could find no record of a Parley P. Christensen having ever been sheriff of that county. Local records did list a town marshal by that name for the city of Nephi, the Juab County seat, but he was not appointed until 1914. Further digging revealed that the Parley P. Christensen from whom Cassidy sought help might have once been a sheriff, but by 1899 he, like Orlando Powers, had become a prominent Salt Lake City attorney. A graduate of the University of Deseret (later the University of Utah) and Cornell University School of Law, Christensen was a rising star in Republican politics and a familiar sight in the halls of the Utah Capitol. He and Governor Wells, also a Republican, were well acquainted, having both served as delegates to the Utah State Constitutional Convention in 1895. Christensen, in fact, had served as secretary of the convention and was later elected to the state Legislature. (During that same fall, Christensen was elected Salt Lake County attorney and seemed destined for the governor’s office, but several years later he had a falling out with the Republican Party and eventually joined the Progressive movement. In 1920 he ran for president of the United States on the Farmer-Labor ticket.) Cassidy found Parley Christensen much more encouraging than Powers about his chances to obtain some form of clemency. Christensen quickly arranged an appointment for him with the governor. According to Kelly, after listening to Cassidy’s offer, Wells told him that if there were no murder warrants out for him, he thought something could be worked out. However, when the governor had his attorney general check the warrants on Cassidy, a murder charge did turn up. During a second meeting, the governor informed Butch that he was sorry, but there was nothing he could do for him. Cassidy insisted that he had never killed a man in his life, but that wasn’t the issue. The governor’s condition had been that there could be no murder warrants out for him, and one was found. Frankly, Butch should have expected as much. After all, for the previous three years, when a bank or train robbery occurred in Utah or the surrounding states, Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch usually topped the list of suspects. If a bank or express car guard had been killed in one of those robberies, it is not surprising that Cassidy’s name was on a warrant. According to Kelly, at this point attorney Orlando Powers reentered the picture. He had come up with a novel idea. What if Cassidy agreed not only to give up his life of crime but also to go to work for the Union Pacific Railroad as an express guard? If so, perhaps the railroad would drop all charges against him. As a full-time employee of the railroad, Butch could not get away with much; his whereabouts would usually be known. Moreover, Powers could argue that, when other outlaws learned the famous Butch Cassidy was guarding the Union Pacific’s express cars, they might be hesitant to attack the train. Author A.F.C. Greene does not mention Powers’ idea. Lula Parker Betenson, Butch’s younger sister, does refer to it in her book, Butch Cassidy, My Brother, but Kelly was probably her source. Frederick Bechdolt briefly discusses a variation of the story. He says Butch asked for a meeting with John Ward, sheriff of Uinta County, Wyo., at a mountain pass on the Denver & Rio Grande line. There, the wanted man informed Ward that he could ‘tell the railroads that they could take their gunmen off the trains,’ that they ‘ain’t going to need ’em’ anymore, because nothing ‘was going to come off, and you’ve got my word for that.’ Bechdolt, however, does not mention that Cassidy would ask for any kind of deal. What could Butch have gained from such an arrangement? Actually, not a whole lot. The Union Pacific officials could only forgive him for robberies on their line. At the time, the states of Wyoming and Utah wanted him, and Butch was also a suspect in bank or train robberies in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Montana and New Mexico. The Union Pacific officials could not grant amnesty for any of those offenses. But what does give some legs to the story that Cassidy might have accepted Powers’ suggestion and offered to work for the railroad company is a letter found in the Utah State Archives’ collection of the correspondence of Governor Wells. The letter, addressed to Wells, was dated May 30, 1900. The writer was W.S. Seavey, then general agent of the Denver office of the Thiel Detective Service. Seavey wrote, ‘I desire to inform you that I have reliable information to the effect that if the authorities will let him alone and the UPRR officials will give him a job as guard, etc., the outlaw Butch Cassidy will lay down his arms, come in, give himself up, go to work and be a good peacable [sic] citizen hereafter.’ What adds to the letter’s credibility is that W.S. Seavey was not an ordinary part-time gumshoe. If Seavey considered his information as ‘reliable,’ it probably was. Seavey might have been a careless speller, but he was an experienced lawman who, before becoming a Thiel general agent, had served eight years as chief of the Omaha Police Department. Kelly tells us that Powers presented the offer to the Union Pacific, and ‘after some discussion the railroad officials agreed to the plan and authorized Powers to get in touch with Cassidy.’ The author says Powers then wrote to Douglas Preston, Cassidy’s personal lawyer since the early 1890s, requesting that he get the word to Cassidy. He did, and, according to Kelly, Preston arranged to meet Cassidy in 10 days at ‘Lost Soldier Pass’ in southwestern Wyoming and bring along the Union Pacific’s chief detective and’some officials with power to make an agreement.’ The meeting at Lost Soldier Pass never came off. As Kelly told it, Cassidy showed up, but there was no Douglas Preston and no railroad officials. After waiting all day, Butch rode back to his hideout. Preston later claimed that he and his party were delayed by a storm, and when they finally did arrive and found Cassidy gone, Preston, ‘disgusted with his fruitless effort, savagely kicked at a flat stone [that was] lying under the lone cedar where the meeting was to have taken place.’ Underneath the stone he found a piece of paper on which Cassidy had written: ‘Damn you, Preston, you have double-crossed me. I waited all day but you didn’t show up. Tell the U.P. to go to hell. And you can go with them.’ It is not difficult to believe that Cassidy was tired of running and wanted to surrender, and that at the urging of Orlando Powers he would have considered working for the Union Pacific Railroad in exchange for amnesty. Unlike most outlaws of his day, Butch did not appear to have an aversion to honest work. Although he had committed his first bank robbery in 1889, there is no evidence that he was involved in another major crime for more than seven years, not until the bank robbery in 1896 at Montpelier, Idaho, to obtain money to help his friend Matt Warner. It’s true that more than once during those seven years Cassidy probably helped himself to a rancher’s straying cattle, but among cowboys in Wyoming during the early 1890s, plucking a beef off the range was considered something akin to a part-time job. Butch also probably stole a few horses, which was looked upon more seriously (and for which he went to prison for 18 months). And of course Cassidy has been credited with several major robberies during the last half of the 1890s; however, when he walked into lawyer Powers’ office that day in the fall of 1899 with the idea of surrendering, he had spent the previous year doing honest work, as assistant foreman and trail boss on the New Mexico Territory ranch of an Englishman, William French. It was hard, boring work ramrodding herds in the parched Southwest, but Butch Cassidy (known to rancher French as Jim Lowe) apparently enjoyed it. When the job of foreman opened up, he told French he wanted to take it, but by then the Pinkertons had come nosing around, and Butch felt it was wiser to leave. Years later, French had only good things to say about the man he knew as Jim Lowe. Therefore, it is not difficult to believe that Cassidy probably would have succeeded as an express car guard. However, to think that the railroad would have actually hired him for that position is another matter. This is not to say that the idea was new. Hollywood writer-producer Glen Larson, who used just such an arrangement as a continuing plot for his 1970s Western TV series Alias Smith and Jones, claimed he got the idea from a reference to a similar arrangement he ran across while looking for story ideas in the files of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. And in telling of the incident, Butch’s sister Lula (or her co-author, professional writer Dora Flack), while admitting that the idea of an outlaw becoming a railroad guard sounded pretty far-fetched, insisted that in Butch’s case it was no ‘fairy tale’ and was ‘a plan familiar to lawmen.’ On the other hand, looking at such an arrangement from the railroad’s side, chances are the Union Pacific’s board of directors could not have stomached it. This group of investors had shelled out $110 million to purchase the line in 1893 and would have been more than a little nervous putting a known criminal on speeding trains that frequently carried thousands of dollars in bullion, coin and currency. Moreover, it is difficult to believe that E.H. Harriman, then president and a major stockholder of the Union Pacific, would have gone for such a deal. Harriman was a problem solver, not a deal maker. For example, the previous year his answer to a flurry of train robberies was to station ‘posse cars’ (gutted baggage cars loaded with experienced railroad police and former lawmen on fast horses) at strategic points along the line, ready to be dispatched at the first word of a holdup. And the plan was apparently working. Furthermore, according to W.H. Park, then the Union Pacific’s general superintendent, at that particular time he and Harriman did not consider Butch Cassidy the most dangerous member of the Wild Bunch. They felt Harvey Logan deserved that title. Therefore, if presented with a plan for Cassidy to become an express car guard, Harriman and Park might have wondered just how much help Butch would be if a Harvey Logan-led gang of outlaws attacked one of their trains. In addition, implementing such a plan would have been a major problem. With an outlaw on the railroad’s payroll and possibly in position to learn of shipment dates and security details, it is likely that Union Pacific officials would have accepted the deal only if they could have been assured that Butch would be kept under surveillance night and day. Was that possible? Probably not. Also, the truth of the story of the aborted meeting between Cassidy and representatives of the railroad has been put further in doubt by recently discovered evidence. The ‘Damn you, Preston’ note Butch allegedly left under a stone at Lost Soldier Pass might have been a forgery. Although Kelly spelled out the contents of the note in his book, it was assumed that the original note no longer existed–until sometime in the 1980s, when it mysteriously began circulating among rare document dealers. This caught the interest of writer Dan Buck, who, after several weeks of dogged detective work, discovered that the note might have been a creation of the notorious forger of Mormon documents, Mark Hofmann. It appears that Hofmann, or someone, might have written the note to conform to the story told by Charles Kelly. Although Buck hasn’t conclusively nailed down Hofmann as the culprit, he puts little faith in the note’s authenticity, as well as in the tale of the attempted rendezvous itself. In writing about the note and the alleged meeting, Buck, in the spring 2002 issue of The Journal of the Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association, raises several questions. Preston was Cassidy’s old friend and defense lawyer. If he had failed to show up for a meeting, which, after all, was out in the middle of nowhere, would Cassidy have immediately accused him of a double-cross? Preston and his party were supposed to have been delayed by a storm. Would not Cassidy have weathered the same storm? The letter was written in ink. Would Cassidy have been carrying a pen and a bottle of ink in his saddlebags? And the note was not scribbled as it might have been by someone dashing off a message, perhaps using his saddle to write on. Instead, the handwriting was careful and neat, as if written on a desk. Cassidy supposedly hid the note under a rock, which just happened to be the rock that Preston, disgusted over Butch’s departure,’savagely kicked.’ Although Charles Kelly’s account of Cassidy’s aborted arrangement with Union Pacific officials now seems suspect, we should not come down too hard on Kelly. In The Outlaw Trail, Kelly did his best with the information he had, whatever the source. As tenuous as some of his facts might have been, Kelly provided a valuable starting point for subsequent research on Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch. And to his credit, in the first edition of his book Kelly admitted that his information was sometimes conflicting and indefinite, and because of this he invited his readers to write him if they had additional ‘facts,’ so he could correct errors in future editions. Dan Buck and Anne Meadows, in their introduction to the University of Nebraska Press’ 1996 reprint edition of The Outlaw Trail, aptly describe the challenge Kelly faced in telling Butch Cassidy’s story. They quote former Western Publications editor John Joerschke, who, in addressing a 1994 gathering of outlaw history aficionados, cautioned his audience: ‘If you want to write a true story, write a novel,’ because the truth, the precious metal we seek, must be mined from ‘a mountain of lies, legends and missing clues.’   This article was written by Richard Patterson and originally appeared in the February 2006 issue of Wild West. Richard Patterson devotes his time to legal writing and frontier history. His books Butch Cassidy: A Biography and Train Robbery: The Birth, Flowering and Decline of a Notorious Western Enterprise are recommended for further reading, along with Frederick R. Bechdolt’s Tales of the Old Timers; Lula Parker Betenson’s Butch Cassidy, My Brother; and the introduction by Dan Buck and Anne Meadows to the 1996 reprint of Charles Kelly’s The Outlaw Trail: A History of Butch Cassidy and His Wild Bunch. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to Wild West magazine today! More Butch Cassidy Articles Interview With Author Mark Smokov Author Mark Smokov brings Wild Bunch outlaw Harvey Logan (aka Kid Curry) out of Butch Cassidy’s shadow. Book Review: He Rode With Butch and Sundance, by Mark T. Smokov Author Mark Smokov makes the case that Harvey Logan (aka Kid Curry) was not just another member of the Wild Bunch under Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Book Review: The Last Outlaws, by Thom Hatch Author Thom Hatch delivers a dual biography of Butch and Sundance, notorious outlaws as inseparable in life as in death. Letter From Wild West – April 2013 Con man Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II stirred up trouble on the frontier and still sparks controversy today.

Sundance Kid

Irish Olympic champion Michelle smith was suspended in 1999 over drug allegations in which sport?

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) Approved | Two Western bank/train robbers flee to Bolivia when the law gets too close. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC "No Small Parts" IMDb Exclusive: 'Edge of Seventeen' Star Hailee Steinfeld Hailee Steinfeld has received critical acclaim for her role in the coming-of-age comedy The Edge of Seventeen . What other roles has she played over the years? Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. a list of 44 titles created 21 Sep 2011 a list of 35 titles created 26 Dec 2013 a list of 22 titles created 09 Feb 2014 a list of 24 titles created 9 months ago a list of 43 titles created 2 weeks ago Title: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 4 Oscars. Another 16 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A man refuses to conform to life in a rural prison. Director: Stuart Rosenberg In Chicago in September 1936, a young con man seeking revenge for his murdered partner teams up with a master of the big con to win a fortune from a criminal banker. Director: George Roy Hill Allied prisoners of war plan for several hundred of their number to escape from a German camp during World War II. Director: John Sturges After settling his differences with a Japanese PoW camp commander, a British colonel co-operates to oversee his men's construction of a railway bridge for their captors - while oblivious to a plan by the Allies to destroy it. Director: David Lean Retired Old West gunslinger William Munny reluctantly takes on one last job, with the help of his old partner and a young man. Director: Clint Eastwood Two bounty hunters with the same intentions team up to track down a Western outlaw. Director: Sergio Leone A wandering gunfighter plays two rival families against each other in a town torn apart by greed, pride, and revenge. Director: Sergio Leone An in-depth examination of the ways in which the U.S. Vietnam War impacts and disrupts the lives of people in a small industrial town in Pennsylvania. Director: Michael Cimino The story of T.E. Lawrence , the English officer who successfully united and led the diverse, often warring, Arab tribes during World War I in order to fight the Turks. Director: David Lean A private detective hired to expose an adulterer finds himself caught up in a web of deceit, corruption and murder. Director: Roman Polanski Fred Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two Americans searching for work in Mexico, convince an old prospector to help them mine for gold in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Director: John Huston A young recruit in Vietnam faces a moral crisis when confronted with the horrors of war and the duality of man. Director: Oliver Stone Edit Storyline Butch and Sundance are the two leaders of the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang. Butch is all ideas, Sundance is all action and skill. The west is becoming civilized and when Butch and Sundance rob a train once too often, a special posse begins trailing them no matter where they run. Over rock, through towns, across rivers, the group is always just behind them. When they finally escape through sheer luck, Butch has another idea, "Let's go to Bolivia". Based on the exploits of the historical characters. Written by John Vogel <[email protected]> You never met a pair like Butch and The Kid. See more  » Genres: 24 October 1969 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: The Sundance Kid and Butch Cassidy See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Conrad Hall was not pleased with the night shots in the film, such as the one in which a man is selling bicycles down on the street. He thought they had too much light and shadows and told film critic Leonard Maltin he preferred really dark night shots, such as the ones in Bonnie and Clyde (1967). See more » Goofs When Butch and Sundance blow up the safe on the train, their hats are blown off by the force of the explosion. A bare-headed Butch looks over as the second train arrives. The second train is shown for a moment and when the film cuts back to Butch, he suddenly has his hat on. See more » Quotes Butch Cassidy : What happened to the old bank? It was beautiful. Guard: People kept robbing it. Butch Cassidy : Small price to pay for beauty. Opening disclaimer: Most Of What Follows Is True See more » Connections RAINDROPS KEEP FALLIN' ON MY HEAD B.J. Thomas sings (as B. J. Thomas) (United States) – See all my reviews I can remember seeing this movie, at the Colony Theater in Portsmouth Virginia, when it was first released. Since then, I've seen it at least 30 times, most recently last night. In my humble opinion, Paul Newman & Robert Redford made an excellent movie twosome 30 years ago [and expanded on it a few years later, in The Sting]. In reading the reviews submitted about this movie it makes me happy to see that most of the people agree with my opinion. How could you not like these characters, along with Etta, "those guys" following them and eventually Strother [who will always be remembered for his "what we have here is a failure to communicate" in Cool Hand Luke] Martin? Not to mention the scenes where Etta enters the picture, when Butch has to fight Logan, when they have to jump in the water and, of course, the ending sequence of events. I won't say "they don't make them like they used to", but this one is a keeper. And if you agree with my evaluation, and have a DVD player, watch the DVD that has interviews, etc., to give you an even better picture of this excellent movie. 31 of 42 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

i don't know

Colombian underworld boss Pablo Escobar dealt in what commodity?

Roberto Escobar on Colombia's Cocaine History, Pablo Escobar and the Failed War on Drugs | The Daily Bell Roberto Escobar on Colombia's Cocaine History, Pablo Escobar and the Failed War on Drugs By Anthony Wile - July 13, 2014 Introduction: Roberto Escobar Gaviria, an entrepreneur in Colombia, is the brother of the late Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, and former chief accountant, "right-hand man and administrative brains" of the Escobar operation (Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, p 23). Roberto spent more than 11 years in a maximum-security prison in Itagüi, south of Medellin, Colombia. Escobar is author of The Accountant's Sto ry: Inside the Violent World of the Medellin Cartel: The True Story of Pablo Escobar (2009), Escobar: The Inside Story of Pablo Escobar, the World's Most Powerful Criminal (2009) and Mi Hermano Pablo (2008). While Roberto was becoming a world-class cyclist as a young man, eventually winning numerous national and international medals, coach of the Colombian national cycling team and opening his own bicycle factory, Pablo was embarking on a life of crime. From stealing tombstones in his youth and smuggling contraband, he eventually began smuggling cocaine paste from Peru into Colombia where it was processed. After taking over the existing operations of murdered drug lord Fabio Restrepo, the Medellin cartel's operations eventually expanded into exporting cocaine internationally, including into the US. Roberto reluctantly joined Pablo in the drug smuggling business – out of necessity, says Roberto – when the government began pursuing extended family members who were not involved in Pablo's business, even imprisoning Roberto's wife at one time. Roberto Escobar told the Irish Times in 2009, "I managed the telephones, the books. I never got involved in terrorism, or killings, and I criticised [Pablo] many times for that." In 1989, Pablo Escobar was listed by Forbes as the 7th richest man in the world, his fortune of an estimated $25 billion amassed through control of as much as 80% of the world's cocaine traffic. Forbes wrote: [Pablo] Escobar's biography from the 1987 inaugural Forbes Billionaires issue reads like a how-to guide for ambitious, P.R.-savvy entrepreneurs: from a lowly position as smuggler, enforcer and bodyguard, Escobar worked his way to the top, first by saving enough money to invest in his own cocaine business. By 1978, Escobar was moving about 35 kilos of coke a month out of Medellin. He took over a Medellin newspaper, became influential in politics, and successfully ran for public office. He built houses for the poor, soccer fields, and a zoo for the public. Eventually, he was indicted on charges of cocaine marketing, money laundering, and contract killing. In 1987, Escobar controlled an estimated 40% of the Medellin drug cartel's business, and had accumulated at least $3 billion over the years, Forbes reported. Escobar remained on the Forbes Billionaires List for seven years, appearing for the final time in the July 1993 Billionaires issue. Five months later he was killed. When the Escobars ran out of banks in which to store their fortune they resorted to hiding cash in homes, ranches and warehouses and burying it in the ground. Roberto has written the organization spent as much as $2,500 each month just on rubber bands to hold together the endless stacks of money and that much of the fortune – they wrote off 10% each year to spoilage – was lost to rot and rats. Much of the cash, according to Roberto, has never been retrieved since Pablo's December 2, 1993 death on the roof of his home, either from a hail of law enforcement bullets or at his own hand – the stories differ depending on the source. Roberto says Pablo had long insisted 'a grave in Colombia is better than a prison in the US' and intended to kill himself rather than being extradited to the US on murder and drug trafficking charges. As chief accountant with intimate knowledge of the cartel's financial details, Roberto described in The Accountant's Story the inner workings of their drug trafficking empire. The costs of maintaining their extensive multinational cocaine smuggling operation – including a fleet of airplanes and helicopters, private airstrips, mini-submarines, a virtual army of henchmen, bribery at every level, rewards given out for killing police officers and the cost of assassins – were enormous. Pablo also indulged in a luxurious lifestyle that included mansions and apartments throughout the country and even a private zoo. Pablo had held political aspirations since childhood and was elected a junior congressman in 1982, a position he held for a short time. His bid for the presidency, Roberto believes, was his final, fatal mistake. Targeting presidential candidate César Gaviria, Pablo had a bomb placed aboard Avianca Flight 203 that killed 110 people – Gaviria was not on board the plane. Pablo was allegedly responsible for the 1989 assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán; two other presidential candidates in the same election were also assassinated. In spite of the chaos and destruction left in his wake, Pablo is regarded favorably by many in Colombia and beyond, especially the poor. Like a modern-day Robin Hood, Pablo had often distributed cash in poor neighborhoods, rebuilt homes destroyed by landslides and contributed significantly to the betterment of Medellin's impoverished masses through the building of parks, churches and sporting facilities. Roberto Escobar's books describe at length this kinder, gentler side of a man the Colombian government's "Truth Commission" accused of killing an estimated 20 people a day in addition to 457 police officers, 30 judges, a presidential candidate and the publisher of one of Colombia's main newspapers as well as helping to orchestrate a guerrilla assault on the country's Supreme Court during which half the justices were killed. Roberto was imprisoned from 1991 to 2003 except for a brief few months on the run after he had escaped with Pablo and nine of their associates from the luxurious El Catedral resort-prison built specifically to hold members of the cartel after they had surrendered. After Roberto surrendered again, in 1992, he was held at the maximum-security prison in Itagüi. Since his release from prison in 2003, Roberto Escobar has invested the majority of his time working to perfect a cure he's developed for HIV, drawn from medical knowledge he gained through years of owning and caring for Paso Fino (or fine step) horses. He told the Irish Times: "We have found a medicine so that people in this world don't have to die from that illness, and in Colombia we have more than 100 patients totally uncontaminated now, who won't contaminate any other human being on this planet." Roberto Escobar's The Accountant's Story has been described in the LA Times as similar to a "narcocorrido, a ballad sung to danceable Norteno-style music with lyrics that romanticize the drug trade. It's a hugely popular genre, and embattled officials in the violence-ravaged Mexican state of Baja California have gone so far as to keep the songs off the airwaves there. The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellin Cartel is the literary equivalent of a narcocorrido – without the redeeming virtue of a catchy, polka-inflected beat." Editor's Note: Roberto Escobar does not speak English. This in-person interview was conducted at his home in Colombia with the assistance of a translator. To aid readers unfamiliar with Colombian culture and history, Pablo Escobar and the Medellin cartel of the 1980s-90s drug wars, the media information to which Mr. Escobar refers and other topics discussed, more information to supplement that contained in the Introduction has been added throughout the interview (in italics). Anthony Wile: First of all, I'd like to thank you for giving me the opportunity to sit down with you and discuss Colombia, the history of Colombia, where it is going and where it is today. Roberto Escobar: Thank you for visiting our country, for believing in Colombia and for coming to my home. I wish you luck in your endeavours. Roberto Escobar's home, which formerly served as a hideout for himself, Pablo and other members of the cartel, is in the hills above the city of Medellin, in the District of Antioquia, in Colombia. The house is also now open to the public as a museum, where guides bring tourists and Roberto often meets with visitors. Founded in 1616, Medellin is the second-largest city in Colombia with a population of approximately 2.4 million living in 147 sq miles, part of a larger district of over 3.5 million residents. This beautiful city is in the Aburra Valley, which lies in the northernmost Andes Mountains in the northwest area of Colombia. In 2013 the city won the "City of the Year" award, having been chosen as the most innovative city in the world following stunning advances in all areas of life since the devastating drug wars, by the Urban Land Institute, Citi Financial Group and the Wall Street Journal Magazine. The Wall Street Journal wrote: "Originally distinguished for its progress and potential, the winning city [Medellin] found new solutions to classic problems of mobility and environmental sustainability. Today, gondolas and a giant escalator shuttle citizens from steep mountainside homes to jobs and schools in the valley below. As a result, travel time for the majority of its citizens has been cut from more than 2 hours to just a few minutes. In this city, a modern underground metro system has eased pollution and crowding in the city's main arteries above, and glistening new museums, cultural centers, libraries and schools enrich the community." Anthony Wile: Thank you very much. Now, let's start with your younger years. I know you are an engineer by background. Tell us about your engineering background, where you went to school and how you got your initial education. Roberto Escobar: I went to primary school near Rio Negro, the town where the international airport is currently located, though during my first two years of education I was homeschooled by my mother, a teacher by profession; she taught me how to read and write and the basics of math. We were very poor and I had to go to school with holes in my shoes, walking four hours every morning to get to school, and another four hours to get back home. I used to grow vegetables I then sold on Sundays, and that's how I raised the money to buy my first bicycle. I bought it so I didn't have such long walks on the way to school. My grandmother had a chemical factory that produced textile dyes and food condiments, among other products, and I used to help in the chemistry lab and in Medellin I began to study engineering. During my first year in the Academy of Sciences of Antioquia I built the first radio we had at our house, as we had no money to buy one, and during my second year, I built the first stereo we had. In 1957 television arrived in Colombia, and ten years after that (three years after I had begun my studies) I spent six months building our first TV set, which all the neighbours would come to watch. I received the highest honours at school for building those devices. During that same time I started cycling. Anthony Wile: Ah, that was a question I wanted to ask. You were quite a cycling champion when you were younger, maybe better known as "El Osito" (The Little Bear). Tell us how you got your nickname. Roberto Escobar: When I was finishing my studies, I received a teaching position and at the same time, a minister (who was an investor in a pharmaceutical company called Drogerias Aliadas [Allied Drugstores]) offered me a job. The company used to produce most of the medicines used in the country, and there I learned a great deal about medicine. Then I went to work for a company called Mora Hermanos, who sponsored my first cycling competition in Colombia. I competed in two Tours of Colombia, and I was the youngest cyclist to ever compete. That was in 1965 [Roberto won the Colombian national championship that year, the national championship of Bolivia in 1966, and achieved 37 victories in one year], and I was 17, almost 18. I later competed in international competitions and received a gold medal in the Pan-American Games. Because I wanted to continue my studies and because my sponsor (Jesús Mora de la Hoz) had died, I retired from cycling and started looking for other offers. I became the cycling coach for the Department of Antioquia, working with Coldeportes and the cycling league of Antioquia. General Marcos Arámbula Durán in Bogotá offered me the position of coach of the national team so I went to Manizales, where I made twice as much as I was making in Medellin. There, with the help of some friends and engineers, we built a velodrome. I learned a great deal about engineering back then. I was sent with a group of cyclists to compete in Costa Rica where our team won all the first positions. Back in Bogota, I was sent to Panama and other international competitions, all of which I won. I went to Germany to represent the Pan-American Confederation of Cycling, and there we started the International Cycling Union (ICU). When I came back to Colombia I started a company that made bicycles, in Manizales, and it was very successful. I took some courses on sports medicine, nursing and first aid and spent my time in the breeding of horses of Paso Fino ("Fine Step" horses known for their naturally light gait). I built the best horse-breeding facilities in the history of the country and had the best horse in the world, named "The Earthquake of Manizales." Among the horses I owned, there was a sick mare who suffered from equine anemia. I worked with a vet to find the cure for that disease in horses. That is what led to my study of how to cure HIV. Oh, about my nickname. Once, in a competition from Medellin to Yarumal, the road was unpaved and it had rained all day. I won the competition that day. During the competition a car passed me by and splashed all the mud of the road in my face and clothes. The commentator of the race, who didn't know who I was at the time, said the winner of the competition looked like a little bear, because I looked like a little bear. Hence the nickname "El Osito." An interesting article about Colombian cycling, including information about Roberto Escobar's cycling history and his Ositto bicycle company, "Pablo Escobar, Guerrillas, and My Dream Bike," Cycling Inquisition (Ciclismo y cultura de Colombia), is available here . Another extensive source of information regarding Colombia's era of cycling supremacy is the book, Kings of the Mountains, by Matt Rendell. Anthony Wile: Moving on, let's talk about Colombia. How did the coca business get started in Colombia? Roberto Escobar: At the beginning of 1913 (I think that was the year – I have the official document, a letter to the Bolivian government signed by the Minister of Health, saved somewhere in my house), a Colombian minister had the coca seed imported for the first time, two bags, from Bolivia. So the Colombian government was the first importer of the seed and we previously had no coca in Colombia. Anthony Wile: Interesting. That's the same year the Federal Reserve was founded in the United States. I wonder if they were somehow involved in funding the purchase of the seeds! Roberto Escobar: I don't know. Those first seeds went bad and some more seeds had to be imported and this time a Bolivian technician was sent to oversee the growing of the seeds. Anthony Wile: Was it used more for medicinal purposes at the time? Roberto Escobar: I imagine it had many uses, seeing as they even used it for carbonated beverages. Many people saw different opportunities for the coca leaf. Anthony Wile: Which was normal back then. It's all very interesting, because when you mention the word "cocaine" in the world, Bolivia is not the name that comes to the top. It's Colombia. Why do you think Colombia became the most prominent producer of cocaine, even more so than Bolivia or Peru or Ecuador? Why Colombia? Roberto Escobar: Because Colombians created cocaine and more importantly, the cocaine business. Anthony Wile: When did it really start becoming an international business? Roberto Escobar: I think it was in the early '70s. Anthony Wile: And that was just in the early stages? Roberto Escobar: I think so. Anthony Wile: Were you involved at the very beginning, at the time? When did you become involved in that industry? Roberto Escobar: I can't answer that question. I paid all my dues. Whatever I say could be taken as an apology of criminal acts, and it could lead to trouble. Roberto has been jailed twice. The first time, from 1991-92, he and his brother Pablo turned themselves in to the government just after the country banned extraditions, in exchange for reduced jail time. The US was heavily pressuring Colombia to extradite Pablo Escobar to the US to face murder and drug trafficking charges. LatinAmericanHistory.about.com describes the situation and conditions under which both Pablo and Roberto first were incarcerated: In 1991, due to increasing pressure to extradite Escobar, the Colombian government and Escobar's lawyers came up with an interesting arrangement: Escobar would turn himself in and serve a five-year jail term. In return, he would build his own prison and would not be extradited to the United States or anywhere else. The prison, La Catedral, was an elegant fortress which featured a Jacuzzi, a waterfall, a full bar and a soccer field. In addition, Escobar had negotiated the right to select his own "guards." He ran his empire from inside La Catedral, giving orders by telephone. There were no other prisoners in La Catedral. Today, La Catedral is in ruins, hacked to pieces by treasure hunters looking for hidden Escobar loot. Everyone knew that Escobar was still running his operation from La Catedral, but in July of 1992, it came out that Escobar had ordered some disloyal underlings brought to his 'prison,' where they were tortured and killed. This was too much for even the Colombian government, and plans were made to transfer Escobar to a normal prison. Fearing he could be extradited, Escobar escaped and went into hiding. A massive manhunt was organized, with help from the United States Government. By late 1992, there were two organizations searching for him: the Search Bloc, a special, US-trained Colombian task force, and "Los Pepes," a shadowy organization of Escobar's enemies, made up of family members of his victims and financed by Escobar's main business rival, the Cali Cartel. Shortly before Pablo's death, Roberto was imprisoned again after turning himself in, this time in the maximum-security prison in Itagüi, from 1992 until 2003. According to Harvey F. Kline in his book, Historical Dictionary of Colombia (2012), "Many criminals from the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), the Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN), the Medellin cartel, and the Cali cartel have been imprisoned [at Itigui prison]." In the years since Escobar's imprisonment the prison has been utilized to hold numerous drug lords and paramilitary forces members. Anthony Wile: When did the United States become more concerned about cocaine production in Colombia? When did they start to put pressure on the country? Roberto Escobar: I think it all began around 1985, more or less, 15 years after the business started. Anthony Wile: And at that time, were they focused on the entire industry or were they focused just on certain people in the industry? Roberto Escobar: I imagine they were concerned about many things. In the first place, because of the drug use within the U.S.; secondly, because of the money that was being brought into the country; and thirdly, because the business started involving politics, and that created problems for the U.S, Colombia and all the world – basically corruption, among other problems. Anthony Wile: Correct. The war on drugs is now considered by many to be a total failure. Would you agree with that? Roberto Escobar: No, I wouldn't say it's a complete failure. The Colombian government has fiercely attacked the drug dealing business, which is impossible to eradicate since there are always users of the product. An effort should be made to stop the use of drugs and to stop the production of drugs in the world. If the use and the production stop, the business will end. Anthony Wile: But prohibition has never worked. All it does is make a black market blacker, whether it's marijuana or cocaine or alcohol. If the demand is there, people will supply it, and they're making unfathomable sums of money primarily because it is made illegal by the government, which drives up prices and leads to rampant corruption and underworld violence. When I say the war on drugs is a failure I mean it hasn't stopped the appetite for drugs in the United States or around the world and the violence and corruptions still exists. Roberto Escobar: The war on drugs doesn't stop the demand, but it can stop the corruption and the casualties of the drug dealing business. But there is something to pay attention to: When something is prohibited, people want it even more. And if you're addicted to cigarettes, alcohol or drugs, you'll look for your fix. For example, I don't use tobacco or alcohol or drugs, just the medicines prescribed by my doctor. But I don't like any of those things. Anthony Wile: Civil libertarians believe that personal responsibility is most important, and that everyone is responsible for what they do with their lives – what they do, what they eat, what they ingest, where they work, why they do what they do – and education, starting with children, is the only way to stop the use of substances that are harmful, alcohol included. Would you agree that education is the way to enhance personal responsibility when it comes to drugs? Roberto Escobar: I was going to answer your question even before you'd asked it. Anthony Wile: Perfect. Roberto Escobar: The first thing the world needs to do is teach the youth. Prepare them to say no to drugs, or alcohol or tobacco or things that are harmful. But there is something worse: chemicals used to grow food, used in the raising of chickens, all those things that are harmful and that we consume everyday. If we keep going this way, cancer will never be stopped, because we are all being infected everyday. That's even more dangerous than drugs. Anthony Wile: So you would agree that it is somewhat hypocritical that we have governments involved in prohibiting the ingestion of certain drugs, and at the same time we have large conglomerates like Monsanto engineering genetically modified foods that have all kinds of purported side effects and problems for human beings? Is it hypocritical? Roberto Escobar: No. Perhaps governments haven't realised we have that problem. And perhaps people around the world haven't realised, either. There are two things we need to do: improve the quality of the environment and get rid of harmful chemicals. Our lives depend on it. Anthony Wile: Similar to what happens with the cocaine trade and the corruption of law enforcement officers and politicians, isn't it possible that organizations like the FDA and politicians involved with these conglomerates like Monsanto have the same kind of corruption, only more well hidden? Roberto Escobar: Well, corruption exists all over the world. But the truth is I have no knowledge of the topic, so I can't discuss it. The only thing I know is that we are all suffering the consequences of harmful chemicals and that we must find a healthier lifestyle. I think the most important problems are those: the quality of our environment, the use of harmful chemicals and the abuse of harmful drugs. Anthony Wile: And once again, that's achieved through education and the adoption of personal responsibility, which is the cornerstone of liberty. Now, how did you go from engineering and cycling to the cocaine business? Was it the lure of the money? Was it the opportunity? Was it because of your brother? Roberto Escobar: None of the above. When my brother became involved in politics, our family started being persecuted. One day I was warned by a politician from Manizales that the police were looking for me, that they were going to kill me, and told me to leave the city. Four days later, a group of policemen came to my house allegedly to kill me. I had to flee. I came to Medellin and left everything behind. One of my sons was hit by a cop and lost a couple of teeth when he fell, and my wife was put in prison. Anthony Wile: When was this? Roberto Escobar: In the '80s. At the same time, the wife of a cousin of mine was put in prison. And she had nothing to do with the business. I had nothing to do with the business back then. I was a known person, a known cyclist. People knew me in Manizales as a sportsman, as a worker, as the owner of a company that made bicycles. The father of the Ochoa brothers was also put in prison for no reason and the same happened with all of our families. They were all persecuted. Anthony Wile: What were the names of these families? Roberto Escobar: All the people involved with politics – leave it at that. Anthony Wile: Was it known by the police that many prominent politicians and judges were involved in assisting families in the cocaine business? Roberto Escobar: I shouldn't talk about those things. Anthony Wile: There are some misconceptions about Pablo. When I was visiting with you a couple of years ago you told me the way he died was misreported. It was surprising. Could you talk about what really happened in the end? Roberto Escobar: He went up to the roof, and when he saw himself surrounded he decided to take his own life. He shot himself in the ear because he knew he had no way out. Besides, he had already said many times he would do that, that the day he found himself surrounded he would take his own life, that it was a better way to go than being killed by someone else. Anthony Wile: And his bodyguard went with him to the roof. He was a loyal bodyguard and a long-time friend. He insisted in going with Pablo. Is that correct? Roberto Escobar: Yes. He was killed by the police. Not Pablo. Anthony Wile: Who was there in the final moments before Pablo's death? Roberto Escobar: At the last dinner there was Limon (Pablo's bodyguard, Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo), my cousin and Pablo. Anthony Wile: What was the mindset of Pablo and the family at the time, knowing that they were being basically hunted? How were the last three or four hours of this? Roberto Escobar: I don't want to talk about this right now. I'm using that as a scene for an upcoming documentary. Anthony Wile: Tell us about what affected your eyesight. Roberto Escobar: I was warned by a politician from Manizales that people were trying to harm me even before I got involved with the business, only because I was my brother's brother. After that I turned myself in twice. Again from the New York Times, regarding the second surrender: "BOGOTA, Colombia, Oct. 8— Three leaders of the Medellin cocaine trafficking ring, including the brother of its fugitive leader, surrendered to the authorities today, stirring expectations that the ringleader, Pablo Escobar, would also give himself up. Roberto Escobar and two other lieutenants in the Medellin organization, Juan Jairo Velasquez and Otoniel Gonzalez, said they were surrendering to avoid police persecution." While I was doing my time in the maximum-security prison in Itagüi someone sent me a letter bomb. The New York Times reported on December 19, 1993, "Escobar's Brother Injured by Letter Bomb in Prison": The elder brother of Pablo Escobar was injured today by a letter bomb in his prison cell. "Roberto Escobar is in a state of consciousness with multiple injuries from an explosion," a hospital spokeswoman told local radio. She added that he would undergo surgery on his eye and that his injuries had "put his life in danger." She said the prognosis was not satisfactory. Mr. Escobar was rushed to the Las Vegas medical clinic in the south of Medellin after a letter bomb exploded in his cell at the Itagüi maximum security prison during visiting hours this afternoon, the Caracol radio network reported. The network said that the letter bomb, which had arrived by mail addressed to Roberto Escobar, also injured two prison guards. It said that Mr. Escobar also suffered injuries to his face, abdomen and hands. … Roberto Escobar had asked prison authorities for protection against possible attacks. A paramilitary group called People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar had declared war against Pablo Escobar and his cartel last February to avenge car bombings attributed to the Medellin drug cartel. The group later threatened and was believed to have killed many suspected Escobar associates. It also was considered responsible for destroying some of the drug cartel owner's properties. Pablo Escobar had often accused the rival Cali cartel of supporting the paramilitary group. The leaders of the rival cartel took advantage of Pablo Escobar's weakness in recent years to win control of more than 70 percent of the cocaine smuggled to the United States. Pablo Escobar had been on the run since July 1992, when he escaped with nine of his men, including his brother, from La Catedral prison. Roberto Escobar had later surrendered and had been returned to prison. Anthony Wile: How did the bomb get into the prison? Roberto Escobar: There were four checkpoints in the prison. One belonged to DAS [Administrative Department of Security, the Colombian state intelligence and security service], another to the army, another to the police and another from the prison itself. There was an X-ray machine, all our correspondence was ripped open before it ever reached us, our food was inspected and all visitors were frisked before entering so I imagine there was an inside job in the government to have that letter sent to me, as that day I received a package from the District Attorney's office which contained the bomb. The worst thing is that after the explosion they left me there bleeding to death through my nose, my mouth, my eyes. Anthony Wile: Why do you think they did that? Roberto Escobar: Our families were being persecuted by the government. The worst thing is that there was not even an investigation and no one was sentenced for the crime. Anthony Wile: Regarding your eyesight and your hearing, what was the damage? Roberto Escobar: I lost my right eye and can only see a bit through the left one. I lost hearing completely on my right side, and can hear partially on my left side. Anthony Wile: Was Pablo in the same prison at the same time? Roberto Escobar: No. My incident happened 16 days after Pablo's death. Anthony Wile: So you were actually in prison when Pablo died? Roberto Escobar: Yes. Anthony Wile: Tell us about the other side of this, in terms of Pablo and yourself. Today in Envigado and other parts of Colombia there are still quite a few people who have very fond memories of Pablo. Tell us why. Roberto Escobar: Pablo built an entire neighbourhood for the poorest people in the city and 12,000 people live there right now. He took these people from the misery they were living in and put them under a roof. They used to eat garbage, they lived in slums, they lived with vultures and rats, they had no water or bathrooms, no medicines. Then Pablo built the neighbourhood and provided decent houses and gave them beds, refrigerators, everything they needed to have a decent start in life. Anthony Wile: How is your life today? Your family life? Are you married? Do you have children? Do people leave you alone? Do you enjoy your life and do as you please? Roberto Escobar: I live in peace and work for people living with HIV. I feel very satisfied for being able to help humanity. I was married twice and have five children, two from the first marriage and three from the second. Roberto's life has not been entirely peaceful since his release from prison. On October 1, 2010, Fox News reported an attempted kidnap of Roberto. "Colombian police foiled an attempt to abduct the brother of slain narco kingpin Pablo Escobar, authorities said Friday. Roberto Escobar was traveling with family and bodyguards near his home in Medellin Thursday night when they were intercepted by would-be kidnappers, Police Gen. Jesus Guatibonza said. Around the same time, police received anonymous phone tips about a possible kidnapping attempt, according to Guatibonza. Officers were dispatched to the route Escobar habitually uses to get home and arrived while the kidnapping attempt was in progress. Police killed one suspect and wounded another, who was taken into custody. Two officers were also wounded. Guatibonza said the kidnappers were believed to be from a band of common criminals. Escobar's comment, "I … work for people living with HIV. I feel very satisfied for being able to help humanity," is further explained in a 2009 Metro UK Interview when he explained why he had written Escobar, published that year: "I am dedicated to finding a cure for people with HIV and Aids so this book is to raise funds to patent the product we've been working on. I've been involved in this investigation since 1987, ever since one of my horses developed a disease very similar to the Aids virus. So far we have more than 100 patients who now won't contaminate anyone else." Anthony Wile: Now that you're seeing what's happening in the U.S. and Canada regarding the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes, sometimes recreational purposes, how do you feel about this? What do you think about the medicinal benefits of marijuana? Roberto Escobar: There is scientific proof of that. Marijuana has its medicinal benefits. I think that is the basis of its legalization. I agree with it. The damage is done not only by the drug, but the profits of the business that corrupt the different branches of power: police, politics, banks, etc., all the people linked to the product. Anthony Wile: Yes. And by legalizing it for medical purposes many people have access to medicines that are not being produced by the big pharmaceutical companies and that are naturally growing and that provide benefits. Would you agree that's a good thing? Roberto Escobar: I understand some doctors are prescribing marijuana to people in pain. I think marijuana has medicinal benefits. I've talked to a woman who suffers from pain in her spine and has found marijuana to be helpful. On a related note, I produce a treatment for patients that are HIV positive. I'm working on the patent. Escobar filed a worldwide PCT patent application on June 27, 2012, as noted at WIPO : RONILU DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Miami, FL; PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION ABSTRACT: A pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating HIV infection includes an active ingredient made by a process involving a series of intra- and inter-species blood transfers made among male and female animals. The process modifies the components of blood in the animals such that the blood from the last animal in the series of transfers can be used as the active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition which, when administered to an HIV-infected human subject, can eliminate any detectable HIV in the subject. SUMMARY: The invention relates to the development of an entirely new therapy for preventing and treating HIV infection. The therapy is based on the surprising discovery that a series of intra- and inter-species blood transfers made among male and female animals modifies the components of blood in the animals such that the blood from the last animal in the series of transfers can be used as the active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition which, when administered to an HIV-infected human subject, can eliminate any detectable HIV in the subject. Within 40-70 days after a single administration of this therapy to several different HIV+ subjects, the virus was not detectable by ELISA or Western blot in any of the subjects. Anthony Wile: Moving on. Do you think marijuana is more or less harmful than alcohol? Roberto Escobar: Far less. Alcohol is bad for the brain, liver, kidneys, etc.. It's also bad for the homes of people who use it, and it's bad for their finances. Anthony Wile: And it's very addictive. Roberto Escobar: Yes, it's very addictive. Anthony Wile: Marijuana is not? Roberto Escobar: People can get off marijuana easily. Many celebrities have smoked marijuana, and they are not addicted. Anthony Wile: Barack Obama has reportedly smoked it. Bill Clinton, too, but claims he didn't inhale … Roberto Escobar: And in Colombia, [former President Ernesto] Samper and [Medellin Mayor Anibal] Gaviria. Well, they've said that. I'm not saying they did. That's what I've heard. Anthony Wile: Would you agree that marijuana is less addictive than, for example, cocaine and heroin? Do you think it will be legal in the future? Roberto Escobar: It's less addictive than any other drugs. Legalization is the future. There are states in the U.S. where it's already legalized – Colorado and Washington. It's legal in Uruguay, too. I do think marijuana used for medicinal purposes should not be grown using harmful chemicals. Anthony Wile: I agree. What kind of chemicals? Roberto Escobar: All of them. Organic is better. There are organic fertilizers that don't use chemicals. Anthony Wile: Do you think policies will change in Colombia when they are changed in the U.S.? Do you think that when marijuana is no longer classified as a Schedule I substance in the U.S., it will be legalized in Colombia, as has been done in Uruguay? The Controlled Substances Act, passed by the US Congress in 1970 as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and signed into law by President Richard Nixon, is the United States federal drug policy which guides the possession, use, distribution, manufacture and importation of specific substances. It created five classifications of substances, referred to as Schedules. Determination of which substances are placed on or removed from the schedules is accomplished by the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Food and Drug Administration, and Congress has the ability to schedule or deschedule substances. The definition of a Schedule I drug is found at 21 U.S. Code § 812: (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. (B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. Roberto Escobar: It's going to happen all over the world. Anthony Wile: Given Colombia's history with marijuana, do you think there's a possibility that in the future Colombia could be a significant export market for medicinal marijuana? Roberto Escobar: Of course. The weather in Colombia, its topography and the fact that we are in the tropics give marijuana the same outstanding quality as our coffee. To use for medicinal purposes, of course. Anthony Wile: Can you share a little humorous laugh with the irony of the situation, with all the pressure that was put on this country for all these years, that Colombia could actually in the future be a leading exporter of marijuana to the very country that was funding the war on drugs? Roberto Escobar: Yes. That's life. It's like a raffle. Today we lose, tomorrow we may win. Anthony Wile: Back in the early 1900s you could actually buy cocaine. And, of course, it also became persecuted during the war on drugs. Do you see a time when prohibition will end, and the policies on cocaine will be relaxed? Do you think it will help reduce the crime? I know some politicians like Alvaro Uribe and others have been outspoken about the fact that prisons are filled with people that have done nothing except harm themselves and it's not doing any good to them to be in prison. Do you think that, in time, personal use and consumption of cocaine, like marijuana, like alcohol, will end up being deregulated, as is the case of marijuana today? Roberto Escobar: I think the world will change its policies, first with marijuana and then with cocaine. The important thing then will be to invest in education for the children so they know that it's harmful, same as alcohol. The problem is that right now there is very little education on the subject. Schools don't mention it, but the topic should be taught to every child over ten years old. Anthony Wile: Correct. Do you think people should be incarcerated for the personal use of drugs? Do you think it's a crime in itself? Roberto Escobar: Not necessarily, not for just the act of taking drugs. Some people use drugs and don't become violent; some others use drugs and are violent. It's like anything else. People should be accountable for the crimes they commit whether on drugs or not. Anthony Wile: Pharmaceutical companies produce products that also alter people's minds and have actually been used as a means of getting people out of crimes that they've committed. But that's another story. I'd like to talk now about FARC. How do you feel about the Santos-initiated peace process? Do you think it's a good idea? The BBC explains , in an article June 13, 2014: "The formal talks between the Colombian government and left-wing rebels from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) aim to end to the country's civil conflict. It is the first attempt to strike a deal in a decade, and – despite several agreements already reached on a six-point peace agenda – huge obstacles remain. Still, for some it is the best chance for a negotiated settlement since the Farc launched its armed struggle in 1964." The talks, being held in Cuba, with Norway and Cuba as guarantors, with support from the governments of Venezuela and Chile, include six items on the agenda: land reform, political participation, drug trafficking, rights of victims, disarmament of the rebels and implementation of the peace deal. The BBC story continues: "In recent years, tens of thousands of Colombians showed their support for the negotiation at peace marches in major cities throughout the country. But a significant number also share the views of key opponents of the negotiations. These include former president Alvaro Uribe, who opposes the idea of an amnesty or allowing the rebels to enter politics." Roberto Escobar: I don't like politics. I'm against politics. Anthony Wile: Well, I'm an outright anarchist so I understand… Roberto Escobar: But I think the peace process has the possibility of being a good thing, although in my opinion peace is not only an agreement with the guerrillas. To achieve peace here and elsewhere many things need to be done. We have to eradicate corruption, thievery, criminal bands, kidnappers, people who look for easy money. There are only a few countries in the world that have achieved true peace. Anthony Wile: Well, a good first step is legalizating drugs, in our opinion – all drugs. Do you think the trade of cocaine in Colombia has been stifled or is it the same as it always was, with smaller players geographically dispersed? Has the business decreased or has it simply moved elsewhere, to Mexico, for example? In other words, is the cumulative business still there supplying worldwide consumer demand for cocaine? Roberto Escobar: Yes. The business has simply fragmented and moved to other countries, but I think it's still meeting the demand. Anthony Wile: So the supply is still there – despite the war on drugs? Roberto Escobar: Of course, because the demand still exists. Anthony Wile: Is this making the war on drugs more difficult to police? Roberto Escobar: Of course. Criminal bands are smaller now. They probably move less product individually, but the same volume of supply exists. Anthony Wile: Tell us a little bit about the picture behind the table, the picture of the horse. What's the story of the horse? Roberto Escobar: The horse died two years ago and I had it cloned after that – part of it made in Canada, another in the U.S. and another in Colombia. The clone lives in Colombia. It was the first horse of fine step to be cloned in the world. I had the picture made. In the background you can see Manizales, the city where the horse was born, a city that was shaken by an earthquake . That's why the horse had that name, you know, "The Earthquake of Manizales." Anthony Wile: Tell us about the time the police arrested the horse. Roberto Escobar: That day the jockey was killed. I don't want to point fingers but someone took the horse, castrated it and then they gave it back a couple of days later. I took it to a clinic so it wouldn't die. Anthony Wile: Was it an expensive horse? Where did it come from? Roberto Escobar: It was valued at $5 million, and I bought it as a colt here in Colombia. It was born in Manizales. Anthony Wile: Is that a normal price to pay for a horse? Roberto Escobar: Yes. At the time I paid $20,000, but its value increased dramatically with all its triumphs. Anthony Wile: The TV show that was produced here about Pablo, yourself and the Medellin Cartel – do you think that it was very accurate? "Escobar: El Patrón del Mal" (Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord) is a 2012 Colombian television series produced and broadcast on Caracol TV, about the life of Pablo Escobar. It aired May 28-November 1, 2012 on Caracol TV in one-hour episodes, later on Telemundo, Canal 9 and Telesudamérica and has been broadcast in at least 18 other countries. The show quickly became the most popular television show ever in Colombia. It captured 70.8% of the market share in Colombia, an all-time record. Following other television series about Escobar, this series was produced by relatives of two victims of the cartel – an anti-drugs presidential candidate and a former head of El Espectador, the newspaper that had in 1983 revealed that newly elected congressman Pablo Escobar was a drug trafficker. The show's budget was $10 million for 60 episodes, according to Hollywood Reporter . A 2012 article at In Sight Crime stated, "The latest episode of 'Pablo Escobar: The Boss of Evil' airs June 4 on Caracol TV. The debut last week attracted some 11 million viewers, the network said, a number which is expected to climb until the series finale. One promotional spot for "The Boss of Evil" … is indicative of some of the difficulties that the show's creators face in packaging the program for a Colombian audience. The ad has several segments, each representing a different facet of Escobar's life: ruthless killer, rich businessman, lover, and finally the world's most hunted man. A deep-voiced narrator describes well-known stories about Escobar, such as the fact that he paid assassins 1 million pesos (today worth about $545) for each police officer killed. Each segment ends with the narrator asking the audience, 'What do you believe?' Regarding the overwhelming popularity of the show, the BBC reported : [I]n a country that is still waging a painful and bloody war against the cocaine trade, not everybody approves of giving a drug lord such top billing. Colombia has tried hard to overcome the association with drugs and violence it earned during the Escobar era. There are fears his rags-to-riches story could inspire a new generation of drug traffickers. Indeed, as a self-made man who made it to Forbes magazine ranking of the world's 10 wealthiest men, Escobar embodied the ambitions and dreams of many poor Colombians. And, by doing so, he also offered them a rationale to justify the cocaine trade. Roberto Escobar: It was all a lie, 90 percent, at least. I have a lawsuit against the producers. Colombia Reports wrote on August 20, 2012: The family of Pablo Escobar sued Colombian television network Caracol and newspaper El Espectador because a hit TV series based on the late drug lord's life and articles published about him "damaged Escobar's good name." Escobar's sister Luz Maria filed a lawsuit claiming television network Caracol never received permission to include her family's characters in the popular series "Pablo Escobar: The Boss of Evil" that premiered in late May, breaking Colombian television records. The drug lord's family also sued newspaper El Espectador for publishing two articles chronicling Escobar's violent crusade against the state in the 1980s arguing they violated the integrity of Escobar's family, the newspaper reported Sunday. Escobar demanded El Espectador rectifies the two articles and Caracol suspends the tv series until her family had access to the scripts and authorized the parts where they were mentioned. According to El Espectador, the lawsuit was filed in June but was denied on Sunday by a Medellin judge. The court said it couldn't find any evidence that the TV series presented any "irremediable prejudice or imminent harm" against Escobar's family. El Espectador defended the articles "The Evil in Person" and "Serial Killer", that were part of the lawsuit, arguing the facts presented were common knowledge and did not violate the right to privacy of Escobar's family. It's curious that the family of Escobar tries now to wash the good name of such a character," El Espectador editor-in-chief Fidel Cano Correa told RCN Radio. "We hope that this case doesn't get repeated. It's ridiculous… with an article where we remember the acts of Escobar in the 80s we don't damage the good name of the lord of terror. Anthony Wile: Do you have any regrets in your life? Roberto Escobar: Everyone makes mistakes. But the most important thing, besides repentance, is not repeating the mistakes. I haven't repeated my mistakes. After Thoughts Many thanks to Roberto Escobar for sharing his fascinating story with us. Roberto, of course, is specially placed to speak about the failed war on drugs. And like many others who have firsthand experience with the war on drugs, he understands the basic futility of the current approach and speaks to the ramifications in a logical and even eloquent way. Mr. Escobar also makes the practical point that along with the inevitable legalization of marijuana –­ and potentially many other drugs as well ­– ought to come some form of education. He doesn't make any firm distinctions about where that education should come from, but presumably parents should be involved as well as educators. That's certainly our thought anyway. Roberto comes across as a person who seems at peace with his life and the tumultuous events that he has experienced. Even more importantly, he doesn't seem embittered despite all he has undergone both mentally and physically. Perhaps this is his real legacy, rather the urban legends that his family has spawned. We thank him again for his time and the interesting conversation he allowed us to share with our readers. Posted in Cannabis / Marijuana , EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Bill Ross RE:”We have to eradicate corruption, thievery, criminal bands, kidnappers, people who look for easy money. There are only a few countries in the world that have achieved true peace.” ‘cus, “rule of myopic / biased easily corrupted man” is “making choices”, in THEIR interests. what is required is for “the law” to return to being myopic, concerned only with predators, those who initiate aggression, “disturbing the peace”, REQUIRED for civilization (peaceful trade):

Drug

Which actress Sharon was murdered by Charles Manson?

Pablo Escobar - Top 10 Real-Life Mob Bosses - TIME Top 10 Real-Life Mob Bosses In the largest FBI Mob bust in history, 110 Mafia members were arrested and 127 charged across three U.S. states and Italy this week. Some of the crimes, including murder and racketeering, took place 30 years ago in a different era for organized crime. TIME takes a look at history's most infamous mob bosses By Kayla WebleyThursday, Jan. 20, 2011 Reuters / Corbis As a teenager, Pablo Escobar would steal tombstones and sell them to smugglers in Panama. From those devious roots, he entered the coca business in the 1970s, just as the U.S.'s obsession with the highly addictive drug began. Thanks to his ruthless ambition, Escobar built up Colombia's now infamous Medellin cartel into a powerful drug-trafficking enterprise that by the 1980s controlled more than 80% of cocaine shipped to the U.S., making him one of the 10 richest people in the world. After his death (he was gunned down at age 44 while on the run), books and movies shed light on just how lucrative his empire was. His son Juan Pablo Escobar (who changed his name to Sebastian Marroquin) said his father once burned some $2 million to keep himself and his daughter warm while they were on the lam. Another tale said Escobar once offered to pay off his country's $10 billion national debt. But his reign was not just lucrative: Escobar was also one of history's most violent criminals. The deaths of three Colombian presidential candidates, an attorney general, a Justice Minister, more than 200 judges, dozens of journalists, more than 1,000 police and countless ordinary citizens are all attributed to his rule.

i don't know

In which state was the 1999 massacre at Columbine High?

Columbine High School shootings | massacre, Littleton, Colorado, United States [1999] | Britannica.com Columbine High School shootings massacre, Littleton, Colorado, United States [1999] Written By: Rosewood riot of 1923 Columbine High School shootings, massacre that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, leaving 15 dead, including the two students responsible for the attack. It was one of the deadliest school shooting incidents in American history. Three teenagers consoling each other at a vigil service in Denver to honour the victims of the … Laura Rauch/AP The shootings were carried out by Eric Harris, age 18, and Dylan Klebold, age 17. On April 20, 1999, they entered Columbine High School in Jefferson county with semiautomatic rifles, pistols, and several explosives. In less than 20 minutes they killed 12 fellow students and a teacher and wounded 21 others. The violence came to an end when Harris and Klebold took their own lives. Officials later found two propane tank bombs in the cafeteria; had they detonated, the death toll would have been much higher. News of the Columbine tragedy stunned the country. There was strong criticism of the slow police response. Despite the fact that the shooting ended by noon, police and sheriff’s deputies, believing there was continuing danger, did not move into the shooting area until several more hours had passed, during which time some victims bled to death. In the larger view, the Columbine massacre set off a national debate on how to end gun violence in schools, and a growing number of schools throughout the country invested in private security forces and metal detectors. The official Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office account of the events included this moving coda: While this report establishes a record of the events of April 20, it cannot answer the most fundamental question—WHY? That is, why would two young men, in the spring of their lives, choose to murder faculty members and classmates? The evidence provides no definitive explanation, and the question continues to haunt us all. While our community struggles with that question and grieves those who were lost, we remain united in one hope—that our nation shall never see anything resembling the tragedy at Columbine High School again. Learn More in these related articles:

Colorado

Which saint's day saw a massacre in Chicago in 1929?

FBI — Columbine High School Vault Home • Columbine High School Info Columbine High School On April 20, 1999, Eric Davis Harris (1981-1999) and Dylan Bennet Klebold (1981-1999) killed 12 students and one teacher at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado before committing suicide. The tragedy sparked national debates about school safety. The FBI assisted local law enforcement by investigating additional threats and Internet leads, conducting witness interviews, and processing physical evidence. The FBI’s file details the initial investigation and contains witness interviews between April 21, 1999 and May 5, 1999.

i don't know

What was supposedly the profession of Sweeney Todd in London?

The History of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street - Time Out London - Time Out London Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs Lovett the pie-maker The story begins in the 1830s with one Edward Lloyd, an enterprising publisher of ‘penny dreadfuls’ who aimed his cheap weekly serials squarely at the working poor. Titles like ‘The Calendar of Horrors’ and ‘Varney the Vampire’ (a famous blood-sucking fiend, 50 years before Dracula) give some idea of his subject matter. He also specialised in pirated versions of Dickens' works at a time when copyright law counted for little. Thus poorer readers could buy a budget copy of his ‘Oliver Twiss’ or ‘Nikelas Nickelbery’. Lloyd would later found a radical/liberal newspaper and become quite respectable. Nonetheless, his main legacy to modern culture was a story called ‘The String of Pearls’ published in a weekly magazine during the winter of 1846/47, written by an anonymous penny-a-word hack. Set in 1785, it features as principal villain a certain Sweeney Todd (‘a long, low-jointed, ill-put-together sort of fellow’), and includes all the plot elements that have been used by Sondheim and others ever since. There is the barber’s shop, from which a remarkable number of customers never return (courtesy of a chair that flips them upside down, plunging them to their deaths in the stone-floored cellar), an ill-used apprentice boy (who is consigned to a lunatic asylum, a pair of deeply uninteresting star-crossed lovers (obligatory in any Victorian popular fiction) and the enterprising Mrs Lovett, whose pies are finally discovered to contain something rather more exotic than mince. ‘The String of Pearls’ isn’t great literature, but Lloyd was on to something. The psychopathic barber’s story proved instantly popular: it was turned into a play before the ending had even been revealed in print. An expanded edition appeared in 1850, an American version in 1852, a new play in 1865. By the 1870s, Sweeney Todd was a familiar character to most Victorians. Nothing so strange in that, perhaps; except that, according to contemporary accounts, most of them seem to have believed that Todd was real. Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin" width="210" height="139" /> A very close shave for Alan Rickman 's Judge Turpin Lloyd himself is largely to blame for a confusion that’s lasted for more than 150 years. He was a genius at marketing and knew the value of a so-called true story, not least one conveniently just beyond living memory. In a preface to an expanded edition, he stated that ‘there certainly was such a man; and the record of his crimes is still to be found in the chronicles of criminality of this country’. And it was this assertion, now easily disproved by records from the period, that stuck. So much so, in fact, that the recently deceased connoisseur of pulp fiction, Peter Haining, once published a book claiming to have found ‘proof’ of Todd’s existence. Unfortunately, all of Haining’s proof is – let’s be generous – rather difficult to verify; indeed, the book is a carefully planned hoax. It seems much more likely that the story originated in urban myth. Dickens himself in ‘Martin Chuzzlewit’ (1843/44) mentions facetiously ‘preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many standard country legends as doing a lively retail business in the Metropolis’. Even today, most of us have heard scare stories of various bits of anatomy appearing in fast food. Imagine, then, how it must have been in mid-Victorian London, when food was frequently coloured and doctored to make it more saleable and few legal restrictions were in place. Indeed, in the 1840s and 1850s, many Londoners feared – with good reason – that their sausages and pies were being filled with cheap horsemeat (normally hawked round the streets as cat food); it didn’t require much imagination to take that scam one stage further. Tim Burton on set" width="210" height="140" /> Tim Burton on set in a recreated Victorian London In fairness, Lloyd’s artful co-opting of history has probably served Sweeney Todd quite well, leaving it usefully open to different interpretations. A 1926 silent movie (now lost) reportedly played it for laughs. The 1936 film (‘Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street’) features the great Tod Slaughter, wringing his hands and cackling ‘I’ll polish him off’, although bizarrely, the victims’ final destination is never explicitly mentioned: perhaps the filmmakers feared that Mrs Lovett’s pies would give the censors indigestion. A musical version first appeared in London in 1959, a ballet in 1960. And the London Dungeon wasn’t the first to provide a ‘Sweeney Todd Experience’; in the 1920s a wine merchant in Johnson’s Court, off Fleet Street, purported to be the site of Todd’s shop. Not content with infamy by association, the shop proudly displayed the ‘original’ barber’s chair, complete with mechanism for dropping customers into the basement. Sondheim’s musical is, in fact, based on Christopher Bond’s 1973 play, which introduced a psychological background to Todd’s crimes (he was the victim of a ruthless judge who raped his young wife and transported him to Australia). With Burton’s movie likely to garner worldwide attention, this may now become the accepted story; it is certainly already better known than the Victorian original. But, whatever the details, it seems likely that Sweeney Todd and his gruesome dinners will be with us for many years to come. LM Jackson is a novelist and the creator of ‘The Dictionary of Victorian London’ (www.victorianlondon.org). His latest book, ‘A Most Dangerous Woman’ (Arrow) is available in paperback from February 7.

Barber

In 1990, Idaho and which other state celebrated the centenary of joining the Union?

Sweeney Todd at Shaw Festival | Marriott Niagara Falls Home › Sweeney Todd at Shaw Festival Horror and music blend together splendidly in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street - A Musical Thriller. Dark comedy is also used effectively in this tale about greed, injustice and morality that will be staged during the Shaw Festival 2016. You can catch the play at the Festival Theatre in Niagara-on-the-Lake from July 17 to October 19. Music and lyrics are by Broadway legend Stephen Sondheim who collaborated with book writer Hugh Wheeler for this musical play. Sweeney Todd Play Summary The play revolves around Sweeney Todd, a barber by profession who returns to London after several years, along with Anthony Hope a sailor. There are a few other people who find themselves entangled in this terrifying story told with a dash of humour. They include Judge Turpin, a pie-shop owner Mrs Lovett, a beggar woman with a secret and a pretty girl who sings through her barred window. There’s murder, madness and mayhem in this play. The music elevates the play to another level and is used effectively to highlight the story. Original Story in 1846 & Adapted Numerous Times The story of Sweeney Todd dates back to 1846 when Edward Lloyd a publisher in London printed a book called The String of Pearls. It was in this book that a character called Sweeney Todd was introduced as a vengeful villain. The character quickly became popular, the story was turned into a play, and several adaptations followed over the years. The Shaw Festival production is based on an adaptation by Christopher Bond who first staged the play based on Sweeney Todd in 1973 at London’s Theatre Royal Stratford East. When Sondheim saw Bond’s adaptation of the play, he understood the musical possibilities of the same. He envisioned a play that heightened the suspense of the story through music and that’s how the musical came into being. The Sondheim-Wheeler collaboration for Broadway in 1979 was directed by Harold Prince and won eight Tony awards. Shaw Festival's Production of Sweeney Todd The Shaw Festival production of Sweeney Todd has been directed by Jackie Maxwell and is recommended for ages 14+. This wonderfully staged play with its theme of crime and revenge is dark yet brilliant in its execution. For the audiences, the play promises to be a scary entertainer, one that will enthral them with its storyline and music. Stay at the #1 rated TripAdvisor Fallsview Hotel, the Marriott Fallsview Hotel & Spa. For our best rates view our:

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What is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands?

List of the Eight Main Islands of Hawaii 1.  Hawaii (the Big Island) The island of Hawaii, also known as the Big Island, is the largest of Hawaii's main islands with a total area of 4,028 square miles (10,432 sq km). It is also the largest island in the United States and it, like the other islands of Hawaii was formed by a hotspot in the Earth's crust. It is the most recently formed of Hawaii's islands and as such it is the only one that is still volcanically active. The Big Island is home to three active volcanoes and Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. The highest point on the Big Island is the dormant volcano, Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet (4,205 m). The Big Island as a total population of 148,677 (as of 2000) and its largest cities are Hilo and Kailua-Kona (normally called Kona). More » continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World 2.  Maui Maui is the second largest of Hawaii's main islands with a total area of 727 square miles (1,883.5 sq km). It has a population of 117,644 people (as of 2000) and its largest town is Wailuku. Maui's nickname is the Valley Isle and its topography reflects its name. There are lowlands along its coasts with several different mountain ranges that are separated by valleys. The highest point on Maui is Haleakala at 10,023 feet (3,055 m). Maui is known for its beaches and natural environment. Maui's economy is based mainly on agriculture and tourism and its main agricultural products are coffee, macadamia nuts, flowers, sugar, papaya and pineapple. Wailuku is the largest city on Maui but other towns include Kihei, Lahaina, Paia Kula and Hana. More » 3.  Oahu Oahu is the third largest island of Hawaii and with a total area of 597 square miles (1,545 sq km). It is called the Gathering Place because it is the largest of the islands by population and it is the center of Hawaii's government and economy. Oahu's population 953,307 people (2010 estimate). The largest city on Oahu is Honolulu which is also the capital of the state of Hawaii. Oahu is also the home of the largest U.S. Navy fleet in the Pacific at Pearl Harbor . Oahu's topography consists of two main mountain ranges that are separated by a valley as wella as coastal plains that ring the island. Oahu's beaches and shops make it one of Hawaii's most visited islands. Some of Oahu's top attractions are Pearl Harbor, the North Shore and Waikiki. More » 4.  Kauai Kauai is the fourth largest of Hawaii's main islands and it has a total area of 562 square miles (1,430 sq km). It is the oldest of the main islands as it is located the farthest away from the hotspot that formed the islands. As such its mountains are more highly eroded and its highest point is Kawaikini at 5,243 feet (1,598 m). Kauai's mountain ranges are rugged however and the island is known for its steep cliffs and rugged coastline.  Kauai is known as the Garden Isle for its undeveloped land and forests. It is also home to the Waimea Canyon and Na Pali Coast state parks. Tourism is the main industry on Kauai and it is located 105 miles (170 km) northwest of Oahu. Kauai's population is 65,689 (as of 2008). More » 5.  Molokai Molokai has a total area of 260 square miles (637 sq km) and it is located 25 miles (40 km) east of Oahu across the Kaiwi Channel and north of the island of Lanai. Most of Molokai is also a part of Maui County and it has a population of 7,404 people (as of 2000). Molokai's topography consists of two distinct volcanic ranges. They are known as East Molokai and West Molokai and the highest point on the island, Kamakou at 4,961 feet (1,512 m) is a part of East Molokai. These mountains however are extinct volcanoes that have since collapsed. Their remains give Molokai some of the highest cliffs in the world. In addition, Molokai is known for its coral reefs and its south shore has the world's longest fringing reef. More » 6.  Lanai Lanai is the sixth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands with a total area of 140 square miles (364 sq km). The only town on the island is Lanai City and the island has a population of only 3,193 (2000 estimate). Lanai is known as the Pineapple Island because in the past the island was covered by a pineapple plantation. Today Lanai is mainly undeveloped and much of its roadways are unpaved. There however two resort hotels and two famous golf courses on the island and as a result, tourism is a large part of its economy. More » 7.  Niihau Niihau is one of the lesser known Hawaiian islands and it is the smallest of the inhabited islands with an area of just 69.5 square miles (180 sq km). The island has a total population of 130 (as of 2009), most all of whom are Native Hawaiians. Niihau is an arid island because it is in the rainshadow of Kauai but there are several intermittent lakes on the island that have provided wetland habitat for a number of endangered plants and animals. As a result Niihau is home to seabird sanctuaries. Niihau is also known for its tall, rugged cliffs and the majority of its economy is based on a Navy installation which is located on the cliffs. Aside from the military installations, Niihau is undeveloped and tourism is non-existant on the island. More » 8.  Kahoolawe Kahoolawe is the smallest of Hawaii's main islands with an area of 44 square miles (115 sq km). It is uninhabited and is located 7 miles (11.2 km) southwest of Maui and Lanai and its highest point is Pu'u Moaulanui at 1,483 feet (452 m). Like Niihau, Kahoolawe is arid. It is located in the rainshadow of Haleakala on Maui. Because of its dry landscape, there have been few human settlements on Kahoolawe and historically it was used by U.S. military as a training ground and bombing range. In 1993 however the State of Hawaii established the Kahoolawe Island Reserve. As a reserve the island can only be used today for Native Hawaiian cultural purposes and any commercial development is prohibited. More »

Maui

Who founded the New York City ballet in 1928?

Hawaii: Hawaiian Islands - TripAdvisor Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you. Hawaii: Hawaiian Islands Review a place you’ve visited JOIN We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Hawaii each week. Hawaii Traveler Article: Comments (9) The Hawaiian Islands are a special place that can’t be matched by other island destinations, which is one reason why people make repeated visits to the Islands each year.  There are eight islands that make up the island-state.  Of the eight, six are open to visitors; they include Oahu, Maui, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii (often referred to as the Big Island).  It's pretty easy to get from one place to another and you can get flights between Hawaiian islands on any of the three inter island carriers that serve the Aloha State. OAHU:  The most popular island is Oahu where you will find the capital of the state, Honolulu.  This island is also home to one of the most famous beaches in the world, Waikiki. It is the most populated of all the Hawaiian Islands, created over 4 million years ago. Oahu is an island paradise that offers a wide range of activities, which blends old traditional Hawaii with the hustle and bustle of a contemporary city.  Honolulu is the largest city on the Hawaiian Islands, the Waikiki area is very popular and often crowded;  however, there are many areas on Oahu that will leave one wanting to return again and again. Oahu is a foodie paradise. There are hundreds of restaurants in Waikiki and other areas of Honolulu. There are world class restaurants. There are inexpensive restaurants. Cuisine from the entire world can be found on the island. Besides visiting the tourist locations of Pearl Harbor, one can travel to the far north side of the Island to visit the Dole Pineapple Plantation, to the North Shore for tranquility, gorgeous, big surf waves at Waimea, great shrimp at Kahuku, courtesy of Giovanni’s Shrimp Truck, world-class golf at the Turtle Bay Resort, and all amongst a countryesqe backdrop.  You think... country and ocean?  Yes, country and ocean! The North Shore has several world famous surf locations. Included are Banzai Pipeline, Waimea Bay, Haleiwa and Sunset Beach. Oahu has over 100 beaches including some of the best beaches in Hawaii. BIG ISLAND:  The Island of Hawaii is endearingly referred to as the Big Island because it is so big, and it's always growing from the active lava flow of the Kilauea Volcano.   Its massive size makes it larger than all the islands in the rest of state put together!  But it’s because of its sheer size that the Big Island is so special.  It boasts at least 11 climate zones, so one can enjoy the sun, snow, rain and even desert conditions. The west side of the island is the drier, sunny side, with the town of Kailua-Kona, once a historic fishing village and the sunny beach resort areas of the North Kona and Kohala Coasts. The Kohala Coast is the most consistently sunny and dry area in Hawaii, year-round, making it the perfect beach getaway. The lush east side, which gets significantly more rain, some of the highest annual totals in all Hawaii, has beautiful waterfalls, tropical rainforest walks, botanical gardens, and impressive gulches and valleys.  Hilo is a quiet east-side town with lots of local culture and history. The Big Island is known for its snorkeling and diving, widely considered to be the best in the state. The generally calm and clear waters of the Kona-Kohala Coast on the west side are also an excellent playground for those who enjoy kayaking, fishing, swimming, and SUP-ing.  Unique in the world diving and snorkeling adventures, like the manta ray night snorkel/dive and "pelagic magic" night dive offer visitors encounters with amazing sea creatures.   The north side of the island has stunning green valleys with black sand beaches. You can take a short and moderate hike into Pololu Valley and a steeper and more challenging hike down to the black San beach in Waipio Valley with its wild horses and many waterfalls. In Waipio Valley you can also take horseback tours back into the valley. The Big Island is also known for its agricultural products and farms. World-renowned Kona coffee, and up-and-coming Ka'u coffee, are some of the most awarded (and expensive) coffees in the world. Visitors can tour coffee farms and sample brews at many farms on the island. Big Island beef, lamb, wild boar, cheese, honey, tomatoes, vanilla, macadamia nuts, and other products are featured in some of the state's best restaurants. Golf is one of the favorite pastimes on the Big Island, with several world-class resort courses. Most are open even to non-resort or hotel guests and there are also less expensive public courses, in a variety of settings, from oceanside to mountainside. Some of the State's most accessible and best preserved heiaus (Hawaiian temples) and historical parks can be found on the Big Island, the birthplace of King Kamehameha the Great. Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park preserves the site where, up until the early 19th century, Hawaiians who broke a  kapu (one of the ancient laws) could avoid certain death by fleeing to this place of refuge or puʻuhonua. The Park showcases the puʻuhonua and a complex of archeological sites including heiau, royal fishponds, sledding tracks, and some coastal village sites. Other worthwhile heiaus and historical sites to visit include the Pu'ukohola heiau, Lapakahi historical park, Mo'okini heiau, and even the birthplace of King Kamehameha known as Kapakai Kokoiki. Ancient preserved fishponds and well preserved petroglyph fields can also be found throughout the island. The Kalahui'pua'a fishponds at the Mauna Lani resort give visitors a look into old aquaculture systems used by Native Hawaiians, and historical buildings like the Eva Parker Woods cottage have been preserved and maintained on site with cultural events, demonstrations, and monthly "talk stories" honoring Hawaii's rich history and culture. The fishponds at Kaupulehu adjacent to the Four Seasons Hualalai resort have many species of endangered birds. Hula artists and halau as well as many of Hawaii's well known local musicians can be found entertaining visitors and residents alike at area shopping centers as well as at many restaurants and resort areas.  Visitors can also experience Mauna Kea, at 14000 feet, the highest mountain in the state, a dormant volcano know for its state of the art summit observatories (not open to the public) and telescopes (open to the public at the visitor's center at 9000 feet). Those who wish to experience the summit sunset (the summit closes just after sunset to the public) can take a tour in vehicles designed for the sometimes icy or even snowy conditions, with parkas and hot beverages provided (you will probably need them!). Of course no trip to the Big Island would be complete without a visit to Volcanoes National Park. Here you will find Kilauea, a live and active volcano that sometimes treats visitors to an incredible visual display of molten orange lava.  Visitors to the park at night can often see a magnificent glow from the lava lake deep within the Halema'uma'u crater, just by driving up to the viewing platform at Jaggar Museum. Access to surface lava flows, if there are any present,  has varied widely from year to year.  Currently there are no accessible surface lava flows. After dark you can view the glow from the lava lake inside Halema'uma'u crater from within the Park.   The Park has many interesting features other than active lava, however, including lava tubes you can walk through, hiking across a volcanic crater, and the largest petroglyph field in Polynesia, Pu'u Loa, which has over 23,000 petroglyph images.  Hiking on the Big Island is at its best in Volcanoes National Park where hikes range from short walks to day hikes and longer, multi-day treks. The visitor's center at VNP offers free brochures and maps detailing the many hiking options. In North Hawaii, there are mountain and valley hikes and horseback rides to experience the black sand beaches, waterfalls, misty upcountry, and the remains of ancient settlements. Lodgings on the Big Island range from b&bs and simple motels to luxury condos, and 5-star resorts. In fact, the Big Island boasts one of the best hotels in the world, the acclaimed Four Seasons Hualalai. MAUI:  Maui, also called the Valley Isle, is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands. Central Maui where the majority of Maui’s population lives and it is the center of the business community. The swap meet in this area is a great place to buy souveniers. West Maui has some of the best beaches on the island. This is where you will find highest concentration of resorts and hotels. South Maui is the hottest and driest part of Maui. It is the location of Wailea, which is the home of multi-million dollar resort hotels. It boasts year-round sunshine and black lava shores. Upcountry Maui is the location of Haleakala, the 10,000 foot mountain located in the center of Maui. On the slopes of Haleakala, House of the Sun, you will find emerald fields, flower farms and even a grove of California redwood. A popular activity is to watch the sunrise from the top of the mountain and then cycle back down - not for the faint of heart! The Road to Hana can be found in East Maui. The Hana Highway is a 52 mile road that winds around 600 curves and 50 one-way bridges. This side of the island gets more rainfall, so the forests are lush and green. There are many scenic stops along the way, so it usually takes more than the stated 3 hours to reach Hana. Maui is a great place for active people because there are so many places to explore, things to do and sights to see. But it’s also great for doing a little snorkeling and kicking back in the sun! KAUAI:  Kauai is known as the Garden Island for its lush, tropical beauty. Although small, it's jam-packed with things to do. You can hike, bike, swim, snorkel, surf, zipline, ride horses, boogie-board or just relax... Kauai is very outdoors-oriented, and there's something for everyone. It's very rural and laid-back. No building is permitted to be higher than a coconut palm tree, so you will find no high-rise condos or other development here.  The few towns range from small to tiny. Kauai has many beautiful beaches, some so secluded you might be the only one(s) there. It has the only navigable river in the state; you can kayak, canoe, even water-ski. Kauai also boasts Waimea Canyon, sometimes called the Grand Canyon of the Pacific. Just driving up the canyon is spectacular, and there are many good hiking trails. Another special place unique to Kauai is the Na Pali Coast: deep valleys and knife-edge ridges run from the mountain to the sea. You can hike 11 miles in on the Kalalau Trail or just do the first two miles to Hanakapiai Beach, a very popular hike. Either way, the scenery is incredible. And Kauai is THE island for a helicopter tour. Much of the island is inaccessible any other way. Kauai's north shore fits many people's image of a tropical island. There are small towns to explore and a variety of beaches. "Bali Hai" is here, and when you look across Hanalei Bay to Mount Makana you'll see why.  East side, the Coconut Coast, has the somewhat larger town of Kapaa, with many cute shops, galleries and restaurants within an easy stroll. Along the shore there's a paved walking/biking path running from town to Kealia, a beautiful beach where you'll see many surfers. A little south of Kapaa you'll find Lydgate Park with its rock-rimmed ocean pools. The south shore has many beautiful beaches, some good for snorkeling, some populated, and some hardly at all. There is Old Koloa Town to explore, a few other shopping venues and many great restaurants. Kauai's west side is its hottest and driest area. Here you'll find the Kauai Coffee Plantation as well as small towns like Kalaheo and Kekaha. At the end of the road is Polihale, the longest beach in the islands - 17 miles of sand and surf - ending at the start of the Na Pali Coast. Come visit. E kipa mai. (Welcome here.) MOLOKAI:   Molokai is often called the “Most Hawaiian Island” for several reasons. One is that more people there are of Hawaiian blood than anywhere else. Another reason is that Molokai is decidedly undeveloped. There are no buildings taller than a palm tree, no fancy resorts, not even a traffic light. It is also spacious and private, with only about 8,000 residents on the whole island. Many people still follow the old ways of life, including surviving on the fish they catch in the ocean and the wild pigs and deer they hunt on the range. This is definitely the place to come to enjoy Hawaii's natural beauty, especially if you’re seeking outdoor adventures or peace and quiet. Be prepared to slow down and forgo the typical tourist attractions. Attractions on Molokai include Hawaii’s highest waterfall, the world’s tallest sea cliffs, rainforests, coral reefs, sand dunes, hidden coves, miles of pristine, empty beaches, and a fantastic collection of fishponds. The Kalokoeli Fishpond is one example of the sophisticated form of aquaculture practiced by the ancient Hawaiians. LANAI:   Lanai is not for everyone, but it has a lot to offer.  It is generally quiet, with minimal nightlife (just live music at the resort lounges).   On Lanai you won't find a single stoplight, and with a population of only 3,000 you also will not find many people. That doesn't mean you can't be pampered, because there are two Four Seasons resorts there, Manele Bay at the beach, and Lodge at Koele in the upcountry hills. There is also the small Hotel Lanai and a few b&b's in Lanai City. It can be a place to relax and lounge at the pool or beach, but there are still many things to do, especially outdoor activities. These include hiking, exploring the island's remote spots with a 4x4 Jeep (imagine being the only people on a beach a mile long), snorkeling/diving at some pristine coral reefs (one right off Hulopo'e Beach in front of the Manele Bay resort), stand-up paddle boarding, sport clay shooting, horseback riding, tennis, ATV rentals, surf lessons, ocean kayaking and golfing at the two world-class courses designed by Jack Nicklaus (Challenge at Manele) and Greg Norman (Experience at Koele). Year-round one will often see spinner dolphins right off the beach at Manele Bay, and of course whales abound in the winter.  If one is lucky they will see axis deer and mouflon sheep when exploring the island. More sedate activities of miniature golf, croquet and lawn bowling are available at the Lodge at Koele. There are beautiful gardens to enjoy at both resorts. Lanai City is a quaint town with some shops, art galleries and a few restaurants, but not a chain store around. Also, one can learn much about the history of the island at the Lanai Culture and Heritage Center in town. People are very friendly and one can often find someone with whom to 'talk story". The one thing you can usually expect on Lanai is nice weather. Manele Bay and Lanai City receives relatively little rainfall compared to most other places in Hawaii. This is thanks to the entire island being in the rain shadow of Haleakala on Maui plus the 3000+ foot hills on the island's north side. Upcountry areas at higher elevations get more rain making the, much more lush. However, you can almost always expect to find sunshine somewhere on Lanai.  

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Whose Complete Guide To Running is credited with beginning the craze for jogging?

Fanatic Cook: Jack LaLanne Vs. Jim Fixx: Diet Matters Friday, January 28, 2011 Jack LaLanne Vs. Jim Fixx: Diet Matters Jack LaLanne , The Godfather of Fitness, died Sunday. He was 96. LaLanne died of respiratory failure from pneumonia. (He's 93 in the photo at the right.) Jim Fixx , author of The Complete Book Of Running and credited with igniting America's zeal for jogging in the 70s died in 1984. He was 52. Fixx died of a heart attack during his daily run. Both athletic men. Both exercised daily. Both were public figures with large followings whose wealth and fame depended on their continued performance. Both started off in sickly shape. By age 35, Fixx weighed 220-240 pounds and smoked two packs a day. LaLanne described himself as an emotional and physical wreck before age 15 - pimply, nearsighted, and addicted to sugar and junk food. Why did LaLanne live to 96 and Fixx to only 52? You could say their genes encoded their long, or short, lives. I don't think that fully explains it. Genes predispose but they don't predict; they aren't the only determinants of health, they may not even be the most important. In fact, having a genetic predisposition is all the more reason to attend to those things you can control - like diet and exercise. (It's often said that Fixx had a genetic predisposition for short life since his father died at 43. LaLanne's father died at age 50.) In my mind, there are two things at play here. One is the long-term damage wrought by poor handling of our body in early life. The other is the importance of the triple play: diet, exercise, attitude. Fixx had several more years of unhealthy living to undo when he started running and presumably stopped smoking at age 35. Seventeen years of frequent intense workouts were not enough to assuage the damage he did to his body in his youth, or for that matter, while he was running. Indeed, his autopsy revealed considerable plaque build-up: "atherosclerosis had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%." (The photo is about 4 years before he died.) Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition, taking years to develop to the point of symptoms. That doesn't mean children aren't susceptible.1 I would bet LaLanne also had plaque by age 15. Atherosclerosis is also a systemic condition; however, some arteries are more vulnerable depending on the assault. Smoking appears to target the coronary arteries while high blood pressure affects all arteries. The combination can be deadly since most heart attacks (and strokes) are caused by plaque formed peripherally, elsewhere in the body, that brakes off and clogs a cardiac artery. Smoking is a major cause of atherosclerosis. A report this month by the National Research Council says that effects of past smoking linger for several decades. Poor diet also contributes to plaque. I haven't read much about Fixx's diet (what he ate, not what he promoted) although this doesn't look good: "Ultra-marathoner Stan Cottrell said he and Fixx appeared together at a conference,” [authors Murphey and Kuzma] write. “Just before Fixx went in to speak, he ‘stuffed himself with four donuts and said, “I didn’t have time for breakfast." ' "2 There are reports that Fixx continued to eat a poor-quality diet, including fast food. John Robbins in his book Healthy At 100 writes: "Exercise is tremendously important, but sometimes people try to accomplish with exercise alone what can be achieved only with a combination of exercise and nutrition. Those who believe that exercise can compensate for a high-fat diet, excess sugar consumption, or other dietary transgressions could learn from what happened to a remarkable man named Jim Fixx. ... Jim Fixx had not always been a runner. Up until his mid-thirties, he smoked two packs of cigarettes a day, loved his burgers and shakes, and weighed 220 pounds. But at age thirty-five, he stopped smoking and began running. Within a short time he was running eighty miles a week and racing marathons, and had lost all his excess weight. His belief in the healing powers of running was so great, though, that he did not think he had to change his diet much. In his bestselling book, Fixx repeatedly quoted Thomas Bassler, M.D., who was then claiming that any nonsmoker fit enough to run a complete marathon in under four hours would never suffer a fatal heart attack. ... Jim didn't just ignore expert advice that he needed to eat more healthfully. On at least one occasion, he went out of his way to criticize those who offered such advice. At the time, probably the world's foremost advocate of a low-fat diet as a means to open and heal clogged arteries was Nathan Pritikin. In his book titled Diet for Runners, Pritikin described a conversation he had with Jim Fixx that took place in January 1984: "Jim Fixx phoned me and criticized the chapter "Run and Die on the American Diet" in my book The Pritikin Promise. In that chapter, I said that many runners on the average American diet have died and will continue to drop dead during or shortly after long-distance events or training sessions. Jim thought the chapter was hysterical in tone and would frighten a lot of runners. I told him that was my intention. I hoped it would frighten them into changing their diets. I explained that I think it is better to be hysterical before someone dies than after. Too many men, I told Jim, had already died because they believed that anyone who could run a marathon in under four hours and who was a nonsmoker had absolute immunity from having a heart attack." Sadly, only six months after this conversation, a passing motorcyclist discovered a man lying dead beside the road in northern Vermont. He was clad only in shorts and running shoes. The man was Jim Fixx. ... The real moral of Jim Fixx's tragic death is that while exercise is wonderful and necessary for a healthy life, it cannot make up for poor eating habits." ________ LaLanne's renaissance at 15 was more thorough. The following interview is revealing. LaLanne was 91 years old at the time. Some excerpts:3 His belief in exercise: "LaLanne: You can eat perfectly but if you don't exercise, you cannot get by. There are so many health food nuts out there that eat nothing but natural foods but they don't exercise and they look terrible. Then there are other people who exercise like a son-of-a-gun but eat a lot of junk. They look pretty good because the exercise is king. Nutrition is queen. Put them together and you've got a kingdom! Exercise is the catalyst. That's what makes everything happen: your digestion, your elimination, your sex life, your skin, hair, everything about you depends on circulation. And how do you increase circulation? By exercise. I'll tell you one thing, you don't always have to be on the go. I sit around a lot, I read a lot, and I do watch television. But I also work out for two hours every day of my life, even when I'm on the road. Take a guy that's 60 years old and hasn't exercised. Say you exercise him for 6 to 8 weeks--you can double his strength and double his endurance. Test after test has been done all over the world to prove this. They have even taken people in their 90's and put them on a weight training program and doubled their strength and endurance. Just think what the younger people at 50, 60, 70 and 80 can do if they can do that with 90 year olds. If you haven't exercised for a long time, just start out for a couple of minutes a day. Then work it up a little bit. You'd be surprised at the end of thirty days, how many things you are doing." He obviously wasn't a fan of long distance running: LaLanne: "Twelve to seventeen minutes is plenty on the treadmill--if it's done fast. That's all you need for cardiovascular benefit. You don't need to spend that extra time unless you are over weight and you need to burn off extra calories." Taking control: LaLanne: Everything you do in life, I don't care, good or bad--don't blame God, don't blame the devil, don't blame me, blame you. You control everything! The thoughts you think, the words you utter, the foods you eat, the exercise you do. Everything is controlled by you. God helps those that help themselves. You have to do it! God or some omnipotent power or whatever you want to believe in gives you the energy, the will to do it, but you have to do it yourself. Diet: LaLanne: What I do today, I am wearing tomorrow. If I put inferior foods in my body today, I'm going to be inferior tomorrow, it's that simple. Hughes: In your book you mention that you were a vegetarian at one point for 6 years. LaLanne: I was a strict vegetarian. Then I decided to enter a Mr. America contest (which I won) and in those days they thought that in order to build muscle you had to have meat. So I ate meat for a while. Hughes: Why did you stop being a strict vegetarian? LaLanne: In those days everybody was saying that you had to eat meat to build muscle, so I went on a meat thing for awhile. Now I only eat fish--no chicken, no turkey, just fish. I get all my protein from fish and egg whites. I use no milk of any kind. Anything that comes from a cow I don't eat. Look at the average American diet: ice cream, butter, cheese, whole milk, all this fat. People don't realize how much of this stuff you get by the end of the day. High blood pressure is from all this high-fat eating. Do you know how many calories are in butter and cheese and ice cream? Would you get your dog up in the morning for a cup of coffee and a donut? I drink 6 or seven glasses of water a day. I also drink vegetable juice. And I have at least 5 or 6 pieces of fresh fruit everyday and 10 raw vegetables. Hughes: How do you feel about organic foods? LaLanne: It's a bunch of bull. How do you know what's really organic? Today, there's all these impurities in the water and the air. The water for the fruits and vegetables has junk in it. If you get enough vitamins and minerals out of normal food and whole grains, and you get enough proteins and exercise (that's the key) then nature builds up a tolerance to all of these things. It's survival of the fittest. You can't have everything perfect, that's impossible, but the fit survive. The way I eat, I get my nutrition from fruits and raw vegetables every day. My wife and I eat out practically every night, and I've got every restaurant trained. The Chinese restaurants we go to have brown rice, and other restaurants make sure they have the right soups for us, with no butter or cream. Low-carb: Hughes: What do you think about the current low-carb craze? LaLanne: It’s a bunch of bull! If God, or nature, or whatever you want to call it didn’t want you to mix carbohydrates, starches and fats, you’d never have a grain, you’d never have a vegetable or a fruit, would you? What’s in a grain? It’s got carbohydrates, starches, fats, sugar. It’s got everything in it. Why does nature do that? One guy says don’t mix carbohydrates, and the other guy says don’t mix protein with it; it’s all a bunch of lard, something to sell a book. Supplements: Hughes: Do you use supplements? LaLanne:Are you kidding? About 40 or 50 a day. Everything from A to Z. Ninety percent of them are natural, as much as I can take. I take enzymes, I take herbs, the whole bit! Hughes: Do you take prescription medications? LaLanne: Nope. Zero!

Jim Fixx

In which theater did The Wizard of Oz have its New York debut?

Fanatic Cook: Jack LaLanne Vs. Jim Fixx: Diet Matters Friday, January 28, 2011 Jack LaLanne Vs. Jim Fixx: Diet Matters Jack LaLanne , The Godfather of Fitness, died Sunday. He was 96. LaLanne died of respiratory failure from pneumonia. (He's 93 in the photo at the right.) Jim Fixx , author of The Complete Book Of Running and credited with igniting America's zeal for jogging in the 70s died in 1984. He was 52. Fixx died of a heart attack during his daily run. Both athletic men. Both exercised daily. Both were public figures with large followings whose wealth and fame depended on their continued performance. Both started off in sickly shape. By age 35, Fixx weighed 220-240 pounds and smoked two packs a day. LaLanne described himself as an emotional and physical wreck before age 15 - pimply, nearsighted, and addicted to sugar and junk food. Why did LaLanne live to 96 and Fixx to only 52? You could say their genes encoded their long, or short, lives. I don't think that fully explains it. Genes predispose but they don't predict; they aren't the only determinants of health, they may not even be the most important. In fact, having a genetic predisposition is all the more reason to attend to those things you can control - like diet and exercise. (It's often said that Fixx had a genetic predisposition for short life since his father died at 43. LaLanne's father died at age 50.) In my mind, there are two things at play here. One is the long-term damage wrought by poor handling of our body in early life. The other is the importance of the triple play: diet, exercise, attitude. Fixx had several more years of unhealthy living to undo when he started running and presumably stopped smoking at age 35. Seventeen years of frequent intense workouts were not enough to assuage the damage he did to his body in his youth, or for that matter, while he was running. Indeed, his autopsy revealed considerable plaque build-up: "atherosclerosis had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%." (The photo is about 4 years before he died.) Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition, taking years to develop to the point of symptoms. That doesn't mean children aren't susceptible.1 I would bet LaLanne also had plaque by age 15. Atherosclerosis is also a systemic condition; however, some arteries are more vulnerable depending on the assault. Smoking appears to target the coronary arteries while high blood pressure affects all arteries. The combination can be deadly since most heart attacks (and strokes) are caused by plaque formed peripherally, elsewhere in the body, that brakes off and clogs a cardiac artery. Smoking is a major cause of atherosclerosis. A report this month by the National Research Council says that effects of past smoking linger for several decades. Poor diet also contributes to plaque. I haven't read much about Fixx's diet (what he ate, not what he promoted) although this doesn't look good: "Ultra-marathoner Stan Cottrell said he and Fixx appeared together at a conference,” [authors Murphey and Kuzma] write. “Just before Fixx went in to speak, he ‘stuffed himself with four donuts and said, “I didn’t have time for breakfast." ' "2 There are reports that Fixx continued to eat a poor-quality diet, including fast food. John Robbins in his book Healthy At 100 writes: "Exercise is tremendously important, but sometimes people try to accomplish with exercise alone what can be achieved only with a combination of exercise and nutrition. Those who believe that exercise can compensate for a high-fat diet, excess sugar consumption, or other dietary transgressions could learn from what happened to a remarkable man named Jim Fixx. ... Jim Fixx had not always been a runner. Up until his mid-thirties, he smoked two packs of cigarettes a day, loved his burgers and shakes, and weighed 220 pounds. But at age thirty-five, he stopped smoking and began running. Within a short time he was running eighty miles a week and racing marathons, and had lost all his excess weight. His belief in the healing powers of running was so great, though, that he did not think he had to change his diet much. In his bestselling book, Fixx repeatedly quoted Thomas Bassler, M.D., who was then claiming that any nonsmoker fit enough to run a complete marathon in under four hours would never suffer a fatal heart attack. ... Jim didn't just ignore expert advice that he needed to eat more healthfully. On at least one occasion, he went out of his way to criticize those who offered such advice. At the time, probably the world's foremost advocate of a low-fat diet as a means to open and heal clogged arteries was Nathan Pritikin. In his book titled Diet for Runners, Pritikin described a conversation he had with Jim Fixx that took place in January 1984: "Jim Fixx phoned me and criticized the chapter "Run and Die on the American Diet" in my book The Pritikin Promise. In that chapter, I said that many runners on the average American diet have died and will continue to drop dead during or shortly after long-distance events or training sessions. Jim thought the chapter was hysterical in tone and would frighten a lot of runners. I told him that was my intention. I hoped it would frighten them into changing their diets. I explained that I think it is better to be hysterical before someone dies than after. Too many men, I told Jim, had already died because they believed that anyone who could run a marathon in under four hours and who was a nonsmoker had absolute immunity from having a heart attack." Sadly, only six months after this conversation, a passing motorcyclist discovered a man lying dead beside the road in northern Vermont. He was clad only in shorts and running shoes. The man was Jim Fixx. ... The real moral of Jim Fixx's tragic death is that while exercise is wonderful and necessary for a healthy life, it cannot make up for poor eating habits." ________ LaLanne's renaissance at 15 was more thorough. The following interview is revealing. LaLanne was 91 years old at the time. Some excerpts:3 His belief in exercise: "LaLanne: You can eat perfectly but if you don't exercise, you cannot get by. There are so many health food nuts out there that eat nothing but natural foods but they don't exercise and they look terrible. Then there are other people who exercise like a son-of-a-gun but eat a lot of junk. They look pretty good because the exercise is king. Nutrition is queen. Put them together and you've got a kingdom! Exercise is the catalyst. That's what makes everything happen: your digestion, your elimination, your sex life, your skin, hair, everything about you depends on circulation. And how do you increase circulation? By exercise. I'll tell you one thing, you don't always have to be on the go. I sit around a lot, I read a lot, and I do watch television. But I also work out for two hours every day of my life, even when I'm on the road. Take a guy that's 60 years old and hasn't exercised. Say you exercise him for 6 to 8 weeks--you can double his strength and double his endurance. Test after test has been done all over the world to prove this. They have even taken people in their 90's and put them on a weight training program and doubled their strength and endurance. Just think what the younger people at 50, 60, 70 and 80 can do if they can do that with 90 year olds. If you haven't exercised for a long time, just start out for a couple of minutes a day. Then work it up a little bit. You'd be surprised at the end of thirty days, how many things you are doing." He obviously wasn't a fan of long distance running: LaLanne: "Twelve to seventeen minutes is plenty on the treadmill--if it's done fast. That's all you need for cardiovascular benefit. You don't need to spend that extra time unless you are over weight and you need to burn off extra calories." Taking control: LaLanne: Everything you do in life, I don't care, good or bad--don't blame God, don't blame the devil, don't blame me, blame you. You control everything! The thoughts you think, the words you utter, the foods you eat, the exercise you do. Everything is controlled by you. God helps those that help themselves. You have to do it! God or some omnipotent power or whatever you want to believe in gives you the energy, the will to do it, but you have to do it yourself. Diet: LaLanne: What I do today, I am wearing tomorrow. If I put inferior foods in my body today, I'm going to be inferior tomorrow, it's that simple. Hughes: In your book you mention that you were a vegetarian at one point for 6 years. LaLanne: I was a strict vegetarian. Then I decided to enter a Mr. America contest (which I won) and in those days they thought that in order to build muscle you had to have meat. So I ate meat for a while. Hughes: Why did you stop being a strict vegetarian? LaLanne: In those days everybody was saying that you had to eat meat to build muscle, so I went on a meat thing for awhile. Now I only eat fish--no chicken, no turkey, just fish. I get all my protein from fish and egg whites. I use no milk of any kind. Anything that comes from a cow I don't eat. Look at the average American diet: ice cream, butter, cheese, whole milk, all this fat. People don't realize how much of this stuff you get by the end of the day. High blood pressure is from all this high-fat eating. Do you know how many calories are in butter and cheese and ice cream? Would you get your dog up in the morning for a cup of coffee and a donut? I drink 6 or seven glasses of water a day. I also drink vegetable juice. And I have at least 5 or 6 pieces of fresh fruit everyday and 10 raw vegetables. Hughes: How do you feel about organic foods? LaLanne: It's a bunch of bull. How do you know what's really organic? Today, there's all these impurities in the water and the air. The water for the fruits and vegetables has junk in it. If you get enough vitamins and minerals out of normal food and whole grains, and you get enough proteins and exercise (that's the key) then nature builds up a tolerance to all of these things. It's survival of the fittest. You can't have everything perfect, that's impossible, but the fit survive. The way I eat, I get my nutrition from fruits and raw vegetables every day. My wife and I eat out practically every night, and I've got every restaurant trained. The Chinese restaurants we go to have brown rice, and other restaurants make sure they have the right soups for us, with no butter or cream. Low-carb: Hughes: What do you think about the current low-carb craze? LaLanne: It’s a bunch of bull! If God, or nature, or whatever you want to call it didn’t want you to mix carbohydrates, starches and fats, you’d never have a grain, you’d never have a vegetable or a fruit, would you? What’s in a grain? It’s got carbohydrates, starches, fats, sugar. It’s got everything in it. Why does nature do that? One guy says don’t mix carbohydrates, and the other guy says don’t mix protein with it; it’s all a bunch of lard, something to sell a book. Supplements: Hughes: Do you use supplements? LaLanne:Are you kidding? About 40 or 50 a day. Everything from A to Z. Ninety percent of them are natural, as much as I can take. I take enzymes, I take herbs, the whole bit! Hughes: Do you take prescription medications? LaLanne: Nope. Zero!

i don't know

What was CNN Headline News previously known as?

The View's Joy Behar Gets Own Show on CNN Headline News The View's Joy Behar Gets Own Show on CNN Headline News By Noel Sheppard | September 8, 2009 | 10:59 AM EDT shares See? It really does pay to be a Bush-hating conspiracy theorist. Just ask The View's Joy Behar who just landed herself a job as the host of her own program on HLN, the network formerly known as CNN Headline News. Even though this is clearly a joke, I kid you not. Just try to keep a straight face as you read the following Associated Press report (h/t Big Hollywood ): Joy Behar of "The View" should feel comfortable when her prime-time HLN talk show debuts on Sept. 29. The network formerly known as CNN Headline News is making headway with women, even if that wasn't necessarily the game plan. Behar, at 9 p.m. ET on weeknights, will follow hour-long shows by Jane Velez-Mitchell and Nancy Grace (a Grace rerun airs at 10). The estrogen-heavy lineup, big on issues like abduction and addiction, airs to an audience that is nearly two-thirds women, according to Nielsen Media Research. It's not like men are unwelcome, but when a rerun of Lou Dobbs' CNN show fell flat in Behar's soon-to-be time slot, HLN yanked him this summer for Velez-Mitchell. Here's the truly delicious punch line: HLN sought a lineup of opinionated but non partisan personalities that could distinguish itself from other news networks, primarily corporate cousin CNN, said Ken Jautz, executive vice president of CNN Worldwide and chief of the network. Yeah, that's Behar: opinionated but non-partisan. And I'm Napolean Bonaparte.

HLN (TV channel)

Who followed Calvin Coolidge as US President?

CNN (Creator) - TV Tropes — James Earl Jones Cable News Network, more commonly known as CNN, is the first of the full-time American cable news networks . In fact, it was one of the first cable networks, period. Founded in 1980 by Atlanta-based media mogul Ted Turner, CNN is now a subsidiary of Time Warner (the owners of the Warner Bros. movie studio) and the world's second largest network (behind The BBC ). When not reporting breaking news, CNN mostly features a plethora of talking heads, discussing the ramifications of said news. Whether the network is unfairly biased toward Democrats or Republicans is a classic dispute. Enough people believe that CNN is biased toward one side or the other that its rivals, Fox News and MSNBC , have been quite successful in their overt attempt to pull away, respectively, more conservative and liberal viewers. Some (particularly Jon Stewart ) have accused it of putting a fast-paced feel with an overabundance of Yet Another Baby Panda stories above serious discussion and investigative journalism. Lately, to differentiate itself from its partisan rivals, CNN has been downplaying its ideologically charged, pundit-focused talk shows in favor of allegedly more sober reporting. This is best evidenced by the way that it cancelled the talk show Lou Dobbs Tonight, which many people feel is the result of the controversy that the show had been garnering in recent years due to Dobbs' outspoken views regarding immigration, President Obama's citizenship, and the supposed "North American Union" . However, some of their straight news hosts have been accused of bias. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , supporters of Donald Trump accused the network of being pawns for chief opponent Hillary Clinton due to the perception that it (and many other mainstream news networks) were insufficiently covering Clinton's e-mail scandal, her involvement in the 2012 Benghazi attack, and general controversies surrounding the integrity of the Democratic Party in favor of focusing largely on Trump's gaffes and controversies (of which there have been too many to count). CNN also ended up being caught in the ongoing wave of fake news and post-truth ideology, with tabloid-esque, unsupported stories that appeal to emotion gaining precedence over journalistic stories founded heavily in extensive research and fact-checking. It should be noted, however, that CNN was being referred to as the "Clinton News Network" long before a certain British reporter used that term on air. After Lou Dobbs left, CNN's lineup began transforming into a revolving door: Campbell Brown resigned, Rick Sanchez (who hosted Rick's List, a Web 2.0 news program that used to just be an average hour of Newsroom) was fired after controversial remarks on a radio show, State of the Union got downsized so John King could host a new weekday show, Eliot Parker left Parker Spitzer (which got downgraded to In the Arena before it got canned), Larry King retired (and was replaced by Piers Morgan, who would become a wildly controversial member of the team and develop an infamous feud with Jeremy Clarkson ), American Morning was split into Early Start and Starting Point, and John King's show got cancelled in favor of Erin Burnett. The changes led to some of CNN's worst ratings in years. In 2013, Jeff Zucker, who formally worked for NBC Universal, took over as the new network president. It only took him a few months before he began making major changes: Chris Cuomo was snatched from ABC to host the new morning show New Day with Kate Bolduan, Jake Tapper got a new afternoon show in mid-March, plans for a new 10:00 pm ET show were revealed, and their classic debate show Crossfire got Un-Cancelled . Zucker also brought back the "classic" ticker, and after years of "generic local news announcer guy", brought back James Earl Jones and his famous Station Ident (alongside variants featuring various personalities). All that said, CNN is still home to some genuinely awesome news reporting; Anderson Cooper , who won a Peabody Award for his coverage of Hurricane Katrina and is generally famous for being an Intrepid Reporter with a penchant for fair, honest, hard-hitting coverage from all corners of the globe , has been broadcasting in the 8pm slot with Anderson Cooper 360 since 2003, and British-Iranian journalist Christiane Amanpour is a household name in foreign affairs correspondence who is respected by government officials and world leaders all around the globe. Trope Namer /inspiration for Alphabet News Network . The channel has a number of spinoffs and international versions: CNN International airs mainly outside the United States with a few systems airing it in America, and has a reputation for featuring more news and fewer talking heads. Also in contrast to the American original, it also has the tagline Go without borders to emphasize its supposedly "global" view. It is the second most-watched news network in the world, behind BBC World News , its main competitor. HLN , formerly known as CNN Headline News, which once aired just that . Every half hour would start with the top stories, followed by business stories. At 15 minutes they would quickly recap the top stories then cover sports, and at 25 minutes they would have a short human interest piece. Then it would start over again. Starting in 2005, however, it began to suffer from Network Decay , catering to news/current affairs talk shows (during primetime and late night/early morning hours), pop culture/celebrity reporting, live court cases, and Missing White Woman Syndrome . CNN Airport Network, a channel seen only in airports, which shows mostly CNN rebroadcasts and looping weather and airport delay forecasts, but specifically removes all mention of stories such as plane crashes or other events which might make wary travelers panic before they get onto a plane, along with stories that shouldn't be shown on a public channel with children around ; when this happens, they quickly cut to a weather map. CNN en Español, a Spanish channel focusing on Latin American news but also seen in Spain. CNN Türk, the Turkish version of CNN. Notable for being CNN's first foreign version, and for being the first Turkish TV channel to be established in partnership with a foreign media company. CNN-IBN, the Indian version of CNN. CNNj, the Japanese version of CNN. CNN Chile, the Chilean version of CNN. Former spinoffs include: CNN Sports Illustrated or CNNSI, their answer to ESPN 's SportsCenter , which had the misfortune of coming into being around the same time as ESPNEWS (which was created as a Take That move by ESPN against their competition). After years of struggling for an audience and cable coverage, it went off the air in 2002. CNN+, a Spanish channel for Spain which went off the air in 2010. CNN Italia, the Italian version of CNN. It went off the air in 2003. CNNfn, their answer to CNBC. It encountered the same problems as CNNSI, and went off the air in 2004. CNN Checkout Channel, a version of the Airport Network, targeted at grocery stores; it wasn't successful and was only in operation from 1991 to 1993. Alternative Title(s): Cable News Network :: Indexes ::

i don't know

What did Carlton Magee devise in the US for motorists?

Check out a Magnum Photos gallery of parking and parking meters . Seventy-five years ago, the world's first parking meter cast its thin, ominous shadow on the streets of Oklahoma City. The meter was the brainchild of Carlton C. Magee, a local publisher and Chamber of Commerce Traffic Committee chief, and he hoped it would solve the city's chronic parking problems. In the pre-meter days, police would drive around with stopwatches and chalk, enforcing the city's parking time limits by marking the tires of cars seen squatting for too long, but the system was ill-equipped to handle the "endemic overparking" problem. Even worse, a survey found that at any given time, 80 percent of the city's spots were occupied by employees of downtown businesses—the very same businesses complaining that lack of parking was driving away shoppers. Calling for an "efficient, impartial, and thoroughly practical aid to parking regulation," Magee held a student-design contest and launched his instrument. Magee's meter was crude—only later models had the red "expired" warning flag—and its mechanism was hardly Swiss in its movements. (In an Einsteinian turn, early meters were often said to "shorten time.") But McGee's device was effective—a spark cast upon the vast, dry tinder of congested downtowns. "The parking meter's rapid and eventually universal spread can be understood on at least two grounds," write John Jakle and Keith Sculle in their illuminating book Lots of Parking . First, meters did the job, ensuring a steadier supply of parking by increasing turnover. Second, they took what had been a "free" good—free only in the sense it was not charged for on the spot—and turned it into a viable revenue stream for cities. Advertisement And a perpetual irritant for motorists. Parking meters are hacked (check youtube), stolen (watch Cool Hand Luke ), and otherwise subjected to a variety of abuse ( physical and even sexual assaults)—as are those charged with their enforcement . Is it that we simply don't like to pay for what we think should be free? Or is it something deeper—does their ruthless ticking not serve as some stark reminder of our mortality? (" Time Expired .") Whatever the reason, parking meters are loved only when they are broken. Three-quarters of a century on, several things are clear. The first is that parking meters, a seemingly mundane fact of the urban landscape, remain as fraught and controversial as when they were first installed. And secondly, the time has finally come for a sweeping rethink of the parking meter—in part because of changes in technology, and in part because of an emerging change in the way we think about parking in cities. Early on, parking meters weren't usually installed wholesale, notes parking scholar Donald Shoup. In his book, The High Cost of Free Parking , he writes that Oklahoma City began with a trial on only one side of the street. "On the unmetered side is confusion," noted the city's manager. "On the metered side is order, sufficient room for every car to be parked and driven out quickly and easily, and there are usually parking spaces open." Two years later, Shoup writes, there were more than 20,000 meters in 35 cities. There were objections. When the Merchants Association suggested meters for New York City in 1936, it was greeted by a legal challenge from the local Automobile Club, which declared, as reported in the New York Times, that neither the state nor city had the "power to charge the owners of automobiles for parking in the streets, for any purpose whatsoever, whether it be to raise revenue or to regulate traffic." That same year, borough president Samuel Levy declared the parking meter "has no place upon the city streets." Indeed, while the image of New York City is now irrevocably bound up with arcane parking regulations and meters—and one might imagine them as the product of the congested, big-government East Coast, not a wildcatting, low-tax Western city—it was not until 1951 that the first meters hit Gotham. Advertisement Meters came even later to London. The first sixpence, notes historian Joe Moran, was pressed into a meter in Mayfair in 1958, sparking some populist resistance. ("They've stuck parking meters/ outside our doors to greet us," sang Max Bygraves—and, yes, the couplet rhymes—in his 1960 song "Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'be," a sort of Cockney version of Merle Haggard's "That's the Way It Was in '51.") * Although meters soon became widespread, it was a long time before we understood how they changed American parking. Let the questions unspool in your mind: How long do drivers park at meters? How many go over the limit? How many drivers are ticketed? How many meters fail? In 1987, Aaron Adiv and Wanzhi Wang produced a wonderfully detailed paper titled "On Street-Parking Meter Behavior," an effort to combat what they called "a lack of systematic knowledge about parking behavior at parking meters." Among the more interesting findings of the study (which looked at Ann Arbor, Mich., but whose findings, according to the authors, were representative of much of the United States): That meter occupancy was nearly 100 percent; that four in five parkers used the meters for less than an hour; that the "real cost" to parkers of fees and fines had actually declined over the past few decades; and, strikingly, that enforcement is quite low. Only 8.1 percent of violations were ticketed, they found, and "exceeded time—the hours taken up by cars parked illegally once the meter expires—used up 25 percent of the total "space-hours," reducing capacity by as much as 61 percent. On this last point, the authors suggested that a private-public partnership might help raise enforcement levels, turnover, and revenues. And this is exactly what has happened in Chicago (which in 2008 sold the rights to its meters, for the next 75 years, to Morgan Stanley; the Chicago Reader provides the fullest account ), and may soon happen in other cities, including Pittsburgh and Indianapolis. Advertisement Are such initiatives good for cities, and for drivers? At the very least, they're good for the private companies that run them. Whether by lack of competence or lack of political will, cities are highly ineffective in extracting money out of meters. But as the Chicago News Cooperative has reported , Chicago Parking Meters, the consortium that now (with Morgan Stanley as a controlling interest) runs the city's meters, collected $73 million in its first year of operation—more than three times the city's average take—by increasing enforcement and raising rates. In theory, there is nothing wrong with this. Poor enforcement makes parking effectively cheaper, distorting the supply and demand of the parking market. And, as transportation planners like Shoup argue, much urban on-street parking is underpriced already—which is a problem, since drivers looking for cheap parking contribute greatly to congestion. Cheap parking costs us in time. But, apart from the widely held idea that Chicago gave away its 36,000 meters too cheaply ($1.15 billion for the 75-year term), there are other reasons to question the arrangement. For one, part of Shoup's idea of raising meter prices with a goal of 85 percent occupancy—thus ensuring turnover and reducing the time drivers spend cruising for spaces—is that increased revenues would be plowed back into improving the neighborhoods where the meters are found (what Shoup calls "parking benefit districts"). Other scholars such as David Hoyt suggests such revenues might even support "related public goods such as a modernized transportation system." But this prospect, Hoyt notes, "is entirely lost in the Morgan Stanley privatization deal. What could be a long-term revenue generator for a city in budgetary crisis and with an enormous backlog of deferred public transportation maintenance has been traded for a one-time fix in operating revenue." Rather than increased parking prices helping pay for better public transportation, the bank is banking on the lack of public transportation in its profit picture. As a Moody's analyst wrote , "public transportation is not convenient to areas of the parking system outside of the central business district, which are expected to generate the majority of revenues." There are other problems, argues urban planner Aaron Renn , in the city locking up its parking policy for the next 75 years. Seventy-five years ago we did not have paid on-street parking; who knows what the parking future will bring? "Parking spots," writes Renn, "are the curb lane of your streets. Your streets are the primary public space in your city. They are intimately connected with everything that happens in the city." The deal, he argues, assigns a "property right interest in the biggest component of public space in the city to a private monopoly that doesn't have the public's best interests at heart. The city of Chicago has ceded a portion of its urban planning powers to a private company." Advertisement Of course, most people don't really pause to think of parking meters as integral to wider transportation issues, or even as public space. As planner Paul Barter , writing about Park(ing) Day , the now global project in which people commandeer parking spaces to display art, have a picnic, or pretty much do anything but park a car, observes, "I suspect that most people don't really think of 'feeding the parking meter' as some kind of rental payment for real-estate space. If motorists really did see it that way, it might be a lot easier for cities to bring in rational parking pricing policies." But rationality often is left at the curb when it comes to paid parking—and the meters that enforce it. Barter contends that we see meter fees as yet another tax; in his novel Millennium People , J.G. Ballard, suggesting that "the bourgeoisie are the new proletariat," includes the vandalism of parking meters in his taxonomy of new class rage. And a onetime viewing of the show Parking Wars will confirm this sense of motorist persecution—and conversely, entitlement. "It's a controversy in every city," Andrew Dunn, the show's producer, told the Las Vegas Review-Journal. "People feel entitled to parking without paying. It's like free air." In New York City and other places, parking meter "grace periods"—an extra five minutes for someone whose meter has expired—have been floated for lazy political gain. But such plans merely postpone and complicate the inevitable confrontation with the hapless traffic agent; not to mention that your five minutes of grace is everyone else's parking hell. And to quote Bike Snob : "Why do we—a people who are supposed to be the hardiest, savviest urbanites in the United States (if not the entire Western world)—need an extra five minutes to move our cars? … [W]e're so fast that they actually named a unit of time after us." There is hope on the horizon, however: The eventual abolishment of the parking meter. I am not talking here about removing paid parking altogether as some cities, seemingly ignoring the lessons of the past, keep trying to do. ( Eugene, Ore., recently removed parking meters and will go back to chalk-based enforcement, echoing that old refrain that parking meters drive away business; the city's parking manager observed, "we are counting on downtown businesses to police their own, as employee parking on street will make or break the program."Good luck with that.) Advertisement Rather, I'm talking about the advent of any number of new systems for paying for parking. There are, for example, pay-by-mobile-phone parking providers (for example, Parkmobile ), which require drivers to put the code of a parking space into an app rather than coins into a meter. There are also even simpler "park and walk away" systems, like one being tested in Winnipeg , Manitoba, which essentially put the meter in one's car. No more curbside confrontations, no more vandals jamming things in slots, no more overpaying for time you did not use, no more tickets because you were a few minutes late, no more bothering the dry cleaner for quarters. Now, pay your respects and go feed the meter. Like Slate on Facebook . Follow us on Twitter . Correction, Oct. 20, 2010: This article originally misspelled the last name of Max Bygraves. ( Return to the corrected sentence.)

Parking meter

Who ordered the Boulder Dam to be renamed the Hoover Dam?

The parking meter clocks up 50 years | London Evening Standard The parking meter clocks up 50 years David Williams , Motoring Editor Tuesday 10 June 2008 12:07 BST It's not an anniversary drivers are expected to celebrate, but the parking meter is 50 years old today. The first meter in Britain went up in Grosvenor Square, near the US Embassy in Westminster, on 10 June 1958. Then, parking for one hour cost six shillings, compared with £4 in the same location today. Fines too were less punitive then. Those who overstayed or neglected to pay at all received a £2 penalty. Today, central London fines are £120, reduced to £60 for prompt payment. A year ago, Westminster announced that parking meters were to disappear from central London altogether. The borough's 3,700 meters are being replaced by a pay-by-phone system and some pay and display machines. Motorists register to set up an account and pay for parking by sending a mobile phone text message quoting their registration number and bay number. The cost is then debited from their account. The parking meter was invented by American Carlton C Magee in Oklahoma in 1935. The first models were clockwork and needed winding up with a large key. Self-winding meters were introduced in the Seventies but by 1990 they were seen as unreliable and were replaced with electronic ones. Many are now solar-powered. More about:

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In what year was the first woman elected to the US Senate?

Women in Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives Women in Congress: An Introduction Like all history, the story of women in Congress is defined by change over time: From a complete lack of representation in Congress before 1917, women have advanced to party leadership at the start of the 21st century. At times during the near century that women have served in Congress, change has been almost imperceptible and at other times, change has been bold and dramatic. "I'm No Lady; I'm a Member of Congress," 1917–1934 Great triumphs and historic firsts highlight women’s initial foray into national political office. Four years after Jeannette Rankin of Montana was elected to the House of Representatives in 1916, women won the right to vote nationally, with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Rebecca Felton of Georgia became the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate in 1922. Onto the National Stage, 1935–1954 Thirty-six women entered Congress between 1935 and 1954, a tumultuous two decades that encompassed the Great Depression, World War II, and the start of the Cold War. Women participated in America’s survival, recovery, and ascent to world power in important and unprecedented ways; they became shapers of the welfare state, workers during wartime, and members of the military. A Changing of the Guard, 1955–1976 The third generation of women in Congress, the 39 individuals who entered the House and the Senate between 1955 and 1976, legislated during an era of upheaval in America, including the civil rights movement, protest against the Vietnam War, the women’s liberation movement and the sexual revolution, and the Watergate Scandal and efforts to reform Congress in the 1970s.

one thousand nine hundred and twenty two

What was the first US warship sunk by a U-boat in the Atlantic in 1941?

First elected female senator - Jan 12, 1932 - HISTORY.com First elected female senator Publisher A+E Networks Ophelia Wyatt Caraway, a Democrat from Arkansas, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate. Caraway, born near Bakerville, Tennessee, had been appointed to the Senate two months earlier to fill the vacancy left by her late husband, Thaddeus Horatio Caraway. With the support of Huey Long, a powerful senator from Louisiana, Caraway was elected to the seat. In 1938, she was reelected. After failing to win renomination in 1944, she was appointed to the Federal Employees Compensation Commission by President Franklin Roosevelt. Although she was the first freely elected female senator, Caraway was preceded in the Senate by Rebecca Latimer Felton, who was appointed in 1922 to fill a vacancy but never ran for election. Jeannette Rankin, elected to the House of Representatives as a pacifist from Montana in 1917, was the first woman to ever sit in Congress. Related Videos

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What nickname was given to the group of performers which included Sammy Davis Jr. and Frank Sinatra?

Sammy Davis Jr. - Biography - IMDb Sammy Davis Jr. Biography Showing all 66 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (44) | Personal Quotes  (9) | Salary  (2) Overview (5) Mini Bio (1) Sammy Davis Jr. was often billed as the "greatest living entertainer in the world". He was born in Harlem, Manhattan, the son of dancer Elvera Davis (née Sanchez) and vaudeville star Sammy Davis Sr. . His father was African-American and his mother was of Puerto Rican ancestry. Davis Jr. was known as someone who could do it all--sing, dance, play instruments, act, do stand-up--and he was known for his self-deprecating humor; he once heard someone complaining about discrimination, and he said, "You got it easy. I'm a short, ugly, one-eyed, black Jew. What do you think it's like for me?" (he had converted to Judaism). A short stint in the army opened his eyes to the evils of racism--a slight man, he was often beaten up by bigger white soldiers and given the dirtiest and most dangerous assignments by white officers simply because he was black--and he helped break down racial barriers in show business in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in Las Vegas, where he often performed; when he started there in the early 1950s, he was not allowed to stay in the hotels he played in, as they refused to take blacks as customers. He also stirred up a large amount of controversy in the 1960s by openly dating, and ultimately marrying, blonde, blue-eyed, Swedish-born actress May Britt . He starred in the Broadway musical "Golden Boy" in the 1960s. Initially a success, internal tensions, production problems and bad reviews--many of them directed at Davis for playing a role originally written for a white man--resulted in its closing fairly quickly. His film and nightclub career were in full swing, however, and he became even more famous as one of the "Rat Pack", a group of free-wheeling entertainers that included Dean Martin , Frank Sinatra , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford . A chain smoker, Davis died from throat cancer at the age of 64. When he died, he was in debt. To pay for Davis' funeral, most of his memorabilia was sold off. - IMDb Mini Biography By: rocknrollunderdawg Spouse (3) Trade Mark (2) His glass eye (the left eye) Frequently worked with fellow Rat Pack members Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra., Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford Trivia (44) TV composer Morton Stevens ( Hawaii Five-O (1968), Police Woman (1974)) was Davis' musical director between 1950 and 1960 before moving into television music composing. He then returned as music director for Sammy, Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Liza Minnelli in the late 1980s. Singer/dancer/actor. Member of the "Rat Pack" with Dean Martin , Frank Sinatra , Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop . All appear in Ocean's 11 (1960). Interred at Forest Lawn, Glendale, California, USA, Garden of Honor, next to his father Sammy Davis Sr. . Son of Sammy Davis Sr. and Elvera Davis . Starred in the 1964 Broadway Musical "Golden Boy" for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor (Musical) in 1965; he lost to Zero Mostel for "Fiddler on the Roof." "Golden Boy" also featured many then unknown or relatively unknown talents such as Roy Glenn who later portrayed the father of John Prentice / Sidney Poitier in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967); other talents included then very young performers Lola Falana , Louis Gossett Jr. , who later won an Oscar for his performance in An Officer and a Gentleman (1982); and Johnny Brown who is best remembered for his portrayal of "Nathan 'Buffalo Butt' Bookman" on the popular television sitcom Good Times (1974). A then unknown performer named Ben Vereen was Davis' understudy in "Golden Boy." Always articulate, he never attended school of any kind; performing since the age of five, he was largely self-taught. He lost his left eye in a car crash when he was on his way to record the theme song for the Tony Curtis film, Six Bridges to Cross (1955). He wore an eyepatch for sometime after that, but Humphrey Bogart ultimately convinced him to unmask when he told him that he didn't want to be known as the kid with the eyepatch. Smoked 4 packs of cigarettes a day during his lifetime. Long-time friend Bill Cosby wore a small button with the letters "SD" on episodes of The Cosby Show (1984) after his death in 1990 as a tribute. During his childhood as a vaudeville entertainer, he often appeared in states and cities with strict child labor laws. To get around these laws, he was billed as "Silent Sammy, the Dancing Midget", and conspiciously walked around backstage with a rubber cigar in his mouth and a woman on each arm. He had a daughter, Tracey Davis , with his second wife, May. He and May also had two adopted sons: Mark Sidney (born in 1960; adopted on June 4, 1963), and Jeff (born in 1963). Jeff was named after an actor, Jeff Chandler . He also adopted a son, Manny Davis . (born c. 1978), in 1989, with his third wife, Altovise. Died the same day as Jim Henson . Once took Donald Rumsfeld to visit Elvis Presley after one of his concerts in Las Vegas. Was given a gift, of a black sapphire ring, by Elvis Presley , who told him, "This is the biggest black star I've seen, so I'm giving it to the biggest black star I know." He was a regular at many of Elvis Presley 's concerts in Las Vegas.He appeared in the audience and backstage in the Elvis documentary "That's The Way It Is"(1970). Filmed a cameo appearance for the James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever (1971). The scene was ultimately cut, but can be seen in the DVD of the movie. He and the other members of the Rat Pack were banned from Marilyn Monroe 's funeral by Joe DiMaggio Described himself as "a one-eyed Jewish Negro." Was an acquaintance of Ron Perlman . Was the childhood idol of director Tim Burton , who wanted to cast him as the title character in Beetlejuice (1988), but Warner Bros. ultimately refused. According to the "Fastest Gun Who Ever Lived," Bob Munden, Davis was the second-fastest draw in Hollywood, trailing only Jerry Lewis . Davis presented Munden with a customized Colt Peacemaker in recognition of Munden's skill after they appeared together on The Mike Douglas Show (1961). Despite being 64 at the time of his death, he was survived by his mother Elvera Sanchez (1905-2000) and his grandmother, Elvera's mother Luisa (who died in 1996 at 112). Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume Two, 1986-1990, pages 235-237. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. Portrayed by Don Cheadle in The Rat Pack (1998). Cheadle went on to appear in the remake, Ocean's Eleven (2001). Had a relationship with Kim Novak in the 1950s. When he married Swedish actress May Britt in 1960, unions between whites and non-whites were still banned in 30 US-states. Converted to Judaism in the 1950s. Shortly before his death surgeons removed his voice box in a larengectomy, but the cancer had spread. Campaigned for Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election. Inducted into the International Tap Dance Hall of Fame in 2005. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6254 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. After John Wayne left the stage, during the 1979 Academy Awards ceremony, he was greeted by his old pal Sammy Davis Jr. , who gave him a big bear hug. Davis later told a friend he regretted hugging Wayne so hard in his fragile condition. But Davis was told: "Duke wouldn't have missed that hug for anything." The idea of a 125 pound Sammy Davis Jr. worrying about hugging him "too hard" was a sad commentary on John Wayne 's failing health. Daughter Tracey was enraged when she found out that Davis Jr. adopted his third son, Manny, because she found out about it on national television instead of from her father. Sammy also didn't spend enough time with the three children he already had. A "contract" was allegedly put out on Sammy's life because of his interracial affair with Kim Novak , and he was threatened that 'you will lose your other eye' if it continued. Before the "contract" was executed, allegedly Frank Sinatra intervened and saved the day. Nevertheless, Davis married a black showgirl, Loray White, out of fear for his life. The marriage lasted a few months before Davis got it annulled. Loray allegedly received a $10,000 settlement and a Cadillac. In 1956, he starred on Broadway in 400 performances of "Mr. Wonderful". His 8 Billboard Top 20 Pop hits, now standards, are "The Candy Man" (#1 1972), "Somethings Gotta Give"(#9 1955),"I've Gotta Be Me " (#11 1968), "Love Me Or Leave Me" (#12 1955 )," That Old Black Magic"(#13 1955 ),Hey There" (#16 1954),"What Kind Of Fool Am I" (#17 1962) and "The Shelter Of Your Arms" (#17 1963). Shortly after his death in 1990, the hotels on the Las Vegas Strip turned off their exterior lights for 10 minutes in tribute. There is now an outdoor theater in Vegas named in his honor, the Sammy Davis Jr. Festival Plaza. Was originally cast in Never So Few (1959) until a feud broke out between him and Frank Sinatra after Sammy had claimed in a radio interview that he was a greater singer than Frank. Frank demanded he be dropped from the cast, and was replaced with Steve McQueen. According to Frank Sinatra Jr. in the DVD Commentary for "Ocean's 11" (1960), Sammy Davis Jr., like all black performers, was not allowed to stay in the major Las Vegas casinos despite the fact that he was filming Ocean's 11 there and performing on stage at the Sands Casino with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford in the legendary "Summit" Rat Pack shows. In those days, there was such strict segregation in Vegas that many people derisively joked that Las Vegas was an outpost of the Deep South. Sammy, like all other black performers, was forced to stay in "coloreds only" hotels in the western part of town. This finally changed when Frank Sinatra used his considerable clout with the hotel managers and owners to get this ban lifted, finally creating equality in Las Vegas. According to the 2-Part A&E Biography documentary on The Rat Pack, there was a falling out between Sammy Davis Jr. and his support of John F. Kennedy. Two reasons prominently cited are: 1. When Sammy attended the Democratic National Convention and stood on stage with other Hollywood celebrities singing the "Star Spangled Banner", he was heckled and abused by the Democratic delegates from the South and therefore chose not to attend further rallies or conventions. 2. After Sammy married May Britt, which in those days was controversial since many states had laws against inter-racial marriage, Joseph Kennedy no longer invited Sammy to political functions and advised his sons John and Robert to stay away from Sammy in order to avoid controversy. (By a similar token, Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin found their own relationships to the Kennedys severed due to their alleged ties to the Mafia). Eventually, Davis would switch his political allegiance from Democrat to Republican and would later support Richard Nixon in his presidential elections. Mentor and friend of Gregory Hines . Personal Quotes (9) Being a star has made it possible for me to get insulted in places where the average Negro could never hope to get insulted. [when asked what his golf handicap was] My handicap? Man, I am a one-eyed black Jew! THAT'S my handicap! I'm colored, Jewish and Puerto Rican. When I move into a neighborhood, I wipe it out! You have to be able to look back at your own life and say, "Yeah, that was fun." The only person I ever hurt was myself and even that I did to the minimum. If you can do that and you're still functioning, you're the luckiest person in the world. I'm 64 years old, but I feel I've lived the life of a person at 164. [on Richard Burton ] There is nothing he can't do. He is a wonder and a joy to watch. [on Laurence Olivier ] If you had to worship something mortal on Earth, I would go and bow twice a day to wherever Olivier was standing. [on the death of Martin Luther King] I asked President [Gregory] Peck to postpone the Academy Awards to show that someone cares. I certainly think any black man should not appear. I find it morally incongruous to sing 'Talk to the Animals' while the man who could make a better world for my children is lying in state. The Academy Awards show was delayed two days, until April 10, 1968 in respect for Dr. King. [on the lifestyle of The Rat Pack in 1958] We gamble. There's nothing else to do in Vegas. Man, it's like Baghdad. You can't sleep. All the chicks are after loot. So you sing, and what else do you do? Sometimes Dean and Frank sit in for the dealers. It must cost the house $1,000 every time. They see a little old schoolteacher making a bet and they slip her the good cards and let her win big. Salary (2)

Rat Pack

In which state was Bruce Springsteen born?

Sammy Davis, Jr. | Religion-wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Biography Early life Samuel George "Sammy" Davis, Jr. was born in New York City , New York to Elvera Sanchez (1905-2000), [4] a tap dancer, and Sammy Davis, Sr.. (1900-1988), an African-American entertainer. During his lifetime, Davis, Jr. stated that his mother was Puerto Rican and born in San Juan; however, in the 2003 biography In Black and White, author Wil Haygood writes that Davis, Jr.'s mother was born in New York City to Cuban American parents, and that Davis, Jr. claimed he was Puerto Rican because he feared anti-Cuban backlash would hurt his record sales. [5] [6] [7] Davis's parents were both dancers in vaudeville. As an infant, he was raised by his paternal grandmother. When he was three years old, his parents split up. His father, not wanting to lose custody of his son, took him on tour. As a child, Davis learned how to dance from his father and his "uncle" Will Mastin, who led the dance troupe his father worked for. Davis joined the act as a young child and they became the Will Mastin Trio. Throughout his long career, Davis included the Will Mastin Trio in his billing. Mastin and his father had shielded him from racism. Snubs were explained as jealousy, for instance. When Davis served in the United States Army during World War II however, he was confronted by strong racial prejudice. As he said later, "Overnight the world looked different. It wasn't one color any more. I could see the protection I'd gotten all my life from my father and Will. I appreciated their loving hope that I'd never need to know about prejudice and hate, but they were wrong. It was as if I'd walked through a swinging door for eighteen years, a door which they had always secretly held open." Career While in the service, however, he joined an integrated entertainment Special Services unit, and found that the spotlight removed some of the prejudice. "My talent was the weapon, the power, the way for me to fight. It was the one way I might hope to affect a man's thinking," he said. [8] After he was discharged, Davis rejoined the dance act which played at a wide variety of spots around Portland, Oregon, and began to achieve success on his own as he was singled out for praise by critics. [9] The next year, he released his second album. The next move in his growing career was to appear in the Broadway show Mr. Wonderful in 1956. In 1959, he became a member of the Rat Pack, which was led by his old friend Frank Sinatra, and included such fellow performers as Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, Peter Lawford, and Shirley MacLaine. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering of fast-living friends "the Clan," but Sam voiced his opposition, saying that it invoked thoughts about the Ku Klux Klan . Sinatra renamed the group "the Summit;" undeterred, the media continued to refer to them as the Rat Pack. Davis was a headliner at The Frontier Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada for many years yet was required to accept accommodations in a rooming house on the west side of the city, rather than reside with his peers in the hotels, as were all black performers in the 1950s. For example, no stage dressing rooms were provided for black performers, so they were required to wait outside by the swimming pool between acts. [10] During his early years in Las Vegas, he and other African-American artists like Nat King Cole and Count Basie could entertain on the stage, but often could not reside at the hotels at which they performed, and most definitely could not gamble in the casinos or go to the hotel restaurants and bars. After he achieved superstar success, Davis refused to work at venues which would practice racial segregation. His demands eventually led to the integration of Miami Beach nightclubs and Las Vegas casinos. Davis was particularly proud of this accomplishment. [11] In 1964, Davis was starring in Golden Boy at night and shooting his own New York-based afternoon talk show during the day. When he could get a day off from the theater, he would either be in the studio recording new songs, or else performing live, often at charity benefits as far away as Miami, Chicago and Las Vegas, or doing television variety specials in Los Angeles. Even at the time, Sam knew he was cheating his family of his company, but he couldn't help himself; as he later said, he was incapable of standing still. Although he was still a huge draw in Las Vegas, Davis's musical career had sputtered out by the latter years of the 1960s, although he had a #11 hit (#1 on the Easy Listening singles chart) with "I've Gotta Be Me" in 1969. An attempt to update his sound and reconnect with younger people resulted in some embarrassing "hip" musical efforts with the Motown record label. [12] But then, even as his career seemed at its nadir, Sammy had an unexpected worldwide smash hit with "Candy Man". Although he didn't particularly care for the song and was chagrined that he was now best known for it, Davis made the most of his new opportunity and revitalized his career. Although he enjoyed no more Top 40 hits, he did enjoy some extra popularity with his performance of the theme song from the T.V. series Baretta (1975-1978) which was not released as a single but was given extensive radio play and he remained a successful live act beyond Vegas for the remainder of his career. He would still occasionally land television and film parts, including high-profile cameo visits to the All in the Family (during which he kisses Archie Bunker (Carrol O'Connor) on the cheek), and with wife Altovise Davis on Charlie's Angels. In the 1970s, he also appeared in a series of memorable commercials in Japan for Suntory whiskey. On December 11, 1967, NBC broadcast a musical-variety special entitled Movin' With Nancy. In addition to the Emmy Award-winning musical performances, the show is famous for Nancy Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. greeting each other with a kiss, one of the first black-white kisses in U.S. television history. [13] In Japan, Davis appeared in television commercials for coffee, and in the U.S. he joined Sinatra and Martin in a radio commercial for a Chicago car dealership. Davis was one of the first male celebrities to admit to watching television soap operas, particularly the shows produced by the American Broadcasting Company. This admission led to him making a cameo appearance on General Hospital and playing the recurring character Chip Warren on One Life to Live for which he received a Daytime Emmy nomination in 1980. He was also a game show fan, making a cameo on the ABC version of Family Feud in 1979, and hosting a question with Richard Dawson watching from the sidelines. He appeared on Tattletales with third wife Altovise Davis in the 1970s. He also made a cameo during an episode of the NBC version of Card Sharks in 1981. Davis was an avid photographer who enjoyed shooting family and acquaintances. His body of work was detailed in a 2007 book by Burt Boyar. "Jerry [Lewis] gave me my first important camera, my first 35 millimeter, during the Ciro's period, early '50s," Boyar quotes Davis. "And he hooked me." Davis used a medium format camera later on to capture images. Again quoting Davis, "Nobody interrupts a man taking a picture to ask... 'What's that nigger doin' here?' ". His catalogue of photos include rare shots of his father dancing onstage as part of the Will Mastin Trio. Also, intimate snapshots of close friends: Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, James Dean, Nat "King" Cole and Marilyn Monroe. His political affiliations also were represented in his images of: Robert Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. His most revealing work comes in photographs of wife May Britt and their three children, Tracey, Jeff and Mark. Davis was an enthusiastic shooter and gun owner. He participated in fast-draw competition, and was said to be capable of drawing and firing a Colt Single Action revolver in less than .25 of a second. Davis was extremely skilled at fast and fancy gun spinning, and several times appeared on T.V. variety shows showing off this skill. Davis appeared in several western films and as a guest star on several "Golden Age" T.V. westerns, as well. Car accident and conversion Davis was almost killed in an automobile accident on November 19, 1954 in San Bernardino, California , as he was making a return trip from Las Vegas to Los Angeles. [14] The accident occurred at a fork in U.S. Highway 66 at Cajon Blvd and Kendall Drive. Davis lost his left eye as a result, and wore an eye patch for at least six months following the accident. [15] [16] He appeared on What's My Line wearing the patch. [17] Later, he was fitted for a glass eye, which he wore for the rest of his life. While in the hospital, his friend Eddie Cantor told him about the similarities between the Jewish and black cultures. Prompted by this conversation, Davis — who was born to a Catholic mother and Protestant father — began studying the history of Jews and converted to Judaism several years later. [18] [1] One passage from his readings, describing the endurance of the Jewish people, intrigued him in particular: "The Jews would not die. Three millennia of prophetic teaching had given them an unwavering spirit of resignation and had created in them a will to live which no disaster could crush". [19] In many ways, the accident marked a turning point in Davis's career, taking him from a well-known entertainer to a national celebrity and icon. [14] Marriages In the mid-1950s, Sammy was involved with Kim Novak, who was a valuable star under contract to Columbia Studios. The head of the studio, Harry Cohn, was worried about the negative effect this would have on the studio because of the prevailing taboo against miscegenation. He called his old friend, the mobster Johnny Roselli, who was asked to tell Sammy that he had to stop the affair with Novak. Roselli arranged for Davis to be kidnapped for a few hours to throw a scare into him. [20] Davis's first wife was Loray White, whom he married in 1958 and divorced in the following year. In 1960, Davis caused controversy when he married white Swedish-born actress May Britt. Davis received hate mail while starring in the Broadway musical adaptation of Golden Boy from 1964-1966 (for which he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor). At the time Davis appeared in the play, interracial marriages were forbidden by law in 31 US states, and only in 1967 were those laws abolished by the US Supreme Court. The couple had one daughter and adopted two sons. Davis performed almost continuously and spent little time with his wife. They divorced in 1968, after Davis admitted to having had an affair with singer Lola Falana . That year, Davis started dating Altovise Gore, a dancer in Golden Boy. They were married on May 11, 1970 by the Reverend Jesse Jackson. They adopted a child, and remained married until Davis's death in 1990. Political beliefs Although Davis had been a voting Democratic, he had felt a distinct lack of respect from the John F. Kennedy White House. He had been removed from the bill of the inaugural party hosted by Sinatra for the new President because of Davis's recent interracial marriage to May Britt on November 13, 1960. [21] In the early 1970s, Davis famously supported Republican President Richard M. Nixon (and gave the startled President a hug on live TV). The incident was very controversial, and Davis was given a hostile reception by his peers, despite the intervention of Jesse Jackson. Previously he had won over their respect with his performance as Joe Wellington Jr. in Golden Boy and his participation in the Civil Rights Movement. Nixon invited Davis to sleep in the White House in 1973, which is believed to be the first time an African-American was invited to do so. Davis spent the night in the Queen's Bedroom. [22] Unlike Frank Sinatra, Davis voted Democratic for president again after the Nixon administration. Death Davis died in Beverly Hills, California on May 16, 1990, of complications from throat cancer. Earlier, when he was told he could be saved by surgery, Davis replied he would rather keep his voice than have a part of his throat removed; the result of that decision seemed to cost him his life. [23] However, a few weeks prior to his death his entire larynx was removed during surgery. [24] He was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California next to his father and Will Mastin. Honors and awards The Kid Who Loved Christmas (1990, last role) Stage Golden Boy (1964), musical - Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Musical Sammy (1974), special performance featuring Davis with the Nicholas Brothers Stop the World - I Want to Get Off (1978) musical revival Further reading Yes, I Can (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1965) ISBN 0-374-52268-5 Why Me? (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1980) ISBN 0-446-36025-2 Sammy (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (2000) ISBN 0-374-29355-4 ; consolidates the two previous books and includes additional material Hollywood in a Suitcase (1980) ISBN 0-425-05091-2 Biographies Haygood, Wil. (2003) In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr. Billboard Books. ISBN 9780823083954 Birkbeck, Matt. (2008) Deconstructing Sammy. Amistad. ISBN 9780061450662 Silber, Jr., Arthur (2003) "Sammy Davis, Jr: Me and My Shadow, Samart Enterprises, ISBN 0965567559 Other Photo by Sammy Davis, Jr. (Burt Boyar) (2007) ISBN 0-061-14605-6 References

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"Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, ""The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?"""

Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, &quot;The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, &quot;The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? This question was answered on Jun 14, 2016. View the Answer Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?" GayleWong posted a question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Top Answer The answer to this question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30122096) ]} nicholasphil24 answered the question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Other Answers Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147028) ]} bukachisamuel answered the question · Jun 15, 2016 at 4:47am Oh Calcutta is the answer to the show which made critic... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147152) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need help ASAP pls. Imagine you are a citizen of a country that has just entered into the Great War (later known as World War I). You have read the headlines Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 5 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!

Oh! Calcutta!

"Who said, ""The hardest thing to understand in the world is income tax?"""

Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, &quot;The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, &quot;The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? This question was answered on Jun 14, 2016. View the Answer Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?" GayleWong posted a question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Top Answer The answer to this question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30122096) ]} nicholasphil24 answered the question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Other Answers Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147028) ]} bukachisamuel answered the question · Jun 15, 2016 at 4:47am Oh Calcutta is the answer to the show which made critic... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147152) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need help ASAP pls. Imagine you are a citizen of a country that has just entered into the Great War (later known as World War I). You have read the headlines Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 5 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!

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In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him?

In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him? View the step-by-step solution to: In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him? This question was answered on Jun 14, 2016. View the Answer In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him? TaraCros posted a question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:52am Top Answer The way to approach this... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30121992) ]} nicholasphil24 answered the question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:53am Other Answers {[ getNetScore(30121995) ]} Drchir answered the question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:53am Elmer Fudd Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30122055) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions what was the main cause of the first world war. before the 1940 ? Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 5 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!

Elmer Fudd

Which star of the Back To The Future movies appeared in Caroline In the City?

Bugs Bunny (Western Animation) - TV Tropes Eh... What's up, Doc? "Some people call me cocky and brash, but actually I am just self-assured. I'm nonchalant, im­perturbable, contemplative. I play it cool, but I can get hot under the collar. And above all I'm a very 'aware' character. I'm well aware that I am appearing in an animated car­toon....And sometimes I chomp on my carrot for the same reason that a stand-up comic chomps on his cigar. It saves me from rushing from the last joke to the next one too fast. And I sometimes don't act, I react. And I always treat the contest with my pursuers as 'fun and games.' When momentarily I appear to be cornered or in dire danger and I scream, don't be consoined [sic] � it's actually a big put-on. Let's face it Doc. I've read the script and I al­ready know how it turns out." — Bob Clampett on Bugs Bunny, written in first person. Bugs Bunny is the modern American Trickster and the most famous star of the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. This character as Funny Animal is found in many cultures' mythologies, including Reynard the Fox , Anansi the spider, American Indian spirit Coyote, and Bugs' great-grandfather, Br'er Rabbit . Bugs is specifically a Karmic Trickster : harmless when left alone, but gleefully ready to dish out poetic justice whenever he perceives the need. There is an element of education in his revenge. Like many of his peers, Bugs' origins are unclear, lost in the mists of time and memory. Before him, The Marx Brothers were the premier American tricksters, and traces of their influence can be found in many of his best known mannerisms. (In fact, many people aren't aware that Bugs' saying, "Of course you realize, dis means war!" originated in films such as Duck Soup and A Night at the Opera .) More directly, shy, timid prey unexpectedly turning on the pursuer was a common theme at the Warner Bros. animation studios in the early days - Daffy Duck made his debut in the same way. Director Ben 'Bugs' Hardaway introduced the notion of this character as a "scwewy wabbit" in "Porky's Hare Hunt" (1938), and the same small white hare appears in various later shorts, notably Chuck Jones' " Elmer's Candid Camera " (1940). His name, first seen on-screen in the credits for 1941's "Elmer's Pet Rabbit", derives either from Hardaway's — model sheets were said to have been tagged with "Bugs' Bunny" — or the contemporary Brooklyn slang "bugs", meaning "crazy". Or both. Tex Avery , Friz Freleng , as well as Robert Givens, however, adamantly insist that Hardaway's Bugs was a completely separate character from the Bugs we know and love, that the name and species is all he shares in common with the real Bugs. However it's generally accepted that Tex Avery produced the prototype of the smart, suave, on-the-ball wabbit we know and love today, in " A Wild Hare " (1940). Chuck Jones later made him more sympathetic by giving Bugs that iconic attitude of live-and-let-live, right up until he's pushed just that one step too far , and then, it's war — "at which point [he] retaliates in every way he can imagine, and he is a very imaginative rabbit." The job of any trickster, but especially the American type, is to think the thoughts and do the things that they say can't be thought or done. He's most likely to be found disturbing the complacency of his culture, or deflating the pompousness of its symbols. Since Bugs is also a comedy hero, he has the added advantage of Plot Armor that could stop an armor-piercing round. His influence on modern American culture, like that of all the Looney Tunes characters, has been far-reaching to the point of ubiquity. For obvious reasons, though, Bugs is the especial favourite, especially in the theatrical years, getting more shorts than any of his co-stars, with a impressive 168 titles under his beltnote  Not counting cameos and the four "proto-Bugs" cartoons. Naturally, he has spawned several imitators over the years, notably direct descendant Buster Bunny of Tiny Toon Adventures and Yakko, Wakko and Dot of Animaniacs — although these last three skew more heavily toward the Screwy Squirrel . Bugs is currently making appearances in The Looney Tunes Show , having given up his nomadic roots and rabbit holes in favor of an average suburb, shared with co-star Daffy Duck . In 2015, a new series starring Bugs— Wabbit: A Looney Tunes Production —debuted on Cartoon Network . Naturally, Bugs has starred in many a hit short subject, with six of his cartoons being put on The 50 Greatest Cartoons (with What's Opera, Doc? at the No. 1 spot!) and 10 of his shorts serving as runner-ups on the list. He also holds a whopping 34 spots on The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes list (not counting shorts he cameoed in).      Filmography  1938 Porky's Hare Hunt (LT, Hardaway): First appearance of the Bugs Bunny prototype. Here, he is a tiny, pudgy white rabbit with a Goofy-esque rural accent, who, in Ben Hardaway's words, was " Daffy Duck in a rabbit suit." Naturally, this prototype is far, far removed from the Bugs we know and love, being a mindless heckler , but with a touch of Groucho Marx thrown into the mixing pot, so this character at the least provided a foundation for the character of the Bugs we know. This prototype is also very similar to the earliest incarnations of Woody Woodpecker , who Ben Hardaway also helped write for. 1939 Prest-O Change-O (MM, Jones): Second sighting of the prototype, who has taken up residence in the house of the magician Sham-Fu, and heckles the poor pups who he encounters for no discernible motive. He has become slightly taller and slimmer at this point. Bugs' trademark ability to have objects come out of nowhere is presented here for the first time, although in the context of him being a magician's rabbit. The prototype is silent here, save for his Annoying Laugh . Public Domain. Hare-Um Scare-um (MM, Hardaway/Dalton): Where Bugs is officially named as Bugs' Bunny—note the possessive term (applied to the model sheet prepared by Charles Thorson). He is still manic, but has now grown in size and sprouted apricot fur, looking closer to the Bugs we know. His Hammer Space ability is revisited, now presented in a non-magical context. He also hams it up with some sarcastic mock-pathos, which would be echoed in A Wild Hare and The Wabbit Who Came To Supper. This short is also infamous for having a lost ending that was cut out of most original prints, but has been found and included in Looney Tunes Platinum Collection Vol. 2. 1940 Elmer's Candid Camera (MM, Jones): Debut of Elmer Fudd. Bugs is almost fully realized as a character by this point, with his original Screwy Squirrel traits played down in favor of being more reserved and in control than before, but his character is still very underplayed. With that said, he still has some of his unmotivated heckler self left in him, pestering poor Elmer (who was just taking pictures) to the point where he has a nervous breakdown. Chuck Jones was not happy with this short, saying the rabbit was "Bugs with his umbilical cord in his hand looking for a place to plug it in." and that it should only be watched "If you are dying to die of innui." A Wild Hare (MM, Avery) - Starring Elmer. Official debut of the fully realized Bugs Bunny. This short is a semi-remake of "Elmer's Candid Camera", but improves in what Tex Avery felt was flawed about "Camera"—such as only making Bugs a defensive character who reacts to a threat and plays off of villainous Elmer's stupidity. Oscar nominee. One of The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes . Patient Porky (LT, Clampett): The prototype pops up for a gag in the first couple minutes, looking very close to Bugs' final design, but still having the manicness and laugh of the proto-Bugs. 1941 Elmer's Pet Rabbit (MM, Jones): Chuck Jones ' first short with Bugs, and the first one to actually give his name. In this short he has an extremely foul temper and a nasty personality, both of which were hurriedly dropped afterwards. He also had a distinctly different voice in this short, sounding more like a yokel than the New York accent that he would be famous for (and which was previously introduced in "A Wild Hare"). Tortoise Beats Hare (MM, Avery): The first of the three "Bugs Vs. Cecil" shorts. Chuck Jones, in his opinion, considered it a failure, feeling that Tex had swapped Bugs' in-control, defensive personality in favor of making him the loser ala Elmer Fudd while giving Cecil Turtle Bugs' personality (but with all fairness, it did show us a whole different side of Bugs than before). Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt (MM, Freleng): Friz Freleng 's first effort with Bugs. Here, he is presented as rather passive, at least in contrast with the previous shorts. Oscar nominee. The Heckling Hare (MM, Avery): The cartoon that caused Avery to leave Leon's cartoon studio to make cartoons for MGM . With that said, Avery finally managed to nail Bugs' defensive personality again, capturing what made him such a hit in "A Wild Hare".

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