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Who played the title role in the film version of Jesus Christ Superstar?

Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Film version of the musical stage play, presenting the last few weeks of Christ's life, told in an anachronistic manner. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 36 titles created 31 Oct 2011 a list of 34 titles created 22 Aug 2012 a list of 41 titles created 26 Oct 2012 a list of 30 titles created 14 Oct 2015 a list of 24 titles created 8 months ago Title: Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards  » Photos Celebrating 40 years since it first opened in London's West End, Andrew Lloyd Webber's new production of Jesus Christ Superstar. Director: Laurence Connor Claude leaves the family ranch in Oklahoma for New York where he is rapidly indoctrinated into the youth subculture and subsequently drafted. Director: Milos Forman An adaption of the musical, in a modern-day song-and-dance recreation of the Gospel of St. Matthew. Director: David Greene Edit Storyline Based on a concept album project written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, and the subsequent long-running Broadway performance, this film tells the story of the final 6 days in the life of Jesus Christ through the troubled eyes of Judas Iscariot. Too often mis-labeled a musical, this film is a "rock opera." There are no spoken lines, everything is sung. Written by Ralf Southard <[email protected]> and now the film... See more  » Genres: 15 August 1973 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: 108 min Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (Westrex Recording System) (70 mm prints)| Mono (35 mm optical prints)| 4-Track Stereo (35 mm magnetic prints) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Ted Neeley almost missed out on being cast in Jesus Christ Superstar (1973). After inviting director Norman Jewison to see him in a matinee performance of The Who's Tommy (1975), he was injured during a show just prior to the one Jewison had bought a ticket to see. He recovered in time for the next show. Immediately following this, he drove from Los Angeles to Jewison's hotel in Palm Springs and dressed up as Jesus Christ. (Norman was leaving for Israel soon thereafter, to shoot the movie.) Not only did Jewison accept his explanation and apology, but he also gave him the title role in the film. See more » Goofs At the end of "King Herod's Song", the camera shakes when Herod throws a bagel at Jesus. See more » Quotes Pontius Pilate : [to Jesus after the 39 lashes] You're a fool, Jesus Christ! How can I help you? (Orlando) – See all my reviews I've heard much criticism of this film over many years, and the most annoying criticism is that it didn't have the vitality of the stage productions back "in the day". There isn't much many of us can do about that, though I did see a road production of it about 7 or 8 years ago. The most interesting thing about this film is that it was set in "modern" times, rather than in biblical times. Roman soldiers wearing shiny helmets, and carrying machine guns is a real attention grabber. The ruins used in the film added another fascinating aspect to the production. In short, the anachronistic approach in the visuals, the lyrics, and the music itself make this a genuinely unique, and clever film. I thought all the acting, singing, and dancing was great, and still appears to be rather fresh and modern. The lyrics were the most memorable of any movie I've ever seen. There were many of us that could quickly memorize the entire opera from listening to the soundtrack (no videos back then), and have much fun "play acting" ourselves. The use of Judas as a primary character was probably the single most important aspect of the film. One has to wonder how Judas became one of the inner circle of disciples if he was such an evil crud to begin with. In church he is simply mentioned as being a traitor. The film/musical asks us to think more on this individual, and speculate as to his true nature as a human being. The only other person I know of that attempted to do this was Taylor Caldwell in her novel "I Judas". The point that the crucifixion/resurrection hinged on the betrayal of Judas, should make any Christian wonder if God actually worked through him, and that he wasn't actually "damned for all time." People seem to be offended by the light-hearted (and hysterically funny!) "King Herod's Song." What does the Bible say about this meeting? Certainly it doesn't say that this was an amicable meeting, and indeed, I seem to remember Jesus being beaten on the palace grounds. The look on Neely's face throughout the Herod song-and-dance is one of seriousness that belies the true nature of what was going on in this scene. This served to remind the viewer that this wasn't sheer levity, and held the scene together in its proper context until it ran full circle with Herod "spazzing" and showing rabid, rather than merely sarcastic hatred for Christ at the end. This was sheer genius and master film craft in my book. I don't think Jesus' expression would come out as well in the stage version. The reservations Pilate had about authorizing the crucifixion seem to come out in the Bible as well. So-called Christians hold Pilate responsible, though there was probably many political things going on that are only vaguely alluded to in the Bible. Non-biblical tradition says that he and his wife, Claudia Procula, eventually converted to Christianity themselves. Who knows? My least-favorite parts: "I Don't Know How to Love Him" reminds me a lot of "As Long as He Needs Me" in Oliver!. Both songs are plodding, and brings each film to a screeching halt. I believe that this was actually intended to be a pop song, but was thrown in when Webber and Rice were composing the opera. Still, Judas singing this through his tears towards the end of the film was very chilling. "Hosanna, Hosanna" I also find to be rather trite...still...the last stanza never fails to give me goose bumps when the crowd asks if Christ will die for them. Simon Zealot's prolonged screaming (and off key/beat) never fails to annoy me...then again, he was a rebellious zealot after all. The "falling down push up" move in this dance sequence bugs me, too. Another part that bothers me is that suddenly it was Pilate's dream, rather than his wife's as stated in the bible. I guess they did this to narrow the canvas (simplify the number of key characters). But, what a beautiful song! And, I thought the fact that nobody in the cast looked to be much over 25 was kind of weird. My favorite parts: Caiphas' baritone and Annas' falsetto counterpoint. "Too Much Heaven on Their Minds." The guy with the froggy voice heckling Christ as he's shuffled between Herod and Pilate. The gorgeous girl in the purple shirt (dancer in the Zealot scene)...WHO IS SHE????? Any scene with Judas in it. The montage of crucifixion scenes. The great guitar (all the instrumentation for that matter), and something I wish they had MUCH more of in the movie, that incredible electric piano. I would buy just the instrumental track if it was available. 82 of 93 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

Ted Neeley

What was the name of the sax player in New York New York who fell for Francine?

“Jesus Christ Superstar” - Salon.com Tuesday, Mar 19, 2002 9:00 PM UTC “Jesus Christ Superstar” Andrew Lloyd Webber's much-mocked rock opera is actually a classic work of '70s spiritual exploration -- and besides, Our Lord is hot. Topics: Entertainment News I arrived late and had to stumble in darkness past the sprawled legs of a few other midweek moviegoers. At last I got popcorn-situated and settled into my seat, just as the music began to swell. On the screen, a cluster of bodies stepped back and the camera froze. My heart stood still. It was His face, unmistakable, huge, looking right at me. “Oh. My God.” My whisper echoed through the theater, prompting shushes from disapproving adults around me. I didn’t care. All I knew was that Jesus Christ Our Lord was a total fox. I snuggled down for the next two hours, an instant convert, mesmerized by the story, moved by the music, nursing a crush the size of Montana for the Lamb of God. I felt a not unfamiliar twinge, down there. I was most certainly going to burn in hell. It was 1973. I was 12. While those two facts would seem enough to explain my initial fascination with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice’s rock opera, my love for it has only grown through the years. It’s not hyperbole to state that “Jesus Christ Superstar” has had far greater impact on my own religious beliefs than any other single event in my life. Certainly it’s affected me more profoundly than my sporadic Sundays in church ever did. I can assure you I’ve thought a great deal more about the deeper meaning of “Everything’s Alright” than I ever did about a single one of those Bible stories for children. Seeking spirituality with a pop-culture twist was a popular pastime in the ’70s. Hordes were looking for a brand of redemption that didn’t involve fire and brimstone: Hell, you couldn’t turn around without running into acoustic guitars and “folk masses” at your local Catholic church, Hare Krishnas dancing in suburban malls, groovy Jesus freaks and sold-out est conference rooms. “Jesus Christ Superstar” set my own adolescent quest for meaning into overdrive. After that fateful day at the movies, I was driven to actually read the gospels, digging out the old “Good News for Modern Man” (American Bible Society, 1967) that a born-again playmate had pressed on me way back in third grade. God help me, I ended up getting baptized four times in those heady times. Just, you know, covering the bases. That sort of reaction wasn’t as extreme as you’d think. Even today, more than 30 years since it was released, a multitude of like-minded souls have put up Web sites in homage to various permutations of “Jesus Christ Superstar.” They trade gossip and tidbits about the various actors who have portrayed this passion play’s principals over the years and share stories of how the rock opera has changed their lives. Hey, just saying, I’m not the only one. “Jesus Christ Superstar” has been staged countless times over the past several decades, but for aficionados there are really just three significant artifacts. There’s the first album, released in October 1970, which purists insist is the most excellent. This is the version that features then-obscure rocker Ian Gillan (of Deep Purple) as Jesus Christ, and it comes with a handy booklet of lyrics for those who’d like to follow along at home. The LP sold more than 3 million copies before the Broadway opening, and the U.K. production went on to be the longest-running musical in British theater history. (Somewhat less immortal is the initial 1971 Broadway show, which featured one-time Black Sabbath session singer turned born-again Christian Jeffrey Fenholt as Jesus and Ben Vereen as Judas. Time magazine described the latter’s singing style as “Sammy Davis Jr. imitating Chuck Berry.” Other reviews were less kind.) Then there’s the movie that first bewitched me, the hippie-dippy one directed by Norman Jewison that came out in 1973, sandwiched, in terms of Jewison’s career, smack in between “Fiddler on the Roof” and “Rollerball.” This version was made into an album as well. (For those keeping track, it’s the one with a silhouette of the crucifixion on the cover.) Both those slices of rock history feature the anguished Carl Anderson as Judas and Ted Neeley in the title role, that same foxy savior who first loomed over me in the dark. While he doesn’t have anything near the vocal range of Gillan, Neeley certainly looks the part of hapless messiah. He’s scrawny, more than a little scruffy, not necessarily the brightest bulb in the chandelier, but he burns, baby, he burns. More recently, a new “Jesus Christ Superstar” was launched in the U.K. and wound up making it to Broadway for a revival in 2000. This production’s staging, by Gale Edwards, was captured on film for PBS’ “Great Performances” in 2001. For this updated foray, Christ was played by the overly perfect Glenn Carter, whose crinkled locks and buff physique made him seem like the Lord as interpreted by Calvin Klein. But the real star of the show here, as always, was the great betrayer, Judas Iscariot. Much as Carl Anderson’s rendition of the disciple-gone-wrong stole the show in Jewison’s movie, balding Frenchman Jérôme Pradon emotes his doomed ass off in the new version. Brooding anti-Jesus Pradon is thin and dark where Carter is sculpted and golden, and the hints of homoeroticism in Judas’ jealousy over Christ’s friendship with Mary Magdalene add a contemporary queer-studies twist. Truth to tell, by the end of the video, I had a new crush object, edging Jesus to one side for the first time in years. While Webber and Rice’s story wouldn’t seem to need much explaining — being, you know, a loose chronicle of the last seven days of Jesus — for those poor souls who managed to miss the “Jesus Christ Superstar” train as it’s chuffed through every station in the country over the past 30 years, a brief synopsis might be in order. The eerie overture kicks off with a wailing guitar lick that builds with ominous intensity, a frantic mélange of sounds presaging the score’s major numbers. It’s an anxious layering of riffs and fragments, blending orchestral flourishes with hard rock’s escalating tension, until the rhythm finally melds together into a lavish celebration of the familiar chorus to the title track, which is immediately cut short by faint wailing voices and discordant notes. Five minutes in, the listener is already exhausted and exhilarated. No time to rest: As the story opens, Judas is freaking out, big-time. His pondering quickly escalates to wailing doubts about Jesus’ exploding popularity, the cluelessness of His followers and the inevitability of conflict with the authorities (“We are occupied, have you forgotten how put-down we are?”). Cut to the apostles, a bunch of useless slackers forever milling about and asking: “What’s the buzz, tell me what’s happening.” There’s a hint of the old nudge-nudge, wink-wink when Mary Magdalene steps in to soothe Jesus, punctuated by Judas’ sneering take on how all this female attention is just another troubling symptom of the direction Jesus is heading. In the first great exchange between the pair, Judas sneers that the former prostitute “doesn’t fit in well with what you teach and say.” Mary attempts to defuse the situation with the placating ditty “Everything’s Alright,” but Judas blows a gasket. While the two men keep ragging on each other, Mary continues to insist that all is copacetic. It’s not. Meanwhile, the high Jewish priests are discussing the Jesus problem. An insinuating bass line keeps their conversation building with ominous foreshadowing for the carpenter from Nazareth. In the end, it’s decided: “This Jesus Must Die.” Uh-oh. With unfortunate timing, Jesus and His supporters pick that moment to hosanna their way past the priests’ council. Inside, the priests strategize the best way to deal with resistance: “His half-witted fans will get out of control.” Oblivious, the crowd continues to sing and prance about like mindless twits. Horns sound as the parade swells to Lollapalooza-like numbers, and an infectious piano line kicks into a groovy sing-along: “Christ, you know I love you, did you see I waved?” Jesus’ follower Simon Zealotes slyly advises Him to “keep them yelling their devotion, but add a touch of hate of Rome.” Like the rest of the apostles, Simon wants a revolution. He wants a Jewish homeland. He wants the “filth from Rome who rape our country” to get their comeuppance. Bad move, Simon. Jesus is a lover, not a fighter. Cut to Monday morning. Pontius Pilate sings a soft lament about his premonition that bad shit’s about to go down. The tempo kicks into high gear when Jesus enters the temple, where decadence and depravity abound. A driving riff plays off the line, “Roll on up, for my price is down.” Jesus pitches a fit and smashes everything all to hell. He muses sadly about how the end is coming, then is promptly hit with pleas from beggars who reprise the temple riff (“See my eyes, I can hardly see”). Overwhelmed, Jesus ends up telling them — with an anguished rock ‘n’ roll howl — to heal themselves. Mary Magdalene’s sweet love song diffuses the tension. She’s conflicted over her love for Jesus. He’s just a man. She knows all about men. Nonetheless, she doesn’t know how to love this one. Come morning, Judas has decided to turn traitor, almost in spite of himself. Relentless rhythms punctuate his rationalizations that he really didn’t come of his own accord. Whatever, shrug the priests, who toss him some coins and tell him it’s not blood money, just a fee. When Judas takes the money and tells them where to find Jesus, a mournful chorus intones, “Well done, Judas. Good old Judas.” The Last Supper finds the apostles behaving like blithering fools as usual, drinking wine and dreaming of their post-Gospel immortality. Jesus knows He’s doomed and finally tells them the buzz they’re incessantly asking for: He’s going to be betrayed and denied, and then He’ll wind up dead. They act clueless when He asks them to remember Him via the old bread-body, blood-wine analogy, and He blows up at them: “Look at your blank faces. My name will mean nothing 10 minutes after I’m dead.” As the tension builds to near-unbearable tautness, Judas screams out his disillusionment, sneering that it would serve Jesus right if he didn’t turn Him in after all. But of course, he has no choice. Once the useless apostles fall asleep, it’s time for Jesus’ showstopper: his obligatory, if temporary, loss of faith. He howls his doubts to God, whose silence is deafening. The song builds to a bombastic crescendo, but in the end, of course, He acquiesces. He has no choice, either. Right on cue, Judas shows up with some soldiers and gives his betrayer’s kiss. The apostles are ready to kick some ass, but Jesus tells them to chill out. “Why are you obsessed with fighting? Stick to fishing from now on.” The once-adoring crowd turns fickle, clamoring for His thoughts and feelings. (“How do you view your coming trial? Have your men proved at all worthwhile?”) He doesn’t respond, which pisses everybody off. After Peter’s denial, the action jumps to Pontius Pilate, who’s unimpressed, and sends Jesus off to be judged by King Herod. He’s trotted over to the wacky monarch, who merrily warbles a ragtime ditty, urging Jesus to “rock the cynics” and prove His deity. No dice, dude, so Herod sends Him away with all the petulance of a spoiled toddler. Judas can’t stand the guilt; in a reprise of his earlier “doomed for all time” tune, he belts out his realization that he’s “been spattered with innocent blood.” His howls are briefly softened when he echoes his own doubts about how to love Him (“When He’s cold and dead will He let me be?”), but soon enough he’s back in bummersville and kills himself. The (heavenly?) chorus kicks in with a mournful buh-bye: “Poor old Judas. So long, Judas.” The priests demand that Pilate do their dirty work, and reprise an earlier melody (“Hosanna, superstar”) into a new, grimmer sentiment (“We need him crucified”). As the music drives the action forward, Pilate finally agrees to have Jesus whipped; guitar riffs ripple and build for 39 lashes, in a distinctly sexual rhythm, as the beat gets faster and faster and faster. While Pilate begs Jesus to speak, to save Himself, the crowd keeps shouting for blood, and Jesus finally speaks. “Everything is fixed and you can’t change it.” The crowd screams for blood. Finally, Pilate howls out the death order in despair: “Die if you want to, you misguided martyr!” Stand back, give them room, ’cause it’s time for the glitzy title track, the grand finale belted out by Judas in the afterlife, backed up by a soulful female chorus. It’s the biggest of this show’s showstoppers, designed to get an audience on its feet and swaying like an old-time gospel chorus while Judas poses pesky theological questions like, “Did you mean to die like that? Was that a mistake or did you know your messy death would be a record-breaker?” As the last note fades, eerie laughter, faint discordant notes and the pounding of nails punctuate Jesus Christ’s last few words. It’s all over. A subdued echo of the overture brings us full circle. Curtain. As an art form, rock operas never really took off. The oeuvre came and went during the early ’70s and consists, pretty much in its entirety, of the unholy trinity of “Jesus Christ Superstar,” “Tommy” and “The Rocky Horror Picture Show.” Just as well, probably. While “Cats” and “Evita” were still ahead of them, for my money, Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice’s collaboration never again reached the sublime heights of “Jesus Christ Superstar,” whose score and lyrics are woven together with near seamless momentum. The pair’s abysmal first effort, “Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat,” was written while both were still at school. It shows. (“Joseph” is mainly of interest because of how silly Donny Osmond looks in the film version’s title role — and for a few hints of musical themes that anticipate “Jesus Christ Superstar,” their next effort.) The phenomenal success of JCS, as fans call it, made millionaires of Webber and Rice and led them, for good or ill, to a long career as theatrical collaborators. Lord knows there’s no credibility to be had in proclaiming one’s love for “Jesus Christ Superstar.” In most quasi-sophisticated circles, finding JCS anything but pure drivel makes a person suspect, not just as a critic but as a music lover and perhaps as a human being as well. Witness all the terrible reviews the work has gotten over the years: “Bombastic kitsch that [doesn’t] rock,” said Rolling Stone. “The lyrics are pedestrian and often absurd,” harrumphed the Nation. “Flat, pallid, actually pointless,” sniffed the New York Post. Infidels, every one. Of course, religious sorts had kittens over the whole thing from the start. Devout Christians howled in protest at Webber and Rice’s blasphemous gospel, which puts Judas squarely at center stage and doesn’t include the Resurrection. (Which is, after all, sort of the point of Christianity.) When the show opened on Broadway in 1971, religious groups protested en masse. A pamphlet put out by the Faith Free Presbyterian Church in Greenville, S.C., cautions the faithful to keep their distance from JCS: “‘Jesus Christ Superstar’ is a conscious blasphemy against Christ … If you do not wish to fill your mind with Satan’s evil misrepresentation of the Son of God, you should avoid ‘Jesus Christ Superstar’ … Tim Rice plainly stated that he did not believe that Jesus Christ was God … His opera constantly drives home this denial of the Son of God. He has Mary Magdalene say, ‘He’s a man, he’s just a man.'” Ironically, it was that very possibility that led me and so many others to delve deeper into the scriptures. That, and the fact that Jesus was not merely a man but, you know, a total fox. Sadly, my quest to have the Lamb of God for a boyfriend was never fulfilled, although I spent much of my teens hooking up with one scruffy longhair after another. None of them ever measured up to my first glimpse of Neeley’s Jesus, although more than a few whined just as convincingly as Neeley does when He’s asking God why He has to go through all this passion-play stuff anyway. Of course, my loser boyfriends were usually whining for blow jobs. But still. As I’ve made abundantly clear, my personal JCS obsession has lasted for years. On a tipsy evening during a girly weekend getaway last year, I popped my own copy of the 1973 film into the VCR and, God help me, lectured to my bemused friends about recurring musical themes, pausing the video at key moments to pontificate. I told them about how, in the early ’90s, when a stage revival featuring some of the movie’s cast was making its way around the country, I talked some editor or another into letting me do a story when the road show came through San Francisco. Of course it was all just an excuse to meet Jesus and Judas in person. I ended up spending an enchanted hour alone in a room with Neeley and Anderson, drinking hotel coffee, nibbling stale breakfast rolls and babbling fan-girl nonsense. While my tapes of that conversation have gone missing — for the best, no doubt — I vividly recall that Neeley was wearing a deep-blue silk shirt with the top two buttons undone. A tuft of chest hair peeked out. I wanted to touch him but restrained myself, just barely. I told him how he’d made me feel sitting there alone in the dark when I was 12. He laughed, flashing blinding white teeth, looking all Jesus-y. “I wish I could have come right down off that screen and sat next to you in the dark,” he said soulfully. I swooned. OK, I didn’t actually swoon. But still. Holy shit. The Son of God was flirting with me. In 1995, a group of Atlanta musicians got together to do a few performances of “Jesus Christ Superstar” both in their hometown and in Austin during the annual South by Southwest Music Conference. Of course I had to go, even though I didn’t really have an assignment, as I’d just quit my job as music editor of an alternative San Francisco newspaper after it had been bought by an evil chain. But I wasn’t going to miss the Indigo Girls doing JCS, damn it, so I cashed in some frequent-flier miles and headed off to Texas. Ever the groupie, I talked to the project’s organizer, Michael Lorant of the band Big Fish Ensemble, before I saw the show. He told me that he’d been into JCS since he was a little kid. In fact, as a Jew, it taught him everything he knew about Christianity. “I always identified with Judas,” he confided. “Jesus, not so much.” The subsequent album — “Jesus Christ Superstar: A Resurrection” — which featured the Indigo Girls’ Amy Ray in the part of Jesus and her bandmate Emily Saliers as Mary Magdalene, got decent reviews and raised money for gun-control issues, but for Lorant, who played Judas, the project was never about fame or fortune. “Judas spoke out to me as very Jewish. He was misunderstood, a tragic character who didn’t get a fair shake in history,” Lorant said. “He did what he thought was for everyone’s good, turning in someone he loved.” That night at the Austin Music Hall, a thousand of us watched, enraptured, as Lorant opened the show, taking his turn as Judas. This time out, Judas had long sidelocks and a yarmulke. And the part of Jesus, of course, was played by a lesbian folk singer in carpenter’s garb, complete with tool belt. As usual, I found myself half in love with her. Once they’d crucified her, just as they always do, and Ray came back out on stage for the bang-up climax, now dressed in blinding white overalls, I swooned all over again. Call it my own version of a messiah complex, but there’s something about me and the Son of Man. Even when He’s a girl. Julene Snyder is a writer living in San Diego.

i don't know

Who was the leader of the band that appeared in The Brady Bunch Movie?

The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) PG-13 | The original '70s T.V. family is now placed in the 1990s, where they're even more square and out of place than ever. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. User Lists Related lists from IMDb users a list of 43 titles created 01 Apr 2012 a list of 34 titles created 24 Feb 2013 a list of 21 titles created 09 May 2015 a list of 47 titles created 9 months ago a list of 33 titles created 7 months ago Title: The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) 5.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Storyline Mike Brady and his wife Carol Brady have just only one week to come up with $20,000 in back taxes or their house is sold and they'll have no choice but to move. And it's up to the Brady kids to secretly raise money and save the homestead before they lose their house to their scheming neighbor Mr. Larry Dittmeyer. Written by Anthony Pereyra <[email protected]> They're back to save America from the '90s Genres: Rated PG-13 for racy innuendos | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 17 February 1995 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: A Brady család See more  » Filming Locations: £904,340 (UK) (16 June 1995) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The judges at the "Search for the Stars" are Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork - three of the original The Monkees (1966). Michael Nesmith is the only one missing. See more » Goofs When Cindy Brady delivers the Dittmeyer's mail, Larry Dittmeyer is running on his treadmill. The Bloody Mary, in the drink holder, has no celery stick in the glass but, in a following close-up, a celery stick appears in the drink from nowhere. See more » Quotes [Mrs. Dittmeyer tucks mail into Greg's pants] Mrs. Dena Dittmeyer : My, you've gotten so big. You're almost as big as your daddy. See more » Crazy Credits During the closing credits, which mimic the television series, Florence Henderson (playing the Grandmother) is seen with a bottle of Wesson Cooking Oil. In the 1980s, Henderson did commercials for Wesson. See more » Connections See more » Frequently Asked Questions Extremely funny, very clever too 11 September 2000 | by Boyo-2 – See all my reviews Out of all the movies that have been made from old TV shows, this is perhaps the best. The plot is as thin as one you see on the show and. The dialogue is killer - when Marcia is insecure about her injured nose on a date, the guy reassures her, "its not your nose I'm after". Quite alot of the jokes are of the double-meaning style and most of them are very funny. Gary Cole takes the acting honors, as he is just as sincere are Robert Reed was. I was never the biggest fan of the show, but this movie made me wish I were. Also it was great seeing Davey Jones of the Monkees! 19 of 23 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

Davy Jones

"In which film was chorus girl Peggy Sawyer told to ""come back a star?"""

Top 10 made-for-TV bands of all time – The Mercury News June 21, 2016 at 6:52 am | UPDATED: August 12, 2016 at 12:02 am Music and television have long had an important relationship, dating back to even before Elvis Presley and The Beatles drove teens wild on “The Ed Sullivan Show.” One intriguing offspring of that relationship is the so-called “made-for-TV” band. Some of those acts have even proven stunningly popular. Take, for example, the Flight of the Conchords, the comedy duo of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement that saw their popularity mushroom when they starred as a fictionalized version of themselves on an HBO show. Years later, the Conchords are still going strong, playing two shows in the Bay Area next week — Monday at the Masonic in San Francisco and Tuesday at (we kid you not) Shoreline Amphitheatre at Mountain View. In honor of the occasion, we’re offering a look at some of the greatest TV bands of all time. We’re talking any act that was either created especially for a TV show or gained its true taste of fame by starring on the small screen. Thus you won’t see the likes of the Jonas Brothers — who were already a phenomenon before starring on a Disney TV show — in this roundup. Here is our list. The Monkees Hollywood execs were looking to create their own version of Beatlemania, so they found four fab candidates — Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork, Davy Jones and Michael Nesmith — and The Monkees were born. The public was definitely sold on the concept, tuning in to watch the band star in its own eponymous TV show on NBC from 1966 to 1968. The group was also a big hit on the charts, reaching No. 1 with each of its first four studio albums. Career highlights: The band’s first two albums — 1966’s “The Monkees” and 1967’s “More of the Monkees” — boasted such excellent cuts as “Last Train to Clarksdale,” “I’m a Believer” and “(I’m Not Your) Steppin’ Stone.” Each release went on to sell more than 5 million copies. Trivia: The band’s bizarre stream-of-conscious feature film, 1968’s “Head,” featured cameos by Teri Garr, Carol Doda, Annette Funicello, Frank Zappa, Sonny Liston and Jack Nicholson (who also co-wrote the film). Where are they now? The surviving Monkees – Dolenz, Tork and Nesmith – are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the band with a new album (“Good Times!). The Archies Spawned by the CBS Saturday-morning cartoon “The Archie Show,” this bubble gum rock band was fronted by Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and included pals Betty, Veronica, Reggie and Jughead. The real musicians were assembled by Don Kirshner in 1968. Ron Dante (The Cuff Links) performed lead vocals. Career highlight: “Sugar, Sugar” sold more than 6 million copies and ranked as the No. 1 song of 1969; it’s the only time a fictional band earned the top spot in Billboard’s annual Hot 100. Trivia: The Archies’ hit “Jingle Jangle” seemingly features a female lead singer (either Betty or Veronica), but in the studio, it was also sung by Dante, using a falsetto. Where they are now: Dante, 70, went on to co-produce Barry Manilow’s first nine albums. He remains active as a singer, producer and concert performer. The Brady Bunch The popular sitcom, which ran on ABC from 1969 to 1974, didn’t just focus on “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” It also occasionally offered up a musical element, as the six Brady kids blended their vocals for some memorable episodes. Team Brady would go on to release four studio albums, the highlights of which were collected on 1993’s “It’s a Sunshine Day: The Best of The Brady Bunch.” Career highlight: Spoiler alert! The kids come in second place in a talent competition in the “Amateur Night” episode (1973). Trivia: The dog act Patty’s Prancing Poodles took first place in that talent competition. Where they are now: There have been a few film adaptations over the years, most recently in 2002 with the awesome made-for-TV movie “The Brady Bunch in the White House.” Clearly, it’s time for another Brady blockbuster. The Blues Brothers This R&B revivalist band grew out of a 1976 “Saturday Night Live” sketch featuring John Belushi as lead vocalist “Joliet” Jake Blues and Dan Aykroyd as harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues. Career highlights: In 1978, the band released its first album, “Briefcase Full of Blues” featuring the Top 20 single “Soul Man.” Two years later, “The Blues Brothers” movie sent Jake and Elwood on a “mission from God” en route to box-office glory. Trivia: Legend has it that 103 cars were wrecked during the filming of “The Blues Brothers” — a world record at the time. Where they are now: Since the death of Belushi in 1982, the Blues Brothers band has continued to perform in various incarnations. Jim Belushi occasionally steps in for his brother under the alias of “Zee Blues.” Dethklok Given life by the Adult Swim comedic series “Metalocalypse,” Dethklok is both a cartoon band and a real band created to perform heavy-metal numbers in live shows. The fictional roster includes William Murderface, Skwisgaar Skwigelf, Nathan Explosion, Pickles and Toki Wartooth. Career highlight: Their initial album, “The Dethalbum,” debuted at No. 21 on Billboard’s Top 200 chart and included classics like “Go Forth and Die,” “Face Fisted” and “Bloodrocuted.” The show’s co-creator Brendon Small performed on the album, along with drummer Gene Holan. Trivia: A 2008 Dethklok appearance at The Fillmore was postponed when an electrical fire broke out during an opening act. Concertgoers were reportedly hesitant to vacate, thinking the fire was part of the show. Where they are now: The fourth and apparently final season of “Metalocalypse” aired in 2012. Despite a fan petition for more, Small recently told Metal Insider that the show and the band are most likely dead. Danity Kane So much musical mediocrity came out of “Making the Band,” the reality TV show that debuted on ABC in 2000 and later moved to MTV. Yet, there was a moment of hope on the third installment of the TV series, when Sean “Diddy” Combs embarked on a mission to form a “girl group.” The result was Danity Kane, which quickly went on to platinum heights. Career highlights: The band’s 2006’s debut, “Danity Kane,” and the 2008 follow-up, “Welcome to the Dollhouse,” both hit No. 1. Trivia: Danity Kane was the first all-female group to top the Billboard charts with each of its first two albums, earning the band a spot in the Guinness World Records book. Where they are now: After originally calling it quits in 2009, the band reunited and embarked on a tour in 2014. The group also managed to record a third studio effort, “DK3,” before breaking up again. The Partridge Family Inspired by The Cowsills, these singers — along with their colorful tour bus — were at the center of a beloved series that ran for four seasons (1970-74) on ABC. David Cassidy and his real-life stepmother, Shirley Jones, were the only cast members to provide vocals on the musical numbers. Career highlights: Their 1970 single, “I Think I Love You,” hit No. 1, outselling the Beatles’ “Let It Be.” Cassidy became a teen idol and the band earned a Grammy nomination (for best new artist). Trivia: “C’mon, Get Happy”? Yeah, right. Amid his teeny-bopper fame, Cassidy often griped about being trapped and typecast. He appeared nude for a 1972 Rolling Stone cover story designed to combat his wholesome image. Where they are now: Cassidy, Jones and Susan Dey have all done some television work over the years. Danny Bonaduce, whose struggles with drug addiction have been well-chronicled, is now a morning-show host for a Seattle radio station. Jem and the Holograms Jerrica Benton was a busy woman on the animated TV series “Jem.” Besides running her Starlight Music company, she also secretly maintained a second career as the leader of Jem and the Holograms. But don’t tell anyone that Jerrica and Jem are the same person. It’s a secret. Career highlight: “Jem” ruled the Nielsen ratings for a spell in the late ’80s, coming in as the No. 1 syndicated cartoon series. Trivia: More than 150 different songs were featured on the “Jem” TV series. Where they are now: Somebody thought that making a live action “Jem and the Holograms” feature film in 2015 was a good idea. And they were wrong. The film bombed. Flight of the Conchords This New Zealand-based comedy folk duo — made up of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement — played fictionalized versions of themselves in an HBO sitcom (2007-09). The show revolved around their efforts to make it in America while dealing with a clueless manager (Rhys Darby) and fending off their only fan, an obsessive stalker (Kristen Schaal). Career highlight: The show, which featured songs about part-time models, humdrum sex lives and robots, earned a 2009 Emmy nomination for best comedy. Trivia: Bret and Jemaine met as students at Victoria University of Wellington while performing in a play about male body issues. Where they are now: The Conchords’s U.S. tour lands in the Bay Area next week, and the pair have talked of wanting to do a movie. Mouse Rat The band was known by many names, but the one that will forever be tattooed on fans’ hearts — as well as, perhaps, other body parts — is Mouse Rat. It was the pride of Pawnee, Indiana, the mythical setting of NBC’s hit TV show “Parks and Recreation,” and led by the bumbling musical visionary Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt). Career highlights: There are so many. … The shortlist would include headlining Edward Phillips Senior Center Valentine’s Dance, winning WKKR’s Pawnee Battle of the Bands and performing at the Li’l Sebastian Memorial. Trivia: Mouse Rat has also been called Scarecrow Boat, Department of Homeland Obscurity and a bunch of other names probably not suitable for print. Where they are now: Pratt is a major Hollywood star, having appeared in the blockbusters “Guardians of the Galaxy” and “Jurassic World,” but fans still have hope that he’ll someday return to his roots and make “Mouse Rat: The Movie.” Follow Jim Harrington and Chuck Barney at twitter.com/jimthecritic and twitter.com/chuckbarney . see them live Flight of the Conchords: 8 p.m. June 27 at The Masonic, San Francisco; 8 p.m. June 28 at Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View; $32-$66.60; www.livenation.com The Monkees: 8 p.m. Sept. 20 at the Warfield, San Francisco; $42.50-$92.50; www.axs.com Tags: 

i don't know

What are the last lines of My Fair Lady?

Professor Henry Higgins (Character) - Quotes Professor Henry Higgins (Character) My Fair Lady (1964) Professor Henry Higgins : She's so deliciously low. So horribly dirty. Professor Henry Higgins : Eliza, you are to stay here for the next six months learning to speak beautifully, like a lady in a florist's shop. If you work hard and do as you're told, you shall sleep in a proper bedroom, have lots to eat, and money to buy chocolates and go for rides in taxis. But if you are naughty and idle, you shall sleep in the back kitchen amongst the black beetles, and be wolloped by Mrs. Pearce with a broomstick. At the end of six months you will be taken to Buckingham Palace, in a carriage, beautifully dressed. If the king finds out you are not a lady, you will be taken to the Tower of London, where your head will be cut off as a warning to other presumptuous flower girls! But if you are not found out, you shall have a present... of, ah... seven and six to start life with as a lady in a shop. If you refuse this offer, you will be the most ungrateful, wicked girl, and the angels will weep for you. Professor Henry Higgins : Damn, damn, damn, DAMN! [astonished] Professor Henry Higgins : I've grown accustomed to her face! She almost makes the day begin! I've grown accustomed to the tune that she whistles night and noon. Her smiles, her frowns, her ups, her downs, are second nature to me now, like breathing out and breathing in... I was serenely independent and content before we met! Surely I could always be that way again... And yet... I've grown accustomed to her looks, accustomed to her voice, accustomed... to her... face. Professor Henry Higgins : Marry Freddy! What an infantile idea, what a heartless, wicked, brainless thing to do. She'll regret it. She'll regret it! It's doomed before they even take the vow. [sings] Professor Henry Higgins : I can see her now, "Mrs. Freddy Einsford-Hill," in a wretched little flat above a store. I can see her now! Not a penny in the till, and a bill-collector beating at the door! She'll try to teach the things *I* taught her... and end up selling flowers instead! Begging for her bread and water! While her husband has his breakfast in bed! In a year or so, when she's prematurely gray, and the blossom in her cheek has turned to chalk, she'll come home, and lo! He'll have upped and run away with a social climbing heiress from New York! Poor Eliza! How simply frightful! How humiliating! How *delightful*! Professor Henry Higgins : How poignant it will be on that inevitable night, when she shows up on my door in tears and rags! Miserable and lonely, repentant and contrite! Shall I take her in, or hurl her to the wolves? Give her kindness, or the treatment she deserves? Will I take her back, or THROW THE BAGGAGE OUT? Well, I'm a most forgiving man. The sort who never could, ever would, take a position and staunchly never budge. A *most* forgiving man... But, I shall NEVER take her back! If she were crawling on her KNEES! Let her promise to atone, let her shiver, let her moan, I'll slam the door and let the hellcat FREEZE! Marry Freddy! HA! [turns to unlock the door, but stops in despair] Professor Henry Higgins : But I'm so used to hear her say, "Good morning" every day... Her joys, her woes, her highs, her lows, are second nature to me now, like breathing out and breathing in... I'm very grateful she's a woman, and so easy to forget! Rather like a habit one can always break... And yet... I've grown accustomed to the trace... of something in the air... Accustomed... to her... face. Professor Henry Higgins : Why can't a woman be more like a man? Professor Henry Higgins : She's an owl, sickened by a few days of *my* sunshine. Professor Henry Higgins : [quietly, bewildered] She's gone. Mrs. Higgins : Well, of course, dear, what did you expect? Mrs. Higgins : Do without, I suppose. [pause] Professor Henry Higgins : And so I shall! If the Higgins oxygen burns up her little lungs, let her seek some stuffiness that suits her. She's an owl sickened by a few days of my sunshine. Very well, let her go, I can do without her. I can do without anyone. I have my own soul! My own spark of divine fire! [storms outs] Mrs. Higgins : Bravo, Eliza. Eliza Doolittle : [singing] I shall not feel alone without you, I can stand on my own without you. So go back in your shell, I can do bloody well without... Professor Henry Higgins : [singing] By George, I really did it, I did it, I did it! I said I'd make a woman and indeed, I did. I knew that I could do it, I knew it, I knew it! I said I'd make a woman and succeed, I did! [speaking] Professor Henry Higgins : Eliza, you're magnificent. Five minutes ago, you were a millstone around my neck, and now you're a tower of strength, a consort battleship. I like you this way. [pause] Eliza Doolittle : Goodbye, Professor Higgins. You shall not be seeing me again. Professor Henry Higgins : You see, the great secret, Eliza, is not a question of good manners or bad manners, or any particular sort of manners, but having the same manner for all human souls. The question is not whether I treat you rudely, but whether you've ever heard me treat anyone else better. Eliza Doolittle : I don't care how you treat me. I don't mind your swearing at me. I shouldn't mind a black eye; I've had one before this. But I won't be passed over! Professor Henry Higgins : Well then, get out of my way, for I won't stop for you. You talk about me as though I were a motor bus. Eliza Doolittle : So you are a motor bus! All bounce and go, and no consideration for anybody. But I can get along without you. Don't you think I can't! Professor Henry Higgins : I know you can. I told you you could. [pause] Professor Henry Higgins : [quietly] You've never wondered, I suppose, whether... whether I could get along without you. Eliza Doolittle : Well, you have my voice on your phonograph. When you feel lonesome without me you can turn it on. It has no feelings to hurt. Professor Henry Higgins : I... I can't turn your soul on. Eliza Doolittle : Ooh, you are a *devil*. You can twist the heart in a girl the same way some fellows twist her arms to hurt her! Colonel Hugh Pickering : I'll have you know, Doolittle, that Mr. Higgins' intentions are entirely honorable! Alfred P. Doolittle : Oh, 'course they are, guv'nor. If I thought they wasn't, I'd ask fifty. Professor Henry Higgins : [shocked] You mean to say you'd sell your daughter for fifty pounds? Colonel Hugh Pickering : Have you NO morals, man? Alfred P. Doolittle : Nah. Nah, can't afford 'em, guv'nor. Neither could you, if you was as poor as me. Professor Henry Higgins : I know your head aches; I know you're tired; I know your nerves are as raw as meat in a butcher's window. But think what you're trying to accomplish. Think what you're dealing with. The majesty and grandeur of the English language, it's the greatest possession we have. The noblest thoughts that ever flowed through the hearts of men are contained in its extraordinary, imaginative, and musical mixtures of sounds. And that's what you've set yourself out to conquer Eliza. And conquer it you will. Professor Henry Higgins : *You* won my bet? You presumptuous insect, *I* won it. Professor Henry Higgins : All right, Eliza, say it again. Eliza Doolittle : The rine in spine sties minely in the pline. Professor Henry Higgins : [sighs] The *rain* in *Spain* stays *mainly* in the *plain*. Eliza Doolittle : Didn't ah sy that? Professor Henry Higgins : No, Eliza, you didn't "sy" that, you didn't even "say" that. Now every night before you get into bed, where you used to say your prayers, I want you to say "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" fifty times. You'll get much further with the Lord if you learn not to offend His ears. Professor Henry Higgins : [singing] Women are irrational, that's all there is to that! Their heads are full of cotton, hay, and rags. They're nothing but exasperating, irritating, vacillating, calculating, agitating, maddening and infuriating hags! Colonel Hugh Pickering : Are you a man of good character where women are concerned? Professor Henry Higgins : Have you ever met a man of good character where women are concerned? Colonel Hugh Pickering : Yes, very frequently. Professor Henry Higgins : Well, I haven't. I find that the moment a woman makes friends with me she becomes jealous, exacting, suspicious, and a damn nuisance. And I find that the moment I make friends with a woman I become selfish and tyrannical. So here I am, a confirmed old bachelor and likely to remain so. Professor Henry Higgins : The question is not whether I've treated you rudely but whether you've ever heard me treat anyone else better. Professor Henry Higgins : May I ask, do you complain of your treatment here? Professor Henry Higgins : You impudent hussy! Professor Henry Higgins : The French don't care what they do actually, as long as they pronounce it properly. Professor Henry Higgins : I've learned something from your idiotic notions, I confess that; humbly and gratefully. Professor Henry Higgins : By George, Eliza, the streets will be strewn with the bodies of men shooting themselves for your sake before I'm done with you. Mrs. Higgins : Where's the girl now? Professor Henry Higgins : She's being pinned. Some of the clothes we bought her didn't quite fit. I told Pickering we should have taken her with us. Professor Henry Higgins : There even are places where English completely disappears; in America they haven't used it for years. Professor Henry Higgins : Damn Mrs. Pearce; damn the coffee; and damn you! Professor Henry Higgins : Damn, damn, damn, damn! Professor Henry Higgins : Shall we ask this baggage to sit down or shall we just throw her out of the window? Professor Henry Higgins : Have some chocolates, Eliza. Eliza Doolittle : [halting, tempted] 'Ow do I know what might be in 'em? I've 'eard o' girls bein' drugged by the likes o' you. Professor Henry Higgins : [Takes a chocolate and breaks it in half] Pledge of good faith. I'll take one half... [puts one half into his mouth and bolts it; then pops the other half into Eliza's mouth] Professor Henry Higgins : And you take the other. You'll have boxes of them, barrels of them. You'll live on them, eh? Eliza Doolittle : [Eliza chews hesitatingly] I wouldn't've et it, only I'm too ladylike to take it out o' me mouth. Professor Henry Higgins : Think of it, Eliza. Think of chocolates. And taxis...! And gold! And diamonds! Eliza Doolittle : Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-oo! I don't want no gold and no diamonds! I'm a good girl, I am! [last lines] Professor Henry Higgins : Eliza? Where the devil are my slippers? Professor Henry Higgins : You might marry, you know. You see, Eliza, all men are not confirmed old bachelors like myself and the Colonel. Most men are the marrying sort, poor devils. And you're not bad-looking; you're really quite a pleasure to look at sometimes. Not now, of course, when you've been crying, you look like the very devil; but when you're all right, and quite yourself, you're what I would call... attractive. Professor Henry Higgins : Oh, Pickering, for God's sake stop being dashed and do something! Professor Henry Higgins : By George, she's got it! By George she's got it! Now once again, where does it rain? Eliza Doolittle : [sings] On the plain, on the plain. Professor Henry Higgins : And where's that soggy plain? Eliza Doolittle : [sings] In Spain, in Spain! Mrs. Pearce : Here's the mail, sir. Professor Henry Higgins : Well pay the bills, and say "No" to the invitations. Professor Henry Higgins : Would I run off and never tell me where I'm going? Professor Henry Higgins : I paid five pounds for her. She's mine! Eliza Doolittle : [crying] What's to become of me, what's to become of me? Professor Henry Higgins : You know Eliza, you might marry. Not all men are confirmed old bachelors like me and the colonel, most are the marrying sort. And you're not bad looking, you might even be what I call *atractive*. But not now. You've been crying at look like the very Devil himself. Professor Henry Higgins : By George, she's got it! BY GEORGE, SHE'S GOT IT! Pygmalion (1938) Prof. Henry Higgins : If you can't appreciate what you've got, you'd better get what you can appreciate. Professor Henry Higgins : Where the devil are my slippers, Eliza? Prof. Henry Higgins : Yes, you squashed cabbage leaf, you disgrace to the noble architecture of these columns, you incarnate insult to the English language, I could pass you off as the Queen of Sheba! Prof. Henry Higgins : [directed to Eliza in anger] Get out and come home and don't be a fool! Mrs. Higgins : Very nicely put indeed, Henry. No woman could resist such an invitation. Prof. Henry Higgins : The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plains. Prof. Henry Higgins : Heaven help the master who is judged by his disciples. Eliza Doolittle : What's to become of me? Prof. Henry Higgins : Oh, so that's what's worrying you, is it? Ooh, you'll settle down somewhere or other. But I hadn't quite realized... that you were going away. Prof. Henry Higgins : You might marry you know? Youre not bad-looking; it's quite a pleasure to look at you sometimes-not now, of course, because youre crying and looking as ugly as the very devil; but when youre all right and quite yourself, youre what I should call attractive. That is, to the people in the marrying line, you understand. You go to bed and have a good nice rest; and then get up and look at yourself in the glass; and you wont feel so cheap. Alfred Doolittle : Can't afford them guv'nor. Prof. Henry Higgins : Now listen to me, Eliza. You're going to live here for six months and learn to speak beautifully like a lady in a florist shop. If you're good and do whatever you're told, you shall sleep in a proper bedroom, have lots to eat and money to buy chocolates and take rides in taxis. If you're naughty and idle, you shall sleep in the back kitchen among the black beetles and be walloped by Mrs. Pearce with a broomstick. At the end of six months you shall go to Buckingham Palace in a carriage, beautifully dressed. If the King finds out you're not a lady, you will be taken by the guards to the Tower of London where your head will be cut off as a warning to other presumptuous flower girls. But, if you are not found out, you will receive a present of seven and sixpence to start life with as a lady in a shop. If you refuse this offer you will be a most ungrateful and wicked girl and the angels will weep for you.

where devil are my slippers

In The Muppet Movie what was the name of the restaurant Doc Hopper wanted to open?

My Fair Lady Script - transcript from the screenplay and/or Audrey Hepburn movie based on the musical play My Fair Lady Script - Dialogue Transcript Voila! Finally, the My Fair Lady script is here for all you quotes spouting fans of the Audrey Hepburn movie based on the musical play.  This script is a transcript that was painstakingly transcribed using the screenplay and/or viewings of My Fair Lady. I know, I know, I still need to get the cast names in there and I'll be eternally tweaking it, so if you have any corrections, feel free to drop me a line . You won't hurt my feelings. Honest. Swing on back to Drew's Script-O-Rama afterwards for more free movie scripts ! My Fair Lady Script Freddy, go and find a cab. Do you want me to catch pneumonia? Don't just stand there, Freddy. Go and find a cab. All right, I'll get one. Look where you're goin', dear. Look where you're goin'! I'm so sorry. Two bunches o' violets trod in the mud. A full day's wages. -Freddy, go and find a cab. -Yes, Mother. He's your son, is he? If you'd done your duty as a mother should... ...you wouldn't let 'im spoil a poor girl's flow'rs and run away without payin'. Go about your business, my girl. And you wouldn't go off without payin', either. Two bunches o' violets trod in the mud. Sir, is there any sign of it stopping? I'm afraid not. It's worse than before. If it's worse, it's a sign it's nearly over. Cheer up, Capt'n, buy a flow'r off a poor girl. I'm sorry, I haven't any change. I can change 'alf a crown. Take this for tuppence. I told you, I'm awfully sorry. Wait a minute. Oh, yes. Here's three ha' pence, if that's any use to you. Thank you, sir. You be careful. Better give 'im a flower for it. There's a bloke here behind that pillar... ...takin' down every blessed word you're sayin'. I ain't done nothin' wrong by speakin' to the gentleman. I've a right to sell flow'rs if I keep off the curb. I'm a respectable girl, so help me. I never spoke to him except to ask him to buy a flow'r off me. -What's the bloomin' noise? -A tec's takin' her down. I'm makin' an honest livin'. Who's doing all that shouting? Sir, don't let 'im charge me. You dunno what it means to me. They'll take away me character and drive me on the streets... ...for speakin' to gentlemen. There, there. Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What'd you take me for? On my Bible oath, I never spoke a word. Shut up! Do I look like a policeman? Why'd ya take down me words? 'Ow do I know you took me down right? You just show me what you wrote ab'ut me. That ain't proper writin'. I can't read it. I can. '"l say, Capt'n, now buy a flow'r off a poor girl.'" Oh, it's cause I called him '"Capt'n.'" I meant no 'arm. Sir, don't let him lay a charge against me for a word like that. I'll make no charge. Really, sir, if you are a detective... ...you needn't protect me against molestation from young women... ...until I ask you. Anyone could tell the girl meant no harm. He ain't no tec. He's a gentleman. Look at his boots. How are all your people down at Selsey? Who told you my people come from Selsey? Never mind, they do. How do you come to be up so far east? You were born in Lisson Grove. What 'arm is there in my leavin' Lisson Grove? It weren't fit for pigs to live. I had to pay four and six a week. Live where you like but stop that noise! Come, come, he can't touch you. You've a right to live where you please. I'm a good girl, I am. -Where do I come from? -Hawkestone. Who said I didn't? Blimey, you know everything, you do. You, sir, do you think you could find me a taxi? Madam, it's stopped raining. You can get a motorbus to Hampton Court. Isn't that where you live? What impertinence! Tell 'im where he comes from, if you wanta go fortune-telling. Cheltenham, Harrow... ...Cambridge and... ...lndia? Quite right. He ain't a tec, he's a bloomin' busybody. Do you do this sort of thing for a living at a music hall? I have thought of it. Perhaps I will one day. He's no gentleman, he ain't, to interfere with a poor girl! How do you do it, may I ask? Simple phonetics. The science of speech. That's my profession. Also my hobby. Anyone can spot an lrishman or a Yorkshireman by his brogue... ...but I can place a man within six miles. I can place 'im within two miles in London. Sometimes within two streets. Ought to be ashamed of 'imself, unmanly coward. -Is there a living in that? -Oh, yes. Let him mind his own business and leave a poor girl alone. Cease this detestable boohooing instantly... ...or else seek the shelter of some other place of worship! I have a right to be here if I like, same as you! A woman who utters such disgusting, depressing noises... ...has no right to be anywhere, no right to live. Remember, you're a human with a soul... ...and the divine gift of articulate speech. Your native language is the language of Shakespeare and... ...Milton and the Bible. Don't sit there crooning like a bilious pigeon. '"Look at her, a prisoner of the gutters '"Condemned by every syllable she utters '"By right she should be taken out and hung '"For the cold-blooded murder of the English tongue'" Heavens, what a sound! '"This is what the British population '"Calls an elementary education'" Come, sir, I think you've picked a poor example. Did l? '"Hear them down in Soho Square Dropping H's everywhere '"Speaking English any way they like '"Hey, you, sir, did you go to school? '"What ya tike me for, a fool? '"No one taught him 'take' instead of 'tike' '"Hear a Yorkshireman, or worse Hear a Cornishman converse '"l'd rather hear a choir singing flat '"Chickens cackling in a barn Just like this one '"Garn! '"Garn! '"l ask you, sir, what sort of word is that? '"lt's 'aoow' and 'garn' that keep her in her place '"Not her wretched clothes and dirty face '"Why can't the English teach their children how to speak? '"This verbal class distinction by now should be antique '"lf you spoke as she does, sir, instead of the way you do '"Why, you might be selling flowers, too'" I beg your pardon. '"An Englishman's way of speaking absolutely classifies him '"The moment he talks he makes some other Englishman despise him '"One common language I'm afraid we'll never get '"Oh, why can't the English learn to... '"...set a good example to people whose English is painful to your ears '"The Scotch and the lrish leave you close to tears '"There even are places where English completely disappears '"Why, in America they haven't used it for years! '"Why can't the English teach their children how to speak? '"Norwegians learn Norwegian, the Greeks are taught their Greek '"ln France every Frenchman knows his language from 'A' to 'Z' '"The French don't care what they do actually '"As long as they pronounce it properly '"Arabians learn Arabian with the speed of summer lightning '"The Hebrews learn it backwards which is absolutely frightening '"Use proper English, you're regarded as a freak '"Oh, why can't the English '"Why can't the English learn to speak?'" Thank you. See this creature with her curbstone English... ...that'll keep her in the gutter till the end of her days? In six months I could pass her off as a duchess at an Embassy Ball. I could get her a job as a lady's maid or a shop assistant... ...which requires better English. What's that you say? Yes, you squashed cabbage leaf! You disgrace to the noble architecture of these columns! You incarnate insult to the English language! I could pass you off as the Queen of Sheba. You don't believe that, Capt'n? Anything's possible. I, myself, am a student of lndian dialects. Are you? Do you know Colonel Pickering, the author of Spoken Sanskrit? I am Colonel Pickering. Who are you? I'm Henry Higgins, author of Higgins' Universal Alphabet. I came from lndia to meet you! I was going to lndia to meet you! -Where are you staying? -At the Carleton. No, you're not. You're staying at A Wimpole Street. You come with me. We'll have a little jaw over supper. Indian dialects have always fascinated me. Buy a flower. I'm short for me lodgin'. Liar! You said you could change half a crown. You ought to be stuffed with nails, you ought! Here, take the whole bloomin' basket for a sixpence! A reminder. -How many are there actually? -How many what? Indian dialects? No fewer than distinct languages are recorded as vernacular in lndia. Shouldn't we stand up, gentlemen? We've got a bloomin' heiress in our midst. Would you be lookin' for a good butler, Eliza? Well, you won't do. '"lt's rather dull in town I think I'll take me to Paris '"The missus wants to open up the castle in Capri '"Me doctor recommends a quiet summer by the sea '"Wouldn't it be loverly?'" Where are ya bound for this year, Eliza? Biarritz? '"All I want is a room somewhere '"Far away from the cold night air '"With one enormous chair '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Lots of chocolate for me to eat '"Lots of coal makin' lots of 'eat '"Warm face, warm 'ands, warm feet '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Oh, so loverly sittin' '"Absobloominlutely still '"l would never budge till Spring '"Crept over the winder sill '"Someone's 'ead restin' on my knee '"Warm and tender as he can be '"Who takes good care of me '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Loverly '"All I want is a room somewhere '"Far away from the cold night air '"With one enormous chair '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Lots of chocolate for me to eat '"Lots of coal makin' lots of 'eat '"Warm face, warm 'ands, warm feet '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Oh, so loverly sittin' '"Absobloominlutely still '"l would never budge till Spring '"Crept over the winder sill '"Someone's 'ead restin' on my knee '"Warm and tender as he can be '"Who takes good care of me '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Loverly '"Wouldn't it be loverly?'" Come on, Alfie, let's go 'ome now. This place is givin' me the willies. Home? What do you want to go 'ome for? It's nearly : . My daughter Eliza'll be along soon. She ought to be good for 'alf a crown for a father that loves 'er. That's a laugh. You ain't been near 'er for months. What's that got to do with it? What's 'alf a crown after all I've give 'er? When did you ever give 'er anythin'? Anythin'? I give 'er everythin'. I give 'er the greatest gift any human being can give to another: Life! I introduced 'er to this here planet, I did, with all its wonders and marvels. The sun that shines, the moon that glows. Hyde Park to walk through on a fine spring night. The 'ole ruddy city o' London to roam around in sellin' 'er bloomin' flow'rs. I give 'er all that. Then I disappears and leaves 'er on 'er own to enjoy it. If that ain't worth 'alf a crown now and again... ...l'll take my belt off and give 'er what for. You got a good 'eart. But you want a 'alf a crown out o' Eliza... ...you better have a good story. Leave that to me, my boy. -Good mornin', George. -Not a brass farthin'. Not a brass farthin'. There she is. Why, Liza, what a surprise. Hop along, Charlie, you're too old for me. -Don't you know your daughter? -You don't know what she looks like. I know 'er, I know 'er. Come on, I'll find 'er. Eliza, what a surprise. Not a brass farthin'. Hey, you come 'ere, Eliza. I ain't gonna take me 'ard-earned wages... ...and let you pass 'em on to a bloody pubkeeper. You wouldn't send me 'ome to your stepmother... ...without a drop o' liquid protection, would ya? Stepmother, indeed! Well, I'm willin' to marry 'er. It's me that suffers by it. I'm a slave to that woman, Eliza. Just because I ain't 'er lawful 'usband. Come on. Slip your ol' dad just 'alf a crown to go 'ome on. Well, I had a bit o' luck meself last night. But don't keep comin' around countin' on 'alf crowns from me! Thank you, Eliza. You're a noble daughter. '"Beer, beer, glorious beer '"Fill yourself right up'" See this creature with her curbstone English... ...that will keep her in the gutter till the end of her days? In six months, I could pass her off as a duchess at an Embassy Ball. I could get her ajob as a lady's maid or a shop assistant... ...which requires better English. You disgrace to the noble architecture of these columns! I could get her ajob as a lady's maid or a shop assistant... ...which requires better English. How many vowel sounds did you hear altogether? I believe I counted . Wrong by . To be exact you heard . Listen to them one at a time. Must l? I'm really quite done up for one morning. Your name, please? Your name, miss? My name is of no concern to you whatsoever. One moment, please. London is gettin' so dirty these days. I'm Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper. Can I help you? Good morning, missus. I'd like to see the professor, please. Could you tell me what it's about? It's business of a personal nature. One moment, please. -Mr. Higgins? -What is it, Mrs. Pearce? There's a young woman who wants to see you, sir. A young woman? What does she want? She's quite a common girl, sir. Very common indeed. I should've sent her away, only I thought... ...you wanted her to talk into your machine. -Has she an interesting accent? -Simply ghastly. Good. Let's have her in. Show her in, Mrs. Pearce. This is rather a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records. We'll set her talking, then I'll take her down first in Bell's Visible Speech... ...then in broad Romic. Then we'll get her on the phonograph... ...so you can turn her on when you want with the written transcript before you. This is the young woman, sir. Good mornin', my good man. Might I 'ave a word with you? Oh, no. This is the girl I jotted down last night. She's no use. I got the records I want of the Lisson Grove lingo. I won't waste another cylinder on that. Be off with you. I don't want you. Don't be so saucy. You ain't 'eard what I come for yet. Did you tell 'im I come in a taxi? Nonsense. Do you think a gentleman like Mr. Higgins cares... ...what you came in? Oh, we are proud. He ain't above givin' lessons, not 'im. I 'eard 'im say so. I ain't come here to ask for any compliment... ...and if my money's not good enough, I can go elsewhere. Good enough for what? Good enough for you. Now you know, don't ya? I'm come to 'ave lessons. And to pay for 'em, too, make no mistake. Well! And what do you expect me to say? Well, if you was a gentleman, you might ask me to sit down, I think. Don't I tell you I'm bringin' you business? Should we ask this baggage to sit down... ...or shall we just throw her out of the window? I won't be called a baggage. Not when I've offered to pay like any lady. What do you want, my girl? I want to be a lady in a flow'r shop... ...'stead of sellin' at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. But they won't take me unless I can talk more genteel. He said 'e could teach me. Well, 'ere I am ready to pay 'im. Not asking any favor and he treats me as if I was dirt. I know what lessons cost as well as you do and I'm ready to pay. How much? Now you're talkin'. I thought you'd come off it for a chance to get back... ...a bit of what you chucked at me last night. You'd had a drop in, 'adn't you? Sit down. -If you're goin' t' make a compliment of it-- -Sit down! Sit down, girl. Do as you're told. What's your name? Eliza Doolittle. Won't you sit down, Miss Doolittle? I don't mind if I do. How much do you propose to pay me for these lessons? Oh, I know what's right. My lady friend gets French lessons for pence an hour... ...from a real French gentleman. You wouldn't have the face to ask me the same... ...for teachin' me my own language as you would for French. I won't give more than a shillin'. Take it or leave it. Do you know, Pickering, if you think of a shilling... ...not as a simple shilling, but as a percentage of this girl's income... ...it works out as fully equivalent of... ... or pounds from a millionaire. By George, it's enormous. It's the biggest offer I ever had. Sixty pounds? What are you talkin' about? Where would I get pounds? -I never offered you pounds! -Hold your tongue! But I ain't got pounds! Don't cry, silly girl. Sit down. Nobody's going to touch your money. Somebody'll touch you with a broomstick if you don't stop sniveling. Sit down! Anybody'd think you was my father! If I decide to teach you, I'll be worse than two fathers to you. Here. What's this for? To wipe your eyes. To wipe any part of your face that feels moist. Remember, that's your handkerchief and that's your sleeve. Don't confuse one with the other, if you want to become a lady in a shop. It's no use to talk to her like that. She doesn't understand you. Give the 'andkerchief to me. He give it to me, not to you! Higgins, I'm interested. What about your boast... ...you could pass her off as a duchess at the Embassy Ball? I'll say you're the greatest teacher alive if you do that. I'll bet you all the expenses of the experiment that you can't do it. I'll even pay for the lessons. You're real good. Thank ye, Capt'n. It's almost irresistible. She's so deliciously low. So horribly dirty. I ain't dirty! I washed my face an' hands before I come, I did. I'll take it. I'll make a duchess of this draggle-tailed guttersnipe. We'll start today. This moment. Take her away and clean her. Sandpaper, if it won't come off. Is there a fire in the kitchen? Take her clothes off and burn them and order some new ones. Just wrap her in brown paper till they come. You're no gentleman, you're not, to talk o' such things. I'm a good girl, I am. And I know what the likes of you are, I do. We want none of your slum prudery here, young woman. You've got to learn to behave like a duchess. Take her away, Mrs. Pearce. If she gives you any trouble, wallop her. I'll call the police, I will. I've got no place to put her. Well, put her in the dustbin. Come, Higgins, be reasonable. You must be reasonable, Mr. Higgins, you must. You can't walk over everybody like this. I? Walk over everybody? My dear Mrs. Pearce, my dear Pickering, I had no intention of walking over anybody. I merely suggested we should be kind to this poor girl. I didn't express myself clearly because I didn't wish to hurt her delicacy... ...or yours. But, sir, you can't take a girl up like that... ...as if you were picking up a pebble on the beach. Why not? Why not? But you don't know anything about her. What about her parents? She may be married. Garn! There. As the girl very properly says, '"garn! '" Who'd marry me? By George, Eliza... ...the streets will be strewn with the bodies of men... ...shooting themselves for your sake before I'm done with you. I'm goin'. He's off his chump, he is. I don't want no balmies teachin' me. Mad? All right, Mrs. Pearce, don't order those new clothes. -Throw her out. -Stop! I won't allow it. Go home to your parents, girl. I ain't got no parents. She ain't got no parents. What's the fuss? Nobody wants her. She's no use to anyone but me. Take her upstairs! What's to become of her? ls she to be paid anything? Do be sensible, sir. What'd she do with money? She'll have food and clothes. She'll drink if you give her money. You are a brute! It's a lie! Nobody ever saw the sign o' liquor on me. Sir, you're a gentleman. Don't let 'im speak to me like that! Does it occur to you, Higgins, the girl has some feelings? No, I don't think so. No feelings we need worry about. Well, have you, Eliza? I got me feelings same as anyone else. Mr. Higgins, I must know on what terms the girl is to be here. What'll become of her when you've finished teaching? You must look ahead a little, sir. What'll become of her if we leave her in the gutter, Mrs. Pearce? That's her own business, not yours, Mr. Higgins. When I'm done, we'll throw her back. Then it'll be her own business again. That'll be all right, won't it? You've no feelin' 'eart in ya! You don't care for nothin' but yourself. I've 'ad enough of this. I'm goin'! You ought to be ashamed of yourself! Have some chocolates, Eliza. 'Ow do I know what might be in 'em? I've 'eard of girls bein' drugged by the likes o' you. Pledge of good faith. I'll take one half. And you take the other. You'll have boxes of them, barrels of them every day. You'll live on them, eh? I wouldn't 've ate it, only I'm too ladylike to take it out o' me mouth. Think of it, Eliza. Think of chocolates, and taxis... ...and gold and diamonds. I don't want no gold and no diamonds. I'm a good girl, I am. Higgins, I really must interfere. Mrs. Pearce is quite right. If this girl will put herself in your hands for six months... ...for an experiment in teaching, she must understand thoroughly what she's doing. You are to stay here for the next six months... ...learning how to speak beautifully like a lady in a florist shop. If you're good and do what you're told, you'll sleep in a proper bedroom... ...have lots to eat, money to buy chocolates and take rides in taxis. But if you are naughty and idle... ...you'll sleep in the kitchen amongst the black beetles... ...and be walloped by Mrs. Pearce with a broomstick. At the end of six months, you shall be taken to Buckingham Palace... ...in a carriage, beautifully dressed. If the king finds out that you are not a lady... ...the police will take you to the Tower of London where your head will be cut off... ...as a warning to other presumptuous flower girls. But if you are not found out, you shall have a present of... ...seven and six to start life with as a lady in a shop. If you refuse this offer... ...you will be the most ungrateful, wicked girl... ...and the angels will weep for you! Are you satisfied, Pickering? I don't understand what you're talking about. Could I put it more plainly or fairly, Mrs. Pearce? Come with me. That's right. Bundle her off to the bathroom. You're a great bully, you are! I won't stay here if I don't like it. I won't let nobody wallop me! Don't answer back, girl. I've always been a good girl, I 'ave. In six months...in three, if she has a good ear and a quick tongue... ...l'll take her anywhere and I'll pass her off as anything. I'll make a queen of that barbarous wretch! I've never had a bath in me life. Not what you'd call a proper one. You know you can't be a nice girl inside if you're dirty outside. I'll have to put you in here. This will be your bedroom. I couldn't sleep in here, missus. It's too good for the likes o' me. I should be afraid to touch anythin'. I ain't a duchess yet, you know. What's this? This where you wash clothes? This is where we wash ourselves, Eliza. And where I'm going to wash you. You expect me to get into that and wet meself all over? Not me! I shall catch me death. Come along now. Come along. Take your clothes off. Come on, girl, do as you're told. Take your clothes off. Here, come on. Help me take these-- Take your hands off me! I'm a good girl, I am! It ain't right! It ain't decent! Get your hands off me! I'm a good girl, I am! Forgive the bluntness, but if I'm to be in this business... ...l shall feel responsible for the girl. I hope it's clearly understood that no advantage is to be taken of her position. What, that thing? Sacred, I assure you. Come now, you know what I mean. This is no trifling matter. Are you a man of good character where women are concerned? Have you ever met a man of good character where women are concerned? Yes, very frequently. I haven't. The moment I let a woman make friends with me... ...she becomes jealous, exacting... ...suspicious and a damned nuisance. The moment that I make friends with a woman I become selfish and tyrannical. So here I am, a confirmed old bachelor and likely to remain so. Well, after all, Pickering.... '"l'm an ordinary man '"Who desires nothing more '"Than just an ordinary chance '"To live exactly as he likes '"And do precisely what he wants '"An average man, am I '"Of no eccentric whim '"Who likes to live his life '"Free of strife '"Doing whatever he thinks is best for him '"Oh, just an ordinary man '"But let a woman in your life '"And your serenity is through '"She'll redecorate your home From the cellar to the dome '"Then go on to the enthralling fun of overhauling you! '"Let a woman in your life '"And you are up against a wall '"Make a plan and you will find She has something else in mind '"So rather than do either You do something else that neither '"Likes at all! '"You want to talk of Keats or Milton '"She only wants to talk of love '"You go to see a play or ballet '"And spend it searching for her glove '"Let a woman in your life '"And you invite eternal strife '"Let them buy their wedding bands '"For those anxious little hands '"l'd be equally as willing For a dentist to be drilling '"Than to ever let a woman in my life! '"l'm a very gentle man '"Even-tempered and good-natured Whom you never hear complain '"Who has the milk of human kindness By the quart in every vein '"A patient man am I Down to my fingertips '"The sort who never could Ever would '"Let an insulting remark escape his lips '"A very gentle man '"But let a woman in your life '"And patience hasn't got a chance '"She will beg you for advice Your reply will be concise '"And she'll listen very nicely '"Then go out and do precisely What she wants! '"You were a man of grace and polish '"Who never spoke above a hush '"Now all at once you're using language '"That would make a sailor blush '"Let a woman in your life '"And you're plunging in a knife! '"Let the others of my sex '"Tie the knot around their necks '"l'd prefer a new edition Of the Spanish lnquisition '"Than to ever let a woman in my life '"l'm a quiet-living man '"Who prefers to spend the evenings '"ln the silence of his room '"Who likes an atmosphere as restful '"As an undiscovered tomb '"A pensive man am I Of philosophic joys '"Who likes to meditate, contemplate '"Free from humanity's mad, inhuman noise '"A quiet-living man '"But let a woman in your life '"And your sabbatical is through '"ln a line that never ends Come an army of her friends '"Come to jabber and to chatter And to tell her '"What the matter is with you! '"She'll have a booming, boisterous family '"Who will descend on you en masse '"She'll have a large, Wagnerian mother '"With a voice that shatters glass! '"Let a woman in your life '"l shall never let a woman... '"...in my life! '" Get out of 'ere. Jamie, you get out, too! Come on, Doolittle. And remember, drinks is to be paid for or not drunk. Thanks for your 'ospitality, George. Send the bill to Buckingham Palace. Well, Alfie, there's nothin' else to do. I guess it's back to work. Work! Don't you dare mention that word in my presence again. Look at all these poor blighters down here. I used to do that sort of thing once. Just for exercise. It's not worth it. Takes up your whole day. Don't worry, boys. We'll get outta this somehow. How do you think you'll do that? How? Same as always. Faith, hope and a little bit o' luck. '"The Lord above gave man an arm of iron '"So he could do his job and never shirk '"The Lord above gave man an arm of iron, but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"Someone else'll do the blinkin' work! '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' luck You'll never work '"The Lord above made liquor for temptation '"To see if man could turn away from sin '"The Lord above made liquor for temptation, but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"When temptation comes you'll give right in. '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' luck You'll give right in. '"Oh, you can walk the straight and narrow '"But with a little bit o' luck you'll run amuck! '"The gentle sex was made for man to marry '"To share his nest and see his food is cooked '"The gentle sex was made for man to marry, but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"You can have it all and not get hooked. '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' luck You won't get hooked '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' bloomin' luck! '"They're always throwing goodness at you '"But with a little bit o' luck a man can duck '"The Lord above made man to 'elp his neighbor '"No matter where on land, or sea, or foam '"The Lord above made man to 'elp his neighbor, but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"When he comes around you won't be home'" You'd make a good suffragette, Alfie. Why, there's the lucky man now. The Honorable Alfie Doolittle. What are you doing in Eliza's house? Her former residence! You can buy your own drinks now, Alfie Doolittle. Fallen into a tub of butter, you have. What are you talkin' about? Your daughter, Eliza. You're a lucky man, Alfie Doolittle. What about Eliza? He don't know. Her own father an' he don't know. Moved in with a swell, Eliza has. Left here in a taxi all by herself, smart as paint. An' ain't been home for three days. Go on. And this mornin' I gets a message from 'er. She wants her things sent over... ...to A Wimpole Street... ...care of Professor Higgins. An' what things does she want? Her birdcage and her Chinese fan. But she says: '"Never mind about sending any clothes.'" I knew she had a career in front of 'er. We're in for a booze-up. The sun is shining on Alfred P. Doolittle. '"A man was made to 'elp support his children '"Which is the right and proper thing to do '"A man was made to 'elp support his children, but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"They'll go out and start supportin' you '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' luck they'll work for you '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' bloomin' luck! '"lt's a crime for a man to go philanderin' '"And fill his wife's poor 'eart with grief and doubt '"lt's a crime for a man to go philanderin', but '"With a little bit o' luck With a little bit o' luck '"You can see the bloodhounds don't find out! '"With a little bit '"With a little bit '"With a little bit o' luck She won't find out! '"With a little bit o' bloomin' luck! '" The mail, sir. Pay the bills and say no to the invitations. You simply cannot go on working the girl this way. Making her say her alphabet over and over... ...from sunup to sundown, even during meals. You'll exhaust yourself. When will it stop? When she does it properly, of course. Is that all, Mrs. Pearce? There's another letter from the American millionaire, Ezra D. Wallingford. He still wants you for his Moral Reform League. Throw it away. It's the third letter he's written you. You should at least answer it. All right, leave it on the desk, Mrs. Pearce. I'll try and get to it. If you please, sir. There's a dustman downstairs, Alfred P. Doolittle... ...who wants to see you. He says you have his daughter here. I say! Well, send the blackguard up. He may not be a blackguard, Higgins. Nonsense. Of course he's a blackguard, Pickering. I'm afraid we'll have some trouble with him. No, I think not. Any trouble to be had, he'll have it with me. Not I with him. Doolittle, sir. -Professor Higgins? -Here! Where? Good morning, Governor. I come about a very serious matter, Governor. Brought up in Houndslow. Mother Welsh, I should think. What is it you want, Doolittle? I want my daughter, that's what I want. See? Of course you do. You're her father, aren't you? I'm glad to see you have a spark of family feeling left. She's in there. Yes, take her away at once. What? Take her away. Do you think I am going to keep your daughter for you? Now, is this reasonable, Governor? Is it fairity to take advantage of a man like that? The girl belongs to me. You got 'er. Where do I come in? How dare you come here and attempt to blackmail me! You sent her here on purpose! Don't take a man up like that, Governor. The police shall take you up. This is a plan... ...a plot to extort money by threats. I shall telephone the police. Have I asked you for a brass farthin'? I leave it to this gentleman 'ere. Have I said a word about money? Well, what else did you come for? What would a bloke come for? Be 'uman, Governor. Alfred, you sent her here on purpose. So help me, Governor, I never did. How did you know she was here? I'd tell you, Governor, if you'd let me get a word in. I'm willing to tell ya. I'm wanting to tell ya. I'm waiting to tell ya! You know, Pickering, this chap's got a certain natural gift of rhetoric. Observe the rhythm of his native woodnotes wild. '"l'm willing to tell you. I'm wanting to tell you. I'm waiting to tell you.'" That's the Welsh strain in 'im. How did you know Eliza was here if you didn't send 'er? Well, she sent back for her luggage and I got to 'ear about it. She said she didn't want no clothes. What was I to think from that, Governor? I ask you, as a parent, what was I to think? So you came here to rescue her from worse than death, eh? -Yes, sir, Governor. That's right. -Yes. Mrs. Pearce! Eliza's father has come to take her away. Give her to him, will you? Now wait a minute, Governor. Wait a minute. You and me is men o' the world, ain't we? Men of the world, are we? Perhaps you'd better go, Mrs. Pearce. I think so indeed, sir! Here, Governor. I've took a sort of a fancy to you and... ...if you want the girl, I ain't so set on 'avin' her home again... ...but what I might be open to is an arrangement. All I ask is my rights as a father. You're the last man alive to expect me to let her go for nothing. I can see you're a straight sort, Governor. So... ...what's a five pound note to you? An' what's Eliza to me? I think you should know, Doolittle... ...that Mr. Higgins' intentions are entirely honorable. Of course they are, Governor. If I thought they wasn't, I'd ask . You mean, you'd sell your daughter for pounds? Have you no morals, man? No, I can't afford 'em, Governor. Neither could you if you was as poor as me. Not that I mean any 'arm, but... ...if Eliza is gonna have a bit out o' this, why not me, too? Why not? Look at it my way. What am l? I ask ya, what am l? I'm one o' the undeserving poor, that's what I am. Think what that means to a man. It means he's up against middle-class morality for all the time. If there's anything goin' an' I ask for a bit of it, it's always the same story: '"You're undeservin', so you can't have it.'" But my needs is as great as the most deservin' widows that ever got money... ...out of six different charities in one week for the death o' the same 'usband. I don't need less than a deservin' man, I need more. I don't eat less 'earty than he does and I drink... ...a lot more. I'm playin' straight with you. I ain't pretendin' to be deservin'. No, I'm undeservin'... ...and I mean to go on bein' undeservin'. I like it an' that's the truth. But will you take advantage of a man's nature... ...do him out of the price of his own daughter, what he's brought up... ...fed and clothed by the sweat of his brow... ...till she's growed big enough to be interestin' to you two gentlemen? Is five pounds unreasonable, I put it to you? And I leave it to you. You know, Pickering, if we took this man in hand for three months... ...he could choose between a seat in the Cabinet and a popular pulpit in Wales. -We'd better give 'im a fiver. -He'll make bad use of it, I'm afraid. Not me, Governor, so 'elp me I won't. Just one good spree for meself an' the missus... ...givin' pleasure to ourselves and employment to others. An' satisfaction to you to know it ain't been throwed away. You couldn't spend it better. This is irresistible. Let's give 'im ten. The missus wouldn't have the 'eart to spend ten. Ten pounds is a lot o' money. Makes a man feel prudent-like, and then goodbye to 'appiness. No, you just give me what I ask, Governor. Not a penny less, not a penny more. I rather draw the line at encouraging this sort of immorality. Why don't you marry that missus of yours? After all, marriage isn't so frightening. You married Eliza's mother. Who told you that, Governor? Well, nobody told me. I concluded, naturally.... If we listen to this man for another minute we'll have no convictions left. -Five pounds, I think you said. -Thank you, Governor. Are you sure you won't have ten? No. No, perhaps another time. I beg your pardon, miss. I won't say those ruddy vowels one more time. Blimey, it's Eliza. I never thought she'd clean up so good-looking. She does me credit, don't she? What are you doin' here? Now, you hold your tongue and don't you give these gentlemen none o' your lip. If you have any trouble with 'er, give 'er a few licks o' the strap. That's the way to improve 'er mind. Well, good morning, gentlemen. Cheerio, Eliza. There's a man for you. A philosophical genius of the first water. Write to Mr. Ezra Wallingford and tell him... ...if he wants a lecturer, to get in touch with Mr. Doolittle... ...a common dustman, one of the most original moralists in England. What did he come for? Say your vowels. I know me vowels. I knew 'em before I come. If you know them, say them. Ahyee, e, iyee, ow, you. A, E, l, O, U. That's what I said. Ahyee, e, iyee, ow, you. That's what I've said for three days an' I won't no more. I know it's difficult, Miss Doolittle, but try to understand. There's no use explaining. As a military man you should know that. Drilling is what she needs. Leave her alone or she'll turn to you for sympathy. Very well, if you insist, but have a little patience with her. Of course. Say '"A.'" You ain't got no 'eart, you ain't. I promise you, you'll say your vowels correctly before this day is out... ...or there'll be no lunch, no dinner, and no chocolates. '"Just you wait, 'Enry 'lggins Just you wait '"You'll be sorry But your tears will be too late '"You'll be broke and I'll have money Will I help you? Don't be funny! '"Just you wait, 'Enry 'lggins Just you wait '"Just you wait, 'Enry 'lggins Till you're sick '"And you screams To fetch a doctor double-quick '"l'll be off a second later And go straight to the theater '"Ho, ho, ho, 'Enry 'lggins Just you wait! '"Just you wait Until we're swimmin' in the sea '"And you get the cramp a little ways from me '"When you yell you're gonna drown I'll get dressed and go to town '"Just you wait! '"One day I'll be famous I'll be proper and prim '"Go to St. James so often I will call it St. Jim '"One evening the king will say 'Oh, Liza, old thing '"'l want all of England your praises to sing '"'Next week on the th of May '"'l proclaim Liza Doolittle Day '"'All the people will celebrate the glory of you '"'And whatever you wish and want I gladly will do' '"'Thanks a lot, King,' says I in a manner well-bred '"'But all I want is 'Enry 'lggins' 'ead' '"'Done!' '"Says the king with a stroke '"'Guard, run and bring in the bloke' '"Then they'll march you, 'Enry 'lggins, to the wall '"And the king will tell me: '"'Liza, sound the call' '"As they raise their rifles higher '"l'll shout: 'Ready, aim, fire!' '"Ho, ho, ho, 'Enry 'lggins, down you go '"Just you wait! '" All right, Eliza, say it again. '"The rine in Spine... '"...stais minely in the pline.'" '"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.'" Didn't I saiy that? No, Eliza, you didn't '"saiy'" that. You didn't even '"say'" that. Every night before you go to bed, where you used to say your prayers... ...l want you to say: '"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.'" Fifty times. You'll get much further with the Lord if you learn not to offend His ears. Now for your '"H's.'" Pickering, this is going to be ghastly. Control yourself, Higgins. Give the girl a chance. I suppose you can't expect her to get it right the first time. Come here, Eliza, and watch closely. Now, you see that flame? Every time you pronounce the letter '"H'" correctly the flame will waver... ...and every time you drop your '"H'" the flame will remain stationary. That's how to know you've done it correctly. In time, your ear will hear the difference. You'll see it better in the mirror. Now listen carefully. '"ln Hartford, Hereford and Hampshire... '"...hurricanes hardly ever happen.'" Now you repeat that after me. '"ln Hartford, Hereford and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen.'" '"ln 'artford, 'ereford and 'ampshire 'urricanes 'ardly hever 'appen.'" Oh, no, no! Have you no ear at all? -Should I do it over? -No, please. Start from the very beginning. Just do this. Go on, go on. Does the same thing hold true in lndia? Have they the peculiar habit of not only dropping a letter... ...but using it where it doesn't belong, like '"hever'" instead of '"ever'"? The girl, Higgins! Go on. Go on. ''Poor Professor Higgins ''Poor Professor Higgins '"Night and day he slaves away '"Oh, poor Professor Higgins '"All day long on his feet '"Up and down until he's numb '"Doesn't rest, doesn't eat '"Doesn't touch a crumb'" Again, Eliza. How kind of you to let me come. How kind of you to let me come. No. '"Kind of you.'" How kind of you to let me come. How kind of you to let me come. Kind of you. It's like '"cup of tea.'" Kind of you. Cup of tea. Say, '"cup of tea.'" Cuppatea. No. '"A cup of tea.'" It's awfully good cake. I wonder where Mrs. Pearce gets it. First rate. And those strawberry tarts are delicious. Did you try the pline cake? Try it again. -Did you try the-- -Pickering! Again, Eliza. Cuppatea. Oh, no. Can't you hear the difference? Look, put your tongue forward until it squeezes on the top of your lower teeth. And then say '"cup.'" Then say '"of.'" Then say '"cup, cup, cup, cup, of, of, of, of.'" By Jove, Higgins, that was a glorious tea. You finish the last strawberry tart. I couldn't eat another thing. -I couldn't touch it. -Shame to waste it. Oh, it won't be wasted. I know somebody who's immensely fond of strawberry tarts. ''Poor Professor Higgins '"Poor Professor Higgins '"On he plods against all odds '"Oh, poor Professor Higgins '"Nine p.m., ten p.m. '"On through midnight every night '"One a.m., two a.m., three....'" Four. Five. Six marbles. I want you to read this and I want you to enunciate... ...every word just as if the marbles were not in your mouth. '"With blackest moss, the flower pots... '"...were thickly crusted, one and all.'" Each word, clear as a bell. '"With blackest moss the flower... '"...pots.'" I can't! I can't! I say, Higgins, are those pebbles really necessary? If they were necessary for Demosthenes they are necessary for Eliza Doolittle. Go on, Eliza. '"With the blackest moss the flower pots... '"...were thickly crusted one and--'" I can't understand a word, not a word. '"With blackest moss, the flower pots... '"...were thickly crusted, one and all.'" Perhaps the poem is a little too difficult for the girl. Why don't you try something simpler, like The Owl and the Pussycat? Yes, that's a charming one. Pickering, I can't hear a word the girl is saying! What's the matter? I swallowed one. It doesn't matter. I've got plenty more. Open your mouth. One, two.... ''Quit, Professor Higgins '"Quit, Professor Higgins '"Hear our plea, or payday we will quit '"Professor Higgins! '"'Ay' not 'l', 'O' not 'ow' '"Pounding, pounding in our brain '"'Ay' not 'l', 'O' not 'ow' '"Don't say 'rine' say 'rain''" '"The rain in Spain... '"...stays mainly in the plain.'" I can't! I'm so tired! I'm so tired. For God's sake, Higgins, it must be : in the morning. Do be reasonable. I am always reasonable. Eliza, if I can go on with a blistering headache, you can. I got a 'eadache, too. I know your head aches. I know you're tired. I know your nerves are as raw as meat in a butcher's window. But think what you're trying to accomplish. Just think what you're dealing with. The majesty and grandeur of the English language.... It's the greatest possession we have. The noblest thoughts that ever flowed through the hearts of men... ...are contained in its extraordinary, imaginative... ...and musical mixtures of sounds. And that's what you've set yourself out to conquer, Eliza. And conquer it you will. Now try it again. '"The rain in Spain... '"...stays mainly in the plain.'" What was that? '"The rain in Spain... '"...stays mainly in the plain.'" Again. '"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.'" I think she's got it. '"The rain in Spain Stays mainly in the plain '"By George, she's got it By George, she's got it '"Now once again Where does it rain? '"On the plain, on the plain '"And where's that soggy plain? '"ln Spain, in Spain '"The rain in Spain Stays mainly in the plain '"The rain in Spain Stays mainly in the plain '"ln Hartford, Hereford and Hampshire '"Hurricanes hardly happen '"How kind of you to let me come '"Now once again Where does it rain? '"On the plain, on the plain '"And where's that blasted plain? '"ln Spain, in Spain '"The rain in Spain Stays mainly in the plain'" We're making fine progress, Pickering. I think the time has come to try her out. Are you feeling all right, Mr. Higgins? Yes, I'm feeling fine. How are you? -Very well, thank you. -Good. Let's test her in public and see how she fares. Mr. Higgins, I was awakened by a dreadful pounding. Do you know what it might have been? I didn't hear any pounding. Did you, Pickering? If this goes on, you'd better see a doctor. -I know. We'll take her to the races. -The races? My mother's box at Ascot. -You'll consult your mother first, of course. -Yes, of course. No, I think we'd better surprise her. Now let's go to bed. First thing in the morning, we'll go and buy her a dress. Now get on with your work, Eliza. But, Mr. Higgins, it's early in the morning. What better time to work than early in the morning? Where does one buy a lady's gown? Whitely's, of course. How do you know that? Common knowledge. Let's not buy her anything too flowery. I despise those gowns with weeds here and weeds there. We'll buy something simple and modest... ...and elegant. That's what's called for. Perhaps with a bow. Yes. That's just right. You've all been working too hard. I think the strain is beginning to show. Eliza, I don't care what Mr. Higgins says. You must put down your books and go to bed. '"Bed! Bed! I couldn't go to bed '"My head's too light to try to set it down '"Sleep! Sleep! I couldn't sleep tonight '"Not for all the jewels in the crown! '"l could have danced all night '"l could have danced all night '"And still have begged for more '"l could have spread my wings '"And done a thousand things '"l've never done before '"l'll never know what made it so exciting '"Why all at once my heart took flight '"l only know when he '"Began to dance with me '"l could have danced, danced, danced... '"...all night! '" It's after three now. Don't you agree now? She ought to be in bed! '"l could have danced all night '"l could have danced all night '"And still have begged for more '"l could have spread my wings '"And done a thousand things '"l've never done before '"l'll never know what made it so exciting '"Why all at once my heart took flight '"l only know when he '"Began to dance with me '"l could have danced, danced, danced... '"...all night! '" It's all been grand, dear. But now it's time to sleep! '"l could have danced all night '"l could have danced all night '"And still have begged for more '"l could have spread my wings '"And done a thousand things '"l've never done before '"l'll never know what made it so exciting '"Why all at once my heart took flight '"l only know when he '"Began to dance with me '"l could have danced, danced, danced... '"...all night! '" '"Every duke and earl and peer is here '"Everyone who should be here is here '"What a smashing, positively dashing '"Spectacle, the Ascot opening day '"At the gate are all the horses '"Waiting for the cue to fly away '"What a gripping, absolutely ripping '"Moment at the Ascot opening day '"Pulses rushing '"Faces flushing '"Heartbeats speed up '"l have never been so keyed up! '"Any second now '"They'll begin to run '"Hark! A bell is ringing '"They are springing forward. Look! '"lt has begun '"What a frenzied moment that was '"Didn't they maintain an exhausting pace? '"lt was a thrilling, absolutely chilling '"Running of the Ascot opening race! '" A phonetics job. I've picked up a girl. Not a love affair. She's a flower girl. I'm taking her to the annual Embassy Ball but I wanted to try her out first. -I beg your pardon? -Well, you know the Embassy Ball. So I invited her to your box today, do you understand? Common flower girl? I taught her how to speak properly. She has strict instructions as to her behavior. She's to keep to two subjects: the weather and everybody's health. '"Fine day! '" and '"How do you do?'" Not let herself go on. Help her along. You'll be quite safe. Safe? To talk about one's health in the middle of a race? She's got to talk about something. Where is the girl now? She's being pinned. Some of the clothes we bought her didn't fit. I told Pickering we should have taken her with us. -Mrs. Eynsford-Hill. -Good afternoon, Mrs. Higgins. You know my son, Henry. How do you do? -I've seen you somewhere before. -I don't know. It doesn't matter. You better sit down. Where the devil can they be? Colonel Pickering, you're just in time for tea. Thank you, Mrs. Higgins. May I introduce Miss Eliza Doolittle? My dear Miss Doolittle. How kind of you to let me come. Delighted, my dear. -Lady Boxington. -How do you do? -Lord Boxington. -How do you do? How do you do? -Mrs. Eynsford-Hill, Miss Doolittle. -How do you do? How do you do? And Freddy Eynsford-Hill. How do you do? How do you do? Miss Doolittle. Good afternoon, Professor Higgins. The first race was very exciting, Miss Doolittle. I'm so sorry that you missed it. Will it rain, do you think? '"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.'" '"But in Hartford, Hereford and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen.'" How awfully funny. What is wrong with that, young man? I bet I got it right. Smashing. Has it suddenly turned chilly? I do hope we won't have any unseasonable cold spells. They bring on so much influenza. And the whole of our family is susceptible to it. My aunt died of influenza, so they said. But it's my belief they done the old woman in. Done her in? Yes, Lord love you. Why should she die of influenza... ...when she'd come through diphtheria right enough the year before. Fairly blue with it she was. They all thought she was dead. But my father, he kept ladling gin down her throat. Then she come to so sudden she bit the bowl off the spoon. Dear me! Now what call would a woman with that strength in her... ...have to die of influenza? And what become of her new straw hat that should have come to me? Somebody pinched it. And what I say is: Them 'as pinched it, done her in. Done her in? '"Done her in,'" did you say? Whatever does it mean? That's the new small talk. '"To do somebody in'" means to kill them. But you surely don't believe your aunt was killed? Do I not? Them she lived with would have killed her for a hatpin, let alone a hat. But it can't have been right for your father... ...to pour spirits down her throat like that. It might have killed her. Not her. Gin was mother's milk to her. Besides, he poured so much down his own throat he knew the good of it. Do you mean that he drank? Drank? My word. Something chronic. Here, what are you sniggering at? The new small talk. You do it so awfully well. Well, if I was doing it proper, what was you sniggering at? Have I said anything I oughtn't? Not at all, my dear. Well, that's a mercy anyhow. I don't know if there's time before the next race to place a bet... ...but come, my dear. I have a bet on number seven. I should be so happy if you would take it. You'll enjoy the race ever so much more. That's very kind of you. His name is Dover. Come along. '"There they are again '"Lining up to run '"Now they're holding steady '"They are ready for it. Look! '"lt has begun'" Come on. Come on, Dover. Come on. Come on, Dover! Come on! Come on, Dover! Move your bloomin' arse! Oh, my dear. You're not serious, Henry. You don't expect to take her to the Embassy Ball. Don't you think she's ready for it? Dear Henry, she's ready for a canal barge. Her language may need a little refining, but-- Really, Henry, if you cannot see how impossible this whole project is... ...then you must be potty about her. I advise you to give up and not put yourself... ...or this poor girl through any more. It's the most fascinating venture I've ever undertaken. Pickering and I are at it from morning till night. It fills our whole lives. Teaching Eliza, talking to Eliza, listening to Eliza, dressing Eliza. You're a pretty pair of babies playing with your live doll. Here's the car. Good evening, sir. -Is dinner ready? I'm famished. -Immediately, sir. Good evening, Professor Higgins. '"When she mentioned how her aunt bit off the spoon '"She completely done me in '"And my heart went on a journey to the moon '"When she told about her father and the gin '"And I never saw a more enchanting farce '"Than the moment when she shouted 'Move your bloomin'--''" -Yes, sir? -Is Miss Doolittle in? Whom shall I say is calling? Freddy Eynsford-Hill. If she doesn't remember who I am... ...tell her I'm the chap who was '"sniggering'" at her. Yes, sir. And will you give her these? Wouldn't you like to come in? They're having dinner, but you may wait in the hall. No, thank you. I want to drink in the street where she lives. '"l have often walked down this street before '"But the pavement always stayed beneath my feet before '"All at once am I several stories high '"Knowing I'm on the street where you live '"Are there lilac trees in the heart of town? '"Can you hear a lark in any other part of town? '"Does enchantment pour out of every door? '"No, it's just on the street where you live '"And, oh, the towering feeling '"Just to know somehow you are near '"The overpowering feeling '"That any second you may suddenly appear '"People stop and stare, they don't bother me '"For there's nowhere else on earth that I would rather be '"Let the time go by '"l won't care if I '"Can be here on the street where you live'" I'm terribly sorry, sir. Miss Doolittle says she doesn't want to see anyone ever again. But why? She was unbelievable. So I've been told, sir. Is there any further message? Tell her that I'll wait. But it might be days, sir, even weeks. But don't you see? I'll be happier here. '"People stop and stare, they don't bother me '"For there's nowhere else on earth that I would rather be '"Let the time go by '"l won't care if I '"Can be here on the street where you live'" It really is, Higgins. It's inhuman to continue. Do you realize what you've got to teach this girl in six weeks? You've got to teach her to walk, talk, address a duke, a lord... ...a bishop, an ambassador. It's absolutely impossible. Higgins, I'm trying to tell you that I want to call off the bet. I know you're a stubborn man, but so am l. This experiment is over. And nothing short of an order from the king could force me to recant. You understand, Higgins? It's over. Higgins, if there's any mishap at the Embassy tonight... ...if Miss Doolittle suffers any embarrassment... ...it'll be on your head alone. Eliza can do anything. Suppose she's discovered? Remember Ascot. Suppose she makes another ghastly mistake? There'll be no horses at the ball, Pickering. Think of how agonizing it would be. If anything happened tonight, I don't know what I'd do. You could always rejoin your regiment. This is no time for flippancy, Higgins. The way you've driven her the last six weeks... ...has exceeded all bounds of common decency. For God's sake, stop pacing. Can't you settle somewhere? Have some port. It'll quieten your nerves. I'm not nervous. -Where is it? -On the piano. The car's here, sir. Good. Tell Miss Doolittle. Tell Miss Doolittle indeed. I'll bet you that damned gown doesn't fit. I warned you about these French designers. We should've gone to an English shop. They would've been on our side. -Have a glass of port? -No, thank you. Are you so sure this girl will retain everything you've hammered into her? Well, we shall see. Suppose she doesn't? I lose my bet. There's one thing I can't stand about you, your confounded complacency. At a moment like this, with so much at stake... ...it's utterly indecent that you don't need a glass of port. And what about the girl? You act as though she doesn't matter at all. Rubbish, Pickering. Of course she matters. What do you think I've been doing all these months? What could possibly matter more than to take a human being... ...and change her into a different human being by creating a new speech for her? It's filling up the deepest gap that separates class from class... ...and soul from soul. Oh, she matters immensely. Miss Doolittle, you look beautiful. Thank you, Colonel Pickering. Don't you think so, Higgins? Not bad. Not bad at all. Maestro! Maestro! Don't you remember me? No. Who the devil are you? I'm your pupil. Your first, your greatest, your best pupil. I'm Zoltan Karpathy, that marvelous boy. I made your name famous throughout Europe. You teach me phonetics. You can't forget me. Why don't you have your hair cut? I don't have your imposing appearance, your figure, your brow. If I had my hair cut, nobody would notice me. Where did you get these old coins? These are decorations for languages. The Queen of Transylvania is here. I'm indispensable to her at these official international parties. I speak languages. I know everyone in Europe. No imposter can escape my detection. Professor Karpathy. The Greek ambassador. Greek, my foot! He pretends not to know English, but he can't deceive me. He's the son of a Yorkshire watchmaker. He speaks English so villainously that he cannot utter a word... ...without betraying his origin. I help him pretend, but make him pay through the nose. I make them all pay. Excuse me, sir, you are wanted upstairs. Her Excellency asked for you. Viscount and Viscountess Saxon. Baron and Baroness of Yorkshire. Sir Guy and Lady Scot-Auckland. The Count and Countess Demereau. The Viscount and Viscountess Hillyard. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Lanser. Lord and Lady Clanders. Miss Eliza Doolittle, Colonel Pickering. Miss Eliza Doolittle. Colonel Pickering. Professor Higgins. -Your Excellency. -Miss Doolittle. How do you do? -Good evening, Colonel. -Good evening. What an enchanting young lady you have with you this evening. Well, who is she? Oh, a cousin of mine. And Higgins. Excuse me. Professor Higgins. Such a faraway look, as if she's always lived in a garden. So she has. A sort of garden. Henry must take Eliza home at once. There's a language expert here. -Sort of, you know, '"imposterologist.'" -I beg you pardon? The young lady with Colonel Pickering.... Find out who she is. With pleasure. The whole situation is highly explosive. Tell me, Zoltan, some more about the Greek ambassador. Gladly, but first I would love you to present me to this glorious creature. Does he really come from Yorkshire? Her Majesty, the Queen of Transylvania... ...and His Royal Highness Prince Gregor. Charming. Quite charming. Miss Doolittle, Madam. Miss Doolittle, my son would like to dance with you. Absolutely fantastic. A lot of tomfoolery. It was an immense achievement. Well, Mr. Higgins? A triumph, Mrs. Pearce. A total triumph. Higgins, you were superb, absolutely superb. Tell us the truth now, weren't you a little bit nervous once or twice? Not during the whole evening? Not when I saw we were going to win. I felt like a bear in a cage hanging about. It was an immense achievement. If I hadn't backed myself to do it, I'd have given up two months ago. Absolutely fantastic. Yes, a lot of tomfoolery. Higgins, I salute you. The silly people don't know their own silly business. '"Tonight, old man, you did it You did it, you did it '"You said that you would do it And indeed you did '"l thought that you would rue it I doubted you'd do it '"But now I must admit it That succeed you did '"You should get a medal Or be even made a knight '"Oh, it was nothing, really nothing '"All alone you hurdled Every obstacle in sight '"Now wait, now wait Give credit where it's due '"A lot of the glory goes to you '"But you're the one who did it Who did it, who did it '"As sturdy as Gibraltar Not a second did you falter '"There's no doubt about it '"You did it! '"l must have aged a year tonight At times I thought I'd die of fright '"Never was there a momentary lull '"Shortly after we came in I saw at once we'd easily win '"And after that I found it deadly dull '"You should have heard The 'oohs' and 'aahs' '"Everyone wondering who she was '"You'd think they'd never seen a lady before '"And when the Prince of Transylvania Asked to meet her '"And gave his arm to lead her to the floor '"l said to him: 'You did it You did it, you did it' '"They thought she was ecstatic And so damned aristocratic '"And they never knew That you... '"...did it'" Thank goodness for Zoltan Karpathy. If it hadn't been for him I would've died of boredom. Karpathy? That dreadful Hungarian? Was he there? Yes, he was there all right and up to his old tricks. '"That blackguard Who uses the science of speech '"More to blackmail and swindle than teach '"He made it the devilish business of his '"To find out who this Miss Doolittle is '"Every time we looked around There he was '"That hairy hound from Budapest '"Never leaving us alone Never have I ever known '"A ruder pest '"Finally I decided it was foolish Not to let him have his chance with her '"So I stepped aside And let him dance with her '"Oozing charm from every pore He oiled his way around the floor '"Every trick that he could play He used to strip her mask away '"And when at last the dance was done He glowed as if he knew he'd won '"And with a voice too eager And a smile too broad '"He announced to the hostess That she was a fraud'" No! '"'Her English is too good,' he said 'That clearly indicates that she is foreign '"'Whereas others are instructed ln their native language '"'English people aren't '"'Although she may have studied with an expert dialectician and grammarian '"'l can tell that she was born '"'Hungarian' '"Not only Hungarian but of royal blood '"She is a princess '"'Her blood,' he said 'ls bluer than the Danube is or ever was '"'Royalty is absolutely written on her face '"'She thought I was taken in But actually I never was '"'How could she deceive Another member of her race? '"'l know each language on the map' Said he '"'And she's Hungarian As the first Hungarian Rhapsody''" '"Congratulations, Professor Higgins '"For your glorious victory '"Congratulations, Professor Higgins '"You'll be mentioned in history'" Well, thank God, that's over. Now I can go to bed without dreading tomorrow. -Good night, Mr. Higgins. -Good night, Mrs. Pearce. I think I'll turn in, too. Good night. It's been a great occasion. Good night, Pickering. Mrs. Pearce? Damn, I meant to ask her to give me coffee in the morning instead of tea. Leave a little note for her will you, Eliza. And put out the lights. Must be downstairs. Oh, darn it. I'll leave my head behind one of these days. What the devil have I done with my slippers? Here are your slippers! Take your slippers and may you never have a day's luck with them. What on earth? What's the matter? Is anything wrong? No, nothing's wrong with you. I won your bet for you, haven't l? That's enough for you! I don't matter, I suppose? You won my bet? You presumptuous insect! I won it! Why did you throw the slippers at me? Because I wanted to smash your face. I could kill you, you selfish brute! Why didn't you leave me where you picked me up? You thank God it's all over. Now you can throw me back again! Do you? Oh, so the creature's nervous after all? Claws in, you cat! How dare you show your temper to me? Sit down and be quiet! What's to become of me? How do I know what's to become of you? What does it matter? You don't care. I know you don't care. You wouldn't care if I was dead. I'm nothing to you. Not as much as them slippers. Those slippers! Those slippers! I didn't think it meant any difference now. Why have you suddenly begun going on like this? May I ask if you complain of your treatment here? No. Has anybody behaved badly? Colonel Pickering, Mrs. Pearce? No. Well you don't pretend that I have treated you badly? No. Well, I'm glad to hear that. Perhaps you're tired after the strain of the day. Would you have a chocolate? No, thank you. Well, it's only natural that you should be anxious, but it's all over now. Nothing more to worry about. No, nothing more for you to worry about. Oh, God, I wish I was dead. Why? ln heaven's name, why? Now listen to me, Eliza. All this irritation is purely subjective. I don't understand. I'm too ignorant. It's just imagination. Nothing's wrong. Nobody's hurting you. Go to bed and sleep it off. Have a little cry and say your prayers. You'll feel very much more comfortable. I heard your prayers. '"Thank God it's all over.'" Don't you thank God it's all over? Now you're free, and you can do what you like. Oh, what am I fit for? What have you left me fit for? Where am I to go? What am I to do? And what's to become of me? That's what's worrying you, is it? I wouldn't worry about that if I were you. I'm sure you won't have any difficulty in settling yourself somewhere or other. I didn't quite realize you were going away. You might marry, you know. You see, Eliza, all men are not confirmed old bachelors like me and the Colonel. Most men are the marrying sort, poor devils. You're not bad-looking. You're really quite a pleasure to look at sometimes. Not now, when you've been crying. You look like the very devil, but... ...when you're all right and quite yourself you're what I would call attractive. Go to bed, have a good rest, get up in the morning... ...and have a look at yourself in the glass. You won't feel so bad. I daresay, my mother might find some fellow or other who would do very well. We were above that at Covent Garden. What do you mean? I sold flowers, I didn't sell myself. Now you've made a lady of me, I'm not fit to sell anything else. Oh, tosh, Eliza. Don't insult human relations... ...by dragging all that cant about buying and selling into it. Don't marry the fellow if you don't want to. What else am I to do? Oh, there are lots of things. What about the old idea of a florist shop? I'm sure Pickering'd set you up in one. He's got lots of money. He'll pay for all those togs you're wearing. And that with the hire of the jewelry'll make a big hole in pounds. Come on now. You'll be all right. Well, I must be off to bed. I'm really devilish sleepy. I was looking for something. What was it? Your slippers. Oh, yes, of course. You shied them at me. Before you go, sir. Do my clothes belong to me or to Colonel Pickering? What the devil use would they be to Pickering? Why bother about that in the middle of the night? What may I take away with me? I don't want to be accused of stealing. Stealing? You shouldn't have said that. That shows a want of feeling. I'm sorry. I'm a common, ignorant girl and in my station I have to be careful. There can't be any feelings between the likes of you and the likes of me. Please, will you tell me what belongs to me and what doesn't? Take the whole damned houseful if you want. Except the jewelry. That's hired. Will that satisfy you? Stop, please. Will you take these to your room and keep them safe? I don't want to run the risk of them being missed. Hand them over! lf these belonged to me and not the jeweler, I'd... ...l'd ram them down your ungrateful throat. The ring isn't the jeweler's. It's the one you bought me in Brighton. I don't want it now. Don't you hit me! Hit you? You infamous creature! How dare you suggest such a thing! It's you who've hit me. You've wounded me to the heart. I'm glad. I've got a little of my own back anyhow. You've caused me to lose my temper. That's hardly happened to me before. I don't wish to discuss it further tonight. I'm going to bed. Leave your own note for Mrs. Pearce about the coffee... ...for it won't be done by me! Damn Mrs. Pearce, damn the coffee and damn you! Damn my own folly for having lavished my hard-earned knowledge... ...and the treasure of my regard and intimacy on a heartless guttersnipe! '"Just you wait, 'Enry 'lggins Just you wait! '"You'll be sorry But your tears will be too late '"You will be the one it's done to '"And you'll have no one to run to '"Just you wait'" '"l have often walked down this street before '"But the pavement always stayed beneath my feet before '"All at once am I several stories high '"Knowing I'm on the street where you live '"Are there lilac trees in the heart of town? '"Can you hear a lark in any other part of town? '"Does enchantment pour out of every door? '"No, it's just on the street where you live '"And, oh, the towering feeling '"Just to know somehow you are near '"The overpowering feeling '"That any second you may suddenly appear '"People stop and stare, they don't....'" Darling. Freddy, whatever are you doing here? Nothing. I spend most of my nights here. It's the only place where I'm happy. Don't laugh at me, Miss Doolittle. Don't you call me '"Miss Doolittle,'" do you hear? Eliza's good enough for me. Freddy, you don't think I'm a heartless guttersnipe, do you? Darling, how could you imagine such a thing? You know how I feel. I've written two and three times a day telling you. Sheets and sheets. '"Speak, and the world is full of singing '"And I am winging higher than the birds '"Touch, and my heart begins to crumble '"The heavens tumble Darling, and I'm--'" '"Words, words, words I'm so sick of words '"l get words all day through First from him, now from you '"ls that all you blighters can do? '"Don't talk of stars burning above '"lf you're in love, show me '"Tell me no dreams filled with desire '"lf you're on fire, show me '"Here we are together ln the middle of the night '"Don't talk of spring Just hold me tight '"Anyone who's ever been in love'll Tell you that '"This is no time for a chat '"Haven't your lips longed for my touch? '"Don't say how much, show me '"Show me '"Don't talk of love lasting through time '"Make me no undying vow '"Show me now '"Sing me no song, read me no rhyme '"Don't waste my time, show me '"Don't talk of June, don't talk of fall '"Don't talk at all, show me '"Never do I ever want to hear another word '"There isn't one I haven't heard '"Here we are together in what ought to be a dream '"Say one more word and I'll scream '"Haven't your arms hungered for mine? '"Please don't explain, show me '"Show me '"Don't wait until wrinkles and lines '"Pop out all over my brow '"Show me now! '" -Where are you going? -To the river. -What for? -To make a hole in it. Eliza, darling, what do you mean? Taxi! -But I've no money. -I have. -Where are we going? -Where I belong. Darling, shall I come with you? ''With one enormous chair ''Oh, wouldn't it be loverly? ''Lots of chocolate for me to eat ''Lots of coal makin' lots of 'eat ''Warm face, warm 'ands, warm feet ''Oh, wouldn't it be loverly?'' Buy a flower, miss? Yes, please. Good morning, miss. Can I help you? Do you mind if I warm my hands? Go right ahead, miss. Excuse me. For a second I thought you were somebody else. Who? Forgive me, ma'am. Early morning light playing tricks with my eyes. Can I get you a taxi? A lady shouldn't be walkin' alone... ...around London this hour of the morning. No, thank you. ''Someone's head restin' on my knee ''Warm and tender as he can be ''Who takes good care of me ''Oh, wouldn't it... ''...be loverly? ''Loverly '' Do come again, Mr. Doolittle. We value your patronage always. Thank you, my good man. Thank you. Here. Come 'ere. Take the missus on a trip to Brighton with my compliments. Thank you, Mr. Doolittle. Jolly spot this, Harry. We must visit it more often. Father? Oh, no. You see, Harry, he has no mercy. Sent her down to spy on me in me misery, he did. Me own flesh and blood. Well, I'm miserable, all right. You can tell him that straight. What are you talking about? What are you dressed up for? As if you didn't know. Go on back to that Wimpole Street devil. Tell him what he's done to me. What's he done to you? Ruined me, that's all. Tied me up and delivered me into the hands of middle-class morality. And don't you defend him. Was it 'im or was it not 'im wrote to an old American blighter named Wallingford... ...who was giving $ to found Moral Reform societies... ...to tell him the most original moralist in England was Mr. Alfred P. Doolittle... ...a common dustman? Sounds like one of his jokes. You may call it a joke. It's put the lid on me. Proper. The old bloke died and left me pounds a year in his bloomin' will. Who asked him to make a gentleman outta me? I was 'appy. I was free. I touched pretty nigh everyone for money when I wanted it, same as I touched him. Now I'm tied neck and 'eels and everybody touches me. A year ago I 'adn't a relation in the world... ...except one or two who wouldn't speak to me. Now I've . Not a decent week's wages amongst the lot of them. I have to live for others now, not for meself. Middle-class morality. Come on, Alfie, in a few hours we have to be at the church. -Church? -Yeah, church. The deepest cut of all. Why do you think I'm dressed up like a ruddy pallbearer? Your stepmother wants to marry me. Now I'm respectable, she wants to be respectable. If that's the way you feel, why don't you give the money back? That's the tragedy of it, Eliza. It's easy to say chuck it... ...but I 'aven't the nerve. We're all intimidated. That's what we are, intimidated. Bought up. Yeah. That's what I am. That's what your precious professor's brought me to. Not my precious professor. Oh, sent you back, 'as he? First he shoves me in the middle-class, then he chucks you out for me to support. That's all part of his plan... ...but you double-cross him. Don't you come back home to me. Don't you take tuppence from me. You stand on your own two feet. You're a lady now, you can do it. Yeah, that's right, Eliza. You're a lady now. It's getting awfully cold in that taxi. Here, Eliza, would you like to come and see me turned off this morning? St. George's, Hanover Square, : . I wouldn't advise it, but you're welcome. No, thank you, Dad. Are you all finished here, Eliza? Yes, Freddy, I'm all finished here. Good luck, Dad. Thank you, Eliza. Come along, Alfie. How much time have I got left? '"There's just a few more hours '"That's all the time you've got '"A few more hours '"Before they tie the knot'" There's drinks and girls all over London. And I gotta track 'em down in just a few more hours. Set 'em up, me darlin'. '"l'm gettin' married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Pull out the stopper Let's have a whopper '"But get me to the church on time '"l got to be there in the mornin' '"Spruced up and looking in me prime '"Girls, come and kiss me Show how you'll miss me '"But get me to the church on time '"lf I am dancin' Roll up the floor '"lf I am whistlin' Me out the door '"For I'm getting married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Kick up a rumpus But don't lose the compass '"And get me to the church '"For God's sake Get me to the church... '"...on time '"l'm gettin' married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Some bloke who's able Lift up the table '"But get me to the church on time '"lf I am flyin' Then shoot me down '"lf I am wooin' Get her out of town '"For I'm getting married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Feather and tar me Call out the Army '"But get me to the church '"Get me to the church '"For God's sake Get me to the church... '"...on time '"He's gettin' married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Come on, pull out the stopper Let's have a whopper '"But get me to the church on time '"He's got to be there in the mornin' '"Spruced up and lookin' in his prime '"Girls, come and kiss me Show how you'll miss me '"But get me to the church on time '"lf I am dancin' Roll up the floor '"lf I am whistlin' Me out the door '"Drug me or jail me Stamp me and mail me '"But get me to the church '"Get him to the church '"For God's sake Get me to the church on time '"Girls come and kiss him Show how they miss him '"But get him to the church on time '"Kick up a rumpus But don't lose the compass '"And get him to the church on time '"lf I am flyin' Then shoot me down '"lf I am wooin' Get her out of town '"He's gettin' married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Some bloke who's able Lift up the table '"But get me to the church on time '"Starlight is reelin' Home to bed now '"Mornin' is smearin' up the sky '"London is wakin' '"Daylight is breakin' '"Good luck, old chum '"Good health '"Goodbye '"l'm gettin' married in the mornin' '"Ding dong, the bells are gonna chime '"Hail and salute me Then haul off and boot me '"But get him to the church Get him to the church '"For God's sake Get him to the church... '"...on time'" Didn't she say where to send her clothes? I told you, sir, she took them all with her. Here's a confounded thing. Eliza's bolted. Last night Mrs. Pearce let her go without telling me about it! What'll I do? I got tea this morning instead of coffee. I don't know where anything is, what my appointments are. -Eliza'd know. -Damn it, she's gone! Did either of you frighten her last night? We hardly said a word to her. You were there. Did you bully her after I went to bed? She threw the slippers at me. I never gave her the slightest provocation. The slippers came at my head before I uttered a word. She used the most disgraceful language. I was shocked! I don't understand. We always gave her every consideration. She admitted it. I'm dashed! Pickering, for God's sake, stop being dashed and do something! Phone the police. What are they there for? You can't give Eliza's name to the police... ...as if she were a thief or a lost umbrella. But why not? I want to find the girl. She belongs to me. I paid five pounds for her. Quite right. Hello. Scotland Yard, please? Get me some coffee, would you please? Scotland Yard? This is Colonel Pickering speaking. A Wimpole Street. I want to report a missing person. Miss Eliza Doolittle. About . I should say about foot . Her eyes? Let me think now. Her eyes.... -Brown. -Brown. Her hair? Good Lord. Sort of a nondescript neutral sort of-- Brown, brown, brown! You heard what he said? Brown, brown, brown, yes. No. This is her residence. A-- Yes, about between : and : this morning, I understand. No.... She's no relation, no. Well, let's call her a good friend, shall we? I beg your pardon? Listen to me, I don't like the tenor of that question. What the girl does here is our affair. Your affair is to get her back so she can continue doing it. Well, I'm dashed! '"What in heaven could have prompted her to go? '"After such a triumph at the ball '"What could have depressed her? '"What could have possessed her? I cannot understand the wretch at all'" Higgins, I have an old school chum at the Home Office. Perhaps he could help. Think I'll give him a ring. Whitehall: please. '"Women are irrational That's all there is to that '"Their heads are full of Cotton, hay and rags '"They're nothing but exasperating lrritating, vacillating, calculating '"Agitating, maddening And infuriating hags'" I want to speak to Mr. Brewster Budgin, please. Yes, I'll wait. Pickering, why can't a woman be more like a man? I beg your pardon? Yes, why can't a woman be more like a man? '"Men are so honest, so thoroughly square '"Eternally noble, historically fair '"Who, when you win Will always give your back a pat? '"Why can't a woman be like that? '"Why does every one do What the others do? '"Can't a woman learn to use her head? '"Why do they do everything Their mothers do? '"Why don't they grow up Well, like their father instead? '"Why can't a woman take after a man? '"Men are so pleasant, so easy to please '"Whenever you're with them You're always at ease '"Would you be slighted lf I didn't speak for hours? '"Would you be livid lf I had a drink or two? '"Would you be wounded lf I never sent you flowers? '"Well, why can't a woman be like you? '"One man in a million may shout a bit '"Now and then There's one with slight defects '"One perhaps whose truthfulness You doubt a bit '"But by and large We are a marvelous sex '"Why can't a woman take after a man? '"Cause men are so friendly Good-natured and kind '"A better companion You never will find '"lf I were hours late for dinner Would you bellow? '"lf I forgot your silly birthday Would you fuss? '"Would you complain lf I took out another fellow? '"Well, why can't a woman be like us?'" Is Mr. Brewster Budgin there? Bruzzie, you'll never guess who this is. You're quite right, it is. Good heavens. By George, what a memory. How are you, Bruzzie? Nice to hear your voice. What? You don't say. Has it really been years, Bruzzie? Right. Yes, oceans of water. Listen, Bruzzie, I'll tell you why I rang up. Something rather unpleasant has happened. Could I come and see you? I could, yes. Now, straight away? Right. Good. Thank you. Goodbye, Bruzzie. Thank you very much. Mrs. Pearce, I'm going along to the Home Office. I do hope you find her, Colonel Pickering. Mr. Higgins will miss her. Mr. Higgins will miss her, eh? Blast Mr. Higgins, I'll miss her! -Mrs. Pearce? -Yes, sir. Where's the Colonel? He's gone to the Home Office, sir. There you are. I'm disturbed and he runs for help. Now there's a good fellow. Mrs. Pearce, you're a woman. '"Why can't a woman be more like a man? '"Men are so decent Such regular chaps '"Ready to help you Through any mishaps '"Ready to buck you up Whenever you are glum '"Why can't a woman be a chum? '"Why is thinking Something women never do? '"And why is logic never even tried? '"Straightening up their hair ls all they ever do '"Why don't they straighten up The mess that's inside? '"Why can't a woman behave like a man? '"lf I was a woman Who'd been to a ball '"Been hailed as a princess By one and by all '"Would I start weeping Like a bathtub overflowing? '"Or carry on as if my home were in a tree? '"Would I run off And never tell me where I'm going? '"Why can't a woman be like me?'" You mean that after you'd done this wonderful thing for them... ...without making a mistake... ...they just sat there and never said a word? Never petted you, or admired you, or told you how splendid you'd been? Not a word. They just congratulated each other on how marvelous they'd been. The next moment, how glad they were it was all over... ...and what a bore it had all been. This is appalling. I should not have thrown my slippers at him. I should have thrown the fire irons. Who's that? Henry. I knew it wouldn't be too long. Now, remember... ...you not only danced with a prince last night, you behaved like a princess. Mother, the most confounded thing.... Do you-- You! Good afternoon, Professor Higgins. Are you quite well? Of course you are. You are never ill. Would you care for some tea? Don't you dare try that game on me. I taught it to you. Get up, come home and stop being a fool. You've caused me enough trouble. Very nicely put indeed, Henry. No woman could resist such an invitation. How did this baggage get here? Eliza came to see me this morning and I was delighted to have her. If you don't promise to behave yourself I'll ask you to leave. I'm to put on my Sunday manners for this... ...thing that I created out of the squashed cabbage leaves of Covent Garden? That's precisely what I mean. I'll see her damned first. However did you learn good manners with my son around? It was very difficult. I should never have known how ladies and gentlemen behave... ...if it hadn't been for Colonel Pickering. He showed me that he felt and thought about me... ...as if I were something better than a common flower girl. You see, Mrs. Higgins, apart from the things one can pick up... ...the difference between a lady and a flower girl isn't how she behaves... ...but how she is treated. I'll always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins... ...because he always treats me as a flower girl and always will. I'll always be a lady to Colonel Pickering... ...because he always treats me as a lady and always will. Henry, don't grind your teeth. The bishop is here. Shall I show him into the garden? The bishop and the professor? Good heavens, no! I should be excommunicated. I'll see him in the library. Eliza, if my son starts breaking up things... ...l give you full permission to have him evicted. Henry, I suggest you stick to two subjects: the weather and your health. You've had a bit of your own back, as you say. Have you had enough and will you be reasonable or do you want any more? You want me back to pick up your slippers... ...and put up with your tempers and fetch and carry for you. I didn't say I wanted you back at all. Then what are we talking about? Well, about you, not about me. If you come back you'll be treated as you always have. I can't change my nature or my manners. My manners are exactly the same as Colonel Pickering's. That's not true. He treats a flower girl as if she were a duchess. I treat a duchess as if she was a flower girl. I see. The same to everybody. The great secret is not a question of good manners... ...or bad manners or any particular sort of manner... ...but having the same manner for all human souls. The question is not whether I treat you rudely... ...but whether you've ever heard me treat anyone else better. I don't care how you treat me. I don't mind your swearing at me. I shouldn't mind a black eye. I've had one before this. But I won't be passed over! Get out of my way, for I won't stop for you. You talk about me as though I was a motorbus. So you are a motorbus. All bounce and go and no consideration for anybody. But I can get along without you. Don't you think I can't! I know you can. I told you, you could. You've never wondered, I suppose, whether... ...whether I could get along without you? Don't you try to get around me. You'll have to. So I can, without you or any soul on earth. I shall miss you, Eliza. I've learned something from your idiotic notions. I confess that humbly and gratefully. Well, you have my voice on your gramophone. When you feel lonely without me you can turn it on. It has no feelings to hurt. Well, I can't turn your soul on. You are a devil! You can twist the heart in a girl just as easily... ...as some can twist her arms to hurt her. What am I to come back for? For the fun of it. That's why I took you on. You may throw me out tomorrow if I don't do everything you want. Yes. And you may walk out tomorrow if I don't do everything you want. And live with my father? Yes, or sell flowers. Would you rather marry Pickering? I wouldn't marry you if you asked me and you're nearer my age then what he is. -Than he is. -I'll talk as I like, you're not my teacher. That's not what I want and don't you think it is. I've always had chaps enough wanting me that way. Freddy Hill writes me twice and three times a day. Sheets and sheets. In short, you want me to be as infatuated about you as he is, is that it? No, I don't. That's not the sort of feeling I want from you. I want a little kindness. I know I'm a common, ignorant girl, and you're a book-learned gentleman... ...but I'm not dirt under your feet. What I done...what I did was not for the taxis and the dresses... ...but because we were pleasant together and I come to...came... ...to care for you. Not to want you to make love to me... ...and not forgetting the difference between us, but... ...more friendly like. Well, of course. That's how I feel. And how Pickering feels. Eliza, you're a fool! That's not the proper answer. It's the only answer till you stop being an idiot. To be a lady, you must stop feeling neglected... ...if men don't spend half their time sniveling over you... ...and the other half giving you black eyes. You find me cold, unfeeling, selfish, don't you? Off with you to the sort of people you like. Marry a sentimental hog with lots of money... ...and thick lips to kiss you, and thick boots to kick you. If you can't appreciate what you have, then get what you can appreciate. I can't talk to you. You always turn everything against me. I'm always in the wrong. Don't be too sure you have me under your feet... ...to be trampled on and talked down. I'll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I'm able to support him. The poor devil who couldn't get a job as an errand boy... ...even if he had the guts to try? Don't you understand? I have made you a consort for a king! Freddy loves me. That makes him king enough for me. I don't want him to work. He wasn't brought up to do it as I was. I'll go and be a teacher. What'll you teach, in heaven's name? What you taught me. I'll teach phonetics. I'll offer myself as an assistant to that brilliant Hungarian. What, that imposter? That humbug? That toadying ignoramus? Teach him my methods, my discoveries? You take one step in that direction, I'll wring your neck! Wring away! What do I care? I knew you'd strike me one day. That's done you, 'Enry 'lggins, it 'as. Now, I don't care for your bullyin' an' your big talk. '"What a fool I was '"What a dominated fool '"To think you were the earth and sky '"What a fool I was '"What an addle-pated fool '"What a mutton-headed dolt was I '"No, my reverberating friend '"You are not the beginning and the end'" You impudent hussy! There's not an idea in your head or a word in your mouth that I haven't put there. '"There'll be spring every year without you '"England still will be here without you '"There'll be fruit on the tree And a shore by the sea '"There'll be crumpets and tea without you '"Art and music will thrive without you '"Somehow Keats will survive without you '"And there still will be rain On that plain down in Spain '"Even that will remain without you '"l can do... '"...without you '"You, dear friend '"Who talk so well '"You can go to '"Hartford, Hereford and Hampshire '"They can still rule the land without you '"Windsor Castle will stand without you '"And without much ado We can all muddle through '"Without you! '" You brazen hussy! '"Without your pulling it the tide comes in '"Without your twirling it the earth can spin '"Without your pushing them the clouds roll by '"lf they can do without you, Ducky, So can I '"l shall not feel alone without you '"l can stand on my own without you '"So go back in your shell I can do bloody well--'" '"By George, I really did it I did it, I did it '"l said I'd make a woman and indeed I did '"l knew that I could do it I knew it, I knew it '"l said I'd make a woman and succeed I did'" Eliza, you're magnificent. Five minutes ago you were a millstone around my neck... ...and now you're a tower of strength. A consort battleship. I like you this way. Goodbye, Professor Higgins. You shall not be seeing me again. Mother! What is it, Henry? What's happened? She's gone. Well, of course, dear. What did you expect? What am I to do? Do without, I suppose. And so I shall. If the Higgins' oxygen burns up her little lungs... ...let her seek some stuffiness that suits her. She's an owl sickened by a few days of my sunshine. Let her go. I can do without her. I can do without anyone. I have my own soul! My own spark of divine fire! Bravo, Eliza. '"Damn, damn, damn, damn '"l've grown accustomed to her face '"She almost makes the day begin '"l've grown accustomed to the tune That she whistles night and noon '"Her smiles, her frowns Her ups, her downs '"Are second nature to me now '"Like breathing out and breathing in '"l was serenely independent and content Before we met '"Surely I could always be that way again '"And yet I've grown Accustomed to her looks '"Accustomed to her voice '"Accustomed to her face'" Marry Freddy. What an infantile idea. What a heartless, wicked, brainless thing to do. But she'll regret it. She'll regret it. It's doomed before they even take the vow! '"l can see her now Mrs. Freddy Eynsford-Hill '"ln a wretched little flat above a store '"l can see her now, not a penny in the till '"And a bill collector beating at the door '"She'll try to teach the things I taught her '"And end up selling flowers instead '"Begging for her bread and water '"While her husband has his breakfast in bed '"ln a year or so when she's prematurely gray '"And the blossom in her cheek has turned to chalk '"She'll come home and lo he'll have upped and run away '"With a social-climbing heiress from New York '"Poor Eliza '"How simply frightful '"How humiliating '"How delightful '"How poignant it will be On that inevitable night '"When she hammers on my door ln tears and rags '"Miserable and lonely Repentant and contrite '"Will I take her in Or hurl her to the wolves? '"Give her kindness Or the treatment she deserves? '"Will I take her back Or throw the baggage out? '"Well, I'm a most forgiving man '"The sort who never could, ever would '"Take a position and staunchly never budge '"A most forgiving man '"But I shall never take her back '"lf she were crawling on her knees '"Let her promise to atone Let her shiver, let her moan '"l'll slam the door And let the hellcat freeze'" Marry Freddy. '"But I'm so used to hear her say '"'Good morning' every day '"Her joys, her woes '"Her highs, her lows '"Are second nature to me now '"Like breathing out and breathing in '"l'm very grateful she's a woman And so easy to forget '"Rather like a habit one can always break '"And yet I've grown Accustomed to the trace '"Of something in the air '"Accustomed to her face'" Oh, we are proud. He ain't above givin' lessons, not 'im. I 'eard 'im say so. I ain't come here to ask for any compliment... ...and if my money's not good enough, I can go elsewhere. Good enough for what? Good enough for you. Now you know, don't ya? I'm come to 'ave lessons. And to pay for 'em, too... ...make no mistake. What do you want, my girl? I want to be a lady in a flow'r shop, 'stead o' sellin'... ...at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. But they won't take me unless I can talk more genteel. He said he could teach me. Well, 'ere I am ready to pay. Not askin' any favor, and he treats me as if I was dirt. I know what lessons cost as well as you do and I'm ready to pay. I won't give more than a shillin'. Take it or leave it. It's almost irresistible. She's so deliciously low. So horribly dirty. I'll take it. I'll make a duchess of this draggle-tailed guttersnipe. I washed my face and 'ands before I come, I did. Where the devil are my slippers? Special help by SergeiK

i don't know

Who directed The Cable Guy?

The Cable Guy (1996) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A lonely and disturbed cable guy raised on television just wants a new friend, but his target, a designer, rejects him, with bad consequences. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 41 titles created 18 Jun 2011 a list of 22 titles created 06 Nov 2011 a list of 24 images created 02 Mar 2013 a list of 35 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 24 titles created 04 Feb 2015 Title: The Cable Guy (1996) 6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards  » Videos A nice-guy cop with dissociative identity disorder must protect a woman on the run from a corrupt ex-boyfriend and his associates. Directors: Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly Stars: Jim Carrey, Renée Zellweger, Anthony Anderson A fast-track lawyer can't lie for 24 hours due to his son's birthday wish after he turns his son down for the last time. Director: Tom Shadyac Ace Ventura, Pet Detective, returns from a spiritual quest to investigate the disappearance of a rare white bat, the sacred animal of a tribe in Africa. Director: Steve Oedekerk A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team. Director: Tom Shadyac When an affluent couple lose all their money following a series of blunders, they turn to a life of crime to make ends meet. Director: Dean Parisot Bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss is transformed into a manic superhero when he wears a mysterious mask. Director: Chuck Russell The cross-country adventures of two good-hearted but incredibly stupid friends. Directors: Peter Farrelly, Bobby Farrelly Stars: Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Lauren Holly A guy who complains about God too often is given almighty powers to teach him how difficult it is to run the world. Director: Tom Shadyac A guy challenges himself to say "yes" to everything for an entire year. Director: Peyton Reed Male nurse Greg Focker meets his girlfriend's parents before proposing, but her suspicious father is every date's worst nightmare. Director: Jay Roach All hell breaks loose when the Byrnes family meets the Focker family for the first time. Director: Jay Roach The life and career of a legendary comedian, Andy Kaufman . Director: Milos Forman Edit Storyline Steven Kovak has been kicked out of his apartment by his girlfriend. Steven has a new apartment, and decides to slip the cable guy (Chip) $50 for free cable. Steven then fakes an interest in Chip's line of work. However Chip takes this to heart trying to become Steven's best bud. When Steven no longer wants to be Chips friend the man who can do it all goes on an all out assault to ruin Steven's life. In the backdrop is the delicate sub-plot of the trial of a former kid star for murdering his brother. Written by Wayne Jamieson <[email protected]> There's No Such Thing as Free Cable See more  » Genres: Rated PG-13 for dark thematic elements and crude humor | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 14 June 1996 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $19,806,226 (USA) (14 June 1996) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Chris Farley was originally up for the part of Chip Doulas. Farley had a two picture deal with Paramount. After Tommy Boy (1995), he was obligated to make another movie and was offered this role for $3 million which was a huge amount for him. He also had the chance to make another movie with David Spade , for nowhere near the amount he was going to get for this film. They both decided they may have a chance to make another Tommy Boy (1995). Chris turned down the film and Jim Carrey got it for $20 million. See more » Goofs At the karaoke party, Chip sings "Somebody to Love" by Jefferson Airplane , which he says was featured in Gimme Shelter , the documentary about The Rolling Stones concert at Altamont. Jefferson Airplane plays "The Other Side of This Life" in the movie, not "Somebody to Love." See more » Quotes The Cable Guy : Women are a labyrinth, my friend. Can I be frank? I don't think you listen to her. I think you tell her what she wants to hear. She wants you to thirst for knowledge about who she is, all the complicated splendor that is women. When your love is truly giving, it will come back to you ten fold. Steven Kovacs : You're right. That's incredibly insightful. The Cable Guy : I know. It was Jerry Springer's final thought on Friday's show. See more » Crazy Credits The Columbia logo at the beginning of the movie segues into static from Steven's cable TV. See more » Connections Performed by Lesley Rankine (as Ruby) Courtesy of Creation Records/The WORK Group/The Licensed Repertoire Division of Sony Music User Reviews   Daring tragi-comedy which satirises the effect of TV on the modern world. Carrey's song in the famous karaoke scene is NOT TO BE MISSED! (Australia) – See all my reviews Matthew Broderick asked his girl to marry him and she asked him to move out. The eccentric guy who shows up to install cable in his new pad arrives just at the right time to become his friend. Only The Cable Guy (Jim Carrey) wants to be a little closer than Broderick is comfortable with... The Cable Guy is a brave and daring tragi-comedy, a rare sort of movie where you're laughing one minute and scared the next. I'm not sure if we'll ever get another chance to see Jim Carrey go this far out on a limb: director Ben Stiller has seemingly given him total carte blanche, resulting in a seemingly completely over-the-top characterisation, yet not so over the top that we can't get involved in the plot and take what his character does as really happening. Notice the way that the cable guy often mimics moments from his favourite movies and works them into his controlling of the plot of this movie - or how he starts humming movie-music along to certain scenes, while the actual music of the movie mirrors the music the cable guy is creating. This will clue you into the other subtle elements which add towards this movie's satire of the effect TV has had on the modern psyche. Its worth the price of rental alone to see Carrey's rendition of "Don't You Want Somebody to Love" in the famous karaoke scene. After repeated viewings since its initial release, its one of the most memorable Carrey comedies, and one of the most memorable flicks of the 90's. 4/5. 47 of 62 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

Ben Stiller

What type of drug is Sherman Klump trying to perfect in The Nutty Professor?

Ben Stiller Ben Stiller Nationality: United States Executive summary: There's Something About Mary Ben Stiller is the son of Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara , a bickering comedy team famous from the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. In addition to their work as a duo, his father was also a regular on Seinfeld and King of Queens; and his mother was on All My Children and Archie Bunker's Place for years. Family friends included Francis Ford Coppola , Rodney Dangerfield , and Peter Max . Andy Kaufman once came over for Thanksgiving dinner, but wouldn't eat the turkey (he had peanut butter and jelly sandwiches instead). When Stiller was 10, he had a small role on his mother's CBS lawyer drama, Kate McShane, and when his parents played Vegas, they stayed in the same hotel as Gladys Knight -- and young Stiller played in the pool with the Pips. He was largely raised by the family's Jamaican housekeeper, Hazel, and her seven kids were almost like siblings to Stiller and his sister Amy. At school, though, he was teased and bullied by other kids, and he's said he was a total misfit throughout his adolescence. As an adult, Stiller started in show business as a serious actor, appearing on stage in The House of Blue Leaves, but behind the scenes, Stiller was making parody short films. The films got him into the cast of Saturday Night Live in 1989, but it was frustrating for Stiller, as his short films rarely made it on the air. After leaving SNL, Stiller had two Ben Stiller Shows. The first was a weekly MTV show in 1990, a behind-the-scenes parody of a comedy show � la The Larry Sanders Show. It had a very short run, but is not to be confused with the next Ben Stiller Show, a sketch show on Fox in 1992, that also had a very short run. The cast of the latter show included Andy Dick , Janeane Garofalo , and Bob Odenkirk , but the ratings were dismal, and Fox cancelled it without even airing its 13th and final episode. The show subsequently won an Emmy for best writing, beating SNL and In Living Color. Early reviews sometimes dismissed Stiller as "a well-connected Hollywood brat", but his directing and co-starring in Reality Bites reversed that. He has also directed The Cable Guy and Zoolander, and starred in There's Something About Mary, Mystery Men, Meet the Parents, and Dodgeball. Stiller co-wrote Feel This Book with Garofalo. It's a parody of self-help books, with insights such as, "Being popular and well-liked is not in your best interest, taking into account the public's regrettable lack of taste; it is incumbent upon you not to fit in." Stiller says he has "bi-polar manic depression", and it runs in his family. He's said he dropped acid in high school, and immediately phoned his parents to let them know. But in interviews, he usually has nothing to say about his private life. "You separate your own experience from what people think or write about," he says. "Because even if somebody writes about something that happened in your life, 95 percent of the time they get it wrong. I'm not leading a life people should care about. It's not like I've made a sex tape or anything. Not that I think anybody would want to watch a Ben Stiller sex tape." Father: Jerry Stiller (actor, b. 8-Jun-1927) Mother: Anne Meara (actress, b. 20-Sep-1929, d. 23-May-2015)

i don't know

Which First Lady had to give evidence over the Whitewater scandal?

Washingtonpost.com: Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater Controversy: A Close-Up Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater Controversy: A Close-Up By David Maraniss and Susan Schmidt Washington Post Staff Writers Sunday, June 2, 1996; Page A01 The First Lady and Whitewater: Who's Who JAMES B. McDOUGAL Friend of Bill Clinton and gubernatorial aide during Clinton's first term, he was a partner with the Clintons in the Whitewater real estate venture and owned the failed Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan. He was convicted last week on federal fraud and conspiracy charges. SUSAN McDOUGAL James McDougal's former wife and partner in the Whitewater real estate venture. She was also convicted last week in the Whitewater-related fraud trial. RICHARD MASSEY Young associate at the Rose Law Firm when Madison Guaranty became a client in 1985. Hillary Rodham Clinton has said Massey played a key role in bringing in Madison as a Rose client, but he does not remember the events in the same way. RONALD CLARK Current managing partner of the Rose Law Firm. While Hillary Clinton has said Massey asked for her help in getting McDougal to pay his outstanding legal bills in April 1985, Clark maintains that they were already paid by November 1984. GARY BUNCH Onetime president of Madison Bank & Trust, another McDougal-owned financial entity that owed money to the Rose Law Firm. BEVERLY BASSETT SCHAFFER A Gov. Bill Clinton appointee to the Arkansas Securities Commission, she took a telephone call from Hillary Clinton in April 1985, six days after McDougal put Rose Law Firm on retainer. SETH WARD Arkansas businessman hired by McDougal to assist in land acquisition for the Castle Grande project, and Webster Hubbell's father-in-law. Hillary Clinton worked with Ward on certain legal details of the project she knew as IDC. WEBSTER L. HUBBELL President Clinton's appointee as associate U.S. attorney general and former partner in the Rose firm, he pleaded guilty to defrauding the firm and its clients through false billings. JIM GUY TUCKER Arkansas governor convicted last week on mail fraud and conspiracy charges linked to the Castle Grande deal. He announced his intention to resign this summer. DAVID HALE Former Arkansas municipal judge and owner of a small business investment company, he pleaded guilty to defrauding the federal Small Business Administration and was the chief government witness in the trial of the McDougals and Gov. Tucker. SAM BRATTON An aide to Gov. Clinton who oversaw regulatory issues, he was alerted by Arkansas Securities Commissioner Schaffer that McDougal's S&L was in trouble with federal authorities. VINCENT FOSTER Former Rose Law Firm partner who went to the Clinton White House as deputy counsel. At Rose, Foster had been billing partner in work the firm did for Madison Bank & Trust. CAROLYN HUBER Former Rose Law Firm office manager who worked in the White House residence handling the Clintons' personal correspondence. She packed away Hillary Clinton's law firm records in a box of "knickknacks" and said she was unaware they were the long-sought Rose billing records. DAVID R. GERGEN As counselor to the president, Gergen advised the Clintons to share all Whitewater-related documents with The Washington Post in December 1993. In an interview in January, Hillary Clinton suggested that she and the president had done just that with the New York Times during the 1992 campaign, but five days later the White House issued a clarification saying she was mistaken. ALSTON JENNINGS Prominent Little Rock lawyer who represented businessman Seth Ward. He visited the White House residence and talked with Hillary Clinton and her lawyer David Kendall around the time the first lady's law firm billing records appeared on a table in the third-floor book room of the White House residence. DAVID KENDALL The first lady's personal lawyer on Whitewater issues announced discovery of the billing records and turned them over to the independent counsel. Kendall called the billing records episode "another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater." In the four years that Hillary Rodham Clinton has been News Analysis questioned about her role in the related events known as Whitewater, her public posture has changed very little. She has asserted that she has done nothing wrong and that "at the end of the day, the American people will know that we have nothing to cover up." There is no connection, she has said, between anything she did and the criminal cases being pursued by the Whitewater independent counsel, including the trial that ended last week with the fraud convictions of the couple who brought the Clintons into the original Whitewater land deal and the man who succeeded Bill Clinton as governor of Arkansas. Her partisan critics, the first lady has said, are so intoxicated by what they believe is the scent of scandal that they ignore exculpatory evidence and are impossible to satisfy; as soon as one accusation dissolves, they grasp for another line of inquiry that might embarrass her and President Clinton. Whatever mistakes she might have made, she says, were the result of naivete. If she appeared secretive or defensive, she says, it was because she overestimated the "zone of privacy" that is allowed public figures. And exacerbating her troubles, she has concluded, has been a Washington culture that "thrives on rumor, gossip and innuendo." In a television interview with Barbara Walters in January, the first lady recited a favorite children's verse to explain her predicament: As I was standing in the street as quiet as could be, A great big ugly man came up and tied his horse to me. The image is of a mere bystander, a good person victimized. But an examination of Hillary Clinton's public statements suggests someone less passive in her behavior, less consistent in her answers, and less committed to full disclosure than the figure in her own self-portrait. Some of her responses have been thrown into doubt by newly released documents or the testimony of other Whitewater figures. Her wording seems alternately terse and lawyerly, providing the narrowest possible answers, and unabashedly political, ornamented with asides and anecdotes. What is less clear from the documented record is why Hillary Clinton has responded the way she has. Has she been rattled – less calculating and more confused? Is she hiding something? If so, is it a potential legal problem of her own or her husband's? Or is it simply an embarrassment? Or is the whole thing, as her lawyer said in a somewhat different context, another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater? When considered in isolation, many of the questions to which Hillary Clinton has had to respond – especially those involving small-time transactions in provincial Arkansas more than a decade ago – might appear minor. Many people, perhaps most people, forget events that occurred long ago and say things occasionally that are later contradicted by records or the memories of others. But when the questions and answers involving her are viewed in their totality, they appear more significant. One minor issue sets the context for the next and, stitch by stitch, a pattern emerges. That larger pattern has drawn the scrutiny of independent counsel Kenneth W. Starr, whose investigators are engaged, among other things, in a task unprecedented in modern times: determining whether the president's wife committed perjury, made false statements or obstructed justice. Hillary Clinton's role in Whitewater has been a source of constant debate and helped make her one of the most controversial first ladies in American history. Her business and legal dealings, of Byzantine complexity in the first place, have become even harder to assess because of the intense politics of the situation: Every statement and event is seen through the partisan filters of Washington. This article is an attempt to analyze her responses to Whitewater inquiries. It is not a complete study of her involvement in the events that have come to be known as Whitewater, but focuses on one aspect: her legal representation of James B. McDougal and Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan. Based on an examination of the relevant public documents, it lays out at length the details necessary to try to evaluate the different statements she has made. It also addresses questions about her possible motivations. The first lady declined to be interviewed for this report. White House lawyers Jane Sherburne and Mark Fabiani were interviewed and provided documents that they felt supported Hillary Clinton's statements. THE LAWYER For all but two years between 1979 and 1992, Bill Clinton was the governor of Arkansas and Hillary Rodham Clinton was the state's first lady. She was also practicing law in Little Rock at the Rose Law Firm, the oldest in the state and one with deep and effective connections to the state's power elite. Shortly after joining the firm, Hillary Clinton was made a partner, but how much work she did was determined by her outside activities. She spent most of 1983 on leave heading an education reform task force for her husband, and devoted large chunks of 1984 campaigning for his reelection. It was just after that period, in early 1985, that she became a senior lawyer, called a billing partner, in Rose Law Firm's account with James McDougal and his Madison savings and loan. Since 1978, she and her husband had been partners with McDougal and his wife, Susan, in the Whitewater real estate venture. Why and how did Hillary Clinton take on McDougal and Madison as her client? It seems like a minor question, but in fact goes to the heart of how she conducted herself as a lawyer who happened to be the wife of the state's most powerful political figure. One issue is whether she sought out business that carried with it questions of conflict of interest. Another is whether McDougal, who was already carrying the bulk of the financial burden of the Whitewater land deal with the Clintons, tried to throw savings and loan work to Hillary Clinton at a time when his thrift was in danger of collapsing at taxpayer expense. In the first three years of the Whitewater controversy, between 1992 and 1995, when she was asked how she became the billing partner on the Madison account, Hillary Clinton said that it came about because Richard Massey, a young Rose Law Firm associate, asked her to help him out. That happened in 1985, at a time when Madison was in troubled financial condition and looking for ways to raise new capital. Massey, according to the first lady, had talked to John Latham, Madison's chief executive officer, about ways the firm could help the thrift, then went to her to talk about it. The first lady offered a detailed description of this episode at her nationally televised news conference in April 1994: "There was a very bright, young associate in our law firm who had a relationship with one of the officers at Madison, a young man whom he had known. They began talking. . . . Those two young men thought that it would be legal under Arkansas law for a savings and loan to issue preferred stock, but there was absolutely no law on that. And so they couldn't be sure. But they decided that what they wanted to do was to ask the person who regulated the savings and loans whether it was legal. . . . The young attorney in question [Massey] needed a partner to serve as his backstop, and that was one of the rules of our firm. He knew that I knew Jim McDougal. He also knew that Jim had been a client of our firm in the past. This was not a new representation. So he came to me and asked me if I would talk with Jim to see whether or not Jim would let the lawyer and the officer go forward on this project. I did that, and I arranged that the firm would be paid a $2,000 retainer. And that was ordinary and customary." The following year, in an interview with Resolution Trust Corp. (RTC) investigators, Hillary Clinton added new details to this account. She said Massey asked her to help him because McDougal owed the law firm money from a previous case and she was the person who could most effectively get him to pay the outstanding bills. As she put it: ". . . certain lawyers of the law firm were opposed to doing any work for Jim McDougal or any of his companies until he paid his bill and then only if Madison Guaranty agreed to prepay a certain sum to the firm once a month to cover fees and expenses. . . . I believe Massey approached me about presenting this proposal to Jim McDougal because he was aware that I knew him. I agreed to see McDougal. I visited him at his office on April 23, 1985, and told him that I understood Latham wanted Massey to do some work for Madison Guaranty, but that our firm would not let Massey proceed until the previous bill was paid and some kind of prepayment arrangement was worked out for new work the firm might do." Massey's Recollection Massey for the most part remembered the events differently when he was asked about them in an appearance before the Senate Whitewater committee on Jan. 11, 1996. He said that he did not believe he was responsible for signing up Madison as a client and that he could not recall having a conversation with Hillary Clinton in which he asked her to help him bring in the Madison work. In questioning by Michael Chertoff, the Republican counsel, Massey said he did not remember any discussion in which he said there was a problem with McDougal and his past debts to the law firm that could be resolved if Hillary Clinton became the billing partner. "That is not my recollection. I do not remember . . . a proposal in hand to her and discussing with her that there were partners in the firm that were dissatisfied with McDougal, and here's a proposal and let's work it out. I have no recollection of that," Massey testified. Later in his testimony, when he was questioned by the Democratic counsel, Richard Ben-Veniste, Massey said it was possible that he talked with Hillary Clinton about McDougal. He also characterized the recruitment of Madison as a team effort. One month after Massey's testimony, when Hillary Clinton was interviewed again by lawyers for the RTC, she modified her story. She said it was not Massey but Vincent Foster, another Rose partner, who went to her originally to discuss how they could sign up Madison despite McDougal's past billing troubles. Foster had been the billing partner in earlier work Rose had done for McDougal's first financial institution, Madison Bank & Trust. "I believe it was Vince Foster who came to me, who said that Mr. Massey wanted to do this work, but the partners didn't want him to do it," Hillary Clinton said in her sworn interview with the RTC. "We had a very high regard for Mr. Massey, who was quite an energetic and accomplished first-year associate, already teaching a securities course at the law school and attracting people who wanted his advice, like Mr. Latham. And I was asked, as someone who knew McDougal, if I could intervene and perhaps set up an opportunity for Mr. Massey to do this work." Foster committed suicide in 1993. Conflicting Versions On the question of whether Hillary Clinton was brought into the case because, as she said, she knew McDougal and could get him to pay back his old debts, the testimony conflicts somewhat, but much of it throws her version into doubt. Documents show that she had been involved in 1983 in helping the law firm recover overdue payments from McDougal. And in questioning by Ben-Veniste, the Democratic counsel, David Knight, who headed Rose's securities division, said that he had a brief conversation with senior partner C. Joseph Giroir before Rose resumed its relationship with Madison. Giroir, he said, mentioned to him that "there had been some sort of billing problem on work" previously done by the firm for McDougal. Several others involved recalled the overdue bills situation differently from the first lady. Ronald Clark, Rose Law Firm's chief operating officer, said in an interview that McDougal's outstanding legal bills – amounting to $5,000 – were paid off in November 1984, several months before Hillary Clinton said she became involved in the matter. Gary Bunch, president of Madison Bank & Trust, formerly known as the Bank of Kingston, the McDougal enterprise that had owed the money to Rose Law Firm, said Hillary Clinton was not involved in getting the bank to pay off the outstanding bill. He also said in an interview that he believed the bill was paid in the fall of 1984, not the spring of 1985, when the first lady became involved with Madison. The bank was "a little draggy" paying it, Bunch said, because the bank had lost a lawsuit in which Rose had represented it and then had lost the appeal. McDougal, whose animosity toward the first lady colors anything he says about her, also recently disputed her description of their conversation on overdue bills. In an interview with the Associated Press, he told a reporter: "For your story, say – 'When asked: Do you recall the conversation [about paying old bills] in Mrs. Clinton's answer?' – McDougal answered no." It was McDougal who first disputed Hillary Clinton's account of the genesis of her legal representation of him. In several press interviews over the past four years, he told the same story: that one day in August 1984 then-Arkansas Gov. Clinton jogged over to the Madison offices in Little Rock, plopped down in a leather chair and told McDougal that his wife needed some new clients because she was not bringing enough money into the firm. McDougal said he agreed that he would try to find legal work for Hillary Clinton. That satisfied the governor, who departed, leaving behind a sweat stain on the new chair. McDougal revised part of his story last month when he testified at his trial in Little Rock. Now he said that he – not Gov. Clinton – first broached the subject of Madison sending some work Hillary Clinton's way. But he left unchanged the rest of the scene. His suggestion, he said, came during a visit where Clinton mentioned that his wife needed to recruit more clients. During his videotaped testimony as a defense witness at McDougal's trial, President Clinton said he did not recall the meeting. When the prosecuting attorney asked him if that meant McDougal was lying, Clinton said no, it was possible for people to have different recollections. For his part, Latham offered testimony that presented yet another version, though it seemed to correspond most closely with McDougal's on one point. In an interview with the RTC's inspector general's office on July 12, 1995, he said the Madison work did not simply result from a discussion with Massey, his friend from their days at Central Arkansas University, about the issuance of preferred stock, as Hillary Clinton had said. According to the RTC report: "Latham said that at one time, date not recalled, James McDougal suggested that Madison Guaranty use Rose for some of the legal work at the institution. Latham said that, 'McDougal had friends over there, he suggested we use them.' Latham said when asked who the friends were that it was Hillary Rodham Clinton and others." In the end, then, many of the details in Hillary Clinton's version of how and why she took on the Madison account differ from the recollections of the others, though no one seems to remember the events precisely like anyone else. Perhaps the first lady in this case has the most accurate memory. Perhaps she shaped her answers to make it appear that she played a passive role and was only helping out others, when that was not the reality. If that is the case, what might have motivated her to tell that story? By the time she was asked questions about her legal relationship with McDougal, he was a notorious figure. He brought the Clintons into the Whitewater land deal, which raised the first questions about conflicts of interest and cozy relationships in Arkansas. His savings and loan had long since gone under, costing the government as much as $60 million, another symbol of the expensive savings and loan scandal that infuriated taxpayers across the nation. He had been indicted and acquitted for his various land deals, and would later be indicted again, and convicted. He had become an embarrassment to the first lady. According to her versions, her relationship with McDougal was indirect and almost incidental. MAKING THE CALL It is an undisputed fact that Hillary Clinton became the billing partner for Rose Law Firm in its representation of James McDougal and Madison Guaranty on April 23, 1985, the day she visited McDougal at his office and arranged for him to pay the firm the $2,000-a-month retainer. Rose billing records show she began charging hours to the account that day. But what did she do for Madison? Did she in any way take advantage of her position as a powerful lawyer and wife of the governor? That issue arises in questions about the first telephone call she made on behalf of McDougal to a state agency. Since the question first received national attention when it was raised in a New York Times article in March 1992, Hillary Clinton has disputed any accusations that she might have taken advantage of her status as the governor's wife in her dealings with the Arkansas Securities Commission, the state agency that oversees savings and loans. The Times article noted that the Clintons were partners with McDougal in a land deal and that Hillary Clinton represented him in some dealings before the state agency that was under her husband's patronage. Hillary Clinton responded that the work she did for Madison was "minimal," adding that her encounters with state regulators regarding the thrift's attempts to explore new ways of raising capital to stay afloat were utterly trivial. The record shows there was an exchange of routine letters between her law firm and the state agency and that she called state Securities Commissioner Beverly Bassett Schaffer (then known as Beverly Bassett) on April 29, 1985, six days after McDougal put the Rose firm on retainer. In interviews before her billing records were made public in January 1996, the first lady could not remember anything that was said during the telephone call. Even after the billing records were released, she said she could not remember who she talked to at the securities commission. The purpose of the call was perfunctory, she told lawyers for the RTC: "I was seeking public information as to who in the securities department would handle savings and loan inquiries." She offered a somewhat more detailed version in a Jan. 13, 1996, interview with Scott Simon of National Public Radio: "Well, my memory about that is that I called the office. I do not believe I ever talked with the commissioner. And the reason I called is that we didn't know – namely, Mr. Massey and the law firm – who in the securities office was to handle this kind of work, because it was something new for Arkansas. Other states had done it, and the idea was to find out whether it was legal under state law. And the securities commissioner under Arkansas law at that time had responsibility for supervising savings and loans. But I never knew who that person was, and so I called to find out." Later in the interview, she added: ". . . perhaps in retrospect I would never have even picked up the phone to call and say, 'Gee, who handles S&L matters in the securities commission?' I didn't think that was anything that was inappropriate, and then to tell Mr. Massey who he should call and who he should deal with." Massey's Testimony But in his testimony before the Senate Whitewater committee, Rose lawyer Richard Massey said that he already knew who to talk to in the state government. He said he knew it several days before Hillary Clinton made her call to Schaffer's office. Madison officials had briefed him already, he said, and given him a memo stating that he should deal with Charles Handley, the assistant to Schaffer in charge of such questions. The memo was based on discussions with associates at Madison Bank & Trust, the other McDougal-affiliated financial institution, which had been making a similar effort to move into new financial realms to build capital. Michael Chertoff, the committee's Republican counsel, questioned Massey further on the matter: Chertoff: And you didn't need Mrs. Clinton to call up Beverly Bassett, the commissioner of Arkansas securities, in order to get an address or the name of a person because you had prior, the bank had a prior course of dealing with Mr. Handley, correct? Massey: Sir, I don't have an explanation for the call on the 29th. I don't have a recollection of being involved in it and I can't help you. Chertoff: Did you ask Mrs. Clinton to call up the Arkansas securities department and say a letter's coming over? Massey: I don't think so. It would, you know, it would be more likely for a partner to ask an associate to perform a task. While Hillary Clinton said she could not remember whether she talked to the Arkansas securities commissioner or someone else in that office, Schaffer recalled the telephone conversation in some detail when she testified later before the Whitewater committee. She said Hillary Clinton asked in passing whom the law firm should work with in the department. But the essence of the call, as Schaffer remembered it, was more substantive: Hillary Clinton told her "that they had a proposal and what it was about." She added that the governor's wife's call had no influence on her eventual decision. Her assistant, Handley, wrote a memo detailing his opinion that the Madison proposal was too risky because of the thrift's precarious financial condition. Schaffer disagreed and overruled him, saying that federal officials were encouraging savings and loans to undertake plans like Madison's to improve their financial bases. Why would Hillary Clinton remember asking who Madison should talk to, but not remember that she asked that question of Schaffer? And why would she forget what Schaffer testified was the major point of the call: a discussion of the substance of the Madison proposal? It could be that she was trying to avoid any appearance that she was misusing her position as the governor's wife. The subject of the call to Schaffer arose during the 1992 presidential campaign, when the press was raising questions about conflicts of interest involving the Clintons. The Clinton team was beset by questions about the candidate's sex life and draft history. Was Hillary Clinton trying to avoid opening up another set of damaging questions? SIXTY HOURS From the time of the original Whitewater stories in 1992 until her Rose Law Firm billing records were discovered in the White House residence last January, little was known about what legal work Hillary Clinton did for Madison Guaranty beyond the question involving preferred stock and the state securities commission. She characterized her representation overall as "very limited" and essentially supervisory. Associates or other attorneys, she said, attended to the details. The billing records showed that she put in about 60 hours of work on the Madison account over a 15-month period. She billed Madison more than $6,000 at the firm's top rate of $120 an hour. The first lady and her lawyers calculated her time on Madison as averaging about an hour a week and said that proved her contention that it was minimal. On the other hand, an hour a week on a project might be minimal for a low-level associate, but not necessarily for a partner. And most of her work came in a concentrated period of those 15 months. What may be most significant about the billing records in any case was not the amount of time Hillary Clinton put into her Madison representation, but the nature of the work itself and when it took place. What was she actually doing during most of the hours she billed to the Madison account? According to the billing records, most of Hillary Clinton's hours on the Madison account involved not the securities issue but a development in the swampland south of Little Rock that James McDougal pursued during a period from the fall of 1985 to the summer of 1986. His associate in that effort was Seth Ward, a cantankerous, semiretired businessman, who worked as a consultant to McDougal and helped him purchase the property. Ward also was the father-in-law of Webster L. Hubbell, Hillary Clinton's partner and friend at the Rose Law Firm. The land enterprise was on a 1,050-acre tract where McDougal envisioned developing a microbrewery and a trailer park, among other things. It was commonly known as Castle Grande. Before the billing records were discovered, the first lady, when questioned by two separate federal agencies, said she was not involved in anything called Castle Grande. "I don't believe I knew anything about any of these real estate parcels and projects. . . . " she said in an RTC interrogatory in May 1995 when asked about several of McDougal's projects, including Castle Grande. When the billing records revealed that she charged Madison for about 30 hours of time on work involving Ward and issues related to the development in a four-month period between late 1985 and early 1986, she and her lawyers attributed it to a semantic confusion. She knew the development as IDC, they said, because that is how it was referred to in internal Rose records and by other Rose lawyers. IDC was the company that sold the property to Madison Financial, a development offshoot of Madison Guaranty. The only Castle Grande she knew was Castle Grande Estates, she said. Castle Grande Estates was one part of the larger proposed development, a trailer park, for which she did no work. "Castle Grande was a trailer park on a piece of property that was about a thousand acres big. I never did work for Castle Grande," she told Barbara Walters on ABC in a Jan. 12, 1996, interview. "And so when I was asked about it last year [in the May 1995 RTC interrogatory], I didn't recognize it, I didn't remember it. The billing records show I did not do work for Castle Grande. I did work for something called IDC, which was not related to Castle Grande." "Was that Seth Ward?" Walters asked. Hillary Clinton: "And Seth Ward was involved in that on behalf . . . " Barbara Walters: "Separate deal?" Hillary Clinton: "Separate deal completely. . . . " When RTC lawyers interviewed the first lady a month later in the White House, on Feb. 14, 1996, they asked her to explain her response to Walters: Q: Can you explain to me what you mean by IDC and Castle Grande are, in your mind, a separate deal completely? A: Well, my understanding is that the work for Madison concerned property that was referred to then at the time and continually by the Rose Firm as IDC or Industrial Development Corporation property. I know that work as IDC. That's how it was billed. And I did not know that there was something called Castle Grande, to the best of my recollection, until it came to my attention through these investigations, the entire thousand acres that we referred to as IDC was being called Castle Grande . . . "I was informed sometime within the last year or two that there was a trailer park on the IDC property called Castle Grande Estates. To the best of my recollection, that was the first I had ever heard of Castle Grande Estates." Another Name Yet there is evidence that the larger development was commonly referred to as Castle Grande. Minutes of a board meeting at which Madison officers discussed the purchase of the tract of land refer to it in its entirety as Castle Grande. H. Don Denton, a senior loan officer at Madison, said that within 30 days of the purchase, "it was known as Castle Grande by everyone that was involved in it." Castle Grande was part of the Arkansas lexicon during that era. McDougal's first fraud trial was a news event in Little Rock in 1990. It drew the interest of Bill Clinton, who at one point conferred with McDougal's lawyer about it. It likely would have attracted some measure of interest from Hillary Clinton, his former lawyer and partner in the Whitewater land deal. Articles in the Arkansas newspapers about that trial consistently referred to the entire property as Castle Grande. Government officials also called it Castle Grande. For example, a Federal Home Loan Bank Board document prepared in 1986 began its overview with this sentence: "The Castle Grande project involves approximately 1,100 acres of land located about ten miles south of Little Rock, Arkansas." To support their argument that IDC and Castle Grande were separate entities, and that Hillary Clinton was not alone in knowing the property only as IDC, White House lawyers pointed to the testimony, among others, of Davis Fitzhugh, an official of Madison Guaranty. Fitzhugh told the Senate committee that "to my mind, Castle Grande was a separate segment within the entire IDC purchase. . . . " When asked whether people at the savings and loan referred to the entire property as Castle Grande, he responded, "That, I don't know." The power of that testimony was diminished when Chertoff, the majority counsel, produced a check paid to Fitzhugh as his commission for a transaction on the property. On the check is the notation: "sale of building C, Castle Grande." It is possible that Hillary Clinton called it IDC, vaguely knew that others called it Castle Grande, but chose in her legalistic responses to differentiate between the two. But what would be her motivation? Why not say she knew what Castle Grande was if she did know? Castle Grande was a possible source of embarrassment for Hillary Clinton more serious than anything she did on the Madison securities issue, and perhaps more than anything else connected to the larger Whitewater affair. It has now been established that real fraud was committed here. Transactions related to Castle Grande were at the heart of McDougal's first trial in 1990, at which he was tried and acquitted on fraud charges. What bank examiners call the "sham transactions" at Castle Grande – intended to artificially boost the profits at McDougal's ailing thrift and allowing insiders to rake off huge commissions – were a major part of the federal criminal case that led to last week's convictions on fraud charges of the McDougals and Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker. In a sense, it was Castle Grande that is the connection between Hillary Clinton and the national savings and loan scandal that ultimately cost American taxpayers billions of dollars. Hillary Clinton has not been accused of wrongdoing in connection with Castle Grande and was not implicated in the trial. Her name was barely mentioned, coming up only when McDougal was asked about how the Rose Law Firm was retained. Lawyers often work legitimately on the edge of transactions that later prove to be questionable. But for the first lady of Arkansas, who would become the first lady of the United States, the expectations were different. She had been heralded as one of the top 100 lawyers in America by a legal magazine. She was known for her public interest work on behalf of children and education. For her to be associated in any way with a questionable real estate deal that contributed to the failure of an S&L would fly in the face of her public reputation. BREWERS AND SEWERS By whatever name, Castle Grande or IDC, what did Hillary Clinton actually do in the 30 hours of work the billing records show she did for Madison in connection with the property? Here, her answers have differed, becoming more or less precise depending on the venue. Among the issues that Rose Law Firm lawyers dealt with concerning the property was whether Madison could sell water and sewer service to nearby properties and whether it could build a microbrewery there with a tasting room. One unresolved issue was whether the original township in which the land was situated was dry, making it illegal for alcoholic beverages to be sold there. During an interview with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.'s inspector general's office at the White House on Nov. 10, 1994, the first lady, according to an official record of the interview, "was asked about the Castle Grande sewer project and indicated she was familiar with the name but had no other knowledge of the matter." Also during that interview she was asked about a Jan. 23, 1986, memo to her from another Rose attorney, Rick Donovan, "re Madison Guaranty and IDC" and the microbrewery project. The inspector general's report noted: "She recalled the issue pertained to researching township and the topic of wet/dry licensing approval for alcohol consumption. She stated this matter was handled by Rick Donovan." After the billing records came out in January, Hillary Clinton told RTC lawyers and others something that seemed to contradict her earlier statements. She said that most of the hours she charged to Madison during that 1985-86 period were in fact for work she did on the sewer project and the microbrewery. She explained her apparently conflicting statements about the sewer project by again citing semantic confusion. Her questioners at the FDIC had called it Castle Grande, a name with which she said she was unfamiliar. But how could she explain her answer concerning the microbrewery? In that case, the questioners used the precise term with which she claimed to be familiar: IDC. In characterizing her work for Madison as minimal, Hillary Clinton had often said that she did no "day-to-day" work in representing the thrift. Yet when RTC lawyers asked her why the billing records show she added 14.5 hours of billing time to the Madison account during a short period in January 1986, she said that it was because she did some detailed research on the microbrewery issue instead of delegating it to Donovan. "Well, if you go back and look at the time records," she said, "I have an entry showing that I was the first one to search for a map, that I made a call to the Election Commission. . . . In the midst of this period, there's a handwritten memo where I had a meeting about the dissolved township theory that would have allowed the sale of beer on the property]." All of this, she said, showed that her representation during that period "entailed my involvement in a much more direct way." Here Hillary Clinton seems to present two contradictions. She said, at first, that she did not know about the microbrewery and the sewers, then said she did. At first she said that she did not do day-to-day work for Madison, then later she said she was directly involved in mundane tasks like finding maps. The change in her version has not been explained. The 14.5 hours of work recorded in January 1986 were added to the billing records manually and, unlike the rest of her billings, came with no notation of what they were for. The legality of some other transactions related to Castle Grande was later called into question by federal investigators. In its final report on the Rose Law Firm, the RTC said the 14.5 hours on Hillary Clinton's time sheet "must apparently remain somewhat of a mystery, but there is no persuasive reason not to credit Mrs. Clinton's explanation." DEALING WITH SETH WARD In the middle of the action at Castle Grande was Seth Ward, the Little Rock businessman and in-law of Webster Hubbell who had been retained by James McDougal for $25,000 a year plus commissions to assist with the enterprise. Ward, the government has said, was used by McDougal to buy or sell parcels of Castle Grande property at grossly inflated rates. The sales allowed Ward and others to collect hefty commissions that were later questioned by regulators. Federal investigators later characterized him as McDougal's "straw" man. He was also involved in pushing the microbrewery and water and sewer ideas. What was Hillary Clinton's relationship with Ward? When the first lady was first asked to explain her relationship with Ward during her interview with the FDIC inspector general's office in November 1994, more than a year before the billing records were found, Hillary Clinton omitted saying in her answer that she had worked with him on IDC or Castle Grande. She knew Ward professionally: she had worked with him for years when he was on the Little Rock Airport Commission and she was the commission's attorney. But she did not say that. "Regarding Webster Hubbell and the Ward family, Mrs. Clinton said she knew Seth Ward as Mrs. Susie Hubbell's father," the report of her FDIC interview stated. The report added that Hillary Clinton said she knew vaguely about some of Ward's business and legal relationships with her colleague Hubbell, but she did not mention her own legal relationship with him and specifically denied knowing anything about Castle Grande. When the RTC issued its first report on its investigation of the Rose Law Firm on Dec. 28, 1995 – just a week before the billing records were revealed at the White House – it said that "little was known" about what the firm did for Madison after the IDC or Castle Grande property was purchased. After examining the billing records and interviewing Hillary Clinton again, the RTC said in a revised report: "The new evidence illuminates this period to a considerable extent, revealing that the firm in general and Mrs. Clinton in particular had far more contact with Ward than was previously known." In fact, the billing records disclosed that among the 60 hours of work that Hillary Clinton billed Madison were 14 meetings or telephone conversations she had with Ward in late 1985 and early 1986 concerning the IDC or Castle Grande property. Far from her earlier glancing description of Ward as "Susie Hubbell's father," the first lady described him in the later interview in unforgettable terms. She told the RTC investigators: "I would say he was a persistent, demanding client, someone who pushed very hard for lawyers to respond to him, to get his work done, and by this, I mean anything he was involved in, whether it was for Little Rock Airport or for Madison, someone who wasn't at all shy about showing up at your office unannounced and demanding that you give him the time he wanted right then, no matter what else you were involved in. So he was a client who really required attention whenever he showed up, and that was not infrequently." The billing records, the first lady said in the RTC interview, "certainly . . . [showed] there was a period of time when I had . . . intense contact with Mr. Ward on some matters." It was Ward, she now said, who was the person she dealt with in all of her IDC or Castle Grande activities. "He was the person I dealt with on the brewery issue. He was the person that we dealt with on the utility issue. He was Madison as far as I was concerned." In all her dealings with Ward during that period, Hillary Clinton said, she did not know that McDougal might have been using him to circumvent the law. As federal bank examiners later described it, Ward was used as a "straw" buyer to hold property in his own name for Madison because the thrift, as a regulated institution, faced restrictions on the amount of property it could own directly. She was unaware of this, Hillary Clinton said, because her work dealt with the sewer and microbrewery questions. Through all the investigations of these transactions, Ward has never been charged with any wrongdoing. The billing records showed her involvement extended beyond those issues. On May 1, 1986, she had a two-hour conference with Ward at which she drafted an option agreement for him to sell back to Madison a 22-acre parcel on the IDC or Castle Grande property. The option gave Ward the right to sell the land back to Madison for $400,000. The RTC later said the land was worth about one-eighth of that amount: $47,000. A Madison official later testified that the option, though never exercised, was designed so that Ward would receive a sales commission at a time the failing thrift was short of cash and could not pay him directly. When asked by the RTC about the May 1 option, Hillary Clinton said she had "no recollection of doing this," but acknowledged that records indicated she did. The RTC concluded in its final report on Rose that "Mrs. Clinton prepared this option in two hours and probably without much discussion as to its purpose." Looking at the Records The billing records also showed that she spent nearly an hour with Ward on Feb. 28, 1986. It was on that day when one of the biggest and most legally problematic deals transpired involving Castle Grande. In a complicated maneuver that day, Jim Guy Tucker, the future governor who was then practicing law, bought the sewer system from Ward for $1.2 million, fully financed by a Madison loan and $150,000 from David Hale of Capital Management Services Inc. At the same time, Hale netted $500,000 from a Madison loan, which he used to leverage $1.5 million from the Small Business Administration. Of that, he then loaned $300,000 to Susan McDougal. Everyone involved benefited from these loan swaps. That intricate transaction was an important part of the trial that ended last week in the convictions of Tucker and the McDougals. Hale testified that his loan to Susan McDougal came only after Bill Clinton asked him to make it during a meeting at McDougal's Castle Grande sales trailer. Clinton has denied the allegation, and repeated his denial under oath during videotaped testimony at the White House that was shown later at the trial. There is one other tangential connection between that trial and the Clintons. Some of the money from the loan swaps – $50,000 – ended up in the Whitewater Development account jointly held by the Clintons and McDougals. Documents do not show Rose lawyers involved in any of the transactions. The RTC concluded that McDougal and his business pals put the deals together on their own and that there was no larger conspiracy involving the law firm. When Hillary Clinton was asked what she was doing with Ward during their Feb. 28, 1986, meeting, she told RTC lawyers: "I do not recall what I did on that day." She said she did not know that the utility was sold that day. To the best of her recollection, she said, her discussion with Ward would have involved her research on the sewer issue. In its final report, the RTC said "there is no persuasive reason not to credit Mrs. Clinton's answer." Why was Hillary Clinton not more forthcoming about her work with Ward from the beginning? Whatever the reason, Ward was her strongest connection to Castle Grande, the enterprise that had the most potential to embarrass her. GETTING OUT Fifteen months after Hillary Clinton paid her first visit to James McDougal to secure Madison Guaranty's business with the $2,000-a-month retainer, she wrote – and had hand-delivered to McDougal – a letter declaring that the Rose Law Firm was dropping him as a client as of July 14, 1986. Her explanation of how and why this happened was that it was simply a business decision. The firm wanted to minimize its representation of banks and thrifts so that it could take on a new enterprise: representing the federal government in cases arising out of failed financial institutions. RTC lawyers concluded that this explanation was reasonable. Yet the Whitewater records show a series of events leading up to that letter that suggest another possible reason for the decision. Jim McDougal's savings and loan, Madison Guaranty, had been closely supervised by federal regulators since 1984, when it showed the first signs of failing. In March 1986, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board began an examination of Madison and its vast array of shaky investments, including the Castle Grande project. Three months later, on June 19, federal examiners wrote to Madison's board of directors notifying them that their thrift was violating its supervisory agreement by not complying with minimum net worth requirements; in other words, it was making deals without the financial resources to back them up. The federal regulators ordered the thrift to take a series of actions, including stopping all direct investments. The directors were also summoned to Dallas for a meeting at the FHLBB regional office. A copy of the letter was sent to Beverly Bassett Schaffer, the state securities commissioner. On July 2, she sent a copy of the federal letter to Sam Bratton, an aide to Gov. Clinton who oversaw regulatory issues. It read: "Sam – Madison Guaranty is in pretty serious trouble. Because of Bill's relationship w/ McDougal, we probably ought to talk about it. The meeting referred to in the attached letter has been moved up to July 11, 1986, and the FHLBB has asked me to be at the meeting. Please note that while all of the FHLBB restrictions in the letter are serious, # 5 and 6 effectively put Madison out of business. Thank you for your support. BB." Over at the Rose Law Firm eight days later, on July 10, Herb Rule, a partner, wrote a memo to all staff lawyers reporting that federal savings and loan regulators were about to require law firms that had been retained to recover losses from failing thrifts to stop representing any banks or savings and loans. On July 14, in the governor's office at the state capitol, Betsey Wright, Clinton's chief of staff, who had been informed of the note that Schaffer sent to Bratton, dispatched a memo to Clinton. It said: "Whitewater stock, McDougal's company, do you still have? Pursuant to Jim's current problems, if so I'm worried about it." Clinton sent the memo back to Wright with his handwritten response: "No, don't have any more. B." The reference was to the Whitewater partnership between the McDougals and the Clintons. Contrary to Clinton's answer, the Clintons were in fact still in the partnership. That is the same day Hillary Clinton sent the hand-delivered letter over to McDougal severing Rose's relationship with him and returning an unearned retainer check for $4,622.53. Did her swift action have anything to do with the possible public embarrassment she and her husband might suffer because of their financial and legal connections to McDougal, who according to federal examiners was running his thrift like a private piggy bank? Along with everything else, Clinton was in the middle of a nasty reelection campaign in which his primary opponent, former governor Orval Faubus, and his likely Republican opponent, Frank White (who had defeated him six years earlier), were both pounding him for possible conflicts of interest involving his wife's law firm's business with the state. Hillary Clinton told the RTC lawyers that she knew nothing about the FHLBB meeting in Dallas with the board of directors. She said she knew nothing about the restrictions placed on Madison. She said her husband did not talk to her about the letter from Schaffer to Bratton or the note from Wright to him. Q: As of July 14, 1986, had you learned from any source, including your husband, that the federal regulators were about to take action or contemplating action with respect to Madison Guaranty or McDougal? A: I do not recall learning that from any source. Q: Were you aware that an examination of Madison Financial was underway and had been underway for some months? A: I do not recall knowing that. It is possible that Hillary Clinton did not know about any of these connected events at the time. But given that she was her husband's closest political adviser, more astute financially than he was, more active in their Whitewater deal with McDougal, and one of Madison's lawyers, why would she not pick up on all the regulatory warnings sent to Clinton at the governor's office? It is possible that Clinton did not tell her because he paid no attention to the Whitewater investment, truly thought they were no longer involved in it, and saw no reason to tell his wife. If, on the other hand, she was informed of what was going on, why would she not acknowledge the regulatory warnings years later? Embarrassment is one answer – embarrassment for being associated with McDougal and for getting inside information through her connections with state officials, especially her husband. An addendum to this part of the story: In July 1988, two years after cutting off her legal representation of McDougal, Seth Ward and Madison, Hillary Clinton received an internal Rose memo stating that the firm was undertaking a thorough housecleaning and getting rid of old files that took up needed storage space. In response, she authorized the destruction of some of her Madison files, including one concerning the "Ward Option" on the parcel at Castle Grande. She said later that the tossing of those Madison papers was a meaningless act, just routine housecleaning. The RTC study of the Rose Law Firm said there did not seem to be any more to it than that, adding: "The worst that might be said is that Mrs. Clinton should have checked with her client before discarding files that belonged to it." Lawyers normally try to protect themselves by retaining records in disputed matters, especially matters involving potential litigation. If, as she has maintained, and as the RTC report concluded, her involvement in the May 1 option was minimal, then it is possible that she thought these files were harmless and unneeded. There is another context to consider, however. The files were destroyed at a time when federal regulators were poring through Madison's financial history in the preliminary stages of an investigation that led to McDougal's indictment on fraud charges. It was also a time when Ward, after a falling out with Madison over the payment of commissions, was taking his dispute to court in a civil suit. There was a chance that Hillary Clinton's work for Ward could have been revealed in that case. She said she did not know about the Ward lawsuit, which when it went to trial drew wide attention in Little Rock's legal community. THE BILLING RECORDS The first lady has said she never tried to hide her Rose Law Firm billing records and that they exonerated her once they were found after a mysterious two-year disappearance. Whitewater investigators in Congress and in the independent counsel's office regard the billing records differently. They have used them as a field map in exploring the ancient ground of Castle Grande. Did Hillary Clinton see the records back in 1992 when questions were first raised about her legal work? If she did, why did she not release them to the public then – before they were missing – or at least summarize them in discussions with the press? Has she truly been committed to full disclosure? What role did she play, if any, in their disappearance and rediscovery? During a Jan. 15, 1996, interview on Diane Rehm's talk show on WAMU-FM radio in Washington, the first lady was asked a typical question about the extent to which she had fully disclosed all pertinent information on Whitewater. Her answer revealed an apparent contradiction in her overall handling of inquiries into her past conduct. Rehm: In the last few days, it's been reported a number of times that early on in the administration, David Gergen, adviser to President Clinton, advised you both to go to The Washington Post, lay out all the documents and just put it all out on the table. Number one, did he advise you that? And number two, do you now think maybe that would have been a good idea? Hillary Clinton: Yes, David did, and I certainly understand why he gave us that advice and I have a very high regard for him. David was not with us in the '92 campaign. We actually did that with the New York Times. We took every document we had, which again I have to say were not many. We laid them all out, but the New York Times was getting many documents; they were getting many stories. They were getting, you know, accusations from other people. So when they would ask us a follow-up question, we'd have to say, we don't know anything about that, and then they would say, well, then, maybe you can't answer our question. The impression Hillary Clinton conveyed with that answer was that from the very beginning she was eager and willing to respond to questions and to provide every possibly relevant document to the press, but that she quickly came to realize it was an impossible task to satisfy her questioners, a frustration that she appears to have felt many outsiders, and even some close advisers such as Gergen, did not fully understand. That is why inside the White House she opposed Gergen's recommendation to put everything on the table for the press to examine. But her answer to Rehm was inaccurate. The Clintons had not, as she had claimed, taken "every document" they had and "laid them all out" when questions first arose about Whitewater. Five days after the Rehm interview, the White House issued a clarification which said the first lady "mistakenly suggested that the New York Times was provided access to all of the Whitewater-related documents in the possession of the 1992 campaign." According to the statement, Hillary Clinton "believed that the campaign had turned over all the documents in its possession" but had since learned that some records were withheld. Among the documents that could have been, but were not, made public in that initial 1992 press inquiry, or at least characterized, were the billing records detailing the amount of work Hillary Clinton had done for McDougal and Madison Guaranty. Those billing records were subpoenaed later by federal investigators and seemed to be missing until they happened to show up one day in 1995 in a reading room on the third floor of the White House residence. But they were not missing years earlier when the first questions about them were being asked. On Feb. 12, 1992, at a time when Bill Clinton was in New Hampshire, struggling to save his nascent campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, besieged by questions about his marital infidelity and avoidance of the draft, the billing records were printed out at the Rose Law Firm in Little Rock. Hillary Clinton's two closest associates at the firm, Webster Hubbell and Vincent Foster, were assigned to examine them to see what they revealed about her work. In testimony later before the Senate Whitewater committee, Hubbell said: "I recall in 1992 that the issue regarding our representation of Madison, and specifically our work before the Arkansas Securities Department, was of interest to Mr. [Jeff] Gerth of the New York Times, and that our firm was being questioned by people within the campaign about her work in that regard. We did some work, and tried to organize and pull up the files, and in connection with that bills were pulled and reviewed by myself and Mr. Foster." Among the markings on the billing records, Hubbell testified, was a red-pen notation made in Foster's handwriting that read "HRC – this suggests first matter." HRC are Hillary Rodham Clinton's commonly used initials. The notation was on a page where the bills showed she first called the Arkansas Securities Commission. Asked whether Foster's notation was meant for someone else, Hubbell testified: "I really don't know. I mean, I would hate to guess. It looks like it's directed to Mrs. Clinton, but I do not know; probably somebody in the campaign." Did Foster show Hillary Clinton the billing records during the 1992 campaign? David Kendall, the first lady's personal lawyer on Whitewater issues, said in January 1996: "She recalls discussing this legal work in the spring of 1992 with Mr. Foster and Mr. Hubbell as she sought accurately to answer press questions during the presidential campaign about the Madison Guaranty work. It is possible they showed her the billing records then, but she does not recall." If Hillary Clinton knew about the billing records then, she chose not to release them or refer to them in her 1992 responses. The Washington Post was also making repeated requests to the campaign during that period for any documents showing the extent of her legal work for McDougal and Madison. One year into the Clinton presidency, there was renewed interest in the billing records. This time it was from federal investigators. In December 1993, one month before the appointment of an independent counsel on Whitewater, Justice Department investigators sought the billing records. They were among the first documents subpoenaed in early 1994 by Robert B. Fiske Jr., the original special counsel. The Rose Law Firm could not provide them, nor could the White House. Rose officials said they were missing. For two years, Fiske and then his replacement, Kenneth Starr, tried to get them, as did the RTC and the Senate Whitewater committee. Where were they? Who had them? One day in late July or early August 1995, Carolyn Huber was in the reading room on the third floor of the White House residence, an area she often trolled for letters, newspapers and magazine clippings that needed to be filed. Huber was a longtime friend and trusted helper of the Clintons. She had been the office manager at the Rose Law Firm for 12 years. When the Clintons reached the White House, she came along to handle personal correspondence and other private matters for them. On that summer day, she found a sheaf of records lying on a table in the middle of the book room – 116 pages of records. She said later that these had the appearance of law firm records. But it did not connect that these might be the long-sought Rose billing records of Hillary Clinton. She has said that she put them in a box with some "knickknacks," took the box back to her office and stuck it under a table. What were the billing records doing up in the book room that summer day, folded and resting on a table? Were they being studied by someone who put them down for a moment? That was the primary question Starr wanted to ask the first lady when she appeared before the Whitewater federal grand jury in Washington last January. Her response to Starr's inquiry is secret, but she has said many times in public that she did not know where the records were during the two years they were missing and had no idea how they got to the reading room. The context again raises questions. During that first week of August last year, the RTC's inspector general issued a report revealing for the first time that Rose Law Firm did legal work for Madison on the Castle Grande enterprise and that Hillary Clinton apparently was one of 11 Rose lawyers who worked on the case. This report would likely have provoked curiosity among people involved in Rose and Castle Grande, including the first lady and Webster Hubbell. What could satisfy that curiosity more than the billing records? Was it simply coincidence that they appeared in the reading room right then? Hubbell was still in Washington, but on his way out. He had been tried and convicted on fraud charges related to his practice of double billing Rose Law Firm clients. One week later he would be heading off to prison. It was also during that period in early August, shortly after the RTC inspector general's report came out, that David Kendall, Hillary Clinton's lawyer, invited Little Rock lawyer Alston Jennings to visit her at the White House. Jennings was Seth Ward's lawyer, the one who represented him in his civil suit against Madison Guaranty after the falling out involving Castle Grande commissions. What did Jennings, the first lady and her lawyer talk about? When reports of the meeting surfaced months later, Jennings said Ward's name never came up in his conversation with Hillary Clinton, and that they discussed what Jennings might say to writers who were doing stories about the first lady's legal skills when she practiced in Little Rock. Kendall, in the words of White House associate counsel Mark Fabiani, "has not provided an explanation for the meeting." But the rediscovery of the billing records was not public knowledge that August. Huber packed them up and forgot about them, she said later, until Jan. 4, 1996, when she was moving things around in her East Wing office and came across the knickknack box and there they were. This time she realized their importance. She called her own attorney and Kendall, not Hillary Clinton. She was, according to Kendall and Jane Sherburne, a White House lawyer who was also present, shaken and distraught after finding the records. "Mrs. Huber said to me that she was really upset and she didn't know if she had done the right thing" by turning the records over to the lawyers, Sherburne later testified. When Sherburne asked her what she meant, Huber replied: "I didn't know what to do when I found those today and maybe I should have just thrown them out." Sherburne assured her that she "did the right thing." Kendall and Sherburne made copies of the billing records, announced to the press that they had been rediscovered, and turned them over to the independent counsel's office. Kendall said the question of how the records turned up in the White House book room was likely never to be answered. He called it "another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater." And the first lady, who had chosen not to release or summarize the billing records back in 1992 when they were readily available, now reacted as though she wished they could have been made public from the start. "I was delighted when these documents showed up. I want everybody to know everything because frankly there's a lot about this I don't remember. It happened 10, 11 years ago. I've done the best I can," she told Diane Rehm in the Jan. 15 interview. "There would be no reason for anyone I know, including myself, not to have wanted them to come out years ago," she told interviewer Harry Smith on the CBS Morning News on Jan. 19, adding: "Why on earth would I not want them out? I would have published them in the paper if I'd known." Why, if Hillary Clinton saw the records in 1992, as appears likely, would her position on their release change so clearly from then to this year? In 1992, publication of the records would have raised questions that might have sunk her husband's nascent presidential campaign. Some of his political advisers later acknowledged that a third area of controversy – involving money, following earlier ones about sex and war – would have proved fatal. It is the peculiar fate of the Clintons and Whitewater that the controversy has been around for two presidential election cycles. By 1996, the safer course for the White House became a posture of full disclosure. FULL DISCLOSURE How a public figure reacts to a controversy can be as important as what happened in the first place. Hillary Clinton certainly understands this truism of modern American politics. In her first job out of Yale Law School in 1974, she worked on Capitol Hill as a junior lawyer for the House Judiciary Committee's impeachment inquiry staff, where she examined the inner workings of the Nixon White House during the Watergate coverup. From the beginning of the Whitewater controversy, Hillary Clinton has maintained a public posture seemingly at odds with her actions. She was reluctant to release records during the 1992 campaign. She fought David Gergen's recommendation to turn over all the records in 1993. She led White House opposition to the appointment of a special counsel in early 1994. There appears to be a four-year pattern of Hillary Clinton avoiding full disclosure, occasionally forgetting places and events that might embarrass her, and revising her story as documents emerge and the knowledge of her questioners deepens. This article examined only one of several areas where her answers could be analyzed. Similar studies could be done in other areas, including the original Whitewater investment itself and the extent to which the Clintons were equal yet passive partners with the McDougals, as they have maintained. Another area that Whitewater investigators are probing concerns Hillary Clinton's role in the White House travel office controversy. Does it add up to anything? Is it just a series of unfortunate coincidences that make things seem suspicious, a string of meaningless mysteries, as her lawyer said? Perhaps her favorite children's verse truly fits and a great big ugly man did come up and tie a horse to her. McDougal was the proverbial ugly man and the horse was everything she got involved in through her connection to him. What she did in Arkansas did not live up to her own ideal as an earnest Methodist doing "all the good you can, by all the means you can," nor did it match her public image as one of the nation's leading lawyers. In answering questions later about her Arkansas past, she was placed in the position of denying part of her essential self. Since her days at Yale Law School when her brain power and savvy carried her to the finals of the moot court contest, she had always had the edge of a Chicago lawyer: sharp, aware, keenly attentive to detail, on top of things. Now her answers made her seem detached if not forgetful. Why? She was walking around tied to a horse, it seems, and did not want the world to see it. White House Lawyers Take Exception to Points of Article This report is based on an examination of statements Hillary Rodham Clinton has made on Whitewater-related events. Over the past four years, she has responded to a variety of questioners: the Resolution Trust Corp., the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the General Accounting Office, two independent counsels, a grand jury and the national press corps. Most of what she has said is public: There are thick transcripts recounting her interviews, depositions and interrogatories. The exceptions are her testimony to the Whitewater grand jury, which is secret, and her depositions taken at the White House by the independent counsel, only one small section of which was released. Testimony from scores of witnesses who appeared before the Senate Whitewater committee or who were interviewed by the federal agencies investigating aspects of Whitewater was also examined for this article. Two lawyers on the White House staff who have been assigned to handle Whitewater-related matters, Jane Sherburne, special counsel to the president, and Mark Fabiani, associate special counsel to the president, were informed about the scope of the article and asked to offer responses to each of its eight main sections. David Kendall, the Clintons' personal lawyer, was present for part of the meeting. Fabiani and Sherburne dismissed the main points of the article as trivial and disputable and accused The Post of following a partisan Republican agenda. "Let's take everything the first lady said about 10-year-old events, and let's compare them and find discrepancies. That's the [Republican] game," Fabiani said. "This story is part of that game. Under each of these issues there is nothing wrong." � Copyright 1997 The Washington Post Company

Hillary Clinton

"About which British politician did Francois Mitterrand say, ""She has the mouth of Marilyn Monroe and the eyes of Caligula?"""

Hillary Clinton's Long History of Hiding Documents - Breitbart by Ben Shapiro 4 Mar 2015 0 4 Mar, 2015 SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER It doesn’t matter. That’s what some in the media have insisted about former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s decision to use her own private server and email address to avoid public scrutiny for her entire tenure. David Brock, wild-haired henchman for Hillary Clinton at the Clinton-backed Media Matters for America, appeared on MSNBC today to play defense. He demanded that The New York Times retract their story on Hillary’s hidden emails. “There is no violation of law here, Joe, that I can see whatsoever,” Brock insisted. That prompted even MSNBC’s Mika Brzezinski to wonder aloud, “Oh, my God. I’m not sure what planet I’m on right now.” SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Probably the same planet, Mika, where the media have ignored Hillary Clinton’s obstructions and dissemblance for decades. Hillary Clinton has a long and inglorious history of alleged document tampering and questionable legal maneuverings. Here are some of her greatest hits: Hillary’s “Thwarted Record Requests.” On Wednesday, the Times reported that Clinton used her private email address to avoid turning over documents to Congressional committees investigating the Benghazi, Libya terror attack of September 11, 2012. According to the Times, “It was one of several instances in which records requests sent to the State Department, which had no access to Mrs. Clinton’s emails, came up empty.” The State Department did the same routine with regard to a Freedom of Information Act request asking for correspondence between Hillary and former political hit man Sidney Blumenthal; in 2010, the AP said its FOIA requests had gone unanswered by the State Department on the same grounds; the same holds true with regard to FOIA requests from conservative group Citizens United. Hillary’s First Emailgate. According to Tom Fitton of Judicial Watch, Hillary’s top woman, Cheryl Mills – you remember her from Benghazi – “helped orchestrate the cover-up of a major scandal, often referred to as ‘Email-gate.’” Over the course of years, the Clinton Administration allegedly withheld some 1.8 million email communications from Judicial Watch’s attorneys, as well as federal investigators and Congress. Judicial Watch says that when a White House computer contractor attempted to reveal the emails, White House officials “instructed her to keep her mouth shut about the hidden e-mail or face dismissal and jail time.” Hillary’s Missing Whitewater Documents. In 1996, a special Senate Whitewater committee released a report from the FBI demonstrating that documents sought in the Whitewater investigation had been found in the personal Clinton quarters of the White House. The First Lady’s fingerprints were on them. The documents had gone mysteriously missing for two years. Mark Fabiani, special White House counsel, immediately stated that there was no problem, according to the Times: “He added that she had testified under oath that she had nothing to do with the documents during the two years they were missing and did not know how they ended up in the family quarters.” Hillary remains the only First Lady in American history to be fingerprinted by the FBI. Those weren’t the only missing Whitewater documents later found in the Clinton White House. Rose Law billing records were found years after being sough t “in the storage area in the third-floor private residence at the White House where unsolicited gifts to the President and First Lady are stored before being sorted and catalogued.” Hillary’s Missing Travelgate Documents. In 1996, just before the Whitewater documents emerged – literally the day before – a two-year-old memo emerged, according to The New York Times, showing that Hillary “had played a far greater role in the dismissal of employees of the White House travel office than the Administration has acknowledged.” Oops. Hillary’s “Unethical Practices” During Watergate. According to Democrat Jerry Zeifman , Hillary “engaged in a variety of self-serving unethical practices in violation of House rules” designed to keep Nixon in office long enough to guarantee a Democratic presidential victory in 1976. Zeifman said that Clinton – then Hillary Rodham — had worked with Teddy Kennedy’s political strategist. More specifically, Zeifman accused Rodham of writing a fraudulent legal brief and grabbing public documents. Zeifman fired her, and later claimed that he wished he had reported her to the Bar. Hillary has a long history of this behavior. But that won’t stop her from moving forward. The media are less interested in governmental transparency than in picking the next president – and making sure the next president represents the hard, corrupt left. Ben Shapiro is Senior Editor-At-Large of Breitbart News and author of the new book, The People vs. Barack Obama : The Criminal Case Against The Obama Administration (Threshold Editions, June 10, 2014). He is also Editor-in-Chief of  TruthRevolt.org . Follow Ben Shapiro on Twitter @benshapiro. Read More Stories About:

i don't know

Nigel Short was the youngest champion in which game in 1984?

The chess games of Nigel Short IM (1979); GM (1984); British Champion (1984, 1987, 1998); English Champion (1991); European Union Champion (2001); Commonwealth Champion (2006 & 2008); Candidate (1985, 1988, 1991, 1994 (PCA)); World Championship Challenger (PCA) (1993). Background Nigel David Short was born in Leigh in Lancashire, the second son of Jean and David Short. A bona fide chess prodigy, Short defeated Viktor Korchnoi in a simul at the age of 10 and was the youngest ever qualifier for the British Championships at the age of 11. When he earned his International Master title at the age of 14, he was at that time the youngest ever to earn that title. When he won the Grandmaster title at the age of 19, he was the youngest GM in the world at the time. He subsequently rose to dominate English chess in the 80s and 90s following in the wake of Anthony Miles , culminating in a challenge for the World Championship in 1993. Championships <Youth> Short was =1st in the World U16 Youth Championship held in Belfort in 1979. <Junior> He participated in four World Junior Championships from 1980 to 1983. He achieved his best result during his first attempt in which he placed second to Garry Kasparov in 1980 at Dortmund. <National> In 1977 he became the youngest ever participant in the British Chess Championship by qualifying three days before his twelfth birthday. When Nigel was 14, he tied for 1st place in the British Championship of 1979 with John Nunn and Robert Bellin , earning his first IM norm. Short won the British Chess Championship in 1984, 1987, and 1998, and the English Championship in 1991. He came =1st in the British Championships (2011) at the age of 46, but lost the tie breaker to Michael Adams . <Commonwealth and Continental> He won the Commonwealth Championships in 2004 (7.5/9) and 2006 (9/10), the Commonwealth Championship (2008) (9.5/11) and came =1st in the Commonwealth and South African Open (2011) (7.5/9). He scored 7.5/13 in the 2nd European Individual Championship held in Ohrid in the FYROM in 2001, won the European Union Individual Championships (2006) held in Liverpool with 7.5/10, and took a share of second place in the European Individual Championship (2008) . <World> Short qualified to play in the Biel Interzonal when he placed =1st alongside Jonathan Speelman in European Zonal 1A held in Brighton in December 1984. Subsequently, in July 1985, he placed =4th at the Biel Interzonal with 10.5/18 (+6 =9 -2), holding off John van der Wiel and Eugenio Torre in a play off for the fourth qualifying position to the Montpellier Candidates, thereby becoming Britain's first-ever candidate. Short did not win through to the semi-final Candidate Matches from the preliminary Candidates Tournament, scoring 7/15 to finish in equal tenth place, and exited the World Championship challenge at this stage. However, his participation in the Montpellier Candidates Tournament qualified Short to compete in the 1987 Subotica Interzonal in which he scored 10.5/16 to place equal first with Speelman and Gyula Sax . In the preliminary match held in Saint John in Canada in 1988, Short defeated Sax (+2=3), but then lost by 3.5-1.5 (−2=3) to Speelman in London later that year. This cycle was the last full undisputed FIDE controlled World Championship cycle until the Kramnik - Topalov World Championship Match (2006) Unification Match. During the next World Championship cycle, a last round victory over Mikhail Gurevich enabled Short to finish equal third with Viswanathan Anand , behind Vassily Ivanchuk and Boris Gelfand at the Manila Interzonal in July 1990, thereby qualifying as a Candidate for the third successive time. In London in February 1991, he bested Speelman in the tiebreaker by 1.5-0.5 after drawing the preliminary best-of-8 match 4-4 (+2 =4 -2). He then proceeded to defeat Gelfand (+4=2�2) in the best-of-8 quarter final match played in Brussels in August 1991, and then overcame the former World Champion Anatoly Karpov by 6-4 (+4=4�2) in the best-of-10 semi-final match played in Linares in April 1992. In the best-of-14 match final held in San Lorenzo de El Escorial in January 1993, Short defeated Dutchman Jan Timman by 7.5-5.5 (+5=5�3) to earn the right to meet defending World Champion Garry Kasparov, who had successfully defended his crown three times against Karpov. According to Short and Kasparov, FIDE President Florencio Campomanes breached FIDE rules by deciding to stage the match in Manchester and to determine the prize fund without consulting them. Short and Kasparov responded by forming the Professional Chess Association (PCA) and the resulting match�sponsored by The Times newspaper�was held under the auspices of the PCA in London, from September to October 1993. Kasparov won by 12.5-7.5 (+6−1=13) in the best-of-24 match, the largest margin of victory in a world title contest since the Tal - Botvinnik World Championship Return Match (1961) . Short�s next attempt at the title remained under the auspices of the PCA. Qualifying directly for the PCA Candidates match by virtue of being the losing challenger in the match against Kasparov, Short tied 4-4 (+1 =6 -1) with Boris Gulko in the best-of-8 quarterfinal match held at the Trump Tower in New York City in July 1994, before winning 1.5-0.5 in the classically-timed tiebreaker. He then bowed out to Gata Kamsky 5.5-1.5 (+1 =1 -5) in the best-of-10 quarter final match held at the same venue. Rejoining the FIDE cycle, Short competed in its 1997 Knockout contest to determine the challenger to Karpov, the winner of the last FIDE cycle. He defeated Korchnoi 3.5-2.5 in round 2 (into which he had been directly seeded), Andrei Sokolov 2-0 in round 3, Alexander Beliavsky 3-1 in round 4 and Michal Krasenkow 2-0 in the quarter final before losing to Adams in the semi-final 4-3 in the sudden death tiebreaker. In the 1999 FIDE Knockout contest for the World Championship, Short, again seeded directly into round 2, beat Daniel Fridman 1.5-0.5, Beliavsky in round 3 by 1.5-0.5, before succumbing to Alexey Shirov by 1.5-0.5 in round 4. In the 2000 event, Short was unexpectedly beaten 3.5-2.5 in the tiebreaker of round 2, where he had been directly seeded, by Frenchmen Igor Alexandre Nataf . In the FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament (2001) , Short was knocked out of the competition in round 1 when he was again unexpectedly defeated 1.5-0.5 by Argentinian GM Daniel Hugo Campora . In FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament (2004) , Short defeated Yemeni IM Hameed Mansour Ali Kadhi 2-0 in round 1, but lost in the 2nd round to Krasenkow 1.5-0.5. Short did not contest the FIDE World Cup (2005) but participated in the World Chess Cup (2007) where he was defeated in the first round tiebreaker by David Baramidze , the last time Short contested the World Championship cycle. Classical Tournaments Short became the then youngest International Master in chess history, by scoring 8/15 in the Hastings Premier in 1979/80. He has finished outright first, or tied for first, in many international tournaments including Geneva (1979), the BBC Master Game (1981), Amsterdam OHRA (1982), Baku (1983), Esbjerg (1984), Wijk aan Zee (1986 and 1987), Reykjav�k (1987), Amsterdam VSB (1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993), Hastings (1987/88 and 1988/89), P�rnu (1996), Groningen (1996), Tallinn/P�rnu (1998), Dhaka United Insurance (1999), Shymkent (1999), Pamplona (1999/2000), the Tan Chin Nam Cup in Beijing (2000), Sigeman and Co. Malm� (2002), Gibraltar (2003), Gibraltar Masters (2004) , Hunguest Hotels Super Chess Tournament (2003) , Samba Cup (2003), Skanderborg (2003), Taiyuan (2004), Politiken Cup (2006) , Baku 2008, Bazna King's Tournament (2008) , Sigeman & Co (2009) , 11th BCC Thailand Open (2011) , Thailand Open 2012 and Luanda (2011). In 2012, he came =1st with Women's World Champion Yifan Hou at Tradewise Gibraltar (2012) but won the blitz tiebreak match to take first prize. He then won the 12th Bangkok Open (2012) with a score of 8/9 and came equal 1st with Adams in the unrated Bunratty Masters (2012) ; however he lost to Adams in the tiebreak. Another good result was =2nd at Corus Group B (2009) after losing the last round game to Fabiano Caruana , who won the event by half a point. In July 2012, Short won the Edmonton International (2012) outright with 7/9 (+6 -1 =2). In January 2013, Short again appeared on the leader board at Gibraltar, placing =1st with a score of 8/10 alongside with Maxime Vachier-Lagrave , Chanda Sandipan and Nikita Vitiugov at the Tradewise Gibraltar (2013) . This time the tiebreak was a knockout blitz contest between the four players, the Tradewise Gibraltar (Tiebreaks) (2013) ; Short eliminated Vachier-Lagrave 1.5-0.5, and then lost to Vitiugov in an epic 2-game mini match to become runner-up in the event. A few months later in April 2013, Short participated in the 13th Bangkok Chess Club Open, placing =8th (11th on tiebreak) with a score of 6.5/9 and shedding 12 ratings points. The following month in May 2013, Short came =1st (2nd on tiebreak behind Richard Rapport ), with 4.5/7 at the category 15 21st Sigeman & Co (2013) in Sweden and then in June 2013 he won with 6/6 at the Tanzanian Open and came 2nd behind Lazaro Bruzon Batista in the 8th Edmonton International (2013) . In July 2013, he won the Canadian Open with 7.5/9 and in October 2013 he placed =2nd (3rd on tiebreak) alongside Alexander Moiseenko at the Indonesian Open after defeating him in the final round, a point behind the outright winner, Alexey Dreev . In October 2014, Short returned to form after a prolonged slump during which he briefly left the world's top 100. At the Isle of Man, he won the PokerStars IoM Masters (2014) with 7.5/9, a clear point ahead of a strong field that included runners-up Laurent Fressinet , Sergei Tiviakov , David Howell (whom he defeated in the final round to clinch first prize) and Gil Popilski as well as lower placed super-GMs such as countryman Adams and others such as world #13 Maxime Vachier-Lagrave and Armenian #2 Gabriel Sargissian . Short also returned to the world's top 100 in the November 2014 FIDE rating list. In November 2014, Short travelled to Burma to win the GM Zaw Win Lay Memorial International Open with 6.5/8. A few months later in April 2015, Short won the Bangkok Chess Club Open (2015) with 7.5/9, on tiebreak, ahead of co-leader Surya Shekhar Ganguly . In July 2015, he won the South African Open with 9/11, after the tiebreak placed him ahead of fellow co-leaders Aleksa Strikovic and Abhijit Kunte . Team play <Club tournaments> Short�s inaugural experience in the European Club Cup was in 1988, playing for SG Solingen (Germany) which came 4th that year. He again played for that club in 1990 and 1992 winning team gold and bronze respectively. He played top board for Peristeri Athens in 1996, and board 4 in 1999 for the silver-medal winning team Agrouniverzal Zemun (Yugoslavia) that also contained Anand, Kramnik and Gelfand. In 2004, he won individual and team silver playing on board 2 for �K Bosna Sarajevo and again played for that team in 2007, playing board 5. He has played a total of 37 games during this period of participation in the European Club Cup, scoring +12 =21 -4 for a winning percentage of 60.8%. <Team championships> Short played top board for the England team in the First World U16 Team Chess Championship held in Viborg in 1979, winning individual gold and leading his team to victory to take team gold. The 14 year-old won six games and drew one, pulling a performance rating of 2632 while his FIDE rating was 2210. He then went on to participate in the European and World Team Championships. His first taste of playing in the European Team Championships came in 1983 when 18 year-old IM Short played board 7 in the event held in Plovdiv, winning individual silver while his team came fourth. He played board one in 1992, 1997 and 1999, winning team and individual bronze medals in 1992 during the Debrecen event, and an individual gold in 1997 in Pula. He again played for England in 2001, 2011 and 2013, playing second board in 2001 and 2011, and board 3 in 2013. Still playing for England during the World Team Championships of 1985 (on board 4), 1989 (board 1) and 1997 (board 1), each of which were played in Lucerne in Switzerland, he won individual silver in 1989 and two team bronzes in 1985 and 1989. Short scored 8/10 in the Howard Staunton Memorial (Scheveningen Match) (2009) played between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands to help his team win the contest. He also won the Queens and Kings Match (2003) with his team mate Zhao Xue . He also played top board for London in the World Cities Team Championship (2012) held in December 2012 in Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates. Despite his personal tally of two wins and a draw, London failed to make the cut to the round of 16. Short has also participated in the Spanish Teams Championship, the French Top 16 League, the Bosnia and Herzegovina Team Championships, the Attica team Championship in Greece, the Chinese Premier League, and in the 4 Nations Chess League held in the UK. In 2013 and 2014, he helped his team Guildford 1 win the 4NCL. He is again playing for Guildford 1 in 2015. <Olympiads> Short has represented England at every Olympiad since 1984, winning individual gold in Dubai in 1986, three team silvers (Thessaloniki 1984, Dubai 1986 and Thessaloniki 1988) and a team bronze medal (Novi Sad 1990). In his first appearance at the Thessaloniki Olympiad in 1984, Short played 2nd reserve for the silver medal-winning England team. In 1986, he played board 3, winning individual gold and team silver. He played top board for his country from 1988 until 1996, and board 2 from 1998 until 2010. He played his 15th consecutive Olympiad in Istanbul at the Chess Olympiad (2012) in August-September 2012, scoring 7.5/10 and placing 5th on board 3 overall and lifting his rating back into the 2700 group. He also played board 3 for England at the Chess Olympiad (2014) . Matches Short has enjoyed considerable success as a match player outside of the World Championship cycle, defeating US Champion Lev Alburt in Foxboro in 1985 by 7�1 (+6=2), Utut Adianto 4.5-1.5 (+3=3) in Jakarta in 1995, Etienne Bacrot in Albert in 2000 by 4-2 (+3=2�1), Hannes Stefansson in Reykjav�k in 2002 by 4.5-1.5 (+4=1�1), Ehsan Ghaem Maghami in Tehran in 2003 by 4-2 (+2=4) and won by 3.5-2.5 (+2=3�1) in the Short - Efimenko Match (2009) held in Mukachevo in 2009. Short lost to Joel Benjamin by 2.5�1.5 at London 1983, drew with Eugenio Torre 3-3 (+1=4�1) in Manila 1988, drew with Timman (3�3) in an exhibition match at Hilversum in 1989 and drew with Anish Giri in Amsterdam in 2010 by 2-2 (+1 =2 -1). The younger generation prevailed in the Karjakin - Short Rapid match (2008) by 7.5-2.5 (Short: +2 -7 =1) played in Kiev. He narrowly lost the Kasparov - Short Blitz Match (2011) played in Belgium by 4.5-3.5 when he lost the final game. In 2012, he won the Short - Granda Match (2012) by 3.5-2.5 (+2 =2) in a rapid game exhibition match played in Lima, Peru. Rapid Short took first place at the Estonian P�haj�rve 13. kiirmaleturniir (13th Sacred Lake Rapid Chess Tournament) in November 2012, scoring 28.5/31, 4 points clear of 2nd placed 7 times Estonian Champion GM Kaido Kulaots . In November 2014, he placed 2nd at the BCC November 2014 Blitz behind FYROM's Riste Menkinoski . In December 2014 he placed =3rd at the London Chess Classic 2014 Super Rapidplay Open with 8/10. Ratings and rankings Nigel Short has been in the world's top 100 for most of his life. He entered the top 100 in January 1983, and after briefly exiting the list in July 1983, re-entered the top 100 in January 1984, remaining there until September 2014 and October 2014, before his second re-entry to the top 100 elite in November 2014. He was in the top ten for most of the period from July 1986 until January 1997. His peak ranking was 3rd behind Karpov and Kasparov from July 1988 to July 1989 inclusive. His highest rating numerically was 2712 in April 2004 (when he was ranked 15th in the world)*. He is also the oldest player in the top 100. Other achievements and activities Short has written chess columns and book reviews for the British newspapers The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Mail, The Spectator and The Guardian. He reported on the FIDE World Championship Tournament (2005) in San Luis, Argentina, for the ChessBase website**. He began a new column "Short Stories" for New in Chess magazine in January 2011. He has coached Pentala Harikrishna , Sergey Karjakin , David Howell and Parimarjan Negi . He worked as national coach of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 2006�2007. His first assignment led to them unexpectedly capturing a team bronze medal at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. In the nine chess events at the Asian Indoor Games in Macau 2007, Iran took a silver and two bronze medals. He has also been on numerous webcasts, a guest commentator with chessgames.com, and a live commentator for the World Championship Candidates (2013) . He is also a member of chessgames.com using his own name as his userid: User: Nigel Short . In recognition of his chess accomplishments, Short was appointed MBE (Member of the British Empire)*** in 1999. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the then Bolton Institute of Higher Education in 1993 and was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Bolton in 2010. In August 2005, he was unanimously elected Secretary General of the Commonwealth Chess Association. In June 2006 he became its President, until stepping down in January 2008. Finally, he has won tournaments in 29 different countries.**** Personal He lives in Greece with his wife Rhea Argyro Karageorgiou and their two children. Sources World Championship Index: http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/wcc... . live rating: http://www.2700chess.com ; Nigel Short Turns 40: http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail... ; FIDE database: http://ratings.fide.com/hist.phtml?... ; The Encyclopedia of Team Chess: http://www.olimpbase.org/ ; * Historical ratings and rankings: http://www.schachchronik.de/ranglis... ; ** The first chessbase article is: http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail... with the other rounds reported by Short included round by round at the following link: http://www.chessbase.com/eventlist.... *** MBE: Wikipedia article: Order of the British Empire **** http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail... Last updated 14 July 2015  page 1 of 106; games 1-25 of 2,627  Game Oct-20-16    Octavia : Talking about testosterone: you ought to all know that women get a lot of that into our bodies after the menopause. We grow hair in odd places, our bums get slimmer etc, so reasoning as someone further down does we ought to excel in old age and men who go the other way ought to get worse. Nov-07-16    Peligroso Patzer : <A post I made on Sep-23-16 on this page: Jakovenko vs Gelfand, 2015 came to mind this morning. I thought it might also be worthwhile to include it here:> Peligroso Patzer: <Prugno: This is the kind of finish that makes me want to agree with Nigel Short on changing the stalemate rule. A spectacular swindle by Gelfand, for sure, but by no means a fair result.> [from May-24-15] SirRuthless and Calar have already commented in support of the fairness of the result in this game, and I endorse their thoughts. With regard to the stalemate rule more generally, if a stalemate were a win, there would certainly be many more decisive results. For one thing, essentially every K + P vs. lone K ending would be a win (the only exception being positions in which the defending king could capture the pawn). In many other cases with more material (especially other pawn endings), if a stalemate were made a decisive result, there would be a routine win in many positions in which under the current rule the position is either drawn or, if winnable, requires good - and sometimes highly refined - technique. I find the technical aspects of many of these endings extremely elegant. My bottom line on this issue is that the proposed change in the stalemate rule would, for the sake of increasing the number of decisive results and serving a faux sense of fairness, substantially undermine the incredible elegance of chess. I like Nigel Short (who, it goes without saying, is a hugely stronger player than I), and I often agree with his sometimes controversial ideas, but on this point I think he�s completely wrong. Dec-15-16    vonKrolock : Yes - well done GM Short! --- (but still on the stalemate question: Then we should distinguish between a 'rex solus' and a stalemate with other pieces of the paralised side!? - and how we would brake the Zugzwang law? (Like my old pal and Your colleague GM Benko say: "This is not Chess") Dec-15-16    Lambda : Stalemate should clearly have a status somewhere in-between checkmate and a draw. That way you don't lose any richness from chess, because things like reducing a hopeless looking position to a king, bishop and wrong rooks pawn ending still have meaning, but you gain extra richness from stalemate conversion tasks and more positions containing something to play for, and the better player is more likely to get some reward. Dec-16-16    Octavia : well done, Nigel! you showed those youngsters a thing or too! I put it basically down to your addiction to 3 min chess - are you still practising on playchess? I haven't been there for a while. Lichess is free & easy for me.

Chess

What did Woody Allen call his son as a tribute to Louis 'Satchmo' Armstrong?

Kasparov, Garry - Chess.com Chess.com 2,765 Reads 40 Comments Garry Kasparov, originally named Weinstein, was born on April 13, 1963. He is unainamously regarded as the greatest chess player of all time. In 1976, he was the strongest player in the world under age 13.  He became a grandmaster at 17, the youngest Soviet champion at 18 and the youngest world champion  at 22 years, 210 days.  In his first international tournament, Baku 1979, he exceeded the Grandmaster norm and took first place as an unrated player. His first FIDE rating was 2500.  He became the World Junior Champion in 1980 and co-champion of the USSR in 1981. In 1987 he wrote his autobiography, Child of Change.  In 1993 he founded the Professional Chess Association (PCA), which he said later was his biggest mistake.  He was the first Soviet to do a Western commercial.  In May, 1997 he lost a match with the chess computer. DEEP BLUE.  In 1993 he broke away from FIDE and defeated Nigel Short for the PCA World Championship.  In 2000 he lost his title to Vladimir Kramnik in the Braingames World Chess Championship, but continues to be the highest rated chess player in the world.  His FIDE rating has been as high as 2849.  He has been the world’s #1 rated player since 1984.  In 1989 he was the first person to top 2800.  From 1981 to 1991 he did not lose a single chess event.  He successfully defended his world chess championship title more times than any champion.  His Pepsi ad, shown in the 2002 Superbowl, was nominated for an Oscar.  From 1981 to 1990, Kasparov won 15 straight tournaments in a row.  After winning Linares (but losing his last game to Topalov) in 2005, he announced his retirement from chess on March 10, 2005.  His last FIDE rating was 2812.  He is currently involved in Russian politics.

i don't know

Which princess took out an injunction against a photographer after he tried to take photographs of her?

Will and Kate Take Legal Action Over Topless Photos – ModernMom by ModernMom Staff Leave a Comment Britain’s beloved royal couple is taking legal action against a magazine that published photos of Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge. Attorneys for Prince William and Kate filed a criminal complaint on Monday against the photographer who took the shots, according to the UK Independent . They will also be seeking an injunction against Closer magazine using more pictures  and to prevent further publication of the photographs in France. “We can confirm that a criminal complaint has been made to the French Prosecution Department today,” said a spokesperson for Clarence House. The photos in question show Kate sunbathing in private during a vacation at a private chateau belonging to William’s uncle in Provence, in southern France. Some have questioned all the uproar over the images, as topless sunbathing is a commonly accepted practice in many parts of Europe. But royal biographer Christopher Andersen told CNN the issue is less about nudity and more about privacy. According to Andersen, William and his brother Prince Harry still blame the media for the 1997 death of their mother, Princess Diana, in a traffic accident as her driver fled paparazzi. As a result, the royal family is concerned about similar invasions, particularly if William and Catherine have a child “This is a deterrent. They’re drawing a line in the sand,” he said. Will and Kate have remained cool and collected throughout the storm of publicity surrounding the photos. The couple is currently on a goodwill tour of Asia related to the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee.

Diana, Princess of Wales

In which decade did Berry Gordy set up Tamla Motown?

Royal Family Will Seek Injunction Over Kate Middleton Topless Photos Royal Family Will Seek Injunction Over Kate Middleton Topless Photos ALYSSA NEWCOMB, ANTHONY CASTELLANO and LAUREN SHER Royal Family Will Seek Injunction Over Kate Middleton Topless Photos (ABC News) More Lawyers for the royal family will appear in court Monday in Paris, where they will ask a judge for an injunction to prevent other publications from printing topless photos of Kate Middleton sunbathing. The photos were first published in French magazine Closer and later ran in the Irish Daily Star. An Italian gossip magazine, Chi, has announced plans to run them next week in a special issue. The magazine reportedly has 200 photos of the Duchess sunbathing on a balcony in France, according to TMZ. The couple's lawyers will also seek damages. "There can be no motivation for this action other than greed," a St. James Palace spokesperson told the BBC, in regards to the Irish publication. Northern and Shell, the owners of the Irish Daily Star, said they disagreed with the newspaper's decision to publish the photographs of the Duchess of Cambridge and "very much regret the distress it has caused," The Associated Press reported. The scandal blew up on Friday when Closer published a five-page spread of photos of what appears to be the Duchess of Cambridge, 30, on vacation, sunbathing, under the headline "Oh My God!" Prince William and Kate Middleton have begun "legal proceedings for breach of privacy" against the magazine's publishers, St. James Palace said in a statement Friday, after calling the publication of the photos "a grotesque and totally unjustifiable" invasion of the young couple's privacy. The magazine defended the decision to publish the photos, saying in a statement on its website that the photos would only appear in the French, not the British edition, and were not degrading. PHOTOS: The Life and Times of Kate Middleton The pictures were reportedly taken while Middleton and Prince William, who celebrated their one-year wedding anniversary in April, enjoyed a mini four-day vacation together last week at a secluded chateau in the south of France before beginning a tour of the Far East and South Pacific to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee . READ MORE: Prince William and Kate Prepare for Far East Tour The royal couple was reportedly told about the photos as they ate breakfast Friday before visiting a mosque in Malaysia. A palace source tells ABC News that at first the couple simply felt saddened, but as the day wore on the sadness turned to shock and anger and ultimately resulted in a decision to take legal action against the magazine. "Their Royal Highnesses have been hugely saddened to learn that a French publication and a photographer have invaded their privacy in such a grotesque and totally unjustifiable manner. The incident is reminiscent of the worst excesses of the press and paparazzi during the life of Diana, Princess of Wales, and all the more upsetting to The Duke and Duchess for being so," the St. James Palace said an earlier statement Friday. The revelation came just one day after Middleton marked an important first as a royal , delivering her first official speech overseas. The well-received speech was delivered to staff and patients at the Hospis Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur and focused on the importance of specialized medical care for seriously ill children. Middleton is a Royal Patron of East Anglia's Children's Hospices in England. READ MORE: Kate Middleton Marks a First as a Royal The couple, who also visited Singapore and are scheduled to end their trip this weekend in the island nation of Tuvalu, have been met by cheering crowds at each spot so far on their tour. Thursday's event at the hospice was no different, with a barrier collapsing from the weight of fans reaching out to see them. Young children from a nearby school greeted Kate and William, who joined her for the visit, outside the hospice with Malaysian flags and a welcome banner. Once inside, the couple met with young patients and drew with them on clay bricks, according to reports. Despite the topless photo revelation, the royal couple has carried on in public as if nothing had happened. The couple arrived today on the Solomon Islands, where they attended a jubilee celebration of thanksgiving and were greeted by 60,000 well-wishers. Just after William and Middleton were engaged, the prince expressed his concerns about the paparazzi and said he had given Middleton the chance to get out of the relationship if she thought the attention would overwhelm her. "I wanted to give her a chance to see in and to back out if she needed to before it all got too much. I'm trying to learn from lessons done in the past and I just wanted to give her the best chance to settle in and to see what happens on the other side," the prince said. READ MORE: Kate Middleton Channels Princess Di With Charity Selections Last month, nude photographs of Prince William's younger brother, Prince Harry, partying in a Las Vegas hotel surfaced online and made headlines around the world. In that case, the palace contacted the Press Complaints Commission, which advised British newspapers to not Reblog

i don't know

In 1984 how was the baby who received the heart of a baboon known?

Infant receives baboon heart - Oct 26, 1984 - HISTORY.com Infant receives baboon heart Publisher A+E Networks At Loma Linda University Medical Center in Loma Linda, California, Dr. Leonard L. Bailey performs the first baboon-to-human heart transplant, replacing a 14-day-old infant girl’s defective heart with the healthy, walnut-sized heart of a young baboon. The infant, known as “Baby Fae,” was born with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, a deformity that is almost fatal and is found in newborns in which parts or all of the left side of the heart is missing. A few days after Baby Fae’s birth, Loma Linda heart surgeon Dr. Bailey convinced Baby Fae’s mother to allow him to try the experimental baboon-heart transplant. Three other humans had received animal-heart transplants, the last in 1977, but none survived longer than 3 1/2 days. Bailey argued that an infant with an underdeveloped immune system would be less likely to reject alien tissue than an adult. Baby Fae survived the operation, and her subsequent struggle for life received international attention. After living longer than any other human recipient of an animal heart, Baby Fae’s body made a concerted effort to reject the alien transplant. Doctors were forced to increase dosages of an immuno-suppressive drug, leading to kidney failure. Ultimately, doctors were defeated by the swift onset of heart failure, and on November 15 Baby Fae died after holding on for 20 days. Related Videos

Baby Fae

What was the name of NATO spokesman in the 1999 Kosovo crisis?

October 26, 1984: 'Baby Fae' receives baboon's heart in pioneering transplant operation - BT   October 26, 1984: 'Baby Fae' receives baboon's heart in pioneering transplant operation An American baby became the first infant to receive a cross-species heart transplant when her incomplete organ was replaced by a baboon's heart.   Print this story In 1984, at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California, Doctor Leonard L Bailey performed the world’s first baboon-to-human heart transplant – replacing a 14-day-old infant girl’s defective heart with the healthy, walnut-sized heart of a young baboon. Stephanie Fae Beauclair, known as Baby Fae, was born with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, a deformity found in newborns in which part or all of the left side of the heart is missing – and which can be fatal. A few days after her birth, Dr Bailey convinced Baby Fae’s mother to allow him to try the experimental baboon heart transplant. Three other humans had received animal heart transplants, the last in 1977, but none survived longer than three days. Bailey argued that an infant, having an underdeveloped immune system, would be less likely to reject alien tissue than an adult. Baby Fae survived the operation, and her subsequent struggle for life received international attention. "The technical features of it all went well," Dr Bailey later said. "She was waking up, a couple days later she was off the ventilator, eating." As Baby Fae recovered, news spread around the world, bringing the media and protestors to the medical centre. “The media scrutinised Dr Bailey and everything he did,” said Marie Hodgkins, a nurse who managed the cardiothoracic unit Baby Fae was on. Dr Bailey told The American Medical News: “In disorders like Baby Fae's, a baboon heart not only may be justifiable, it actually may be preferable to a human heart.” He added: “We're optimistic that within three months, she'll be able to go home.” Sadly, that never happened. After living longer than any other human recipient of an animal heart, Baby Fae’s body made a concerted effort to reject the alien transplant. Doctors were forced to increase dosages of an immuno-suppressive drug, leading to kidney failure. Ultimately, they were defeated by the swift onset of heart failure – and on November 15, after holding on for 21 days, Baby Fae died. Within a year, Dr Bailey had performed the first infant-to-infant heart transplant on Baby Moses, whose actual name is Eddie. Now 30 years old, Eddie holds the distinction of being the oldest living infant heart transplant recipient. “Much of what we learned from Baby Fae's operation we were able to apply to the first successful infant-to-infant heart transplant just over a year later in November 1985,” said Dr Bailey. The surgeon’s actions were criticised by many, however, on both ethical and medical grounds. The American Medical Association said that his assertion that Baby Fae’s death was not related to the species of her donor was “wishful thinking” – and that a newborn’s immune system “is intact, inexperienced and in some ways functionally deficient, but it is capable of the rejection response” in the same way that an adult’s is. But, said Dr Bailey: “The bottom line is Baby Fae's legacy is a strong one – there have been several thousand babies salvaged now who would not (have made it) otherwise. “I think she sent word around the world that people should think about newborns.” Did Dr Bailey cross an ethical line by giving Baby Fae a baboon's heart? Share your thoughts in the Comments section below. Baby Fae - Did you know? Fae's blood type was O – fewer than one per cent of baboons are type O. The medical centre only had seven young female baboons – all of which were type AB. Because Fae's mother had no medical insurance, she couldn’t afford to pay for the human heart transplant procedure. The xenotransplant was offered for free. When asked why he had picked a baboon over a primate more closely related to humans in evolution, Dr Bailey replied, “Er, I find that difficult to answer. You see, I don't believe in evolution.” The Paul Simon song The Boy in the Bubble, from the 1986 Graceland album, references her in the lyrics: "Medicine is magical and magical is art/Thinking of the Boy in the Bubble/And the baby with the baboon heart” Baby Fae’s mother Teresa became famous for this quote: "There are a lot of sentimental ways of talking about the heart, but it's just a pump. The soul is not in the heart. The soul of a human is in the brain."  

i don't know

Which daughter of the last Tsar of Russia was said to have escaped to America?

Mystery of murdered Russian Tsar's missing children solved by DNA study - Telegraph Russia Mystery of murdered Russian Tsar's missing children solved by DNA study All five children of Russia's last Tsar were murdered by the Bolsheviks, according to a new DNA analysis that ends decades of conspiracy theories about family members who had escaped abroad. Russia's last tsar Nicholas II (L) and his wife Tsarina Alexander Fyodorovna (2ndR) and children Prince Alexei and Princesses Olga, Tatyana, Maria and Anastasia Photo: EPA By Alastair Jamieson 8:13AM GMT 11 Mar 2009 A study based on detailed evidence from the exhumed remains of the Romanovs concludes the whole family was slaughtered in 1918 in the wake of the Russian revolution. The results show none of the children of Tsar Nicholas II or his wife Tsarina Alexandra survived the execution, ending speculation that surviving members of the dynasty had fled the country to start a new life elsewhere. The gunshot-and-bayonet murders took place in July 1918 in a cellar in the city of Ekaterinburg, central Russia. Since then, about 200 people have claimed to descend from one or other of the Romanovs who had somehow survived the slaughter in the basement of Ipatiev House. The claims were bolstered by the fact that the grave in which the Romanovs were buried was found to contain the bodies of only three of the children when it was finally examined following the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. Related Articles

Anastasia

Which soul singer is Whitney Houston's god mother?

Explosive new book claims Princess Anastasia DID escape to the West | Daily Mail Online Did Grand Duchess Anastasia survive the Bolshevik bullets? Explosive new book claims fresh evidence shows the Russian princess really DID escape to the West Veniamin Alekseyev says Grand Duchess Anastasia probably did escape Claims DNA testing in 1991 was flawed and bones found were not hers Says Tsarina and Anastasia's sisters Olga, Marie and Tatiana also got away Believes that impostor Anna Anderson was indeed telling the truth Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was executed on 17th July 1918 by Bolsheviks His son Alexei Nikolaevich also died along with family servants

i don't know

Which Russian-born American wrote I, Robot?

Isaac Asimov (Author of Foundation) edit data Isaac Asimov was a Russian-born, American author, a professor of biochemistry, and a highly successful writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Professor Asimov is generally considered the most prolific writer of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. He has works published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (lacking only an entry in the 100s category of Philosophy). Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the "Big Three" science-fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's most famous work is the Found Isaac Asimov was a Russian-born, American author, a professor of biochemistry, and a highly successful writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Professor Asimov is generally considered the most prolific writer of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. He has works published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (lacking only an entry in the 100s category of Philosophy). Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the "Big Three" science-fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation Series; his other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series, both of which he later tied into the same fictional universe as the Foundation Series to create a unified "future history" for his stories much like those pioneered by Robert A. Heinlein and previously produced by Cordwainer Smith and Poul Anderson. He penned numerous short stories, among them "Nightfall", which in 1964 was voted by the Science Fiction Writers of America the best short science fiction story of all time, a title many still honor. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies and pronunciation guides for technical terms. Examples include his Guide to Science, the three volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. Asimov was a long-time member and Vice President of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as "brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs" He took more joy in being president of the American Humanist Association. The asteroid 5020 Asimov, the magazine Asimov's Science Fiction, a Brooklyn, NY elementary school, and two different Isaac Asimov Awards are named in his honor. ---------------------------------------- Isaac Asimov. (2007, November 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:50, November 29, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_As... ...more

Isaac Asimov

In which state were Bonnie & Clyde killed?

Isaac Asimov Home Page Isaac Asimov Home Page Welcome to the Isaac Asimov Home Page. Here you'll find a comprehensive collection of resources pertaining to Isaac Asimov (1920-1992), the quintessential author, who in his lifetime wrote over 500 books that enlightened, entertained, and spanned the realm of human knowledge. The Isaac Asimov FAQ The FAQ for the Usenet newsgroup alt.books.isaac-asimov provides answers to the frequently asked questions about Isaac Asimov, and is an excellent place to start if you have questions about him. Included is biographical information about both his personal life and his literary life, answers to questions about the Foundation and Robot series, and more. For a German translation of the FAQ, see Bálint Krizsán's site . The Isaac Asimov Memorial Panel Debate Janet and Robyn Asimov, working with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, established the Isaac Asimov Fund to support the annual Isaac Asimov Memorial Panel Debate as part of the Museum's Hayden Planetarium Programs. The sixteenth annual debate will take place at 7 PM on the evening of April 5, 2016 in the museum's LeFrak Theater. The topic of the 2016 debate will be "Is the Universe a Simulation?", and will discuss the theoretical and experimental investigation of the concept that the universe is a computer simulation. Tickets for the event are on sale at the museum's web site , and a live stream will be available at amnh.org/live . The debate will once again moderated by Neil DeGrasse Tyson , the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium, host of StarTalk Radio and StarTalk Television, host of the 2014 television series Cosmos: A Space-Time Odyssey, and author of over 11 books on astronomy and science. The featured panelists will be: David Chalmers, Professor of Philosophy, New York University. He has formulated the notion of the hard problem of consciousness, seeking to explain the subjective aspects of mental processes. He is author of Constructing the World and four other books concerning the philosophy of consciousness. Zohreh Davoudi, Theoretical physicist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Davoudi was the co-author of the paper "Constraints on the Universe as a Numerical Simulation", which outlines a possible method for experimentally detecting if the universe is actually a computer simulation by looking for anomalies characteristic of a simulation. James Gates, Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland. Gates is a string theorist and author of Superspace, or 1001 Lessons In Supersymmetry. In a previous Asimov Debate, Gates claimed that he found error correcting code buried within the mathematical equations of supersymmetry. This, he suggests, may be evidence that the universe is the product of a virtual-reality-generating computer network. Lisa Randall, Professor of Physics at Harvard University, is a researcher in the field of theoretical high energy physics, and is the most cited theoretical physicist in the last five years. She is the author of Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs and three other books on science. Max Tegmark, Cosmologist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His formulation of the Mathematical Universe Hypothesis states that mathematical structures must have a physical counterpart, and if they are complex enough, they will contain self-aware substructures that perceive themselves as existing in a real world. Each of the previous debates were presented to a standing-room only audience. Thanks to the many contributors, the Isaac Asimov Memorial Fund continues to grow. If you would like to participate in this extraordinary opportunity to perpetuate Isaac's memory and support the cause of science education, please read the details . An article from Rotunda , the newsletter of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, profiles the career of Dr. Janet Jeppson Asimov, her involvement with the museum, and the establishment of the Isaac Asimov Memorial Fund. Asimov Recognized by Congress Isaac Asimov was recognized by the 111th Congress on March 9, 2010 in House Resolution 1055 , "supporting the designation of National Robotics Week as an annual event". The following passage appears in the text of the bill: "Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April, 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved..." The tribute to Asimov is due to the efforts of Paula Brooks, a robotics researcher and long-time fan of his who assisted the committee that wrote the resolution. Black Widower's Collection: The Return of the Black Widowers A new collection of Isaac Asimov's Black Widower mystery stories was published by Carroll & Graf in November 2003. The Return of the Black Widowers features six stories that never appeared in a Black Widowers's collection, plus ten of the best previously collected Black Widower stories. It also includes an introduction by Asimov's close friend, author Harlan Ellison; a pastiche about the Black Widowers; and an essay by Asimov about how he came to write the Black Widowers stories. Also appearing in the collection is a new Black Widowers story, "The Last Story", written by Charles Ardai, the editor of the collection, for the December 2002 issue of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Asimov's death and the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of the first Black Widowers story. The Return of the Black Widowers can be purchased from amazon.com . Autobiography: It's Been a Good Life In late March, 2002, Prometheus Books published It's Been a Good Life , an autobiography edited by Janet Jeppson Asimov. The book was compiled from selections made from the three previous autobiographical volumes In Memory Yet Green A list of Asimov works available on other media : records, audio tapes, videotapes, computer software, and board games. (14k) Sources for Obtaining Asimov's Books There are many websites that offer books for sale, and of course the number grows each day. A number of those are good sources for books by Asimov, and a few are listed here. Please note that the listing of these sites do not constitute an endorsement of their services. Amazon.com Books : With millions of titles available, there is a good chance that you can find most of Asimov's books that are currently in print at Amazon. The Advanced Book Exchange represents large numbers of independent used book dealers, and is a good source for hard-to-find books. The Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America offers out-of-print, collectible, and hard to find books. They are an association of booksellers who collectively sell books on the Internet. . Their selection of books by Asimov often includes a number of titles you may not have seen elsewhere. AddAll offers searching and price comparisons. Powell's Book Store is a large store in Oregon (reputed to be the largest bookstore west of the Mississippi) that has a website. The Science Fiction Book Club sells its own editions of some of Asimov's science fiction books at discount prices. And last, but not least, don't forget your local library as a source for borrowing books for reading. Publishers of Asimov's Books on the Web Prometheus Books published several of Asimov's essay collections. Search the science fiction review archives of the Science Fiction Resource Guide to view their collection of reviews of Asimov's books. A Graph of Asimov's Book Publications It took nineteen years for Asimov to publish his first 100 books, ten years to publish the next 100, and only five years to bring the total up to 300. Thanks to Tony Neilson, here is a graph of the number of books Asimov published each year throughout his career: Some Items of Interest Isaac Asimov's Birthplace Isaac Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russia, in 1920. Petrovichi is very proud of their native son, and have honored the place of his birth with a memorial stone. A picture was supplied by Alexander Azimov, who is almost certainly a relative of Isaac's. Essays by Johnny Pez Johnny Pez dispenses his knowledge in a series of essays: The publishing history of the Positronic Robot and Foundation stories: Terminus A Piece of History By March 18, 1941, Isaac Asimov had written thirty-one stories, sold seventeen, and fourteen had been published. At that time, he considered himself nothing more than a third-rate writer. That evening, he sat down to write his thirty-second story, based on an idea suggested by Astounding editor John W. Campbell the day before. By April 8, he finished the story, titled "Nightfall", and on April 9 he took it to Campbell. Two days later, he received this letter from Campbell, and the history of science fiction was changed forever. Cosmic Corkscrew Science Fiction writer Michael A. Burstein pays homage to Isaac in Cosmic Corkscrew , his Hugo Award nominated story which appeared in the June 1998 issue of Analog, and honors the 60th anniversary of Asimov's submission of his first story to Astounding Science Fiction. Asimov and Religion Mike Brummond's scholarly essay Religion in Asimov's Writings considers the aspects of religion that appear in Asimov's fiction, and Asimov's views on religion, as expressed in his nonfiction. Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine has a website containing feature articles, excerpts from upcoming issues, book reviews, online interviews, reprints of Isaac Asimov's editorials, and much more. The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Home to Isaac Asimov's monthly science column for over thirty-three years, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , founded in 1949, is the award-winning SF magazine which is the original publisher of SF classics like Stephen King's Dark Tower , Daniel Keyes's "Flowers for Algernon" and Walter M. Miller's A Canticle for Leibowitz . The website has selections from recent and upcoming issues, current issue contents, writer's guidelines, and subscription information. Other Asimov Resources The Encyclopedia Galactica is the ultimate reference work for the universe detailed in Isaac Asimov's robot, Galactic Empire, and Foundation stories. Providing information on people, chronology, robotics, and other topics, it is published by the Encyclopedia Galactic Publishing Co., via the efforts of Mike Carlin of Bristol, England. The Imperial Galaxy , a gallery of original artwork illustrating the Foundation universe, brought to us by Slawek Wojtowicz. In the early sixties, Asimov regularly contributed book reviews to The Horn Book , a children's literary review journal, who marked their 75th anniversary in October 1999. At their virtual history exhibit is a letter from Asimov to an editor at Horn Book, after he received an unexpectedly large payment, asking to make sure that he wasn't overpaid. The Life & Times section of the New York Times website also features articles by and about Asimov, as well as reviews of Asimov's books that appeared in the Times (registration required). Science Fiction writer Michael A. Burstein, winner of the 1997 John Campbell Award for Best New Writer, remembers Isaac Asimov in "Asimov and Me" , first published in the Fanzine Mimosa

i don't know

Which Biblical name does Boris Becker's older son have?

BORIS BECKER AND HIS WIMBLEDON FAMILY – BCK Online Legendary Tennis player Boris Becker was joined by his family as they hosted a party celebrating the 25th Anniversary of his first win at Wimbledon. Pictured are (LtoR) Noah, 16, wife Sharley Lily Kerssenberg, 10-year-old Elias and Boris. Boris and Lilly welcomed their first child together four months ago.

Noah

President Kennedy was shot on 22nd November; what day was Lee Harvey Oswald shot?

Boris Becker on how his four children keep him fit | Daily Mail Online comments In this week's health quiz, the three-times Wimbledon champion, 43, talks facelifts, food and why he doesn't want to live forever. All natural: Boris Becker says he has never had plastic surgery and he doesn't intend to start now SO IS IT TRUE YOU'VE HAD A FACELIFT? Noooo! It’s a rumour I’ve been fighting ever since it started last November. In an interview I was asked how I managed to look so good for my age, and I joked that I’d had a facelift. But I’ve never had any plastic surgery and I don’t intend to — well, not unless my wife Lilly, 34, complains about how I look when I wake up in the morning. HOW DO YOU KEEP YOUR SKIN LOOKING  SO GOOD THEN? I’m really careful to use suncream. YOU RETIRED FROM PLAYING TENNIS YEARS AGO — ARE YOU STILL FIT? I go to the gym and do weights every week, as well as swimming and cycling. Having four children — Noah, 17, Elias, 12, Anna, 11, and Amadeus, 16 months — also keeps me young. HAS YOUR DIET CHANGED? When I was playing tennis, I ate a lot of carbs. Whereas now if I eat a lot of that, I get nice and fat. So I factor in a lot of fish, chicken and salad. DO YOU GET YOUR  FIVE A DAY? Yes — I’m a salad addict; I eat it twice a day, and I love grapefruit juice in the morning to kickstart my metabolism.   POP ANY PILLS? If I do get ill, I might take a vitamin C supplement or tea with honey like my mother used to give me. If I’m feeling really sick, I’ll get a vitamin C shot. HANGOVER CURE? Start the day with a Bloody Mary. TRIED ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE? Beauty secret: Becker keeps his skin looking so good by using a lot of suncream I suffered quite a few knee and ankle injuries, often on clay courts. I tried acupuncture, but I couldn’t say my foot got much better because of it. EVER HAD SURGERY? Hip injuries are common in tennis players because of the constant strain and sharp lateral movements. It had been bothering me for years. The doctors said part of my hip at the top had broken, so in 2009 I had a partial replacement to allow me flexibility. Just five days later I was hobbling around the beer festival in Munich with Lilly. I just wish I’d had it done sooner. SLEEP WELL? When I was playing, I’d have to get nine or ten hours, but now, six is perfect. BIGGEST VICE? Midnight snacking! When I’m travelling and get back to my hotel room late, there’s nothing better than a big club sandwich with a side order of fries with ketchup. I suffer for a whole week afterwards, though. LIKE TO LIVE FOR EVER? Absolutely not! I was very happy in my 20s and I’m very happy in my 40s. I’m probably going to be happy in my 60s, but I think once I’m in my 80s it’s time to go! Boris supports Barclays Ball Kids, an initiative to find 30 ballboys and girls for the end-of-season ATP World Tour Finals (barclaysballkids.com).

i don't know

Who founded General Motors in 1908?

Billy Durant and the Founding of General Motors [Mackinac Center] By Dr. Burton W. Folsom , published on Sept. 8, 1998 On September 16, 1908, one of America’s best known companies was born. That was the day that Billy Durant founded General Motors. When the local gossips heard what he had done, some were shocked because Durant actually made his first fortune betting against cars: he was the largest maker of carriages in the U. S. The recent UAW strike against GM has been hard on all parties, but both labor and management have good reason to come together and celebrate the man who started it all, ninety years ago this month. Most carriage makers avoided the auto, but not Billy Durant. He was one of the most remarkable entrepreneurs Michigan has ever produced. Friends said Durant could sell sand to the Arabs and then sell them sieves to sift it. Walter Chrysler once said of Durant, "He could coax a bird right down out of a tree." After a successful stint as a cigar salesman in Flint, Durant moved to carriages. In 1886, he started the Flint Road Cart Company and, after fifteen years traveling the country hawking a variety of carriages in all sizes and colors, he had transformed $2,000 in start-up capital into a $2 million business with sales around the world. By 1900, several mechanics had been tinkering with gas-powered horseless carriages, but costs were high and quality was low. Durant thought cars were smelly, noisy, and dangerous. He had even refused to let his daughter ride in one. But instead of calling for government safety regulations, he thought about improving the Buick, a local car with few sales and large debts. In 1904, after test-driving a Buick over the potholes in Flint and the mud of the countryside, he took the challenge of building the car industry almost from scratch. Durant the salesman sprang into action. He entered the Buick in a New York auto show—and came home with orders for 1,108 cars: not bad considering that only 37 Buicks had ever been made. In 1908, after just four years making cars, he had the best-selling car in the business. The carriage king had become the auto genius. Durant and his main rival, Henry Ford, both envisioned mass appeal for the car. Ford, however, thought his company should be built around one standard car, his low-priced, no frills Model T. Durant, from his years in the carriage business, knew that if he were to prevail as the auto leader he needed many different types of vehicles to cater to different incomes and tastes. He scoured the country with the idea of having Buick merge with other companies that could carve out a niche in the auto market. He bought Cadillac for its luxury cars. He formed General Motors in 1908 by consolidating thirteen car companies and ten parts-and-accessories manufacturers. By 1911, however, General Motors was losing money and Ford was selling more cars, prompting a group of Boston stockholders to oust Durant from leadership at General Motors. Thinking that the losses were due to Durant’s risk-taking brashness, they tried to run the company more cautiously. Durant was resilient, however. With capital and expertise he mustered from friends, he started making the Chevrolet, a new economy car that quickly captured a large share of the market. Durant then cleverly traded much of his Chevrolet stock for GM stock, and soon held a controlling interest in both companies. In 1916, he triumphantly returned to GM for a final four-year term in the driver’s seat. During his second presidency, Durant bought Fisher Body and Frigidaire to add to his Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Buick. Joining the GM team were Charles Kettering, who invented the self-starter, and Alfred Sloan, a brilliant organizer who wanted annual model changes. The problem was that GM began to receive less and less of Durant’s time while the stock market on Wall Street captured more and more. The gambling bug bit him hard and he lost touch with the company. In 1920, Pierre du Pont, chairman of the board, helped oust Durant again and worked out an arrangement to buy his GM stock. When the Great Depression hit, Durant’s roller-coaster ride crashed and he declared bankruptcy in 1936. He died in relative obscurity in 1947, but General Motors, his creation, has lived on as the largest car company in the world. It is no exaggeration to say that millions of Americans today are dependent for their livelihoods—directly or indirectly—upon the leadership of the U. S. auto industry which Billy Durant helped establish almost a century ago. SKU: V1998-28

William C. Durant

Nicoletta Mantovani hit the headlines through her relationship with which big figure in the entertainment world?

GM Historical Timeline Show All When a man looks back on his life from his eighty-fourth year, those who will listen to his memories expect him to become nostalgic about the good old days. But I happen to take more interest in the present and future than in the past, so to me everything that happened before yesterday belongs in the old days... Should I remember particularly that day in 1907 when the first automobile bearing the name McLaughlin rolled out from among the doomed graceful carriages in our Oshawa shop? Or that spring afternoon in 1934 when my graceful Horometer won me my first King's Plate in record time? Or the latest report of General Motors of Canada, which shows that the company that grew from an axe handle my father fashioned on a backwoods farm a hundred years ago is, more than ever, the largest single producer of consumer goods in Canada? All those things, and a thousand more memories, are part of my old days: and all of them were good. My father's days were good too - all his long life - although he never reconciled himself to the supplanting of his beloved carriages by the automobiles he could never learn to love, even though they bore our name. So were the days of my grandfather John, who first stepped on the soil of Ontario with no other possessions than the clothes he wore. And very wet clothes they were, too. Grandfather John McLaughlin came to Canada from County Tyrone on a sailing ship in 1832. He and the 140 other Irish men, women and children on the ship were not "potato famine" immigrants but had been persuaded to come to Canada by an agent for a scheme to populate the Peterborough area. I don't think Grandfather McLaughlin required much persuasion; he was eager for the opportunities offered to an energetic young man by the big new country across the Atlantic. From Montreal, John McLaughlin and his companions transferred to riverboats for the hazardous trip up to Lake Ontario. It proved so hazardous that Grandfather nearly did not survive it. His boat was swamped in rough water and all his possessions were lost. When he landed at Cobourg for the overland journey to Peterborough he had only the contents of a thin wallet between himself and destitution. Grandfather stayed in Peterborough only a short time and then took up a 160-acre grant of crown land in the virgin forest six miles north of Bowmanville. Some of the other Irish settlers took land nearby, and, nostalgically, they called the place Tyrone. Granddad cut enough trees to build a log cabin and make a clearing to sow his first crop. In that log cabin was born his eldest child, my father Robert McLaughlin. It was a thrifty life the McLaughlins and the other settlers led. They could grow much of their own vegetables, catch fish in the creeks, and occasionally butcher and share a pig. But there was mighty little cash for the tea, salt, sugar and flour they had to buy in the bustling town of Bowmanville, half a day's journey away. In fact, my father remembered that about the only cash crop on the farm was the potash they made by burning the hardwood they cut as they cleared the land, slowly and laboriously, acre by acre. As soon as my father was big enough to swing an axe, he was enlisted in that work that never finished for the Tyrone settlers - felling trees to make land for the plough. They say that if a person gets a surfeit of anything when he is young he will grow up hating that thing; well, that certainly wasn't the case with my father. From the time he was a boy until he was a grown man and married, my father felled and logged and stacked hundreds and thousands of cords of hardwood. And when he married, what do you think Granddad gave him for a wedding present? Why, fifty acres of virgin forest to be cleared into a farm of his own! In the 1890s, the MacLauglin staff worked a 59-hour week-including the boss's son in the upholstery shop. And so he sharpened his axe again and fell on those endless trees to build a house and clear a field for his wife and the family they were soon to start. Yes, next to God and his family, wood was the great love of my father's life. He loved the smell of it and the feel of it and the way it worked under axe and saw, adze and chisel and plane. There was to come a time when I would have to stand before him, more than a little nervous and prepared to be ordered indignantly from his office, and tell him that the McLaughlin Carriage Company should start making automobiles as well as carriages in order to keep abreast of the times. Yet he took my brash suggestion surprisingly quietly and calmly, and I know he agreed - albeit sadly and reluctantly - only because cars in those days had bodies made of wood which required quite as much skill to fashion as his carriages. This was something he could understand and approve of, even though he disapproved of the noisy smoke-belching iron machine, which took the place of the stately horse. It wasn't until metal bodies replaced wood that he finally lost interest. "That's the end," he told me quietly. While he was still a boy my father had taken up a hobby. In those days, on a backwoods farm, you pretty well made your own entertainment; there were no movies to go to, of course, and no radio or television to keep a boy entranced. Even such entertainments as "the city" might offer - in this case the village of Bowmanville - were out of the question; the trip over the narrow rutted muddy road from Tyrone to Bowmanville was a major undertaking. So, in the few hours between the end of a day of hard labour with his axe, and his early bedtime, my father occupied himself with what was to become his life's work: shaping wood. At first it was axe handles, fashioned with such skill that when Granddad took them into Bowmanville on market day the merchants declared they were the best they had ever seen, and even paid a penny or two above the going price for them. In addition to being my father's hobby, those axe handles were an important supplement to the family's other source of cash income, potash. The axe handles also were in a very real sense the first production units of the enterprise that is now General Motors of Canada. Granddad was a devout man, and the only activity permitted on Sundays was churchgoing. But that in itself was an adventure, a complete change of scene, a transition from the "Little Ireland" atmosphere of Tyrone to the mixed Irish and Scottish settlement of Enniskillen, four miles away. For there was no Presbyterian church at Tyrone, and the good Ulstermen journeyed to the kirk at Enniskillen. It was in the kirk that my father met Mary Smith, the daughter of Scottish settlers who had come to Enniskillen from Perthshire two or three years after the McLaughlins reached Tyrone. She was a bonny lass, this Enniskillen girl who was to become my mother; I can remember her to this day, nearly eighty years later, even though I was only five years old when we had the great misfortune to lose her in 1878, the same year my father moved his little carriage shop to Oshawa. I know just how my mother looked then, in the days not many years after my father courted her after church on Sundays and then married her; I know not only from my memory, but because she had once had her photograph taken, and many years later Sir Wyly Grier painted her portrait from it for me to hang in a place of honour in my home. In due time after his Sunday visits to Enniskillen, my father informed Granddad that he was going to marry Mary Smith. On the acreage Granddad deeded to him on hearing this news, my father set to work to build a home for his bride. It was to be a better house than the one the McLaughlins had started in - of boards, not logs. Nowadays when a young man says he is going to "build a house", it usually means calling in a contractor to do the work. In my father's case it meant building a house with his own hands, of his own materials. The original factory at Enniskillen Cutters in a Catalogue It meant felling the trees, cutting the logs to length, hauling them to the sawmill, hauling the lumber back to the site he had chosen for the house and then building it. Nearby he put up a driving shed. There wasn't much to be stored in that shed, just a few tools and odds and ends. But there were compensations for the emptiness of the shed - it meant that my father could build a fine big workbench. At that workbench, in the evenings, he made dozens of axe handles, using the finest straight-grained bits of hardwood that he had selected from the lumber milled for the house. With his little farm still being cleared of virgin forest, those axe handles were an important source of revenue. But the Governor - I might as well start using now the name we called him, in affection and respect, for all his life - the Governor wasn't satisfied. He was eager to make more ambitious use of his self-taught skill in working wood. One of his treasured possessions was an old catalogue illustrated with wondrous pictures of carriages, wagons and cutters. The Governor pored over these pictures with endless interest, tracing with his finger the elaborate curves and carvings of the bodies; he studied the methods of fastening the body frame to the springs and the springs to the wheels or runners. Then one day he reached a decision: "I'm going to build one of those." His first project was comparatively modest - a sleigh. While he was working on it, a neighbour passed by, stopped to see what Bob McLaughlin was up to in his shed, and watched the quality of wood and workmanship he was putting into his first sleigh, and said: "Will you sell me that cutter when it's finished?" "I'll make you another one like it," said the Governor, "and you can specify the time you want it." Thus his first "production line" was two cutters at the same time. He couldn't do all the work himself, of course. In those days small carriage and wagon shops were dependent on journeyman artisans - and "journeymen" they really were - blacksmiths and upholsterers who traveled about the countryside, stopping to perform their special work on as many vehicles as the shop had ready, then moving on to the next shop. Schedules Were Uncertain It was a very casual schedule these journeymen kept. The state of the roads, the amount of work to be done at any one place, the artisan's own habits of temperance or intemperance - all these determined how punctually a journeyman would arrive for his assignment. In that leisurely age the uncertainty of the journeyman's coming was of no great consequence as a rule, but it so happened that the Governor's first production schedule was geared to a very tight deadline. He was fortunate with his upholsterer, J. B. Keddie of Oshawa, who arrived in good time. In his wagon were two apprentices and his supply of horsehair, canvas, leather and other upholstery materials. My mother had to provide room and board for the journeyman and his apprentices - that was part of the unwritten contract. The promised date of delivery of the neighbour's cutter was drawing near and still the blacksmith who was to do the essential ironwork on both cutters had not arrived. Meanwhile the man who had ordered the cutter came around to see how it was progressing. He said to the Governor: "Bob, I forgot to tell you - I want a picture painted on the back of that cutter: King Billy crossing the Boyne on his white horse." My father, unlike many of his North of Ireland Protestant neighbors, was not an Orangeman. Moreover, he had never seriously tried his hand at picture painting. But he set to and produced a creditable - and vivid - picture of the event that made July 12 famous. Three quarters of a century later that cutter came back into the possession of the McLaughlins, and the picture the Governor painter on the back of his first vehicle was still recognizable - especially the white horse. Thereafter no customer had to use any great persuasion to get my father to paint pictures on their vehicles. When the blacksmith finally arrived, quite unabashed at his tardiness, there was so little time left that he and my father had to work day and night to finish the cutters. But finished they were, and one was delivered to the staunch Orangeman. But, strangely enough, it was the Governor's near-failure rather than his success that probably led to the growth of the Tyrone shed into General Motors of Canada. It is not difficult to imagine what might have happened if that blacksmith had arrived on time and given my father no cause for worry: the Governor might well have been content to continue the production system then in vogue with dozens of small carriage shops in Ontario, which used visiting journeyman artisans for important roles in carriage building, with resulting limited production and dependence on the whims of a very independent bunch of men. The lesson the Governor learned from the belated blacksmith led to an important decision: to build his own tiny blacksmith shop in front of the shed at Tyrone. The upholstering end was never a problem; J. B. Keddie was a reliable man and a fine workman. He was to stay with my father as journeyman upholsterer until the business moved to Oshawa, when he became foreman of the McLaughlin Carriage Company, a position he held for the rest of his life. Soon the demand for the cutters and wagons outgrew the Tyrone shop, and in 1869, two years after he made his first pair of cutters, the Governor decided to move to a larger community - Enniskillen. In that year my brother George was born. My eldest brother Jack (J. J. McLaughlin) was three years old; I was to be born two years later. In Enniskillen the Governor built a somewhat larger shop with a separate blacksmith shop; on the second floor was a room where wheels hung from the ceiling to dry and, surmounting everything, a small tower where the town bell was installed. The Governor was still building only cutters and wagons, but in his fine new shop he decided to try his hand at a carriage - the McLaughlin representative at the coming county fair at Bowmanville. He and Mr. Keddie gave it their best and produced a beautiful phaeton. Among entries, which included the products of two of eastern Ontario's largest carriage makers, the McLaughlin phaeton won first prize. Immediately the McLaughlin carriage shop stopped making wagons and went in for carriages. Robert McLaughlin, third from left, with his workmen Wheel Fell on Head My own first recollection of the carriage business was a painful one. One day when I was five, I wandered into the room where the wheels were hung from the ceiling to dry. A wheel fell on me, knocking me out and opening a deep gash in my head. I was carried to my father's office - howling lustily as soon as I recovered my breath, I have no doubt - and while everyone else fussed around wondering what should be done next, the governor solved the problem simply; he produced one of those brown-striped humbugs and gave it to me. The pain and the tears stopped miraculously. After that, the family always said I had "wheels in the head." And I suppose they were right. The McLaughlin carriage shop outgrew Enniskillen within half a dozen years of moving there. It now employed as many as eight men at busy seasons, but it operated under conditions that would cause a businessman today to pull out his hair in handfuls. There was, for example, no bank; Enniskillen was a long way from the nearest railway, and all supplies had to be carted in. In 1876 the Governor decided to make the big and daring move - to Oshawa. It might be wondered how any business could expand, or operate at all, without banking facilities. Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that a village carriage maker seventy-five years ago didn't do business the way it is done today. I have before me a faded and torn journal in the Governor's hand writing, in which a typical entry is that of Feb. 10, 1875: "H. Taylor - one cutter, $30 in cash next fall and seven cords of good dry hardwood, maypole or beech." When I say the move to Oshawa was daring, I am not reflecting my father's attitude, but that of our competitors. There were at that time two established carriage makers in Oshawa, and they let it be known that in their opinion "McLaughlin will last six months." It took a little longer than that for further changes to occur in the Oshawa carriage industry -- and when they did, it was the competitors who disappeared. It is true that the Governor brought no great ambition for expansion to Oshawa. After he had bought a lot and erected a smallish three-story building on it, with a separate brick blacksmith shop, he sold the balance of the lot to the town, which built a jail on it and later the city hall. And indeed my father's methods did not permit mushroom growth. People called him "a crank for quality," and he took it as a compliment. No workman would dare skimp a job, or rush it through, because my father inspected everything and poor workmanship was the one sure way of calling down his wrath; he was disdainful of the quality of the carriage-hardware traveling salesmen tried to get him to buy, and insisted on using nothing but Norway iron, a tough and durable metal which cost five to ten times as much as ordinary iron. But, early in the eighties, the Governor produced an invention that was to revolutionize the carriage industry and expand the little McLaughlin shop into a million-dollar-a-year enterprise. It was, strangely for my father whose great concern had been with the woodwork and who had hired others for the metal parts, an invention made of metal. It was a new "gear" for buggies and carriages. The "gear" is all that part of a carriage between the body and the wheels - the springs, couplings, chassis and the mechanism that permits the front axle to turn and thus steer the vehicle. The McLaughlin gear had long flexible springs, couplings of Norway iron, of course, brass and rubber washers. But the most important part was the turning mechanism. There's an old saying, "as useless as a new-type fifth wheel," but the Governor belied that saying by incorporating a fifth wheel into the turning mechanism of his gear, and he patented it. The McLaughlin gear is, I suppose, part of the vanished history of a vanished type of vehicle. But in those days it was big news. It made carriages safer and smoother-riding. From my father's point of view, his new gear was just another improvement in the design of his carriages, and he made them only with the intention of using them in his own products - until Tony Foster saw the gear. Tony Foster was the most popular of the many traveling salesmen who called on my father. He was a memorable and colourful figure, and we were always glad to see him come to the shop, dressed in a soft tweed hat, braided velvet coat, horse-blanket vest, yellow gloves, and carrying a cane. Tony sold upholstering material and hardware items, and he was always sure of an order from the Governor, even when we weren't really low on inventory of the goods he sold. But this day Tony didn't have time for a sales talk. He took a look at a McLaughlin gear that had been set up, leaned his ample weight on the springs, tested the fifth wheel steering mechanism and said: "By Jove, Mr. McLaughlin, that's a fine-looking gear ... I could sell some of those to my customers, now." "By Jove, Mr. McLaughlin, that's a fine-looking gear ... I could sell some of those to my customers, now." The Governor thought of this idea for a moment, then said: "All right, Tony, if you can sell them, we'll sell them to you." Tony waited to hear no more. He hurried back to Guelph and described the gear to his boss, Chris Kloepfer. A couple of days later both Tony Foster and Mr. Kloepfer arrived early in the morning. They looked the gear over again, then spent the rest of the morning in the Governor's office. Offered to Buy Gear When my father came home at noon he held a solemn conference with his sons, two teen-agers and me not yet in my teens. "Boys," he said, "I have had an offer to sell the gear patent." He paused. "Ten thousand dollars." Pause. "That's a lot of money." Pause. "Will I take it?" I suppose that, since he had done us the honor of consulting us on this very important matter, we should have thought over the question for a minute or two. But we didn't. In one voice we chorused: "No, don't sell it." The Governor returned to Foster and Kloepfer and announced his decision not to sell the gear patent. But he offered them exclusive rights to sell the gear itself across Canada, provided they placed a minimum order for 1,000, to be taken over a period of two years. As it turned out, that was a conservative contract that underestimated Tony's salesmanship and the appeal of the gear to other carriage makers; in the years that remained of the heyday of the carriage, Foster was to send in orders for nearly 20,000 gears. To manufacture this sideline we had to expand both the carriage factory and the blacksmith shop; and then we had to enlarge again to meet the increased demand for the carriages with the new gear, which we built ourselves. It might be thought that by selling other carriage makers this important part we were competing with ourselves. But it didn't work out that way. Carriage factories all over the country advertised their products as "equipped with the wonderful new McLaughlin gear" and that meant they were advertising us. People figured, "If we're buying a carriage with a McLaughlin gear, why not buy the whole McLaughlin carriage?" Even some carriage makers came around to that point of view. After fitting McLaughlin gears to their own vehicles for a time they started ordering completed carriages and thus became our agents. Until then our sales had been almost entirely local. Often a buyer would come to our shop with a horse and drive away in a new carriage. Now orders for gears and for carriages started to come in from places that our shipper had never heard of, places far beyond Ontario in eastern and western Canada. Walking through the crowded busy shops the Governor regretted that he had sold that "surplus" half of his lot. To take advantage of this gratifying new demand for the carriages he had been building for nearly twenty years, my father hired his first traveling salesman, John Henry. Others were put on the road in quick succession: William Stevenson, Manley Rose, T.A. Chadburn. They sold McLaughlin carriages literally from coast to coast. In the early days of this expansion, while the carriage shop was still small, I graduated from high school. I was only sixteen, so I suppose I should confess modestly that I was a fairly bright scholar. But I think one reason was that I found the world such an exciting place that I wanted to get out into it as soon as I could. I had no great urge to go into the carriage business. My brother Jack had graduated as a chemist from the University of Toronto and was in New York doing what he called "looking things over." Actually, he was even then planning his own great enterprise - the founding of the Canada Dry beverage company. My brother George, a couple of years older than I, was already apprenticed to the carriage shop, and I thought that one second-generation carriage maker in the family was enough. Besides, there were other things I wanted to try. I thought I might like to become a hardware merchant, and worked in Dan Cinnamon's store for five months. I thought of becoming a lawyer - I fancied I looked a little like one. I knew from George that apprenticeship with the Governor was no rest cure. It meant working practically from dawn to after dusk, six days a week, and that would interfere with the bicycling I was so keen on. Young Sam often rode his bicycle sixty miles in a day Not, mind you, that the Governor let any of his family suffer from idle hands. We were not allowed to run the streets at night; there was cordwood to be sawed, the horses to be looked after, any number of chores around the house. We didn't have a hired man until much later. But I still managed to find time for some furious cycling. The Governor must have been concerned about this, although he never reprimanded me. But he mentioned my over-enthusiastic cycling in a letter to Jack. My brother replied: "Regarding Sam's bicycling propensities, it seems to be a kind of fascination that gets hold of a boy but it usually wears off in a year of two. It seems to stick to Sam longer but it's a mistake for him to travel such long distances." Long distances? Once for a holiday I rode from Oshawa to Brockville and back over dirt roads, a distance of more than 300 miles. Often I rode the thirty miles to Toronto and back in one day. That was a toll road, but being on a bicycle I didn't have to pay. Almost every day of the week I took a sixteen to eighteen-mile swing around the Oshawa-to-Whitby-to-Colombus circuit. And this was not on a modern cycle, but on an old-time solid high-wheeler with a little bit of a pilot wheel. I entered races at all the fairs and meets I could get to, with pretty fair success. In facts, George said jokingly that I brought home so many cups and cruets and pickle dishes that I would be able to furnish a house when I got married. I knew the answer to that one. I wasn't ever going to marry. I was going to be too busy to be anything else but a bachelor. What finally decided me to go in with the Governor was a very pleasant but firm letter from Jack, in which he persuaded me that it was my duty to enter the family business. So in 1887 I became an apprentice in the upholstery shop. I soon found that George had not been exaggerating when he said it was no advantage to be the boss' son. I swept the floors and did all the other menial work that apprentices have hated from time immemorial. Everybody in those days worked a fifty-nine-hour week except the bosses (and, I soon discovered, the boss' son). They sometimes worked seventy or eighty hours, without overtime either. The Governor was impatient at the paper work involved in business. The working day of a carriage maker, he felt, should be dedicated to making carriages. He never started the office routine - making our purchasing orders, writing letters and such things - until after six. I was expected to stay and help with such chores as copying letters on the big old-fashioned screw-press. We seldom got home until after seven at night - and work started sharp at seven in the morning. Sneaked in Back Door I was thirty years old, a partner in the business and a family man, before I decided I had come up in the world enough to start going to the office at the luxuriously late hour of eight o'clock. The first morning I did so my conscience grew more and more bothered the nearer I got to the plant - and finally I sneaked in the back door, thoroughly ashamed of myself. It took a long time for me to become accustomed to keeping "executive's hours." As an apprentice I was paid three dollars a week; and every payday the Governor solemnly deducted two-fifty for room and board. I had fifty cents a week to spend as foolishly as I wished. In later years when I related this to the younger generations of my family, they looked at me with incredulous eyes and exclaimed: "But what could anyone do with fifty cents a week?" Well, let me tell you that in Oshawa in those days there was a lot a boy could do with fifty cents a week; perhaps I should say there were a lot fewer ways of getting rid of the change in your pocket; there were no movies, no twenty-five cent sodas and sundaes, no fifty-cent ball games in enclosed grandstands, no bus or streetcar fares to pay if you wanted to go somewhere a couple of miles away. We made our own games, we could hunt and fish and hike. And when it came to spending money you'd be surprised how many wintergreen candies you could get for a cent; or, better still, there was the old lady who made taffy in her little shop, and for one cent she would hand over a lump that could pull all the fillings out of your teeth, if you had any. Certainly I didn't suffer any hardship during my three years of apprenticeship. I learned to stitch and sew, to make wax ends, to lay out jobs, to make cushions - everything an upholsterer must know from the ground up. It was so thoroughly worked into me that I am still a journeyman upholsterer, and I think I could make a living at it even today. But I wasn't so confident back then in 1890, when I was still in my teens and the upholstery foreman told me I had become a full-fledged journeyman. Oh, I was cocky enough, but I just wanted to make sure that I was good enough to make a journeyman's full pay - $1.75 a day - in carriage shops other than McLaughlin's. In other words, I wanted to find out that I wouldn't be paid all that money just because I was the Governor's spoiled brat. So I put twenty dollars in my wallet, took the train to Gananoque, crossed the St. Lawrence in a ferry and went on to Watertown, N. Y., where the H. H. Babcock Co. was located. The company was noted for making magnificent carriages and having a very high standard of workmanship. If I could get a job there - and keep it - it would be a good test of my ability. I got a job right away and to my surprise, top wages of $1.75 a day. After I had been there two weeks I heard a couple of men working near me whisper, "Here comes the big boss, Mr. Rich himself." Mr. Rich was superintendent of the plant. He came up to me and said: "Are you a McLaughlin from Oshawa?" I suppose he had seen my name and address on the plant records. I told him I was. "What are you doing here?" "I'm just testing my apprenticeship, sir," I answered. "I am out to learn a little more and look around." Mr. Rich smiled and said: "I was born in Brooklin." Brooklin is a village a few miles north of Oshawa, in those days about the same size as Enniskillen. The superintendent was kind. He gave me the run of the plant and helped me in every way. So in Watertown I not only learned that I was worth $1.75 a day, but I absorbed a lot of ideas about plant management, design and quality control. I stayed with the Babcock Company for two months, and was sorry to leave. But I wanted to see more of other carriage factories. I got a job with Sturtevant and Larabee, carriage and sleigh makers in Syracuse, N. Y., and later moved on to a similar job in Binghampton. Then I took my savings, went to New York City, and "did the town." After all those years, the details of that first visit to the big city are somewhat hazy - but still pleasant. I arrived back in Oshawa with fifteen cents in my pocket. Now I was ready to settle down and make carriages ... for a while, anyway. Part Two - How The Auto Beat The Horse When fire razed their factory, the confident McLaughlins built it again and their horse carriages went full tilt with a gross of a million dollars a year. Then over the horizon in a cloud of dust came a strange new contraption called the automobile. Show All In 1892, when I turned twenty-one, my father repaid me the $2.50 a week he had taken from my $3 salary for room and board during my three-year apprenticeship with the McLaughlin Carriage Company. He repaid me with generous interest, I should say, since he made me a partner, along with my older brother George. The business was still growing slowly. Our capital was quite small. I am sure the Governor would have had no difficulty in finding a silent partner who would have brought considerable capital into the business, but he was more interested in work than in money. He had started with nothing but his hands in a little shop in a forest clearing at Tyrone, in Durham County of Ontario, and built the first McLaughlin vehicle, a cutter, in 1867 - which makes us exactly the same age as Canada. The Governor wanted working partners - certainly George and I brought nothing into the business but willingness to work and such skills as we had acquired in the carriage shop. In the same year he also took in William Parks, who became foreman of the blacksmith shop. He remained in that position until his death, when his estate was wound up and paid off by the partnership. Bank credit, essential for operating an expanding business like ours, was very difficult to secure in those days. It was fortunate that my father's reputation as a reliable and devout man, an elder of the church, made it possible for us to get a reasonable line of credit from Dominion Bank, then the town's leading bank. Then some local men in Oshawa formed the Western Bank and offered the Governor expanded credit if he would change his account to the new bank. It was a tempting offer, and my father accepted it. Later, when the Standard Bank bought out the Western, we resumed our former contacts and divided our business between the Dominion and Standard banks. Now that our working capital problem was eased we were ready for the expansion necessary to meet increasing orders for McLaughlin carriages. But there remained a major bottleneck: our plant was a considerable distance from the Oshawa railway freight yards. We had to load all carriages at the factory on flat wagons, with bodies on gears and wheels and shafts neatly stowed away, then team them down to the railway, unload them, and reload them on the railway cars. The streets were unpaved, deep in mud in wet weather, heavy with dust in dry weather. The boxcars used by the railways in those days were dinky things, too small for the economical shipment of carriages. So we loaded our carriages twenty-five at a time on flat cars, which were much longer than boxcars, and we kept a crew of men building `houses' right over the carriages, closing them in solidly. It was a costly, time-wasting way of getting our products from factory to purchaser. Then came Oshawa's great street-railroad issue. The Rathburn Company of Deseronto wanted to build a railway through Oshawa for the benefit of the town's industries. There was strong opposition, speeches for and against, friends quarrelling with lifelong friends over the issue. Finally it was put to a vote - and the railway won. I was all in favour of the railway, of course, but I feel that the town was pretty generous in allowing the railway to use so many streets. It was being done in many other towns, however, as the only answer to the transport problem when a town grew up around an industry or group of industries, as so often happened. I don't suppose the problem will ever arise again, with industries becoming more and more decentralized and truck transport supplementing railways to a large extent. The breaking of this shipping bottleneck soon led to one even more serious. The McLaughlin Carriage Company finally reached the point where it could not add another foot of badly needed work space to the crowded buildings on the half-lot my father had bought twenty years before. We either had to move or hold down production. Looking for new quarters, we considered a much bigger factory, which had been built by the Hon. T.N. Gibbs to manufacture furniture. That business failed and the building had been taken over by the Heaps Manufacturing Company, another furniture concern, which also failed, leaving the building empty. We made an unusual deal for that building, trading in our old plant on it. We were warned by some people that the building was "jinxed," and by others that we were biting off more than we could chew. "You will be lost in that big building," people told us. "You'll have to rent out some of it." But in two years we were up to our usual tricks: we were busy building extensions. In 1896 we spread further by opening our first branch office in Saint John, N.B., where our carriages had become popular. My brother George went down there for several months to open this, our first branch away from home, and he did a splendid job of organizing our business in the lower provinces. Later we established similar branches in Montreal, London, Winnipeg, Regina, Calgary and other cities. As I look back on those last years of the 19th century I think I can honestly say that I was the busiest young man in North America. After I returned from "testing my apprenticeship" in the U.S., I became foreman of the upholstery shop for a year or two. Then I went into the office and, in addition to handling my share of the business end, I became the designer for all McLaughlin carriages. It was to be one of my jobs - and my real labour of love - for the next twenty-five years, on all our early automobiles as well as the carriages. Years before, I had wanted, among other things, to become a draftsman and had taken a correspondence course in it. But when I wanted to go off and learn the profession seriously, the Governor put his foot down. "If I want a draftsman," he said, "I can get a draftsman. I want you to stay here and learn the business." Now I think he was glad that he had someone with some training in design in the family, the way the carriage business was developing. Today a motor manufacturer who puts out half a dozen different basic body designs feels he is offering a full line, and he is. But at the turn of the century, to keep abreast and ahead of the stiff competition, McLaughlin's was offering no fewer than 143 separate body designs of carriages and sleighs, with new models in many types every year. Every part of the country had its own ideas about the carriages it wanted. Quebec wanted Concord bodies, for example, but Ontario preferred square boxlike bodies. The Northwest and other frontier areas must have their buckboards and democrats. Then there was the city stuff, phaetons, stanhopes and fringe-top surreys. The Maritimes insisted on the fanciest designs of all. We were developing an export business too; Australia was buying our carriages. Road carts, the simplest type of conveyance then in existence, two-wheeled and low in price, were in great demand not only locally but in South America as well. Once we shipped five hundred road carts on one vessel bound for South America, then received a message from the buyer: "Ship lost with all carts; please repeat the order immediately." It was quite a job to keep up with the plant's demand for all those different designs. Often I would work until well after midnight, trying out new ideas in design and throwing a dozen or more into the wastebasket until I got just the lines that suited me. Then next day at the plant I would draw the new designs and all the components of the carriage on a big blackboard. The foremen of the various departments would work from those blackboard drawings to make prototypes of the new models and then the whole plant would be geared to put them into production. The Automobile generation, which recognizes the buggy in sweet old-fashioned songs, may think of it as the simplest form of machinery, but to us and to our customers it was a complex mechanism requiring considerable maintenance. Here, for example, are the first two of a dozen "Rules for the care and preservation of wagons and carriages" we issued in 1896: "Carriages should be kept in an airy, dry coach house. There should be a moderate amount of light, otherwise the colors will be affected. The windows should be curtained to avoid having direct sunlight strike upon the carriage. "There should be no communication between the stable and the coach house. The manure pit should be located as far away from the coach house as possible. Ammonia fumes crack and destroy varnish, and fade the colors of both painting and lining. "Also avoid having a carriage stand near a brick wall, as the dampness from the wall will fade the colors and destroy the varnish." Owners of new carriages were advised that "it is better for it to stand for a few days, and to be frequently washed and dried off before being used. Frequent washings with cold water and exposure to fresh air will help to harden and brighten the finish." Tires Needed Care Mechanical maintenance of a carriage was not, of course, anything like that of cars. But the carriage owner had problems the motorist never heard of: moths in the upholstery, for example. We recommended turpentine and camphor if the woollen linings became infested. Carriage drivers never had to worry about punctures, but tire troubles were possible, and our instructions said: "Should the tires of the wheels get at all slack, so that the joints of the fellows become visible, have them immediately contracted or the wheels may be permanently injured. `A stitch in time saves nine!'" The instructions we gave carriage buyers about lubrication shows how comparatively recent is the world which runs on petroleum. In 1896 we instructed: "Keep the axles well oiled ... pure sperm oil is considered best for lubricating purposes. Castor oil will answer, but never use sweet oil, as it will gum up." We promised carriage buyers that the care we outlined would result in long life. How long, we did not know at the time. One of the rewards of long life has been for me to see for myself how well our promise has been kept, for many of those stoutly built McLaughlin vehicles survive to this day and give good service forty and fifty years after they were made. In 1897, when I was twenty-six, I got the idea I would like to try politics. The Governor had been mayor of Oshawa and I suppose I wanted to try my hand at civic affairs too. In that year I campaigned for a seat on the council and was fortunate enough to be elected at the head of the poll. That was the beginning and end of my political career. I was, as I have said, working extremely long hours; I really wasn't interested in politics, municipal or any other kind, and I was never much of a speaker. To those of my friends who will raise an eyebrow at this last statement, I will point out that I said speaker - not talker. But the chief reason I abandoned politics so quickly was a young lady named Miss Adelaide Louise Mowbray. In 1898, twenty-seven years old and a confirmed bachelor, I bicycled out to Tyrone one Sunday to visit my uncle on the old homestead. I should have remembered that Tyrone was a dangerous place for my family - my brother George had married a Tyrone girl. But I had no inkling of my fate when my uncle asked me to go to church with his family. The only person I really saw in the church that day was a vision of beauty in the choir, but the strange part of it was that I had known her previously. She had visited in our home - she and my younger sister had gone to model school together - but I had never paid any attention to her. Somehow that morning, as my uncle's pew was well forward in the church, I could get a ringside view of her. So absorbed was I that my uncle had to nudge my elbow when they passed the collection plate. After the service I was waiting at the side door through which the choir entered. I wanted her to come out for a walk that afternoon but she had to teach the Bible class. I made a date out with my horse and buggy. I believe I made some progress, for I asked for another date the next Sunday and on that day I proposed to her. In those days I sported a big sandy-colored mustache and a Vandyke beard. Although Miss Adelaide had not said anything against them I reluctantly decided they must go, for I had made up my mind that my bachelor days, with such a beautiful girl available, should come to an end and nothing interfere with my chances. I was accepted in October and we were married the next February. I made a happy choice that day as my wife and I have enjoyed more than fifty-six years of married life. She has been a wonderful helpmate always and possesses great charm, not only for me but for all who know her. In 1899, the McLaughlins were wiped out by fire. A little less than a year after my marriage the biggest disaster in our history struck. On Dec. 7, 1899, the McLaughlin Carriage Company buildings burned to the ground. We were helpless; we could only stand and watch our life's work go up in flames, not only we McLaughlins, but the six hundred men who depended for a living on the carriage works. The only water we ever saw at that fire wouldn't even reach the first floor, because it had to be pumped all the way from the city hall by a dinky little fire engine. The building was crammed full with raw material, carriages in all stages of completion, and a large number of carriages ready to ship. All our tools and equipment, including the special gauges and jigs we had designed to make our products just a little better than others. All our designs - my designs - went up in the flames. Insurance covered part of the loss, but couldn't begin to meet the disaster of a going concern employing hundreds of men suddenly becoming a heap of blackened wreckage. If we were dismayed, the Governor, George and I, we didn't stay that way long. For the ruins of the McLaughlin Carriage Company were still smoldering when a telephone call came through from Belleville. The city was ready to float a bond issue, we were told, to provide us with a big cash bonus if we would rebuild our factory in Belleville. In quick succession, by telegram, telephone and letter, similar offers came from fifteen other Ontario cities and towns. How could we remain discouraged in the face of that kind of confidence in our ability to re-establish our business? But we wanted to stay in Oshawa. We felt a loyalty to the town in which we had now been established for nearly a quarter of a century, a loyalty that amounted to the feeling that Oshawa owned the business as much as the McLaughlins did. And we soon had heartening evidence that Oshawa reciprocated that feeling. The town offered us a loan of $50,000, to be repaid "as convenient." We appreciated that and accepted. But what were we and our workers to do while the plant was being rebuilt? And what about our markets? Would buyers who needed a new carriage wait six months or a year until we got into production? Somehow we had to start making carriages - immediately and in quantity. I started scouting around for temporary quarters. At Gananoque, one hundred and fifty miles east of Oshawa, I came across an empty two-storey factory that we could rent, and grabbed it. I suppose the next six months were the most hectic of my life. Remember, we were going back into the carriage business with nothing except what we had in our heads. While machinery was being hastily installed in the Gananoque factory - anything we could lay hands on that would make carriage parts - I set about re-creating the designs we needed to make the prototype models. By the time the new century had dawned, we were ready to get into production again. Of course, we couldn't hope to produce, in that makeshift factory, all the scores of models we had been making. But we could produce enough to keep the McLaughlin Carriage Company a going concern. I took as many of our Oshawa workmen as I could use along at Gananoque, and we found billets in boarding houses and private homes. The town took quite an interest in our "invasion" - old timers of Gananoque still tell me they remember vividly "the time McLaughlins moved in." By keeping that double-decked plant running two shifts every 24 hours we really rolled those carriages out, and they were every bit as good as the ones we had been making at a more leisurely pace in Oshawa; the Governor wouldn't have permitted anything else. By the middle of July 1900 - starting from scratch without a design or a pattern or a tool - we turned out 3,000 carriages. That was enough to supply our most urgent orders, and more important, to establish beyond any doubt that the McLaughlins were still in business. The Gananoque operation confirmed my belief that the willing conscientious worker is the backbone of any business. We all returned to Oshawa in mid-summer after winding up the Gananoque business, and pitched in to help finish the new plant... and we were making carriages in Oshawa again before the roof was on. Old Plant Still Stands The new plant was on such an ambitious scale that it was not until 1911, when we were deep in automobile production in addition to carriages, that we needed to acquire our "No. 2 site" of forty acres on what was then the outskirts of Oshawa. So well built was that 1900 plant that it is still part of General Motors. The new plant, designed by M.J. Butler, of the Rathburn Company, and built by that company - using many of the McLaughlin employees thrown out of work by the fire - consisted of two large main buildings. One was 395 feet by 61 feet, the other 274 feet by 60. Our recollection of the fire - of how the flames had ripped through the thin floors as though they were not there, of how the walls had collapsed - influenced the specifications of the new buildings. They had five-inch-thick floors with castings on the main posts so that the walls would remain upright in the event of fire. We put in a big underground water tank with a powerful pump and six-inch pipe outlet - it was not until 1905 that Oshawa installed a waterworks. We put in a generator to make our own electric light. All in all, the new plant was the last word in modernity. There was even an office section designed as part of the plant, instead of a corner grudgingly lopped from space devoted to the all-important business of making carriages. And there were telephones. Oh, there had been an intercommunication system in the old plant, but it was not one that Alexander Graham Bell had made or invented. It consisted of a metal pipe running up through the three floors. Anyone on any floor could call anyone on any other floor by opening a flap and whistling through the tube, then asking for the person wanted. It was our own idea and we were very proud of it. It was supposed to be a great timesaver, and I suppose it was - for others. But almost always the message which reached me through the tubular telephone was, "Sam, you're wanted in the office!" We created a small sensation in Oshawa by hiring a stenographer, probably the first in the town, certainly the first in the McLaughlin Carriage Company. We took on a few more appurtenances of big business, notably when I hired an assistant, William Coad, who came to me from high school. George couldn't stand that very long, so he took on Jack Beaton as his assistant. That was the office staff, except for the man who was the real tower of strength to the Governor and ourselves - Oliver Hezzlewood. Mr. Hezzlewood was an Oshawa schoolteacher and kept the books straight for the McLaughlins, who were more interested in designing and building carriages. For four or five years he dropped in after school to do his work, until the Governor decided we needed him full time. In 1901, as we were getting into stride after the fire, we changed the setup of the company; the partners became shareholders and the company became the McLaughlin Carriage Company, Ltd. Those were wonderful years for the carriage business. Everybody in Canada seemed to want a McLaughlin carriage or cutter. Our volume rocketed to the 25,000-a-year mark, and our sales passed the million-dollar volume. There was only one small cloud on the horizon, a cloud caused by the appearance on Ontario's dusty roads of a strange contraption called the automobile. I don't remember the first time I saw an automobile. It might have been the one that was the pride and joy of Oliver Hezzlewood. Certainly Hezzlewood's was the first car I had any personal contact with, the first I ever worked on. I don't even remember its make. I think it ran on one cylinder and was chain-driven. I know it had no doors, top or windshield. I know for this reason: one day Hezzlewood complained to me that his car, in spite of its many virtues, was a little inconvenient in inclement weather. What he meant was that when it rained he and his passenger got soaked to the skin. "Can't you do anything about that?" he asked me. I talked with one of the foremen and we delivered a top. It wasn't really a top, but a rubberized sheet that fitted over the body, with four holes cut in it for the heads of the driver and his three passengers. It was the darnedest-looking contraption you ever saw, but used in conjunction with sou'wester hats worn by the occupants, it did keep them dry. And Hezzlewood was immensely pleased with it. He had me drive his car - and from then on I had a new kind of wheels in my head: motor-driven wheels. By 1905 there were a couple of dozen cars in Toronto. The nearest one to us was in Whitby. They were still much of a curiosity, a sporting proposition for adventurous people. The 1907 Model F, with R.S. McLaughlin at a right-hand drive. The original horseless McLaughlin. A Merry Time for Autos In the U.S., 1905 was the year in which the automobile could claim to have emerged from the "horseless carriage" stage and become an industry. The Ford Motor Company was two years old. The Buick Motor Company, also two years old, had just been taken over by a carriage builder named William C. Durant and in this year would produce 750 cars. Cadillac, three years old, was offering a one-cylinder car with the motor under the front seat. Among other cars for sale were the Locomobile, Mobile, Winton, deDion, Columbia and Gasmobile. But the real titan was R.E. Olds, whose curved-dash one-cylinder Oldsmobile outnumbered all other cars on America's dirt roads and rutted gravel highways. Up to 1905, Olds - who was later to give his name to another car, the Reo - had produced nearly 12,000 cars. In that year he was to make a record 6,500 runabouts, and Gus Edwards was to write that priceless piece of publicity - the song, "In My Merry Oldsmobile". Yes, 1905 was a good year for a Canadian carriage maker to start taking an interest in automobiles. And I was interested in them, both for their own sake and as potential competition. I started a campaign to persuade my brother George that automobiles had a place in the world, and pretty well convinced him. We never did convince the Governor, though. He honestly believed that the automobile would never replace the horse-drawn carriage; certainly not for many years; certainly not in his time. In keeping an eye on this intriguing new idea in transportation I had to move warily. I had to wait until my holidays before I could visit the U.S. and learn more about what was being done in the automobile field. I can imagine what the Governor's reaction would have been if I had said, "I want to take time off to learn how to go about replacing carriages with automobiles in the McLaughlin plant." So when my vacation came I went to Buffalo, where Richard Pierce was making a car that was beginning to be heard about. Mr. Pierce took me to lunch at his club and afterward showed me around his plant, where the Pierce-Arrow was being manufactured, painstakingly by hand operation, piece by piece, part by part. This stately courteous gentleman of the old school then made a startling statement in a quiet matter-of-fact voice: "Cars like this have no future, Mr. McLaughlin. I would advise you against trying to make them." He explained that it was his belief that large cars would never find a considerable market; that McLaughlin should use its experience in mass production of carriages to enter the low-priced car field. And, when I considered the $2,000 to $3,000 price of the Pierce-Arrow in comparison with our own price range for carriages - from $50 for our low-priced models to $165 wholesale for the largest and most elaborate carriages - I was inclined to agree with him. In a sense, Mr. Pierce was forecasting the fate of his own products. He continued to make his fine cars for many years, and they acquired great prestige. But they never sold in sufficient quantities to enable the company to survive adversity, and in the thirties Pierce-Arrow went out of business. I thanked Mr. Pierce for his kindness and went over to the E.R. Thomas Company, also in Buffalo, for a look at the Thomas Flyer. Mr. Thomas couldn't talk business with me, he said, because he already had commitments with the Canada Cycle and Motor Company in Toronto. This fact made me all the more interested in getting a line on some arrangement to make cars in Canada, before competitors got the jump on us in our own country. I also visited the Peerless Company in Cleveland, the Reo works and the Thomas Detroit factory, without coming to any conclusion about making cars in Canada. Back in Oshawa, I told my father what I had seen on my trip. He did not approve of my interest in cars, but he did not forbid it either. I think he considered it a youthful enthusiasm, which I would outgrow much as I had outgrown bicycle racing. Not long afterward, we had a visit from a great friend of my father's, a Mr. Matthews, of Gananoque. He told us that a man he knew, Charles Lewis, of Jackson, Mich., had been in the spring and axle business and was now making automobiles. He suggested that we talk to him. So I took the train to Jackson with Oliver Hezzlewood, who was now an executive of the company. We called on Mr. Lewis. He was a fine old gentleman, genial and courteous, and ready to do anything in the world for us. He was enthusiastic over the possibilities of our manufacturing cars in Oshawa and outlined how it could be done. We could manufacture the engines and many of the parts, and he would supply us with an engineer and certain parts. He proposed an arrangement whereby we would pay him a certain amount in cash for the benefits we would derive from our connection with him. He was confident that the Jackson car was for us, and pointed out that one of his cars, driven by the great Bob Burman, had recently won the hundred-mile Vanderbilt Cup race on Long Island. All in all, the proposition sounded good. I went home feeling that we were probably in the automobile manufacturing business at last - provided, of course, we could persuade the Governor to let us try it. Fortunately, I made one reservation before committing ourselves: I ordered two cars from Mr. Lewis for testing, one a chain drive, the other shaft driven. As soon as they arrived, Mr. Hezzlewood took the wheel of the former and I climbed into the latter. Off we went down the macadam highway... Converted to Automobiles I will draw a curtain over the events of the next hour. Suffice to say that as automobiles they were a poor job of plumbing. We broke down several times. If we had not been optimists we would have gone contentedly back to carriage making. Certainly if the Governor had been along on either of those rides we would have been out of the automobile business before we entered it. But there was still one bright spot. While we had been eating breakfast in Jackson before going to the Lewis works, William Durant and his factory manager had walked into the dining room. "Sam, what on earth are you doing here?" Durant asked. I told him. He thought for a moment, then said: "Charlie Lewis is a dear friend of mine. You get his story, then if you're not satisfied, come and see me." I had known Durant for ten years, having met him at conventions of carriage manufacturers. He and his partner, Dallas Dort, had built a fifty-dollar stake into Durant-Dort, then one of the biggest carriage and wagon companies in the U. S., with a production of up to 150,000 units a year. Like my father, Durant wanted no part of the automobile business, which was then blossoming in his hometown of Flint and nearby Michigan cities. Yet just about the time I started to get interested - and concerned - about cars, Durant bad been persuaded to buy the Buick Company. This is how it came about: David Buick, Walter Marr, who made the first Buick two-cylinder engine, William Patterson, a Canadian-born carriage manufacturer who had invested in Buick, and other backers were anxious to get their money out of a venture which seemed to have little hope of success. They decided that Durant would be a good prospect. At any rate, he had the money to buy Buick if he could be talked into it. Marr drove a Buick to the Durant carriage factory in Flint and invited Durant to go for a ride. Durant wouldn't even come out to look at the car. But Dallas Dort, more impressionable, climbed in. During the ride, Marr stopped the car and invited Dort to drive. With a few instructions, Dort found he could operate the car. He returned to the factory, rushed into Durant's office and said excitedly: "Come on out - it's great! They taught me to drive; I've been driving a car!" Durant wasn't impressed. "I want nothing to do with it," he said. Marr didn't give up. That evening he drove the Buick back and forth in front of Durant's home. Next morning he was back again. Durant was impressed, not so much by the car as by Marr's persistence. He agreed to go for a ride. It was then that he learned that Marr was not trying to sell him a Buick car - but the Buick Company. Characteristically, having put one foot into something, Durant plunged all the way in. What happened next is related in The Turning Wheel, the official history of General Motors: "With no technical experience of his own to guide him, Mr. Durant applied the only test he could make... He drove that two-cylinder Buick back and forth over a wide range of territory devoid of good roads save for a few gravel turnpikes built by toll companies. He put it through swamps, mud and sand and pitch-holes for almost two months, bringing it in for repairs and consultations and then taking it out for another strenuous cross-country run." Before accepting Durant's invitation to "come and see me," and without knowing at that time the story of how he had come to buy Buick, I did very much what he had done. I went to Toronto and bought a Model F two-cylinder Buick for $1,650 from the Buick agents, Dominion Automobile and Supply Company. But I didn't have to put it through Durant's stiff tests. Before I was halfway to Oshawa I knew it was the car we wanted to make in Canada. I wired Durant and went to see him. Durant greeted me with: "Well, there's no doubt this is the car for you." I agreed with him. He turned me loose with his factory manager and accountants, and for two and a half days we went over every detail of the Buick operation. We worked out a tentative plan we thought would be fair to both sides. Then Durant and I got together, sharpened our pencils, agreed on most points - and then reached an impasse. We just couldn't agree on final details of the financial arrangement. We weren't far apart, but we just couldn't get together. I guess we were both stubborn. We parted the best of friends. "I'm sorry we couldn't work it out," I said. He answered: "So am I, Sam; this is the car for you." I went home to Oshawa and told the Governor and George about my failure. I half-expected my father to say, "all right, that's over; now let's get busy making carriages." But he didn't. He listened while George and I worked out our alternative plan - to make our own car. All the Governor said was, "If you think you can make a go of it, go ahead." We needed a first-class engineer to supervise the manufacturing and assembly processes, and of the many I interviewed my choice was Arthur Milbrath, who was with the A.O. Smith Company, of Milwaukee, makers of auto and engine parts. We brought him to Oshawa and installed him in one of our buildings, on the west side of Mary Street, which had been set aside as the automobile shop. We equipped it with automatic lathes and other machine tools, planers and shapers - dozens of machines. From a Cleveland firm we ordered cylinders, pistons and crankshafts to our own specifications, and engine castings to be worked in our own shop. I put all I had into designing the most beautiful car I could dream of - the bodies, of course, would be made by the same artisans who had been making our carriages for years. The car was to be more powerful than the Buick. We had everything we needed for our first hundred cars, and had the first car all laid out and practically ready for assembly, down to the beautiful brass McLaughlin radiator on which I had spent many hours, when disaster struck. Arthur Milbrath became severely ill with pleurisy. Without an engineer we were helpless. The automobile shop, so nearly ready to produce its harvest, lay idle... dead. In this plight I thought of William Durant and his goodwill toward the McLaughlins. I wired him, explaining what had happened and asking him if he could lend us an engineer. His answer came back promptly: "Will you be home tomorrow? I'm coming over." Part Three - The Men Cars Made Famous "Sold," said GM's top men, and McLaughlins of Oshawa became part of a great growing industrial group. They almost bought Ford too and they produced the paint Sam McLaughlin calls the biggest thing that happened to the automobile.

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What was Clive Sinclair's personal transport vehicle called?

January 10, 1985: The C5, Clive Sinclair's battery-powered tricycle, hits the road - BT   January 10, 1985: The C5, Clive Sinclair's battery-powered tricycle, hits the road The Sinclair C5 was hailed by its creator as the future of personal transport but at £399, the lightweight trike didn't have many takers. Share this Print this story The Sinclair C5, a battery-operated electric tricycle invented by computing tycoon Sir Clive Sinclair, was launched on this day in 1985. Advertised as “a new power in personal transport”, the C5 was expected to revolutionise the electric vehicle market by the man who had created the ZX Spectrum, the best-selling British computer of all time. It was driven in the sitting position, with legs outstretched, and controlled by a handlebar located between the knees. Designed for short journeys around town, its electric motor could manage a top speed of 15mph. Sinclair had envisaged the C5, which retailed at £399, as appealing to both drivers and cyclists, but it soon became apparent that its shortcomings pleased neither group. Standing only 2ft 6ins high, the vehicles suffered from poor visibility on the road, and their 12-volt battery offered a range of just 20 miles. Drivers were also uncovered and open to the elements. It also raised a number of safety concerns: the body was lightweight and offered little protection in a crash, and drivers were not required to have a licence or even wear a helmet. The British Safety Council issued a highly critical report on the vehicle. Sinclair’s expectations were soon shown to be wildly over-optimistic. By the end of July, only 5,000 had been sold. Production was halted the following month, with most of the other 7,000 of the tricycles built remaining unsold. Did you ever own or drive a Sinclair C5? Could you see yourself using one today? Let us know in the Comments section below. The Sinclair C5 – Did you know? Sir Clive Sinclair was a well-established and highly-successful inventor and businessman, having created and sold the world’s first pocket calculator as well as the hugely successful ZX range of home computers. He first made enquiries about the possibility of electronic personal vehicles while still at school and working in a holiday job at an electronics company. He started his first company, Sinclair Radionics, in 1961, five days before his twenty-first birthday, Sinclair launched his first kit computer, the ZX80, in February 1980, and the ZX Spectrum was introduced the following April.  Sinclair was knighted in 1983, and sold the computer arm of his business to Amstrad for £5 million in 1985. Final design modifications on the C5 were carried out by 23-year-old Gus Desbarats, who had won a Sinclair-sponsored electric vehicle design competition at the Royal College of Art.  One of his modifications was to add a small luggage compartment. The contract to assemble the C5 was given to the Hoover Company, who carried out manufacture at their washing machine factory in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales – leading to the spurious rumour that the vehicle was powered by a washing machine motor. Despite safety concerns and questions over its usefulness, the C5 was actually praised for its handling and control, being called "stable, comfortable and easy to handle" and “very easy to master” in the British press. The company created by Sinclair to manufacture and sell the C5 was placed in receivership in October 1985 and liquidated the following month. Share this

C5

"Who designed Posh ""Spice Victoria Adam's wedding dress?"

Sinclair C5 inventor Sir Clive returns with new twist on battery-powered car | Daily Mail Online comments It was meant to herald the next generation of transport when it was unveiled in the 1980s - but instead became the decade's biggest laughing stock. But now in the age of the electric car and battery-powered bicycle, it seems Sir Clive Sinclair's ill-fated electric vehicles could have been years ahead of their time. Now, eager to cash in on the growing trend towards electronic travel, the famous electronics pioneer has unveiled the X-1: a 21st-century twist on his notorious C5 sit-down cycle. Ambitious: The new Sinclair X-1 is a souped-up modernised version of the original seated car This is how it works: Sir Clive Sinclair demonstrates his C5 electric vehicle. Launched in 1985, the C5 had a top speed of just 15 miles per hour Launched in 1985, the C5 had a top speed of just 15 miles per hour. It was intended to transform the way people travelled — but became the subject of ridicule and a commercial disaster, losing about £6million. Undaunted, 69-year-old Sir Clive has now launched the X-1, similar to a battery-powered bicycle, with a battery that is used to power an electric motor when required. In the style of its predecessor, the X1 has a low seat for its user, who sits with his legs extended in front of him but partly enclosed in an egg-shaped acrylic bubble with a roll cage. But it is unclear how the vehicle, which goes on sale next summer, would be parked or stored. One leading electronics blog last night called the X1 'silly looking', describing it as 'a heavy, underpowered vehicle which will not slip through traffic or cope with potholes and other obstacles as well as a normal cycle.' The original Sinclair C5 was hailed as the future of transport.. but never took off According to Sir Clive's website, deliveries of the X1 are expected next summer. Despite the failure of the C5, Sir Clive Sinclair has enjoyed a successful career as an electronics pioneer. As well as inventing the pocket calculator and the Spectrum computer, Sir Clive was famed fro his colourful private life. The many women in his life have included Ruth Kensit, a cousin of Patsy Kensit, and actress Sally Farmiloe, from 1980s TV drama Howards Way, who was also linked to Jeffrey Archer. But this year balding Sir Clive, a former Mensa chair with an IQ of 159, married a lap dancer and former Miss England 36 years his junior. Angie Bowness, whom he met in Stringfellows, has now become Lady Sinclair thanks to Sir Clive's life peerage.

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Who is Julian Lennon's step-mother?

Julian Lennon - Biography - IMDb Julian Lennon Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trivia  (30) | Personal Quotes  (31) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Julian Lennon was born on April 8, 1963 in Liverpool, England as John Charles Julian Lennon. Trivia (30) Half-brother of Sean Lennon and step brother of Kyoko Ono Cox . Father John Lennon 's song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" was inspired by a drawing Julian had made at school. Was the inspiration for Paul McCartney 's song "Hey Jude", and was mentioned in father John Lennon 's song "Mother.". Was engaged to Lucy Bayliss; however, the relationship ended in early 2007. Has admitted he actually prefers Paul McCartney 's work in The Beatles to his father John Lennon 's, while he especially admires John's "Isolation", among his solo material. When 11-year-old Julian visited John Lennon in the recording studio during the "Walls and Bridges" sessions, the two played an impromptu version of "Ya Ya", with John on piano and Julian on drums. John surprised Julian afterwards by revealing there'd been tape rolling--and their performance was going on the album. It turned out to be their only collaboration. Julian's inheritance from father John Lennon 's estate was a small one--a $250,000 trust fund set up when he was a toddler, which he refused to touch when he received it at age 25. Was given several large cash gifts from Yoko Ono years later; nonetheless, he has said he'd rather have had some of John Lennon 's song copyrights and other possessions of his to share with his Lennon relatives in England. Claimed early in his career to be looking for a mystical sign John Lennon had promised to send him if he died; a white feather floating evenly across the room. His song "Well I Don't Know" mentions his "feeling the presence of the dead", a reference to sensing John's presence in a house (which he later learned John had visited in life), when he was writing material for his first album. Years later in Australia, an Aboriginal native presented Julian with a white feather, causing him to re-examine his feelings toward his father, and toward promoting peace. After the relative failure of "Help Yourself", he took a five-year break from recording, to do some soul-searching and especially to come to terms with being John Lennon 's son; he realized he'd been very angry with John, who had publicly preached about peace and love while privately being rather harsh and neglectful toward his own family. His comeback album "Photograph Smile" was dedicated to his stepfather Roberto Bassanini, who'd "really raised me.". Had a rough time growing up, with schoolmates who automatically assumed that being the son of a pop star meant he was rich and snobbish; in fact, he and his mother lived in a modest house on a small income, and he had a hard time persuading father John Lennon to buy him things, or send him money - even when he related tales of what he was expected to live up to. Fought a long battle in the late 1990s, to acquire the Internet domain name "johnlennon.com" from its registered owner. Has also spent the last several years (and thousands of dollars) collecting items that once belonged to his father. When Julian decided to pursue a music career, he submitted demo tapes to record companies without his name on them, wanting to be signed on the strength of his own talents, rather than the Lennon name. Charisma Records in the UK offered his band a recording contract, not knowing until the signing who the lead singer was. Had a "bad boy" period in his teen years, forming and dissolving bands overnight with names like "The Lennon Drops" and "The Lennon Kittens", and letting himself be photographed washing dishes in a hotel, much the same as his grandfather "Freddy" Lennon had in the Sixties. Mother Cynthia Lennon finally made him move out of her house, tired of his bringing would-be collaborators home at all hours, while stepmother Yoko Ono gave him a $100 a week allowance to stop him working menial jobs. Along with receiving a birthday card every year from Paul McCartney , Julian also received a telegram from him when his first album was released in 1984: "Good luck, old fruit." Was engaged to actress Olivia d'Abo in the early 1990s; she sang backup on his album "Help Yourself". Played in an early 1980s band with 'Koz Mirblouk', who later wed model Julie Chan (now Julie Mirblouk). Godson of Brian Epstein His father John Lennon wrote the song "Good Night" for him, which closes the Beatles' 1968 self-titled album (commonly called the "White Album"). John gave the song to Ringo Starr to sing. Named "A Day in the Life" (one of the handful of The Beatles songs actually co-written by his father, John Lennon , and Paul McCartney ) as his favorite Beatles tune. Stepson of Yoko Ono . John Lennon says "Hello Julian" in his recording of "Stand By Me", and is the reason Julian sings the song in concert. He has had a long and troubled relationship with his stepmother, Yoko Ono . The song, "Hey Jude", was written by Paul McCartney , to console Julian during his parents' breakup. Admits that he was closer to Paul McCartney than he was to his father. Became lifelong friends with George Harrison . Nearly eight years after the death of his father, he appeared in George Harrison 's, "When We Was Fab," which talked about the days of Beatlemania, when The Beatles were referred as "The Fab Four." Lennon was holding one of his father's solo records.

Yoko Ono

Which American contralto was the first black singe to appear at the Metropolitan Opera?

Julian Lennon hits out at Paul McCartney over wedding reception 'snub' | Daily Mail Online comments 'Ignored': Julian Lennon hit out at Paul McCartney via Facebook Julian Lennon has extraordinarily claimed he has been ‘snubbed’ by his father’s former band-mates and their families. The 48-year-old – the late Beatle’s son with first wife Cynthia – launched a furious attack on the rest of the Beatles. He claimed he was not invited to a number of social events involving the band in recent months, including Sir Paul McCartney’s two wedding receptions in London and New York. And he vowed he and Cynthia, now 72, would ‘not be eradicated from History.’ Lennon made the claims in a posting on his personal Facebook page on October 23, the day after Sir Paul, 69, and new bride Nancy Shevell, 51, had hosted a star-studded wedding reception in New York. At the time, Lennon – who was five when his parents divorced - wrote: ‘Wow... Snubbed at Macca’s Wedding, Snubbed at the Anniversary of ‘LOVE’ in Vegas! Snubbed at Macca’s Wedding reception in NYC, last night. ‘Snubbed at George (Harrison’s)’s [sic] Film Premier... What Have I done to be ignored in such a way?’ He went on: ‘I was not invited to ANY of these events... I thought we had a relationship... Obviously not... Gimme some truth... Maybe now it’s time to tell the Truth... I & My Mother will not be eradicated from History... How Dare They.’ Ceremony: Former Beatle Sir Paul wed Nancy Shevell in London last month As well as Sir Paul’s two wedding shindigs, Lennon – a musician – was referring to the premiere of the Martin Scorsese film, George Harrison: Living In The Material World, in London on October 2 and the five-year anniversary performance of the Beatles musical Love in Las Vegas, Nevada, on June 8. Intriguingly, Julian’s 36-year-old half-brother Sean – Lennon’s son with widow Yoko Ono, 78 - did attend both Sir Paul’s New York reception and the Love anniversary.  RELATED ARTICLES Share And Ono attended all the events bar the London wedding reception.   George Harrison’s widow Olivia and their son Dhani, 33, attended the London premiere and the London wedding reception, as did drummer Ringo Starr, 71, and wife Barbara Bach, 64. The posting was removed shortly afterwards – though not before Beatles fans had commented on it. One wrote: ‘Julian did get cr***ed on so I can understand his bitterness.’ Another wrote: ‘Julian has a legitimate beef.’ Close: Sir Paul holding a four-year-old Julian Lennon during a holiday in Greece Last night, sources tried to play down the posting saying it had arisen from a ‘misunderstanding.’ One claimed that Julian was not invited to the events because everyone merely presumed he was at his home in Italy. One said: ‘It’s more a case of c***-up rather than conspiracy.  Everyone assumed that Julian was back in Italy – so he wasn’t invited. ‘Yoko and Sean of course were – especially as they both live in New York. It was just one of those things.’ Another added: ‘Julian is a very intense man.  He was in New York on the night of the wedding reception but nobody realised - so there was a misunderstanding. ‘Julian put up the posting and, the problem with the Internet is, once it’s out there - there’s no hiding it. ‘Julian, though, has no problem with Sir Paul or Yoko,’ the source added. In fact, friends claim his relationship with Yoko is on a stronger footing than it has been for some time. Family: Julian Lennon with his father John and his stepmother Yoko Ono Sir Paul famously wrote Hey Jude, originally called Hey Jules, for Julian as his parents’ marriage was collapsing. He has since described Sir Paul – who he said last month he had last seen in June 2010 - as being like a father to him. Last month, Julian admitted he had inherited a ‘short temper’ from his father. He said: ‘I recognise myself in him. I have a short temper – I think it’s part of the Celtic background. I used to be a lot more angry, but I was quite discreet with it. ‘However, getting angry, negative and aggressive it does no good. Mum would always take a more loving way to resolve issues. Dad was the opposite. He’d shout in your face and scream. ‘I recognised traits I had that were the same as his and I didn’t like them so I cleared them. ‘Every time I see them, I pull back and breathe. I look at the bigger perspective. It makes the world of difference.’ Julian and Ono had a public reconciliation last year after he claimed to have ‘unleashed hell’ on her in 2009. He explained recently: ‘I’d been very upset about things she’d done in the past and how she was controlling the estate. ‘We have a better relationship these days and I think she has a better idea of what his memory should be about.’ A spokesman for Sir Paul declined to comment.

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Which American was the first ever person to retain an Olympic springboard diving title?

USAdiver.com - The Best Site for Springboard Divers and Coaches On to the Games (A good USD Article) Twenty years ago, the results of the U.S. Olympic diving trials would have all but foretold the results of the Olympics. .... "It used to be that sports added something to the rest of your life," O'Brien said. "Now they're what you do instead of the rest of your life." more Controversy at diving trials ...U.S. diving's glory days are graying alongside four-time gold medalist Greg Louganis, who worked the trials crowd one day last week with a signing pen and a handshake...That reality has U.S. diving officials trying to maximize the U.S. team's medal potential, even at the cost of some trials controversy. HIS Olympic dream will have to wait Thomas Finchum ended up making American diving history after all...Except it wasn't history with a storybook ending....For the first time, someone finished second at the Olympic Trials and did not qualify for the Olympics. That someone was Finchum, 14, of Indianapolis, who has become big in the sport despite his 5-3, 92-pound dimensions. Garcia nearly perfect in surreal men’s 10m platform trial Fearful Ruiz abruptly pulls out; Soldati onto 1st Games with win in women’s springboard Mark Ruiz climbed to the next-to-last ledge of the 33-foot-high tower — and couldn’t go any farther. It was still bright red as he prepared to compete in the evening. He broke down in tears during in the introductions, unsure if he even wanted to compete. more

Greg Louganis

Which university did Tony Blair and Bill Clinton both attend in their younger days?

The Greatest Athletes Who Never Got a Wheaties Box | Advocate.com The Greatest Athletes Who Never Got a Wheaties Box By Advocate.com Editors The Breakfast of (Some) Champions Two-time Olympic Gold medal diver Greg Louganis is the only man in Olympic history to sweep the springboard and platform diving events in consecutive Olympic Games.  The recent HBO documentary about him, Greg Louganis: Back on Board, includes a touching moment when the famed diver — the best the U.S. has ever had — speaks mournfully of never being put on the front of a Wheaties box. It's an iconic honor, which skipped him as an out gay man who is also HIV-positive. So far nearly 50,000 people have petitioned General Mills to right the wrong and put Louganis on a cereal box. All of that enthusiasm has us dreaming about a world in which LGBT athletes are valued in sports. Can you imagine, as a young gay man, sitting down for breakfast with Louganis on the box? That's exactly what we did, and then we started imagining other LGBT sports heroes who deserve to be recognized... Billie Jean King In her two-decade-long career, Billie Jean King was ranked number 1 in the world; she won 39 Grand Slam titles, including 12 singles, 16 women’s doubles, and 11 mixed doubles titles. She also won the “Battle of the Sexes” tennis match against men’s champion Bobby Riggs in 1973. But she has never been on a Wheaties box. King was forced out of the closet in 1981 when her secretary and onetime partner Marilyn Barnett brought a palimony lawsuit against her. Since her coming-out, she has settled down with partner Ilana Kloss. Among her accomplishments, she and respected UCLA basketball coach John Wooden were named Sports Illustrated’s 1972 Sportsmen of the Year. King was the first woman to receive the publication’s honor. In 1990 Life magazine named her one of the 100 Most Important Americans of the 20th century. In 2009 she was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. And she was part of the U.S. delegation to the Olympics in Sochi in 2014, a pointed response to President Vladimir Putin's antigay policies. Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova is arguably one of the greatest tennis players to ever grace the court. This Czech-American won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles (an all-time record), and 10 major mixed doubles titles in a storied career that spanned 32 years (1974-2006). A sure champion, right?  On a personal level, Navratilova was also one of the first world-class athletes (along with Billie Jean King) to come out, when she was featured in a column back in 1981. In 1981 she also was sworn in as a U.S. citizen, having escaped communist Czechoslovakia a few years earlier. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the women's singles title at Wimbledon a record nine times. She recorded the longest winning streak in history, winning 74 consecutive matches. Tom Daley There hasn't ever been another American diver of Louganis's stature. He's the best. U.K. Olympic diver Tom Daley, who is also rather famously engaged to American screenwriter Dustin Lance Black, is looking forward to next year's Summer Olympics in Rio. He won bronze at the London 2012 Olympics in the individual competition in front of the hometown crowd. He was Britain's youngest competitor at the games before that in Beijing in 2008. And he's the country's youngest-ever world champion. If he does well, maybe it's time for a global approach to Wheaties? Amelie Mauresmo As long as we're being global, French tennis champ Amélie Mauresmo was ranked number 1 in tennis in 2004 and was a silver medalist in the Olympic games that year in Athens. Her nation rallied behind her after Martina Hingis's infamous joke that Mauresmo was "half a man." Nonetheless, she was the first French woman to win a singles title at Wimbledon since Suzanne Lenglen in 1925, making her a two-time Grand Slam winner (Wimbledon and Australian Open). "I dreamt of this career, I dreamt of winning a Grand Slam title," she said upon announcing her retirement in 2009. "I lifted trophies in every city in the world and I lived 10 magical and unbelievable years." Jason Collins Jason Collins wore 98 as his jersey number, first while with the Boston Celtics and later with the Washington Wizards in honor of Matthew Shepard, who died as the result of a horrifying antigay hate crime in Laramie, Wyo., in 1998. The NBA center became the first active gay male professional athlete on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 2013, and then as a member of the Brooklyn Nets he became the sport's first openly gay man to appear in a game. But breaking down barriers hasn't been champion enough for Wheaties, though Collins is certainly a hero to LGBT fans. Robbie Rogers Los Angeles Galaxy striker Robbie Rogers got a standing ovation when he took the field this year as the first openly gay male player in Major League Soccer. Rogers had left the sport upon coming out but returned after a few months of adjustment. On that day, Rogers said he knew the world would be watching, but the nerves disappeared when it became just another game. Rogers is part of a champion team, with the Galaxy winning the MLS cup in 2014. Tell that to critics who say having an out gay player is too distracting. Billy Bean Billy Bean, only the second Major League Baseball player to come out, played for eight seasons with the Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Dodgers, and San Diego Padres. After the lefty outfielder retired, he penned Going the Other Way: Lessons From a Life In and Out of Major League Baseball. Bean still holds the MLB record for four hits by a rookie in his first game. In 2014 he was named ambassador for inclusion for all of Major League Baseball. Maybe that's exactly what Wheaties needs — inclusion? Orlando Cruz Orlando Cruz is the first out gay boxer and a human stereotype-buster. The small-framed boxer from Puerto Rico packs a powerful punch as a rising featherweight, racking up so many knockouts that he competed for the title. He wears his openness on his sleeve, proclaiming, "I have always been and always will be a proud gay man."  Brittney Griner Now leading a WNBA championship-winning team, Brittney Griner is also a three time All-American Baylor alum and was the first NCAA basketball player to score 2,000 points and block 500 shots in her career. In 2012 she led her team to a 40-0 record and the women’s NCAA championship while being named the AP Player of the Year, Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four, and the Best Female Athlete at the ESPY Awards. Since joining the WNBA with the Phoenix Mercury, she has become just the third woman to successfully dunk a basketball during a game.  Diana Nyad Long-distance swimmer Diana Nyad is known for her outrageous swim attempts, including circling Manhattan Island in seven hours and 57 minutes and in 1979 completing what was then the longest swim in history, 102.5 miles from the Bahamas to Florida. She has since been named to the U.S. National Women’s Sports Hall of Fame and the International Swimming Hall of Fame. In 2013, Nyad succeeded in her fifth attempt to swim the Straits of Florida, from Cuba to the U.S. The year before, in 2012, she made it 41 miles before hypothermia, storms, and jellyfish stings forced her to abandon the effort. This last time, at age 64, she conquered the trip in 52 hours, 54 minutes, and 18.6 seconds. Still waiting for a Wheaties box, though. Caster Semenya South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya smoked the competition at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin. But then reports that Semenya's gender was suddenly in question put her even further into the spotlight. Semenya, 19 at the time, underwent several rounds of gender testing and international scrutiny over the course of nearly a year. Eventually, she was cleared to compete, and even won the silver medal in the 800-meter run at the 2011 World Championships after being revealed to be intersex. In the 2012 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal in the women's 800 meters. Esera Tuaolo Everyone knows Wheaties loves the NFL. Three years after retiring in 1999 (the year he played in the Super Bowl with the Atlanta Falcons), Esera Tuaolo announced that he was gay on HBO's Real Sports. Tuaolo was at the time only the third former NFL player to officially come out. He's been a firm advocate for LGBT people and informative on what life is like being gay in sports, comparing it to the treatment of gay service members under "don't ask, don't tell." Since then, Michael Sam became the first out gay man to be drafted by an NFL team, though he didn't get to play in a regular season game. John Amaechi John Amaechi is one of the world's most high-profile gay athletes. But that doesn't mean he was on a Wheaties box. American-born and British-raised, Amaechi made history with his 2007 New York Times best-selling memoir, in which he came out as gay, becoming the first former NBA player to do so. Post-retirement, Amaechi continues to do charitable work, for which he's been recognized by the British government and appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by the queen in 2011. Rudy Galindo Rudy Galindo overcame an impoverished childhood in Mexico to become U.S. figure skating’s first openly gay champion in 1996. Galindo, who’s HIV-positive, has been inducted into the Figure Skating Hall of Fame. Says Laura Galindo-Black, Rudy’s sister and onetime coach, "He crossed so many lines and barriers. I think he's the perfect person to be honored." She could have been talking about being honored with a Wheaties box, in our dream world. related slideshows

i don't know

What is the name of Paul and Linda McCartney's only son?

Paul McCartney's son speaks of drugs, family rifts and his 'new mother' - Telegraph Celebrity news Paul McCartney's son speaks of drugs, family rifts and his 'new mother' Paul McCartney’s son James has spoken for the first time about the pair’s former rift, his past drug habit and how he “didn’t like” stepmother Heather Mills. Paul McCartney's son James McCartney at the New York City Ballet gala Photo: Photo by Gary Gershoff/WireImage By Hannah Furness 12:53PM BST 16 Jun 2013 James McCartney, a 35-year-old musician, has disclosed how he had slept in a bed with his father Paul, to cope with the grief of losing his mother Linda. He said he now considers Paul’s third wife Nancy Shevall as his “new mother”, admitting he “didn’t like” his second, Heather Mills. In an interview with the Daily Mail newspaper, he added he has now “re-bonded” with Paul after years of drug-taking, as he admits it was a “little bit hard” to watch the success of his fashion designer sister, Stella It is an unusually candid disclosure for McCartney, who is currently touring America as a musician and claims he has always been “naturally guarded” as a result of his upbringing. Saying he is now ready for people to know the real him, he has now confessed: “It’s hard to live up to The Beatles. Even Dad found it hard living up to The Beatles.” Related Articles Stars turn out for McCartney reception 10 Oct 2011 James McCartney, brother to Stella and Mary, a photographer, said he has spent years developing his music and “serving his time” before embarking on a career to “earn his own living”. His mother Linda McCartney died after a three-year battle with breast cancer in 1998, when he was 20 years old. Speaking of rumours he had slept in a bed with his father for “month” after her death, he told the newspaper: “We were both grieving together. “That first night, in Arizona, when she’d just died I thought it would be too sad for Dad to sleep on his own so I kept him company." He added he then went into a “rough” period where he “got more and more into drugs”. He is now “several months sober” and has “re-bonded” with his family after drifting apart. Speaking of his family life, with the new addition of stepmother Nancy Shevall, he said: “Nancy’s my new mother. I feel that. Definitely. She’s very genuine. She makes Dad very, very happy. We all adore her.” His opinion is in stark contrast to his thoughts on his father’s former wife Heather Mills, who had a daughter Beatrice in 2003. “My relationship with Heather was not very good,” said McCartney. “I didn’t like her. “But I wouldn’t want to say anything negative about her because she’s a good mother to Beatrice and that’s the most important thing.” McCartney has a new album, entitled Me, and is currently touring the US. He has previously disclosed he would consider forming a “next generation” Beatles with the offspring of other band members, saying: “"I'd be up for it. Sean [Lennon]seemed to be into it, Dhani [Harrison]seemed to be into it. I'd be happy to do it."  

James

Who won the first men's US Tennis Open, in 1968?

Paul McCartney - Biography - IMDb Paul McCartney Biography Showing all 224 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (155) | Personal Quotes  (58) Overview (4) 5' 11" (1.81 m) Mini Bio (1) Sir Paul McCartney is a key figure in contemporary culture as a singer, composer, poet, writer, artist, humanitarian, entrepreneur, and holder of more than 3 thousand copyrights. He is in the "Guinness Book of World Records" for most records sold, most #1s (shared), most covered song, "Yesterday," largest paid audience for a solo concert (350,000+ people, in 1989, in Brazil). He is considered one of the most successful entertainers of all time. He was born James Paul McCartney on June 18, 1942, in Liverpool General Hospital, where his mother, Mary Patricia (Mohin), was a medical nurse and midwife. His father, James "Jim" McCartney, was a cotton salesman and a pianist leading the Jim Mac's Jazz Band in Liverpool. He has Irish and English ancestry. Young McCartney was raised non-denominational. He studied music and art, and had a happy childhood with one younger brother, Michael. At age 11, he was one of only four students who passed the 11+ exam, known as "the scholarship" in Liverpool, and gained a place at Liverpool Institute for Boys. There he studied from 1953 to 1960, earning A level in English and Art. At the age of 14, Paul McCartney was traumatized by his mother's sudden death from breast cancer. Shortly afterward, he wrote his first song. In July 1957 he met John Lennon during their performances at a local church fête (festival). McCartney impressed Lennon with his mastery of guitar and singing in a variety of styles. He soon joined Lennon's band, The Quarrymen, and eventually became founding member of The Beatles , with the addition of George Harrison and Pete Best . After a few gigs in Hamburg, Germany, the band returned to Liverpool and played regular gigs at the Cavern during 1961. In November 1961, they invited Brian Epstein to be their manager, making a written agreement in January 1962. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal, albeit it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. He improved their image, secured them a record deal with EMI, and replaced drummer Best with Ringo Starr . With a little help from Brian Epstein and George Martin , The Beatles consolidated their talents and mutual stimulation into beautiful teamwork, launching the most successful career in the history of entertainment. The Beatles contributed to music, film, literature, art, and fashion, made a continuous impact on entertainment, popular culture and the lifestyle of several generations. Music became their ticket to ride around the world. Beatlemania never really ended since its initiation; it became a movable feast in many hearts and minds, a sweet memory of youth, when all you need is love and a little help from a friend to be happy. Their songs and images carrying powerful ideas of love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity and liberation that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking walls in the minds of millions, thus making impact on human history. All four members of The Beatles were charismatic and individually talented artists, they sparked each other from the beginning. Paul McCartney had the privilege of a better musical education, having studied classical piano and guitar in his childhood. He progressed as a lead vocalist and multi-instrumentalist, as well as a singer-songwriter. In addition to singing and songwriting, Paul McCartney played bass guitar, acoustic and electric guitars, piano and keyboards, as well as over 40 other musical instruments. McCartney wrote more popular hits for the Beatles than other members of the band. His songs Yesterday, Let It Be, Hey Jude, Blackbird, All My Loving, Eleanor Rigby, Birthday, I Saw Her Standing There, I Will, Get Back, Carry That Weight, P.S. I Love You, Things We Said Today, "Hello, Goodbye," Two of Us, Why Don't We Do It in the Road?, Helter Skelter, Honey Pie, When I'm 64, Lady Madonna, She's a Woman, Maxwell's Silver Hammer, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da," Mother Nature's Son, Long And Winding Road, Rocky Raccoon, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Fool on the Hill, You Never Give Me Your Money, Your Mother Should Know, The End, Yellow Submarine, and many others are among the Beatles' best hits. Yesterday is considered the most covered song in history with over three thousand versions of it recorded by various artists across the universe. Since he was a teenager, McCartney honored the agreement that was offered by John Lennon in 1957, about the 50/50 authorship of every song written by either one of them. However, both were teenagers, and technically, being under 21, their oral agreement had no legal power. Still, almost 200 songs by The Beatles are formally credited to both names, regardless of the fact that most of the songs were written individually. The songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney was really working until the mid-60s, when they collaborated in many of their early songs. Their jamming on a piano together led to creation of their first best-selling hit 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' in 1963. In total, The Beatles created over 240 songs, they recorded many singles and albums, made several films and TV shows. Thousands of memorable pictures popularized their image. In their evolution from beginners to the leaders of entertainment, they learned from many world cultures, absorbed from various styles, and created their own. McCartney's own range of interests spanned from classical music and English folk ballads to Indian raga and other Oriental cultures, and later expanded into psychedelic experiments and classical-sounding compositions. His creative search has been covering a range of styles from jazz and rock to symphonies and choral music, and to cosmopolitan cross-cultural and cross-genre compositions. Epstein's 1967 death hurt all four members of The Beatles , as they lost their creative manager. Evolution of each member's creativity and musicianship also led to individual career ambitions, however, their legacy as The Beatles remained the main driving force in their individual careers ever since. McCartney and The Beatles made impact on human history, because their influence has been liberating for generations of nowhere men living in misery beyond the Iron Curtain. Something in their songs and images appealed to everybody who wanted to become free as a bird. Their songs carrying powerful ideas of real love, peace, help, imagination and freedom evoked creativity and contributed to breaking chains and walls in the minds of millions. The Beatles expressed themselves in beautiful and liberating words of love, happiness, freedom, and revolution, and carried those messages to people across the universe. Their songs and images helped many freedom-loving people to come together for revolutions in Prague and Warsaw, Beijing and Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow. The Beatles has been an inspiration for those who take the long and winding road to freedom. McCartney was 28 when he started his solo career, and formed his new band, Wings. His first solo album, "McCartney," was a #1 hit and spawned the evergreen ballad "Maybe I'm Amazed", yet critical reaction was mixed. He continued to release music with Wings, that eventually became one of the most commercially successful groups of the 70s. "Band on the Run" won two Grammy Awards and remained the Wings' most lauded work. The 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre" stayed at #1 in the UK for nine weeks, and was highest selling single in the UK for seven years. In 1978 McCartney's theme "Rockestra" won him another Grammy Award. In 1979, together with Elvis Costello , he organized Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. In 1979, McCartney released his solo album "Wonderful Christmastime" which remained popular ever since. In 1980 McCartney was arrested in Tokyo, Japan, for marijuana possession, and after a ten-day stint in jail, he was released to a media firestorm. He retreated into seclusion after the arrest, and was comforted by his wife Linda. Yet he had another traumatic experience when his ex-band-mate, John Lennon , was shot dead by a crazed fan near his home in New York City on December 8, 1980. McCartney did not play any live concerts for some time because he was nervous that he would be "the next" to be murdered. After almost a year of absence from the music scene, McCartney returned in 1982 with the album "Tug of War," which was well received by public and enjoyed great critical acclaim. He continued a successful career as a solo artist, collaborated with wife Linda McCartney , and writers such as Elvis Costello . During the 80s, McCartney released such hits as 'No More Lonely Nights' and his first compilation, "All the Best." In 1989, he started his first concert tour since the John Lennon's murder. In 1994, the three surviving members of The Beatles , McCartney, Harrison, and Starr, reunited and produced Lennon's previously unknown song "Free as a Bird." It was preserved by Yoko Ono on a tape recording made by Lennon in 1977. The song was re-arranged and re-mixed by George Martin at the Abbey Road Studios with the voices of three surviving members. The Beatles Anthology TV documentary series was watched by 420 million people in 1995. During the 1990s McCartney concentrated on composing classical works for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society, such as "The Liverpool Oratorio" involving a choir and symphony, and "A Leaf" solo-piano project, both released in 1995. That same year he was working on a new pop album, "Flaming Pie," when his wife Linda was diagnosed with breast cancer, and caring for his wife during her illness meant only sporadic public appearances during that time. The album was released in 1997 to both critical and commercial success, debuting at #2 on both the UK and US pop charts. That same year he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as Sir Paul McCartney for his services to music. In April 1998, Linda McCartney , his beloved wife of almost 30 years, mother of their four children, and his steady partner in music, died of breast cancer. McCartney suffered from a severe depression and undergone medical treatment. He spent much of the next year away from the public eye, emerging only to campaign on behalf of his late wife for animal rights and vegetarian causes. He eventually returned to the studio, releasing an album of rock n'roll covers in 1999. "Run Devil Run" made both Entertainment Weekly and USA Today's year-end top ten lists. McCartney also slowly returned to the public spotlight with the release of his another classical album, "Working Classical" in November 1999, in recording by the London Symphony Orchestra. His 2000 release "A Garland for Linda" was a choral tribute album, which raised funds to aid cancer survivors. In 2000 he was invited by Heather Mills , a disabled ex-model, to her 32nd birthday. McCartney wrote songs dedicated to her, he and Mills developed a romantic relationship and became engaged in 2001. However, the year brought him a cascade of traumatic experiences. On September 11, 2001, Paul McCartney was sitting on a plane in New York when the World Trade Center tragedy occurred in front of his eyes, and he was able to witness the events from his seat. Yet there was another sadness, as his former band-mate George Harrison died of cancer in November, 2001. Recouperating from the stressful year, McCartney received the 2002 Academy Award-nomination for the title song to the movie Vanilla Sky (2001), and also went on his first concert tour in several years. In June, 2002, Sir Paul McCartney and Heather Mills married in a castle in Monaghan, Ireland. Their daughter, Beatrice Milly McCartney, was born in October 2003. Four years later, the high profile marriage ended in divorce, after a widely publicized litigation. "Whenever you're going through difficult times, I'm at the moment, it's really cool to be able to escape into music" says Paul McCartney. In 2003 Paul McCartney rocked the Red Square in Moscow with his show "Back in USSR" which was attended by his former opponents from the former Soviet KGB, including the Russian president Vladimir Putin himself, who invited McCartney to be the guest of honor in the Kremlin. In 2004 Paul McCartney received a birthday present from the Russian president. In June 2004, he and Heather Mills-McCartney stayed as special guests at suburban Royal Palaces of Russian Tsars in St. Petersburg, Russia. There he staged a spectacular show near the Tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg where the Communist Revolution took place, just imagine. In 2005 the Entertainment magazine poll named The Beatles the most iconic entertainers of the 20th Century. In 2006, the guitar on which Paul McCartney played his first chords and impressed John Lennon, was sold at an auction for over $600,000. On June 18, 2006, Paul McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, as in his song "when I'm Sixty-Four." McCartney's celebrity status, made it a cultural milestone for a generation of those born in the baby-boom era who grew up with the music of The Beatles during the 1960s. The prophetic message in the song has been intertwined with McCartney's personal life and his career. In 2007 McCartney left his longtime label, EMI, and signed with Los Angeles based Hear Music. He learned to play mandolin to create a refreshing feeling for his latest album "Memory Almost Full," then appeared in Apple Computer's commercial for iPod+iTunes to promote the album. In June 2007 McCartney appeared together with Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono , Olivia Harrison and Guy Laliberté in a live broadcast from the "Revolution" Lounge at the Mirage Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. His 3-DVD set "The McCartney Years" with over 40 music videos and hours of Historic Live Performances was released in November 2007. His classical album "Ecco Cor Meum" (aka.. Behold My Heart), recorded with the Academy of St. Martin of the Fields and the boys of King's college Choir, was voted Classical Album of the Year in 2007. That same year, Paul McCartney began dating Nancy Shevell. The couple married in 2011, in London. Sir Paul's "On the Run Tour" once again took him flying across world from July through December 2011 giving sold out concerts in the USA, Canada, UK, United Arab Emirates, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden, Finland and Russia. In July 2012, Paul McCartney rocked the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He delivered a live performance of The Beatles 's timeless hit "Hey Jude" and engaged the crowd of people from all over the world to join his band in a sing along finale. The show was seen by a live audience of close to 80000 people at the Olympic Park Stadium in addition to an estimated TV audience of two billion people worldwide. On the long and winding road of his life and career, Sir Paul McCartney has been a highly respected entertainer and internationally regarded public figure. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov Spouse (3) ( 12 March  1969 - 17 April  1998) (her death) (4 children) Trade Mark (3) Frequently plays the Hofner bass guitar Always plays bass or guitar left-handed. His humble attitude. Trivia (155) He is one of Britain's wealthiest men: according to the High Court judgment Sir Paul's total fortune comes to £387,012,000. Still plays his 1964 Epiphone acoustic guitar which he used to compose "Yesterday". Although all his songs for The Beatles are still credited as "Lennon - McCartney" he individually wrote almost half of all 200 songs for The Beatles , such as "Yesterday", "Let it Be", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Helter Skelter", "Eleanor Rigby", "Yellow Submarine", "Hey Jude" and many more. Only songs in earlier albums are really joint efforts with John Lennon . The co-credit was because of a handshake deal the two had made in their teens. His song "Yesterday" is one of the most popular songs of all time. Whilst he was looking for the right lyrics, he was temporarily using the line "Scrambled Eggs" until he came up with "Yesterday" in the final version of the song, as it is now known to the world. It became one of the most recorded songs of all time, with more than 3,000 known versions. Awarded for classical compositions of choral and orchestral music. During his engagement to Jane Asher , Paul (with John Lennon ) wrote several songs for Jane's older brother, Peter Asher , of the singing duo Peter and Gordon , including their #1 hit "World Without Love". He also wrote the song "Woman" for them, under the pseudonym of Bernard Webb. He was respected by The Beatles producer, George Martin for his superior musicianship, musical inventiveness, and multi-instrumental abilities. Martin said that Paul McCartney was the one with enough attention span to sit at the piano, or in the studio as long as it takes to compose the best melody and harmony for their songs. Plays piano for the song, "Let It Be". Performed "Let It Be" at Live Aid in 1985. During this performance, Bob Geldof , David Bowie , Alison Moyet and Pete Townshend (of The Who ) all came on stage towards the end to sing backup vocals. His four children with Linda McCartney are Heather McCartney (adopted from her previous marriage), photographer Mary McCartney , top fashion designer Stella McCartney and musician/sculptor James McCartney . Paul was married to rock photographer Linda Eastman on March 12, 1969 at the Marylebone Register Office. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Beatles January 20, 1988. Citing business differences, he did not attend the induction ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City with his former bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Awarded the Polar Music Prize, the Royal Swedish Academy of Music Award, in 1992. His later musical compositions have included classical works, such as the acclaimed 'Liverpool Oratorio' and 'Standing Stone'. He is in the Guinness Book of World Records with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million singles. Owns the double bass that once belonged to Elvis Presley 's bassist Bill Black . He plays the instrument on his solo sessions at his studio. Played over 40 various instruments on two of his solo albums, 'McCartney' (1970) and 'McCartney II' (1980). According to McCartney, the name of the rock group Wings was inspired by daughter Stella McCartney 's birth, which was premature and traumatic; Stella and her mother both almost died. As his daughter was being born by emergency cesarean section, Paul sat outside the operating room and prayed that she be born "on the wings of an angel." Had wanted The Beatles to do a club tour shortly before they broke up. John Lennon disagreed, thinking that if they did tour again, it should have been in stadium-sized venues. Named one of E!'s "top 20 entertainers of 2001." Animal-rights activist, vegetarian, and anti-landmine activist. Created Paul and Linda McCartney charity foundation and several other charities. Donated millions to humanitarian causes across the world, and has been involved in charity recordings and concert performances. Owns the copyrights to Buddy Holly 's song catalogue, and also numerous other compositions, including "Ramblin' Wreck From Georgia Tech". Owns a Steinway concert piano model B made in Hamburg. He takes the piano along on his concert tours around the world. Claims his nights in a Japanese prison in 1980 were the only time he had been separated from then-wife, Linda McCartney . Has written several songs about his former bandmate John Lennon , including "Dear Boy", "Too Many People", "Dear Friend", "Let Me Roll It" and "Here Today." Holds a record with 29 #1 singles on the American charts with The Beatles , Paul McCartney & Wings, and as a solo artist (including one duet with Stevie Wonder ). Fined $200 in 1973 for growing marijuana on his Scotland farm. Arrested and jailed briefly in Japan in 1980 for carrying same substance. Made an honorary detective by the New York City Police Department for the benefit concert he gave for 9/11 victims, April 2002. Won last-minute court order preventing Christie's from auctioning his handwritten lyrics to the song "Hey Jude." Paper with lyrics scrawled on it had been expected to bring up to $116,000 at auction scheduled for April 30, but England's High Court, ruled for Sir Paul the day before, deciding that the valuable artifact from The Beatles will remain at auction house until ownership is finally determined by agreement or trial. Won prize for drawing of a church at age 11. In 2002, from May-August, over 70 of his paintings from past 20 years on view at Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, England. Daughter, Stella McCartney , was born on September 13, 1971. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999 (as a solo artist). His first guitar was a Zenith archtop f-hole acoustic. He got it at the Rushworth and Drapers Music Store in Liverpool when he was 14, as a gift from his father (brother Mike McGear got a banjo at the same time, but broke his arm at Boy Scout camp a few weeks later). His song "When I'm 64" was written for his father Jim's 64th birthday. He wrote his first song, "I Lost My Little Girl", when he was 14. It was never recorded by the Beatles, and was not one of the songs McCartney and Lennon lost in 1969, when their publishing company Northern Songs was sold. His father, Jim, was a musician, and had a band called Jim Mac's Jazz Band. Paul has fond memories of lying on his bedroom floor and listening to his father play piano. Along with writing "Hey Jude" for Julian Lennon the summer his parents broke up, Paul also jokingly proposed to Cynthia Lennon , in the wake of his own breakup with Jane Asher . Cynthia appreciated the laugh they both shared-- and the single red rose that Paul had brought. Was the only member of The Beatles to graduate from Britain's equivalent of high-school; he majored in Art. Usually considered the most "conventional" of The Beatles , but Paul has had his share of far-out ideas, including the germ of the TV-movie Magical Mystery Tour (1967), and a "self-portrait" published as a 1960s magazine cover, a psychedelic painting a la Pablo Picasso . Set up John Lennon 's "home studio" for him at Kenwood, with its chain of tape decks; Lennon used this setup to make song demos for the Beatles, and later the infamous 'Two Virgins' album with Yoko Ono (which Paul gave its cover quote). A lyric sheet to his song "Yesterday" is featured on the front cover of the Marillion album "Script for a Jester's Tear" (released 1983). In 2002 he changed the writing credits to many of the songs he made with The Beatles to "McCartney & Lennon", to a large public outrage. It is a common misconception, however that this was the first time he had done this. He made the same credit change on his 1976 live album "Wings Over America" to little or no public scrutiny, and to no public comment from John Lennon (who was still alive at the time). Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984) also listed the credit "Songs Composed by Paul McCartney" - including the Beatles songs performed in the movie. Has homes in London, New York and Beverly Hills, an estate in Scotland, and a ranch in Arizona. Eleven years after the breakup of The Beatles , along with Ringo Starr , he played on a couple of George Harrison 's songs: "All Those Years Ago", about the death of his singing partner, John Lennon , and on "When We Was Fab", which was used in reference of Beatlemania. The three surviving members of The Beatles appeared on three separate episodes of The Simpsons (1989). Starr appeared in a 1991 episode of "Brush with Greatness," Harrison appeared in a 1993 episode of "Homer's Barbershop Quartet," and McCartney appeared in a 1995 episode of "Lisa The Vegetarian". Contributes "Calico Skies" to the "Warchild Hope" album (released 21 April 2003). Met his first wife Linda McCartney in a London nightclub called the Bag O'Nails. Cousin of Kate Robbins and Ted Robbins . In 1998, his song "Blackbird" was covered by Marillion for their live album "Unplugged at the Walls". The song was also covered by Irish folk singer Sean Keane with an arrangement by Beatles producer George Martin . Corinne Bailey Rae performed the song (accompanied by Herbie Hancock ) at the White House on the occasion of Paul McCartney 's acceptance (June 2010) of the "Gershwin Prize for Popular Song". Is half of the techno duo The Fireman. In 1971, he produced (but did not perform on) "Thrillington", an instrumental version of the album "Ram" he recorded with his wife Linda. The songs were presented in orchestral versions, and Paul's work as producer and director was pseudonymously credited to "Percy 'Thrills' Thrillington". The album was not well received by the critics, but is now a much sought-after collectable. First used the pseudonym "Apollo C. Vermouth" when producing an album for the novelty musical group, The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (later known as The Bonzos). He used the pseudonym because record contract obligations prevented him from using his real name on a rival record label. The band repaid McCartney's efforts with a composition entitled "Mister Apollo", a song about an impossibly perfect body builder. The only member of The Beatles to have been nominated for an Academy Award in his own right. Favorite singers were Little Richard and Elvis Presley . Met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus to the Institute from his suburban home in Speke; the two got acquainted riding the same bus every day, carrying their first guitars. After McCartney joined John Lennon 's "Quarrymen," Harrison began turning up at their shows, and filled in when other members weren't available. Lennon objected to having a "kid" join the band, but McCartney persuaded him. Born on the same day as film critic Roger Ebert , and two days before fellow musician and composer Brian Wilson . Owned a ranch in Tucson, Arizona; this was where first wife Linda McCartney died. Owns a Hollywood Hills manor property purchased from Courtney Love , and Ellen DeGeneres . The Beatles were voted the Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artists of all time by Rolling Stone. They also topped a similar list complied by VH1. Played bass on the Band Aid 20 re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?". [November 2004] At 5' 11", he was the tallest member of The Beatles , being about half an inch taller than the late George Harrison . Several of his solo albums (and those with Wings) featured cover photos by first wife Linda McCartney , including "Ram", with a picture of him handling a ram at his Scottish farm ( John Lennon later parodied this picture in his "Imagine" album, grasping the ears of a pig). The back cover included a photo of bugs mating; while it was unintentional, several fans thought this illustrated a negative attitude towards the Beatles. Born at 2:00pm-BDST. Showed his paintings at Concert at HP Pavilion in San Jose (November 8th) leading up to his performance as apart of his US Tour One of the guitars he used in his US tour (2005) was the one he used on The Beatles ' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) (aka The Ed Sullian Show) in the early 1960s. Though a huge fan of 'Weird Al' Yankovic 's work, turned down his request to parody Paul's James Bond song "Live and Let Die" as "Chicken Pot Pie" for vegetarian reasons. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industries in 2006, The Beatles are the biggest popular music act of all time, with over 400 million albums sold officially, while the total number of all Beatles' records sold was over 1 billion copies. Released his new album 'Memory almost full' in 2007. Created a collection of oil paintings, and had a one man art show in London. He still owns an interest in Apple Corps, the Beatles's company. His own company MPL Communications owns a sizable publishing catalog, with over three thousand copyrights (songs, poems, images, recordings, etc.). He and John Lennon quibbled bitterly in the press after the break up of The Beatles . However, in 1977, they met in New York, and watched the episode of Saturday Night Live (1975) in which Lorne Michaels offered $3000 to see The Beatles get back together. He and Lennon considered turning up that night together as a joke, but were too tired to follow through. All 34 of his solo albums have made the Billboard Top 200, something very few solo artists have achieved. 12 of them, including "Wingspan", went to #1. As of 2009, has released 34 studio albums, of which 31 feature pop music and 3 feature classical compositions. He has stated that he hopes to compose more classical pieces in the future, as well as a desire to venture into jazz at some point. Had a remarkable 62 top 100 singles from 1971-2005, under a variety of categories. 17 of them went to #1. Won five Grammys, including two with The Beatles . His "Eleanor Rigby" was Best Pop/Rock and Roll or Contemporary song. His "Michelle" won for Song Of The Year. "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsy" won for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)/Best Background Arrangement, "Band On The Run" won for Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal and "Rockestra Theme" won for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. He loved and was flattered by Ray Charles 's cover of "Eleanor Rigby", but John Lennon did not like the version. Friends with Neil Young , who inducted him into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He and his long-time wife, Linda McCartney , said that Young was their favorite performer. His favorite song of Young's is "Only Love Can Break Your Heart". Father-in-law of Alistair Donald and Alasdhair Willis. Has five grandsons and one granddaughter: Mary McCartney 's three sons Arthur Alistair Donald (b. 3 April 1999) Elliot Donald (b. 1 August 2002), and Sam Aboud (b. 11 August 2008), and Stella McCartney 's sons Miller Alasdhair James Willis (b. 25 February 2005) and Beckett Robert Lee (b. 8 January 2008), and daughter Bailey Linda Olwyn Willis (b. 8 December 2006). Winner of the Sony Award For Technical Excellence in 1983. Winner of the British Phonographic Industry Award for British Male Solo Artist in 1983. Named "Man of the Year" at the GQ awards ceremony. (6 September 2006) The Scissor Sisters' second album, "Ta-Dah", has a song entitled "Paul McCartney". His grandchildren, Arthur and Elliot, are older than his daughter, Beatrice McCarthy. [Sunday 13 November 2005] Became the very first musician to perform live music for an audience in space. This music milestone occurred during his concert in Anaheim, California, when he sang "Good Day Sunshine" and "English Tea" for NASA Astronaut Bill McArthur and Russian Cosmonaut Valery Tokarev who were orbiting some 220 miles above earth in their Space Shuttle Discovery. Has a stepsister Ruth McCartney , adopted by his father when he married Ruth's mother. The Beatles were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for their outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. [November 2004] The hit Yesterday does not feature any of the other members of The Beatles . It's just McCartney and a string section. As such, the record company considered releasing it as a McCartney solo song, but decided not to because of objections by John Lennon. Inducted with John Lennon into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987. In 1957, his knowledge of song lyrics , most notably Eddie Cochran's 1956 recording of "Twenty Flight Rock" with its 12 bar blues format, as well as Paul's superior ability to play guitar (including being able to tune one) impressed John Lennon so much that he invited McCartney to join his band the Quarry Men, which later became The Beatles . He was The Beatles ' lead vocalist, bass player, pianist and songwriter. He was also an accomplished lead guitarist whose vibrato-laced solos can be heard on "Taxman," "Drive My Car," "Ticket to Ride," "Another Girl," and other Beatles' hits. Winner of the 2007 Q Icon Award. Because of his 2008 divorce, he became the fourth and final member of The Beatles to get a divorce. Among the four, McCartney had the longest marriage (to Linda McCartney ), although Ringo Starr is still married to his second wife (and has been since 1981). 28 October 2003: A daughter named Beatrice Milly was born to Paul and wife Heather Mills . She was named after Heather's late mother Beatrice and Paul's Aunt Milly. In July 2001, shortly after their engagement was announced, his fiancée Heather Mills lost her $21,000 diamond and sapphire engagement ring, which was later found on a golf course. In 2007, before completion of the film Across the Universe (2007), director Julie Taymor brought the post-production copy to a private screening with Paul McCartney, and he liked the film. Yoko Ono also approved the film. In 2006, he donated $2 million to Adopt-a-Minefield. Turned down the offer to write a new James Bond song for Quantum of Solace (2008), and recommended singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse for the job. Winner of the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution in 2008. The Beatles previously won the award in 1977 and 1983, putting McCartney in a select group with John Lennon , Sting and Freddie Mercury as the only people to have won the award in a band and as an individual. In September 25th, 2008 performed in Tel Aviv, Israel, for the first time, after more than 40 years after the ban of the Israeli government on the Beatles performing in Israel. The concert was titled "Friendship First". He and The Beatles were awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. He and The Beatles were awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours List for their services to music. Was good friends with professional Wrestler Giant Haystacks aka Lochness. Plays left-handed guitar. Paul played all the instruments and did all the vocal tracks on his 1970 "recording of "Maybe I'm Amazed". At the time, early 1970, The Beatles had not yet split up and the song was possibly a future "Beatle" recording. As it turned out, we have Paul with his own accompaniment, several other track and his first solo album "McCartney". He was the only "ex-Beatle" to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) (aka "The Ed Sullivan Show") with his 1970 video of "Maybe I'm Amazed". In one of his first solo recordings following The Beatles ' breakup in 1970, Paul played all the instruments and did all the vocal tracks on "Maybe I'm Amazed". In 2012 when Paul McCartney was on "Saturday Night Live" New York City Children's Chorus joined him when he sang "Wonderful Christmas Time". On 15 May 1968, Paul McCartney and John Lennon appeared as "talk show" guests on NBC-TV's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962) with guest host Joe Garagiola . They mentioned that the two of them walked through NYC's Central Park the previous Sunday unnoticed by the many passersby. He reportedly turned down a part in Franco Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet (1968). McCartney didn't believe he would be good enough and the Beatles were recording Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band at the time. The 2009 Sunday Times List estimated his net worth at $720 million. He was conferred as a Knights Bachelor in the 1997 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to music. He is the only Beatle to be given a higher British honor since their MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours List. John Lennon returned his MBE in 1969 out of protest. Though The Beatles have denied that there was ever an intentional "Paul Mc Cartney is dead" hoax, in one of the early studio takes of "Strawberry Fields", John Lennon is clearly heard saying "I buried Paul". In the "fade out" of the most popular hit version of "Strawberry Fields"', that statement comes across as the result of reverse over dubbing. In other words, that line was recorded by reciting " luaP deirub I " and playing it backwards. A process that was used to produce exotic instrumental and vocal sounds on The "Sergent Pepper" album. His younger brother, Michael, aka Mike McGear of the satirical group The Scaffold . Michael chose to take the name of "McGear" as his professional name so as not to capitalize on the fame of his brother. Mike McGear was awarded an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1997 Queen's New Years Honours List while Paul McCartney was awarded Knight Bachelor of the Order of the British Empire for his services to music. McCartney was the only barefooted Beatle crossing the street on the sleeve of the "Abbey Road" album (1969), a fact that merited a test segment on the popular Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1998) TV series. Recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors; other recipients that year were Oprah Winfrey , Jerry Herman , Merle Haggard , and Bill T. Jones . (June 2010 East Room - White House) As a VIP guest of President Barack Obama at The White House, McCartney was presented with the Library of Congress "Gershwin Prize for Popular Song" trophy. The former Beatle was the third recipient of the prestigious award after Paul Simon and Stevie Wonder . When McCartney performed a selection of his songs, including "Michelle" especially for the First Lady, he played the very same electric Hofner bass guitar he played when The Beatles made their American TV debut (9 February 1964) on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) (The Ed Sullivan Show) 46 years earlier. Among the various artists commemorating McCartney's spectacular achievement with personal renditions of his songs were: Herbie Hancock and Corinne Bailey Rae ("Blackbird"), Elvis Costello ("Penny Lane"), Emmylou Harris ("For No One"), Faith Hill ("The Long and Winding Road"), Stevie Wonder ("We Can Work It Out") and ("Ebony and Ivory" with Paul), Dave Grohl ("Band On the Run"), Jack White ("Mother Nature's Son"), The Jonas Brothers ("Drive My Car"), Jerry Seinfeld (stand-up shtick). Daughters Mary McCartney and Stella McCartney were seated immediately behind Paul and the First Family. The festive soirée culminated with a Lang Lang classical interpretation of "Celebrations" and an ensemble of artists performing "Hey Jude" for the grand finale. Engaged to Nancy Shevell. Acquaintances for some 20 years, they re-met at a summer party in the Hamptons in 2007 and have been a couple since then. Nancy is vice-president, administration, of her family's New Jersey-based trucking business, New England Freight Motors, Inc. She's also a cousin of Barbara Walters , who has said that "Nancy is like a second child to me". [August, 2011]. Paul married for the third time, to Nancy Shevell, on Sunday, October 9, 2011 ( John Lennon 's birthday). In attendance were Paul's daughter, Beatrice, who was a flower girl; Nancy's son, Arlen; her cousin, Barbara Walters ; Paul's brother, Mike McGear ; Ringo Starr and his wife, Barbara Bach ; and George Harrison 's widow, Olivia Harrison . The couple wore clothes designed by Paul's daughter, Stella McCartney , and were married at Old Marylebone Town Hall, the same place where Paul had married Linda McCartney in 1969. The last appearance of The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) (aka "The Ed Sullivan Show") occurred on March 1, 1970 as part of a "Beatles' Songbook", which featured various artists performing their songs. Seen on film, taken from their not-yet-released documentary, "Let It Be" (1970), they performed "Let It Be" and "Two Of Us". In addition, Paul's 1965 performance of "Yesterday" was also aired. Was one of the first musicians to perform at Shea Stadium, with The Beatles , on August 15, 1965, and one of the last to performer at Shea Stadium, performing the closing number at Billy Joel 's concert on July 18, 2008. Since the 2015 Emanuel AME Church shooting in Charleston, SC Paul McCartney has dedicated "The Long and Winding Road" to the nine people who died in the shooting during his concerts. He then dedicates "Maybe I'm Amazed" to his late wife Linda and "Something" to George Harrison. Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 10, 2012. The first John Lennon -McCartney composition to hit the US charts occurred in the summer of 1963. Del Shannon 's version of "From Me To You" reached #66 US Pop. "Dr. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" was the original title for what eventually became The Beatles ' "Sgt. Pepper" album. The soda company that owned the "Dr. Pepper" trademark would not give permission for its use. One of The Beatles ' earlier names was that of "Johnny And The Moondogs. Popular DJ Alan Freed often went by the name "Moondog" in the mid-'50s. His films, such as Rock Rock Rock! (1956) and Mister Rock and Roll (1957) were well received in Great Britain. He would often shout to his radio followers, "Come on, all you Moondogs". He was a bit of an amateur bird-watcher and owned a beloved bird field guide as a boy. It was later inspire him to write the song "Blackbird". A guest at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert. His world tours in 2002, 2003 and 2004 included over 100 large-scale concert performances in countries on three continents. Officially filed for divorce from second wife Heather Mills . [July 2006] Expecting a child with his second wife Heather Mills . [March 2003] Performed in Israel, Tel Aviv, for the first time. [September 2008] Announced he and his wife are to split up. [May 2006] Is expecting a fourth grandchild, in light of third daughter Stella McCartney 's pregnancy announcement. [August 2006] Touring in the US Tour (Nov. 2005) [November 2005] Paul McCartney refused to be on "Saturday Night Live" unless they paid tribute to the ones who died in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. His request was granted and he went on as scheduled. As of 2014, he has sold 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States. Both he and John Lennon were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live (1975) together at Lennon's home in The Dakota, during which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for The Beatles to reunite. While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away, they decided it was too late. This was their last time together, before Lennon's 1980s assassination. Surrogate father of Julian Lennon . Julian admitted that he had a better relationship with him, over his real father. The song, "Hey, Jude," was written by McCartney to console Julian Lennon , during his parents' breakup. In early 1995, McCartney teamed up with Jeff Lynne , Electric Light Orchestra lead singer and guitarist, an ardent Beatles fan. Lynne had previously worked with former Beatle George Harrison on his 1987 album "Cloud Nine," and in "The Traveling Wilburys," and also co-produced "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love" for the Beatles Anthology project. Intending to produce something pure and easy - and without elaborate productions - McCartney sporadically recorded the entire album, which was "Flaming Pie," in a space of two years. He plays 25 instruments: bass, piano, bass drums, guitar, cello, flugelhorn, tambourine, autoharp, shakers, spinet, maracas, moog synthesizer, tubular bells, melodica, organ, triangle, toy glockenspiel, recorders, drums, mandolin, saxophone, resonator guitar, sitar, ukelele and harmonica. Met songwriting partner, co-lead vocalist and guitarist, John Lennon , with Lennon's own band, the Quarrymen, at the St Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton in 1957, a band that would eventually become The Beatles . The lead vocalist of Wings . The only Beatle who sang and co-wrote more songs than anybody, except John Lennon . The only member of The Beatles to walk on the street barefoot on the album cover "Abbey Road.". Is very good friends with: Diana Ross , Eric Clapton , Jeff Lynne , Roy Orbison , Bob Dylan , Elton John , Tom Petty , Roger Waters , David Gilmour , Roger Daltrey , Pete Townshend , Steven Tyler , Rod Stewart , Ozzy Osbourne , Stevie Wonder and Steve Miller . Attended the funeral of his first wife, Linda McCartney , on 8 June 1998. As of 2015, Paul's band comprises musicians Brian Ray (guitar/vocals), Rusty Anderson (guitar/vocals), Paul Wickens (keyboards/vocals), Abe Laboriel Jr. (drums/vocals) and Paul on bass and vocals. This particular McCartney ensemble has been together for longer than The Beatles were a foursome (1962-70). Contrary to popular belief, "Let It Be" was not a religious song as the lyrics "When I find myself in times of trouble, Mother Mary comes to me..." might suggest. Paul wrote the song about his mother (Mary), not the Blessed Virgin. For a long time there was a rumor that he was the father of singer Jesse McCartney but they are not related. Paul has performed in Columbia, SC twice. He first performed there in 1993 and again in 2015. When John Lennon died, Paul went to the studio to get out of the house. A news crew and police were outside.

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Timothy McVeigh was convicted for which bombing?

McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing - Jun 02, 1997 - HISTORY.com McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing Share this: McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing Author McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing URL Publisher A+E Networks Timothy McVeigh, a former U.S. Army soldier, is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. On April 19, 1995, just after 9 a.m., a massive truck bomb exploded outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The blast collapsed the north face of the nine-story building, instantly killing more than 100 people and trapping dozens more in the rubble. Emergency crews raced to Oklahoma City from across the country, and when the rescue effort finally ended two weeks later, the death toll stood at 168 people, including 19 young children who were in the building’s day-care center at the time of the blast. On April 21, the massive manhunt for suspects in the worst terrorist attack ever committed on U.S. soil resulted in the capture of Timothy McVeigh, a 27-year-old former U.S. Army soldier who matched an eyewitness description of a man seen at the scene of the crime. On the same day, Terry Nichols, an associate of McVeigh’s, surrendered at Herington, Kansas, after learning that the police were looking for him. Both men were found to be members of a radical right-wing survivalist group based in Michigan, and on August 8, John Fortier, who knew of McVeigh’s plan to bomb the federal building, agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence. Two days later, a grand jury indicted McVeigh and Nichols on murder and conspiracy charges. While still in his teens, Timothy McVeigh acquired a penchant for guns and began honing survivalist skills he believed would be necessary in the event of a Cold War showdown with the Soviet Union. Lacking direction after high school, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and proved a disciplined and meticulous soldier. It was during this time that he befriended Terry Nichols, a fellow soldier who, though 13 years his senior, shared his survivalist interests. In early 1991, McVeigh served in the Persian Gulf War and was decorated with several medals for a brief combat mission. Despite these honors, he was discharged from the army at the end of the year, one of many casualties of the U.S. military downsizing that came after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Perhaps also because of the end of the Cold War, McVeigh shifted his ideology from a hatred of foreign communist governments to a suspicion of the U.S. federal government, especially as its new elected leader, Democrat Bill Clinton, had successfully campaigned for the presidency on a platform of gun control. The August 1992 shoot-out between federal agents and survivalist Randy Weaver at his cabin in Idaho, in which Weaver’s wife and son were killed, followed by the April 19, 1993, inferno near Waco, Texas, which killed some 80 Branch Davidians, deeply radicalized McVeigh, Nichols, and their associates. In early 1995, Nichols and McVeigh planned an attack on the federal building in Oklahoma City, which housed, among other federal agencies, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)–the agency that had launched the initial raid on the Branch Davidian compound in 1993. On April 19, 1995, the two-year anniversary of the disastrous end to the Waco standoff, McVeigh parked a Ryder rental truck loaded with a diesel-fuel-fertilizer bomb outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and fled. Minutes later, the massive bomb exploded, killing 168 people. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy, and on August 14, under the unanimous recommendation of the jury, he was sentenced to die by lethal injection. In December 2000, McVeigh asked a federal judge to stop all appeals of his convictions and to set a date for his execution by lethal injection at the U.S. Penitentiary at Terre Haute, Indiana. McVeigh’s execution, in June 2001, was the first federal death penalty to be carried out since 1963. Michael Fortier was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $200,000 for failing to warn authorities about McVeigh’s bombing plans. In a federal trial, Terry Nichols was found guilty on one count of conspiracy and eight counts of involuntary manslaughter and was sentenced to life in prison. In a later Oklahoma state trial, he was charged with 160 counts of first-degree murder, one count of first-degree manslaughter for the death of an unborn child, and one count of aiding in the placement of a bomb near a public building. On May 26, 2004, he was convicted of all charges and sentenced to 160 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole. Related Videos

Oklahoma

Who was Oliver North's secretary during the Irangate scandal?

CNN Programs - People in the News From decorated veteran to mass murderer Oklahoma City bomber a study in contradictions The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killed 168 people.   (CNN) -- Six years, one month and 23 days after a truck bomb shattered the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, federal prison authorities placed a needle in Timothy McVeigh's right leg and pumped a deadly stream of drugs into his veins. McVeigh, 33, did not make a verbal statement before he was executed June 11 in a federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana. But in a handwritten statement, he quoted a section of the poem "Invictus," which reads in part "I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul." The convicted bomber was executed for the April 19, 1995, attack that killed 168 people -- 19 of them children -- and injured more than 500. It was the largest terrorist act ever committed on U.S. soil. Early reports suggested that a Middle Eastern terrorist may have been responsible for the carnage. But within days, federal authorities linked the attack to an all-American-looking young man who appeared more like the boy next door than the epitome of evil. McVeigh, a decorated Army veteran of the Persian Gulf War, had launched his own private war on the U.S. government.   Timothy McVeigh with his grandfather Ed McVeigh at high school graduation in 1986.   The man convicted of the worst act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history spent his early years in surroundings straight out of a Norman Rockwell painting. In many ways, McVeigh had a typical middle-class American upbringing in the rural New York towns of Pendleton and Lockport, outside of Buffalo. The main pastimes were church bingo games, bowling and football. His parents, Bill and Mickey McVeigh, married in 1965. Bill was a factory worker at a radiator plant. Their first daughter, Patty, was born soon after the wedding, and Tim came along in April 1968. In 1974, the couple's last child, Jennifer, was born. The marriage was rocky, and after several separations, the family split up for good when Tim was an adolescent. Tim stayed with his father, and the two girls headed south to Florida with their mother. Another crack on the idyllic facade of McVeigh's childhood was bullying. Some ridiculed the tall and gawky teen with the nickname of "Noodle McVeigh," according to "American Terrorist." The book describes an incident when some older high school students dangled McVeigh by his feet, trying to stick his head into a flushing toilet. McVeigh won a partial college scholarship, and after graduating from high school in 1986, he decided to attend a two-year business college near his father's home. But he soon dropped out and began a series of odd jobs -- first at a Burger King and later as an armed security guard. His love for guns, going back to his boyhood when he enjoyed target practice with his grandfather, Ed McVeigh, became a bigger part of his life. One day he sent off for a book advertised in the back of a gun magazine called "The Turner Diaries." The novel was written by former American Nazi Party official William Pierce under the pen name Andrew MacDonald. It tells the story of a gun enthusiast who reacts to the government's tightening of restrictions on private firearms by bombing a federal building. McVeigh often referred to the book and introduced it to other people he met. 'The best soldier' While in the Army, McVeigh distinguished himself as the best marksman in his platoon.   McVeigh joined the Army in 1988 and was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, for basic training. He took to Army life immediately. "He was the best solider I met when I was in the Army -- by far," said David Dilly, who served in the Army with McVeigh. "Everything we did he excelled at. He was the best always." McVeigh joined the 1st Infantry Division and soon became a sergeant and a gunner on a Bradley Fighting Vehicle. He was called up for combat in 1991 during the Persian Gulf War, where he distinguished himself as the best shot in his platoon. McVeigh was awarded the Bronze Star among other medals and invited to try out for the Army's Special Forces, also known as the Green Berets. But McVeigh was not prepared for the rigorous evaluation program of the Special Forces and gave up his bid to join the elite group on the third day. Shortly afterward, he resigned from the Army. Growing outrage McVeigh told biographers he wanted to get caught to give a platform to his anti-government message.   McVeigh began a life of wandering from state to state, buying and selling weapons on the gun-show circuit and preaching a message of the evils of government. He spent time with old Army buddies -- Terry Nichols in rural Michigan and Michael Fortier, who lived near Kingman, Arizona. All three shared a bond of the love of guns and anger at a government they believed was trying to take away their rights and weapons. In the summer of 1992, the FBI went after white separatist Randy Weaver on charges of selling illegal sawed-off shotguns. During a standoff at Weaver's cabin in Ruby Ridge, Idaho, his wife and son were killed. The incident would become a rallying point for McVeigh and others immersed in the militia movement. The next year, federal agents zeroed in on the compound of a religious group known as the Branch Davidians, ordering leader David Koresh to surrender to charges of harboring illegal weapons. McVeigh traveled to Waco, Texas, to protest the government's prolonged siege on the compound. After a few days, he left the scene. But McVeigh watched on television April 19, 1993, as the standoff culminated in a firestorm. Dozens of Branch Davidians were killed, including children. 'Collateral damage' After years of growing outrage, McVeigh told his biographers that he began meticulously planning the bombing of a federal facility, deciding on the Murrah Building because its location would provide excellent camera angles for media coverage of the event. He alone was responsible for the bombing, McVeigh asserted to the authors, adding that he wanted to get caught to give a platform for his anti-government message. For McVeigh, the act was not a crime but a soldier's mission. He lamented the fact that he parked the truck bomb near the day-care center at the building, because the deaths of 19 children was a "PR nightmare" that overshadowed his anti-government message, Michel said. McVeigh described the deaths as "collateral damage," according to the book. But Inspector Jerry Flowers of the Oklahoma City police department gives a less technical description of the scene immediately following the blast. "When I got down here, my partner and I, we worked our way into the building and (we saw) people everywhere profusely bleeding from the head, body parts laying on the ground around the north side of the building here. People (were) screaming and crying for help that were hurt beyond (hope). ... You couldn't do much for them except console them." Many people are still trying to put together their lives six years after the blast. Jim and Claudia Denny relied on faith to help them face the terrifying injuries of their children, Brandon, now 8, and Rebecca, 9, who were among just six out of the 25 children in the day-care center to survive the bomb. Brandon lost part of his brain and underwent three life-threatening brain surgeries. Rebecca suffered severe facial injuries and underwent four surgeries. Brandon is regaining almost full use of both arms and is reading well, while Rebecca bears little evidence of the facial cuts. The survivors and families of victims reacted in different ways as McVeigh's execution neared. "We've never had the anger or hatred other people have," Jim Denny said. "It doesn't make us any better than them. We're all trying to get through this in our own way." Jannie Coverdale, who lost two grandchildren, struggles with the pain wrought by the bombing. And so does Bill McVeigh, who paid his last visit to his son on death row in April. He told CNN then that his son's execution would be hard on the family and that he will never understand why his son committed such a horrible crime. © 2001 Cable News Network LP, LLLP. An AOL Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved. Terms under which this service is provided to you.

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Which singer married director Blake Edwards?

Blake Edwards - Biography - IMDb Blake Edwards Biography Showing all 41 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (28) | Personal Quotes  (3) | Salary  (1) Overview (4) Blackie Mini Bio (1) Blake Edwards' stepfather's father J. Gordon Edwards was a silent screen director, and his stepfather Jack McEdward was a stage director and movie production manager. Blake acted in a number films, beginning with Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) and wrote a number of others, beginning with Panhandle (1948) and including six for director Richard Quine . He created the popular TV series Peter Gunn (1958), Mr. Lucky (1959) and Dante (1960). He directed a diverse body of films, from comedies to dramas to war films to westerns, including such pictures as Operation Petticoat (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Experiment in Terror (1962), Days of Wine and Roses (1962), The Pink Panther (1963) and A Shot in the Dark (1964). After The Great Race (1965) he began fighting with studios. In England he surfaced again with The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), then went back to Hollywood and a real hit, 10 (1979). Victor Victoria (1982) won him French and Italian awards for Best Foreign Film. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan <[email protected]> Spouse (2) Grandson of silent screen director J. Gordon Edwards . Was the original writer and director on City Heat (1984). He stepped aside as director after creative differences with star Clint Eastwood . When asked, "If you could work with one actor for the rest of your career, who would it be?" he answered, in a heartbeat, " Jack Lemmon .". Met actor David Niven , when Edwards was writing and directing films for Four Star Television, a production company partly owned by Niven. The Honorary Oscar Award that he received in 2004 was presented to him by personal fan Jim Carrey . Met wife-to-be Julie Andrews after she'd heard that he once described her as being, "...so sweet she probably has violets between her legs." Andrews was so entertained by the remark she sent Edwards a bunch of violets accompanied by a note. They began dating and later married. As of 2007, he is one of six directors who has directed his wife to a Best Actress Oscar nomination ( Julie Andrews in Victor Victoria (1982)). The other five are Joel Coen directing Frances McDormand in Fargo (1996), John Cassavetes directing Gena Rowlands in A Woman Under the Influence (1974) & Gloria (1980), Richard Brooks directing Jean Simmons in The Happy Ending (1969), Paul Czinner directing Elisabeth Bergner in Escape Me Never (1935) and Paul Newman directing Joanne Woodward in Rachel, Rachel (1968). Jules Dassin also directed his future wife Melina Mercouri in an Oscar-nominated performance ( Never on Sunday (1960)), but they weren't married yet at the time of the nomination. He has two great-grandchildren, Shaely and Kaden, from granddaughter Kayti. Daughter, Amy Edwards , married rock musician Lauren Scheff on October 24, 2004. They are now divorced. His grandchildren are: Kayti and Hannah Schneider, from daughter Jennifer Edwards ; Isabelle and Hank, from son Geoffrey Edwards ; Max Scheff, from daughter Amy Edwards ; and Sam and Hope, from stepdaughter Emma Walton . His son, Geoffrey Edwards , was once married to Denise Crosby , Bing Crosby 's granddaughter. Was one of the first directors to employ video playback of shot film footage on set. He did this with The Party (1968). Stepfather-in-law of Steve Hamilton . Named the inaugural distinguished fellow in film writing directing and producing at Arizona State University's film school, August, 2005. [August 2005] Still an active writer and producer with several projects in various stages of development for film, stage, and television. [May 2007] Personal Quotes (3) Make 'em redecorate your office. That's primary, to let them know where you stand. Then, when you're shooting interior sequences, use your own interior decorator and set dresser. That way everything on the set will fit your house when you're finished. Peter Sellers became a monster. He just got bored with the part [Inspector Clouseau] and became angry, sullen and unprofessional. He wouldn't show up for work and he began looking for anyone and everyone to blame, never for a moment stopping to see whether or not he should blame himself for his own madness, his own craziness. [on Julie Andrews ] It's marvelous to direct her. She's enormously professional and understands that in the final analysis the last word is mine. Actually, working with Julie on a film is a whole lot easier than working with many people that I'm not married to! Salary (1)

Julie Andrews

"What relation was ""Waldorf Astor, who became a British member of Parliament, to US millionaire John Jacob Astor?"

Julie Andrews & Blake Edwards | Hollywood Marriages | XFINITY Send to Friend Julie Andrews & Blake Edwards Actress/singer Julie Andrews and "Pink Panther" director Blake Edwards married on November 12, 1969. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) More from this Slideshow Next Warren Beatty & ... Famous ladies' man Warren Beatty finally settled down with his "Bugsy" costar Annette Bening. They married on March 10th, 1992. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill) Will Smith & Jad... Top-earning actor Will Smith married Jada Pinkett Smith on December 31, 1997. They have two children together, Jaden and Willow. (Photo by Michael Buckner/Getty Images) Tom Hanks & Rita... Actors Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson married in April, 1988. The couple has two sons together, Chester and Truman. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello) Kevin Bacon & Ky... Actors Kevin Bacon and Kyra Sedgwick married on September 4, 1988. The two met while starring in a PBS production together. (Photo by Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images) Paul Newman & Jo... Actors Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman were married on January 29, 1958. Newman famously said of his monogamous nature, "Why go out for hamburger when you have steak at home?" (Photo by Peter Kramer/Getty Images) Bill Cosby & Cam... Comedian Bill Cosby has been married to Camille Cosby since 1964. (Photo by Michael Buckner/Getty Images for NAACP) Dan Aykroyd & Do... Comedian Dan Aykroyd and actress Donna Dixon met while filming the movie "Doctor Detroit" and were married on April 29, 1983. (Photo by Matthew Peyton/Getty Images) Jay Leno & Mavis... "Tonight Show" host Jay Leno has been married to his activist wife Mavis since 1980. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) Danny DeVito & R... Actor/producer Danny DeVito and his wife, "Cheers" star Rhea Perlman, married on January 28. 1982. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Getty Images) Ron Howard & Che... Former child star and director Ron Howard has been married to fellow redhead Cheryl Howard since 1975. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Getty Images) John Travolta & ... Actors John Travolta and Kelly Preston have been married since September, 1991. (Photo by Vince Bucci/Getty Images) Michelle Pfeiffe... Actress Michelle Pfeiffer and "Ally McBeal" writer/producer David E. Kelley were married on November 13, 1993. They have two sons. (AP Photo/Evan Agostini) Denzel Washingto... Academy Award winner Denzel Washington and his actress wife Pauletta Washington have been married since 1983. They met on the set of the film "Wilma." (AP Photo/Kim D. Johnson) Steven Spielberg... Producer/director Steven Spielberg and actress Kate Capshaw, whom he directed in "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom," were married on October 12, 1991. (Photo by Stephen Shugerman/Getty Images for Turner) Kevin Kline & Ph... Actors Kevin Kline and Phoebe Cates married in 1989. (Photo by Paul Hawthorne/Getty Images) Michael J. Fox &... Actors Michael J. Fox and Tracy Pollan married on July 16, 1988. They met on the set of "Family Ties" when Pollan was cast as the girlfriend of Fox's character, Alex P. Keaton. (AP Photo/Peter Kramer) Julie Andrews & ... Actress/singer Julie Andrews and "Pink Panther" director Blake Edwards married on November 12, 1969. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) Rachel Ward & Br... They played husband and wife in the epic 1983 miniseries "The Thorn Birds," and then Aussie actors Rachel Ward and Bryan Brown married in real life on April 16, 1983. (Photo by Mike Flokis/Getty Images) Celebrity Odd Co... These mismatched pairs may not seem like the perfect fit, but they sure do look happy together!

i don't know

For which movie did Meryl Streep win her first Oscar?

How Meryl Streep Battled Dustin Hoffman, Retooled Her Role, and Won He | Vanity Fair Meryl Streep, photographed by Brigitte Lacombe in 1988. Photograph by Brigitte Lacombe. On March 12, 1978, the man Meryl Streep had been dating for nearly two years died as she sat at his hospital bed. She had met John Cazale, the crane-like character actor best known for playing Fredo Corleone in the Godfather films, when they starred together in a Shakespeare in the Park production of Measure for Measure in the summer of 1976. From the beginning, they were an unusual pair: a pellucid 27-year-old beauty just a year out of the Yale School of Drama and a 41-year-old oddball with a forehead as high as a boulder and a penchant for Cuban cigars. But the romance was tragically short-lived. Only months after she moved into his Tribeca loft, Cazale was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer. When he was cast in the Vietnam epic The Deer Hunter, Meryl joined the film, in part, just to be with him. Cazale didn’t live to see the completed work. A few weeks after he died, Meryl’s brother helped her pack up her belongings. He brought along a friend she had met once or twice—a sculptor named Don Gummer, who lived a few blocks away, in SoHo. Only weeks after losing the love of her life, she had found the second love of her life, the man who would become her husband. It was this Meryl Streep—simultaneously grieving and infatuated, a theater actress new to movies—who got word from her agent, Sam Cohn, about a possible role in Kramer vs. Kramer, based on a novel by Avery Corman. Corman wanted to counteract the “toxic rhetoric” he had been hearing from feminists, who he felt lumped all men together as “a whole bunch of bad guys,” he says now. His protagonist was Ted Kramer, a thirtysomething workaholic New Yorker who sells ad space for men’s magazines. He has a wife, Joanna, and a little boy named Billy. In the early chapters, their marriage is portrayed as superficially content, with wells of ennui underneath. The problem is Joanna Kramer, who finds motherhood, by and large, “boring.” She starts taking tennis lessons. Sex with Ted is mechanical. About 50 pages in, Joanna informs Ted that she’s “suffocating.” She’s leaving him, and she’s leaving Billy. (“Feminists will applaud me,” she says.) Ted overcomes his shock and gets back into the swing of single life. More important, he learns how to be a good father. It is then that Joanna does the unthinkable: she returns from California and tells Ted she wants Billy back. The ensuing custody battle, which gives the novel its title, lays bare the ugliness of divorce proceedings and the wounds they allow people to inflict on each other. Before Kramer vs. Kramer even hit the bookstores, the manuscript fell into the hands of Richard Fischoff, a young film executive who had just accepted a job with the producer Stanley Jaffe. Ted and Joanna Kramer, Fischoff thought, were like Benjamin and Elaine in The Graduate 10 years later, after their impulsive union has collapsed from the inside. The movie would be a kind of generational marker, tracking the baby-boomers from the heedlessness of young adulthood to the angst of middle adulthood. No one was yet calling people like the Kramers “yuppies,” but their defining neuroses were already in place. Jaffe took the novel to the director Robert Benton, best known for co-writing Bonnie and Clyde. Everyone liked the idea of a spiritual sequel to The Graduate, which meant that the one and only choice for Ted Kramer was Dustin Hoffman. Midnight Cowboy and All the President’s Men had made the 40-year-old actor the era’s antsy Everyman, but he was now at one of the lowest points of his life. Amid contentious experiences filming Straight Time and Agatha, he was mired in lawsuits and countersuits, and was in the middle of an emotional separation from his first wife, Anne Byrne. Streep in New York City, 1979. Photo: By Theo Westenberger/Theo Westenberger Archives, 1974-2008, Autry Museum, Los Angeles. Previous Next The filmmakers offered the part of Joanna to Kate Jackson, of Charlie’s Angels. Jackson had the name recognition and the crystalline beauty that Columbia Pictures required. But Aaron Spelling wouldn’t bend the Angels production schedule, and Jackson was forced to pull out of the film kicking and screaming. According to Fischoff, the studio sent over a list of possible replacements, essentially a catalogue of the bankable female stars of the day: Ali MacGraw, Faye Dunaway, even Jane Fonda. Katharine Ross, who had played Elaine in The Graduate, was a natural contender. With The Deer Hunter still in postproduction, the name Meryl Streep meant nothing to the West Coast, apart from sounding like a Dutch pastry. But she and Benton shared an agent, and if anyone knew how to get someone into an audition room, it was Sam Cohn. Meryl marched into the hotel suite where Hoffman, Benton, and Jaffe sat side by side. She had read Corman’s novel and found Joanna to be “an ogre, a princess, an ass,” as she put it soon after to American Film. When Dustin asked her what she thought of the story, she told him in no uncertain terms. They had the character all wrong, she insisted. Her reasons for leaving Ted are too hazy. We should understand why she comes back for custody. When she gives up Billy in the final scene, it should be for the boy’s sake, not hers. Joanna isn’t a villain; she’s a reflection of a real struggle that women are going through across the country, and the audience should feel some sympathy for her. If they wanted Meryl, they’d need to do re-writes, she later told Ms. magazine. The trio was taken aback, mostly because they hadn’t called her in for Joanna in the first place. They were thinking of her for the minor role of Phyllis, the one-night stand. Somehow she’d gotten the wrong message. Still, she seemed to understand the character instinctively. Maybe this was their Joanna after all? That, at least, was Meryl’s version. The story the men told was completely different. “It was, for all intents and purposes, the worst meeting anybody ever had with anybody,” Benton recalled. “She said a few things, not much. And she just listened. She was polite and nice, but it was—she was just barely there.” When Meryl left the room, Stanley Jaffe was dumbfounded. “What is her name—Merle?” he said, thinking box office. Benton turned to Dustin. Dustin turned to Benton. “That’s Joanna,” Dustin said. The reason was John Cazale. Dustin knew that Meryl had lost him only months earlier, and from what he saw, she was still shaken to the core. That’s what would fix the Joanna problem: an actress who could draw on a still-fresh pain, who was herself in the thick of emotional turmoil. It was Meryl’s weakness, not her strength, that convinced him. Watch: Meryl Streep and Emily Blunt on the Movies That Make Them Laugh, Cry, and Fall in Love Benton agreed. “There was a fragile quality she had that made us think that this was Joanna, without making her neurotic,” he said. “Meryl’s Joanna wasn’t neurotic, but she was vulnerable, frail.” According to the director, Meryl had never been considered for Phyllis. It was always for the role of Joanna. Clearly, there was a discrepancy between what they saw and how Meryl saw herself. Was she a fearless advocate, telling three powerful men exactly what their script was missing? Or was she a basket case whose raw grief was written all over her face? Whichever Meryl Streep walked out of that hotel room, she got the part. Darling Billy Streep in New York City, 1977. By Theo Westenberger/Theo Westenberger Archives, 1974-2008, Autry Museum, Los Angeles. On the first day of principal photography, everything was hushed on the Twentieth Century Fox soundstage at 54th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan. Benton was so anxious he could hear his stomach grumbling, which only made him more anxious, since he worried the sound might wind up in the shot. The little boy under the covers was Justin Henry, a sweet-faced seven-year-old from Rye, New York. In her search for a kid who could play Dustin Hoffman’s son, the casting director, Shirley Rich, had looked at hundreds of boys. The blond, cherubic Justin Henry hadn’t seemed right to Dustin, who wanted a “funny-looking kid” who looked like him. But Justin’s tender, familial way with Dustin in screen tests changed his mind, along with the realization that Billy Kramer shouldn’t look like Dustin. He should look like Meryl: a constant reminder of the absent Joanna. Getting Meryl past the studio hadn’t been easy. Some of the marketing executives at Columbia thought she wasn’t pretty enough. “They didn’t think that she was a movie star. They thought that she was a character actress,” Richard Fischoff said, describing exactly how Meryl saw herself. But she had her advocates, including Dustin Hoffman and Robert Benton, and that was enough to twist some arms. In preparation, Meryl flipped through magazines such as Cosmopolitan and Glamour, the kind Joanna might read. (Meryl hadn’t bothered with beauty magazines since high school.) They all featured profiles of working mothers, brilliant judges who were raising five adorable children. The assumption now was that any woman could do both: the dreaded cliché of “having it all.” But what about the Joanna Kramers, who couldn’t manage either? Meryl spoke with her mother, who told her, “All my friends at one point or another wanted to throw up their hands and leave and see if there was another way of doing their lives.” She sat in a playground in Central Park and watched the Upper East Side mothers with their perambulators, trying to outdo one another. As she soaked in the atmosphere—muted traffic noises, chirping birds—she thought about the “dilemma of how to be a woman,” she said later, “how to be a mother, all the gobbledygook about ‘finding yourself.’ ” Most of her friends were actors in their late 20s who didn’t have children, women at their peak career potential, which, paradoxically, was the height of their baby-making potential. Part of her wished she’d had kids when she was 22. By now, she’d have a seven-year-old. She thought about Joanna Kramer—who did have a seven-year-old—who looked at those same superwomen in the magazines and felt she couldn’t hack it. “The more I thought about it,” Meryl told Newsweek after the movie came out, “the more I felt the sensual reason for Joanna’s leaving, the emotional reasons, the ones that aren’t attached to logic. Joanna’s daddy took care of her. Her college took care of her. Then Ted took care of her. Suddenly she just felt incapable of caring for herself.” In other words, she was nothing like Meryl Streep, who had always felt supremely capable. When he first saw the set, Dustin said, “My character wouldn’t live in this apartment.” The whole thing was quickly redesigned to fit whatever was in his head. In contrast to most films, they would shoot the scenes in order, the reason being their seven-year-old co-star. To make the story real to Justin, they would tell him only what was happening that day, so he could experience it instead of acting it, which would inevitably come off as phony. His direction would be communicated solely through Dustin, as a way of bonding on-screen father and son. On the second day, they continued shooting the opening scene, when Ted follows the hysterical Joanna into the hallway. They shot the bulk of it in the morning and, after lunch, set up for some reaction shots. Dustin and Meryl took their positions on the other side of the apartment door. Then something happened that shocked not just Meryl but everyone on set. Right before their entrance, Dustin slapped her hard across the cheek, leaving a red mark. Benton heard the slap and saw Meryl charge into the hallway. We’re dead, he thought. The picture’s dead. She’s going to bring us up with the Screen Actors Guild. Instead, Meryl went on and acted the scene. Clutching Joanna’s trench coat, she pleaded with Ted, “Don’t make me go in there!” As far as she was concerned, she could conjure Joanna’s distress without taking a smack to the face, but Dustin had taken extra measures. And he wasn’t done. In her last tearful moments, Joanna tells Ted that she doesn’t love him anymore, and that she’s not taking Billy with her. The cameras were set up on Meryl in the elevator, with Dustin acting his part offscreen. Improvising his lines, Dustin delivered a slap of a different sort: outside the elevator, he started taunting Meryl about John Cazale, jabbing her with remarks about his cancer and his death. “He was goading her and provoking her,” Fischoff recalled, “using stuff that he knew about her personal life and about John to get the response that he thought she should be giving in the performance.” Meryl, Fischoff said, went “absolutely white.” She had done her work and thought through the part. And if Dustin wanted to use Method techniques like emotional recall, he should use them on himself. Not her. They wrapped, and Meryl left the studio in a rage. Day two, and Kramer vs. Kramer was already turning into Streep vs. Hoffman. Dustin Time Across a small table covered in a checkerboard cloth, Dustin Hoffman glared at Meryl Streep. The crew had taken over J.G. Melon, a burger joint at Third Avenue and 74th Street. Today’s script pages: a pivotal scene in Kramer vs. Kramer, in which Joanna informs Ted that she plans to take back their son. The weeks had been fraught, and Benton was panicking. “I was in unfamiliar territory,” he said: no guns, no outlaws. “The suspense had simply to do with emotion, not anything physical.” Benton and his wife had planned to take their son skiing in Europe after the shoot. But two-thirds of the way through, convinced he was never going to work again, he came home and told his wife, “Cancel the trip. We need to save all the money we have.” Dustin, meanwhile, had been driving everyone nuts. In his effort to fill every screen moment with tension, he would locate the particular vulnerability of his scene partner and exploit it. For little Justin Henry, who experienced the story day by day, Dustin’s methods elicited a child performance of uncommon nuance. Before playing a serious scene, Dustin would tell him to imagine losing his dog. For the harrowing sequence in which Billy falls from the monkey bars at the playground, Justin had to lie on the pavement and cry through fake blood. Knowing how the crew had befriended Justin, Dustin crouched over and explained that film families are temporary and he would probably never see his pals again. “You know Eddie?,” Dustin said, pointing to a crew guy. “You may not see him.” Justin burst into tears. Even after the scene was done, he couldn’t stop sobbing. With his adult co-stars, Dustin’s tactics had more mixed success. Gail Strickland, the actress hired to play Ted’s neighbor Margaret, was so rattled by the intensity of their scenes that she developed a nervous stammer within the first few days. When it became clear that most of her dialogue would be unusable, she was replaced by Jane Alexander. (According to Strickland, everything was going fine until Dustin asked her to memorize a new batch of improvised lines. When she couldn’t do it fast enough he got “agitated,” and she was fired two days later.) Alexander had acted with Dustin in All the President’s Men and enjoyed his “febrile” way of working. She was taken aback, though, when she told Dustin she didn’t care to watch the dailies and he responded, “You’re a fucking fool if you don’t.” Then there was Meryl. Unlike Strickland, she hadn’t buckled under the pressure of Dustin’s aggressive technique. When asked, she’d say she regarded him like one of her kid brothers, always seeing how far he could push. “I never saw one moment of emotion leak out of her except in performance,” Benton said. She thought of the movie as work, not as a psychological minefield. As they sat in J.G. Melon, she had a question. The way the restaurant scene was written, Joanna starts off by telling Ted that she wants custody of Billy. Then, as Ted berates her, she explains that all her life she’s felt like “somebody’s wife or somebody’s mother or somebody’s daughter.” Only now, after going to California and finding a therapist and a job, does she have the wherewithal to take care of her son. Wouldn’t it be better, Meryl asked on set, if Joanna made the “somebody’s wife” speech before revealing her intention to take Billy? That way, Joanna could present her quest for selfhood as a legitimate pursuit, at least as the character saw it. She could say it calmly, not in a defensive crouch. Benton agreed that re-structuring the scene gave it more of a dramatic build. But Dustin was pissed. “Meryl, why don’t you stop carrying the flag for feminism and just act the scene,” he said. Just like Joanna, she was butting in and mucking everything up, he felt. Reality and fiction had become blurry. When Dustin looked across the table, he saw not just an actress making a scene suggestion but shades of Anne Byrne, his soon-to-be ex-wife. In Joanna Kramer, and by extension Meryl Streep, he saw the woman making his life hell. In any case, Dustin had a scene suggestion of his own, one he kept secret from Meryl. Between takes, he approached the cameraman and leaned in. “See that glass there on the table?” he said, nodding toward his white wine. “If I whack that before I leave”—he promised to be careful—“have you got it in the shot?” “Just move it a little bit to the left,” the guy said out of the corner of his mouth. In the next take, Dustin smacked the wineglass and it shattered on the restaurant wall. Meryl jumped in her chair, authentically startled. “Next time you do that, I’d appreciate you letting me know,” she said. There were shards of glass in her hair. The camera caught the whole thing. John Cazale and Streep during the filming of The Deer Hunter, 1977. From the Core Collection Production Files of The Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. Courtroom Drama She showed up at the appointed time at the Tweed Courthouse, the massive stone edifice at 52 Chambers Street. “We were all wrecked and tired,” Benton recalled. Dustin was getting sick. Everyone else was sick of Dustin. And the courtroom scene would be particularly onerous. For every shot of a witness giving testimony, Benton would need three or four reaction shots: Ted, Joanna, the judge, the opposing counsel. The whole thing would take several days. First on the stand: Joanna Kramer. Benton had been struggling with her testimony, which he saw as absolutely crucial. It is the one chance she has to make her case—not just for custody of Billy but for her personal dignity and, by extension, womankind. For most of the movie, she has been a phantom, with phantom motives. Then her lawyer asks, “Mrs. Kramer, can you tell the court why you are asking for custody?” Benton had written his own version of her reply, a spin on Shylock’s “If you prick us, do we not bleed?” speech in The Merchant of Venice: “Just because I’m a woman, don’t I have a right to the same hopes and dreams as a man? Don’t I have a right to a life of my own? Is that so awful? Is my pain any less just because I’m a woman? Are my feelings any cheaper?” Benton wasn’t happy with it. At the end of the second day of shooting—right after Dustin slapped her and goaded her in the elevator—the director had taken Meryl aside. “There’s a speech you give in the courtroom,” he told her, “but I don’t think it’s a woman’s speech. I think it’s a man trying to write a woman’s speech.” Would she take a crack at it? Meryl said yes. Then Benton walked home and promptly forgot he’d asked her. Now, several weeks and many frayed nerves later, Meryl was handing the director a legal pad with her handwriting scrawled on it and telling him brightly, “I have the speech you told me to write.” She had written it on the way back from Indiana, where she had been visiting Don Gummer’s parents. The couple had married on September 30, an Indian-summer day, at her parents’ home on Mason’s Island, Connecticut. Oh, why did I do that?, Benton thought. He had no time for this. Now he’d have to overrule her. I’m going to lose a friend. I’m going to lose a day of shooting. I’m going to maybe destroy a performance. Then he read the speech, and exhaled. It was wonderful—though about a quarter too long. Working fast, he and Meryl crossed out a few redundant lines, then had it typed up. She took the stand in a tan blazer and a matching skirt, her hair flung over her left shoulder. As the cameras rolled, Meryl spoke the words she had written herself: JOANNA: Because he’s my child. And because I love him. I know I left my son, I know that that’s a terrible thing to do. Believe me, I have to live with that every day of my life. But in order to leave him, I had to believe that it was the only thing I could do. And that it was the best thing for him. I was incapable of functioning in that home, and I didn’t know what the alternative was going to be. So I thought it was not best that I take him with me. However, I’ve since gotten some help, and I have worked very, very hard to become a whole human being. And I don’t think I should be punished for that. And I don’t think my little boy should be punished. Billy’s only seven years old. He needs me. I’m not saying he doesn’t need his father. But I really believe he needs me more. I was his mommy for five and a half years. And Ted took over that role for eighteen months. But I don’t know how anybody can possibly believe that I have less of a stake in mothering that little boy than Mr. Kramer does. I’m his mother. Tearily, she repeated, “I’m his mother.” But the word that slayed Benton was “mommy.” “I could have never imagined writing that,” he said. No longer the aloof tennis addict of Corman’s novel, Joanna now had a vivid inner life, full of yearning and tenderness and regret. Benton filmed the speech in a wide shot first, reminding Meryl to save her energy for the close-up. But she delivered it with “the same sense of richness” each time, even when the cameras turned on Dustin for his reaction. “Part of the pleasure she must have taken is showing to Dustin she didn’t need to be slapped,” the director said. “She could have delivered anything to anybody at any time.” They wrapped for the day. When they returned to the Tweed Courthouse, it was to shoot one of the most wrenching scenes in the film: Joanna’s cross-examination by Ted’s lawyer, John Shaunessy, played with cowboy-like bluster by Howard Duff. Benton had taken this sequence nearly word for word from the book, and its purpose was clear: to dismantle Joanna’s tenuous self-esteem in a way that even Ted finds heartless. Right away, Shaunessy badgers Joanna with questions: Did Mr. Kramer ever strike you? Was he unfaithful? Did he drink? How many lovers have you had? Do you have one now? As Joanna begins to falter, he goes in for the kill. Hunching over her on his cane, he asks her to name the “longest personal relationship” of her life. Wasn’t it with her ex-husband? “Yes,” she murmurs. So, hadn’t she failed at the most important relationship in her life? “It did not succeed,” she answers weakly. “Not it, Mrs. Kramer,” he bellows, sticking an accusatory finger in her face. “You. Were you a failure at the one most important relationship in your life? Were you?” It’s at that moment we see the “whole human being” Joanna believes herself to be crumble before our eyes, trapped like a sea creature in a fisherman’s net. Before the take, Dustin had gone over to the witness stand to talk to Meryl. He needed her to implode on-camera, and he knew the magic words to make it happen: “John Cazale.” Out of Benton’s earshot, he started whispering the name in her ear, planting the seeds of anguish, as he had in the elevator scene. He knew she wasn’t over the loss. That’s why she’d gotten the part. Wasn’t it? Now, with a fat finger waving three inches from her face, Meryl heard the words “Were you a failure at the one most important relationship in your life?” Her eyes watered. Her lips tensed. Dustin had instructed her to look at him when she heard that line. When she did, he gave a little shake of his head, as if to say, “No, Meryl, you weren’t a failure.” Who exactly was up on the stand? Was it the actress who had stormed into the hotel room, guns blazing, telling three powerful men to re-write their screenplay? Wasn’t that who she had always been: self-assured, proficient at everything? Or was Dustin right? Was she “barely there,” just like Joanna Kramer? As she sat on the witness stand, defending her life, was she thinking about John? Or was she acting despite Dustin’s meddling? By her own admission, the grief was still with her. “I didn’t get over it,” she told Ladies’ Home Journal two years later. “I don’t want to get over it. No matter what you do, the pain is always there in some recess of your mind, and it affects everything that happens afterwards. John’s death is still very much with me. But, just as a child does, I think you can assimilate the pain and go on without making an obsession of it.” When Benton saw Meryl glance to the side, he noticed Dustin shaking his head. “What was that? What was that?” the director said, bounding over to Dustin. Unwittingly, Dustin had created a new moment, one that Benton wanted in the scene. He turned the cameras around and had Meryl act the cross-examination again, and this time he recorded Dustin’s reactions. Now the head shake meant something else. It was Ted Kramer telling Joanna Kramer, “No, you didn’t fail as a wife. You didn’t fail as a mother.” Amid the rancor of the court proceeding, it was a final gesture of the love they once had. They filmed the remaining testimonies, and the court sequence was in the can. At one point between takes, Dustin went up to the actual court reporter they’d hired to sit behind the stenograph machine. “Is this what you do?” he asked. “Divorces?” “Oh, I did them for years,” the woman said, “but I burned out. I couldn’t do it anymore. It was just too painful.” She added cheerfully, “I really love what I’m doing now.” “What?” Dustin asked. Streep in New York City, 1979. By Theo Westenberger/Theo Westenberger Archives, 1974-2008, Autry Museum, Los Angeles. Scene and Heard Benton knew there was something wrong with the ending of Kramer vs. Kramer virtually the moment he shot it. He had toyed with the idea of closing the movie on a re-united Ted and Billy walking through Central Park. The camera pulls out to reveal that they’re just two out of thousands of parents and children enjoying a sunny afternoon in New York City. But he realized early on that there were two stories embedded in the movie. One is Ted’s relationship with Billy, which is resolved somewhere around the playground-accident scene, when Ted realizes that nothing in the world comes before his love for his son. The second story is about Ted and Joanna: after the brutality of the custody hearing, how can they ever be functioning co-parents? That’s the conflict Benton needed to resolve in the final scene, which he set in the lobby of Ted’s building. It’s the day Joanna comes to take Billy, some time after she has won the custody battle. She buzzes up and asks Ted to come downstairs, where he finds her leaning against the wall in her trench coat. She tells him she isn’t taking Billy after all. JOANNA: After I left … when I was in California, I began to think, what kind of mother was I that I could walk out on my own child. It got to where I couldn’t tell anybody about Billy—I couldn’t stand that look in their faces when I said he wasn’t living with me. Finally it seemed like the most important thing in the world to come back here and prove to Billy and to me and to the world how much I loved him … And I did … And I won. Only … it was just another “should.” Then Joanna asks if she can go upstairs and talk to Billy, and both parents get in the elevator. The picture ends with the doors closing on the Kramers, united as parents, if not as spouses. They shot the scene in late 1978, in the lobby of a Manhattan apartment building. But as Benton pieced the film together, the ending didn’t sit right. One problem was Joanna’s reasoning. If she had really come back because of how people looked at her in California, that meant she was the same deluded narcissist of Corman’s novel, not the ambivalent, vulnerable woman Meryl was playing. It was too much about her: her pride, her guilt, her endless search for self-actualization. The second problem was the final shot in the elevator. It looked too much like Ted and Joanna were getting back together. This couldn’t be a Hollywood ending, with the audience imagining the final kiss behind the elevator door. Benton wanted to leave no doubt: even if the Kramers were moving forward as parents, their marriage was definitively over. Early in 1979, the director called back Dustin and Meryl for re-shoots. The lobby where Benton had filmed the first ending was unavailable, so the crew built a replica. It had been the cinematographer Néstor Almendros’s idea to paint Billy’s room with clouds around his bed. They would symbolize the cocoon of home and act as a reminder, like Justin Henry’s flaxen hair, of the missing mother. In the re-written ending, the clouds were the catalyst for Joanna’s change of heart. JOANNA: I woke up this morning … kept thinking about Billy. And I was thinking about him waking up in his room with his little clouds all around that I painted. And I thought I should have painted clouds downtown, because … then he would think that he was waking up at home. I came here to take my son home. And I realized he already is home. Meryl delivered the speech with trembling certainty, inserting a fortifying gasp between “painted” and “clouds.” It was Joanna, as Benton saw it, who now performed the film’s ultimate heroic act: sacrificing custody not despite her love for Billy but because of it. This time, Joanna got in the elevator alone. In the final moments, she wipes her tears away and asks Ted how she looks. “Terrific,” he says as the door closes between them. Her wordless, split-second reaction was as richly textured as Dustin’s stare at the end of The Graduate—both flattered and disbelieving, the face of someone who’s been given just the right gift at just the right moment, by the most unlikely person. What does the future hold for this woman, dangling between fragility and conviction? “This picture started out belonging to Ted Kramer, and by the end it belonged to both of them,” Benton recalled. “And there was no way Dustin could shake her. No way he could do anything to shake her. She was just there, and she was an incredible force.” When she told Dustin she planned on going back to the theater, he said, “You’re never going back.” Something else had changed between the first ending and the second: this time, Meryl was pregnant. Not enough to show, but enough that Joanna’s choice—a harbinger of Sophie’s—suddenly seemed unconscionable. She told Benton, “I could never have done this role now.” Opening Night The film opened on December 19, 1979. As the producers had hoped, it was received less as a movie than as a cultural benchmark, a snapshot of the fractured American family, circa now. Vincent Canby, in The New York Times, wrote, “ ‘Kramer vs. Kramer’ is a Manhattan movie, yet it seems to speak for an entire generation of middle-class Americans who came to maturity in the late 60’s and early 70’s, sophisticated in superficial ways but still expecting the fulfillment of promises made in the more pious Eisenhower era.” Indeed, the public greeted the film with open wallets. On its opening weekend, it played in 524 theaters, grossing more than $5.5 million. In the filmmaking world that Star Wars had wrought, a chamber drama about a failed marriage was no longer Hollywood’s idea of big money. But the U.S. gross of Kramer vs. Kramer would total more than $106 million, making it the biggest domestic moneymaker of 1979—beating out even Star Wars progeny such as Star Trek and Alien, starring Meryl’s former Yale classmate Sigourney Weaver. Meryl Streep and Dustin Hoffman while filming 1979’s Kramer vs. Kramer. © Columbia Pictures/Photofest. It was a movie people wept over and argued over, a well-made tearjerker about a father and son. Anyone who was or ever had a loving parent could relate to that story. But there was a trickier story lurking within—the shadow narrative of Joanna Kramer. In celebrating the bond between Ted and Billy, had the movie sold out not only her but the feminist movement? Some people seemed to think so. *The Washington Post’*s Gary Arnold found it “difficult to escape the conclusion that Dear Mrs. Kramer is a dim-witted victim of some of the sorriest cultural cant lately in vogue.” Leaving the theater with her 15-year-old daughter, the writer Barbara Grizzuti Harrison felt a trifle manipulated. Why do we applaud the noble self-sacrifice of Ted Kramer, she wondered, when the same thing is merely expected of women? How does Joanna land a re-entry job for $31,000 a year? Why don’t we ever see Ted arranging for a babysitter? And what to make of Joanna’s hazy quest for fulfillment? “I keep thinking of Joanna,” Harrison wrote in Ms. magazine, the standard-bearer of mainstream feminism. “Is she outside howling at the gates of happiness, or is she satisfied with her job, her lover, and occasional visits to Billy. Who is Joanna, and did she spend those 18 months in California in vain?” In February, Kramer vs. Kramer was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including best picture (Stanley Jaffe, producer), best actor (Hoffman), best director (Benton), and best adapted screenplay (Benton again). Eight-year-old Justin Henry, nominated for best supporting actor, became the youngest Oscar nominee in history. And Meryl, along with Barbara Barrie (Breaking Away) and Candice Bergen (Starting Over), would compete for best supporting actress against two of her co-stars: Jane Alexander from Kramer vs. Kramer and Mariel Hemingway from Woody Allen’s Manhattan. April 14, 1980. Outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, the stars of the new decade arrived in style: Goldie Hawn, Richard Gere, Liza Minnelli, George Hamilton. Among the movie gods was Meryl Streep, one of the only women not in sequins. Inside, she took her seat between her husband and Sally Field, nominated for best actress for Norma Rae. Meryl sat nervously through Johnny Carson’s monologue, with zingers covering The Muppet Movie, Bo Derek’s cornrows in 10, Anwar Sadat, Dolly Parton’s chest (“Mammary vs. Mammary”), and the fact that three of the big films that year were about divorce. “It says something about our times when the only lasting relationship was the one in La Cage aux Folles,” Carson observed. “Who says they’re not writing good feminine roles anymore?” Jack Lemmon and Cloris Leachman came out to deliver the first award of the night: best supporting actress. When she heard her name, last among the nominees, Meryl rubbed her hands together and mumbled something to herself. “And the winner is … ,” Leachman said, before handing the envelope to Lemmon. “Thank you, my dear.” “You’re welcome, my dear.” “Meryl Streep in Kramer vs. Kramer.” The hall reverberated with Vivaldi’s Mandolin Concerto in C Major, the movie’s theme. As she hurried to the stage, she leaned over and kissed Dustin on the cheek. Then she glided up the stairs to the microphone and took hold of her first Academy Award. “Holy mackerel,” she began, glancing down at the statuette. Her tone was placid. “I’d like to thank Dustin Hoffman and Robert Benton, to whom I owe … this. Stanley Jaffe, for giving me the chance to play Joanna. And Jane Alexander, and Justin”—she blew a kiss—“for the love and support during this very, very delightful experience.” After one last “thank you very much,” she held up the Oscar and headed left, before Jack Lemmon was kind enough to point her right. Vivaldi played again for best adapted screenplay, best director, and best actor. Dustin Hoffman, accepting his Oscar from Jane Fonda, reiterated his well-known contempt for award shows (“I’ve been critical of the Academy, and for reason”). Justin Henry lost to Melvyn Douglas (Being There), 71 years his senior, becoming so distraught that Christopher Reeve, one of the only movie stars he recognized, had to be called over to console him. At the end of the night, Charlton Heston announced the winner for best picture: it was a Kramer vs. Kramer sweep. In the moments after the ceremony, the Kramer vs. Kramer winners were shown into a room of about a hundred reporters. “Well, the soap opera won,” Dustin boomed as he walked in, anticipating their disdain. It was clear that this wouldn’t be a typical glad-handing press conference, and the reporters were eager to match Dustin’s feistiness. The columnist Rona Barrett remarked that many women, particularly feminists, “feel this picture was a slap to them.” “That wasn’t said at all,” Dustin snapped back. “I can’t stop people from feeling what they are feeling, but I don’t think everyone feels that way.” As they argued, Meryl bounded onto the platform. “Here comes a feminist,” she said. “I don’t feel that’s true at all.” Having commandeered the stage, she continued: “I feel that the basis of feminism is something that has to do with liberating men and women from prescribed roles.” She could have said the same about acting—or at least her version of it, the kind she had fought so hard to achieve. She was no longer the college freshman who thought that feminism had to do with “nice nails and clean hair,” as she later described herself. In fact, it was inseparable from her art, because both required radical acts of imagination. Like an actress stretching her versatility, Joanna Kramer had to imagine herself as someone other than a wife and a mother in order to become a “whole human being,” however flawed. That may not have been apparent to Avery Corman, but it was to Meryl, and tonight’s triumph seemed to underscore that she was right. Someone asked her, “How does it feel?” “Incomparable,” she said. “I’m trying to hear your questions above my heartbeat.” If she seemed composed, it was all an act. Earlier, as she had wandered backstage after her acceptance speech, she stopped in the ladies’ room to catch her breath. Her head was spinning. Her heart was pounding. After a moment of solitude, she headed back out the door, ready to face the big Hollywood hoopla. “Hey,” she heard a woman yell, “someone left an Oscar in here!” Somehow, in her tizzy, she had left the statuette on the bathroom floor. Adapted from Her Again: Becoming Meryl Streep, by Michael Schulman, to be published in April by Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers; © 2016 by the author.

Kramer vs. Kramer

In the 1990s Babrak Karmal and Sultan Ali Keshtmond have been Prime Minister in which country?

Meryl Streep - Biography - IMDb Meryl Streep Biography Showing all 194 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (119) | Personal Quotes  (51) | Salary  (16) Overview (3) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Considered by many critics to be the greatest living actress, Meryl Streep has been nominated for the Academy Award an astonishing 19 times, and has won it three times. Meryl was born Mary Louise Streep in 1949 in Summit, New Jersey, to Mary Wolf (Wilkinson), a commercial artist, and Harry William Streep, Jr., a pharmaceutical executive. Her father was of German and Swiss-German descent, and her mother had English, Irish, and German ancestry. Meryl's early performing ambitions leaned toward the opera. She became interested in acting while a student at Vassar and upon graduation she enrolled in the Yale School of Drama. She gave an outstanding performance in her first film role, Julia (1977), and the next year she was nominated for her first Oscar for her role in The Deer Hunter (1978). She went on to win the Academy Award for her performances in Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) and Sophie's Choice (1982), in which she gave a heart-wrenching portrayal of an inmate mother in a Nazi death camp. A perfectionist in her craft and meticulous and painstaking in her preparation for her roles, Meryl turned out a string of highly acclaimed performances over the next decade in great films like Silkwood (1983); Out of Africa (1985); Ironweed (1987); and A Cry in the Dark (1988). Her career declined slightly in the early 1990s as a result of her inability to find suitable parts, but she shot back to the top in 1995 with her performance as Clint Eastwood 's married lover in The Bridges of Madison County (1995) and as the prodigal daughter in Marvin's Room (1996). In 1998 she made her first venture into the area of producing, and was the executive producer for the moving ...First Do No Harm (1997). A realist when she talks about her future years in film, she remarked that "...no matter what happens, my work will stand..." - IMDb Mini Biography By: Tom McDonough Spouse (1) ( 30 September  1978 - present) (4 children) Trade Mark (3) Known for being a perfectionist when preparing for roles Known for her ability to master almost any accent She frequently plays real-life characters: Julia Child , Ethel Rosenberg , Karen Silkwood , Karen Blixen , 'Roberta Guasppari', 'Lindy Chamberlain', Susan Orlean , and 'Margaret Thatcher'. Trivia (119) In September 1999, named Best Modern Actress in an Entertainment Weekly online poll, substantially beating out runner-up Michelle Pfeiffer . Learned to play the violin, by practicing 6 hours a day for 8 weeks, for her role in Music of the Heart (1999). Has a fear of helicopters. Listed as one of 12 "Promising New Actors of 1977" in John Willis' Screen World, Vol. 29. In October 1997, ranked #24 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. Educated at Yale University. Studied Drama. Graduated from Vassar College in 1971. Was romantically involved with actor John Cazale for a 2 years, culminating with his death at age 42 in 1978 from lung cancer. She is very reluctant to discuss the relationship with anyone. The couple had been sharing a loft at 146 Franklin Street in Manhattan's Tribeca district. Graduated from Bernards High School. Before making it big, she was a waitress at The Hotel Somerset in Somerville, New Jersey, USA. Was a cheerleader and homecoming queen in high school. She left her just-claimed Oscar for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) on the back of a toilet during the 1979 festivities. Replaced Madonna for the lead in Music of the Heart (1999). In 2001, her son, Henry W. Gummer ("Hank") was a student at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. In 2000, named an Officer of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. Born at 8:05 a.m. EDT. Tennessee Williams wanted her for a film version of "A Streetcar Named Desire" in the 1980s. When Streep proved unavailable, the project was refashioned for television and the role of Blanche given to Ann-Margret . Has a deviated septum, which she refuses to have fixed. The children's TV series Sesame Street (1969) has featured a character named "Meryl Sheep" in her honor. Was originally supposed to play the role of Iris Hineman is the film Minority Report (2002), but had to back out. She was replaced by Lois Smith . Her character Karen Silkwood from her 1983 film Silkwood (1983) was ranked #47 on the American Film Institute Heroes list of the 100 years of The Greatest Screen Heroes and Villians. Presented Paul McCartney with the 1990 Grammy Lifetime Achievement award. Attended The Beatles concert at Shea Stadium in 1965 with an "I love Paul" sign, which she mentioned when presenting the award to McCartney. Older sister of Harry Streep and Dana Streep . Spent a year as a transfer student at Dartmouth College where she participated in theater. Originally applied to Law School but slept in on the morning of her interview and took it as a sign she was destined for other things. Sigourney Weaver and Christine Estabrook were fellow classmates at Yale Drama School. Back at the Drama school, she and Sigourney Weaver appeared in a play staged in a swimming pool together. The play was called 'The Frogs.'. May 27, 2004 was proclaimed "Meryl Streep Day" by Manhattan Borough President C. Virginia Fields. [May 2004] She was voted the 37th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. As a young actor, she performed at the Yale Repertory Theater with Christopher Lloyd . According to Katharine Hepburn 's official biographer A. Scott Berg, Meryl Streep was her least favorite modern actress on screen: "Click, click, click," she said, referring to the wheels turning inside Streep's head. Has only been turned down for four roles: Michelle Straton in American Gigolo (1980), Patsy Cline in Sweet Dreams (1985), Miss Kenton in The Remains of the Day (1993), and Elizabeth I in Elizabeth (1998). She often works with Academy award-winning director Mike Nichols . Mentioned by first name only (with two-time co-star Jack Nicholson ) in Michael Crichton 's 2004 novel "State of Fear.". Tony Nominee in 1976 as Best Actress (Featured Role - Play) for Tennessee Williams ' "27 Wagons Full of Cotton.". Premiere Magazine ranked her as #46 on a list of the Greatest Movie Stars of All Time in their Stars in Our Constellation feature (2005). Took serious singing lessons. At age 12, she studied to become an opera singer. Acting career began on the stage. Is the second of 4 consecutive winners of the Best Supporting Actress Oscar to have the initials "M.S.". The others are: Maggie Smith - California Suite (1978), Mary Steenburgen - Melvin and Howard (1980), and Maureen Stapleton - Reds (1981). Received an honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Middlebury College during her nephew's graduation in 2004. She attended Harding Township Middle School, in Harding, New Jersey for 1 or 2 years Sold her New York City townhouse for $9.1 million in February 2006. She was forced to slash the asking price for the eight-bedroom Manhattan property from $12 million to secure a sale. Streep bought the house for $2.2 million in 1995, according to the New York Post. Early in her career, Streep received a letter from Bette Davis , whom most critics and cinema historians rank as the greatest American movie actress ever. Davis told Streep that she felt that she was her successor as the premier American actress. Davis, a double winner who was nominated 10 times for an Academy Award, all of them Best Actress nods, set the record for most acting nominations with her tenth in 1963 for What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), a record later surpassed by Katharine Hepburn with her 11th nomination (and 3rd win) for The Lion in Winter (1968). Hepburn extended her record with her 12th nomination (and fourth win) for On Golden Pond (1981). Her performance as "Sophie Zawistowska" in Sophie's Choice (1982) is ranked #3 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Her performance as "Karen Silkwood" in Silkwood (1983) is ranked #71 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Her husband, Don Gummer , is a sculptor. Her father was a drug company exec; her mother, an artist-turned-housewife who kept an art studio behind the house. Her father loved to play the piano and her mother to sing. Meryl was given singing lessons at a young age. Her mother died in 2001 and her father in 2004. Son Henry Gummer is an actor, filmmaker and co-founder of a rock band. Daughter Mary Willa, whose stage name is Mamie Gummer , is an off-Broadway actress. Friend of Jill Clayburgh . First met in their roles as mothers. The longest she has gone without an Oscar nomination is five years, between Postcards from the Edge (1990) and The Bridges of Madison County (1995). Robert De Niro said she is his favorite actress to work with. Was nominated for Best Actress in 1988 along with Cher . When Cher was announced, just before the cameras cut away from the other four actresses, Streep could be seen springing to her feet in delight and applauding for Cher. During her acceptance speech, Cher thanked Streep personally (addressing her as Mary Louise Streep), as they had worked together on Cher's first film, Silkwood (1983). As the camera briefly cut away to Streep sitting in the audience, she blew Cher a kiss. Considered for the role of Evita Peron in Evita (1996). Donated her wardrobe from The Devil Wears Prada (2006) to a charity auction. Uses music, most often Classical, to get into character. Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences (AMPAS). Nominated for a 2007 Drama Desk Award for her performance in "Mother Courage and Her Children" (Outstanding Actress in a Play). Daughter of Mary Streep and Harry Streep (a pharmaceutical executive). Her accumulation of 19 Oscar nominations (3 wins) was accomplished over a period of only 36 years. Bette Davis scored 10 nominations (2 wins) over 28 years (all leading roles). Katharine Hepburn garnered 12 nominations (4 wins) after a relatively lengthy 48 years (all leading roles). Occasionally mistaken for friend Glenn Close , Streep was pregnant with her fourth child while shopping in a Los Angeles baby store where the staff lavished her with huge amounts of baby paraphernalia. Just as she was about to leave they whispered, "We loved you in Fatal Attraction (1987)". Elected to the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2007 for her services to arts and entertainment (inaugural election). Official induction ceremonies held in May 2008. She and her daughter Mamie Gummer portrayed the same role at different ages in Evening (2007). In 2007, she ranked #6 on Entertainment Weekly's 'The 50 Smartest People in Hollywood'. Nominated for a 2008 Grammy Award for "The One and Only Shrek" (Best Spoken Word Album For Children). Has said she is a great fan of actor Leonardo DiCaprio . With the announcement of the 66th Annual Golden Globe Award nominations and receiving two nominations, the actress surpassed Jack Lemmon's count of 22 nominations and is now, besides holding the record for most Oscar nominations, the actor with the most Golden Globe nominations of all time with a total of 29 nominations. She was a close friend of late actress Natasha Richardson . She attended Natasha Richardson 's funeral along with husband Don Gummer . Signs cheques with her real name - Mary Louise Gummer. She was ranked #87 on Ellen DeGeneres ' most sexy movie actors list. (2009). She was awarded honorary Princeton degree in June 2009. She gained as much as 15 pounds while filming the Julie & Julia (2009) movie. Her fans call themselves "Streepers". In the stage show of Fame, though other actors are mentioned in song lyrics, she is the only actress to have her name in a song title. The song is called "Think of Meryl Streep" and takes place after Carmen kisses Nick when he asks her how she relaxes, and Serena (who wants Nick for herself) sees them. Studied acting with Michael Howard in New York City. Through the television series Faces of America with Henry Louis Gates Jr. (2010), she learned that she is a distant relative of director Mike Nichols . Lives in New York City and Salisbury, Connecticut. She presented leadership award to ex-Colombian hostage Ingrid Betancourt on March 2010. Landed the breakthrough role of Linda in The Deer Hunter (1978) after Robert De Niro had seen her playing Dunyasha in Anton Chekhov 's "The Cherry Orchard" at Manhattan's Lincoln Center (1977). Streep had been playing opposite Irene Worth , Raul Julia and Mary Beth Hurt . On her 60th birthday, her husband brought her a toaster and one of her daughters brought her a rocking chair. Despite having to work until late on the day, her children cooked her a birthday meal when she returned. Attended Emily Blunt and John Krasinski 's wedding with her husband, Don Gummer . Kept the sunglasses she wore in The Devil Wears Prada (2006) and used them again during the "Money Money Money" sequence in Mamma Mia! (2008). As of 2015 she is still the most Oscar-nominated actress with 19 nominations. She was awarded the 2010 National Medal of the Arts for her services to drama. Recipient of the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors, along with Barbara Cook , Neil Diamond , Yo-Yo Ma , and Sonny Rollins . Was considered for the part of Ellen Ripley in Alien (1979). Is one of only four thespians to be nominated for acting honors by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences over five decades - 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s. Along with Laurence Olivier (1930s-1970s), Paul Newman (1950s, 1960s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s) and Katherine Hepburn (1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1980s). Referenced in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Your Horoscope for Today". Claimed to have had a photographic memory when she was younger, which allowed her to memorize her lines after one reading. Spokesperson for the Center for Reproductive Rights' Draw the Line campaign. The Center for Reproductive Rights is a global legal organization dedicated to advancing women's reproductive health, self-determination and dignity as basic human rights. Gave birth to her 1st child at age 30, a son Henry Wolfe Gummer (aka Henry Gummer ) on November 13, 1979. Child's father is her husband, Don Gummer . Gave birth to her 2nd child at age 34, a daughter Mary Willa Gummer (aka Mamie Gummer ) on August 3, 1983. Child's father is her husband, Don Gummer . Gave birth to her 3rd child at age 36, a daughter Grace Jane Gummer (aka Grace Gummer ) on May 9, 1986. Child's father is her husband, Don Gummer . Gave birth to her 4th child at age 41, a daughter Louisa Jacobson Gummer on June 12, 1991. Child's father is her husband, Don Gummer . As of 2015, she has the most Academy award nominations. In 2013, she presented the Best Actor Oscar to Daniel Day-Lewis for Lincoln (2012). The previous year, she had received her third Oscar (second for Best Actress) for The Iron Lady (2011), and she give Lewis his third Best Actor Oscar. Both won their third Oscar for playing a Head of Government of a different nationality: Streep was an American actress playing a British Prime Minister, while Day-Lewis is a British actor playing an American President. In addition, Day-Lewis was not the only actor playing Abraham Lincoln that year. The part was played in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) by Benjamin Walker , who was married to Streep's daughter Mamie Gummer . Was a finalist for the role of Ellen Ripley in Alien (1979), but the part went to good friend and classmate Sigourney Weaver instead. However, Streep later got to make her own contribution to the character. Many of the special effects for Alien 3 (1992) were created in England, after the cast; including Weaver; had returned home to the U.S. The filmmakers needed a prosthetic cast of Ripley's head for some shots, so rather than call back Weaver, they used an available cast of Streep that had been made for a previous project and was still floating around the studio. Her father was of German and Swiss-German descent, and his patrilineal ancestors had originally been surnamed "Streeb". Her mother had English, German, Irish, Scots-Irish (Northern Irish), and remote French, ancestry, and was descended from early settlers in Pennsylvania. One of Meryl's maternal great-grandmothers, Mary Agnes McFadden, was born in Ireland. Acting mentors were Jean Arthur and Joseph Papp . London, UK: To begin promoting the film, The Iron Lady (2011). [November 2011] As of 2014, has appeared in five films that nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Julia (1977), The Deer Hunter (1978), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Out of Africa (1985), The Hours (2002). Winners in the category are The Deer Hunter (1978), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Out of Africa (1985). Is one of 6 actresses to have been pregnant at the time of winning the Academy Award; the others are Eva Marie Saint , Patricia Neal , Catherine Zeta-Jones , Rachel Weisz and Natalie Portman . Neal is the only to have not accepted her award in person as a result of her pregnancy. Streep was 5 months pregnant with her daughter Mamie Gummer when she won the Best Actress Oscar for Sophie's Choice (1982). Was the 82nd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) at The 52nd Annual Academy Awards (1980) on April 14, 1980. In 2013, David Letterman revealed that the director Harmony Korine had been banned from appearing on Letterman's show during the late 1990s when Letterman personally caught Korine rifling through Meryl Streep's purse in a dressing room. Streep and Korine had both been scheduled to appear on Letterman's show that night, but only Streep did. According to biographer Diana Maychick when companion John Cazale was too weak to read the newspapers, Streep read the paper to him imitating well-known broadcaster Warner Wolf's voice. Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama 24 November 2014. Meryl Streep sings in Silkwood (1983), Heartburn (1986), and Postcards from the Edge (1990), all of which were directed by Mike Nichols . Donated her entire salary for The Iron Lady (2011) to the Women's History Museum. Ever since her first Oscar nomination, 63 actresses have been one of her four co-nominees in the same category, spanning an age gap of 81 years (five generations) from Katharine Hepburn to Emma Stone . Among them, 11 actresses were co-nominated twice: Cate Blanchett , Debra Winger , Helen Mirren , Jane Alexander , Jessica Lange , Judi Dench , Julianne Moore , Kate Winslet , Kathy Bates , Sandra Bullock and Winona Ryder . So far, Meryl Streep 's greatest rival, with 3 Oscar co-nominations, is still Glenn Close . Is a democrat. Her role in Music of the Heart (1999) is the only performance for which Wes Craven directed an actor to an Oscar nomination. Is one of 13 actresses who won their Best Supporting Actress Oscars in a movie that also won the Best Picture Oscar (she won for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)). The others are Hattie McDaniel for Gone with the Wind (1939), Teresa Wright for Mrs. Miniver (1942), Celeste Holm for Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Mercedes McCambridge for All the King's Men (1949), Donna Reed for From Here to Eternity (1953), Eva Marie Saint for On the Waterfront (1954), Rita Moreno for West Side Story (1961), Juliette Binoche for The English Patient (1996), Judi Dench for Shakespeare in Love (1998), Jennifer Connelly for A Beautiful Mind (2001), Catherine Zeta-Jones for Chicago (2002) and Lupita Nyong'o for 12 Years a Slave (2013). She won an Oscar for playing Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011), making her one of 18 actors to win the Award for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Award ceremony (as of 2015). The other sixteen actors and their respective performances are: Spencer Tracy for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938), Gary Cooper for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941), Patty Duke for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), Jason Robards for playing Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men (1976), Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980), Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)_, Jeremy Irons for playing Claus Von Bullow in Reversal of Fortune (1990), Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995), Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996), Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000), Jennifer Connelly for playing Alicia Nash in A Beautiful Mind (2001), Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001), Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), Sandra Bullock for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), Melissa Leo for playing Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010), Christian Bale for playing Dickie Eklund in The Fighter (2010) and Eddie Redmayne for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014). President of the 'Official Competition' jury at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in 2016. Her daughter, Grace Gummer , stars as Nora Ephron in Good Girls Revolt (2015). Streep starred in three films written by Ephron: Silkwood (1983), Heartburn (1986) and Julie & Julia (2009). Campaigned for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Presidential Election. Personal Quotes (51) [ Entertainment Tonight (1981)] I had it (smoking), it stinks. [in 1978] I'm looking forward to bigger parts in the future, but I'm not doing soft-core scripts where the character emerges in half-light, half-dressed. [on her Lifetime Achievement Award from the AFI] I don't want to spit in the eye of good fortune, but it was weird. I felt like I'd butted in line in front of Lucille Ball , Audrey Hepburn , Katharine Hepburn . Hello? How did this happen? I was only the sixth woman to receive it, but they found 26 men to give it to. I thought that was embarrassing. [on her view of acting back in college] I thought it was really fun, you've got to understand, but I didn't think it was a serious way to conduct your life. You know, I had a sense of mission. I was a true child of the '60s. I love doing comedy, but people just don't give me enough of a chance. It's one of the reasons I enjoy The Manchurian Candidate (2004) so much. It's because I actually get a chance to be funny. Let's face it, we were all once 3-year-olds who stood in the middle of the living room and everybody thought we were so adorable. Only some of us grow up and get paid for it. [accepting an Emmy for Angels in America (2003)] You know, there are some days when I myself think I'm overrated, but not today. Someone once said that sometimes studio heads don't want to cast films with the image of their first wife in the role. It's just rather unpleasant for them. So they like the idea of the new one. [on her role in The Manchurian Candidate (2004)] I loved being someone so certain. Because certainty is just so attractive in people. To me, it's a completely bogus position - for me. Because, you know, I'm listening to every side. But it's so nice not to have to listen to all the different sides. To be so clear and on your track and sure. It's a fabulous thing. Unfortunately, it leads to fanaticism. I think I was wired for family. You know how they say people are wired for religion, or wired for this or that? I always knew I would like to, if I could find the right person, have a family. I can't imagine living single. I get nervous calling myself an artist. I feel I'm more like an interpreter or a violinist, you know. [on winning the 1983 Best Actress Oscar for Sophie's Choice (1982)] Oh boy, no matter how much you try to imagine what this is like, it's just so incredibly thrilling right down your toes. But ... in my own experience of male and female directors, people have a much, much harder time taking a direct command from a woman. It's somehow very difficult for people. I mean, come on; when you have people writing these things, that you're the greatest thing that ever ate scenery, you're dead. You're fucking dead. How can you even presume to begin a new character? It's a killer. It's a lesson I learned in drama school: the teacher asks, how do you be the queen? And everybody says, 'Oh it's about posture and authority.' And they said, no, it's about how the air in the room shifts when you walk in. And that's everyone else's work. I really, really depend on the other actors for the confirmation of who I think I am," she says. "And so it's important to me to work with good people that are not worried about how they look. You know. Real actors. They're your blood. [part of Emmy acceptance speech for Angels in America (2003)] Glenn Close is my friend so I know she'll forgive me, Helen Mirren is an acting god, and no one has put a better performance on film than Judy Davis in Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001). The only one in the group is Emma Thompson , who will hold a grudge for the rest of her life. But who cares? [accepting the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical 2007] "I think I've worked with everyone in the room! I have!" [on her struggles as an actress earlier in her career] It's hard to negotiate the present landscape with a brain and a female body. [on winning a Golden Globe for Adaptation. (2002)]. I've been nominated 789 times and I was getting settled over there for a long winter's nap....I didn't have anything prepared because it's been since the Pleistocene Era that I won anything. It would be nice to have a woman President. I think half the Senate should be women, half of Parliament, half the ruling mullahs. But that will never happen, darling! [on Dustin Hoffman ] He's energized and the greatest combination of the generous and the selfish that ever lived. He wants to be the greatest actor who ever was. I try to lead as ordinary a life as I can. You can't get spoiled if you do your own ironing. I don't know what I'd do without my husband. I'd be dead, emotionally at least, if I hadn't met him. He's the greatest. Listening is everything. Listening is the whole deal. That's what I think. And I mean that in terms of before you work, after you work, in between work, with your children, with your husband, with your friends, with your mother, with your father. It's everything. And it's where you learn everything. [on her marriage] There's no road map on how to raise a family: it's always an enormous negotiation. But I have a holistic need to work and to have huge ties of love in my life. I can't imagine eschewing one for the other. [on life as a young actress] When I was 20 I busked to afford accommodation. One night I hadn't earned enough, I actually slept in the open in Green Park [in London]. The view was of the Ritz Hotel and I vowed I'd stay there one day. And I have. I hate the [Oscar] campaigning thing. It's unseemly. You should be honored for something. It shouldn't be for whose campaign was better. [February 2009 about her appearance] My daughters had helped me to stop worrying about my appearance over the years. I wasted so many years thinking I wasn't pretty enough and why didn't I have Jessica Lange 's body or someone else's legs? What a waste of time. [in 2009] I've been nominated for an Oscar 15 times and won twice, but it still feels like it's happening to someone else. I wish I could feel it more. [on Natasha Richardson 's tragic death] Tash was the warm sun in the center of a large constellation of family, friends, all of those lucky enough to know her - she is irreplaceable in our lives; she gave us so much, so generously - her legacy is the love that connects us all. If you've been married for a long time you love without looking. My greatest culinary triumph was when I was falling in love with my husband. We were on the coast of Maine in a cabin and I made an apple pie...just whipped it up, without a recipe or anything..just the perfect pastry. I've never been able to do it again - and he asks for it often! Turning 60 was important to everyone else. It was a big number, to me it was, 'Well yeah, that comes after 59', and I don't even want to look it in the eye. [on portraying Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011)] The prospect of exploring the swathe cut through history by this remarkable woman is a daunting and exciting challenge. I am trying to approach the role with as much zeal, fervor and attention to detail as the real Lady Thatcher possesses - I can only hope my stamina will begin to approach her own. [1994, on if she's bothered when one of her films don't do well at the box-office] I'm horribly disappointed when people don't see what I consider some of my best work. Yeah, I'm very sad. But I know that I have a video life. Most of my fans are home with their children waiting for my films to come out on video. But I'm disappointed because certain things should be seen on the big screen. I was very proud of A Cry in the Dark (1988), but it wasn't distributed widely enough for people to have seen it on the big screen. [1994, on career choices] What affects your career choices are the three interesting scripts you get in a year, two of which you're wrong for, one you think you might want to do if you're real lucky. You can't possibly plot what's going to be available, what's going to be written, who's going to think of it, and if it will come to you or not. [2008] One of the most important keys to acting is curiosity. I am curious to the point of being nosy. What that means is you want to devour lives. You're eager to put on their shoes and wear their clothes and have them become a part of you. All people contain mystery, and when you act, you want to plumb that mystery until everything is known to you. [on The Iron Lady (2011)] It was one of those rare, rare films where I was grateful to be an actor and grateful for the privilege of being able to look at a life deeply with empathy. It took a lot out of me, but it was a privilege to play her ( Margaret Thatcher ), it really was. I still don't agree with a lot of her policies. But I feel she believed in them and that they came from an honest conviction, and that she wasn't a cosmetic politician just changing make-up to suit the times. [on Margaret Thatcher ] We on the Left didn't like her policies but secretly we were thrilled that a woman had made it, and we thought, "Wow, if it can happen there in England, it could happen here." But we're still waiting in America. [on Margaret Thatcher ] She's still an incredibly divisive figure, but you miss her clarity today. It was all very clear and up front, and I loved that eagerness to mix it up and to make it about ideas. Today it's all about feelings. You know, "How do I come off?" and, "Does this seem OK?" You want people who are willing to find a solution. I admire the fact that she was a "love-me-or-hate-me" kind of leader who said: "This is what I stand for." It's a hard thing to do and no one's doing that now. [on what appealed to her about playing Margaret Thatcher] Women and power, and diminishment of power, and loss of power. And reconciliation with your life where you come to a point where you've lived most of it, and it's behind you. I have always liked and been intrigued by older people and the idea that behind them lives every human trauma, drama, glory, jokes, love. [on Margaret Thatcher ] I consider all the roles I play a privilege but this one was special because there are such vehement opinions about her. People seemed to look at her as an icon or a monster and I just wanted to locate the human being inside those caricatures that we've seen over so many years. And to investigate myself what it must have been like for her. [responding to those who have criticized the emphasis placed on Margaret Thatcher's frail and confused old age] Some people have said it's shameful to portray this part of a life. But the corollary of that is that, if you think that debility, delicacy, dementia are shameful, if you think that the ebbing of a life is something that should be shut away, if you think that people need to be defended from these images then - yes - then you'll think it's a shameful thing. I was never engaged to John Cazale . We lived together for three years until he died of bone cancer. [on avoiding cosmetic surgery] I really understand the chagrin that accompanies aging, especially for a woman, but I think people look funny when they freeze their faces. In Los Angeles there's a lot of that. I pick up on the part that doesn't move on a face. I'm immediately drawn to it and that is the opposite of what you're intending. You pull focus on the area that's been worked on. I gotta thank everybody in England that let me come and trample over their history. [on her college life] A kid who had read only seven books in high school and was now face-to-face with class valedictorians and full time intellectuals, girls whose idea of a Saturday night was an extra chunk of free time to conduct a biology experiment. I'm curious about other people. That's the essence of my acting. I'm interested in what it would be like to be you. [her Cecil B. DeMille Award acceptance speech] Please sit down. Thank you. I love you all. You'll have to forgive me. I've lost my voice in screaming and lamentation this weekend. And I have lost my mind sometime earlier this year, so I have to read. Thank you, Hollywood Foreign Press. Just to pick up on what Hugh Laurie said: You and all of us in this room really belong to the most vilified segments in American society right now. Think about it: Hollywood, foreigners and the press. But who are we, and what is Hollywood anyway? It's just a bunch of people from other places. I was born and raised and educated in the public schools of New Jersey. Viola was born in a sharecropper's cabin in South Carolina, came up in Central Falls, Rhode Island; Sarah Paulson was born in Florida, raised by a single mom in Brooklyn. Sarah Jessica Parker was one of seven or eight kids in Ohio. Amy Adams was born in Vicenza, Italy. And Natalie Portman was born in Jerusalem. Where are their birth certificates? And the beautiful Ruth Negga was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, raised in London no, in Ireland I do believe, and she's here nominated for playing a girl in small-town from Virginia. Ryan Gosling, like all of the nicest people, is Canadian, and Dev Patel was born in Kenya, raised in London, and is here playing an Indian raised in Tasmania. So, Hollywood is crawling with outsiders and foreigners. And if we kick them all out you'll have nothing to watch but football and mixed martial arts, which are not the arts. They gave me three seconds to say this, so: An actor's only job is to enter the lives of people who are different from us, and let you feel what that feels like. And there were many, many, many powerful performances this year that did exactly that. Breathtaking, compassionate work. But there was one performance this year that stunned me. It sank its hooks in my heart. Not because it was good; there was nothing good about it. But it was effective and it did its job. It made its intended audience laugh, and show their teeth. It was that moment when the person asking to sit in the most respected seat in our country imitated a disabled reporter. Someone he outranked in privilege, power and the capacity to fight back. It kind of broke my heart when I saw it, and I still can't get it out of my head, because it wasn't in a movie. It was real life. And this instinct to humiliate, when it's modeled by someone in the public platform, by someone powerful, it filters down into everybody's life, because it kinda gives permission for other people to do the same thing. Disrespect invites disrespect, violence incites violence. And when the powerful use their position to bully others we all lose. OK., this brings me to the press. We need the principled press to hold power to account, to call him on the carpet for every outrage. That's why our founders enshrined the press and its freedoms in our Constitution. So, I only ask the famously well-heeled Hollywood Foreign Press and all of us in our community to join me in supporting the Committee to Protect Journalists, because we're gonna need them going forward, and they'll need us to safeguard the truth. One more thing: Once, when I was standing around on the set one day, whining about something - you know we were gonna work through supper or the long hours or whatever, Tommy Lee Jones said to me, "Isn't it such a privilege, Meryl, just to be an actor?" Yeah, it is, and we have to remind each other of the privilege and the responsibility of the act of empathy. We should all be proud of the work Hollywood honors here tonight. As my friend, the dear departed Princess Leia, said to me once, take your broken heart, make it into art. Salary (16)

i don't know

Which 60s pop band made an unsuccessful movie called Head?

Best Bands of the 60s - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Best Bands of the 60s rock2metal The Top Ten 1 The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The members consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They were soon known as the foremost and most influential act of rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented ... read more . This guys totally deserve it. And yes they are what we call THE LEGENDS even till now in the 21st century. Their music is apart of my life. They're new awesome bands out there that is really good, but nothing can beat The Beatles. My dad always plays While my guitar gently weeps and hey jude on the radio in the car and it has been apart of my life ever since I was a little girl. All I want to say is this are real musician and that is it. Thanks guys The Beatles are the best! I love everything from Please Please Me to Rubber Soul to Sgt. Pepper to Abbey Road. John Paul George Ringo were the best thing ever! They are the only band from the 60s that continues to sell and inspire people. You can't say that about too many bands these days. Yay Beatles is number one This band totally deserves the top spot. They completely rule the sixties! I wanna see this band stay up here Only one word can describe them is: Amazing! V 68 Comments 2 The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first settled line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). ... read more . The Rolling Stones are my favorite band of the British Invasion and probably of all time. All the music now is nothing compared to bands like the Stones. I like their early music better than their older music though. My favorite songs that the stones released are satisfaction, wild horses, sympathy for the devil, paint it black, and especially gimme shelter. The Rolling Stones made a lot of good songs with other music artists and singers like Merry Clayton. The Rolling Stones will always be my favorites even though the Beatles are probably the greatest. How can the stones be behind Led Zeppelin here? Granted Led Zeppelin are amazing but they only really started at the end of the 60's where as the Stones were well established. The Stones should be second here with great albums such as beggars banquet and let it bleed and especially their legendary tours of 1969! To me the Rolling Stones represented the "bad guys" verse the Beatles being the "groomed and prepped good guys". I have always considered myself a rebel and that's why the Stones will always be the greatest band to me. Although the Beatles were a much broader and innovative band, the Stones still have the beat. You can always tell their music when you hear the riff from good ole Keith. I like them better than the beatles because they play hard rock while most beatles songs are soft and old timey. The stones are just a better band with better songs. V 17 Comments 3 The Doors The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore. Dark beautiful melodies, and a soft brooding voice unlike any other. The Doors music and Morrison's voice --- some of us are so grateful for having found this treasure. An unworldly trip. The doors are the most unique band and no one an ever be like them I was a child of the sixties and the DOORS were not that popular until Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendrix started their on stage bull antics. Those antics got the attention of the media and that is what made them popular. look them up on YouTube. both were lost souls that have become legends I say this not to down play them but to let you know that they were just kids that never had the chance to have a full life Influenced the current and generations to come all in four short years. No one can capture the transcendent feel like the doors. V 29 Comments 4 The Beach Boys The Beach Boys are an American pop rock band formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine. People who don't think they deserve to be in the top 5 obviously have not heard their material from the late '60s and early '70s. While I do enjoy their early 60s surf music and it was extremely popular and era defining as well, their later material saw them really expand their musical palette. They also wrote some really great thoughtful lyrics. Carl Wilson is an underrated songwriter and a hell of a singer and Brian is a genius. Listen to incredible albums such as Pet Sounds, The Smile Sessions, Wild Honey, 20/20, Sunflower, Surf's Up (not a surf album, but is HIGHLY recommended), Carl And The Passions: "So Tough", and Holland! The Beach Boys deserve to top the list for those albums alone! Listen to "Pet Sounds" album from these guys and then you tell me what do you think of Beatles' Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band influences. They should be number one but top five is amazing V 14 Comments 5 The Who The Who is an English hard rock band formed in London, England in 1964 . The members are Roger Daltrey (lead singer), Pete Townshend (guitarist), John Entwistle (bassist), and Keith Moon (drums). The genres they were associated with happened to be rock, soft rock, hard rock, and soul rock. They are ... read more . One of the best bands ever. I think they at least deserve top 5. They were so innovative. Created the first rock opera Popularlized the power chord. Had one of the best drummers, guitarists, bassists, and singers AND also popularized bass guitar solo. Love the who think they should be top 5, have to listen to them in music and I love it! They should be number 1 or 2. Beatles are too overrated even though I still love them. Led Zeppelin pretty much started in 1969. Lynyrd skynyrd was still a bunch of Jacksonville high school boys in the 60s... Don't know why they're up there Hello The Who fans I'm the real who V 9 Comments 6 The Jimi Hendrix Experience The Jimi Hendrix Experience was an English-American rock band that formed in Westminster, London, in September 1966. Composed of singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jimi Hendrix, bassist and backing vocalist Noel Redding, and drummer Mitch Mitchell, the band was active until June 1969. During this time ... read more . Best guitarist ever to be, Will always rock the world! The Jimi Hendrix Experience is one of the greatest band of the 60's indeed. Hendrix is, and always will be, one of the greatest guitarists ever to live on the face of this Earth. I saw them in the 60s top of the bill in the Empire Liverpool. He is my no. 1 all time favourite absolutely fantastic never been beaten in my opinion. Absolutely incredible. Died too soon. Creativity and innovation true 60's spirit in the flesh. Never replicated V 7 Comments 7 Creedence Clearwater Revival Creedence Clearwater Revival, often shortened to Creedence and abbreviated as CCR, was an American rock band active in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Quite simply the best American rock band of all time. The greatest AMERICAN rock band ever! They wrote the most recognizable Veitnam war song (Fortunate Son) and other classics that people sometimes over look like; Down on the Corner, Up Around the Bend, and Proud Mary. Could easy be number 2 on your list, seen him four times, and would pay to see him again! Brought me back to the great time of my life. Like der music 111/10 V 11 Comments 8 The Kinks The Kinks were an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, in 1963 by brothers Dave and Ray Davies. The Kinks were the forerunner of power pop and punk. They used the power chord to its full advantage before anyone else realised. They wrote some of the cleverest pop songs ever with the greatest hooks that made there music happy and full of fun. They are uniquely English and proud of it. Ray Davies has penned songs that will never be forgotten or sound dated even today. Deserve a top three slot in any chart They should be top ten, they are one of the best brilliant bands ever can't believe there only 17 this is a bad website considering the kinks wrote one Lola and you really got me and how are the beach boys 10th haha An all time band that has influenced many artists and with some great songs that can bring a smile. - zam67 Like Pete Townsend once said " Ray Davies is what Paul McCartney never was, a poet in lyrics ". V 14 Comments 9 Pink Floyd Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music. The band consisted of 5 members - David Gilmour (Vocals and Guitar), Syd Barrett (Vocals and Guitarist), Nick Mason (Drums), Roger Waters (Vocals and Bass), and Richard ... read more . Pink Floyd is legendary. They started with Syd Barrett, who is the greatest songwriter of all time. Then, tragically, Syd Barrett went crazy from abusing LSD in addition to other mental problems. They replaced him with David Gilmour, the greatest guitarist ever. They continued to make classic music that is still amazing today. R.I. P Syd Barrett and Rick Wright How great was Pink Floyd? Well there are two bands that I can think of that pay tribute to THE FLOYD to this day. BRIT FLOYD and AUSSIE FLOYD. I have watched BRIT and AUSSIE FLOYD on YouTube and both bands blew me away with their tributes to Pink Floyd. I will always agree with the person that wrote "There isn't a band that can compete in terms of being able to sit there and listen to the entire album from start to finish and enjoy every second, every album every song" Cover bands are a dime a dozen tribute bands are solid gold. Thank you BRIT and AUSSIE FLOYD for keeping the music of Pink Floyd alive and well. Great Band. I listen to them since my childhood. And the film "The Wall" is a real masterpiece. I think everyone should like them. Long live Roger Waters and David Gilmour. And the other members of the band, who has died R.I.P. Nice going roger waters V 10 Comments 10 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of Robert Plant (Vocal), Jimmy Page (Guitar), John Paul Jones (Bass, Keyboard) and John Bonham (Drums). The band's heavy, guitar-driven sound, rooted in blues and psychedelia on their early albums, has earned them recognition ... read more . Their first two albums were made in the sixties. They were even called the " New Yardbirds " in the beginning because of the Jimmy Page connection. All the members were in bands before they formed Led Zeppelin. So, yes it's a sixties band. The comment who says " they're a 70's band, geniuses " is stupid. The Rolling Stones, The Who etc... were all active in the seventies. That doesn't mean that they are 70's bands. Why is Led Zeppelin on this list? Led Zeppelin is obviously the best, but, most of their career was set during the 70s. if you don't like them, you don't have good taste in music - rock2metal These guys are extremely overrated and they are ok at best, they deserve 20# or below. The Contenders 11 Cream Cream were a 1960s British rock supergroup power trio consisting of bassist/singer Jack Bruce, drummer Ginger Baker, and guitarist/singer Eric Clapton. Personally I think Cream should be at least in the top 15... I mean Sunshine Of Your Love was an amazing song, and even though the group only lasted like, 3 years, they sure as hell made the most of it! For White Room alone they deserve the top 20. One of the most stunningly amazing rock songs ever written. Of course they had a lot of other great material too. Clapton and Ginger Baker... REALLY? Way down here? WRONG! Hollie's with their crappy bubble gum junk shouldn't even be mentioned here. If you were a musician in the 60s it was Beatles, Stones, Hendrix, Cream, Zeplin. Those are far and away the best. Easy. Who, Byrds, Animals, Airplane, Kinks, Yardbirds, Doors, Floyd, Beach Boys,... All great but a step down from the big 5. Underground and CCR you can keep. Moknkees are joke. They shouldn't be on this list. Seriously.. V 5 Comments 12 The Velvet Underground The Velvet Underground was an American rock band, active between 1964 and 1973, formed in New York City. These guys laid the foundation for many new wave and underground bands! I'm waiting for my man, $26 in my hand. He's never early, he's always late. First thing you learn is you always gotta wait. The average person is too shallow to feel what this was about, touching the realities of our darker side Second most influential band from the 60s V 5 Comments 13 The Byrds The Byrds were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple line-up changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member, until the group disbanded in 1973. Although they only managed to attain the huge commercial ... read more . The byrds were one of the most influential bands of the 60s, introducing folk rock, acid rock, and country rock. They should of made the top ten. The byrds should of made the top 5. In 65, they were already singing about more than girls and falling in love. THEIR WORDS MADE US THINK ABOUT LIFE AND BEYOND. One of the best American bands ever. Their strong folk music influence changed the rock sound for a long time and their songs still resonate today. Definitely belong in the top 10! V 4 Comments 14 The Mamas & the Papas The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. This band changed the sound of rock music. They were the first to be fully intergrated sexually with two men and two women. Their vocal harmonies were, and remain, unparalleled. Thus is a solid band throughout. 15 The Monkees Great personalities, great voices, and a great band... They caught a lot of undeserved flack, esp since a lot of bands in the sixties used session players on their albums... And the mtv shun was undeserved as well... Sure they started off as manufactured boy band but they took control and ended up performing all their material and writing much of it as well. They also have great character sketch songs such as PO BOX 9847 and Mr Webster, that you would never hear from any boy bands from the last 4 decades. Also whether they wrote or played on certain songs, those first 6 albums are rock solid and sound like a perfect amalgamation of all the best acts of the 60s, specifically the Beatles, the Byrds, the Beach Boys and the Lovin's Spoonful. You gotta be kidding me! The Monkees over the Kinks! The Monkees over CREAM! Who did the Monkees influence? The Kinks put a bit of a hard edge to catchy pop songs and Cream more or less laid the groundwork for hard rock and metal, for good or bad. I'd put them in the top 10. They certainly sold many more albums than many of the other bands on this list. The Monkees should be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Corporate greed ruined their image. V 4 Comments 16 The Four Seasons Historically, a very underrated group considering their massive appeal and huge record sales and airplay especially during their heyday in the 1960's and '70's. Thanks to the mega-hit Broadway musical, "Jersey Boys," their music and influence on other popular bands has been reassessed and their music has been rediscovered by a new generation of fans. This group is certainly worthy of consideration in any top 10 list of the best bands of the 1960's, and should at least be acknowledged for their popularity and success on the music charts during that decade. Sold more than 100 million records. Their lead singer still performs today after more than 50 years. Broadway musical about their lives and music is # 12 all time. If Beach Boys are included in the top 10 so must the 4 Seasons be included. Thank you! These guys were great, they came from destitute families and were involved with the mob, Tommy and Nick had like 20 years in prison between them. Then they still managed to get 3 number one hits and they were the only group to have a number one hit in the 50's,60's,70's,80's and 90's! They have the quintessential rags to riches story. They are 4 very underrated guys! Bob Gaudio wrote some of most influential hits of American history V 7 Comments 17 The Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Ranging from quintet to septet, the band is known for its unique and eclectic style, which fused elements of country, folk, bluegrass, blues, reggae, rock, improvisational jazz, psychedelia, space rock, for live performances ... read more . Simply the most musical, the most experimental, the most rhythmic, possessing the best combination of lead and rhythm guitar players EVER: Jerry Garcia and Bob Weir. The Dead are classic, classic 60's. should be higher on the list. They are perfect, American Beauty was my first vinyl and by far remains my favorite. The dead should for sure be #1 and the doors #2 the dead are just so upbeat but slow and also psychedelic all at the same time One of the best Live bands ever. V 2 Comments 18 The Animals The Animals were an English band of the 1960s, formed in Newcastle upon Tyne, during the early part of the decade. Before the Doors there was the Animals. House of the Rising Sun is simply the best song of 1964 and a stunning record. Rock had an edge before for being raw and sexual but the Animals were the first group to introduce a real sense of darkness into the genre. Rock has never been the same since. Under-rated one of the best lead singers One of the most underrated bands of all time Under-rated and often forgotten but the way they played blues backed rhythms was simply special 19 The Hollies Top power-pop songsters - great drummer, lead guitarist and then there was those quite incredible harmonies. Graham Nash formed the band and eventually went on CSNY.. They had some great songs, Carrie Anne/ Bus Stop/He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother... 20 Crosby, Stills, & Nash The fact that no other band with the exception of the Beatles made more music on an individual basis during the 70's is a testament to the talent these guys had..Csn had great solo albums to begin the 70's and continued through the decade...Neil young is in a class all by himself..No way a group of guys with this much creativity can stay together and make albums when they all had this much material on hand... So much talent in this band.. Woodstock wouldn't be the same without them.. They were solid in the 60's and 70's.. Amazing band who only got better with Neil Young. This band should be #3 best of the best why#19 is ridiculous. The monkysvover this group of talented music makers is testimony to this being a silly survey.

The Monkees

Who was Anne Sullivan's most famous pupil?

- rock band name origins - classicbands.com_ Here's how some of your favorite artists came up with their stage names ABBA - ClassicBands.com An acronym for the first names of the band members: Agnetha Faltskog, Bjorn Ulvaeus, Benny Anderson and Anni-Frid (Frida) Lyngstad. AC/DC - ClassicBands.com A band member saw AC/DC on a sewing machine. It stood for 'Alternating Current / Direct Current'. The band didn't realize it was also slang for bi-sexual, which caused a few misunderstandings in their early days. AEROSMITH - ClassicBands.com Drummer, Joey Kramer used to write "aerosmith" on his high school notebooks because he thought it sounded cool. When he proposed the name to the group, the rest of them said "What? Like that book they make you read in high school?" (the 1925 book, 'Arrowsmith' by Sinclair Lewis) Kramer responded "No. A-e-r-o smith..." AIR SUPPLY - ClassicBands.com According to Russell Hitchcock, while trying to come up with a name for their new group, his bandmate Graham Russell said he had a dream where he saw a billboard surrounded in lights with just the name Air Supply on it. ALICE COOPER - ClassicBands.com Although it has been rumored for years that the band took its name after consulting a Ouija board, vocalist Vincent Furnier said in an interview with the VH1 TV series Behind The Music "I remember we were sitting around talking about band names. I was eating Doritos and just said the first name that came to mind. Which was Alice Cooper." AMBOY DUKES - ClassicBands.com Guitarist, Ted Nugent took the name from a Detroit group who had just broken up and started using it for his new Chicago band. 'The Amboy Dukes' was actually the name of a novel about gang members and their lifestyle. In later interviews, Nugent said that although many people have given him a copy of the book, he has never actually read it. AMBROSIA - ClassicBands.com Bassist and vocalist Joe Puerta said in a 1980 interview that he got the name from a World Book Encyclopedia. Ambrosia was the Nectar of the Gods from Greek mythology. THE ASSOCIATION - ClassicBands.com After breaking away from a thirteen member band called "The Men", someone suggested a name for their new group, "The Aristocrats". Singer-songwriter Terry Kirkman's wife went to the dictionary to look up the word for them and found a better name on the very same page...The Association. AVERAGE WHITE BAND - ClassicBands.com Although this Scottish group's first four Billboard hits were credited to AWB, the group acknowledged that the letters stood for what they felt they were, an average, white band. BACHMAN-TURNER OVERDRIVE - ClassicBands.com After leaving The Guess Who, Randy Bachman formed Brave Belt and changed that name to Bachman / Turner under record company pressure after vocalist Chad Allen left. Promoters booked them as if they were a Soft Rock duo in the vein of Seals And Crofts or Brewer And Shipley and the band found themselves playing all the wrong venues. Crossing the Windsor / Detroit border one night, Bachman spotted a trucker's magazine called Overdrive and their new moniker was born. BAD COMPANY - ClassicBands.com The group did not take their name from the Jeff Bridges film Bad Company as is often quoted. Rodgers himself has said that he took the moniker from a book of Victorian morals that showed a picture of an innocent child looking up at an unsavory character leaning against a lamppost. The caption read "beware of bad company." BADFINGER - ClassicBands.com The working title of the Beatles song "A Little Help From My Friends". THE BAY CITY ROLLERS - ClassicBands.com While searching for a name, they blindly stuck a pin on a map. It landed on Bay City, Michigan. THE BEACH BOYS - ClassicBands.com A California band called The Pendletones recorded a song for Hite Morgan's Candix Records called "Surfin'". After the records were pressed, it was discovered that a young promotions worker named Russ Regan had changed the band's name to more obviously tie the group in with other surf bands. Although the group was furious, the limited budget meant the labels could not be reprinted and the name stuck. THE BEATLES - ClassicBands.com Original bassist Stuart Sutcliffe came up with the Beetles in 1960, which was a play on Buddy Holly's Crickets. John Lennon later altered the spelling to Beatals before meeting 19-year-old poet Royston Ellis who suggested B-E-A-T-L-E-S as a double play on both beat poetry and beat music. BEAU BRUMMELS - ClassicBands.com The San Francisco area group took the name Beau Brummels in deference to their love of British beat music. Beau (George Bryan) Brummel was a dashing young Englishman who lived from 1778-1840 and was known for his wit and fancy clothes. He once claimed that it took him five hours to dress. BEE GEES - ClassicBands.com Although the press often refers to them as the 'Brothers Gibb', the band said that they took their name from two friends that helped them out in their early days... Bill Goode and a disc jockey named Bill Gates. BLACK SABBATH - ClassicBands.com Named after a 1963 horror movie starring Boris Karloff. CILLA BLACK - ClassicBands.com British singer Cilla Black, best remembered for her number one U.K hit "Anyone Who Had a Heart", had her stage name changed by accident. A reporter for the local paper remembered the wrong color as her surname while writing a favorable review. Her real name is Cilla White. BLIND FAITH - ClassicBands.com The story goes that photographer Bob Seidemann was hired to take a photo for the cover of a recently formed rock band's first album. Seidemann had the idea of using a young girl for the picture but did not have any particular model in mind. While riding the London subway, he saw a girl who would be perfect and asked her if she'd like to be on an album cover. He went to her house to ask her parents' permission for her to pose topless. They agreed, but the girl backed out. The girl's younger sister then spoke up and begged her parents to let her pose instead. They agreed and the younger sister ended up sitting for the photo which Seidemann dubbed "Blind Faith". Eric Clapton liked the title so much, he chose it for the name of the group. BLOOD, SWEAT AND TEARS - ClassicBands.com Founder, Al Kooper came up with the name when he was on the phone with a promoter, while gazing at a Johnny Cash album cover. The album was called, "Blood Sweat & Tears". The inspiration for the band name did not come from Winston Churchill's quote, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat", as was widely reported when the band first started to gain attention in 1967. BLUE CHEER - ClassicBands.com Blue Cheer was a 60's nickname for high-quality LSD. BLUE OYSTER CULT - ClassicBands.com A combination of a recipe that the band's manager read in a book and the band's fascination with the occult. BLONDIE - ClassicBands.com Deborah Harry and Chris Stein, both former members of The Stillettos, named their new band after a comment that a motorist called out to Deborah. GARY U.S. BONDS - ClassicBands.com For his first hit, "New Orleans", attention was brought to the record by having promotional copies sent to radio stations in sleeves inscribed "Buy U.S. Bonds" - hence at age 19, Gary Anderson became Gary U.S. Bonds. BONO - ClassicBands.com U2's lead singer, Paul Hewson was inspired by a hearing aid store in Dublin, Ireland called 'Bono Vox'. BOOKER T. & THE M.G.'S - ClassicBands.com Keyboard player Booker T. Jones led the band. M.G. stands for Memphis Group. THE BOOMTOWN RATS - ClassicBands.com The Nightlife Thugs adapted the name of a gang in Woody Guthrie's 1943 autobiography, Bound For Glory. THE BIG BOPPER - ClassicBands.com Disc Jockey, Jiles Perry Richardson took the name 'The Big Bopper' in reference to his 240 pound frame. In the 1950s, a bopper was someone who was really into rock and roll. DAVID BOWIE - ClassicBands.com David took his last name from the Bowie knife ("that big old bear killin' knife"). His given name is 'David Jones', but he didn't want to be confused with Davy Jones of the Monkees. THE BOX TOPS - ClassicBands.com After recording a song called "The Letter", a Memphis, Tennessee group called The DeVilles were in need of a name change. One band member suggested, "Let's have a contest and everybody can send in 50 cents and a box top." THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE - ClassicBands.com When Johnny Maestro (former lead singer of the Crests) put together an 11-piece band by combining two groups, The Rhythm Method and The Del-Satins, his managers complained that it would be easier to sell the Brooklyn Bridge than to promote such a large ensemble. The name stuck and the band went on to reach #3 in 1969 with "The Worst That Could Happen". THE BUCKINGHAMS - ClassicBands.com After The Pulsations won an audition for a variety show called All Time Hits, Chicago radio station WGN decided that they wanted a more British sounding name for the band. A security guard for the show, John Opager, came up with a few name suggestions, including the one that was liked best, The Buckinghams. BUFFALO SPRINGFIELD - ClassicBands.com The band took their name from a brand of heavy asphalt roller that they saw parked on the street. THE BYRDS - ClassicBands.com A band called the Beefeaters was having Thanksgiving dinner when they tried coming up with a new name. Singer, Gene Clark offered "The Birdsies." Nobody liked that name and producer Jim Dickson said, "How about the Birds"? "Birds" was slang in England for girls and the band didn't want to be called "the Girls". Guitarist, Roger McGuinn came up with the B-Y-R-D-S spelling, and it stuck. CANNED HEAT - ClassicBands.com According to original Canned Heat drummer Fito de la Parra, the band got the inspiration for the name while sitting around Bob Hite's house, listening to an old Tommy Johnson record called "Canned Heat Mama". RAY CHARLES - ClassicBands.com His real name is Ray Charles Robinson, but he did not want to be confused with boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. CANNIBAL AND THE HEADHUNTERS - ClassicBands.com Around 1964, a Los Angeles group called Bobby And The Classics brought in a new lead singer named Frankie Garcia who had earned the nickname "Cannibal" after he had bitten someone during a street fight in his younger days. After changing their name to Cannibal And The Headhunters, the group would go on to score a US Top 30 hit with "Land Of 1000 Dances". CHEAP TRICK - ClassicBands.com They claim they asked a Ouija board what they should call their band. CHUBBY CHECKER - ClassicBands.com During a recording session, the wife of producer Dick Clark asked Ernest Evans what his name was. "Well", he replied, "my friends call me Chubby". As he had just completed a Fats Domino impression, she smiled and said, "As in Checker?" That little play on words got an instant laugh and from then on, Ernest Evans would use the name "Chubby Checker". CHICAGO - ClassicBands.com Starting out as The Big Thing, the band was renamed Chicago Transit Authority by manager / producer James Guercio in honor of the bus line he used to ride to school. After the city of Chicago threatened to sue, the name was shortened to simply Chicago. CLASH - ClassicBands.com Taken from a newspaper headline describing 'A Clash With Police' COMMANDER CODY AND HIS LOST PLANET AIRMEN - ClassicBands.com George Frayne, who called himself Commander Cody, lead the group who gave us the 1972 Billboard Top Ten hit, "Hot Rod Lincoln". The band took its name from a 1952 movie about a scientist who wore a jet pack to battle a madman. COMMODORES - ClassicBands.com In 1967, at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute, six students decided to merge two local bands, The Mystics and The Jays. Legend has it, that one of the group members tossed a dictionary into the air, and when it landed, pointed to a random word on the page it opened to. The word was "Commodores". ELVIS COSTELLO - ClassicBands.com A combination of Elvis Presley and Dekland Mcmanus' (lead vocals, guitar) Mother's maiden name, Costello CRAZY HORSE - ClassicBands.com Neil Young's long-time backup band took their name in homage to the Oglala Lakota Indian chief who fought to keep Europeans from settling in what would become the Western United States. CREEDANCE CLEARWATER REVIVAL - ClassicBands.com Originally called The Golliwogs, unconfirmed reports say the band took their new name from Norvel Creedence, a friend of band leader John Fogerty. John's favorite beer was called Clearwater, which, after it disappeared from the market for a time, was re-introduced by another brewery. The result: Creedence Clearwater Revival. THE CREW-CUTS - ClassicBands.com This vocal group, who are most often remembered for their 1955 hit, "Earth Angel", named themselves after noticing their similar hair cuts. THE CRICKETS - ClassicBands.com After learning that he was unable to re-record "That'll Be The Day" because of earlier contract obligations with Decca Records, producer Norman Petty wanted Bubby Holly to come up with a name for his three piece group. They hoped that Decca wouldn't recognize the singer's voice as one that they once had under contract. Inspired by one of Buddy's favorite groups, The Spiders, Holly, Jerry Allison and Niki Sullivan got out an encyclopedia and started looking at insects. Grasshopper was dismissed immediately, but they did give some consideration to beetles. Finally, it was Allison who suggested crickets, noting that "they make music by rubbing their legs together." CROSBY, STILLS AND NASH - ClassicBands.com While still trying to decide on a name for the new group, the trio considered calling themselves The Frozen Noses as a vague reference to their growing cocaine habit. They also came close to including their drummer, Dallas Taylor, but decided that drummers were expendable. THE CRYSTALS - ClassicBands.com According to original Crystals member Dee Dee Kennibrew, The Crystals were named after the daughter of Leroy Bates, the co-writer of their first hit "There's No Other Like My Baby". THE CYRCLE - ClassicBands.com In 1963, a band called the Rhondells was brought to the attention of Beatles' manager Brian Epstein. Rumor has it that it was John Lennon who suggested the new name and attention getting spelling of "The Cyrkle". DAWN - ClassicBands.com The origin of the group name led by Tony Orlando is the source of some controversy. The first story says that the trio was named after the daughter of Bell Records founder, Wes Farrell - "Dawn". A second version says the name came from Bell Record executive Steve Wax's daughter, Lisa Dawn Wax. Both of our sources insist that they are right. DEEP PURPLE - ClassicBands.com Guitarist Ritchie Blackmore's grandmother liked the Bing Crosby song "Deep Purple". DEF LEPPARD - ClassicBands.com Inspired by a drawing Joe Elliot made of a leopard with no ears, a 'Deaf Leopard'. JOHN DENVER - ClassicBands.com John Henry Deutschendorf adopted the stage surname "Denver" in tribute to the Rocky Mountain area he so cherished. DEPECHE MODE - ClassicBands.com A Techno-Pop group from Basildon, Essex, England, they took their name from a French fashion magazine. DEXYS MIDNIGHT RUNNERS - ClassicBands.com This Birmingham, England band, who scored a UK and US #1 hit in 1983 with "Come On Eileen", took their name from the amphetamine Dexedrine, commonly known as Dexys. The group's name is improperly spelled when a hyphen is used between the Y and the S. Despite their moniker, the group says that they dedicated themselves to making good music and stayed away from drugs and alcohol. DION AND THE BELMONTS - ClassicBands.com Dion DiMucci and his friends named their group The Belmonts after a street in their Bronx, New York neighborhood, where they would hang out and sing street corner harmonies. DIRE STRAITS - ClassicBands.com Their name describes the financial situation they were in when forming the band. FATS DOMINO - ClassicBands.com Antoine "Fats" Domino came by his nickname because he stood 5 feet, 2 inches tall and weighed 225 lb. DOOBIE BROTHERS - ClassicBands.com Tom Johnston says that the band, originally known as Pud, were sitting around a breakfast table when a friend who was not part of the band said "why don't you call yourselves the doobie brothers". The guy was just kidding, but later on someone said "Hey, that's not such a bad idea" and the name stuck. DOORS - ClassicBands.com The band took their name from the title of a book by Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception, which was in turn borrowed from a line in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, a poem by the 18th century artist and poet William Blake: "If the doors of perception were cleansed, every thing would appear to man as it is: infinite". DOVELLS - ClassicBands.com In December, 1960, a vocal group called The Brooktones signed with Cameo / Parkway Records, who suggested they change their name to the Deauvilles (after the Deuville Hotel in Miami Beach). The boys didn't object to the new name, but thought it was too hard to spell and changed it to the Dovells. DUPREES - ClassicBands.com The New Jersey quintet that scored a #7 hit in 1962 with "You Belong To Me" were earlier known as The Parisians. According to original member Tom Bialoglow, they hollered out a car window to ask a man standing on a street corner if he knew where they could find any singers in the neighborhood. After they were directed to a local barber shop, group member Joe Santollo said, "Hey man, thanks a lot. What's your name?" The man said, "Dupree, baby, what's yours?" Santollo later remarked, "That would be a good name for a group, The Duprees." BOB DYLAN - ClassicBands.com Robert Zimmerman was a big fan of poet Dylan Thomas. THE EAGLES - ClassicBands.com Their name was inspired by the Byrds, who were a big influence on the Eagles. They started out as the Teen Kings and later, the Emergencies. Don Henley recalled "We wanted something simple and we wanted something American and we wanted something that was easy to remember and something with a little spiritual value. (Eagles) sounded very American football teams and street gangs." EARTH, WIND AND FIRE - ClassicBands.com Originally called the Salty Peppers, the group recorded for Capitol for a couple of years without drawing much notice. In 1971 they signed with Warner Brothers and renamed themselves Earth, Wind and Fire after the elements in the astrological chart. EDISON LIGHTHOUSE - ClassicBands.com The UK Pop group most often remembered for their 1970 hit "Love Grows Where My Rosemary Goes" was named after the Eddystone Lighthouse, a lighthouse off the coast of Cornwall, England. EDWARD BEAR - ClassicBands.com This Toronto, Canada band, who reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1973 with "Last Song", started out as The Edward Bear Review, before adapting the proper name of A.A. Milne's character, Winnie The Pooh. ELTON JOHN - ClassicBands.com Reginald Dwight took his stage name from two other British musicians, Elton Dean and Long John Baldry. ENGLAND DAN and JOHN FORD COLEY - ClassicBands.com John Colley and Dan Seals originally billed themselves as Colley And Wayland, (Seals' middle name). That didn't quite work and it was Dan's brother, Jim Seals, who suggested they incorporate Dan's childhood nickname, "England Dan". It was a reference to the fact that, as a youngster, Dan had fixated on the Beatles and briefly affected an English accent. EVERYTHING BUT THE GIRL - ClassicBands.com This band took their name from a secondhand furniture store in Kingston upon Hull, England. THE FIFTH DIMENSION - ClassicBands.com After a failed audition at Motown Records as The Versatiles, producer Marc Gordon brought the group to the attention of Johnny Rivers, who had just started his own label, Soul City Records. According to group member Florence La Rue, Rivers wanted them to have a name that was more "hip" and the name The Fifth Dimension was chosen. THE FIFTH ESTATE - ClassicBands.com The band who reached Billboard's #11 spot in 1967 with "Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead", first formed in 1963 as The Decadents and later became known as The D-Men. They changed their name to The Fifth Estate after an underground magazine they discovered while in Chicago on a Blues club tour. The magazine preached anarchy in the USA and what basically amounted to free sex for the masses. FINE YOUNG CANNIBALS - ClassicBands.com A Birmingham, England trio who scored two Billboard number one hits in 1989 with "She Drives Me Crazy" and "Good Thing", they took their name from All The Fine Young Cannibals, a 1960 film loosely based on the life of trumpeter Chet Baker. FIVE AMERICANS - ClassicBands.com With the onslaught of the British Invasion by bands with strange sounding names, the group decided that they were not bugs or beasts of any kind, they were simply, Five Americans. FIVE MAN ELECTRICAL BAND - ClassicBands.com Originally called The Staccatos, the band changed their name to the title of their third album. They would go on to reach #3 on the Billboard chart with "Signs" and #26 with "Absolutely Right". FIVE STAIRSTEPS - ClassicBands.com The Chicago R&B band comprised of four brothers and their sister, who scored a Billboard #8 hit in 1970 with "O-o-o Child", owe their name to their mother, who said that they looked like stair steps when they stood beside each other in order of age. THE FIXX - ClassicBands.com Lead singer Cy Curnin told interviewer Gary James that while trying to come up with a name, their manager convinced the band that they had to "show your direction, what you fix your sites on, what your point of view is." Drawing suggestions out of a hat, The Fix was agreed on, but their record company was concerned that name sounded like it had drug connections and suggested adding a second "x", to which the group agreed. JAMES BROWN AND THE FAMOUS FLAMES - ClassicBands.com When James Brown's early band The Ever Readys started to fracture, the group wondered if they needed a more dynamic name. Someone suggested The Torches before another shouted "The Flames!" Brown loved it and the name eventually evolved into The Famous Flames. THE FLEETWOODS - ClassicBands.com The trio that topped the American charts in April, 1959 with "Come Softly To Me" entered the studio as Two Girls And A Guy before producer Bob Reisdorff noticed that the three members of the group had the same telephone exchange, FLeetwood, and suggested the new name. FLEETWOOD MAC - ClassicBands.com A combination of the last names of drummer Mick Fleetwood and bassist John McVie. FOGHAT - ClassicBands.com When interviewer Gary James asked drummer Roger Earl: "Is there a significance to the band's name?" Earl had this to say: "No real significance. Lonesome Dave (Peverett) threw out the name when he was like twelve or thirteen. He was playing like kind of a scrabble game with his brother and Dave came up with a name and insisted it was a name. Dave eventually was right. We were on our way into the studio to do the artwork for the first album and we didn't have a title for the band. So, we had to decide. © FOREIGNER - ClassicBands.com British guitarist Mick Jones started the band in New York. Since he was a foreigner, he chose that for the name. THE FOUNDATIONS - ClassicBands.com Before they brought us "Baby, Now That I've Found You" and "Build Me Up Buttercup", the band selected the name The Foundations based on their surroundings, a rehearsal space in the basement of a coffee shop in Bayswater, England. FOUR SEASONS - ClassicBands.com A band called the Varietones auditioned to appear at a local bowling alley, but were turned down flat. Instead of just walking away, they adopted the name of the place and became The Four Seasons. THE BOBBY FULLER FOUR - ClassicBands.com In a 2016 interview with Gary James, drummer DeWayne Quirico explained how the band got its name: The name The Bobby Fuller Four came about because of a record, our very first record. We were called Bobby Fuller and The Fanatics. When we did this record, "Those Memories Of You", Dick Dale recorded it also. And it was a pretty cool little song. Randy and I came walking in the studio one day and a box of records was sitting on Millie's desk, his secretary. Randy said, "The record's here. Let's look at 'em." We were all excited, just me and Randy. We opened up the box, take out the record and it says "Those Memories Of You" - Bobby Fuller And The Group. Randy went nuts! He walked around the corner, kicked Bob Keane's big ol' from-ceiling-to-wall door open with his foot. Just kicked it open like a cop would kick a door open. He had that record in his hand and he swung it at Bob Keane like a frisbee and said, "What the fuck is that?" (laughs) He jumped out of his chair, all freaked out 'cause he was always afraid of Randy. He said, "What's the problem?" He said, "I'll tell you what the problem is. What's this Bobby Fuller And The Group shit? Bobby ain't the only one who did this Buddy!" He said, "What should we do about it?" Well, it ended up, I believe Jeannie, who was the head of the fan club, we all got together later after this incident and came up and somebody said, "What about the four of you? Just say Bobby Fuller Four." And that's how it came to be. THE GAP BAND - ClassicBands.com Brothers Charlie, Ronnie and Robert Wilson named their group The Greenwood, Archer and Pine Streets Band in their hometown of Tulsa, Oklahoma before shortening that lengthy title to the Gap Band in 1973. GENESIS - ClassicBands.com The first book in the Bible. The name was part of their first album title 'From Genesis to Revelation', which was suggested by their original manager, Jonathan King. BOBBIE GENTRY - ClassicBands.com Born Roberta Lee Streeter, the singer who brought us "Ode To Billy Joe" in 1967 started using her stage name after seeing a 1952 movie called Ruby Gentry, starring Charlton Heston and Jennifer Jones. GRATEFUL DEAD - ClassicBands.com Refers to a series of Old English folk tales with the same basic theme. A traveler enters a village and finds the villagers desecrating, or refusing to bury the body of a dead man because he died owing creditors money. The traveler pays the dead man's debts and sees to a decent burial. Later in his travels, the man is saved by a mysterious event, which is credited to the dead man's grateful spirit. Hence, the Grateful Dead. The band was originally the Warlocks, and picked Grateful Dead out of a dictionary after realizing there was another band called the Warlocks. GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - ClassicBands.com The band named themselves Grand Funk Railroad after a Michigan landmark, The Grand Trunk Railroad. GUESS WHO - ClassicBands.com When George Struth of Quality Records heard the band's version of "Shakin' All Over", he feared that the effort would be lost in the flood of British records and came up with a plan to garner some interest by radio program directors. A number of promotional copies were pressed with just a plain white label, the song tile and the words 'Guess Who?', implying that the disc may have been the product of someone more famous. BILL HALEY AND HIS COMETS - ClassicBands.com Known as The Saddlemen until 1952, WPWA radio station program director Bob Johnson suggested Haley (rhymes with Bailey) take advantage of the common mispronunciation of Halley's (rhymes with Sally) Comet. HERMAN'S HERMITS - ClassicBands.com In 1963, Peter Noone joined a Manchester beat group called The Heartbeats, after their vocalist failed to show for a gig. On stage, Peter used the name Peter Kovak. The change to Herman came after the band remarked on his resemblance to the character Sherman in the TV cartoon 'The Bullwinkle Show', although he misheard the name as Herman. Soon after, the band changed their name to Herman and The Hermits, although it soon became abbreviated to Herman's Hermits. THE HOLLIES - ClassicBands.com According to those close to the band, they chose the name from some Christmas holly decorating Graham Nash's house - not in homage to Buddy Holly, as a long time rumor has it. THE HONEYCOMBS - ClassicBands.com Just after a band originally called The Sheratons recorded their first and biggest hit, "Have I The Right", Louis Benjamin of Pye Records renamed The Honeycombs as a pun on drummer Honey Lantree's name and her job as a hairdresser's assistant. HOOTIE AND THE BLOWFISH - ClassicBands.com Although many think that vocalist Darius Rucker is Hootie and the band is called The Blowfish, neither is correct. Rucker had two college friends, one with a round, owl-like face he called Hootie and another who had puffy cheeks he nicknamed Blowfish. THE HUES CORPORATION - ClassicBands.com According to group member Bernard St. Clair Lee, the band wanted a name that would make people think of money and when you think of Howard Hughes, you think of money. When their manager Wally Holmes went to a lawyer, he said 'You can't spell it that way. You have to come up with a different spelling.' So Holmes came up with "Hues", which means the color hue. HUMBLE PIE - ClassicBands.com When Peter Frampton, formerly of The Herd and ex-Small Faces member Steve Marriott got together, they chose the name Humble Pie because they did not want the press to call them a Supergroup. ENGELBERT HUMPERDINCK - ClassicBands.com Gordon Mills was a clever manager and promoter who knew that a performer had to call attention to himself in any way possible. His idea for singer Gerry Dorsey, was to change his name to something that people would remember. He convinced Gerry that an audience would never forget the name Englebert Humperdinck, the name of the Austrian composer who wrote Hansel and Gretel. JANIS IAN - ClassicBands.com Rather than using her real name, Janis Eddy Fink, she uses her brother's middle name, Ian. IRON MAIDEN - ClassicBands.com Named after a medieval torture device. It was a box big enough to admit a man, with folding-doors which were studded with sharp iron spikes. When the doors were closed, these spikes were forced into the body of the victim, who was left there to die in horrible torture. THE JAGGERZ - ClassicBands.com The band that gave us "The Rapper" in 1970 did not take their name from The Rolling Stones' Mick Jagger, as some have reported. The band thought up their name while on location for a photo shoot in the woods. They noticed that little briars were sticking to their clothing and in the Pittsburgh area these little burrs are known as "jaggerz". After someone suggested the name, they wrote it out a couple of times and agreed to use it as their new moniker. JAY AND THE AMERICANS - ClassicBands.com The group auditioned for songwriters Leiber and Stoller, who wanted to call them Binky Jones And The Americans, but lead singer John Traynor didn't want to be known as Binky Jones his whole career. He instead suggested "Jay", his family nickname, and everyone agreed. JEFFERSON AIRPLANE - ClassicBands.com Inspired by the blues player Blind Lemon Jefferson and the name of a friend's dog, jefferson airplane is also slang for a used paper match, split open to hold a marijuana joint that has been smoked too short to hold without burning the hands, an improvised roach clip. THE JETS - ClassicBands.com The eight-piece family band from Minneapolis, Minnesota was originally called Quazar until their manager was inspired to change their name after hearing Elton John's "Bennie And The Jets" on the radio. JETHRO TULL - ClassicBands.com In December, 1967, flautist / guitarist Ian Anderson, bassist Glenn Cornick, guitarist / singer Mick Abrahams and drummer Clive Bunker formed a new band. They began playing two shows a week, trying out different names, including Navy Blue and Bag of Blues. Their manager suggested Jethro Tull, the name of a British barrister and farmer who, in the mid-1700s, invented a device called the seed drill, which could sew three rows of seeds simultaneously. Ian Anderson strongly disliked the name, but it became popular and memorable, and it stuck. TOM JONES - ClassicBands.com After Gordon Mills became Thomas Jones Woodward's manager, he took advantage of the free publicity generated by a hit movie that was in theatres at the time, and changed his stage name to Tom Jones. JUDAS PRIEST - ClassicBands.com Taken from the Bob Dylan tune "The ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest". KC AND THE SUNSHINE BAND - ClassicBands.com These Disco kings took their name from lead vocalist Harry Wayne Casey's last name ("KC") and the "Sunshine Band" from KC's home state of Florida ('The Sunshine State'). They were originally called KC And The Sunshine Junkanoo Band, as some of the members came from a band called the Miami Junkanoo Band. KING CRIMSON - ClassicBands.com Their original lyricist, Peter Sinfield, thought of it as a synonym for Beelzebub, which is Hebrew for 'Lord of the Flies'. Beelzebub was Satan's chief lieutenant among the fallen angels. THE KINGSTON TRIO - ClassicBands.com The band started out as a Calypso group and since Kingston, Jamaica was a hot spot for Calypso music, they took the name. In an interesting side-bar, in a 2007 interview, band member Bob Shane revealed that even after all these years, not one of them had ever been to Jamaica. KISS - ClassicBands.com According to Paul Stanley, Kiss was a momentary inspiration that sounded dangerous and sexy at the same time. Band members deny the rumor that the name stands for 'Knights In Satan's Service'. THE KNICKERBOCKERS - ClassicBands.com The New Jersey quintet who gave us the Beatles-sound-alike hit "Lies" in 1966, took their unusual name from Knickerbocker Avenue in their home town. GARY LEWIS AND THE PLAYBOYS - ClassicBands.com Two of the members of the band where late for a rehearsal one day and when they finally showed up, Gary Lewis said "Where have you Playboys been?" The others said "Hey, that's a good name." LED ZEPPELIN - ClassicBands.com The Yardbirds were just wrapping up their final US tour before splitting up. Guitarist Jimmy Page was determined to keep the act going, renaming a new line-up The New Yardbirds. Keith Moon of The Who is rumored to have said "...it'll probably go over like a led zeppelin", thus inspiring the final name change. The 'Led' spelling was to make sure people pronounced the name right. LITTLE EVA - ClassicBands.com Eva Boyd, who gave us "The Loco-Motion" in 1962, explained how she got her stage name: "I had an aunt called Eva, so she was Big Eva and I was Little Eva". LITTLE RICHARD - ClassicBands.com When Richard Penniman was asked how he came by his stage name, he said that in his childhood neighborhood there were only two nicknames used, 'lil and bro. That's when he became Little Richard. At the time of his birth he was supposed to have been named Ricardo, but a hospital error resulted in Richard instead. LOBO - ClassicBands.com Roland Kent LaVoie recorded a song called "Me and You and a Dog Named Boo" in 1971. Sensing the song's hit potential, but also wary of succumbing to one-hit-wonder novelty status, Lavoie adopted the name "Lobo", which means Wolf in Spanish. LOVIN' SPOONFUL - ClassicBands.com The band's name was inspired by some lines in a song by Mississippi John Hurt called the "Coffee Blues". The song is a tribute to Maxwell House Coffee, which is described as being two or three times stronger than any other brand, therefore, he only needs one spoonful to make him feel alright, what he describes as "my lovin' spoonful" in the song. LULU - ClassicBands.com Marie McDonald McLaughlin was about to enroll in hairdressing school when she met and joined a six-piece band called The Gleneagles. As their spunky lead singer, she quickly became the focal point of the group. Their manager took to referring to her as "a lulu of a kid", and eventually that stuck as a more distinctive stage name. LYNYRD SKYNYRD - ClassicBands.com Named after Robert E. Lee High school gym coach, Leonard Skinner, who punished founding members Gary Rossington and Bob Burns several times for breaking the school's strict dress code, which did not allow boys to have long hair touching the collar or sideburns below the ears. Earlier band names were Noble Five and One Percent. THE MAMAS AND PAPAS - ClassicBands.com After trying unsuccessfully to agree on a name for their new vocal group, Cass Elliot, Michelle Phillips, Denny Doherty and John Phillips were watching a TV documentary about The Hell's Angels, where a biker referred to his girlfriend as his Mama. "We want to be Mamas too!" said Cass and Michelle. The guys agreed that they would be the Papas. THE MC5 - ClassicBands.com An acronym for the Detroit band, 'Motor City Five'. COUNTRY JOE MCDONALD AND THE FISH - ClassicBands.com From Country Joe's interview with Gary James: "It was suggested that the group be called Country Mao And The Fish because Mao Tso-tung said that the revolutionaries move like fish through the sea and I said that was stupid. It was suggested that we call it Country Joe And The Fish after Joseph Stalin." THE MARSHALL TUCKER BAND - ClassicBands.com The band's name does not refer to a band member, but rather a Spartanburg-area piano tuner. While the band was discussing possible names one evening in an old warehouse they had rented for rehearsal space, someone noticed that the warehouse's door key had the name "Marshall Tucker" inscribed on it, and suggested they called themselves the The Marshall Tucker Band, not realizing it referred to an actual person. It later came to light that Marshall Tucker, the blind piano tuner, had rented the space before the band, and the landlord had yet to change the inscription on the key. MEATLOAF - ClassicBands.com The man with one of the most colorful stage names in show business was born Marvin Lee Aday. Over the years, he has given several different stories on how he got his nickname. The most common one is that he stepped on the foot of his high school football coach, who, instead of cursing, shouted 'Get off my foot you hunk of meatloaf!'. MEN WITHOUT HATS - ClassicBands.com This Montreal based quartet started out playing in bars and clubs as Men With Hats. At the end of each show, they would throw their hats into the audience, eventually inspiring the name change. METALLICA - ClassicBands.com Drummer Lars Ulrich was helping a friend think of a name for a Metal fan magazine. The publication chose 'Metal Mania' and Lars kept Metallica, which was one of the suggestions. WAYNE FONTANA And THE MINDBENDERS - ClassicBands.com Glyn Geoffrey Ellis re-christened himself Wayne Fontana after Elvis Presley's drummer, DJ Fontana. The band took its name from Dirk Boarded's 1962 British horror movie, The Mindbenders. GUY MITCHELL - ClassicBands.com When Albert George Cernik was signed to Columbia records, label boss Mitch Miller supposedly told him "my name is 'Mitchell' and you seem like a nice 'guy', so we'll call you Guy Mitchell." The young singer would go on to achieve record sales in excess of 44 million units and topped the Billboard chart with "Singing the Blues" in 1956 and "Heartaches By the Number" in 1959. MOBY GRAPE - ClassicBands.com Although they never had a Top 40 single, this California group gained a large following on the strength of their 1966 debut album. The band name was chosen by bassist Bob Mosley and drummer Skip Spence from the punch line of the joke "What's big and purple and lives in the ocean?" MOLLY HATCHET - ClassicBands.com This American Southern Rock band, who are most often remembered for their 1979 hit "Flirtin' with Disaster", took their unusual name from from a prostitute who allegedly murdered and decapitated her clients. THE MONKEES - ClassicBands.com The made-for-TV band was given an animal name to sound like so many other mid-60s groups. The moniker was supposed to reflect the group's mischievous on-screen behavior. MOODY BLUES - ClassicBands.com The band originally called themselves the M&B 5, because they wanted to perform in a Birmingham brewery called Mitchell's Bottlery. The building had a big 'MB' sign. When that didn't work, they changed names, using one member's favorite song, Duke Ellington's "Mood Indigo". THE MOTELS - ClassicBands.com Looking for name change from The Warfield Foxes, the band briefly considered The Angels Of Mercy, but lead singer Martha Davis objected to that. As they drove through the motel district of Santa Monica Boulevard someone suggested The Motels, a name which Martha was happy with. MOTHERS OF INVENTION - ClassicBands.com Originally just called the Mothers (short for Motherfuckers). Their record label persuaded them to add 'of Invention'. MOTLEY CRUE - ClassicBands.com The band took their name after a friend remarked, "What a motley looking crew." The inspiration to add the two sets of umlauts supposedly came from the German beer the members were drinking at the time. MOUNTAIN - ClassicBands.com Popular rumor says that the name is an allusion to guitarist Lesley West's large size. MUNGO JERRY - ClassicBands.com Lead singer Ray Dorset told ClassicBands.com - "We couldn't agree on a name. (Producer) Barry (Murray) pulled a name out of a hat, that happened to be Mungo Jerrie, which comes from T.S. Elliot's book, Old Possums Book Of Practical Cats. The spelling that we have is incorrect, because in the book, the Jerry part is spelled Jerrie. And that was it." THE NEW COLONY SIX - ClassicBands.com The Chicago based group who reached the Billboard Top 40 with "I Will Always Think Of You" and "Things I'd Like To Say" were inspired by the British Invasion to show that they were not from England, but from the colonies. 1910 FRUITGUM COMPANY - ClassicBands.com Original guitarist Frank Jeckell says the name of the group came from an old gum wrapper that he found in a jacket pocket while he was looking for some retro clothes to wear. He tried a suit on and found a gum wrapper in the pocket and that inspired the name. NAZARETH - ClassicBands.com The group who gave us "Love Hurts" in 1976 took their name from the first line of The Band's classic song "The Weight" ("I pulled into Nazareth / Was feelin' 'bout half past dead.") THE NEW CHRISTY MINSTRELS - ClassicBands.com The New Christy Minstrels took their name from Christy's Minstrels, a performing group founded by Edwin Pearce Christy (1815 - 1862). In the 1840s, Christy, a Philadelphia-born showman, organized an ensemble of white performers in blackface that sang Negro spirituals and contemporary popular songs with great success all over the United States and England. NIRVANA - ClassicBands.com Kurt Cobain wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty, instead of a mean, raunchy, punk-rock name. The band chose Nirvana, meaning a state of perfect inner stillness and peace. THE O'JAYS - ClassicBands.com The O'Jays were given their name by Sid Nathan of King Records, who wanted them to change their moniker from The Mascots. He originally called them O'Jays' Boys after their manager Eddie O'Jay, but when their first single came out, the name had transitioned into The O'Jays. After they parted ways, Eddie launched an unsuccessful lawsuit over the name. GILBERT O'SULLIVAN - ClassicBands.com Just as he had done for Tom Jones and Englebert Humperdinck, manager Gordon Mills saw the need for a clever name for his newfound talent. Playing off Ray O'Sullivan's last name and the playwriting team of Gilbert and Sullivan, the name Gilbert O'Sullivan seemed a natural choice. Ray hated it, but agreed that when it came to marketing, Mills knew best. OUTSIDERS - ClassicBands.com After auditioning a song called "Time Won't Let Me", a Cleveland area group called The Starfires was signed by Capitol Records, but the label insisted that the band take a new name. Guitarist Tom King had been forced to abandon Pama Records, the label for which the Starfires had cut a dozen tunes and was owned by his uncle, who then accused his nephew of being an "outsider" to the family. OZARK MOUNTAIN DAREDEVILS - ClassicBands.com This band's unusual name was derived from "Cosmic Corn Cob and His Amazing Ozark Mountain Daredevils", a name that guitarist John Dillon came up with at a naming party. There were known as Family Tree until finding out that another band was already using that name. They shortened Dillon's suggestion because they didn't want to be called "Cosmic Corn Cob" and did not want their name to sound similar to The Amazing Rhythm Aces. PAPER LACE - ClassicBands.com The Nottingham, England group who reached the top of the Billboard Pop chart in 1974 with "The Night Chicago Died" took their name from lace products created from a special grade of high quality paper manufactured in their hometown. COLONEL TOM PARKER - ClassicBands.com Andreas Cornelius van Kujik changed his name to Thomas Andrew Parker after he came to the United States from Holland in 1927. In the late 1940s he began a successful career as a music promoter and persuaded an aide to Louisiana Governor Jimmie Davis to have him made an honorary Louisiana Colonel. PEARL JAM - ClassicBands.com According to lead singer Eddie Vedder, "The name is in reference to the pearl itself... and the natural process from which a pearl comes from. Basically, taking excrement or waste and turning it into something beautiful." PET SHOP BOYS - ClassicBands.com Having friends who worked in a pet shop, the duo of Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe thought the name sounded like a polite English Rap group. PINK FLOYD - ClassicBands.com This British band used various names, including The Meggadeaths, The T-Set and The Screaming Abdabs, before settling on The Pink Floyd Sound, inspired by American blues artists, Pink Anderson and Floyd Council. The name was later shortened to just Pink Floyd. THE PIPS - ClassicBands.com It was at a family birthday party that Gladys Knight, her brother Merald, their sister Brenda, and two cousins, William and Elenor Guest, first sang together as a quintet. Another cousin present, James 'Pip' Woods, suggested they sing together professionally. Taking his advice, they hired him as their manager and called themselves The Pips in his honor. (later on, it was said to stand for "Perfection In Performance"). THE PLATTERS - ClassicBands.com The group began as an all male quartet in 1953, calling themselves The Platters after the nickname used in those days for vinyl records. IGGY POP - ClassicBands.com In his biography, Gimme Danger, Iggy says the name came from one of his early bands, the Iguanas. When he formed The Stooges, their management billed him as Iggy Stooge, but Iggy wasn't too keen on it and changed it to Iggy Pop, reasoning that Pop has a kind of energy to it. POCO - ClassicBands.com After building up an local following as Pogo, (with a "g") they were forced to change their moniker, which they had openly pilfered from Walt Kelly's comic strip of the same name, when Kelly filed suit. They settled on Poco because it sounded like the original name that fans had come to know. THE POLICE - ClassicBands.com Drummer Stewart Copeland, whose father worked for the CIA, named his band before Gordon "Sting" Sumner and Andy Summers joined. P.J. PROBY - ClassicBands.com Songwriter Sharon Sheeley gave James Marcus Smith his stage name by combining the name of an old boyfriend, Proby, with a night club on Santa Monica Blvd. in Hollywood, P.J.'s. PROCOL HARUM - ClassicBands.com Originally called The Paramounts, their manager wanted a name change and came up with Procul Harun, which was the Pedigree name of a cat of a friend of his. In Latin, it means 'beyond these things'. The band mis-heard the name over the phone and spelled it Procol Harum. THE POZO-SECO SINGERS - ClassicBands.com The trio who had hits with songs like "Time" and "I Can Make It With You" took their unusual name from a suggestion by a geologist that singer Susan Taylor was dating when the band was first forming. A pozo seco is a Spanish phrase used by oil field workers that means dry well. The band liked the sound of it and the name stuck. QUEEN - ClassicBands.com Freddie Mercury liked the name for the transvestite connotation and the glamorous image of Queens in royalty. QUESTION MARK AND THE MYSTERIANS - ClassicBands.com Bassist Larry Borjas came up with the name after watching a Japanese sci-fi movie on television. The film, The Mysterians is about invaders who try to take over Earth after their own planet has been destroyed. QUICKSILVER MESSENGER SERVICE - ClassicBands.com Gary Duncan of Quicksilver Messenger Service explained: "We had a bunch of different names and finally settled on Quicksilver Messenger Service because we're all the same birth sign. We're all Virgo, which is ruled by Mercury. Me and the drummer had the same birth date. David Freiberg and John Cipollina had the same birth date. So, between the four of us, there were only two birthdays. Virgo is ruled by Mercury, which is Quicksilver. Quicksilver is the winged messenger and Virgo is the sign of the selfless servant. So, that's where the name Quicksilver Messenger Service name came from. It's astrological." PAUL REVERE AND THE RAIDERS - ClassicBands.com Bassist Phil 'Fang' Volk told Classicbands.com interviewer Gary James: "When his (Paul Revere's) record label, Gardena, wanted to change the name of the band because it was called The Downbeats way back when he got his record deal in the early '60s, they said "Why don't you use your real name, Paul Revere? That's a good gimmick." He said, "Well, what do you think?" I said, "How about Paul Revere And The Midnight Riders?" Paul said, "That doesn't sound sexy enough. That doesn't sound raunchy enough." So he thought the Raiders are the bad boys of football, the Oakland Raiders. Why not call it Paul Revere And The Raiders and we'll be the bad boys of Rock? And that's how it came about." RAMONES - ClassicBands.com In honor of Paul McCartney, who, early in his career, used to call himself Paul Ramone. The members of the band all used the last name Ramone, even though it's not their given name. RARE EARTH - ClassicBands.com After years of playing in local clubs and releasing unspectacular records on MGM, Hercules, Golden World and Verve, a band called the Sunliners caught the ear of session-man Dennis Coffey, who recommended them to his bosses at Motown Records. The group signed with the label in 1969 and in a brilliant marketing move by Motown executives, it was decided to match the band's name with their new record label: "Rare Earth". THE RASPBERRIES - ClassicBands.com According to Eric Carmen, the band took the name from an expression used by the Little Rascals character Froggy, who, when frustrated would often say "Aw raspberries." R.E.M - ClassicBands.com 'Rapid Eye Movement' is a state of sleep. REO SPEEDWAGON - ClassicBands.com Reo Speedwagon was a model name for a line of trucks built by REO Motors Corporation of Lansing Michigan. REO is derived from the initials of Ransom Ely Olds, who left Oldsmobile, the company he founded, to form REO in 1905. CLIFF RICHARD - ClassicBands.com British singer Harry Webb changed his stage name to Cliff Richard in the early 1950s. "Cliff" sounded like the face of a cliff, which suggested Rock. "Richard" was chosen to honor his musical hero, Little Richard. RIGHTEOUS BROTHERS - ClassicBands.com While still known as the Paramours, Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield were trying to come up with a new name for their act when they remembered the night they sang in front of a group of U.S. Marines. After their set, one of the Marines shouted out, "That's righteous brothers!" and the name stuck. ROLLING STONES - ClassicBands.com From the Muddy Waters song "Rolling Stone". The name was suggested by guitarist, Brian Jones. AXL ROSE - ClassicBands.com The lead singer for Guns N' Roses was born William Bruce Rose Jr. to William and Sharon Rose. William Sr. left the family when his son was two years old. His mother eventually remarried and changed her son's name to William Bailey, using the last name of her new husband, L. Stephen Bailey. At age seventeen, the boy learned of his biological father's existence and readopted his birth name, William Rose, but referred to himself as "W. Rose" as he did not want to share a name with his biological father. He eventually adopted the name W. Axl Rose, with 'Axl' coming from a band in which he once played. ROYAL GUARDSMEN - ClassicBands.com When asked how the group came by their name, guitarist Barry Winslow had this to say: "Bill Balough and John Burdette were kind of like the founding members of a group called Posmen. The rest of us kind of auditioned for it within a couple weeks period. When I came into the band, I had bought a Vox amp and auditioned as a singer / rhythm guitar player and I guess they liked it. They wanted to keep me. Then they said we need an English name. And so they look over to my amp and I said "Vox?" They said "No idiot, Royal Guardsmen". I had the Royal Guardsmen amp that Vox made. I said "Boy, that's a mouthful guys." They said "Well, we like it." RUSH - ClassicBands.com They were rushing to think up a name before their first gig, and John Rustey's older brother yelled, "Why don't you call your band Rush?". BOBBY RYDELL - ClassicBands.com Bobby Rydell got his stage name from Philadelphia TV show host, Paul Whiteman, who wanted to have Bobby on his show, but had trouble pronouncing his real name, Robert Ridarelli. MITCH RIDER - ClassicBands.com William Levise Jr. was using the stage name, Billy Lee, with a band called the Rivieras. As they started to play bigger and better venues, the group realized their name was in conflict with The Rivieras who recorded "California Sun". While the band became The Detroit Wheels, Levise flipped through the Manhattan phone directory and came across the name Mitch Ryder, and took the name that he has used ever since. SAM THE SHAM AND THE PHARAOHS - ClassicBands.com In the early sixties, Domingo Samudio was playing in a band called "Andy And The Night Riders". When leader Andy Anderson left the group a short time later, Domingo took control of the band, and decided to re-name it. "By that time, everyone was calling me 'Sam', short for Samudio," said Domingo, "and what I was doing, fronting the band and cutting up was called 'shamming'. We got the rest of the name from the movie 'The Ten Commandments'. Old Ramses, the King of Egypt, looked pretty cool, so we decided to become The Pharaohs." BOZ SCAGGS - ClassicBands.com While attending St. Mark's academy in Dallas, William Royce Scaggs picked up the nickname "Bosley" by someone who kept addressing him that way. As time passed, William became known simply as Boz. THE SEARCHERS - ClassicBands.com This popular English band was the second group from Liverpool after the Beatles to have a hit in America when "Needles And Pins" charted during the first week of March, 1964. They took their name from the classic 1956 John Wayne western, The Searchers. BOB SEGER AND THE SILVER BULLET BAND - ClassicBands.com When Bob Seger appeared on The Late Show With David Letterman on December 15th, 2014, he told the host, "We were all arguing about what our band name should be, and I was kind of letting the band pick it themselves, and they just kept arguing and arguing". Finally, our manager sent us our paychecks with 'Bob Seger And The Silver Bullet Band' on it. He got tired of waiting for us so he made it up himself." SEX PISTOLS - ClassicBands.com Manager Malcolm Mclaren came up with the name. It was inspired by his punk clothing shop called 'Sex'. SHADOWS OF KNIGHT - ClassicBands.com A rock band called The Shadows, whose members attended Chicago's Prospect High School, had just made their first recordings when record company executives advised them that they would need to change their name to avoid being confused with Cliff Richards' back-up band. The company suggested The Tyme, which the band hated and refused to use because they had already built up a large local following as The Shadows. Just before the record label was printed, singer Jimy Sohns suggested The Shadows of Knight because it sounded British. He would later say that it never dawned on him that the Prospect High School teams were called The Knights. DEL SHANNON - ClassicBands.com While working a day job as a carpet salesman, Charles Westover managed to join a Country / Rock band at the Hi-Lo Club in Battle Creek, Michigan. A club regular had dreams of becoming a famous wrestler as Mark Shannon. Liking the name Shannon, Westover borrowed the surname and derived Del from his favorite make of car, the Cadillac Coupe DeVille. "DeVille, Del, that's where I got it from," Shannon explained to Dick Clark, "Could you imagine myself walking on stage and being introduced: 'Ladies and gentlemen, Charles Westover!' It had no ammunition." THE SHONDELLS - ClassicBands.com After meeting a singer named Troy Shondell, twelve year old Tommy James named his band The Shondells. When asked about it years later, he said "It just sounded like the right name. I found out later it meant some kind of airplane maneuver or something." THE SHIRELLES - ClassicBands.com After signing with Tiara Records, a vocal quartet known as The Poquellos realized they needed a name that was easier to pronounce. At first they chose The Honeytones, then in a vague reference to their lead singer, Shirley Owens, settled on The Shirelles. SLY AND THE FAMILY STONE - ClassicBands.com According to his official web site, Sylvester Stewart came by the nickname Sly around the time he was in the fifth grade. During a school spelling bee, one of his classmates accidentally inverted the "y" and the "l" and Syl became Sly. The kids teased and the name stuck. The Family Stone came from the fact that Sly, his sister Rosie and brother Freddie all adopted the stage name Stone when they formed their new band. PHOEBE SNOW - ClassicBands.com Born Phoebe Ann Laub, she chose her stage name after a freight train that ran through her hometown of Teaneck, New Jersey, The Phoebe Snow. THE S.O.S. BAND - ClassicBands.com The Atlanta, Georgia based group who had the best selling tune in America in August, 1980, with "Take Your Time (Do It Right)", used an acronym which stood for Sounds of Success. SPANDAU BALLET - ClassicBands.com Originally called The Makers, the band changed their name after a visit to Berlin where one of their roadies saw some graffiti referring to Spandau Prison. Supposedly, there were many hangings there, in which the victims would twitch and jump at the end of a rope...hence, doing the "Spandau Ballet." THE SPANIELS - ClassicBands.com The Gary, Indiana sextet who took "Goodnite Sweetheart, Goodnite" to #2 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1954, took their name after the wife of one of the band members said that their singing sounded like "a pack of dogs". SPANKY AND OUR GANG - ClassicBands.com Lead singer Elaine McFarlane came by the nickname "Spanky" because band members noticed her resemblance to George "Spanky" McFarland of the Little Rascals / Our Gang comedy series. They originally took the name as a joke, but as their popularity grew, it stuck. THE SPINNERS - ClassicBands.com Although some fans wondered if spinning dance steps were the inspiration for the group's name, vocalist Bobbie Smith says he came up with the name when they wanted a change from their old moniker, The Domingoes. Spinners was hot rod talk in the 1950s for big, chrome, Cadillac hubcaps. SPIRAL STARECASE - ClassicBands.com The Sacramento, California quintet who reached #12 in the US in 1969 with "More Today Than Yesterday", was named after the 1946 movie The Spiral Staircase, starring Dorothy McGuire, George Brent and Ethel Barrymore. The mis-spelling of staircase was deliberate, to attract attention. THE STANDELLS - ClassicBands.com This L.A. based band, who scored a mid-sixties hit with "Dirty Water", say their name was derived from standing around agents' offices, pleading for work. STEELY DAN - ClassicBands.com Named after a dildo in the William Burroughs novel Naked Lunch. According to Burroughs, the Steely Dan was a metal dildo that an evil German bulldyke prostitute crushed using her nether regions. STEPPENWOLF - ClassicBands.com The band was originally called Sparrow, until lead singer John Kay came up the new name after being inspired by a novel by cult author Herman Hesse. STONE TEMPLE PILOTS - ClassicBands.com They began as Mighty Joe Young until they learned a Blues musician was already using that name. Fascinated by the logo for the motor oil additive STP, they started calling themselves Shirley Temple's Pussy until they found they couldn't get gigs using that name. More acronyms followed, like Stereo Temple Pirates, until they finally settled on Stone Temple Pilots. STRAWBERRY ALARM CLOCK - ClassicBands.com According to bassist George Bunnell, this most unusual name came about when the band was sitting around trying to think of a new name. They wanted to include the word Strawberry, which was inspired by the Beatle's tune, "Strawberry Fields Forever". The band was rehearsing in the guest house that belonged to the parents of keyboard player Mark Weitz. When everything was real quiet, after they thought of a bunch of names and they were all thrown out, everybody was kind of silently thinking. "The only thing you could hear was that alarm clock making some kind of whacky noise 'cause it was semi-broken. And they all looked at it at the same time really, and that's where it came about." STYX - ClassicBands.com Starting out in 1961 as The Tradewinds, the band finally outgrew that name and chose Styx after the mythical river that people cross over to go into Hell. SUPERTRAMP - ClassicBands.com Named after a book called Autobiography Of A Supertramp, written by R.E. Davies in 1910. 10cc - ClassicBands.com For years a story has circulated that the band chose the name because the average man ejaculates 9cc of sperm, making 10cc even better. But it was actually the group's manager, Jonathan King, who came up with the unusual name after he dreamed that a band he managed called 10cc had the number one album and single simultaneously in America. In reality, the average man ejaculates 3cc of sperm. TAVARES - ClassicBands.com Originally named Chubby And The Turnpikes, the group started using the last name of the band members, Ralph, Arthur, Antone, Feliciano and Perry Tavares as The Tavares Brothers before shorting the name. THE TEDDY BEARS - ClassicBands.com Bass vocalist Harvey Goldstein suggested the name because Elvis Presley's "Teddy Bear" was a big hit at the time the L.A. teens were forming. Unfortunately for him, Goldstein was away with the US Army reserve when the band recorded their only hit, "To Know Him Is To Love Him" and was later eased out of the group. He wisely contacted an attorney, claiming a 25% ownership of the name and was granted royalties for "To Know Him..." for the next ten years. TEEGARDEN AND VAN WINKLE - ClassicBands.com While trying to figure out the best way to market a duo consisting of organist Skip Knape and drummer David Teegarden, their manager, Jim Casley, started calling Knape "Skip Van Winkle", a play on words referring to literary character Rip Van Winkle. The name stuck and in 1970 the pair reached #22 in America with "God, Love And Rock And Roll". THREE DOG NIGHT - ClassicBands.com While trying to think of a name that would show that the band had three lead singers, they nearly settled on Tricycle until singer Danny Hutton's girlfriend came up with a suggestion. She had read a magazine article about the Australian aborigines, who on cold nights, would sleep beside their dogs for warmth. The very coldest weather was called a "three dog night". THEM - ClassicBands.com Formed by Van Morrison, the group had the original hit version of "Gloria", later covered by The Shadows Of Knight. The band took their name from a 1954 horror film, Them. THIN LIZZY - ClassicBands.com There are at least three versions of the origin of the name Thin Lizzy. Since no interviews with members of the band confirm any of them, they will remain as speculation. The most obvious yet least likely is that the band's name was taken from the nickname of a Ford Model T. (Tin Lizzy) Another story comes from Jim Fitzpatrick, who as a producer of artwork for the band and a friend of Phil Lynott, suggests that Lynott was inspired to name the band after a girl he met, whose name was Liz Igoe, and that he added the Tin because it "scanned better". The most popular story describes how the band's original lead guitarist, Eric Bell, who was a fan of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, bought a copy of a Dandy comic after seeing Eric Clapton depicted reading a copy of its sister publication The Beano on the cover of the 1966 album "Bluesbreakers with Eric Clapton". Bell suggested Tin Lizzie, the name of a robot character from the comic, which evolved into Thin Lizzy, a sly nod to the Dublin accent in which "thin" is pronounced "tin". TOMMY TUTONE - ClassicBands.com The band who gave us "867-5309 / Jenny" took its name from the nickname of lead singer, Tommy Heath. They were originally known as Tommy And The Two-Tones. TRAFFIC - ClassicBands.com Drummer Jim Capaldi is said to have thought up the name after watching cars go by. THE TRAMMPS - ClassicBands.com Growing up in Philadelphia, this group, who would go on to have a #11 hit in 1978 with "Disco Inferno", would sing on street corners and passers by would say "All you guys will ever be is tramps." It turns out, those people were right. THE TRASHMEN - ClassicBands.com The Trashmen's Tony Andreason told interviewer Gary James: "We were rehearsing one afternoon 'cause we were in a play at a school over in Brooklyn Center. It was a dance and we didn't have a name for the band. There was an artist here in town, his name was Tony Kyray, and he recorded a song called "The Trashmen's Blues". We were listening to it and (drummer) Steve (Wahrer) said 'That's what we should call ourselves - The Trashmen.' We were laughing, you know? He showed up Saturday night at the school with The Trashmen painted on his drum head. That's how it started. Obviously it stuck." THE TREMELOES - ClassicBands.com Drummer Dave Munden of The Tremeloes explains: "We got our name actually from; you plugged into one of the amplifiers and it gave you the vibrato sound on the guitars. It was what we called a tremelo unit. And that's where we got the name of the band from." THE TROGGS - ClassicBands.com According to the band's lead singer, Reg Presley, they wanted an "earthy name" like The Stones. Troggs is an abbreviation of the word troglodyte, a mythical cave dweller. THE TURTLES - ClassicBands.com In 1965, a Los Angeles group called The Crossfires changed their name to The Tyrtles as an unveiled homage to The Byrds, but soon amended the spelling. U2 - ClassicBands.com Although the U2 is a type of spy plane that was used by the United States, Bono explained that U2 grew out of thoughts of interactivity with the audience.... as in 'you too.' UB40 - ClassicBands.com The band got their name from the British Unemployment Benefit Form UB40 that you fill out to go "on the dole." URIAH HEEP - ClassicBands.com After using several names during their developing years, manager Gerry Bron suggested Uriah Heep, based on the 'horrible little character from Charles Dickens' novel, David Copperfield. VELVET UNDERGROUND - ClassicBands.com The Velvet Underground was a paperback by Michael Leigh about the secret sexual subculture of the early 1960s that band member John Cale's friend Tony Conrad showed the group. Drummer Angus MacLise made a suggestion to adopt the title as the band's name, which they did in November, 1965. VILLAGE PEOPLE - ClassicBands.com As all of the group members had been recruited from Greenwich Village, their manager, Jacques Morali, decided to call them Village People. He also noted that they are never to be referred to as The Village People. THE VOGUES - ClassicBands.com After a small town Pennsylvania group called The Val-Airs recorded some demo tracks for the tiny Co & Ce label, they returned to lay down a Petula Clark album tune called "You're The One". To their surprise, one day they heard the song on the radio, credited to The Vogues. It seems the record company had released the single without telling them and their manager changed their name, taking the moniker from a supper club he used to own, The Vogue Terrace. DIONNE WARWICK - ClassicBands.com Born Marie Dionne Warrick, her last name was mis-spelled as Warwick by Scepter Records on her debut single "Don't Make Me Over", after which she began using the new spelling both professionally and personally. WHAM! - ClassicBands.com After meeting in a band called Executive, George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley said they named their duo Wham! because wanted to make a loud impact in the music business. THE WHO - ClassicBands.com While taking suggestions for a new name, someone noticed that the band members were already so hard of hearing that they kept saying, "The who?" WILD CHERRY - ClassicBands.com This Ohio band, who scored a Billboard #1 hit in 1976 with "Play That Funky Music", took their name from a box of cough drops used by vocalist / guitarist Rob Parissi while he was recuperating from a brief hospital stay. Rob told Gary James in 2012, "Somebody said 'What are we going to call ourselves?' I had been so frustrated at that point in getting it together that I took a box of cough drops and said I don't even care if we call ourselves Wild Cherry." The rest of the band loved it and Parissi said "We'll call it that for this gig, but we'll change it after that 'cause we're not gonna have that name." It turned out that the crowd they were playing for loved it. Parissi later recalled "I was always trying to change it. I never thought it was good." WINGS - ClassicBands.com Paul McCartney thought of the name while waiting in a hospital wing for Linda to give birth to one of their children. THE YARDBIRDS - ClassicBands.com From a list of names proposed by vocalist Keith Relf, the band chose the one that was slang for rail yard hobos. In a 2010 interview with Classicbands.com, Yardbirds' guitarist Chris Dreja said: "We thought that was not only a very original sort of sounding name for a sort of Beat group as you like, but it kind of matched what we were doing. I'm glad we chose it." YES - ClassicBands.com While the group members searched for an appropriate name, guitarist Peter Banks suggested they called the group Yes, a very short and positive word. The others agreed that the name was not meant to be permanent, but just a temporary solution. THE YOUNGBLOODS - ClassicBands.com Jesse Colin Young got his start as a solo act on the Folk circuits of Boston and New York, and had already cut a couple of unsuccessful albums before deciding to form a band with guitarist Jerry Corbitt. As they evolved into a quartet, they took the name Youngbloods from Young's second solo album. THE YOUNG RASCALS - ClassicBands.com The group's name was inspired by the 1920's Our Gang films, known later on television as The Little Rascals. THE ZOMBIES - ClassicBands.com As a high school band they were briefly called The Mustangs and The Sundowners before bassist Paul Arnold suggested name The Zombies in an effort to have a different name than any other group. ZZ TOP - ClassicBands.com According to guitarist Billy Gibbons, their odd name came from one or more of the following: two brands of cigarette rolling paper, Zig-Zag and Top, - a tribute to blues legend Z.Z. Hill - or Gibbons seeing the two words running together on a dilapidated billboard. ClassicBands.com    

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Which actress was voted Miss Burbank 1948?

Debbie Reynolds - Biography - IMDb Debbie Reynolds Biography Showing all 64 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (41) | Personal Quotes  (10) | Salary  (1) Overview (5) 5' 2" (1.57 m) Mini Bio (1) Debbie Reynolds was born Mary Frances Reynolds in El Paso, Texas, the second child of Maxine N. (Harmon) and Raymond Francis Reynolds, a carpenter for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Her film career began at MGM after she won a beauty contest at age 16 impersonating Betty Hutton . Reynolds wasn't a dancer until she was selected to be Gene Kelly 's partner in Singin' in the Rain (1952). Not yet twenty, she was a quick study. Twelve years later, it seemed like she had been around forever. Most of her early film work was in MGM musicals, as perky, wholesome young women. She continues to use her dancing skills with stage work. She was 31 when she gave an Academy Award-nominated performance in The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964). She survived losing first husband Eddie Fisher to Elizabeth Taylor following the tragic death of Michael Todd . Her second husband, shoe magnate Harry Karl , gambled away his fortune as well as hers. With her children as well as Karl's, she had to keep working and turned to the stage. She had her own casino in Las Vegas with a home for her collection of Hollywood memorabilia until its closure in 1997. She took the time to personally write a long letter that is on display in the Judy Garland museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota and to provide that museum with replicas of Garland's costumes. The originals are in her newly-opened museum in Hollywood. Nearly all the money she makes is spent toward her goal of creating a Hollywood museum. Her collection numbers more than 3000 costumes and 46,000 square-feet worth of props and equipment. With musician/actor Eddie Fisher , she was the mother of filmmaker Todd Fisher and actress Carrie Fisher . Debbie died of a stroke on December 28, 2016, one day after the death of her daughter Carrie. She was survived by her son and granddaughter, up-and-coming actress Billie Lourd . Mother of Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher . She appeared as Dan's mother, fresh out of the mental ward, during an episode of the sitcom Roseanne (1988). When she later appeared on Roseanne Barr 's talk show, she revealed that during the filming of that episode, while she and Roseanne were wrestling in the back yard, Roseanne, quite unknowingly, accidentally broke one of her ribs. In 1984, with friends like Shelley Winters and Terry Moore , she made a rather restrained exercise video for "women of a certain age". Won the 1948 Miss Burbank contest and was offered a screen test by Warner Bros. the day after her win. She initially entered the contest because everyone who entered received a silk scarf, blouse and free lunch. Ex-mother-in-law of Paul Simon . She made her first appearance at the Hollywood Collectors & Celebrities Show on April 6th and 7th, 2002, at Beverly Garland 's Holiday Inn in North Hollywood, California. In 1975 she sold the Beverly Hills mansion she had lived in with Harry Karl . The house was reputed to be worth over $1,000,000. The buyer was Jim Randall , an industrialist who made aircraft rivets. When he married Marisa Berenson , the wedding was held in the redecorated home and his best man was his friend George Hamilton . Considers herself a "movie-oholic" and has an extensive collection of memorabilia, with over 4,000 costumes from the silent screen period to the 1970s. She has been known to gather posters from her collection of 3,000 and drive to homes of actor pals for autographs. In the 1990s she turned her collection into a Las Vegas movie museum, but had to shut it down in 1997 because of financial problems. Recently she has looked into the possibility of opening up a hall of fame museum in Hollywood near Grauman's Chinese Theatre. At one particularly low point in her career, she confessed to literally living in her car, a Cadillac. Opened the Hollywood Motion Picture Collection near the Kodak Theatre. The collection, which was collected and preserved primarily by Reynolds herself, features over 3,000 costumes including Carmen Miranda 's turbans, a pair of Judy Garland 's ruby slippers from The Wizard of Oz (1939), John Wayne 's guns and Marilyn Monroe 's windswept dress from The Seven Year Itch (1955). [April 2002] Made her Broadway debut in 1973 in the revival of "Irene". Although the reviews for the show itself were mixed, hers were all raves and she wound up with a Tony Award nomination the following year for Best Actress in a Musical. The production ultimately ran some 20 months. In 1976, she appeared in a one-woman, short-run (10 days - 14 performances) review named "Debbie!" at the Minskoff Theatre. Her only other Broadway appearance to date came when she succeeded Lauren Bacall in "Woman of the Year" in 1983. In one of her guest appearances on Will & Grace (1998), she enters a room humming a bit of "Good Morning", which was a song she sang in her most famous musical, Singin' in the Rain (1952). Was a member of the International Order of Job's Daughters. Is a past honored Queen of Bethel No. 97, Burbank, California. Had planned to go into the education field (teaching physical education) before she won the Miss Burbank contest. She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6654 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 13, 1997. Is a Majority Member in California. In 1969 she followed Doris Day and some of her contemporaries in launching a sitcom bearing her name. When the debut episode included an advertisement for cigarettes, a direct violation of one of her contractual stipulations, she made such a fuss about it that NBC ended up canceling the series. Is portrayed by Judith Jones in Liz: The Elizabeth Taylor Story (1995). President of The Thalians, an organization for the treatment of mental health at Cedars Sinai in Los Angeles. Ruta Lee is the chairman. Both have been actively involved in building this celebrity run organization for over 30 years. Her first appearance on Will & Grace (1998) was in the episode entitled "The Unsinkable Mommy Adler", a play on the title of the movie The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964). She played both title roles. Although she wanted to be in show business, the Reynolds' family church, the Nazarene, forbade acting. However, Reynolds' father saw her talent and gave his support, seeing it as a means of paying her college costs. Her mother then gave her support knowing that there would be no "evil" going on in her movies. She mother knew her daughter had talent, but didn't understand why it was happening to her own daughter. Close friends with Hugh O'Brian . Serenaded O'Brien and his bride, Virginia, at their wedding on June 25, 2006. Her father entered her in a beauty pageant once when she was very young. She wore a bathing suit that her mother had mended that morning and a pair of her sister's high heels. In 1964 she went into the hospital business, purchasing Oceanside Hospital in Oceanside, CA, for $1,000,000 with plans to turn it into a profitable business venture. She dedicated the Holland-America Line cruise ship the MS Veendam. [January 1996] Campaigned for the role of Doris Mann in Postcards from the Edge (1990), but Shirley MacLaine was cast instead. One of the few actresses to have danced with both Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly on screen. Other actresses who have done this include: Judy Garland , Cyd Charisse , Vera-Ellen , Rita Hayworth and Leslie Caron . Played the French horn in high school and was a member of the Burbank Youth Symphony. Secondary school studies in Burbank. Friends with Jane Powell ; they share the same birthday. Was a Girl Scout. In the process of relocating her museum to Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. A new Hollywood Motion Picture Museum is being constructed there by Debbie and her children Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher . It opened in April 2005. [July 2004] She reconciled with old nemesis Elizabeth Taylor to work on the made-for-TV movie These Old Broads (2001), written by Debbie's daughter, Carrie Fisher , with Taylor, Shirley MacLaine and Joan Collins . Debbie and Taylor were friends until the late 1950s when Debbie's then-husband, Eddie Fisher , began having an affair with Liz, then left Debbie and married Taylor. When they began working on "These Old Broads" together, Taylor told Debbie, "I owe you a lot". Debbie said, "I just got a lump in my throat when she said that". She had English, some Scottish, Scots-Irish (Northern Irish), and German, and distant French, ancestry. Her singing of "I Want To Be Loved By You", in the film Three Little Words (1950), was dubbed by Helen Kane . Mother-in-law of Catherine Hickland . She died only one day after the death of her daughter Carrie Fisher . Became pregnant by her 2nd husband Harry Karl in 1961 and 1963; on both occasions she suffered stillbirths. Personal Quotes (10) Singin' in the Rain (1952) and childbirth were the two hardest things I ever had to do in my life. I stopped making movies because I don't like taking my clothes off. Maybe it's realism but, in my opinion, it's utter filth. [asked what her favorite film is] I think one of my favorite films is Dark Victory (1939) with Bette Davis . Why? She was so wonderful in that film. And . . . maybe I just want a good cry once in a while without having to go through a divorce. Daddy had got us rooms in a motel until he could find us a house. There were not a lot of places available for a young family on our budget. Daddy went around to dozens of places. Nobody wanted kids. Finally, he found one in the hills south of Glendale. As usual, the landlady asked if he had kids. "Yep,' he replied. "A boy and a girl". "Well, whatta you going to do about them?" she wanted to know, implying that she didn't allow children. "I'm gonna take 'em out and drown them in the Los Angeles River, and come back tomorrow". That was my father--ask a silly question and just wait. She must have had the same sense of humor--we moved in the next day. I do 20 minutes every time the refrigerator door opens and the light comes on. [on the death of Tony Curtis ] Nobody had a better time than Tony. He loved the ladies. He loved art. He loved this business more than anything. He was a great looking guy, handsome. We were all very close friends when we were young, a long, long time ago. But he had a wonderful life. He had a full life. He was a great, marvellous actor. I only had radio growing up, so I loved going to the movies. I always had a thing for a fairy-tale ending. [on Carrie Fisher ] People used to call her "Debbie Reynolds' daughter," now they call me "Princess Leia's mother!" [on the announcement that daughter Carrie Fisher is in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)] She's very excited about it . . . she's been on a diet ever since, because you know they have to be up to par, so she looks terrific, she's lost 40 pounds. Upon the death of her daughter Carrie Fisher one day earlier while planning her funeral at her son's Todd house Debbie Reynolds said to her son, "I miss her so much, I want to be with Carrie." Salary (1)

Debbie Reynolds

Which state did Amelia Earhart land in on her first solo Pacific flight?

Debbie Reynolds | New Music And Songs | Debbie Reynolds About Debbie Reynolds At the peak of her career, actress Debbie Reynolds was America's sweetheart, the archetypal girl next door; best remembered for her work in Hollywood musicals, she appeared in the genre's defining moment, Singin' in the Rain, as well as many other notable successes. Born Mary Frances Reynolds on April 1, 1932 in El Paso, Texas, she entered the film industry by winning the Miss Burbank beauty contest in 1948, resulting in a contract with Warner Bros. However, the studio cast her in small roles in only two films -- 1948's The June Bride and 1950's The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady -- and she soon exited for the greener pastures of MGM, where she first appeared in Three Little Words. A more significant turn in 1950's Two Weeks with Love garnered Reynolds strong notices, and soon she was touted as the new Judy Garland, with a role in 1951's Mr. Imperium also on the horizon. Still, star Gene Kelly initially opposed her casting in his 1952 musical Singin' in the Rain; Reynolds acquitted herself more than admirably alongside the likes of Donald O'Connor and Jean Hagen, however, and the film remains one of the greatest Hollywood musicals ever produced. A series of less distinguished musicals followed, among them 1953's I Love Melvin, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis, and Give a Girl a Break; on loan to RKO, she scored a major success in 1954's Susan Slept Here, and upon returning to MGM was awarded with a new and improved seven-year contract. However, the studio continued to insert Reynolds into lackluster projects like the health-fad satire Athena and the musical Hit the Deck; finally, in 1955 she appeared opposite Frank Sinatra in the hit The Tender Trap, followed by a well-regarded turn as a blushing bride in The Catered Affair a year later. Additionally, Reynolds teamed with real-life husband Eddie Fisher in the musical Bundle of Joy; the couple's children also went on to showbiz success -- daughter Carrie became a popular actress, novelist, and screenwriter, while son Todd became a director. In 1957 Reynolds starred in Tammy and the Bachelor, the first in a series of popular teen films that also included 1961's Tammy Tell Me True, 1963's Tammy and the Doctor, and 1967's Tammy and the Millionaire; her other well-received films of the period included 1959's It Started with a Kiss, 1961's The Pleasure of His Company, and 1964's The Unsinkable Molly Brown, for which she earned an Academy Award nomination. In 1959, Reynolds' marriage to Eddie Fisher ended in divorce when he left her for Elizabeth Taylor; the effect was an outpouring of public sympathy that only further increased her growing popularity, and it was rumored that by the early '60s she was earning millions per picture. By the middle of the decade, however, Reynolds' star was waning. While described by the actress herself as her favorite film, 1966's The Singing Nun was not the hit MGM anticipated; its failure finally convinced the studio to offer her characters closer to her own age, but neither 1967's Divorce American Style nor the next year's How Sweet It Is performed well, and Reynolds disappeared from the screen to mount her own television series, the short-lived Debbie Reynolds Show. In 1971, she appeared against type in the campy horror picture What's the Matter with Helen?, but when it too failed she essentially retired from movie-making, accepting voice-over work as the title character in the animated children's film Charlotte's Web but otherwise remaining away from Hollywood for over a decade. Reynolds then hit the nightclub circuit, additionally appearing on Broadway in 1973's Irene. In 1977, she also starred in a Los Angeles Civic Light Opera production of Annie Get Your Gun. By the 1980s, Reynolds had become a fixture in Las Vegas, where she ultimately opened her own hotel and casino, regularly performing live in the venue's nightclub and even opening her own museum of Hollywood memorabilia. In 1987, she reappeared in front of the camera for the first time in years in the TV movie Sadie and Son, followed in 1989 by Perry Mason: The Case of the Musical Murder. In 1992 Reynolds appeared briefly as herself in the hit film The Bodyguard, and a small role in Oliver Stone's 1993 Vietnam tale Heaven and Earth marked her second tentative step toward returning to Hollywood on a regular basis; finally, in 1996 she accepted the title role in the acclaimed Albert Brooks comedy Mother, delivering what many critics declared the best performance of her career. The comedies Wedding Bell Blues and In and Out followed, and Reynolds remained active into the new millennium, appearing in her own West End show Debbie Reynolds: Alive and Fabulous in 2010 and in the HBO Liberace biopic Behind the Candelabra in 2013. She passed away on December 28, 2016, one day after the death of daughter Carrie Fisher, who had suffered a heart attack on a flight from London to Los Angeles. Debbie Reynolds was 84 years old. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi Hear more of

i don't know

What is Billy Ocean's real name?

Billy Ocean - Biography - IMDb Billy Ocean Jump to: Overview  (2) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) Overview (2) Leslie Sebastian Charles Mini Bio (1) Billy Ocean was born on January 21, 1950 in Trinidad, British West Indies as Leslie Sebastian Charles. He has been married to Judy Bayne since October 1982. They have three children. Spouse (1)

Billy Ocean

How was writer William Sydney Porter better known?

He’s Related To Billy Ocean? - Who Is Frank Ocean? | Complex Tweet He’s Related To Billy Ocean? Frank Ocean: "Billy Ocean is my uncle. I'm just fucking with you. The name Frank Ocean was born [Ed.—His government name is Christopher "Lonny" Breaux]. Allow me to tell that story another time, but I will say this: I changed my name on my birthday last year. It was the most empowering shit I did in 2010, for sure. I went on LegalZoom and changed my fucking name. It just felt cool. None of us are our names. If you don’t like your name then change your name. I’m only a few steps into the process, so I probably shouldn’t even be talking about this, but by the beginning of summer I’ll be straight. I’ll be boarding planes as Christopher Francis Ocean." WatchNow

i don't know

What was The Zaire River called before 27th October 1971.

A brief history of the Congo later to be known as Zaire 1600's to 1700's The British, Dutch, Portuguese and French merchants exploited the slave trade. 1870s The Belgian King Leopold II set up a private venture to colonise the Congo.   1874-77 The British explorer Henry Stanley navigated the Congo river to the Atlantic Ocean. 1879-87 King Leopold II commissioned Henry Stanley to establish the King's authority in the Congo basin. 1884-85  European countries at a Conference in Berlin recognised King Leopold's claim to the Congo basin.   1885 King Leopold II announced the establishment of the ‘Congo Free State’, to be headed by himself. 1891-92 Belgian troops conquered the state of Katanga.   1892-94 The Eastern Congo is taken from the control of East African Arabs and Swahili-speaking traders.   1908  The Belgian state annexed the Congo amid protests over killings and atrocities carried out on a mass scale by Leopold's agents. Millions of Congolese were said to have been killed or worked to death during Leopold's control of the territory.   1955 Belgian Professor Antoin van Bilsen published a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government.   1959 Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville by now renamed  Kinshasa. 15th March 1960 Martial Law is proclaimed. 30th June 1960 The Republic of Congo gained its independence from Belgium. Patrice Lumumba became the countries first prime minister while Joseph Kasavubu was made  president. 11th July 1960 The copper rich state of Katanga secedes from the rest of the country. 15th July1960 The Congolese army mutinies and Moise Tshombe declared Katanga to be independent. Belgian troops were sent in to protect Belgian citizens and mining interests. The United Nations Security Council voted to send troops to help establish law and order in the country, however the troops were not allowed to intervene in internal affairs (they left in 1964).   14th September 1960 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu, the army's 29-year-old chief of staff, lead a coup to break up a power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and Premier Patrice Lumumba, and arrested Lumumba after President Kasavubu had dismissed him as prime minister. November 1960 Congolese and United Nations troops clashed.   January 1961 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu returned power of the country to Joseph Kasavubu. 17th January 1961 Patrice Lumumba was handed over to the Katanga rebels and murdered. Fierce fighting broke out between the United Nations troops and pro Lumumba supporters. Evidence later emerged connecting Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu  and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to Lumumba's murder. However, Belgium also played a part in Lumumba’s death. 22nd January 1961 Belgian paratroops flew into Stanleyville to rescue European settlers. February 1961 A federation was formed of all the sovereign states, replacing the existing republic. August 1961 Cyrille Adoula was appointed prime minister of the country. August 1961 United Nation troops began disarming Katangese soldiers. September 1961 United Nations troops for the second time tried to crush the Katangan rebels. 18th September 1961 Dag Hammarskjold Secretary General of the United Nations, died in an air crash as he flew out of the country. 31st October 1961 A third attempt was mounted by United Nation troops to once again try and crush the Katangan rebels. 29th December 1962 United Nation troops occupied the Katangan capital city Elizabethville. 1st January 1963 President Tshombe appealed to the United Nations to declare a cease fire. 8th January 1963 President Tshombe was placed under house arrest by the United Nations. 15th January1963 Moise Tshombe bowed to United Nations pressure and agreed to end Katanga's secession. 1964  President Joseph Kasavubu appointed Moise Tshombe as prime minister. Early 1964 A minor Communist inspired revolt took place in the Kwilu Provence. Within five months this minor revolt would become a major uprising that would involve half of Congo's 14 million people. This would also lead to the recruiting of western mercenaries to fight in the Congo under the command of South African Mike Hoare. July 1964 Mike Hoare was approached by Gerry Puren to see if he would recruit a mercenary force to help his friend Moise Tshombe keep in power. At a meeting Tshombe out lined a plan to Mike Hoare whereby a group of white mercenaries would be able to help the National Army put down the rebellion which was in danger of over whelming the whole country. It had already been agreed with the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul Henri Spaak after some consultation with Averell Harriman of the US State Department that Belgium would increase its aid to the Congo by a further two hundred technical advisers, making four hundred in all, and that the United States would increase its shipments of trucks, aeroplanes and radio equipment to help the National Army. These two powers, he added were not averse to the Congo's employment of mercenary troops, in the circumstances, providing they were neither Belgian nor American. 13th August 1964 Major Mike Hoare met with prime minister Moise Tshombe and general Mobutu in Tshombe's residential accommodation in Kalina, where he agreed the conditions for recruiting a force of white mercenaries. Hoare sent his deputy commander, commandant Alastair Wicks, to Salisbury and Johannesburg to set up recruitment offices. 21st August 1964 Major Mike Hoare received the first 30 mercenaries from South Africa at Kamina military base in northern Katanga. 24th August 1964 In charge of 22 mercenaries Mike Hoare sailed from Moba against Albertville. Hoare was scheduled to attack the airport, and to keep it up until reinforcements are flown in and the Congo Army (ANC) attacking the city from the west and south join up with him. 29th August1964 During the night Mike Hoare and a group of his men went ashore near Albertville. Upon reaching a hut from which they heard shouting and singing coming from. The mercenaries made their arrival known with a Swahili greeting, to be greeted by several shots coming from within the cabin, and a large number of insurgents rushing out towards them. Mercenaries Nestler and Bernard Koehlert were killed during an exchange of fire and Eric Bridge and Regazzi were seriously injured. The fighting was heavy and Hoare had no other option but to pull his men back to the boats and try to get back to Moba. 3rd September 1964 Back at the Kamina base Mike Hoare began training and development of the 5th Cdo. 31st October 1964 Mike Hoare and 110 mercenaries of the 5th Cdo were flown from Kamina to Kongolo, where they were led by the Belgian Lieutenant Colonel Liegeois as part of a column to advance upon Stanleyville from the north and liberate the city, which was occupied by insurgents. 5th November 1964 After fierce fighting the 5th Cdo conquered Kindu, and 119 white hostages are freed. 7th November 1964 Mike Hoare and his 5th Cdo freed 97 white hostages from the town of Kalima. 24th November 1964 Mike Hoare and his 5th Cdo reached Stanleyville after having been subjected to numerous ambushes along the way. The city and a group of white hostages were previously liberated by Belgian parachute troops. 10th December 1964 Mike Hoare and his 5th Cdo freed 50 priests and nuns in Yangambi. 16th January 1965 General Mobutu appointed major Mike Hoare to lieutenant colonel. Deputy Commander, commandant Alastair Wicks, appointed simultaneously to major. February-April 1965 Mike Hoare cleared the northeast corner of the Congo towards the border with Uganda and Sudan of rebels. The cities of Ngote, Nyoka, Mahagi, Golu, Esebi, Aru, Wave, Adi, Aba, Faradje, Watsa, Dungu and Niangara were also liberated. 1st June1965 Mike Hoare and his 5th Cdo conquered Buta in a joint action with mercenaries from 1. Choc, led by commandant Bob Denard. 28th September 1965 From Lake Tanganyika Mike Hoare and 160 mercenaries land on the beach at Baraka which is occupied by insurgents. 29th September 1965 After a fierce battle Mike Hoare and his 5th Cdo take control of Baraka, but several of his men are killed and wounded. 25th November 1965 President Joseph Kasavubu and Moise Tshombe were ousted from power in a 2nd coup led by Joseph Mobutu amid a political crisis. Naming himself as  president for five years and canceled elections scheduled for 1966. 12th December 1965 Mike Hoare leaves the Congo after having been in a farewell audience with President Mobutu and had transfer command of 5th Cdo over to major John Peters. 26th October 1966 Joseph Mobutu dismissed the premier Leonard Mulamba, and adopted a presidential form of government, electing  himself as president. 21st May 1970 Joseph Mobutu established his Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) as the sole political party. All citizens were obliged to join the party. 1st November 1970 Joseph Mobutu was elected president in a one-candidate poll. Throughout the 1970s all political dissent was crushed. 27th October 1971 Under an Africanisation policy, Joseph Mobutu changed the country's name to the Republic of Zaire, while the state of Katanga became known as Shaba and the river Congo became known as the Zaire. 12th January 1972  Joseph Mobutu changed his name to Mobutu Sese Seko. All Zairians were also forced to  Africanize their own names and adopt full African dress. Quote The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; formerly called Zaire under President Mobutu Sese Seko) is the widest interstate war in modern African history. The DRC became an environment in which numerous foreign players were involved, some within the immediate sub-region, and some from much further afield. That only served to complicate the situation and to make peaceful resolution of the conflict that much more complex. The war, centered mainly in eastern Congo, had involved 9 African nations and directly affected the lives of 50 million Congolese. Unquote ...... Source During 1973-74 Mobutu Sese Seko nationalised many foreign owned firms and forced European investors out of the country. 1973 Under a "Zairianisation" policy, the government seized 2,000 foreign-owned businesses. Most of the nationalised companies were distributed among Mobutu and his associates. Many failed because of the new owners' inexperience. As the Zairian economy crumbled Mobutu and his circle grew rich by skimming the profits generated by the country's mineral wealth. 1977 President Joseph  Mobutu tried to invite foreign investors back to Zaire, but he was not successful. 8th March 1977 Former Katangan secessionists invaded Shaba from Angola, where they had been living in exile. Joseph Mobutu suppressed the rebellion with the help of troops from Morocco and military assistance from his Western allies, including the U.S. and France. 1978 French and Belgian troops helped put down a second Shaba invasion 1989 Zaire defaulted on its loans from Belgium, resulting in a cancellation of development programs and increased deterioration of the countries economy.   1990 President Joseph  Mobutu agreed to end the ban on multiparty politics and appointed a transitional government, while retaining substantial powers.   1991  Following riots in Kinshasa by unpaid soldiers, President Joseph  Mobutu agreed to a coalition government with opposition leaders, but retained control of the security apparatus and important ministries. October 1990 U.S. Congress cut direct military and economic aid because of alleged corruption and human rights abuse by Mobutu's regime. The U.S. had supplied hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to Mobutu since 1965. 1996-97 Tutsi rebels captured most of eastern Zaire while President Joseph Mobutu was abroad for medical treatment. May 1997 Tutsi and other anti-Mobutu rebels, aided principally by Rwanda, capture the capital, Kinshasa. Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Laurent-Desire Kabila was installed as president.   August 1998 Rebels backed by Rwanda and Uganda rose up against Laurent-Desire Kabila and advanced on Kinshasa. Zimbabwe and Namibia sent troops to repel them. Angolan troops sided with Kabila. The rebels took control of most of the eastern side of Democratic Republic of Congo.   1999  Rifts emerged between Congolese Liberation Movement (MLC) rebels supported by Uganda and Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) the rebels were backed by Rwanda. July 1999 The six African countries involved in the war signed a cease fire accord in Lusaka. The following month the MLC and RCD rebel groups sign the accord.   2000  United Nations Security Council authorised the use of a 5,500-strong United Nations force to monitor the cease fire. However, fighting continued between the rebels and government forces, and the Rwandan and Ugandan forces.   January 2001 President Laurent Kabila was shot dead by a bodyguard. Joseph Kabila succeeded his father as President.   February 2001 Joseph Kabila met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame in Washington. Rwanda, Uganda and the rebels agreed to a United Nations withdrawal  plan of his country. Almost immediately Uganda, and Rwanda began pulling its troops back from the frontline.   May 2001 The US refugee agency released a report says the war had killed almost 2.5 million people, directly or indirectly, since August 1998. Later, a United Nations panel said the waring parties were deliberately prolonging the conflict in order to plunder gold, diamonds, timber and coltan, used in the making of mobile phones.   April 2002 At Peace talks in South Africa, Kinshasa signs a power-sharing deal with Ugandan backed rebels, under which the MLC leader would be premier. While Rwandan backed RCD rebels rejected the deal.   July 2002 The Presidents of Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda signed a peace deal under which Rwanda would withdraw its troops from the east of the country and the Democratic Republic of Congo would dissarm and arrest Rwandan Hutu gunmen blamed for the killing of the Tutsi minority people in Rwanda's 1994 genocide attack. September 2002 The Presidents of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda signed a peace accord under which Ugandan troops would leave Democratic Republic of Congo.   September/October 2002 Uganda and Rwanda both reported they had withdrawn most of their forces from the eastern side of the country. The United Nations sponsored power sharing talks that began in South Africa.   December 2002 A Peace deal was signed in South Africa between the Kinshasa government and the main rebel groups. Under the deal the rebels and opposition members were to be given portfolios in an interim government.  

Congo

What was the profession of Thomas Eakins?

Republic of Zaire | Article about Republic of Zaire by The Free Dictionary Republic of Zaire | Article about Republic of Zaire by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Republic+of+Zaire country, Africa: see Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the, formerly Zaïre , republic (2005 est. pop. 60,086,000), c.905,000 sq mi (2,344,000 sq km), central Africa. It borders on Angola in the southwest and west, on the Atlantic Ocean, Cabinda (an Angolan exclave), and the Republic of ..... Click the link for more information. . Zaïre, river, Africa: see Congo Congo or Zaïre , great river of equatorial Africa, c.2,720 mi (4,380 km) long, formed by the waters of the Lualaba River and its tributary, the Luvua River, and flowing generally N and W through Congo (Kinshasa) to the Atlantic Ocean. ..... Click the link for more information. , river. Zaïre   Republic of Zaïre (République du Zaïre). Prior to 1971, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zaïre is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by the People’s Republic of the Congo on the west; the Central African Republic on the northwest and north; the Sudan on the northeast; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania on the east; Zambia on the southeast and south; and Angola on the southwest. It has an outlet in the west to the Atlantic Ocean through a narrow strip along the right bank of the estuary of the Zaïre (Congo) River (the coastline measures 40 km). Zaïre occupies an area of 2,345,400 sq km and has a population of 22.5 million (1971, estimate according to data of the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, New York, March 1972). The capital is Kinshasa. Administratively the country is divided into nine provinces (see Table 1). The city of Kinshasa with its suburbs is a separate administrative unit equal to a province. Table 1. Administrative Divisions 2,365,000 Mbandaka Zaïre is a republic. The constitution of June 24, 1967 (with the amendments of 1970–74), is in effect. The highest organ of the republic is the Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR). The constitution declares this party’s ideology— Mobutism—the official ideology of the state apparatus. The chairman of the MPR is the president, who is the head of the state and of government and also the chairman of parliament. He is elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term and may be reelected twice. The president appoints and dismisses the members of the government and all high-ranking military and civil officials. He is the supreme commander of the armed forces and the police, has the right to issue decrees that have the force of law and to declare states of emergency and of siege, and exercises the right of pardon. The highest legislative body is the unicameral National Legislative Council (Conseil Législatif National). It consists of 210 commisscdres du peuple elected by direct universal suffrage for five-year terms. All citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote; only active members of the MPR can stand for election. The members of the National Legislative Council are elected from lists of candidates proposed in election districts by the MPR’s Political Bureau. The government, the National Executive Council, an executive organ of the party, is responsible only to the president and resigns on the expiration of the president’s term of office. It consists of state commissaires and their assistants. The provinces are headed by commissaires and the cities and urban communities by mayors appointed by the commissaires. The mayors of the major cities are appointed by the president; the members of the city and communal councils are appointed by the commissaires from among the civil servants and party workers. In the villages (localités) authority is held by the traditional tribal chiefs. The judicial system comprises the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, district courts, police courts, and magistrates’ courts. A special judicial organ is the Constitutional Court of nine advisers appointed by the president. I . A. I UDIN Zaïre lies in the Central Basin (or Congo depression) and its regional rises in the equatorial and subequatorial belts of the northern and southern hemispheres. Terrain. The central and western parts of the country are situated in the lowest part of the Central Basin (300–350 m), which is a fiat, mostly swampy, and periodically flooded alluvial plain formed by the combined broad floodplain valleys of the Zaïre River and its tributaries. From the center of the Central Basin to its edge the country rises in the form of an amphitheater of terraces and terrace-like plateaus to an elevation of 500–600 m. A belt of plateaus and uplands with cuesta-like elevations extends along the northern edge of the Central Basin. There are piedmont alluvial plains (average elevation, 600–900 m) in the extreme north with isolated mountains that form the southern slope of the Azande rise. The southwest of Zaïre includes part of the South Guinean Highland, which has a complex structural-denuded terrain (the Cataract Plateau and Bangu plateaus, the hills of Mayumbe), and separates the Central Basin from the narrow strip of coastal lowland along the Atlantic Ocean. The terrain of the south is dominated by tablelands (with an elevation ranging from 700–1,000 m to 1,200–1,300 m). There are high (more than 1,200–1,500 m) piedmont alluvial plains in the Zaïre-Zambezi watershed in the south of the province of Shaba (formerly Katanga). Outcroppings of the more stable rocks are isolated in the form of narrow ridges separated by longitudinal depressions. In the central and eastern regions of Shaba Province are the flat-top massifs of the Mitumba Mountains (1,889 m) and the sandstone Manika (1,679 m) and Kundelungu (1,772 m) plateaus, which are separated by broad tectonic basins with alluvial bottoms. A higher elevation and more rugged terrain distinguish the country’s eastern outlying districts, which encompass the edge of the East African plateau. A vast system of fault depressions extends from south to north along the eastern border. It is known as the Great Rift Valley, and its edge is formed by mountains with elevations of 2,000–3,000 m; the highest is the Ruwenzori Massif (5,109 m) on the border be-between Zaïre and Uganda. Active volcanoes include Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo; there is considerable seismic activity. Geological structure and mineral resources. Nearly half of the country’s territory is occupied by the Central Basin, which is formed from continental deposits of the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras; its central part was occupied by a large lake in Anthropogenic times. The Upper Cretaceous Kwango sand series on the edge of the basin contains redeposited diamonds. The southeastern part of the Central Basin is superimposed on more ancient troughs, composed of carboniferous sediments of the Karroo System (Late Paleozoic), while Upper Precambrian sedimentary formations are evident along its northern and partially along the southeastern edge. To the northeast, east, southeast, and south of the Central Basin and in the extreme west, along the lower course of the Zaïre River, the Precambrian rocks of the basement of the African Platform are developed. The oldest of these rocks are extremely metamorphosed and granitized rocks of the lower Precambrian; they form the Kasai massif in the country’s south and also appear in the east and north-east and in the extreme lower reaches of the Zaïre River, where they form rapids. The weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the lower part of the Upper Precambrian—quartzite and shale—form the northeasterly striking Kibara folded system in the country’s southeast and east; extensive deposits of tin and some other metals are connected with the granite intruded in it. The deposits of the upper strata of the Upper Precambrian form in the country’s extreme southeast a folded system with rich deposits of copper ore, with which cobalt, zinc, uranium, and other metals are associated. The total resources of copper, according to various sources, are estimated at between 27 million and 36 million tons (including an actual and probable 12 million and 19 million tons). Resources of zinc are estimated at 2 million tons, uranium at 5,000–6,000 tons of U3O8, cobalt at 600,000 tons (including an actual and probable 200,000 tons), and tin at 450,000 tons (including an actual and probable 200,000 tons). Deposits of iron ore (primarily in Kasai Occidental and Haut Zaïre), bauxite (in Bas Zaïre; total resources, 50 million to 100 million tons), and bituminous shale (in Haut Zaïre) are known. Oil traces have been found in the coastal region. There are also deposits of manganese ore, gold, and coal. Climate. The part of Zaïre between 3° N lat. and 3° S lat. has an equatorial climate, which is perpetually humid, with two peak periods of precipitation (March to May and September to November). In the south and in the extreme north the climate is subequatorial, with rainy summer and dry winter seasons. The duration of the dry season near the northern border of Zaïre does not exceed two to three months (December to February); in the south it lasts for five to seven months (from April or May through September or October). In the Central Basin and surrounding plateaus the average temperature of the hottest month (March or April) fluctuates between 24°C and 28°C and of the coldest month (July or August), between 22°C and 25°C. The daily variations in temperature are greater than the annual ones but do not exceed 10°–15°C. In the higher regions in the east and southeast the climate is cooler (in Lubumbashi the temperature ranges from 16°C in July to 24°C in October). The daily fluctuation in temperature can exceed 20°C. Annual precipitation in the equatorial zone measures from 1,700–1,800 to 2,000–2,200 m (in the mountains in the east it is as much as 2,500 m and more). The annual amount of precipitation decreases with increasing distance from the equator: in the extreme north to 1,300–1,500 mm and in the extreme south, to 1,000–1,200 mm. Rivers and lakes. The river network is very dense and abounds in water. More than nine-tenths of Zaïre’s territory is located within the Zaïre River basin; the largest rivers are the Zaïre and its tributaries the Lufira, Luvua, Aruwimi, Itimbiri, Mongala, and Ubangi on the right and the Lomami, Lulonga, Ruki, and Kasai on the left. Almost all the rivers abound in rapids and waterfalls, and only in the Central Basin do they form a single system of navigable waterways, which, however, has no outlet to the ocean owing to a series of waterfalls and rapids in the lower reaches of the Zaïre. The presence of steep declivities of longitudinal profile in the rivers together with the great amount of water determine the great magnitude of potential hydroelectric power resources (by estimate, over 100 million kW at an average flow rate). In the east the large Lakes Mobutu Sese Seko (formerly Albert), Idi Amin (formerly Edward), Kivu, Tanganyika, and Mweru, lying within the fault valleys, are partially situated in Zaïre; the shallow lakes Mai-Ndombe (formerly Leopold II) and Tumba are located in the Central Basin. Soil and flora. Dense evergreen rain forests grow in the equatorial belt; they are particularly dense on the eastern slopes of the Central Basin. Thick reddish yellow ferrolite soils are developed beneath the forest canopy. The periodically flooded and marshy forests growing on hydromorphic lateritic gleyey soils in the lowest part of the Central Basin form a special type of forest vegetation. Many valuable varieties of trees grow in the forests, including mahogany, yellow tree, ebony, limba, agba, iroko, and other trees that yield high-quality wood; oil palms; piney trees; and various rubber-bearing trees. To the north of 3°–4° N lat. and to the south of 4°–5° S lat. dense forests are preserved only on small tracts or in narrow belts along rivers (fringing forests); for the most part they have been cleared by man and replaced by secondary tall-grass savannas with isolated small deciduous trees and shrubs; red ferrolitic soils have formed under the savannas with sharply distinguished seasonal drying of the profile; dense surface ferruginous crusts are developed in places. Sparse tropical forests (savanna forests) are widespread in the extreme south and southeast of the country; growing on brownish red soils, they shed their leaves in the dry part of the year. The altitudinal zonality of flora can be traced on the slopes of the high mountains of the eastern outlying districts of Zaïre (the zone of mountain humid evergreen forests with thickets of bamboo at its upper boundary, the African subalpine zone with a prevalence of arborescent heather, and the African alpine zone with arborescent groundsel and lobelia). There are mangrove thickets at the mouth of the Zaïre River. Fauna. The fauna of Zaïre is extremely rich and diversified, although it was subjected to considerable destruction (particularly the large animals). There are many herbivorous mammals in the savannas and sparse forests: various species of antelope, bisons, elephants, rhinoceroses, zebras, and giraffes. The most common predators are the lion, leopard, cheetah, jackal, hyena, and African hunting dog. Elephants, warthogs, and okapis inhabit the dense forests. Animals adapted to living in trees are numerous, for example, various species of monkeys. Hippopotamuses are common in the rivers and lakes. There are many species of birds, reptiles (primarily crocodiles and snakes), fish, and insects (including the tsetse fly). Zaïre has three large national parks: Virunga (formerly Kivu), Garamba, and Upemba. REFERENCES Cahen, L.Geologiia Bel’giiskogo Kongo. Moscow, 1958. (Translated from French.) Robert, M.Le Congo physique, 3rd ed. Liège, 1946. Encyclopédic du Congo Beige, vols. 1–3. Brussels, 1951–52. Carte des sols el de la végétation du Congo Beige et du Ruanda-Urundi. Brussels, 1954. I. N. O LEINIKOV Peoples of the Bantu linguistic group constitute about 85 percent of the population (1969, estimate). The most numerous are the Bakongo, who inhabit the lower reaches of the Zaïre River. To the east of them live the Mongo and the closely related Tetela (Batetela), Lengola, and Lokele; along the middle reaches of the Zaïre River live the Bangala and the Babangi, Ngombe, and other people closely related to the Bangala. The environs of the city of Kinshasa are inhabited by the Bateke, among others; the Babwa, Barega, and other tribes live in the vicinity of the city of Kisangani. The Banyaruanda, Barundi, and Bakonjo live in the east; the southern part of the country is inhabited by the Baluba and Bemba. The northern regions are inhabited by peoples speaking the languages of central and eastern Sudan: the Azande and the Moru-Mangbetu group of people (small tribes of pygmies in the Ituri River basin also speak the languages of the latter). On the border with Uganda and the Sudan live the Alur, Bari, and other peoples, whose languages belong to the Nilotic family. There are between 40,000 and 50,000 Europeans in the country (1967, estimate). About 52 percent of the people follow local traditional religious beliefs, 45 percent are Christians (primarily Catholic), about 300,000 are Muslim, and about 1,500 are Jewish. The official language is French, and the official calendar is the Gregorian calendar. The population growth between 1963 and 1970 averaged 2.2 percent a year. The economically active population numbers 7,655,000 (1965, estimate), 69 percent of which is engaged in agriculture. In 1967 more than 1 million people worked as hired labor. The average population density is more than nine persons per sq km (1971). The hilly regions of the eastern part of the country are the most densely populated (in some places as many as 50–100 persons per sq km), along with the mining region in the south of Shaba province (in some places more than 50 persons per sq km), the lower reaches of the Zaïre River, the Kasai River basin between 4° and 6° S lat. (as many as 25–50 persons per sq km), and along the Uele and Ubangi rivers and the middle reaches of the Zaïre River (as many as 10–30 persons per sq km). Over most of Zaïre the population density is less than average, frequently less than one person per sq km. The majority of the Zairian population lives in tribal communities in the rural areas. Since the declaration of independence (1960) a rapid growth has been observed in the urban population (24 percent in 1970). The largest city is Kinshasa (1,288,000 persons excluding the suburbs, 1970). The major cities are Lubumbashi, Mbuji-Mayi, Kisangani, Bukavu, Likasi, Matadi, and Kikwit. From antiquity to colonial enslavement (last quarter of the 19th century). Lower Paleolithic stone implements have been found on the territory of modern Zaïre in the upper reaches of the Kasai, Lualuba, and Luapula rivers. Characteristic of the tropical forests is the Sangoan Mesolithic culture (45th–40th millennia B.C. , named after the findings near Sango Bay on the western shore of Lake Victoria); the different Tumbian type Neolithic cultures, which are designated by the names of the places of the finds, are the Kalina (25th millennium B.C. B.C. ). Farming was the main occupation of the population from the most ancient times; the breeding of small stock, primarily goats, played a considerably lesser role. The main agricultural crops were sorghum, millet, and the oil palm; since the middle of the 16th century cultivated plants introduced from America have become widespread: manioc, maize (corn), and sweet potato. Copper was mined in the southern regions (the territory of present-day Shaba province); copper bars of varying size and shape were used as a unit of exchange. It is probable that one of the oldest centers of metallurgy in Africa existed in the southern part of the country. It is not known when the working of metals developed, but it is quite likely that iron metallurgy existed here already at the end of the first millennium A.D. Property inequality existed among the peoples that belonged to the Bantu language group and formed the bulk of Zaïre’s population long before the arrival of Europeans; class relations had already begun to develop and state formations had arisen (the history of whose origin is legendary and usually connected with mythical heroes): in the lower reaches of the Zaïre River were the Kongo, Kakongo, Matamba, and Ndongo kingdoms; in the middle of the country were the Kuba (or Bushongo), Teke (or Tyo), and Bolia states; in the upper reaches of the Kasai, Lulua, and Lomami rivers were the Luba and Lunda kingdoms. One of the oldest was the Kongo Kingdom, which arose around the 14th century. Some slave-owning and feudal traditions, which developed as a result of the local conditions simultaneously and parallel to each other, were intermixed in the early class states with vestiges of the primitive communal system. The intensification of the contradictions among the nobility, the free farmer-community members, and the slaves led to social conflicts, which were manifested in popular uprisings, evasion of the payment of taxes, and the like. The Portuguese appeared at the mouth of the Zaïre River at the end of the 15th century. They attempted to gain a foothold here and transform the river basin into a permanent source of slaves for export to America (between the 15th and 19th centuries, at least 10 million slaves were exported). The Europeans encountered stubborn resistance on the part of the local population. The revolts of the Africans were directed not only against the Europeans but frequently against the local nobility, which sought an alliance with the colonizers in order to strengthen their positions. In 1491 a major uprising of the people of the Kongo Kingdom, brought about by the forced Christianization that followed the baptism of the Kongo ruler and the nobility, was suppressed by the combined efforts of the troops of the ruler and the Portuguese. A rebellion led by Mboula Matadi (the 1570’s and 1580’s) resulted in some restriction of Portuguese activities. An anti-European colonialist movement, known as the Antonian heresy, developed between 1703 and 1709. The internecine struggle and the Portuguese slave trade greatly weakened the states of the Zaïre River basin. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were many small kingdoms in what is now Zaïre, which succeeded in preserving their independence until the last quarter of the 19th century. Colonial period (last quarter of the 19th century to 1960). In the last quarter of the 19th century the territory of Zaïre became the object of rivalry of the colonial powers. In 1876 the Belgian king Leopold II organized the so-called African International Association under his chairmanship. Under its cover, the king’s emissaries (travelers, officers, missionaries) imposed unilateral agreements on the local tribal chiefs. Taking advantage of the contradictions between Great Britain, France, Germany, and the USA, Leopold II established control over a vast territory. The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 recognized Leopold II as sovereign of the seized territory, which acquired the name the Congo Free State. The subjugation of the local population by the Belgians was completed in ten years and was accompanied by bloody massacres. In spite of the disunity of the Africans, the Europeans frequently suffered crushing defeats. No less than 30 armed clashes alone are known in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century (the largest were the uprisings of the Tetela in 1890–92 and 1895–96, which were suppressed as a result of the large-scale military expeditions of Belgian forces, and the rebellion of 1897–1900, which led to the loss from the Congo Free State of a vast territory between Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika for a long time). The rebellion of the Tetela, which broke out in 1901, rocked the entire southern part of the country and was finally suppressed only after seven years. Punitive expeditions were also instituted against the Azande, Baluba, Basongo, Lunda, and others. A reign of the armed pillage of the populace prevailed in the country as well as parasitic plunder of the natural resources most accessible to exploitation. The authorities annihilated the local inhabitants, burned villages, and lay waste to entire regions for failure to deliver ivory, rubber, and produce and for refusing to fulfill the labor conscription. In 1908, for a large compensation, Leopold II transferred the Congo Free State to the control of Belgium; it officially became a Belgian colony under the name of the Belgian Congo. A system of the cruelest exploitation led to a decrease in the population from 30 million in 1884 to 15 million in 1915. By the colonial charter of 1908, all authority in the country was transferred to the governor-general, who represented the Belgian parliament, government, and king. After World War I (1914–18) the monopolistic groups of Belgium, Great Britain, and the USA intensified the exploitation of the Belgian Congo’s natural resources. The exploitation of minerals was accompanied by the development of the export branches of agriculture, the mining and manufacturing industries, transportation, and power. The establishment of these branches of the economy enabled a working class to emerge in Zaïre, the major regions of whose concentration became the industrially developed provinces of Katanga (since 1972 called Shaba) and Kivu and the city of Léopoldville (since 1966, Kinshasa). Along with the widespread passive means of resistance against the European colonizers during these years (sabotage, failure to report to work, desertion) peasant uprisings and mutinies broke out in various regions. The uprisings of the peasants of Kivu in 1919–23 were suppressed with extreme brutality. One form of the anticolonial struggle was the religious and political movements and sects, in which various strata of the population took part. Of wide scope from the 1920’s to the 1950’s were the movement of the supporters of S. Kimbangu, which advanced the slogan “The Congo for the Congolese”; the activities of the secret societies of the “leopard men,” which called upon Africans “to take the reins of government of the country into their hands”; and the sect of Adventists of Kitawala, whose social support was the unskilled workers of the mining industries of the southern part of the Belgian Congo. The members of this sect advanced the slogans “Africa for the Africans” and “Equality of the races—equal pay for equal work.” During World War II (1939–45) the USA and Great Britain exported strategic raw materials from the Belgian Congo (copper, tin, cobalt, zinc, uranium). After the war the Belgian government undertook the so-called Ten-Year Plan for the Economic and Social Development of the Belgian Congo (1950–60), during whose fulfillment the exploitation of the country, which had been transformed into a strategic military base of operations for NATO in Central Africa, was intensified. The anticolonial movement assumed the greatest organization in the 1940’s and particularly in the 1950’s. The African proletariat introduced a new form of struggle— strikes—the largest of which occurred in 1941 and 1953 in Katanga and in 1944, 1945, and at the beginning of the 1950’s in Léopoldville. The strike at the port of Matadi in 1945 grew into an armed uprising (supported by the peasants of the nearby villages), which was suppressed with difficulty by military troops. In 1946 the Africans secured the right to form trade unions. At the beginning of the 1950’s major cultural and educational organizations appeared, which played an important role in forming the national self-consciousness of the Africans. In the mid-1950’s these organizations openly demanded in the press that the Belgian Congo be granted independence (manifestos of the group Conscience Africaine and the Association des Bakongo, the appeal of public figures to the minister of colonies, and other documents). As the liberation movement intensified, the cultural educational organizations developed into political parties: the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), (founded in 1958), Alliance des Bakongo (Abako; founded in 1950 as the cultural and educational Association des Bakongo; in 1959 it was transformed into a party), the Parti Solidaire Africain (founded in 1959), the Confédération des Associations Tribales du Katanga (Conakat; founded in 1959; in 1965 it became part of the Convention Nationale Congolaise, founded in 1965). The largest party was the MNC led by Patrice Lumumba. 1959 was a critical year in the struggle for independence. The participation of the urban and rural masses in the national liberation movement under the slogan “Independence in 1959’ decided the outcome of the struggle. The attempts of the ruling circles in Belgium to slow down the anticolonial movement by terror and partial reforms failed. On the demand of the bloc of progressive parties headed by the MNC, Belgium was forced to announce its agreement to grant the Belgian Congo independence at a round-table conference in Brussels in January-February 1960. After the achievement of independence. On June 30, 1960, the Belgian Congo was declared the independent Republic of the Congo. The government was headed by Lumumba, since the MNC and the parties forming a bloc with it had received the majority of votes in the parliamentary elections that May. J. Kasavubu was elected president. In September 1960 the Republic of the Congo became a member of the United Nations. The imperialistic powers, using the differences between the leaders representing not only different peoples but also different social strata of the society, sabotaged all the economic and political measures of the republic’s government. An outflow of foreign capital and specialists from the Congo began; in July-August 1960 the country’s two most economically developed provinces were torn away. Katanga (reunited in 1963) and Kasai (reunited in 1962); a mutiny was organized in the army. In July 1960, Belgian forces were brought into the country under the pretense of defending the lives and property of the Europeans. In September 1960 the national government was removed from power with the connivance of the administration and the UN forces, which were summoned into the country by Lumumba in order to repulse the Belgian aggression. The persecution of patriotic figures was begun. Lumumba was arrested, sent to Katanga, and villainously murdered in January 1961. The patriots of the Congo did not cease the struggle for true independence. In July 1961 a parliament was created under their pressure, and a government headed by C. Adoula was formed, declaring its loyalty to Lumumba’s policies. However, under pressure from the imperialistic powers, the parliament was again dispersed, and repressions against the democratic forces were renewed. Under these conditions an armed insurrectional movement developed, the directing staff of which was the Conseil National de Liberation created in October 1963. In September 1964 the patriots proclaimed the People’s Republic of the Congo (PRC) with its capital at Stanleyville (since July 1966, Kisangani) and undertook measures to create organs of civilian authority and ensure the economic development of the PRC. Only the direct aggression of NATO’s forces (November 1964) against the PRC prevented the insurgents, weakened moreover by differences in the Conseil National, from gaining victory. In the beginning of July 1964 Adoula’s government was replaced by the proimperialist government of M. Tshombe, which existed until October 1965. The rivalry among the numerous political groups in the struggle for power was accompanied by a deterioration of the country’s economic condition, the plunder of its national wealth by foreign monopolies, and a decline in the standard of living. On Nov. 24, 1965, the army took power into its hands. Its commander in chief, Lieutenant General Mobutu, was declared president of the republic (which, beginning in 1964, was called the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The army command dissolved the parliament, prohibited all political parties and public organizations, and carried out a number of administrative reforms aimed at consolidating the authority of the central government (the number of provinces was reduced from 22 to nine, the provincial assemblies were transformed into provincial councils with a deliberative vote, the governments of the provinces were abolished, and the executive power in the provinces was transferred to the governors). The Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution (MPR) which was created in May 1967, became the governing and sole party. The existing trade unions were united into a single organization—the Union Nationale des Travailleurs Zairois (UNTZ) and the various youth and student societies were united into the youth section of the MPR. Lumumba was proclaimed a national hero, a pioneer in the struggle for independence who had fallen victim to an imperialist conspiracy. Encouraging the development of private national capital, the authorities took some measures to ensure the prerogatives of the state and to decrease its economic dependence on foreign capital (see below: Economic geography). Also realized were a number of socioeconomic measures (increasing the guaranteed minimum wage and allowances to large families, decreasing the salaries of provincial officials, granting women the right to vote). A monetary reform was implemented in 1967 (the new monetary unit, the zai’re, replaced the Congolese franc), which made it possible to improve somewhat the country’s financial situation. In accordance with the new constitution passed in 1967, a presidential form of government was introduced. At the end of 1970, Mobutu was elected president; parliamentary elections were held. On Oct. 27, 1971, the state assumed a new name—the Republic of Zaïre (Zaïre is the name for the Congo River, which was distorted by the Portuguese; Nzari and Mwanza in local languages). In foreign policy the government has taken steps to normalize intergovernmental relations with neighboring countries and to increase Zaïre’s role in the Organization of African Unity and other organizations of the African continent. Diplomatic relations with the USSR were established in July 1960. REFERENCES . N. V INOKUROV The MPR was founded in May 1967. It is the ruling party and only party in the country. UNTZ was founded in June 1967 as a result of the unification of all the country’s trade unions. General state of the economy. Zaïre is an agrarian country with a developed mining industry, which in the international capitalist division of labor plays the role of an important supplier of raw mineral and plant materials. Zaïre occupies first place in the capitalist world in the amount of mined cobalt and industrial diamonds, fifth place in the output of copper, and a prominent position in the output of tin, zinc, manganese ore, and a number of other minerals. It is the world’s third leading producer of palm kernel (after Nigeria and Brazil) and palm oil (after Nigeria and Malaysia). Among most countries of tropical Africa, Zaïre is also noted for the relatively high level of development of its manufacturing industry, in particular the primary processing of products for export (primarily nonferrous metallurgy). In 1969 the gross domestic product of Zaïre was estimated (at current market values) at 879.4 million Zaïres, broken down as follows: agriculture, 20.9 percent (including the commodity sector, 12 percent; natural sector, 8.9 percent); the mining industry, 11 percent; metallurgy, 19 percent; other branches of the manufacturing industry, 5 percent; power, 1.0 percent; construction and public works, 3 percent; transportation and communications, 6 percent; commerce, 12 percent; and other branches, 22.1 percent. The per capita gross national product is US$790968). The positions of foreign monopolistic groups of Belgium, Great Britain, the USA, and other countries are strong in Zaïre’s economy. The struggle that developed among these monopolies following the declaration of independence (I960) was based on the attempts to retain control over the richest sources of mineral raw materials. By a decision of the Zairian government, the concessions and assets of the largest company, the Union Minière du Haut Katanga were transferred to the seminational (since May 1968, national) mining industry company, the Générales des Carrieres et des Mines du Zaïre (GECAMINES), which was created in 1967. Subsequently, the Zairian government and the former concessionaire arrived at an agreement on compensation for nationalized property and for the former concessionaire’s participation in the sales of output. The Zairian government is conducting a policy of attracting the capital of foreign monopolies by granting them great advantages. Along with this, the government has undertaken measures to expand and consolidate the state sector to some degree: in 1966 the lands, forests, and mineral deposits that were in the hands of foreign concession companies were declared national property. Ocean, river, and rail transportation and civil aviation belong to the state. The government is stimulating the creation of mixed companies with the participation of foreign capital as well as the investment of private national capital. The economy of Zaïre was adversely affected by continuing military actions for a long time after the declaration of independence. The production and export of agricultural products decreased, some enterprises ceased work, and so forth. Since the end of the 1960’s the country’s economic and financial situation has gradually improved, and the volume of production in most branches of the economy has shown a tendency toward growth (although in many of them it has not achieved the previous level). Zaïre is an associate member of the European Economic Community (the so-called Common Market). Agriculture. Agriculture serves as the source of the means of existence for most of the population of Zaïre. The country’s total land area is broken down as follows (1962, in hectares): cultivated lands—7,200,000; pasture lands (primarily different types of savannas)—65,500,000; tree-covered lands—129,141,000; and lands that cannot be used in farming and forestry, 32,700,000. Most of the agricultural goods are provided by the small peasant farms of the indigenous population, which are based on the communal ownership of land. The peasants are primarily engaged in extensive slash-and-burn agriculture of the fallow type; stock breeding, the development of which is limited because of the prevalence of the tsetse fly, is of less significance. The large plantations and livestock farms of European companies (on which African peasants are exploited), which are oriented primarily toward export, have also been preserved. African farms also contribute commodities for export, but on the whole they still to a significant extent retain a subsistence or semisubsistence nature. Of the export crops the most important is the oil palm, which is also an important source of vegetable fats for the indigenous population. Oil palm plantations are widespread primarily in Bandundu (in the lower reaches of the Kasai, Kwango, and Kwilu rivers and in the vicinity of Lake MaiNdombe), Equateur (along the middle course of the Zaïre and its tributaries) and Bas Zaïre provinces (the region of Mayumbe). About 70 percent of the output comes from plantations and about 30 percent from natural palm groves. Other important export crops include coffee (Robusta coffee in the Central Basin and along its edges, primarily in Equateur and Bas Zaïre provinces, as well as in the Mayumbe region; Arabica coffee in the mountainous regions in the east primarily in Kivu Province), and heveas and cocoa (in the Central Basin, primarily in Equateur Province, and the Mayumbe region). Also grown for export are tea, pyrethrum, cinchona, rauwolfia, and essential oil crops (in Kivu Province) and sweet varieties of bananas (in the Mayumbe region). Cotton is grown primarily on African farms: in the south primarily in Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, and Shaba provinces and in the north, in the northern regions of Equateur and Haut Zaïre provinces. Of the other industrial crops, sugarcane peanuts, tobacco, and fibrous plants (urena, punga, sisal) are produced primarily for domestic consumption. The main food crops, which are grown mainly on African farms (for domestic consumption and export) are manioc, sweet potatoes, yams, maize (corn), rice, millet, sorghum, legumes, plantains, and various vegetables (see Table 2 for the sown area and the total yield of principal agricultural crops). S B REEDING . In 1969–70 the number of livestock totaled 900,000 head of cattle, 442,000 pigs, 570,000 sheep, and 1,600,000 goats. Most African-owned livestock is concentrated in the mountainous regions in the east of Haut Zaïre and Kivu provinces; stock breeding on African farms on the whole is distinguished by low productivity and low market-ability. The marketable European-owned livestock farms (meat and dairy type) are located for the most part near the large cities and industrial centers (mainly in Shaba and Bas Zaïre provinces), which serve as markets for the sale of their products. However, they do not entirely meet the needs of the urban population for meat products, as a result of which Zaïre must import large quantities of meat. Fishing serves as an important source of food for the population. The fishing industry is concentrated in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean and in Lake Tanganyika. The total catch in 1968 numbered 110,200 tons (including about 12,000 tons from the ocean and about 98,000 tons from inland waters). Hunting retains some economic significance (especially among the pygmies) in the forest regions. F ORESTRY . The large timber resources of Zaïre have been exploited on a comparatively small scale and extremely ir-regularly. Logging areas are primarily found in the Mayumbe region, in the region of Lake Mai-Ndombe, and along the banks of the Zaïre River, in the upper reaches and especially in the middle reaches, as well as along some railroad lines. The vast tracts of forests located far from the main routes of communication remain partially developed. The export of commercial lumber decreased from 1,678,000 cu m in 1959 to Table 2. Land under cultivation and yield of principal crops   5,4004 4,7005 1,588,000 cu m in 1968–69; the volume of procuring firewood is 9 million to 10 million cu m a year. Most procured commercial lumber (60 percent in 1969) is used within the country; the rest is exported in processed or unprocessed form. The output of copal (a wood resin used in preparing high quality varnishes) is of some economic value. Industry. The leading branches of industry are the mining industry and nonferrous metallurgy, which developed on the basis of the very rich mineral resources of Zaïre and are oriented toward export. The main mining region is the Copperbelt in the southern part of Shaba Province with three basic groups of deposits: the southeastern (the mine of Kipushi), the central (the mines of Kambove and Kakanda), and the western (Kamoto, Musonoi, Ruwe, and Kolwezi). Cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, silver, and other metals are mined in addition to copper. The extraction of uranium ore (the deposit of Shinkolobwe), which was of great importance, has been suspended since 1961. Metallurgical works are found in Lubumbashi (copper), Likasi (copper, cobalt, cobalt alloys), Kolwezi (zinc, cadmium, germanium), and Luilu (copper and cobalt). Tin and associated minerals (columbotantalite, wolframite, and beryl) are mined in the north of Shaba Province and in Kivu Province. Part of the tin ore that is obtained is processed before being exported at the tin works in Manono. The exploitation of deposits of pyrochlorite and monazite has begun (in Kivu Province). Manganese ore is extracted in Kisengwe, in the west of Shaba Province. The mining of gold is concentrated primarily in Haut Zaïre (the main centers are Kilo and Moto) and Kivu provinces. In Kasai Occidental and Kasai Oriental provinces rich diamond deposits (primarily industrial) are mined; most of the output comes from the vicinity of Mbuji-Mayi. Coal (the Luena and Lukuga basins of Shaba Province) and building materials are extracted in Zaïre for local needs. Electric energy is based primarily on the exploitation of rich hydroelectric power resources, but the extent of their use is insignificant. The established capacity of electric power plants totals about 750,000 kW, including hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 690,000 kW. Much of the production of electric energy comes from four hydroelectric power plants in the south of Shaba Province: Le Marinel (258,000 kW), Delcommune (108,000 kW) on the Lualaba River, and Francqui (72,000 kW) and Bia (42,000 kW) on the Lufira River, which form a single power system. The Zongo hydroelectric power plant (75,000 kW) on the Inkisi River, near Kinshasa, is also important. Some of the electric energy is exported to Zambia and Burundi. The Inga hydroelectric power plant is under construction (1972) in the lower reaches of the Zaïre River. The manufacturing industry, besides nonferrous metallurgy, is represented by branches connected with the primary processing of raw agricultural and timber materials (for export and domestic use) and with the maintenance of the leading branches of the economy. An important branch of the food-processing industry is the oil-pressing industry, which is primarily concentrated in regions where the oil palm is grown as well as at key transportation points (Kinshasa, Matadi, Boma). There are two sugar refineries (at Moerbeke, Bas Zaïre Province, and at Kiliba, near Uvira, Kivu Province), a margarine plant (Kinshasa), a creamery (Lubumbashi), and breweries, cigarette factories, flour mills, bakeries, confectioneries, and coffee and rice mills, among other enterprises. Enterprises of the textile industry, primarily cotton, the raw materials for which are supplied by local cotton ginning plants, are located in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Kalima, and Bukavu. Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Kalima also have clothing and knitted-good factories and enterprises for the production of blankets, sacks, and other goods. There are shoe factories in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. The chemical industry (the main centers in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Likasi) is represented by plants producing sulfuric acid, sodium chloride, glycerine, fatty acids, explosives, oxygen and acetylene, paint and varnish, and soap and by enterprises manufacturing plastic and rubber goods, perfumes, and pharmaceutical products. An oil refinery (an annual capacity of 600,000 tons of crude oil) was put into operation in the city of Moanda in 1968. The building materials industry is represented by cement works (Lukala, Lubudi, Likasi, Katana, Kalima) and enterprises for the production of asbestoscement articles, limestone, brick, and ceramics. There is a glass factory (for the production of bottles) in Kinshasa. The sawmill industry is centered in the main logging regions as well as in Kinshasa, Matadi, and Boma; the centers of the plywood industry are Lemba, Lukula, Nioki, and Kinshasa. Machine building and metalworking are centered primarily in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. There are shipyards (in Kinshasa, for the construction and repair of river boats) and automobile and bicycle assembly plants (see Table 3 for the output of the principal industrial products). Table 3. Output of the principal industrial products Products 69,100,000 123,000,0004 Transportation. The transportation system is based on the combined use of waterways and railroads; of particular importance is the so-called national route from Shaba Province to the lower reaches of the Zaïre River, which includes the Lubumbashi-Ilebo railroad, the water route along the Kasai and Zaïre rivers from Ilebo to Kinshasa, and the KinshasaMatadi railroad. There are more than 5,000 km of railroads and about 16,000 km of river and lake routes (of which about 14,000 km are used). The most important river port is Kinshasa. There are about 150,000 km of roads (mostly dirt roads); the number of motor vehicles totals 46,100 passenger cars and 26,200 trucks (1968). The principal seaport is Matadi in the lower reaches of the Zaïre River; at its estuary are the ports of Boma, Banana, and Ango-Ango (the oil outport of Matadi). A prominent role in the transport of Zaïre’s foreign trade goods, particularly the export of the mining products of Shaba Province, is played by the ports of Lobito (in Angola), Beira (in Mozambique), and Dar-es-Salaam (in Tanzania), with which Shaba is connected by railroad or river-rail routes. Most of the cities of Zaïre are connected by domestic air service. There are several international airports (the most important are in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi). Foreign trade. Zaïre has a favorable balance of foreign trade. The value (1970) of exports is 400 million Zaïres and that of imports, 281 million Zaïres. Mineral raw materials (copper, diamonds, cobalt, tin, zinc, manganese ore) make up about 80 percent of the value of exports. Of the other ex-ported items the most important are palm products, coffee, rubber, wood, and cocoa. Machines and equipment, means of transportation, produce, fuels, ferrous metals, textiles, medicines, and other commodities are imported. A leading role in Zaïre’s foreign trade is played by the countries of the Common Market, which in 1969 accounted for 80.2 percent of Zaïre’s exports and 58.1 percent of the imports (in value). First among them is Belgium, which (along with Luxembourg) in 1969 accounted for 54.2 percent of Zaïre’s exports and 24.2 percent of the imports. The other major trade partners of Zaïre are the USA, Great Britain, and Japan. The monetary unit is the Zaïre (1 Zaïre = US$2). REFERENCES and A. S. K HROMOV Veterinary services. Natural endemic diseases predominate. Most of the territory is not suited for livestock breeding because the tsetse fly, the carrier of pathogens of trypanosomiasis (1,712 cases in 1962–67), is widespread everywhere. In the eastern provinces piroplasmoses (theileriasis—2,089 cases; anaplasmosis—673; babesiosis 755 in 1962–67) are found among the cattle, as well as streptotrichosis (61 cases recorded in Shaba Province alone). In the east, rickettsiosis of animals and dermatitis nodularis necrotica have been confirmed. Emphysematous carbuncles, salmonelloses, coccidioses, Newcastle disease in birds, and tuberculosis are widespread. In all stock breeding areas, helminthiases have been confirmed (fascioliasis, dicroceliasis, filariasis), which are extremely harmful to stock breeding. Tertian malaria of cattle has been recorded; brucellosis of cattle and goats is enzootic. Leptospirosis has been confirmed. Two cases of African swine fever were recorded in 1969. There are about 60 veterinarians in the country (1970). According to the data for 1967, about 90 percent of the adult population of Zaïre is illiterate. In spite of the law enacted by Lumumba’s government on the separation of church and state and of schools from the church (1960), many primary and secondary educational institutions belong to the missionaries and are subsidized by the state. Free primary and secondary education was introduced in 1968. Instruction is in French. Children of at least six years of age are admitted to the six-year primary school. Secondary school has two cycles (two years and four years). The first cycle, which is the same for all students, is the orientation cycle. In the second cycle specialized courses of instruction are given in the following areas: humanities (classics section and African studies), the natural sciences (physics and mathematics section and chemistry and biology section), pedagogy, and technology (commercial and industrial sections). During the 1968–69 academic year 2.7 million pupils were studying in primary schools (about 70 percent of the children of the corresponding age), about 95,000 students at the first cycle of secondary school, and about 56,000 at the second cycle. After the reorganization of the system of higher education (1971), the previously existing universities in Kinshasa (Lovanium University), Lubumbashi, and Kisangani were combined into one National University at Kinshasa. There are also specialized educational institutions (institutes and schools): pedagogical, architecture, construction, plastic arts, the Conservatoire National de musique et d’ Art Dramatique, and others. During the 1968–69 academic year there were 7,900 students in the institutions of higher learning. The largest library is at the National University. In Kinshasa there is the Musée de la Vie Indigène. V. P. B ORJSENKOV Separate scientific centers for the study of local fauna, flora, and tropical diseases began to appear only at the end of the 19th century (the Institut de Medecine Tropicale was founded in 1899 in Kinshasa). Scientific activity was entirely in the hands of European researchers (mainly Belgians). After the country achieved independence (1960), the organization of scientific research and the training of national scientific personnel was begun. The main scientific center is the National University in Kinshasa. At the university a regional atomic center with a nuclear reactor was created. At the Institut de Médicine Tropicale, the Bureau Permanent Interafricain de la Trypanosomiase was established. The Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique en Afrique Central (IRS AC) in Bukavu, which has several scientific stations and laboratories in Mabali and Lubumbashi, began studying problems of botany, zoology, medicine, and other areas. The Institut National pour 1’Etude et la Recherche Agronomique (INERA) in Kisangani has undertaken work in the area of agriculture. The scientific centers of Zaïre are coordinated by the Office National de la Recherche et du Development (established in 1967). Its branches organize research connected with practical work. The Service Géologique and the Institut Géographique are located in Kinshasa. REFERENCE

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Who is credited with the discovery of galaxies outside of our own?

Top 10 Most Important Astronomers - Listverse Top 10 Most Important Astronomers Eduardo Jaramillo September 8, 2011 Since the very dawn of humankind, our species has looked out upon the cosmos in awe of the glory of the heavens above. While the spectacular views offered by our night sky haven’t changed a great deal over the eons, our understanding of them has. Knowledge of our universe has gradually expanded over the last few thousand years thanks to the efforts of astronomers through the ages. We know what we do about the universe today thanks to the discoveries of all of these astronomers, the ten most important of whom are listed here. 10 Charles Messier Charles Messier was a French astronomer who was obsessed with discovering and studying comets and their orbits. However, his search for the elusive comets ended up leading him to create one of the most famous catalogues of deep sky objects. He realized these deep sky objects could distract other comet-chasers, and so he decided to distinguish them as immobile objects in the night sky. The resulting catalogue, published in 1774 when the astronomer was 44 years old, contains over one hundred deep sky objects, including nebulae and galaxies. Being among the most beautiful objects in the night sky, you most likely have seen images of many of them taken by high aperture telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Along with being among the first to catalogue these wonderful objects, Messier was also successful in discovering thirteen comets. 9 Ptolemy Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer, geographer and mathematician of Greek ancestry. He lived from 90 to 168 AD, and was the last great astronomer before the known world’s descent into the Dark Ages. He is important for preserving the Greek astronomer Hipparchus’ star catalogue, which he included in his astronomical magnum opus, Amalgest. The Amalgest was the most important astronomical text in existence for close to fifteen hundred years after the death of Ptolemy, and because of this, its author gained a near legendary status. He also included in his work a set of tables (known almost comically as the Handy Tables), which made it much easier to calculate the positions of the planets, the sun and the moon, the rising and setting of the stars, and the dates of lunar and solar eclipses. Without Ptolemy’s preservation of Hipparchus’ work, and his own advances in the field of astronomy, much of the astronomical work done during the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution may not have been possible. 8 Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe, whose defining physical characteristic was no doubt his metallic nose (he lost his real one in a duel), was a famed Danish astronomer. Up until his observations, which occurred largely in the late 1500s, no other astronomer had tallied as many, or as accurate of observations as Brahe. He catalogued hundreds of objects, and aspired to a level of accuracy such that each star was catalogued within one arc-minute of its real celestial location. To put that into perspective, hold your little finger at arms length – it is 1 degree in width. Now divide it into 60 parts; take one of those parts, and you have an arc-minute. While he didn’t always achieve this level of accuracy, the fact that he set the standard so high with the technology available at that point in history is commendable. Brahe is probably best known for his work with new stars, or novae, which in his day was cutting-edge astronomy. In 1572, he observed a bright star that appeared to be a newcomer onto the celestial scene. While some argued that this was an atmospheric phenomenon, Brahe showed through use of parallax that the object was much too far away to be inside the Earth’s atmosphere. Although other supernova events had been observed in the past, Brahe was the first to scientifically observe and acknowledge one. This was a strong argument against the, then, predominant belief that the heavens were fixed on colossal dome-like structures, the idea of which Brahe openly contradicted. 7 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson These two astronomers come in one package, because their main contribution to the astronomical field was a mutual effort. This important contribution was the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation or CMB. Basically, the CMB was an aftershock of the explosive birth of the Universe – the Big Bang. This aftershock had been theorized before its discovery by Penzias and Wilson in the 1960s, but it’s exact value hadn’t been pinpointed until the two scientists began experimenting with the Holmdel Horn Antenna at Bell Labs. As they experimented, they realized they had an ever-present background radiation in their data, and after cleaning their equipment of pigeon droppings, they deduced that the radiation was not coming from anywhere on Earth – or even in the galaxy – but outside the Milky Way… It wasn’t until later that the two realized that their discovery had any significance, when it dawned on them that they had discovered the elusive aftershock of the Big Bang. In 1978, Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery. The significance of the discovery lies in the fact that at that time there was still a good deal of dispute over whether or not the Big Bang had even occurred. The main opposing theory, known as the Steady State theory, was virtually abandoned by astronomers following the momentous discovery. Some important outcomes of the discovery include evidence for the inflationary model of the universe, the suggestion of a Dark Age of the Universe, advancements in interferometry and countless other repercussions in the astronomical field. 6 Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus was a European scientist born in 1473, and one of the most important of the Renaissance. He is extremely significant because he is credited as the first astronomer to put forward a comprehensive heliocentric version of the solar system. Although some ancient astronomers had pondered a heliocentric theory, their works had either been lost to the ages or largely ignored. However, in 1543 when his book, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, was published, the theory could simply not be brushed aside any longer. The idea that the Earth revolved around the sun (and not vice versa) went directly against the teachings of the church, and this publication was in a time when the church controlled most of society. Although Copernicus died in the year of his great work’s publication, he still no doubt feared persecution from religious authorities and realized that even after death his name and the reputation of his work could be sullied. Interestingly enough, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres is actually dedicated to the Pope at the time, Pope Paul III, almost definitely to avoid disfavor with the church. For his courageous introduction of the true nature of the solar system to European scholars he is remembered as a monument to the truth in a society largely unwilling to accept it. 5 William Herschel William Herschel was an English astronomer born in Germany, in 1738. Interestingly enough, he was a talented musician (he composed twenty-four symphonies), and as a youngster, his passion for music led him into mathematics. This interest in math eventually led him to astronomy, the field in which he is most famous for working. A fascinating side-note to his astronomical career was the fact that Herschel built his own reflecting telescopes. He used his self-made telescopes to observe binary systems of stars, in which two stars orbit around a common center of gravity in a bound system. These were important star systems because many believed that distances to them could be more easily discovered than single star systems, and because other information on the nature of stars could be gleaned from these binary stars. Herschel is credited with discovering over eight hundred of these binary systems. However, his massive observational output didn’t stop there– Herschel also discovered over twenty-four hundred deep sky objects that he termed nebulae. Herschel had a good deal of other accomplishments as well. His observations led him to the discoveries of the planet Uranus, two of its moons, as well as two moons of Saturn. He also was the first to realize that the solar system was moving through space, and was able to estimate as to the direction of the movement. His most accidental discovery however, was that of infrared radiation– while experimenting with dividing light through a prism, he measured the temperature of the air next to the red in the rainbow of light produced. Where he expected a lower reading than that of the visible light, he saw a spike on the thermometer. He deduced that there must be some sort of invisible radiation just outside that of the color red– or infrared radiation! 4 Johannes Kepler Kepler was a German astronomer and was the first to fully explain the motion of the planets of our solar system. He described their motion with three laws, which he published in 1609 AD. What allowed him to basically unlock the mystery was to imagine the planets as having elliptical orbits rather than circular ones, which is how other astronomers would view the solar system. In fact, his first law of planetary motion is the simple statement that planets travel in ellipses. Like Copernicus, Kepler firmly believed in a heliocentric solar system. However, the church was still very opposed to the idea when he was alive. Despite this, Kepler championed the idea like no other astronomer had and brought it to the forefront of the scientific revolution. Interestingly enough, Kepler was himself a very religious man– he had planned on becoming a priest before ultimately deciding on pursuing science. Kepler also happened to work quite closely with Tycho Brahe, although their relationship is known to have been quite strained– Brahe was most likely afraid of being shown-up by his assistant. This is basically what happened when Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion. However, Kepler also made other important discoveries. He was the first to explain how the moon influenced tides for example, and he also influenced mathematics by forming some of the groundwork for integral calculus. 3 Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble, who did most of his major work in the first half of the twentieth century, had perhaps the most momentous discovery of all of the astronomers on this list. Hubble is credited with discovering galaxies outside of our own Milky Way. Although the race to solve this mystery had contributions from many different scientists, it was Hubble’s observations through the Hooker telescope, around the year 1923, that proved to the scientific community that there was more to outer space than the Milky Way. In essence, with one finding, Hubble ballooned the Universe from a galaxy of about a hundred thousand light years across, with approximately one hundred billion stars, to an indefinite expanse of intergalactic space, billions of light years across, and with a seemingly infinite amount of stars. However, Hubble didn’t stop there. He showed that these separate galaxies were moving away from each other by observing there redshifts, an effect caused by light being stretched out over vast distances. His observations led him to the discovery that the farther away a galaxy was from the Milky Way, the faster it was moving away from us. This is known as Hubble’s Law. A cool side-note is that Einstein himself thanked Hubble personally for making this discovery, because it verified some of the work that Einstein had done years before that hadn’t been fully accepted. 2 Hipparchus Hipparchus, an astronomer dating back to ancient Greece, comes in at a very close second on this list. Widely believed to be the greatest astronomer of antiquity, Hipparchus can easily be viewed as a sort of founding father of astronomy. His most important contribution to the field was the first known star catalogue, which historians think he was inspired to construct after viewing a supernova. This star catalogue was later used extensively by Ptolemy in his astronomical observations. His other contributions include important findings on the positions and motions of the moon and Sun. Using trigonometry – a subject for which he is basically credited for inventing – he was able to measure the distance to the moon during a solar eclipse. He is also known for creating the method by which a star’s brightness is measured, a system still in use today. 1 Galileo Galilei The most important astronomer of all time turns out to be the Italian spearhead of the Scientific Revolution, Galileo. Galileo was, in a sense, a lucky astronomer. To put it simply, he was fortunate to be alive when the telescope was invented (around 1607 AD). He caught wind of this amazing new device, and quickly made his own refracting telescope. This gave him absolutely unprecedented access to information on the heavens– and he was the first to capitalize on it. While military leaders across Europe were using the spyglasses to watch their enemies at sea, Galileo turned his telescope to the sky and discovered secrets that had lay waiting for millennia. Because Galileo lived and worked at such an opportune time, he is considered by most to be the father of modern observational astronomy (not to mention the father of modern physics). Many aspects of his life lend themselves to this title. He was the first to lay eyes on the Rings of Saturn (though they looked more like handles from his perspective), and he also discovered and named various moons of Jupiter. He was also the first to observe sunspots, which was rather significant, because it was then believed by the church that the sun was perfect and without blemishes of any kind. Probably what Galileo is most well known for is his staunch defense of the idea of a heliocentric solar system, regardless of the religious persecution he was subjected to. Unlike Copernicus however, he was able to provide hard evidence for the fact. One of his famous experiments included observing the planet Venus over a certain period, and recording the various phases it would go through (with a telescope, one can see that Venus goes through phases, not unlike our moon). Galileo used his data and made certain calculations, and was able to show that due to Venus’s phases, it had to orbit the sun. Despite this and other pieces of amazing science however, the church still argued that the sun orbited the Earth. Galileo was eventually placed under house arrest for his heretical views, and lived out the last eight years of his life in his villa near Florence. Honorable Mentions: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Isaac Newton, Aristarchus, Eratosthanes. More Great Lists

Edwin Hubble

Who was the defending champion when Andre Agassi first won Wimbledon singles?

HubbleSite - Reference Desk - FAQs Reference Desk Frequently Asked Questions What is a galaxy? A galaxy is an enormous collection of gas, dust and billions of stars held together by gravity. One galaxy can have hundreds of billions of stars and be as large as 200,000 light years across. What is the name of our galaxy? The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. Our Sun and all of the stars that you see at night belong to the Milky Way. When you go outside on a dark night and look up, you will see a milky, misty-looking band stretching across the sky. When you look at this band, you are looking into the densest parts of the Milky Way, the "disk" and the "bulge." Where is the Earth in the Milky Way galaxy? Our solar system is at the edge of a spiral arm called the Orion Arm, and is about two-thirds of the way from the center of our galaxy to the edge of the starlight. The Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system of nine planets. What is the closest galaxy like our own, and how far away is it? The closest spiral galaxy is Andromeda, a galaxy much like our own Milky Way. It is 2.2 million light years away from us. Andromeda is approaching our galaxy at a rate of 670,000 miles per hour (1,078,260 kph). Five billion years from now it will probably collide with our Milky Way galaxy. What are the parts of a galaxy? A galaxy contains stars, gas and dust. In a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, the stars, gas, and dust are organized into a "bulge," a "disk" containing "spiral arms," and a "halo." Elliptical galaxies have a bulge-like central region and a halo, but do not have a disk. Bulge The bulge is a round structure made primarily of old stars, gas, and dust. The outer parts of the bulge are difficult to distinguish from the halo. The bulge of the Milky Way is roughly 10,000 light years across. Disk The disk is a flattened region that surrounds the bulge in a spiral galaxy. The disk is shaped like a pancake. The Milky Way's disk is 100,000 light years across and 1,000 light years thick. It contains mostly young stars, gas and dust, which are concentrated in spiral arms. Some old stars are also present. Spiral Arms The spiral arms are curved extensions that begin at the bulge of a spiral galaxy, giving it a "pinwheel" appearance. Spiral arms contain a lot of gas and dust as well as young blue stars. Spiral arms are found only in spiral galaxies. Halo The halo primarily contains individual old stars and clusters of old stars ("globular clusters"). The halo also contains "dark matter," which is material that we cannot see but whose gravitational force can be measured. The Milky Way's halo may be over 130,000 light years across. Stars, gas, and dust Stars come in a variety of types. Blue stars, which are very hot, tend to have shorter lifetimes than red stars, which are cooler. Regions of galaxies where stars are currently forming are therefore bluer than regions where there has been no recent star formation. Spiral galaxies seem to have a lot of gas and dust, while elliptical galaxies have very little gas or dust. How are galaxies classified? Astronomer Edwin Hubble classified galaxies into four major types: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical and irregular. Most of the nearby, bright galaxies are spirals, barred spirals or ellipticals. Spiral galaxies have a bulge at the center and a flattened disk containing spiral arms. Spiral galaxies have a variety of shapes and are classified according to the size of the bulge and the tightness and appearance of the arms. The spiral arms, which wrap around the bulge, contain numerous young blue stars and lots of gas and dust. Stars in the bulge tend to be older and redder. Yellow stars like our Sun are found throughout the disk of a spiral galaxy. The disks of spiral galaxies rotate somewhat like a hurricane or a whirlpool. Barred spiral galaxies are spiral galaxies that have a bar-shaped collection of stars running across the center of the galaxy. Elliptical galaxies do not have a disk or arms. Instead, they are characterized by a smooth, oval-shaped appearance. Ellipticals contain old stars, and possess little gas or dust. They are classified by the shape of the ball, which can range from round to oval (baseball-shaped to football-shaped). In contrast to the disks of spirals, the stars in ellipticals do not all revolve around the center in an organized way. The stars move on randomly oriented orbits within the galaxy, like a swarm of bees. Irregular galaxies are galaxies that are neither spiral nor elliptical. They tend to be smaller objects that are without definite shape, and tend to have very hot newer stars mixed in with lots of gas and dust. Galaxy names are identified by a group of letters and numbers. What do they stand for? The letters indicate the catalog listing of the galaxies. Galaxies are listed in several different catalogs. The most common catalog is NGC, which stands for New General Catalog. Other catalogs include M (Messier), ESO (European Southern Observatory), IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite), Mrk (Markarian), and UGC (Uppsala General Catalog). The numbers following the letters, such as Mrk 917 or NGC1433, indicate a galaxy’s entry in the catalog and are often related to the galaxy’s relative position in the sky. Sometimes a galaxy appears in more than one catalog and can have more than one name. Why do astronomers study galaxies in ultraviolet light? Galaxies emit all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, from x-rays to radio waves. From this "light," astronomers get a clear picture of what these galaxies look like. But very distant galaxies pose a special problem. Light from these galaxies travels great distances (billions of light-years) to reach Earth. During its journey, the light is "stretched" due to the expansion of space. As a result, much of the light from the most distant galaxies is no longer visible, but has been shifted to the infrared where present instruments are less sensitive. The only light now in the visible region of the spectrum comes from regions where hot, young stars reside. These stars emit mostly ultraviolet light. But because this light has been stretched, it appears as visible light by the time it reaches Earth. Studying these distant galaxies is like trying to put together a puzzle with some of the pieces missing. So, astronomers are studying nearby galaxies in ultraviolet light to compare their shapes with those of their distant relatives. What are colliding galaxies? When two galaxies are close enough, their gravitational attraction draws them to each other. That attraction increases as the galaxies move closer. The Milky Way and Andromeda are examples of two galaxies that will probably eventually collide (no sooner than 5 billion years in the future). In a direct encounter between two massive spiral galaxies such as these, huge cold clouds of molecules (gas) will be compressed, and millions of new stars will burst into life like a string of lights. As the galaxies first swing by each other, their once orderly disks will become jumbled with dust, gas, and brilliant blue star clusters. Then the galaxies may do a slow, graceful U-turn and plunge into each other. This second encounter will trigger another burst of star formation, which will drive the remaining gas and dust from the combined system. As the stars settle into randomly oriented orbits, the resulting system may take on an elliptical appearance. How do astronomers measure the distances to galaxies? Astronomers measure the distance to a galaxy in the same way we estimate the distance to an oncoming car by the brightness of its headlights. We know from experience how much light a car's headlights emits, so we can determine how far away the car is. To measure the distance to a galaxy, we try to find stars in that galaxy whose absolute light output we can measure. We can then determine how far away the galaxy is by observing the brightness of the stars. Such stars can help us measure the distance to galaxies 300 million light years away. If a galaxy is too far away for us to distinguish individual stars, astronomers can use supernovae in the same manner, because the light output of supernovae at their peak brightness is a known fact. Supernovae can be used to measure the distance to galaxies as far as 10 billion light years away. Who is Edwin P. Hubble and what has he to do with galaxies? Edwin P. Hubble revolutionized cosmology by proving that the clouds of light astronomers saw in the night sky were actually other galaxies beyond our Milky Way. His greatest discovery was in 1929, when he identified the relationship between a galaxy's distance and the speed with which it is moving. The farther a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it is moving away from us. This is known as Hubble's Law. He also constructed a method of classifying the different shapes of galaxies. Edwin Powell Hubble was born in Marshfield, Missouri. In 1910, he received his undergraduate degree from the University of Chicago and studied law under a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford University. His true love, however, was astronomy, and he returned to the University of Chicago to earn a Ph.D. in that subject and work at the Yerkes Observatory. He served in the infantry during World War I. He once said that he "chucked the law for astronomy," knowing that even if he was second-rate or third-rate, it was astronomy that mattered. HubbleSite and STScI are not responsible for content found outside of hubblesite.org and stsci.edu Return to question list for Galaxies

i don't know

Boukhalef International airport is in which country?

Location Map of Boukhalef Airport, Morocco Boukhalef Airport's Address:

Morocco

What was the 70s No 1 hit for Hamilton, Joe Frank, & Reynolds?

Moroccan Airports - Marrakech Menara International Airport Moroccan Airports Villas Share Two main Moroccan airports handle most of the country's incoming flights. One of these airports is the Marrakech Menara International Airport. The country's other major airport is the Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca . Due to the fact that the Moroccan government wants to see an increase in tourism, more of the smaller airports in Morocco are also starting to accept international flights. The airport in the seaside resort of Agadir , for example, accepts flights from Europe, which can help travelers get to their beachfront hotel or vacation rental more directly. While the smaller airports in Morocco service flights from European countries like England and Spain, most of the international flights arrive in Casablanca. The Mohamed V Airport is only about eighteen miles south of Casablanca, and it is linked to both Casablanca and the capital city of Rabat by affordable shuttle trains. There is a tourist information desk at the airport in Casablanca, and it can help incoming travelers figure out where to stay, how to get where they are going, or where to eat, among other things. For those without hotel reservations, some of the major Casablanca and Rabat hotels have representatives at the airport. Car rental agencies also provide onsite representatives that can hook travelers up with some wheels. While the airport in Casablanca is still the most popular of the Moroccan airports, Marrakech is the country's most popular tourist destination. This is helping to make the Marrakech Menara International Airport an increasingly popular place to arrive. Direct flights to Marrakech's airport are available daily in such European cities as London, Brussels, and Geneva, and connecting flights from Casablanca are also easy to come by. The Marrakech Menara International Airport is just a few miles south of the city, and it boasts a new arrivals building. Both of these features make for a pleasant travel experience. The ride into town from the airport takes hardly any time at all, and many Marrakech hotels offer airport transportation services for their guests. Morocco Map In 2006, the Moroccan government declared an open-skies policy, deregulating its airline industry in the process. The move was made in an effort to increase tourism, and it has worked. These days, travelers can fly into any number of Moroccan airports. This allows for less ground transportation issues. Travelers who wish to spend the bulk of their time in Fes , for example, can fly to the small Saiss Airport, which handled nearly half a million passengers in 2008. Flights to Fes commonly depart from London, Paris, and Frankfurt. Some of the other airports in Morocco that travelers might also keep in mind include the Al Massira Airport and the Boukhalef Airport. The former can be found near Agadir, while the latter is close to Tangier . The various airports in Morocco are poised to accept even more flights in the coming years, and this is part of the reason why interest in Morocco tourism is increasing. There are lots of rewarding things to do in Morocco and lots of interesting places to do them in. For those who want to get around to all the top destinations on their visit, the various Moroccan airports can come in extra handy. A flight from Casablanca to Agadir, for example, will save the traveler a ton of time over the lengthier ground transportation options. As a side note, Morocco cruises are available as well, and they offer another way to get to this fascinating African nation. Compare Travel Sites and Save!

i don't know

In what year was the Kellogg Company set up to manufacture cornflakes?

Our History | Kellogg's Our History Environmental Initiatives Our Best Days Are Yours From one great day over 100 years ago all the way to today, Kellogg's has continued to fuel better days for American families. From going to the moon to feeding the U.S. Army to making your days great, some of our best days have been in your home country, the United States. Discover our best days in the U.S. 1898 — In a fortunately failed attempt at making granola, our company’s founder, W.K. Kellogg, and his brother, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, changed breakfast forever when they accidentally flaked wheat berry. W.K. kept experimenting until he flaked corn, and created the delicious recipe for Kellogg’s Corn Flakes. 1906 — W.K. Kellogg opened the “Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company” and carefully hired his first 44 employees. Together they created the initial batch of Kellogg’s® Corn Flakes® and brought to life W.K.’s vision for great-tasting, better-for-you breakfast foods. 1914 — Kellogg’s® Corn Flakes® was introduced to a new country: Canada. (Later the Kellogg Company will spread the goodness of grain around the world by opening factories in Australia, England, Mexico, Japan, India and more. Today Kellogg brightens breakfast in over 180 countries around the world). 1915 — Kellogg introduced Bran Flakes, the first high-fiber cereal, promptly followed by the introduction of Kellogg’s® All-Bran™ one year later. 1923 — The Kellogg Company made another bold move and become the first in the food industry to hire a dietitian. Mary Barber started the Kellogg’s Home Economics Department and began defining the roles different foods played in proper diets. 1930 — As the United States sunk into the Depression, W.K. Kellogg declared, “I’ll invest in people.” He split shifts and hired new employees to work them. He also founded the W.K. Kellogg Foundation , whose mission — to help children realize their potential — complements that of the Kellogg Company to this day. To further our commitment to people, Kellogg became one of the first companies to proudly display our cereals’ recipes and nutritional info on our boxes — so our consumers knew exactly what they were eating. 1942-1945 — Kellogg’s employees proudly produced K-rations for the U.S. armed forces overseas during World War II, and our engineering teams helped manufacture supplies in Kellogg machine shops. We continued to help America get nutrition by bringing new, whole-grain cereal to life when we introduced Kellogg’s® Raisin Bran® . 1969 — The Kellogg Company was honored to provide breakfast for the legendary Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins during their groundbreaking Apollo 11 trip to the moon. 1997 — We opened the W.K. Kellogg Institute for Food and Nutrition Research — where food scientists, nutritionists and engineers transform wholesome grains and other ingredients into great-tasting and good-for-your-family foods. 2006 — The Kellogg Company celebrated our 100-year commitment to nutrition, health and quality. We also celebrated our future — by creating new Kellogg’s® Special K® Bars and other innovative ways of giving your family the delicious nutrition you need to make the most of every day. 2009-2010 — After discovering that many people in the U.S. don’t get enough fiber, Kellogg increased the fiber in many of our most popular cereals — including Kellogg’s® Froot Loops®. Now, in the U.S., Kellogg Company offers more ready-to-eat cereals that provide at least one good source of fiber (3 grams) and one-half serving of whole grains (8 grams) than any other U.S. food company. Today — We’re proudly upholding the values W.K. Kellogg instilled more than 100 years ago — but now we’re doing it in 180 countries across the world. We still provide you and your family with better breakfasts that lead to better days, and we flake corn the same way W.K. Kellogg did back in 1898. It just tastes better that way.

one thousand nine hundred and six

Which wartime classic was the title of a 1980 film with Hanna Schygulla & Mel Ferrer?

Kellogg Company History, Timeline   1900s Will Keith (W.K.) Kellogg, was born April 7, 1860. W.K., along with his brother, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, was the co-inventor of flaked cereal. Although W.K. lacked a formal education beyond the sixth grade, the cereal giant forever changed the way we eat breakfast. In 1906, W.K. Kellogg entered the cereal business, as American eating habits began shifting from heavy, fat-laden breakfasts to lighter, more grain-based meals. W.K. discovered that a better flake was produced by using only the corn grit or "sweet heart of the corn." To help consumers distinguish Kellogg's Corn Flakes® cereal from the products of the 42 other cereal companies in Battle Creek, Michigan, W.K. put his signature on each package, saying that these Corn Flakes are the "The Original." The company succeeded because it believed the entire populace, not just those on special diets, might be interested in wholesome cereal foods, and because it continually improved its product line and packaging techniques to meet the needs of an ever-changing and evolving consumer base. 1910s With the advent of pasteurization of milk, the ready-to-eat cereal business expanded. To keep up with a growing market, Kellogg Company developed new product, packaging and marketing innovations to fit consumer needs. In 1914, Kellogg Company created Waxtite® wrappers, a new concept in packaging technology. W.K. Kellogg believed that if people tried a good product, they would keep buying it. To ensure that consumers would continue to seek out his products, he distributed free samples of his Corn Flakes, and then followed up with advertising in magazines and on billboards. Kellogg also held a children's art contest, selecting the best entries for use in Kellogg advertisements. The first Kellogg premium, the "Funny Jungleland Moving Picture Book," was distributed to consumers in 1910. Kellogg's® Bran Flakes and All Bran® cereals were introduced in 1915 and 1916. After having success in the U.S. market, Kellogg opened its first foreign cereal facility in 1914 in Canada. 1920s Kellogg continued to expand into new markets, exporting cereal to England in the early 1920s and later building a plant in Sydney, Australia. In the U.S., Kellogg introduced ready-to-eat cereals in individual servings for use in hospitals, hotels and rail dining cars. The 1920s also brought new marketing innovations. A mail-in promotion made Battle Creek, Michigan a household word when millions of youngsters clipped and mailed in Kellogg's® boxtops for "Stuff-Yourself Nursery Rhyme Rag Dolls." Kellogg also established one of the first home economics departments in the food industry in 1923, the same year that Kellogg's® Pep™ wheat flakes was introduced. The famous Kellogg's® Rice Krispies® began talking to consumers in 1927. 1930s W.K. Kellogg made an unprecedented move as the United States sank into the Great Depression. Instead of cutting back, he doubled his advertising spending - and Kellogg cereal sales increased. In response to the hard times created by the Depression, Mr. Kellogg reduced the hours of the three plant shifts and created a fourth shift, spreading the payroll among more workers. Others earned their paychecks by developing a 10-acre park on the Battle Creek plant grounds. Declaring "I'll invest my money in people," in 1930, Mr. Kellogg founded the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. He also continued to invest resources into developing the nutritional quality of Kellogg's products. Kellogg expansion continued with a new plant in Manchester, England. Kellogg's® Pep™, became the first cereal fortified with vitamins through the "spray" method. Kellogg also brought new partnerships by sponsoring "The Singing Lady - Irene Wicker," the nation's first radio network program for children, and the "Howie Wing" radio show, based on the adventures of a young aviator. Adm. Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole was equipped with a two-year supply of Kellogg cereals. 1940s In support of the American war effort during World War II, Kellogg provided packaged K-rations for the U.S. armed forces and Kellogg engineering personnel used the company machine shop to manufacture parts for the "Manhattan" atomic bomb project in 1945. As a result of the company's many efforts during WWII, Kellogg was awarded the Army-Navy "E" flag for excellence. Kellogg's® Rice Krispies® Marshmallow Treats ® recipe, first advertised in 1940, became a popular food for mailing to service people abroad. Despite the war, Kellogg launched new whole-grain product lines like Kellogg's Raisin Bran® in 1942 and opened the company's second U.S. plant in Nebraska. 1950s On October 6, 1951, Kellogg Company's legendary founder, W.K. Kellogg, died at the age of 91. His body lay in state for three days in the main lobby of the company office building so that hundreds of workers and Battle Creek residents could pay their respects. Throughout the 1950s the company introduced some of today's most beloved cereals including: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers. Cereal icon, Tony the Tiger® also made his first appearance in the 1950s and became an instant hit as the spokescharacter for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®. In 1956, a Battle Creek tradition was started when more than 32,000 people sat down together at "the world's longest breakfast table" in Battle Creek, Michigan to celebrate the company's 50th anniversary. Renowned artist Norman Rockwell produced a series of illustrations for the company featuring six children and Santa Claus. For Kellogg, the 1950s also meant national expansion into California and Tennessee, as well as internationally into Mexico and New Zealand. 1960s For Kellogg Company, the 1960s were marked by a wide range of new product introductions. There were five new cereals: Kellogg's Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds® and Kellogg's Product 19®, as well as Kellogg's Pop-Tarts® toaster pastries and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons. Kellogg's Product 19® was the first 100-percent fortified cereal created for consumers. Kellogg also enjoyed extensive global expansion, opening facilities in South America, Canada, Scandinavia, Europe and Asia. Kellogg even went into outer space, as part of the Apollo 11 space crew's breakfast during their historic mission to the moon in 1969. A growing interest in nutrition led to the expansion of the company's already broad consumer nutrition information programs. 1970s Kellogg Company responded to America's renewed awareness of the importance of nutrition and fitness. The company published its nutrition policy, outlining its fortification practices and commitments to nutrition, responsible advertising and consumer education. Kellogg became the first cereal company to voluntarily list the amount of sugar in its cereals on the side panel of its packages. This was the strongest decade of growth in the history of ready-to-eat cereal consumption. New cereals included Kellogg's® Frosted Krispies® and Cracklin' Oat Bran®. Kellogg entered the frozen foods business when Fearn International and its line of Eggo® brand frozen waffles joined the company. Kellogg also acquired Mrs. Smith's Pie Company and Pure Packed Foods. Company expansion continued in Central America, Great Britain and Spain. 1980s New cereal products of the 1980s including Kellogg's® Squares™ line, Kellogg's® Crispix® and Kellogg's® Just Right®, would remain consumer favorites into the next century. Science-based groups affirmed the importance of grain in the diet, enabling Kellogg to make health claims, particularly for high-fiber cereals such as Kellogg's® All-Bran®. The company built advanced-technology cereal plants in Battle Creek and London, Ontario. It also opened a new plant in South Korea and improved its manufacturing capabilities around the world. In 1986, Kellogg Company's new headquarters opened in downtown Battle Creek. True to its tradition of social responsibility, Kellogg strongly supported the United Negro College Fund, the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island renewal and the fight against apartheid in South Africa. 1990s In the 1990s, as consumers purchased "On the Go" foods like never before, convenience foods grew as a percentage of Kellogg's sales. Kellogg's® Rice Krispies Treats® squares and Kellogg's® Nutri-Grain® bars won broad consumer acceptance. Kellogg's® Pop-Tarts® toaster pastries became the company's top-selling product. In the cereal category, the 1990s were the company's most difficult decade, amid unprecedented branded and private-label competition in the U.S. and increased competition overseas. Still, Kellogg remained the global cereal leader and opened its first plants in India, China, Thailand and Latvia. A second Mexican plant was added thanks to very strong growth in that market. In 1997, Kellogg made a significant step forward in its food science research activities by opening the $75 million W.K. Kellogg Institute for Food and Nutrition Research in Battle Creek. In 1999, Kellogg acquired Worthington Foods, the top producer of soy-based meat alternatives. 2000s Kellogg has generated strong upward momentum in the new century based on growing the dollar - rather than volume - sales of its cereal products, expanding its convenience foods businesses and pursuing profitable growth. In 2001, Kellogg completed the largest acquisition in its history, the $4.56 billion purchase of Keebler Foods Company, a leading producer of cookies and crackers. Cereal, once Kellogg Company's only product line, now represented 53 percent of its worldwide sales, with 32 percent coming from snacks and the remaining 15 percent from other grain-based foods. Kellogg also has benefited from the acquisition of health foods leader Kashi Company, the multi-country success of products such as Kellogg's® Special K Red Berries cereal and a relentless focus on superior day-to-day execution of its product development and marketing initiatives. Kellogg Company celebrated its 100th Anniversary in 2006, and looks forward to carrying forward the legacy of the company's founder, W.K. Kellogg, by continuing to provide consumers with great-tasting, high-quality foods and programs that help promote health and well-being. 2007 kicked off two years of additions to Kellogg Company's portfolio. Kellogg purchased Gardenburger, maker of a variety of vegetarian and vegan products and meat substitutes. The acquisition of Bear Naked, maker of premium all-natural and organic granolas, hot cereals and trail mixes, was an addition to the company's Kashi business. In 2008, the company announced the purchase of Russia's largest cracker, biscuit and cereal producer - The United Bakers Group - marketed primarily under the Yantar and Lyubyatovo brand names. In China, Kellogg acquired Zhenghang Food Company Ltd. (Navigable Foods), which produces and markets cookies and crackers in the north and northeastern regions of China. In the United States, Kellogg acquired the assets of IndyBake Products LLC and Brownie Products Co., a privately held contract-manufacturing business that produces cracker, cookie and frozen dough products. Kellogg also acquired the trademarks and recipes of the Mother's Cake & Cookie Co., a regional brand in the western United States. During 2009, Kellogg Company released its first global Corporate Responsibility Report. At the company's Annual Meeting of Shareowners, the company announced it would make a then unprecedented donation of an entire day's worth of cereal to Feeding America. The donation of 3.5 million pounds of cereal, worth approximately $10 million, amounted to more than 55 million cereal servings. A dedication ceremony was held for the expansion of the W.K. Kellogg Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, the epicenter for Kellogg's global product development, research and innovation was held. The $54 million, 157,000-square-foot pilot plant and office space expansion demonstrates Kellogg Company's ongoing commitment to growth and building powerhouse brands. 2010s In 2010, United Way recognized Kellogg Company with the Spirit of America Award - its highest honor for overall community efforts. Kellogg is the first Michigan-based company to win the award, which recognizes the variety of ways Kellogg Company and its employees and retirees continue to invest in the communities where they work and live. President and CEO David Mackay joined First Lady Michelle Obama and the Partnership for a Healthier America to announce a new industry-wide pledge to reduce 1.5 trillion calories by the end of 2015. The pledge was made by the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation, a coalition of more than 100 retailers, food and beverage manufacturers, and nongovernmental, and other organizations and individuals committed to help fight the obesity epidemic.

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Who was the voice of Matt Dillon for 11 years on radio's Gunsmoke?

Gunsmoke: Radio's Last Great Dramatic Series Radio's Last Great Dramatic Series (1952-1961) Gunsmoke's four continuing characters on both radio and television were Matt Dillon, United States Marshall, Chester Wesley Proudfoot, his middle aged "helper," Charles "Doc" Adams, the town physician, and Kitty Russell, a "saloon girl" at the Texas Trails. Front Street, Dodge City, KS 1876 Gunsmoke was set in Dodge City, Kansas between 1872, when the Santa Fe Railroad reached town, and 1885, when local farmers forced the end of the Texas cattle drives along the Western Trail. Dodge City, known as the "Queen of the Cow Towns," the "Wicked Little City," the "Gomorrah of the Plains," had a reputation as a hostile, lawless town where the "fastest gun" ruled. As the opening of the show proclaimed: "Around Dodge City and in the territory on west, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers and that's with a U.S. Marshal and the smell of gunsmoke." That marshall, Matt Dillon, was modeled after the real lawmen who "tamed" (or at least kept a lid on) Dodge City: US Deputy Marshall Wyatt Earp (1848-1929), Sheriff Bat Masterson (1856-1921), Sheriff Bill Tilghman (1854-1924), and Sheriff Charlie Bassett (c.1847-1869). After Gunsmoke... During Gunsmoke's nine years on the radio, CBS presented 480 performances of 413 scripts. Many of these radio plays were adapted to television. One, The Ride Back by Anthony Ellis, became a full length movie starring William Conrad and Anthony Quinn. When the series went off the air in 1961, the four actors who played the continuing characters moved on to other things. William Conrad on the cover of TVGuide (1976) William Conrad as Frank Cannon Cannon William Conrad as J. L. McCabe Jake and the Fatman William Conrad (1920-1994), who was the original Marshall Dillon and one of radio's most prolific actors (he claimed he performed in 7500 radio programs) became a television producer and director. According to a "TV Episode List" published on Gunsmoke: The Great American Western, he directed two television episodes of Gunsmoke: "Panacea Sikes" (April 13, 1963) and "Captain Sligo" (January 4, 1971) , and narrated a third-- "Women for Sale" (September 10 & 17, 1973). Between 1963 and the series finale in 1967 his deep, resonant voice was heard under the opening credits of The Fugative. He was also the voice of the unseen narrator on The Bullwinkle Show (1961-1962), The Wild, Wild World of Animals (1973-1978), Tales of the Unexpected (1977) and How the West Was One (1978-1979). His first major on camera, television role was Frank Cannon in Cannon (1971-1976). This was followed by Nero Wolf (1981) and J.L. McCabe, the Fatman, in Jake and the Fatman (1987-1992). In addition to radio and television, Conrad appeared in at least 25 films between 1946 and 1960. His first on screen appearance was as Max, one of the killers in The Killers (1946). In most of these films he was cast as the villain or heavy. In his last movie Hudson Hawk (1991) he was once again the narrator. Between 1957 and 1968 he directed four and produced ten feature length films. The first film he produced was The Ride Back (1957) (also known as "The Way Back"), a western based on a 1952 Gunsmoke radio script. According to Leonard Maltin's Movie and Video Guide it is a "Well-handled account of a sheriff (William Conrad) and prisoner (Anthony Quinn) who find they need each other's help to survive the elements and Indian attacks." He died of cardiac arrest in February 1994 and was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 1997. Howard McNear Howard McNear (1905-1969), Gunsmoke's Doc Adams, was in 19 films. His first was Drums Across the River (1954); his last was The Fortune Cookie (1966). On television he made a number of guest appearances on Gunsmoke, but he is probably best remembered as Floyd Lawson , the barber of Mayberry USA, on The Andy Griffith Show (1960-1968). He died in January 1969. Howard McNear cutting Andy Griffith's hair The Andy Griffith Show Parley Baer as Miles Dugan, The Young & the Restless Parley Baer (1914-2002), Marshall Dillon's "helper:" Chester Proudfoot, followed Howard McNear to Andy Griffith's Mayberry where he played Mayor Stoner. Between 1955 and 1961, in addition to being Marshall Dillon's "deputy," he was also Darby, Ozzie Nelson's next door neighbor, in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952-1966). In 1993 and '96, he was cast as Miles Dugan, one of the senior citizens Cricket helped on CBS's The Young & the Restless. Parley Baer was cast in 56 films between Union Station in 1950 and The Last of the Dogman in 1995. He died November 22, 2002. Georgia Ellis Georgia Ellis (1917-1988), Gunsmoke's Miss Kitty, appeared in numerous radio shows: The Adventures of Philip Marlowe, Broadway�s My Beat, Escape, Night Beat, Rogers of the Gazette, Romance, Suspense, This is Your FBI, The Whistler and Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, but did not develop a major film or television acting career. She is listed in only three movie in the Internet Movie DataBase-- As Georgia Hawkins, her maiden name, she appeared in The Light of the Western Stars (1940) and Doomed Caravan , a 1941 B-Western starring William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy. She was credited as Georgia Ellis in Dragnet (1954). After the close of Gunsmoke, she retired to Woodland Hills, California where she lived in peaceful anonymity as Georgia Ellis Puttfarken until her death in March of 1988. Georgia Ellis

William Conrad

Where was the UN Atomic Energy Agency based when it was set up in 1957?

'Gunsmoke' Star James Arness Dead at Age 88 'Gunsmoke' Star James Arness Dead at Age 88 Friday, 03 Jun 2011 03:43 PM Close       A   A    LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Actor James Arness, who personified the tall, rugged western lawman as the star of the prime-time classic "Gunsmoke," one of U.S. television's longest-running series, died Friday at age 88. Arness, a Minneapolis native and older brother of the late actor Peter Graves, died of natural causes at his Los Angeles home, said his former publicist, Trina Kaye. Arness was best known for his 20 years on TV playing Matt Dillon, the U.S. marshal in the dusty wild-west town of Dodge City, Kansas, a role for which he was recommended by his showbiz mentor and friend, the film star John Wayne. When "Gunsmoke" left the CBS airwaves in 1975, Arness had set the record for the longest-running role played by a single actor in prime time. The feat that went unmatched until Kelsey Grammer tied the record after 20 years of playing psychiatrist Frasier Crane on two NBC comedies -- "Cheers" and "Frasier." "Gunsmoke," which originated on CBS radio in 1952 with William Conrad as the voice of Matt Dillon, debuted on TV as one of the first in a wave of "adult westerns" that sought to portray gunslingers and cowboys in a way that appealed to grown-up viewers, rather than youngsters. Although not an immediate hit, "Gunsmoke" climbed up the ratings chart to No. 8 in its second season and went on to become the top-rated show in all of U.S. television for the next four years, 1957 to 1961. The show's success helped generate a lot of competition, and at one point the prime-time lineup of network television included more than 30 westerns, but "Gunsmoke" outlasted them all. The show's cast became one of television's most memorable ensembles of supporting players -- crusty old "Doc" Adams, the gullible, deputy with a limp Chester Goode, played by Dennis Weaver, and whiskey-voiced saloon keeper Miss Kitty Russell, played by Amanda Blake. Arness, who stood 6-feet-7-inches tall, earned three Emmy nominations for the program over the years. Before landing his signature role in "Gunsmoke," Arness appeared in numerous films, including "The Farmer's Daughter" with Loretta Young in 1947 and, memorably, in the title part as a space alien in "The Thing from Another World" in 1951. Arness returned to TV as Matt Dillon in five "Gunsmoke" reunion specials, the last of which aired in 1994 when he was 71. He also was in a TV mini-series "How the West Was Won," a modern police drama "McClain's Law" in 1981, and reprised John Wayne's role in a TV remake of "Red River" in 1988. (Reporting by Steve Gorman and Vicki Allen; Editing by Jill Serjeant) © 2017 Thomson/Reuters. All rights reserved. Click Here to comment on this article Close 

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Oran international airport is in which country?

Oran Es Senia Airport, Oran, Algeria Tourist Information Locals and travelers to connect with About Oran, Algeria 35.6969-0.6331 Oran Es Senia Airport is an international airport serving Oran City near Es Senia in the North African nation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Algeria . Oran is the second largest major city in the country spread along the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria. Located at a distance of 8.7 kilometers to the south of the city centre, this public airport was first used by the French Air Force as a military airfield in the 1940s during World War II. Situated at an elevation of 295 feet above mean sea level, the Oran Es Senia Airport is owned and operated by EGSA Alger, which is an airport management services establishment of the government of Algeria operating a total number of 18 airports within this country. There are a couple of concrete surfaced runways at this airport measuring 10,039 feet and 9,843 feet catering to all types of flight movements including many charter services. Apart from a separate cargo terminal, there is a well equipped single passenger terminal serving all domestic as well as international flights to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport. Moreover, there is a brand new terminal building under construction which along with modernization of the existing facilities is expected to raise the standards and quality of services of this airport to international levels. This project will be able to re-dimension and gradually refurbish the facilities at this airport in order to significantly accommodate traffic increases over the next 15 years. Private taxis and car rental services are also available at this airport along with most other passenger convenience facilities. Moreover, many hotels are offering complementary hotel shuttle services to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport for guests seeking comfortable hotel-stays around Oran. Map

Algeria

Where did Johnny Ace die in 1954?

Algeria Airport Code, Algeria Codes | IATA 3 letter Lookup   Algeria Airport Codes (Airport Code Lookup) Airports around the world are universally known by a unique three-letter code: the "Location Identifier" in aviation-speak. It's obviously much easier for pilots, controllers, travel agents, frequent flyers, computers and baggage handlers to say and write JFK than the John F Kennedy International Airport, Newyork. The continued growth of aviation world-wide meant that three letter combinations were insufficient to identify every airport in the world. Eventually the system expanded, allowing numbers and four digit combinations; however, an airport served by scheduled route air-carrier or military airlift aircraft always has a code comprising of only three letter IATA code. Following are the Airport Codes of the major Cities in Algeria. City / Airport

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Who was the first chemist to be Britain's Prime Minister?

Margaret Thatcher Publicity photo for the 1951 election campaign. Margaret Thatcher died today at 87. She'll be remembered as the first (and only) woman to be prime minister of Britain, but what's often missed or only glanced over in her biographies, and now her obituaries, is her career as a chemist. Thatcher graduated from Oxford in 1947 with an undergraduate degree in chemistry. Her fourth-year dissertation was on X-ray crystallography of the antibiotic cocktail gramicidin, and her supervisor, Dorothy Hodgkin, was working at the time on the structure of penicillin. In the years after, Thatcher worked as an industrial chemist at British Xylonite Plastics and at Lyons, with a probably apocryphal story circulating that she helped produce a form of soft-scoop ice cream . It's seldom discussed how much her degree might've affected her politics. A paper by science and technology professor Jon Agar , written for Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London and published in 2010, took a look at that connection, first by examining her as a student: All of her biographers agree that the future Mrs Thatcher devoted her free time to politics rather than science, and even regretted her choice of undergraduate study. One repeated anecdote has her walking with a friend at graduation in 1947 saying, 'You know, I oughtn't to have read chemistry. I should have read law. That's what I need for politics. I shall have to go and read law now.' Another repeatedly recalled incident, at an unspecified date, but presumably during her undergraduate years, was a conversation between the young scientist and Norman Winning, the Recorder, or municipal clerk, of her hometown, who had a Cambridge natural sciences degree. Winning advised her to continue with chemistry as a means to getting into law as a patent lawyer. All these anecdotes serve to prepare the narrative for the next stage in Thatcher's career, her training and employment as a lawyer in the later 1950s. But instead Thatcher took a position at British Xylonite (BX) Plastics in 1947, Agar writes. It's not clear exactly what her work entailed, but she, perhaps unexpectedly, joined a union there. In 1949, after gaining an opportunity as a parliamentary candidate, Thatcher became a food research chemist at "the cakes and teashop business J. Lyons & Co." She likely researched the chemical process saponification , but not much else can be confirmed about her work there. By 1951, Thactcher resigned from Lyons and switched career paths, studying tax law and passing the Bar in 1953. In 1959, she won a seat in Parliament. The popular theory, then, is that Thatcher studying chemistry was "incidental," Agar writes. It kept the lights on while she pursued politics. He quotes journalist Hugo Young's summary: These two jobs, lasting barely three years in all, constitute the totality of Margaret Thatcher's first-hand contact with the world of commerce and industry. . . . In any case, prime minister Thatcher never tried to make political capital out of these fugitive involvements. They were incidental to her political ambition and she has never pretended otherwise. They made her a living, while she devoted most of her psychic energy to the greater and more glamorous task. But that doesn't mean her career as a chemist and politician never intertwined, Agar argues. In 1971, Lord Victor Rothschild proposed laws to make government funding of science closer to a business proposition: policy would be shaped by market forces. "Basic" research science (or just "cheap" science) wouldn't be affected, but other research would. Thatcher, then Education Secretary, strangely seemed to shift positions in a decisive meeting on the subject, ultimately agreeing that the market should play a role in government funding of science. It was a controversial decision--121 scientists and doctors signed letters of protest to _The Times_--but Agar marks this as a defining moment, when Thatcher's hard-line conservative policies first took shape. It wasn't a coincidence that the battle was fought over science, either, Agar writes: "it was precisely because Thatcher knew what scientific research was like that made her impervious to claims that science was a special case, with special features and incapable of being understood by outsiders, and therefore that science policy should be left in the hands of scientists. Such a strategy of persuasion and protection might have considerable purchase on a science minister with no direct experience of the working life of a scientist, but not Thatcher." Agar sees that moment as the beginning of a slope toward more conservative policies. In effect, she used her chemistry background to test the political water: if she could pull off policies like that in the science sector, she could do it in other sectors, too. Agar writes that Thatcher was fond of this quote, about Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the physicist Michael Faraday: 'When Gladstone met Michael Faraday, he asked him whether his work on electricity would be of any use. "Yes, sir", remarked Faraday with prescience. "One day you will tax it."' Tags:

Margaret Thatcher

In which Olympics was taekwondo a demonstration sport?

Theresa May will be Britain's next prime minister FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Theresa May will be Britain's next prime minister Prime Minister David Cameron will resign his position by Wednesday. The move paves the way for Theresa May to succeed him as British leader. Post to Facebook Theresa May will be Britain's next prime minister Prime Minister David Cameron will resign his position by Wednesday. The move paves the way for Theresa May to succeed him as British leader. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/29HGo2h CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 21 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Theresa May will be Britain's next prime minister Jane Onyanga-Omara , USA TODAY Published 7:17 a.m. ET July 11, 2016 | Updated 5:26 p.m. ET July 11, 2016 CLOSE x Share Theresa May is set to be the new Prime Minister of the U.K. Here are a few facts about her. Chelsea Land, USA TODAY British Home Secretary Theresa May waves to members of the media outside of The Houses of Parliament in London, Britain, July 7, 2016. (Photo: HANNAH MCKAY, EPA) 2175 CONNECT TWEET 8 LINKEDIN 21 COMMENTEMAILMORE LONDON — British Prime Minister David Cameron said Monday that he will resign by Wednesday, paving the way for Home Secretary Theresa May to succeed him as the United Kingdom's second female leader. Cameron's announcement came just hours after May's only competitor for Conservative Party leader and prime minister — Energy Minister Andrea Leadsom — dropped out of the running. U.K.'s next prime minister, Theresa May, formidable like 'Iron Lady' Thatcher Graham Brady, who leads the committee overseeing the election of the new Conservative leader, said May was confirmed by the panel. Speaking to supporters after the latest political twists and turns, May said she is “honored and humbled” to be chosen as the new leader. Leadsom said she did not believe she had sufficient support within the party to lead a strong and stable government. Party lawmakers last week narrowed the choice of candidates for leader to May and Leadsom. Cameron had announced he would resign by October shortly after the June 23 referendum supported a U.K. exit, or Brexit, from the 28-nation European Union. Cameron led the campaign to remain in the EU. May, who also supported remaining in the EU, won 199 votes Thursday from party lawmakers, while Leadsom, who backed the campaign to leave, had 84. “Brexit means Brexit, and we’re going to make a success of it,” May said Monday, as she promised to deliver “a strong, new positive vision for the future of our country.” Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. British Prime Minister Theresa May speaks outside 10 Downing Street on July 13, 2016 in London, England.  Carl Court, Getty Images Britain's new Prime Minister Theresa May waves outside 10 Downing Street in central London on July 13, 2016.  Justin Tallis, AFP/Getty Images British Prime Minister Theresa May and husband Philip May outside 10 Downing St.  Carl Court, Getty Images Staff applaud as new British Prime Minister Theresa May and her husband Philip John walk into 10 Downing St. in London.  Stefan Rousseau, AFP/Getty Images Queen Elizabeth II welcomes Theresa May, left, at the start of an audience in Buckingham Palace, London, where she invited the former home secretary to become prime minister and form a new government on July 13, 2016.  Dominic Lipinski, AP Fullscreen Britain's outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron, left, speaks at the dispatch box with new leader of the Conservative Party and incoming prime minister Theresa May, center, and British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, right, on the front bench during his last Prime Minister's Questions at the House of Commons in central London on July 13, 2016.  PRU, AFP/Getty Images Britain's new leader of the Conservative Party Theresa May arrives at 10 Downing Street in London on July 12, 2016, as she prepares to attend Prime Minister David Cameron's last Cabinet meeting.  Chris J. Ratcliffe, AFP/Getty Images Theresa May will become the U.K.'s new prime minister on Wednesday evening after David Cameron holds his final PMQs and visits the Queen to officially resign his position.  Carl Court, Getty Images Britain's new Conservative Party leader Theresa May, center, flanked by her supporters, speaks to members of the media at the Palace of Westminster in London on July 11, 2016.  Daniel Leal-Olivas, AFP/Getty Images British Home Secretary Theresa May waves with her husband Philip John May as he kisses her head before she makes a statement on July 11, 2016 in London, England.  Christopher Furlong, Getty Images Andrea Leadsom makes her announcement to withdraw from the prime minister race, in London, on July 11, 2016.  AP British Home Secretary Theresa May walking in Downing Street to attend a cabinet meeting at 10 Downing Street in central London.  Leon Neal, AFP/Getty Images This Oct. 12, 2007 file photo shows David Cameron and Theresa May.  Andrew Parsons, AP Theresa May waves to members of the media outside of The Houses of Parliament in London, on July 7, 2016.  Hannah McKay, EPA Like this topic? 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What was Jimi Hendrix's middle name?

Jimi Hendrix - Biography - IMDb Jimi Hendrix Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trade Mark  (7) | Trivia  (51) | Personal Quotes  (5) Overview (5) 5' 11" (1.8 m) Mini Bio (1) Jimi Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942 in Seattle, Washington, to African-American parents Lucille (Jeter) and James Allen Hendrix. His mother named him John Allen Hendrix and raised him alone while his father, Al Hendrix, was off fighting in World War II. When his mother became sick from alcoholism, Hendrix was sent to live with relatives in Berkeley, California. When his father returned from Europe in 1945 he took back Hendrix, divorced his wife, and renamed him James Marshall Hendrix. When Jimi was 13 his father taught him to play an acoustic guitar. In 1959 Jimi dropped out of high school and enlisted in the U.S. Army, but soon became disenchanted with military service. After he broke his ankle during a training parachute jump, he was honorably discharged. He then went to work as a sideman on the rhythm-and-blues circuit, honing his craft but making little or no money. Jimi got restless being a sideman and moved to New York City hoping to get a break in the music business. Through his friend Curtis Knight, Jimi discovered the music scene in Greenwich Village, which left indelible impressions on him. It was here that he began taking drugs, among them marijuana, pep pills and cocaine. In 1966, while Jimi was performing with his own band called James & the Blue Flames at Cafe Wha?, John Hammond Jr. approached Jimi about the Flames playing backup for him at Cafe Au Go Go. Jimi agreed and during the show's finale, Hammond let Jimi cut loose on Bo Diddley 's "I'm the Man." Linda Keith, girlfriend of The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards , was one of Jimi's biggest fans and it was she who told friend Chas Chandler , a band manager, about Jimi. When Chandler heard Jimi play, he asked him to come to London to form his own band, and while there Chandler made the simple change in Jimi's name by formally dropping James and replacing it with Jimi. Having settled in England with a new band called the Jimi Hendrix Experience, which consisted of Jimi as guitarist and lead singer, bass player Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell , Jimi took the country by storm with the release of his first single "Hey, Joe." In the summer of 1967 Jimi performed back in the USA at the Monterey Pop Festival, a mix-up backstage forced Jimi to follow The Who onstage, where after a superb performance Jimi tore up the house by trashing his guitar in a wild frenzy. Afterwards, Jimi's career skyrocketed with the release of the Experience's first two albums, "Are You Experienced?" and "Axis: Bold as Love," which catapulted him to the top of the charts. However, tensions, possibly connected with Jimi's drug use and the constant presence of hangers-on in the studio and elsewhere, began to fracture some of his relationships, including Chas Chandler, who quit as manager in February 1968. In September 1968 the Experience released their most successful album, "Electric Ladyland." However, in early 1969 bassist Redding left the Experience and was replaced by Billy Cox , an old army buddy who Jimi had jammed with. Jimi began experimenting with different musicians. For the Woodstock music festival Jimi put together an outfit called the Gypsies, Sun and Rainbows, with Mitchell and Cox as well as a second guitarist and two percussionists. Their one and only performance in August 1969 at Woodstock took place near Bethel, New York, where Hendrix and his band were to be the closing headline act. Because of the delay getting there and the logistical problems, Jimi performed on the morning of the fourth and final day. Only 25,000 people of the original 400,000 stayed to watch Jimi and his band as the closing music number, where Jimi's searing rendering of "The Star-Spangled Banner" became the anthem for counterculture. After Woodstock, Jimi formed a new band with Cox on bass and Buddy Miles on drums with the May 1970 release of the album "The Band of Gypsys." Jimi's last album, "Cry of Love", featured Cox on bass and former Experience drummer Mitchell on drums. However, Jimi's drug problem finally caught up with him. On the night of September 17, 1970, while living in London, Jimi took some sleeping pills, which were prescribed for his live-in girlfriend Monika Danneman. Sometime after midnight, Jimi threw up from an apparent allergic reaction to the pills and then passed out. Danneman, thinking him to be all right, went out to get cigarettes for them. When she returned, she found him lying where he collapsed, having inhaled his own vomit, and and she couldn't wake him. Danneman called an ambulance, which took him to a nearby hospital, but Jimi Hendrix was pronounced dead a short while later without regaining consciousness. He was 27 years old. Jimi Hendrix's life was short, but his impact on the rock guitar is still being heard which set the course for a new era of rock music. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Matthew Patay Trade Mark (7) Guitar solos and heavy riffs Fender Stratocaster Played a right handed guitar left handed Would often smash his guitar and/or light it on fire after a show Brightly colored outfits Afro and thin moustache Trivia (51) Backed Little Richard and The Isley Brothers before being "discovered" by Chas Chandler of The Animals in 1966. Usually played an upside-down Fender Stratocaster, restrung for left hand. Was said to put LSD litmus ("blotter acid") under his bandana while he was playing on stage. The footage of him playing "The Star-Spangled Banner" in the film Woodstock (1970) is one of the most studied pieces of musical film ever. Guitar impresario Les Paul supposedly called Hendrix "a left-handed, mother f---ing genius". Neil Young said Hendrix was "absolutely the best guitar player that ever lived; there was no one even in the same building as that guy". Musician Al Kooper received one of Hendrix's black Stratocasters from him as a gift; after deconverting the left-handed setup, Kooper used the guitar years later, to record the Crime Story: Pilot (1986) soundtrack. Had actually lost over 60% of his hearing by the time of his death; during mixing sessions Hendrix often found himself the only person who could stand the playback volumes he needed, over the studio speakers. As a United States Army paratrooper, Hendrix followed up a jump by trying to recreate the sound of the air rushing by, with his guitar and amplifier, back at the barracks. Toured with The Monkees in 1967 as their opening act, in the weeks before his Monterey performance; disliking their music at first, Hendrix was surprised that the Monkees would invite him (They all but demanded his presence on tour from their managers.) He and the group hit it off well, though, and found each other to be genuine, impressive, and good company (Some jamming did happen offstage, but none was recorded.) Hendrix's act proved far less a match with the Monkees' fans, though, and performances sometimes unraveled among relentless cries for the headliners. Hendrix asked to leave the tour, to begin his own after Monterey; he left on good terms, but a story was concocted by the Monkees' press corps that Hendrix was out because of protests from the Daughters of the American Revolution, about his wild stage act -- an inside joke, and some extra publicity for Hendrix. His parents, Lucille (Jeter) and James Allen Hendrix, were both African-American, as were all of his grandparents (Bertran Philander Hendrix, Zenora "Nora" Rose Moore, Preston Murice Jeter, and Clarice Lawson). Hendrix played left-handed, much to the chagrin of his father, who believed that playing left-handed was a sign of the Devil! As Jimi's brother witnessed, Jimi played right-handed when his father was present. After the elder Hendrix left the room, Jimi would use his famous left hand. However, Jimi wrote with his right hand. Hendrix was capable of playing guitars with his right and left hands. He also was able to play right-handed guitars without restringing. This unusual skill often served Jimi well: On many occasions he "auditioned" guitars in music stores -- where left-handed axes are not usually plentiful. Though Hendrix did indeed play right-handed Fender Stratocasters upside down (with the strings restrung for lefty position), he did own at least one left-handed Stratocaster. Hendrix also owned a left-handed "Flying V" guitar, which he played periodically. One of the early electric guitars Hendrix played was the now-discontinued Fender MusicMaster, which Jimi used while backing The Isley Brothers in the early 1960s. He also used the Fender Jazzmaster, an essential instrument for the punk music movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Played in the Ike Turner Review under the name "Jimmy James". Played his next to last performance at the infamous Isle of Wight Festival in August 1970. Posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a member of the Jimi Hendrix Experience) in 1992. Hendrix and Pete Townshend of The Who got into a heated argument over who was going to follow whom at the Monterey Pop Festival. Neither artist wanted to follow the other, so John Phillips flipped a coin to decide who was going to go on. Townshend won, so Hendrix had to follow The Who, and he answered their usual end-of-show instrument smashing by setting his guitar on fire during the last song. For years, many people thought that Hendrix's final performance was at the Isle of Wight Festival in England. However, Hendrix's final performance was at a festival in Germany that was marred by bad weather and violence, especially by the German Hell's Angels. Wrote "Voodoo Child", which would later be the entrance theme for pro wrestler Hulk Hogan . He was a huge fan of Bob Dylan , often to the annoyance of friends and girlfriends as he would play Dylan's records again and again. Many say they can hear the influence of Dylan in Hendrix's lyrics. Hendrix often played "Like a Rolling Stone" at shows, but one of the legendary guitarist's best known songs was his cover of Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" (Dylan today performs the song as a Hendrix tribute.). He was voted the 6th Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artist of all time by Rolling Stone. He was also voted the greatest guitarist of all time in a 2003 poll by Rolling Stone, a claim few would dispute. Name was legally changed from "Johnny Allen Hendrix" to "James Marshall Hendrix" on September 11, 1946. He was 3 years old at the time. Was the first musician inducted into the Native American Music Hall of Fame. He had stated that he had Tsalagi (Cherokee) and Nahua (Aztec) ancestors, though it is not clear if these lineages have been verified/documented. When Jimi first moved to England he would often stay with his manager, Chas Chandler , in his hometown of Newcastle Upon Tyne. He often busked in the Heaton area of Newcastle near Chillingham Road, not far from where Chandler grew up and went to school. He was discovered and managed by Chas Chandler , the Newcastle-born bass player for the 1960s group The Animals , who had a hit with "House of the Rising Sun", he later went on to manage the rock group Slade in the 1970s. While living in London in 1966, he got the chance to jam with Cream . He had wanted a chance to play with Eric Clapton . David Gilmour of Pink Floyd lists him as a major influence. When Gilmour saw Hendrix playing in a London nightclub in 1966, he said that nobody who saw that performance left the club not thinking that Hendrix would go all the way to the top. Ranked #51 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists. In spite of his legendary status, he only had one #1 hit with "All Along the Watchtower". Was very close friends with David Nuuhiwa , who later was used in Rainbow Bridge (1972). (November 16, 2005) Posthumously inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. Though the guitar chord - 7th + sharpened 9th - became known as "The Hendrix Chord" through its heavy use on his "Foxy Lady" and "Purple Haze," the 7#9 was actually used several months earlier by George Harrison on "Taxman" from The Beatles ' 1966 album "Revolver". Lived in London, England and New York City. Stepbrother of Janie Hendrix . He was posthumously awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6627 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on November 14, 1991. Died at 27 years old, making him a member of the "27 Club"; The 27 Club is a group of prominent musicians who died at the age of 27. Other members include The Rolling Stones co-founder Brian Jones , singer Janis Joplin , The Doors frontman Jim Morrison , Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain and Amy Winehouse . Was expelled from high school for poor grades and attendance, though he later received an honorary diploma. Although the Fender Stratocaster is the guitar most associated with Hendrix, he played a variety during his career including the Gibson SG, Gibson Les Paul and Gibson Flying V. Was arrested for stealing cars in his youth and given the choice of jail or two years in the United States Army. Was discharged from the United States Army for sub par service including sleeping on duty and poor marksmanship. Jimi Hendrix and Engelbert Humperdinck had a mutual respect for each other's work. So when a guitarist didn't turn up for an Engelbert Humperdinck concert, Jimi offered to step in. Engelbert thought it might damage Jimi's image, so Jimi played behind a curtain, he also restrained himself from doing any trademark licks and played in the orchestral style of an Engelbert Humperdinck song. He was posthumously awarded a star on the Music City Walk of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee in November 2007. Following his untimely death, he was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Renton, Washington. Jimi wrote with his right hand but played guitar with his left hand. Pictured on a USA nondenominated 'forever' commemorative postage stamp in the Music Icons series, issued 13 March 2014. Price on the day of issue was 49¢. On one occasion a girlfriend had to have stitches after Hendrix struck her above the eye with a bottle in a drunken rage. He had fans request 'Hey Joe' so often he eventually got sick of it and disliked playing it. He had a fear of needles. Was known to be very charming with women to the point that friends were hesitant to introduce Their girlfriends to him.

Marshall

Who was buried in Milan under the name of Maria Maggi to discourage grave robbers?

If Jimi Was Johnny: Why Did Al Hendrix Change His Son’s Name? « 100.7 WZLX Filed Under: Jimi Hendrix , Johnny Hendrix , Matt Dolloff , Music History , Rock History , Rock N Roll Diary Extra FILE- In this 1970 file photo, Jimi Hendrix performs on the Isle of Wight in England. A new Jimi Hendrix album is coming March 5. The musician's website says “People, Hell and Angels” contains 12 previously unreleased tracks recorded in 1968 and '69. Rolling Stone revealed the album cover on its website Wednesday, Nov. 21, 2012. (AP Photo/file) Would “Purple Haze” or “Hey Joe” have the same impact if the performer’s name was “Johnny Hendrix”? Well, probably… Jimi Hendrix was simply a transcendent guitar player, regardless of his name. But it’s an amusing “What if?” game to just think about how you’d view the man had his name been Johnny. In fact, that was his real name: Jimi was born Johnny Allen Hendrix on November 27, 1942, and it was on September 11, 1946 that his father Al Hendrix had him renamed James Marshall Hendrix. According to the book Jimi Hendrix: A Brother’s Story by Leon Hendrix, Jimi didn’t like his new name , which is pretty understandable given he’d lived the first four years of his life as Johnny. He’d shout “That’s not my name! My name’s Johnny!” As for the reasons behind Al’s decision to give his son a new name, he’s been quoted as saying he simply “didn’t care for ‘Johnny'”. Having been in WWII when Jimi was born, Al wasn’t consulted about his son’s name, so it’s possible that he really just didn’t like the name – but there’s probably a darker reason behind that. According to the book Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy, Jimi’s mother Lucille Jeter had a history with another man named John Williams (the book notes that “Williams” was not his real surname ). She had a fling with Williams during her marriage with Al, and it continued even after Al went to fight in WWII. According to Electric Gypsy, Williams confronted Al and Lucille at times, which would be greeted with a punch to the face. Jimi’s aunt also alluded to his mother’s relationship with another man, but she said his name was Johnny Page. Whatever the guy’s last name was, it appears he had a first name that Al had good reason to despise. While Al himself never confirmed his true reasoning for changing his son’s name, it can be assumed that this was it. Had Al not felt strongly enough to change his son’s name, Jimi would have been known forever as “Johnny Allen Hendrix” or perhaps just “Johnny Hendrix”. Safe to say he still would have become a legend, due to his outstanding artistic abilities he displayed from an early age.

i don't know

In which month of the year did Bing Crosby record White Christmas?

White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts Songfacts This 8-line song that paints a picture of holiday nostalgia was written by Irving Berlin for the 1942 movie Holiday Inn, where Bing Crosby sings it from the perspective of a New Yorker stranded in sunny California during Christmas. In the film, the song begins with this verse: The sun is shining, the grass is green The orange and palm trees sway There's never been such a day In Beverly Hills, LA But it's December the 24th And I'm longing to be up north Crosby recorded a version of the song for release as a single with the Kim Darby Singers and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra on May 29, 1942 - a few months before the movie hit theaters. At the advice of Bing's record producer Jack Kapp, this original first verse was excised as it made no sense outside of the context of the film. Now starting with the familiar, "I'm dreaming of a white Christmas," the song became a huge hit, going to #1 on the Billboard chart (measuring sales) in October, and staying in the top spot for 11 weeks, taking it through the first two weeks of 1943. Irving Berlin wrote another holiday song that Crosby also sang in the film: "Let's Start the New Year Right." This was released as the B-side of the "White Christmas" single. The song enjoyed a sales resurgence every Christmas after it was first released in 1942. It went to #1 that year in America, and again reached the top spot in 1945 and 1947. The song appeared on various Billboard charts every year until 1963 when it finally dropped off the Hot 100. A perennial seller for an entire generation, the song is by far the biggest-selling Christmas song of all time. It was the biggest-selling song of all time, going back and forth with Bill Haley's " Rock Around The Clock ," until Elton John released his tribute to Princess Diana - " Candle In The Wind ." Bing re-recorded the song on March 19, 1947, again with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra because the original masters had been worn out from all the pressings. It is this version that is most often heard today. The original Drifters with Clyde McPhatter as their lead vocalist recorded their Doo-Wop version in November 1953. It hit #2 on the R&B charts in 1954, and made the Pop charts in 1955. The deep bass-tenor voice you hear on this version was Bill Pinkney, who was an early member of the group. The Drifters version made the Hot 100 (the chart was introduced in 1958) twice alongside Crosby's version: in 1960 (Bing #26, Drifters #96) and in 1962 (Bing #38, Drifters, #88). >> Suggestion credit: Jeff - Boston, MA By 1954, this song was a holiday favorite, and that year Paramount Pictures released a movie called White Christmas to tie in with it. Crosby starred in the film along with Danny Kaye, and of course performed his famous song. This won the Academy Award for Best Song of 1942. Elvis Presley recorded this song in 1957 along with other holiday standards for his Elvis' Christmas Album. Most songwriters dream of having Elvis record their songs, but Irving Berlin spoke out against the King's cover, calling it a "profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard" and claiming that his staff was ordered to call radio stations and ask them not to play it. There's a chance that Berlin was simply drumming up publicity for his song, as there was nothing all that offensive about the Elvis version, and The Drifters had already done an R&B version. Elvis doing Christmas songs did rub some people the wrong way, but much of the controversy was manufactured, helping Elvis' Christmas Album stay at #1 for an amazing five weeks in late 1957 and early 1958. The best publicity stunt may have been the one pulled off by the Portland, Oregon radio station KEX, which refused to play the song and sparked a debate among listeners as to the merits of Presley's Christmas output. Their disc jockey Al Priddy played the song on a Sunday, and was "fired" the next day, making national news - Priddy even played the phone call of his firing on the air before he left. The station continued to play up the incident, and brought Priddy back two weeks later, claiming that overwhelming listener support made them decide to bring him back. This has the distinction of marking the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. As the North Vietnamese surrounded Saigon, an evacuation plan was put into effect to bring the remaining Americans to safety. Their cue to evacuate was when a radio announcement stating that the temperature in Saigon was "105 degrees and rising," and followed by the playing of Bing Crosby's "White Christmas." That was the signal for the mad dash to the US Embassy where helicopters were waiting. Phil Spector put this as the first track on his 1963 Christmas album A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector, which was unfortunately released on November 22, 1963 - the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated. Spector had Darlene Love sing this one, and he used many of his favorite Los Angeles session musicians on the album, including a then unknown Cher. The sessions were notoriously difficult, with Cher explaining, "Philip was just insane about the Christmas album. We just never left the studio. I mean, you went home to take a shower, you came back. We didn't go home for six weeks, we just were there. I had just turned 17, and I'm thinking, How are all these old people doing this? I am dying, I can hardly drag myself outta bed. How are these old guys doing it?" Lady Gaga recorded a jazzy version for her 2011 A Very Gaga Holiday EP. Her take includes an original verse in which she jokes, "O.K., I suppose it's not very white outside yet." Many popular artists have recorded this song, but since 1963, only one has charted in the US: Michael Bolton. He make #73 with his 1992 rendition. Andy Williams released this song on his very first Christmas album (there were eight total), The Andy Williams Christmas Album in 1963, which also debuted his own enduring holiday classic " It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year ." His version of "White Christmas" also became the #1 selling Christmas single that year. According to Mark Steyn's A Song for the Season, Berlin began writing this on January 8, 1942. The songwriter was in a hurry that Monday morning and shouted at his musical secretary, Helmy Kresa: "Grab your pen and take down this song. It's the best song I ever wrote. Hell, it's the best song anybody ever wrote." Steyn notes that "White Christmas" owes much of its enduring popularity to World War II, specifically the attack on Pearl Harbor that led to US involvement, because the song adopted a significance beyond the reaches of Hollywood: "Had America entered the war in Europe in 1939, 'White Christmas' might have been just a hit-record from a so-so movie. Instead, 1942 was the American serviceman's first Christmas away, in the Pacific, under glorious sunny skies that only made home seem even more distant." Christmas was a painful time for Irving Berlin and his second wife, Ellin Mackay, who found their infant son dead in his bassinet early Christmas morning in 1928. Although he was Jewish, Irving grew up celebrating the holiday by sneaking off to his neighbor's house to enjoy the festivities. His daughter, Mary Ellin, told Mark Steyn: "My father believed in the secular American Christmas. There's a lot of controversy about that, about whether there should be, apart from the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, a general festive celebration that anyone can join in with."

May

What was the last name of Judy in radio's A Date With Judy series?

Bing Crosby - 8/3 Remind Me Bing Crosby - 8/3 With his remarkably smooth and velvety baritone voice, Bing Crosby rose from obscurity to become the most popular singer in the world, dominating the record and singles charts for a 20-year stretch and enjoying a more than respectable popularity for the rest of his life. He also became an extremely successful actor, appearing in 70+ films, and charmed moviegoers everywhere with his relaxed performing style. Following a string of early hit singles, Crosby was recruited by Paramount Pictures and enjoyed a long-time partnership with Bob Hope on the highly popular series of "Road" movies, which served up endearing cocktails of humor and song. He was also highly impressive in many of his solo efforts, most notably Going My Way (1944), for which Crosby won the Best Actor Academy Award, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949) and The Country Girl (1954). Crosby's reign as one of the leading pop culture figures in America was dampened somewhat by the rise of rock-n-roll, but he maintained a huge fanbase and songs like "White Christmas," "I'll Be Seeing You" and "Swinging on a Star" were unmistakably his. However, there was much discord in his personal life, including alcoholism and accusations of child abuse, which surfaced in detail after his passing. Although his image as America's greatest father figure was tarnished, Crosby's success across multiple mediums was truly remarkable and he was arguably the leading entertainment figure of the 20th century. One of seven children, Harry Lillis Crosby was born on May 3, 1903 in Tacoma, WA. He earned the nickname "Bing" while a student at Webster School in Spokane, due to his enthusiasm for The Bingville Bugle, a weekly satirical newspaper supplement. A graduate of the Jesuit-run Gonzaga High School, Crosby played in the school band and worked numerous odd jobs to make ends meet. During his time as a student at Gonzaga University, where he excelled at diction and debating, Crosby became part of a six-piece combo called The Musicaladers, which eventually began landing paid gigs. It was hoped that Crosby would become a lawyer, but by now, the youth was convinced showbiz lay in his future. Making his way out to Los Angeles with fellow Musicalader Al Rinker, the pair were enlisted to perform at The Boulevard Theater and eventually played other venues. They then became part of The Morrissey Music Hall Revue and were put under contract by top jazz bandleader Paul Whiteman. With singer-songwriter Harry Barris joining them, Crosby and Rinker became The Rhythm Boys; Crosby handled the solos and recorded his first song "Muddy Water" in 1927. In addition to touring for Whiteman, the trio also appeared in the movies, "King of Jazz" (1930), "Two Plus Fours" (1930) and "Confessions of a Co-Ed" (1931). Around this time, he married fellow singer Dixie Lee; the couple would have four sons together. The group split from Whiteman and enjoyed a spectacularly successful run at The Coconut Grove in Los Angeles, which grabbed Hollywood's attention. The group eventually broke up, allegedly due, in part, to Crosby's drinking, which had previously resulted in a drunk-driving arrest. Now on his own, Crosby enjoyed one hit single after another. Boasting a unique voice that stood out from the preponderance of tenors during that era, Crosby was among the first performers to use microphones to their best advantage for both projection and subtlety in his voice, something he picked up from working in radio, a medium on which he had quickly become popular following his 1931 debut. Crosby became friends with several major singers, including Louis Armstrong, whose voice he deeply admired, and on more than one occasion, he indulged in some marijuana with Armstrong, a recreational practice that was still permissible at the time. Strangely, considering his late-in-life image as a square, Crosby would advocate for the legalization of pot throughout his life. He went on to score his first film lead role essentially playing himself in "The Big Broadcast" (1932), which was a major success, and he alternated between features and a half dozen two-reel musical shorts for Paramount Pictures, working almost exclusively for that studio during the next 20-something years. While they showcased Crosby's superb voice, most of his movies during this decade were pleasant but unremarkable, save for "Anything Goes" (1936), which paired him with powerhouse Ethel Merman, Pennies from Heaven (1936) and Sing, You Sinners (1938). The most interesting aspect of these early pictures was how Crosby's persona differed so greatly from how he would be remembered by future generations; although he often played drunks onscreen during this time, Crosby had put the reins on his personal excesses and maintained a very regimented and work-oriented lifestyle. The 1940s saw Crosby's movie career really take off, beginning with finding himself one-half of a particularly beloved comic partnership that would endure for the rest of his life. "Road to Singapore" (1940), the first of six "Road" comedies Crosby made with comic Bob Hope, cemented his warm, relaxed style of performing, which made for a wonderful contrast with Hope's more scheming and animated persona. In between the numerous tours on which he entertained U.S. military troops and frequent trips to recording studios, Crosby continued to resonate with moviegoers and the "Road" pictures - which also often starred "Sarong Girl" Dorothy Lamour - were guaranteed moneymakers. "Holiday Inn" (1942) introduced Crosby's biggest hit, "White Christmas" and paired the world's premier crooner with Fred Astaire, its premier hoofer. Going My Way (1944) netted Crosby a Best Actor Academy Award for his performance as young Catholic priest sent to take over a financially troubled parish and ease a cantankerous older father (Barry Fitzgerald) out the door. Crosby and Fitzgerald proved to have wonderful chemistry and the film was a major success, winning six other Oscars, including Best Picture, and resulting in a sequel, "The Bells of St. Mary's" (1945), the following year. The year 1945 also found him establishing Bing Crosby Productions, with the company's first effort being the drama "The Great John L." (1945). While never a hugely lucrative enterprise for Crosby, BCP would later be responsible for a handful of highly successful movies and TV series. He also founded The Crosby Research Foundation, which was instrumental in the development of audio tape as a way of recording his radio programs for rebroadcast, rather than having to stage them a second time; Crosby's Oct. 4th, 1947 show was the very first to be pre-recorded. The company also originated other technical practices that would become industry standards, including the audience laugh track for situation comedies on television. Paramount did its best to recreate the "Going My Way" magic by re-teaming Crosby and Fitzgerald as doctors in "Welcome Stranger" (1947), and also in "Variety Girl" (1947) and "Top o' the Morning" (1949), but Crosby's best film during this period was A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949), a lively and amusing adaptation of Mark Twain's novel. A personality poll taken in America during the 1940s ranked Crosby as the most popular person, finishing ahead of even General Dwight D. Eisenhower, President Harry Truman and the Pope. Long plagued by battles with the bottle, Crosby's wife Dixie Lee died in 1952 of ovarian cancer at the young age of 40. His cinematic output slowed a bit that decade, but Crosby still appeared in a number of gems, including Frank Capra's "Riding High" (1950) and the hugely successful "White Christmas" (1954), with its titular song becoming his all-time best seller. He teamed with Grace Kelly for The Country Girl (1954), which was noteworthy in the way that it allowed Crosby to display his dramatic credentials, playing a singer who devolves into a hopeless alcoholic following a family tragedy. The two began seeing each other off-screen during that time and were reunited for High Society (1956), in which Crosby was joined by America's other favorite crooner, Frank Sinatra. After splitting from the much younger Kelly - who already had more than her fair share of famous suitors - Crosby wed Kathryn Grant, a pretty Columbia Pictures contract player who was over 30 years his junior. The couple would have three more children, including Mary Crosby, the only girl among Crosby's seven offspring, who would go on to be a successful actress, famous for shooting J.R. on "Dallas" (CBS, 1978-1991). In the 1960s, Bing Crosby Productions scored two big television successes, first with the legal drama "Ben Casey" (ABC, 1961-66) and a few years later, the World War II comedy "Hogan's Heroes" (CBS, 1965-1971), while Crosby served as a regular guest host on the popular ABC series, "Hollywood Palace" (1964-1970). His film career came to a close with some fairly unremarkable vehicles, save for the Rat Pack caper comedy Robin and the Seven Hoods (1964), leaving him plenty of free time to play golf. Crosby's last theatrical feature was a poorly received remake of "Stagecoach" (1966), but he made a rather grand exit as an actor via an uncharacteristically dark and dramatic turn as the villain of the made-for-TV feature, "Dr. Cook's Garden" (ABC, 1971). Meanwhile, Bing Crosby Productions was ramping up its film productions for both theaters and television, and had a big hit with the horror film "Willard" (1971), which inspired the sequel, "Ben" (1972), the following year. The modestly budgeted crime drama "Walking Tall" (1973) also proved to be a major success, with two follow-ups of its own. The remainder of BCP's films were also-ran "B" titles like "Terror in the Wax Museum" (1973) and "Mean Dog Blues" (1978), though its final production, "The Great Santini" (1979) was among the most critically acclaimed pictures of the year. In 1974, Crosby developed a serious lung infection that required several months of recovery time. However, he was soon back recording and even went on tour, giving his first performances before paying audiences in decades. Golf was the great love of Crosby's life; ironically, he died of a heart attack on Oct. 14, 1977, right after finishing 18 holes on a course outside of Madrid, Spain. His special, "Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas" (CBS, 1977) aired six weeks after his death. Filmed in Britain, the program included David Bowie among its guests and while in that country, Crosby did a concert tour with all proceeds going to local charities. Plans had just been finalized to reunite Crosby, Hope and Lamour for one more "Road" picture, "The Road to the Fountain of Youth," which would have been the eighth in the series and the first in 15 years. Crosby's family experienced a number of trials and tribulations following his death. The actor's eldest son, Gary, wrote the 1983 book "Going My Own Way" in which he greatly criticized his father for violent, abusive behaviour, with the publication drawing comparisons to "Mommie Dearest", Christina Crawford's tell-all about her adopted mother Joan Crawford published five years earlier. Son Phillip disputed Gary's account of their father and vehemently denounced his older brother's book; Gary would admit in later years to exaggerating the severity of certain incidents. Two other Crosby sons, Lindsay and Dennis, committed suicide in December 1989 and May 1991, respectively. Both were long-term victims of depression and alcohol abuse, and both used firearms to kill themselves. Regardless of the tragedy surrounding his life, Crosby's legacy as one of the most popular entertainers of the 20th century was well assured. By John Charles

i don't know

In the 1940s, the University of North Carolina was founded at Charlotte and where else?

About the University - University of North Carolina at Charlotte - Acalog ACMS™ University of North Carolina at Charlotte     Undergraduate Catalog | 2015-2016 [ARCHIVED CATALOG] About the University The University of North Carolina History In North Carolina, all the public educational institutions that grant baccalaureate degrees are part of the University of North Carolina . The multi-campus state university encompasses 16 such institutions, as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics, the nation's first public residential high school for gifted students. Chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1789, the University of North Carolina was the first public university in the United States to open its doors and the only one to graduate students in the eighteenth century. The first class was admitted in Chapel Hill in 1795. For the next 136 years, the only campus of the University of North Carolina was at Chapel Hill. Additional institutions of higher education, diverse in origin and purpose, began to win sponsorship from the General Assembly beginning as early as 1877. Five were historically black institutions, and another was founded to educate American Indians. Some began as high schools. Several were created to prepare teachers for the public schools. Others had a technological emphasis. One is a training school for performing artists. The 1931 session of the General Assembly redefined the University of North Carolina to include three state-supported institutions: the campus at Chapel Hill (now the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), North Carolina State College (now North Carolina State University at Raleigh), and Woman's College (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro). The new multi-campus University operated with one board of trustees and one president. By 1969, three additional campuses had joined the University through legislative action: the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. In 1971, legislation was passed bringing into the University of North Carolina the state's ten remaining public senior institutions, each of which had until then been legally separate: Appalachian State University, East Carolina University, Elizabeth City State University, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Central University, the North Carolina School of the Arts (now the University of North Carolina School of the Arts), Pembroke State University (now the University of North Carolina at Pembroke), Western Carolina University, and Winston-Salem State University. In 1985, the NC School of Science and Mathematics was declared an affiliated school of the University; in July 2007, NCSSM by legislative action became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina. All the schools and universities welcome students of both sexes and all races. Board of Governors The UNC Board of Governors is the policy-making body legally charged with "the general determination, control, supervision, management, and governance of all affairs of the constituent institutions." The 32 voting members of the Board of Governors are elected by the General Assembly for four-year terms. Former board chairmen and board members who are former governors of North Carolina may continue to serve for limited periods as non-voting members emeriti. The president of the UNC Association of Student Governments or that student's designee is also a nonvoting member. President & General Administration The chief executive officer of the University is the president. The president is elected by and reports to the Board of Governors. The President's office is the operations level between the constituent institutions and the Board of Governors. The President has complete authority to manage the affairs and execute the policies of the University of North Carolina and its constituent institutions, subject to the direction and control of the Board of Governors. Chancellors Each of the UNC campuses is headed by a chancellor who is chosen by the Board of Governors on the president's nomination and is responsible to the president. Board of Trustees Each university has a board of trustees consisting of eight members elected by the Board of Governors, four appointed by the governor, and the president of the student body, who serves ex officio. (The UNC School of the Arts has two additional ex officio members; and the NC School of Science and Mathematics has a 27-member board as required by law.) Each board of trustees holds extensive powers over academic and other operations of its campus on delegation from the Board of Governors. History of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte UNC Charlotte is one of a generation of universities founded in metropolitan areas of the United States immediately after World War II in response to rising education demands generated by the war and its technology. To serve returning veterans, North Carolina opened 14 evening college centers in communities across the state. The Charlotte Center opened Sept. 23, 1946, offering evening classes to 278 freshmen and sophomore students in the facilities of Charlotte's Central High School. After three years, the state closed the centers, declaring that on-campus facilities were sufficient to meet the needs of returning veterans and recent high school graduates. Charlotte's education and business leaders, long aware of the area's unmet needs for higher education, moved to have the Charlotte Center taken over by the city school district and operated as Charlotte College, offering the first two years of college courses. Later the same leaders asked Charlotte voters to approve a two-cent tax to support that college. Charlotte College drew students from the city, Mecklenburg County and from a dozen surrounding counties. The two-cent tax was later extended to all of Mecklenburg County. Ultimately financial support for the college became a responsibility of the State of North Carolina. As soon as Charlotte College was firmly established, efforts were launched to give it a campus of its own. With the backing of Charlotte business leaders and legislators from Mecklenburg and surrounding counties, land was acquired on the northern fringe of the city and bonds were passed to finance new facilities. In 1961, Charlotte College moved its growing student body into two new buildings on what was to become a 1,000-acre campus 10 miles from downtown Charlotte. Three years later, the North Carolina legislature approved bills making Charlotte College a four-year, state-supported college. The next year, 1965, the legislature approved bills creating the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the fourth campus of the statewide university system. In 1969, the University began offering programs leading to master's degrees. In 1992, it was authorized to offer programs leading to doctoral degrees. Today, with an enrollment ranking it fourth among the 17 schools in the UNC system, it is the largest public university in the greater Charlotte metropolitan region. A doctoral institution, UNC Charlotte serves the region through applied research, knowledge transfer and engaged community service. More than 1,000 full-time teaching faculty comprise the University's academic departments, and the 2014 Fall enrollment exceeded 27,000 students, including over 5,000 graduate students. Mission, Vision, and Values of UNC Charlotte University Mission Statement UNC Charlotte is North Carolina's urban research university. It leverages its location in the state's largest city to offer internationally competitive programs of research and creative activity, exemplary undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, and a focused set of community engagement initiatives. UNC Charlotte maintains a particular commitment to addressing the cultural, economic, educational, environmental, health, and social needs of the greater Charlotte region. University Vision and Values In fulfilling our mission, we envision a University that promises: An accessible and affordable quality education that equips students with intellectual and professional skills, ethical principles, and an international perspective. A strong foundation in liberal arts and opportunities for experiential education to enhance students' personal and professional growth. A robust intellectual environment that values social and cultural diversity, free expression, collegiality, integrity, and mutual respect. A safe, diverse, team-oriented, ethically responsible, and respectful workplace environment that develops the professional capacities of our faculty and staff. To achieve a leadership position in higher education, we will: Rigorously assess our progress toward our institutional, academic, and administrative plans using benchmarks appropriate to the goals articulated by our programs and in our plans. Serve as faithful stewards of the public and private resources entrusted to us and provide effective and efficient administrative services that exceed the expectations of our diverse constituencies. Create meaningful collaborations among university, business, and community leaders to address issues and opportunities of the region. Develop an infrastructure that makes learning accessible to those on campus and in our community and supports the scholarly activities of the faculty. Pursue opportunities to enhance personal wellness through artistic, athletic, or recreational activities. Operate an attractive, environmentally responsible and sustainable campus integrated with the retail and residential neighborhoods that surround us. Approved by the Board of Governors on April 11, 2014. The Colleges Within UNC Charlotte UNC Charlotte's largest academic units are its colleges . There are seven discipline-based colleges. Each consists of smaller units called schools, departments, or programs. Additionally, there are University College, the Honors College, and the Graduate School. College of Arts + Architecture The College of Arts + Architecture is a community of visual and performing artists and design professionals who work in both intellectual and material practices.  Through education, expertise, and leadership the College models excellence in teaching, scholarly and creative research, and performance in five creative disciplines:  Architecture, Art and Art History, Dance, Music, and Theatre.  The College is a vessel for curious individuals and skilled problem solvers who care about the impact of our work on people and the complex social challenges we face. The Belk College of Business The Belk College of Business offers outstanding business education programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels.  The Belk College is committed to building strong partnerships in the Greater Charlotte region and beyond as a vital part of its vision to be a leader in 21st century business research and education.  College of Computing and Informatics The College of Computing and Informatics is committed to being the recognized leader for competitive, innovative, and market-responsive computing and informatics education. Through this commitment, the College will continue to develop focused, trend-setting research excellence with national and international recognition, and be recognized as the leader and go-to place for partnerships and collaborations. College of Education The College of Education is committed to being the recognized leader for competitive, innovative, and market-responsive computing and informatics education.  Through this commitment, the College will continue to develop focused, trend-setting research excellence with national and international recognition, and be recognized as the leader and go-to place for partnerships and collaborations. The William States Lee College of Engineering The College of Engineering is a community of students, faculty and industry partners. Students study, design, research, and build together. From the bachelor's to the doctoral level, College of Engineering students participate in experiential, hands-on projects; learning to visualize, design, create, build, and apply. College of Health and Human Services The College of Health and Human Services offers a wide range of graduate and undergraduate degree and certificate programs to prepare graduates to pursue advanced degrees, and for a variety of practice, research, and administrative roles in the health and human services fields. Its high quality, innovative educational programs include opportunities to study abroad and for distance education. College of Liberal Arts & Sciences The College of Liberal Arts & Sciences is the oldest and largest college within the University. Cognizant of its history as the foundational college at UNC Charlotte, the College advances the discovery, dissemination, and application of knowledge in the traditional areas of liberal arts and sciences, and in emerging areas of study. Graduate School The Graduate School was established in 1985 with the appointment of the first Dean of the Graduate School, although graduate degree programs have been offered since 1969. Today, approximately 750 members of the Graduate Faculty and approximately 5,000 graduate students participate in a broad array of graduate programs at the master's and doctoral levels and in graduate certificate programs. The Graduate School acts in cooperation with the seven discipline-based colleges. Honors College The Honors College offers academically talented, enthusiastic, motivated students many of the personal and intellectual advantages of a small liberal arts college within the diversity of a large university. The Honors College is comprised of several distinct programs, each with their own standards for admission and requirements for graduation. University College University College serves all undergraduate students at UNC Charlotte through the General Education program which it coordinates on behalf of and with the support of all of the academic colleges that make up the campus community. This curriculum reflects this university's commitment to the principles of a liberal arts education, a broad training that develops analytic, problem solving, and communications skills and also awareness of bodies of knowledge and new perspectives that prepare students for success in their careers and communities in the 21st century. University Structure UNC Charlotte is organized into four administrative divisions: Academic Affairs, Business Affairs, Student Affairs, and University Advancement. These divisions, as well as Athletics, Legal Affairs, and Internal Audit, all report to the Chancellor. Academic Affairs The Division of Academic Affairs includes Academic Services; Assessment and Accreditation; Enrollment Management; Information and Technology Services; International Programs; Library; Metropolitan Studies and Extended Academic Programs; Research and Economic Development; The Graduate School; University College; and seven discipline-based colleges: the Colleges of Arts + Architecture, Business, Computing and Informatics, Education, Engineering, Health and Human Services, and Liberal Arts & Sciences. Business Affairs Business Affairs plans for and provides essential human, financial, facility, and administrative support services to the University that are customer focused, results oriented, fiscally sound, and integrity bound. The Division of Business Affairs includes Business Services; Facilities Management; Financial Services; Human Resources; Internal Audit; Risk Management, Safety, and Security; and Technical Operations and Planning. Student Affairs The Division of Student Affairs commits itself to the enhancement of the personal, educational, occupational, and professional development of students. The Division of Student Affairs consists of Cone University Center, Counseling Center, the Dean of Students Office, Housing and Residence Life, Recreational Services, Religious and Spiritual Life, Student Affairs Research, Multicultural Resource Center, Student Activities, Student Health Center, Student Media, Student Union, and the Venture Program. University Advancement The Division of University Advancement supports the mission of the University by cultivating alumni, community, and government support and affinity, by raising funds for scholarships and major initiatives, by providing and coordinating community engagement opportunities, and by providing broad based communications leadership that articulates the mission of the University to the region, state and nation. The Division includes Alumni Affairs, Community Relations, Giving and Donor Relations, Government Relations, and University Communications. Non-Discrimination legal.uncc.edu/legal-topics/nondiscrimination Nondiscrimination and Procedures for Addressing Reports of Discrimination The University seeks to promote a fair, humane, and respectful environment for its faculty, staff, and students.  To that end, the University affirms that its educational and employment decisions must be based on the abilities and qualifications of individuals and may not be based on irrelevant factors, including personal characteristics, that have no connection with academic abilities or job performance.  Therefore, the University prohibits discrimination and harassment in its educational and employment decisions and provides equal opportunities for all members of the University community and for all those seeking to join the University community. The following factors may not form the basis for educational or employment-related decisions: race; veteran status; and genetic information. This policy is a fundamental necessity for the continued growth and development of this University.  Nondiscriminatory consideration shall be afforded applicants and employees in all employment actions including recruiting, hiring, training, promotion, placement, transfer, layoff, leave of absence, and termination.  All personnel actions pertaining to either academic or nonacademic positions to include such matters as compensation, benefits, transfers, layoffs, return from layoffs, University-sponsored training, education, tuition assistance, and social and recreational programs shall be administered according to the same principles of equal opportunity.  Promotion and advancement decisions shall be made in accordance with the principles of equal opportunity, and the University shall, as a general policy, attempt to fill existing position vacancies from qualified persons already employed by the University. Outside applicants may be considered concurrently at the discretion of the selecting official.  The University has established reporting and monitoring systems to ensure adherence to this policy of nondiscrimination.  Visit University Policy 101.5 for more information. Affirmative Action The University's philosophy concerning equal employment opportunity is affirmed and promoted in the University's Affirmative Action Plan.  To facilitate UNC Charlotte's affirmative action efforts on behalf of disabled workers and protected veterans, individuals who qualify and wish to benefit from the Affirmative Action Plan are invited and encouraged to identify themselves.  This information is provided voluntarily, and refusal of employees to identify themselves as veterans or disabled persons will not subject them to discharge or disciplinary action.  Unless otherwise required by law, the information obtained will be kept confidential, except that supervisors and managers may be informed about restrictions on the work or duties of disabled persons and about necessary accommodations.  Visit the Human Resources website for more information.  Title IX Notice of Nondiscrimination under Title IX:  As a recipient of federal funds, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte complies with Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. ("Title IX"), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities.  The University of North Carolina at Charlotte is committed to providing programs, activities, and an educational environment free from sex discrimination.  Title IX protects all people regardless of their gender or gender identity from sex discrimination.  Under Title IX, sex discrimination also includes Sexual Harassment and Sexual Misconduct, as those terms are further defined in the Notice of Nondiscrimination under Title IX.  For more information, visit legal.uncc.edu/sites/legal.uncc.edu/files/media/TitleIXNotice.pdf . Accreditations http://assessment.uncc.edu/accreditations UNC Charlotte is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award baccalaureate, master's, and doctorate degrees. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of UNC Charlotte. The following questions, comments, and complaints should be directed to the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges: to learn about the accreditation status of the institution to file a third-party comment at the time of the institution's dennial review to file a complaint against the institution for alleged non-compliance with a standard or requirement Other inquiries about the institution such as admission requirements, financial aid, educational programs, etc., should be addressed directly to the institution and not to the Commission's office. College of Arts + Architecture The Bachelor of Architecture and Master of Architecture are accredited professional degree programs as recognized by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB).  The Bachelor of Arts in Music and Bachelor of Music are accredited degree programs as recognized by the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM). College of Business The programs in business and accounting are accredited by AACSB International - The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. College of Education The University's professional education programs for BK-12 teachers, counselors, and administrators are approved by the NC State Board of Education and accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). Counseling programs in Counselor Education are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). College of Engineering The baccalaureate programs in civil, computer, electrical, mechanical, and systems engineering are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.  The construction management program and the civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering technology baccalaureate programs are accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org . College of Health and Human Services The baccalaureate and master's programs in the School of Nursing are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20036, 202-887-6791.  The BSN program is approved by the North Carolina Board of Nursing.  The Nursing Anesthesia program is accredited by the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Education Programs (COA).  The Doctor in Nursing Practice program is seeking accreditation by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). The Bachelor of Athletic Training program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE).  The Bachelor of Science in Exercise Science, the Bachelor of Science in Neurodiagnostic and Sleep Science, and the Clinical Exercise Physiology concentration within the Master of Science in Kinesiology programs are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).  The Master of Health Administration program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME).  The Public Health Programs (BSPH and MSPH) in the Department of Public Health Sciences are accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Both the Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.) and the Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).  College of Liberal Arts & Sciences The Department of Chemistry is on the approval list of the American Chemical Society. The Public Relations program within the Department of Communication Studies is certified by the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). The Clinical Psychology program within the Ph.D. in Health Psychology is accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA). The Master of Public Administration program is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA).  Graduate School The University is a member of the Council of Graduate Schools, the Conference of Southern Graduate Schools, and The North Carolina Conference of Graduate Schools. Graduation Rate Disclosure Statement Our data shows that 60.5% of the full-time new freshmen who entered UNC Charlotte in Fall 2008 have received a baccalaureate from this institution or another UNC institution as of Fall 2014.  In addition, another 5.3% were enrolled at this or another UNC institution in pursuit of their baccalaureate degree as of Fall 2014.  This information is provided pursuant to requirements of the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990. The Campus Main Campus The University of North Carolina at Charlotte is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region and is a genuine urban university. The main campus is in University City, one of the fastest growing areas of the Charlotte region, located off WT Harris Boulevard on NC 49 near its intersection with US 29, and only eight miles from the interchange of Interstates 85 and 77. Campus facilities are comprised of contemporary buildings, including many constructed in the past ten years and more on the way. In addition to classrooms and well-equipped laboratories, the University offers arts and athletic facilities, dining facilities, and residence accommodations. The campus is designed for the pedestrian, and facilities are generally accessible to students with disabilities. Center City The University also has a substantial presence in Charlotte Center City, as it offers select upper-division undergraduate and graduate courses and a variety of continuing personal and professional development programs at its UNC Charlotte Uptown location. Classes are scheduled for the convenience of persons employed in or living near the central business core of the city. Students in UNC Charlotte's MBA program, other graduate programs, and continuing education programs attend classes in the Center City Building in Uptown Charlotte at the corner of Brevard and Ninth streets. The facility has 143,000 total square feet for offices and academic programs in graduate, professional, and continuing education. Campus Academic Buildings Atkins Library Atkins Library, the third building to be constructed on the UNC Charlotte campus, is named for J. Murrey Atkins, the son of a prominent Gastonia family, successful Charlotte businessman and one of the University's founding members. Atkins, born in Russellville, Ky., graduated from Gastonia High School. At Duke University, he served as editor of the yearbook and earned a bachelor's degree in 1927. He attended Harvard Law School and Columbia University and spent five years in New York with the Irving Trust Co. before returning to Charlotte. In 1935, he joined the city's leading investment firm R.S. Dickson and Co., where he was president from 1954 until his death. Atkins was involved with Charlotte College from its inception. He was chair of the college advisory committee for eight years and chair of the Charlotte Community College System when it was authorized in 1958. When UNC Charlotte became a four-year college, he served as chair of the board of trustees. Sensitive to the social and educational needs of the community, Atkins believed that the Charlotte region needed a public institution of higher learning to stay competitive with other cities in the state. He used his business, financial and political contacts to help Charlotte College become that institution. "Charlotte College was started to meet an emergency and has continued as a necessity," Atkins was fond of saying. Charlotte College shared a library facility with Central High School. Mozelle Scherger was hired as the first full-time librarian in 1957, when a daytime instructional program was launched. When the college was formally accredited that fall, the number of volumes in the library exceeded 6,000. Atkins believed the library should be central on the campus, central in student service and the very focal point of learning. When the library was first moved to the new campus, it was temporarily housed in the W. A. Kennedy Building. The pioneering leader would not live to see the current library adorned with his name. He died Dec. 2, 1963, and the J. Murrey Atkins Library was dedicated on April 19, 1965. The state legislature appropriated $20.5 million for an expansion in 1995. It was re-dedicated in 2001. Dalton Library Tower The Harry L. Dalton Library Tower was completed and dedicated in 1971, and re-dedicated in 2001. It is named in honor of Harry Lee Dalton, distinguished Charlotte business leader and patron of the arts, whose gifts stimulated the development of the Library's Special Collections. Barnard The Barnard Building was completed in 1969. It is named in honor of Bascom Weaver Barnard, a founder and first chairman of The Charlotte College Foundation, and first executive director of The Foundation of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Bascom "Barney" Weaver Barnard established the Charlotte College Foundation and served as its first chair. His name features prominently in the early years of UNC Charlotte, and it adorns an 18,000 square-foot building completed in 1969, designed to serve as a facility for instruction and research. Born Feb. 14, 1894, Barnard was a native of Asheville. He graduated from Trinity College (now Duke University) and completed a master's degree from Princeton University in 1917. He returned to his alma mater, where he taught economics and served as alumni secretary and graduate manager of athletics until 1922. He eventually left academia for the private sector. Starting in 1939, Barnard worked as an executive for American Commercial Bank (later NCNB, now Bank of America), American Discount Company and the American Credit Corporation while maintaining a busy roster of civic activities. He served on the board the Family and Children Service, the Salvation Army and as chair of the National Affairs Committee of the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce. In 1966, he received one of Charlotte's highest civic honors - the Civitan Distinguished Citizenship Award. In that same year, Barnard founded Charlotte College Foundation, which by 1971 had raised $4.5 million for the fledgling University; since then, the foundation has since raised significantly more to support scholarship and academic programming at UNC Charlotte. He served as the foundation's secretary and executive director and established the University's Patrons of Excellence Program, which solicited gifts of $10,000 or more from individuals, foundations and corporations. On May 30, 1971, the UNC Charlotte Academic Council presented Barnard with a resolution stating "Scholarships, professorships, research grants, additions to the library collection, faculty recruitment - all these and more have flourished at his hand. In short, he has helped to provide the margin that leads to excellence." Barnard died Sept. 27, 1980. Today, Barnard is home to the Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Instructional and Information Technology, the Office of Adult Students and Evening Services, and Student Computing Labs. Burson Sherman Burson Jr. was the first Charles Stone Professor of Chemistry and the inaugural dean of the then College of Arts and Sciences. A native of Pittsburgh, Pa., Burson was born Christmas Eve 1923. His father, a Methodist minister, moved the family to Massachusetts, where Burson graduated from Harwich High School. Uncertain of his career goals, Burson considered becoming a surgeon, psychologist or medical researcher. With little money for college, Burson took the advice of his high school principal and moved South where college costs were lower. He spent the 1941-42 academic year at the University of Alabama. When money ran out, he returned to Pennsylvania, where he worked in a steel mill during the day and attended the University of Pittsburgh at night. World War II was under way, and Burson entered the U.S. Army. A special program enabled him to continue studies at Louisiana State University; following the war, he returned to the University of Pittsburgh, where he completed a bachelor's degree in chemistry. He earned a doctorate in 1953. In 1957, after nearly five years in private industry, Burson decided to pursue a career in academia. He joined the faculty of Pfeiffer College in Misenheimer. At the urging of Bonnie Cone, Burson accepted a position at Charlotte College in 1963. He was a professor of chemistry and chair of the department when Charlotte College became the fourth campus of the University of North Carolina in 1965. It was under Burson that the department achieved accreditation from the American Chemical Society. UNC Charlotte's first chancellor, Dean Colvard, appointed Burson acting dean of the College of Science and Mathematics in 1973, and in 1980, Chancellor E.K. Fretwell named him dean of the newly formed College of Arts and Sciences (now the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences), formed by the merger of the College of Science and Mathematics with the College of Humanities and the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. He held this post until retiring in June 1985. Completed in summer 1985, the Sherman L. Burson Building was originally dedicated as the Physical Sciences Building. The 104,000-square-foot facility includes a 184-seat tiered lecture hall, a number of smaller lecture halls and laboratory space. Designed by Peterson Associates of Charlotte, the building was constructed by Butler and Sidbury Inc. for a little more than $8 million. At the time of its re-dedication in April 1999, the building was noted for its planetarium platform mounted on vibration-resistant pedestals, an underground Van de Graaf linear accelerator and reinforced concrete radiation labs. The building's design won a national architectural award and was included in the American School and Universities Architectural Portfolio for 1986. Today, Burson is home to the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics and Optical Science. Cameron The C.C. Cameron Applied Research Center recognizes an individual whose civic and business leadership contributed to the development of UNC Charlotte and the entire UNC system. Clifford Charles Cameron was born in Meridian, Miss. He later attended Louisiana State University, where he completed a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1941. Following service in World War II, he worked as an engineer for Standard Oil Co. At the urging of a war buddy, Cameron changed careers and became a mortgage banker in 1949. He entered this relatively new field with the creation of Cameron Mortgage Co. in Raleigh. The company merged with Brown-Hamel Mortgage Co. of Greensboro in 1955 and acquired the Carolina Realty Co. of Charlotte. This was the beginning of the Cameron-Brown Co. that would later combine with First Union. Following that merger, Cameron moved to Charlotte, where he became chief executive officer of First Union in 1968. His affiliation with UNC Charlotte dates to 1967, when Cameron became a member of the board of directors of the UNC Charlotte Foundation. In the early 1980s, Cameron co-chaired UNC Charlotte's first capital campaign and played a leadership role in the University's Silver Anniversary Campaign. He also served as on the UNC Charlotte Board of Trustees and the UNC Board of Governors. Through his involvement with the UNC Charlotte Foundation, Cameron is credited with helping to create University Place and the subsequent economic development that resulted. He also played a part in the development of the Ben Craig Center. Chancellor emeritus E.K. Fretwell noted in a magazine article that "Cliff Cameron personifies corporate responsibility... He is giving of his management expertise, his leadership, his great prestige and his personal attention to assist the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in its quest for excellence." Before retiring as First Union chair in 1984, Cameron laid the groundwork for its growth as one of the nation's top 20 banks. Committed to public service, Cameron served as an advisor to North Carolina governors for four decades. He was a member of Gov. Luther Hodge's Business Development Corp., Gov. Dan Moore's Council for Economic Development; Gov. Bob Scott's Conservation and Development Board and Gov. Hunt's Advisory Budget Commission and Transportation Study Commission. Under Gov. James Martin, Cameron served as an assistant for budget and management. One of the University's most prestigious scholarships bears the name of C.C. Cameron in recognition of First Union's and his personal contributions that made the financial assistance possible. In honor of his service to the University and the state, UNC Charlotte awarded Cameron an honorary Doctor of Public Service in 1983. Completed in 1990 and dedicated on Sept. 25, 1991, the Cameron Applied Research Center contained roughly 74,000 square feet of laboratory, office and conference space to support world-class research. At the time, the center was the focal point for the University's outreach mission to the region. It provided businesses, agencies and organizations access to academic and applied research expertise. A multipurpose facility, the center was designed for maximum flexibility to accommodate evolving research projects. It features clean-room and vibration-free spaces, a 96-seat auditorium and a media center equipped for teleconference and distance learning. In 2000, the center was renovated and expanded to add roughly 42,000 square feet of space. Today, the building is known as Cameron Hall and is home to the University Writing Programs and the Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management. Cato Dedicated May 6, 2004, Cato Hall is often the first point of contact for prospective students interested in enrolling at the state's urban research institution. Named for Wayland H. Cato Jr., the building houses Undergraduate Admissions, the Graduate School and the Chancellor's Office, as well as internal audit and legal affairs. A distinguished business leader and philanthropist, Cato was born in Ridge Spring, S.C., in 1923. His father, Wayland Cato Sr. worked for United Merchants and Manufacturers (UM&M), a New York based textile conglomerate. The elder Cato moved his family to Augusta, Ga., in 1937, where the younger Cato attended the Academy of Richmond County, a compulsory ROTC military public school. He graduated with honors in 1940. Cato Jr. enrolled at UNC-Chapel Hill and was elected to Beta Gamma Sigma, a national honorary scholastic commerce fraternity. He also joined the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. In 1944, Cato graduated in the top three percent of his class with a bachelor's degree in commerce. During World War II, he served nearly three years on active duty in the U.S. Navy, stationed aboard minesweepers in the Pacific Theatre. Following his discharge, Cato joined his father and other family members in Charlotte. The elder Cato had left UM&M to start his own business, which became the Cato Corporation, a chain of women's apparel stores. Cato Jr. became president and chief executive officer of the family business in 1960. He added the title chair of the board of directors in 1970. He retired as chair emeritus in 2004; his son John Cato was named CEO in 1999. From 1995 to 2002, Cato Jr. was a director of the UNC Charlotte Foundation. Personally and corporately, he endowed a number of scholarship programs at the University. For his leadership in business in the Carolinas and service to the nation, state and community and for his commitment to learning and scholarship, Cato was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters during commencement in May 2002. Conceived as the Humanities Office Wing, Cato Hall originally housed Undergraduate Admissions and the Graduate School, along with the Development Office and the departments of Communication Studies and Social Work.  The three-story, 32,500-square-foot facility was built for $5.1 million using bonds approved by state voters in 2000 and other University funds. Today, Cato is home to Undergraduate Admissions, the Graduate School, Academic Services, the Chancellor's Office, the Office of Legal Affairs, and Internal Audit. Colvard The Colvard Building opened in 1979, and its steel-frame and curtain-wall construction and many energy saving features were considered progressive for its time. Harry Wolf of Wolf Associates designed the structure, and he won the 1980 South Atlantic Regional AA Honor Award for his work. Among the energy-saving features Wolf utilized were vermiculite insulate roofing, insulated walls and a heat reclaimer. Also, the center arcade was designed for the horizontal and vertical movement of students in a space that did not need to be heated or cooled. While many of Wolf's design techniques are common today, 30 years ago they were considered forward-thinking. It is appropriate such a building honors Dean Wallace Colvard, UNC Charlotte's first permanent chancellor, a man considered ahead of his time in many respects. Born in 1913, Colvard was raised in the mountains of western North Carolina in Ashe County. President and salutatorian of his high school class, Colvard was the first member of his family to attend an institution of higher learning. He started at Berea College in 1931, where he earned a scholarship. He also met Martha Lampkin; they would wed in the college's Danforth Chapel in 1939. After completing his undergraduate degree, Colvard earned a master's degree in endocrinology from the University of Missouri and a doctorate in agricultural economics from Purdue University. He also served as superintendent of North Carolina Agricultural Research Stations from 1938-46. In 1948, Colvard was hired to run North Carolina State University's animal science program. Five years later, he became the dean of agriculture, a post he held until 1960, when he became president of Mississippi State University (MSU), where he unintentionally became part of college sports history. MSU had won three straight Southeastern Conference championships, but the institution declined to participate in the NCAA tournament rather than integrate, even briefly, on the basketball court. In 1963, Colvard defied a court injunction and allowed the MSU basketball team to compete in the tournament against a team with African-American players. Colvard returned to his native state in 1966 after being named chancellor of UNC Charlotte. He embraced the challenge of turning a pioneering junior college into a university that had become the fourth member of the consolidated UNC system. As chancellor, he secured regional and national accreditation for University programs, helped create the University Research Park, added graduate programs, expanded the campus and oversaw the growth of the student body from 1,700 to 8,705 students. He retired Dec. 31, 1978, but Colvard did not leave education behind. He helped build two other institutions: the School of Science and Mathematics at Durham and the hands-on museum Discovery Place. He died June 28, 2007. Today, Colvard is home to the Departments of Communication Studies, Psychology, and Criminal Justice and Criminology;, the University Advising Center; University College; Distance Education; Institutional Research; Summer School; and the Urban Institute. Cone University Center Since first opening its doors in 1962, the Cone University Center has been a gathering place for students, faculty, staff, administrators, alumni and guests. As such, it is fitting that the facility bears the name of Bonnie Ethel Cone, the beloved mathematics teacher and visionary administrator who, perhaps more than anyone else, is credited as UNC Charlotte's founder. Born June 22, 1907, in Lodge, S.C, "Miss Bonnie," as she was affectionately called, taught high school in South Carolina for 12 years before moving to Charlotte's Central High School in 1940. During World War II, she taught math to men enrolled in the navy's V12 program at Duke University, and she spent a year working as a statistical analyst for the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington, D.C. Cone's background made her the perfect person to head one of the new extension centers established in the late 1940s to serve returning war veterans. Cone directed the Charlotte Center and signed on as a part-time instructor in engineering and math. Always a firm believer that Charlotte needed a public university, Cone was determined to see one built in the Queen City. She helped turn the temporary veteran's center into a permanent two-year college. In 1963, she played a key role in convincing the North Carolina General Assembly to make Charlotte College a part of the University of North Carolina system. On July 1, 1965, Bonnie Cone stood beside Gov. Dan Moore to ring the bell announcing the official creation of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. "Miss Cone has provided the faith on which the college many times found its primary ability to exist," said J. Murrey Atkins in a tribute. "She has stuck with it and never even thought of giving up when sometimes the sledding seemed pretty hard." Cone served as acting chancellor for nine months and remained committed and loyal to UNC Charlotte. She served as vice chancellor for student affairs and community relations until she retired in 1973. On June 29, as part of her retirement service, the UNC Charlotte Board of Trustees named the University Center in her honor. In retirement, Cone continued to raise money and support the University until her death in 2003. Denny In 1965, a new campus facility designed by Odell Associates was completed at a cost of $569,000. Five years later, the building was dedicated in honor of Mary Rebecca Denny, chair of the UNC Charlotte English Department for 14 years. Denny was born on Aug. 12, 1896, on the family farm near the small town of Red Springs, N.C. She attended Salem College and taught English in several public schools in eastern North Carolina after completing her bachelor's degree in 1917. She went on to earn a master's degree from Duke University and become associate professor of English at Queens College. She left Queens in 1946 to become the first full-time faculty member at the Charlotte Center of the University of North Carolina (now UNC Charlotte). Although the Charlotte Center was created to serve in an emergency situation, Denny believed that it would eventually provide more than a temporary opportunity for its students. She was right as the Charlotte Center became Charlotte College, one of the first two-year community colleges in North Carolina, in 1949. During the next 15 years, Denny completed an impressive list of initiatives, including the creation of the college newspaper, the literary magazine and the college catalog. When Charlotte College became a four-year institution, Denny relinquished her role as department head, but she remained active with the Curriculum Committee. She retired in 1964, with the distinction of being the institution's first professor emeritus. At the Oct. 9, 1970, dedication ceremony naming what was then the largest classroom building in her honor, UNC Charlotte trustees enthusiastically paid tribute - "We transform glass, steel and stone into a monument to your spirit - forthright, steadfast, energetic and humanitarian. May this building forever serve as a reminder of your commitment to the ideals of sound scholarship, integrity and excellence." Following her retirement, Denny returned to her family home in Red Springs, where she resided until her death in 1979. Duke Centennial Duke Centennial Hall was dedicated on September 8, 2006, in honor of Duke Energy's century of service and its commitment to leadership for the future. Duke Energy's history in the Carolinas dates back to 1904, when its first power station was built on the Catawba River. Cheap hydroelectric power helped transform the regional economy from agriculture to manufacturing. In the 21st Century, our economy continues to change. Duke Energy partnered with UNC Charlotte to help establish the Charlotte Research Institute to advance technology, foster innovation, and drive economic growth in our region. Fretwell The E.K. and Dorrie Fretwell Building honors the campus contributions of UNC Charlotte's second chancellor and his wife. At the time of its dedication on May 23, 1996, the 162,000-square-foot facility was the largest academic structure on campus. It contains approximately 250 faculty offices and classroom seating for about 2,100 students. Built for $18 million, the four-story facility was constructed with revenues from a bond issue approved by North Carolina voters in a November 1993 referendum. The son of two teachers, E.K. Fretwell was born in New York City. He earned a bachelor's degree at Wesleyan University, a master's in teaching from Harvard University and a doctorate from Columbia University. An Associated Press correspondent, writer for the American Red Cross, vice consul for the American Embassy in Prague and middle and high school teacher, Fretwell entered education administration in 1956 as assistant commissioner for higher education for the New York State Board of Regents. He also served as dean for academic development at the City University of New York and president of the State University of New York College at Buffalo. In addition, he was president of the American Association for Higher Education and chair of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. A national leader in education, Fretwell became UNC Charlotte's second chancellor in January 1979. At the time, the University's enrollment was around 8,700 students. By his retirement in June 1989, UNC Charlotte's enrollment topped 13,000. During his tenure, Fretwell merged the colleges of Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences and Science and Mathematics into the College of Arts and Sciences (now the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences) and created the Graduate School. Besides enhancing UNC Charlotte's national reputation for educational excellence, Fretwell increased the institution's links to the community through the expansion of the Urban Institute and University Research Park, the development of University Place and establishment of the C.C. Cameron Applied Research Center. Throughout his career, Fretwell relied upon his wife Dorrie; he was quoted often as saying they were a team. Born in Chicago, Dorrie Shearer Fretwell grew up in Evanston, Ill. She earned bachelor's and master's degrees in applied music at Drake University. Before her marriage, Fretwell studied voice at the American School of Music in Fontainebleau, France, and began her career as a professional soprano, performing as a soloist with choral societies, musical clubs and opera productions on stage and television. During her husband's tenure in Buffalo, Fretwell served as vice chair of the board of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and vice president of the Girl Scouts. In Charlotte, she was on the board of Opera Carolina and the Charlotte Symphony. Among the initial enrollees of UNC Charlotte's graduate program in clinical psychology, she was its first graduate. She went into practice with Carolina Psychological Services and published a number of articles related to depression and headache management before retiring in 1996. She passed away December 30, 2011. At the University's formal ceremony to dedicate the E.K. and Dorrie Fretwell Building, Allan Ostar, president emeritus of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, noted "as a magnificent center of learning, it is a fitting tribute to a towering educational leader." Friday The Ida and William Friday Building houses the Belk College of Business, and it honors the many contributions of William C. Friday to the University of North Carolina system. Born in Raphine, Va., Friday grew up in the Gaston County town of Dallas, where he played baseball and basketball. He attended N.C. State University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in textile manufacturing. As a senior, Friday met Ida Howell from Lumberton who was pursuing a bachelor's degree in home economics at Meredith College. They married on May 13, 1942, and Bill Friday continued his education at UNC-Chapel Hill where he earned a law degree. Ida Friday also furthered her studies, obtaining a master's in public health from UNC-Chapel Hill. Friday spent the majority of his career in higher education. He was assistant dean of students at UNC-Chapel Hill, assistant to the president of the Consolidated University of North Carolina and secretary of the University of North Carolina. At age 36, Friday was named acting president of the UNC system. He would lead the system until 1986. During his tenure, he became recognized as one of America's most respected and effective educational leaders. Through the 1963 Higher Education Act, Friday redefined the purpose of each institution of the UNC system (at the time, UNC-Chapel Hill, N.C. State University and UNC Greensboro; UNC Charlotte become the fourth member of the system in 1965). In 1972, he reorganized the entire system which had grown to include 16 campuses (now 17 after the addition of the N.C. School of Science and Mathematics). On more than one occasion, Friday noted his achievements could not have been possible without his wife, Ida. He said, "It took two of us to do this." As "first lady" of the UNC System, Ida Friday was active in community service, including president of the Chapel Hill Preservation Society, member of the board of the North Carolina Symphony Society, chair of the YMCA and YWCA at UNC-Chapel Hill and a member of the League of Women Voters. Dedicated in 1982, the Friday Building incorporated the best classroom designs for teaching future business leaders for its time. UNC Charlotte faculty and staff, along with the architect, visited a number of institutions recognized for having leading business programs, including Harvard University, the University of Virginia and the University of Tennessee. The Friday Building's classrooms are modeled after the case classrooms pioneered at the Harvard Graduate School of Business. The 64,000-square-foot building was designed to accommodate a third floor, which was constructed in 1994-95 using $3 million from a state bond referendum approved by voters in 1993. Changes in the building code required the University to make the facility more earthquake resistant. The columns that grace Friday Building contribute to its distinctive look; they were added during the expansion at the suggestion of Chancellor Emeritus Jim Woodward. Several other UNC institutions have honored the Fridays with buildings on their campuses, including N.C. State University (the William and Ida Friday Institute for Educational Innovation), UNC-Chapel Hill (the William and Ida Friday Center for Continuing Education) and UNC Wilmington (Friday Hall). Garinger Elmer Henry Garinger was one of the visionary leaders who helped Charlotte College realize the dream of becoming a four-year, state-supported institution. As superintendent of Charlotte City Schools, Garinger employed Bonnie Cone, UNC Charlotte founder, as a mathematics teacher at Central High School. Later, he would name her director of the Charlotte Center of the University of North Carolina, the institution that ultimately became UNC Charlotte. Born July 13, 1891, in Mount Vernon, Mo., Garinger graduated from the local high school and continued his education at the University of Missouri. He completed a bachelor's degree in 1916, and eventually, he earned a master's degree and doctorate from Columbia University. During his 40-year career with Charlotte City Schools that began in 1921, Garinger gained a national reputation as a leader in education. In 1949, he was named superintendent of Charlotte City Schools, and he took the lead in planning for the consolidation of the Charlotte and Mecklenburg County school systems, a goal achieved in 1959. Garinger served for a year as superintendent of the new system, retiring as superintendent emeritus. Garinger's association with UNC Charlotte continued throughout his life. He was instrumental in requesting the Charlotte Center be founded, and he was among the Charlotte leaders who worked to change the Charlotte Center to Charlotte College in 1949. When the institution was placed under the community college system in 1958, Garinger was named secretary of the first Board of Trustees of the Charlotte Community College System; he served in this capacity until 1963, when Charlotte College became a four-year, state-supported institution. After retiring from the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Garinger worked to improve public education as a member of the N.C. House of Representatives, where he served two terms. In honor of Garinger's service to public education and the University, UNC Charlotte's Board of Trustees voted to name the first faculty building, constructed in 1965, in his honor. The Elmer Henry Garinger Building was dedicated in October 1970; a portrait of Garinger that hangs in the building was dedicated in March 1987. He died in Charlotte on Aug. 21, 1982. Grigg Dedicated on Sept. 8, 2006, William H. Grigg Hall is home to a number of Charlotte Research Institute offices and facilities, including the Center for Optoelectronics and Optical Communications. Named for the chair emeritus of Duke Energy, Grigg Hall is a 96,820-square-foot, state-of-the-art academic and research facility. In 2002, the Duke Energy Foundation announced a $10 million gift to the University's capital campaign in support of Charlotte Research Institute programs and initiatives. Construction of Grigg Hall began in 2003 with funding from the state's $3.1 billion bond referendum approved by North Carolina voters in 2000. Grigg , who grew up in Albemarle, completed a bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1954. After serving two years in the U.S. Marine Corps, he earned a law degree with distinction from Duke in 1958. After practicing law in Charlotte for five years, Grigg joined Duke Power in 1963 as assistant general counsel. He was promoted to vice president of finance in 1970 and vice president and general counsel in 1971. Elected to Duke Power's board of directors in 1972, Grigg eventually was named vice chair in 1991 and chair and chief executive officer in 1994. He retired in 1997. During Grigg's tenure with Duke Power, he guided the corporation through some of the most challenging times in the electric utility industry. He helped expand and diversify the company's power plants and led the company's response to competition, including the merger with PanEnergy in 1997 to create Duke Energy. Grigg was named Electric Utility CEO of the Year for 1995 by Financial World magazine. Committed to civic leadership and quality education, Grigg has served countless community groups, including the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority, Foundation for the Carolinas and the Lynwood Foundation. In honor of his contributions to Charlotte and the greater community, UNC Charlotte awarded Grigg an honorary doctorate of public service in December 1997. The architectural firm of Perkins-Will, which has offices nationwide, designed Grigg Hall. Constructed for roughly $24 million, Grigg Hall features a 3,000- square-foot clean room, a controlled environmental space used for research and manufacturing. Clean, contamination-free rooms are used in variety of research settings - electronics and optics, as well as pharmaceuticals and DVD manufacturing. Kennedy The W.A. Kennedy Building was one of the first two facilities on campus. Designed by A.G. Odell Jr., the architect of Ovens Auditorium and Bojangles Coliseum, the building was named for Woodford A. "Woody" Kennedy. Sometimes called the "spiritual father of Charlotte College," Kennedy was a member of the first advisory board of the institution in 1947. He was named to its eight-member board two years later. Without Kennedy's perseverance, Charlotte College likely would have remained a two-year community college. Kennedy believed that Charlotte deserved and needed a great university. He stated that a thousand additional high school graduates could go to college each year if the opportunities available in other parts of the state were available in Charlotte. With a zeal he once termed an obsession, Kennedy worked tirelessly to raise money and support to make that happen. He encountered a lack of support among many of Charlotte's business executives and disinterest from politicians. His rhetoric sometimes became strident, characterizing critics of the project as naysayers and deriding the state's support as a 'sop.' At the time, the school operated with a part-time faculty who taught in part-time classrooms, and it was financed almost entirely by tuition paid by student loans until Kennedy pushed for and obtained the initial state funding in 1955. As a member of the college's site selection committee, he searched for a scenic location with room for growth and expansion; the committee ultimately settled on the present location of the UNC Charlotte campus. He told reporters, "I may not but you will live to see 10,000 students at Charlotte College." The statement proved prophetic. Kennedy died on May 11, 1958, the eve of his installation as a trustee of Charlotte Community College. But his contribution was not forgotten. The trustees proposed that the first building on the new campus be named for him. The building was dedicated on Feb. 16, 1962. When Kennedy Building first opened, it housed science laboratories (chemistry, physics, biology and geology), as well as labs for a variety of engineering courses. There were 10 classrooms, 12 faculty offices and a lecture room with elevated seating for 100. The building also served as a temporary library; its first floor contained 18,000 volumes while Atkins Library was being built. Today, the Kennedy Building primarily houses administrative offices for Information and Technology Services. King Arnold K. King may be one of the few individuals to have a building named in his honor on two UNC system campuses. Ten years before UNC Charlotte dedicated the King Building for him, UNC Wilmington put King's name on an administrative and classroom building. Such an honor is an indication of the vital role King played throughout the UNC system. From his days as a student at UNC-Chapel Hill in the 1920s until his retirement as special assistant to UNC President William Friday, King was an integral part in the development of the University of North Carolina system. After receiving his bachelor's degree, he continued his education at the University of Chicago, completing a master's and doctorate. Returning to Chapel Hill, King served as a professor, graduate school administrator, head of summer sessions and vice president. He also was as acting chancellor for UNC Asheville in 1977. King participated in a number of education-related study commissions, panels and boards across North Carolina and around the country. UNC President Friday and King were colleagues for more than 20 years. The UNC leader turned to King for his assessment when planning for the system's future. King served as a liaison between Friday and Charlotte College during the institution's transition to becoming the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He later played the same role for UNC Asheville and UNC Wilmington. In addition to his long service to the UNC system, King was one of the founders of N.C. Wesleyan College, and he was considered an expert on the history of the UNC system. In retirement, he wrote "The Multi-campus University of North Carolina Comes of Age: 1956-1986," a historical bibliography of his three decades working in the system. He finished a 20-page manuscript on UNC's University Day celebration just two days before his death. The architectural firm of Odell Associates Inc. designed the building, which was constructed by F.N. Thompson Inc. in 1966 at a cost of $603,000. The King Building was originally named for Addison Hardcastle Reese. It was renamed for King following the dedication of Reese Building, which opened in 1982. Dr. King passed away on March 31, 1992, at the age of 90. A resolution in his memory noted, "Our University lost a part of its memory and conscience, and it lost a great friend." Macy The Macy Building was one of the first two facilities constructed on the UNC Charlotte campus. It was named for Pierre Macy, professor of French and chair of the-then Foreign Language Department. The 18,000-square-foot research and instructional facility was constructed concurrently with the Kennedy Building by Odell Associates in 1961 at a cost of $418,000. Macy was born in France in 1899 and received degrees from the University of Nancy, the University of Dijon and the University of Paris before making the United States his adopted home. The noted author and translator arrived at Charlotte College in 1949 and almost single-handedly established and maintained the fledgling college's Foreign Language Department (now the Department of Languages and Culture Studies). Before joining the faculty of Charlotte College, Macy was chair of the Romance Language departments at Kentucky Wesleyan College, the University of Tulsa and the College of William and Mary. He returned to his alma mater, the University of Nancy, for one year as a visiting professor. An integral faculty member of the college, Macy served on the curriculum committee, chaired the concerts and lectures committee, advised the French Club and later served on the University's executive committee. Students held Macy in such high regard that the 10th edition of the yearbook was dedicated to him in 1960 "for his deep understanding, patient guidance and personal interest in the students of Charlotte College. He has inspired us to greater achievements through his teaching and counseling, and he will be fondly remembered in our memories of Charlotte College." Macy served as the first commencement marshal for the newly established University. His dedication to UNC Charlotte went well beyond any specific position he held. He taught French three years after relinquishing the department chairmanship and stayed on the faculty two years after he reached retirement age. At his 1969 retirement, he received the rare honor of being named a faculty emeritus from his colleagues. "The Foreign Language Department, carefully constructed by Dr. Macy over the years was clearly one of the solid blocks of the foundation of the new institution," read the tribute. He is further remembered today with the Pierre Macy Award for Excellence in French. McEniry Built to house the University's earth and life sciences programs, the McEniry Building is named for UNC Charlotte's first vice chancellor for academic affairs, William Hugh McEniry. The $4 million, 103,000- square-foot facility was completed July 7, 1975, to house the Departments of Geography and Earth Sciences and Biology.  Chancellor Dean Colvard hired McEniry (pronounced My-Canary) in 1967; Colvard was searching for a top-notch administrator with an arts and sciences background. Based upon numerous recommendations, Colvard recruited McEniry away from Stetson University where he had spent 27 years and served as a university dean. Ready for a new challenge, McEniry and his wife, Mary, relocated to North Carolina and settled into a 17-acre plot of land between the University and Huntersville they dubbed "Rural Simplicity." McEniry is credited with recruiting dedicated and talented faculty to UNC Charlotte, and he was active in a number of organizations, such as the North Carolina Association of Colleges and Universities and the College Entrance Board. He also served as president of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Dedicated to improving higher education for blacks, McEniry served as a trustee of Johnson C. Smith University. In addition, he personally financed scholarships for some black students and worked with the Ford Foundation to improve academics and the curricula for historically black colleges. In 1973, McEniry agreed to serve as acting chancellor at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee until a permanent chancellor was hired. He passed away on March 15, 1974, at the age of 57. The McEniry Building is just one lasting tribute to the University's pioneering vice chancellor. Each year, a member of the graduating class with the highest GPA receives the W. Hugh McEniry Award for Academic Excellence. The North Carolina Association of Colleges and Universities named its top honor for the trailblazing educator - the Hugh McEniry Award for Outstanding Service to North Carolina Higher Education. Following McEniry's death, Stetson University established the McEniry Award, a prestigious honor given a professor as selected by faculty members and students. Memorial Hall Memorial Hall is a dedicated to fallen U.S. veterans.  The building houses the Departments of Military Science and Aerospace Studies.  It serves as a memorial to commemorate UNC Charlotte students who have served in any branch of the Armed Services and lost their lives in service to the country. Reese Around Charlotte, Addison Hardcastle Reese is probably better known as a titan of the banking industry rather than for his passionate commitment to UNC Charlotte. Born in Baltimore County, Md., on Dec. 28, 1908, Reese attended Johns Hopkins University but left after his junior year to begin his lifelong career in banking. He worked as a clerk, a senior national bank examiner and a bank vice president all before serving in the U.S. Air Force during World War II. Reese returned to banking after the war and was recruited to Charlotte in 1951 as executive vice president of American Trust Company. He was promoted to president in 1954 and organized a series of mergers that became the North Carolina National Bank, which has since evolved into the Bank of America. He also served on the board of the Federal Reserve and as a director of the International Monetary Conference. Named to the Board of Advisors of the Charlotte Community College System in 1957, Reese was later elected to the college's Board of Trustees. He chaired the Charlotte College Site Committee and worked with University founder Bonnie Cone and Pete McKnight to choose UNC Charlotte's current location. In 1963, Reese was appointed vice chair of the Charlotte College Board of Trustees and took over as chair following the death of J. Murrey Atkins. He spent a year as a member of the North Carolina Legislative Study Commission on Student Financial Aid and was a member of the UNC Charlotte Foundation. In 1968, UNC Charlotte awarded its first honorary degrees. One went to Reese and the other went to Frank Porter Graham, former University of North Carolina president, U.S. senator and United Nations mediator. Reese's award recognized him as "a man of vision, who foresaw a university of excellence, where those of lesser vision saw only a struggling community college." The North Carolina Citizens Committee presented Reese with the 1974 Distinguished Citizenship Award. Reese also served on the boards of trustees for both the University of North Carolina and UNC Charlotte, serving as the chair of the latter from 1972 until his death in 1977. Like the Colvard Building, the Reese Administration Building was designed by Harry Wolf of Wolf Associates. It was completed in 1982, and is named in Reese's honor. Today, the Reese Building houses administrative offices, Financial Aid, and Student Accounts. Robinson Robinson Hall for the Performing Arts is a state-of-the-art venue that affords the campus and the community access to a slate of contemporary and classical dance, music and theater offerings. Named for Russell and Sally Dalton Robinson, the three-story, 118,000-square-foot facility contains classrooms, offices and performance and rehearsal spaces for the departments of dance, music and theatre. It was built and equipped for $28 million, financed through the statewide bond referendum approved by voters in 2000. The hall's first floor houses a 332-seat proscenium theater, which includes a 23-seat orchestra pit. The theatre has a 3,500-square-foot stage equipped with 18 trapdoors, a curtain 26 feet high and a 60-foot fly-loft for storing and changing scenery. There also is the Black Box Theatre. Throughout the building are rehearsal rooms and labs for costume, scenery and lighting design. The Robinsons are both Charlotte natives, and they are considered among the most admired and effective community leaders. In addition to leadership roles at Christ Episcopal Church, they have supported professional, educational and charitable institutions, arts and cultural organizations and economic development services. Russell Robinson II is founding partner of one of North Carolina's largest law firms - Robinson, Bradshaw and Hinson. According to an article in the Charlotte Observer, Robinson majored in English at Princeton University but transferred to Duke University after two years. He went on to obtain his law degree from Duke in 1956. His firm has represented numerous businesses and organizations, including Belk Store Services Inc., the Duke Endowment, Duke Power and the Charlotte Housing Authority. His book "Robinson on North Carolina Corporation Law" is considered a necessity for any aspiring Tar Heel corporate lawyer. A member of the UNC Charlotte Board of Trustees from 1987-97, Robinson served as chair for eight years. During his board tenure, Robinson was regarded by observers as a "quiet power" for the University; he focused on increasing public and private funding and obtaining UNC system authorization for doctoral degrees beyond joint Ph.D. programs. In addition to his role as a trustee, Robinson was a director of the UNC Charlotte Foundation. He also has been a trustee of the Duke Endowment and chair of Duke University's Board of Trustees. Sally Dalton Robinson attended public schools in Charlotte, St. Mary's School in Raleigh and Duke University. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and earned a bachelor's degree in history. Among her many civic contributions, she served as an integral founding member of the Levine Museum of the New South and the St. Francis Jobs Program (now the BRIDGE Jobs Program). She also was on the board of the Charlotte Symphony, the Arts and Science Council, McColl Center for the Visual Arts as well as other religious, charitable and economic organizations. Dedicated November 3, 2004, Robinson Hall was designed by the Charlotte architectural firm of Jenkins Peer. Skanska and R.J. Leeper were general contractors, while the firm Biemann and Rowell was the mechanical contractor. Port City Electric served as the electrical contractor; the hall's lighting and acoustical controls were among the most sophisticated in modern theater design at the time of construction. Today, Robinson Hall is home to the Departments of Dance, Music, and Theatre, the Anne R. Belk Theater; and the Lab Theater. Rowe The Oliver Reagan Rowe Arts Building honors one of UNC Charlotte's founding fathers. Completed in 1971, the 75,000 square-foot facility was constructed to house the-then departments of Performing and Visual Arts. The building's focal point is an eight-sided theatre that seats 350. It also includes a recital hall, classrooms, offices, practice rooms and a large lobby-gallery. Rowe was born Dec. 12, 1902, in Newport, Tenn. He and his wife Maria would become avid supporters of the Charlotte arts community and UNC Charlotte. Rowe's family moved to Charlotte when he was a child. After graduating from Central High School, Rowe attended UNC-Chapel Hill, where he completed a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He returned to Charlotte and began work with the R.H. Bouligny engineering firm. He eventually became president of R.H. Bouligny Inc., Powell Manufacturing Co. and Powell Agri-Systems Ltd. In the 1950s, Rowe supported consolidation of city and county schools, which won him the Charlotte News "Man of the Year Award" in 1958. That same year, Gov. Luther Hodges appointed Rowe to the first Board of Trustees for the Charlotte Community College System. He chaired the board's finance committee, and he was instrumental in soliciting the largest single gift to the-then Charlotte College Foundation (now the Foundation of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte). Between 1961 and 1963, Rowe made numerous speeches championing the cause of higher education for the Charlotte region. In 1964, the Charlotte Civitan Club presented its Distinguished Citizenship Award in recognition of Rowe's efforts on behalf of the University. During the rest of the 1960s, Rowe continued to find new causes for his leadership. A long-time music lover, Rowe began to support the opera and symphony. Eventually, he was elected president of the Charlotte Symphony Orchestra Society, and in 1973, he established, nurtured and financially supported the "Rowe String Quartet" at UNC Charlotte. In 1987, Rowe was awarded an honorary Doctor of Human Letters. The citation reads in part that "Oliver Reagan Rowe Sr. was a founding father of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He helped to dream the dream and to make it come true ... With his vision, he painted a picture of a major state university when others around him saw only the two-year college then existing." Today, the Rowe Building is home to the Department of Art and Art History. Smith The Sheldon Phelps Smith Building honors an individual whose foresight helped to chart UNC Charlotte's educational course. Smith, vice president and general manager of the Douglas Aircraft Company's Charlotte Division, served as a trustee of Charlotte College from 1958 to 1965. He is credited with bringing an engineering program to the institution. Through his generosity, Douglas Aircraft Co. engineers taught at Charlotte College on a released time basis; as many as nine part-time instructors from Douglas were in service at one time. Born in Redlands, Calif., on March 26, 1910, Smith graduated from Pomona College in 1932 with a bachelor's degree in physics. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant with the Engineering Division of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and was assigned to the missiles branch. Following the war, he was a missile project engineer with the Douglas Aircraft Co. Prior to moving to Charlotte, he was an assistant design engineer for missiles at the company's Santa Monica facility. In addition to starting the University's engineering program, Smith is credited with bringing graduate courses in mathematics and physics to the-then Charlotte College through a cooperative agreement with N.C. State University. As an advocate for the college, Smith once said, "If we marry the manpower development of this Charlotte College area of some 1 million people to the tremendous demand of technical industries for engineers and scientists, we will accomplish two ends: to help satisfy the great national requirements for engineers and scientists and to improve the usefulness and economic standards of the residents of North Carolina." Smith left Charlotte to become vice president of Douglas Aircraft and vice president of Douglas United Nuclear Corp. in Hanford, Wash. He died April 28, 1966. The Smith Building, completed in 1966, was originally called the Engineering Building. The 71,000 square-foot, $1.6 million facility was the largest classroom and laboratory building on the campus at the time. When finished, it housed the Computer Center, Mathematics Department, the Geography and Geology Department (now Department of Geography and Earth Sciences) and the Engineering Program. UNC Charlotte dedicated the building in honor of Smith on Dec. 15, 1968, in a ceremony held in the Cone University Center. The Smith family presented a portrait of the building's namesake to be placed in the facility. Storrs The Thomas I. Storrs Building resulted from the collaboration between Charlotte architectural firm Ferebee, Walters and Associates and New York architects Charles Gwaltmey and Robert Siegel. Since its completion in 1990, Storrs Building has been used as an "architectural education instrument," because students and professionals can study its many unique features, as the building is considered a virtual textbook for use of materials and systems. This 87,000-square-foot facility features a complex roof design, natural and artificial lighting systems, double helix stairs and exposure of structural and environmental systems. Home to the School of Architecture in the College of Arts and Architecture, Storrs Building is appropriately named for an individual who dedicated himself to helping build the University. Storrs, born in 1918, dropped out of high school during the Great Depression. At the age of 15, he began work as a clerk at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Va. He would later resume his formal education, enrolling in the University of Virginia, where he completed undergraduate studies. He earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics from Harvard University. Originally from Nashville, Tennessee, Storrs joined the-then North Carolina National Bank (NCNB) in 1960 as executive vice president. He would later serve as one of the architects who laid the foundation for NCNB to emerge as NationsBank (now Bank of America). Following the retirement of Addison Reese, Storrs became chair and CEO, and he would follow his predecessor's example as a member of the UNC Charlotte Board of Trustees for nearly 12 years - the last four years as chair. His civic involvement included serving as president of the Business Foundation of North Carolina, vice president of the North Carolina Engineering Foundation and director of the North Carolina Textile Foundation. In 1990, he was inducted in the North Carolina Business Hall of Fame. A recipient of the UNC Charlotte Distinguished Service Award, Storrs also has a scholarship in his name at the University of Virginia. Formal groundbreaking for the $7.5 million Storrs Building was held Aug. 26, 1988. Dedication of the building was Oct. 29, 1990, and a ceremony to name the facility in honor of Storrs was held Sept. 16, 1992. Today, the Storrs Building is home to the School of Architecture. Winningham If one person can be credited for launching the tradition of bringing prominent speakers to the UNC Charlotte campus, then it is Edyth Farnham Winningham, one of the University's pioneering faculty members. Winningham, born Jan. 26, 1900, in Arthur, N.D., earned a bachelor's degree in modern languages from the University of North Dakota. She later earned a master's in political science from UNC-Chapel Hill, reportedly the first woman in the state to complete the degree. Beyond teaching high school in North Dakota and North Carolina, Winningham served as a faculty member at the University of Wyoming, the Women's College of the University of North Carolina (now UNC Greensboro) and the UNC College Center in Wilmington (now UNC Wilmington). Her connection to UNC Charlotte dates back to its time as Charlotte College. Winningham joined the faculty in 1947, and she spent the next two decades infecting everyone around her with her passion for politics and international affairs. Winningham frequently stated that one of her dreams was to bring prominent thought-leaders to the campus to "open up windows" for the institution's students. Her persistence paid off in 1966 with the establishment of the University Forum Council, which sponsored an event each year to bring noted speakers to the campus to address crucial issues facing contemporary society. She chaired the council until spring 1971, despite retiring in 1967 as professor emeritus. According to Special Collections, the final forum was held March 2, 1995. This 30th annual event focused on "Violence: Is Prevention the Key?" Even after retiring, Winningham continued to lecture on world affairs and international education. She and her husband also established the James and Edyth F. Winningham Scholarship for undergraduate political science majors. In 1970, Winningham's service to the greater Charlotte community was recognized by the League of Women of Voters. The organization singled her out for her instrumental role in forming closer ties between the University and the Charlotte community at large, and she was named WBT Radio's Woman of the Year. In 1985, UNC Charlotte awarded her an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. She died May 27, 1994. The 10,507-square-foot classroom building which bears her name was constructed in 1965 by F.N. Thompson Inc.; the architectural firm Odell Associates designed the facility. Today, Winningham Hall is home to the Department of Philosophy. Woodward As students at UNC Charlotte attend classes in the science and technology building on campus, they are walking into the physical manifestation of the work done by Chancellor Emeritus James Woodward and his wife Martha. On November 16, 2005, the building was formally dedicated to recognize the Woodwards' 16 years of service and devotion to the University. The James H. and Martha H. Woodward Hall is a direct result of their vision to help elevate UNC Charlotte to a research institution. The Woodwards worked together to raise awareness of the University's vital role as an economic engine and build many new partnerships and friendships for the institution. As Chancellor from 1989 to 2005, Jim Woodward was the visionary, strategist, and master builder who guided UNC Charlotte's development as a major research institution. Martha played a vital role in strengthening ties to UNC Charlotte through the hosting of thousands of guests regionally and nationally. Throughout their 16 years at the University, the Woodwards worked together to bring much needed attention to both the University's strengths and to its resource needs. Today, Woodward Hall is home to the Departments of Biological Sciences, Computer Science, and Software and Information Systems. T he 49ers The nickname, the 49ers, was chosen in recognition of the importance of the year 1949 in the history of the University. UNC Charlotte, which began as an off-campus center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, would have died in 1949 had Bonnie Cone and her supporters not convinced the N.C. Legislature that Charlotte needed a permanent college. Charlotte College was established that year. Additionally, the campus is located on N.C. Highway 49, and Charlotte has a rich gold mining history -- the term "49ers" symbolizes gold mining. A bronze statue of the 49ers Gold Miner sits in front of the Reese Administration building on campus. The statue recalls the region's history as a gold mining center and symbolizes the pioneering spirit and determination that has led to UNC Charlotte's dramatic growth. Univ ersity Logo UNC Charlotte's logo has become one of the Charlotte region's most distinctive insignia. The logo is suggestive of a "crown," reminiscent of Queen Charlotte of England, for whom the city of Charlotte is named. The crown emphasizes UNC Charlotte's relationship with the Queen City, alludes to academics with shapes that resemble an open book, and exudes excellence with a torch-like shape at the top, which can also be interpreted as the top of a graduation cap. University Seal UNC Charlotte became the fourth campus of the University of North Carolina in July of 1965. In the fall of 1965, the new UNC Charlotte seal was chosen by a committee of students (the three upper-class presidents), three faculty members, and the school publicity director, who served as chair. Final approval was given by Acting Chancellor Bonnie Cone. UNC Charlotte seal's elements are: the modern arches (the tulip design from the canopy of the Kennedy Building) at the top to symbolize that this is a twentieth century university; two Cs in the middle to represent Charlotte College, from which the new campus sprang; and the pine cone at the bottom for the Old North State [land of the longleaf pine]. The date on the seal is 1946, the year in which the institution began as the Charlotte Center of the University of North Carolina. Alma Mater UNC Charlotte's Alma Mater has deep roots in the institution's history. It was part of an "Academic Festival March" composed for UNC Charlotte by James Helme Sutcliffe, a Charlotte composer and music critic who lived in Germany at the time. Dr. Loy Witherspoon, professor of religious studies, commissioned the March in 1965 when he learned that Charlotte College would become a campus of The University of North Carolina. The March was first performed in 1967 at the installation of Dean W. Colvard as UNC Charlotte's first chancellor. Afterwards, it was performed as a recessional at every Commencement during Dean W. Colvard's tenure as chancellor. When UNC Charlotte founder Bonnie Cone heard the March, she said, "I can hear an alma mater in it," referring to a hymn-like refrain. Dr. Robert Rieke, a professor of history, also heard an alma mater in it. On a 1990 trip to Germany, Rieke visited Sutcliffe, picked up a recording of the March, and began writing words to fit the final refrain. On Christmas Eve 1991, he sent Bonnie Cone the words and music as a Christmas present to her and to the University, from which he had retired a year earlier. Chancellor James H. Woodward approved the composition as the University's Alma Mater in April 1992. It was sung for the first time at the following May Commencement and has been performed at every Commencement since.

Wilmington

Which country was the first to make catalytic converters compulsory?

History Of Raleigh | raleighnc.gov History Of Raleigh Last updated Aug. 17, 2016 - 3:35 pm Raleigh's history is bountiful. In 1792, Raleigh was created to be North Carolina's seat of government. To fully appreciate this uniquely blessed city, one must contemplate the history and delightfully complex composition of the state that created Raleigh. Home to the Native American Iroquoian, Siouan and Algonquian tribes, it is also the birthplace of Virginia Dare, the first child born of English parents in the new world during the first attempt by the English to settle the western hemisphere. One of the original 13 colonies, North Carolina was the first to officially call for independence with the Halifax Resolves in 1776. A state of yeoman farmers and among the South's first industrial areas, North Carolina was no home place to the gentry, but rather a state of working men and women who valued education and established the nation's first state university. North Carolina's appreciation of education also created a notable public school system and the nation's best community college system. Though firmly in the grip of the hard times of the 1920s, North Carolina invested in a statewide network of paved thoroughfares and became known as "the good roads state," recognizing that the lifeline of economic growth was a statewide transportation network. That diverse composition of people, that love of freedom, that gritty work ethic, that esteem for education and that common sense approach to economic development combined to create the robust environment in which North Carolina's capital city today thrives. Listed below are key dates and events in the history of this great city. Prior to 1800 1587: Under direction of Sir Walter Raleigh, John White founds the "Cittie of Raleigh." The only known site is in the vicinity of the settlement built in 1585 by the Ralph Lane Colony on the north end of Roanoke Island, about 190 miles from present-day Raleigh. John White returns to England. 1590: John White returns, but the colony has disappeared. Today, it is popularly referred to as The Lost Colony. The word, "Croatoan," carved on a tree, was considered a clue as to the colony's fate. December 17, 1770: Joel Lane presents a petition to the General Assembly to create a new county. January 5, 1771: A bill creating Wake County passes in the General Assembly. Wake County is formed in March from portions of Cumberland, Orange and Johnston counties. Many historians believe the county was named after Margaret Wake Tryon, the wife of Royal Gov. William Tryon. The county seat was Bloomsbury. October 1784: Meeting in New Bern, the General Assembly voted to fix the seat of North Carolina government. November 1787: The General Assembly authorizes the Constitutional Convention to establish the state's permanent capital. August 4, 1788: The Constitutional Convention votes to locate the new capital within 10 miles of Isaac Hunter's Wake plantation. January 5, 1792: The General Assembly appoints commissioners to select a site for the new capital. March 20, 1792: After 10 days of viewing the proposed sites, the commissioners select a tract of land owned by Joel Lane for the new capital at a cost of $2,756. Sen. William Christmas, a surveyor, is hired to lay out the new city. The sale of lots begins. November 1792: The North Carolina General Assembly chooses the name "Raleigh" for its capital city. December 30, 1794: General Assembly meets for the first time in Raleigh new Statehouse. January 21, 1795: General Assembly charters Raleigh. Seven commissioners are appointed to govern the new city. John Haywood is named the first Intendant of Police (later renamed Mayor). 1799: N.C. Minerva and Raleigh Advertiser is the first newspaper published in Raleigh. 1800s 1800: Raleigh's population is 669. 1801: At the cost of $374, the City purchases its first fire engine which expels water at 80 gallons per minute. 1803: Amended charter grants voting rights to city residents. Raleigh voters elect first commissioners. December 29, 1808: Andrew Johnson, the nation's seventeenth President, is born at Casso's Inn, which was located between Morgan, Fayetteville and Willington streets. September 1818: Raleigh's first water system is completed. Pumps were operated by waterwheel on Rocky Branch and the water flowed by gravity through wooden spouts along Hargett and Fayetteville streets. The pipes frequently clogged with mud and burst and the scheme soon was abandoned. March 1819: Raleigh forms a volunteer fire company. The City buys a pump fire engine. 1820: Raleigh is North Carolina's third largest city with a population of 2,674. December 22, 1821: The first regular fire company is formed. June 21, 1831: Fire destroys the Statehouse. In December of 1832, the General Assembly votes to rebuild the Capitol. January 1, 1833: The first railroad in the state is completed in Raleigh. Horse-drawn cars haul quarried granite to the construction site of the new Capitol. Riding the train is a popular means of entertainment for Raleigh society. 1840: Raleigh & Gaston Railroad is chartered, opening on March 24 with 86 miles of track. The steam locomotives were given the spirited names of "Tornado," "Whirlwind," "Volcano" and "Spitfire." In June, Raleigh, which had 2,244 people and was the fourth largest city in the state, celebrated the completions of the new railroad and the new Capitol. 1842: St. Mary's School for Women is founded by the Rev. Aldert Smedes. April 17, 1844: Sitting under one of the city's finest and oldest oak trees, Presidential candidate Henry Clay writes the "Raleigh Letter," arguing against the annexation of Texas. The Henry Clay Oaks stood for many centuries on the north side of North Street, west of the intersection with North Blount Street. After losing the presidential nomination to North Carolina native James K. Polk, Clay retorted: "Sir, I would rather be right than be president." February 14, 1848: The first telegraph message is sent through Raleigh. The line connects the city with South Carolina and Virginia. January 29, 1849: The General Assembly authorizes the State Hospital for the Insane after an appeal and campaign by Dorothea Dix, for whom the hospital was named when it opened Feb. 22, 1856 in southwest Raleigh. February 1852: The City reorganizes the Fire Department and employs its first paid chief. October 1853: The first state fair is held near Raleigh. 1857: Raleigh extends it city limits for the first time and established a new charter. March 1858: Raleigh ends its citizen guard and hires a paid watch. 1860: Raleigh is North Carolina's fourth largest city with a population of 4,780. April 15, 1865: President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated and Union troops camped in Raleigh are prepared to rampage through the city in retaliation. But Union Gen. John A. Logan intervenes with threats that he backs up with gun emplacements pointed at his own troops. December 1, 1865: Shaw University begins with theological classes offered to freedmen by Dr. Henry M. Tupper. Originally called the Raleigh Institute, Shaw was the first coed college for African-Americans in the nation - perhaps the world. 1867: St. Augustine's College founded is founded by Episcopal clergy for the education of freed slaves. June 3, 1867: President Andrew Johnson visits Raleigh for the dedication of a monument in honor of his father, Jacob, who died from pneumonia after saving two leading citizens from drowning. July 1868: Gov. Holden appoints new Raleigh Commissioners, including the first African-Americans, James Henry Harris, editor of the North Carolina Republican and Handy Lockhart. November-December 1868: A series of fires culminates in the destruction of Raleigh City Market. January 4, 1869: North Carolina opens the nation's first school for blind and deaf African-Americans in Raleigh. April 1869: The Method community is established by freedmen. January 6, 1870: The State Penitentiary opens in a log building. April 1871: Raleigh Commissioners make provision for Mount Hope Cemetery. 1872: Peace Institute is opened by the Rev. Robert Burwell. 1875: Shaw University secures its charter; Raleigh's governing board is renamed the Board of Aldermen, increase to 17. 1879: North Carolina's first telephone exchange opens in Raleigh. 1880: Raleigh's population of 9,265 makes it the state's second largest city; The News and The Observer are consolidated. 1884: Free home-delivery of mail begins for Raleigh. December 1, 1886: Fayetteville Street is paved. December 25, 1886: Mule-drawn street railway starts operations. The Raleigh Street Railroad Company switched to electricity after 1890. March 22, 1887: Raleigh resident R. Stanhope Pullen donated property for Pullen Park. August 27, 1888: The Raleigh Chamber of commerce is organized. October 3, 1889: North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is opened with the donation of $8,000 from the City of Raleigh and land given by R. Stanhope Pullen. The college was later named North Carolina State University. August 21, 1892: Union rail passenger station opens. May 1894: Rex Hospital opens. Its nursing school is the state's first. 1898: Automobiles are first seen on Raleigh streets. 1899: Raleigh adopts a flag. -- Baptist Female University (later Meredith College) opens. -- The Tucker Building, Raleigh's first skyscraper, is erected. -- A&M (NCSU) trustees vote to admit women students. 1900s Nancy McFarlane is elected Mayor of Raleigh. Raleigh passed the $16 Million Housing Bond Referendum to support quality affordable housing. Raleigh passed the $40 Million Transportation Bond Referendum to fund bike lanes, greenways, new sidewalks, sidewalk repair and general street resurfacing. The City formally opened the Falls of Neuse Road bridge, completing the first phase of a major project that provides motorists and pedestrians a new route to subdivisions and other locations in far north Raleigh. The City Council approved a design for the planned Horseshoe Farm Park, 146 acres of land on the Neuse River in northeastern Wake County. The first phase of the park construction will include widening the access road to the park site, dam improvements, parking, signage, connecting to the Neuse River Greenway Trail, developing soft surface walking trails, natural resource management, stabilization of the existing farm house structure and building restrooms and a picnic shelter. Mayor Charles Meeker joined with the North Central Citizens Advisory Council and the residents around the New Bern Avenue and Edenton Street community in a walking tour of the landmarks in the neighborhood. The tour is part of the City’s New Bern Avenue Corridor Study. The study of Raleigh’s historic eastern gateway focuses on the area from Swain Street to Wake Medical Center. The preliminary goals of the study are to identify ways to improve the appearance of the corridor; support pedestrian, bicycle and transit uses along the corridor; and stimulate economic development initiatives and revitalization in the area. A new fall tradition was launched in Downtown with ARTSober. Performances by the Carolina Ballet, Hot Summer Nights at the Kennedy, the North Carolina Symphony, North Carolina Theatre, North Carolina Opera and PineCone rang out throughout the day of Oct. 15, emanating from the Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts and Lichtin Plaza. The arts festival was designed to recruit wider audiences to the performing arts center. The City conducted an open house on the Peace Street Corridor Visioning Study. The study is focusing on Peace Street from West to Person streets. The goal is to identify and propose improvements to enhance the corridor’s capacity for pedestrian, bicycle and vehicular traffic and support private redevelopment efforts. JDavis Architect worked with the City to develop the Peace Corridor Visioning Study as a pro bono project. NOVEMBER The City Council received an update of the draft Unified Development Ordinance. The Council approved a seven week public review period starting Jan. 3, with a public hearing set for Feb. 21. The City Council approved a resolution requesting the State of North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources designate the first eight miles of the Neuse River Greenway Trail as a Mountain to Sea Trail segment. The City Council unanimously approved the authorization of the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization entering into a contract for Phase II of a transportation planning study of the U.S. 1 North Corridor in Franklin County. The City hosted its second and final open house to gather public input on a comprehensive pedestrian plan. The City, in partnership with the North Carolina Department of Transportation, is developing a plan which will implement a convenient network of sidewalks, crosswalks, pedestrian signals, trails and other pedestrian facilities throughout Raleigh. Raleigh residents gained a new park to enjoy when the City opened Strickland Road Neighborhood Park. The 37-acre park’s phase I development included new playground equipment, walking trails, driveway, a 35-space parking lot and cost $628,884. Plans for the park include a neighborhood center, basketball half-courts and picnic areas. The eight-mile Upper Neuse River Greenway Trail was opened to the public. This is the first section of the planned Neuse River Greenway Trail to be completed. The Neuse River Greenway Trail was envisioned as a segment of the State of North Carolina Mountains-to-Sea Trail, which will run 1000 miles across North Carolina from Clingmans Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains to Jockey’s Ridge State Park on the Outer Banks. Newly released figures from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis revealed that some metro areas are beginning to distance themselves from the pack in their economic recovery from the recession, according to the Urban Land Institute magazine. Raleigh took fifth place among metropolitan areas posting the highest total economic growth. The article’s author, Jeffrey Spivak wrote: “In just 10 percent of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas, total economic growth exceeded 10 percent since 2007.” The financial services company USAA and the veterans’ membership organization Military.com placed Raleigh on their list of the 10 best metropolitan areas for military retirees to launch new careers. The City was awarded most gracious access of more than four rolling and wooded acres that sustain one of the Piedmont’s most expansive variety of flowers, shrubberies, plants, grasses, groundcovers and trees. The benefactors Mary Coker Joslin and the late William Joslin, made their home at the site at 2431 West Lake Drive for more than 60 years. The Joslin family and the City of Raleigh have founded a tax-exempt entity, the City of Oaks Foundation, which will be the owners of the property and the recipient of the Joslin Gardens Endowment Fund for the maintenance of the property. The City Council requested an extension from the North Carolina Department of Transportation of the temporary bicycle lane markings along Hillsborough Street between Gardner and Enterprise streets. The long awaited reopening of the popular amusement center at Pullen Park took place on a glorious Nov. 19 afternoon. The 124-year-old park’s amusement center, the fifth oldest operating amusement park in the United States and the 16 oldest in the world, had been closed since December 2009 for much needed renovations. The renovations to the southern end of Pullen Park included a new carousel house, welcome center, train station, concessions building and restroom. The carousel’s animals received a significant makeover. Other site improvements included a new entrance, event spaces, playground, underground utilities and picnic shelters. Additionally, Lake Howell was drained and dredged and a new boat dock was installed along with a new apron and geothermal energy system for the lake. The City Council voted unanimously to support policy recommendations by the American Water Works Association for the upcoming federal farm bill. The recommendations would significantly reduce nutrient loading in drinking water reservoirs from agricultural operations. The City Council approved a request to negotiate a contract with Skeo Solutions of Charlottesville, Va., to serve as a consultant for the collaborative discussion with the Chavis community on the future of Chavis Park. In 2009, the Council approved the relocation of the historic Chavis Park carousel within the park. The Council also agreed to survey the Chavis community to learn the residents’ wishes and concerns for the future and the park. In addition to the historic carousel the 34-acre park which was dedicated in 1937, features greenway trails, athletic facilities, a neighborhood pool and community center. Raleigh enjoys the quality of life that puts it on the top of the “best of” lists. To stay at such a dizzying height takes insight, foresight, innovations and a unified strategy. Making that happen is the objective of the Raleigh Innovation Summit that Mayor Charles Meeker announced Nov. 21 in conjunction with Dr. Terri Lomax, vice chancellor or Research, Innovation and Economic Development at North Carolina State University. The summit will be held Jan. 18 in the Raleigh Convention Center. DECEMBER The people of Raleigh gave outgoing Mayor Charles Meeker a big thank you Dec. 3, after he threw the switch on the city’s holiday tree. Immediately after lighting the tree on Fayetteville Streets’ City Plaza, Mayor-Elect Nancy McFarlane joined Mayor Meeker on the stage and read a proclamation from the residents of Raleigh proclaiming December “Mayor Charles Meeker Month” as a means of expressing their gratitude for his service and leadership. After reading the proclamation, the City fired up a glowing tribute to the Mayor that read: “Thank You Charles.” The Fayetteville Street setting for the tribute was most appropriate. Mayor Meeker listed the return of Fayetteville Street to vehicular traffic and the revitalization of Downtown as his paramount priorities. Traffic returned to “North Carolina’s Main Street” July 29, 2006. A swearing-in ceremony for the newly elected Mayor and City Council was held the evening of Dec. 5 in the Cabarrus Street lobby of the Raleigh Convention Center. The installation marked Nancy MacFarlane’s first term as Mayor of Raleigh and the 34th Raleigh City Council under the council/manager form of government. This is the 20th City Council under the district system, with direct election of the Mayor. The ceremony marked the close of Charles Meeker’s decade of service as Mayor. First elected Mayor in 2001, he served nine terms as a member of the Raleigh City Council, having served four terms as a Council Member being elected in 1985, 1987, 1991, and 1993. His five terms as Mayor tie him with the late Avery C. Upchurch as Raleigh’s longest-serving Mayors. The City Council asked the City Attorney’s Office to pursue an exemption to the newly adopted State law that allows the carrying of concealed weapons essentially everywhere, with the exceptions of some City-owned parks and recreational facilities. The City Council accepted the lowest responsible bid ($1.5 million) for the construction of phase I of the Simmons Branch drainage improvements project. The bid award is the first phase of three planned stormwater utility improvement projects in the Simmons Branch watershed to reduce roadway flooding, structural flooding and replace deteriorated infrastructure. The City Council approved the initial planning phase of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Gardens expansion. Mayor Nancy McFarlane reacted to the Dec. 8 U.S. Postal Service’s announcement that, “discontinuance of Century Station will not be pursued at this time,” to thank those who made efforts to keep the Fayetteville Street National Register Property operating, especially former Mayor Charles Meeker. Raleigh’s population of 403,892 makes it the nation’s 43rd most populous city, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The rise is a combination of Raleigh’s consistent growth while other cities’ populations are shrinking or growing at a slower pace. Raleigh’s population rose more than 46.2 percent since the last U.S. Census was conducted. The 2000 population was 276,093. The Capital City’s population has more than doubled since 1988 when 201,111 persons called Raleigh home. Raleigh’s population is between Miami’s at 399,457 and Omaha, Neb., at 408,958. The City of Raleigh and Progress Energy Carolinas announced the start of a two-year research and development partnership to evaluate solar-powered electric vehicle charging stations. The project connects two charging stations in Raleigh to a solar photovoltaic array and battery system. When the sun is shining, the array produces electricity and charges either a plugged-in vehicle or the on-site battery. In its quest to learn which city Southerners consider sets the best table in all of Dixie, Southern Living magazine has chosen what it evaluates as the top 10 and is asking its readers to share their opinions. Raleigh is among the 10 selected as the magazine’s Top 10 “Tastiest Towns in the South.” The magazine reports that Raleigh’s “fantastic farmers markets and chefs devoted to their culinary heritage” earned it a spot in the top 10. The City Council agreed to be a partner for the “Run for Our Heroes” road race that will raise funds for the Raleigh Police Memorial Foundation. The City will contribute $3,000 to the event. 2012 JANUARY The new year brought the reopening of two Raleigh historic cemeteries. O’Rorke Catholic Cemetery and Mt. Hope Cemetery experienced significant tree and monument damage in the April 2011 tornadoes. While the monument repairs are ongoing, the hazardous tree work and debris removal has been completed. City Cemetery will be reopened soon. On January 3, the City Council unanimously selected Black & Veatch to provide professional services for a planned hydroelectric facility at Falls Lake Dam. Two public meetings and a site visit on the proposed dam facility were held on January 23. A former warehouse building on the west end of Martin Street near railroad tracks in Downtown Raleigh should be retrofitted to accommodate a new rail station, the City Council determined on January 3. Council Members voted unanimously to endorse the site, upholding a recommendation from the City’s Passenger Rail Task Force. The vacant warehouse, called the Dillon Viaduct Building, would house the train station component of Raleigh’s proposed Union Station. On January 6, Mayor Nancy McFarlane announced that Red Hat, Inc., the world’s leading provider of open source solutions, will be making its global headquarters in Downtown Raleigh – 100 East Davie Street specifically. The City kicked off the Blue Ridge Road District Study on January 12. The purpose of the study is to develop a plant to improve vehicle and pedestrian connectivity in the west Raleigh neighborhood. The study will also seek to leverage state and local policies and investments to support growth and to guide development in the corridor to conserve natural systems and landscapes. The City’s Dempsey E. Benton Water Treatment Plant has achieved LEED Silver certification for energy use, lighting, water and material use, and for incorporating a variety of other sustainable strategies. The Raleigh-Wake 9-1-1 Emergency Communications Center celebrates it 40th anniversary on January 12. The City Council voted unanimously January 17 to approve a bid fro the new carousel building at Chavis Park. The construction contract for the carousel building was awarded to RESOLUTE Building Co., which submitted the lowest base bid in the amount of $1.8 million. The new carousel building is expected to be complete in the fall. Also on January 17, the City Council authorized the City of Raleigh Community Development Department staff to begin negotiations with Passage Home for the development of affordable two-bedroom apartments for families with low and moderate incomes. Developing Raleigh’s potential and resources to make it a 21st century innovation city was the pursuit of the Innovation Summit that was held January 18 in the Raleigh Convention Center. Raleigh took another national “first place” January 25 with its opening of America’s first solid waste services facility built to LEED Platinum standards – the absolute pinnacle of sustainability. A new year brings more accolades for the Capital City, this time for women’s health and raising families. The analysis of data from the Centers for Disease Control, the U.S. Census Bureau and the American Cancer Society found Raleigh at the top of the rankings of the healthiest cities in the nation for women, according to Women’s Health magazine. 24/7 Wall St. placed Raleigh third among its “10 Best Cities for Raising a Family.” Among the Capital City’s assets that were identified in this ranking were its strong economy, growing high-tech and biotech industries, good schools and highly educated adult population. On January 30, Chavis Community Center began serving as the first Raleigh College Center, an information hub for people who want to learn about attending college. FEBRUARY The City Council approved a $374,344 contract with Turner Asphalt, Inc., for bicycle and pedestrian improvements to Wade Avenue. The purpose of the project is to enhance pedestrian and bicycle connectivity and accessibility along Wade Avenue between Ridge Road and Faircloth Street. City Manager J. Russell Allen received approval on Feb. 7, from the City Council to pursue the potential development of a Critical Public Safety Facility on City-owned property at 2425 Brentwood road. The Council Members approved the creation of a new fund account for the initial phase of work on the site and the transfer of $600,000 from previous public safety project accounts to cover the estimated fees that re required for conceptual development of the property. The site analysis of the six acres bounded by Raleigh Boulevard on the north, Brentwood Road on the east, Westinghouse Boulevard on the west and private commercial develop on the south is cleared and ready for development. The report noted that its being located across Raleigh Boulevard from the City’s proposed Downtown Remote Operations facility would present opportunities for operations support, particularly during periods of emergency activity. On Feb. 7, the City Council unanimously approved a resolution stating its intent to foster “open” government by encouraging the use of open-source systems in ensuring open access to data. Mayor Nancy McFarlane and other City officials celebrated with two area “enviropreneurs” on Feb. 16, the completion of the Neuse River Solar Farm at the City’s Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant on Battle Bridge Road. The solar array is the product of a four-year pursuit by the City and its project partners NxGen and Southern Energy Management. NxGen of Charlotte operates the Neuse Solar Farm. Southern Energy Management of Morrisville designed, engineered and constructed the solar array. NxGen is selling the power produced by the solar array to Progress Energy for distribution to its customers. The City owns the land. The farm’s 1.3-megawatt annual output can power 130 homes a year. On Feb. 21, the City council received a report from the City of Raleigh Stormwater Management Advisory Commission on how low-impact post-construction practices can protect Raleigh’s streams and lakes from deterioration. According to the report, the overall quality of surface water in Raleigh and downstream in the Neuse River continues to decline. Also on Feb. 21, the City Council approved the selection of FSC II, LLC DBA the Fred Smith Company to build the Poole Road to Anderson Point Park segment of the Neuse River Greenway Trail. The $1.681 million contract includes construction of 1.2 miles of 10-foot wide trail and a bridge over a tributary of the Neuse River. In the fall of 2011, an amendment was proposed to alter the location of a proposed multi-purpose facility at Lake Johnson Park. On Feb. 21, the City Council moved forward with the original plans for the Lake Johnson Interpretive Center being located adjacent to the pool. As part of its Black History Month celebration, the North Central Citizens Advisory honored the decades of service St. Agnes Hospital provided to African American residents. The Feb. 25 celebration was in the Martin Luther King Jr. Ballroom on the St. Augustine’s College Campus. St. Agnes Hospital opened in 1896 and served Raleigh’s African American residents from its location on the St. Augustine’s College campus until the opening of Wake Med in April 1961. In proclaiming it St. Agnes Hospital Day, Mayor Nancy McFarlane noted that, “almost as important as the care the hospital provided its patients was the training it provided its nursing school students” throughout those 65 years. MARCH On March 6, the City Council endorsed the recommendations of the City of Raleigh Passenger Rail Task Force regarding the number and general placement of station locations associated with the Triangle Transit Authority’s proposal for light rail service from Garner to Durham. The four commuter rail station locations endorsed by the City Council are: southeast Raleigh in the vicinity of Hammond Road and Rush Street; Downtown Raleigh at the Raleigh Train Station; North Carolina State University campus, just east of Dan Allen Drive; and, west Raleigh in the vicinity of Corporate Center Drive. The City Council approved a proposed resolution committing to fund the first phase of the planned Union Station multimodal complex. The City’s share of the projected $75 million project cost will be approximately $7 million. On March 7, the City of Raleigh refunded $33.4 million in Series 2004 water/sewer utility bonds. This resulted in net present value savings of $2.9 million or 8.84 percent of the amount of the refunded bonds. The City Council approved the joint purchase of 113 acres of conservation easement in Orange County. The City is participating with the Eno River Association, the Orange County Natural Resources Conservation Service, Orange County and the Town of Hillsborough in the purchase. The land features approximately 8,000 linear feet along Seven Mile Creek. The City’s participation in the $746,000 purchase is $69,000. Council Members voted in favor of the City issuing up to $9 million in two-thirds general obligation bonds. The proposal consists of $7.5 million for parks and recreational facilities bonds and $1.5 million for land acquisition bonds. The City proposed to use the bonds for the following projects: second-phase development of the Annie Louise Wilkerson, M.D., Nature Preserver Park; a new tennis complex next to Barwell Road Community Center; upgrades to the City’s Dix soccer fields off of Western Boulevard to the WRAL Soccer Center on Perry Creek Road; and, an urban agricultural center just south of Downtown off of Garner Road. According to a March 12 report from the technology jobs website DICE.com , the Triangle is the hottest spot for technology jobs in the United States. The report found that employers within a 30-mile radius of Raleigh are posting 1,120 jobs daily with an average salary of $79,000. That jobs number is up 50 percent from a year ago and nearly triple from the depths of the recession in March 2009. Raleigh residents posted the highest optimism about where they live among the nation’s large metro areas, according to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index. The index found that 74.9 percent of those polled said “their city or area is getting better as a place to live.” Only the smaller metro areas of Provo-Orem, Utah (76.0 percent) and Lafayette, La., (75.8 percent) posted higher results. On March 20, the City Council authorized the contribution of more than $545,000 to the North Carolina Department of Transportation for the City’s share of the replacement of the flyover bridge at Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The project is to be completed in the summer of 2014 at a cost of about $2.65 million. The City Council unanimously approved the appropriation of up to $6,600 for the replacement of two video encoders to enable viewing the streamed feed of live coverage of meetings of the City Council and City boards, commissions and committees on mobile devices. On March 23, it may have seemed to some that Sir Walter Raleigh was a bit overdressed, but the residents of his eponymous city thought he looked swell. That’s because the statue in front of the Raleigh Convention Center was decked out with a Shaw University Bears flag and a North Carolina State University Wolfpack basketball jersey. That evening, the Lady Bears won the NCAA Women’s Division II national championship. Alas, the NCSU men’s basketball squad fell short in its bid for a victory in the NCAA Division I Midwest regional semifinal. First-phase construction of the Chavis Park carousel house project began the last week in March. The park and Chavis Community Center will remain open to the public throughout construction of the carousel house project. The City of Raleigh’s commitment to building an even more robust, sustainable economy became tangible with the opening of the Economic Development Office. The mission of the new units is to develop a strategic plan for implementing the economic development policies that were established in the 2030 Comprehensive Plan and to manage the relationship of City-funded economic development agencies. APRIL April brought 10-digit dialing to the Triangle. The addition of the area code to local dialing accommodates the expanding number of telephone numbers in the area served by the 919 area code. Unforeseen was the tremendous burden careless dialing would placed on the Raleigh-Wake Emergency Communications Center. Misdials and hang-up calls related to 10-didti dialing slowed 911 dispatchers’ response time and overtaxed operators receiving calls. Residents are reminded that if they dial 911 instead of the intended 919 stay on the line and talk to the 911 dispatcher. Misdials and hang-up calls divert resources away from actual emergencies since dispatchers must dial back on hang-ups to assure than an emergency is not taking place. If no response is receive3d from the call-back, dispatchers send a police officer to the source of the call to make certain that no assistance is needed. To date in 2012 the Emergency Communications Center has responded to 597,555 911 calls, an increase of 17.4 percent over 2011. Michael Baker Engineering Inc. of Cary was selected to conduct an environmental study of the proposed West Street extension project. The City is considering an extension of South West Street between West Cabarrus Street and West Martin Street in Downtown Raleigh as part of the proposed Union Station project. The City approved an ordinance to designate parking spaces on City streets solely for plug-in electric vehicles. The ordinance requires that electric vehicles parked in the designated spaces must be attached to a charging station. Otherwise, the owner would be found in violation of the ordinance and face a $50 fine. The City Council unanimously approved the issuance of two sets of authorized bonds. The proposal consists of the issuance of up to $138.6 million in general obligation bonds and up to $9 million in two-thirds general obligation bonds. The $138.6 million in general obligation bonds were approved by Raleigh voters in past referendums to finance various public improvements. They include: $30 million in street improvement bonds approved in 2005; $88.6 million in parks and recreation facilities bonds approved in 2007; and, $20 million in transportation bonds approved in 2011. The $9 million in two-thirds general obligation bonds consist of $7.5 million for parks and recreational facility and $1.5 million for land acquisition bonds. The Local Government Commission of North Carolina awarded the bonds to J.P Morgan Securities LLC at a true interest cost of 2.78 percent. This is the lowest interest rate received by the City for its new money general obligation bonds in at least the last 20 years. The Raleigh City Council approved the bonding of the City of Oaks and the capital of Kenya as Sister Cities. Nairobi becomes Raleigh’s fifth such “sibling” joining Kingston-Upon Hull, United Kingdom; Compiegne, France; Rostock, Germany; and Xiangyang, China. AECOM was selected to assist the City with the Blount Street/Person Street Corridor Plan Study. The Raleigh-Cary metropolitan area was the fifth heartiest population gainer between April 1 2010 and July 1, 2011, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s population estimate of the nation’s 366 metropolitan areas. The area’s population growth for the 15-month period was 2.9 percent. The City approved a request by the Raleigh Historic Development Commission for $91,000 from the Preservation Revolving Loan Fund to assist with the rehabilitation of the Gethsemane Seventh Day Adventist church at 501 S. Person St. that was damaged by the 2011 tornado. The upcoming proposed budget will contain funding for a hosted open data catalogue, the City Council directed. This catalogue is one of the steps that have been identified by City staff for Raleigh to become an open-source e-Government. MAY For the third consecutive year, a report released by the University of Wisconsin’s Population Health Institute and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation found Wake to be the healthiest county in North Carolina. The Raleigh City Council endorsed portions of the Rocky Branch, Little Rock, Walnut Creek and Neuse River greenway trails as the designated East Coast Greenway trail through the Capital City. The trail will span from Maine to Florida. The City Council eliminated the alternate-day outdoor watering requirement which was part of the City’s permanent conservation measures. Park Construction was awarded a $21,144,474.75 contract for installation of a third parallel sewer pipe along Crabtree Creek from the I-440-Highway 264 interchange to just east of Capital Boulevard. The new sewer pipe is the first phase to relieve current wet weather flow capacity restrictions within the Crabtree Creek basin. J.F. Wilkerson Contracting Company was awarded a contract for more than $3.5 million for the Centennial Reuse Pipeline – Segment 4 project. When completed, the reuse system will be capable of providing approximately 3.3 million gallons of reuse water daily. Backwater Environmental, a division of the Osborne Company, was awarded a contract for $2,134,534 to perform the Upper Longview Lake Improvement Project. The project area is adjacent to Bertie Drive, behind Enloe High School and the tributary along Locke Lane. The project is to improve water quality and wildlife habitat in the Upper Longview Branch Lake through restoration of approximately 3500 linear feet of creek channel and 2.7 acres of lake and wetland improvements. On May 9, Mayor Nancy McFarlane announced that Downtown Raleigh will host the City’s Independence Day celebration. The City moved ahead on improvements to Lake Wheeler Road that include a five-foot asphalt pathway on the western side of the roadway corridor combined with a concrete sidewalk along areas where there is existing or proposed curb and gutter. The improvements also include a left-turn lane at the intersections of Lake Wheeler Road and Sierra Drive and Lake Wheeler Road and Carolina Pines Avenue. The City Council approved the purchase of nearly 25 acres of land for a future neighborhood park site. The property is located northeast of the intersection of I-540 and US 401. The purchase price for the land is $84,900 per acre, totaling $2,112,500. The City Council approved the site plan for Stanhope Center II, a mixed-use development on Hillsborough Street. The plan calls for 156 multi-family dwelling units; 36,914 square feet of retail use; 12,630 square feet of restaurant use; 43,090 square feet of office space and a 1,037-space parking deck. The 4.5-acre site is on the southern side of Hillsborough Street between its intersections with Friendly Drive and Concern Street. The Raleigh City Council voted 7-1 to approve a resolution asking the Wake County Board of Commissioners to place a half-cent sales tax increase on the ballot to pay for countrywide transit improvements. RTD Construction, Inc. was awarded a $4.9 million contract for improvement to the Little Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant. The plant will be expanded to handle up to 2.2 million gallons per day from the current maximum of 1.85 million. The City of Raleigh joined with the City of Durham, Durham County, the Triangle Land Conservancy and the Trust for Public Land in purchasing 527 acres of conservation easements to protect water quality along the Falls Lake and Swift Creek watersheds. The City’s participation is not to exceed $649,800. Carousels and Carvings, Inc. was approved for the restoration of the historic Herschell carousel at Chavis Park. The historically accurate restoration work includes degreasing, cleaning, sand blasting, stripping, priming and painting all the original wood and metal parts and pieces, and restoring them to brand new working condition. The contract is for $211,437. The City Council unanimously approved a resolution expressing its opposition to the North Carolina General Assembly of any legislation on the natural gas recovery by hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”) until the safety of the process can be established by the appropriate state agencies. Forbes magazine conducted a survey of the best big cities for jobs. It ranked the 65 metropolitan statistical areas that have more than 450,000 jobs. Raleigh placed seventh on the list. The survey included this year’s employment growth rate and the most recent year-on-year job growth. The World of Bluegrass is coming to Raleigh! That is the great news the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) announced May 16. Starting in 2013, the World of Bluegrass, which includes the four-day IBMA Business Conference, the International Bluegrass Music Awards Show and the three-day Bluegrass Fan Fest will take place in Downtown Raleigh. A collection of eight life-size (human form) bronze sculptures arrived in Downtown Raleigh for Artsplosure and lingered at various Downtown locations throughout the summer, leaving around Labor Day. The marvelous works of Seward Johnson conjured the works of Impressionist masterpieces from the likes of Renoir and Monet. Throughout the summer Raleigh residents were charmed; touching and interacting with the iconic images in a way that would never be possible in a museum. Rent.com compiled a list of the 10 best cities for college graduate in 2012 and Raleigh was on it. The list was based on: mean annual income, cost of living, rental inventory and the unemployment rate, which received double weight. On May 31, the City of Raleigh unveiled its “Big Belly” solar trash compactor at the corner of Glenwood Avenue and North Street. JUNE On June 5, the City Council approved the selection of Burns and McDonnell for the threat and security assessment for the Critical Public Safety Facility. The vote was unanimous from the City Council to designate the Garland Dewey and Elma Arndt House as a Raleigh Historic Landmark. The house, located at 1428 Canterbury Road, is the 150th Raleigh Historic Landmark. Brier Creek Town Center II gained unanimous approval from the City Council; the project would total up to 1.63 million square feet on 38.5 acres. It is to include up to 600 residential units, possibly 300 hotel lodging units and up to 115,000 square feet of retail. Two parking decks are included in the plans. A $356,567 contract to AECOM was approved by City Council to lead the City in the creation of a new Parks and Recreation Department System Plan. The City of Raleigh Office of Economic Development unveiled a website for economic development at www.investraleigh.com . Citrix Systems chose Raleigh as the site for the expansion of its Data Sharing Group. In return, Citrix will receive an incentive from the City of Raleigh in which the City offers Citrix Systems a grant that pays the company 2.25 percent of the new tax value of taxable investment recorded on the tax records for a period of 12 years at the current tax rate of $0.3735 per $100 property valuation. On June 16, the Fire Department had a free, daylong public celebration of its 100th anniversary. The City of Raleigh provided the lots for four new houses dedicated by Habitat for Humanity of Wake County. Other sponsors of the houses on Parnell Street were Home Depot and the 12 churches that comprise Habitat for Humanity’s Apostle Build Coalition. The City of Raleigh and Progress Energy began replacing traditional streetlights with light emitting diodes (LED) fixtures as part of a pilot project that will explore how much money and electricity could be saved from converting all of Raleigh’s streetlights to LEDs and whether LEDs provide a superior quality of street lighting. The website RealAge placed Raleigh-Durham sixth on its list of “10 Best Cities for a Happy Marriage.” The area’s vibrant academic presence and high employment level were the reasons cited for the exalted placement. By a vote of 7 to 1, the City Council adopted a budget that continues to promote fiscal sustainability and cost competiveness, with budget reductions targeted to minimize customer service impacts. The budget includes the increase in the property tax rate of 0.91 cents that was agreed upon as part of the successful 2011 bond referendum. Those revenues will go to the City’s debt model to pay debt service for transportation and affordable housing projects. Moffat Pipe Inc. was awarded a contract of $1.85 million for Phases II and III of a major stormwater drainage improvement project in North Ridge. The City Council approved a variance from the right-of-way requirements set forth in the City Code for the SkyHouse Apartment project located at 313 S. Wilmington St. The proposed complex will be a 23-story, 320-unit complex. The Council agreed that the existing rights-of-way of 66 feet were adequate for the transportation needs of the area. The Code calls for 90- or 80-foot rights-of-way. The City Council received the Capital Boulevard Corridor Study. The study presents a vision and strategy for the revitalization, redevelopment and renewal of Capital Boulevard from Downtown to I-440. The study was referred to the Comprehensive Planning Committee. The City’s efforts to develop a multi-modal transit hub in the heart of Downtown received a significant boast June 22 with the announcement of a $21 million federal grant though the Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) federal grant. The grant will be used for the first phase of construction of the transit center located at 510 W. Martin Street. The project will transform the existing Dillon Viaduct building into a new train station with new platforms and multiple improvements to the railroad infrastructure. The City is partnering with the North Carolina Department of Transportation and Triangle Transit on construction of the project. City of Raleigh staff and transportation officials from eight states gathered at the Raleigh Convention Center to develop plans to accelerate the deployment of plug –in electric vehicles. The members of the City Council joined more than 100 residents to participate in the second annual CityCamp Raleigh. The winning idea of the three-day gathering was R Greenway. The $1.28 million in renovations to Carolina Pines Community Center were celebrated. The 17,139-square-foot facility at 2305 Lake Wheeler Road was opened in November 1972. The Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Program released June 28, showed Raleigh and Cary as having population growth percentages in excess of 3 percent, placing the area in the top 10 for U.S. cities’ population growth rate from 2010 to 2011. Raleigh will be “an amazing place to get a job” Yahoo! Finance stated in its determination of the “Hottest American Cities of the Future.” It placed Raleigh sixth on its list. JULY The new fiscal year that began July 1, kept alive the very proud Capital City tradition of providing the best municipal services for the lowest costs. Municipal costs are: annual property taxes, solid waste fees, water and sewer charges, and storm water fees. Raleigh’s annual average for these costs is $1,487.06. The average annual municipal costs for the 11 other municipalities in Wake County is $1,710.76. That is $233.70 or more than 13 percent higher than the Raleigh annual average. The average for the non Wake areas of the Triangle is $1,869.84 or $382.78 more than Raleigh’s costs. That comes to 20.5 percent greater than Raleigh’s average. The master plan for a mixed-use project near Crabtree Valley Mall was approved. The proposal includes up to 525 residential units, 15,000 to 60,000 square feet of retail space, including at least one eatery, 250,000 square feet of office space, a hotel with a maximum of 200 rooms and parking facilities. An ordinance that prohibits fracking within the City of Raleigh was unanimously approved by the City Council. Fracking is the practice of recovering natural gas by hydraulic fracturing. The City Council approved a permanent, full-time position dedicated to small business and entrepreneurial support. The staff member is to regularly engage local entrepreneurs within Raleigh to ensure the appropriate resources are being provided that fit their current and future business needs. During its July 17 meeting, the City Council approved a recommendation from the Raleigh Police Department to create a new Greenway Volunteer Program. The greenway volunteers are to: promote courtesy and safety; provide information to the public; and, summon aid for greenway users in need. The program started August 1. The roundabout on Hillsborough Street at Pullen Road was trimmed from two lanes to one in an attempt to reduce the number of accidents at the traffic circle. Just a couple of weeks shy of its 80th anniversary, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium served as the site of the memorial service for native son Cpl. Darrion T. Hicks. Cpl. Hicks, 21, was killed by a roadside bomb in Afghanistan. AUGUST Raleigh placed fifth in a survey of the greenest U.S. cities. “Thumbtack,” a site self-described as “where you can easily hire local help,” ranked cities on per capita availability of eco-friendly services, as well as the premium charged by some “green” businesses. The Chavis Park Community Conversation got underway. The goal of the conversation is to develop an adoptable revised master plan for the park. The program also is designed to develop a mutual understanding and respect for both the history and the future of the park and the role of the park in the community. The City Council unanimously adopted the Capital Boulevard Corridor Study. The study, developed with significant input from the public, outlines recommendations for transforming the most traveled gateway into Downtown into a showcase for multimodal transportation and green infrastructure. The City Council approved a contract for the construction of the Halifax Park and Community Center to Bradley Construction, Inc. The $3.15 million contract includes the construction of a new 17,000-square-foot community center. The center is located at 1015 Halifax Street on a 1.5-acre site leased from the Raleigh Housing Authority behind William Peace University. HagerSmith Design PA was approved for the architectural, engineering design and construction administration for the Southeast Raleigh Tennis Center, located on an undeveloped site of nearly nine acres at the Barwell Road Park. The design concept for the Mordecai Historic Park Interpretive Center was approved. The City acquired the nearly half-acre site and a 4,700-square-foot building at 1101 Wake Forest Road, to serve as the center. The purchase price was $600,000. The property is adjacent to Mordecai Park. The City Council approved a strategy that merges federal grant funds with Capital Improvement Project funds to install up to 50 miles of new, on-road bicycle facilities. Council previously appropriated $500,000 in Capital Improvement Project funds for bicycle-marking projects. The City also received a Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality grant through the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization for $1.1 million that required a $225,000 local match. Under the newly approved plan, the two efforts are combined into a single project. Triangle leaders announced the opening of HUB Raleigh, a first-of-its-kind, co-working space in North Carolina that features a local and international network of resources to inspire, connect and mentor entrepreneurs. Located at 711 Hillsborough Street, HUB Raleigh is the first affiliate in North Carolina. Other North American cities in the network include San Francisco, Seattle, New Orleans, Miami, Atlanta and Boulder, Colo. Traffic-calming projects are designed to reduce speeding on neighborhood streets. After having completed four traffic-calming projects in the last six years, the City plans to do up to 13 traffic-calming projects per year. The City Council’s adopted 10-year Capital Improvement Program allocates a total of $2.7 million to traffic-calming efforts. SEPTEMBER The City Council unanimously allocated $250,000 for development of a schematic design for a train station that will be part of the Raleigh Union Station. The City and the North Carolina Department of Transportation will work with a private consultant to complete an architectural design for the renovation of the Dillon Viaduct building as a train station, as well as other improvements to accommodate the facility. The total cost of the schematic design is an estimated $966,000. The City share of $250,000 comes from $3 million in bond money that Raleigh voters approved for the Union Station project in 2011. The City Council unanimously approved a $411,895 contract to WSP Sells for a construction administration and construction materials testing contract for the 5.7-mile Honeycutt Greenway construction project. Funding for the project comes from the 2003 and 2007 Parks and Greenway Bond referenda. By a vote of six to one, the City Council approved an additional $3 million to cover a gap in funding for the Union Station project; Raleigh’s multi-modal transit center. The project includes the adaptive reuse of the Dillon Viaduct building and the construction of railroad track improvements and station platforms and concourses. The total cost of the project was projected to be approximately $60 million. In June, the City received notice that it had been awarded a $21 million grant from the United States Department of Transportation to help fund the project. The North Carolina Department of Transportation pledged matching funds of $9 million and Triangle Transit pledged an in-kind match of the building and land, conservatively estimated at $1.5 million. The City also pledged a $3 million match for construction of the station, from proceeds from the transportation bond passed by City voters in 2011. A study that recommends improvements for a three-mile stretch of Blue Ridge Road was received by the City Council. The study area extends from Edwards Mill Road to Western Boulevard and includes properties on either side of Blue Ridge Road and the open space in the corridor. The study contains recommendation in three major areas: transportation, green infrastructure and development. The study provides the City of Raleigh, State of North Carolina, property owners, and residents a coordinated blueprint to guide future improvements. The City of Raleigh announced that Red Hat, the world’s leading provider of open source solutions, had signed a five-year deal to transform Downtown’s popular open-air concert venue into the Red Hat Amphitheater. The amphitheater opened in June 2010. A partnership of the City of Raleigh, the Downtown Raleigh Alliance and Activate Good converted the somber 11th anniversary of the terrorists’ attacks on the United States into a day of “doing good.” On September 11, volunteers participated in blood donations, food drives, disaster relief training, home improvements, education, environmental protection and much more. A series of budget transfers are approved to speed the rehabilitation of Sandy Forks Road. The section of Sandy Forks between Falls of Neuse and Six Forks is in very poor condition. The estimated cost of rebuilding the road is $10 million. In order to expedite the project, the City Council approved transferring $1.5 million from the Council’s General Fund balance. The money will be used for design services. By funding the design services portion of the project, the plans will be ready should the road be included in a future transportation bond package. Mayor Nancy McFarlane led the dedication of the City’s first adopted bus shelter. The shelter, located at 4104 Poole Road, directly in front of the City’s new Capital Area Transit facility, was adopted by the employees of Veolia Transportation, a City vendor that operates the Capital Area Transit fixed-route bus service. The City has more than 200 bus shelters. Those wishing to participate can assist in removing trash in and around the shelter on a monthly basis. The Raleigh City Museum reopens as the City of Raleigh Museum. Located in the former Brigg’s Hardware Building at 220 Fayetteville Street, the museum had been closed since July as part of the transition to City management. In June the City Council authorized a five-year sub-lease that retains the museum’s current space. The City Council also authorized an agreement by which the City assumed responsibility for operations and programs of the museum. The Raleigh City Museum nonprofit, which previously operated the museum, transferred all exhibits, collections and artifacts to the City. Ernest Dollar is the new director for the City of Raleigh Museum. Mr. Dollar has served for the previous five years as executive direct of the Preservation Society of Chapel Hill. As part of the planned redesign of Moore Square, the City of Raleigh conducted a tree investigation and inventory of the park. The work will help the City gauge how any redevelopment of Moore Square will impact the square’s popular trees. The City of Raleigh hosted a visioning workshop for the Six Forks Road Corridor at the First Citizens Center on Six Forks Road. Six Forks Road is a major transportation corridor that connects to Interstate I440 beltline and is planned for future widening. The section of the corridor that is under review extends from Sandy Forks Road to I440. The City Council approved the creation of the Historical and Museum Advisory Board and dissolved the Mordecai Historic Park Advisory Board. The City Council authorized Capital Area Transit to move forward on implementing joint projects with Triangle Transit. One of the projects is a regional branding of transit services, including a new logo and other marketing materials. The Federal Transit Administration awarded the City a grant of $1,344,000 for renovation of the Moore Square transit station, repayment of construction costs previously incurred by the City for the Capital Area Transit Operation Facility and purchase and installation of passenger amenities at various bus stops. Mayor Nancy McFarlane welcomed Federal Railroad Administrator Joseph Szabo to Raleigh on September 21, for the announcement that the Union Station Project will receive the full $60 million in funding. The announcement was made at the site, the Viaduct Building, 510 West Martin Street. The Pope House Museum officially opened for regular tours on September 29. Located at 511 South Wilmington Street, the structure has undergone a transition from private management to City of Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department management. The structure was built in 1901 as the home to Dr. Manassa Pope and his wife. Dr. Pope is the first medically licensed African-American doctor in North Carolina. OCTOBER The City Council approved the nominations of 22 community members to serve on the Public Leadership Group for the Chavis Park Community Conversation project. The goal of the project is to reach consensus on shared interests and identify options for additional amenities and improvements at Chavis Park. The multi-year Little River Reservoir project was awarded an additional $355,000 in funding by the City Council. The funding will be used for engineering services for preparation of the required environmental impact statement, which will also consider alternatives to constructing the Little River Reservoir. The City launched the Blount Street-Person Street Corridor Study. The objective of the study is to identify multi-modal transportation and streetscape design options and strategies to improve the corridors, with an emphasis on strategies that contribute to a distinct sense of place and economic development. The boundaries are 400 feet north of the intersection of Wake Forest Road at Old Louisburg Road to 800 feet south of the intersection of Hammond Road at Interstate 40. The City and North Carolina State University hosted the kickoff event for “Uncovering Southwest Raleigh” at the McKimmon Center. The venture’s goal is to evaluate current and future forces affecting change, and to develop strategies to enable residents and the City to enhance and promote a healthy, creative and economically sustainable future for the district. The City Council approved the renaming of the South Blount Street and Person Street Historic Overlay District the Prince Hall Historic District. In April the Council designated the area an historic overlay district. It was the first historic overlay district thus designated in 20 years. The Prince Hall Masonic Temple Building at 427 Blount Street is the source of the name. The district is comprised of 23.39 acres and is located in the general vicinity of South Person and South Blount streets between East Davie and East South streets. DeVere Construction Company was selected to be the general contractor for the City of Raleigh’s Northeast Remote Operations Facility. The contract is $16.6 million for constructing the facility on 19.4 acres located at the intersection of Burwell and Spottswood streets. A website was launched about the System Plan Project of the City of Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department at www.yourparksyourfuture.com . The goal of the 16-month process is to create a sustainable plan through public participation that will shape the direction, development and delivery of the City’s parks and recreation services and facilities over the next 20 years. For the past 33 years, the Wake County Council of Veterans Organizations has sponsored the North Carolina Veterans Day Parade and Ceremony. The City of Raleigh joined the council for the 2012 event. The City donated $1,500 to support the parade. The City accepted public comments on a draft comprehensive pedestrian plan. The draft plan provides strategies for enhancing Raleigh’s transportation system by promoting walk ability throughout the city. NOVEMBER The City of Raleigh developed a new neighborhood planning strategy for its redevelopment areas. Proposed by the City’s Planning and Community Development departments, the new neighborhood planning strategy replaced Raleigh’s redevelopment areas with neighborhood revitalization strategy areas. The Neighborhood Revitalization Strategy Areas will present a more comprehensive approach to neighborhood revitalization, moving beyond the redevelopment of houses with blighted conditions to include a broader range of neighborhood needs, including economic development. There are nine redevelopment areas in Raleigh. The City Council approved the master plan for the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Gardens and authorized City staff to negotiate a contract with McNeely Associates, PA for the design and construction administration services on the park. In the spring of 2013, the City will host a meeting to give the public a chance to review the schematic design. In the spring of 2014, bidding will begin on the construction phase of the project, with the contract expected to be granted by the summer of 2014. The City Council accepted the donation of two horses for the City of Raleigh Police Department’s mounted patrol. Ms. Donna Sparkman donated a five-year-old, crossbred Percheron/Quarter horse named Prince (aka Zeus) to the Mounted Patrol Unit. Ms. Kris Kamin donated a five-year-old Percheron mare, Willow, to the unit. When the horses are no longer able to perform Mounted Patrol duties, the original owners will have the opportunity to reclaim ownership. Two current equine members of the Mounted Patrol Unit, Blade and Flash, are being returned to their owners. Flash is 18 years old and has been with the Mounted Patrol for 10 years. Blade is 14 years old and has been with the Mounted Patrol for approximately six years. Blade is retiring due to a foot injury. The City Council voted unanimously to authorize City staff to negotiate a design service contract with Kimley-Horn & Associates for Phase II of the Hillsborough Street roadway improvements project. Phase II will improve the street from Gardner Street to the Rosemary Street/Shepherd Street intersection, including converting it to two lanes with a raised media. The City Council unanimously approved the acquisition of 27 acres directly upstream of Lake Benson. The purchase will protect approximately 2,150 feet of Buck Branch, which drains directly into the upper reaches of Lake Benson and will eliminate the previously approved construction of single-family residences on the land. The total project cost is $529,800, with $322,300 being provided by the Upper Neuse Clean Water Initiative. The purchase balance of $207,500 was donated by the landowner, Blackcap Properties. Mayor Nancy McFarlane and Town of Wake Forest Mayor Vivian Jones officially dedicated the Upper Neuse Connector. The 558-foot bridge spans the Neuse River and connects the Town of Wake Forest’s Smith Creek Greenway with the City of Raleigh’s Upper Neuse River Greenway. The City Council approved the staff’s reaching out to the Raleigh Development community for direction on how to streamline processes. DECEMBER The City of Raleigh sought input from the public during a four-day series of workshops on the design for the update of the Blount Street and Person Street corridors. The corridors extend from the I-40/Hammond Road interchange to the Capital Boulevard and Atlantic Avenue intersection. Rifenburg Construction, Inc. was awarded a $2,957,389 construction contract for the Honeycutt Creek Greenway project. The 5.6-mile project will connect the existing East Fork Mine Creek Trail at Longstreet Drive with a paved surface continuing along East Fork Mine Creek through the Summerfield North neighborhood to Strickland Road. The trail crosses Strickland Road and proceeds through the Bent Tree neighborhood and through an existing pedestrian tunnel under I-540, through Honeycutt Park along Honeycutt Road to its intersection with Durant Road. City Council authorized the City manager to execute a construction contract for $3,340,236 to DH Griffin, LLC for the construction of a 3.9-mile extension of the Walnut Creek East Greenway from Rose Lane to the Neuse River. The City Council approved a $688,815 contract with Stewart Engineering for the construction administration of three greenway projects – Neuse River Trail-Horseshoe Bend, Walnut Creek East Extension and Crabtree East Extension. The City of Raleigh will lease the Dorothea Dix Hospital campus from the State of North Carolina for 75 years under a lease agreement approved by the City Council on Dec. 4. The City plans to convert land on the 325-acre site into an urban park following development of a master planning process that will include citizen participation. The Council of State approved the lease agreement earlier in the day. The agreement was negotiated and recommended by Gov. Beverly Perdue and her administration. On Dec. 28 Mayor McFarlane and Gov. Perdue officially signed the lease agreement. The City Council moved ahead with the proposed Critical Public Safety Facility and authorized solicitation of the Construction Manager-at-Risk for future approval for the project. The recommended phase one of the Critical Public Safety Center is approximately 95,000 square feet with a cost of approximately $69 million. The cost includes $15 million for required technology components. The facility will house the Emergency Communications Center, Emergency Operations Center and the City’s primary data center. City Council Members authorized City staff to negotiate a contract with Wetherill Engineering for professional design services to determine the feasibility, design and cost estimates to retrofit bridges at six overpasses at Interstate 40 to improve pedestrian safety. The City of Raleigh is the first municipality in the nation to be involved in the Apollo Program, an initiative aimed at encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles through the use of wireless charging technology. Launched by local startup company Evatran, the initiative has installed six prototype wireless charging systems with participants such as Duke Energy, Google and the Hertz Corporation. District C City Council Member Eugene Weeks began his year of service as Mayor Pro Tem. Mr. Weeks succeeds At-Large City Council Member Russ Stephenson. The Mayor Pro Tem fulfills the duties of the mayor if that person is unable to do so. Mayor Nancy McFarlane began her second year leading Raleigh’s government and her first year as the chair of the North Carolina Metropolitan Mayors Coalition. The coalition represents the mayors of the state’s 28 largest cities. American Airlines announced it will launch daily non-stop service between Raleigh-Durham International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport on April 2. On Dec. 28, Mayor Nancy McFarlane and Gov. Beverly Perdue signed documents leasing the State-owned Dorothea Dix property to the City of Raleigh for use as a destination park. Assistant City Manager Julian Prosser wrapped up his career of public service that spanned more than 40 years, 32 with the City of Raleigh. 2013 JANUARY On January 2, the City Council approved the Comprehensive Pedestrian Plan. The plan provides strategies for enhancing Raleigh’s transportation system by promoting walkability throughout the city. The City Council voted 5-3 to give an additional $75,000 to the Carolina Ballet to cover a funding shortfall. The City’s Fiscal Year 2012-13 budget contains $250,000 for the ballet. Forbes latest report on “America’s New Tech Hot Spots” ranks the Raleigh-Cary metropolitan area the fifth most sizzling in the nation. The report found that Raleigh-Cary produced 6.2 percent growth in science, technology, engineering and math related jobs over the last two years. Richard Florida’s study of metro regions and their supply of human capital found the Triangle with vast resources both in the center cities and the suburbs. The study, “Human Capital in Cities and Suburbs,” found that 45.9 percent of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill’s center cities held a bachelor’s degree or above. That is the nation’s highest percentage. Suburban Triangle dwellers came in eighth nationally with 34.0 percent of adults with a college degree or better. On January 15, the City Council approved the selection of RK&K to perform the design services for the Sandy Forks Road widening project. At the same meeting, the Council approved a budget transfer of $1.2 million for development of the proposed facility program including design alternatives, the project schedule and a cost estimate for the Downtown Remote Operations Facility. Council also authorized the City Manager to negotiate a contract amendment with Willard Ferm Architects to complete construction documents and provide for construction phase services. The Council also directed the City Manager to execute a contract for the construction manager at risk for $375,000 with Brasfield and Gorrie General Contractors to provide pre-construction services sufficient to develop a guaranteed maximum price for phase 1 of the construction. The City Council adopted a resolution of intent to lease the Stone’s Warehouse property, located at 500 and 512 East Davie Street and 419 South East Street, to the Historic Preservation Foundation of North Carolina, Inc. The foundation will enter into an option to assign the lease to Landmark Asset Services to develop the property as a 49-unit apartment complex geared towards artists and entrepreneurs with lower than area median incomes. The City Council unanimously authorized City staff’s participation in the issuance of a request for proposals for the construction, deployment and management of the proposed self-sustaining ultra-high-speed North Carolina Next Generation Network. The Raleigh-Cary Metropolitan Statistical Area climbed to third in the 2012 Milken Institute Best Performing Cities Index. The index ranks the nation’s 200 MSAs on how well they are creating and sustaining jobs and economic growth. The components include jobs, wages and salaries, and technology growth. Raleigh-Cary climbed 11 steps from 14th in 2011 to third in 2012. The Human Life Project’s national rankings of America’s most family-friendly cities put Raleigh in first place. 24/7 Wall St. placed Raleigh seventh on its list of the 10 best-run cities in America. The ranking looked at the cities’ credit rating, violent crime per 1,000 residents and unemployment rate. Using several metrics, Forbes rated the nation’s 100 most populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas and found Raleigh was fourth on the list of America’s Fastest Growing Cities in 2012. Raleigh is tenth on CIP.com ’s ranking of Best Cities for IT Jobs 2013. Using its 10-point transparency checklist, Sunshine Review ranked the City of Raleigh’s website the best government website in North Carolina. On January 31, City Manager J. Russell Allen announced that he had named Cassandra Deck-Brown to be Raleigh’s Police Chief. She was Deputy Chief until the retirement of former Police Chief Harry Dolan, when Mr. Allen named her Interim Chief. Mr. Dolan retired October 1, 2012. FEBRUARY An annual study conducted by Texas A&M University found that the Triangle’s commuters wasted the least amount of time in traffic among the 32 U.S. metropolitan areas between 1 million and 3 million in population. Raleigh-Durham commuters wasted about 23 hours in traffic in 2011. That is five hours less than the next best metropolitan areas, Milwaukee and New Orleans. On February 5, the City Council approved a design services contract not to exceed $450,000 with Stewart Cooper Newell Architects, PA for the design of Fire Station 12. The station will be built on City-owned land at the corner of Poole Road and Bus Way Drive. In an attempt to best serve those who have sacrificed much for our country, the City Council approved a joint-venture rental, 10-unit housing proposal with CASA. The City will contribute $400,000 to the project to house homeless veterans. On February 18, the City Council approved the Unified Development Ordinance. The new code is designed to address development trends over the next 30 to 50 years. The effective date is September 1. The City of Raleigh’s state-of-the-art Transit Operations Center attained LEED Platinum certification. The City Council approved a cost-sharing agreement with the North Carolina Department of Transportation for the replacement of the bridge at Trailwood Drive over Walnut Creek. MARCH The City Council voted March 5 to approve the schematic design of the two synthetic multipurpose fields to be installed at the WRAL Soccer Center. The estimated cost is $2.5 million, with $2.2 million coming from the City and the remainder from private contributions. (The fields were dedicated on August 18.) Also on March 5, the City Council approved a resolution authorizing the filing of an application with the North Carolina Local Government Commission to sell up to $275 million in Combined Enterprise System Revenue Bonds. Approximately $75 million will be used to fund public utilities water and sanitary sewer system capital improvement projects. Approximately $200 million will be used to refund all or a portion of the City’s outstanding Series 2005 and Series 2006A Revenue Bonds with a lower interest rate. At the same meeting, the City Council approved the schematic design for the second phase of the development of the Annie Louise Wilkerson, M.D., Nature Preserve Park. During the evening portion of that same meeting, the City Council approved the schematic design for the Lake Johnson Center. Forbes reported that the population of the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area has expanded 47.8 percent since 2000, tops among the nation’s 52 metropolitan areas with a population of more than 1 million. That is more than three times the overall 12.7 percent average growth of those metro areas. Mayor Nancy McFarlane was joined by other Wake County mayors at a press conference to voice opposition to HB150 that would limit the use of local housing appearance standards. The team of Clancy & Theys Construction Company and Balfour Beatty Construction was selected to be the construction manager at risk for the Critical Public Safety Facility project. The planned $69 million facility will be constructed on a six-acre, City-owned lot at the intersection of North Raleigh Boulevard and Brentwood Road. On March 19, the System Integration Plan for Barwell Road Community Park was unanimously adopted by the City Council. The plan documents existing site conditions at the 54-acre site and includes a set of guidelines for interim management of the park property. APRIL Demolition began April 1, of the former AMF Bowling Alley on Capital Boulevard. The demolition marks the first step in restoring the floodplain, improving water quality and creating a new greenway between Wake Forest Road and Crabtree Boulevard. On April 2, the City Council approved a contract with Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., to provide professional services for the Downtown Bus Facilities Master Plan. The project has two phases, one associated with the Union Station Multi-Modal Facility and the second for improvements to the Moore Square Transit Station. The City Council approved a contract with Martin/Alexiou/Bryson, P.C. for engineering and design services for the installation of up to 50 miles of bicycle infrastructure improvements. The contract is for $325,000. A survey of nearly 8,000 small businesses throughout the nation rated the business climates of metro areas and found Raleigh-Durham the eighth most supportive of their objectives. The categories included: overall friendliness, ease of starting a business, ease of hiring, training and firing, tax code, licensing, environmental and zoning. The Raleigh-Cary area came in tied for second in a Gallup poll asking residents if they “felt comfortable walking alone in their community at night.” The poll was conducted among the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas in the nation. The Denver-Aurora, Colo., area tied with Raleigh-Cary with 78 percent of respondents replying “yes” to the question. The Minneapolis-St. Paul area took first place with 80 percent responding in the affirmative. The City Council on April 16 unanimously approved a design services contract with Kimley-Horn and Associates for the planned conversion of Lenoir Street and South Street from one-way traffic to two-way. The contract totals $297,883. Also on April 16, the City Council voted unanimously to select Michael Baker Engineering, Inc., to provide design services for the planned widening of Capital Boulevard. The City is considering improvements to the section of Capital Boulevard from Spring Forest Road to Old Wake Forest Road. A traffic feasibility study will be conducted to help determine the scope of the project. At the same meeting the City Council awarded two contracts for sanitary sewer improvements. The first contract for $2.4 million was to Centurion Construction Company, Inc., for the Marsh Creek Interceptor Sewer Improvement project. The second contract was for professional design services with Kimley-Horn and Associates for just over $519,000 for the Upper Walnut Creek Sewer Interceptor project. The City Council awarded a $1,259,600 contract to Centurion Construction Company, Inc., for the construction of the Mordecai Interpretive Center. The City Council unanimously adopted a utility connection fee schedule ordinance. The ordinance combines the currently charged acreage fees and capital facilities fees into one set of fees called capital facilities fees. This will simplify determining the correct utility connection fees for new construction and redevelopment project for both developers and City staff. The new fee structure was developed through the use of the Rational Nexus Test mandated by several court cases. The average increase in the combined water and sewer connection fee for a residential connection will be $388.00 On April 17, the Raleigh City Council voted not to renew City Manager J. Russell Allen’s employment contract. The City of Raleigh and area residents joined on April 20 to celebrate the restoration and grand re-opening of the John Chavis Carousel in its new location within John Chavis Memorial Park. MAY On May 7, the City Council awarded a construction contract to Park Construction of North Carolina, Inc., for an upgrade of the sanitary sewer system along Mango Creek between the Neuse River and Hodge Road in the Town of Knightdale. The $2.49 million project will add necessary capacity to the drainage basin to help avoid sanitary sewer overflows. Also on May 7, the City Council awarded a $4.18 million contract to FSC II, LLC the Fred Smith Company for the Crabtree Creek Trail east extension project. The east extension will connect with the existing trail at Milburnie Road, extend along Crabtree Creek, and ultimately join the Neuse River Trail at Anderson Point Park. Under terms of a contract amendment approved by the City Council on May 7, North Carolina State University will expand its on-campus use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation and other non-potable uses. The amendment provides for the City to accept wastewater from the university’s remediation system for delivery to the Centennial Campus utility plant, the Hunt Library, the Oval and other on-campus sites. The City Council approved a low-interest loan of $750,000 to the Downtown Housing Improvement Corporation for construction of a 48-unit development for families with low to moderate incomes. Camden Glen will consist of 12 one-bedroom apartments, 28 two-bedroom units, and eight three-bedroom units at 2904 Tryon Road. Governor Pat McCrory and Raleigh Mayor Nancy McFarlane asked the General Assembly to set the effective date of the Dorothea Dix lease bill to next year to give the State of North Carolina and the City of Raleigh time to negotiate a new deal. On May 21, the City Council awarded a contract not to exceed $2.7 million to Resolute Building, Inc., for the construction of Fire Station #29 on Leesville Road. Also on May 21, the City Council approved the purchase of 12 contiguous parcels covering 1.71 acres for economic development. The parcels on East Hargett, South Bloodworth and East Martin streets cost $3.73 million. At the same meeting, the City Council passed a resolution accepting a $27.64 million loan to finance the third of five phases to increase the hydraulic capacity of the Neuse River Waste Water Treatment Plant from a maximum of 60 million gallons per day to 75 million. The loan is provided by the North Carolina Clean Water State Revolving Fund. NerdWallet calculated the best cities for starting a small business and ranked Raleigh second best in the entire nation. The results were based on the following questions: Is it easy to obtain funding? How business friendly is it? Is the local economy thriving? Will hiring be easy? How affordable is it? Raleigh’s highly educated population and low cost of living were touted for boosting it so highly in the ranking. Raleigh-Cary is number three on Bloomberg’s ranking of America’s “boom towns.” About $15.1 million of the $60 million federal contribution will be pulled from Raleigh Union Station to pay for improvements to a rail line to Charlotte, according to North Carolina Department of Transportation officials. On May 23, 31-year veteran Perry James was named the interim City Manager. The Capital City’s population grew by 4.8 percent during the two years from 2010 to 2012. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2012 population estimates, the number of people who call Raleigh home totals 423,179, an increase of 19,232 people in the two-year period. The Census puts Raleigh 42nd on the list of America’s largest cities. JUNE Raleigh City Council Member Eugene Weeks joined a delegation from the Raleigh Sister Cities Association on a visit to Xiangyang, China. During the 10-day trip, the delegation discussed a trilateral agreement between the City of Raleigh, the City of Asheville, Xiangyang and Osogbo, Nigeria, where the association plans to construct a hospital. The association received a $100,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for the project. The John E. and Mary Frances Beaman House was designated a Raleigh Historic Landmark. Located at 2120 White Oak Road, the house built in 1929 is an excellent example of the Georgian Revival architecture style that was popular in and around the affluent Hayes Barton development of the 1920s. Former Raleigh City Manager Lawrence P. Zachary died June 5. He was 91. Mr. Zachary came to the City of Raleigh in October 1968 as Assistant City Manager of Operations. He took the reins as City Manager in November 1973, serving in that capacity for a decade. June 7-13 saw 126,000 people attend significant events in either the Raleigh Convention Center, the Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts or the Red Hat Amphitheater. During that week: a dozen Wake County high schools held graduation ceremonies at the Raleigh Convention Center or the Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts; the amphitheater was filled to the brim for three concerts; all while five multi-day conventions with nearly 1,200 attendees took place in the convention center. “This is one of our favorite weeks of the year,” said Roger Krupa, the director of the Downtown events campus. “These facilities are never more alive.” City Council voted 5 to 3 to place a $75 million bond proposal on the fall ballot On June 18, the City Council unanimously approved the Fiscal Year 2013-14 budget. The budget does not increase property taxes, stormwater or privilege license fees. It does include an additional $13.9 million in revenue for the City’s Public Utilities’ system. The additional revenue is derived from a 14 percent sewer volumetric rate increase and a redesign of the water and sewer administrative fee to provide a portion of its capital debt service. The budget increased support for the arts, raising the rate for funding from $4.50 to $5.00 per capita. The change, coupled with an increase in the City’s population, resulted in an additional $237,660 being allocated to the activities and programs administered by the City of Raleigh Arts Commission compared to the previous year. The budget keeps alive the very proud Capital City tradition of providing the best municipal services at low costs. Municipal costs are annual property taxes, solid waste fees, water and sewer charges, and stormwater fees. Raleigh’s annual average is $1,543.94. The average annual municipal costs for the 11 other municipalities in Wake County is $1,758.68. That is a difference of $214.74 or more than 12 percent higher than the Raleigh annual average. The average annual municipal costs for the other Triangle municipalities outside Wake County and the state’s other largest cities is $1,751.50 or $207.56 above Raleigh’s average. That is 11.85 percent higher. PC Construction Company received a bid of approximately $25.6 million for the third phase of the expansion of the Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant. The City Council authorized a fee of approximately $876,000 with Kimley-Horn and Associates for design services for the Hillsborough Street Phase 2. The City Council approved a $749,700 contract with RK&K for design services for the Sandy Forks Road widening project. The City Council agreed to address the growing needs for additional water resources by entering into a memorandum of agreement with the United States Army Corps of Engineers to fund a reallocation study of the water stored in the Falls Lake reservoir. The $450,000 study will determine whether water currently allocated to the water quality storage pool at Falls Lake can be safely reallocated to the water supply storage pool. Local demand for water is projected to exceed supply by 2040. Funding for the South Saunders Street/South Wilmington Street corridor study was approved. A total of $150,000 was allocated for the study of Raleigh’s southern gateway. The City Council approved adding the words “cultural resources” to make the Parks and Recreation Department the Parks, Recreation and Cultural Resources Department. The title change reflects the expanded scope of the department. The department’s Cultural Resources Division includes the Arts Commission and the historic resources and museum areas. The schematic design for the Southeast Raleigh Tennis Center was approved. The new state-of-the-art tennis center will be located at 3935 Barwell Road. The $5 million project will provide approximately 20 outdoor tennis courts, the first public indoor tennis court in Raleigh, a 4,000-square-foot building and other amenities on an undeveloped site of slightly less than nine acres. The Raleigh City Council approved the schematic design for the expansion of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Gardens. One highlight of the expanded gardens will be a Civil Rights Path with future educational stations offering visitors an opportunity to learn key details and history about the struggle for racial equality. Other new features will include a masonry screen wall with a memorial to local civil rights leaders. The City Council updated the process used to develop traffic-calming projects. These updates are intended to improve communication about projects, speed reduction measures and improve project delivery. The City of Raleigh Planning Department staff offered training labs on the regulations and procedures in the Unified Development Ordinance. JULY At its July 2 meeting, the City Council approved the purchase of two contiguous parcels of land for approximately $3.2 million. The land, approximately 40.42 acres, is located adjacent to the Dempsey E. Benton Water Treatment Plant. The land will be used as a raw water reservoir. The reservoir will enhance water quality and provide storage for at least 80 million gallons. Additionally, the reservoir could help accommodate future water supply resources. Raleigh’s 3.74 patent applications per 10,000 residents place it fifteenth on Forbes’ list of the World’s Most Inventive Cities. Due to its contract relationship with the Raleigh Business and Technology Center, the City conducted an audit of the contract that brought several financial and programmatic non-compliance issues to officials’ attention. Mayor McFarlane announced that the City took the following actions to address these concerns: The City would not pursue a contract for fiscal year 2013-14 with the center. The City requested the center vacate the City-owned facility at 900 S. Wilmington St. as of July 31; and, The City notified tenants of the facility that they may negotiate short-term leases with the City for continuation of their current arrangements. The City Council approved an increase in the Limited Repair Program annual budget and raised the maximum amounts for loans made under the program to Raleigh households with low incomes. The Blount Street/Person Street Corridor Plan was approved. The corridor extends more than five miles from Capital Boulevard to Interstate 40 and includes Wake Forest and Hammond roads. It runs through industrial, residential, institutional and commercials zones. The first phase proposes road restriping that would define the two travel lanes, add bike lanes and define on-street parking. It also would convert the four-lane section of Wake Forest Road to a three-lane section with a center turn lane and add bicycle lanes. Person Street would be restored to two-way traffic. The City Council approved a preservation plan to keep the four acres tucked away between Glenwood Avenue and Six Forks Road pristine. William and Mary Coker Joslin gave the land and home to the City of Oaks Foundation with the future purpose of it being a public garden. In return, the City of Raleigh will manage and program the property. The City’s Wilders Grove Solid Waste Services facility was honored by the Solid Waste Association of North America. The facility was built on the site of a former landfill, saving $4 million to $7 million. Energy consumption in the facility is reduced by more than 40 percent using renewable geothermal energy, LED lighting, solar photo-voltaic panels and a web-based building control system. Recycled building materials were incorporated throughout construction of the facility and nearly 95 percent of construction waste was diverted from landfills. The facility is LEED Platinum certified. The City’s Bicycle Program produced a map. BikeRaleigh highlights existing on-road bicycle facility, Capital Area Transit routes, the Capital Area Greenway system and popular destinations. AUGUST RMF Engineering, Inc. was awarded the contract for the design and construction stages of the Critical Public Safety Facility. “It’s nice to be natural when you are naturally nice” once again has proven to be Raleigh’s most fitting aphorism, for it has been rated the fifth most hospitable of America’s cities by Airbnb. The City Council accepted the recommendations from a Communications Task Force to review the City’s communications efforts, and forwarded the recommendations to the City Manager for review and implementation. The recommendations are: Organize City communications operations to align all communication activities across the city. The recommendation included hiring a consultant to research the information needs of City residents; Define the City’s identify to create a unique face and voice to communicate. This includes crafting and clearly defining a brand identity that supports economic development and the city’s innovative culture, and designing a new logo (not a replacement for the official City Seal) that reflects 21st century Raleigh; Hire a social media manager to coordinate all social media outreach and to spark conversations with residents, and to act as a bullhorn for the City; Expand the role of the Raleigh Television Network to provide additional relevant programming for residents, such as programming focused on innovation, culture, arts and entrepreneurships; and, Define a crisis communication plan to guide response activities during emergencies. With an expression of thanks, the City Council accepted the recommendation of its Passenger Rail Task Force to transfer the panel’s remaining work assignment to the Planning Commission. Throughout August, the City sought public comment on the completed study of the Western Boulevard corridor that bisects the North Carolina State University campus between Gorman Street and Ashe Avenue. Forbes acknowledged its abiding admiration of Raleigh in mid-August in presenting the 15th annual list of the Best Places for Business and Careers. Referring to Raleigh as a perennial top finisher, Forbes placed the Capital City in third place, touting its educated residents due to the proximity of Duke University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University. Looking for cities with below-average living costs and higher-than-average incomes, Kiplinger’s placed Raleigh fifth on its top 10 most affordable cities. Raleigh’s highest marks were for its housing costs – nearly 31 percent below the national average. SEPTEMBER The City Council approved a resolution authorizing the Police Department to submit a grant application to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for more than $525,000 to fund the creation of a squad to detect and arrest impaired drivers in Raleigh. The City Council also authorized City staff to negotiate a contract to develop a Transit Technology Feasibility Study. The goals of the study are to investigate the possibility of future fixed-guideway transit investments, identify opportunities for preservation of rights-of-way for future transit system needs, and to consider ways to improve local transit operations in the City. The City was awarded a $5.5 million federal transportation grant to help fund Raleigh Union Station. The additional funds move the City closer to building a passenger train station in Downtown Raleigh that will enhance connectivity and spur economic growth. The North Carolina Department of Transportation is working closely with the City of Raleigh and the Federal Railroad Administration in reviewing the project’s budget status and the existing cooperative agreement with a goal of reallocating stimulus money to support the station and have it listed in the agreement as dedicated funding for Raleigh Union Station. Raleigh was ranked eighth on United Van Lines’ report of the nation’s top cities to which Americans are moving. On Sept. 27-28, Raleigh celebrated the 75th anniversary of historic John Chavis Memorial Park. The City Council approved a budget for the contractually obligated buy back from Charter Square of the “site one” Downtown development location adjacent to City Plaza. The buy-back obligation was triggered by Charter Square’s inability to meet the Sept. 20 deadline for starting construction of a planned 11-story, mixed-use building on the property. The original construction deadline of Sept. 19, 2012 was extended by the Council. The City will pay no more than $20.275 million to reacquire the site. The City Council authorized the interim City Manager to execute a cooperative agreement with the United States Department of Transportation to receive a $26.5 million grant in support of Phase 1 of the Raleigh Union Station project. Tens of thousands of pickers and their fans were grinning throughout Downtown Raleigh the last week of September as the Capital City hosted the International Bluegrass Music Association’s World of Bluegrass. OCTOBER The City Council voted unanimously to seek proposals for the sale and development of the Stone’s Warehouse property at the intersection of East and Davie streets. In January, the council approved a 99-year lease for the property with Vann Joines/Landmark Group. The developers sought to rezone and redevelop the City-owned block to allow for a 49-unit apartment complex geared toward artists and entrepreneurs with lower than area median incomes. The project subsequently failed to win the $4.1 million in low–income housing tax credits, prompting the City to solicit the proposals. The Council approved a grant of $5,000 to Innovate Raleigh, a partnership between the City and North Carolina State University, Wake County Economic Develop, the Downtown Raleigh Alliance, Wake Technical Community College, the Wake County Public School System and the Council for Entrepreneurial Development. The grant is for the annual conference that brings together those intrigued by and drawn to innovation. While it’s an inclusive city, speeders are not welcomed here. That’s the message of the City of Raleigh’s anti-speeding pilot campaign that launched October 1. On October 4, the City Council announced the selection of Ruffin L. Hall as Raleigh’s City Manager. A native of Fayetteville, Mr. Ruffin has more than 18 years experience working in local government throughout North Carolina in a variety of high profile and high quality communities including Charlotte, Durham, Chapel Hill and Wilmington. On October 8, Raleigh voters approved the $75 million bond referendum by a vote of 70 percent to 30 percent. The approval will increase the property tax rate per $100 of taxation by 1.12 cents. On October 12, volunteers planted 60 trees to mark the tenth anniversary of NeighborWoods, the City’s neighborhood street-tree planting program. The occasion marked the planting of tree number 14,246. The Arts Commission hosted internationally recognized arts consultant and researcher Alan Brown on October 17, for a presentation on building creative capital in cities and communities. Improvements to Pineview Drive from Swift Drive to the existing curb and gutter are approved. The street improvement petition was signed by 100 percent of the adjoining property owners and assessments for the improvements will apply. Wake County was ranked eighth among the top 25 high-tech hot spots in the country by the Progressive Policy Institute, an economics think tank. The study showed that having a strong technology/information sector allowed the area to come back strong from the recession. The Raleigh area is the only East Coast locale to make PayScale’s top 10 best cities for high-paying jobs in the United States. Raleigh was seventh on the list. Money magazine named Raleigh one of the top five places in the nation to retire. Lighten Up, Raleigh! And Get Your Shine On! is the City’s bicycle and pedestrian campaign to remind citizens they have to be seen to be safe. More than 100,000 revelers packed the Red Hat Amphitheater during the outdoor entertainment season. Twenty-nine shows were held in the Downtown venue from May 2 through October 5. That was an increase of more than 50 percent compared to 2012’s attendance. The amphitheater, which holds a maximum of just under 6,000 people, hosted shows from Top 40 to R&B to Indie to Bluegrass. NOVEMBER The City Council approved a proposal that will bring the review of applications and coordination of City support for public events to a newly created City of Raleigh Special Events Office. The City Council created a Watershed Protection Advisory Task Force to make recommendations on watershed protection fund activities. The City Council unanimously approved two proposed property acquisitions and funding for stewardship of a third property during its regular meeting on November 5. Six contiguous parcels adjacent to the Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant, totaling 130.44 acres, will be acquired for $1.95 million. Also approved was the donation to the City of 10 acres of wooded uplands and 1,230 linear street feet of an unnamed Little Beaverdam Creek tributary in the Saddleback Ridge area. The Triangle Greenways Council negotiated the donation of the land which is valued at $50,000. The City will provide $1,750 to fund the transaction costs and to assist in stewardship of the property. The final approval was $11,000 for the planning and stewardship elements of six healthy working forest easements, totaling 668 acres located in the Falls Lake watershed. Purchase of the easement was funded by grants received from the United States Endowment for Forestry and Communities Healthy Forests for Healthy Watersheds. The City Council unanimously approved a new bicycle ordinance on November 5. The new ordinance clarifies differences between a bicycle and motor vehicles, and defines the streets and facilities that may be used by bicyclists. The City broke ground on November 7 for its Downtown Remote Operations Facility, located at 2556 Westinghouse Boulevard. The new facilities will free up the decades-old, over-crowded facilities on Peace and West streets. On November 19, the City Council approved a$169,497 contract with Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. for the Lake Wheeler Road stream restoration project. The City of Raleigh, the City of Durham and Durham County jointly acquired 134 acres to be used for watershed protection for Falls Lake and as an active-use park. Raleigh’s share of the $2.3 million acquisition was $250,000. DECEMBER Ballroom A of the Raleigh Convention Center was the setting for the December 2 swearing-in ceremony for the newly elected Mayor and City Council. The ceremony marked Nancy McFarlane’s second term as Mayor and the 35th Raleigh City Council under the council/manager form of government. This was the 21st City Council under the district system, with direct election of the Mayor. Three architecturally significant houses were granted Raleigh Historic landmark designation by the City Council on December 3. They are: the 1923 one-story frame Anderson House at 1201 park Drive; the Holleman House, 311 Calvin Road, an intact example of the Sears Americas foursquare kit house that gained popularly in the early twentieth-century Raleigh suburbs; and, the 1875 two-story weather-boarded Merrimon-Wynne House at 500 N. Blount Street. This residence serves as a local example of the Italianate residential style. In early December the City of Oaks Foundation made two announcements that bode well for Raleigh’s future. The foundation presented a $25,000 award to the City of Raleigh Parks, Recreation and Cultural Resources Department. The award is to be used to sponsor need-based scholarships for children to participate in City-conducted summer camps and nature programs. The foundation’s second announcement was a land conservation easement agreement with Bob Kellam and Susan Wyatt that will preserve their 58-acre farm in east Raleigh as a wildlife sanctuary and center for agricultural and environmental education. The conservation easement donation is appraised at $3.19 million. The City Council unanimously approved a temporary food distribution facility near Moore Square to serve the needy. Following a series of community meetings that began in September, the City’s Food Distribution Task Force studied alternatives to food distribution in Moore Square and unanimously determined the best option was to use a vacant warehouse as a temporary food distribution facility. Ground was broken December 3 for the Raleigh Police Memorial – a long-standing promise made by Raleigh Police Department veterans to honor and keep the memory sacred of the officers who make the ultimate sacrifice serving Raleigh. The ceremony was held at the entrance to the Avery C. Upchurch Government Complex at 222 W. Hargett St., where the memorial is being installed. The City Council approved a $2.1 million loan to DHIC to purchase the Washington Terrace apartments located at 1951 booker Drive. The replacement of the failing dam and spillway at Lower Longview Lake was approved. Completion of the project will reopen to vehicular traffic the section of Albemarle Avenue that runs across the bridge. This section has been closed to traffic since 2009 due to the deterioration of the dam. The $2.50 million project will upgrade the capacity of the dam and spillway to meet the State of North Carolina standards. The cost for the design of improvements to three pedestrian bridges providing access across Interstate 40 was approved by the City Council. The three bridges were selected based on pedestrian demand and funds available under a previously approved Federal Surface Transportation Program-Direct Apportionment/Planning grant. The three pedestrian bridges are: Buck Jones Road South of I-40 to Farm Gate Road; Avent Ferry Road south of Mistiflower Drive to 400 feet north of I-40; and, Rock Quarry Road south of I-40 to north of I-40. The design of improvements will total more than $1.94 million. The City Council established the Downtown Plan Advisory Committee comprised of 22 members and five alternates. The committee will serve as advisors in support of the new Downtown Plan. A kick-off event will be held during the first three months of 2014, at which the members will be instructed in their roles in developing a strategy for further sustained improvements to Downtown Raleigh. A contract was approved for the construction of the second phase of renovation planned for the Annie Louise Wilkerson, M.D., Nature Preserve Park. The contract for approximately $2 million was awarded to Daniels and Daniels Construction Co., Inc. The second phase includes the renovation of Dr. Wilkerson’s former home into an education center. Dr. Wilkerson gave the 157 acres in the extreme northern section of Raleigh upon her death in 2004 with the stipulation that it be maintained as a “nature preserve park” used for the primary purpose of nature and wildlife education. Raleigh residents looking to make small improvement to their community gained a new funding option with the City’s two pilot projects using a “crowd funding” model of financing. The pilot launched December 9 with the goal of raising funds for two projects solely through small donations from residents. The City partnered with the City of Oaks Foundation on both projects, with donations being requested through December 31. The first project is the purchase, installation and maintenance of decorative bicycle racks. The second project is the purchase, installation and maintenance of benches along the most popular sections of the new, 28-mile Neuse River Greenway. The City of Raleigh contracted with the Triangle Transit Authority in mid-December to provide additional bus service for the Zebulon-Wendell-Downtown Raleigh route and to initiate an express route from Johnston County to Downtown Raleigh. The expanded service is designed to alleviate the clogged traffic that will result from the North Carolina Department of Transportation’s multi-year Fortify Raleigh project that will make necessary improvements to an 11.5-mile stretch of Interstate 40 and Interstate 440. The new services are being paid by NCDOT. Raleigh’s 7.4 percent increase in “workers in their prime” between 2007 and 2012 was the fourth largest rise in the nation, according to a study by demographer Wendell Cox. Forbes.com reported the study’s findings. 2014 JANUARY The sale of the southern portion of the Charter Square site to Dominion Realty for $6.3 million was approved. Dominion’s plans for the site include construction of a 230,000-square-foot office building. Dominion also is acquiring an option to purchase the northern portion of the site for up to two years following construction of the proposed office tower. Charter Square is adjacent to City Plaza in Downtown Raleigh. Sasaki Associates, Inc. was chosen as the consultant to lead the Downtown Plan. Fred Smith Company II, LLC was approved to build the 0.81 acre Horseshoe Bend section of the Neuse River Greenway Trail for a contract totaling $819,950. Horseshoe Bend is the last remaining section of the Neuse River Greenway Trail to be constructed. The City contracted with the consulting firm Design Workshop to lead the Six Forks Road Corridor Study. The study is to determine what is needed to make the corridor more transit, pedestrian and bike friendly. The study area extends from the Interstate 440 interchange to the Lynn Road intersection. NerdWallet issued its listing of the 10 best American cities for job seekers. Raleigh earned the sixth spot on the list. A $5.56 million contract for widening and other improvements to 5,800 linear feet of Leesville Road was awarded to DeVere Construction Company. The project will widen Leesville Road from Interstate 540 to New Leesville Boulevard. The LEED Platinum certification and the unveiling of the Wilders Grove Solid Waste Services Facility were celebrated January 25. Recent surveys and studies found Raleigh to be among America’s most friendly environments for small business and one of the nation’s new “opportunity cities” according to Rocket Lawyer’s Semi-Annual Small Business Index. FEBRUARY Wetherill Engineering was awarded a $302,648 contract for engineering design services for the Interstate 40 bridge pedestrian retrofits improvement project. The project will improve pedestrian retrofits on three bridges at Interstate 40 at Buck Jones Road, Avent Ferry Road and Rock Quarry Road. Clancy and Theys/Skanska, a joint venture, was selected as the construction manager at risk for the first phase of the Raleigh Union Station project. After 20 years, the City of Raleigh and Hanson Aggregates reached a settlement. The case focused on Hanson’s quarry operations at 5001 Duraleigh Road in northwest Raleigh. The comprehensive settlement is especially beneficial to both the City of Raleigh and homeowners near Hanson’s quarry. Under the terms of the agreement, the City immediately obtained temporary and permanent easements from Hanson to connect Crabtree Creek Greenway with nearby Umstead State Park. Subfreezing temps and a night of rain and sleet on top of February 12’s freaky fast enveloping blizzard keep the Triangle largely shut through Valentine’s Day. (Conditions were so extreme that the Duke/ UNC basketball game was postponed.) A winning combination of characteristics garnered Raleigh second place in Forbes’ 2014 poll of America’s 20 fastest-growing cities. The 2013 jobs growth rate of 2.44 percent and population increase of 2.15 percent pushed Raleigh past all other American cities except Austin. The City increased the reward offered for reporting illicit discharges into its sanitary sewer system from $1,000 to $5,000. The City approved the sale of 0.52 acre on South Salisbury Street, between South and Lenoir streets, to Raleigh-based Summit Hospitality Group, Ltd. Approval of the $1.73 million deal will result in the construction of an 11-story Marriott Residence Inn. Barnhill Contracting Company was approved as the construction manager at risk for the $8.9 million Abbotts Creek Park project. On February 19, Mayor Nancy McFarlane announced that Raleigh is on a short list of cities working with Google to explore the possibility of bringing the ultra-high speed Google Fiber broadband network to the city. The City Council authorized an agreement with the North Carolina Department of Transportation for proposed improvement along Tryon Road from Par Drive to South Wilmington Street. The total estimated cost of the project is approximately $7.1 million, with the City’s share to be $1.8 million. The improvements along the approximately 1.1-mile stretch of road include replacing the bridge over the Norfolk Southern Railroad, realigning Tryon Road through the Renaissance Park development and widening existing portions to four lanes. A public information session on the planning and design of the Raleigh Union Station was held February 27 at CAM Raleigh. The recipients of the City of Raleigh Human Relations Commission’s annual awards are: Madison G. Dunn for her involvement in the community; Community Success Initiative, Inc. for helping men and women transition to contributing members of society; Randy Light for his unwavering dedication to the battle to defeat AIDS and champion its victims; and, Triangle Family Services for its steadfast service to Raleigh’s families for 76 years. Michele Grant ended her 35-year career with the City of Raleigh on February 28. She was the City’s first housing planner and retired as its Community Development director. MARCH March 4, the City Council held its first work session prior to the start of the regularly scheduled daytime council meetings. Barnhill Contracting received the City’s $4.40 million annual street resurfacing contract. The contract calls for resurfacing 20.3 miles of 115 streets. The City maintains 1050 miles of streets. There was a time America’s most desirable cities were also its most expensive in which to live. According to a survey by Cheapism.com , that is “so 20th century.” Using the metrics of: the Cost of Living Index; income; unemployment rate; state income tax and combined sales tax, Cheapism.com found the U.S.’s six most affordable, fast growing cities and Raleigh was among them. The City Council approved Raleigh’s participation in a pilot open data program with five other municipalities. The City unveiled an upgraded open data website at https://data.raleighnc.gov . Centurion Construction Company Inc. was awarded the $3.6 million Northshore Lake and Dam Rehabilitation Project. The City accepted a $35,000 donation from the Midtown Raleigh Alliance to help fund the Six Forks Road Corridor Study. The consulting firm Design Workshop was selected to conduct the study at a cost of $185,000. The study is to create a long-term vision for the area between Interstate 440 and Lynn Road. The City solicited public comment through an online survey concerning the plans for new and renovated Downtown transit facilities. “Great cities don’t just happen. They must be cultivated and designed. Raleigh is in great shape today because of the leadership of the past. To continue to prosper, Raleigh must follow a thoughtful design.” That was the synopsis of Mayor Nancy McFarlane’s state-of-the-City address, delivered March 24 at the Raleigh Convention Center. The City’s Office of Economic Development compiled the Small Business Resource Guide to help entrepreneurs get their businesses off the ground. Planned improvements to the Blue Ridge Road corridor such as sidewalks, trails and other amenities to make the area more pedestrian and bicycle friendly also will improve the health of the community, according to the Blue Ridge Road Corridor Health Impact Assessment. A compelling aspect of the U.S. Census Bureau’s estimate that North Carolina’s population moved passed 9.8 million is that two areas in Tarheelia are fueling the growth – Metrolina and the Triangle. Charlotte and the Triangle accounted for 67 percent of the state’s population growth over the years that have elapsed since the 2010 decennial census. The Triangle grew by 7 percent over the past three years, adding 114,200 new residents. Sister Cities of Raleigh played host to a delegation of government officials from Raleigh’s Sister City Xiangyang, China on March 28. The officials met with local business and government leaders to discuss potential substantive collaborations between Raleigh and China. APRIL The City Council, the Wake County Public School Board and Wake County approved the agreement for Abbotts Creek Park and Elementary School project. The City Council signed an interlocal agreement with the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization for a corridor study that will evaluate the transportation network along the North Carolina Railroad Company corridor between North East Maynard Road in Cary and Gorman Street in Raleigh. Raleigh’s share of the $520,000 project was $120,000. The preconstruction services contract for the Union Station project, totaling $200,157 was awarded to Clancy and Theys/Skanska Joint Venture. Precision Safe Sidewalks was awarded a $2.10 million contract to conduct a survey of sidewalks and provide for the removal of trip hazards throughout Raleigh. Lord Aeck Sargent was awarded the contract to create the Cameron Village Vicinity Plan. The study area included Cameron Village Shopping Center, the Cameron Village neighborhood, Oberlin Village, Broughton High School, and parts of the Cameron Park and University Park neighborhoods. The City Council authorized staff to proceed with designs for a traffic-calming project on Milburnie Road from Raleigh Boulevard to Chatham Lane. Raleigh celebrated the completion of the Walnut Creek Greenway Trail Extension Project. With the completion of the 4.5-mile section from Rose Lane to the Neuse River Trail, the Walnut Creek Trail extends more than 15 miles across southern Raleigh. When international accounting firm KPMG compared the U.S. metropolitan areas with populations between 1 and 2 million, it found Raleigh to have the fourth-most business cost-friendly characteristics. A whopping 91.4 percent of Raleigh-Cary residents surveyed replied that they were satisfied with the area, which ranked 14th nationally. The Cultural Planning Group was authorized to help lead the City through the creation of the Raleigh Arts Plan. The City Council authorized the City Manager and the City Attorney to execute a master network development agreement between the City of Raleigh and AT&T. The proposed agreement is the result of the request for proposals (RFP) released by the Triangle J Council of Governments for the North Carolina Next Generation Network. The RFP invited one or more private companies to build and operate next-generation networks in six communities – Carrboro, Cary, Chapel Hill, Durham, Raleigh and Winston-Salem, along with university partners Duke University, North Carolina State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Wake Forest University/Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. The City Council approved low-interest loans to two affordable rental housing projects for elderly residents with low incomes. Approved was $950,000 for Brighton Pointe Phase II and $800,000 for Wakefield Spring. The two projects will provide 168 affordable rental housing units. The City of Raleigh recognized individuals and organizations committed to preserving and improving the environment with the seventh annual Environmental Awards celebration April 22 at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. Since 2009, the Raleigh Police Memorial Foundation worked to make a long-standing promise a reality – to honor and keep the memory sacred of the officers who made the ultimate sacrifice serving Raleigh. That promise was fulfilled in the dedication of the Raleigh Police Memorial on April 25 at the entrance to the Avery C. Upchurch Government Complex. Forbes not only gave Raleigh top billing as the best place in America to raise a family, it gave several reasons why the Oak City is the darling of the “best of” lists, not only for Forbes but other publications as well. It cited: median household income; cost of living; housing affordability; percentage of home owners; average commuting delays; and local school quality. MAY The City Council voted unanimously May 6 to adopt a new System Plan for the City’s Parks, Recreation and Cultural Resources Department, concluding a 16-month comprehensive process that included multiple public input sessions. The City Council approved the design of the pedestrian improvement to Six Forks Road from Coleridge Drive to Wake Forest Road. When Forbes.com looked at American cities’ percentage increase in the number of college graduates it attracted as residents between 2007 and 2012, it found San Antonio and New Orleans were the biggest gainers at 20.3 percent. Raleigh welcomed 45,546 during that period, earning the Oak City the tenth spot on the “New Brain Power” list. The figure of newly minted scholars was a 14.0 percent increase for Raleigh The City of Raleigh opened the Northeast Outreach Center in the Mini City shopping center. The Police Department announced that it would offer free classes on safe motorcycle operation in June, July, August, September, October and November. The International Bluegrass Music Association announced May 13 that its World of Bluegrass would stay in Raleigh through 2018. “We want IBMA and the bluegrass community to put its roots down in Raleigh to stay,” Mayor Nancy McFarlane said in announcing the extension from the stage of the Red Hat Amphitheater. The City Council approved the revised master plan for John Chavis Memorial Park. The Fred Smith Company was awarded a $1.86 million contract for phase one construction of the Horseshoe Farm Nature Preserve. The City Council approved the rezoning of approximately 15.37 acres south of Hillsborough Street at the west end of Myra Road, adjacent to Interstate 40. The approved change was from Office and Institution Two Conditional Use to Residential Mixed Use – Four Stories – Conditional Use. The City held six Downtown Plan visioning sessions in May. JUNE The City Council appointed 11 members to a newly established task force charged with reviewing the City’s window signage ordinance and procedures, and recommending any changes to the Council. Later in the summer, the Council referred vehicle signs to the task force as well. The City Council expanded the scope of the Cameron Village Vicinity Plan to include Hillsborough Street. The Hillsborough Street Municipal Service District was reauthorized by the City Council. Mayor Nancy McFarlane welcomed officials from Raleigh’s French Sister City on June 6, the 70th anniversary of D-Day. The repairs to the O’Rorke-Catholic Cemetery from the damage wrought by the April 2011 tornado are completed. After several years of deferring needs due to the Great Recession, the Raleigh City Council approved the City budget for Fiscal Year 2015 that reinvests in Raleigh. Included in the new fiscal year’s budget is a support program for entrepreneurial start-up businesses locating in the Oak City. The Mordecai Historic Park Visitors Center is dedicated on June 18. The two-way traffic design for Lenoir and South streets was approved. JULY The City Council approved the recommended alternative at Peace Street and Wade Avenue, as presented by the North Carolina Department of Transportation for the proposed bridge replacement along Capital Boulevard. St. Matthews School, 5410 Louisburg Road and The Mecca, 13 East Martin Street became Raleigh’s 155th and 156th historic landmarks. Raleigh’s Independence Day celebration kicked off at noon and roared non-stop until 11 p.m. Downtown reveled in American freedom with 20 bands playing three stages, fun-for-all events, fabulous food, art for sale and eating contests all culminating in fireworks. On July 10, the City broke ground on the communications center on North Raleigh Boulevard. The 95,000-square-foot, four-story $71 million building will house the: Raleigh-Wake Emergency Communications Center; the City of Raleigh Emergency Operations Center; the City of Raleigh Traffic Control Center; and, the City of Raleigh Data Center. The design for the widening of Sandy Forks Road was approved. The road will be widened from Six Forks to Falls of Neuse roads. The project will be submitted as a "greenroad" program, with the goal of promoting sustainable infrastructure design solutions on transportation projects. For the fourth time in eight years, Forbes Magazine crowned the Capital City the best place for business and careers. Raleigh is the only East Coast city to make the list’s top 10. City Manager Ruffin Hall announced his senior management team on July 21. They are: James Simpson Greene, Jr., former Deputy Manager of the City of Concord, who serves as Raleigh’s Assistant City Manager for Economic Development; Hamlet’s former City Manager Marchell Adams David, who was named Assistant City Manager for Community; Tansy D. Hayward, who serves as Assistant City Manager for Services and came from Tacoma, Wash., where she served as an Assistant City Manager; and Louis Buonpane, a 16-year City of Raleigh veteran who began serving as Chief of Staff on July 1. The Assistant City Managers began working for the City of Raleigh in August. Assistant City Manager Dan Howe concluded his 29-year career on July 31. AUGUST The City of Raleigh, Wake County and other local government agencies agreed to jointly hire a consultant to update the Wake County Transit Plan. The Capital City allocated $50,000 to the project. On August 5, the City Council got a peek into the future of the Moore Square Transit Station. Schematic design plans for a renovated transit station that would increase capacity and enhance amenities for transit passengers were presented at the council meeting. The City Council approved a $49.43 million guaranteed maximum price contract with Clancy & Theys/Balfour Beatty, Joint Venture for completion of phase two of the construction of the City’s communication facility. The City used grants from the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Flood Mitigation Assistance program and budgeted dollars from the City’s Stormwater Utility fund to purchase seven structures that had experienced multiple flood-related losses over the years. The FEMA program provides funds for projects to reduce or eliminate the risk of flood damage to buildings that are insured under the National Flood Insurance Program. Wake County’s population surpassed 1 million. To find out which cities offer the best prospects for professionals aged 24 to 34 who hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, Forbes analyzed the 100 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Raleigh captured the second spot nationally. SEPTEMBER NeighborWoods, Raleigh’s only source of residential street trees, turned 10. This year the program delivered its 15,000th tree. On September 2, City Council Member Thomas Crowder issued a statement regarding the battle he had been waging with cancer for more than a year. His statement revealed that all options for a cure had been exhausted. He asked Council Members to appoint his wife to complete his term of office when his health forced him to resign from representing the residents of District D. In response, Council Member John Odom resigned the position of Mayor Pro Tem and made a motion that Mr. Crowder be named to the office by acclamation. The Council Members were unanimous in their consent of the motion. On September 16, the Council Members voted unanimously to allow Mr. Crowder’s wife, Kay, to serve out his term of office if he is unable. The City provided a business incentives grant to Xellia Pharmaceuticals for the expansion of its manufacturing facility on Capital Boulevard. The grant requires the company to create 40 permanent full-time jobs within the next five years with average annual salaries of $45,000 to $70,000, plus the retention of 90 existing jobs. Eight projects received Sir Walter Raleigh Awards for Community Appearance. The awards recognize outstanding new contributions to the character and appearance of Raleigh. The 2014 winners include: North Carolina State University (NCSU) Department of Architecture Design + Build Studio for the Artists’ Backyard on the NCSU campus; FMW Real Estate and New City Design Group for their residential project at 2604 Hillsborough Street; the Merrimon-Wynne House; the Raleigh Police Memorial; the Person Street Partnership; the City of Raleigh’s Buffaloe Road Aquatic Center; the Wander Box; and Midtown Park. Two design workshops were held on the Six Forks Road Corridor Study. The City hosted a ribbon-cutting ceremony to celebrate the completion of extensive repairs to Mount Hope Cemetery. The April 2011 tornado ruined headstones and uprooted trees throughout the historic cemetery. The last of the information sessions on the future Raleigh Union Station was held September 9 at the Contemporary Art Museum. The design team presented a large physical model of the proposed building and grounds. Construction for the project is scheduled to begin in early 2015. As the sun set on Downtown Raleigh on the 13th anniversary of the terrorists attacks on New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, D.C., a celebration broke out at the Red Hat Amphitheater, which was filled with Raleigh’s 9/11 Day of Service volunteers. For the third year the volunteers were coordinated by Activate Good and directed their talents to more than 60 projects. Being family friendly is the “hippest” thing to be for American cities wanting a robust future, according to Forbes.com . The changes in the number of residents aged five to 14 since 2000 were examined in the nation’s 52 largest metropolitan statistical areas. Raleigh’s 55.7 percent growth in that age group was the nation’s tops. The Raleigh Historic Development Commission conducted two public reviews of the current design guidelines used by the City of Raleigh when reviewing proposed new construction in, and additions to, historic districts. Stewart, Inc. was awarded the design services contract for the $490,935 Crabtree Creek West Greenway. Scotia Construction, Inc. was awarded the $490,000 contract for the renovations of the old Capital Area Transit Facility on South Blount Street. The facility will house the joint City of Raleigh Accessible Raleigh Transportation Program/Wake County Shared Mobility Management Operations. WalletHub went in search of the most and least educated towns in America. It found Raleigh to be the nation’s second-most educated. Durham was America’s third most. The City acquired land on Harden Road for the relocation and replacement of Fire Station 14, which currently is on a 0.71-acre on Lake Boone Trail. On September 24, Mayor Pro Tem Thomas Crowder resigned his seat on the City Council due to his failing health. Immediately following Mr. Crowder’s resignation, his wife, Kay, was sworn in to office and assumed her husband’s duties representing District D. OCTOBER Larry M. Jarvis was named the City of Raleigh’s director of the new Housing and Neighborhoods Department. The Raleigh City Council approved GO Raleigh, a new branding and naming convention for Capital Area Transit (CAT). Other Triangle systems buses will be labeled GO Durham, GO Cary, GO Triangle and GO Chapel Hill. The new name and paint design will demonstrate connectivity while still allowing for local flavor and identity. The City of Raleigh celebrated the 25th anniversary of its recycling program. The City hosted a public open house and presentation on the East Cabarrus Green Street Project. The public input helped determine the scope of the project. The City has begun work on a draft streetscape plan for the East Cabarrus Green Street Project. The Atwater-Perry House gained the distinction of being Raleigh’s 157th Historic Landmark. On October 7, Raleigh City Council District B’s John Odom was unanimously approved to serve as Mayor Pro Tem. Citrix held the grand opening of its office in the Warehouse District of Downtown Raleigh on October 9. The City Council approved an interlocal agreement with Johnston County for future water resource planning. Both use the Neuse River as a primary water supply and both entities are actively planning for water resource needs. The goal is to identify sources capable of reliably supplying enough raw water to make the mutual pursuit of supply development favorable for both the City of Raleigh and Johnston County. The City Council endorsed a proposed process to receive outside stakeholder input on a draft work plan for advancing the use of green infrastructure and low-impact development in Raleigh. The stakeholder process is expected to be completed and recommendations presented to Council in early 2015. Long-time District D City Council representative Thomas Crowder died October 14. Mr. Crowder was in his fourth two-year term. At his request, his seat representing southwest Raleigh was filled by his wife, Kay, upon his resignation. On October 20, the City of Raleigh launched Next Century Cities, a bipartisan, city-to-city initiative dedicated to ensuring the availability of next-generation broadband Internet for all communities. Capital Area Transit provided 73,556 passenger trips on its State Fair shuttle. Ridership on the North Raleigh Line increased more than 12 percent. The City of Raleigh Arts Commission selected five individuals – Marta Findlay-Partridge, George Holt, Terrence Mann, and Thomas and June Roberg – and two organizations – Ruggero Piano and Arts Together – to receive the 2014 Raleigh Medal of Arts. NOVEMBER Raleigh residents overwhelmingly approved a $91.775 million bond issue for parks and recreational facilities by 68 percent to 32 percent. The City Council authorized an initiative to further reduce waste in the City by forming a task force which will make recommendations to the City Council and staff on waste reduction goals, potential guiding principles and implementation strategies. The City Council approved an ordinance that established the Glenwood South Hospitality District for a one-year pilot. The pilot is an attempt to address concerns that the outdoor amplification noise permits adversely impact surrounding residences. The ordinance provides clarity and specifics for outdoor noise levels. The design phase of the bicycle pavement marking project was completed in early November. With more than 100 miles making up more than 28 trails, the Capital Area Greenway system is one of the jewels of the City of Raleigh’s parks system. To continue to serve as a highly functional, multi-use, recreation and transportation trail network, as well as an environmental conservation tool, City staff developed a planning and design guide for future development. Raleigh racked up two more accolades – top 10 among U.S. cities for veterans (WalletHub) and second-best American city to find a job ( Forbes.com ). The area between North Carolina State University and downtown Cary continues to attract residential, commercial, and institutional development. Due to projected increases in road and rail traffic, the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization partnered with the City of Raleigh, the Town of Cary, the North Carolina Department of Transportation, Triangle Transit, the North Carolina Railroad, and the Norfolk Southern Railroad to study land uses and mobility at railroad crossings between N.E. Maynard Road in Cary and Gorman Street in Raleigh. On November 18, Council approved the master plan for the Sierra/Lineberry Drive Park and the Wooten Meadow Park, adopted a System Integration Plan, received the Situational Assessment, and appointed the citizen planning committee for the 2.42-acre southwest Raleigh park’s master planning process. A consultant team led by JDavis Architects will be paid $293,745 to provide professional services for the City’s Southern Gateway Corridor Study. The focus area is along South Saunders and South Wilmington streets that are south of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, east of Lake Wheeler Road to Interstate 440 and west of the rail corridor that parallels South Wilmington Street. Public Work Director Carl Dawson ended his career of nearly 40 years of public service, retiring in late November. DECEMBER Barry Furey, Director of the Raleigh-Wake Emergency Communications Center retired on December 1.The City Council approved a $244,981 contract with Clearscapes, P.A. for the strategic implementation phase of improvements to John Chavis Memorial Park. The Garland Scott and Toler Moore Tucker House was named Raleigh’s 157th historic landmark. The City Council voted unanimously on December 2 to partner with the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau and the Downtown Raleigh Alliance on funding a new Downtown hotel market feasibility study. The City contributed $20,000 toward the $55,000 study. The final design, permitting and the bidding phase of a construction project that will provide sidewalks on both sides of Capital Boulevard from Spring Forest Road to Old Wake Forest Road was approved by the City Council. The widening of Mitchell Mill Road between Louisburg Road and Forestville Road got the green light. The playground at Roberts Park was renovated for the first time in 23 years and on December 6 the community rejoiced in the $157,500 in improvements. Wake County launched its quest for a new transit plan December 8 with a public meeting in the Raleigh Convention Center. The finished plan will be evaluated by Wake County, Triangle Transit and the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization, which includes representatives from every municipality in Wake County. The process is estimated to take seven months. Former Raleigh City Council Member Mary Watson Nooe died December 14. Was this page helpful?

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Christa McAuliffe died in an accident in what type of vehicle in 1986?

Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | October 16, 2012 01:21pm ET MORE The space shuttle Challenger was one of NASA's greatest triumphs. It was the second shuttle to reach space, in April 1983. It successfully completed nine milestone missions. But Challenger was also NASA's darkest tragedy. On its 10th launch, on Jan. 28, 1986, the shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing the seven crewmembers. The accident changed the space program forever. This full view of Challenger in space was taken by a satellite. A heavily cloud-covered portion of the Earth forms the backdrop for this scene of Challenger in orbit. This image was taken during Challenger's STS-7 mission, which launched on June 18, 1983. Credit: NASA From test vehicle to space vehicle NASA originally intended Challenger to be a test vehicle. Rockwell began building the shuttle in November 1975 and then sent it to Lockheed for structural testing starting on April 2, 1978. According to NASA, computer models at the time were not sophisticated enough to calculate the stresses on the shuttle during different phases of flight. The shuttle, then known as STA-099, went through 11 months of vibration testing in a specially formulated rig. This custom-designed machine could bring the shuttle through a simulation of all phases of flight, from liftoff to landing. Three hydraulic cylinders, each with one million pounds of force, were used as substitute space shuttle main engines. In 1979, NASA awarded Rockwell a supplemental contract to convert the test vehicle to a spacecraft. This would expand the shuttle fleet to two spacecraft, the first one being Columbia . It took two more years for Rockwell to perform the conversion. Among other things, workers had to strengthen the wings, put in a real crew cabin instead of a simulated one, and install heads-up displays for the astronauts working inside. Work completed on Oct. 23, 1981. Delays for the first flight Challenger was expected to go into space on Jan. 20, 1983, to release the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite , which later became part of a series of satellites that astronauts used to stay in touch with controllers back home. Several technical malfunctions pushed the launch back, though. First, NASA discovered a hydrogen leak in the No. 1 main engine aft compartment during a flight readiness test in December. In a second test on Jan. 25, 1983, NASA discovered cracks in the engine that were causing the leak. The agency then took several months to remove the engines and test them. While engines two and three were deemed healthy, NASA replaced Engine No. 1. A view of the shuttle Challenger's maiden STS-6 launch on April 4, 1983. In this view, Challenger is just clearing the launch pad in a cloud of smoke. Credit: NASA After another delay due to a problem with TDRS, Challenger launched successfully on April 4, 1983, on mission STS-6. Crew members set the satellite free; astronauts Story Musgrave and Donald Peterson also did the first spacewalk of the shuttle program. Cultural and technical firsts Besides the milestones in space technology, Challenger also was the vehicle by which several cultural firsts happened in the space shuttle program. The first American female astronaut, Sally Ride , rode up on Challenger on STS-7 in June 1983.  The first African-American , Guion Bluford, reached space on STS-8. On STS-41G in 1984, two women — Ride and Kathryn Sullivan — flew on one mission for the first time – as well as the first Canadian, Marc Garneau. Other milestones Challenger marked included the first night launch and landing (STS-8) and the first operational Spacelab flight (STS-51B). Spacelab was a European space laboratory that fit into a shuttle's cargo bay and included several experiments designed for tests in microgravity. It flew on Columbia on STS-9 for the first time, but Challenger's mission is considered the first working one. The flying repairman Some of Challenger's most memorable moments took place in April 1984, on STS-41C. That mission featured the very first astronaut repair of a satellite. To get at the nonfunctional Solar Maximum Mission satellite, astronaut George Nelson strapped himself into the Manned Maneuvering Unit , which was a jet-powered backpack designed for astronauts to fly in space. It had only been tested on one mission before this one. Challenger moved in space until it was only 200 feet from the satellite. Then, Nelson carefully left the safety of the shuttle and flew over to the satellite. A "fixture" on the front of his backpack let Nelson dock with the satellite, which was slowly tumbling in space. Next, he fired the jets on his backpack to stop the satellite's spin. Crew members on Challenger then maneuvered the space shuttle close to the satellite, reached out with the Canadarm robotic arm, and plucked the satellite out of empty space and into the payload bay. Nelson and crewmate James "Ox" Van Hoften repaired the satellite together, then the crew lofted the satellite back into space. SMM continued functioning for several years, then burned up in the atmosphere in December 1989. Challenger disaster It was a cold morning on Jan. 28, 1986, when Challenger was supposed to fly into space. Temperatures dipped below freezing. There were certain people at NASA and among contractors that worried about the integrity of the seals on the solid rocket boosters in cold weather. At 78 seconds after liftoff, this image shows Challenger's left wing, main engines (still burning residual propellant) and the forward fuselage (crew cabin). Credit: NASA Challenger launched at 11:38 a.m. Eastern time in front of more media attention than usual, as it was carrying the first teacher to go in space. Christa McAuliffe was planning to give lessons while in orbit. She and the rest of the crew never made it. Challenger broke up 73 seconds after launch in front of the television cameras. "Flight controllers here are looking very carefully at the situation. Obviously a major malfunction," the NASA launch commentator said as pieces of the shuttle fell from the sky into the Atlantic. Salvage crews spent several weeks recovering pieces of the shuttle and carefully, bringing up the remains of the seven astronauts. Remains that could be identified were turned over to the families, while the rest were buried in a monument to the Challenger crew at Arlington Cemetery on May 20, 1986. Cultural and technical problems A presidential commission was convened to look into the incident, chaired by former attorney general and secretary of state William P. Rogers. It included participation from Neil Armstrong (the first man on the moon) and NASA astronaut Sally Ride, among others. The commission talked about the technical causes of the accident , which was traced to cold weather degrading the seal on the boosters. Additionally, it brought to light cultural problems at NASA, such as failing to voice all problems to the launch decision team. The commission also said that the shuttle's proposed flight rate was unsustainable given the size of its workforce. NASA made technical changes to the shuttle and also worked to change the culture of its workforce in the wake of what happened with Challenger. The shuttle program resumed flights in 1988. After the Challenger wreckage was examined, the pieces were buried and sealed in abandoned Minuteman missile silos at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where they remain today. Challenger's explosion changed the space shuttle program in several ways. Plans to fly other civilians in space (such as journalists) were shelved for 22 years, until Barbara Morgan , who was McAuliffe's backup, flew aboard Endeavour in 2007. Satellite launches were shifted from the shuttle to reusable rockets. Additionally, astronauts were pulled off of duties such as repairing satellites, and the Manned Maneuvering Unit was not flown again, to better preserve their safety. Every January, NASA pauses to remember the last crew of Challenger, and the other crews lost in pursuing space, on a NASA Day of Remembrance . Additionally, Challenger has an educational legacy: members of the crews' families founded the Challenger Center for Space Science Education program, which brings students on simulated space missions. On Jan. 28, 1986, NASA faced its first shuttle disaster, the loss of the Challenger orbiter and its seven-astronaut crew. Here, Challenger's last crew – members of the STS-51L mission – stand in the White Room at Pad 39B following the end of a launch dress rehearsal. They are (L to R) Teacher in Space Participant, Sharon "Christa" McAuliffe, Payload Specialist, Gregory Jarvis, Mission Specialist, Judy Resnik, Commander Dick Scobee. Mission Specialist, Ronald McNair, Pilot, Michael Smith and Mission Specialist, Ellison Onizuka. Credit: NASA

Space Shuttle

Who was Benazir Bhutto's Father who was executed in 1988?

Challenger disaster: remembered - Photos - The Big Picture - Boston.com Challenger disaster: remembered On January 28, 1986, at 11:38 a.m., EST, the space shuttle Challenger lifted off Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The entire crew of seven was lost in the explosion 73 seconds into the launch. Today, on the 25th anniversary of this national tragedy, we honor in memory the brave crew who gave their lives for the exploration of space. Sharon Christa McAuliffe, a New Hampshire social studies teacher, was NASA's choice for the first teacher in space. Because McAuliffe was our local astronaut, she is featured heavily in this post, but we honor all seven on the anniversary of a nation's great loss. -- Paula Nelson ( 34 photos total ) The crew of the space shuttle Challenger. From left: Ellison Onizuka, Mike Smith, Christa McAuliffe, Dick Scobee, Greg Jarvis, Ron McNair and Judith Resnik. (NASA/1986) 2 Christa McAuliffe at Johnson Space Center in Houston. A whole generation, including McAuliffe's own students, has grown up since McAuliffe and six other astronauts perished on Jan. 28, 1986, a quarter century ago on Friday, Jan. 28, 2011. Former schoolchildren who loved her are making sure that people who weren't even born then know about McAuliffe and her dream of going into space. (AP/1985) # 3 Christa McAuliffe rides in the Lions Club parade, passing in front of the New Hampshire Statehouse, with her daughter, Caroline, and son, Scott. McAuliffe was a social studies teacher at Concord High School, before being chosen NASA's first teacher in space. (The Boston Globe/Janet Knott/1985) # 4 McAuliffe, chosen America's first teacher to fly aboard a space shuttle mission conducts her hometown volunteer "Nevers Band" on the Statehouse lawn. Concord had proclaimed "Christa McAuliffe Day." She conducted the band in "Stars and Stripes Forever" (The Boston Globe/Janet Knott/1985) # 24 President Ronald Reagan, surrounded by members of his senior staff, watches a television replay of the explosion of the Challenger at the White House. From left are: Larry Speakes, Deputy White House Press Secretary; Presidential Assistant Dennis Thomas; Special Assistant Jim Kuhn; Reagan; White House Communications Director Patrick Buchanan, and Chief of Staff Donald Regan (AP/Craig Fuji) # 25 Customer David Kimball reacts as store employees Lynne Beck and Lisa Olson embrace. They watched the Houston memorial service for the astronauts who died in the Challenger explosion at a store in Concord, N.H. Pictured on the television screen are family members of one of the astronauts. (AP/Charles Krupa/1986) # 28 Sailors from the Navy salvage ship USS Preserver pull in what is believed to be part of the rocket casing of an inertial upper stage, which rode in Challenger's cargo bay when it exploded 1/28/86. The stage was to have boosted a tracking data satellite to a higher orbit, after release by the crew. The debris was found in waters about 70 feet deep, 20 miles northeast of the Kennedy Space Center. (AP) # 29 Members of the Presidential Commission on the space shuttle Challenger accident walk past the solid rocket boosters and the external tank of a shuttle being fitted in the Vehicle Assembly building at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. (AP) # 30 Debris from the space shuttle Challenger is laid out on a giant grid at the Kennedy Space Center in this March 1986 NASA photo. NASA hoped to piece together the remains of the space vehicle. The photograph was part of the testimony given to the Presidential Commission on the space shuttle Challenger accident. (NASA) # 32 Snow falls on the gravesite of Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe and the rest of the crew of the space shuttle Challenger died 25 years ago when the shuttle exploded. Before the world knew her as "the teacher in space," McAuliffe was known as a popular, energetic teacher who took a great interest in her students. (AP/Jim Cole) # 33 Christa McAuliffe Elementary students walk past a display honoring McAuliffe in February 2003, after an assembly about the history of the space shuttles. McAuliffe, and the six other astronauts who died 25 years ago today, are remembered for their courage and desire to explore the unknown. (AP/Mike Roemer) # 34 A wreath commemorating the seven astronauts who perished in the space shuttle Challenger accident rests in the Astronaut Memorial Tree Grove during the annual National Day of Remembrance ceremony at the Johnson Space Center on Thursday, Jan. 27, 2011, in Houston (AP/Houston Chronicle/Smiley N. Pool) # More links and information

i don't know

Which form of death penalty was abolished by Francois Mitterrand?

Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, featuring Robert Badinter in conversation with Neal Katyal | The New York Public Library The New York Public Library Embed Copy the embed code below to add this video to your site, blog, or profile. <embed src='http://www.nypl.org/sites/all/themes/nypl_new/jwplayer/player-licensed.swf' width='320' height='286' bgcolor='000000' allowscriptaccess='always' allowfullscreen='true' play='true' wmode='opaque' flashvars='image=https%3A%2F%2Fd140u095r09w96.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fav%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty.jpeg&file=live_2008_09_19_death_penalty.mp4&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fflash01.nypl.org%2Fvod%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty&skin=%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Fnypl_new%2Fjwplayer%2Fskins%2Fstormtrooper.zip&plugins=gapro-1,adtvideo%2Cviral-2&adtvideo.config=/xml/ad_config/seed&gapro.accountid=UA-1420324-3&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.idstring=||streamer||&viral.onpause=false&viral.oncomplete=true&viral.allowmenu=false&viral.functions=embed'></embed> Stream: Video (216.2MB MP4, 1 hr 53 min) Audio (104MB MP3, 2 hr 4 min) Also available on: iTunes (Audio) Robert Badinter, the French Minister of Justice between 1981 and 1986, led the battle to abolish the death penalty in France. He became a militant abolitionist after watching one of his clients unjustly guillotined in 1972. Over the next decade, he fought the death penalty in the courts and saved six men from the guillotine. After the election of François Mitterrand in 1981, Badinter was named Minister of Justice and pushed through the legislation that abolished the death penalty. Badinter's book, Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, serves as a guidebook on the various legal and political strategies that can be used in the quest for abolition. With U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, Badinter recently co-authored a book on the role of judges. In a discussion about the death penalty, Badinter will be joined by Neal Katyal who recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court and who in July of this year agreed to serve as lead counsel for the State of Louisiana in asking the United States Supreme Court to reconsider its June decision abolishing the use of the death penalty for child rapists. Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch, will introduce the evening. He has written the forward for Badinter's book, Abolition. About Robert Badinter Robert Badinter is the author of over a dozen books including work on Oscar Wilde and Condorcet. He also co-authored a recent book on the role of judges with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. Badinter is married to the prominent feminist Elisabeth Badinter. Together, they form one of France?s most influential couples. He is currently a member of the French Senate and celebrated his 80th birthday in March 2008.     About Neal Katyal Georgetown University Law Professor, Neal Katyal, named one of the leading "40 lawyers under 40" by the National Law Journal, recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court, a case that challenged the policy of military trials at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba. Katyal served as co-counsel for Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court election case Bush v. Palm Beach Canvassing Board, which challenged the Florida voting system. He has clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer as well as Judge Guido Calabresi of the U.S. Court of Appeals. Katyal has appeared on every major American nightly news program including the Colbert Report. Chat with a librarian now

Guillotine

Which capital city was the scene of a major summit between Reagan and Gorbachev in 1986?

Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, featuring Robert Badinter in conversation with Neal Katyal | The New York Public Library The New York Public Library Embed Copy the embed code below to add this video to your site, blog, or profile. <embed src='http://www.nypl.org/sites/all/themes/nypl_new/jwplayer/player-licensed.swf' width='320' height='286' bgcolor='000000' allowscriptaccess='always' allowfullscreen='true' play='true' wmode='opaque' flashvars='image=https%3A%2F%2Fd140u095r09w96.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fav%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty.jpeg&file=live_2008_09_19_death_penalty.mp4&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fflash01.nypl.org%2Fvod%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty&skin=%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Fnypl_new%2Fjwplayer%2Fskins%2Fstormtrooper.zip&plugins=gapro-1,adtvideo%2Cviral-2&adtvideo.config=/xml/ad_config/seed&gapro.accountid=UA-1420324-3&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.idstring=||streamer||&viral.onpause=false&viral.oncomplete=true&viral.allowmenu=false&viral.functions=embed'></embed> Stream: Video (216.2MB MP4, 1 hr 53 min) Audio (104MB MP3, 2 hr 4 min) Also available on: iTunes (Audio) Robert Badinter, the French Minister of Justice between 1981 and 1986, led the battle to abolish the death penalty in France. He became a militant abolitionist after watching one of his clients unjustly guillotined in 1972. Over the next decade, he fought the death penalty in the courts and saved six men from the guillotine. After the election of François Mitterrand in 1981, Badinter was named Minister of Justice and pushed through the legislation that abolished the death penalty. Badinter's book, Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, serves as a guidebook on the various legal and political strategies that can be used in the quest for abolition. With U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, Badinter recently co-authored a book on the role of judges. In a discussion about the death penalty, Badinter will be joined by Neal Katyal who recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court and who in July of this year agreed to serve as lead counsel for the State of Louisiana in asking the United States Supreme Court to reconsider its June decision abolishing the use of the death penalty for child rapists. Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch, will introduce the evening. He has written the forward for Badinter's book, Abolition. About Robert Badinter Robert Badinter is the author of over a dozen books including work on Oscar Wilde and Condorcet. He also co-authored a recent book on the role of judges with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. Badinter is married to the prominent feminist Elisabeth Badinter. Together, they form one of France?s most influential couples. He is currently a member of the French Senate and celebrated his 80th birthday in March 2008.     About Neal Katyal Georgetown University Law Professor, Neal Katyal, named one of the leading "40 lawyers under 40" by the National Law Journal, recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court, a case that challenged the policy of military trials at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba. Katyal served as co-counsel for Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court election case Bush v. Palm Beach Canvassing Board, which challenged the Florida voting system. He has clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer as well as Judge Guido Calabresi of the U.S. Court of Appeals. Katyal has appeared on every major American nightly news program including the Colbert Report. Chat with a librarian now

i don't know

Which drink did the Coca Cola Company launch in 1982?

The Extraordinary Story of How Diet Coke Came to Be: The Coca-Cola Company Until that point, extending the Coca-Cola Trademark to another brand had been a no-no. But times had changed. Soft drink consumers were gravitating to low- or no-calorie brands, and the company’s business in the U.S. was struggling following years of inflation and rising costs, resulting in inefficiencies. Members of the Diet Coke team beneath the Radio City Music Hall marquee before the filming of the brand’s debut TV commercial. “We needed a big idea to come out of one of the toughest decades we’d ever seen,” Carew explains. Diet Coke was pegged a top priority. The project was strictly top secret; only a handful of senior executives knew about it, and team members had to agree to the assignment before getting the details. “It was an entrepreneurial, cloak-and-dagger operation in the purest sense,” said Jerry Bell, who worked with Carew in the Planning Department. “I remember getting this weird phone call from Jack... and I couldn’t say no.” Within a few weeks, they presented a draft study to Coca-Cola USA President Brian Dyson, followed by Roberto Goizueta, who had been elected Chairman and CEO just months earlier, President Don Keough and Chief Marketing Officer Ike Herbert. No Risk, No Reward Goizueta green-lighted the Diet Coke project, which shifted quickly from planning to implementation. “This was a difficult decision because there were two big risks,” Carew said. “TaB was the moneymaker at the time, so if Diet Coke turned out to be a disappointment, the company would seriously complicate its future. Second, if senior leadership said no to Diet Coke, then we likely would have lost cola position.” Despite concern that Diet Coke would cannibalize TaB – which was the No. 1 diet soft drink brand in the U.S. at the time – and erode the long-term health of the Coca-Cola Trademark, the team’s research concluded just the opposite. Colas accounted for 60 percent of all soft drink sales in the U.S. back then, but diets were growing three times faster than the rest of the category. Diet Coke was seen as the right product for the right time. “We said Diet Coke would be more accretive to Coca-Cola brand value, because we would source volume from the competition versus the Coke franchise,” said Pat Garner, who joined the Diet Coke team with 10 years of bottler and field marketing experience. “And we were right.” What’s in a Name? The team debated over whether to adopt the “diet” prefix – the label Nielsen had given to the relatively new category because the term was used in the names of two of its top three brands. “Sugar Free” was one alternative, but many saw it as a slur on Coca-Cola ’s main ingredient. And “Light” was already taken by a competitor brand. Diet Coke was the most straightforward articulation of the promise of the brand. “It just seemed like the logical answer,” said John Farrell, who joined the team from Corporate Finance. “The equity of the Coca-Cola name promised the delivery of taste, and ‘diet’ told you it didn’t have sugar or calories.” For many years, the brand name was written and marketed as diet Coke – with a lowercase “d” – to reinforce the positioning of the product. Coke’s trademark lawyers wouldn’t allow the uppercase “D.” Their reasoning: Diet with an uppercase “D” was a noun, and the use of a noun changed the name of the trademark. Use of the lowercase “d” was an adjective and, therefore, did not alter the legal basis of the trademark. A Plan that Pays As the positioning began to come together, Farrell built a financial model to demonstrate the link between the brand’s marketing activities and bottler revenue. The plan motivated the system and turned bottlers into full-fledged Diet Coke enthusiasts. “John’s model made us highly credible,” Carew said. “We’d present our marketing plan to a bottler, and then he’d explain how it would pay out.” As Farrell explains it, “The economics of Diet Coke were so unbelievably simple because it didn’t have any sugar. When you remove the second-highest cost item after aluminum cans, you can make the numbers trend pretty well. Diet Coke gave us dramatically accelerated growth in a growing category with a very high-margin structure.” ‘Just For the Taste of It’ The initial can design included bold red letters against a white background with diagonal pinstripes. The financial model gave Coca-Cola USA the confidence to invest in marketing the brand. Steve Norcia, a former executive at the McCann Erickson ad agency, and his team at SSC&B – a division of Interpublic – crafted the ad campaign that would introduce and sustain Diet Coke in its first year. “We positioned it as a great-tasting soft drink that happens to have one calorie, rather than as a diet drink that tastes great,” Norcia explains. “We thought this would broaden its appeal as the first diet soft drink to emphasize sheer pleasure and great taste – not just part of a diet regimen.” According to Farrell, the resulting “Just for the Taste of It” tagline “communicated everything anyone needed to know about the physical product.” This vision drove Team Diet Coke’s decision-making on everything from packaging graphics, to in-store merchandising, to billboards. “It became our mantra,” Garner said. The Face of the Brand Diet Coke existed only on paper for months, but mock-ups of the initial packaging graphics gave the brand a visual identity. The team built a makeshift grocery aisle inside an abandoned syrup plant next to company headquarters to see how the designs would look on the shelf alongside other brands. Paper graphics were taped to empty cans. “At that point, it all became very real,” Bell said. The winning design included bold red letters against a white background with diagonal pinstripes revealing the shiny silver aluminum. Understanding the Diet Consumer The core Diet Coke demographic was baby boomers who were getting 20 years older and 20 pounds heavier. “We had an in-depth knowledge of our target consumer and the issue of weight in America,” Carew said. “It all added up to a total impression of a better experience in the diet segment than the consumer had been getting.” SSC&B’s extensive consumer research revealed several key insights that steered the brand’s marketing strategy. “We asked people which celebrities they thought would drink Diet Coke, and they responded with names of very masculine movie stars,” Norcia said. “That gave us the enthusiasm and verification to go after men.” Hurry Up or Wait? Behind the scenes, researchers had been working for more than two years to formulate a new low-calorie soft drink worthy of sharing the Coca-Cola name. And while extensive consumer taste tests revealed that Diet Coke was preferred over the competition, both were sweetened with the only approved non-caloric sweetener at the time: saccharin. This meant that Diet Coke needed to get a leg up by playing up its taste, the strength of the Coca-Cola name and a keen understanding of the social psychology of the target consumer through packaging and advertising. Coke’s regulatory team predicted that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would approve aspartame by 1985. Several executives wanted to ride the wave of the industry by waiting until a standard sweetener was available to launch Diet Coke. “We knew aspartame was going to happen; it was just a matter of when,” Carew says. “Our counter-argument to those who wanted to wait for was differentiate or die. We had to get out in front, enter the market with a saccharin base and take advantage of the awareness and acceptance of the event. In short, we had to succeed with brand power and bottler system power.” Six lead markets – New York, Jacksonville (Fla.), San Diego, Minneapolis, Denver and Baltimore – were selected to debut the brand. “By rolling out slowly, we hoped to spark a bit of friendly competition among markets,” Carew explains. “For example, we wanted Los Angeles to keep an eye on what New York was doing. Because they set the standard… and it was high.” A Premier Event Coca-Cola held a high-profile press conference in New York City on July 8, 1982. Reporters packed the Hyatt Hotel, where Dyson announced that “the most significant new product introduction in the entire 96-year history of The Coca-Cola Company” would be available in the Big Apple within days. A week later – before the first case had been delivered – 75 percent of the area population was aware of Diet Coke’s imminent introduction. This awareness, fueled by mounting bottler enthusiasm, gave the brand a big head start. Diet Coke’s introductory tagline communicated ‘everything anyone needed to know about the product’ and became the team’s mantra. Diet Coke’s first TV commercial had to define the character of the brand and make a bold statement. Dyson told Mal MacDougall, SSC&B’s creative director, that he expected the advertising equivalent of putting a man on the moon. Carew arrived at the office one morning, having just heard the news that Princess Diana had given birth to Prince William. After kicking around the idea with the team, he called Norcia and asked him if Diet Coke could be positioned as heir to the throne of Coca-Cola . “Steve bounced it off Mal, who came to Atlanta a few days later to show us how the ‘heir to the throne’ metaphor could translate to a TV commercial,” Carew said. “After seeing the story boards, Brian said, ‘My socks just fell down.’” He had his moon shot. The spot was filmed on July 29, 1982 at Radio City Music Hall in New York after a gala event for bottlers and key customers. The ad carried the mystique of the Academy Awards with the brand’s name in lights on the Radio City marquee, footage of the famous Rockettes performing onstage, and the voiceover, “Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the world premiere of a great new soft drink called Diet Coke.” “We wanted to make it clear that Diet Coke was a new product no one had ever seen before,” Norcia said. “When the advertising broke, we went to all the major TV stations in New York and brought cases of Diet Coke in for the staff to drink so they could celebrate with us.” Team Diet Coke – who took in the spectacle from the third balcony – stayed at Radio City until about 4 a.m., when production finally wrapped after 42 takes. “By the end, I think the Rockettes had been on stage for six or eight hours,” Garner remembers. Making a Mark Months later, Nielsen reported the first market share for Diet Coke in Denver. Carew jotted down the data and went to the company auditorium where Dyson was holding a meeting with bottlers. “I walked across the stage and handed him the piece of paper,” Carew recalls. “The room turned into a celebration… cheers, whistles, hugs, bravos.” The news lit a fuse. Who would beat Denver? No one ever did, but a series of once-in-a-lifetime bottler rollouts soon followed with great fanfare. “The success of the launch showed the greatness of the entire Coca-Cola system,” Carew said. “Our bottlers truly understand what it takes to make an indulgent, impulse product launch a success. So much of what Diet Coke did was excite and motivate the bottling system … which goes back to John’s model.” By the end of 1983, Diet Coke was the No. 1 diet soft drink in the U.S. and the top soft drink brand among women. At the end of 1984, Diet Coke displaced 7UP as the No. 3 soft drink in the U.S. behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi – a position it held until the end of 2010 when it overtook Pepsi. At the end of the ‘80s, Advertising Age named Diet Coke Brand of the Decade. “Being the number-one diet drink was an automatic slam dunk,” said Garner. “That was just a stepping stone for us. Our aspiration was never short of being one of the top-selling soft drinks in the world.” Lessons Learned The success of the brand demonstrated the importance of trusting people to do their jobs and to take risks. “Give them all the latitude they can possibly take,” Carew said. “You also have to be credible. You have to know your stuff, study everything, and have an answer to any question that might come up. And lastly, you have to be so confident that you charge out there and demonstrate to the world that you know what you’re doing.” Teamwork and an entrepreneurial spirit are important, too, Garner said. “Yes, each of us can do great things as individuals. But we worked as a team, including our agency partners.” He concluded, “My entrepreneurial seeds were sown in the days of Diet Coke. Every time I speak to these guys, that entrepreneurial spirit comes back. This team will be together forever.” Related Items The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is the world's largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands and more than 3,800 beverage choices. Led by Coca-Cola , one of the world's most valuable and recognizable brands, our company’s portfolio features 20 billion-dollar brands, 18 of which are available in reduced-, low- or no-calorie options. Our billion-dollar brands include Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, Fanta, Sprite, Dasani, vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Del Valle, Georgia and Gold Peak. Through the world's largest beverage distribution system, we are the No. 1 provider of both sparkling and still beverages.  More than 1.9 billion servings of our beverages are enjoyed by consumers in more than 200 countries each day. With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our company is focused on initiatives that reduce our environmental footprint, create a safe, inclusive work environment for our associates, and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate. Together with our bottling partners, we rank among the world's top 10 private employers with more than 700,000 system associates. © 2016 THE

Diet Coke

Which telescope was launched into space on board a space shuttle in 1990?

Coca-Cola European Partners : News : Coca-Cola Enterprises announces the launch of Coca-Cola Life™ Monday 16 June, 2014 Coca-Cola Enterprises announces the launch of Coca-Cola Life™ Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd (CCE) is reinforcing its commitment to innovation by announcing the launch of Coca-Cola Life™ in Great Britain (GB), which will be available later this year. First piloted in Argentina and Chile in 2013, this will be the first time it will be available in Europe. This lower-calorie cola contains a third less sugar and a third fewer calories than regular cola [1] and is sweetened from natural sources. Sweetened with a blend of sugar and naturally-sourced stevia leaf extract, a 330ml can of Coca-Cola Life contains 89 calories and features striking green branding that will join Coca-ColaTM, Diet CokeTM, and Coca-Cola ZeroTM on shelves from September. Coca-Cola Life is the first new Coca-Cola to be launched in GB since the arrival of Coca-Cola Zero in 2006. The launch is designed to drive incremental growth in the soft drinks category by appealing to 35-55 year old consumers that are looking for a lower calorie cola with sweetness from natural sources. Coca-Cola Life will be available to grocery, convenience and wholesale outlets in a 330ml can, 500ml PET bottle, 1.75L PET bottle, 6 x 330ml can multipack and 8 x 330ml can multipack at the same RRPs as the rest of the Coca-Cola range. The new product will be supported by in-store promotions, sampling and a marketing campaign that will include digital, outdoor and print. This is the first time that stevia leaf extract has been used in the core Coca-Cola range and is the latest example of innovation from CCE [2] . The launch of Coca-Cola Life follows a raft of portfolio innovations that offer greater consumer choice. Last March, it reduced the calorie content of Sprite by introducing stevia extract; it launched the smaller 250ml can across the Coca-Cola portfolio and, most recently, Coca-Cola announced a £20m commitment to getting one million people more active by 2020. Coca-Cola is a public signatory to the Government’s Responsibility Deal and has committed to reduce the average calories per litre in its range of sparkling drinks by 5% by the end of 2014. More than 40% of the cola sold by CCE in GB is already no-calorie and the launch of Coca-Cola Life gives consumers even greater choice within the portfolio: Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Life with a third fewer calories and two zero-calorie options in Coca-Cola Zero and Diet Coke. A 500ml bottle of Coca-Cola Life will contain PlantBottle plastic – made using up to 22.5 per cent plant materials combined with up to 25 per cent recycled plastic. All packs will be fully recyclable and both the 330ml can and 1.75 litre PET bottle will contain recycled materials. [3] Like 97% of CCE products sold in GB, Coca-Cola Life will be made in GB and will be made at its factories in East Kilbride, Edmonton, Wakefield and Sidcup. Nick Canney, VP Sales and Marketing at CCE, said: “The launch of Coca-Cola Life is an important part of our ongoing commitment to offer consumer choice for every occasion and meet changing lifestyle trends. “Coca-Cola Life will sit alongside Coca-Cola, Diet Coke and Coke Zero, and is a truly differentiated proposition within the portfolio, providing consumers that are looking for a great tasting lower calorie cola with sweetness from natural sources. “Coca-Cola Life will also help to drive incremental growth of the total soft drinks category building upon our on-going strategy to bring new innovations to market. Last year CCE delivered 40% of the value generated by innovation within the category, which was worth £96m in sales [4] to our customers.” [1] 36% less calories vs full sugared colas in GB due to a sugar reduction of 37% thanks to stevia extract [2] Currently, CCE uses stevia leaf extract as a sweetener in Sprite and glacéau vitaminwater [3] The 330ml cans will be made from aluminium containing 46% recycled aluminium. The 1.75L bottle will contain 25% rPET. [4] Nielsen MAT TY 2013

i don't know

Jonas Salk developed the Salk vaccine against which disease?

Jonas Salk, M.D. - Academy of Achievement Jonas Salk, M.D. Listen to this achiever on What It Takes What It Takes is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice. Risks, I like to say, always pay off. You learn what to do or what not to do. Congressional Gold Medal Date of Death June 23, 1995 In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. This burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research. Jonas Salk was born in New York City. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who, although they themselves lacked formal education, were determined to see their children succeed, and encouraged them to study hard. Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college. He entered the City College of New York intending to study law, but soon became intrigued by medical science. Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995), developer of the polio vaccine, holding a bottle in the laboratory, mid-20th century. While attending medical school at New York University, Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza. The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered, and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect, while still giving immunity to the illness. Salk succeeded in this attempt, which became the basis of his later work on polio. After completing medical school and his internship, Salk returned to the study of influenza, the flu virus. World War II had begun, and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed millions in the wake of the First World War. The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war, and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. While working there, with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio, and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years. April 23, 1955: Dr. Jonas Salk, who developed the vaccine that is believed to have struck the death knell of polio, as he received a special citation from President Dwight David Eisenhower in the White House Rose Garden. The President praised the young doctor as a “benefactor of mankind” and said that his work was in the “highest tradition of selfless and dedicated research.” At right is Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Meanwhile, government officials and medical representatives were conferring on distributing the vaccine. In 1955, Salk’s years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible. 1973: Jonas Salk, and his wife, French painter Françoise Gilot. “In 1969, during an exhibition in Los Angeles, Françoise traveled to La Jolla and was introduced to Dr. Jonas Salk. Their mutual admiration of architecture prompted Dr. Salk to offer Françoise a tour of The Salk Institute.” They married in 1970 in Paris and were together for twenty-five years until Salk’s death in 1995. (Photo Credit: Albane Navizet/Kipa/Sygma viaGetty Images) Salk’s vaccine was composed of “killed” polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting the patient. A few years later, a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed, which could be administered orally, while Salk’s vaccine required injection. Further, there was some evidence that the “killed” vaccine failed to completely immunize the patient. In the U.S., public health authorities elected to distribute the “live” oral vaccine instead of Salk’s. Tragically, the preparation of live virus infected some patients with the disease, rather than immunizing them. Since the introduction of the original vaccine, the few new cases of polio reported in the United States were probably caused by the “live” vaccine which was intended to prevent them. In countries where Salk’s vaccine has remained in use, the disease has been virtually eradicated. In 1963, Salk founded the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies, an innovative center for medical and scientific research. Jonas Salk continued to conduct research and publish books, some written in collaboration with one or more of his sons, who are also medical scientists. February 25, 1975: Dr. Jonas Salk at the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. He was the first researcher to develop a safe and effective vaccine for polio. (Photo by Arnold Newman/Getty Images) Salk’s published books include Man Unfolding — Salk’s plea to “look at human life from a biological viewpoint” — (1972), The Survival of the Wisest (1973), World Population and Human Values: A New Reality (1981), and Anatomy of Reality (1983). Dr. Salk’s last years were spent searching for a vaccine against AIDS. Jonas Salk died on June 23, 1995. He was 80 years old. The 100th anniversary of his birth in 2014 was the occasion for renewed appreciation and celebration of Dr. Salk’s contribution to humanity. Inducted in 1976 Date of Death June 23, 1995 “We were told in one lecture that it was possible to immunize against diphtheria and tetanus by the use of chemically-treated toxins, or toxoids. And the following lecture, we were told that for immunization against a virus disease, you have to experience the infection, and that you could not induce immunity with the so-called ‘killed’ or inactivated, chemically-treated virus preparation. Well, somehow, that struck me. What struck me was that both statements couldn’t be true. And I asked why this was so, and the answer that was given was in a sense, ‘Because.’ There was no satisfactory answer.” Jonas Salk was still a student when he began to look for a better answer to his classroom question, and the answer he found led to one of the most dramatic breakthroughs in the history of medicine. In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. That burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research. Salk went on to found the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, where he continued his research into the causes, prevention and cure of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Dr. Salk never patented his polio vaccine, but distributed the formula freely, so the whole world could benefit from his discovery. Watch full interview The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California May 16, 1991 When did you first have a vision of what you might accomplish in the field you chose? Jonas Salk: You never have an idea of what you might accomplish. All that you do is you pursue a question. And see where it leads. The first moment that a question occurred to me that did influence my future career, occurred in my second year at medical school. Although you must understand, all of the events that occurred before laid the foundation in a way. And if those events had not occurred, then that moment would have passed by quite differently. But as I tell the story… We were told in one lecture that it was possible to immunize against diphtheria and tetanus by the use of chemically-treated toxins, or toxoids. And the following lecture, we were told that for immunization against a virus disease, you have to experience the infection, and that you could not induce immunity with the so-called “killed” or inactivated, chemically-treated virus preparation. Well, somehow, that struck me. The way it struck me was that both statements couldn’t be true. I asked why this was so, and the answer that was given was, in a sense, “Because.” There was no satisfactory answer. Perhaps it had been tried and had not succeeded. There had not been any success. And I think that in fact was true. But it was some two years later, I think it was, that… I had an opportunity to spend time in elective periods in my last year in medical school, in a laboratory that was involved in studies on influenza. The influenza virus had just been discovered about a few years before that. And I saw the opportunity at that time to test the question as to whether we could destroy the virus infectivity and still immunize. And so, by carefully designed experiments, we found that it was possible to do so. That was how that particular line of investigation, you might say — and it influenced my career — occurred.  It was, in a sense, a paradox.  It didn’t make sense, and that question persisted in my mind.  I had forgotten about it in the interim.  I was pursuing another path, I was interested in chemistry, I was interested in the rheumatic diseases, and since I was not able to pursue that in that particular lecture period, and by chance I found myself in this laboratory, I pursued that question, from then on. I interrupted those studies because I graduated from medical school and interned. The war broke out, influenza was important, and I continued on in research in that field, developed a flu vaccine, and that led to all sorts of other things. Dr. Jonas Salk in the laboratory. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) How did your work with the polio vaccine come about? Jonas Salk: After my internship, in ’42, I went to Ann Arbor, Michigan. I was there until ’47, then went on to Pittsburgh, to be somewhat independent of my mentor. The opportunity in Pittsburgh was something that others did not see, and I was advised against doing something as foolish as that because there was so little there. However, I did see that there was an opportunity to do two things. One was to continue the work I was doing on influenza, and two, to begin to work on polio. That was a very modest beginning. Within a few months after I arrived in Pittsburgh, I was visited by the director of research of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, asking if I would be willing to participate in a program on typing polio viruses. I’d had no experience in working with polio, but this provided me with an opportunity, just as the work on influenza did. So I seized upon that opportunity. It gave me a chance to get funds, to get laboratory facilities, to get equipment, to hire staff, and to build up something that was not there. It also would provide me with an opportunity to learn about how you work with the polio virus. That experience was looked upon by most people as routine drudgery. It wasn’t that way to me, because instantly I saw that there were more efficient ways of typing viruses than were proposed by those who set forth the protocol that I was supposed to follow. It didn’t take long for them to realize that I saw the world differently, and that I could make things work more efficiently and effectively. In the course of that work, it became obvious to me that we had the ways and means for moving ahead toward vaccine development. We knew there were three types of the virus. John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins at Harvard had just grown the virus in tissue culture. I didn’t delay. I didn’t waste any time, just picked up these methods and techniques, and began to advance them even further ahead than those who initiated the work. By putting the bits and pieces together, I moved very quickly into studies in animals, and then on humans. Dr. Jonas Salk vaccinates a child against polio. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) What attracted you to the notion of using a killed vaccine? That goes back to your influenza work, doesn’t it? Jonas Salk: The reason for pursuing the idea of a killed virus vaccine is very simple. Before the work on influenza, the effective vaccines were those made with what we call attenuated, or so-called weakened viruses. They have the capacity to infect, but they are less likely to cause disease. Now sometimes smallpox or vaccinia virus — which is the same virus that is used to make immunization against smallpox — would cause serious reactions, and sometimes fatal reactions. There was a rabies vaccine that was made from weakened viruses. There was also a yellow fever vaccine that had been developed that was a weakened virus. The principle that I tried to establish was really that it was not necessary to run the risk of infection, which would have been the case if one were to try to develop an attenuated or weakened polio virus vaccine. And so it seemed to me the safer and more certain way to proceed. That if we could inactivate the virus that we could move on to a vaccine very quickly. Whereas, if you were dealing with weakened virus, you would have to demonstrate its safety eventually. So that was the reasoning and there was a principle that was involved. You might say a scientific principle, a fundamental principle: choosing and preferring that which — the safety which you could control, and the quantities which you could use. So that this is, in a way, a more scientific approach. Trying to work like nature, instead of imitating nature. Therefore, I wanted simply to select a variant that was weakened, you might say. At that time I was behaving like a medical scientist. Exploring the limits within which one could effectively immunize with a non-replicating, non-multiplying virus. So, it was not a matter of why I chose that. I was investigating to see whether it could be done — and it could be done. And, then we determined the parameters within which, in terms of dose and quantity and duration and persistence, and what kind of immunity, if an immune response was required. And that way, I began to develop an understanding of the principles of vaccinology as applied to polio miletus as well as influenza. So, that was the attitude that prevailed at that time. It was not simply empirical. It was a theoretical experimental approach. Dr. Jonas Salk’s discovery of the polio vaccine made headlines all around the world. (March of Dimes Foundation) You got quite a bit of flack for that because no one had done it before, and you were going out on a limb. Jonas Salk: I wasn’t going out on a limb. The flack to which you refer is what taught me, very early on, not only about the human side of nature, but about the human side of science. Keys to success — Perseverance There are three stages of truth. First, is that it can’t be true, and that’s what they said. You couldn’t immunize against polio with a killed-virus vaccine. Second phase, they say, “Well, if it’s true, it’s not very important.” And the third stage is, “Well, we’ve known it all along.” What you are describing is the process that you have to go through when you come up with an idea that has not yet been tried or tested. While it is true that this involves personalities, it also involves different ways of seeing. It was not a matter of a popularity contest, it was not a matter of anything other than that my curiosity drove me to find out whether it could work or not. So, it started with you doubting something that everyone else assumed was true? Jonas Salk: I didn’t doubt it. I just questioned the logic of it, the reasonableness of it, when other people accepted it. I just didn’t accept what appeared to me to be a dogmatic assertion in view of the fact that there was a reason to think otherwise. So that it was not merely doubting a belief, there was a principle involved. I try to understand the laws of nature, the principles that are involved, and that’s what I’ve attempted to do ever since then, in the development of what I think of as the science of vaccinology, which had not been a science prior thereto. I entered medicine with the idea of bringing science into medicine. I had the opportunity to investigate this question scientifically, thinking and working as a scientist. I was not trained as a scientist. I was trained in medicine, And, so my functioning, you might say, as a medical scientist, came through being self-taught through the experience of investigating the questions that were of interest to me. And, I had no formal training as a virologist, or as an immunologist. But, I learned what I needed to know in order to address those questions. I have tried to understand how viruses work, how viruses think, how the immune system works and other questions that pertain to my interests, whether it was cancer or immune disease, or multiple sclerosis, and now AIDS. But I am also interested in the human side of these issues. Why do I see things differently from the way other people see them? Why do I pursue the questions that I pursue, even if others regard them as, as they say, “controversial?” Which merely means that they have a difference of opinion. They see things differently. I am interested both in nature and in the human side of nature, and how the two can be brought together, and effective in a useful way. When you were working on the polio vaccine, was there a moment of discovery, or a moment of realization? Jonas Salk: There was a moment at which we recognized the antibody response had been produced in human subjects. That was in September of 1952. We saw what I call a flicker of antibody response which was real and substantial. That was the first evidence that we were able to do in humans what we could do in animals. How did that feel? Jonas Salk: It was nice to know that we were on the right track. It was the encouraging sign, and it sort of opened the way. It’s like seeing the light, you might say. Anytime you get a “yes” from a person or from nature, it is encouraging. It’s affirming. Since the success of the vaccine came when you were at a pretty young age, we might imagine that you walked into a laboratory and there it was. I’m sure it wasn’t that easy. What things didn’t work out that led you to what did work out? Jonas Salk: As I look upon the experience of an experimentalist, everything that you do is, in a sense, succeeding. It’s telling you what not to do, as well as what to do. Not infrequently, I go into the laboratory, and people would say something didn’t work. And I say, “Great, we’ve made a great discovery!” If you thought it was going to work, and it didn’t work, that tells you as much as if it did. So my attitude is not one of pitfalls; my attitude is one of challenges and “What is nature telling me?” This ideal, this idealized notion that discovery, so to speak, is just something falling into your lap! It’s recognizing something that you might not have anticipated. Or designing an experiment and finding out that it fits within certain parameters, and you see what the patterns of the response are. And basically, it’s entering into a dialogue with nature. Now, some people might look at something and let it go by, because they don’t recognize the pattern and the significance. It’s the sensitivity to pattern recognition that seems to me to be of great importance. It’s a matter of being able to find meaning, whether it’s positive or negative, in whatever you encounter. It’s like a journey. It’s like finding the paths that will allow you to go forward, or that path that has a block that tells you to start over again or do something else. Did such a thing happen during the studies with the polio vaccine? Dr. Salk vaccinates a child against polio. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) Jonas Salk: The work on polio went rather smoothly, because it was following a smooth and simple path. There was one episode that occurred, after field trials, when the vaccine was licensed. Within a matter of two weeks after it was in use, there was a report of cases of polio caused by the vaccine. Now, there was no such encounter in the field trial, and it was only as a result of the vaccine from one particular laboratory, but not the others. Well, this was a source of immediate concern, a terrible disappointment, a tragic disappointment. When we looked into that, it became clear immediately that this manufacturer did not follow the procedures that were set forth. It was partly because of a disregard for the new principles that were introduced in order to make sure that the vaccine would be safe, as well as effective. This was an example of disbelief that it was necessary to go through the routine that was set forth. That had some adverse effects in terms of credibility, which was not attributable correctly to the work I did. This was the exception that proved the rule that proved how right we were in the way in which we had proceeded. That was something from which it was necessary to recover. Our vaccine was suspended. Its use was suspended for a short period of time, reintroduced again after that problem was isolated and that vaccine was withdrawn. All the others were used and things then proceeded in the normal fashion. That’s just an example of the hazards that one has to deal with, particularly at that level of experimentation. You obviously had tremendous confidence in this vaccine. Was it nerve-wracking when you first tested this on humans? Jonas Salk: Yes. What I had confidence in were the results that we had obtained as we went along. We had to understand how to destroy virus infectivity, so that we could do it reliably. Nevertheless, the first time that humans were inoculated it was a matter of some concern. Unknown events might have taken place, things that might have been overlooked. There was some apprehension until that phase of the experiment was over. Before the field trial, I did a test in about 5,000 school children in the city of Pittsburgh which was of the nature to make sure that things did go well, before we went ahead and put this out on a much larger scale. And so, while it is true that we proceed on the basis of things that we know, about which we can have confidence, so to speak, that when you engage in human experimentation, you must proceed in a somewhat cautious manner and be prepared for the unforeseen and the unknowable. Did you try to keep the experiments a secret? Jonas Salk: We didn’t work at keeping the experiments a secret, but we didn’t make it public. Obviously, it was being carried out in an institution, lots of people knew about it. But we were not about to announce in the press because that was not the style in that day. The press was much less sophisticated in this regard. I saw no reason to try to carry out laboratory experimentation under a spotlight, any more than I would want to have the press in my laboratory, recording everything that is going on. There was a good deal of human interest involved, but that was not the primary objective. It would have been distracting, as it is now. I still preserve that attitude. Dr. Salk’s discovery of the polio vaccine made headlines the world over. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) We began studies in humans in July of 1952, and what we were doing was not known, generally speaking, until the end of January. There was a leak by Earl Wilson, the columnist for one of the New York newspapers, who heard of a meeting in which I spoke — the advisory committee of the March of Dimes, to reveal to them what we had learned. Earl Wilson called Howard Howe, of Johns Hopkins University, thinking that it was his work that was referred to, because he had been carrying out studies in monkeys and chimpanzees. Howard Howe said no, it was not he, it was Jonas Salk. And that’s how Earl Wilson got the story. That leak revealed that we had already inoculated human subjects, and the work had not yet been prepared for publication. So I quickly got underway, and within two months we had the results of the work published. Then everyone knew what was going on. Can you describe the day that the results of the national trial were announced? That was a pretty big deal. One shopkeeper expresses a nation’s gratitude for Dr. Salk’s discovery. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) Jonas Salk: It was on April 12, 1955, that the announcement was made by Dr. Francis, who had conducted the field trial. He was my mentor back at New York University and at Pittsburgh in the work on influenza. He had agreed to conduct these field trials for the March of Dimes. That was a very public event, and it was done with great fanfare. Many people were invited, scientists and non-scientists. It was held in Ann Arbor, staged by the University of Michigan, using this occasion to draw attention to what had been done. It was then that I became looked upon as a public figure, and I had to fight and struggle to continue on with my work. It was a big event, and it was a time when the news was good. I was not on the outside, I was on the inside. I learned what it was like on the outside later. When people meet me even now, they remember exactly the moment when this announcement was made, and the events that followed. There was a tremendous rejoicing, wasn’t there? Jonas Salk: I suppose so. There was a great rejoicing, obviously. Because of the freedom from fear, or the relief that comes from, “Now I know what to do in order to try to prevent the occurrence of this fearsome possibility.” Were you interested in science as a child? Jonas Salk: As a child I was not interested in science. I was merely interested in things human, the human side of nature, if you like, and I continue to be interested in that. That’s what motivates me. And, in a way it’s the human dimension that has intrigued me. Were you a curious kid, about nature and that sort of thing? Jonas Salk: I think I was curious from the earliest age on. There was a photograph of me when I was a year old and there was that look of curiosity on that infant’s face that is inescapable. I have the suspicion that this curiosity was very much a part of my early life: asking questions about unreasonableness. I tended to observe, and reflect and wonder. That sense of wonder, I think, is built into us. It’s often said that the curiosity and wonder of childhood is sort of beaten down in us as we grow up. Jonas Salk: Yes, I don’t think I shared it too much with others. I kept it pretty much to myself, and when I reached that age at which I could do something about it, then I did. So it was not suppressed or destroyed. It’s that curiosity that bursts in childhood, during the period of play and creativity that reveals what we’re trying to say. That’s the nature of the human being. That’s what is the nature of the human species, as distinct from other species, where we see this enormous creativity because we are responsible for all that has been created, beyond that which nature has done. Obviously, you were doing a lot of thinking at an early age. Did you get along with your classmates? Were you sociable? Jonas Salk: I got along with my classmates, but I was not as sociable a child. I could spend time by myself and I still do. I would say that I spent more time alone than I did in social settings. Part of this was probably attributed to my mother’s over-protectiveness, lest I hurt myself, or be injured in some way. How much of this is innate, and how much of this came about through that kind of nurturing, I can’t say. Nevertheless, I did learn in time that I could spend time alone, as I do, walking on the beach. I spend time with others, of course, but also enjoy time with myself. Young Jonas Salk’s graduation day. (Courtesy of the family of Jonas Salk) How did you decide to become a scientist? Did this happen in high school? Jonas Salk: At some point, I recall having the ambition to study law, to be elected to Congress, and to try to make just laws, but I didn’t pursue the study of law, for a curious reason. My mother didn’t think I’d make a very good lawyer. And I believe that her reasons were that I couldn’t really win an argument with her. This change took place between leaving high school and entering college. I entered college enrolled as a pre-law student, but I changed to pre-med after I went through some soul searching as to what I would do other than the study of the law. My mother’s preference was that I should be a teacher, but that didn’t appeal to me. I was interested in science, and I began to think about the scientific aspect of medicine. My intention was to go to medical school, and then become a medical scientist. I did not intend to practice medicine, although in medical school, and in my internship, I did all the things that were necessary to qualify me in that regard. I had opportunities along the way to drop the idea of medicine and go into science. At one point at the end of my first year of medical school, I received an opportunity to spend a year in research and teaching in biochemistry, which I did. And at the end of that year, I was told that I could, if I wished, switch and get a Ph.D. in biochemistry but my preference was to stay with medicine. And, I believe that this is all linked to my original ambition, or desire, which was to be of some help to humankind, so to speak, in a larger sense than just on a one-to-one basis. Just as I intended to study law, to make just laws, so I found myself interested now in the laws of nature, as distinct from the laws the people make. How did your parents react to your decision to go into medicine and science? Were they encouraging? Jonas Salk: Well, my parents were more than supportive, my mother particularly. My mother had no schooling. She came to this country from Russia in 1901. She immediately, as a young girl, began to work, you know, to help support the family. And she was very ambitious in a sense for her children. She wanted her children to have more than she had, so that she lived her life and invested her life, lived through her children. Jonas Salk, age 15, with his brothers, Lee and Herman, ca. 1930. (Courtesy of the family of Jonas Salk) I was the eldest of three sons and the favorite and the one who had all of her attention, certainly until my little brother was born — I was about five years old then — and my youngest brother when I was about 12. I was essentially an only child in the sense of having her interest and concerns and attention. She wanted to be sure that we all were going to advance in the world. Therefore we were encouraged in our studies, and overly protected in many ways. There was encouragement in general, but not particularly in any way, because there wasn’t the same kind of culture that could lead to a particular orientation. Dr. Jonas Salk and his family. Salk’s parents, Dora and Daniel, seated. Standing, from left to right: his brother Herman; wife, Donna; Dr. Jonas Salk; and his brother Lee. (Courtesy of the family of Jonas Salk) What did your father do? Jonas Salk: My father was a designer of ladies’ neckwear: blouses and things of that kind. He was a more artistic person. He was a designer in the garment industry, so to speak. He had not quite graduated from high school, only from elementary school. We were not brought up in a family which was already cultured. My mother’s children and my father’s children were the first of their respective generations that went on to college. So, there was something special in the household that was very nurturing for — shall we say — advancing in the world, getting ahead. But whether it was in business or in law or in medicine, so to speak, was not of great concern. It’s very inspiring that you didn’t come from illustrious scientists. You can accomplish great things even if you are the first in your family to go to college. Jonas Salk: Absolutely. There weren’t any role models in my life, in that sense. Where do you think your sense of wanting to do something for humankind came from? Jonas Salk: I believe that this is part of our nature, and part of an ancestral heritage. That’s how we got to be where we are, through people who performed or functioned that way, or had that drive, or the desire or ambition, which I look upon as a natural phenomenon. Some people are constructive, if you like. Others are destructive. It’s this diversity in humankind that results in some making positive contributions and some negative contributions. It’s necessary to have enough who make positive contributions to overcome the problems of each age. It sounds like you felt a personal sense of duty to do something for the world. Was that something your parents instilled in you? Jonas Salk: I have the impression that people like that are born as well as made. You are born with that instinct. Even if there is not encouragement, you overcome the resistances to any opposition, if that’s the kind of person that you are. I think there is something inherited. We talk about the innate versus the acquired, about nature versus nurture. Our nature is revealed in the course of our life experience, and the nurturing comes from the opportunities that are available. If I were born in some other country, for example, my life would have been quite different. What books were you attracted to when you were growing up? Jonas Salk: As a matter of fact, I was not a great reader. I spent a good deal of time thinking, as I still do, about what went on in my life, my own observations and reflections. I did read what was part of schooling, but I was not an avid reader. There are a few significant books that I recall: Microbe Hunters and The Life of Louis Pasteur. I remember reading, as an adolescent, a book called The Island Within by Ludwig Lewisohn. The idea of the “island within” gives you the sense of the resonance that this had for me, because of my sense of myself, and the dialogues that I had with myself. Early on in your career, was there someone who gave you an important break? Jonas Salk: At the end of my first year of medical school, the professor of chemistry, Dr. R. Keith Cannon, tapped me on the shoulder and asked me to come to see him. I was quite sure that he was going to tell me that I was failing and give me some bad news. Instead of which, he offered me an opportunity to drop out for a year and work with him in chemistry, during which time I could have my first experience in research, and also as a student teacher, so to speak. Since my desire, from the time I entered medical school, was to enter into and to do scientific research, that was the break that I seized upon. It was a difficult decision to make, because I would have to leave my class, be alone, and in a sense be exceptional for that year, and then return to anther class. Nevertheless, I had the courage to do so. That was an important year. You got quite a lot of work done in that year, didn’t you? Jonas Salk: I didn’t get very much work done, in that sense. It was not an accomplished year, but it was the year that initiated a process. That was what was important. It was not the product of that year, but the initiation of a process, setting out on a path. It’s important to recognize that sometimes at a turning point, what’s important is to let go of the way you were going, or the way you are, to explore a new direction. It sounds like a risk that really paid off. Jonas Salk: Risks, I like to say, always pay off. You learn what to do, or what not to do. I like to say “nothing ventured, nothing gained.” If I had failed to take advantage of that opportunity, I would not have known what I would have missed. That was the beginning of many similar opportunities which have come my way. You mentioned earlier that you were not classically trained; you didn’t have the Ph.D. Why did you choose to pursue your career in the unconventional way you did? Dr. Jonas Salk (Al Fenn, LIFE Magazine ©TIME Inc.) Jonas Salk: It was not unconventional at that time. At that time, medical scientists were self-made. Jenner, who developed the vaccine against small pox, was not specifically trained. Pasteur was a biochemist. There wasn’t a particular pattern, which provided me with a degree of freedom. In spite of the fact that I did not have any formal training, I still was able to contribute in these ways, which allowed me to pick and choose whatever it was that I needed to know to address that question, bringing to bear whatever tools or techniques or knowledge I might need to obtain the answer. You had phenomenal success in your work, but I gather there were some setbacks along the way. It seems shocking today, but you were turned down by a couple of institutes that you applied to after medical school. Jonas Salk: In fact, my entering the field that led to work in vaccines came about as a result of my being denied an opportunity to work at another institution. There are two great tragedies in life. One is to not get what you want; the other is to get what you want. And if I had gotten what I wanted, it would have been a greater tragedy than my not getting what I wanted, because it allowed me to get something else. Tell us where you applied that you didn’t get in. Jonas Salk: I applied to a laboratory at a medical school that was interested in pathological disorders, diseases involving the immune system. I had also applied to a laboratory at Columbia University. I know how disappointed we all are, not to get what we want. But, the question is should that discourage us? That was not my attitude. My attitude was always to keep open, to keep scanning. I think that’s how things work in nature. Many people are close-minded, rigid, and that’s not my inclination. Did you ever doubt yourself when you got turned down from these places? Jonas Salk: I would say evidently not. I was merely looking for opportunities. And it was the opportunity that came first. It was not a test of me. In some instances, I was aware that there was a tendency toward favoritism or discrimination. In some instances, antisemitism played a role. I always realized that was always a factor. In fact, I almost didn’t get into medical school because of quotas at that time. So, I was prepared for other eventualities. I was already prepared to go to graduate school to study endocrinology, for example, if I had not gone into medical school. It becomes necessary to be prepared for alternative paths. There may be a greater opportunity when something is denied. How prevalent was polio when you began your research? It’s hard for people growing up now to get a feeling for what the world was like then? Who was it striking? How was it spreading? Jonas Salk: Poliomyelitis struck first at infants. That was why it was initially called infantile paralysis. But as hygienic conditions improved, the virus spread in the population in a different way than it did when hygienic conditions were poor. When hygienic conditions were poor, many infants died of diarrheal diseases. In the course of the infection that was spread that way, perhaps by exposure to sewage and unclean environments, they would very likely acquire the poliomyelitis virus infection, which, if it occurred in the first six months of life, would protect them against paralysis because of maternal antibody. After maternal antibody was lost, and the infection was acquired after six months of life, then paralysis would ensue. So at first it was an infection that would occur within the first six months to a year of life, or two or three years of life. But as time went on and hygienic conditions improved, they were spared the infantile infection, but were exposed later when paralysis could occur. Many polio victims were forced to spend the rest of their lives in iron lung devices like these. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) By the time the early 1950s appeared, about 25 percent of paralytic cases occurred in those 21 years of age and older. In fact, Franklin Roosevelt, who was a president of the United States, was paralyzed at the age of 39. President Franklin Roosevelt, himself a victim of polio, meets with March of Dimes executive Basil O’Connor. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) And so at that time the age distribution had changed. It was a disease that was spread less by water supply or by exposure to fecal contamination. It was spread now more by pharyngeal spread, in the family context or amongst playmates – the secretions of the nose and throat. Because the virus would enter the blood stream, it would multiply in the intestines, enter the blood stream, and then it would enter into the nervous system, the spinal cord — paralyze — but it would also appear in the throat. And then, it could spread that way in schools, and amongst playmates. Well that’s how it was spread. As far as the incidence in the early 1950s — in the five years before the vaccine was available in ’55 — about 25,000 cases occurred annually. The highest incidence was over 50,000 cases in 1953, I think it was. And this gives you some measure of the concern because it would crop up anywhere, at any time, without any forewarning. How did the criticism affect you personally? Were you hurt by it, or did you just plow on? Jonas Salk: I just plowed on. Hurt? That’s one thing. Being deterred is another thing. And so, while we prefer to have an open path, one thing you learn in life is that there is no such thing as a free lunch. There’s no way that everyone is going to agree and particularly if you go against the main stream. Everyone at that time had their minds set on how they thought the problem ought to be dealt with, whether it was influenza or poliomyelitis or now even the work on AIDS. That’s a characteristic of what I like to call the “evolutionary process.” It’s unnerving to find that scientists who are bent on helping mankind get into these very bitter rivalries. Is that just a part of the field? Salk having a blood sample drawn in Pittsburgh, ca. 1954. (Courtesy of the family of Jonas Salk) Jonas Salk: The contradiction is in your assertion. You say these scientists have a bent to help mankind. That’s not what their objective is. If that was their objective, they might approach it somewhat differently. That is not necessarily the case. The motivation that drives us to do what we do is different in each instance. You begin to understand, from the effect it has produced, what is the person’s real motivation. There are two aspects to our pursuits. You have to deal with nature, as I do when I go into the laboratory and do an experiment, and you have to deal with the human side of nature, which concerns how colleagues or others will react. This is what piqued my curiosity early in life. It continues to pique my curiosity. That’s what I think of as the human dimension. It sounds like you have to develop a fairly thick skin in this field. Jonas Salk: You have to develop a thick skin in life. It’s not in this field only. You might think of the ideal of the scientists, the ivory tower, the idealist. That’s true of some. And, I wouldn’t guess as to what proportion. But there are some who are of that character, and there are some who are not. What comes to mind now, as I often think of this, it’s like a sea gull syndrome. I call them sea gull syndrome. When I walk on the beach, I see the sea gulls, going out and getting a fish or a piece of bread on the beach. And the others go after him, that one, rather than go get their own. And so, I see sometimes that if someone does something and gets credit for it, then there is this tendency to have this competitive response. You achieved your success early on, which probably created a lot of jealousy. Jonas Salk: Yes. I received an inordinate amount of attention and recognition, out of proportion to what was contributed scientifically. It came about altogether because of the relief from fear. It was a human response on the part of the public. But from the point of view of the scientific community, they would see it differently. That was an adverse side effect. But it also provided opportunities in other ways. These are the prices; one has to pay for the pluses as well as the minuses. How did you react to that instant world-hero status? Were there tragic aspects to your loss of anonymity? Jonas Salk: Yes, there were. I suddenly found myself being treated like a public figure, or a hero. I was no longer able to use my time altogether at my own discretion, but I made every effort to do so. And before not too long, things quieted down. From that point of view, it was a unique experience, not to be repeated again. It was not unlike the ending of a war, if you like. People often say they remember two things. They remember the polio episode and they remember Jack Kennedy’s assassination. That is how these two things associate in the minds of people. That was the mood of the country and the world at the time. I felt myself very much like someone in the eye of a hurricane because all this swirling was going on around me. It was at that moment that everything changed. It was Edward R. Murrow, the journalist and newscaster that said to me that evening, “Young man, a great tragedy has just befallen you.” I said, “What’s that, Ed?” He said, “You’ve just lost your anonymity.” Even today, there is debate about the vaccines. There was widespread use of Sabin’s vaccine, beginning in the ’60s, until very recently. As you know, it’s been proven to be the leading cause of polio in this country. Did the AMA (American Medical Association) make a mistake in endorsing Sabin’s vaccine? Elvis Presley receives the polio vaccine. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) Jonas Salk: Well, it’s a good way to put the question. The oral vaccine developed by Sabin is a live vaccine. That decision, that deliberate shift in policy, was made at a time when we already knew that the vaccine-associated cases were occurring, and I had a difficulty understanding the logic of that, I must say. Was that a wise decision? Should this simply have been allowed to proceed in a natural way without declaring any preference, and let nature take its course? If you look at the story in the Scandinavian countries, where the killed-virus vaccine was used, polio has been eradicated. Here we continue to have vaccine-associated polio, even though there are parts of the world, underdeveloped countries, where the live-virus vaccine is not working and the killed-virus vaccine is being used. In Israel, just recently, they decided to use the killed-vaccine first, followed by the live vaccine. I always find policies like that really political rather than scientific. They are using the killed vaccine to make the live vaccine safe. But do you need the live vaccine to make the killed vaccine effective? It’s clear now, from everything we know, that it is safer and more certain to vaccinate by injection than by mouth. I say it in that way to get away from “live” versus “killed.” If you give it by injection, then you know what you are putting in. You know the effect that it is going to have, whereas if you give it by mouth, you don’t know whether or not the virus is going to become activated in a pathogenic way, in the sense of causing the disease either in the recipients, or in contacts. We also know that in parts of the world where other viruses inhabit the intestinal tract, there are inhibitors that prevent the live virus vaccine from taking effect. Dr. Mulvaney administers the first vaccination. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) I predict that — in order to eradicate polio from the population so that you don’t have to immunize against polio anymore, because you have eliminated the virus from the natural reservoir — the killed virus vaccine will have to be used. It now is possible with fewer doses to produce uniform protection that is life-long. It wasn’t believed to be so by others; I knew it was. So many assertions were made to discredit the use of the inactive virus vaccine which had no basis in scientific reality. It’s another place that I learned about the human side of science, the human side of nature. I’ve learned a lot, not only about the immune system, but about human systems. I have come to appreciate how the evolutionary process works. I see evolution as error making and error correction. Whatever errors were made are going to be corrected. In my own judgment, if they had not taken that position at that time, polio would have been eradicated from the United States much sooner. In a matter of just a few years, the incidence of the disease was reduced by 95 percent. The remainder would have been taken care of simply with time. The idea of shifting from one preparation to another had reasons that were beyond the realm of science. How do you see the role of teamwork in science? You’ve certainly gone your own way and had tremendous courage in your personal convictions, but you can’t do it all yourself. How do you balance that? Jonas Salk with Dr. Bazely. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation) Jonas Salk: It was possible to do what I’ve done simply because others did see what I saw. You can have a team of unconventional thinkers, as well as conventional thinkers. If you don’t have the support of others you cannot achieve anything altogether on your own. It’s like a cry in the wilderness. In each instance there were others who could see the same thing, and there were others who could not. It’s an obvious difference we see in those who you might say have a bird’s eye view, and those who have a worm’s eye view. I’ve come to realize that we all have a different mind set, we all see things differently, and that’s what the human condition is really all about. Therefore, since whatever we do has to be part of a team, part of a community, we have to attempt to bring together those who have the same conviction, see the same things. Then it becomes a matter of time, when one or the other will prevail. Fortunately, there is all this diversity, and if not for that, problems would not be solved. If everyone saw things in a certain way, and it was the — quote– wrong way, it would not lead to the path of solution. If we were to study the anatomy of success, then a great deal would be learned about the human attributes are associated with success. I think a great deal about that. What are those attributes? Jonas Salk: Well, I play with words. And at the moment, for some time now, I’ve been playing with the words that distinguish between what I call “evolvers” and “maintainers of the status quo.” The evolvers are people who cause things to change. The maintainers of the status quo do everything to keep things from changing. And, there I see differences in perception, differences in vision, differences in interpretation, and differences in temperament, in personality. The number of evolvers are much fewer than the maintainers of the status quo. And, amongst the evolvers, there are some who are initiators, some who go along with what other people recognize to be new or different. I have come to associate the kind of success that you’re referring to, to individuals who have a combination of attributes that are often associated with creativity. In a way they are mutants, they’re different from others and they follow their own drummer. We know what that means. And, either you are like that or you’re not like that. If you are, then it would be well to recognize that there were others before you. And, people like that are not very happy or content, until they are allowed to express, or they can express what’s in them to express. We know what that means. Are we all like that? We are not like that. If you are, then it would be well to recognize that there were others before you. People like that are not very happy or content, until they are allowed to express what’s in them to express. It’s that driving force that I think is like the process of evolution working on us, and in us, and with us, and through us. That’s how we continue on, and will improve our lot in life, solve the problems that arise partly out of necessity, partly out of this drive to improve. What role does instinct play in decision-making? Has your gut ever sent you in a surprising direction? Jonas Salk: I call that intuition. My last book is called The Anatomy of Reality; the subtitle is The Merging of Intuition and Reason. Reason alone will not serve. Intuition alone can be improved by reason, but reason alone without intuition can easily lead the wrong way. The both are necessary. The way I like to put it is that I might have an intuition about something, I send it over to the reason department. Then after I’ve checked it out in the reason department, I send it back to the intuition department to make sure that it’s still all right. For myself, that’s how my mind works, and that’s how I work. That’s why I think that there is both an art and a science to what we do. The art of science is as important as so-called technical science. You need both. It’s this combination that must be recognized and acknowledged and valued. Courtyard of the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California. (Courtesy of the Salk Institute) What led you to make the tremendous investment of time in founding your own institute here in San Diego? Jonas Salk: It was not founding my own institute, just to put it into perspective. In the mid-’50s, soon after the work on polio was done, I put it then, “All of the problems of man would not be solved in the laboratory.” Which was another way of saying that there is a human dimension to science. From what you’ve already heard, or what we’ve already talked about, you gather that I’ve had experiences that led me to that strong conviction. I also saw the need for fundamental studies in biology to help give us the basic background on which to understand about the problems of cancer, for example, or autoimmune disease. Eventually I knew that the neurosciences were going to be terribly important. I also recognized that it would be necessary to address the human dimension as well, appreciating how much more morbidity and mortality is associated with war, with crime, drug abuse and so forth. And so, I thought that it would be well to consider establishing an institution that would be concerned not merely with nature, but with the human side of nature, not only with the molecular, cellular dimension, but what I call the human dimension. I thought if such individuals were to work together in the same context that we would begin to understand a great deal more, much more about these different realms by their commingling. This is a unique institution in that regard, is it not? Jonas Salk on the site of the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, ca. 1961. (Courtesy of Bessie Wood.) Jonas Salk: It’s a unique idea. And it was an idea that was articulated before its time. But now, it is so obvious that this is what’s needed, that others are moving ahead in this respect. The institute has not addressed the human dimension directly, in the work it is doing at the present time, although it did in the beginning. But that will probably change. However, that was addressed in the establishment of the institute and the creation of this marvelous architectural setting, where people could do scientific work in a work of art, to see what would happen if you set up what I call a crucible for creativity. It was set up on the basis of an evolutionary philosophy, acknowledging that it would be here long into the future. It was designed to invite change both structurally and in the laboratories and spaces, and also organizationally, and in subject matter. So, without my being conscious of what I was doing, intuitively I was expressing something that might be thought of more in the realm of a work of art, which I attempted to do in a scientific and rational way as well. The institute has been quite successful, in its way. I think it will be successful in other ways in the future if this philosophy continues to prevail. When I attempted to do what I did, people questioned it, and said, “Scientists work in laboratories, they look into microscopes, they work in basements.” And I said, “Yes that’s true. I did all that myself but I want to see what happens if you do the experiment the other way. How will we know what might happen, unless we try? That was part of the motivation. I also felt the need myself to lead a double life, because of my dual interests in nature and the human side of nature. I see myself as having some artistic and philosophical inclinations. And I tried to create a place for people like myself. I didn’t find too many who fit those specifications, but a great many who liked being here, and who I think have been strongly influenced by the interactions that take place. It’s only 30 years now since the institution began. It’s still rather young in a long future, and all that will be revealed in time. You certainly have attracted many of the greatest scientific minds of the time here. Jonas Salk: Yes, but I would say that was part of the design. I was looking for people of size, of quality. The selection process at the beginning I was hoping would continue. That’s how nature works, you might say, through the process of natural selection. Well, this process of selection is also part of natural selection. What mystery would you most like to crack now? What would you most like to accomplish? Jonas Salk: Apart from the work that we are doing on AIDS, what’s of greatest interest to me now is an idea that I have written about and continue to pursue — the idea of what I call “universal evolution.” I see ourselves as the product of the process of evolution, and we become the process itself. I see the continuity from what appears to be the beginning of time, when pre-biological evolution took place, and biological evolution, and then when the human mind came upon the scene and the emergence of ideas — accumulative genes, which I see as manifestations of the process of evolution at work on the gray matter. I am interested in a phase that I think we are entering. I call it “teleological evolution,” evolution with a purpose. The idea of evolution by design, designing the future, anticipating the future. I think of the need for more wisdom in the world, to deal with the knowledge that we have. At one time we had wisdom, but little knowledge. Now we have a great deal of knowledge, but do we have enough wisdom to deal with that knowledge? I define wisdom as the capacity to make retrospective judgments prospectively. I think these are human qualities, human attributes that need to be brought out, need to be drawn upon, need to be valued. How do you do that? Jonas Salk: I think it happens by experience, by example, by recognition that we have these qualities and attributes. They have to be there to be activated. You can’t put them in; it would require the equivalent to genetic engineering. What you see in living systems, and in genetic systems, is that the genes are already there, having arisen in the course of time, and when they are needed they become activated. If they had to be invented, the time would be too late. By the same token, I think that the people who are needed to help guide the future already exist. They simply need to recognize this in themselves, react to the opportunities that prevail, and also be valued and be encouraged. It’s that very large, and as yet amorphous, rung that is of interest to me. I hope to articulate this, and see to what extent it makes sense to others as well. Dr. Jonas Salk receives the Medal of Freedom from President Carter and Vice President Mondale. (UPI/Bettmann) Medically speaking, what do you see as the great frontier for the next generation? Jonas Salk: To tell you the truth, I think the next great frontier is going to be the recognition and understanding of how the brain works. To develop, to cultivate, to maintain what I call “gray matter.” We’ve been focusing on the molecular and cellular events of the genetic system, the immune system, the nervous system and the brain. It’s that function of the brain that we associate with. I use the term “gray matter” simply to focus attention on the need to understand how our minds work, and how we can use our minds to better advantage for enhancing health, for enhancing the positive and reducing the negative. I could speak about the advances that you could expect in surgery, or the advances in genetic engineering, and the capacity to develop new vaccines, and ways of regulating the immune system, and about the hormones and peptides, and other reagents that can be used for improving brain function. But what concerns me most is how human beings behave. If you stop and think about that, this is perhaps the most critically important consideration. Not only for how we behave in the world and in relation to each other, but from a medical point of view, in terms of individual health and well-being. The responsibility we take for our own lives, whether it’s that of a drug user, or of one who is at high risk of developing HIV or AIDS, or any other consideration that requires wisdom. It’s in the human dimension, as distinct from the molecular-cellular, if I could make this contrast, trying to understand the whole, which is far greater than the sum of the parts. That is where I sense the need for a new kind of mind, for individuals who are integrators, as distinct from the reductionists, or reductionists who could integrate as well. These sound like people in the evolver category. Jonas Salk: Indeed. That’s why I’m likely to call this next book The Evolvers, to help people recognize these qualities and characteristics which they possess naturally. What personal characteristics do you think are most important for success in any field? Jonas Salk: The first thing I would like to point out is that each of us have a different purpose that we have to serve in the evolutionary scheme of things. We are not all equally endowed to do everything. When I speak about teleological evolution, I speak about the idea of “telos,” purpose. Socrates said, “Know thyself,” meaning, “Know what is the purpose of life that you are inclined to serve, that you are drawn to. Do what makes your heart leap rather than simply follow some style or fashion”. Not everyone can or should be a scientists. Not everyone can or should be any one thing. People need to know what kind of purpose they can serve. It’s necessary to have a purpose in life. I would say that those who eventually end up taking drugs, that becomes their purpose, in an absence of any other purpose. So number one is to have a purpose. It can be different at different times in your life, as I see in my own life. Take good care of that purpose. Let that be your guide. This requires respecting our own individuality, our own uniqueness and that of others. The idea of being constructive, creative, positive, in trying to bring out the best in one’s own self and the best in others follows from what I’ve just been saying. Again, I repeat my belief in us, in ourselves, as the product of the process of evolution, and part of the process itself. I think of evolution as an error-making and error-correcting process, and we are constantly learning from experience. It’s the need to dedicate one’s self in that way, to one’s own self, and to choose an activity or life that is of value not only to yourself, but to others as well. Some of your children are pursuing scientific research. Jonas Salk with children and grandchildren in La Jolla, 1989. (Courtesy of the family of Jonas Salk.) Jonas Salk: My three sons studied medicine. They are each doing something different with the background that they acquired. I am not practicing medicine, neither are they, but each of them is doing something that is connected with medicine. The one who comes closest to seeing patients is the youngest son, who is a psychiatrist. The other two are doing different things in research in one way or another. You must be quite proud. Jonas Salk: I’m pleased with them because they made these choices on their own. I tried to discourage them from going into medicine because I felt that it might not be the easiest way for them to express themselves individually. But they chose to do so. We have published work together, papers and books, and this relationship continues. You have created this work of art in which some of the great scientists of the world come to work, and I can’t help connecting that to the fact that you are married to a very fine artist. How has that bond affected your work? Jonas Salk: My marriage to Françoise has been extremely rewarding. It provides the kind of human experience with someone who is a very highly evolved person, with many dimensions, and it’s not only her artistic qualities, but her qualities as a human being and as a powerful intellect. That has been one of the great good fortunes in my life and my career. Just outside the door, there is a montage that I just hung yesterday that was made by her to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Institute. It will be a limited edition that we have made available which will be used for fund raising. It’s interesting to see how she has incorporated the double helix and structures of fourteen molecules in this marvelous work of art. It’s been a very integrating experience to be able to blend your life with a person who has the qualities of both a powerful intellect and a magnificent artist, wonderful writer. Has it been difficult to balance the personal side of life with the tremendous drive of your professional side? Jonas Salk: My life is pretty well at peace, and the profession is more of an avocation. It’s a calling, if you like, rather than a job. I do what I feel impelled to do, as an artist would. Scientists function in the same way. I see all these as creative activities, as all part of the process of discovery. Perhaps that’s one of the characteristics of what I call the evolvers, any subset of the population who keep things moving in a positive, creative, constructive way, revealing the truth and beauty that exists in life and in nature. You see a very clear connection between science and art, because you are seeing patterns and designs in a creative way that no one has seen before. Jonas Salk: Oh, yes. That’s why Françoise dedicated one of her books: “To Jonas, who possesses the art of science.” And one of my books I dedicated to her, as someone who illuminates all life. As I said earlier, each individual has their own telos. Each of us has an art in us, which is what we should express, practice. What problem confronting society worries you the most right now? Jonas Salk: I would say man’s inhumanity to man. I think that this will require a bit longer in the evolutionary process, for the more humane aspects and attributes of human beings to be expressed, and the less humane to be suppressed, or not encouraged. We are our own worst enemy in that sense, and unless we cope with greed, inhumanity, and find a way to reduce those qualities and attributes and enhance the more positive, we will be fighting a losing battle. But I have the impression from the young people that I see that we may be seeing the flowering of humanity in that respect. I see weeds and flowers. I think of it in those terms, and we have to discriminate and distinguish between the two, to recognize and encourage those human qualities and attributes that are the more positive. I judge things from an evolutionary perspective — “How does this serve and contribute to the process of our own evolution?” — rather than think of good and evil in moral terms. I see the triumph of good over evil as a manifestation of the error-correcting process of evolution. It is an attempt to get some distance from whence we have come and recognize that as we move into the future, it becomes necessary for us to think the way nature thinks. That’s why I speak about universal evolution and teleological evolution, because I think the process of evolution reflects the wisdom of nature. I see the need for wisdom to become operative. We need to try to put all of these things together in what I call an evolutionary philosophy of our time. Bless you for all you’ve done, and all you will do. Thank you.

Poliomyelitis

Which of London's four airports is the only one to be connected to the city Underground system?

Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin | Chemical Heritage Foundation Search Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin In the 1950s Salk and Sabin developed separate vaccines—one from killed virus and the other from live virus—to combat the dreaded disease polio. Home / Learn / Historical Biographies Jonas Salk became a national hero when he allayed the fear of polio with his vaccine, approved in 1955. Although it was the first polio vaccine, it was not to be the last; Albert Sabin introduced an oral vaccine in the 1960s that replaced Salk’s.   Polio Season In the first half of the 20th century, summer was a dreaded time for children. Although they could enjoy the long days of unfettered play, summer was also known as “polio season.” Children were among the most susceptible to paralytic poliomyelitis (also known as infantile paralysis), a disease that affects the central nervous system and can result in paralysis. When exposed to a poliovirus in the first months of life, infants usually manifested only mild symptoms because they were protected from paralysis by maternal antibodies still present in their bodies. However, as hygienic conditions improved and fewer newborns were exposed to the virus (which is present in human sewage), paralytic poliomyelitis began to appear in older children and adults who did not have an infant’s benefit of immunity. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is perhaps the most famous victim of the poliovirus. In 1921, at the age of 39, he contracted the disease, one of the thousands that were afflicted that year. The Vaccines In the early 1950s, 25,000 to 50,000 new cases of polio occurred each year. Jonas Salk (1914–1995) became a national hero when he allayed the fear of the dreaded disease with his polio vaccine, approved in 1955. Although it was the first polio vaccine, it was not to be the last; Albert Bruce Sabin (1906–1993) introduced an oral vaccine in the United States in the 1960s that replaced Salk’s. Although the disease was finally brought under control because of these vaccines, the science behind them fired debate that continues to this day. Courtesy Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Collection, 1953–2005, UA.90.F89, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh. Salk’s Education and Work on Influenza Jonas Salk was born in New York City, his parents’ eldest son. His mother was a Russian Jewish immigrant and his father the son of Jewish immigrants. Salk was encouraged throughout his youth to succeed academically. He graduated from high school at the age of 15 and then entered the City College of New York. Although he originally intended to pursue law, he became interested in medicine and altered his career path, graduating with a degree in science in 1933. At 19 Salk enrolled in the New York University School of Medicine. His intention was not to practice medicine, however; he wanted to be a medical researcher. Toward the end of his medical education he began to work with Thomas Francis Jr., who was to be his mentor for many years. Salk received his MD in 1939 and, after completing his internship at Mt. Sinai Hospital, accepted a National Research Council fellowship to work at the University of Michigan. There he rejoined Francis (who had since moved to Michigan) and spent six years researching the influenzavirus and developing a flu vaccine, work largely supported by the U.S. Army. The vaccine that they ultimately developed in 1943 was a killed-virus vaccine: it contained a formalin-killed strain of the influenzavirus that could not cause the disease but did induce antibodies able to ward off future viral attacks. Francis and Salk were among the pioneers of killed-virus vaccines. Up to that time attenuated (weakened) live viruses were used to produce vaccines. The Virus Research Laboratory and Poliovirus In 1947 Salk accepted a position at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine to establish a Virus Research Laboratory. He devoted his efforts to creating a first-class research environment and to publishing scientific papers on a variety of topics, including poliovirus. His work drew the attention of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now the March of Dimes), and he was invited to participate in a research program sponsored by the foundation. He agreed and took up his assignment of typing polioviruses. The “Killed-Virus” Principle In 1951 the National Foundation typing program confirmed that there were three types of poliovirus. By that time Salk was convinced that the same “killed-virus” principle he had used to develop an influenza vaccine would work for polio. He also believed that it would be less dangerous than a live vaccine: if the vaccine contained only dead virus, then it could not accidentally cause polio in those inoculated. One difficulty, however, was that large quantities of poliovirus were needed to produce a killed-virus vaccine because a killed virus will not grow in the body after administration the way a live virus will. In 1949 John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins had discovered that poliovirus could be grown in laboratory tissue cultures of non-nerve tissue (earning them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954). The work of Enders and his colleagues paved the way for Salk, for it provided a method of growing the virus without injecting live monkeys. Salk developed methods for growing large quantities of the three types of polioviruses on cultures of monkey kidney cells. He then killed the viruses with formaldehyde. When injected into monkeys, the vaccine protected them against paralytic poliomyelitis. In 1952 Salk began testing the vaccine in humans, starting with children who had already been infected with the virus. He measured their antibody levels before vaccination and then was excited to see that the levels had been raised significantly by the vaccine.  Jonas Salk and a nurse administering the vaccine. Courtesy Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Collection, 1953–2005, UA.90.F89, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh. Field Trials In 1954 a massive controlled field trial was launched, sponsored by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. Almost two million U.S. children between the ages of six and nine participated. In some areas of the country half of these “Polio Pioneers” received the vaccine, while half received a placebo. In other areas of the country children who did not receive any vaccine were carefully observed. On April 12, 1955, Thomas Francis, Salk’s mentor and the director of the trial, reported that the vaccine was safe, potent, and 90% effective in protecting against paralytic poliomyelitis. In order to conduct these massive trials Salk’s vaccine needed to be produced on a large scale. Accomplishing this required the assistance of the pharmaceutical industry, and well-known companies like Eli Lilly and Company, Wyeth Laboratories, and Parke, Davis and Company agreed to make the new vaccine. Sabin’s Path to Polio Research In the meantime a live-virus vaccine for polio was being developed by Albert Sabin. Sabin, like many scientists of the time, believed that only a living virus would be able to guarantee immunity for an extended period. Sabin was born in 1906 in Bialystok, Russia (now part of Poland). At the age of 15 he emigrated with his family to the United States. After Sabin graduated from high school in Paterson, New Jersey, his uncle agreed to finance his college education, provided that Sabin studied dentistry. After two years preparing for dentistry at New York University, Sabin switched to medicine, having developed an interest in virology. In doing so he lost his financial support, but odd jobs and scholarships enabled him to continue his education. Sabin received his BS in 1928 and afterward enrolled in the New York University College of Medicine. While at medical school Sabin spent time researching pneumonia, developing an accurate and efficient method of determining its cause in individual cases—either pneumococcus or virus. He received his MD in 1931 and, after completing his internship, traveled to the Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine in London to conduct research. A year later he returned to the United States, having accepted a fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. There Sabin developed an interest in poliovirus. In 1936 he and a colleague were able to grow poliovirus in brain tissue from a human embryo. During World War II, Sabin left his polio research to serve in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. There he investigated other diseases like insect-borne encephalitis and dengue, working on vaccines for both. Sabin’s Live-Virus Vaccine After the war Sabin accepted a position at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine as a professor of research pediatrics. He then was able to return to his polio studies. To learn as much as possible about the disease, he and his colleagues performed autopsies on everyone within 400 miles of Cincinnati who had died of polio. These autopsies indicated that poliovirus affected both the intestinal tract and the central nervous system. From this finding Sabin was able to prove that polio first attacked the intestinal tract before moving on to nerve tissue. This discovery suggested that the virus could be grown in non-nerve tissue, a feat later accomplished in tissue culture by the Nobel laureates Enders, Weller, and Robbins. Growing poliovirus in non-nerve tissue culture was more practical than Sabin’s previous achievement of growing it in brain tissue from embryos. Around the same time that Salk began his work on a killed-virus vaccine, Sabin began work on an attenuated live-virus vaccine. Sabin felt that an oral vaccine would be superior to an injection, as it would be easier to administer. He began to grow and test many virus strains in animals and tissue cultures and eventually found three mutant strains of the virus that appeared to stimulate antibody production without causing paralysis. Sabin then tested these strains on humans: his subjects included himself and his family, research associates, and prisoners from the nearby Chillicothe Penitentiary.  sabin.jpg Albert Sabin demonstrates how the oral vaccine for polio is given to children. Courtesy Hauck Center for the Albert B. Sabin Archives, Henry R. Winkler Center for the History of the Health Professions, University of Cincinnati. Testing the Live-Virus Vaccine Because Salk’s vaccine was being used successfully in the United States, Sabin was not able to get support for a large-scale, controlled field trial like the trial of Salk’s vaccine. In 1957 Sabin convinced the Soviet Union’s Health Ministry to conduct field studies with his vaccine. After the Soviet trial succeeded in 1960, the U.S. Public Health Service approved the vaccine in 1961 for manufacture in the United States, and the World Health Organization (WHO) began to use live-virus vaccine produced in the USSR. Success and Polio Eradication In the late 1950s Sabin entered into an agreement with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to produce his live-virus vaccine. He presented Pfizer with the master strains of the virus, and the company began to perfect its production technique in its British facilities. Sabin’s live-virus, oral polio vaccine (administered in drops or on a sugar cube) soon replaced Salk’s killed-virus, injectable vaccine in many parts of the world. In 1994 the WHO declared that naturally occurring poliovirus had been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere owing to repeated mass immunization campaigns with the Sabin vaccine in Central and South America. The only occurrences of paralytic poliomyelitis in the West after this time were the few cases caused by the live-virus vaccine itself. Live-Virus versus Killed-Virus Controversy During his lifetime Sabin staunchly defended his live-virus vaccine, refusing to believe any evidence that it could cause paralytic poliomyelitis. Salk, for his part, believed that killed-virus vaccine produced equivalent protection in individuals and in communities without any risk for causing paralysis. Despite Sabin’s belief, the risk for paralysis from the live-virus vaccine does exist, although it is slight. In 1999 a federal advisory panel recommended that the United States return to Salk’s vaccine because it cannot accidentally cause polio. On the basis of a decade of additional evidence, this recommendation was reconfirmed in 2009. Later Research Although he was the first to produce a polio vaccine, Salk did not win the Nobel Prize or become a member of the National Academy of Sciences. An object of public adulation because of his pioneering work, he spent his life trying to avoid the limelight but nevertheless endured the animosity of many of his colleagues who saw him as a “publicity hound.” In 1962 he founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, an enterprise initially funded with support from the March of Dimes. Salk’s own research continued, most significantly on multiple sclerosis, cancer, and AIDS. Salk spent the later years of his life committed to developing a killed-virus vaccine to prevent the development of AIDS in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Sabin, too, continued his work and held a series of influential positions at such organizations as the Weizmann Institute of Science, the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and the National Institutes of Health. The information contained in this biography was last updated on July 21, 2015.

i don't know

Who constructed the world's first laser?

The first laser The first laser from A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, editors When the first working laser was reported in 1960, it was described as "a solution looking for a problem." But before long the laser's distinctive qualities—its ability to generate an intense, very narrow beam of light of a single wavelength—were being harnessed for science, technology and medicine. Today, lasers are everywhere: from research laboratories at the cutting edge of quantum physics to medical clinics, supermarket checkouts and the telephone network. Theodore Maiman made the first laser operate on 16 May 1960 at the Hughes Research Laboratory in California, by shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces. He promptly submitted a short report of the work to the journal Physical Review Letters, but the editors turned it down. Some have thought this was because the Physical Review had announced that it was receiving too many papers on masers—the longer-wavelength predecessors of the laser—and had announced that any further papers would be turned down. But Simon Pasternack, who was an editor of Physical Review Letters at the time, has said that he turned down this historic paper because Maiman had just published, in June 1960, an article on the excitation of ruby with light, with an examination of the relaxation times between quantum states, and that the new work seemed to be simply more of the same. Pasternack's reaction perhaps reflects the limited understanding at the time of the nature of lasers and their significance. Eager to get his work quickly into publication, Maiman then turned to Nature, usually even more selective than Physical Review Letters, where the paper was better received and published on 6 August. With official publication of Maiman's first laser under way, the Hughes Research Laboratory made the first public announcement to the news media on 7 July 1960. This created quite a stir, with front-page newspaper discussions of possible death rays, but also some skepticism among scientists, who were not yet able to see the careful and logically complete Nature paper. Another source of doubt came from the fact that Maiman did not report having seen a bright beam of light, which was the expected characteristic of a laser. I myself asked several of the Hughes group whether they had seen a bright beam, which surprisingly they had not. Maiman's experiment was not set up to allow a simple beam to come out of it, but he analyzed the spectrum of light emitted and found a marked narrowing of the range of frequencies that it contained. This was just what had been predicted by the theoretical paper on optical masers (or lasers) by Art Schawlow and myself, and had been seen in the masers that produced the longer-wavelength microwave radiation. This evidence, presented in figure 2 of Maiman's Nature paper, was definite proof of laser action. Shortly afterward, both in Maiman's laboratory at Hughes and in Schawlow's at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, bright red spots from ruby laser beams hitting the laboratory wall were seen and admired. Maiman's laser had several aspects not considered in our theoretical paper, nor discussed by others before the ruby demonstration. First, Maiman used a pulsed light source, lasting only a few milliseconds, to excite (or "pump") the ruby. The laser thus produced only a short flash of light rather than a continuous wave, but because substantial energy was released during a short time, it provided much more power than had been envisaged in most of the earlier discussions. Before long, a technique known as "Q switching" was introduced at the Hughes Laboratory, shortening the pulse of laser light still further and increasing the instantaneous power to millions of watts and beyond. Lasers now have powers as high as a million billion (10 15 ) watts! The high intensity of pulsed laser light allowed a wide range of new types of experiment, and launched the now-burgeoning field of nonlinear optics. Nonlinear interactions between light and matter allow the frequency of light to be doubled or tripled, so for example an intense red laser can be used to produce green light. I had a busy job in Washington at the time when various groups were trying to make the earliest lasers. But I was also supervising graduate students at Columbia University who were trying to make continuously pumped infrared lasers. Shortly after the ruby laser came out I advised them to stop this work and instead capitalize on the power of the new ruby laser to do an experiment on two-photon excitation of atoms. This was one of the early experiments in nonlinear optics, and two-photon excitation is now widely used to study atoms and molecules. Lasers work by adding energy to atoms or molecules, so that there are more in a high-energy ("excited") state than in some lower-energy state; this is known as a "population inversion." When this occurs, light waves passing through the material stimulate more radiation from the excited states than they lose by absorption due to atoms or molecules in the lower state. This "stimulated emission" is the basis of masers (whose name stands for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") and lasers (the same, but for light instead of microwaves). Before Maiman's paper, ruby had been widely used for masers, which produce waves at microwave frequencies, and had also been considered for lasers producing infrared or visible light waves. But the second surprising feature of Maiman's laser, in addition to the pulsed source, was that he was able to empty the lowest-energy ("ground") state of ruby enough so that stimulated emission could occur from an excited to the ground state. This was unexpected. In fact, Schawlow, who had worked on ruby, had publicly commented that transitions involving the ground state of ruby would not be suitable for lasers because it would be difficult to empty adequately. He recommended a different transition in ruby, which was indeed made to work, but only after Maiman's success. Maiman, who had been carefully studying the relaxation times of excited states of ruby, came to the conclusion that the ground state might be sufficiently emptied by a flash lamp to provide laser action—and it worked. The ruby laser was used in many early spectacular experiments. One amusing one, in 1969, sent a light beam to the Moon, where it was reflected back from a retro-reflector placed on the Moon's surface by astronauts in the U.S. Apollo program. The round-trip travel time of the pulse provided a measurement of the distance to the Moon. Later, ruby laser beams sent out and received by telescopes measured distances to the Moon with a precision of about three centimeters—a great use of the ruby laser's short pulses. When the first laser appeared, scientists and engineers were not really prepared for it. Many people said to me—partly as a joke but also as a challenge—that the laser was "a solution looking for a problem." But by bringing together optics and electronics, lasers opened up vast new fields of science and technology. And many different laser types and applications came along quite soon. At IBM's research laboratories in Yorktown Heights, New York, Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson demonstrated two lasers that used techniques similar to Maiman's but with calcium fluoride, instead of ruby, as the lasing substance. Following that—and still in 1960—was the very important helium-neon laser of Ali Javan, William Bennett, and Donald Herriott at Bell Laboratories. This produced continuous radiation at low power but with a very pure frequency and the narrowest possible beam. Then came semiconductor lasers, first made to operate in 1962 by Robert Hall and his associates at the General Electric laboratories in Schenectady, New York. Semiconductor lasers now involve many different materials and forms, can be quite small and inexpensive, and are by far the most common type of laser. They are used, for example, in supermarket bar-code readers, in optical-fiber communications, and in laser pointers. By now, lasers come in countless varieties. They include the "edible" laser, made as a joke by Schawlow out of flavored gelatin (but not in fact eaten because of the dye that was used to color it), and its companion the "drinkable" laser, made of an alcoholic mixture at Eastman Kodak's laboratories in Rochester, New York. Natural lasers have now been found in astronomical objects; for example, infrared light is amplified by carbon dioxide in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, excited by solar radiation, and intense radiation from stars stimulates laser action in hydrogen atoms in circumstellar gas clouds. This raises the question: why weren't lasers invented long ago, perhaps by 1930 when all the necessary physics was already understood, at least by some people? What other important phenomena are we blindly missing today? Maiman's paper is so short, and has so many powerful ramifications, that I believe it might be considered the most important per word of any of the wonderful papers in Nature over the past century. Lasers today produce much higher power densities than were previously possible, more precise measurements of distances, gentle ways of picking up and moving small objects such as individual microorganisms, the lowest temperatures ever achieved, new kinds of electronics and optics, and many billions of dollars worth of new industries. The U.S. National Academy of Engineering has chosen the combination of lasers and fiber optics—which has revolutionized communications—as one of the twenty most important engineering developments of the twentieth century. Personally, I am particularly pleased with lasers as invaluable medical tools (for example, in laser eye surgery), and as scientific instruments—I use them now to make observations in astronomy. And there are already at least ten Nobel Prize winners whose work was made possible by lasers. There have been great and good developments since Ted Maiman, probably a bit desperately, mailed off a short paper on what was then a somewhat obscure subject, hoping to get it published quickly in Nature. Fortunately, Nature's editors accepted it, and the rest is history. Copyright notice: Excerpted from pages 107-12 of A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World edited by Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, published by the University of Chicago Press. ©2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. This text may be used and shared in accordance with the fair-use provisions of U.S. copyright law, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic form, provided that this entire notice, including copyright information, is carried and provided that the University of Chicago Press is notified and no fee is charged for access. Archiving, redistribution, or republication of this text on other terms, in any medium, requires the consent of the University of Chicago Press and of the author. Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, editors

Theodore Harold Maiman

Which Wisconsin salesman developed a safety razor in 1901?

LaserFest | Early History Early History Early History Theory In 1917, Einstein laid the foundation for the laser when he introduced the concept of stimulated emission; where a photon interacts with an excited molecule or atom and causes the emission of a second photon having the same frequency, phase, polarization and direction. The acronym LASER stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". The First Laser Dr. Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, with the first working laser. Photo Credit: HRL Laboratories, LLC Theodore Maiman developed the first working laser at Hughes Research Lab in 1960, and his paper describing the operation of the first laser was published in Nature three months later. Since then, more than 55,000 patents involving the laser have been granted in the United States. Today's laser and all of its applications are the result of not one individual's efforts, but the work of a number of prestigious scientists and engineers who were leaders in optics and photonics over the course of history. These include such great minds as Charles Townes at Columbia University, who developed the maser, the precursor to the laser, and Arthur Schawlow at Bell Laboratories, who along with Townes published a key theoretical paper in 1958 that helped lead to the lasers development and who jointly were awarded the first laser patent in 1960. Maiman's early laser used a powerful energy source to excite atoms in a synthetic ruby to higher energy levels. At a specific energy level, some atoms emitted particles of light called photons. These newly created photons struck other atoms, rapidly stimulating the emission of more identical photons and amplifying the light intensity. Maiman was able to continue this process of stimulated emission and amplification by placing a completely reflecting silver mirror on one end of the model and a partially reflecting silver mirror on the other. This setup enabled photons to bounce back and forth between the mirrors until they gained enough intensity to burst through the partially silvered end as a powerful, coherent, beam of light--what you can today find on the end of a laser pointer. The 1950's The Maser A predecessor of the laser, called the MASER, for "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", was independently developed in 1954 at Columbia University by Charles Townes and Jim Gordon and in Russia by Nicolay Basov and Alexsandr Prokhorov. These ammonia masers were two-energy-level gaseous systems that could continuously sustain a population inversion and oscillation. In 1956 Nicolaas Bloembergen proposed a three-level solid state maser at Harvard, demonstrated by researchers at Bell Labs that same year. Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow Laser Beginnings Soon after the maser, Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes began thinking about ways to make infrared or visible light masers. In 1957 Schawlow and Townes constructed an optical cavity by placing two highly reflecting mirrors parallel to each other, and positioning the amplifying medium in between. In 1958, they published a seminal Physical Review paper on their findings and submitted a patent application for the so-called optical maser. The lengthy Physical Review article was widely read in the United States, and generated considerable interest among other researchers, especially experimentalists who attempted to build the first laser. Although the paper rightfully gave Schawlow and Townes recognition as having invented the laser, several others independently came up with the same "open cavity" concept, including Gordon Gould, a graduate student at Columbia University. Gould was also the first to publically use the term laser, for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation" at the June 1959 Ann Arbor Optical Pumping Conference. Laser Patent War Gould filed a laser patent in April 1959 but this was denied by the US Patent Office in favor of the Schawlow and Townes optical maser patent (awarded 1960). This led to what is often called the "Thirty Year Patent War", with Gould eventually winning 48 patents many years later for commercially valuable aspects of lasers including optical pumping and specific applications. More Laser History The 1960's Race to Build the Laser After the Schawlow-Townes Physical Review paper was published in 1958, a furious competition ensued to build the first working laser involving institutions such as Bell Labs, Hughes Research Labs, RCA Labs, Lincoln Labs, IBM, Westinghouse, and Siemens. Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Labs realized that high gain pulsed oscillation could be achieved in ruby by optically pumping with commercial flash lamps, and in May 1960 demonstrated the first working laser. This laser was so easy to build that within weeks several other groups duplicated the achievement. Nobel Prize In 1964, Townes shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Prokhorov and Basov of the Lebedev Institute in Moscow, for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle." The 1970's The first widely recognized application of the laser appeared in 1974, with the introduction of bar code scanners, following the invention of the laser printer three years earlier, in 1971. The 1980's Arthur Schawlow and Nicolaas Bloembergen are jointly awarded one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for their "contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy." The other half is awarded to Kai M. Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.

i don't know

In which country were Daewoo cars originally produced?

GM Daewoo GM Daewoo Headquarters and R&D center: Bupyung Main plants: Bupyung (Gentra, Tosca, Windstorm), Gunsan (Lacetti), Changwon (Matiz). Sales figures 2010: 1,842,374 units* (domestic sale: 125,730 units) 2007: 1,886,632 units* 2004: 900,000 units 2003: 580,000 units * A large number of cars produced were badged as Chevrolet, Pontiac, Holden and Buick for export. Introduction GM Daewoo is increasingly important to the fortune of GM. Previously it was seen as a cheap source of small cars feeding North America and Europe. Now with increased investment upping its R&D and design capability, Korea has become the leading engineering center for developing its global small car platform, Delta. GM Korea's designs are extensively used in overseas market - as Chevrolet in America, as Chevrolet / Opel / Vauxhall in Europe, as Holden in Australia and Chevrolet / Buick in China. Previously, Suzuki also sold rebadged Leganza in the US market in order to fill its vacancy in mid-size cars. As a result, it acquired minority stakes in GM Daewoo. Note: since Jan 2011, GM Daewoo becomes GM Korea and the Daewoo brand gives way to Chevrolet. Following its full integration into GM, it would be meaningless to continue updating this page. From now on related information will be reported on the GM page instead. Brief History The story of Daewoo began with General Motors. In order to enter the Korea market, GM established GM Korea in 1972 as a joint-venture with Shinjin (a small Korean car maker previously partnered with Toyota). 6 years later, majority stakes were sold to local industrial giant Daewoo group, thus the company was rename to Daewoo. However, GM still controlled the development of its cars. Daewoo did not really involve much its new car development because GM could always find some outdated designs from its backyard - for example, Opel Kadett became Daewoo Le Mans / Racer. This car was also rebadged as Pontiac for sale in North America as GM wanted to make use of its cost advantage to fight against Japanese cars. The project gave Daewoo the first taste of large volume export as well as a modern assembly plant with annual capacity of 170,000 units. GM quit in 1992 as it sold the remaining stakes to Daewoo group. As the US influence withdrew, Daewoo started developing its own cars. That called for hunting ex-Porsche engineer Ulrich Bez to head its engineering operation, setting up R&D centers in Europe and subcontracting development jobs to overseas consultants. Besides, Italian design houses were employed to style its new cars. The result was a trio of new models, Lanos, Nubira and Leganza, all launched in 1997. Next year arrived its smallest car, Matiz, designed by Giugiaro based on a proposal abandoned by FIAT Punto. Daewoo also established a  joint-venture in Poland with FSO to produce Matiz for European market.   Matiz (1998) The Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 hit South Korea hard. Many companies went burst because of their high debt level resulted from over-expansion in the last few years. Daewoo received the SUV maker Ssangyong in 1998, but this ownership lasted for less than two years, because Daewoo itself also went into bankruptcy in 2000. It wasn't too bad indeed. Operated under creditor banks, Daewoo kept production as usual and even introduced some decent new models - Kalos, new generation Lanos, Nubira and Lacetti. In 2002, GM came back and bought the majority assets of Daewoo. The company was renamed to GM Daewoo. GM also invested to upgrade its R&D and quality control, improving its product lineup. As Daewoo had poor quality image overseas, its cars were rebadged as Chevrolet for the American and European market and sold as Holden in Australia. In the latter half of 2000s, GM built its Korean subsidiary into a leading development center for its global small car platform (Delta), not merely a production base. The first fruit was the 2008 Lacetti, which was derived into Chevrolet Cruze. In early 2011, the name Daewoo finally came to the end. GM Daewoo was renamed to GM Korea, while its domestic cars were rebranded to Chevrolet. Copyright© 1997-2011 by Mark Wan

Korea

Which toy company did Ruth and Elliot Handler found?

Daewoo Parts, Daewoo Performance & Aftermarket | CarParts.com Daewoo Articles Closer Look at Daewoo Automobiles Does it pay to be second? When people think "Korean automobiles", they usually talk about Hyundai or Kia. Both companies or "chaebols", represent two ends of a spectrumso that leaves Daewoo square in the middle. But that's not such a bad thing. The fact is that the company has proven to be thriving in its little nichecoming out with simply reliable automobiles that many have come to regard as a "perfect" first ride. Long after the company was absorbed by Chrysler, their manufacturing sensibilities and style still shine throughChrysler retained their manufacturing arm. Daewoo always had a very strong pedigree backing it upit had a very diverse portfolio of industries and services: from construction to even small arms manufacturing. It is little wonder that, even today, some of its older automobile models are still popular options for those who want an affordable yet dependable ride. If you're concerned that there isn't a market for Daewoo parts to keep your ride up and running, don't fret. There is a thriving market producing a whole range of replacements parts, OEM upgrades, and accessoriesall of these sure to breathe new life into an old great. The parts are available for a wide range of models over the yearsthe prides of Daewooand cover every imaginable want and need. Is the air conditioning a bit on the fritz? You can find high-quality condensers, compressors, hoses, plugs, and motors that will bring back the cool. Is the engine struggling to keep up the pace? There are extremely durable gears, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, and covers to get that engine purring like new. Do you just want to personalize your ride and make it your own? Top brands are selling some stylish accessories as well. It clearly does pay to be second when you've manage to own the niche that you are known forand Daewoo does that exceptionally well!

i don't know

Which country was the first in the world to introduce a driving test?

History of Driving and the introduction of the UK driving licence. A Potted History of Driving, and the UK Driving Licence. The History of Driving and the UK Driving Licence. We've started with the invention of motorised road vehicles. At that time there was no such thing as a driving licence. The development of the motor car, and the rapid increase over the years in the volume of vehicles on Britain's roads, resulted in the necessity for some means by which the government could ensure that safety prevailed. This 'History of Driving' starts before the driving licence was devised and follows the development of roads, cars and licences over the last 120 years or so. Read on to get an idea of how it all happened. A History of Driving: 1860 - 1900 The invention of the motor car really began in the mid-late 18th century with the invention of small, passenger-carrying steam-powered road vehicles. Due to the size and power of these vehicles a 'Red Flag Act' was introduced in 1865, whereby it was compulsory for two people to operate and power the vehicle, while a third walked in front waving a red flag to warn other road users of its presence. Germany's Karl Benz has, for the most part, been credited as the inventor of the first real, 'proper', motor car that was specifically designed to be operated by a sole driver on public highways. His car, invented in 1885-86, was a three-wheeled vehicle, with no windows, that ran on petrol. The mid-1880's to the mid-1890's witnessed the development of numerous four-wheeled, petrol-powered road cars, and in 1896 'The Red Flag Act' was abolished and 'The Light Locomotives on the Highways Act' (The Emancipation Act) was introduced, stipulating an upper speed limit of 12mph for motorised road vehicles. Cars were on Britain's roads! The first motor car race took place in 1895. Front wheel drive appeared in 1897, the honeycombed radiator in 1898, and front suspension in 1899. A History of Driving: 1901 - 1920 The Grand Prix was established in 1901 and was held in France, (although the first actual built-for-purpose race track was located at Brooklands in Surrey, built in 1907). In 1903 the 'Motor Car Act' was introduced in the UK. The Act required all motor car owners to register their vehicles with their local county borough council and to display their registration at all times. It also made the driving licence compulsory. The licence was fabric-bound and similar in style to today's passports. It could be bought at local council office for 5 shillings; no test of driving competency was required. However, the 1903 Motor Act also introduced a penalty for reckless driving. The car continued to develop rapidly over the next ten years and began to look more like the modern car, with headlights, windscreens, rubber tyres with pressure gauges, number plates and coil ignition, all by about 1908. Henry Ford's 'Model T' was developed in America in 1909, and by 1913 he was manufacturing factory produced cars. Between 1909 and 1913 four-wheel brakes, the electric starter and four-wheel steering for off-road vehicles had been introduced, with mechanical wipers being developed in 1916. A History of Driving: 1921 - 1940 Hydraulic wheel brakes appeared in 1921 and by 1922 Henry Ford had built one million cars. General Motors came to Britain in 1925. The first British Grand Prix was held at Brooklands in 1926 and the first Monaco Grand Prix was raced in the street in 1929. Between 1922 and 1929 world land speed records increased from 133mph to 231mph. It is estimated that, by the mid-1890's, there were approximately 15 motor cars on the Britain's roads. By 1900 there were about 800 cars. By 1930, this had dramatically increased to approximately one million cars on the roads of Britain, and by 1934 there were 1.5 million. In 1930 age restrictions were applied to driving, and a driving test for disabled drivers was introduced. Compulsory motor vehicle insurance was also introduced. In 1931 the first edition of 'The Highway Code' was introduced, and the Morris Minor retailed at £100 (equivalent to £3,342 in 2009). 1933 saw the introduction of both synchromesh gearboxes and semaphore arm direction indicators. In 1934 the 'Road Traffic Act (1934)' introduced a 30mph speed limit within built-up areas to Britains roads. In April 1934 it was announced that driving was soon to be regulated by the introduction of a driving test in order to ensure that each licence holder had safe driving skills. It was stipulated that, from 1 June 1935, a driving competency test was to be introduced, which required candidates to show competent driving skills before they could obtain a driving licence. This first driving test included some elements that still take place in today's test, such as turning in the road and reversing. From this time, 'L' plates were required to be displayed on cars until the driving competency test was passed. Licences now had to be renewed every three years. Windscreen washers were introduced in 1935 and, by 1936, windscreen wipers had become relatively standard on cars. The first diesel car was also developed in 1936. Production of the Volkswagon Beetle began in 1938 following the development and adaptation of a number of prototypes. The number of VW Beetles built since then exceeds 21.5 million. Flashing electric indicators appeared in 1939 and the Jeep was developed, specifically as an army vehicle, in 1940. A History of Driving: 1941 - 1960 Driving tests were suspended between 1939 - 1946 as a result of the war, and a year of licencing of wartime provisional licences without testing followed. (Testing was again disbanded for a year in 1956 due to the Suez Crisis). In 1946 the column gear-change was developed, radial tyres followed in 1948 (the same year that the Landrover was introduced) and key-start ignition was developed in 1949. The pass rate for the UK driving test was 50% in 1950. Tubeless tyres appeared in 1953 and both production-line diesel cars and fuel injection followed in 1954. The UK driving test fee doubled to £1 in 1956. The Preston By-pass was built in 1958. This later formed a section of the M6, and therefore was, technically, the first motorway to be built in Britain. The same year, seat-belts were fitted in cars as standard. Driving examiner training was formalised in 1959 and took place in Stanmore Training School. The MOT was introduced as an annual assessment of vehicle roadworthiness in 1960. A History of Driving: 1961 - 1980 The E-type Jaguar was launched, retailing at £2,159 in 1962(equivalent to £33,000 in 2009). Hydrolastic suspension was developed in 1962, and the rotary engine in 1963. World land speed records had reached 400mph by 1964. In 1965 the driving test application form was revised and the sight test was changed to include the reading of number plates, with 3 1/8th inch high characters, from a distance of 67 feet. In 1968 the driving test fee increased again from £1 to £1 and 15 shillings. 1969 brought separate licensing groups for different vehicle classes, and stipulated that a provisional licence must be produced at UK driving tests. Four wheel drive and anti-lock breaks were introduced on production line cars in 1966, electronic fuel injection in 1968 and were followed by turbo-charge in 1973. Driving test applications rose by 20% in 1972, and a further 15% in 1973, which resulted in a massive backlog of tests. The 'energy crisis' of 1973 caused a reduction in the purchase of large cars and a change in the car market, with many more medium and small vehicles being both produced, and bought. In 1975 arm signals no longer had to be demonstrated in UK driving tests, and the formal training of Driving Examiners moved to Cardlington. Newly-recruited examiners began to undergo a four week training course in 1976. Audi introduced the Quattro in 1980, which was the first mass-produced car to have permanent four-wheel drive fitted. A History of Driving: 1981 - 2000 The wearing of seat-belts became compulsory in 1983. In 1988, the 'Road Traffic Act (1988)' was implemented and guided how driving tests were to be conducted, and the world's fastest production car, the McLaren F1, was launched, with the ability to reach a speed of 240mph. The Driving Standards Agency (DSA) was created in 1990, and examiners began to give feedback and guidance at the end of driving tests. The 'Road Traffic Act (New Drivers) 1995' was passed into law, affecting all new drivers who passed their driving test on or after 1 June 1997. This Act stipulated that new drivers, once they had passed their test, were to be under probation for a period of two years. During this probationary period their driving licence would be revoked if they accumulated 6 or more penalty points on their licence. This Act required the revoked licence holder to then re-apply for a provisional licence (that would be endorsed with the relevant points) and to resit both the theory and practical driving tests. In 1995 newly-qualified drivers were introduced to the Pass Plus scheme, a course of lessons aimed to assist new drivers to gain extra driving experience (such as motorway driving, night driving and driving on country roads) in an attempt to reduce the risk of accidents involving newly-qualified-drivers. Questions on The Highway Code were removed from the UK driving test and replaced by a written theory test in July 1996. In 1997 learners were required to produce photographic ID before they were permitted to sit both the driving theory test, and the practical driving test. For people who failed their driving test, a minimum waiting period of 10 days between driving tests was introduced in September 1997. In May 1999, the practical driving test was changed - the length of the test was extended; 16 or more driving faults resulted in a fail; and the emergency stop manouevre was randomised. In 2000 the touch screen was introduced to the driving theory test. A History of Driving: 2001 - present An online booking system was developed to allow learners to book their driving theory test over the internet in December 2001. A hazard perception element was included in the driving theory test in November 2002, and vehicle safety questions, in the form of 'Show Me, Tell Me', were introduced at the beginning of the practical driving test in September 2003. In October 2003 an online booking system was introduced that enabled the practical driving test to be booked over the internet. With a top speed of 253mph, and 0 to 62mph in under 2.5 seconds, the Bugatti Veyron took over as the world's fastest production car in 2005. By 2008, there were 34 million cars on Britain's roads. In November 2008, Lewis Hamilton, at 23 years old, became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion. In September 2009 some of the driving theory test questions were adapted slightly to include case study questions within the multiple choice section. As of April 2010, all learner driver's who sat the UK practical driving test were encouraged by the driving examiner to take someone along with them in the back of the car for support during, and after, the test. This person could be a relative, or a friend, or their driving instructor. Driving instructors also began to let learners know that, at any time, they could bring another person along on some, or all, of their driving lessons. They also began to actively encourage parents to be in attendance for, at least some of, the learner's lessons. On 1st June 2010, the driving licence was 75 years old. This page details many of the important, and interesting, landmarks in the history of driving and the UK driving licence. Of course, we can't include everything, but we have included most of the main events that have occurred in the development of cars, and the driving licence, over the last 120 years, or so. It's not the only history of driving that there is. For us, it was a matter of selecting relevant information that helped us to make sense of how the car and the driving licence became what we know today. It's the putting it all together in a chronological format that makes it 'A History of Driving'. But there's more to the UK system of driving and licensing than what's here - check out our other sections to see how other areas, like road safety and the Highway Code, have contributed to the history of driving in different ways. We hope you've found this potted 'History of Driving, and the UK Driving Licence' interesting. But what happens today is tomorrow's history - so visit again. On another day, there might be more to 'The History of Driving' than there is today! Antonine Driving School , for a DSA Approved Driving Instructor. Please click on the DSA logo below to see the DSA's advice on 'choosing a driving instructor'.

France

Who launched the short-lived Skytrain air service?

Motoring Firsts - The National Motor Museum Trust The National Motor Museum Trust Home > Story of Motoring > Motoring Firsts Motoring Firsts Among the questions we are most frequently asked are the various motoring firsts. Listed below are some of the most common questions that have been answered by our Motoring Research Service. Questions What were the first motor cars? The motor car was developed over many years by a number of talented individuals but Karl Benz of Mannheim in Germany is normally credited as the Inventor of the Motor Car. In the autumn of 1885, his three-wheeled vehicle became the first successful petrol-engined car. He was awarded a patent for it on 29 January 1886, and became the first motor manufacturer in 1888 with his Modell 3 Benz. In 1886, Gottlieb Daimler and his protégé Wilhelm Maybach built the first successful four-wheeled petrol-driven car at Bad Cannstatt. The Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft was established four years later in 1890. On 1 July 1926 Benz and Daimler merged to become Daimler-Benz AG and its products Mercedes-Benz. Fredrick William Bremer, a plumber and gas fitter, built the first British four-wheeled petrol-engined motor car. Starting work in 1892, when he was 20, the still incomplete car made its first run on a public highway in December 1894. What was the first motor car to run on the British Highway? There are a number of claims and counter claims for the first motor car to appear on the road in Britain. Frederick William Bremer of Walthamstow is believed to have had a four-wheeled car running in late 1894. Both he and James D. Roots may have independently built motorised tricycles as early as 1892. Roots certainly had one powered by an oil engine running on the road in early 1896. Another theory is that the first motor car to run on the British highway was a 2hp Benz Velo imported by Henry Hewetson in November 1894, although some believe this may have actually been in 1895. The Hon. Evelyn Ellis certainly imported a Panhard et Levassor into Britain in June 1895. By the end of 1895, following further importations, it was estimated that there were 14 or 15 cars on Britain’s roads, a figure which had increased dramatically by 1900 to approximately seven or eight hundred! The million mark for private cars was reached in Britain in 1930, with 10 million in 1967. John Henry Knight of Farnham, Surrey was an engineer and enthusiastic inventor with a keen interest in photography and locomotion. With the help of engineer George Parfitt, in 1895 he created the first purpose-built, petrol-driven, three-wheeled car to be run on the roads of Britain. In order to improve stability a fourth wheel was added the following year. This pioneering British car is on display at the National Motor Museum. Cycle makers Charles and Walter Santler of Malvern Link, Worcestershire built a steam car in 1889 which was subsequently fitted with a single cylinder gas engine and then rebuilt again with a single cylinder ‘petrol’ engine in 1894. Santlers went on to build several other cars between 1897 and 1913 when they launched a range of light cars for general sale. Frederick Lanchester started work on a four-wheeled petrol car in 1895 which was successfully tested on the road in early 1896. The Lanchester Engine Co. commenced building production cars in 1899. When was the word petrol first used? The term petrol was not used until 1896, when it was patented by Messrs Carless, Capel & Leonard of Hackney Wick. When were windscreen wipers first used? There are various claims for the first windscreen wipers. Some sources say that they were first used in France in 1907. British photographer Gladstone Adams is said to have had the idea for wipers whilst driving his Daracq home to Newcastle after watching the 1908 FA Cup Final at Crystal Palace (his team Newcastle United had lost 3 – 1 to Wolverhampton Wanderers). He patented his design in 1911. Various motoring magazine pictures show Prince Henry of Prussia in a car with simple up and down squeegee type wiper fitted to the windscreen in 1909. In 1919 (some sources say 1921) William Folberth of Cleveland, USA, marketed the first automatic windscreen wipers. They were operated by vacuum from the engine's inlet manifold. Where was the first motor museum? Britain’s first dedicated motor museum was set up by Edmund Dangerfield, Editor of The Motor magazine. Temporarily sited in Oxford Street, London, it opened on 31 May 1912 with over forty vehicles built before 1903 and a range of accessories. The exhibition closed on 31 July 1912 and reopened on 12 March 1914 at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. The collection remained there until the British Government commandeered the building during World War I, when exhibits were returned to owners, taken in by Government Museums, or dumped on waste ground near Charing Cross Station. This has been described as 'one of the untold tragedies of the war'. In 1931 the remaining unplaced vehicles from the 1912 Motor Museum were destroyed. In 1972 five of the saved cars from the original 1912 Museum were displayed at the newly opened National Motor Museum at Beaulieu. Who was the first person to be charged for a speeding offence? Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent had the dubious honour of being the first person in Great Britain to be successfully charged with speeding on 28 January 1896. Travelling at approximately 8mph/12.87kph, he had exceeded the 2mph/3.22kph speed limit for towns. Fined one shilling and costs, Arnold had been caught by a policeman who had given chase on a bicycle. When was the first driving licence issued? France introduced the first driving licences under the Paris Police Ordinance of 14 August 1893. The Motor Car Act of 14 August 1903, which took effect on 1 January 1904, introduced the driving licence (along with registration numbers for vehicles and a new speed limit of 20mph/32.19kph) into Great Britain. When were the first driving lessons given? The Motor Carriage Supply Company of London, their instructor being one Mr Hankinson, offered the first driving lessons in Britain in June 1900. The first organisation to title itself a driving school in Britain was the Liver Motor Car Depot and School of Automobilism of Birkenhead. William Lee established the school in May 1901 and its Chief Instructor was Archibald Ford. When were the first driving tests introduced? France, under the Paris Police Ordinance of 14 August 1893, introduced the first driving test. Introduced on a voluntary basis, on 13 March 1935, the driving test did not become official in Great Britain until 1 April 1935 and compulsory until 1 June 1935. The first driving test pass certificate in Great Britain was awarded on the 16 March 1935 to Mr R.E.L. Beere of Kensington. When was the first Highway Code published? First published in booklet form in Great Britain in April 1931, it cost one penny. When did the first motoring fatality occur? Mrs Bridget Driscoll of Old Town, Croydon became the first motoring fatality on 17 August 1896, when she was run over by a Roger-Benz car at Crystal Palace, London. Employed by the Anglo-French Motor Co, Arthur Edsell was driving at 4mph/6.44kph when he hit Mrs Driscoll, fracturing her skull in the process. The first driver to die from injuries sustained in a motoring accident was Mr Henry Lindfield of Brighton when his electrical carriage overturned on Saturday 12 February 1898. He died of shock the following day, caused by the amputation of one of his legs. According to the 19 February 1898 copy of Autocar, he had only driven the car two or three times and the accident was probably ‘due to the fact of the speed being so high’ – 16 or 17mph (25–27kph) – ‘a pretty high speed for a novice to maintain.’ The first crash to cause the death of a car passenger occurred on 25 February 1899 at Grove Hill, Harrow. Major James Stanley Richer, 63, died four days after the accident without regaining consciousness. The driver, Mr E.R. Sewell had been demonstrating the vehicle, a Daimler Wagonette, to Major Richer, Department Head at the Army & Navy Stores, with the view to a possible purchase for the company. Mr Sewell was killed on the spot, becoming the first driver of a petrol-driven car to die in an accident. When were the first traffic lights installed? The first traffic signals in Britain (and indeed the world) were installed outside the Houses of Parliament on 10 December 1868. They used contemporary railway signalling technology – semaphore arms for day-time use and green or red gas lamps at night. Unfortunately they exploded on the night of 2 January 1869 injuring the police constable operating them! The first electric stop-go traffic lights were installed in Cleveland, Ohio in August 1914, with the first three-colour traffic lights in Detroit in 1919. 1922 saw the first electrically synchronised traffic signals installed in Houston, Texas. In Great Britain, manually operated three-colour traffic lights were first used in Piccadilly, London in 1926, with automatic traffic lights making their first appearance on an experimental basis in Princes Square, Wolverhampton, during November 1927. The experiment was presumably a success and the lights became permanent in 1930. Pedestrian-operated street crossing lights were first erected on the Brighton Road, Croydon, Surrey in 1932. Where were the first parking meters installed? Oklahoma City, USA was the site for the world’s first parking meter, where it was installed in July 1935. An invention of Gerald A. Hale and Professor H.G. Thuesen of Oklahoma State University, the first person to be arrested for a parking meter offence was the Reverend C.H. North of the Third Pentecostal Church of Oklahoma City in August 1935. Britain’s first parking meters made their appearance outside the American Embassy in London’s Grosvenor Square on 10 July 1958. When did the first roadside petrol pumps appear? The first roadside petrol pumps became operational in St Louis, USA in 1905. Roadside petrol pumps were first installed in Britain in 1913, though they did not enter into general use until 1921. In 1920 the Automobile Association opened the first roadside petrol station (solely for the purpose of supplying fuel as opposed to being a garage) at Aldermaston, Berkshire. A number of similar stations were established around the country. They were operated by AA Patrolmen and exclusively for the use of AA members. They established the modern pattern of vehicles pulling off the public road and drawing up alongside petrol pumps rather than being filled at the kerbside as at garages. Britain’s first self-service petrol pump became operational in November 1961 at Southwark Bridge, London.

i don't know

What did Guinness adopt as its trademark in the 60s?

The 60s and 70s Beer Guide 60s and 70s Beer Guide Changing fashions ruled beer drinking in the 50s, 60s and 70s. First bottled pale ale challenged draught mild as the Nation's favourite drink. Then a few years later, everyone was drinking draught keg bitter, with Watneys Red Barrel the best known brand. Lager was the drink of the 70s. The hot summer of 1976 provided a reason to try the beverage, but tastes were changing. In 1971 there was a backlash against the relentless spread of keg bitter and lager when CAMRA, the Campaign for Real Ale, formed. In the latter part of the seventies there was a resurgence of some traditional brews; real ale, though, still remained a minority taste. From mild to bitter Mild was the working man's drink for the first half of the twentieth century. The only choice was between mild and stout; bitter was a luxury. In 1900 best bitter was almost unknown and in 1929 it was still only a tiny fraction total beer sales. At the start of the sixties, mild was the dominant beer. Around 40% of the output of Bass Charrington, Britain's largest brewer, was mild. By 1967 this had fallen to 30%. Mild was losing favour, though it was the cheapest beer. It did have strongholds in the Midlands (notably M & B Mild), but the majority chose best bitter. Best bitter on draught and its bottled equivalent, best pale ale, were the favourite beers of the 60s. Pale ale was sold as a premium beer; it was a popular luxury. From cask to keg Keg bitter is pasteurised to stop any fermentation. Carbon dioxide is added to give the beer sparkle. The pressure of carbon dioxide is used to draw the beer up from the cellar. So keg beer does not need a traditional long handled beer pump. The first keg beer was Watneys Red Barrel , developed in the 30s. The big brewers though, did not heavily promote keg bitter until the late 50s. The first brewer to use the term keg and to promote sales of keg beer was Flowers (later taken over by Whitbread). Many of the others followed suit and each launched their own brand of keg bitter: Worthington 'E', Whitbread Tankard, Ind Coope Double Diamond, Youngers Tartan and Courage Tavern. Sales of keg beer increased steadily throughout the sixties. In 1960 it was 1% of the total beer market, by 1965 7% and by 1971 18%. Keg beer was most popular with the young. It was the natural choice for the new themed pubs and disco pubs of the 60s. Keg bitter was more expensive than traditional cask conditioned ales and was marketed as a premium brand. There was a tendency for brewers to reduce the strength and original gravity (a measure of the proportion of ingredients, hops, barley etc to water) of cask beers. The keg beers were the best the brewery had to offer so there was no need to spend as much on the cask conditioned beers. Throughout the sixties people suspected that that beer was getting weaker; they were right. By the latter part of the sixties, carbon dioxide was often added to cask beers as well; they were drawn up from the cellar under pressure in much the same way as keg beer. For the drinker at the bar, there was little to choose between them. The more discerning opted for keg. Bottled and canned beer The rise of keg bitter in the sixties stopped a trend that had begun after the War of increasing sales of bottled beer. It even appeared that sales of bottled beer might overtake draught beer. Reasons for choosing it over traditional ales were consistency, brightness, a clean palette and sparkle. Keg bitter provided all these qualities at a cheaper price. Canned beer was in its infancy in the late 50s. Ind Coopes Long Life was one of the first. The brewer picked up on concerns about the quality of cask ales and claimed Long Life was brewed for the can and never varied. Canned beer sales increased throughout the sixties, but did not become important until the seventies. Watneys Party Seven was a new take on canned beer. National brands Before the 60s, the supply of beer had been regional. There were a few exceptions with bottled Guinness, Bass and Worthington sold throughout the country. In the sixties other national names emerged, namely Double Diamond (bottled), Mackeson Stout (bottled) and draught and bottled Watneys Red Barrel. Watneys Red Barrel was making inroads into the free trade. Double Diamond, Bass Worthington and most notably Guinness, were becoming increasingly available as draught. The success of Guinness encouraged Watneys to compete with Colonel Murphy's Stout. After a test marketing campaign, they abandoned it and stocked draught Guinness in Watneys' houses instead. By the end of the sixties, lager too was more popular. Draught Carlsberg was available at Watneys' pubs and Whitbread had linked up with Heineken. Sales of lager, though, did not become significant until the 70s. Strong beers Strong ales were often sold in nip bottles (one third of a pint). The most famous was Tennant's Gold Label; it was in the Guinness Book of Records as the strongest beer on regular sale in the UK. Later it was brewed as Whitbread Gold Label. 70s advertisements told drinkers that it was "Strong as a double Scotch, less than half the price". It is still available today. The 70s keg beer and lager At the beginning of the 70s, the most popular brands of keg bitter dominated British beer drinking. They were more expensive than cask bitters, so people must have liked the taste or bought the advertising. Advertising of keg bitters made extravagant claims. Whitbread Tankard was supposed to help you excel, how, was not made clear. Beer had long been advertised as a drink to improve heath. The "Guinness is Good for You" and "Guinness for Strength" campaigns are famous. Was a touch of parody intended? Rivals made equally bold claims. Worthington 'E' was "the taste that satisfies". Courage Tavern was "What your right arm's for". Double Diamond "worked wonders". Keg bitter's popularity was challenged in the 70s by lager. Sales of lager increased from only 2% of the market in 1965 to 20% in 1975. Lager had been sold in Britain long before the 60s. It was brewed here as early as the 1890s, but was a very small part of the beer market. It had a reputation as a ladies' drink. When mixed with lime it was considered as an alternative shandy. Today's well known brands of lager were introduced in Britain from the 50s. The brewery magnate E P Taylor brought Carling Black Label to Britain, from Canada, in 1953. Starting from small beginnings, brewed under licence by the tiny Hope and Anchor Brewery, a series of mergers left Carling Black Label part of the Bass Charrington empire. The other big brewers introduced their own brands. Guinness launched Harp Irish Lager in 1960. Whitbread signed an agreement to import Heineken in 1961; Watneys linked up with Carlsberg in 1968. Whitbread brewed Heineken under licence in the UK in 1968. The Whitbread directors thought a weaker version of the Dutch beer would sell better - they were right. Later the Belgian beer, Stella Artois, joined the Whitbread stable as their premium lager. It was the long hot summer of 1976 that firmly established Britain's taste for lager. Cool and refreshing, it was the beer to beat the drought. By the end of the decade, lager took 29% of beer sales. There are many reasons for the rise in the popularity of lager. Package holidays in Europe gave people a chance to try lager and they associated it with relaxation and warmer climates. It goes better with more exotic food. Continental dishes - French and Italian - were popular in the 70s, as were Chinese and Indian food and there is no better accompaniment to a curry than a pint of lager. From keg to cask The aggressive promotion of keg bitters finally resulted in a backlash. CAMRA, the Campaign for Real Ale, was founded in 1971. In the 70s, sales of cask beers began to rise as there was a growing appreciation for the traditional methods of brewing. It is a testament to the success of CAMRA that the "classic" keg bitters of the sixties are now extinct. Beers from the past There were more than 4,000 different brews available in the 60s, so we cannot list them all. This is a list of the most important ones. Keg bitters on draught Flowers Keg Bitter Draught bitters Some of these were not available for the whole of the period. I have added John Smith's because of its popularity today. It was very much a regional beer in the 60s. Bass Red Triangle

Harp

Which city was the HQ of the European Space program?

The Guinness Collectors Club The Guinnessman Collection Sat 19th September and 11th June! One of the finest collections of Guinness memorabilia goes under the hammer at BBR Auctions in Elsecar, Barnsley, South Yorkshire (www.onlinebbr.com). The collection belonged to the late Steve Smith, a lovely man and well-known to many fellow collectors. I myself spent many a happy hour with Steve, photographing his massive collection of Guinness memorabilia for inclusion in the GCC Galleries and often ending down the local supping a couple of pints of the lovely Black Stuff. Many very rare Guinness items will be up-for-grabs over two days - the first part of the collection will be sold on the 19th of September and the second part on the 11th of June. Contact BBR Auctions on 01226 745156 and request one of the magnificent colour brochures detailing this magnificent collection. It's a one-off, not-to-be-missed event, that's for sure. Nick Fairall, GCC. Original Guinness Gilroy oil paintings found! Exciting news on the Guinness collectables front is the discovery of around 35 original oil on canvas Guinness adverts, measuring 36 inches by 22 inches and dating from the 1930s to the late 1950s, all signed by Gilroy. They have come originally from the S H Benson Advertising Agency archive and are even unknown to the Guinness archivists. Although many are well known to us in their finished form as posters, about 10 are images never seen before. For example there is a set of three dated 1950, with flying toucans over London incorporating scenes of St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge and Nelsons Column. Another set of three US designs depicting toucans flying past the Chrysler Building NY, Golden Gate Bridge SF and the Empire State Building NY. A further set of three shows scenes of the loading of a bomber and a submarine. All these original paintings were submitted to Guinness for approval to become posters and although many didn't make final selection they all have Bensons stickers attached. This type of Guinness artwork is very rare. Even some of the well known poster images are slightly different to these canvases. David Hughes has put together a 39 page A5 spiral bound booklet as a follow-up to our comprehensive release 'The Guide To Guinness Collectables' in which some 35 of these canvases are illustrated. It also contains over 250 new Guinness collectables illustrated and described. To obtain a copy of this limited edition booklet for £14.00 plus £2.00 p&p, please contact David Hughes at [email protected]. View 3 of the posters here . Tipplefair set to run and run.... Good news. As you may know the event was to cease after 2011. However, the Pub History Society has now taken over the running of the event and it will take place in August in conjunction with the Peterborough beer Festival. For further details, visit www.tipplefair.org.uk . Mat collectors busy again.... Once again a new set of beermats featuring drawings of pub frontages has been released for the Irish Market. Some new pubs have also been added from Dublin, Cork and Galway and the current total known so far is a whopping 79. What a pub crawl! NF. Mein Gootness - Mein Kampf! The Royal Naval vessel H.M.S. Pelican served with distinction throughout the Second World War, proudly claiming involvement in the sinking of a number of U-Boats. It was not all plain sailing however, the ship itself suffering major damage during an air attack in 1940. Despite all this, it seems the crew still found time to produce their very own form of propaganda! I recently came across this wonderful Xmas Card , produced on behalf of H.M.S. Pelican. Inside of card reads 'Best Wishes for Christmas and the New Year from H.M.S. Pelican. With acknowledgments to a famous Guinness poster.' NF. A nice little item from the 60s comes to light.... I came across this little item that I had not seen before. A plastic torch, manufacturer unknown, but the label dates it to the early 1960s. Measuring 13cm in height, the bottle top unscrews for access to light the bulb and the bottle base unscrews for the battery compartment. View item . NF. Millennium Collectables set to lose license... but they're going out with a bang! Following the release of the incredible 250th Anniversary Clock last year, it looks as if our old friends at Millennium Collectables are set to lose the license for Guinness figurines this year. But at least they are going out on a high with two great Royal Doulton figurines to add to their high quality range of Guinness Collectables. The Guinness Harpist and The Topiary Sealion figurines will be produced between April & September 2010 and anyone who is interested and not already on their mailing list can telephone them on 01636 703075 or send an email to [email protected] . The amazing rota-perpetuum.... rotates by itself! I recently came across an item that I had not seen before. A wonderful back-bar/shop window advertising display called the rota-perpetuum . The item was still in its original packaging, complete with the instruction leaflet and was produced in 1970. The '6 million Guinness' advertising band is interchangeable with an alternative 'Give Him A Guinness' band. NF. Surprising what a house clearance can turn up... As a result of a house clearance, a member of the Club was lucky enough to come across these two great items: The first is a menu from Park Royal , produced for the leaving lunch of a member of the Advertising department, Denise Sakula. Dated 28th October 1947, the front displays a spoof on the Gilroy zoo animals showing them crying. Inside is a rhyme and signatures from approximately 60 people including Edward Guinness, Peter Cunningham (who became MD) and Des O'Brien (who famously captained Ireland to win the Grand Slam in Rugby Union) to mention a few. The second item is an example of the brown hard back Guinness Guide Book to Dublin Brewery . dated 1939. Not so uncommon you say? Well, this example was found to have a pencilled drawing by John Gilroy, on the inside back cover, of 'Dan the waiter at Jammets' (a restaurant in Dublin). This adds cachet and value to an otherwise common item. A rare First Day Cover to commemorate the World's First Hovercraft Service... Site visitor Henry Law, from Malaysia, kindly sent in a copy of a letter, sent by A.W.Fawcett to Guinness Exports Ltd, Liverpool, regarding the inauguration of the World's First Hovercraft Service, dated the 27th July 1962. View First Day Cover and letter (in new window).

i don't know

Which Andre built the first factory to mass-produce rubber tires?

John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Boyd Dunlop with the first bicycle to have pneumatic tires.  Hulton Archive/Getty Images By Mary Bellis Updated August 10, 2016. The rubber pneumatic tires seen on millions of cars across the world are the result of multiple inventors working across several decades. And those inventors have names that should be recognizable to anyone who's ever bought tires for their car: Michelin, Goodyear, Dunlop. Of these, none had so great an impact on the invention of the tire than John Dunlop and Charles Goodyear.  Charles Goodyear and the Invention of Vulcanized Rubber None of it would have been possible without Charles Goodyear , who in 1844 -- more than 50 years before the first rubber tires would appear on cars -- patented a process known as vulcanization. This process involved heating and removing the sulphur from rubber, thus making the rubber water-proof and winter-proof and allowing it to retain its elasticity. While Goodyear's claim to have invented vulcanization was challenged, he prevailed in court and is today remembered as the sole inventor of vulcanized rubber. And that became hugely important once people realized it would be perfect for making tires. continue reading below our video How to Negotiate Your Bills Lower John Dunlop and the Pneumatic Tire Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, and his invention worked well, but it was too costly to catch on. That changed with John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921), a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic (inflatable) tire. His patent, granted in 1888, wasn't for automobile tires, however: it was intended for use on bicycles (see picture). Later Developments In 1895, André Michelin and his brother Edouard, who had previously patented a removable bike tire, were the first to use pneumatic tires on an automobile . In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.  In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.  In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction.  In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber.  Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum.

Michelin

Which film actor became mayor of Carmel, California in 1986?

About Michelin North America | Michelin US In well over 100 years of innovation, Michelin continues to help define the tire industry. North America Michelin has been a part of the tire industry in the United States since 1907 when it purchased the International Rubber Company in Milltown, New Jersey. Tires and tubes were manufactured there up until 1930 when the Great Depression took its toll on what had become the fourth largest tire manufacturer in the country with 2,000 employees. The Michelin North America as we know it today took form In March of 1950. With three sizes and two different tread designs of truck tires made with metallic plies, five people started Michelin Tire Corporation in New York City. There was an executive vice president, a vice president of sales, a secretary, a warehouse supervisor and one newly hired sales representative. The tires cost anywhere from 40-50% more than the competition but their construction with metal plies bonded to rubber allowed Michelin salesmen to offer a tire solution to fleets operating under the most severe conditions. This included fleets dealing with extremely heavy loads and in the sanitation business. This strategy established a reputation of durability and quality still prevalent today in the modern trucking industry. Growth in sales led to the need for a larger facility in 1954. Developed in 1953, Michelin began to import the all-steel one ply radial truck tire in 1956. This is the tire that revolutionized the world tire market. There was interest in the radial truck, but the bulk of Michelin’s sales were the older, metallic bias ply tires. Even with steady annual growth, the annual sales volume in 1959 were less than a week’s production in a modern truck tire plant. While the radial passenger tire had been gaining acceptance in Europe with car manufacturers in the late 1950’s, it would be the mid1960’s before it was factor in the United States. Michelin’s world-wide growth in the 1960’s was phenomenal with the opening of twelve new plants and the announcement that a plant would be built in Nova Scotia, Canada by 1971. Two major events happened in 1966 that drew Michelin into the largest passenger tire market in the world. Up until 1966, Michelin had only been importing small quantities of radial passenger tires to service consumers with European cars originally fitted with Michelin radial tires. That year Ford decided the 1968 Lincoln Continental Mark III would have radial tires as original equipment. Although domestic tire manufacturers had purchased the license to develop radial tires, none were successful in developing a satisfactory radial tire. Ford then selected Michelin to be the supplier. This was a major boost for both the acceptance of the radial tire and establishing Michelin in North America. The second major event that made Michelin a part of the U.S. tire market happened when SEARS went shopping for a radial tire. In an effort to get ahead of its competition and realizing the impending radialization of the tire industry, SEARS sought out a supplier and ultimately selected Michelin for their reputation of high quality and technical expertise in building radial tires. By the end of 1969 expansion necessitated another move to a larger headquarters and the work force had expanded to 250 people. The sales force was now up to 103 people in the field. Michelin had led a revolution in the transportation industry with the introduction of the radial tire. As the global demand for radial tires accelerated, Michelin responded with an expansion plan that opened twenty-three new plants, all producing radial tires. Michelin made the decision in the early 70’s to produce only radial tires and eliminate production of the old-style bias ply tires. Two plants had been opened in Nova Scotia in 1971 and it was announced that construction would soon begin for two plants in western part of South Carolina. One plant, US2 in Anderson, SC, would build semi-finished products to supply the other plant that would produce tires. The plants were scheduled to open in 1975 and the very first radial passenger tire came off the line at US1, Greenville, South Carolina on March 10, 1975. A third plant, US3, in Spartanburg, SC came on line in 1978, producing radial truck tires for the rapidly growing radial market in the trucking industry. Expansion in the 1970’s in the U.S. was completed with the opening of US4 in Dothan, Alabama. Along with the plants, a research and development was opened center in South Carolina because the corporation has always believed in developing products exclusively for a North American market where huge geographical distances demanded different tires than established European markets. In 1979, Michelin opened a new headquarters building in Lake Success, New York to accommodate a continuously growing work force. Michelin opened the decade with 250 employees and by 1979 the number was 7,000. Michelin had also expanded its tire lines dramatically from two types of tires that still required tubes to a full line of tubeless radial passenger tires to serve the growing demand for tires with greater fuel efficiency, longer life and better handling. In 1970 there were three types of truck tires offered and the 70’s ended with an expanded line of tires to meet multiple and various needs of fleet owners, from over the road long haul operations to fleets hauling rocks or coal. There were now radial tires for bread fleets and small package delivery fleets. The 1980’s brought the challenges of consolidation and recession to the tire industry. Fully recovered from the effects of World War II, Japanese and European countries were competing toe to toe with American companies in a global economy. Many smaller tire companies were absorbed by larger ones because it was obvious that you had to get bigger in order to survive. Michelin had to invest heavily in the expansion of North America and it was not immune to the effects of the recession that hit the tire industry in 1980 and 1981. Serious losses were off-set by becoming more cost conscious and better planning. There was major competition to deal with now who were successfully manufacturing radial tires. Michelin has always been a resilient company and it came out of that period stronger and smarter. Two more plants, one in Lexington, SC and one Nova Scotia, were opened in the early 80’s. To consolidate headquarters operations and manufacturing, Michelin made the decision to relocate its North American headquarters from New York where it had been since 1950 to Greenville, South Carolina. The doors opened at its present location in September of 1988. After a careful study of market trends and monitoring the actions of its two major global competitors, Michelin made the decision in 1989 to purchase the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company. This acquisition would not only make Michelin the largest tire company in the world, but would provide the corporation with a portfolio of strong brands with a rich heritage in the American tire market. Uniroyal and BFGoodrich Tire formed a joint venture in 1986 to leverage each others’ strengths in the original equipment and replacement market. Michelin went into the 90’s in a position to offer the best products at the best price point in all virtually every consumer category. Where We are Going We’re accelerating mobility and meeting energy, environmental, and human challenges at the same time. Innovation Research, Development and Testing Producing the highest quality tires that deliver miles and miles of driving pleasure isn’t luck. It starts at the Michelin Americas Research and Development Corporation, where innovation and technology converge with the real-world needs of demanding consumers in a highly fragmented industry. Employing 1,060 people, mostly engineers, Michelin’s R&D center in North America has developed some of the finest products in the world, including the first 80,000-mile passenger tire for American-made vehicles. Rather than focusing on one strong attribute, Michelin tires deliver just the right combination of benefits. For example, great handling combines with exceptional wet traction and high mileage together with comfort. That’s because Michelin engineers are not content with any sort of compromise or trade-offs. Laurens Proving Ground A vital extension of Michelin’s research and development community is the Michelin test facility in Laurens, S.C. This 3,500-acre site maintains 12 special tracks of varying lengths and surfaces for testing tires and suspension systems and for driver training. Engineers test tires for noise, adherence to wet surfaces, gravel endurance, off-road inclines, traction in mud, and vehicle dynamics, such as high-speed lane change and drift. Used primarily by Michelin, the facility also offers other groups test opportunities, such as vibration analysis and chassis loading tests in a confidential environment. The facility is also used to train law enforcement officers from North and South Carolina to enhance their skills in handling emergency situations. Training, Sales, and Marketing A large degree of Michelin’s success in North America can be attributed to its sales and marketing groups. Michelin has long been recognized by the industry for having the best and most complete training for its sales force. The current training center in Greenville, S.C., not only conducts sales training but also hosts Michelin dealer sales personnel from all over the country to help them become more professional salespeople and better business managers. Michelin marketing teams strive each day and in every category of tires to bring increased value to consumers. Learn more about Michelin innovation A Better Way Forward® There’s a place where the road of tomorrow is being created today. From tires that make your car more fuel efficient and safer to production and recycling methods that reduce our impact on the environment. Michelin is striving to help you find a better way forward®. Learn more about Michelin’s a better way forward® Environmental Protection As a core value, protecting the environment is pervasive throughout all facets of Michelin operations. It is a value that says growing market share or delivering revenue will not be accomplished at the expense of the environment. Whether participating and leading studies on the effect tires have on the environment or working to get membership for all the plants in the EPA National Performance Track program, Michelin is concerned about every aspect of the impact its operations has on the environment. To date, nine plants are members of the EPA National Performance Track program for environmental improvements beyond requirements. Michelin is one of the first tire manufacturers to have taken this step. MICHELIN Challenge Bibendum Michelin North America today Since 1998, the Michelin Group has hosted MICHELIN Challenge Bibendum®, a global forum inviting hundreds of carmakers, energy suppliers, and technology associates as well as non-governmental organizations and politicians to help develop clean vehicles and sustainable mobility.

i don't know

Which pop artist died in New York in1987?

The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 - NY Daily News The day Andy Warhol, pop art icon, died at 58 of a heart attack in 1987 The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Pop artist Andy Warhol is shown in this 1987 photo. (AP) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Monday, February 22, 2016, 10:58 AM (Originally published by the Daily News on Feb. 23, 1987. This story was written by Don Gentile and Mike Santangelo.) Andy Warhol, 58, the pop culture prince who turned images of Campbell’s soup cans and Brillo pads into art, died yesterday of a heart attack at New York Hospital. Warhol was pronounced dead at 6:31 a.m. after a team of doctors tried in vain for an hour to revive him. The death came a day after the artist underwent gallbladder surgery. “We don’t know if the heart attack was related to the operation,” said Diana Goldin, a hospital spokeswoman. “He came through the operation (on Saturday) fine and was in stable condition.” A private nurse was with Warhol in his hospital room when the heart attack occurred about 5:30 a.m. as he slept. She quickly summoned a cardiac-arrest team but its efforts failed. Goldin said an autopsy would be done to determine the exact cause of death. Glitterati shocked Warhol’s death shocked the art community, his friends and the glitterati who surrounded the slender, pallid and soft-spoken celebrity, alway recognizable in his blond wig. “He was a man of genius,” said Mayor Koch. “Any time a man of greatness leaves this world leaving a positive impression, it is something to mourn.” Long-time friend, dance company duenna Martha Graham, 93, was especially saddened. Today, at an 8 p.m. auction in Christie’s art gallery, three recently completed Warhol paintings of Graham as a young dancer will be auctioned off to benefit the Martha Graham Dance Company. Upon hearing of the death, Graham tried to stop the auction but could not. “When Andy first saw me dance, he said it touched him deeply,” said Graham in a statement. “He touched me deeply as well. He was a gifted, strange maverick. It is difficult for me to realize he is gone.” Richard Oldenburg, director of the Museum of Modern Art, said Warhol “was one of the first people to really become a star as an artist.” Born Andrew Warhola, one of three sons of Czech immigrants, Warhol grew up in the industrial city of McKeesport, Pa., near Pittsburgh. A delicate youth, he suffered three nervous breakdowns as a child. His father died when he was 14, but he pulled together the money to attend the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, graduating in 1949 with a bachelor’s degree in pictorial design. He moved to New York City, cut the final vowel from his name and quickly found success as a commercial artist. Filmmaker Andy Warhol checks lighting for picture featuring underground movie star Edie Sedgwick. (John Peodincuk) But Warhol grew restless in the constraints of the work. He began showing drawings in 1956, and began to paint in earnest four years later. Success came quickly to the man who once said, “In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.” In 1961, a Manhattan department store placed his giant likeness of Dick Tracy in its front window. The next year came “Campbell Soup Cans,” the work that placed him at the head of the Pop movement, and sold for $60,000. At first dismissed by some as a fraud, Warhol attracted fans through representation of commercial items, celebrities and common circumstance as art. Artist Andy Warhol and underground star Ultra Violet. His early subjects - Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, car wrecks, criminals, Brillo boxes - extended society’s view of what it would accept as art. In 1969, he founded Interview magazine, a compendium of jet-set gossip. In the 1970s, he produced images of the famous that filled the fourth floor of the Whitney Museum of American Art in a 1979 show. He also produced films such as “Andy Warhol’s Frankenstein” and spiced them up with scenes of incest and necrophilia. By the 1980s, Warhol moved in new attempts to startle viewers. In one, he produced his “Oxidation” series by urinating on bronze-coated canvases. A fixture on the New York art world’s social scene, Warhol began hosting a cable television program, Andy Warhol’s TV,” in 1983 and recently began producing “Andy Warhol’s Fifteen Minutes” for MTV.  Pop artist Andy Warhol smiles in New York in this 1976 photo. (RICHARD DREW/AP) Warhol, a devout Catholic, bachelor and health enthusiast, also was retiring to the point that he was said to shrink from human touch. He was nearly killed in 1968 when actress Valerie Solanas, a member of a group called SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men), stormed into Warhol’s Union Square Gallery and shot him. The bullet entered Warhol’s abdomen and chest, passed into his lung, and hit his spleen, stomach, liver and esophagus before penetrating the right lunch and exiting his right rise. Solanas was sentenced to three years in jail. Warhol spent nearly two months in the hospital and afterward reportedly sent doubles to public events. Such eccentricities only contributed to the public’s long fascination with him. Warhol recently resumed creating works for some favored organizations, such as the Save the Children campaign, and he was scheduled to appear Friday at an awards ceremony for socially conscious corporations. He is survived by two brothers. Funeral arrangements were not yet complete. Tags:

Andy Warhol

How did James F Fixx, promoter of jogging for good health, die in 1984?

Keith Haring, Artist, Dies at 31 - Career Began in Subway Graffiti - NYTimes.com Keith Haring, Artist, Dies at 31; Career Began in Subway Graffiti By ANDREW L. YARROW Published: February 17, 1990 Keith Haring, an artist whose graphic talents made him one of the stars of the youthful 1980's art scene and whose images could be found as often on T-shirts as in museums, died of AIDS yesterday at his home in Manhattan. He was 31 years old. During his brief but meteoric career, Mr. Haring invented a cartoonish universe inhabited by crawling children, barking dogs and dancing figures, all set in motion by staccatolike lines. This universe was first mapped in the New York City subway system, where the young artist, still a student at the School of Visual Arts, was inspired by what he considered the beauty and immediacy of graffiti. But Mr. Haring was a graffiti artist with a difference. Instead of painting subway cars, he drew with white chalk on the black paper pasted on unused advertising spaces, working in a distinctive style that became widely known before anyone knew the artist's identity. From these beginnings emerged a style of illustration that became known throughout the world and a mode of distribution that largely circumvented the traditional art gallery system. Mr. Haring said he was committed to being accessible. Not only were his images widely considered irresistible and the morality tales they told easy to comprehend, but his work, at least in the beginning, was also easy to own. In Behalf of Causes As his art became better known and was shown in galleries and museums throughout the world, his prices rose to as much as $350,000 for a canvas. He also became active in behalf of a number of political and social causes, particularly ones relating to AIDS. Many critics dismissed his work as a form of commercial art, but Mr. Haring frequently asserted that he spanned the worlds of high and low art. Among his best-known images were the ''Radiant Child,'' a crawling infant surrounded by rays of light, and the ''Barking Dog,'' an alligatorlike creature that looked as if it had emerged from an Aztec hieroglyphic. ''He was one of the most astonishingly unique talents of recent times,'' said Tony Shafrazi, at whose gallery Mr. Haring had exhibited since 1981. ''In a short time after he arrived in New York at age 20, he practically took over Manhattan with his subway drawings, which were an instant series of signs and pictograms that everybody became familiar with.'' Mr. Haring was born on May 4, 1958 in Kutztown, Pa., and lived in Pittsburgh briefly before coming to New York in 1978 to study painting at the School of Visual Arts. He quickly found the city's ever-present subway graffiti more interesting than art in museums or galleries. 'Tuneful Celebration' Despite arrests for criminal mischief, Mr. Haring continued to create his subway graffiti during the early 1980's. When a collection of photographs of these works was published in 1984, the art historian Henry Geldzahler called them ''a tuneful celebration of urban commonality.'' A prominent figure in New York's highly visible downtown art community, Mr. Haring socialized with artists and rock musicians like Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Kenny Scharf, Madonna, Yoko Ono and Boy George. His art also adorned discotheques like the Palladium in Manhattan, MTV set decorations, a backdrop for a 1985 hunger-relief concert in Philadelphia, walls on the Lower East Side and props for various modern-dance works. His prodigious and far-flung works could also be seen in such disparate settings as Australian museums, Brazilian fishermen's houses and a Swiss department store. By the mid-1980's, Mr. Haring was also doing oil and acrylic paintings, as well as wall sculptures and free-standing constructions. He had 42 one-man exhibitions, and was represented in group shows like the 1983 Sao Paulo Bienal, the 1984 Venice Biennale and exhibitions at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. His works are also in the permanent collections of museums like the Stedelijk in Amsterdam, the Whitney in New York and the Beaubourg at the Pompidou Center in Paris. Mr. Haring was also known for his huge public murals, including a 1985 mural of the Ten Commandments for the Musee d'Art Contemporain de Bordeaux, in France, and a 300-foot painting of a chain of red and black figures on the Berlin Wall, made in 1986. Mr. Haring did murals for Children's Hospital in Washington and Necker Children's Hospital in Paris. He also created posters for the anti-apartheid movement and AIDS-related causes, increasingly making use of apocalyptic imagery. Question of 'Commercialism' Criticism of Mr. Haring as the embodiment of art world commercialism and hype reached a peak in 1986 when he opened the Pop Shop, a store in the SoHo district of Manhattan that sells T-shirts, toys, posters and other objects with reproductions of his art. He also created advertising images for Absolut vodka and Swatch watches. When once questioned about the ''commercialism'' of his work, Mr. Haring said: ''I could earn more money if I just painted a few things and jacked up the price. My shop is an extension of what I was doing in the subway stations, breaking down the barriers between high and low art.'' Mr. Haring is survived by his parents, Allen and Joan Haring, of Kutztown, and three sisters, Kay Haring, of Shillington, Pa.; Karen Delong, of Topton, Pa., and Kristen Haring, of Kutztown. Photo: Keith Haring in the painted interior of his Pop Shop in 1986. (NYT/Gene Maggio)  

i don't know

How was Jean Claude Duvalier known before he ws exiled in 1986?

Jean-Claude Duvalier - The New York Times The New York Times Supported by Jean-Claude Duvalier News about Jean-Claude Duvalier, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, is a former dictator of Haiti . Mr. Duvalier ruled with brutality and corruption for nearly 15 years before being overthrown in 1986. He is the son of François Duvalier , known as Papa Doc, a much feared dictator of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. The younger Mr. Duvalier took power, when he was just 19, following the death of his father. In all, the Duvalier dynasty lasted about three decades and was marked by the family’s harsh repression of its opponents, with the help of a special police unit called the Tontons Macoute . Mr. Duvalier went into exile in France in 1986. In the wake of his ouster, the country turned on his security forces, slaughtering them by the dozens and even desecrating François Duvalier’s mausoleum. His departure ushered in a period of halting democracy that has continued with tumultuous elections. Mr. Duvalier long flirted with returning, telling reporters over the years that he would like to go home. In 2007,  René Préval , the former president of Haiti, said Mr. Duvalier could return but would face justice for the money the government said he had looted from the treasury, as well as for the deaths and torture of political opponents at the hands of the secret police.  In January 2011, Mr. Duvalier returned to Haiti, saying he had come only to help his country, not to get involved in politics. Angry reactions poured in from around the world, with human rights groups demanding that the Haitian government charge Mr. Duvalier with crimes against humanity — including the kidnapping, torture and murder of thousands of his opponents — and with stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the nation, the poorest in the hemisphere. On the streets, there were signs that Mr. Duvalier’s arrival had started a new cycle of polarization that has crippled the country for decades. Some decried Mr. Duvalier as a vestige of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history, while others waxed nostalgic about him as the only hope for change in Haiti. On Jan. 18, Haitian prosecutors charged Mr. Duvalier with corruption and embezzlement , and he was taken into police custody. He was released hours later, but was ordered to remain in Haiti while a judge considered whether there was sufficient evidence to send Mr. Duvalier to trial. He has faced threats of prosecution in the past for the many human rights abuses committed during his rule , and for the hundreds of millions of dollars government officials have said he looted from the country . Financial Motive? Mr. Duvalier’s risky return home from France may have been driven by another motivation: money . Though Mr. Duvalier has long been accused of looting $300 million before fleeing, his lawyers and friends have said that much of his money was squandered on a lavish lifestyle of jewelry, chateaus, fancy cars and a very expensive divorce from his ex-wife. But about $4 million still sits frozen in an account in Switzerland, and Mr. Duvalier has publicly vowed to make every effort to get it. Haitian officials, human rights advocates and political analysts believe that Mr. Duvalier came back to the country for the sole purpose of making an end run around a new law that will make it harder for him to do that.

Jean-Claude Duvalier

Where did teenager Matthias Rust land his plane in 1987 much to the surprise of the country's authorities?

Jean-Claude Duvalier facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Jean-Claude Duvalier COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier (born 1951) succeeded his father, François (Papa Doc) Duvalier, as president-for-life of Haiti in 1971. He ruled with less of his father's repression but was deposed February 7, 1986. Living in exile in France, he grew increasingly destitute, having mismanaged much of the wealth he allegedly took out of Haiti. Born in July 1951, Jean-Claude Duvalier became president of Haiti at age 19, when his father, the feared and hated Dr. François (Papa Doc) Duvalier died suddenly in April of 1971. The elder Duvalier, who rose to power in the late 1950s, had proclaimed himself president-for-life in 1964 and declared his eldest son heir apparent in 1969. "Baby Doc" Duvalier, as he came to be known, was educated entirely in Haiti. He visited Europe as a teenager, but was reportedly more interested in the continent's hedonist diversions than its other treasures. On the eve of his ascendance to the presidency, visiting journalists described him as a buffoon; his school-days nickname, "Baskethead," had followed him into adulthood. Within a year of the younger Duvalier's accession to power Haiti experienced a marked decrease in political tension. Guided by his mother and several aides of his late father, the young president relied somewhat less than his predecessor on a reign of terror backed by Haiti's brutal secret police, the Tonton Macoutes. He also permitted limited press freedom and personal criticisms that were never tolerated by Papa Doc. A Desperately Poor Nation The younger Duvalier also moved closer to the United States, from whom his father had been estranged since 1961. Aid from the United States and from multilateral agencies began again. But there was no real attention, as many had hoped there would be, to the real ills of Haiti, long the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere and the most ravaged by its rulers. The new President Duvalier—a pampered, portly playboy with a penchant for fast sports cars—had hardly been trained to succeed his enigmatic, ruthless father. Haiti had a per-capita income of $150 a year, literacy rates which hovered between five and ten percent of the population, infant mortality rates as high as 50 percent, a life expectancy of only 53 years, shrinking yields of coffee (the country's only cash crop), and a continued prevalence of tuberculosis. Moreover, Haiti's limited arable land area was shrinking dramatically every year due to deforestation, overgrazing, and violent erosion. Nevertheless, Duvalier's first years in office offered hope. Soon more than 150 U.S. concerns were operating in Haiti, including a small chain of Holiday Inns. The sewing of baseballs, long a staple of low-wage Haiti, was expanded. New electronic assembly plants were developed. Another of the new businesses exported blood plasma, collected from the poor of Haiti's mean streets for $3 a quart, to the United States. For nearly two years, Hemo Caribbean made $5 a quart on sales of 4,000 quarts a month to hospitals and blood banks in the United States. Political Instability During the early years of the elder Duvalier presidency, exiled Haitians—some supported clandestinely by the United States—invaded their homeland in attempts to oust him, but all were repulsed. In late 1978 Baby Doc Duvalier's government was also threatened by an invasion in the northeast, at Cape St. Nicholas. Several dozen exiles came ashore from small boats. They proved no match for the Haitian army. A second invasion took place in 1982, when a small group of exiles led by a Miami garage owner landed on Tortuga, a small island off Haiti's northwest coast All of those who landed were imprisoned and shot. A political crackdown on dissidents followed as a result of these two attempted coups. Senior United Nations officials complained about the all-pervasive atmosphere of family corruption. Caribbean political analysts asserted that Haiti's tobacco monopoly, among other enterprises, continued to be used as a family slush fund. The renewed authoritarianism deterred tourism and curtailed aid levels. Island Spiraled into Crisis When President Duvalier shortly thereafter permitted the formation of two opposition parties and publicly inaugurated a period of "liberalization," the United States and long-time opponents took cheer. The tame press was allowed to publish critical articles. By late 1979, however, the honeymoon was over. Men armed with clubs broke up Haiti's first human rights rally in Port-au-Prince. Diplomats were beaten, and hundreds were hurt. The press was again curbed. In 1980 Silvio Claude, founder of the Haitian Christian Democratic Party, was arrested and held incommunicado for two years. Gregoire Eugene, another party leader, and a number of journalists were subsequently arrested and flown out of Haiti on exit visas. By mid-1981 Duvalier's new policies had transformed middle-class—and comparatively limited—migration of Haitians to the nearby United States into a wholesale exodus of impoverished peasants and landless laborers. In roughly made wooden sailboats, in rusty island freighters, in scows and anything that would float, 4,000 refugees a month began leaving Cap Haitien and Port de Paix secretly under the guidance of profiteering shippers for economic and political opportunity as refugees in Florida. New Palace Power In 1980 the president had married Michèle Bennett, the American-educated daughter of a well-to-do Haitian coffee merchant. At a cost of $3 million, the ceremony and festivities garnered infamy for its entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the most expensive wedding ever held. The same year a son, François-Nicholas, was born, Michèle Duvalier outmaneuvered her mother-in-law in 1983 and became First Lady of Haiti. By then it had become clear that the new first lady was the power behind, next to, and perhaps in front of the throne. She began making executive decisions whenever her husband was otherwise engaged driving racing cars or cruising in his presidential yacht. In the 1984 election to Haiti's 59-seat National Assembly, no opposition candidates were permitted to contest the election. The only plausible leaders of contrary parties were specifically excluded. Gregoire Eugene, who had earlier been exiled to New York, was prevented from returning. Silvio Claude was again arrested and tortured. Sixty of his followers were also arrested or exiled. So few Haitians voted that the government refused to reveal the turnout. The few meetings called to protest the elections were broken up by thugs. Duvalier confined his own electioneering to throwing money from the window of his speeding car. Denied political and most other freedoms and condemned to flee their country or remain illiterate, ill-housed, ill-fed, and prone to disease, Haitians were also condemned to renewed cycles of underdevelopment. The tourist industry was destroyed by the association of AIDS with Haiti, and the farmers in 1985 were producing only 50 percent of the coffee grown in the 1960s. The roads were still rough and limited, electricity supplies haphazard, and arbitrary official taxation and corruption remained ingrained. Kicked Out of Own Country In the first days of February 1986 a series of riots broke out across Haiti. This time the government's usual harsh repressive measures only worsened the massive unrest. Fearing for his life, Duvalier fled to France in a U.S. cargo plane with his family and 17 associates. France granted temporary asylum, but then asked the Duvalier party to find another place of refuge; yet no other country would accept them. After a short period of democratic rule, a junta took over the government of Haiti; elections were held in late 1990 and a former priest, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, was elected. A military coup ousted him after only a few months in office, and only an economic blockade helped see him reinstated in 1993. Meanwhile, a very small group still loyal to Duvalier continued to agitate for his return. Duvalier has said he would be happy to return to Haiti, but it would certainly require heavy security. Scenes of the frightened Duvaliers behind the windshield of their luxury German automobile as they arrived at the airport to flee the country in 1986 became one of the lasting images of the coup. It was said that Duvalier was reportedly worth $120 million, much of it looted from Haiti's resources in one way or another. Shortly after the arrival of the Duvaliers and their entourage on the French Riviera, the U.S. government froze the former leader's American-held assets, which included a yacht in Miami, a condominium in New York's posh Trump Tower, and three other Manhattan abodes. In the south of France Duvalier and his family lived quite comfortably, and he and Michèle Duvalier continued to spend freely—supposedly with money stored in secret Swiss accounts. On one trip to Paris, they bought nearly a half-million dollars worth of jewelry. The Duvalier fortune took a turn for the worse, however, after the couple's 1990 divorce. With his ex-wife in Paris with their two children (a daughter, Anya, arrived three years after François-Nicholas), Duvalier moved to another Cote D'Azur villa in 1990. His new rented home in Vallauris cost $9,000 a month, but legal actions taken by the current Haitian government to freeze his international assets in an attempt to recover some of the monies plundered were successful, and effectively impoverished Duvalier. By 1994 France Telecom disconnected his phone until its $14,000 balance was paid, and he was evicted from his villa for unpaid rent. He reportedly lives in a much smaller house in Vallauris, drives a humble Opel, and shares his home with his aged mother and five dogs. Further Reading The three books useful for the regime of the Duvaliers are Graham Greene, The Comedians (London, 1966), a novel which mirrored life in Haiti under the first Duvalier; Robert I. Rotberg, Haiti: The Politics of Squalor (1971); and David Nicholls, From Dessalines to Duvalier (1979). A post-coup analysis is found in Elizabeth Abbott, The Woeful Dynasty: The Duvaliers and their Legacy (1991). Updates on Duvalier's exile status appeared in People (August 22, 1994) and the Economist (October 22, 1994). □ Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Jean-Claude Duvalier (zhäN-klōd düvälyā´), 1951–2014, president of Haiti (1971–86). At age 19, he was proclaimed "president for life" upon the death of his father, Francois Duvalier . Under great pressure from the United States to moderate the corrupt and dictatorial regime of his father, he made a show of introducing reforms, replacing some of his father's cabinet ministers, and freeing a number of political prisoners. For a time, he managed to improve Haiti's international image, although substantively his rule did not markedly differ from his father's often brutal tyranny. Known as "Baby Doc," he was strongly influenced by his mother, Simone Duvalier, and by his young wife, Michele Bennet, whom he married in 1980. In 1986, antigovernment demonstrations toppled Duvalier's regime; he fled into exile in France. In 2011, he returned to Haiti and was soon charged with having engaged in corruption and embezzlement during his presidency, but his death ended the case against him. Cite this article

i don't know

Great Briton fought which country over the Falkland Islands?

The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands | Cato Institute The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands By Doug Bandow This article appeared in the Daily Caller on April 2, 2010. Washington collects alliances like people collect Facebook “friends.” As the Falklands Islands dispute heats up again, the U.S. finds itself being pressed to take sides. It turns out that collecting allies can be expensive. Nearly 30 years ago Argentina and Great Britain fought an improbable war over the lightly populated British colonial outpost (called the Malvinas by Buenos Aires). The islands likely had been visited by Patagonian Indians but were uninhabited when first discovered by Europeans, probably either the Portuguese or Spanish. France established the first known settlement, followed by Great Britain. The Spanish took over the French claim and demolished the British community. The two countries settled their dispute in 1771 and Britain eventually withdrew. Revolution caused Argentina to supplant Spain. The former established a settlement in 1828, which was attacked by U.S. warships after a seal-hunting dispute. The British returned in 1833 in force and re-established control. So who “owns” the island? The proper answer is: who cares? Alas, fishing rights and possible oil deposits are involved, as well as national pride. Buenos Aires began pressing its claim in 1945 when it signed the United Nations Charter. The two countries negotiated in the 1960s, but no settlement emerged since the Falklands residents wanted to remain British. In 1982 the Argentine military junta invaded the islands, apparently hoping that London would accept the loss. Instead, Britain responded with force, winning a short but sharp war. The junta was swept from power; Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher won a landslide re-election. The two nations renewed diplomatic ties in 1992 but the issue languished, until a British oil company recently began exploratory drilling in island waters. Argentine President Christina Kirchner accused London of violating her nation’s sovereignty. In early February her government blocked departure of a ship with supplies for the drilling operation. Argentina’s foreign minister recently met with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who offered to mediate. Moreover, 32 Latin American governments expressed their support for “the legitimate rights of the republic of Argentina in the sovereignty dispute with Great Britain.” The appropriate question for Washington is: what does this have to do with the U.S.? Alas, both Argentina and Britain want America’s support. And out of London has come the plaintive plea: aren’t we allies? The U.S. has no discernible interest in the controversy. England controls the islands, but that doesn’t mean its control is legitimate: Washington’s position has been to support British administration, not sovereignty. Obviously, the dispute should be handled peacefully. But President Barack Obama, whose Kenyan grandfather apparently was tortured by British colonial overlords during the 1950’s “Mau Mau” revolt, has no reason to defend this vestige of Britain’s colonial past. On her recent visit to Buenos Aires Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that the dispute be handled by the UN. Of course, no Western industrialized nation should want its affairs decided by the denizens of Turtle Bay. The secretary was on firmer ground in offering Washington’s “help in facilitating” negotiations. Alas, in London anything other than full-throated support is being treated as disloyalty of the most monstrous character. Officially, the British government expressed its thanks to Secretary Clinton but denied any need for mediation. The private reaction was less restrained. Con Coughlin of the Daily Telegraph wrote that “British officials are angry at what they regard as a cavalier disregard for Britain’s interests at a time when Britain is the only major European power committed significant numbers of combat troops to fight in Afghanistan.” British analyst Nile Gardiner, of the Washington-based Heritage Foundation, argued in late February: “If the Obama administration does not take a clear position in support of London, the Anglo-American Special Relationship will be significantly damaged. It is imperative that in the coming days the White House issues an unequivocal statement backing UK sovereignty over the Falklands in the face of Argentinian bullying.” Rep. John Campbell (R-Calif.), who co-chairs the United States/United Kingdom Caucus, has joined the pro-London chorus. He wrote for the same Daily Telegraph that “The Obama Administration’s recent statements regarding the future of the Falkland Islands have been deeply troubling to those of us in Washington who cherish the Special Relationship and the close ties that bind Great Britain and the United States.” Indeed, he added, “The saber-rattling on behalf of the Argentine government is ridiculous and laughable, to say nothing of being factually dishonest, and economically expedient.” The Falklands contretemps illustrates the problem of maintaining an alliance at a time when none is necessary. “Special relationships” make a lot of sense among individuals. They are a lot more problematic among nations. In fact, George Washington famously warned: “a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification.” What could be better illustrate his concern than the U.S. getting involved in the middle of the Falklands dispute? America’s historical ties with Great Britain are long, but for decades were largely negative. The two peoples broke apart violently in the American Revolution. They fought in 1812. There were constant foreign policy confrontations over Latin America and near war over Venezuela; Washington also rattled its saber at Britain in the boundary dispute with Canada. The threat of conflict also was real during the American Civil War over British neutrality and the Confederacy. Since then relations have been much better, though not without disagreement. Only during World War II and the Cold War did a close alliance make sense. (The U.S. was merely an “associated power” in World War I, and had no reason to enter that foolish, bloody imperial slugfest other than Woodrow Wilson’s delusion that he could inaugurate peace on earth.) Participating in an alliance intended to be fought unto the military death can force one to swallow hard and back even stupid positions taken by one’s friends. The sovereignty of a small south Atlantic island doesn’t look particularly important next to keeping British carriers occupied tracking the Red Navy. The Reagan administration likely was driven by such considerations. Although temporizing initially, Washington tilted toward Britain. After all, the war was initiated by a military junta against a valued ally in the midst of the Cold War before perestroika had transformed the Soviet Union. But the fact that Washington felt the need to get involved demonstrates why alliances should be limited in time and scope. With the end of the Cold War, there is no reason for the U.S. to be part of NATO and tied militarily to London. That doesn’t mean the American and British peoples should not feel a special relationship. I spent three of my teen years in Great Britain and loved exploring a nation with such a rich history that effectively birthed America. The common values and related culture also suggest that there will be many issues upon which the corresponding governments will agree and cooperate. That might even include fighting wars together. However, London should have supported the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq because the British government perceived the operations to be necessary for its own and global security, not out of a misguided sense of kinship. In fact, Washington would have been better served had Prime Minister Tony Blair not been President George W. Bush’s “poodle,” as the former has been widely derided in Britain. A more skeptical British leader might have slowed if not halted the Bush administration’s costly and foolish rush to war. In the same way, the U.S. should back London when the latter is in the right. But justice is irrelevant to some advocates of a reflexive “special relationship.” For instance, wrote Gardiner: “President Barack Obama and his Secretary of State Hillary Clinton cannot remain neutral and sit on the fence over an issue of vital national interest to the United Kingdom. While British and American soldiers fight side by side on the battlefields of Afghanistan, the United States must stand shoulder to shoulder with the British people as they once again confront Argentine aggression and defend their own kith and kin.” Washington cannot confront aggression, which has not occurred, though it should discourage any nation resorting to force to resolve territorial disputes. Nor can Washington treat as vital to America another nation’s cause just because the latter believes it to be vital. (Set aside why anyone in Britain would view the status of the Falklands as “vital.”) Without overriding justification, the U.S. government should not reflexively endorse claims and actions that are dubious at best. A similar problem looms in East Asia. The People’s Republic of China has made extensive territorial claims in the South China Sea, especially regarding the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Exactly who owns what is a matter of much international dispute. Must the U.S. stand by former colony Philippines even if Beijing has the better juridical claim? What about competing claims between China and Vietnam? Even worse, Japan and South Korea, both long-term allies of America, bitterly disagree over the name as well as the sovereignty of Dokdo/Takeshima Island. Both countries have a “special relationship” with America. Which is deserving of Washington’s first loyalty? Not every international problem requires America’s attention, even those involving countries with a “special relationship” with Washington. Contrary to the U.S. government’s current practice, America needs fewer allies. Washington should no longer act as the world’s 9-1-1 number.

Argentina

Which oil tanker disastrously ran aground off 'Brittany in 1987?

Falkland Islands War - Credo Reference Topic Page: Falkland Islands War Definition: Falklands War from The Macquarie Dictionary an armed conflict between the UK and Argentina from March 1982 until Argentine surrender in June; resulting from Argentine claim to sovereignty of the Falkland Islands. Summary Article: Falklands War (1982) from The Encyclopedia of War Image from: An Argentine Logistics Battalion prepares... in Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History The world awoke on April 3, 1982 to the shocking news that an Argentine invasion force had landed on the desolate Falkland Islands in the far South Atlantic, subdued the small force of Royal Marines stationed at the capital, Port Stanley, and proclaimed the islandsnuestras —“our” — Malvinas (Argentina would follow up with the capture of a tiny garrison on South Georgia Island that same day). No one except the invasion force and a few planners in the Argentine military staffs knew of the expedition until it was over. There had been long and drawn-out discussions in the United Nations (UN) and other venues for decades about the contentious issue of sovereign control of the islands. Multiple conflicting claims dating back to the Seven Years' War of the eighteenth century ensured that both sides had established rather rigid positions: Britain in favor of “self-determination” for the few settlers on the islands (Scots and Welsh) and the Argentines in favor of exclusive sovereignty over islands on the Argentine continental shelf, with guarantees of civil rights for the settlers as Argentine citizens. Even so, the notion of actual hostilities over the islands seemed remote. The Argentine plan was based on forcing a fait accompli. That the British would undertake the costly and huge operation necessary to recover the islands some 8,500 miles distant in the coming South Atlantic winter was deemed too unlikely; a negotiated settlement would be reached. Argentine planners understood, however, that defeat was a distinct probability if the British did fight. And fight they did. The British navy, not having sailed forth in anger since the frustrating Suez Crisis, mobilized immediately. The nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror — just one example of British military superiority — departed for the South Atlantic on April 4. Surface forces, including Britain's two aircraft carriers, deployed from Portsmouth on April 5. On April 9, troop transports, loaded with British paratroop and marine units, deployed, and on April 12, Britain announced a two hundred mile exclusion zone around the islands. Even though not yet in theater, British forces were on the offensive; the Argentines sat pat. The UN condemned the invasion and called for withdrawal of Argentine forces, cessation of hostilities, and a negotiated settlement. The United States embarked on shuttle diplomacy between Washington, Buenos Aries, and London in an attempt to effect some kind of settlement. But American efforts came to naught. The Argentines were suspicious—correctly—of the neutrality of America's good offices and the British were determined to press forward. Eventually, the United States offered logistical and intelligence support to the UK and helped pressure the Organization of American States and virtually every American republic to stand aside. Only two Latin American nations involved themselves directly in the conflict and in very limited roles: Peru flew some sorties in support of Argentina; Chile rendered support to Britain. By May 1, British operations had reached the point that an active offensive could be launched. Royal Marines had recaptured the small base on remote South Georgia Island in late April. With that flank secured, a direct approach to the Falklands was open and the war was on. On May 1, Vulcan bombers from the UK reached and bombed the airstrip at Fort Stanley, the British task force entered the exclusion zone, and Harrier “jump-jets” from the carriers bombed targets on the Falklands. In opposition, the Argentine navy was not an inconsiderable force: it had the Ventecinco de Mayo, one of only two carriers in Latin American maritime forces. It also boasted the heavy cruiser Belgrano, some reasonably modern frigates, and somewhat older diesel submarines. And the navy operated a significant number of attack aircraft. However, once HMS Conqueror torpedoed and sank the Belgrano on May 2 (the heaviest loss of life of any incident in the war) the navy did not sortie to offer battle to the British forces: arguably a missed opportunity. In response, Argentine naval aircraft, French-made Super Entendards carrying exocet missiles, successfully attacked HMS Sheffield on May 4. The pattern of the largest naval conflict since Okinawa was set: the British controlled the sea, but Argentine aircraft sent six British ships to the bottom and damaged ten others. On land, the issue was more one-sided. Once the British landing was completed in the inland sea of San Carlos Water (Falkland Sound) between the large East and West Falklands on May 21, the outcome was not in doubt. Not that the fighting was easy: the Argentines put up stiff resistance at Goose Green and Darwin on the southern flank of the British landing zone, but were overcome on May 28. Argentine air forces continued to pound landing ships and escort vessels in San Carlos Water and on the southern coast of the East Island, as the British attempted to leap-frog by water towards Port Stanley. Eventually, the British land forces had to march cross-country and attack the capital from the west. This required subduing dug-in Argentine infantry on several mountain ridges, but this was done in good order and all Argentine forces on the islands surrendered on June 14. The costs of the war were not light: the British lost 255 personnel killed and some 777 wounded; Argentine losses were 652 dead and missing, and an unspecified but larger number of wounded. Most Argentine losses were at sea. Materially, Britain could absorb the number of ships lost, but Argentina could not; in addition to the Belgrano, she lost a submarine and virtually all of her troop carrier capability. The Argentine air arm, both navy and air force, was cut off; perhaps as many as 109 aircraft were lost. But the real costs to Argentina were political. The military government — now demonstrably incapable of performing even its most basic function of national defense — was entirely discredited and stepped down, ending an era of military dominance of political power begun in 1930. The military has not returned to power since. And the British commitment to hold the islands is more solid today than it was before the war. British army vehicles on the Falkland Islands, August 13, 1982.Bettmann Archive/Corbis. Photo: Gary Kemper. SEE ALSO: Gurkhas; Punitive expeditions; Submarine warfare; United Nations. Further Reading Freedman, L. (2007) The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2 vols. Routledge London. Moro, R. O. (1986) La Guerra inaudita: historia del conflict del Atlantico sur. Editorial Pleamar Buenos Aires. Blair Turner

i don't know

Where did the US side of the Band Aid concert take place?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa The Live Aid concert for the starving in Africa has raised triple the �10m expected. And as the London event draws to a close at Wembley Stadium, Britain had contributed �1,100,000 to the global total of �30m. Described as the Woodstock of the eighties, the world's biggest rock festival was organised by Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof to raise money for famine relief in Africa. Wembley was packed with a crowd of 72,000, andTV pictures, co-ordinated at BBC Television Centre, have been beamed to over 1.5 bn people in 160 countries in the biggest broadcast ever known. The transatlantic concert began in London's midday sunshine with a fanfare for Prince Charles and Princess Diana and Status Quo performing Rocking All over the World. Stars were flown in by helicopter into the arena in a line-up that included David Bowie, Wham and royal favourites Dire Straits. Don't go to the pub tonight - please stay in and give us your money Bob Geldof Frequent appeals by Bob Geldof reminded viewers of the motive for the occasion: "Don't go to the pub tonight. Please stay in and give us your money. There are people dying now." He himself took the call from the ruling family in Dubai who made the biggest single donation of �1m. Across the UK eight appeal centres were set up with 200 phone lines to handle - mainly credit card - donations of up to �2,000. In the US 22,000 pledges were received within five minutes of the Beach Boys taking to the stage in the simultaneous concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia. The 16-hour music marathon is being completed there tonight with acts including Bob Dylan, Duran Duran and Paul Simon. Nine months after the droughts, disease and famine in north eastern Africa were brought to the media's attention the UN has warned that 160m people are still affected. Governments have begun a global relief operation but there are still problems of distribution in the worst hit areas - mainly Sudan and Ethiopia.

Philadelphia

Natan Sharansky was released from prison in the USSR to begin a new life where?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever? 1985: Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever? Live Aid was billed as the biggest rock event the world would ever see. The 16-hour music marathon, organised by Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof, took place in two continents and was beamed live to 1.5 billion people worldwide. Dozens of the world's biggest rock stars took part in the concert and the event raised �30m to help the starving in Africa. Memories from around the world: I was in California and we recorded it on professional VHS decks, edited it down to like 4 hours. My girlfriend at the time was a professional dance-party producer, so we hired a big screen, put it in a dance hall and threw a fabulous dance party using the tapes as our programme. Except for direct costs, all the money raised went to charity - Geldof's African relief fund. As a media event, Live Aid was completely unrivalled. As a charity, it was certainly the most successful. And as a concert, it was 'the big day' for many bands. Bill Claxton, Singapore My friend Debs and I had just arrived in London from Greece. We met up with a couple of Aussie friends who said they had spare tickets for a concert. No real details just that there was a chance a few bands would get together. The tickets were �25 which on our meagre Australian dollar backpacker funds we didn't think we could stretch to. We said no thanks. A couple of days later the tickets were still available so we threw caution, and the food and shelter budget, to the wind and bought the tickets. It's funny to think back now that we really didn't know just how big this thing was and we came so close to missing out! Queen were electrifying and who remembers when the sound failed on Paul McCartney and the only way 70,000 people could let the sound guys know was to boo! I remember the look on Paul's face - surely it would have been the first time EVER he was booed! Live Aid will never be repeated and I will always, always remember the sharing of food with complete strangers and singing and laughing along together. All day. Sensational! Sue Devic, Australia I had been to a party the night before and was feeling a little delicate that gloriously sunny morning on 13/7/1985. I kept telling my girlfriend that we had to get to a TV by midday or my life would be destroyed. We ended up at her Nan's flat when Status Quo kicked things off. After The Style Council her Mum arrived to take us back to her house out in the quiet countryside. I forget the whole running order that day, (I've yet to get the DVD), but my biggest disappointment was Adam Ant who, having had a string of notable hits earlier that decade, chose to sing his new single which not only was crap but also no-one knew it. His career ended that very afternoon. I kept telling my girlfriend that we had to get to a TV by midday or my life would be destroyed. The Crow, UK I can remember having a water fight with my girlfriend in the garden as we had been washing her Dad's car with the patio doors wide open and the TV on full blast. Queen were awesome - Spandau Ballet were okay - Dire Straits smoked - Bob Geldof sitting next to Ian Astbury and using the "F" word (which was brilliantly picked up on by the Spitting Image guys) - there were so many great moments that day. It's funny - now that it's exactly 20 years ago, everyone is talking about it, but I haven't stopped talking about it all during that time - and I wasn't even at the gig! Is it really TWENTY YEARS?!! The Crow, UK It was one of the few days I ever planned to watch TV all day. Queen defintely provided the highlight, Freddie was the most diminutive figure on the stage but he had the world in the palm of his hand. Kevin Critchlow, UK I recall watching Princess Diana obviously enjoying the entire proceedings, while Prince Charles looked like a fish out of water. It was a particularly hot day and the first aid attendants were kept busy cutting off the legs from folks' jeans. Hosepipes were liberally sprayed around to keep the crowd cool. Sunburned arms were a common sight. Just as everyone was enjoying themseleves, "The African video" was broadcast to the tune of The Cars "Drive". This was a poignant moment that left many with tears in their eyes. It was a particularly hot day and the first aid attendants were kept busy cutting off the legs from folks' jeans Paula, Scotland As Concorde flew low directly over Wembley stadium at a pre-arranged time, a shiver ran up my spine as everyone cheered patriotically. When the ultimate showman, Freddie Mercury, performed Radio Gaga, I had another similar moment as I looked back to see virtually everyone in the stadium clap hands in the air in synch with the music. Freddie obviously delighted in holding the entire crowd in his hands. At this point, I turned to my pal Ray and said this would probably be the best day of our lives. We were actively involved in something of historical significance. I was absolutely correct. After the gig, the underground echoed to the continuous singing of "Do They Know It's Christmas". On the long motorway drive back up to Scotland I displayed the official T-shirt and programme in the rear window. Dozens of drivers sounded their horns in appreciation. I've stored the T-shirt carefully and have never even worn it. What a day. Paul Tricki, Scotland In 1985 my son Steven was born and was four months old when I watched the concert. We were at a barbecue. We had the TV on inside and people went in and out throughout the day. I watched the footage as my son lay on the baby mat - he was healthy, happy, wanted, and loved. I watched the footage of many mothers losing their children daily. My heart went out to them, it reached me in a very deep and meaningful way. We had little money but I sent off a cheque for more than we could afford, (in Western terms) but a week without priveleges was a small price to pay to support the cause. Lorraine Haining, UK My cousin's husband, Mike Coneally (God rest him), and I arrived at Wembley at about 1000 and bunked the huge queues along Wembley Walk waiting to go into the stadium. Nobody said a word! Artist after artist playing their hearts out Martin Arkins, N Ireland We went onto the pitch which was covered in a tarpaulin and picked our spot. It was hilarious to see people laying out their blankets and cool-boxes for a picnic. It wasn't long before they had to shift! We had sneaked in some hooch disguised in two 2 x litre 7-UP bottles, so things were looking good. We picked our spot halfway between the sound box and the stage, and then stood there waiting. When Prince Charles and Princess Diana arrived to a fanfare, we were all impatient to get the show going. And boy what a show! Artist after artist playing their hearts out. George Michael stood at the back of the stage and belting out Elton John's Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me was a favourite. More than any other artist, he rose to the occasion with a very difficult song to sing. The whole event was fantastic. Neither of us left the spot we picked for the whole event. When the show was over and we were being thrown out, our legs couldn't move, having been firmly rooted to the spot the whole day! I shall never ever forget that day. Fantastic. Martin Arkins, N Ireland I still remember that day so vividly. Australia had its own concert, Oz for Africa, that started at 0800 on Saturday morning and I was glued to that TV till ALL of Live Aid finished at 1200 on Sunday afternoon. I shall treasure my tapes of the event as the DVD does not show certain parts. My only regret is I could not be there, but I would have loved to be part of music history. U2\Bryan Adams, Tina Turner and Mick Jagger were definite highlights. And Status Quo kicked the show off with the most appropriate song: Rockin' all over the World. Actually when the show had finished, I ended up watching it again, it was a event that gave me tears, laughter, and memories that I will cherish. Tracy, Australia Camping out outside the Apollo Theatre in Glasgow to get tickets . . . bumping into Billy Connolly at Euston on the way there . . . thinking that Madonna was truly awful . . . U2 so powerful and perfect . . . Amazement at being down at the front and seeing a real live Beatle right there . . . mesmerizing power of The Who . . . being charmed by Queen, a band I had never really rated . . . That day will never be topped Martin Williams, UK The crowd spontaneously bursting into "Singin' In the Rain" when the rain started near the end, and forgetting the words en masse after the second line . . . the camaraderie with complete strangers . . . the tender way the security guys passed around cups of water and sprayed the crowd during that hot afternoon . . . Rushing back to a friend's London flat to catch the end of the Philly show and crashing out in a happy stupor long before the end . . . the feeling of being 18 and alive. Kirk, US Queen were the established super-group and delivered as expected, but I remember the buzz surrounding U2 during the build-up and then on the day itself. They were already successful but had been the 'Next Big Thing' of rock for a couple of years and everyone wanted to see if they could really handle that kind of stage. They were simply amazing on the day and Bono went to great lengths to reach out (sometimes literally) and make a connection with the audience. They kicked the concert into a higher gear and established themselves as the Biggest Band In The World for the next 20 years. Shame Bono's dancing with the crowd meant they had no time for the planned 'Pride in the Name of Love' finale! Andy Neill, UK It was a great privilege to be there. I remember vividly two guys in front of us standing on the backs of their seats pretending to surf when the Beach Boys played. Queen were fantastic. Tony, Scotland Best concert ever. Freddie and Queen were classic. Still have the tickets/programme and photos. Jean and Ron Lindsay, England Yup - I was there. Lied atrociously to get the day off work (thank you Beverley for teaching my class !!) - but I think a jury would let me off..... wouldn't they? The day itself? Often imitated, never bettered (and never will be). Nuff said! Jonathan Legge, Italy "I was there" as my t-shirt soundly displays. It was �30 each for me and my best mate Malcolm for a return coach from Bridgend in South Wales and an entry ticket. It was, without any doubt, the best day of my life with the obvious exception of my wedding day Michael White, Wales Both the ticket and the "I was there" t-shirt are proudly displayed in my music room. It was, without any doubt, the best day of my life with the obvious exception of my wedding day with Clare. Malcolm and I spent the day drinking, laughing and guessing the first song each band would play. I have never been to such a good-natured concert or event. Even to this day we wind other friends up about not being there. It was and is the number one event of all time - never to be surpassed. My top five performers by a mile were Quo, U2, Queen, The Who and Macca. Glad I wasn't at the US end of things - poor. But I look forward to the next Live Aid and with a little luck I'll be there with my son Jamie and wife Clare. Keep on rockin' all over the world! Michael White, Wales It was an unforgettable day. I had been ill with the measles and the family doctor said I was too ill to go. That, of course, made not a blind bit of difference. I spent the whole day with my first love drinking and learning drunken Swedish from some students over from Stockholm. My highlight was when Billy Connolly was noticed way up in the Gods obviously drinking in the atmosphere. The whole of Wembley saw him and went berserk, waving and cheering. He was so flabbergasted he just blessed us all like the Pope! Classic stuff and a classic day! Sharsh, UK I just turned up with my flag, the biggest black and white U2 flag there and waved it all day long. Look out for me on the DVD! David Hancock, UK For me Geldof's "I Don't Like Mondays" summed it all up. From the moment we heard the piano intro we knew what was coming. You could feel the anticipation building even through the TV. It was numbingly electric. As Bob walked in a circle before the poignant verse you could see in his face this was the focus for him, and for us watching. Then the simplest of lines was delivered. "And the lesson today is how to die". Then silence, shock and realisation. That single moment, that few seconds of silence brought it home - and it hurt like hell. Live Aid changed my life. Merx England, UK Truly the greatest show on Earth and I was lucky enough to be at Wembley. An unforgettable experience, with so many highlights - Quo kicking things off, seeing the crowd in Phili watch us in Wembley, the video of the Cars Drive, the idiots in the row behind us having a champagne lunch (we had a packet of stale ginger nuts) and of course the greatest names in music performing in front us. That day will never be topped. Martin Williams, UK Not everyone was my cup of tea but everyone together for a good cause. Riff raff showing the establishment how to stop talking, get their finger out and DO something. Good for Geldof, et al. On the day? No question - Queen absolutely stole the show, but since Freddy Mercury was probably the greatest front man of all time, that's no surprise. Paul Hopper, UK I can remember a lot of tension. The whole world seemed to be holding its breath. Then I think Francis Rossi started the whole thing off with the greeting "Alright!". It was a fantastic ice-breaker, just perfect. The world breathed again. Jules, UK Between Queen and Dire Straits, I managed to get my "Hello World, Luv Graham & Lyn" banner on screen for all the world to see we were there. If anyone, anywhere should have a picture showing those big pink and red letters, I would like to hear from them - just to prove to our children their Mum and Dad were cool! Graham Balmforth, UK I hate to spoil the party, but I remember the Live Aid concert as worthy but really terrible. Most of the acts were irrelevant and outdated even then, cynically trying to breathe life back into their careers (I was into The Smiths, New Order, Cocteau Twins at the time), and I had to go for a swim to avoid watching any more. Even David Bowie was embarrassing, though Lou Reed and Neil Young in the US were a slight relief. It didn't stop me donating to the cause though. David Goodenough, UK I remember Live Aid well. I was ten years old and it was a hot July afternoon. U2 came on and Bono started singing an excerpt of Lou Reed's "Satellite of Love", which in my then limited knowledge of popular music I thought was a clever joke, aimed at the fact that the event was being beamed by satellite across the world! Everyone nowadays says that Queen stole the show but I must have been in the garden when they played because I can't remember them. Ben, England I remember the day as if it were yesterday. It was a hot July afternoon. I was 15, and my folks were having a huge party at home. U2's performance was mesmerising Nick England, UAE We were all helping out getting things ready, but I remember keeping a TV on in one of the rooms waiting for Led Zeppelin to play. As a teenager learning guitar, this was too mind blowing an event to miss. U2's performance was mesmerising. Truly a band on the verge of greatness. The concert sticks in my mind even today as one of the greatest charity organised events ever. The music laid on was incredible, and the legacy of what Bob Geldof achieved through that event set the tone for all other fund raising events. It enabled celebrities to utilise their status for the good of mankind. It was the first of a kind, and will never be surpassed. Nick England, UAE I had finished school and was enjoying the summer before starting work in the autumn. I remember not caring who else was going to Live Aid, but that I just wanted a ticket. The atmosphere both outside the stadium and then inside took my breath away. Everyone was so chilled but eager to party. The afternoon just got better and really kicked off when U2 came on. Being up front with a group who'd travelled from Ireland really made this a special moment. I remember Wembley singing along to Simple Minds in Philly and how Wembley actually sang louder when Jim Kerr asked. But being there to see The Who when the TV feed was lost meant we had had a private concert by one of the world's biggest bands. It is a great memory - one that is as fresh today as ever. Marc Evans, UK It was a beautiful warm sunny day and the atmosphere was electric. We stood for hours in the sea of dancing spectators and gawped at seemingly endless stream of pop-stars and superstars. Queen put on an outstanding performance compared to most acts. Damian White, UK I was seven years old and had the privilege of being taken to Live Aid by my parents. I remember Queen playing and my parents banging the plastic chairs with their feet to show how much they enjoyed it. Up until then my Mum didn't 't even like Queen! I clearly remember all of the adults around me crying at the finale when all of the stars got together on stage. It was so very moving because they were performing in front of pictures of starving children and they really believed that what they were doing would make a difference. Live Aid is something that I will never forget. Sarah Green, England It was like having a party in your back garden with all your favourite stars playing for you Kirsty McPherson, UK I was privileged to attend Live Aid in July '85 and no concert since has come anywhere close - despite the numerous "tribute/appeal" concerts that have followed. The atmosphere was electric and the sense of "doing good" was all around. It was like having a party in your back garden with all your favourite stars playing for you and your mates. Strangers sang, joked, shared food and alcohol with each other and there was a real sense of community. It was fantastic to see so many legends on one stage and such a diverse range of genres played in one concert. There were two main memories that will live with me forever. The first was when Queen were singing Radio Ga Ga, no word of a lie EVERYONE was thrusting their fists into the air and singing along in time! The second was when we were ordered out of the stadium (no one wanted to leave) and the corridors were filled with everyone singing Do They Know It's Christmas? I have goose bumps just remembering that - really moving. Just an amazing concert all round. Kirsty McPherson, UK I was a student spending the summer in London studying theatre, and my then boyfriend (now husband) had come over with me. We were broke, and didn't have much money for entertainment. A friend said his father's friends could get tickets to this big sold-out concert. It was expensive, but so many of our favourite musicians of the time - Elvis Costello, Ultravox, U2, David Bowie, Elton John, and of course the Boomtown Rats - were on the bill, so we figured even if we blew our entertainment budget for the summer, it would be worth it. We had no idea we were about to be part of an historic event! As the show unfolded, it became clear that this was a unique event, that the best of the best had been gathered. The feeling was so good in the stadium - all of our neighbours kept chatting with us, and were very welcoming to we young Americans. Our favourite moment of the concert belonged to Elvis Costello. He came out alone on acoustic guitar, and stated that he was going to sing an old English folk song, and then led us all on a sing along of "All You Need is Love." I thought that was the greatest statement on a day that was about people taking real action to make a difference in the world. I was too young for Woodstock, but I was there at Live Aid '85 at Wembley! Lynn Ginsburg, USA Your On This Day reminder of the Live Aid concert has brought back such vivid memories - I get all choked up thinking about that day. It was incredible, so many bands, so many fans. I will never forget it; it will probably never be repeated. We were all very lucky to be there. Rod Potter, Canada There are so many memories of the day itself, but one memory that lingers is that my girlfriend at the time (now my wife!) had queued for tickets but had to refuse an interview/photo with the local newspaper - one of the tickets was intended as a birthday present for a friend and it would have ruined the surprise! Still, it was a fantastic day, Radio Ga-Ga was awe-inspiring, everyone clapping in time. I missed watching most of Dire Straits though as I was queuing for beer (Hoffmeister, another eighties memory!) I have the programme, ticket stub and t-shirt to this day. But the best memory was seeing Bob Geldof outside puffing away on a cigarette looking totally exhausted. It was like a Mexican wave of cheering coaches as each one passed him. Fantastic memories! Adrian, UK I still have a copy of the video tape I made of the whole event - I might watch it later today Farzana, London, UK I was 13 years old, it was a really big deal - everyone was talking about it. I stayed up all night to watch my favourite band Duran Duran play (they weren't very good). David Bowie was great and I loved it when they all sang together at the end. I still have a copy of the video tape I made of the whole event. I might watch it later today. Farzana, London, UK Biggest rock event? Very probably - it was unique because of the all the energy behind it - EVERYBODY was up for it and it worked! I and some friends were at Wembley (by the sound tent on the pitch) and remember it vividly - the incredible buzz and anticipation, the sunshine, the non-stop music, Concorde, the crowd, and "Teddy!" - and many other flying objects. I remember too the mad dash back at the end to catch the rest of the Philadelphia show. We never did see it all - we were finished! All happily exhausted! Derek Stewart, Italy I arrived back in the UK on the morning of the concert after a disastrous holiday abroad. I was feeling somewhat sorry for myself. The whole family watched Live Aid for the rest of the day and everything came back into perspective. Even now, when I hear Drive by The Cars the emotions of the day come flooding back, a very moving day. Nicola, UK What an experience Live Aid was. It all started weeks before when I queued up overnight at the Glasgow ticket point. Everyone was friendly because everyone was there for the same reason - to have a great day out and help others at the same time. If there are ever any plans to do an anniversary gig I have every intention of being there Kiltie, UK The gig itself can never be fully described because this post would be too long to do it justice. The atmosphere and the camaraderie between everyone was astounding, the performers were amazing and the joy of seeing Smith & Jones introducing Queen was brilliant. I'm sure many people will claim to have been there when they were not. If you want to know for sure, just ask about the teddy bear :-) If there are ever any plans to do an anniversary gig I have every intention of being there. Even if it means another overnight queuing session. Kiltie, UK 13 July 1985 was the day after I left school. My friend and I were flying out to Hamburg on holiday on that day. We sat at Heathrow and everyone had the radio on listening to Live Aid. I remember Status Quo coming on and everyone in the terminal dancing. When our flight finally took off, the pilot flew us over Wembley, banked so that everyone could see the crowds, circled and then flew off to Germany. What an amazing sight it was from several hundred feet up! Gareth Steed, UK The biggest single memory I have. Even now I can name the line up, songs sung etc. The acts were all of a high quality, and left marks on everyone in a different way. I doubt the current so-called pop stars are of the same quality to pull off a 16-hour extravaganza Davina, UK Who can forget U2, and Bono dancing with the member of the audience, or Queen's show-stealing performance? This was all down to one guy who felt strongly about the issue and wanted to do something about it. An example of what can be achieved if you really want to make a difference instead of classing images as "just another news story". I'm sure it could be replicated. Call me old, but I doubt the current so-called pop stars are of the same quality to pull off a 16-hour extravaganza. Davina, UK I was there. Wembley, that is, from beginning to end. Wonderful day. There were bands and acts that I thought I wouldn't be interested in seeing but I saw every act and all were fabulous on the day. Maybe a short set is best for some! Scorching heat, friendly crowd, wonderful finale. Where else, up to that point, could you see U2, Bowie, Elton John, George Michael, Paul McCartney, etc., on the same bill AND on stage together? Never, ever to be forgotten. Terry Burgess, United Kingdom The audience felt a real part of history Jane Saunders, UK Live Aid was fantastic. It was the first pop concert I had been to. I remember that everyone was so energised by being there, and there was such huge support for Bob Geldof and what he had done - he is still a hero of mine. I felt that the audience felt a real part of history and of working with the artists, not just listening to them. I remember it rained and some people wore black dustbin bags to keep dry, others didn't bother, nothing dampened our spirits. For me the main memories are seeing Paul Young who I was a fan of at the time. I also remember David Bowie who was superb, and Wham and Elton John and of course U2 who sent the crowd in the UK wild. I will never forget the electric feeling that went around the stadium when they arrived on stage. Jane Saunders, UK My recollection of Live Aid was my first ever time in London. I was there with my brother and two other friends. The weather was glorious sunshine and when we were sat outside the gates of Wembley waiting for them to be opened there were masses of people. Everyone was hyped up and happy. When we got into the stadium we got a drink and sat on the pitch sunning ourselves. The show began and it was complete hysteria from start to finish. My favourite bands had to be U2 and Queen. There was a rumour around the stadium that the Beatles were going to make an appearance with Julian Lennon standing in for his father - of course that never occurred but it will always be a day to remember in my life. John Martin, United Kingdom When Status Quo came on singing Rocking All Over the World the place exploded! Athlyn Evans, UK I remember Live Aid vividly. I was 17 and attended with my then girlfriend, her sisters and boyfriend. My first real trip to London. We arrived way too early and stood outside for a couple of hours waiting to get in. Once in, there was more waiting, but the atmosphere was already starting to build. When Status Quo came on singing Rocking All Over the World the place exploded! Best bits: Queen, The Who and the crowd; men's toilets full of women because the queues were so long; waiting in line to buy a program and watching the WPC, jacket open, dancing away. The one scene that will forever be etched on my memory is the moment when Drive by the Cars was played. The screens showed images from Africa, the starvation and despair suffered. I swear 72,000 people were silent apart from the odd gentle sniffing, as people cried. After the event we were on a massive high and were too tired to drive back to Wales. As one of our party had been a Nurse in Croydon we headed there, hoping to find somewhere to stay. We ended up on the floor of the Nurses' common room at Mayday Hospital. So, Nicola, Michele, Teresa and Mathew, my fellow Live Aid attendees I hope you too have the wonderful memories I do. Can't believe it's been 19 years. Athlyn Evans, UK Can anyone remember the game of "throwing the teddy" going on whilst Madonna was singing? Wembley was so bored we (on the "pitch") were shouting for this teddy that was flying about to be thrown in our direction. There was Madge singing her little heart out and all we wanted was for teddy to be thrown to us! Ali, England I remember standing in the crowd with my best friend Louise and thinking that we were part of history. I remember how hot it was and how excited we all were when it started to rain. People started throwing anything they could find up in the air (including Louise's espadrille - hey it was the eighties!). I remember going home and collapsing on the sofa and watching the concert from America and thinking I would never be part of something so wonderful again. I haven't. Katy Grove, England I attended the concert in Philly - only the second in my life and I've never been to another one that even came close. I have many vivid memories of the day, but what always stands out is the single most moving live performance I've ever seen - Teddy Pendergrass performed on stage for the first time after a car accident left him a paraplegic. He sang "Reach Out and Touch Somebody's Hand" along with Ashford and Simpson - it still gives me goose bumps. Everyone in the stadium was on their feet, swaying and holding hands. Melanie Havelin, US I worked in security at Wembley in July 1985, having moved to London two months previously. I had already worked quite a few concerts and other functions at Wembley, dealt with a few louts and troublemakers, but Live Aid was such a totally different scene! There was a palpable sense of making a difference for the world Alan, England Everybody there was in the most wonderful of spirit, the place was electrified with good nature, kindness, niceness, humanity, things not seen enough on such a scale. There was a palpable sense of making a difference for the world, something unique, wonderful. Something I wouldn't have missed for anything, a wonderful experience, and an inspiration for the future, showing that ordinary people CAN make a difference, if folk will recognise it and take it. Alan, England I was 18, working in a very popular town centre pub. What I recall is that the whole place just watched the TV and people were so happy at all the top bands playing, like Queen, U2, etc. But then the sadness and tears in peoples' eyes when they showed the poor starving kids. We collected a very large amount that day from everyone in the pub, and stayed open right till it ended very late the next day. One day in your life never to forget. Thank you Bob for making us stand up for once in our life! Martin Hernon, England Although I now live in Seattle, I was at the Wembley concert and still have my T-shirt and a full video a friend recorded from the TV. As a fan of Queen I have to say they were the greatest but I was also particularly impressed with Status Quo, David Bowie, Elton John/George Michael and U2. I don't think I'll ever go to a concert as incredible as this one Danny, US The video of Ethiopia played to the Cars tune was a moment I will never forget as well as Phil Collins playing both gigs. I don't think I'll ever go to a concert as incredible as this one. Danny, Seattle WA. US I celebrated my 13th birthday by watching Live Aid. Completely astonishing my mother, I bounded at of bed at 6am to ensure the 8-hour time difference hadn't caused me to miss favourites such as Duran Duran, Paul Young, Alison Moyet, and Sade. It was such a great day, and I felt as if the world had put on a concert to celebrate my birthday! Nancy Roberts, Los Angeles, US It was one of those occasions when I feel privileged to say "I was there!" The intensity of the emotion was unrepeatable, as act after act came on. There was such a feeling of togetherness. What sticks in my mind was when they screened the footage of the starving children in Africa to The Cars "Drive". It reminded everyone of what we were really there for - and tears flowed. It was so much more than just a rock concert. Bob Geldof is an inspiring individual to achieve what he did in such a selfless way. Pauline, Herts, UK There were too many great moments to mention, but Queen was the definite highlight. Looking back from where I was standing, the entire stadium provided the handclaps for "Radio Ga-Ga" - quite a sight. Best concert there will ever be, and our generation's Woodstock Brian, US Also Pete Townsend falling over, Sting coming on with Dire Straits singing "I want myyyy...", Let It Be, U2, the list goes on. Best concert there will ever be, and our generation's Woodstock. Brian, US It was a beautiful hot sunny day. Me and my friends were playing cricket on the beach in Sussex with the radio on in the background. We all felt the excitement when Status Quo blasted out "Rockin' all over the world" to start it off. I remember some of us would run back to our houses to see a favourite band when they came on! Matt, UK It was a once in a lifetime experience, never to be forgotten and will live on in my memory forever. Ian Cooper, Scotland Live Aid was good. Elvis Costello was the King when he sang All you need is love. So simple, so genius. Elvis is King! Mats, UK That Saturday night myself and my music partner of the time Charlie Everton were booked to play at a hotel bar in Ogmore, near Bridgend in South Wales. We arrived to set up and the Live Aid broadcast was on in the bar with a fairly well-oiled crew totally absorbed in it. When it came time for us to start, no one wanted the TV turned off, ourselves included to be honest. The boss agreed. He still paid us, even apologised to us, and gave us free drinks all night. Paul Williams, Hawaii, US I was 13 on 13 July 1985 living Down Under. My mum would not let me stay up that late, 0200 hours local time. Now at 33, I've got the Live Aid dvd and it's fantastic, seeing Queen perform blew me away. Anthony Neilsen, Australia

i don't know

Which country celebrated its bicentenary in 1988?

1988: The Bicentenary – Australia Day 2016 Australia Day Message On Australia Day 1988 Sydney Harbour, that 'chief amphitheatre of Australian life', was again the centre of attention. This time the extraordinary spectacle attracting some two million people to its shores was the arrival of Tall Ships from around the world and the First Fleet re-enactment. By contrast, the tent city of the Bicentennial Exhibition travelled the country visiting thirty-four cities and towns to involve Australians in the celebration. That year's journey and the Exhibition's scope showed how far planners of the 1988 event had come from those organising the March to Nationhood pageant in Sydney in 1938 and the three months' celebrations there. The federal government, by taking responsibility for the Bicentenary with the setting up of the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) in 1980, signalled a different approach to the NSW government's two-year preparations for the Sesquicentenary. Even before this event, the federal government had become involved in promoting Australia Day, by taking up the mantle worn by the ANA since the 1880s, especially in Victoria. In 1946 the ANA in Melbourne had begun the transition by prompting the formation of an Australia Day Committee (later known as Australia Day Council), drawn from representatives of many community organisations. Its purpose was to educate the public about the significance of Australia Day. In 1960 it introduced the Australian of the Year award. Similar groups formed in the other states took turns with the Victorian group in acting as the Federal Australia Day Council (FADC). In 1980 the federal government's newly-created National Australia Day Committee, based in the national capital, Canberra, took over that role with the FADC's agreement. The new Committee, set up to help interested groups make future celebrations 'truly national and Australia-wide', adopted a fresh approach to Australia Day. Its forum for state representatives in 1980 agreed that 26 January 1788 'should be seen as a day of contact, not of conquest…the day which began the fusion of Australians'. The theme, 'ONE LAND, ONE PEOPLE', would best reflect 'the spirit of Australia Day'. The Committee and the federal government were struggling with what respected Committee member, Sir Asher Joel, termed 'the crisis of identity…of establishing an Australian identity which will unite each and every one of us, surmounting all the borders, imaginary or real, of race, creed or class status'. Another member, Graham Allan, chairman of the National Youth Advisory Group, argued that the challenge was convincing the young that Australia Day had meaning, especially when 'we are not precisely sure, ourselves what meaning ought to be attributed to it'.  FIGURE 18: View of the crowd at new Parliament House, Canberra for the Canberra leg of the Caltex Bicentennial Bike Ride, ca 1988 — a contrast to the Australian Natives' Association's wheel race in 1897. Source: nla.pic-an24526897, National Library of Australia At the 1981 forum with the theme, 'ONE NATION — ONE FUTURE', speakers looked for ways Australians could find unity in diversity. The composition of Australia's population had changed dramatically since the end of World War II with fewer British people wanting to migrate and increasing numbers of immigrants coming from Europe and later other parts of the world. For a country which had taken pride in being British and white, the change was remarkable. Between 1970 and 1990 the percentage of immigrants in Australia born in the British Isles dropped from 47.3 to 19.4. At the same time Aborigines were pressing ahead in their campaign for citizens' rights, encouraged by the passing of the referendum in 1967 which gave the federal government power to legislate on Aboriginal matters. Radical Aborigines, angered by the federal government's rejection of their land rights, set up a tent embassy in front of Parliament House on the evening of Australia Day 1972 to protest against being treated as outcasts in their own country. The Aboriginal flag designed by Harold Thomas the previous year became a powerful symbol, not just for the embassy but other Aboriginal organisations and Aboriginal people generally. National symbols were preoccupying the Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser.  He acknowledged at the 1981 forum that 'we cannot expect new symbols of our national awareness to take a grip overnight'. His government was wrestling with the transition in national anthems from Britain's, God Save the Queen, to Australia's Advance Australia Fair (as a national tune, not an anthem), a transition not completed until Bob Hawke's Labor government had it proclaimed as the national anthem in 1984. Even then God Save the Queen was retained as the Royal Anthem for particular occasions. Many Australians (32 per cent) also wanted a new flag, 26 per cent of them, one without the Union Jack. Ausflag, established in 1981, led the search for such a flag. The Australian National Flag Association, set up by the RSL in 1983, opposed that search. RL Harry, former ambassador to the UN, had acknowledged at the 1981 forum that some delegates thought that 'gratitude for, and loyalty to, British origins and institutions' should be part of Australia Day celebrations. But the challenge he posed was to find a 'balance between national unity and cultural diversity' which would allow Aborigines to turn Australia Day from a day of mourning into one of rejoicing. Promoting love of country through Australia Day was to pave the way for Australians' involvement in the bicentennial year, with the Committee, and its state or territory — and where appropriate regional — counterparts working alongside the ABA structure. The work continued after the Committee became a Commonwealth funded Council in 1984 with state, territory and Commonwealth nominees. The Council moved its base to Sydney (where the ABA was established) and encouraged links with the corporate sector through project sponsorship. For the Authority, finding a theme acceptable to the federal government for 1988 proved difficult: 'Living Together', which acknowledged the diversity of Australian society, became, at the insistence of the Fraser Coalition government, 'the Australian achievement'. The change to the Hawke Labor government in 1983, allowed the ABA to return to its original theme.  With criticism of this theme from conservatives, changes in the Authority's leadership, and the adoption of the theme 'Celebration of a Nation' for the hard sell by advertising agencies, the Authority seemed to lose interest in encouraging Australians to reflect on their history. It presided instead over 'the greatest one-day spectacle Australia has ever seen - a specifically Sydney spectacle'. The Bicentennial Exhibition, which had the potential to prompt critical reflection, seems to have puzzled rather than stimulated its viewers.34  But there were many other projects (figure 18), including ones intended to last well beyond 1988, such as the new Parliament House in Canberra. Another was Australians: a Historical Library, a ten-volume set, the result of a remarkable collaboration of historians, economists, archaeologists, geographers and others over ten years. Aborigines declared their opposition to the celebrations of 26 January 1988 with land rights flags at Lady Macquarie's Point on Sydney Harbour, the Bondi Pavilion protest concert, and the gathering of Aboriginal marchers and white supporters at Belmore Park. Posters summarised their protest: 'WHITE AUSTRALIA HAS A BLACK HISTORY — DON'T CELEBRATE 1988'; 'AUSTRALIA DAY = INVASION DAY 1988'. Some of the rights sought by Aboriginal protesters in 1938 had been achieved, but there was still great inequality between Aborigines and other Australians. Building on the protest of 1938, the events on 26 January in 1988 developed new traditions, especially the Survival Day Concert, which from 1992 took place each year at La Perouse, later moving to Waverley Oval near Bondi. By that time the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody had revealed just how devastating the effect of white colonisation on Aboriginal people had been. Responding to the findings, the federal government established the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (Australia) in an attempt to bring Australians together in addressing the problems of the past and finding a way forward for the future.

Australia

The mother of which Monkee invented typewriter correction fluid?

Indigenous Australians » Australia Day Indigenous Australians Sorry, an error has occurred. Please try again later. Your event plan has been sent. See you on Australia Day! Send me my planned events Email Listen Indigenous Australians The date of 26 January is part of history for all Australians. It marks the survival of our Indigenous people, our convict heritage, and the enriching of contemporary Australian culture by the millions of people who have since called this country home. We acknowledge all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nations had change forced upon them with the coming of European laws, values and social constructs. Many see this day as a time to discuss issues affecting our national identity – it can be valuable for people to engage with Australia Day and add meaning in their own way.

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What type of aircraft is the Hawker Siddley Harrier?

Hawker Siddeley Harrier | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia British Aerospace Harrier II The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, known colloquially as the "Harrier Jump Jet", was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft . It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 . The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s. The RAF positioned the bulk of their Harriers in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union ; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases. The USMC used their Harriers primarily for close air support , operating from amphibious assault ships , and, if needed, forward operating bases . Harrier squadrons saw several deployments overseas. The Harrier's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed-wing aircraft. The Harrier received criticism for having a high accident rate and for a time-consuming maintenance process. In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 . A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development. Contents Main article: Hawker Siddeley P.1127 The Harrier's design was derived from the Hawker P.1127 . Prior to developing the P.1127 Hawker Aircraft had been working on a replacement for the Hawker Hunter , the Hawker P.1121 . [2] The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government's 1957 Defence White Paper , which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles. This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military. [3] Hawker sought to quickly move on to a new project and became interested in Vertical Take Off/Landing (VTOL) aircraft, which did not need runways. [N 1] According to Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine this interest may have been stimulated by the presence of Air Staff Requirement 345, which sought a V/STOL ground attack fighter for the Royal Air Force. [5] Design work on the P.1127 was formally started in 1957 by Sir Sydney Camm , Ralph Hooper of Hawker Aircraft and Stanley Hooker (later Sir Stanley Hooker) of the Bristol Engine Company . [6] The close cooperation between Hawker, the airframe company, and Bristol, the engine company, was viewed by project engineer Gordon Lewis as one of the key factors that allowed the development of the Harrier to continue in spite of technical obstacles and political setbacks. [7] Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust, the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine , the Pegasus . The Pegasus I was rated at 9,000 pounds ([ convert: unit mismatch ]) of thrust and first ran in September 1959. [8] A contract for two development prototypes was signed in June 1960 and the first flight followed in October 1960. [8] Of the six prototypes built three crashed—including one during an air display at the 1963 Paris Air Show. [9] Tripartite evaluation Edit Hawker Siddeley XV-6A Kestrel in later USAF markings In 1961 the United Kingdom, United States and West Germany jointly agreed to purchase nine aircraft developed from the P.1127, for the evaluation of the performance and potential of V/STOL aircraft. These aircraft were built by Hawker Siddeley and were designated Kestrel FGA.1 by the UK. [10] The Kestrel was strictly an evaluation aircraft and to save money the Pegasus 5 engine was not fully developed as intended, only having 15,000 pounds ([ convert: unit mismatch ]) of thrust instead of the projected 18,200 pounds ([ convert: unit mismatch ]). [10] The Tripartite Evaluation Squadron numbered ten pilots; four each from the UK and US and two from West Germany. [10] The Kestrel's first flight took place on 7 March 1964. [11] A total of 960 sorties had been made during the trials, including 1,366 takeoffs and landings, by the end of evaluations in November 1965. [12] [13] One aircraft was destroyed in an accident and six others were transferred to the United States, assigned the US designation XV-6A Kestrel, and underwent further testing. [14] [15] [16] The two remaining British-based Kestrels were assigned for further trials and experimentation at RAE Bedford with one being modified to use the uprated Pegasus 6 engine. [17] P.1154 Main article: Hawker Siddeley P.1154 At the time of the development of the P.1127 Hawker and Bristol had also undertaken considerable development work on a supersonic version, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154, to meet a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) requirement issued for such an aircraft. [18] The design used a single Bristol Siddeley BS100 engine with four swivelling nozzles, in a fashion similar to the P.1127, and required the use of plenum chamber burning (PCB) to achieve supersonic speeds. [19] The P.1154 won the competition to meet the requirement against stern competition from other aircraft manufacturers such as Dassault Aviation 's Mirage IIIV . The French government did not accept the decision and withdrew; the NATO requirement was cancelled shortly after in 1965. [20] [N 2] The Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy planned to develop and introduce the supersonic P.1154 independently of the cancelled NATO requirement. This ambition was complicated by the conflicting requirements between the two services—while the RAF wanted a low-level supersonic strike aircraft, the Navy sought a twin-engined air defence fighter. [22] Following the election of the Labour Government of 1964 the P.1154 was cancelled, as the Royal Navy had already begun procurement of the McDonnell Douglas Phantom II and the RAF placed a greater importance on the BAC TSR-2 's ongoing development. [22] Work continued on elements of the project, such as a supersonic PCB-equipped Pegasus engine, with the intention of developing a future Harrier variant for the decades following cancellation. [23] [N 3] AV-8C Harrier taking off from an amphibious transport dock ship Production Edit Following the collapse of the P.1154's development the RAF began considering a simple upgrade of the existing subsonic Kestrel and issued Requirement ASR 384 for a V/STOL ground attack jet. [22] Hawker Siddeley received an order for six pre-production aircraft in 1965, designated P.1127 (RAF), of which the first made its maiden flight on 31 August 1966. [25] An order for 60 production aircraft, designated as Harrier GR.1, was received in early 1967. [26] [27] The aircraft was named after the Harrier , a small bird of prey capable of hovering, the naming following from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel .[ citation needed ] The Harrier GR.1 made its first flight on 28 December 1967. It officially entered service with the RAF on 18 April 1969 when the Harrier Conversion Unit at RAF Wittering received its first aircraft. [28] The aircraft were built in two factories—one in Kingston upon Thames , southwest London, and the other at Dunsfold Aerodrome , Surrey—and underwent initial testing at Dunsfold. [29] The ski-jump technique for launching Harriers from Royal Navy aircraft carriers was extensively trialled at RNAS Yeovilton from 1977. Following these tests ski-jumps were added to the flight decks of all RN carriers from 1979 onwards, in preparation for the new variant for the navy, the Sea Harrier. [30] [31] In the late 1960s the British and American governments held talks on producing Harriers in the United States. Hawker Siddeley and McDonnell Douglas formed a partnership in 1969 in preparation for American production, [32] but Congressman Mendel Rivers and the House Appropriations Committee held that it would be cheaper to produce the AV-8A on the pre-existing production lines in the United Kingdom—hence all AV-8A Harriers were purchased from Hawker Siddeley. [32] Improved Harrier versions with better sensors and more powerful engines were developed in later years. [33] [34] [35] The USMC received 102 AV-8A and 8 TAV-8A Harriers between 1971 and 1976. [36] Design Edit The Harrier is typically used as a ground attack aircraft, though its manoeuvrability also allows it to effectively engage other aircraft at short ranges. [37] The Harrier is powered by a single Pegasus turbofan engine mounted in the fuselage. The engine is fitted with two air intakes and four vectoring nozzles for directing the thrust generated: two for the bypass flow and two for the jet exhaust. Several smaller reaction nozzles are also fitted, in the nose, tail and wingtips, for the purpose of balancing during vertical flight. [38] It has two landing gear units on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear units, one on each wing tip. [39] The Harrier is equipped with four wing and three fuselage pylons for carrying a variety of weapons and external fuel tanks. [40] An RAF Harrier GR.1, on loan to the USMC, displaying its underside with a full load of bombs The Kestrel and the Harrier were similar in appearance, though approximately 90 per cent of the Kestrel's airframe was redesigned for the Harrier. [41] The Harrier was powered by the more powerful Pegasus 6 engine; new air intakes with auxiliary blow-in doors were added to produce the required airflow at low speed. Its wing was modified to increase area and the landing gear was strengthened. Several hardpoints were installed, two under each wing and one underneath the fuselage; two 30 mm (1.2 in) ADEN cannon gun pods could also be fitted to the aircraft's underside. The Harrier was outfitted with updated avionics to replace the basic systems used in the Kestrel; [N 4] a navigational-attack system incorporating an inertial navigation system , originally for the P.1154, was installed and information was presented to the pilot by a head-up display and a moving map display. [43] [44] The Harrier's VTOL abilities allowed it to be deployed from very small prepared clearings or helipads as well as normal airfields. [N 5] It was believed that, in a high-intensity conflict, air bases would be vulnerable and likely to be quickly knocked out. [N 6] The capability to scatter Harrier squadrons to dozens of small "alert pads" on the front lines was highly prized by military strategists and the USMC procured the aircraft because of this ability. [47] [N 7] Hawker Siddeley noted that STOL operation provided additional benefits over VTOL operation, saving fuel and allowing the aircraft to carry more ordnance. [49] The Harrier, while serving for many decades in various forms, has been criticised on multiple issues; in particular a high accident rate , though Nordeen notes that several conventional single-engine strike aircraft like the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and LTV A-7 Corsair II had worse accident rates. [50] The Los Angeles Times reported in 2003 that the Harrier "...has amassed the highest major accident rate of any military plane now in service. Forty-five Marines have died in 148 noncombat accidents". [51] Colonel Lee Buland of the USMC declared the maintenance of a Harrier to be a "challenge"; the need to remove the wings before performing most work upon the engine, including engine replacements, meant the Harrier required considerable man-hours in maintenance, more than most aircraft. Buland noted however that the maintenance difficulties were unavoidable in order to create a V/STOL aircraft. [52] Engine Main article: Rolls-Royce Pegasus Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine on display, sections have been cut out to provide an internal view The Pegasus turbofan jet engine, developed in tandem with the P.1127 then the Harrier, was designed specifically for V/STOL manoeuvring. Bristol Siddeley developed it from their earlier conventional Orpheus turbofan engine, the main difference being the thrust generated is directed through four rotatable nozzles. [53] The engine is equipped for water injection to increase thrust and takeoff performance in hot and high altitude conditions; in normal V/STOL operations the system would be used in landing vertically with a heavy weapons load. [54] The water injection function had originally been added following the input of US Air Force Colonel Bill Chapman, who worked for the Mutual Weapons Development Team. [55] Water injection was necessary in order to generate maximum thrust, if only for a limited time, and was typically used during landing, especially in high ambient temperatures. [52] The aircraft was initially powered by the Pegasus 6 engine which was replaced by the more powerful Pegasus 11 during the Harrier GR.1 to GR.3 upgrade process. [56] The primary focus throughout the engine's development was on achieving high performance with as little weight as possible, [56] tempered by the amount of funding that was available. [10] Following the Harrier's entry to service the focus switched to improving reliability and extending engine life; [54] a formal joint US–UK Pegasus Support Program operated for many years and spent a £3-million annual budget to develop engine improvements. [56] Several variants have been released; the latest is the Pegasus 11–61 ( Mk 107), which provides 23,800 lbf (106 kN) thrust, more than any previous engine. [57] Controls and handling Thrust vectoring nozzle on a Sea Harrier Locations of the four nozzles on the aircraft. The Harrier has been described by pilots as "unforgiving". [58] The aircraft is capable of both forward flight (where it behaves in the manner of a typical fixed-wing aircraft above its stall speed), as well as VTOL and STOL manoeuvres (where the traditional lift and control surfaces are useless) requiring skills and technical knowledge usually associated with helicopters. Most services demand great aptitude and extensive training for Harrier pilots, as well as experience in piloting both types of aircraft. Trainee pilots are often drawn from highly experienced and skilled helicopter pilots. [N 8] [11] In addition to normal flight controls, the Harrier has a lever for controlling the direction of the four vectoring nozzles. It is viewed by senior RAF officers as a significant design success, that to enable and control the aircraft's vertical flight required only a single lever added in the cockpit. [59] For horizontal flight, the nozzles are directed rearwards by shifting the lever to the forward position; for short or vertical takeoffs and landings, the lever is pulled back to point the nozzles downwards. [60] [61] The Harrier has two control elements not found in conventional fixed-wing aircraft: the thrust vector and the reaction control system . The thrust vector refers to the slant of the four engine nozzles and can be set between 0° (horizontal, pointing directly backwards) and 98° (pointing down and slightly forwards). The 90° vector is normally deployed for VTOL manoeuvring. The reaction control is achieved by manipulating the control stick and is similar in action to the cyclic control of a helicopter. While irrelevant during forward flight mode, these controls are essential during VTOL and STOL manoeuvres. [62] The wind direction is a critical factor in VTOL manoeuvres. The procedure for vertical takeoff involves facing the aircraft into the wind. The thrust vector is set to 90° and the throttle is brought up to maximum, at which point the aircraft leaves the ground. The throttle is trimmed until a hover state is achieved at the desired altitude. [49] The short-takeoff procedure involves proceeding with normal takeoff and then applying a thrust vector (less than 90°) at a runway speed below normal takeoff speed; usually the point of application is around 65 knots (120 km/h). For lower takeoff speeds the thrust vector is greater. [59] The reaction control system involves a series of thrusters at key points in the aircraft's fuselage and nose, also the wingtips. Thrust from the engine can be temporarily syphoned to control and correct the aircraft's pitch and roll during vertical flight. [63] Rotating the vectored thrust nozzles into a forward-facing position during normal flight is called vectoring in forward flight , or "VIFFing". This is a dog-fighting tactic, allowing for sudden braking and higher turn rates than would normally be possible for an aircraft with such a short wingspan. Braking could cause a chasing aircraft to overshoot and present itself as a target for the Harrier it was chasing, a combat technique formally developed by the USMC for the Harrier in the early 1970s. [64] [65] Differences between versions Edit The two largest users of the Harrier were the Royal Air Force and the United States Marine Corps (USMC). The exported model of the aircraft operated by the USMC was designated the AV-8A Harrier, which was broadly similar to the RAF's Harrier GR.1. [66] Changes included the removal of all magnesium components, which corroded quickly at sea, and the integration of American radios and Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems; furthermore the outer pylons, unlike the RAF aircraft, were designed from delivery to be equipped with self-defence AIM-9 Sidewinder heat-seeking air-to-air missiles. [36] Most of the AV-8As had been delivered with the more powerful Pegasus engine used in the GR.3 instead of the one used in the earlier GR.1. [66] Two-seat Harriers were operated for training purposes; the body was stretched and a taller tail fin added. [67] The RAF trained in the T.2 and T.4 versions, while T.4N and T.8 were training versions the Navy's Sea Harrier, with appropriate fittings. [68] The US and Spain flew the TAV-8A and TAV-8S, respectively. [69] [70] All RAF GR.1s and the initial AV-8As were fitted with the Ferranti FE541 inertial navigation/attack suite, but these were replaced in the USMC Harriers by a simpler Interface/Weapon Aiming Computer to aid quick turnaround between missions. The Martin-Baker ejection seats were also replaced by the Stencel SEU-3A in the American aircraft. [71] [72] The RAF had their GR.1 aircraft upgraded to the GR.3 standard, which featured improved sensors, a nose-mounted laser tracker, the integration of electronic countermeasure (ECM) systems and a further upgraded Pegasus Mk 103. [33] [34] The USMC upgraded their AV-8As to the AV-8C configuration; this programme involved the installation of ECM equipment and adding a new inertial navigation system to the aircraft's avionics. Substantial changes were the Lift Improvement Devices, to increase VTOL performance; at the same time several airframe components were restored or replaced to extend the life of the aircraft. [35] Spain's Harriers, designated AV-8S or VA.1 Matador for the single-seater and TAV-8S or VAE.1 for the two-seater, were almost identical to USMC Harriers differing only in the radios fitted. [73] The Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) operated a substantially modified variant of the Harrier, the British Aerospace Sea Harrier . The Sea Harrier was not intended for ground-attack duties and, unlike the standard Harrier, was equipped with radar and Sidewinder missiles for air combat duties and fleet air defence . [N 9] The Sea Harrier was also fitted with navigational aids for carrier landings, modifications to reduce corrosion and a raised bubble-canopy for greater visibility. [74] [75] The aircraft were later equipped to use AIM-120 AMRAAM beyond-visual-range anti-aircraft missiles and the more advanced Blue Vixen radar for longer range air-to-air combat, as well as Sea Eagle missiles for conducting anti-ship missions. [76] The McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II is the latest Harrier variant, a second-generation series to replace the first generation of Harrier jets already in service; all the above variants of the Harrier have mainly been retired with the Harrier II taking their place in the RAF, USMC and FAA. In the 1970s the United Kingdom considered two options for replacing their existing Harriers: joining McDonnell Douglas (MDD) in developing the BAE Harrier II , or the independent development of a "Big Wing" Harrier. This proposal would have increased the wing area from 200 to 250 square feet (19 to 23 m2), allowing for significant increases in weapons load and internal fuel reserves. [77] The option of cooperation with MDD was chosen in 1982 over the more risky isolated approach. [78] Operational history Edit The first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Harrier GR.1, No. 1 Squadron , started to convert to the aircraft at RAF Wittering in April 1969. [22] [79] An early demonstration of the Harrier's capabilities was the participation of two aircraft in the Daily Mail Transatlantic Air Race in May 1969, flying between St Pancras railway station , London and downtown Manhattan with the use of aerial refuelling. The Harrier completed the journey in 6 hours 11 minutes. [80] [81] Two Harrier squadrons were established in 1970 at the RAF's air base in Wildenrath to be part of its air force in Germany ; another squadron was formed there two years later. In 1977, these three squadrons were moved forward to the air base at Gütersloh , closer to the prospective front line in the event of an outbreak of a European war. One of the squadrons was disbanded and its aircraft distributed between the other two. [82] A No. 1453 Flight Harrier GR.3 at Stanley Airport in 1984 In RAF service, the Harrier was used in close air support (CAS), reconnaissance, and other ground-attack roles. The flexibility of the Harrier led to a long-term heavy deployment in West Germany as a conventional deterrent and potential strike weapon against Soviet aggression; from camouflaged rough bases the Harrier was expected to launch attacks on advancing armour columns from East Germany . [83] Harriers were also deployed to bases in Norway and Belize, a former British colony. [83] No. 1 Squadron was specifically earmarked for Norwegian operations in the event of war, operating as part of Allied Forces Northern Europe . The Harrier's capabilities were necessary in the Belize deployment, as it was the only RAF combat aircraft capable of safely operating from the airport's short runway; [84] British forces had been stationed in Belize for several years due to tensions over a Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory; the forces were withdrawn in 1993, two years after Guatemala recognized the independence of Belize. [85] In the Falklands War in 1982, 10 Harrier GR.3s of No. 1 Squadron operated from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes . [86] As the RAF Harrier GR.3 had not been designed for naval service, the 10 aircraft had to be rapidly modified prior to the departure of the task force. Special sealants against corrosion were applied and a new deck-based inertial guidance aid was devised to allow the RAF Harrier to land on a carrier as easily as the Sea Harrier. [87] Transponders to guide aircraft back to the carriers during night-time operations were also installed, along with flares and chaff dispensers. [88] As there was little space on the carriers, two requisitioned merchant container ships, the Atlantic Conveyor and Atlantic Causeway , were modified with temporary flight decks and used to carry Harriers and helicopters to the South Atlantic. [89] The Harrier GR.3s focused on providing close air support to the ground forces on the Falklands and attacking Argentine positions; suppressing enemy artillery was often a high priority. [90] [91] Sea Harriers were also used in the war, primarily conducting fleet air defence and combat air patrols against the threat of attacking Argentine fighters. [89] However, both Sea Harriers and Harrier GR.3s were used in ground-attack missions against the main airfield and runway at Stanley. [92] If most of the Sea Harriers had been lost, the GR.3s would have replaced them in air patrol duties, even though the Harrier GR.3 was not designed for air defence operations; as such the GR.3s quickly had their outboard weapons pylons modified to take air-to-air Sidewinder missiles. [87] From 10 to 24 May 1982, prior to British forces landing in the Falklands, a detachment of three GR.3s provided air defence for Ascension Island until three F-4 Phantom IIs arrived to take on this responsibility. [93] During the Falklands War, the greatest threats to the Harriers were deemed to be surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and small arms fire from the ground. [94] In total, four Harrier GR.3s and six Sea Harriers were lost to ground fire, accidents, or mechanical failure. [95] More than 2,000 Harrier sorties were conducted during the conflict—equivalent to six sorties per day per aircraft. [96] An RAF Harrier GR.3 in Belize, 1990 Following the Falklands war, British Aerospace explored the Skyhook, a new technique to operate Harriers from smaller ships. Skyhook would have allowed the launching and landing of Harriers from smaller ships by holding the aircraft in midair by a crane; secondary cranes were to hold weapons for rapid re-arming. This would potentially have saved fuel and allowed for operations in rougher seas. [97] The system was marketed to foreign customers, [N 10] and it was speculated that Skyhook could be applied to large submarines such as the Russian Typhoon class , but the system attracted no interest. [99] The first generation of Harriers did not see further combat with the RAF after the Falklands War, although they continued to serve for years afterwards. As a deterrent against further Argentine invasion attempts, No. 1453 Flight RAF was deployed to the Falkland Islands from August 1983 to June 1985. [100] However the second generation Harrier IIs saw action in Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The first generation Hawker Siddeley airframes were replaced by the improved Harrier II, which had been developed jointly between McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. [101] United States Marine Corps Edit "In my mind the AV-8A Harrier was like the helicopter in Korea. [It] had limited capability, but that's how the first-generation automobile, boat, or other major systems evolved... it brought us into the world of flexible basing and the Marine Corps into the concept of vertical development" Major General Joe Anderson. [102] The United States Marine Corps began showing a significant interest in the aircraft around the time the first RAF Harrier squadron was established in 1969, and this motivated Hawker Siddeley to further develop the aircraft to encourage a purchase. [103] Although there were concerns in Congress about multiple coinciding projects in the close air support role, [N 11] the Marine Corps were enthusiastic about the Harrier and managed to overcome efforts to obstruct its procurement. [105] The AV-8A entered service with the Marine Corps in 1971, replacing other aircraft in the marines' attack squadrons. [106] The service became interested in performing ship-borne operations with the Harrier. Admiral Elmo Zumwalt promoted the concept of a Sea Control Ship , a 15,000-ton light carrier equipped with Harriers and helicopters, to supplement the larger aircraft carriers of the US Navy . An amphibious assault ship, the USS Guam , was converted into the Interim Sea Control Ship and operated as such between 1971 and 1973 with the purpose of studying the limits and possible obstacles for operating such a vessel. [107] [108] Since then the Sea Control Ship concept has been subject to periodic re-examinations and studies, often in the light of budget cuts and questions over the use of supercarriers . [109] [110] [N 12] A pair of USMC AV-8A from VMA-513 in formation flight in 1974. Other exercises were performed to demonstrate the AV-8A's suitability for operating from various amphibious assault ships and aircraft carriers, including a deployment of 14 Harriers aboard USS Franklin D. Roosevelt for six months in 1976. [107] The tests showed, amongst other things, that the Harrier was capable of performing in weather where conventional carrier aircraft could not. [107] In support of naval operations, the USMC devised and studied several methods to further integrate the Harrier. One result was Arapaho, a stand-by system to rapidly convert civilian cargo ships into seagoing platforms for operating and maintaining a handful of Harriers, to be used to augment the number of available ships to deploy upon. [112] [N 13] When the reactivation of the Iowa-class battleships was under consideration, a radical design for a battleship-carrier hybrid emerged that would have replaced the ship's rear turret with a flight deck, complete with a hangar and two ski jumps, for operating several Harriers. However, the USMC considered the need for naval gunfire support to be a greater priority than additional platforms for carrier operations, while the cost and delay associated with such elaborate conversions was significant, and the concept was dropped. [113] [114] The Marines Corps' concept for deploying the Harriers in a land-based expeditionary role focused on aggressive speed. Harrier forward bases and light maintenance facilities were to be set up in under 24 hours on any prospective battle area. The forward bases, containing one to four aircraft, were to be located 20 miles (32 km) from the forward edge of battle (FEBA), while a more established permanent airbase would be located around 50 miles (80 km) from the FEBA. [115] [N 14] The close proximity of forward bases allowed for a far greater sortie rate and reduced fuel consumption. [115] A pair of USMC AV-8A Harriers refuelling from a Lockheed Martin KC-130 tanker The AV-8A's abilities in air-to-air combat were tested by the Marine Corps by conducting mock dogfights with McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs ; these exercises trained pilots to use the vectoring-in-forward-flight (VIFF) capability to outmanoeuvre their opponents and showed that the Harriers could act as effective air-to-air fighters at close range. [64] The success of Harrier operations countered scepticism of V/STOL aircraft, which had been judged to be expensive failures in the past. [116] Marine Corps officers became convinced of the military advantages of the Harrier and pursued extensive development of the aircraft. [117] Starting in 1979 the USMC began upgrading their AV-8As to the AV-8C configuration—the work focused mainly on extending useful service lives and improving VTOL performance. [35] The AV-8C and the remaining AV-8A Harriers were retired by 1987. [118] These were replaced by the Harrier II, designated as the AV-8B, which was introduced into service in 1985. [119] The performance of the Harrier in USMC service led to calls for the United States Air Force to procure Harrier IIs in addition to the USMC's own plans, [115] but these never resulted in Air Force orders. Since the late 1990s, the AV-8B has been slated to be replaced by the F-35B variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II , a more modern V/STOL jet aircraft. [120] Other operators Edit A Spanish Navy AV-8S Matador aircraft Due to the Harrier's unique characteristics it attracted a large amount of interest from other nations, often as attempts to make their own V/STOL jets were unsuccessful, such as in the cases of the American XV-4 Hummingbird and the German VFW VAK 191B . [N 15] Operations by the USMC aboard the USS Nassau in 1981 and by British Harriers and Sea Harriers in the Falklands War proved that the aircraft were highly effective in combat. These operations also demonstrated that "Harrier Carriers" provided a powerful presence at sea without the expense of big deck carriers. [121] [N 16] Following the display of Harrier operations from small carriers, the navies of Spain and later Thailand bought the Harrier for use as their main carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. [N 17] Spain's purchase of Harriers was complicated by long-standing political friction between the British and Spanish governments of the era; even though the Harriers were manufactured in the UK they were sold to Spain with the US acting as an intermediary. [125] Since 1976, the Spanish Navy operated the AV-8S Matador from their aircraft carrier Dédalo (formerly the USS Cabot ); the aircraft provided both air defence and strike capabilities for the Spanish fleet. [126] Spain later purchased five Harriers directly from the British government to replace losses. [127] Stern view of HTMS Chakri Naruebet, with a single Harrier on deck. Hawker Siddeley aggressively marketed the Harrier for export. At one point the company was holding talks with Australia, Brazil, Switzerland, India and Japan. Of these only India became a customer, purchasing the Sea Harrier. [128] At one point China came very close to becoming an operator of the first generation Harrier. Following an overture by the UK in the early 1970s, when relations with the West were warming, China became interested in the aircraft as it sought to modernise its armed forces; British Prime Minister James Callaghan noted significant hostility from the USSR over the sales bid. [129] [130] The deal was later cancelled by the UK as part of a diplomatic backlash after China invaded Vietnam in 1979. [131] The Spanish Navy, Thai Navy, Royal Air Force, and United States Marine Corps have all retired their first-generation Harriers. Spain sold seven single-seat and two twin-seat Harriers to Thailand in 1998. [127] [132] [N 18] The Royal Thai Navy's AV-8S Matadors were delivered as part of the air wing deployed on the new light aircraft carrier HTMS Chakri Naruebet . [134] The Thai Navy had from the start significant logistical problems keeping the Harriers operational due to a shortage of funds for spare parts and equipment, leaving only a few Harriers serviceable at a time. In 1999, two years after being delivered, only one airframe was in airworthy condition. [135] [136] Around 2003, Thailand considered acquiring former Royal Navy Sea Harriers , which were more suitable for maritime operations and better equipped for air defence, to replace their AV-8S Harriers; this investigation did not progress to a purchase. [137] The last first-generation Harriers were retired by Thailand in 2006. [138] Variants Moxton, Julian. "Supersonic Harrier: One Step Closer". Flight International, 4 December 1982, pp. 1633–1635. Nordeen, Lon O. Harrier II, Validating V/STOL. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-536-8 . Spick, Mike, ed. The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4 . Sturtivant, Ray. Fleet Air Arm Fixed-Wing Aircraft since 1946. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 2004. ISBN 0-85130-283. Sturtivant, Ray. RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X . Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5 . Vann, Frank. Harrier Jump Jet. New York, USA: Bdd Promotional Book Co, 1990. ISBN 0-7924-5140-6 . </dl> Edit Farley, John OBE. A View From The Hover: My Life In Aviation. Bath, UK: Seager Publishing/Flyer Books, 2010, first edition 2008. ISBN 978-0-9532752-0-5 . Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today. New York: Crescent Books, 1983. ISBN 0-517-41265-9 . Mason, Francis. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-370-00066-8 . Polmar, Norman and Dana Bell. One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59114-686-0 . </dl>

VTOL

What does the Transalaska Pipeline System transport?

Hawker Siddeley | BAE Systems | United States Hawker Siddeley Many of Hawker's fundamental design principles exist in today's modern aircraft Hawker Siddeley Aviation Hawker Siddeley Aviation Limited was the identity of the aircraft sector of the Hawker Siddeley Group between 1948 and 1959. Shortly after acquiring Folland Aircraft in 1959, there was huge government pressure to rationalise an industry where ‘far too many companies were competing for a diminishing number of contracts’.  Out of this policy came the decision to only offer new contracts to organisations that had been formed through various mergers and take-overs.    Hawker Siddeley Group merged with De Havilland Aircraft Company and Blackburn Aircraft Company in 1960 and although these continued to produce aircraft under their own branding, it was a very short-lived reprieve for these famous aviation names.   In 1963, and after a period of reorganisation, Hawker Siddeley Group was created leading to re-branding of the constituent company products as either Hawker Siddeley or ‘HS’ types.   Hawker Siddeley occupied the prestigious office in Kingston between 1963 and 1977   During the 1960’s the company developed one of their most famous aircraft, the HS Harrier which went on to become the first operational VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) jet aircraft. Manufactured in Kingston on the banks of the River Thames with assembly at Dunsfold, the Harrier led the way in the development of vectored thrust technology, much of which will be used in the aircraft of the 21st century.   Other sectors of the Hawker Siddeley Group included a Dynamics Division (Guided Weapons) and Railway, Locomotive and Subway Rolling Stock businesses throughout the USA and Canada.   On 29th April 1977, the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act saw the nationalisation of Hawker Siddeley Aviation and Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Divisions which were merged with British Aircraft Corporation to create British Aerospace.  The remaining non-aviation and foreign interests remained under a holding company known as Hawker Siddeley Group Plc which was sold to BTR in 1992.   The Hawker Siddeley brand was known worldwide with interests in railways (both diesel and electric) and rapid transport systems and the name of its founder Harry Hawker still continued in aviation until 2012 as the Hawker Beechcraft Corporation.   In fact, it still continues today as Hawker Siddeley Switchgear in both the UK and Australia Genealogy

i don't know

What was the name of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine?

History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) Current OIC Biography Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN. In July of 1951, Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine. On December 12th of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS. Her keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman at the Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton, Connecticut on June 14, 1952. After nearly 18 months of construction, NAUTILUS was launched on January 21, 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS' bow as she slid down the ways into the Thames River. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, NAUTILUS became the first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy. On the morning of January 17, 1955, at 11 am EST, NAUTILUS' first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway On Nuclear Power." Over the next several years, NAUTILUS shattered all submerged speed and distance records. On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship. At 11:15 pm on August 3, 1958, NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander William R. Anderson, announced to his crew, "For the world, our country, and the Navy - the North Pole." With 116 men aboard, NAUTILUS had accomplished the "impossible", reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North. In May 1959, NAUTILUS entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine for her first complete overhaul - the first of any nuclear powered ship - and the replacement of her second fuel core. Upon completion of her overhaul in August 1960, NAUTILUS departed for a period of refresher training, then deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to become the first nuclear powered submarine assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet. Over the next six years, NAUTILUS participated in several fleet exercises while steaming over 200,000 miles. In the spring of 1966, she again entered the record books when she logged her 300,000th mile underway. During the following 12 years, NAUTILUS was involved in a variety of developmental testing programs while continuing to serve alongside many of the more modern nuclear powered submarines she had preceded. In the spring of 1979, NAUTILUS set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California on May 26, 1979 - her last day underway. She was decommissioned on March 3, 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a million miles steamed. In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of nuclear power, NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 20, 1982. Following an extensive historic ship conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, NAUTILUS was towed to Groton, Connecticut arriving on July 6, 1985. On April 11, 1986, eighty-six years to the day after the birth of the Submarine Force, Historic Ship NAUTILUS, joined by the Submarine Force Museum, opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the world, providing an exciting, visible link between yesterday's Submarine Force and the Submarine Force of tomorrow.

Nautilus

Which American company pioneered electric ignition in motor cars?

What was the worlds first nuclear submarine? - Quora Quora The USS Nautilus (SSN-571). She was launched in 1954 and although she wasn't completed, was commissioned later the same year. She first went to sea in January 1955 and was decommissioned in 1980. She's now a museum ship in Groton, CT. USS Nautilus aka The First and Finest but after 20 some years she had unfortunately become The First and Worst. She was a scary ride and was kept in commission far past her prime.  But still she was the hottest thing going when she was launched. And she was not only the first nuclear powered submarine but in fact she was the first nuclear powered ship - surface or submarine. I avoid certainty. It’s a liar. I avoid safety. It’s a fallacy. I avoid danger. If it can happen to others, it can happen to me. I avoid elliptical discussions. I have outgrown the imperative to convince anyone of anything. I avoid crowds, noise and loud and aggressive people. These things pointlessly agitate me. I avoid promises. In a turbulent world they are rarely viable. I avoid leaving things un... Here's a snippet of an interesting conversation I had with a girl on Facebook. When I posted about my acceptance to Brown, she messaged me looking for "advice" (we had never talked before!). Her: Could I ask if you had any tips on getting into a school like Brown? Me: VERY LONG reply about how it's important that she find something she's interested in and find tangible ways to demonstrate that in... Ross Boardman , avid cook and award winning restaurateur. No. Here is a complete list of all the things a microwave oven can do to food: Make it hotter. If you're just re-heating food there's hardly a gentler way to do it, assuming it's food that is appropriate for warming up in a microwave oven. That would be food with a high moisture content. You aren't going to hit the temperatures that affect vitamins. And those effects are the same no matter wh...

i don't know

Who invented the world's first photocopier?

History of the Photocopier Machine Articles Photocopier guides History of the Photocopier Machine History of the Photocopier Machine Posted on November 22nd, 2012 · Posted in Photocopier guides In October 1937 Chester Carlson, a patent attorney in New York, invented a process called electro photography. In 1938, this was renamed Xerography and the first known photocopy was the "10-22-38 Astoria". The Xerography copying process went on to become one of the most well known inventions of the 20th century. Carlson received world acclaim and became extremely wealthy as his invention created a billion-dollar industry. It is estimated that Carlson gave away almost $100 million to charity and foundations before his death in 1968. Development of Xerography But Xerography was not, at least at first, a popular invention. In fact, it was ten years before Carlson found a company to develop Xerography. A New York-based photo-paper manufacturer called The Haloid Company took up the challenge. The Haloid Company later went on to become Xerox Corporation. The First Office Copier In 1955, Haloid - by then Haloid Xerox - produced Copyflo, the first automated xerographic machine. However, it wasn't until 22 years after electro photography had first been conceived that the first true  office copier  was produced. 1958 saw the introduction of the first-ever commercial push button photocopier machine the 914. Good Times For Xerox The 914 was a phenomenal success. In just three years, Haloid Xerox's income went from $2 million in 1960 - when the first 914 was sold - to over $22 million by 1963.In 1961, Haloid Xerox shortened its name to Xerox and its stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Their phenomenal success continued as Xerox introduced 24 new products over the next 20 years. Changing Market But Xerox domination was about to change. New manufacturers were appearing on the sidelines, gearing up to challenge Xerox and re-brand what the world knew as a Xerox machine to a  photocopy machine  or photocopier. One of the greatest marketing battles of the 20th century was about to begin. Xerox vs the Copier Ricoh was emerging as a potential competitor to Xerox as early as 1955 when they developed the RiCopy 101 Diazo copier. By 1975 they had developed the prize-winning RiCopy DT 1200 and were starting to challenge Xerox's hold over the market. The next decade would see a surprising change as companies traditionally known for photography began to break into the office equipment market. Brands such as Minolta, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Konica and Canon started to produce small office copiers that were to challenge Xerox's domination of the business copier market. Meanwhile, even Xerox's domination of the high-volume photocopier market was coming under threat from Kodak and Oce. New Brands Not Trusted Manufacturers quickly found that Xerox held enormous customer loyalty. To break this down, copier dealerships were founded. In each country, small local dealerships emerged that offered a "local service", sold by local people. This classic guerrilla marketing move attacked Xerox in a way they hadn't anticipated. Since Xerox was a global corporation, the one thing they couldn't offer was the intimacy of a small, local business. Canon was probably the most successful copier company to employ this tactic. By 1985, they had become the world's leading  photocopier company . Canon invested heavily in development and went on to produce the first colour copier. Re-branding the Xerox Machine as the Photocopier The Xerox rivals encouraged their dealers to correct customers whenever they referred to their brand of photocopier as a "Xerox machine". Terms such as "Xeroxing" were corrected to "copying" and the "Xerox Machine" became the "photocopier machine". All of this worked at dissolving the impact and hold of the Xerox brand. Copiers Today Today, Xerox continues to be one of the world leaders and a hugely influential and trusted brand name. Despite this, they are no longer the copier market leaders. Whilst the main battle in the photocopier market was being fought between 1975 and 1985 Xerox neglected development in their core business and instead invested millions into the computer market. The line extension for them was difficult despite developing revolutionary technology such as an operating system which was a forerunner to Windows and inventing the computer mouse. Between 1975 and 1985, Xerox was up against another brand name which has already made a huge impact in the computer market: IBM. Had Xerox continued to defend their core business during the industry's formative years, the photocopier market today would perhaps have looked very different. If you have any questions about the latest office  photocopiers for sale , please contact our sales team on 0845 300 3797.

Chester Carlson

Where were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held?

Chester Carlson and the History of Xerox Photocopiers By Mary Bellis Updated February 03, 2016. In 1937, the process called Xerography was invented by American law student Chester Carlson. Carlson had invented a copying process based on electrostatic energy. Xerography became commercially available in 1950 by the Xerox Corporation. Xerography comes from the Greek for "dry writing". Chester Carlson's Frustrations Chester Carlson had been frustrated with the slow mimeograph machine and the cost of photography and that lead him to inventing a new way of copying. He invented an electrostatic process that reproduced words on a page in just minutes. Selling the Xerox Photocopier Carlson had a hard time finding investors in his new invention. He was turned down by IBM and the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it took him eight years to find an investor, which was the Haloid Company later to become the Xerox Corporation. Patenting and Trademarking Xerox Chester Carlson was both a research engineer and a patent attorney . He filed a patent application in April, 1939, stating, "I knew I had a very big tiger by the tail." The Xerox Corporation trademarked the name "Xerox" and has protected the name carefully.

i don't know

"Who wrote the line, ""Do not go gentle into that good night?"

Do not go gentle into that good night - Poems | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up His Morning Meditations by Jay Parini poetic forms read this poet's poems Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, South Wales. His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read. He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes, foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B.  Yeats , and Edgar Allan  Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh, Thomas and his older sister never learned the language, and Thomas wrote exclusively in English. Thomas was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own. He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry, impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects. He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. By December of 1932, he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time. It was during this time, in his late teens, that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems. In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse. Unlike his contemporaries, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition. Thomas describes his technique in a letter: "I make one image—though 'make' is not the right word; I let, perhaps, an image be 'made' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another, let that image contradict the first, make, of the third image bred out of the other two together, a fourth contradictory image, and let them all, within my imposed formal limits, conflict." Two years after the publication of 18 Poems, Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London. At the time, she was the mistress of painter Augustus John. Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937. Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her, the marriage was turbulent, with rumors of both having multiple affairs. About Thomas's work, Michael Schmidt writes: "There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems; in the famous and popular later poems, the magic is all show. If they have a secret it is the one we all share, partly erotic, partly elegiac. The later poems arise out of personality." In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London. He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness. To avoid the air raids, the couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC. Between 1945 and 1949, he wrote, narrated, or assisted with over a hundred radio broadcasts. In one show, "Quite Early One Morning," he experimented with the characters and ideas that would later appear in his poetic radio play Under Milk Wood (1953). In 1947 Thomas was awarded a Traveling Scholarship from the Society of Authors. He took his family to Italy, and while in Florence, he wrote In Country Sleep, And Other Poems (Dent, 1952), which includes his most famous poem,  "Do not go gentle into that good night."  When they returned to Oxfordshire, Thomas began work on three film scripts for Gainsborough Films. The company soon went bankrupt, and Thomas's scripts, "Me and My Bike," "Rebecca's Daughters," and "The Beach at Falesa," were made into films. They were later collected in Dylan Thomas: The Filmscripts (JM Dent & Sons, 1995). In January 1950, at the age of thirty-five, Thomas visited America for the first time. His reading tours of the United States, which did much to popularize the poetry reading as a new medium for the art, are famous and notorious. Thomas was the archetypal Romantic poet of the popular American imagination—he was flamboyantly theatrical, a heavy drinker, engaged in roaring disputes in public, and read his work aloud with tremendous depth of feeling and a singing Welsh lilt. Thomas toured America four times, with his last public engagement taking place at the City College of New York. A few days later, he collapsed in the Chelsea Hotel after a long drinking bout at the White Horse Tavern . On November 9, 1953, he died at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City at the age of thirty-nine. He had become a legendary figure, both for his work and the boisterousness of his life. He was buried in Laugharne, and almost thirty years later, a plaque to Dylan was unveiled in Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey. Selected Bibliography

Dylan Thomas

What is Jennifer Jason Leigh's real name?

Dylan Thomas - Poet | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets 1914-1953 , Swansea, Wales , United Kingdom Texts about this Poet:  read this poet's poems Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, South Wales. His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read. He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes, foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B.  Yeats , and Edgar Allan  Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh, Thomas and his older sister never learned the language, and Thomas wrote exclusively in English. Thomas was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own. He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry, impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects. He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. By December of 1932, he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time. It was during this time, in his late teens, that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems. In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse. Unlike his contemporaries, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition. Thomas describes his technique in a letter: "I make one image—though 'make' is not the right word; I let, perhaps, an image be 'made' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another, let that image contradict the first, make, of the third image bred out of the other two together, a fourth contradictory image, and let them all, within my imposed formal limits, conflict." Two years after the publication of 18 Poems, Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London. At the time, she was the mistress of painter Augustus John. Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937. Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her, the marriage was turbulent, with rumors of both having multiple affairs. About Thomas's work, Michael Schmidt writes: "There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems; in the famous and popular later poems, the magic is all show. If they have a secret it is the one we all share, partly erotic, partly elegiac. The later poems arise out of personality." In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London. He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness. To avoid the air raids, the couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC. Between 1945 and 1949, he wrote, narrated, or assisted with over a hundred radio broadcasts. In one show, "Quite Early One Morning," he experimented with the characters and ideas that would later appear in his poetic radio play Under Milk Wood (1953). In 1947 Thomas was awarded a Traveling Scholarship from the Society of Authors. He took his family to Italy, and while in Florence, he wrote In Country Sleep, And Other Poems (Dent, 1952), which includes his most famous poem,  "Do not go gentle into that good night."  When they returned to Oxfordshire, Thomas began work on three film scripts for Gainsborough Films. The company soon went bankrupt, and Thomas's scripts, "Me and My Bike," "Rebecca's Daughters," and "The Beach at Falesa," were made into films. They were later collected in Dylan Thomas: The Filmscripts (JM Dent & Sons, 1995). In January 1950, at the age of thirty-five, Thomas visited America for the first time. His reading tours of the United States, which did much to popularize the poetry reading as a new medium for the art, are famous and notorious. Thomas was the archetypal Romantic poet of the popular American imagination—he was flamboyantly theatrical, a heavy drinker, engaged in roaring disputes in public, and read his work aloud with tremendous depth of feeling and a singing Welsh lilt. Thomas toured America four times, with his last public engagement taking place at the City College of New York. A few days later, he collapsed in the Chelsea Hotel after a long drinking bout at the White Horse Tavern . On November 9, 1953, he died at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City at the age of thirty-nine. He had become a legendary figure, both for his work and the boisterousness of his life. He was buried in Laugharne, and almost thirty years later, a plaque to Dylan was unveiled in Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey. Selected Bibliography

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