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At which sport did Keanu Reeves excel while at high school?

Buzz Trivia: What Sport Did Keanu Reeves Excel In, In High School - YouTube Buzz Trivia: What Sport Did Keanu Reeves Excel In, In High School Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 12, 2008 Was it baseball, football, or hockey? Take our trivia! Category

Hockey

In Hockey, who did Maurice Rocket Richard play for?

Keanu Reeves - Biography - IMDb Keanu Reeves Biography Showing all 120 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (81) | Personal Quotes  (24) | Salary  (8) Overview (4) 6' 1" (1.86 m) Mini Bio (1) Keanu Reeves, whose first name means "cool breeze over the mountains" in Hawaiian, was born in Beirut, Lebanon on September 2, 1964. He is the son of English-born Patricia Taylor , a showgirl, and American-born Samuel Nowlin Reeves, a geologist. Keanu's father was born in Hawaii, of British, Portuguese, Native Hawaiian, and Chinese ancestry. After their marriage dissolved, Keanu moved with his mother and younger sister, Kim Reeves , to New York City, then Toronto. Stepfather #1 was Paul Aaron , a stage and film director - he and Patricia divorced within a year, after which she went on to marry (and divorce) rock promoter Robert Miller and hair salon owner Jack Bond. Reeves never reconnected with his biological father. In high school, Reeves was lukewarm toward academics but took a keen interest in ice hockey (as team goalie, he earned the nickname "The Wall") and drama. He eventually dropped out of school to pursue an acting career. After a few stage gigs and a handful of made-for-TV movies, he scored a supporting role in the Rob Lowe hockey flick Youngblood (1986), which was filmed in Canada. Shortly after the production wrapped, Reeves packed his bags and headed for Hollywood. Reeves popped up on critics' radar with his performance in the dark adolescent drama, River's Edge (1986), and landed a supporting role in the Oscar-nominated Dangerous Liaisons (1988) with director Stephen Frears . His first popular success was the role of totally rad dude "Ted Logan" in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989). The wacky time-travel movie became something of a cultural phenomenon, and audiences would forever confuse Reeves's real-life persona with that of his doofy on-screen counterpart. He then joined the casts of Ron Howard 's comedy, Parenthood (1989), and Lawrence Kasdan 's I Love You to Death (1990). Over the next few years, Reeves tried to shake the Ted stigma with a series of highbrow projects. He played a slumming rich boy opposite River Phoenix 's narcoleptic male hustler in My Own Private Idaho (1991), an unlucky lawyer who stumbles into the vampire's lair in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), and Shakespearean party-pooper Don John in Much Ado About Nothing (1993). In 1994, the understated actor became a big-budget action star with the release of Speed (1994). Its success heralded an era of five years in which Reeves would alternate between small films, like Feeling Minnesota (1996) and The Last Time I Committed Suicide (1997), and big films like A Walk in the Clouds (1995) and The Devil's Advocate (1997). (There were a couple misfires, too: Johnny Mnemonic (1995) and Chain Reaction (1996).) After all this, Reeves did the unthinkable and passed on the Speed sequel, but he struck box-office gold again a few years later with the Wachowski siblings' cyberadventure, The Matrix (1999). Now a bonafide box-office star, Keanu would appear in a string of smaller films -- among them The Replacements (2000), The Watcher (2000), The Gift (2000), Sweet November (2001), and Hardball (2001) - before The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and The Matrix Revolutions (2003) were both released in 2003. Since the end of The Matrix trilogy, Keanu has divided his time between mainstream and indie fare, landing hits with Something's Gotta Give (2003), The Lake House (2006), and Street Kings (2008). He's kept Matrix fans satiated with films such as Constantine (2005), A Scanner Darkly (2006), and The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008). And he's waded back into art-house territory with Ellie Parker (2005), Thumbsucker (2005), The Private Lives of Pippa Lee (2009), and Henry's Crime (2010). Most recently, as post-production on the samurai epic 47 Ronin (2013) waged on, Keanu appeared in front of the camera in Side by Side (2012), a documentary on celluloid and digital filmmaking, which he also produced. He's also directing another Asian-influenced project, Man of Tai Chi (2013). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Trade Mark (2) Deep husky voice Trivia (81) Chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World (1995). Ranked #23 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Arrested in Los Angeles, California; charged with drunk driving. [May 1993] Loves ballroom dancing. He owns at least two Norton Commando motorcycles whose engines were available in both 750cc and 850cc capacities, the high-compression version being the Combat Commando. Younger sister, Kim Reeves (born in Australia in 1966). Through his mother, he has a half-sister named Karina Miller (born 1976 in Toronto). Through his father, he has a half-sister named Emma Reeves (born 1980 in Hawaii). Named after his uncle Henry Keanu Reeves. "Keanu" is a derivation of Reeves' great-great-uncle Keaweaheulu, whose name means "the soft breeze raising" in Hawaiian. Ex-stepson of film and stage director Paul Aaron . Had job sharpening ice skates. Was nicknamed "the wall" by high school hockey team De La Salle College "Oaklands". Father left the family when Keanu was very young. Was manager of a pasta shop in Toronto, Ontario. His father was a geologist who served time in prison. He was paroled after serving two years of a ten-year sentence for selling heroin at Hilo Airport in 1992. His mother, Patricia Taylor , was a costume designer for rock stars such as Alice Cooper . His name means "cool breeze over the mountains" in Hawaiian. Dropped out of high school when he was 17 to become an actor. Hobbies include horseback riding and surfing (both inspired from movie roles). Was MVP on his high school hockey team, where he was a goalie. Keanu got his abdominal scar from a motorcycle wreck in Topanga Canyon. He was on a "demon ride" (no headlights at night) when he crashed into the side of a mountain. He was hospitalized for a week with broken ribs and a ruptured spleen. When the paramedics came to get him, an emergency medical technician trainee picked up one end of the stretcher... then dropped it by mistake! "It made me laugh, but I couldn't breathe!". When trying out for the roles of Bill and Ted in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989), each actor was paired up with another. Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter were paired up, Reeves trying out for the part of Bill while Winter tried out for the part of Ted. They were cast opposite what they auditioned for. His first name, Keanu, is pronounced "keh-ah-noo". Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#17). [August 1995] In November 1999, the baby girl he was expecting with girlfriend Jennifer Syme was stillborn, just a few weeks shy of the actual delivery date. They had planned to name her Ava Archer Syme-Reeves. (April 2, 2001) His estranged girlfriend Jennifer Syme was killed when her Jeep Cherokee careered onto the wrong side of a Los Angeles road near Highway 101 and smashed into three parked cars. The force of the crash flipped the car over and she was thrown through the windshield. She was killed instantly. Maintains Canadian citizenship and passport. Has appeared in three films whose title contains a US state: Feeling Minnesota (1996), My Own Private Idaho (1991) and The Prince of Pennsylvania (1988) and his character in Point Break (1991) was named John Utah. Was set to reprise his role as Jack Traven in the sequel to Speed (1994) - Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997) - but dropped out. Took a 90% pay cut on his salary on The Replacements (2000) so Gene Hackman could be cast. Previously, he had deferred $2 million of his salary so that Al Pacino could be cast on The Devil's Advocate (1997). Resides in the Hollywood Hills area, Los Angeles, California, and is said to maintain an apartment in Manhattan as well. Learned over 200 martial arts moves for The Matrix Reloaded (2003). Played (bass) in "Becky" which also featured Robert Mailhouse (drums), Paulie Kosta (guitar) and Rebecca Lord (vocals). Was originally offered the role of Private Chris Taylor in Platoon (1986), which he turned down. The role went to Charlie Sheen . Was originally cast as Chris Shiherlis in Heat (1995) but later backed out of the project. The role went to Val Kilmer . He attended high school at North Toronto, where his drama teacher was Paul Robert. Frequently plays men either strapped or sitting in a chair while some type of procedure is performed on him. All three Matrix films, Johnny Mnemonic (1995), Feeling Minnesota (1996), Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), Constantine (2005), A Scanner Darkly (2006), The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), John Wick (2014). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 31, 2005. Read the script of Constantine (2005) while filming The Matrix Revolutions (2003). His first theater work was with Shakespeare and Company in Lenox, Massachusetts in "The Tempest". He learned to surf for his role in Point Break (1991) Very good friends with his Bill & Ted co-star, Alex Winter and has remained in contact with him. Keanu has also contributed cameo appearances and helped with a number of Winter's film projects. His best friend is his younger sister Kim Reeves . Has recently left the band Becky with former Dogstar bandmate Robert Mailhouse , due to scheduling conflicts. Auditioned for the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; but was rejected. Replaced Val Kilmer as the title role in Johnny Mnemonic (1995) when Kilmer left the project upon being offered the role of Bruce Wayne in Batman Forever (1995). Ironically, Kilmer later replaced Reeves as Chris Siherlis in Heat (1995). His best friend was actor River Phoenix . He is also friends with River's brother Joaquin Phoenix . His parents married in Hawaii and divorced in 1966. His mother later remarried Paul Aaron (divorced in 1971) and Robert Miller (between 1976 and 1980). The character of Jimbo Jones on The Simpsons (1989) is based on his character from Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989). Lent one of his basses (a yellow Fender) to be used in the music video, "100%", by Sonic Youth , to bassist Kim Gordon . Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#28) (2007). Has played a former quarterback from the Ohio State University in two films: Point Break (1991) and The Replacements (2000). Turned down the role of Racer X in Speed Racer (2008), which eventually went to Matthew Fox . Joel Schumacher considered him for the role of The Scarecrow (Jonathan Crane) in the fifth Batman movie had Schumacher gone on to direct Batman 5. The failure of Batman & Robin (1997) prevented that from happening. Is an avid fan of Formula 1 and IndyCar racing. Was good friends with the late Anthony Quinn . They starred together in A Walk in the Clouds (1995). Lives in Los Angeles, California. Close friends with Speed (1994) co-star Sandra Bullock . He also was among the guests at her wedding to Jesse James in 2005. Keanu's father, who is an American from Hawaii, has English, Native Hawaiian, Portuguese, Scottish, and Chinese, ancestry, with distant Dutch roots. Keanu's mother is English. Has named Peter O'Toole as the actor who has influenced him the most. Is dyslexic. (August 4, 2001) Played baseball in the Dodgers Stadium, for the 43rd Hollywood Stars Celebrity Baseball Game. His team won 5 to 4. This was the first time Keanu played baseball. Played ice hockey for the California Senior Hockey League (1995). When Reeves first arrived in Hollywood, his agent thought his first name was too exotic, so during the early days of his film career he is sometimes credited as K.C. Reeves, Norman Kreeves or Chuck Spadina. Was raised in Beirut (since birth until six months), Sydney (until age 3), Upper West Side (Manhattan, New York, until age 6) and in Toronto (until age 21). Could have been a professional ice hockey player for the Canadian League, could have tried out for the Windsor Spitfires Ontario Hockey League, but set his heart on acting, leaving hockey as a hobby. Decided to become an actor at age 15 when he was doing Romeo and Juliet in 10th grade. Was trained for four months in martial arts (kung-fu) for The Matrix (1999) (1998). Speaks French fluently. Attended the premiere of The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) in Tokyo, Japan. [December 2008] Attended the 2008 Bambi Awards in Offenburg, Germany. [November 2008] Attending the IndyCar Long Beach Grand Prix as a guest of honor. [April 2009] Attended a press conference for The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) in Mexico City, Mexico. [December 2008] Attended the 59th Berlin International Film Festival in Germany. [February 2009] Los Angeles, California: Announced that he is teaming up with friend Gard Hollinger of L.A. County Choprods to launch the Arch Motorcycle Company. [October 2012] Attended press conferences for The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) in Paris, France and Madrid, Spain. [November 2008] Stanley Kubrick , David Lean , Frank Capra and Martin Scorsese are some of his favorite filmmakers. Is jokingly considered to be immortal due to striking resemblances to Vlad the Impaler and Paul Manet. He was the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of superhero Green Lantern/Kyle Rayner (created in 1994). Reeves was 30 years old at the point. Had a bathtub scene in two films with Rachel Weisz , where she sits in the tub with clothes on and he is outside the tub: Constantine (2005) and Chain Reaction (1996). Writes left-handed, but shoots a gun or performs other actions with his right hand. In The Matrix (1999), he signs for the package with his left hand, but opens the package and holds the phone with his right hand. Personal Quotes (24) What would happen if you melted? You know, you never really hear this talked about much, but spontaneous combustion? It exists!...[people] burn from within...sometimes they'll be in a wooden chair and the chair won't burn, but there'll be nothing left of the person. Except sometimes his teeth. Or the heart. No one speaks about this, but its for real. My name can't be THAT tough to pronounce! When I don't feel free and can't do what I want I just react. I go against it. [when told he'd have to "bite the bullet"] Yes, but I don't have to eat the whole rifle. I'm a meathead, man. You've got smart people, and you've got dumb people. I just happen to be dumb. I'm sorry my existence is not very noble or sublime. [on being a star] It can still be very surreal. It's easy to become very self-critical when you're an actor. Then you get critiqued be the critics. Whether you agree with them or not, people are passing judgment on you. [on drugs] I've had wonderful experiences. I mean really wonderful. In teaching. Personal epiphanies. About life. About a different perspective -- help with different perspectives that you have. You know what I mean? Relationships to nature. Relationships with the self. With other people. With events. [when asked if he had any fears] I used to have nightmares that they would put "He played Ted" on my tombstone. I'm Mickey Mouse. They don't know who's inside the suit. Here comes 40. I'm feeling my age and I've ordered the Ferrari. I'm going to get the whole mid-life crisis package. It's always wonderful to get to know women, with the mystery and the joy and the depth. If you can make a woman laugh, you're seeing the most beautiful thing on God's Earth. [on River Phoenix ] You can't blame Hollywood for what happened to River. Kids are doing drugs everywhere in the world. He had his own very personal problems I will never discuss with the press. They're just way too personal. River had a self-destructive side to his personality. He was angry and hurt that he couldn't have a private life once he became famous. He just couldn't deal with having his private life on the front page all the time. [on River Phoenix ] River was a remarkable artist and a rare human being. I miss him every day. [on River Phoenix and My Own Private Idaho (1991)] We were doing I Love You to Death (1990), and we got the Idaho script. We were driving in a car on Santa Monica Boulevard, probably on the way to a club, and were talking really fast about the whole idea. We were excited. It could have been like a bad dream, a dream that never follows through because no one commits, but we just forced ourselves into it. We said, "Okay, I'll do it if you do it. I won't do it if you don't." We shook hands. That was it. [on Patrick Swayze ] He was a beautiful person, an artist! Patrick, he just wanted to experience life and, for his work, he wanted to take the opportunity of the film and it gave him that sense. There was some sky diving sequences in this film we did together and as filming was going on it came to be that Patrick was jumping out of airplanes all the time. I think he had over 30 jumps during the course of filming and so the production served him with a cease and desist which he listened to until they got to Hawaii. He jumps out of planes and did the flips and falling to the ground and he did it with an open heart. I'll always remember his buddy for lighting up a room with his presence. I can say what I know that he lived life to the fullest. [1995, on his idea of happiness] Lying in bed with my lover, riding my bike, sports, happy times with my friends, conversation, learning, the earth, dirt, a beautiful repast with friends, family with wine and glorious food and happy tidings and energy and zest and lust for life. I like being in the desert, in nature, being in extraordinary spaces in nature, high in a tree or in the dirt, hanging out with my family, my sisters. [1995] L.A. has been my place of abode for seven years and I have a little place in New York City. I don't even have a house house, but I have been living in the same place in Los Angeles for a couple of years and it's just now becoming a home. I like to be free and unfettered. I like the option of being able to do anything and go anywhere, anytime. I like to have my house open. A lot of my friends have keys to my houses and I like to have everything, you know, 'What's mine is yours,' and to drink wine, talk and hang out. [1995, on My Own Private Idaho (1991)' You know what's great? Right after I finished Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), I went to Paris to visit a couple of friends, shipped over one of my Norton's, my '72 750 with California plates, and just hung out for two-and-a-half weeks. My Own Private Idaho (1991) had just opened at a theater right near my friend's house where I was staying. I got stopped by a couple of American students who'd seen it and they bought me a beer. Which is what you should do in Paris: sit in cafés, talk, hang out. I had miraculous weather, so it didn't rain on my parade. Then, I went to New York to visit friends, sat down, hung out, and the same sort of thing happened there. So, do I want more movies that lead to experiences like that? Yes, please. [on auditioning for Oliver Stone 's The Doors (1991)] I auditioned a few times, but I don't think I was ever seriously in the running. I was terrified. I just read some of Jim Morrison 's poetry and listened to some of his music and did what I could. [1992] It's only very recently that I've been approached with, 'Would you like to do this?' Mostly, I'm still auditioning, which there's something to be said for. Up to now, my only real choices have been: 'Hmmmm, an audition, go or not go? Go!' I auditioned seven times for _Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1900)_ and all the 'finalists' had to read with everyone else-me, Pauly Shore , Josh Richman , Alex Winter and others. I met with Francis Ford Coppola three times before he asked me if I wanted to play the part in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992). [on his beliefs] Sure I believe in God and the Devil but they don't have to have pitchforks and a long white beard. [on directing himself as a villain in Man of Tai Chi (2013) The first day was not fun, because one is so objective and one is so subjective. As an actor, you only have your responsibility to your role within the whole, and the director has a responsibility to the whole and you in it. So it's a different mindset. And you're literally, physically, in two different spaces. [on the possibility of Bill and Ted 3] It's a long story. There's lots of subterfuge and conspiracy theories. There's a whole thing... I might have to do one of those independent press, conspiracy, other-name kind of [statements] explaining why it hasn't happened yet, because it's pretty dark out there... There is [a script]. There's all sorts of stuff and it just can't - it's just - there's darkness out there that's keeping it from happening... It's that part of the story where it's looking grim. It's the dark period of the idea! Salary (8)

i don't know

Golf star Vijay Singh comes form where?

Why Vijay Singh won’t let the PGA Tour off the hook - Golf Digest Why Vijay Singh won’t let the PGA Tour off the hook LinkedIn More detail on Vijay Singh’s lawsuit against the PGA Tour is coming out, which, though interesting, doesn’t signal a resolution anytime soon. If the case goes to trial, lawyers estimate its start would be at least a year away. Many commenters have called Singh an ingrate—or worse—for suing the organization that has allowed him to win $70 million in prize money. But Singh undeniably suffered a hit to his reputation in 2013 when the tour suspended him for 90 days after he admitted he had used deer-antler spray without knowing it contained traces of a banned growth hormone. Although the tour in subsequent weeks dropped the penalty after learning the World Anti-Doping Agency did not consider the spray “prohibited, per se,” Singh argues that he should have never been publicly sanctioned and is seeking damages. The case is a mixed bag, as is, unfortunately, the 52-year-old Fijian’s whole career. A journey that began with him hitting coconuts instead of golf balls on a small island in the South Pacific and took him to the World Golf Hall of Fame rivals Sam Snead’s in rags-to-riches scope. Singh’s 34 tour wins, nine more on the European Tour and three majors gives him the third-best record (behind Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson) among players who began their PGA Tour careers after 1990 (with the caveat that Singh was already 30 as a rookie in 1993). It was Singh’s 2004 season—in which he won nine times with a major—that stands out as the most anyone ever outplayed Woods in Tiger’s prime. That year Singh became the only player in the first 10 years of this century to take the No. 1 spot on the World Ranking from Woods. Though the two rarely spoke when paired together, the soon-to-be 40 Woods recently said that Singh’s remarkable 22 wins in his 40s is what Tiger wants to model. Related: Read this week's issue of Golf World. But despite a powerful game marked by a still majestically rhythmic swing, the 6-foot-2 Singh has never been a charismatic star. Though he can be gregarious with fellow pros, he has been diffident with the media. Clearly he resented inquiries about being suspended from the Asian Tour for two years after allegedly changing his scorecard at the 1985 Indonesia Open. Singh has disputed the charge, but never in any depth, and it hovers over him, unresolved. In his recent book, veteran caddie Steve Williams, who worked for Terry Gale in the Indonesia event in question, wrote: “I think you have to man up and admit your mistakes. Vijay has vehemently denied he did anything wrong, and I’m still angry to this day he hasn’t admitted his error.” Williams added that he believes Singh “should have been banned from golf completely.” Indeed, such unsparing judgment to the cheating accusation is almost certainly what caused Singh to be so determined in his legal pursuit of full vindication about deer spray. Because of what allegedly went down in Indonesia, Singh in the minds of many is guilty until proven innocent. His court case might seem disloyal, but it is not frivolous. I hope some clarity and closure comes from the case, but Singh has admitted the process has been a distraction to his performance. Going into 2016, he appears in a kind of limbo, too proud to transition to the Champions Tour but, to all appearances, finally lacking enough game to be a contender on the PGA Tour. No better than a below-average putter in his prime, Singh has consistently resided at the bottom of the tour’s revealing strokes gained/putting category for several years. Just as tellingly, he is losing measured clubhead speed (about four miles an hour since 2008) and accompanying distance. Singh is no longer the marvel of a big man who kept his length to play the same style game as kids half his age. The results say it all. His last win was the 2008 Deutsche Bank Championship en route to the FedEx Cup title. In majors, he has only one top-10 since 2007 (T-9, 2012 British Open). The last three seasons, he has finished 119th, 87th and 146th on the FedEx Cup points list. The same fierce pride that has always driven Singh is what’s keeping him toiling out on the big tour, along with, surely, a deep desire for one more win to throw in the face of his detractors. But I’d argue that frequently contending and occasionally winning on the Champions Tour would win him more admirers (and sympathizers) and be better for his legacy. Think Fred Couples. Whatever happened in Indonesia, and whatever his flaws, I know Singh as a true seeker who derives immense satisfaction and generously shared wisdom from endlessly refining his golf swing. It has been obvious watching him on practice ranges for 22 years, and it was obvious during a long conversation for Golf World in 2005, in which Singh said: “I just love to hit good golf shots. Looking at the target, seeing the shot and hitting the shot. I just love to see the ball fly the right way. If I can hit the ball the way I want to hit it on the range, I can hit for hours and hours, hitting it the way you want to hit it.” No matter what, that’s the Vijay Singh who should be remembered. Gambling 15 hours ago Ping i200 iron 17 hours ago

Fiji

Kirk Douglas supplemented his acting earnings in his early years as what type of professional sportsman?

Vijay Singh, citing Zika virus concerns, to skip Olympics - Golf Digest LinkedIn Getty Images PALM BEACH GARDENS, FL - FEBRUARY 27: Vijay Singh of Fiji plays his tee shot on the par 3, 15th hole during the third round of the 2016 Honda Classic held on the PGA National Course at the PGA National Resort and Spa on February 27, 2016 in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. (Photo by David Cannon/Getty Images) One of the first notable athletes is dropping out of the Olympics due to safety concerns. And it comes from the world of golf. On Tuesday, Vijay Singh told the Golf Channel that he's planning on skipping the Rio games because of the area's ongoing health crisis. “I would like to play the Olympics," said Singh, "but the Zika virus, you know and all that crap.” Pinterest Getty Images Zika fever is an infection spread by mosquitoes, and can cause microcephaly in babies and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. The Zika virus has reached pandemic levels in Brazil, according to the National Institutes of Health. On Tuesday , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the virus is "scarier than initially thought." Singh, a three-time major winner, was a lock to represent Fiji in the Olympic games. “It wasn’t that difficult [a decision],” Singh said . “I feel bad, I wanted to play and finally decided against it." Once again: Phil Being Phil 8 hours ago Podcast 12 hours ago Presidential Golf 12 hours ago News & Tours 13 hours ago

i don't know

"""The early days of which sport featured the Renshaw twins, the Baddeley twins and the Doherty brothers?"

TRIVIA - SPORTS TRIVIA - SPORTS TRIVIA HOME ` Fun sports trivia questions and answers - Ty Cobb, the Olympics, little league baseball, Boxing, Tennis, Cross Country Bike Racing What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field? 60 feet. What college once had 22 members of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society on its football team? Dartmouth, in 1925. What was the first sport in which women were invited to compete at the Olympics? Tennis, at the 1900 games in Paris. Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain was the first gold medalist. What sport was the first to be filmed---and who filmed it? The sport was boxing; the man who did the filming, Thomas A. Edison; the year, 1894. Edison filmed a boxing match between Jack Cushing and Mike Leonard in a studio on the grounds of his laboratory complex in West Orange, New Jersey. How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played? None. Sports trivia questions and answers about baseball, football, boxing, the Olympics, NBA, NFL, Deion Sanders... �@ What Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher hit a home run in his first major league at-bat--and never hit another? New York Giant knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm, in 1952. What baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother? Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3. What 1921 sporting event took up all of the first 13 pages of The New York Times --except for a little space on the front page devoted to the formal end of World War I? The July 2nd heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and George Carpenter, the first fight to gross over $1 million in gate receipts. Dempsey won in a fourth-round knockout. In the National Football League, how many footballs is the home team required to provide for each game? 24--although from 8 to 12 are usually used. Brooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams? 23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983. Why is the site of a boxing match called a ring when it's square? Boxing rings were originally circular. In the very first Boston Marathon, 15 runners competed. How many finished? 10. How long is the average pool cue? 57 inches. Under the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners? At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver. What professional ice hockey star didn't hang up his skates until he was 52? Gordie Howe, who played in 1,687 games in the National Hockey League. What is the state sport of Alaska? Dog-mushing. Who was the first athlete to hit a major league home run and make a professional football touchdown in the same week? Jim Thorpe, in 1917. He did it a second time in 1919. Deion Sanders was the second athlete to accomplish the feat---70 years later in 1989. Who was the famous great-great-grandfather of San Francisco 49er quarterback Steve Young? Mormon leader Brigham Young. Who was the first professional athlete to win championship rings in two major sports? Gene Conley. He pitched for the Milwaukee Braves team that won the 1957 World Series, and was on the Boston Celtic teams that won National Basketball Association championships in 1959,1960 and 1961. How long and wide is the balance beam used in Olympic gymnastic competition? Length, 16 feet 3 inches; width, 4 inches. What sport besides football did famed fullback Jim Brown compete and excel in while he attended Syracuse University in the mid 1950s? Lacrosse. He made All-American. How much did a one-minute TV spot cost advertisers on the first Super Bowl broadcast in 1967? $85,000. How many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver? Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver. Sports Trivia - Athletes, Sporting Events, Bobbie Riggs, Arthur Ash, Golf, Chris Evert, Hockey, Triple Crown, and more. In which US state were the last summer Olympics of the century held? Georgia.

Tennis

Who was known as the Manassa Mauler?

Full text of "Twenty years of lawn tennis; some personal memories" See other formats TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS SOME PERSONAL MEMORIES BY A. WALLIS MYERS C.B.E. WITH A FRONTISPIECE LONDON: METHUEN & GO. LTD. NEW YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY TO SIR THEODORE COOK CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT . . .1 II. MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON . . .12 III. ROUND THE HOME COURTS . . . .32 IV. PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT . . 53 V. RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS . . . . .66 VI. THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA . . . .84 VII. AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS . . . 103 VIII. DAVIS CUP MATCHES . . . . .118 IX. UNDER COVER . . . . . .146 X. THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN . . . 166 INDEX . . . . . . .177 The Frontispiece is from a Photograph by Elliott 6 s Fry Ltd. vii TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS CHAPTER I ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT I MUST begin these reminiscences on a note of sadness. Wimbledon is passing ! Not the in- stitution which the world knows as the lawn tennis championships, but the ground hallowed by the history of the game a history shoemarked on its courts. It is rather a tragic thought, this uprooting of a shrine saluted for twoscore years and more by every disciple of lawn tennis in this country and by many a pilgrim from distant lands. After another June, or possibly two, dust-stained pedestrians, panting to reach the wicket gate, will cease to jostle each other on the railway footpath ; old ladies and young will cease to camp out in that uninspiring strip of unkempt roadway which connects the Worple Road with the gates of the All England Club ; waiting motor-cars will no longer convert a quiet and respectable neigh- bourhood into one great, inchoate garage. Inside the new ground we are promised an end to that amiable scrambling for seats, standing room, or tea which, while inconvenient on a hot day, was none the less LAWN TENNIS a traditional picnic which seemed in its very absence of ceremony to invest the occasion with a sporting spirit. Yet while we shall miss some of the old and familiar symbols at the new Wimbledon, we shall gain in many ways, not least by the thought that its coming is a sure tribute to the game's progress, a monument to its permanent popularity. For the present premises of the All England Club are inadequate to meet the demands both of the world's best players and those who come to see the world's best players play. When the game was young and (let us whisper it) its first champions a little old old enough at any rate to have become experts at tennis and racquets the three and a half acres in the Worple Road were sufficient to accommodate the brigade of tall-hatted city men and sportsmen who came down annually to applaud (and possibly gamble on) the programme. But even a few years later, when the Renshaw twins and Lawford were in their prime, and trains drew up on the flank of the courts, unloading passengers agog with excitement, elbow- room was a little scarce. That, of course, was long before the giant stands had been erected round the centre court. Eager sightseers raised themselves above their fellows on imported chairs, and even paid half a sovereign for a couple of bricks ! When was a new Wimbledon first conceived ? Probably a year or two before the Great War, when the champions of other countries as well as our own were making Wimbledon their annual battleground. The crowds became unwieldy in size, and spectators, offering their passbooks as security for seats, drew nothing but a courteous negative. The war only served to stem the flowing tide. If its strength was greater in 1914 (the year of Brookes and Wilding) than in 1913 (the year of ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT 3 Wilding and McLoughlin), the pent-up waters burst their bonds in 1919 and 1920. Nearly four times as many seats, I was told, could have been sold for the last Championship meeting. I know not how many spectators, prepared to stand, stayed away because they knew that not even a ferret could squeeze through the centre court crowd. On the morning of the Tilden-Patterson match last July, having an engagement to play a private game with Commander Hillyard, yearning for a little exercise to relieve his secretarial cares, I had to pick my way over the bodies of those who, for several hours before and still to come, were waiting for the gates to open. The crush for the two years before and the two years after the war made a larger ground imperative. And when I recall the spacious grounds at Forest Hills, New York, at sylvan St. Cloud, and at the Wanderers' Club, Johannesburg, all of them well filled, I sometimes wonder how Worple Road has served its purpose so long. Forty-four years 1877 to 1921. It may be a brief span compared with Lord's or Henley. Only three British Sovereigns have reigned since the first champion was crowned at Wimbledon ! Lawn tennis is a mere infant beside the hoary giant of golf. No lawn tennis ball is ever likely to be discovered in the rafters of Westminster Hall, though monarchs, born long after the Tudor era, have pursued lawn tennis on courts which possess rafters. So sacrosanct was cricket In the early days of Wimbledon that the championships were adjourned over the Eton and Harrow match. Lawn tennis has its traditions, even its legends, but its greatness is of modern growth ; its ana goes no further back than garden parties of the early seventies. Yet there are no limbs like young 4 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS limbs. Crowded into those brief forty-four years at Wimbledon, proof of the game's inherent virtues and of a development sure and strong, have been enough incident to fill a volume of readable history. No civilised country has been unrepresented on its lawns ; the centre court has been a clearing-house for the world's talent. First the purely domestic competition, with Renshaw supreme ; then the rivalry of Ireland, the advent of " Ghost " Hamilton and Pirn, and the latter's brilliant engagements with Baddeley ; next the coming of the Dohertys younger when they first stepped on the centre court than Tilden or Johnston and their almost unbroken reign for a decade ; the first oversea champion in Norman Brookes ; Gore's stubborn defence against the foreign invader for two years ; then Australasia's triumph, first through New Zealand and then through Australia again, for six years if we count the war's interregnum, for ten ; finally, the " break through " of America after a siege almost as old as the championship. It did not need the apotheosis of France at the instance of Mile Lenglen nor the appearance of Japan in the All Comers final last year nor of Germany in that of 1914, to demonstrate that the lawn tennis champion- ship is the most cosmopolitan competition in the whole world. Wimbledon is indeed the university seat of a great game a game now claiming more votaries than any ball-game invented. My own personal visits to Wimbledon began in the late nineties, when R. F. Doherty was the reigning champion. I do not propose to speak of the earlier giants here ; some of their deeds have been narrated elsewhere. 1 But I had the privilege of playing against Pirn under cover at Queen's. It was a match with a 1 See " Annals of Wimbledon " in The Complete Lawn Tennis Player. ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT 5 tragic finish. Dr. Pirn, then a medical practitioner and using a rusty racket (for it was some time after his championship days), was partnered by his Irish compatriot, G. C. Ball-Greene. Dr. J. M. Flavelle was my .partner ; we had paired up at Scheveningen the previous summer. Having the hang of the floor, of which our opponents knew little, we managed to win two out of the first four sets. Darkness then descended, and the referee adjourned the final set until the morrow. This extra set threw out of gear a programme already arranged. Instead of finishing on the east or gallery court we were bidden to play on the west court, more confined in run-back. Nettled by this official decree, my partner, who had enlivened our dinner talk the previous night with his cosmo- politan experiences, so lengthened his drives that most of them sailed serenely out of court over the heads of the two Irishmen. There were other extravagances, and the set was soon over. In the intervening twenty years, Flavelle and I have enjoyed many a knock together. Pirn is now out of the match court a memory of brilliance shining without practice or effort. At his best, Pirn was superior to Wilfred Baddeley, as he was superior to any other man of his own era ; but since Baddeley was the essence of steadiness and a master of scientific method, while Pirn had natural genius summoned and exploited at will, the matches between these two, if below the standard of to-day, will always be remembered for their toughness and contrast of style. The Dohertys were the gentlemen of the centre court. They came to it first as Cambridge under- graduates, and throughout their long reign until the end the impression of unsophisticated chivalry, of the best university tradition, was preserved. Their 6 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS demeanour, on court as well as off, was ever unassum- ing and free from " side." Just as their skill as players came unconsciously and without strain, so their manners as men were natural and without affectation. Others, more eager and rigorous in training, might deposit their towels, sponges, and stimulants on the umpire's ladder ; the Dohertys used nothing more formidable than a pocket-hand- kerchief, carried in the trousers pocket, and rarely, if ever, took refreshment between the sets. Their attitude to the officials of the court was that of quiet compliance. They never disputed an umpire's decision either by word or sign, nor betrayed annoy- ance if their opponents were less amenable. It was a sheer pleasure to play against them, nor was that pleasure ever qualified by defeat at their hands. On the very few occasions of their own defeat, I never heard either express resentment nor urge an extenuating circumstance, though it was well known that Reggie in his later matches had shed some of his physical ardour. Their influence over their fellow-players, while exerted quite unconsciously, was incalculable. Lawn tennis may have been a less exacting and less strenuous ordeal when they were in their prime ; it has never been played either before or since with more chivalrous sportsmanship. Nor could their irreproach- able demeanour fail to influence the crowd who watched them play and, beyond it, the public outside. As players they were, while champions, in a class apart ; as men and sportsmen they were typically of the best class. All who knew them intimately will testify to their personal charm. None will fail to regret their early death. I heard of Reggie's death in Cape Town. The South Africans honoured him as much as the members of the All England Club. Only two years ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT 7 previously they had seen him win the South African championship without turning a hair and so gracefully that they would fain have kept him in their country for all time. What impressed them most, I think, was his ability to attract the ball to his own hand. Others might cover miles of territory, chasing his returns ; he would seem to be standing still. I believe it to be a fact that throughout the whole of George Hillyard's long tour, R. F. used the same pair of rubber shoes, while every other member of the team wore out several pairs. Speculation has often been raised as to which was the better of the two brothers. It is one of those questions, like the merits of classic horses, that can never be answered conclusively. Neither was a gladiator ; neither sought fame ; they rarely played each other a serious match ; you could only apply to them a relative test. Since Laurie was longer in the field, and therefore required to combat a game in- tensified by the specialists from overseas, his record is undoubtedly superior to Reggie's, and I think that, lighter in weight, faster on foot, and nimbler in attack and possibly in mind as well, he was the greater match player of the two. But as a perfect stylist, for ease and elegance of stroke play, for a quiet and natural genius which allowed him to place the ball exactly where it should go, to the maximum embarrassment of his opponent, for sheer instinctive aptitude, Reggie was first. Had Nature supplied him with a hardier physique, the few defeats which he sustained might never have occurred. Certainly he was not in a fit condition to defend his championship for the last time in 1901. Indeed, the match between Gore and George Hillyard in a previous round (a match which Hillyard has good cause to remember, for he lost it by a net- 8 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS cord) was regarded, even at the time, as the gate to the throne. Reggie showed us in the first set how he could have beaten Gore again ; then his small reserve of stamina was exhausted and Gore's cannon-ball drives, shot unerringly into the corners, had their reward. Similarly, to leave the centre court for a moment, R. F.'s failure to win the American Singles Championship at Newport in 1902 was due to limitations of vitality. He had to finish off his final against Whitman (adjourned overnight) in the morning and then to tackle Larned, the holder, in the afternoon. On that day the linen collars of the spectators were converted into pulp ; the great heat, which Larned seemed to revel in, drained R. F.'s resources. Yet, though he did not meet the giants of to-day, Reggie was a peerless player. His backhand down the line, matchless in length and strength, is a classic stroke with a certain niche in the lawn tennis armoury. I had the good fortune to meet Laurie on the centre court once and elsewhere on many occasions ; and in one single at Monte Carlo in 1909, when he was not tuned up took a set from him to my great delight. Reggie I had only played in doubles, at Wimbledon and abroad. Much as I revered the play of both, I am bound to say that it never produced in me the same feeling of absolute personal futility as the play of Wilding or Brookes, each with his very different equipment. This is not to compare the merits of the Dohertys and their successors ; it is a personal impression based on the fact that the Dohertys were playing an orthodox game smoothly and faultlessly, whereas Brookes and Wilding, and more recently Tilden (whom I had the privilege to play at Edgbaston last year), waged a much more ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT 9 strenuous fight and threw into it greater speed, both of stroke and of foot, and a greater resource. H. L. was the hero of many centre court com- bats. After he first won the championship in 1902 he was never beaten at Wimbledon in a public single. I saw him wage all his matches. I remember vividly each phase of his encounter, so keenly anticipated, with Norman Brookes in '05. A new-comer to Wimbledon, armed with a sinister service, an in- scrutable countenance and a mien suggesting supreme confidence, the Australian had reached the challenge round over the dead bodies of Caridia, Hillyard, Riseley, Gore, and S. H. Smith. Only Smith really threatened (and almost stayed) his onward rush. Fifteen years ago, Brookes mainly employed a " googly " service into which he had been initiated by the wily Dr. Eaves at Melbourne, the " Doctor " returning quietly to England to back his fancy. Laurie, of course, had stood out of the All Comers, but his eyes and mind had not been idle. A tense crowd gathered to see this first really great inter- national single at Wimbledon. Doherty won in three sets, though the first was close and threatening. His two visits to America had inured him to the terrors of the break service ; he handled Brookes's deliveries with increasing confidence. Safer off the ground than his opponent, he was as well equipped on the volley and far more deadly overhead. He attacked the Australian's backhand corner (the forehand corner of a right-handed player) very adroitly, anticipating the angle of his reply and stowing away anything soft with definite finality. When Brookes was " the man in possession," H. L. would lob with beautiful precision into that same corner, forcing the entrenched volleyer to turn his back on the net. Brookes had a sore heel 10 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS and did not serve perhaps with so much fire as in his previous matches ; moreover, he had borne the heat and burden of the All Comers struggle, from which H. L. had been exempt. Nevertheless, the better general and more versatile player earned his victory that day. Brookes was a sounder player two years later, when he came again and conquered in a field from which Doherty and Smith had retired ; and he was certainly a more subtle challenger still, with better ground strokes, in 1914, his third championship year. I do not think H. L. beat the best Brookes, just as Brookes in '14 did not beat the best Wilding. But the defeat of the invader in 1905 was a great feather in Laurie's cap almost the last to adorn his handsome head. H. L. played another volleyer on the same court a few weeks later Holcombe Ward, in the Davis Cup Challenge Round. The American was an even wider break server than Brookes and a perfect magician at low and stop volleys. While he had the strength to follow in his service, Ward was a very dangerous customer, and since he excelled himself on this occasion, Doherty found himself two sets down. This was a dramatic denouement', the Americans in the crowd held their breath. But Ward could not maintain the attack at such high pressure ; he dropped back, first a foot, then a yard, finally behind the service line. Quickly and confidently, H. L. went on to his inevitable triumph, losing only three games in the last three sets. Another American volleyer Ralph Little led him two sets to one a year later. A spent force, he was a beaten man in the fourth and fifth sets. Two days afterwards a third American, W. A. Larned, though not an inveterate volleyer like the other two, had a ON AND OFF THE CENTRE COURT 11 lead of two sets to one against the champion. In acknowledging H. L.'s merit in these three encounters, one must not forget that the losers, playing under English rule, were deprived of their seven minutes 1 rest given after the third set in America ; they were trained for the shorter distance. Nor can there be any question that Ward, Little, Larned, and Beals Wright (who came over the same year and beat both Brookes and Wilding at Wimbledon in the Davis Cup) were not the equals of the present-day Tilden and Johnston. None, with the possible exception of Larned, had the ground shots of these modern Americans. That fact should be borne in mind in estimating Tilden's chances against an H. L. of 1921. CHAPTER II MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON ,HE Dohertys trod the centre court as doubles champions for eight years ; save for two defeats at the hands of the Gloucestershire pair, S. H. Smith and Frank Riseley, they were supreme for a decade. By the perfect symmetry of their combined forces, by the severity of their service returns, their low volleying, R. F.'s service and H. L.'s deadly over- head play from any part of the court, they formed a great pair ; but it must not be supposed they were not in peril of defeat at Wimbledon, even in their champion- ship years. The brothers were required to play a five- set match against Nisbet and Roper Barrett in 1900. A year later they were fighting every inch of the court to save their titles against Dwight Davis and Holcombe Ward. This redoubtable American pair the first of the really great pairs to cross the Atlantic gave an enormous fillip to Wimbledon. They had served, smashed, and lobbed their way through to the challenge round 'mid the cheers of a dazzled crowd. But for the incidence of rain, it is possible they would have won the doubles championship. When the match was stopped, both sides had won a set and were games- all in the third. On the morrow the challenge round was played de novo. There was another long and fierce struggle, and the Dohertys just survived it. An even closer double was that in 1905 when the Dohertys met Ward and Wright in the Davis Cup at Wimbledon. MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 13 Wright was a sounder volleyer than Davis ; the brothers must be given greater credit for this victory. A false step in the critical fifth set in which the Americans held the lead, and they would have gone down. As it was, Ward hit the net when making a simple smash one of those tragic blunders (of which I witnessed a parallel in Boston nine years later when Parke was playing Brookes) that, occurring when they do, are never forgotten. The following year and this was surely the forerunner of impending disaster the brothers were in some jeopardy against Ward and Little, who, in a four-set match, won twenty-three games to their thirty. Of the two occasions when the colours of the Dohertys were lowered on the centre court and by the same pair on each I retain a vivid recollection. In neither match was R. F. at his best ; the machine, if not out of gear, was faulty. In between their two reverses the brothers had defeated Smith and Riseley on three successive occasions with something to spare. In 1906, when the brothers played together for the last time at Wimbledon, the elder Doherty was but a shadow of his former greatness. He was not only lobbing short and allowing Riseley to enjoy what E. G. Meers used to call a " meal at the net/' but he was being lobbed over himself by Smith, who on that day tossed to perfection. This frailty on the part of Reggie had its debilitating effect on Laurie's play. Ever the wheel-horse of the team, he worked heroically to stave off disaster, but, with his brother incapacitated, he was asked to pull more than his weight. There was a similar, and even worse, disaster at Nice two years later when, returning as a pair for the last time to open competition, the brothers were beaten by Ritchie and Wilding. 14 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Let it not be inferred I am disparaging the great performance of Smith and Riseley. Riseley in 1906 proved himself to be the second best player in England (he beat Gore both at Leicester and Wimbledon), and it will always be something of a mystery why he was not selected as a reserve member of the Davis Cup defending team. In the doubles challenge round he was inspired, and so deadly was his right arm on the serve and volley that, stricken with neuritis, it could not be lifted again in play for some years. In the orthodox English school Riseley always shone, but he did not possess Smith's ability, as he did not employ Smith's method of driving, to hit the break service as forcefully as the plain. Riseley retired from Wimbledon before the oversea giants mustered in their prime, though he made a welcome return in 1919. He was thus less tested than some of his contemporaries, but while he was a great player, he was not one of the greatest. I come now to three or four figures who, though only one of them won the singles championship and that on three occasions, are associated inseparably with the centre court of the twentieth century. The first is A. W. Gore, and when I contemplate that last year this Nestor of Wimbledon made his twenty- ninth consecutive appearance in the All Comers singles, I marvel at the hardihood oi our race. Gore won a big London tournament before Tilden was born ; he first played in the challenge round at Wimbledon when Johnston was five years old ; he won his third championship at the age of forty-one, and that was a dozen years ago. All of his great centre court combats are pigeon-holed in my memory. The lines of the arena were surely laid down for his drives to hit, so unerringly did he raise chalk. With an elongated arm which seemed to have no joint between the MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 15 human shoulder and the racket-head, he drove the ball diagonally from his own backhand corner into his opponent's. In vain would the uninitiated and some of them were foreign champions baste his backhand. To be forewarned was to be forearmed. Gore had an amiable habit of running round these shots and returning them with far greater speed to the backhand, alleged to be stronger, of his opponent. More experi- enced antagonists, avoiding this decoy, fed his forehand in the hope, rarely realised, that it would tire and lose its accuracy. I shall never forget Gore's successful defence of his title in 1909. His challenger was Ritchie who, in a domestic year, by dint of fine victories over Roper Barrett and Dixon, seemed destined to have his name enrolled among the elect. I had been Ritchie's guest on his house-boat at Laleham-on-Thames the night before this match. Motoring to Wimbledon on the great day, something went wrong with the car. It was nothing very serious, but the owner had to use his right arm vigorously to restart the engine. I remember expressing some distress at the incident at the time. Did this little contretemps have any effect on the Challenger when, with the match and title seemingly in his grasp, he found himself being slowly overhauled by the holder? Rarely did tide turn so completely. Gore had seemed to be in ex- tremis. He stopped at the umpire's chair at the end of every other game to sponge his face and arms ; often his hand would go to his side as if collapse were imminent ; the points were being piled up against him. Then, with two sets in hand and a lead of two- love in the third set, Ritchie began to falter. Gore seized his chance with both hands, and, with that adamant fortitude for which he has always been 16 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS famous, drove himself into security and a third championship. Ritchie for some time did not see defeat ahead. Gore saw victory from the moment he had drawn level and forged ahead in the third set. In the fifth set he was dominating the court and finished as if he could have tackled a sixth. Another, and perhaps greater, triumph for Gore was his victory over Gobert in the final of the All Comers in 1912. Gore was then forty-four years of age, exactly twice as old as his French opponent, at that time mounting to greatness on his splendid service and beautiful volleying. Gobert led 5-3 in the third set, each man having won a set. He only won one more game in the whole match ! The younger man made the fatal mistake of attempting to play a prince of drivers from the back of the court. Gore had lured him into that position by a few clean passing shots and adroit lobs, and then teased him into extravagance on the base-line there was some- thing of the cat and mouse about it all. A fortnight later at Folkestone, in the Davis Cup singles, Gobert had his revenge, fully justifying the high hopes of his countrymen. To return for a moment to his centre court struggle. Emerging from it triumphant but exhausted, Gore repaired to a tent and there for some time lay prone on a table with his eyes closed. Unconscious of his presence, I chanced to enter this sanctuary. The " dead man " opened his eyes and I held out my hand in congratulation. He shook it warmly, and when I add that he and I had been adrift for a week or two owing to an incident in Sweden, now buried beyond recall, my satisfaction may be imagined. A day or two later Gore made an heroic stand for his title against Wilding and nearly carried the match (MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 17 into a fifth set. Of all fighters on court he was the most stubborn ; the men who have beaten him at Wimbledon may deem themselves great. One of the strangest anomalies on the champion- ship roll is that the name of Gore should appear three times, whereas that of S. H. Smith is missing alto- gether. Not only was Smith's record against the great Americans superior to Gore's ; H. L. Doherty always considered him his most dangerous English opponent ; and there is little doubt that as a base-line player, opposed either to an aggressive volleyer or to a man using his own weapons, Smith possessed greater ability. Why did this famous driver fail to secure the crown at Wimbledon ? There were probably two reasons, each interlaced. Smith was a native of Stroud and, unlike Gore, not a regular denizen of the centre court ; the environment was strange to him, and he came to it without a key to its subtle mysteries. Then, too, Smith usually arrived at Wimbledon after a strenuous week at the Northern Championships. By the vagaries of the Lancashire climate these were played almost invariably on a soft court ; it was a drastic transition to the hard, unyielding surface of Wimbledon. That there was something in these June conditions in the south to militate against Smith's success is emphasised by the fact that when the Davis Cup singles followed in July and he had had time to get acclimatised he was much more certain on the drive much more, in fact, the very best Smith. Even so, it is amazing that he should only once have reached the challenge round and only twice have appeared in the final of the All Comers. Some of his contemporaries, admittedly below him, were familiar figures in the last stages. How often Smith led the field at Eastbourne, 18 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Edgbaston, Newcastle,, and Newport ! His giant figure was an annual Saturday afternoon feature ; even at Devonshire Park the younger Doherty, after running what he described picturesquely as " a hundred mile race/' had to admit defeat in the end. At Wimbledon, Smith will go down to fame as the terror of the American volleyers. He did not meet players so well equipped as Tilden and Johnston, but Holcombe Ward and Little made no secret of their preference for H. L. Doherty as an opponent. " You cannot play Smith from the back of the court," they used to say. " If you go to the net he passes you like a knife going through butter. " Nor can one forget that in 1905 when, on his first visit to Wimbledon, Brookes was making his dramatic advance through the All Comers, Smith so nearly beat him in the final. Indeed, but for the fact that one of his drives fell a ball's breadth over the side-line at a critical stage in the fifth set, the Englishman would probably have carried the day. A month later at Edgbaston, on a court more to his taste, I saw Smith beat Brookes. If Gore's longevity on the lawn tennis court excites wonder, that of Roper Barrett is almost as marvellous. In fact, since Barrett was selected a member of the British International Team last year a distinction which he first enjoyed twenty years earlier I am not sure that his record does not eclipse his old partner's. After the Renshaws and the Dohertys, and until the oversea stars illuminated the firmament, Barrett was the greatest draw Wimbledon ever had. This attrac- tion, I think, was more a tribute to his personality and to his strategic brain than to the quality of his actual strokes. He has never been the classic artist in the sense that the Dohertys, McLoughlin, or Brookes were ; he had not the perfect drives of the first two, nor MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 19 the spectacular service of the last two. Nevertheless, he possessed what none of these four champions revealed in the same measure a capacity for cunning court-craft calculated to embarrass even the greatest in the land. He was, and remains, a prince of tacticians, ever ready to decoy the unsuspecting into a death-trap ; a master of varied length and strength, using for his wiles the zone in front of the net just as much as the more orthodox base-line territory ; and, withal, showing a fortitude and a nerve that revelled in an uphill fight and rarely waged a fifth set without winning it. So many Barrett matches crowd to mind, it is difficult to select those outstanding. In singles his nearest escape from winning the championship was in 1908. Though not fully fledged that year, Wilding was the favourite for the event. Barrett beat him " all ends up " in an early round, using the lob and the short drop with sinister effect. Barrett was the b&te noire of most young players ; even Wilding's resolute and unruffled front were not proof against him, although, when he strengthened his smashing and backhand a year or two later, the ugly fence was usually carried. With a little more luck in the challenge round against Gore, and perhaps with another corps of linesmen, Barrett would have been champion. He felt the need, however, of a service which his opponent, by years of practice, could not handle with power and purpose, and one must not forget that Gore in a decisive fifth set had a heart as stout as Barrett's. While this nimble strategist could make little headway against Brookes, who was more of his own age, he could always be relied upon to rattle the younger giants, and such players as Wilding, McLoughlin, and Patterson were unmistakably pleased when their ordeal was over. 20 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS It is a singular coincidence that both Wilding and McLoughlin, in the years when each won the All Comers, should have met Barrett in the first round. In both cases the experience was nearly fatal. Indeed, the American had to wage five anxious sets before he could put the spectre behind him, and I shall always consider that the manner in which Barrett handled the Californian's destructive service in this contest a weapon he was asked to combat for the first time redounded to his infinite credit. And even though Patterson did not forfeit a set to Barrett in 1919, the nature of the first set, in which the Englishman held a strong winning lead, suggested that, given his pre- war legs, Barrett would have been almost equal to the task in hand. Valiant as Barrett's record has been in singles on the centre court, it is as a doubles player that his name and fame will chiefly be cherished in public memory. In this department he has been the hero of a hundred fights some of them, it is true, entered into when the weapons of modern lawn tennis were not quite so keenly polished as they are to-day and when the demand for mobility was not so insistent. Yet, even in the last two years, after the war had made " old men " seem so much " older/' this player shone in the highest company. Both at Queen's and at Norwood in 1920 he took sets from the American players, none of whom were born when he first handled a racket. For positional skill, tactical finesse, and the ability to place the ball in the most inconvenient spot for his opponents and for anticipating and profiting by their reply, Barrett was unequalled. His was the live brain behind the racket, the man who created openings by his own enterprise and invariably took them when they occurred ; a fighter to the finger-tips and an adversary MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 21 who never gave quarter. I do not doubt that some of his success was due to the moral factor. He per- suaded those on the opposite side of the net, especially young foreigners, that there was no escape from the net spread to catch them. Barrett was never more dangerous than when a strong winning lead was against him. Such situations he revelled in, never overlooking the fact that men are often slack when they think themselves most secure. There will always remain in my memory and the echo of it exists in my ears the dramatic victory which Gore and Barrett achieved over Brookes and Wilding at Wimbledon in the Davis Cup challenge round in 1907. The Australians with scant ceremony had won the first two sets in a canter ; and with Brookes serving at 5-4 in the third set only a stroke was needed for immediate possession of the Davis Cup. The plum was in their mouths. It was dashed from them with a vigour as surprising as it was thorough. The match did not end until another hour and twenty minutes had elapsed, and by that time the British pair, 'mid a scene of intense excitement, had scrambled home at 13-11 in the final set. In my mind yet I can see the fine lobs of Gore sailing over Wilding's head, and the perpendicular racket of the ubiquitous Barrett covering the net, the mind of its owner conceiving and countering his opponents' every move. Six years later, in another Davis Cup chal- lenge round, Barrett, this time partnered by Dixon, very nearly achieved the same coup. Hackett and McLoughlin were within a stroke of defeat, and if Dixon could have made a service return out of McLoughlin's reach, the Davis Cup would (as the following day's play indicated) have remained in England. In this tie, however, the Americans were rather slim and 22 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS McLoughlin was magnificent. Paying Barrett the compliment of neglect, they had trained all their guns on to Dixon. C. P. chanced to be playing very well the design did not succeed. But when, more by accident than purpose, they began to lob Barrett, the way to possible victory was revealed. This match had its tensely dramatic moment. It was the fourth set, and England was leading in it by five games to three. They wanted only one more game for victory. To use my own words written after the match : " At this crisis the Americans showed their fine resolution ; neither flinched, and McLoughlin was as ready to go out for and achieve a winning drive as at any period of the match. Barrett's service, its deceptive softness of no avail, was won to love. McLoughlin's service followed, and should have prevailed from thirty, but when smashing an easy ball at 40-30 the American broke a string of his racket. The incident was dis- tinctly unlucky, and coming at so critical a stage might have been fatal. Missing another smash with a new racket (he was allowed, by the way, to serve a trial ball), McLoughlin was faced with 'vantage against him only a point separated the holders from victory. There was a breathless silence. McLoughlin served to Dixon and volleyed his return straight and true through the English pair. Then, with immediate danger past, he served two splendid balls which won the tenth game." Seldom has finer battle-nerve been seen at Wimbledon. Barrett has had many worthy partners in the course of a quarter of a century H. A. Nisbet, G. M. Simond, Gore, and Dixon, to name perhaps the chief four. It is surely a tribute to his individual talent that he should have done best with the player who was, both by stroke and disposition, much more of MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 23 a singles than a doubles player. Like Smith and Riseley a slightly superior combination at their best Gore and Barrett often violated a canon of doubles play, that the two allies should assume a parallel formation, forming a concrete, if movable, wall against their opponents. In truth, Smith and Gore volleyed much more, and very often with greater effect, than public opinion credited. But the fact that both men were so deadly off the ground, and drove so finely either between the two volleyers opposite or at their feet as they were coming in, was an asset of priceless value. Both Riseley and Barrett, intrepid poachers as they were, would probably declare that, had the formation been more orthodox, its success would have been less assured. Certainly the crowds at Wimbledon would have enjoyed fewer thrills. I must not omit to mention one or two other home players who, though not champions, have left their mark on the centre court. The ever-lamented Dr. Eaves was at the height of his form before the twentieth century he was one of the few men who came within a stroke of the championship only to see the great prize slipping away but he was a familiar and ever a doughty competitor almost up to the war's advent. A Wimbledon without the spruce and dapper figure of this fine student of form, ever ready to back his opinion in good coin of the realm and bearing good fortune and bad with the same worldly philosophy, is, I confess, not quite the same thing. Virtually the discoverer of Brookes, he also did much to mature Wilding's skill. All of those who followed his tips for improvement lived to bless his name. An in- veterate volleyer himself, he insisted, with genial emphasis, that volleying was the only profitable line under modern conditions. " Get on top of the net 24 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS and stay there," he would say. " Don't let the other man enjoy the best view of your court while you can see next to nothing of his, and that little obscured by his body. Go up and attack ! " It was a gospel for the young and strong, of course, but then Eaves was never blind to the great athletic advance of lawn tennis in the past fifteen years. He could see, as others declined to see, that the days of long base-line rallies were gone. And now this very wise counsellor and best of good fellows has left us. I have already mentioned Ritchie's close proximity to the championship, and elsewhere about this volume will be found a reference to this fine and much-travelled player, nearly as good at the age of fifty as he ever was. Ritchie only won the All Comers singles once, but he was in the final for three successive years (1902 to 1904), and even as recently as 1919, after the long war interregnum, he reached the semi-final, and in that round was the only player in the whole competi- tion to take a set from Patterson. No man living has played more lawn tennis than this hard-grained expert of the British school. I saw him beat H. L. Doherty both at Monte Carlo and Queen's, and always regret I was not in Boston, U.S.A., when he beat Beals Wright. Smith, Gore, Mahony, George Hillyard, Greville all the English and Irish giants of the decade before the last tasted defeat at his hands at one time or another. Even last June he was good enough to overcome R. N. Williams, the American ex-champion, on a soft court at Queen's. I have heard Ritchie described as a base-liner. If this means he has sound ground shots on both wings, all of them produced in the best way, it is true, but it is still only half the truth. Ritchie is also a sound volley er not spectacular like Karl Behr nor a player who does not prefer to MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 25 stay back ; yet a driver who, if the occasion demands, can hit as hard " on the fly " as anyone and push home an advantage very adroitly at the net. The greatest of Ritchie's victories have been achieved by timely volleying notably that over H. L. Doherty under cover at Queen's. Denied the highest honours in singles, his forte, Ritchie has twice been doubles champion with Wilding, and each time the cap has been merited. Wilding's vigour in all departments was a factor, but not less valuable than his partner's supreme steadiness and an ability to toss well at the right moment which has never been equalled. Given a partner in whom he has complete confidence not always an easy man to find, by the way and Ritchie can play a very good double indeed. At Wimbledon he will always be remembered as a stout-hearted, if some- what dour, fighter. " Do you know any of the leading players ? " a youth was overheard to ask his com- panion at the championships. " Well, not exactly," was the reply ; " but Ritchie asked me the time yesterday as he was stepping into his motor." I come now to the reign of the Australasians an uninterrupted reign since 1910 until last year, if we exclude the war suspension. Brookes was first champion in 1907, as I have mentioned, and no player deserved the title more than this grim and knowledge- able Australian. But Norman Brookes did not come again until 1914, and in the meantime the oversea flag was hoisted at Wimbledon by Wilding, who had been tugging at the ropes for some years. He became champion for the first time in 1910, after an anxious first-round engagement with Barrett, a battle-royal with Beals Wright in the final, and a sterner encounter with Gore in the challenge round than he expected. Until the eve of the Great War, when Brookes beat 26 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS him in his last single at Wimbledon, the New Zealander kept his title intact. It was in serious jeopardy both in 1911 and 1913. On the first occasion, with the centre court resembling a baker's oven, Barrett took him to two sets all before retiring an absolutely exhausted challenger, though the holder was nearly as distressed. This match was almost farcical in its lack of sustained aggression. Barrett would draw Wilding to the net with an insidious drop ; then when the ball, just reached, came slowly back, would send up a balloon shot over Wilding's head. Back would dash the holder in pursuit. So the game of pitch and toss went on a kind of bumble-puppy with half the crowd cheering their favourite tactician and the other half conscious that the standard of play was abnormally low. I should never think of blaming Barrett for this adroit manoeuvring ; it was quite legitimate according to the rules, and half the secret of success at lawn tennis is an unexpected variety of tactics, aiming at disconcerting your opponent. But I remember that I had to leave the stands and search for a passing breeze outside. There, in the great silent void, I met the husband of a former lady champion an old habitue" of Wimbledon. "What do you think of it ? " I asked. " A good turn for the Palace/' was his laconic reply. But in the tropical heat of that day more enervating, as Wilding told me afterwards, than any heat of Australia orthodox hard hitting was almost impossible. In 1913 the challenger was McLoughlin, that youthful, red-haired giant from California who capti- vated the crowd as much by his personality as by his play. Like Brookes in 1905, McLoughlin had swept through the British ranks, gaining, as it seemed, more strength and confidence with each successive victory. MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 27 Every American, and not a few judges in this country, supported his chance in the last match of all. Per- sonally I favoured Wilding, not only because I knew he was trained as never before, but because only a fort- night previously I had seen him defeat Gobert, armed with a service just as dangerous, in Paris. When the great test came, Wilding was superb in every department. Threatened and pressed all through he never once gave ground ; his return of the service was absolutely faultless ; he found the weakness on McLoughlin's backhand and never left it. As Wilding played in this match on that day and he never played quite so well either before or since I do not believe any player who ever stepped on the centre court would have beaten him. How different from the Wilding of a year later ! Mr. Balfour, no mean judge of the game, told me in 1914 that he could not believe it was the same player. Well, Wilding was not keyed- up to concert pitch, either physically or morally, in 1914. I do not deny the splendid play of Brookes an artist where Wilding was only an athlete but the Australian did not beat the best Wilding that day, and he knew it The war's black reaper cut deep into the ranks of lawn tennis players. Among the first to volunteer for service and among the earliest to sacrifice their lives at the call of duty were two who first paired up together as Cambridge undergraduates Anthony Wilding and Kenneth Powell. Only the Dohertys beat them at Fenner's ; as triers they were un- equalled at Cambridge. I bracket them together here because, though Wilding went higher up the ladder of fame than Powell having greater opportunities for advance and perhaps a sterner zeal they typify in their respective personalities, which were quite dis- 28 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS tinct, all that is good and strong in British athletics. Assuredly two such admirable sportsmen will retain a permanent place in our memories. An interval of five years and Gerald Patterson is enthroned. We may admit that he won his crown under abnormal conditions, before the competing nations had had time to shake free from their war harness, even before the echo of exploding bombs had quite died away. Neither our own leading players (most of them nearer forty than thirty, and one or two of them sighting fifty), nor the American ex-officers who crossed from France to compete, were in full practice or anything like it ; their muscles were un- loose, their eye out of focus, their staying power doubtful. Nevertheless, we must not forget that the Melbourne youth who dominated the centre court on his first visit to it had himself borne the heat and burden of the military fight, winning distinction in the field. Nor can his record of 1919 be challenged as something quite unique in lawn tennis annals. After reaching the final in the covered court championship at Queen's, and there, on a floor ill-suited to his game, losing to P. M. Davson, Patterson went through all his tournaments in this country, including Wimbledon and Surbiton, with the loss of only one set to Ritchie on the centre court. Twice he beat Barrett in three sets ; Brookes, Kingscote, Gobert, Mavrogordato, and Doust were all defeated without one of them winning a set. Crossing to America, Patterson took the winner of the American singles championship into five-all in the fifth set. At Sydney two months later he won all his Davis Cup matches against this country. In doubles, partnered by Brookes, he only suffered one reverse. This, by fortune's decree, was in the competition he most coveted the championship at Wimbledon. It MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 29 was a result which even now I cannot quite explain. Possibly the protracted tension of watching the finest ladies' single ever fought on the centre court just before meeting O'Hara Wood and Thomas upset Patterson's aim ; it may be that the sustained aggression of his two compatriots they seemed to be entrenched on the net the whole time was unexpected. Brookes and Patterson were beaten squarely that day by an inspired team, but both the manner and method of their previous victories over the same team in England suggested the surprise. After losing the British doubles, Brookes and Patterson went on to Boston to win the American. A boy of sixteen was one of their opponents in the challenge round ; this youth and Tilden forced the battle into five sets. On the whole, then, any disparagement of Patterson's game in 1919, founded on his almost humiliating defeat of 1920, is not justified. He was at some disadvantage last July. Brookes was not at Wimbledon to encourage and coach his pupil; the holder made the fatal error of playing no public single before he met Tilden ; he faced an opponent gifted with the cutest brain as well as the surest touch, a challenger exalted by the ecstasy of successive triumphs and the environment in which they were achieved. There is some irony in the thought that, buoyed up to some extent in the same way, Patterson should have defeated the holder, his own mentor, in the challenge round of 1919, only to find himself the strategic inferior to Tilden, in Brookes's absence, a year later. Tilden's championship may very well prove as epoch-making as any new precedent set up in a pro- gressive age. For one thing, it meant the consum- mation, at long last, of America's ambition. The Clarke brothers (pioneers in knickerbockers), James 30 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Dwight, Wrenn, Holcombe Ward, Beals Wright, Larned, Clothier, McLoughlin, and Williams all had laid gallant siege to the citadel, some more than once. Each had been repulsed until William Tilden, on his first visit to Europe at the age of twenty-seven, burst the barrier. Tilden did his job in the most sporting way possible. He was cheery, chivalrous, confident a popular idol. Only once was he seriously threatened with disaster, though Shimidzu, that mystic, nimble- footed envoy from Japan, hunted him all the way home. His most exacting match was with Kingscote in the third round, a match heroically saved by the Englishman when the American was within a stroke of victory and a match in which, for some games at any rate, Kingscote was calling the tune. Rain damped the court at two-all in the fifth set ; both men shod themselves with steel points. This was Tilden' s home footgear, and extra confidence seemed to come into his game in consequence. Certainly in the last three games he made a series of ground shots, dazzling in their daring, which had not been exploited before. In that fifth set, as in the fifth set against Johnston two months later in New York, Tilden revealed his championship mettle. His triumph was something more than personal. Tilden and his compatriots of last summer Johnston, Williams, and Garland, the last two, a scratch pair, winning the doubles championship exposed a fallacy and restored a tradition. They were, each and all with varying aptitude, whole-court players not service specialists nor inveterate volleyers nor base- line drivers, but a blend of all three. Thus, while they took something away, they also left something behind. Better trained physically, hitting the ball MORE MEMORIES OF WIMBLEDON 31 with more aggression, returning the service on the rise and thus saving time, more alert in anticipation and more resourceful at the net, they were superior to the specialists of their own and other countries. They retained the essence of former specifics while adding something that was new and valuable. They have not yet advanced all the way ; they are still learn- ing and improving. The successful American in- vasion of last year calls for no lamentation. It should have a great influence on the game in this country, not only at Wimbledon but on every court in the kingdom. CHAPTER III ROUND THE HOME COURTS IT is only the weak for whom the world is too strong. When one contemplates that lawn tennis was born in England less than fifty years ago a conservative England with its games and pastimes deeply rooted in the soil and in the hearts of the people its steady development and present strength are astonishing, suggesting, one cannot doubt, that the core of the game is sound and its virtues real. I read in the last annual report of the Lawn Tennis Association that 130 open tournaments were held under its aegis in 1920, and that the average field at each of these meetings was 120 competitors. Eastbourne catered for 1298 matches last September, little more than a year after Peace was officially signed at the end of the world's greatest war. In 1883 at Eastbourne there were only 114 matches on the programme ; there were 384 in 1893, 571 in 1903, and 1249 m I 9 I 3- Other popular tournaments can show a relative development. If we remember that, in many cases, the war disintegrated the machinery and dispersed the executive (many organisers sacri- ficing their lives in the great adventure), the recovery of the tournament immediately after the war is re- markable ; the fact that new records have been established is even more noteworthy. Nor must we judge alone by open tournaments. These, after all, only exhibit the cream of competitive ROUND THE HOME COURTS 83 skill, though enthusiasts have been known in the past to enter at Wimbledon and elsewhere for the sole purpose of securing a seat in the competitors' stand. Behind the array of tournament players is a much larger army of club and private court players, and behind these again an increasing number of citizens who use the courts in public parks and open spaces. The great expansion in all directions, as manufacturers of lawn tennis goods will testify, is of comparatively recent growth. The flowing tide, while always per- ceptible, after the Dohertys had arrested a decline, took a violent sweep forward when the American servers and volleyers came over in sequence early in the new century, and when these were followed by the Australasians, the French, the Germans, and other Continental envoys, a new scope and vitality were given to the game. I remember thinking the high -water mark had been reached in 1913 when McLoughlin came; the crowds were even larger in 1914, when Brookes came again; and then, after five years' suspension, the game witnessed a boom that few expected and certainly none had catered for. And yet, was this great appetite for play, visible both among men and women, this passion to see Tilden and Mile Lenglen perform, very surprising after all ? Britain, by instinct a sporting country, had virtually suppressed its sport for four and a half years. What more natural than this pent-up force, at length re- leased, should burst forth with ungovernable vigour ? Again, the war's all-powerful magnet, the physical and moral appeal of the national peril, loosened the moor- ings of humanity ; it drew men and women from their homes and made them all adventurers in new lands. Dire perils and discomforts were encountered, but so 3 34 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS too were new interests and new joys. Among units of the Empire and among the races of our Allies there was a daily conversazione an intermingling of people unparalleled in the world's history. It was in- evitable that common bonds of interest, links between one country and another, should be sought for and treasured. Lawn tennis chances to be the most cosmopolitan ball-game in the world. A racket is as good as a passport in almost every civilised foreign city. In the breathing intervals of the war the young soldiers of the great international army, fighting for freedom, often made the game a theme for com- munity and a topic for conversation. Since there were courts and lawn tennis players in every town, the chief residents rarely failed to know something about the game and its better-known expon- ents. Three or four incidents stand out in my mind in this connection. While on Foreign Office business in 1917, I found myself hung up in Havre, waiting for a Paris train. I went to the British Consulate knowing that the cheery Consul, Mr. Harry Churchill, would tell me all the local news. Lawn tennis never entered my head, but he said, after a few official preliminaries, " Oh, by the way, we have both R. B. Powell and Mavro- gordato quartered in Havre. My daughter is quite excited ; she has seen them both play at Wimbledon. Would you like me to see if I can track them on the telephone ? JJ I accepted this kindness immediately, and having taxied out to the Canadian Camp, found R. B., returned to town with him on a lorry, and lunched at the Continental. We repaired to the French club, where Mavrogordato joined us. Two or three months later Powell was killed near Vimy. But for the fact that the British Consul's daughter played lawn tennis, I should never have run across my friends and ex- ROUND THE HOME COURTS 85 changed with the ever-genial " Bobby " memories of our strenuous tour together through South Africa. On an earlier date in the war I was conducting the Hon. F. M. B. Fisher, an ex-Minister of New Zealand, over a colonial hospital near Epsom. The New Zealand convalescents greeted him in one hut with a wild Maori cry ; then a lusty voice shouted from a bunk, " How's the great left-hander ? " Gobert is reported to have descended from the clouds after some mishap in a French reconnoitring aero- plane, and instead of finding himself, as he half feared, in territory occupied by the enemy, fell among British officers, who instantly recognised him as the French champion and asked him in what training he was keeping for the next Wimbledon ! I also recall that Wilding, by sheer accident, spent his last few hours alive in the company of soldiers whom he had often met on court. But I wander. I set out in this chapter to give some impressions of clubs, courts, tournaments, and players in these isles, reserving foreign experiences for a later section. Yet it is very difficult to localise lawn tennis, to concentrate on one place, or even on one country, without thinking of other places and other countries. The field for memory is so wide ; the characters seem to turn up on so many varied occasions and at such different points. Perhaps I may start with outer London i.e. London outside Wimbledon. In my youth I made the round of Surbiton, Chiswick, Beckenham, and Queen's with great zest, for each was accessible to the charms of the capital in its most attractive month. Over thirty, one took this metropolitan tournamenteering with a little more circumspection, for the programme has often to wait the convenience of City men, and 36 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS one is not always certain, especially at Queen's, where the crush is prodigious, whether one will get a match in time to eat a respectable dinner. After forty, with something of an epicure's privilege, items are selected from the fare ; the whole feast is too hearty a meal. None the less, with all their drawbacks, these London gatherings, forming a kind of rehearsal for international Wimbledon, have both their joys and dignities. The beautiful ground of the Surbiton Club at Berry- lands has an enviable reputation for the delectable environment of its courts, especially in mid-May, the date of its open meeting ; for the zeal and enter- prise of its executive which, with Mr. Alfred Sterry at its head, is ever planning some new development and as surely finding the money to meet the cost ; for the full lists and keen competition of its Surrey champion- ship tournament, so long the first grass-court gathering of the year. Here Smith, Ritchie, and Dixon have each been triumphant for three successive years, the last- named by a victory over Wilding ; here Brookes fought an anxious five-set final on a rain-sprinkled court against F. G. Lowe, and Patterson, at the opening grass tournament after the war, won his first " turf " singles in England ; here, too, more lady ex-champions have competed at any meeting outside Wimbledon, and one of them, Mrs. Sterry, so long maintained her skill as to figure as recently as 1919 in the final of the ladies' doubles. Nearly twenty years ago I was a member of Chis- wick Park a club with a championship board dating back over a quarter of a century and containing many famous names. Mrs. Lambert Chambers could almost mile-stone her career on the Chiswick courts she first won the open singles in 1903 and then went on to Wimbledon to win the championship. The Grevilles ROUND THE HOME COURTS 87 have won cups here, so have Mahony and Ritchie. The club, like the courts (which the pavilion seems to shadow at the wrong time), have had their vicissi- tudes ; but Chiswick has never lacked enterprise and support, and has provided the battleground for many spirited county matches. Beckenham's popularity has never been questioned, in spite of the fact that its tournament courts are borrowed annually from a cricket club and, for that reason, have never been of championship quality. Committees can make and mar tournaments even more than players. The Beckenham executive, for long led and inspired by Mr. C. A. Elgood, are past masters in organisation, controlling it by geniality. They have a pleasant word for everybody even for the late competitor and the ball-boy who tries to embrace a competitor in the middle of the court. Kent galleries are celebrated for their sporting qualities ; this one also for the beauty of its ladies and the daintiness of their attire. Perhaps this is why the male lists always fill so well. It may be that some of the coloured effects do not form the best background for punctilious players. Wasn't it at Beckenham that the late H. S. Barlow asked a lady to lower her red parasol which was in his direct line of vision, and then, since the request was ignored, hit a ball by accident into the offending ornament ? But nobody worries unduly about conditions at Beckenham ; the play is important but the play is not everything. Barrett has long been a draw here ; he could doubtless tell you many stories of thunderstorm matches. Brookes won his first singles in England here, so did Beals Wright, both these oversea players then going on to Wimbledon to win the All Comers. Laurie Doherty and Kingscote have won the Kent Cup outright this century the 38 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS latter in his last match having to dispose of a Japanese. I had a strange umpiring experience at Beckenham. It was in Evelegh's time, probably sixteen years ago. The match was a single between two first-class ladies on one of the gallery courts. In the first set one of the players had reached 5-4. The other declared the score was only 4-3. In vain did I show her the score sheet, plainly marked up with its nine games. She insisted I was wrong. What could I do ? I suggested an appeal to the referee, but before any further action could be taken, my disputant had left the court. A few minutes later she was out of the ground. Nor did she ever return, retiring incontinently from both doubles. In my distress and mystification I went to Evelegh ; that wise official nodded his uncovered head as I explained what had happened, saying only, " Do not worry at all. You'll be the best of friends afterwards." He was right. I met the lady (whose play I much admired, by the way) at Homburg a few months later. Nothing could exceed her graciousness. She even presented me on court to King Edward, who was taking the cure and had come to see his friend play. Queen's has pleasant memories, and I shall relate some in another chapter. 1 Its outdoor grass courts have witnessed many memorable contests notably the stupendous volleying duel between Norman Brookes and Beals Wright in 1905 and the brilliant single between Tilden and Johnston last summer- but neither the light nor the turf at Queen's is of the best, and it has always amazed me that the quality of play has been so high. The Dohertys used to play both publicly and privately here, but they were never very serious supporters of the London championships. 1 See " Under Cover." ROUND THE HOME COURTS 89 I must not forget that Kenneth Powell won the singles championship in the same summer and on the same turf that he won the hurdles for Cambridge ; nor that two other Cambridge men, Wilding and F. G. Lowe, have always shone on these courts. It is a pity Queen's immediately precedes Wimbledon. Com- petitors at the latter are sorely tempted to practise at headquarters just before the great test ; and the conditions are very materially different. Queen's always draws the Americans, however, and I know not how many London players besides. It is a most convenient centre, " tubeable " from any point ; and the Queen's bar is the recognised rendezvous for lawn tennis players the world over. The metropolitan area contains many another well-known club, most of them prosperous, nearly all with a maximum membership, some better known for their spring and autumn seasons. The Gipsy Club at Stamford Hill has admirable courts and sound tradi- tions. It holds a popular open meeting at which the very rare defeat of Roper Barrett in any event provokes something like a sensation. Miss A. M. Morton won the ladies' cup for nine successive years an absolute record for a lady at a first-class English tournament. Japan at present holds the men's cup who would have predicted such a development before the war ? What the Gipsy Club is to North London, the South Norwood Club is to South London, though the latter is a much younger institution. I believe the pro- prietary interest is now vested at Lloyd's, but the life and soul of the annual Norwood tournament is W. C. Bersey, an honorary manager and referee of rare acumen and an insatiable appetite for work. The environment is picturesque and offers the alternatives of golf, boating, and cricket. A German first won 40 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS the Norwood Cup ; an American now holds it. East Croydon and the Crystal Palace used to have big tournaments ; both may do so again. Epsom revived its open meeting last year an unlucky thirteenth as the weather made it ; but no club associated with such keen spirits as George Hampton (brother of the deeply lamented " Jack/' whom I partnered in the Surrey Shield) and H. S. Milford will be troubled by trifles like that. Roehampton is a club with a future rather than a past. Its facilities for grass and hard court play are widely conceived and luxuriously executed, while the material comfort of players is variously catered for. You may dine and dance at Roehampton after you have "slain" your opponent on court. Here the Surrey hard-court championships are now decided ; here Gerald Patterson first served his expresses in the open air of England ; here a grass-court meeting, the first of a long line to come, was inaugurated last May. Of its hard -court tournament a fortnight earlier, I may relate one amusing incident. I was paired with Mishu, a son of Rumania's former Minister in London. Mishu' s forte is singles at which, like Count Salm of Austria, he drives with great power though with little swing a sort of snappy " punch." In doubles he is inclined to be eccentric, thinking aloud as he hits every ball. In our second-round match one of our opponents lobbed the ball high into a telephone wire crossing the court, some thirty feet up. Gazing aloft, Mishu watched its course deflected. The ball fell into our court. Mishu demanded that the point should be given in our favour, since the wire was not a permanent fixture. Technically, I think, he was right, but the obvious course was a let, which the umpire duly called. More than a little -ROUND THE HOME COURTS 41 piqued or perhaps anxious to amuse the gallery Mishu began to lift all his returns with the idea of hitting the wire and, I suppose, of demanding a sequence of lets. However, this feat was easier to conceive than to execute. He failed, and our op- ponents enjoyed a feast of "outs" and "kills." I confess to enjoying the joke as much as the spectators. The newly christened Country Club at Hendon has the best hard courts of any in London I have sampled, and the appurtenances of the club-house, conceived by Mr. Graham- White, could not be more alluring. It reminded me of the Country Club at Johannesburg, where 100 is put down every Sunday in new golf balls on the first tee-ing ground. The dressing-rooms at Hendon are delightful, the cuisine of the best, and the floor for dancing perfect. A motor-car or aeroplane is useful to reach this very attractive place. Hurlingham is another club which, by its attributes and enterprise, cannot fail to attract players. New hard- court clubs are springing up in all directions. Their virtues are undoubtedly real, both as health resorts and as nurseries for champions. The pioneer hard- court club in London the Drive at Fulham has lately resurfaced its five courts, burying its old cement as a foundation for new red rubble. Thus does it make new lamps out of old, and shine even more brightly than it did before the war. But go where you will there is now lawn tennis in London. Several of the parks have hard courts. Soon Battersea may have as many as the Central Park's forty in San Francisco and light them up at dark as 'Frisco does. Commercial houses are laying them down, too ; it is money well invested, as managers advise their boards. Out of London, in all parts of the country there 42 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS has been the same expanding spirit, expressed in the season's length, the demand for spring and autumn facilities, the lists at open tournaments, the zeal among juveniles to learn the game. Soon the barriers erected at public schools by prejudiced authority will be broken down and then lawn tennis in England will see a speeding-up of stroke and footwork such as America witnessed a decade ago. I am not one of those who vilify headmasters for delaying the advent of the game ; if we needed any proof that cricket is still an unsurpassed training for character the war provided it. Yet it is undeniable that the young men of France, Belgium, and America fought just as keenly and wore just as well on their national games, which include lawn tennis. A new generation of school- masters is coming into power. Many will know the real virtues of modern lawn tennis not least its cosmopolitan vogue and the intercourse it permits with other countries and will offer it as an alternative recreation. Besides, boys who relish its athletic qualities in the holidays will not be content to forego its pursuit throughout term-time. I have missed very few Northern tournaments this century I mean those held alternately at Manchester and Liverpool. They may have lost a little of their lustre since the advent of counter attractions, but the hospitality of Lancashire is a byword and the zeal of its experienced executive an example for every southerner. For several years I have been privileged to join Mr. Joseph Duckworth's house-party at Heaton Mersey. Under his generous roof many a champion has foregathered, many a match been replayed at breakfast or dinner-table, many an oversea youth obtained a first glimpse of English country life. Mr. Duckworth owns a fine billiard-table and keeps a HOUND THE HOME COURTS 43 " break-book/' in which every score over fifty is recorded. Norman Brookes has his hundred odd in it, but Parke, Beamish, Doust, R. B. Powell, Mavro- gordato, Raymond, and other visitors to this pleasant house have never handled the cue as skilfully as the racket, though some of them have shown latent " potting " talent. Smith, Riseley, and Miss Martin were the outstanding figures at the Northern in my early days. Brookes came, saw and conquered in 1907, though he was defeated in the doubles. Miss May Sutton, attired usefully in a short skirt, won the ladies' singles on something like a mud-heap in 1905. Mrs. Chambers, Mrs. Larcombe, and Mrs. Sterry have all been popular figures. It was at Manchester that Parke beat Wilding, thus adding the then champion to his two other noted victims in one year Brookes and McLoughlin. Parke, like Smith, always defied Northern conditions ; come rain or wind he hit through either with violence and sound aim. Little " Mavro " has also shone here the best-trained man, touching nothing but water, during the tournament week. Newcastle I know well and Scarborough even better. The courts for the former's " week " are leased for the occasion and can be a little unreliable ; those at Scarborough, especially in recent years, are first class, girding a pavilion now second to none in England. The feature of all these Northern meetings is the local enthusiasm and the bountiful hospitality of those in control. No southerner who goes to Newcastle or Scarborough will ever regret the long journey, and let him not suppose Northumberland and Yorkshire cannot produce players of the toughest fibre. The Edgbaston Club at Birmingham (though the city is invisible from its beautiful ground) is the 44 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS bulwark of Midland lawn tennis a club with the best traditions, and excellent courts sunk on the well principle. Tilden is its present open champion, and told me after our brief match in the third round last July that even Edgbaston in the rain was worth visiting. What a furore the champion created ! On the Friday afternoon the grass courts were unplayable, but a red rubble court without gallery accomraodation was available. The problem was how to get Tilden, Garland, Beamish, and Winslow on to this substitute surface for a double without bringing the whole of Birmingham with them. The available police were mobilised and informed secretly of the match. The players stole out of the pavilion and crept stealthily to the side court. Then when the crowd came tumbling to the wings, a cordon was kept in position with difficulty. On the following day, when Tilden played Winslow in the final of the singles on the gallery court, the gate was a record. From the umpire's chair I saw on all sides a mass of spectators who followed every stroke with abnormal interest. Not since Brookes came fifteen years earlier had there been a final even approaching this in popular fancy. Buxton, Leamington, Nottingham, Leicester, New- port all these inland meetings conjure up memories of spirited fights and genial tournaments. I have even experienced a perfectly fine week at Buxton, and that is almost a unique luxury in August. Here I once played Casdagli in the final of the singles coming out of court, as I expected, a sadder and wiser man and then, almost immediately, going back for what proved to be a terrific mixed final in which Casdagli partnered Mrs. Sterry and I Miss Garfit. Our oppon- ents got home at something like 13-11 in the third set. Personally I got home to my Surrey village wet ROUND THE HOME COURTS 45 to the skin at 1.30 the following morning. In my precipitate youth I had travelled back to London with Evelegh, dropped him at Wimbledon station on our midnight train out from Waterloo, and then passed my station in profound slumber. A violent thunder- storm was brewing when I turned out at cabless Leatherhead. It broke over me on my weary trudge across country. Both Leamington and Newport are heat-inviting meetings ; physical hardihood is required to survive them. Smith used to play well at Newport, as Boucher, another Gloucestershire baseliner, did at Leamington. E. R. Allen also had his great day at the latter, as he did elsewhere. The complete withdrawal of the famous twins from tournament play is both a tragedy and a mystery. They still make an annual pilgrimage to Cambridge to encourage the undergraduates, but their exercise is now confined to slow cycling and not in parallel formation. Bless their gentle hearts and whimsical ways ! Their duality was not confined to looks and habits ; it governed their thoughts. I remember once walking towards Beachy Head with my wife. We met C. G. with his white trousers and crooked stick. " Where are you staying ? ' I in- quired. " At the (naming an hotel). So many flies ! So many flies." I asked where E. R. was. " Oh, he's training for the singles/' was the reply, " and has gone to the top of Beachy Head. You will meet him coming back." We did, and I asked inno- cently, " Where are you staying ? " " At the ," he answered at once. " So many flies ! So many flies ! " As players of the older English school they were sound. To-day, even at their best, I doubt whether they would quite respond to the greater speed. As humorists, with a spontaneous, 'bus- 46 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS driver's wit, they were unrivalled, both on the court and off it. Seaside tournaments are, perhaps luckily, never quite so serious as those inland. The great majority are holiday meetings, with the business man free from his fetters lighter in heart and clearer in eye in consequence. Eastbourne is the largest and chief of these gatherings the festive finale of the grass season, admirably equipped and controlled. Mr. Edgar Allan Brown and the Devonshire Park directorate have done much for lawn tennis ; they have given more than they have received. Several war charities, notably the Kitchener National Fund, benefited by their generosity during the war. On a fine September morning, the sun driving the gentle mist over the Downs, no ground is so alluring as Devonshire Park ; veteran meets veteran and exchanges travel or (as last year) fighting notes ; the future champion spreads his or her wings in the juvenile events ; current form is crystallised in the South of England Championships. The Brighton meeting is nearly as big held at the County Cricket Ground at Hove on which, in some years, it would not be impossible to sail a yacht in the passing breeze. Here Mr. Lionel King is the presiding spirit, an expert at organisation and a ripe student of the game's lore. Most of the great players have gone into court at Brighton, for long one of Evelegh's meetings, now refereed by my friend, Frank Burrow. The mordant humour of W. V. Eaves has enlivened the gallery here, as elsewhere. Drawn to meet Pirn in the first round of the singles, the " Doctor/' was bustled into court on the morning of the third day with " a train eye " and slightly revolting temper. Pirn walked away with the first set. Eaves was making some headway in the second when his ROUND THE HOME COURTS 47 opponent hit a ball on to a newly laid turf, a false bound resulting. It was a critical point, and Pirn was profuse in his apologies. " Don't mention it, my dear fellow/' said Eaves in one of his audible asides ; " some dog's grave, I suppose." And the committee had been preening themselves on the immaculate surface of their show court ! Kent has now a thriving rota of open meetings ; each new tournament, as Margate proved last year, draws a crowded field. The Imperial courts at Hythe have a distinctive charm unrivalled in the whole of England. Whether it is their floral terraces, the invigorating air of the Channel, the golf as a pleasing variant, the engaging American Bar which sweetens victory or dilutes defeat, or the genial company of sportsmen who gather at Hythe, this meeting always makes a strong appeal. Men over forty are buoyed up for great deeds at Hythe. I have seen E. R. Allen, at the age of forty-five, beat two such active runners as Doust and Mavrogordato on the same day. Barrett, only four years short of fifty, won the Imperial Cup outright there in 1919. Gore, another wonderful veteran, has driven with his greatest gusto. Nor do younger arms slacken in power here. Kingscote, Woosnam, Turnbull, Norton, and that tireless Indian policeman, F. R. L. Crawford, have had their share of triumphs. Neighbouring Folkestone is a little more con- ventional. Its Pleasure Gardens courts are good and the management efficient ; but I confess I have sometimes sighed at Folkestone for a September August. Worthing is rather a hot scramble. Like Wimbledon, the West Worthing Club needs more space for its summer meeting, better dressing facilities for its invaders. But players come back again and 48 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS that is always a recommendation. I had a curious match in the singles here with A. D. Prebble. Neither of us had quite mastered the art of singles play, yet there we were, in a temperature well over 90 degrees Fahr., battling for the first prize. Which doubles volleyer would tire first in the noonday August sun ? There was no other problem. Fortunately for me, Prebble put a little more power into his service than I did ; he felt the strain sooner and dropped out first. How an Indian sun can train a man for an arduous battle was shown at Worthing in 1919. Dixon was two sets up and 5-2 against Crawford in the final. The latter held on as if a hangman's rope were awaiting the loser in the dressing-room. Bandaged in arm and leg (for he was a martyr to neuritis), his spectacles soaped and his forehead protected with a kind of turban, Crawford filled the part completely of a wounded gladiator. In the end he won the match, Dixon, after lazily reaching match point some eight or nine times and each time finding Crawford able to get his winner back, retiring at two sets all. I admired Crawford's pluck more than his strokes. He is the kind of earnest player who plots tactical schemes in the dead of night, devours a treatise on technique, and examines the grips of champions with the cunning eye of a connoisseur. I might expatiate at length on the attractions of the West of England and Island tournaments. The weather in August may make them a trifle somnolent and their holiday vein or a damp surface lower the standard of play, but their lists are usually well filled with a goodly sprinkling of Service competitors. One of the oldest tournaments in the kingdom, Ex- mouth, is steadily regaining its former glories. Bristol ROUND THE HOME COURTS 49 promises to fill the place of Bath. In the Isle of Wight, Mr. G. C. Drabble, owner of a beautiful private indoor court, is one of many zealous patrons. I am sometimes asked who I consider the best referee at British tournaments. It is an invidious question, and I should be sorry to have to answer it by naming any single individual. I first began to play under Evelegh, whose methods and personality were peculiarly his own. He was my predecessor as lawn tennis editor of the Field ; I was a contributor to his department many years ago ; I respected him as I cherish his memory now. H. S. Scrivener was another of my early referees, and I consider his knowledge of the game's traditions and lore second to none. An unselfish fellow, he is also painstaking and conscientious, a stickler for the correct spelling of proper names and for initials ; gifted, too, with that priceless attribute for executive officers a sense of humour. A lucid and graceful writer on the game, he has done much both for its progress and its dignity. Perhaps Frank Burrow is the most systematic of referees. Like Scrivener, he has the legal mind for order and sequence ; his methods are a shade brisker than his friend's. His impedimenta, though neatly cased when he sets out for a tournament, takes shape and substance. It consists, roughly, of several enor- mous sheets of white cardboard, a box of drawing-pins, a formidable case of cigars, a box of matches, sundry coloured pencils, and a trench mackintosh. To these he may yet add a kitchen table, essential for his drawing-pins and not always to be found among local properties. To watch Burrow at work opening a tournament and then conducting it, as the crush and clamour rise to their climax and finally subside into the gentle cooing of the mixed handicap winners as 50 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS night is falling on the final day, is to realise the value of the specialist's brain as well as the truth of the scriptural maxim that a soft answer turneth away wrath. Like all true humorists, Frank can appreciate a joke against himself. He will recall with a smile how Eaves took a rise from him at Nottingham. The genial " Doctor " and (I think) Ball-Greene were partners in the doubles. Their opponents (and pro- spective victims) came to the tent before lunch to inquire when their match (or dispatch) would come on. "At two o'clock/' said Burrow, "but I shan't be annoyed if you are a few minutes late, since Eaves is rather prone to extend his lunch interval." Returning to his tent a little before two for the afternoon session, Burrow found Eaves pacing up and down the floor. 1 Where are our opponents and umpire ? " he asked a little fretfully. " I understood we were to play at two sharp." It was 2.15 before the local pair put in an appearance. The " Doctor " had, of course, overheard the conversation before lunch and had immediately seen his chance. By the way, was it at Nottingham or Leicester that somebody once sent a telegram to George Hillyard on court asking him whether it was usual for the singles posts to remain in position during a double ? The umpire had omitted to remove them. And that incident reminds me of another celebrated telegram dispatched to Roper Barrett at Saxmundham. The Allen twins were contemplating Bournemouth as their next port of call, but, having had a strenuous tournament in Suffolk, were hoping that its successor would be comparatively easy. Barrett was sitting between E. R. and C. G. near the referee when the telegraph boy came up. He opened the envelope and read the message aloud : " ROPER BARRETT. Lawn ROUND THE HOME COURTS 51 Tennis Tournament, Saxmundham. Will you partner me Bournemouth ? SMITH/' The result was electric. " Roy ! " shouted Charlie. " Did you hear ? S. H. Smith is going to Bournemouth. Just like our luck ! " The joke was maintained for some hours, and then somebody relieved the twins' minds by telling them that Barrett was himself the author of the telegram. Dudley Larcombe runs many big meetings with ability and tact. A sound organiser, he has learnt the secret of persuading people to do things which their marrow bones prompt them to refuse e.g. playing in the rain on an empty stomach. Faced with a tight problem, he can usually solve it. He is fortunate in possessing a wife whose judgment and discretion, though never exercised in an official capacity at tournaments (for Mrs. Larcombe is a competitor under ordinary jurisdiction), are invaluable. Cyril Marriott is another referee who has won his spurs a quiet and conscientious M.C. Before crossing the Channel, I may perhaps refer to the increasing attention now paid to tournaments by the Press. Twenty years ago the daily newspapers gave scant notice to an important meeting, and even well into the present century it was considered con- ventional in many quarters of Fleet Street to be satirical at the expense of the game. Well, all that has now gone. The journalistic instinct appreciates the fact that lawn tennis by its cosmopolitan vogue, its social attributes, its spectacular virtues, and its ability to provide a " fight to a finish " is an admirable story-maker. Kings play and watch it with their subjects ; Cabinet Ministers use it as a never-failing tonic ; half Debrett have their private courts ; Carpentier says of his little daughter, born last year, " We cannot make her a boxer, so she shall be a 52 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS tennis champion/' Disparagement has given place to advertisement. Now Punch and Tom Webster are turned on. A cable line is run into the Press box at Wimbledon. Tilden is interviewed on the landing- stage at Liverpool, and the length of Mile Lenglen's skirt is a matter of public concern ! There are several shrewd and piquant writers discoursing on lawn tennis in the daily and weekly Press. I have mentioned H. S. Scrivener. No one can read E. E. Mavrogordato (unrelated to T. M., by the way) in The Times without appreciating his talent for apt allusion and his observant eye for the point that matters. That versatile scholar, A. E. Crawley, can never be dull ; as a critic he shows great discern- ment, as an antiquarian of ball games he is an acknow- ledged expert. Eustace White is a careful, forceful writer with a player's knowledge. His didactic matter is sound. H. R. McDonald divides his allegi- ance with football and cricket. He was quick to see the sporting potentialities of lawn tennis, and writes vividly for the popular public. So does H. L. Bourke, a most hard-working journalist. Among the newer writers are Hamilton Price, a player and referee, and S. Powell Blackmore, an incisive critic. The great lawn tennis artist has yet to reveal himself in England. French and American cartoonists are some distance ahead, both in accuracy and humour, though our popular artists, without inside knowledge of the game, use lawn tennis as a theme with sprightly effect. The sketches of my friends, Charles Ambrose and H. F. Crowther-Smith, are, of course, in a more serious vein and reflect an intimate knowledge of their subject. The writers and artists I have mentioned and several others have helped by their pens and pencils to increase the scope and vitality of lawn tennis. CHAPTER IV PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT A LITTLE more than a decade ago the Con- tinent was the happy hunting-ground for the British tourist. The experienced invader from these shores might be repulsed by some sturdy defender in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Holland, Spain, or Switzerland, but as a rule he got through comfortably to the prize round and considered himself unlucky if he was not a successful finalist. Those triumphant days have departed and are never likely to return. The seed sown by British travellers has yielded a rich harvest. The ripe corn now competes with increasing confidence against the English native product. Sometimes, as in the case of Gobert on covered courts, the superiority is unquestioned. Truly the one-time poacher has had to turn gamekeeper and be thankful if he can retain part of his preserves. Sometimes I hear this denouement lamented. Re- garded broadly, the growth and development of Con- tinental talent is an object for British pride, a tribute to our missionary zeal, an even greater tribute to the inherent virtues of lawn tennis. I would prefer to see an English champion crowned at Wimbledon, but I would sooner see an oversea player triumphant in a cosmopolitan field than an Englishman victorious in a purely domestic field. Nothing has done more to develop lawn tennis at home than its extension abroad. 54 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Nothing can check a further growth except a curtail- ment of international competition. France was the second country after America to follow our lead. Paris has several excellent covered courts more than London, though not as many as Stockholm and outside these and throughout the country, a feature of every town, an ever-increasing number of splendid hard courts. Some of those in the northern provinces those of the Lille Club, for example suffered at the hands of the German invader, but they have since been reconstructed. Along the French coast, at places like Le Touquet, Boulogne, Dieppe, Dinard, Deauville, and Biarritz, successful tournaments were relaunched in 1919. I have visited most of these popular resorts at one time or another and can testify to their attractions, by no means confined to the lawn tennis courts. It may be delightful to win a match you half expected to lose ; your joy is heightened if, when dinner has been con- sumed on a verandah restaurant to the strains of Strauss, you can stroll through the forest in the cool of an August night to a bijou casino and there either win the price of your modest repast or see other people juggle with their superfluous wealth. My advice to the home-bored tournamenteer is to go to Le Touquet for a week, and to take a bag of golf -clubs as well as a case of rackets. Two popular figures at Dinard Eaves and R. B. Powell were victims, the former after the Armistice, of the war. Eaves was the cup-holder for seven successive years a skilful, if perspiring, champion. Nor was he an unsuccessful punter at the tables, having acquired the secret of playing one game late and the other early, and both well. I remember the " Doctor " once piloting a fair partner through a PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 55 couple of rounds of the mixed handicap, and then when they came to the third round, on which he had a tempting shade of odds, suggesting tactfully that she should take a seat after returning the service and permit him to win the rally off his own racket. By this happy device both the match and the wagei were secured. Dieppe conjures up to my mind the first visit of a celebrated English player for whose modest purse the referee had made special arrangements at one of the big hotels. He was to pay his own footing, of course, but the pension was low and inclusive. The English international arrived at the dinner hour and, ravenous after his sea passage, partook freely of the luscious dishes offered him in rotation. Preening himself on his sound judgment in coming to Dieppe, he was rising from the table when the maitre d hotel presented him with a little bill of fifty-two francs (pre-war rate of exchange). Expostulating, the visitor discovered, to his dismay, that he had been dining d la carte. At this rate the week would cost him thirty pounds. However, the referee put the matter right, and the international's nerves were steadied so that subsequently he won two prizes. Wilding and Gobert have both been winners of the Deauville Cup. The former was always at his best on the hard courts around the French coast ; on the Riviera in his later years he was never once beaten in a single. An islander by birth, he was unquestion- ably braced by a girding sea, though he was not a good sailor. It was at Deauville, after Wilding had figuratively wiped the court with the Continental cracks, that one or two doubting Wimbledonians, otherwise sound judges, who had not previously seen the champion play on the Continent, released 56 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS their enthusiasm and acknowledged his sterling quality. England played her first Davis Cup match on hard courts at Deauville. The experiment was eminently successful, for France, with Gobert and Laurentz to represent her, was beaten by the odd match in five. This contest will linger in my memory for several reasons. The mise en seine was remarkable, for the court was laid down within a catapult-shot of the sea and within earshot of the gay carnival which graces the foreshore at the height of the season. Cavalry officers were engaged in a horse-jumping competition next door ; aeroplanes gurgled overhead ; all the fun of the fashionable fair was loose, and I remember remarking to Roper Barrett, the British captain, that a bomb ought to have burst over the court when he had sent up one of his highest lobs. Amid these con- ditions, and with a wind added, the double was played. The French took the first fourteen games. My task as umpire promised to be the shortest on record, when Barrett and Turnbull made a desperate stand and, by judicious tossing, took the third set into twenty- two games. France was in a winning position when the third day's play opened. A victory in either single took them home, and since Gobert had already beaten Davson and had played with supreme steadiness in the doubles, he was expected to defeat Kingscote. As it happened, a very little would have turned the first match between Davson and Laurentz. Expecting to win with something in hand, the Englishman had to struggle hard right up to the end of the fourth set. At times Laurentz volleyed with dazzling brilliancy, especially on the forehand when Davson tried to cross him from the right-hand court. Luckily Davson had PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 57 brought over a good supply of lobs from Queen's ; they helped more than anything else to drain Laurentz's stamina. Kingscote's defeat of Gobert in three sets was a surprise to all who did not calculate on the temperamental advantage of the British soldier and on his wisdom in not watching the previous match. Gobert amused himself by taking snapshots of Davson v. Laurentz, but as this tie lengthened and his own receded, I could not help noticing that the suspense was affecting him. Moreover, he was hampered in movement a little by the soft surface ; he was a second late in striding over to protect his wings. Kingscote was passing him with beautiful precision, especially with that very difficult shot, the backhand down the line. Never did player answer his country's call more confidently nor with greater success. Incidentally the victory meant that Major and Mrs. Kingscote would make a wedding trip to Australia. French zest is unquenchable and the foundation of a hard-court Wimbledon at St. Cloud in 1912 was a monument to the progressive spirit animating France. The centre court at the Stade Frangais is a model, almost a slavish model, of our own centre court. The stands, if roofless and less solidly constructed, are arranged the same way and are nearly as capacious ; the run-back and side-run are as extensive ; the scoring-board, though a little smaller, is precisely similar ; only the surface of the court, khaki in colour and baked sand in substance, is different. I confess that the yellowy brown colour, so baneful to the eyes in the strong glare of the midsummer sun, draws my preference instinctively to the green turf of Wimbledon, so placid to look upon, a cushion for the feet compared with this rock-like plane. But probably the hard court at St. Cloud more nearly approaches the future \ 58 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS standardised court for the whole world than the centre court at Wimbledon. Turf for lawn tennis is not to be found in Africa or on the Continent. It is some- thing of a luxury in India, and can crumble badly under the heat in Australia. Even where turf is more general the standard of Wimbledon is rarely, if ever, reached. For perfect lawn tennis I prefer Wimbledon on a sun- less day, but I would sooner play on a hard non-turf surface than on the majority of grass courts in England. Outside the chief court at St. Cloud, uncomfortably crowded on championship Sunday, the accommodation for spectators is on a generous scale in marked contrast to the narrow alleys at the present Wimbledon. The French organisers have acres of beautiful parkland on which to distribute their crowds after a big match. Tea under the trees makes a delightful setting. The pavilion is 300 yards or so from the centre court, reached by sylvan glades. Its catering and dressing accommodation surpasses Wimbledon ; indeed, any other tournament on the Continent. The task of the commissionaire gener ale is far from easy, and M. Joannis, the first to fill the post, deserves high praise for his tact and initiative. Day after day he had to handle large and emotional crowds, to feed them, to provide them with good matches, and then to arrange their transport home. That an English referee should be employed my friend, George Simond is a graceful tribute on the part of the French to our traditions and savoir-faire. I shall have something more to say about " G. M." later. He has a unique experience of Continental conditions, and his influence with players of all nation- alities is the growth of many years' confidence in his absolute fairness and good sense. Some of the glamour and clamour of the prize ring are associated with the finals at St. Cloud. The crowd PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 59 can be almost sentimental in its emotion. I remember Mile Lenglen, then a child of fifteen, winning the ladies' championship in 1914. She followed a German champion, and perhaps that consideration may have added to the warmth the almost ecstatic warmth of the demonstration. Men and women kissed her ; an excited patron offered a stupendous sum for her racket ; the child-wonder of France arrived in the capital on that day. Then I think of the men's final a year earlier when Gobert, having beaten Froitzheim comfortably in the semi-final, met Wilding, a little shaken by a five-set match with Decugis, in the final. It was a terribly hot afternoon in late May. Paris was like a furnace, and even at leafy St. Cloud one felt uncomfortably warm. Gobert's initial failure was greeted with groans. The fierce sun, beating on an uncovered head, seemed to unnerve the Frenchman, and for some time his ground strokes, especially his forehand drive, went astray. Wilding, with cool brain and sound defence, won the first two sets at 6-3. Then Gobert wisely draped his head in a bathing-cap dipped in water. Almost instantly he improved, and, winning Wilding's service for the first time, went ahead brilliantly. His volleying was audacious, but he scored most of his aces with a back- hand drive down Wilding's forehand line, frequently deceiving him with its pace and direction. This streak of irresistibility was greeted with wild acclama- tion by the crowd. The officials did their best to calm the excitement. Conscious of its effect on the crisis of a long rally, they hissed their disapproval ; but as soon as one burst of applause stopped, another began. Even the linesmen betrayed their nationality, gesticu- lating to friends in the tribunes when Gobert was reducing the big lead against him. Nearly every stroke 60 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS seemed to be snapshotted from the galleries by one or other of the private photographers. The cinema operator was busy. Yet if the crowd was too articulate, its impartiality was never in question. Wilding's cool and judicious defence, no less than Gobert's inspired attack, drew its cheers. Paris had learned something of the game's finer shades. It had realised that matches are won as much with the head as with the hand. Other vivid scenes at St. Cloud crowd the mind. Froitzheim's victory with less opposition in 1912, when the competition was first launched ; the portent of the coming storm, soon to threaten the very vitals of Paris, when the German champion and his com- patriots failed to follow their entries which had come in May 1914 even their hotel rooms had been booked ; the German victory in the doubles in 1913, when R. Kleinschroth and Baron von Bissing (a nephew of the notorious Governor of Brussels), having beaten the Austrians, Kinzl and von Wesseley, actually defeated Wilding and Froitzheim in the final. At least four couples were superior to this German pair, but luck favoured them, for Decugis and Germot, having put out Rahe and the younger Kleinschroth, were required to tackle Wilding and Froitzheim on the same day, and, though a better balanced couple and more aggressive, lost the fifth set by a ball's breadth. Then there was the superlative play of Laurentz last year in three finals, all of which he won he defeated Gobert in the singles for the first time since the war ; the advent of Shimidzu, the Japanese, in Europe, the discovery of Alonso, the present Spanish champion, and of young Blackbeard, of South Africa, who must assuredly go much further. Though the PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 61 Stade Francais is modelled on Wimbledon, its atmo- sphere is quite different less solemn and unquestion- ably more buoyant. If good Americans are supposed to go to Paris when they die, the spirits of the best Americans would surely select Paris in May. Those that are absolutely blameless might choose the motor run through the Bois and on to St. Cloud. I am reserving some recollections of the French and Italian Riviera for the next chapter, and a brief record of two visits to Sweden will be found in " Under Cover." My experience of lawn tennis in Spain is confined to Barcelona ; the attractions of San Sebastian and Madrid are in prospect. Wilding was my companion and doubles partner in Barcelona ; we went on one year from Cannes, importing nothing but Wilding's growing [reputation. The Spaniards at that time had more enthusiasm than experience, and we managed to " sweep the board/' the Civil Governor of the city presenting us with gold-handled walking- sticks for winning the handicap doubles from owe forty. Wilding promptly lost this ornamental emblem of fame ; mine is waiting the proper ceremonial occasion. I recall that we were met on arrival in Barcelona by the secretary of the tournament, given a brief interval for shaving and breakfast, and then summoned to the ground ; that on arrival we found deserted courts, learning later that, in deference to the Spanish temperament, the local custom was to fix matches at least an hour before they were expected to begin. Here, as elsewhere abroad, the hospitality was overwhelming, scarcely conducive to the best training. The amazing recovery of Belgium after her terrible tribulations is extended to her national games. Soon after the Armistice, lawn tennis began a new lease of 62 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS life at Brussels, and even in the gun-ravaged cities of Ostend and Antwerp it quickly took root again. Of course the evolution of new talent, as in England, has been arrested ; neutral Holland had an advantage in this respect, revealed at Arnheim last year when the Dutchmen beat South Africa in the Davis Cup, and a young champion, Diermerkool, came to the front as an international. But it can only be a year or two before Belgium matures players of real distinction. Her capacity for Phoenix-like organisation was shown at the recent Olympic Games, a remarkable post-war reunion of athletes. The weather was unkind to the Olympic tournament, and the absence of the Americans and of Gobert, Patterson, and Kingscote restricted the representative quality of the lists. But I witnessed some very spirited lawn tennis on the Beerschot courts on this occasion, notably the final of the singles in which Louis Raymond, of South Africa, to everybody's surprise, defeated Kumagae, the brilliant Japanese, both men driving terrifically with their left arms. Max Woosnam and Turnbull brought honour to England by winning the doubles, while the large gallery enjoyed the rare distinction of witnessing a match in which Mile Lenglen was on the losing side. This was in the semi-final of the ladies' doubles in which Mrs. McNair and Miss K. McKane opposed the champion and Mile D'Ayen, and just beat them after Mile Lenglen, supporting a partner several classes behind her, had made a desperate effort to turn the tide. At this meeting, too, I saw a match which, played in three sections, divided by a night and subsequently by a summary withdrawal of the ball-boys for a self- appointed luncheon interval, lasted five hours and three-quarters. The winner was Gordon Lowe and PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 63 the loser Zerlendi of Greece. This is certainly an Olympic record, and would be an absolute match record if the war had not postponed a certain club match in England for nearly five years, this contest starting in 1914 and ending in 1919. My friend Chevalier Paul de Borman was referee at the Olympic tournament and deserves credit for conducting a difficult gathering under trying circumstances. One of his minor trials was the close proximity of the Stadium. Wild shouts from the tribunes punctuated almost every stroke ; but this defect was unavoid- able. What hampered him more was the discovery that, at the appointed hour for their match, some of the competitors had gone to the Stadium and there lost all count of time in the ecstatic fervour of cheering their countrymen on the track. Of Germany and Austria before the war I have written in another volume, 1 but I may be permitted to say that the tournaments of Homburg and Baden- Baden, when managed by Englishmen, had very great attractions, no less on the social than on the lawn tennis side. Mr. Charles Voigt, the pioneer of inter- national lawn tennis on the Continent, was a splendid organiser when I first went over. I recall two matches at Homburg in which Wilding, a somewhat under- trained finalist, was on the losing side against Froitz- heim, the German champion sliding into position to make his fine passing drives with great skill. After one of these contests both Wilding and Froitzheim went on to Baden a delectable spot in August for any tournament and the betting on this return encounter assumed exciting proportions. Luckily for British money, the New Zealander went into strict training, as he so easily could, and the result was never in doubt, 1 The Complete Lawn Tennis Player (Methuen). 64 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS though Froitzheim, to give him his due, always had more natural genius than the man who usually beat him. It was at Baden that Wilding and I paired in the doubles and won them at the expense of Froitzheim and Baron von Lersner, the German Peace delegate in Paris. I remember nothing extraordinary about this final except that some of von Lersner's relations formed themselves into a kind of claque and seemed especially dispirited when we were drawing near to victory. I met the leading German players in several countries beside their own, in England, France, and America, and I never found them anything but good sportsmen, particularly abroad. In method, they were more like ourselves at our best than like the French or the Australians. That is to say, they were all-court players, without extremes in service or volleying and with a correct idea of angles for ground stroke play. Their hard-court training naturally made them more severe hitters than the English. Temperamentally (except Froitzheim) they did not possess our per- sistence or sang-froid. Winning, they could play brilliantly ; once collared by a superior tactician, they would crumble badly. But watching them for a set or even two sets at Wimbledon or in Paris the ordinary spectator would be greatly impressed with their merits, of which speed of foot and of drive were the chief attributes. Austria-Hungary used to run, and may run again, several large tournaments, beautifully staged. Vienna, Marienbad, Kissingen, Budapest, not only had most attractive courts but equally attractive players. Their best, Kinzl, von Wesseley, Count Salm and others, have visited England. Count Salm was a remarkable personality, as strong as an ox, Mishu-like in his heterodox driving, at all times a whimsical character. PLACES AND PLAYERS ON THE CONTINENT 65 He did not appreciate defeat, and after I had once gained a lucky victory over him in singles at Mentone he smashed three rackets across his knee as if they were light canes. At St. Cloud, when playing Gordon Lowe on the eve of the war a nightmare match which the Austrian won he amused himself and the large crowd by squirting soda water over his head from a syphon as he crossed over. On his visit to Wimbledon in 1913, Salm was more placid, but the passing trains drew from him in the midst of a rally the exclamation, " Every locomotive in the world is letting off steam outside this court/' I confess to a former liking for this spirited individual ; he could be so audaciously quaint. The Italians, like the Spaniards, are making pro- gress, and with it some potential champions. The country has many charming hard courts, notably those at Rome. Switzerland has attracted the British player ever since the Continent offered facilities for play. There is no resort without its open tournament, staged as a rule amid delightful scenery. At least two famous internationals, Kingscote and R. N. Williams, made Switzerland their lawn tennis nursery. They practised frequently together at Geneva, and the close observer will see several points of resemblance both in their style and methods. As proof of Swiss enterprise the covered courts at St. Moritz, Geneva, and Lausanne may be mentioned. That at St. Moritz is illuminated for evening play ; in this matter of artificial lighting, by the way, Switzerland and Sweden are much ahead of this country. CHAPTER V RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS IT is getting on for twenty years since I first took a racket to the Riviera. From that day, with the exception of the war interregnum, I have not missed a season, so I suppose I may speak of its dis- tinctive charms with some of the experience of an habitue. Lawn tennis in the South of France is now almost indigenous to the soil, that fine, red, adiactinic earth which, excavated from the Esterelles, rolls out, when properly laid down, into a perfect playing surface. Its season, compared with California or Rhodesia, may be comparatively brief ; for the heat is too enervating for anything but an evening knock in the early summer, while rains are a deterrent later. Yet, from mid- November to mid-April, and even into May, in those months when England and Northern Europe can be climatically unkind, the Riviera offers sun-dowered courts for the physical and mental recuperation of mankind. Prosperous as the game had become in the South before the war, though not without its vicissitudes, its speedy revival after the Armistice and its develop- ment since are nothing short of remarkable an ex- tension all the more noteworthy when the withdrawal of supporters from the Central Powers is considered. I suppose the main reason is the fact that, just prior to 1914, the boy and girlhood of France had begun to accept the pastime as a convention of social life, and 66 RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 67 the youth of the country deemed it expedient to celebrate the preservation of national liberty and its own freedom from military shackles by an extension of la vie au grand d'air. Thus many of the boys and . girls whom I saw initiated into the mysteries of the game at St. Cloud in '12 and '13 have now developed into zealous players anxious to exploit their maturing skill in that department of their country which offers winter facilities. Further, the great influx of American visitors whole families with racket cases in their baggage now follow in the footsteps of Dr. James Dwight, a pioneer with the Renshaw twins at Cannes in the mid-eighties has more than rilled the void left by the Germans and the Austrians. The English and Scots come much more freely than they used to do, probably propelled by the wider distribution of wealth ; many Belgians evicted summarily from their own land in 1914 became grateful exiles on the Riviera, and now return to renew their friendship ; snow- bound Scandinavia sends players to a snowless coast ; a goodly number of Russians have fled from the disruptive chaos of their own country ; Italians and Spaniards are drifting to places where their increasing talent can be measured and approved. When I first went out the centre of lawn tennis gravity was at the Place Mozart, Nice, the site of the Nice Club. That institution still flourishes and has lately gained a new distinction by the appointment of M. Charles Lenglen, father of the incomparable Suzanne, as hon. secretary, his daughter practising almost daily on the club courts invariably against men, let me add. But because of its situation in the heart of a city, and consequently of its restricted space, the Nice Club, while retaining its traditions and the South of France championships, has shed 68 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS some of its prestige both east and west, in the direction of Cannes and Monte Carlo. New and spacious courts for the Nice Club are planned, bringing Nice into line with other Riviera resorts. Cannes has now eight or nine open tournaments to the two or three at Nice, while the Monte Carlo meeting at the end of February, always a cosmopolitan gathering with an attractive prize-list, now ranks as the pilce de resistance of the season. This last fact is rather curious when it is realised that the courts and conditions at Monte Carlo, up to 1920 at any rate, were not so conducive to high- standard play as those at Cannes or Mentone. Even before the arena was moved down to the Condamine, within a few yards of the drying-beach of the Monaco laundresses, the two courts which Mr. Charles Voigt controlled behind the Hotel de Paris scarcely possessed championship attributes, though they were infinitely to be preferred to the green-lacking, hotel-girded courts near the harbour. A sybaritic hotel now covers the original site, but memories of their fame will survive and their legends will doubtless multiply. Their opening was not without its amusing incident. A quartette of giants were invited over from Cannes to give an exhibition of their championship skill before a crowd of patrons and patronesses gaily caparisoned. The players arrived by train and were met at the station by a solemn, silk-hatted deputation of Casino directors, headed by M. Blanc. Conducted to a sumptuous luncheon-table and there succumbing to the florid oratory of the toast-givers, the visitors so far went out of strict training that when the hour for their match arrived they were more disposed for leap- frog than for lawn tennis. If I am not mistaken, the genial Dr. Eaves opened the exhibition match by RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 69 projecting a ball which fell into the Tir de Pigeon, a considerable distance outside the court ; his next attempt, also a fault, touched the ground in front of his own service line. For the first two games no rally of any serious consequence could be constructed, and the umpire had some difficulty in securing the inter- change of sides every alternate game. Nobody, of course, in* the least minded these pleasantries, since most of the spectators had been fellow-guests at the luncheon, and probably few of them smiled when the next day they read in the local press a vivid description of the champions' " unparalleled skill." Soon afterwards, in the late nineties, the Dohertys began to take pride of place on the Riviera, and for a decade they were nearly as invincible on its hard, sun-dowered courts as elsewhere. At Monte Carlo they were ever a powerful magnet, with a following nearly as great as the modern Lenglen, and as popular and as unassuming off the court as on it. From 1897 to 1906 without a break one or other of the brothers won the Monte Carlo singles. Sometimes they both reached the final and played a fraternal match or half a match to please the gallery ; they never would fight out, either here or in England, a blood battle between themselves. Was it surprising ? They played solely for the love of the game ; personal rivalry was unknown to them. But they did not always win their laurels easily, nor were they immune from defeat. The joint entry of the Dohertys and Smith and Riseley made the Monte Carlo meeting of 1903 especially memorable. The Gloucestershire pair, then the doubles champions, had lowered the colours of the Dohertys at Wimbledon the previous summer, and a return match was eagerly anticipated. As the elder 70 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Doherty was paired with G. W. Hillyard in the open doubles, it seemed impossible to realise this expecta- tion. But the resourceful Voigt was equal to the occasion. He induced the brothers to enter as a pair for the handicap doubles, roped in Smith and Riseley as well, put both combinations on the same mark, and then drew them to meet in the second round. So the decks were cleared for action. I doubt whether the Dohertys, though out for victory and carrying the stakes of their supporters, were quite so keen or so well conditioned as their rivals. Be that as it may, they found Riseley at his best and Smith in brilliant driving fettle, and were beaten after a close first set (11-9, 6-3, 6-4). The match was made a " five- setter " by arrangement. Each side won five suc- cessive games in the opening set ; then the loss of the service exercised its normal influence on the match. At the same meeting the units of these pairs met in singles. Smith's footwork, never so fluent as H. L.'s, was impeded on the sand surface ; he could not run round his backhand as he could on grass. Playing chiefly from the back of the court, Laurie beat Smith 6-2, 6-2. Then he scratched to his brother, the holder, in the semi-final, and R. F. met Riseley, who had defeated Ritchie with something in hand. A great match followed. Riseley, reconciling his game to hard-court conditions, never of the best, played in a manner that excited the enthusiasm of the crowd. In the third game of the first set, however, he had the misfortune to slip and cut his knee an incident which delayed his challenge. R. F. Doherty was a set up and 5-3 when Riseley fought with great skill and courage. He squared the set, and level pegging was registered until " fourteen-all/' when Reggie forfeited his service and his opponent went out RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 71 at 16-14. Then Riseley retired, with both fairly well spent. A little later in the same season S. H. Smith, now more acclimatised, met H. L. in the final of the South of France championship at Nice. A terrific five-set match resulted, Smith winning the first two sets, the holder the next three. Laurie carried out his usual plan when engaging Smith ; he ran " a hundred miles " from corner to corner, chasing the bombarding drives of his antagonist and waiting patiently for the chance to come up on something softer from Smith's back- hand. It was a scheme of tactics the Americans who met Smith at Wimbledon could never assimilate, and doubtless did not possess the ground strokes to exploit. After he resigned the championship in 1906, H. L. was twice defeated in singles at Monte Carlo once in 1907 by his countryman, Ritchie, and again in 1909 by F. B. Alexander, the American international. I witnessed both these memorable matches, and, while giving every credit to both victors, I do not think it can be said honestly that the hitherto undefeated ex-champion was at his best or brightest. First-class lawn tennis is an exacting taskmaster ; no man can return to it and regain his touch and temper without assiduous practice. After-war results in 1919 proved that beyond question. H. L. had not dropped his racket, and had been playing doubles with most of his old skill intact ; but he had begun to woo and win another and very different love the royal and ancient game of golf and some of the sting, as well as some of the zest, had departed from his game. However, Ritchie's victory in the final of 1907, gained in three long vantage sets (8-6, 7-5, 8-6), caused quite a flutter throughout the lawn tennis dovecots, both in 72 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Europe and in America. Ritchie had defeated Laurie under cover at Queen's three years earlier, when Laurie was certainly in better trim, so that his second victory cannot be called a fluke. On the other hand, Ritchie had been H. L.'s victim on numerous occasions, on grass, wood, and sand, and I think my old friend would be the first to admit that he found his opponent below his best form on the Condamine court. As at Queen's in the autumn of 1904, Ritchie attacked at close quarters at every opportunity. Volleying is never so profitable as when the other man may not be disposed physically to counter-volley. There was just the extra push in Ritchie's attack to win the fateful points of long vantage games ; just enough disconcerting sun- rays to embarrass a player short of Riviera practice. H. L.'s two defeats on the same court in 1909 were due to the same causes, exercised perhaps a little more acutely for he " came back " at this meeting after two years' comparative retirement. I was interested in both results in one as a supporter off the court, in the other as an opponent on the court. Before we went over to Monte, Laurie and I had been having some practice singles together at the Beau Site, Cannes- fair ly level matches, with H. L. conceding 15. His strokes were as facile as ever, but they seemed to have lost some of their snap, while he tired quickly. We chanced to meet in the third round of the Monte Carlo Cup, and to my great surprise, volleying all the time, I took the second set. In the next round, the semi-final, he had quite a narrow squeak against Ritchie, who was bustling throughout, and then in the final met Alexander, returning home via Europe after a Davis Cup pilgrim- age in Australia. With his break service, fast dip- ping forehand drive and check volleys, executed at RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 73 unfamiliar angles, Alexander had been shaking up all the members of the Nice Club, and had won the club championship before coming on to Monte for the open meeting. Yet, aggressive player as he was, his chances against H. L., who had never once fallen to an American racket, were not considered rosy. Never- theless, a countryman of the visitor the late Mr. A. C. Bostwick, a Standard Oil magnate was so enamoured of Alexander's play that he offered to lay a hundred louis level in his favour. Englishmen took up this challenge readily, and a pool was quickly formed. I remember meeting H. L. in the rooms on the evening before the match, and telling him of Bostwick's con- fidence. His reply was to hand me ten louis, with the injunction, "You might get that on for me anony- mously/' Of all players H. L. was the least boastful, and this expression of his assurance did but strengthen my own opinion. Unfortunately, our champion, out of training all through the tournament, came into court a spent warrior. He was beaten in three sets (7-5, 6-4, 6-1). After leading 4-2 in the first set, Alexander's sweater then unremoved, Doherty never seemed able to get his opponent's measure again. The American's sliced service and chopped volleys skewed in the loose sand ; he attacked with increasing confidence and raced merrily through the third set. Previous to the final, Laurie and the Countess Schulenburg a famous and almost invincible pair on the Riviera had gone down in the mixed doubles to Miss J. Tripp and myself after a very tight finish. I remember that H. L. and the Countess led 5-2 in the final set, and that, mainly as a result of Miss Tripp's Smith-like drives, which appeared to demoralise the German lady at the finish, we took the next five games. In the final we met Ritchie and Miss A. N. G. Greene, 74 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS the latter having won the ladies' singles. When we dropped the first set at 6-1, I thought how " flukey " our rather sensational victory in the previous round would appear. This reflection must have steadied my ardour, for we won the second and third sets at 6-3. Both in that year and in 1912 Miss Tripp and I en- joyed an unexpected run of success, in the latter year winning successively at San Remo, Mentone, Nice, and Cannes. We were only defeated in the final at Monte Carlo by Wilding and Frl. Rieck. Monte Carlo had a new venue for its open tourna- ment this year (1921). The old Condamine courts, lacking almost everything except a history, were replaced by the luxurious La Festa courts, standing high on the mountain-side above the Casino. It was my privilege last January to play in the in- auguratory matches, and I can testify to the money, time, and care expended on their equipment. Ground in Monaco is as difficult to find as in the City of London, but the Administration solved the problem by constructing three courts and a club-house on the roof of a huge motor-garage. The surface of the first and the equipment of the second were made as perfect as enterprise would permit. Permanent seating accommodation for six hundred spectators was provided round the first court, and four knock- up courts sandwiched in the limited space. The Director of lawn tennis at Monte Carlo, Mr. Simond, had the satisfaction of controlling in March the largest tournament ever held in Monaco a meeting at which Mile Lenglen carried off three challenge cups without the loss of a set. It was a tribute to her genius that when Suzanne was out of court the crowd was com- paratively thin ; you could not get a seat for love or money when she was playing. Neither the Renshaws RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 75 at Wimbledon nor the Dohertys at Homburg proved such a social draw as this young French lady of twenty-one. During the seven years before the war the outstand- ing figure was Anthony Wilding, at his best absolutely unbeatable on the Riviera hard courts. The first year that he came out, fresh from Cambridge, H. L. Doherty beat him at Monte Carlo, but he gave an earnest of coming triumphs by taking a love set from the great man. Wilding was then lodging with me at a small and inexpensive hotel near the station a gay but never riotous youth, eschewing all intoxicants and eating heartily of tangerines at every meal. Defying convention, he would attempt to run the gauntlet of stern officialdom at the Casino by entering in grey " bags " and a Norfolk jacket, for all the world as if he were strolling down Trumpington Street. Chal- lenged by the janitor, who pointed gravely to his belt, hanging loosely down, he removed the offending article and handed it to the official, passing smilingly through the portals before the latter had recovered his composure. Of all Riviera competitors, Wilding was the fittest and thereby the most confident. On the rare occasions when he indulged, even slightly, in the world's good things, he suffered for his lapse. Thus Ritchie beat him on the Beau Site court in 1907 a week after Wilding had romped through his old opponent at Nice. I remember that Nice tourney well. The brothers Wright, Beals and Irving, were competitors, and Ritchie beat them both in two love sets a gluttonous performance. If one had not known that both Americans, and Beals especially, were in holiday mood, intent on seeing sights rather than a lawn tennis ball, one might have wondered how Wilding, who took two 76 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS love sets from Ritchie in the final, would have defeated the Wrights ! Wilding won both the Nice and the Monte Carlo cups outright. He probably strewed the Riviera courts with more love sets than any other player of any country. Decugis or one of the Germans usually gave him his best game. I recall one final at Monte Carlo (1912) in which Decugis proved quite a thorn in his side, nor were Wilding's chances improved by a nasty fall on the red sand at a critical moment. His playing palm was cut open and the blood streamed down the handle, drops falling on the court. Decugis, who was superstitious, bent down and touched one of those spots when he crossed over, whereupon an avid supporter of the French champion (who was taking a line and ought to have remained silent in his chair) rose excitedly and shouted, " Bravo ! Bravo ! Decugis wins ! " An exhibition of unseemly partisanship which will never leave my memory. Neither the hurt nor the demon- stration shook Wilding's determination. I suggested he should leave the court for a moment and wash his hand. He smiled deprecatingly, went on perfectly calmly, and won. Several exciting and one or two amusing doubles in the South come to mind. I have mentioned the Dohertys against Smith and Riseley at Monte. The brothers were beaten again at Nice in 1908, their first appearance in public since they lost the doubles cham- pionship at Wimbledon in 1906, and their last appear- ance on any public court as a pair. In this year R. F. was little better than a " dug out." The brothers had been playing well against Ball-Greene and Eaves in practice at the Beau Site and with their usual good nature they consented to turn out. I had made a special journey over to Cannes to remind the Dohertys RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 77 that a third victory at Nice would give them permanent possession of the doubles cups a fact neither had remembered. They had won them in 1904 and 1905. People trained and motored from all parts to witness the final between the brothers and Ritchie and Wilding. Eaves was busy behind the scenes with a book, Mr. Vanderbilt, on whose yacht Wilding was staying, having the hardihood to lay as much as two to one on his guest and his partner. These, of course, were not the correct odds, although Wilding and Ritchie then held the doubles championship at Wimbledon. Vanderbilt won his money. The brothers only won one set in four. R. F. was the weak factor in the combination. He was indisposed, and seemed quite unable to return the service with any force or con- sistency. H. L. fought gallantly and saved the third set when all looked over ; but the attack remained with the other side. I never saw Wilding and Ritchie in more confident fettle ; they took the fourth set and the match with the loss of only one game a con- spicuous triumph. The Dohertys were not at their best a long way below it but the advanced formation of their opponents on this occasion and the success it achieved suggests to my mind now, as it had suggested before, that, given ground-stroke vigour and accuracy (such as the earlier Americans who opposed the Dohertys never possessed), combined with punitive, close-quarter volleying, the Dohertys' volleying posi- tion would have proved a material, and probably a fatal, handicap in modern doubles. The year before, on the same court, H. L., this time paired with Ritchie, had won a remarkable final against Wilding and Decugis, the more fancied couple. The brothers Wright, recovered from their singles lethargy, had defeated Bobbie Powell and myself after we had 78 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS been within a stroke of victory, and had then gone down to Wilding and Decugis. Doherty and Ritchie had easily accounted for Gordon Lowe and D. P. Rhodes. Wilding and the French champion opened the final with convincing confidence. They were soon a set up with a good lead in the second. Then the mercury in the Frenchman's system began to wobble ; soon it sank right down. The brilliant server and smasher became a double-faulter and a snatcher at lobs ; the weakness affected his service returns ; from that moment his side was doomed ; the English couple took the last two sets at 6-1. Perhaps it was not altogether Max's fault. Wilding was ever a difficult partner to link up with ; I knew that by painful personal experience. He needed enormous elbow- room, and somehow his vigorous drives and profound concentration made his partner self-conscious and weaker than usual in his weak spots. Though we won several open doubles together, both at home and abroad, I let him down badly two or three times, notably in the final at Cannes against Mavrogordato and Rahe, and at Mentone against Ritchie and Simond. Tony needed a partner whose play he could respect. Thus he never had a better one than Norman Brookes ; the master subdued his personality, I suppose. The Allen twins were familiar figures on the Riviera courts for many years, as their father, the Rev. H. B. Allen, was before them. Before the Con- tinental school developed speed of attack, they were usually in the running for the chief prizes. If E. R. had his tail up, he could give trouble to any man, even in his later years. It was once my good fortune, in a comparatively weak field (Wilding had been compelled to take to his bed after his Monte Carlo RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 79 fall, mentioned previously), to reach the final of the singles at Mentone and there oppose E. R. We played in the morning under a hot sun. I realised that my only possible chance was to bustle the twin at the net and conceivably drain his stamina. E. R. opened with a love set, passing me with supreme confidence ; then he must have slacked off, for I took the second set at 6-3. In the third he was on top all the way. C. G. was hovering in the wings, a solicitous and articulate second to his brother, and as we crossed over he declaimed audibly that my number was up and that I might as well retire. I shared his opinion, but with feigned bravado replied, " My dear Charlie, you will have to get another brandy and soda for Roy. I am going to win the fourth set/' And win it, by some miracle, I did, after Vantage games. More refreshment was served out to E. R. by C. G. The carrier was just a little anxious. "Forehand, you fool ! " he almost shouted to his brother. But he need not have bothered. To my great surprise, for I had now visions of carrying the fight to its limit, E. R. played with his first set freshness in the final bout. He won a love set. Either he had been re- serving himself for the coup de grace, or C. G/s last concoction had proved more potent than any of the others. , I was concerned in another amusing match at Mentone (delightfully picturesque courts, by the way, self-owned by the club) in 1913, when Count Salm and I partnered Wilding and Robert Kleinschroth in the doubles. The fiery Salm had beaten Kleinschroth in the singles, and the relations between these two, Austrian and German, were a little strained. But I never dreamed, nor did Wilding, that at the critical stage of our double, when each side had won a set, 80 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Kleinschroth and Salm would be in deadly grips in the middle of the court. One or other had said something in German as we crossed over, and the next thing the astonished gallery witnessed was an angry wrestling bout. The eccentric Salm had brought a comb down to the umpire's chair, and I remember Wilding picked it up and started combing the hair of his militant partner. I endeavoured to put my arms round the Count. Eventually they quieted down and the match proceeded, Salm celebrating a pyrrhic victory by some very wild driving. The final was a match full of further extravagances. Rahe and the younger Kleinschroth lost only three games in the first two sets; they did not win a single game in the next two sets ; in the fifth set Wilding and Robert Kleinschroth just lost on the post. Cannes now possesses something like two dozen courts, and with Tom Fleming, Tom Burke, and his sons available as coaches this delectable place is an admirable nursery for the game. By age and tradition, the Beau Site must come first. Every champion from Renshaw to Mile Lenglen has trod its famous orange- grove court. There is even a link between past and present in the person of Napoleon, the Peter Pan ball- boy, who scouted for Lawford and the Renshaws and still scouted up to last year. Going back to the Beau Site after the war I inquired for Napoleon. There was an ominous silence. Nobody had heard of him since he had gone forth as a poilu. It was assumed he was dead. But one fine morning in January, 1920, there crept to the edge of the piazza a little man wearing a growth of beard and a winsome air. It was Napoleon, recently demobilised. Reigning kings and fallen monarchs have played and watched others play at the Beau Site. A list of RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 81 its patrons would include not only most of those who have been crowned metaphorically at Wimbledon, but some who have been crowned in actuality at Westminster, Moscow, and Stockholm. The mother of the German ex-Crown Princess used to compete in the mixed doubles, so did the Grand-Duke Michael. The Duke of Cambridge once gave away the prizes, expressing regret that officers of the British Army had not benefited more by the physical training of lawn tennis. King Edward frequently came to see the Dohertys as he did at Homburg. King Gustav of Sweden, an avid devotee, has sampled the first court more than once. Mr. Balfour has played, and not without success, in one of its tournaments. The ana of the Beau Site would almost make an in- dependent chapter. It would have to embrace some mention of the Beau Site fancy-dress balls, its freak matches, its supper-parties, even its billiard contests. No setting for lawn tennis throughout the world is quite so enchanting as the Beau Site garden ; cer- tainly no shrubs or flowers have listened to so much political and social gossip. The Carlton courts, scene of Mile Lenglen's first victory in open singles on the Riviera she was then fourteen are nearer the Casino and the hub of fashion ; comparatively new, they have yet to make tradition. The Cannes Club, much improved and extended under Mr. H. E. Atkinson's control, is farther west. I have a grateful memory of the Cannes Club, for, when most of the greater lights had gone home, I nearly won all three open events one year. Its courts are less protected than those at the Beau Site, but there are many more of them, and the appurtenances of the club-house are now first class. Hyeres, to the west, and Bordighera and San Remo in 6 82 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Italy to the east, may be regarded as Riviera outposts. Each has had successful open meetings, that at San Remo decided in a delightfully rural environment a less strenuous, because smaller, tournament than any on the French coast. I must not forget to add that Riviera grounds have been augmented by the charming Bristol courts at Beaulieu. Midway on the winding coast between Nice and Monte Carlo, and easily accessible to each by train or motor, Beaulieu is a favoured winter base, offering all the scenic and climatic virtues of the larger resorts without their noise and bustle. The Bristol courts are situated in the gardens of the Hotel Bristol ; they 'are well sheltered from the wind and have an excellent background. C. H. Ridding, the former Gloucestershire amateur, is the coach. Before I close these random Riviera recollections a tribute, however broken, must be paid to the labours and influence of George Simond. He has been referee, handicapper, and manager of nearly every open meeting in those parts for many years years of fluctuating fortune and not without some stress. His conscientious attention to every detail, scrupulous fairness, unfailing tact when handling players of different nationalities and conflicting temperaments, have proved qualities of inestimable advantage to the game and its traditions in the South of France. He has won many a championship in his younger days one of the safest and headiest partners R. F. Doherty or Wilding ever had. His bridge is as sound as his friendship. Only once or twice have I seen him a little ruffled. That was when the crowd was kept waiting for the arrival of some tardy competitor. I remember once interceding strenuously for Wilding and Ritchie, whom Simond, using his discretionary RIVIERA RECOLLECTIONS 88 powers, had scratched in the doubles at Cannes because Wilding had extended the luncheon interval at some neighbouring villa. I thought, and still think, that there had been some misunderstanding over the hour through a message which had gone astray. Simond stuck to his decision, reluctant as he was to impose it. A committee meeting was called and we decided against G. M., also with the greatest reluctance. But some days after Wilding and Ritchie had won the first prizes, the French governing body, approached by their opponents, debated the matter anew and upheld Simond. He will probably remember the incident, because the same night he won every rubber of bridge against me. CHAPTER VI THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA IT is ten years since I had the privilege to lead an English team through South Africa. Thoughts far removed from lawn tennis have loaded memory's bridge in the interval, but a vivid impression of that most enjoyable of all tours must remain. The mission was not without its rigours. Altogether in four months we travelled twenty thousand miles, spent thirty nights in a railway train, played thirty- one matches, including three " Tests/' and negotiated a programme of sight-seeing and hospitality framed on a scale at once generous and exacting. That we maintained an absolutely unbeaten health record and very nearly an unbeaten match record throughout the tour was a source for congratulation. In keeping free from illness of any kind we fared better than English lawn tennis teams which went through South Africa both before and after us. Come to think of it, three of George Hillyard's All England Club four have passed away R. F. Doherty, W. V. Eaves, and Leonard Escombe. Only the captain remains a specimen of physical manhood about as hardy and as handsome as you would find in all England. Not that their trip to South Africa hastened the deaths of these three fine players on the contrary ; but I know that they found the tour, as we did, more strenuous than they had anticipated. Four of my personal friends Charles Dixon, THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 85 Ernest Beamish, Bobbie Powell, and Gordon Lowe set out with me from Waterloo, to the accompaniment of many good wishes from friends, on a journey which was to extend to the Zambesi River and even beyond it. The members of the team possessed a variety of temperament, as well as of lawn tennis strokes, both factors making for gaiety on and off the court and eliminating any risk of dullness. " C. P.," senior both in age and lawn tennis experience how he amazed the Natalians and the Transvaalers by his speed of foot and drive, despite his 15^ stone how heartily he ate, laughed, and sang the last in bed at night, usually finishing the day with a special turn of his own, known as " Dixon's Midnight Imitation of Mighty Lawn Tennis Players " a thoroughly dishevelled figure, crowned with a bowler hat, as he crawled out of the train in the morning to shake hands with the spruce Mayor and other local bigwigs who had come to the station to meet us ever compliant with his captain's suggestions, though he had previously cap- tained a British Davis Cup team in America never less likely to lose a critical match than when his opponent was within a stroke of winning it the same keen fighter in broiling sun, hurricane, wind, or threaten- ing storm " C. P. " was in spirit the youngest of the whole team. He lost only one single throughout the tour, and that after an uncomfortable journey in the guard's van, travelling from Pretoria to Johannes- burg. Lord Methuen's A.D.C. we had been the guests of the Commander-in-Chief at Headquarters House had telegraphed reserving accommodation in the train. By some chance, probably unavoidable, the order miscarried and, the train having her steam up, we hustled into the brake-van and had to stand during the whole journey. It was not a severe penalty, 86 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS and none would have given it a further thought had not Dixon, who rather enjoyed mixing himself up in his impedimenta, put down his overcoat on one piece of luggage, his rackets on the floor, and his English mail in the most inconspicuous niche in the compart- ment. When he alighted irresponsibly at Jo'burg, the visible articles were snatched up and the letters left behind. This incident (as well it might) preyed on his mind ; he lost to F. E. Cockran (who fell in the war) after a three-set match. We were playing the Qa Kamba Club, an offshoot of the Wanderers, as their name implies virtually they were the first six in Johannesburg and I recall that Dixon and I finished our respective singles about the same time. Playing cautiously from the base-line and profiting by my opponent's erratic service, I managed to beat De Villiers in straight sets. This win, as well as Dixon's defeat, were so unexpected that when I met Gordon Lowe, who had just arrived from the hotel for his own match, and told him that honours were easy and he must now put us ahead, his only remark was, " Good old Dickey ! " Well, as I have said, Dixon was victorious in all his other singles matches. In both his test singles at Johannesburg his adversaries only required a point for victory ; on each occasion his nerve and resource pulled him through. While it might possibly be fatal for Dixon to establish a strong winning lead he led Larned five-two in the fifth set in the Davis Cup match in New York in 1911 and failed to win another game he was never " dead " until the last shot was fired. One of his most remarkable recoveries (of which I was an agitated witness, for I had con- fidently supported his chances to win the event out- right) occurred in the Welsh championship at Newport. THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 87 S. M. Jacob was something like five-two and 40 love against him in the third set. Dixon got out at 7-5. He did not cut things quite so fine in South Africa, yet he displayed there, as elsewhere, that latent ability for waking up to danger in the nick of time. Beamish was the philosopher and handyman on the side. To natural chivalry and unselfishness were allied humour responding instinctively to the satire and wit of Shaw and Chesterton. A more attractive, unfidgeting travelling companion it would be im- possible to conceive. On court he might not be quite so placid ; the artist in him seemed to rebel against any outrage to correct style or even to conventional dress. But off the court, in ship, train, or in bivouac, he was easily the best tempered of the five. Nothing disturbed his serenity. He always saw the lighter side of every solemn picture. I recollect, for example, that when the five of us were out in a couple of canoes on the broad Zambesi, a school of hippopotami, thrusting up their heads out of the river, snorted in rather alarming proximity. As a non-swimmer, I was perturbed. Bobbie Powell suggested oracularly that I should " assert my authority " and instruct the native paddlers to make land instantly. Beamish was as merry as the rest of us were grave ; he would probably have waited for the hippos and then shaken hands with them ; he seemed quite disappointed when we landed on a small island and at a safe distance watched the school snort themselves out of sight. On another occasion we descended through the Palm Grove to the Boiling Pot to see the mighty waters of the Zambesi converge 400 feet below the Falls. It was a brilliant day with no hint of rain, yet no sooner had we finished lunch in the open, than 88 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS a storm of unexampled fury burst over our heads. The others, with the black boys, made a swift ascent. Beamish and I followed more leisurely, wet through to the skin. At the top the water was lying several inches deep ; every path was blotted out ; our companions were out of sight ; thunder and lightning were incessant. I never saw such a swift meta- morphosis in my life. Beamish was in his element ; he might have won the championship at Wimbledon, so marked was his delight. Personally I was wondering when a streak of lightning was going to fell me to the ground, my clothes were sticking to me, and I hadn't the dreamiest notion of our whereabouts in relation to our hotel. We waded out in one direction, then waded back and tried another. Eventually, after negotiating a torrent breast-high, we made the railway embankment, and by following the rails towards the Suspension Bridge regained our quarters. The others had got in a quarter of an hour earlier, one of their party having been struck mildly by lightning. Nor were the excitements of the day over. That night a leopard paid its respects to our station. The team were playing a mild game of poker in their bungalows away from the hotel. Coincident with a warning about the leopard the electric light went out and an improvised candle revealed a bat scuttling round the room much to Powell's alarm. He did not share Beamish's keen relish at the prospect of playing a double against a leopard and a bat. Gordon Lowe was another excellent companion on tour, ever anxious to keep himself physically fit, as keen as mustard in all important matches, never unwilling to take a joke against himself. He did better in singles than in doubles, losing only five singles throughout the tour, while his victory over Winslow THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 89 in the last " Test " at Cape Town contributed in no small measure to our victory. Our small company was completed by R. B. Powell, than whom no cheerier, more vibrant lawn tennis tourist could possibly be imagined. A sound player, using a left arm and a resourceful brain to deceive his opponent, one of the best lobbers I have ever known, an intrepid poacher and a fast sprinter, Bobbie had also many accomplishments off the court. He had a good voice, both for public speaking and for singing, was a first-rate conversationalist and a diplomatist of some resource. Whether at Maxim's in Paris, on the roof garden at the Waldorf Astoria in New York, at the sumptuous Durban Club, or in his own club in Piccadilly, at the Beau Site, Cannes, or in the casino at Dinard, I never found R. B. anything but the best of company. Like all men who work and play on nervous energy, he had reacting days with spirits damped and eye out of focus. At Durban in the first " Test " he played like a champion ; at Johannesburg in the second, he seemed a spent force ; at Cape Town in the third, where I partnered him in doubles, his zeal and generalship were splendid. Something of a man about town, and a former private secretary to the Governor-General of British Columbia, his native land, he rather prided himself on correct ceremonial. Thus he took an extensive wardrobe to South Africa, including a silk hat, the receptacle for which was ever eluding him. It became quite a common episode for the whole team to be hung up at station or quay while a hunt was made for R. B.'s precious hat-box. It even accompanied him to the Victoria Falls ! Nor did he ever mind a dig at these little vanities from other members of the team. Overhearing Powell rehearsing in his bedroom a speech which he was to 90 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS deliver the same night at the Kimberley Club banquet, Dixon summoned the whole team to the door. Through a chink we could see R. B. practising his rhetoric in front of a mirror. When we applauded and burst in, none laughed louder than poor Bobbie. . . . Bobbie died a soldier's death at the foot of Vimy Ridge. None hated war more nor was less afraid to acknowledge his repugnance. He took service almost immediately with the Canadian Forces and left a safe job at Havre to go up to the fighting line. Captain of Canada both at Wimbledon and in America, he had also represented the All England Club against Germany. He had won the championship of Scotland and the Northern title at Manchester. A man who had warmed both hands before the fire of life, his friends will always mourn him. Our arrival in South Africa synchronised with the opening of the Union Parliament by the Duke of Connaught. We found Cape Town en file, gay with flags and bunting in his honour. Four months later, when returning to a normal city at the close of our tour, I could not resist playing off a little joke on the Mayor and Corporation who entertained us to a formal lunch at the Town Hall. " Mr. Mayor," I said, in replying to the toast of the team, " you have honoured us far beyond our deserts. Nothing could be more generous than your hospitality. I miss only one thing. Four months ago, when we landed in South Africa, Cape Town was gaily decorated in our honour. To- day I did not see a single flag. Is it possible And then, fortunately, somebody laughed, and the ratherjawkward silence was broken. I am not likely to forget our first match against the Western Province at Rondesbosch. It was my privi- THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 91 lege to open the doubles, and I served two double faults in the first game. Perhaps there was some slight excuse. Just before going into court I had to make first a lightning decision and then a lightning change of clothes. It was like this. Through the good offices of Sir Francis (now Lord) Hopwood, a passenger in our outward vessel, whom I had met some years earlier at the Taff Vale railway strike, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia honoured our first match with their presence. Incidentally, since Sir Francis had to consult the Duke's pleasure as well as an inordinately heavy programme already fixed, I made no mention of the possible favour when we met the Westein Province officials on arrival. On the contrary, I said nothing when these gentlemen ex- pressed regret that every moment of the Duke's time was booked up. A day or two later, Hopwood having kept his word and squeezed our little show into the royal itinerary, I received a telegram from the Duke's private secretary giving the time of his arrival on the ground. The Club secretary could scarcely credit his senses when I asked whether special seats could be found for the distinguished visitors. The royal party arrived just as Dixon, to the consternation of the crowd, was winning a love set against Dr. Rowan, considered by the late R. F. Doherty to be the best player in Cape Colony. They stayed to the end of a much closer second set, won by Dixon after Rowan had led 5-4 and 40 love, and then the Duke asked me what match was to follow. I replied, " Another single, sir." " Isn't it rather hot for singles at this hour of the day ? " he said, expressing the hope that something might be seen of a double. The programme, of course, had not been altered in 92 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS any way. I could already see Gordon Lowe's South- African opponent coming out of the pavilion, and half guessed that Lowe was putting the final touches to his hair inside. Beamish and I were the first doubles pair down to play. We were both in ordinary clothes. Could the two matches be transposed ? I consulted the Western Province captain ; he said his two other men were quite ready and would go on. So the court was empty for five minutes while Beamish and I changed with the speed of variety artists. I remember that in the hurry I snatched up my partner's sweater, an almost exact replica of my own, wondering afterwards whether this mistake did not violate one of Ernest's cardinal rules. Had it put him off his game I should not have been surprised. However, it was the other way round. Beamish played well and confidently ; I could do nothing right for several games. As we were making some progress, our visitors' time expired, and the Duke, Duchess, and Princess all stepped down on the court and shook hands very graciously. Last year, at Cannes, I was amazed to find that the Duke had a vivid recollection of his visit to Rondesbosch and remembered Dixon's love set. Our itinerary was both long and arduous. Climatic changes were as varied as the scenery and mode of travel. Now the English summer of Cape Town, next the damper heat and strong nor'-wester of Port Elizabeth, reached by sea ; the alternate rich sunshine and heavy rain of the Eastern Provinces in November ; greater heat and heavier storms as we entered the Transvaal, passing from the vistas and verdure of Cape Colony to the rolling plains of the Karroo ; Bloem- fontein, fresher and greener than mining Kimberley, with luxuriant gardens shaded by willow and gum trees and watered by rain falling eighteen days out of thirty- THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 93 one in December ; once-besieged Ladysmith with its shade temperature on our match day of 92, presag- ing a dust-storm and brilliant lightning ; a drop of 3000 feet in a brake-straining train to humid but delightful Durban, the beauty city of South Africa ; up again to the drier heat of Maritzburg, capital of Natal ; so to the Rand and Johannesburg, 6000 feet above sea-level, with a heat so dry that one could perspire freely and run no risk of chill ; Pretoria with an atmosphere almost as hot but not so rarefied ; up country in the Zambesi Express, equipped with shower- bath, to tropical Rhodesia level going most of the time, quite unlike the switchback track of Natal ; the phenomena of the Victoria Falls, its spray visible ten miles away, its rain forest penetrated by the team in old suits of pyjamas ; a long and somewhat hazardous canoe journey on the great river to Livingstone, reached from the bank by trolley ; back to Salisbury, delightful at all times climatically, the home of sport and true hospitality ; Bulawayo and the unfenced Matoppos with its ever-impressive World's View ; a three-day trek by train back to Cape Town. On this long train journey, seemingly colourless to the un- observant, I thought of what G. W. Steevens, whose grave I inspected at Ladysmith, had written : " It is only to the eye that cannot do without green that the Karroo is unbeautiful ; every other colour meets others in harmony tawny sand, silver-grey scrub, crimson- lighted flowers like heather, black ribs of rock, puce shoots of screes, violet mountains in the middle dis- tance, blue fairy battlements guarding the horizon, and above all broods the intense purity of the South African azure not a coloured thing like the plants and the hills, but sheer colour existing by and for itself." 94 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS After a varied experience of railway travelling in many countries and under many conditions, I will only say that I slept better on the South African trains than on any other, and this in spite of steep gradients at many points. By good fortune I met at Port Elizabeth, our first entraining place, the Divisional Superintendent of the C.S.A.R., a most courteous official who had piloted Mr. Joseph Chamberlain on his memorable mission. Mr. Aspinall was good enough to place at our disposal a private coach with three compartments. This inestimable boon remained with us as far as Queenstown ; it was side-tracked with all our impedi- menta on board when we stopped a day or two to play a match, and was then tacked on to our train. Not that the ordinary sleeping accommodation was to be despised. Clean and adequate bedding could at that time be secured for a modest half-crown, and save for the noise of shunting at an occasional junction sleep could be wooed successfully. Feather buyers, cattle farmers, and other business men boasted of their placid slumber on board. If the air were taken outside during the day there was much to observe occasionally a herd of young elephants, ostriches on the borders of the Karroo, as common as grazing cattle, Kaffir huts whose inmates would sometimes run a long distance by the side of our saloon, offering wares and demanding pence ; farther north a veritable concert of humming insects. I do not think any of us found the thirty odd days spent on the rails either tedious or dull. It was a relief to rest our muscles after strenuous exercise, some- times a relief to get a respite from the riotous hos- pitality en route. A good deal of mild poker was played, no one man being either the richer or the THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 95 poorer at the finish. Matches were used instead of counters until we secured a supply of the latter at Durban. Lowe did not play, but condescended to smile on the fluctuating fortunes of the others. Dixon was cautious, Powell wily but often " broke/' Beamish and I rather irresponsible. Chancing to reach our saloon in advance of the others after dinner one night, Beamish and I arranged a little plant for Dixon and Powell. To allay any suspicion, the first pack was to be a normal hand ; when the second was dealt round it was designed that Dixon should hold four queens and Powell four kings. All went well. The two con- spirators, after drawing cards, threw in their hands casually. " Dickey " and Bobbie bid up with un- abating confidence until the former's natural coyness in all gambling transactions and Powell's air of supreme recklessness induced Dixon to " see." His surprise at finding himself beaten and Powell's dis- appointment at losing a much-needed fillip to his resources were only ended by the explosive laughter of those in the know. One of our pleasantest weeks was spent at Headquarters House, Pretoria. Field-Marshal Lord Methuen, then Commander-in-Chief in South Africa, had become a devotee of lawn tennis during the visit of Hillyard's team, and, a spectator of our first humble efforts at Cape Town, sent one of his Aides to me on the courts with an invitation for the whole team to visit him up country. Over two months elapsed before we reached the Rand, but immediately we got within call a telegram came renewing the offer of this kind hospitality. Thus the whole five of us came to spend a delightful Christmas under the Commander- in-Chief's roof. The little break was immensely appreciated. Christmas carols were sung at the 96 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS garrison church, a Christmas sermon was preached by the chaplain, and Christmas fare served at Lady Methuen's dinner-party at night, the temperature meanwhile registering 85 in the shade. Our host had two excellent private courts, and took a zealous hand himself in several informal sets. He will not mind, I am sure, if I relate an amusing incident. Gordon Lowe and Captain Beecher (A.D.C.) were opposing Lord Methuen and myself. My gallant partner had been wounded in action and could not move very quickly to return awkward balls. Lowe was playing a little too well for the occasion, and, picking up a ball with a view to showing him its peculiar seam, I called him to the net. There I suggested that our host should be given a little more useful practice ; balls should be placed within his reach. Judge of my consternation when at dinner that night Miss Methuen (now the Hon. Mrs. Geoffrey Howard), having overheard the injunc- tion, gave my little ruse away. Lord Methuen followed our tour closely to the end. He and Lady Methuen were daily visitors at the Johannesburg " Test/' They invited three of us to return to Headquarters House for a second visit (Dixon and Powell having private engagements to fulfil) ; came to watch our match against the Transvaal at Pretoria ; and, finally, Lord Methuen arranged to inspect troops at Cape Town when our last " Test " was due, and entertained us to a private lunch on the eve of our departure. " You had a little pressure on Monday/' Lord Methuen wrote to me after one of our Johannesburg matches ; " but my presence most of Saturday is certain to give you confidence. Don't let the Polo Ball beguile you. I go as a hateful duty/' Before we went up to the Victoria Falls, I re- THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 97 ceived a letter from Mr. G. C. Latham, secretary of the Livingstone Lawn Tennis Club, N.W. Rhodesia, in- viting us to extend our tour informally to this Empire outpost. " I am afraid/' he wrote, " we could not put up any sort of match against you, but if you have not had too much tennis already by that time it would be much appreciated if you would bring over tennis kit and play here one afternoon. We have two quite good courts and it would do us all good to see your team play." Mr. Latham proposed sending a launch to the Falls to bring us up the Zambesi. I telegraphed that we would certainly try and fit in this little trip, which promised a unique experience. Accordingly, a month later, we set out, not in a majestic launch, but in two small and frail canoes, a third canoe bearing our luggage. Our Matabele paddlers could not commune with us in our native tongue, but they made splendid progress through the conflicting currents ; we arrived without misadventure at the Livingstone boathouse. Trolleys propelled by natives and running on a light rail carried us to the township three miles distant. It was unmercifully hot, and I remember brushing bunches of tropical insects off my linen trousers as we shot forward on the trolley. The Administrator, Mr. A. L. Wallace, made us his guests at Government House. Having no newspaper to announce our arrival, the executive at the club adopted the device of parading a native sandwich boy, armed with a shell of beads which served as a rattle. On his back was a scroll of paper with these words inscribed in ink : " English tennis players will perform in Barotsi Centre when bell rings." And to prove that this announcement was genuine, when we drove up to the courts from Govern- ment House, a native rushed out of the gate clanging a bell and then dashed down the street. Our most 7 98 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS northerly court was also our softest ; each footstep made a clean imprint on the ant-heap. Rain cut short the programme on the first day, but next morning, the crier having collected the inhabitants, Beamish and Lowe played a close double against Dixon and myself. The " gate " in Barotsi Centre could not have been more appreciative, nor could we have enjoyed the trip more. Our visit to Stutterheim, the sheep-farming village at the base of the Matola Mountains, had its interesting features. On our progress up the coast we had seen only urban life, met only teams drawn from colonised towns. Here we encountered players essentially rural, their thoughts centred on the breeding of stock, their only opponents those who came to the village court. The enthusiasm of Stutterheim was boundless ; our visit was felt to be a unique event in the annals of the district. The magistrate and the doctor met us with Cape carts at the nearest station, four miles away, and drove us through pasture uplands, enticing in their early summer attire, to our hotel, where a Scottish hero of the Boer War was in charge. The court, cleared out of the forest, lay opposite. It had been laid down by the farmers only two days before our arrival. These sturdy fellows had gone out to the neighbouring veldt in a farm cart, collected enough ant-heap, and spread it tenderly over the old foundation, fearful lest a storm, all too frequent at this period, should nullify their efforts. Before testing its qualities we saw something of the surrounding country. Behind South African ponies, four-footed mountaineers to whom fatigue was unknown, we climbed through prosperous cultivation to the Kologa Forest, home of fir-capped falls. The doctor's ponies, we were told, had done their sixty miles a day without a murmur. The THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA 99 Kologa Forest was the shadiest place we had so far visited ; it was also the thickest in vegetation, and we had to pick our way warily through dense undergrowth and fallen trees over the winding burn to the falls. Ferns flourished abundantly in the clay soil, lending quite an English aspect to the scene. Tea and cakes made by the male hands of a local farmer were served by Kaffirs in a little clearing. Coming home, the South African ponies were given their heads with a vengeance ; no ride in the war zone could have been more exhilarating. That evening waggons and carts of all descriptions drawn by oxen had left home from within a radius of thirty miles for the courts. More came at sunrise next morning an unprecedented trek to watch a lawn tennis match. All these vehicles were drawn up Derby-fashion round the ant-heap court. Alas ! the morning heat presaged an afternoon storm. Only half our programme could be completed before the deluge swamped the surface. But enough was seen of the local players to kindle admiration not only for their zeal but for their strokes and strategy. Dixon was within two points of losing a set to Davis, a young farmer who had held the Border championship. He proved to be the first player we had then met in South Africa who dealt serenely with good length driving. Other farmers did well. It was agreed we should resume the next day, but the ground was still unplayable. At night we took lamps and picked our way, 'mid growling thunder overhead, to the local drill hall, when it was demonstrated that dancing was an accomplishment natural to the villagers. The unconquerable spirit of Cecil Rhodes seemed to hover over all our travels. We lunched with Mrs. Botha, the Prime Minister's wife, at Groote Schuur, 100 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS his old Cape Town home, inspecting many interesting treasures, including a wonderfully varied zoological collection imported from all parts and alive in the Park outside. At Kimberley we saw vivid evidence of his great industrial activities. We visited the De Beers mines and saw the intricate process by which blue hauled up from the bowels of the earth passes through the crushing mills and the pulsator, and throws out from its residue those dull-looking crystals which ultimately become brilliant diamonds. An inspection of one of the native compounds, which accommodated altogether nearly 12,000 natives, revealed the states- manship necessary to control labour. But those at meat sitting round the stoep fire looked anything but the depressed tools of capital. Of the twenty-four hours the native only worked eight ; the rest of the day was his own. Passing through every department of this vast organisation, with its humanising elements, one could not help admiring the brain of Cecil Rhodes which had conceived it. In his own land of Rhodesia, of course, many relics of its founder abounded. Here at the top of the majestic Matoppos, commanding the World's View, lies his tomb, at which, ascending in motors from Bulawayo, we paid our humble tribute to his memory. Rhodes' s governing principle was " Anything but failure/' We endeavoured to honour it on the lawn tennis courts of South Africa. Of thirty-one matches played only three were lost. One of them was the representative tie against South Africa at Johannes- burg. But the margin here was so small a matter of only two sets, with matches even that, since we won by a convincing margin at Durban and Cape Town, our record was not materially impaired. As it was, our defeat in the Reef City was due in the main to THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA. : 101 our failure in the doubles. R. B. was not his robust self when he partnered Lowe, and, with the latter tired after an exhausting single, this pair went down in a dust storm before Cockran and Kitson at the critical finish. Before this final double began we were actually a match to the good, and that after losing four matches out of six on the first day. Sound in wind and body, thoroughly acclimatised to a teasing altitude, without the strain of a long and exacting tour to impair their physical resources, our opponents undoubtedly had an advantage which, quite justifiably, they pushed home. Dixon, as I have mentioned, was within a stroke of defeat in singles both by Cockran and Kitson ; gallantly did he survive each encounter. Beamish, at his best on the high-bounding floor, also won both his singles. Lowe won one (against Gauntlett) an unexpected triumph ; R. B. failed in both, nor did he win a double. Later our left-hander more than atoned for these delinquencies. The crowds throughout South Africa were at all times sporting and generous. At Johannesburg the huge Rugby stands were filled with 5000 spectators, ever keen and appreciative of good play. Occasion- ally a facetious spirit would break out. " Had a good sleep, old man ? " was a question hurled at Gordon Lowe by a stentorian voice when, a little tardy over his toilet, he came into court. But none minded these mild pleasantries. I recall that great cheering was raised when G. H. Dodd lowered the colours of Beamish on the Wanderers* Court, proving it to be no fluke by beating the same player in the final at Eastbourne last year on a surface as pudding to the iron floor of Johannesburg. Whether we played before hardy sportsmen, well versed in international contests, in the larger cities, or the lonely farmers of the interior, TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS or the exiled enthusiasts in distant Rhodesia, the same spirit of Empire camaradeiie pervaded our contact with the crowd. " I want to see the Home team do well/' a Johannesburger said to me before the " Test/' He meant our team. CHAPTER VII AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS IN lawn tennis annals the year 1920 will be re- garded as America's own. Brilliant as the achieve- ments of her players had been in the past, though the United States had produced two winners of the All Comers singles at Wimbledon one of them subse- quently to beat both Brookes and Wilding within three days in New York though there had been more young players of promise in America than in any country of the world, national ambition had been thwarted in two main directions. No American since Wimbledon was invented had ever won either the singles or the doubles championships. The Davis Cup, founded in America by an American, had proved almost a will-o'-the-wisp to the strong American teams which hunted it in England and Australasia. Only once in twenty years had a challenge round been won out of America, and then by the narrowest possible margin. It almost seemed as if American champions who took ship to some foreign land carried with them some hoodoo, some luckless symbol of defeat. But in 1920 every adverse precedent was broken, every quest was successful. Both the championships at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup were captured in a manner at once unique and conclusive. Before the war nobody in this country not watching the schooling- grounds of America had ever heard either of Tilden or Johnston. R. N. Williams had graduated in 103 104 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Europe and had been marked out for distinction before he came to Wimbledon in 1913 ; but Garland was then a boy of sixteen with his name unmade. Yet these four between them achieved objectives for which, for nearly two generations, their countrymen had striven in vain. Tilden was a new-comer to Wimbledon. He won the singles championship at his first attempt. Williams and Garland, after beating Tilden and Johnston, became doubles champions. They had not played together in their own country ; virtually they were a scratch pair. More notable even than their triumphs at Wimbledon, because their opponents were the elect of France, England, and Australia, and because the test was more rigidly imposed, the Americans won the Davis Cup without losing a single match in three rounds. Neither Tilden nor Johnston had played in the international champion- ship before. In turn they defeated, both in singles and doubles, Gobert and Laurentz of France, Parke and Kingscote of England, and Brookes and Patterson of Australia. A brilliant sequence of victories over which our cousins on the other side may be permitted their meed of jubilation ! While joining in this hymn of praise, I am not so prejudiced as to imagine that America's newly-found crown cannot be shaken, nor, conceivably, removed ; nor can the fact be overlooked that America, as a result of the war interregnum, had certain advantages over her competitors. Australasia lost Wilding and Arthur O'Hara Wood in the war ; we ourselves had many losses among first-class players. In England, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium and France the development of natural resources was arrested in a manner far more exacting and over a period of time considerably longer than in America. Certainly Europe \ AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 105 had not settled down after her great upheaval when the United States shipped her invaders to these shores last June. For nearly five years in the belligerent countries there had been a suspension of organised lawn tennis ; fires had to be restoked, machinery had to be overhauled, muscles tightened up, the ball re- focused, even competitive zeal rekindled. America only suspended her official championship for one year ; in the lands of her rivals there was a gap of five years. America has always relied on young men to wage her lawn tennis battles abroad ; she has many of them and can afford to discriminate. England and Australasia, and in less measure France, have, by habit and necessity, relied on older players. When a man is nearer forty than thirty, the suspension of match play for five years is a serious, and may prove a fatal, handicap. Personally I regard, the record of Parke and Kingscote at Wimbledon last year with as much pride as any American can demonstrate over the performances of Tilden and Johnston. Both were in the war from the start, both remained in it to the end ; both were under hot fire on many occasions and were lucky to escape with their lives. Yet, without any practice worthy of the name for five years, Parke beat Johnston in the championships and Kingscote was within measurable distance of beating Tilden in the same event. In the Davis Cup tie between England and America there was one crucial moment in three out of the five matches when our men had secured a winning position, and might, with a little more luck and conceivably with a little more pre-war " push," have converted victory into defeat. In putting these facts on record, one does not wish to moderate the note of triumph which America may justly strike; their recital cannot dim the lustre of 106 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Tilden and Johnston. But they help to preserve our perspective all the same. America owes her supreme position in the lawn tennis world to-day to several factors. We may examine them a little closely, for they possibly offer lessons to ourselves and to others. America is a young country, animated with the zeal and spontaneity of youth. Century-old traditions do not encumber her ; she need not and does not recoil instinctively from action without precedent. Some of us in England may cavil at this spirit of independence. Its extrava- gances may ruffle our sense of dignity, strain our con- ception of modesty ; but even the most prejudiced cannot deny the American his confidence, his genius for organisation, and his concentration. Caution, composure, and restraint are excellent qualities for countries unmenaced by competition, either in trade or in sport ; they may prove negative and even nugatory traits in a twentieth century that has broken down old frontiers and old dynasties, shifted habits as well as inhabitants, and given democracy a unique incentive. Just as initiative is the opposite to in- anition, so the strong and the free, regardless of tradition, must come to their own in the new world. Organisation on broad and ambitious lines has made lawn tennis a national pastime in the United States. Imported forty-five years ago from England, like many other good things, the game appeals in- stinctively to the individualistic and combative qualities in the American. Nothing indecisive attracts him ; he could never tolerate the drawn cricket match. The spectacular attributes of first-class lawn tennis, its call both for force and finesse, its opportunity for the sprinter, the contiguity of the players to the crowd, the fact that thousands of people at one and AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 107 the same time may watch every varying phase in a miniature battle in which strategy counts as much as strokes and counter-strategy and counter-strokes win the day essentially these are elements dear to the American heart. And not in one State more than another. The game is pursued as vigorously in San Francisco as in New York ; in the heart of the Union as on the fringe of its far-stretched frame. To say that it is a school and university game is to give it the place and vogue of cricket and football in England. If we have half a dozen nurseries for young players, America has half a thousand. In a pushful, democratic country all things are possible, and the development of lawn tennis from its early introduction by the wealthier classes to its present incorporation into industrial life has been nothing less than remarkable. Municipalities have helped materially by constructing permanent public courts. From the Central Park at San Francisco have emerged such giants as McLoughlin and Johnston, followed and preceded by other first-class players. Conceive how youthful imagination in a city like 'Frisco is fired when two of its natives, recently boys on its public courts, attain to the international fame of McLoughlin and Johnston! Is it surprising that when Tilden paid a flying and quite informal visit to this municipal nursery a few months ago, and played doubles in turn with some of the most promising boys in the district, the excitement among the budding champions should have broken all precedent ? Tilden did more than strengthen his own popularity by this simple act ; he established a visible and practical ideal among hundreds who possessed the power to reach it. As a recreation for the million^ lawn tennis has recently taken a strong leap forward in America. 108 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Many industrial companies have laid down first-class courts in their athletic grounds and encouraged workers to play. In Beloit, Wisconsin, one company alone has provided facilities for 200 employees. In the cotton mills of the south the mill-owners have built so many courts that an inter-mill league has recently been founded. In Chicago the Commercial League has been holding matches for many years ; similar organisations flourish elsewhere. Rochester, equipped with a model Industrial Athletic Association, with a long waiting list of firms anxious to join, has now forty-four industrial courts and is building about twenty more. Lawn tennis in Rochester is regarded as a strike-breaker. I mention these few facts not with the intention of disparaging our own institutions nor in the belief that the introduction of American methods into the European system is necessarily practical or to be desired ; but they explain why America is able to provide a never-ceasing stream of young and active players, able by their training, environment, and inherent qualities to challenge the supremacy of the world. The resources of America are so vast and self-contained, facilities for transport so extensive, that no limitations of climate or surface need deter the enthusiast nor restrict his programme. He can play all the year round without crossing his own boundaries ; he may play on clay, cement, or brick- dust as easily as on turf ; he can even use an indoor court carpeted with battleship linoleum a very good floor it is too ; he may play in a public park after dark, his fellow-citizens sharing the expense of lighting the court under municipal control ; in fact, he may, if he choose, play all round the calendar and all round the clock. AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 109 When it comes to organising a big event a national championship meeting or a Davis Cup tie the American is in his element. It is a business affair, anticipated, planned out, conducted, and " boosted " on business lines. Than the championship court at Forest Hills, New York, no arena in ancient Rome, prepared for its gladiators, could provide more excite- ment, nervous strain, or noise. My feelings in 1914 when I saw Brookes play McLoughlin before a throng of nearly 13,000 spectators were conflicting. It was early August and the heat in New York so devitalising that I remember getting out of bed three times during the previous night and taking a cooling shower-bath doubtless a baneful expedient. But this high, humid temperature only served to emphasise one's admira- tion for officials who " bossed " the series of matches so efficiently, and for the players who came to them and engaged in them with no sign of exhaustion or dismay. And yet, while the English visitor could not fail to be impressed with the enterprise and acumen of the authorities and to find inspiration in their methods and even in their confidence, he missed that element of informality, the atmosphere of spontaneity, almost of improvisation, which makes Wimbledon and St. Cloud so attractive. I suppose modern championship lawn tennis has now become such a serious affair, engrossing so much time and thought and demanding its own special machinery, that certain traditions must inevitably crumble. The Americans are only prudent to build on broad, solid, and permanent lines. Nor do the members of the American governing body ever lose sight of the fact that lawn tennis is an amateur pastime, a pastime clean and strong, drawing its strength inherently from articles of faith undisturbed by expansion. Not once 110 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS but many times have Americans taken the lead in checking abuses and in safeguarding the amateur status. They may do things on a larger scale than Europe and invest some of these things with a greater advertisement than they possibly deserve, but both their enterprise and their zeal are directed to advance the interests of lawn tennis as a whole and not of any individuals who may be pursuing it. Forest Hills has not always been the championship ground. Until 1915 the American national meeting was held at Newport, Rhode Island, a social rendezvous invested with sea breezes and the vivacious attributes of wealth in holiday mood. Admirably managed by a capable committee, the tournament lacked nothing save accommodation to seat the increasing thousands who desired to watch its progress, and facilities to transport them from the cities. When the West Side Club at Forest Hills, New York, prepared their stage for the Davis Cup contest in 1914, the authorities were quick to realise that here was a very tempting alter- native to Newport, one which would permit the largest urban crowds to patronise the game. So the change was made, and if the climatic conditions at Forest Hills are less favourable to strenuous and continuous combat than those nearer the Atlantic, and if the social amenities may not be so pleasant, the sterner business side has gained. Considerable extensions to meet public requirements have been carried out at the West Side Club since I was there seven years ago. The surface of the show courts has been Wimbledonised as far as possible, the seating facilities increased, and the organisation generally rendered about as efficient as the most punctilious could desire. Seating himself in a Pullman at the New York terminus, the visitor, having purchased his programme AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 111 on the train, reaches the pavilion enclosure within half an hour. In his wisdom he clads himself lightly, shading his eyes with a broad-brimmed hat and girding his neck with something that does not melt into pulp. Before him, making three sides of a turf square, he sees lawn tennis " fans " seated on tiers in mass forma- tion a vast throng of eager, articulate spectators. Very few greybeards are found in the stands in vain a search is made for the old croquet lady who comes to Wimbledon ; the crowd is essentially of playing age and playing zest. While the majority of its units are drawn from New York offices as many girls as men a considerable percentage are pilgrims from other cities, supporters of their local competitors. The arena, when I was there, had three courts a doubles court in the centre and two singles courts outside. The middle court is not used while the other two are in commission ; on the biggest occasion only one match is staged " inside." The run-back and side-run are thus beyond cavil ; indeed, so generous are they that the spectator seated in a back row does not get anything like so detailed a view of the play as at Wimbledon. On the other hand, the players undoubtedly gain. They do not feel that the crowd are caging them in, perhaps restraining some of their ardour in hunting full- pitching lobs, unconsciously affecting the morale of all but the most experienced. I remember playing an exhibition double on the Davis Cup court at Forest Hills, pairing up with Bobbie Powell against Doust and Dunlop, and feeling almost as if one were engaging in a private match under first-class conditions. One visualised the moving crowds as waves of wheat on a wind-swept field, and the applause, if one were ever conscious of it, almost sounded like a distant sym- phony. I can well believe that this material differ- 112 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS ence in environment influenced Johnston's play at Wimbledon last year, as it had affected several of his countrymen before. Great drivers need a maximum of elbow-room; the court is the same size, but their perspective of its dimensions is singular. S. H. Smith and Parke, other great drivers, were influenced in the same way. The broader setting of Forest Hills is more pleasing to Johnston's eye than the centre court at Wimbledon. The American championships differ from our own in several other respects. The doubles championship is decided at another tournament and on another date. There are no ladies' events at Forest Hills. Regarding the singles championship as the national crown, the authorities set their faces sternly against any encroach- ment on its prestige or its progress. Thus, so far as possible, they ensure equitable conditions for all com- petitors. The need for varying the programme to please the gallery does not concern them. The crowd share their view and will gather just as thickly to watch young giants battling for supremacy in singles. Nor does America yet possess its Lenglen, and if it did the facilities of Philadelphia or any other city where the woman's championship is held could cater for her admirers. Our conservative instincts may repel any desire to divorce the two championships in England, but if our object is to provide the highest standard of skill in the most important event of the year, the psychological factor must be considered. It is not a little singular that both Brookes and Patterson and Tilden and Johnston should have lost matches in the doubles championship at Wimbledon matches they were expected to win and which would doubtless have given them the titles after they had watched ladies' AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 118 contests on the same court. Their opponents, less sure of their chances, kept away from the stands. I hope I shall not be considered ungallant if I say that some of the ladies* matches at Wimbledon, interspersed between men's matches, strike a note of incongruity. A few of the men's ties may do the same thing, though not in the same measure. There is much to be said for the American method. Possibly some com- promise may be practicable at the new Wimbledon a continuous and undiverted run of male events, and then, or vice versa, a corresponding sequence of ladies' events. To their umpiring and lining the Americans bring those qualities of directness and circumspection which are inherent. Their umpiring is definitely organised, its system rehearsed ; ours is like the British Con- stitution, a matter of tradition and instinct and of improvisation. The best English umpires such men as Commander Hillyard, Dr. F. H. Pearce, Mr. E. W. Timmis, and other " chairmen " at Wimbledon are superior to any in the world, and the fact that English umpires are preferred on the Continent to any others is a pleasing and, I think, deserved tribute. Never- theless, mainly through lack of effective organisation, tournament umpiring in this country, while possibly more tactful than tournament umpiring in the States, is slacker and less well-informed. Our cousins have lately founded a National Umpires' Association com- posed mainly of players and ex-players. Its resources are drawn upon at most open meetings and its members carry out the umpiring at the championships. The whole business is arranged " according to plan." The referee, beset with other worries, is not required to mobilise his corps of linesmen ten minutes before the match starts ; these have all been nominated and 8 114 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS their places allotted the day before. Each official and in big matches the number is as many as fourteen receives a plan of the court indicating his exact position on it. He is instructed to attend at a definite time, and it is the duty of the " chairman " to have his table arranged completely for the feast before the players come in. Invariably players, past and present, are chosen to adjudicate on these important occasions, and they must possess an intimate knowledge of the rules ; enthusiasm alone is not enough. Independent of the linesmen is the foot-fault judge a more respon- sible authority even than the umpire, since the latter (apart from calling lets) only registers the decisions of his subordinates and announces the score to the crowd. The foot-fault judge, although he may be relieved in a long match, officiates at both base-lines alternately. He confines himself entirely to adjudicat- ing the service. His attention is diverted by no other duty. When I was in New York, W. A. Larned, seven times singles champion of America, was the foot-fault judge in the Davis Cup doubles. As every one of the four players (Brookes, Wilding, McLoughlin, and Bundy) followed in his service with maximum speed, the office was most onerous. Larned discharged it with complete satisfaction to all concerned. When he foot-faulted, as he found it necessary to do on rare occasions (happily, none of them vital), he signalled to the umpire with his hand and the man in the chair called the foot-fault. The latter is, of course, on the look out for this signal ; if he were not, the false start would inflict an undue strain. I was struck with the smooth and efficient working of this plan. Its efficiency depends, of course, on the capacity of the man on the line ; above all, he must have the confidence of all the players. AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 115 I come now to the style and methods of American players. In England, as across the Atlantic, the game may be divided into epochs, each governed by the strokes and tactics, and not imperceptibly by the temperaments, of its contemporary champions. If evolution has been quicker in America than in England, because of the greater material available, and because of climatic and training advantages, it is only within the last year or two that any marked superiority in standard has been manifested. Even the supremacy of the American Davis Cup team in 1920 and the individual successes of the Americans at Wimbledon are not unconnected with the shorter break in develop- ment which the war imposed on our cousins. I have mentioned this factor previously, and it cannot be overlooked. Nevertheless the strokes and methods of Tilden and Johnston, different though they may be, embody a crystallisation of ideas, both physical and mental, which advances beyond the standard previously set up in either country. You cannot compare one artist with another unless you visualise at the same time their relative opportunities for progress and the degree of opposition which they were asked to overcome respectively. You cannot compare the Dohertys with Tilden and Johnston unless you can first gauge the relative ideals for which both were aiming. H. L. Doherty came nearer to reaching his ideal than Tilden, but Tilden's objective is higher than Doherty's. Not to admit that is to declare that the standard of the game has either remained stationary or gone back. Personally I believe it has gone forward, and the Americans, through their young and zealous athletes, have done the lion's share of the pushing. When I recall that Larned, Beals Wright, and Hoi- combe Ward were the contemporaries of the Dohertys I 116 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS in their prime and that all could be relied upon to stretch the British champions to their limit both in singles and doubles, and when I remember that these level matches were waged by Americans admittedly possessing limitations men who were specialists rather than all-court players I find strong prima facie evidence to support my own case. It may be claimed for the Dohertys that no American has repro- duced, even with less grace, the best strokes of these brothers. The back-hand drive of R. F. down the line and H. L/s faultlessly placed smash from any part of the court were, and still remain, incomparable. But the strain and character of modern match-play is appreciably greater to-day than it was fifteen years ago ; it undoubtedly demands a greater speed of foot, a wider category of stroke, and a more aggressive attack. Physically in their resources of stamina Tilden and Johnston are superior to the giants of the past ; they are not only younger, but are better trained men ; their experience is as great and the nervous strain imposed on them appreciably greater. Until last year no American invader had satisfied his own or his country's ambition at Wimbledon. Two before Tilden had reached the last stage ; both had failed, and against the same player, because their ground strokes were not equal to the strain of a long and exacting match. Their successor in 1920 was not as finished in some departments as these two certainly he was not so deadly overhead as McLoughlin but he was armed at points where they were not ; the whole was greater than the part. I wish Tilden could have been put to the same test as Beals Wright and McLoughlin could have opposed Wilding in the challenge round. The Wilding of 1910 he would have beaten ; I am not at all sure about the Wilding of AMERICA AND AMERICAN INVADERS 117 1913. It is true McLoughlin beat Wilding, as he beat Brookes, in 1914 ; and I agree with Lamed that Tilden's greater variety of stroke and infinite resources as revealed in 1920 would have proved too much for McLoughlin, even in his gala year. But the Wilding of 1914 in America was not the best Wilding, and I am inclined to think that, given maximum zeal and training, the latter would have applied the same methods of attack to the present champion as Johnston, and applied them a little more effectively. Yet Tilden is a better player at twenty-seven than Wilding was at the same age. When Tilden reaches Wilding's zenith year he will probably be better than Wilding ever was. Johnston, too, will move forward. Nor will the advance be restricted to any two or three players. America is rich in potential champions and richer still in the instinct for development revealed by those who lead lawn tennis on the other side. CHAPTER VIII DAVIS CUP MATCHES HOW much lawn tennis owes to Mr. D wight F. Davis, of St. Louis, U.S.A., it is impossible to estimate. Called by any other name, his silver bowl might be, like the marconigram, as useful and as epoch-making. But unless D wight Davis had given his idea practical conception through the governing bodies of America and Britain, the game would certainly have lost a powerful incentive. Originated twenty years ago as an annual contest between England and America, the Davis Cup has promoted a championship far more international than its designation implies. Last century the game was played in watertight compartments. It is now played, as it were, on a court so extended that its base-lines are fixed in different hemispheres. Hands across the sea is synonymous with hands across the net. America and England, the joint founders of the Davis Cup, have added to their company, first other nations of Europe, like France and Belgium, then the British Oversea Dominions, next other Continental countries, Holland and Spain, and now Oriental countries like India and Japan. A common interest has extended far beyond the players actually concerned, year by year, in the Davis Cup contest ; it has created a sympathetic bond between all the players, high and low, in the various countries. Who will doubt that the camaraderie 118 DAVIS CUP MATCHES 119 engendered by sport has been strengthened through this friendly clash of rackets, first at one end of the earth and then at the other between Americans and Australians in New Zealand, British and Americans at Wimbledon, the French and Belgians at Brussels, the Dutch and South Africans at Arnheim ? Golf may mix her giants on both sides of the Atlantic and in France, cricket may interchange her teams between England and Australia, polo and yachting may kindle international rivalry between America and ourselves. Lawn tennis through the Davis Cup spreads her net over a much wider field. The most cosmopolitan of all ball games has its boundaries fixed only by civilisa- tion. Its devotees require no passport ; they find every court open to them. The Davis Cup has advertised this world movement like nothing else could. Its matches have been of supreme educational value. The standard of the game has been advanced not only by the matches themselves, regarded as ex- hibitions of modern skill and strategy, but by the stimulant left behind on the rank and file. If this be true of the older lawn tennis countries like England, America, and France, what must the effect be in less accessible countries like Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa ? What will the effect be in Japan a few years hence ? The first three Davis Cup matches were decided in America. They were matches between England and America, contests conforming to the original idea of the founder. If the reader desires an intimate diary of these earlier engagements, he may care to consult a little book l I wrote a few years ago. Therein he will find set out the story of the courageous, if unsuccessful, invasion by Gore, Roper Barrett, and E. D. Black, the 1 The Story of the Davis Cup (Methuen). 120 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS deep impression made on this team by the American service, then a new-fangled weapon, and by courts and balls very different from our own. He will read of the failure of the Doherty-Pim mission in 1902, its causes and its object-lessons, and of the triumphant tour of the Doherty brothers a year later a second visit which exported to this country not only the Davis Cup but the singles and doubles championships of the United States. For three years England defended the cup without the loss of a match. I witnessed all these matches. Of those in 1905 and 1906 the abiding impression re- mains that America was distinctly unlucky not to win one of the ten. Indeed, the 1905 challenge round will probably be remembered, despite its five-love victory for the Home team, as one of the closest, as it was certainly one of the best, in the history of the Cup. For America to lose two five-set singles against H. L. Doherty and to come within a few strokes of vanquish- ing the Doherty brothers on their own court, demon- strates the formidable character of the attack. It was not an attack so young in limb nor so versatile in stroke as that launched by the Americans of 1920, but the opposing skill was of a higher calibre and the close character of the contest was unquestionably a tribute to Ward, Wright, and Larned. Elsewhere I refer to Ward's dramatic match against the younger Doherty. Larned had much superior equipment off the ground ; he fought the British champion on more orthodox lines ; but his effort, if less thrilling in its opening stages than Ward's, was really more threatening, for he led H. L. by two sets to one and was still in the running for the match in the fourth set. Our second string, Smith, defeated Larned with the loss of only one set, though all four DAVIS CUP MATCHES 121 were close, and he beat Clothier (who deputised for Ward when the issue was decided) quite easily results which, even more than the Doherty singles, revealed the relative superiority of the English driving at that time. To the mind of the American volleyer, Smith was wielding a heavy sword, Doherty only a rapier ; and while the finesse of the second might in a long duel defeat the force of the first, the American preference for short engagements (or at any rate for matches with a mid-course respite) made Doherty a less difficult problem than Smith. I regard the doubles match between the Dohertys and Ward and Wright as one of the finest I have ever had the good fortune to witness. It may have lacked on either side the fierce, destructive service which McLoughlin or Tilden can supply, but the ground strokes of the brothers, especially R. F/s backhand service returns down the line, H. L.'s quiet but fault- less smashing of deep lobs, the cross volleying of Ward and Wright, checked or deep as the occasion offered, and, above all, the wonderful manner in which the two visitors hunted and recovered smashes " in the country " these, and the fluctuating fortunes of each side, gave a rare quality and excitement to the battle. The Americans richly deserved their ovation at the finish. They had suffered the worst of the luck, and the crowd did not forget the fact. Once at a critical stage in the fifth set, when every stroke was of vital consequence, Wright served a winner to R. F. from the left-hand court. The ace would have meant the game an index game. R. F. made no attempt to return the service ; he was under the impression so he informed me afterwards that the score was deuce and that H. L. was receiving. The hallucination not uncommon in long and tense 122 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS contests might have cost the brothers the match. The Americans dissolved the look of perplexity on the umpire's face by demanding a let. They subse- quently lost the point and the game. It was a fine act of sportsmanship. Again, at a later and even more momentous stage I think when the brothers were within a stroke of losing the vantage game in the fifth set, with Ward's service to follow Ward, in negotiating a decisive kill at short range, grazed the net in his downward swing. The aberration cost his side the game, for the Dohertys went out at 8-6. 1 A week before this challenge round at Wimbledon there had been some memorable matches in the pre- liminary round at Queen's. Both Brookes and Wilding made their Davis Cup debut against Austria, Brookes with his terrifying service proving much too for- midable for Kinzl and von Wesseley, and Wilding, then at Cambridge, winning both his singles against the same players with the loss of one set in four. A partnership that was to become famous subsequently was then founded. On July 14, 1905, Brookes and Wilding, strangers alike to each other's method and personality, played their first double, and it is yet a further proof of what familiarity in double harness means that the young Austrians should have pressed them hard in two sets out of three. The match which followed against America was chiefly remarkable for the defeat of Brookes in all his three ties. Wright beat him after one of the longest volleying duels ever fought a match similar in length, though not in standard, to their great battle at Mel- bourne three years later. There were two sets, the first and third, of twenty-two games each, and both 1 The full score in favour of the Dohertys was 8-10, 6-2, 6-2, 4-6, 8-6. DAVIS CUP MATCHES 123 were won by Wright. The other two were close. The service played a great part in the match and nearly dominated it ; but Brookes was then serving his googly exclusively, and Wright, coming from the land of break services, was a little less embarrassed by this attack than was Brookes by Wright's persistent chopping to the Australian's backhand during the rallies. Both men, of course, were left-handers, and even the seasoned student, anticipating the moves ahead, had to remind himself constantly of the in- verse strategy. Larned revealed the strength of his ground strokes by beating Brookes in three sets, the first a prodigious affair of twenty-six games, the second and third, with Brookes tiring, easy bouts. In the doubles, Wright and Ward gave an earnest of their power a week later nearly equal to the task of overcoming the Dohertys by beating Brookes and Dunlop by three sets to one. The 1906 matches will always be associated with the retirement of the Dohertys from international lawn tennis. The brothers left the Davis Cup arena at Wimbledon with an unbeaten record, a feat only equalled among Englishmen by S. H. Smith. While H. L. retained his skill to the end Ward never looked like taking him Into five sets again there was less " devil " about his game. In his second singles, R. D. Little, never one of the greatest Americans though always a punitive volleyer, took two sets from him a sign of dallying rather than decay. Little used a forehand drive-volley on the run with great effect, but his ground work was uncertain, and once he fell back the end was certain. On the other hand, R. F. was obviously not equal to the strain of a big " five-setter." He was pressed into the doubles reluctantly, and the brothers managed to stave off 124 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS successfully a determined assault by Ward and Little, who won twenty-three games to their opponents' twenty-nine ; but in the rapid volleying exchanges and in overhead play R. F.'s slower mobility was a relative weakness, and few of his intimates were alto- gether surprised when, a fortnight later, Smith and Riseley beat the Dohertys for the second time in the challenge round of the doubles championship. Strewn about earlier chapters will be found several references to the brothers' influence on the game. In the Davis Cup annals their name will ever be associated with the first capture of the trophy from America and its staunch defence for three years in England. But even more permanent than their play was the example of their sportsmanship. The Dohertys founded a tradition in international courtesy ; the moral side of the Davis Cup gained immeasurably by their early participation in the contest. In 1907 a new page in Davis Cup history was turned. The competition ceased to be an annual battle between England and America with one or two European countries affording gun practice to the pre- destined challenger ; it became an affair of continents. Only two matches were played in 1907, both at Wimbledon, but these proved to be two of the most strenuous, two of the closest, on record. Australasia survived them both and won the Cup for the first time. Aggregate strokes do not affect the decision of matches, but it is worth noting that in the first tie America won 672 points to Australasia's 703 and in the second England's winning strokes were only 29 less than America's. Considering that the Dohertys and Smith had both dropped out of the home team, England relying exclusively on two players who had failed in the first match of 1900, the second result was a great DAVIS CUP MATCHES 125 tribute to the fighting ardour of Gore and Roper Barrett. The Americans would probably have beaten Australasia if Karl Behr, their second string, had been as good a general as Beals Wright. Behr was a great artist and could never give the gallery a dull moment ; his volleying sorties were dramatic in their intensity and often overwhelming in their effect ; he was a brilliant specialist. In addition to his strokes, which, when under control, brooked no resistance, his idiosyncrasies on court were rather disturbing to an opponent. After sprinting to the net behind his service rather like an aeroplane following a torpedo, and either killing the return outright or closing the rally with a " misfire," Behr would run his fingers through his long black hair, pause for meditation, turn solemnly round, and then walk with slow, tragic step back to the base-line. The time saved by the hit-or- miss character of his volleying was more than lost by these long intervals between the rests. Wilding was not a very experienced match player in 1907, but he gave proof of his inflexible will in his single against Behr. The match went into five sets ; not once but several times would the American have made his position secure by a little more circumspection. He missed a " sitter " at short range in the fifth set which, had the chance been accepted, would have made him 4-2. It was his last brilliant error, for he did not win another game. That foozled smash poss- ibly settled the destiny of the Cup. As Wright beat Wilding on the first day, and the Americans beat Brookes and Wilding after a great double on the second cunningly, Wright and Behr had not unmasked all their guns when meeting the same pair in the champion- ships another victory would have brought them into 126 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS the challenge round against a team they would doubt- less have overcome. No defence was more unexpectedly stubborn than that provided by Gore and Roper Barrett in 1907. Brookes had just won the championship by the genius of his service and volleying ; Wilding, with whom he secured the doubles championship, had taken him into five sets, a feat no English competitor achieved. Yet these two Australasians, fortified by success over the strong American team, only beat England by the odd match in five. Gore's exhibition of driving against Brookes, though unproductive of a set, would have demoralised all but the greatest opponent. He frequently scored aces outright off Brooke's best services. Without a similar response to the Aus- tralian's opening stroke, Barrett was quickly beaten, but Wilding, defeated by Gore, might well have fallen a victim to Barrett's guile had he not, with great tenacity, held on to and won the fourth set. I have mentioned the doubles in a previous chapter a match which, if lacking the volleying crispness of 1921, will ever be memorable in the annals of Wimbledon. Australasia carried the Davis Cup across the southern seas and held it for four years. There was no competition in 1910, but in 1908, 1909, and 1911 the attack on the holders assumed a uniform course. In each of these three years we sent an English team to America ; on each occasion the home side won. But when the Americans carried their challenge across the Pacific they came back empty-handed. The excursions of American players in Australia and New Zealand are particularly noteworthy for several reasons. The Davis Cup has done much to foster camaraderie between distant countries. That was one of the objectives of those controlling its DAVIS CUP MATCHES 127 destinies, and it has been strikingly achieved. Before Beals Wright and Alexander went to Melbourne in 1908 the game of lawn tennis had a local rather than a national vogue. Norman Brookes had won the cham- pionship a year earlier, it is true, but the honour had been gained several thousand miles away, and there was no player in Australia then who could play a level match with Brookes in public. Indeed, Brookes about fifteen years ago was almost a product of the private lawn ; virtually his only opponent was his brother, to whom he could give thirty and a beating. The Australian public had been rather sceptical about the athletic qualities of lawn tennis. In 1908 their eyes were opened. When they saw Norman Brookes and Beals Wright battling for five sets in a hot north wind, with the temperature at 102 Fahr. in the shade, the future of international lawn tennis in Australia was assured. This single indeed the whole five matches in the contest- will always be memorable. The test of stamina and fortitude was one of the most severe ever imposed in amateur sport. Wright had won the first two sets with the loss of only three games ; he lost the third set at 7-5 after being on the threshold of victory, and the fourth at 6-2. The fifth set yielded twenty-two games before the American, with a shade more reserve than his rival, nosed his way out. To appreciate the strain of this struggle you must remember that the previous day, just as hot and devital- ising, Brookes and Wilding had fought and won a five- set double against Wright and Alexander. Anthony Wilding told me that he regarded this double not only as the most exciting, but as providing the highest class tennis of his career. Australia won the first two sets, America the third and fourth. The visitors took the first three games in the fifth set an advantage which 128 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS in a fast match, on a fast court and in a bright light, seemed almost decisive. But at this stage Brookes, who had declined temporarily, rushed back to form. Four-all was called, and at 5-4 Wilding had the service. His side went sternly to 40-15. A universal " Oh ! " echoed round the arena when Wilding served a double fault. Wright scored with a smash, Brookes netted. 'Vantage to America. A magnificent rally followed, and in it Wright fell. Alexander, close in, played his two opponents single-handed. Three times he volleyed fine volleys, then netted one of Wilding's famous dipping drives. In what proved to be the last rally of all, Alexander fell in a tremendous effort to reach the ball near the side-boards. Wright was behind him and tossed just over the base-line. Seven thousand throats cheered that match, as well they might in 102 Fahr. I like to remember, as evidence of its admirable sporting tone, that never a line decision was questioned by look or gesture, and that the four competitors pooled their drinks at the umpire's stand. This was Wright's Davis Cup match. He beat both Brookes and Wilding in the singles. Alexander took Brookes into a fifth set on the opening day ; on the last day he was done, and Wilding beat him fairly comfortably, thus deciding the Cup's fate. Next year America made a bold experiment. Two young Californians, little more than boys, were dis- patched to Sydney to face the redoubtable Brookes and Wilding. The youngsters were beaten, but even the shrewd Australian captain underestimated their abilities. McLoughlin won a set from Wilding. Melville Long should have won a set from Brookes. In the doubles the Americans hunted the home pair all the way home, and won twenty games to their twenty- seven. One cannot doubt that the introduction of DAVIS CUP MATCHES 129 fresh, young blood into the Davis Cup arena was sagacious policy. Five years later the red-haired youth from San Francisco beat both Brookes and Wilding (the latter in his last public single) on his own soil. Never was there greater lawn tennis surprise than America's defeat in her third Australasian expedition in 1911. Her supporters were in high fettle, as well they might be. W. A. Larned (seven-time champion of U.S.A.), Beals Wright (the hero of the 1908 match), and McLoughlin (much improved) were the challenging side. The defenders were without Wilding, detained in England on business ; they relied on R. W. Heath and A. W. Dunlop to support Brookes. The great invading team failed to win a match. There were some extenuating circumstances. The weather at Christchurch was in bad form ; Larned had contracted rheumatism, Wright was indisposed ; the court was soft. Yet the result was astonishing. McLoughlin was the only man among the visitors who shone. He played brilliantly in the doubles, paired with Wright, and took Brookes into five sets on the last day. The defeat of Larned by Heath on the first day was a result unexpected by winner and loser alike. Larned was never seen at his best out of America ; but he went there, as Pirn went to America in 1902, after his zenith. By the irony of fate, England, beaten thrice successively on American courts, was victorious in Australia on her first invasion. America was recuper- ating ; England slipped in and achieved a seemingly hopeless task. When J. C. Parke, Dixon, Beamish, and F. G. Lowe set out for Melbourne in the autumn of 1912, the expedition was regarded as a forlorn hope. And on paper it was. But Parke, trained into the finest driving form by systematic practice at Melbourne, 130 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS defeated Brookes in an historic encounter, and the foundation of a great triumph was laid. Writing to me from Australia, A. E. Beamish thus described Parke's methods : " Brookes got 4-1 in the first set before Parke could gauge the speed of his service or get used to its bound, Brookes using his straight, fast service without the American twist and hang. When Parke got his bearings he hit his returns very fast and firmly all over the court. On the backhand he played a fairly high slow shot at Brookes's body, waited for the return, which was not punched, and then drove joyously and with the most extraordinary accuracy all over the court, passing Brookes cleanly with the finest cross- court drives. Parke revelled in slow stuff, not punched out deep and not hit hard, and this Brookes gave him, and afterwards stood watching the drives fly past him, while at other times his volleying move- ments came too late and put the ball out or in the net. Brookes also gave his opponent angles, and that was what Parke wanted." The Irishman won by 3 sets to i, actually leading 5-1 in the third set and requiring only two points for a straight-set victory. Parke did not slack off, but Brookes improved and took the set at 7-5 a fine, if vain, recovery. In winning six successive games, Brookes changed his service, delivering a hanging American service which gave him more time to come in. Possibly if the Australian had exploited the centre theory more in the first half of the match, thereby cramping Parke's cross drives, as Tilden did at Wimbledon last year, the result might have been different. It may be noted that Brookes beat Parke both at Sydney and at Melbourne subsequently, DAVIS CUP MATCHES 181 though in neither match was Parke given the further test of a five-set encounter. That experience did not come again until 1914 at Boston. The play was very different on this occasion, though the number of games contested was precisely the same. The tennis was uneven ; neither player was at his best. Even from my seat in the stand I could see that both were conscious of strain. The fact was that Europe's impending disaster lent an air of unreality to the engagement ; our thoughts were diverted ; we could not concentrate them on this little strip of turf in Boston. Nevertheless the match was as close and exciting as an American crowd could possibly desire. When Parke went from 1-3 to 5-3 in the fifth set the service of Brookes having lost its " bite " I could see only one end to a fluctuating tussle. In both the ninth and tenth games Parke was within a stroke of victory, and it cannot be said that either chance was easy. But the Irishman was dis- tinctly unlucky in one respect. Leading 30-15 in the tenth game, he came up to put away a purely defensive return by Brookes. He made a certain winner, and every one on the ground, including the umpire, thought the score was 40-15. But Parke' s racket had grazed the net, so narrowly that only the player was conscious of the incident. Parke advised the umpire and the game was squared. Since he won the next point, this aberration undoubtedly robbed Parke of victory. Brookes went out at 7-5, a dis- tinctly lucky winner. But I must go back for a moment to 1913, the year in which America sent McLoughlin to England and won the challenge round by the narrowest possible margin at Wimbledon. Before they came to the British holders, the Americans beat Australasia at 132 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS New York, Germany at Nottingham, and Canada at Wimbledon. All these victories were gained by a conclusive margin. I retain a vivid impression of the Nottingham matches, the first Davis Cup tie held in the Midlands. As Dr. Flavelle and I were examining the court on the morning before play began, the former, who was a very conscientious referee, decided to measure the lines. The side-lines were found to be appreciably short, a matter of inches. Of course there was a hullaballoo ; the existing lines had to be obliter- ated by an elaborate process, and new lines engraved. Had the error been detected during or after the match the results recorded would have been null and void. I never go to a Davis Cup match now without asking the referee whether he has measured the court. The Germans failed to win a match against the Americans, but they played good tennis for all that. For two sets Froitzheim gave a wonderful display against McLoughlin. His health had been poor and he had even doubted the wisdom of participating in the match, but there was no trace of any physical weakness in the first half. He returned McLoughlin's service, standing a yard inside the base-line, with confidence ; sometimes he passed him cleanly ; more often he returned the ball with sufficient guile in it to draw a defensive volley from the American ; then he made a winning drive of delightful precision. A backhand cross drive, dipping to McLoughlin's feet, was the German's chief scoring stroke, but he also made some fine forehand drives down the line, and some of his lobs were too good for McLoughlin to kill. But after he led 2-0 in the third set, Froitzheim never looked like a winner again. It was not so much that McLoughlin improved as that Froitzheim, becoming DAVIS CUP MATCHES 133 exhausted, lost his power to retrieve McLoughlin' s best ground strokes and so pass an incoming volleyer. In the fifth set McLoughlin could even afford to remain back ; Froitzheim's drives had lost their sting and length. The light was atrociously bad and the balls discoloured by rain adverse conditions which undoubtedly affected the play. While Williams wore steel points a quarter of an inch long to retain his foothold, Kreuzer employed string nets over his shoes. The Germans, through Rahe and Kleinschroth, were three times within a stroke of winning the doubles ; it was a tribute to the temperamental soundness of McLoughlin and Hackett that they should have saved the match. On the third day, with the issue decided, Williams played brilliantly against Froitzheim, every department of his game showing a remarkable firm- ness. To see Williams at his best is a sheer delight ; there is no finer stroke player in the world. Before America opposed England in the challenge round they met and defeated Canada a result always anticipated, but moderated in violence by the shrewd play of the late R. B. Powell. McLoughlin was ex- pected to " eat up " the Canadian captain ; the feast did not take place. A pluckier display than that rendered by Powell against a player admittedly his superior has seldom been seen. The court was slow after rain and the Canadian used his cut drives and stop volleys dexterously. The trick of leaving the " backhand " court exposed so that a left-hander with sprinting powers might use his forehand caught out even McLoughlin. Powell also lobbed very cleverly. He led 5-4 in the first set and delayed its issue for eighteen games. In the third set, too, he fought most gallantly. In the doubles Powell and Schwengers kept the Canadian flag flying longer than anybody 134 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS expected ; if Schwengers had been as confident as his partner they would have secured a set. The challenge round of 1913 had its genuine thrills and for England one moment of supreme mortifica- tion. Parke opened the match by a brilliant victory over McLoughlin, a victory gained by superb hardi- hood in the fifth set. McLoughlin made many mistakes off the ground, only discounting them by the scoring power of his service. It was Parke' s subsequent mastery over his service which eventually won him the match. By coming closer in probably inspired by Wilding's success in the singles challenge round three weeks earlier he was able to take the ball on the rise, using a hooked, backhand shot which caught McLoughlin at his feet and yielded a defensive return. Parke led 5-3 in the fifth set and was caught, but he kept remarkably cool at this crisis, and, winning the next two games, passed out through cheering crowds to the pavilion. The succeeding single between Williams and Dixon was equally close and exciting ; the easier stroke-play and the greater variety of shot made it a finer spectacle. The young American appeared to have command of the match when he led 2-0 in the fourth set with a set in hand ; but at this stage came many lapses and a too eager attack. Dixon had been outplayed for a period ; the boot was now on the other foot and the Englishman won six games and the set. But for untimely double faults in the fifth set a Dixonian habit the English- man might have won the match. The doubles is italicised in my memory. It opened with a strategic miscalculation on the part of McLoughlin and Hackett. They paid Barrett the compliment of neglect only to find that the favoured Dixon was in fine form, the stronger on the day of the DAVIS CUP MATCHES 135 two. Thus ground shots directed persistently into Dixon's court were picked up by low volleys, beauti- fully accurate in their placing. Teased into excess, the Americans made mistakes or returned balls high enough for Dixon to kill outright with his forehand sweep volley. With Barrett intervening cleverly wherever he got the chance, the home pair snatched the first set at 7-5. The next two sets were dramatic- ally brief. Having discovered the wisdom of lobbing Barrett, Hackett withdrew from the picture and allowed McLoughlin to kill anything smashable thrown up from the base-line. If Hackett lobbed short, as he often did, Barrett's pushed volley gave McLoughlin a further chance of bringing off a fine centre drive. Time and again the Calif ornian scored certain winners. But the end was a long way off. McLoughlin changed his service end in the third set, facing the sun an injudicious policy which gave England a 3-0 lead. Barrett's relatively soft returns were embarrassing Hackett ; from the rallies confined to these two Barrett usually emerged triumphant. But in the fourth set Hackett met this sinister attack by a bold advance. He got in a yard nearer to the net and volleyed down Barrett's push shots to Dixon's feet. The crisis came when the Englishmen, a set in hand, led 5-3 in the fourth set. The Americans showed their fine resolution. Barrett's service, its deceptive softness of no avail, was won to love. McLoughlin's service followed and should have pre- vailed from thirty. But when smashing an easy lob at 40-30, the American broke a string of his racket. With a new weapon, asking the umpire's permission, he served a breaking-in ball an unprecedented privilege at such a stage. Missing another smash, McLoughlin was faced with 'vantage against his side 136 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS only a point separated the holders from victory. There was a breathless silence. McLoughlin served to Dixon and volleyed his return sharp and true through the English pair. Then, with immediate danger over, he served two balls which won the tenth game. Dixon double-faulted in the eleventh game and lost it. The match was squared, and the fifth set, another keen struggle, taken by the Americans at 6-4. McLoughlin was undoubtedly the hero of the match. Neither Tilden nor Johnston has ever given such a wonderful exhibition as the Californian provided on that day. Hackett, while canny, was often lament- ably soft. McLoughlin was the ace-winner ; his smashes and forehand drives were magnificent. The issue was quickly settled on the third day when McLoughlin beat Dixon in three sets, only the first in dispute. Parke defeated Williams by three sets to two. If the fate of the Davis Cup had depended on this match it is possible the margin would have been wider. Another thrilling chapter was added to the story of the international championship in 1914. It might almost be called " Round the World in Twenty Months/' The Davis Cup had left Melbourne in the custody of the English invaders in November 1912. Eight months later it was captured by America in this country and crossed the Atlantic the first time for twelve years. In less than a year it was back again at Melbourne. I say " back again/' but as a matter of actual fact, though the Australasians de- feated the holders in New York in August 1914, the trophy, owing to the war and the risk of its loss on transit, was kept in a safe deposit on the American side while international lawn tennis was suspended. DAVIS CUP MATCHES 187 All the matches save two in 1914 were decided in America. England (having beaten Belgium and France), Australasia, Germany, and Canada send their men to the courts of the holders. I was privileged to accompany the English team and to witness the ties at Pittsburg, Boston, and New York. England had only won one Davis Cup match in America since the beginning of things and did not expect to win this one. Even less confident did we become when the war clouds gathered just after we landed and the enervating summer atmosphere of Eastern America was rendered less supportable by ominous rumour. My outward and home voyages were materially different. Going out in mid- July, Parke, Arthur Lowe, Kingscote, Mavrogordato and myself enjoyed the usual amenities of a crowded liner. I recall one incident of a pleasant trip. A daily paper containing the latest wirelessed news was published on board, and I arranged with the editor that he should announce the result of the first day's play between Australasia and Canada, decided at Chicago. The English team were to play the winners at Boston. The odds were at least five to two on Brookes beating R. B. Powell, and at dinner the night before I got Parke to lay me ten pounds to four on the Canadian's defeat. The next morning while I was reading on deck after break- fast, Arthur Lowe, a rather late riser, came up and wished me many happy returns. Then he added, " And I see you've won ten pounds from Parke a useful birthday present." I expressed incredulity; he suggested I should follow him to the saloon. There Parke, looking a little crestfallen, handed me two five-pound notes. Mavrogordato, Kingscote, and Lowe, together with some American sportsmen on board, were discussing the result. The intelligence 138 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS was quite clear. Dated Chicago, July 23, the message ran : " Australasia began her match against Canada at the Onwentsia Country Club to-day in a temperature of 100 degrees. All the players were exhausted. Powell beat Brookes 3-6, 5-7, 6-3, 6-2, 6-0. Wilding beat Schwengers 6-8, 7-5, 6-8, 9-7, 6-3." At dinner that night champagne was circulated at my expense. Then Parke and I divulged our con- spiracy. The figures were entirely fictitious. There had been no bet at all. As a fact, Brookes beat Powell with the loss of only four games in three sets and Wilding did not lose a set to Schwengers. Coming home, how different ! All was suspense, speculation, and foreboding! Doust and I stole out of New York harbour in the middle of the night, all lights out aboard. Our liner had but a handful of passengers. The U boats were yet to come, but the Karlsruhe was still at large, and we steered a southerly course on a lonely sea. We had no news of the war's progress during our crossing, and arrived at Liverpool to find the Germans in full cry for Paris. But to go back three weeks to the last lawn tennis match played by the Germans against the British Empire team. I arrived at the Allegheny Country Club at Sewickley, near Pittsburg, to find a very placid, un- warlike party. The luxurious club-house was chock- a-block, and it was only by the extreme courtesy of a member that I secured a bedroom. Froitzheim and Kreuzer seemed to be much in request as dancing partners. Brookes was training for the lawn tennis contest by playing golf. Wilding was investigating American motors. Everybody was asking questions about the situation in Europe ; nobody could supply DAVIS CUP MATCHES 139 definite information. The Germans even asked me whether they ought to play ! At that moment only Russia and France were regarded locally as her potential enemies. Froitzheim and Kreuzer were wondering how soon they would be required to don field grey. I referred them diplomatically to the German Consul. The local executive were in a dilemma. Barely more than a week had been given them to prepare for the match. The German team had come late into the competition after announcing their withdrawal, and it was only by the courtesy of Brookes, the Australasian captain, that the programme was reconstructed. Two match courts had been hurriedly prepared on the golf-course, stands had been erected, and lightning arrangements made to transport two thousand people out of town to a sequestered mountain outpost. If the match were cancelled many Americans would have been disappointed ; on the other hand, it was just possible Germany and Australasia would be at war before it was finished. Well, the match took place and nothing untoward happened, except that the attitude of the crowd showed a strong partiality for the Germans. I do not think the war rumours served up hot in the newspapers on the ground between the sets caused this prejudice, though they un- doubtedly increased the tension. What did affect the public was the extreme modesty of Froitzheim and Kreuzer, both on and off the court, and the natural desire of business men, who had purchased seats and travelled several miles to use them, to see a level match. Locally, too, I think the feeling prevailed that Brookes took the match too seriously. He was criticised when he would not permit Dunlop and Doust, his reserves, to pair up against the Germans in practice, and again when he asked the referee to remove Froitzheim from 140 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS a seat beside the umpire's stand while Kreuzer was playing Wilding in the first single. The latter obj ection was upheld and I think rightly. A non-playing captain may exercise his privilege to sit within the precincts of the court, but he does not and would not offer any advice as to tactics ; he is there more in the capacity of a trainer. A playing captain should not converse with a member of his team during the progress of a match. At the same time, to be fair to Froitzheim, I do not think he had any intention to abuse his position. The Germans did not win a match. Kreuzer took a set from Brookes, and Froitzheim, leading 5-2 and 15-40 on Brookes' s service in the opening set, had an easy chance to do the same thing. But the Australasians were never seriously threatened. Wilding won both his singles easily and the doubles was a hollow affair. Kreuzer was woefully uncertain off the ground. Froitzheim' s position on court was fatal to combined progress. Taking Niagara en route, I arrived at Boston for the British match against Australasia to find both teams somewhat out of heart. The heat was oppressive ; the war rumours scarcely less so. On furlough from the regular army, Kingscote got on board an American liner only to remain in harbour for two days. Eventu- ally he took train to New York and caught another vessel. It was felt that the match could only be played to fill in time before the English team left. Yet a large Boston crowd saw play of a strenuous character. Wilding had a tremendous third set of thirty games against Arthur Lowe before he could shake him off finally. Only once before (against Barrett at Wimbledon) had I seen Wilding so affected by the heat. If Lowe, driving with great resolution, could have come to the net when his opponent was almost DAVIS CUP MATCHES 141 in extremis, a very different result might have been recorded. I have already described the match between Parke and Brookes. The doubles was not a contest. Out of the first seventeen games the English pair only won one. A few of Mavrogordato's forehand drives found holes, his lobbing was good in the third set, but he had no volleying offensive, while Parke was in his wildest mood. They were a scratch pair, and a scratch pair completely off their game. Neither of the re- maining matches was played. I sometimes wonder how 13,000 people could have concentrated on the challenge round in New York when their thoughts were centred on the European conflagra- tion. The anxiety of the Australasian team was not lessened by the medley of reports circulated by the New York Press. I remember walking down Broad- way one night in mid-August and seeing placarded up across the whole fagade of a newspaper office : " Twelve British Cruisers Sunk/' A hundred yards farther on I read that the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria had been assassinated. Going up to the roof garden at the Waldorf Astoria with Bobbie Powell, I asked an American journalist for further particulars. " Neither report," he said laconically, " is worth the electricity spent on it." And so it subsequently proved, but for the rest of our stay in America we never felt quite sure whether England had been sub- merged by an earthquake or not. No letters of credit were honoured ; nobody knew when a passage could be booked home. To divert our thoughts, we watched Brookes play McLoughlin in one of the most remarkable singles on record. It was a match so dominated by the service, yet containing many other good strokes, that for no less than thirty games in the first set neither man could 142 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS " break through." Winning the toss and serving first, Brookes always held the lead ; at all costs, McLoughlin had to hold his own service games. Twice Brookes got to 15-40 in games which would have given him the set ; on both occasions the young Californian brought the score to deuce by services which beat his opponent outright. This was sheer spectacular tennis, dear to the hearts of the American " fans " ; despite the devitalising heat they cheered themselves hoarse. At last, in the thirty-first game, McLoughlin won Brookes's service after the Australian led 40-15, and then in the next game he went out with two masterly blows. Brookes told me afterwards that he had never served better in his life, but I doubt whether he showed quite the same speed of foot in coming in as in 1907, his first championship year at Wimbledon. The second and third sets were both well contested, but the end had been reached in the tremendous first. McLoughlin used the lob against a tiring man in the last few games. America lost the Davis Cup in 1914, but McLoughlin gained ineffaceable fame. Two days later he beat Wilding on the same court. A certain pathos will always be associated with the encounter. It was Wilding's last match in public ; McLoughlin was never the same player again. The Davis Cup issue had already been decided by the Australasian success in the doubles. It was an " extra turn," yet the win of the home player was well merited. He won the first two sets by superb aggression, lost the third in an inevit- able reaction ; then rested for seven minutes to renew a spirited and irresistible attack. The Wilding of Forest Hills, however, was not so well trained, morally and physically, as the Wilding of Wimbledon the previous year. Among the spectators was ex-President DAVIS CUP MATCHES 143 Roosevelt, a keen devotee of lawn tennis and the founder of the political coterie at the White House known as the " Tennis Cabinet." I shall always remember the ex-President's remark made in private conversation during the international match. Some- body said the war would be over before Christmas. " Which Christmas ? " he asked abruptly. He was under no delusions about the magnitude and duration of the struggle then launched. Roosevelt was so right that five years intervened before an international match was re-staged. It was appropriate that liberated Brussels should witness the resurrection of the Davis Cup. Here in July, 1919, France engaged the Belgians, who to celebrate their emancipation were the first to challenge. Our own Association might have preferred another year for recuperation. We could not stay out, however, if France and Belgium, more disorganised internally than ourselves, desired to renew the competition at once. The feature of the 1919 matches was England's victory at Deauville after France seemed certain of success. I never expect to see Kingscote play quite so well again as when he beat Gobert in three sets in the decisive tie. His passing shots were wonderful in their accuracy and variety. Against Australasia at Sydney neither Kingscote nor Lowe was quite equal to the task of beating Patterson, and with the doubles always a certainty for the home side the Davis Cup remained in Australia. The results of 1919 cannot be judged by ordinary standards ; the receding shadow was still too close. Elsewhere in this volume I have dwelt on the triumph of Tilden and Johnston in 1920 a triumph so conclusive that France, England, and Australasia were defeated successively without the loss of a single 144 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS match. Three factors, I think, influenced the American success : their under-thirty vigour, the all-court qualities of their attack, the buoyant captaincy of Sam Hardy. Never was Davis Cup team so well equipped physically, temperamentally so efficient, . nor led so judiciously. I was thrown into close contact with Hardy's youthful band, played with and against all of them, and met them daily in private life. As sports- men they were all that sportsmen should be : quietly confident but never cocksure ; ever ready to praise the skill and fortitude of their opponents ; falling in loyally and to a man with their captain's arrangements. Both Tilden and Johnston had a great respect for Kingscote and Parke. They deemed Kingscote superior in all-round skill, Parke possessing slightly the better match temperament. Gobert they did not see at his best and accordingly could not judge him. For Brookes, Tilden always entertained the greatest veneration, a feeling that cannot have been modified as a result of the matches at Auckland a few months ago. The admiration is mutual. Brookes always thought Tilden the greatest player America has pro- duced a tougher nut to crack than Johnston. Tilden is certainly more resourceful and can be more brilliant ; his strategic coups would appeal to the kindred mind of Brookes. It remains to be seen and the interval since the war has been very short whether a counter can be found to his game. Johnston's sounder orthodoxy has provided it once, and either Johnston or somebody as good as Johnston may provide it again. America should keep the Davis Cup this year, but she may not necessarily keep it longer. Australia and South Africa, matchless in physique, have resources developing unknown to the outside world. Japan DAVIS CUP MATCHES 145 is a new factor with rich potentialities. England has a quiet habit of getting something she covets. Only one thing is certain. The Davis Cup will continue to foster the keenest rivalry among the lawn tennis countries of the world. Maintained on its present high level of sportsmanship and goodwill, it cannot fail to develop and inspire the game. 10 CHAPTER IX UNDER COVER THOSE who play lawn tennis under a glass roof should not throw stones, but the prejudice of the indoor man in favour of his own court is excusable. To obtain the fullest enjoyment out of the game, to attempt to exploit it at its highest standard, favourable conditions are essential. The more lawn tennis is pursued the more this truth will be appreciated. The worst of our English summer is that it may change the quality of the court and there- fore the quality of the play with each successive week, sometimes with each successive day. The cultivation of good turf became a suspended art during the war and has barely recovered since. Really first-class grass courts are thus an extreme rarity. Even then their upkeep is a business requiring both brains and money. Failing the good grass court, which is to be pre- ferred above all others, one turns instinctively to the hard court of the Continental type. The non-turf court was not a novelty in England thirty years ago, but it is only in the last decade, since its construction has been carried out on systematic lines, that its real merits and its wide potentialities have been recognised. Most of the greatest players of the present century (the men and women of championship class, that is to say) have developed and in many cases acquired their skill on non-turf courts. It is quite obvious why this should be so. The bound on the non-turf UNDER COVER 147 court, while itfmay vary according to the material employed, is uniform and tractable. Theoretically, the ball should behave in the same way on a grass court. In practice the bound varies with each turf ; the whole plane is exposed to the vagaries of the weather ; the average grass court has become the least reliable nursery. " Then why is it," I hear somebody ask, " that America and Australia, which use grass courts, have produced players so outstanding in merit ? " The answer is that in neither country is the climate or organisation of the game the same as our own. In America the " dirt " court has long supple- mented the turf court ; it is the natural surface in California, the home of McLoughlin and Johnston. Nor do tournament organisers in America attempt to play matches on rain-sodden courts ; they adjourn or even cancel them. The players of both countries, too, have concentrated more on service and volleying than on ground strokes. Their strokes are less affected by surface vagaries ; their success does not depend so much on driving accuracy and therefore on a de- pendable and gaugable bound. I do not mean, of course, that the play of Tilden, Johnston, and Brookes is not influenced by surface, that they are indifferent to its texture or speed. But the modern game which these men exploit is founded on attack, and that attack has the net as its battle-ground and the volley as its main weapon. To combat this aggression the base- line player must have a perfect court ; on any other he is hopelessly handicapped. If you examine the records of the centre court at Wimbledon or the east covered court at Queen's, you will find that the great back-court players have won their chief triumphs against volleyers on these floors, both of immutable strength and pace. 148 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS My first experience of indoor play was enjoyed at Auteuil, on the courts of the famous T. C. P. By rising early under the whip of Charles Voigt, then manager of the Easter meeting, I succeeded, some twenty years ago, in winning the handicap singles. The feat was a modest one, but it required some hardi- hood. My matches were scheduled for eight in the morning, and in order to play them I had to rise in Paris by artificial light, board a workman's boat on the Seine, and, reaching the Club, be prepared, on an empty stomach, to run four or five miles in pursuit of balls hurled over with appropriate gesture by a Frenchman many years my senior. The game was less aggressive in those days and the coterie of first-class Englishmen who came over from Queen's were usually more than a match for the brilliant but somewhat erratic Parisians. Goodbody, G. M. Simond, Caridia, Ritchie, Hough, Mahony, and A. B. J. Norris made this annual Easter pilgrimage to Paris for several years. They were all sound players as well as students of form, and I do not doubt that their influence left its permanent mark on the game in France. I remember the great joy of the French when Max Decugis in 1903, I think it was first broke through this English ring and won not only the singles but the doubles as well. Max had been to school in England, and when only fifteen had won the Renshaw Cup for boys at Queen's, thereby gladdening the heart of his mentor, H. S. Mahony. Cowdrey, the present professional at Queen's, was a ball-boy on that auspicious occasion. Armed with a beautiful service, the perfect timing and vigour of which he reproduced in his smash, an artistically executed backhand, and volleying strokes of rare delicacy and finish, Decugis had, and still retains, a style upon which most of the UNDER COVER 149 French players, consciously or unconsciously, founded their game. He was a spirited fighter, ever willing to move forward audaciously on the crest of good fortune, battling bravely against a mercurial temperament when his luck was out. If it be true, as I think it is, that the Easter tournaments at Auteuil gave France her first chance, as well as her first success, in inter- national lawn tennis, it is as well that the part played by the British visitors, their influence on Decugis and the latter's influence on French lawn tennis generally, should be recognised. The Tennis Club de Paris founded by the late M. Armand Masson and now controlled successfully by his son, Willie Masson has been the scene of many memorable matches. One particularly stands out in my memory. This was the final of the Easter meet- ing in 1911, when Wilding was beaten by Laurentz, a boy of sixteen. Wilding, then champion, had defeated Gobert, the conqueror of Decugis, in the semi-final and was expected to go forward to his goal comfort- ably. And perhaps in a good light he would have done. But the match was begun late, lasted two hours, and did not finish until nearly dusk, when neither the linesmen nor the players could see the lines clearly. Nevertheless Laurentz deserved great credit for his astonishing feat. He had lost the first two sets from four and was within a stroke of losing the match in the fourth set. A decision was given against Wilding which more than one onlooker regarded as faulty. Eventually, after a tremendous struggle, Laurentz won the bout at 13-11 and squared the match. In the final set Wilding led 3-2 and 4-3, but he was compelled by the sustained brilliancy of his opponent's attack to yield the set at 6-8. An unprecedented demonstration followed. The 150 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS gallery went wild with ecstatic enthusiasm ; the young victor was kissed by his admirers. Wilding took his defeat quite philosophically. Finely as Laurentz served, audaciously as he volleyed, inspired as some of his best shots were, the impartial onlooker felt that his share of luck had been greater than his opponent's. A year later, when challenging Gobert for the national title at Neuilly, Laurentz met with a serious accident. One of Gobert's fastest services, bounding from the floor, flew off the edge of the receiver's racket into his left eye. The accident of course terminated the challenge round, Gobert then leading 4-2 in the first set. Subsequently the eye had to be removed. It was thought that Laurentz' s lawn tennis career would be closed, but he met his disaster with buoyant fortitude. Only last year I saw him win the hard court championship at St. Cloud by a fine win over Gobert, his first in Paris since the mishap ; and at Dulwich this year he played a faultless game against Beamish, whom he beat with the loss of only four games in three sets. Now and then he misses a volley on his blind side. Yet despite his handicap his instinctive genius has developed and the promise of his boyhood has been redeemed. Two other covered courts were added to Paris before the war the Lawn Tennis Club de France at Neuilly and the Sporting Club de Paris. The first, which was well equipped and had a good light and floor, has not yet been reopened. The Sporting Club de Paris is flourishing, and resumed its popular Christmas tournament after the war a meeting at which Jacques Brugnon, the new French champion, revealed his capacity a few months ago. The great advantage of these covered courts in Paris is that they incubate and foster new talent far more rapidly than UNDER COVER 151 outdoor courts. The young player comes at once into an environment where hard hitting is the accepted gospel, where the inspiration first of Decugis, then of Gobert and Laurentz and now of Brugnon to say nothing of other first-class players stimulates their zeal and models their stroke production, and where, thanks to the communal spirit of France, there is a closer social intercourse among the members and in- evitably a greater encouragement to youthful promise. If Paris had possessed no covered courts France would probably have produced none of the great players of the present century, for though her summer outdoor clubs are increasingly well patronised and their hard courts excellent those at the Stade Frangais and at the Racing Club perhaps the best the real nurseries of skill are under cover. The highest art of France is expressed where neither wind nor rain nor other extraneous influence can impair a scientific display. It is this preference for indoor conditions which always handicaps the leading French players when they compete on English turf in summer ; the disadvantage can even be traced when they go to their own outdoor courts, more especially those near a wind-laden coast. I hope a French team will visit America this year, for they have something in the symmetry of their style and the delicacy of their touch to teach every foreign country ; but I doubt whether, temperamentally, they will do themselves justice under conditions which must be entirely novel. Lyons has a covered court with an asphalt floor painted green. Some of us used to break our journey back from the Riviera and, despite the sudden climatic change, thoroughly enjoy the open meeting held on this court in the spring. Wilding thrived on the surface and won the singles for four years without 152 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS losing a set. In doubles, however, the New Zealander was less dominant. In 1907 he and Kenneth Powell, his Cambridge partner, fought five sets before winning the final against Germot and D. P. Rhodes (the latter a tall American volleyer, who once beat Gore at Queen's), and, four years later, Wilding and Craig Biddle encountered Count Salm and Robert Klein- schrott in a very aggressive mood and were defeated in a four-set match. Germany has a covered court at Bremen to which, before the war, Decugis paid a highly successful visit, winning all three championship events. Switzerland has excellent courts at St. Moritz (illuminated for evening play) and at Geneva ; but it is Stockholm with which, after Paris, English pilgrims are most familiar. The famous Royal Club, Idrottsparken, founded by King Gustav when Crown Prince and used by him regularly, was burnt down a year or two ago. I paid several visits to this hospitable court. On the first occasion there was only one other English player present, and we were immensely flattered by receiving an invitation to dine with the Crown Prince at the Castle. Our host was exceedingly gracious, and in addition to drinking our health in Swedish punch, gave us autograph portraits and made us honorary members of his Club. The King is an enthusiastic student of the game and a player well above the average. He won the doubles championship of Sweden with Gunnar Setter wall in 1906, and I dare say valued the distinction almost as highly as his crown. During the open tournament in May he did not miss an important match. Nor was he content merely to watch the play ; he discussed its points freely with the players and those whose opinions he valued. J. M. Flavelle and F. W. Payn both had their UNDER COVER 153 names on the Stockholm Cup before Ritchie, by three successive victories, bore it off to London. Then W. Bostrom, who was at the Swedish Legation in London during the war, won the singles, to the great delight of the royal patron, whose private secretary he was at the time. Setterwall was champion for two years, to be followed by Kenneth Powell. Powell and Gore had come over together from Queen's. By the irony of fate Gore found himself drawn against Kenneth in the first round of the singles. The match had to be played almost as soon as both had set foot in Stockholm, and the youngster beat the man who was to win the championship at Wimbledon two months later. Gore consoled himself by winning the doubles with Powell as well as the handicap singles from owe 50. A. W. Dunlop, the Australian, was a subse- quent invader ; in addition to winning the singles and doubles championships he was in the final of both the handicap singles and handicap mixed, bearing off the second. When Mr. Grot built the Royal Club about twenty years ago he was faced with the difficulty of adequate lighting. Daylight in Sweden's winter is very precious, and every artifice must be adopted to preserve it. A glass roof was impossible, because the weight of snow would have broken it. Light through side windows was therefore necessary. But such an arrangement precluded parallel courts, as at Queen's ; the courts had to be placed end to end. The result was a re- stricted run-back on one of the courts a check to the runner in hot pursuit of a lob. Then the windows, while carefully designed and equipped with blinds which could be worked from below, did not run quite the whole length of each court ; they stopped just before the base-line and left that important position 154 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS appreciably darker than the space in front The floor, considerably slower than Queen's, was varnished with a black paint, but the wear of footwork changed this staining to a brown tint about a yard behind the base-line a minor but nevertheless noteworthy defect. Constructed at a cost of about 200,000 krona, the courts were generously equipped, although the space for spectators, accommodated in a gallery between the two courts and at boxes at the sides, would not have been adequate for important matches in London or Paris. There were spacious dressing- rooms, fitted with hot and cold showers, and a good lounge. As a rule ball-boys were not employed, the Swedes, who allow themselves a generous supply of balls, having cultivated the useful knack, when the service changed, of running the balls against the skirting of the boxes, and so, by an angular passage, into the opposite court. When I was last in Stock- holm there were sixty members of the Royal Club, each of whom subscribed 125 krona a year. They had sole use of the courts between 3 and 6 p.m. At other hours non-members were admitted in payment of 3 krona per hour by daylight, or 6 krona per hour arc-lamp light. As a rule, during the winter months, the courts were occupied from 8 a.m. until 10 p.m. No lawn tennis matches in Sweden ever attracted so much attention as the Olympic competition in 1912. The Royal Family were daily spectators ; the galleries and the columns of the newspapers were filled to over- flowing. I cannot recall any contests on which native votaries, from the King downwards, concentrated so much interest or displayed such a feverish anxiety to see every ball served. Sweden had been the only country, except England, represented in the first covered-court Olympic tournament held in London in UNDER COVER 155 1908, and we returned this compliment by sending over a full team. France sent Gobert and Germot. Aus- tralasia was represented by Wilding. Bohemia and Denmark had envoys in court. It had been generally anticipated that the struggle for pride of place in singles would be between Wilding and Gobert, who had met a week earlier in the challenge round of the covered-court championship at Queen's, the Frenchman retaining his title after a memorable struggle. But the prophets were " dished/' A little below true form, endeavouring when off court to combine business with lawn tennis, Wilding was beaten in the semi-final by Dixon. " C. P." undoubtedly deserved to win on the day's play. In all departments he was more resourceful and more accurate than his opponent. Varying the strength and direction of his service so that its pitch was never stereotyped, he came to the net with complete success. His volleys were not severe, but they were so well controlled and placed that the champion seemed to be caught perpetually on the wrong foot. Wilding's attack on Dixon's backhand was met either with a magnificent toss or a sliced return which kept so low that Wilding could not operate his forehand drive to any good purpose. Vainly Wilding endeavoured to drive Dixon back by coming to the net himself ; the latter's passing shots were too good, and his adroit generalship, of which an attack on Wilding's backhand was the feature, usually ended in the champion retreating and Dixon gaining a winning position at the net. Dixon won the first set easily and lost the second after a struggle, but the third and fourth sets, though close, always gave me the impression that, unless his physical resources gave out, Dixon would win. I ought to add that Dixon had a narrow escape at the hands of Mavrogordato 156 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS in the second round. With superior ground strokes, Mavrogordato was within a point of winning both the second and fourth sets. Dixon's service and volleying just got him through. Meantime Gobert had reached the final through Larsen, Kempe, and the brothers Lowe. Gobert had beaten Arthur Lowe so decisively the previous day that none of us expected him to be in peril against Gordon. Yet the match was the most protracted of the meeting, and there was a period at the close of the fourth set when it seemed that Gobert had become discouraged and that the Englishman's supreme steadiness and fortitude would prevail. Gobert elected to play Lowe with his own weapons a choice, tactically unsound, that increased Gordon's confidence and allowed him to pit his own base-line precision and length against the Frenchman's. I remember that the Englishman's service was exceptionally severe and well directed on many occasions he scored outright with his first delivery ; but it was the extra pace on his forehand and his fine retrieving which won him the third and fourth sets with a loss of only four games. In the final set Lowe was forced to slacken his pressure ; gaining a winning volleying position, Gobert captured it from two. The final round provided a great triumph for the Frenchman. Dixon played just as finely as he had done against Wilding, but on this memorable Sunday in Stockholm, when spectators were perched like birds on the rafters of the roof in order to witness the contest, Gobert was more than his match. He won in three sets after Dixon, taking the first seven points, had led 3-1. The Frenchman's game was not entirely free from blemish. He served half a dozen double faults and two foot-faults ; he lost one service game to love. UNDER COVER 157 But his ability to win games when games were really needed, his restraint at critical moments, his power of anticipating the best drives, and cutting them off with a delicate volley, the destructiveness of his smashing all these were virtues which, in combination, made the Frenchman's display wonderful. France also won the gold medals in doubles and deserved them. The Swedish couple, Setterwall and Kempe, had gained distinction by beating two of the English pairs (in each case after five sets), and in the final against Gobert and Germot they strove valiantly in one of the best matches seen under cover. In the end the French won by three sets to one, but the progress of each set was remarkably level. Probably the visitors' greater experience, especially of long matches, enabled them to bear the strain of a 26-game set with greater com- posure ; and since they won their service games more easily, they always carried a slight moral advantage. The fact that only five service games were sacrificed during the whole match testifies to the high standard of the tennis. I come now to Queen's, admittedly the world's headquarters of covered court lawn tennis. Queen's has other distinctive virtues besides the excellence of its three indoor courts. It is the traditional rendez- vous for players from every land, the place to which the stranger turns intuitively for welcome, the clear- ing-house for " form," and (may I add ?) the home of true sportsmen. The world without Queen's would be a very cheerless and inhospitable place a feeling which persists in spite of competition from clubs more luxuriously equipped and more salubriously situated. Other games are pursued there, great crowds gather to watch Inter- Varsity sports and football ; yet if you drop into Queen's on any day which is not dedicated 158 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS to one of these great festivals, you will find more lawn- tennis-playing members than any other. There are grass courts and hard courts, and great pressure on both ; but it is the covered courts which have made the name and fame of Queen's. Queen's was not the first home of the covered court championship. That event was inaugurated at the Hyde Park Court the nursery of many fine players in 1885, its promoters having migrated from the first covered lawn tennis court of all, the asphalt court of the Maida Vale Club, formed on a transformed skating rink in the Portsdown Road. But for the past quarter of a century as far as my personal association with the game goes back Queen's has crowned the covered court champion. The entry has fluctuated in size and quality. In the early Hyde Park days the number of competitors was quite small even as few as three in 1889 but the opening of the Queen's arena gave impetus to the indoor game. An autumn meeting (the London Covered Court Championships) was added to the programme in 1903, and in some years has proved an even greater attraction than the spring tournament. When I first went to Queen's the Dohertys were as victorious under cover as on the turf of Wimbledon. Reggie did not aspire to win the singles championship, but H. L. held that title for six successive years, retiring with it in 1906. The brothers were covered court doubles champions for seven years, but not in succession, for in 1904 and 1905 H. L. paired up with G. W. Hillyard. At the autumn meeting, R. F. partnered G. M. Simond for two years, on the second occasion the couple gaining a substantial victory over Brookes (then champion) and Hillyard in the final. This match emphasised the difference between the UNDER COVER 159 complete armoury of R. F/s strokes and the distinctive weapons employed by the great Australian. The covered court with its unyielding floor placed Brookes at a disadvantage. The " work " on his service was moderated, but a more important factor the defen- sive character of his backhand off the floor was visible. On the other hand, the orthodox stroke production of R. F. was vindicated in every department. His perfect service length without break was just as effective as, and less tiring than, any American service ; his return of service on both wings was equally good ; he could make a winning volley from any position without undue strain. H. L. was never beaten at Wimbledon in singles during his championship reign, but he did not enjoy quite the same immunity at Queen's. Competing in the autumn meeting in 1904 his fourth indoor championship year he found Ritchie's blade, used at close quarters, unusually keen, and in the end, after an exciting struggle, the great little man went down. The same two players had met in the covered court (championship in the spring. Ritchie had then got very near to victory so near, indeed, that a certain line decision had a substantial bearing on the result ; but in October Ritchie volleyed more frequently and with greater severity than in May. The strange thing was that the victor did not win the tournament. Gore beat him in the next round, and then in the final Gore was overcome by Decugis. But of all the fine victories which Ritchie has won on the east court at Queen's during the past quarter of a century and his name appears on the singles and doubles panels eleven times I do not doubt he looks back with greatest pleasure on this one. The indoor championship meetings of 1911 and 160 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS 1912 were both memorable. At the first a foreign invader triumphed for the first time. Andre Gobert, a volatile youth of twenty with a wonderful service, had competed the previous year, coming within a stroke of beating F. G. Lowe, who subsequently won the title. But in 1911 Gobert was a vastly improved player, having gained in ground-stroke accuracy and restraint. He won both the singles and the doubles without the loss of a set almost a revolution in those days for a Frenchman. His service was so deadly that he only lost two service games in singles through- out the meeting. As one of his victims was Ritchie, who had beaten Wilding after five strenuous sets, this feat of a player of twenty-one was remarkable enough. Brilliant as his volleying was, his base-line play was also sound ; he had no need to come to the net except when, by his own good driving, he had opened up the court for a winning volley. Gobert has done many fine things in France and England and Sweden since his first championship year, but nothing was more gallant nor raised his reputation so high than his defence of the title against Wilding in 1912. The champion of Wimbledon had not lost a set on his way to the champion of the covered courts, and when he had taken the first set from three and saved the second from 2-5, leading by two sets to love, the issue seemed assured. But the play had been tense and good all through, and I remember cogitating at the time on what would happen if Gobert con- quered his tendency to double fault and forced Wilding to meet the full blast of a consistent and accurate net attack. Well, the holder won the third and fourth sets by as brilliant a display of service and volleying as was ever seen at Queen's, and went on to establish a four-love lead in the fifth. Even then the match was UNDER COVER 161 to provide a greater thrill. With splendid spirit and concentration Wilding pulled up to four-all. This was Gobert's supreme test of nerve. He surmounted it, and was thereafter stamped as a great player. Serving strongly, he won the ninth game and went out from 30 in the tenth. A week later, as I men- tion previously, he won the Olympic gold medal at Stockholm. Military training and then military service of the grimmest kind checked Gobert's lawn tennis career for seven years, but he came back to Queen's in 1920 and regained the championship with a display which had lost none of its brilliancy and probably gained a little by its tactical restraint. Of all the giants ever seen under cover at Queen's he must rank first. There have been more reliable ground-stroke players R. F. Doherty, H. L. Doherty, Wilding, and Ritchie but none of these players could command Gobert's deadly service or the decisive volleys which are the complement to his ground strokes. A wood floor is his natural surface, partly because its faster play does not give his opponents time to erect tactical defences to his attack a weakness on either wing, even a relative weakness, is fatal and partly because his perfect timing of the ball, essential alike for force and finesse, can be accomplished more confidently under traffic conditions which are familiar and staple. It cannot be claimed for Gobert, nor for any other great artist, that he has always shone. Influences beyond his control immoderate heat, or a bad line decision, for example may check and even thwart his pro- . gress ; like all Frenchmen he is susceptible to environ- ment and stimulated by success. But he has won too many uphill battles, some of them from desperate positions, not to be regarded as a cool and courageous ii 162 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS ^ fighter, as one who has disciplined his mind as well^ as his strokes. No Australian has ever won the covered court singles championship; and the fact is, I think, an indication of where his strength lies and where his weakness as a player may be detected. The best Australian volleyers have not been able to defend their base securely against opponents who can force them back, nor who, by judicious service, can draw a defensive stroke from their weaker wing. Even in the first tournament season after the war, when many rackets were rusty and the standards upon which form was based had become faint and deceptive, this truth was revealed. Patterson was triumphant at Wimble- don and elsewhere, but in the more scientific test under cover at Queen's his limitations were seen. Thus did P. M. Davson, the champion of 1919, as he had been of 1913, demonstrate the superior value of all-round play over the specialist's art a vindication driven home more forcibly last year by Tilden and Johnston. Championship matches at Queen's may attract the attention of the outside world. It is the private match and the practice game which have made the Club what it is the finest nursery for talent in this country and a place to which all grades of devotees may go for recreation and intercourse with their fellow - sportsmen. It has been my privilege at Queen's to partner Mr. Balfour against the present Lord Chancellor and Mr. Bonar Law. During the dark days of the war, when every one worth his salt had his hand to the plough, members of the Cabinet found in half an hour's lawn tennis the only respite from anxious conference or weary toil. Mr. Balfour has been a disciple of the game for many years ; his UNDER COVER 168 experience of varying courts is probably greater than any other Minister's. His style is that of a real tennis player ; he therefore uses an unorthodox grip and invests the ball with cut. Just before the war he won a prize deservedly in the handicap doubles at Nice, partnered by Anthony Wilding. When motoring to the Nice Club to play off one of his rounds, he was struck in the face by a stone cast by some unruly urchin. Mr. Balfour made light of his injury and would not hear of any postponement of 'the match. He is a charming partner and opponent, ever courteous to both ; as a student he brings to bear on the game the freshness of a versatile mind. Mr. Bonar Law, not less keen, can keep his end up in a private double with a shrewd regard for positional value. His forehand is not a vigorous stroke, but it is well placed. Lord Birkenhead would have to be heavily handicapped in any Ministerial tournament. He has often played in first-class company once with McLoughlin in America and is a gallant and untiring performer. When I have been lucky enough to be one of his guests at Charlton, his home near Oxford, or joined him on court at other private houses, he has always set the hottest pace, especially as a volleyer. His brother, Sir Harold Smith, may be more evenly equipped as a player ; you are more likely to be caught out strategically by the Lord Chancellor. Several other Ministers and I know not how many legislators in both houses wield the racket. Captain Frederick Guest (an incomparable host) has built himself a private court at Roehampton the first indoor court in England with an en-tout-cas floor. For a year or two Captain Guest rented Hartsbourne Manor, Miss Maxine Elliott's home at Bushey Heath, and to its beautifully equipped hard courts (on which 164 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Wilding used to practise) many an Allied soldier and sailor visiting this country was bidden for an hour's recreation during the war. Lawn tennis, indeed, proved a very useful link between the nations which pooled their manhood in a common cause ; it is an even stronger bond to-day. London has other indoor courts beside those at Queen's. The Covered Courts Club at Dulwich was requisitioned for war services and was not forgotten by enemy air raiders. It has recently revived its activities and increased its membership, catering for night players as well as day. To Dulwich, every other year, Paris sends her best team for the inter-capital match, a contest owing its conception to Mr. P. W. Rotham, for many years honorary secretary of the Surrey County Association. J. Brugnon, the present national champion of France, 1 rst appeared on covered courts in this country at Duly, ich. I confess to a great liking for the " Tennis Hall " at Craigside, Llandudno, the venue of the Welsh covered court championships in the autumn. Its surface is appreciably slower than the floor of Queen's and therefore not so embarrassing to the grass-court visitor. But it is the environment of Craigside, the vitalising virtues of the Little Orme, the salt-water baths of the hospitable hydro, and the cheery welcome accorded by Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Munro which in combination make a strong appeal. Some excellent matches, with an articulate gallery, have been seen at Craigside. R. F. Doherty was one of its earliest patrons and won the singles for three years. Inci- dentally, he used to give prodigious odds in the handicap events and prove his extraordinary accuracy by winning them. George Caridia has been a competitor for twenty-one years, and on nine occasions has won UNDER COVER 165 the cup. Last year, when his coming-of-age was celebrated, he made a gallant fight in the final. Mavrogordato has also been a familiar figure. Ireland is usually represented by players as skilful as they are genial. There are pleasing tournaments in many picturesque parts of the world, but none of the smaller kind has the same traditions or attracts the same goodly company year after year as Craigside. CHAPTER X THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN WE have moved forward a long way since a former lady champion declared that the two games, that of men and that of women, " are absolutely different from one another and cannot in any way be compared in regard to skill or severity of strokes/' Mile Suzanne Lenglen, the present champion, may be a phenomenon to ordinary eyes. She is certainly not typical of the players of her own sex, but she remains a girl for all that, and the fact that she can now display as much skill as any man, and in variety of stroke and ease of execution is the equal to any male player now living, is a sufficient proof of feminine progress. Nor can it be said positively that this French girl has a capacity which cannot be acquired by those who have the same youth and enthusiasm and adopt the same methods of stroke culture and training. Mile Lenglen was delicate in her childhood and does not possess to-day a very robust constitution. She owes her supremacy not to any great bodily strength. She had, indeed, no physical advantages denied to others of her own age. Her parents pJayed lawn tennis and gave Suzanne a racket when^she was eleven years old. Soon she was playing with her father, showing a natural aptitude that induced Mr. Lenglen to teach her strokes in real earnest. After three months, despite a weak backhand, Suzanne 166 THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN 167 entered for the handicap singles at Chantilly, received half -thirty, and won the second prize. In two years she had won a level singles and at fourteen she partnered the late Captain Wilding in mixed doubles at Cannes. I chanced to be in the final of that event and so can testify to her ability. She seemed to stand little higher than her partner's waist and to be wielding a racket nearly as big as herself. What impressed me then, as it did again seven years later, when I partnered her at Mentone, was not so much her cer- tainty of return and her extraordinary accuracy in placing for one so young, but her activity in recover- ing the most distant balls. Her mobility was far greater than any lady player in this country. She did not run, but seemed to leap over the court, and so well controlled was her footwork that she could hit the ball at the end of her stride as firmly and as surely as if she were standing still ; she could recover balance and proceed to the next stroke without the slightest flurry or loss of breath. Mile Lenglen acquired this remarkable turn of speed by practising exclusively against men and men of the Continental hard-hitting type too. I believe this habit is the secret of Suzanne's present superiority over every other woman player in Europe to-day; Her victims play singles among themselves, and both the strokes and counter-strokes in these tournament matches become stereotyped. There is a monotony of play that checks any genuine advance, a consolidation of defects very difficult to loosen. It should be noted that Mile Lenglen has not done anything daringly novel in acquiring her strokes and developing her tactics by regular practice with men. Miss Lottie Dodd, who was lady champion thirty 168 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS years ago, and almost as versatile as the present champion, learnt her game, as she learnt other games, in the company of men. Mrs. Sterry, another past champion, used to practise frequently with H. S. Mahony and other first-class men. Mrs. Lambert Chambers played many a private single, receiving points, against R. F. Doherty. But the difference between these ladies and Mile Lenglen, and the difference in their relative play to-day, is that the little French girl began her real development almost where the others left off. She had the further ad- vantage of playing systematically under consistent conditions and against players who had themselves absorbed the lessons of a past generation. A question often addressed to me on the Riviera last winter was : " Will Mile Lenglen ever be beaten by one of her own sex ? " I heard the subject dis- cussed on all sides: in the crowded tribunes at the Monte Carlo tournament ; off the courts in the cafes ; even in the feverish atmosphere of the gambling rooms. The champion had been through six or seven tournaments without losing a set, and, what was more significant, without the threatened loss of a set. Indeed, in no match in singles had she forfeited more than two games. On the other hand, she had won twenty love sets. Wonderful as her record was, if you consider that her opponents included the leading players of England and one of the leading players of America, it had its parallel in lawn tennis, though not in women's events. Wilding at the height of his Riviera power used to win his matches just as con- clusively, and so did H. L. Doherty before him, though neither was proof against reverse when out of condition. The simple fact was that Mile Lenglen stood in a class by herself, and therefore was just as THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN 169 likely to win a set without losing a game as Miss Ryan when opposed to a player in a lower class. But there was another reason why this little French artist won so consistently and with such a wide margin. Her style was the embodiment of ease and elegance ; she produced the maximum of power with the minimum of effort; while others strained and pressed to make their strokes she executed them as Nature ordained they should be made. Therefore she did not draw on her nervous energy like her rivals. She was always playing well within the limits of her physical resources. Before she is given another supreme test her last was at Wimbledon in 1919, and she has had none since some player must come forward who can tax her physically. It may be that France herself will provide such a competitor. I doubt whether England can just yet, because England has too many open tournaments, and the passion for play- ing in them to the detriment of stroke improvement is too deeply rooted. The American girl may, with her great competitive zest, anticipate us. But she has founded her game on college volleying, and her ground strokes are not at present deep enough nor secure enough to become really dangerous against Mile Lenglen. Moreover, the American girl, like the American man, has the national tendency to win quickly. She thinks of strokes before strategy. Mile Lenglen possesses all the strokes and can concentrate her whole mind on strategy. I consider her to be as much as half-fifteen better this year than last. She seems to vary her play, especially her ground-stroke play, much more. A striking example was her match against Mrs. Beamish on the Carlton courts at Cannes this year. Instead of driving deeply into the corners and making pace for 170 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS her opponent, she used theshort diagonal stroke, pitching the ball on the side line just over the service line. The stroke drew Mrs. Beamish up the court and gave a much greater scoring power to the longer drive when it came. I am sure Mile Lenglen had altered her tactics deliberately. The change came as a great surprise to Mrs. Beamish. " Why did not somebody tell me she was not going to hit hard all the time ? " the English lady inquired afterwards. The reply might have been that Mile Lenglen was not disposed to shout her plan of campaign from the roof of the Carlton Hotel. Besides I suspect she was too much of an artist not to get a little tired of playing the same type of game always. If she cannot enjoy the novel experience of defeat, at least she must be allowed the diversion of winning in different ways. I have often been asked by irresponsible spectators why Mile Lenglen does not compete in the men's singles. Why should she ? That she would beat most of the men as easily as she beats all the women is certain, but she would not beat the very best men. If she attempted the task it is quite likely the strain would be sufficient to check her career. Nature has her ordinances and she does not like these to be abused. Mile Lenglen is not a professional player willing to exploit her powers for the highest stake. She is an amateur and rightly jealous of her amateur status. Her parents have shown excellent judgment in regard to her training. They are wise not to listen to these suggestions of test matches against men in public. The game would suffer, and in the end Mile Suzanne would suffer too. A private match is, of course, quite another matter. I have said that Mile Lenglen's supreme test was at Wimbledon in 1919. Who of the six thousand THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN 171 people present, from the King and Queen downwards, will ever forget that wonderful challenge round, the finest and most thrilling ladies' single ever seen on any court in the world ? The older men may have shed some of their speed and vision when they came again to the centre court after five years of war ; the younger men may not have served a full apprenticeship in the tactical school. But the two ladies who fought for the championship one the challenger, a girl of twenty, who was playing on a grass surface for the first time that year, the other, the holder, who, despite her long experience, had never before met such an active and versatile opponent revealed from the first game to the last an accuracy of stroke, a consistency of attack, and a tenacity of purpose that raised the standard of women's play to a height never before reached. The challenger won that contest and became the first Continental lady champion at Wimbledon, but the honours were divided. Mrs. Lambert Chambers, heroic in her defence all through, made her supreme effort in the final set. She was 4-1 down, a desperate position in all conscience after an exhausting struggle on a hot day. She reduced her opponent's lead* and at length, with both ladies playing superlatively fine tennis, reached 6-5 and 40-15. The excitement at that moment was intense. A supreme hush, so im- pressive when it engulfs large crowds, prevailed ; the agony of Monsieur and Madame Lenglen, who, through- out the encounter, had been gesticulating to their daughter from the stand, can be imagined ; I observed King George, his hat removed, straining forward in his seat in the committee box. Neither lady flinched ; the great feature of the match was that both hit con- fidently all through. But, as fortune would have it, Mile Lenglen, in winning the first of the two priceless 172 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS strokes, made a " flukey " volley ; she was caught in a losing position and put her racket desperately in the way of the ball, which fell just out of the holder's reach. It was a lucky stroke, yet the wonder is, considering the length and strain of the match, more of its kind had not come before to one side or the other. Her second salving shot was a firm backhand winner down the line. She won with the score of 10-8, 4-6, 9-7 figures which ought to be engraved in the pavilion of the new Wimbledon. Last year when the two ladies met again in the challenge round, their roles of holder and challenger reversed, expectancy ran high, but the match was a disappointment. Physically Mrs. Chambers was not at her best and did not maintain anything like her driving length of the previous year. On the other hand, Mile Lenglen was stronger in every department ; she attacked at closer range and was more decisive on the volley as well as more circumspect in her strokes which preceded the " kill." At the end of the 1919 match one felt that the battle between the highest standard of British base-line play and the more advantageous all-court game of the young invader was indecisive ; it remained for the latter to strengthen her art. But at the end of the 1920 match it was clear that a new epoch in women's play had opened, that a higher standard of skill had been established ; in brief, that the old order had changed. I do not share the belief that Mile Lenglen is in- vincible, for the world is now a fairly large depository of lawn tennis talent, and the days when champions can reign supreme for a long sequence of years are probably over. But I am confident that the woman who is to beat her will have to be equally active and equally versatile, and that mere base-line strokes, THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN 173 however forceful, will not accomplish the task. Mean- time we may reflect that Mile Lenglen has won and retained her position without violating the salient principles, either in stroke production or strategy, upheld by the British masters of the past. She hits the ball with an open-faced racket without undercut or top ; the only stroke she has ever attempted to copy was the forehand drive of Wilding, and that she plays with less effort and more ease. She is, in fact, an orthodox player of the Doherty school, reaching the ball by sound footwork, hitting it with natural grace, and controlling its direction with an instinctive regard for the next positional move. The lesson which Mile Lenglen would appear to teach lawn tennis players of both sexes for faults are common to both, though they may be concealed in one sex more than the other is that no player can express the art of the game in its highest form unless the stroke equipment is complete. Departmental efficiency or even superiority is not enough ; it will be countered and its limitations exposed by an opponent who possesses all-round strength. Twenty years ago, when I first took an intimate interest in lawn tennis, there were not nearly so many open tournaments in this country. The standard of play, nevertheless, was higher in both sexes not at the very top nor at the bottom of the ladder, but among those who could be described as first-class or near it. The reason was, I think, that during the intervals between tourna- ments, to the benefit of their play when they entered the lists, men and women engaged in private matches. They played without the bustle and strain of public competitions ; a higher quality of stroke was extracted because the sides were more evenly balanced ; time was not occupied, as it is to-day, by tournament ties, 174 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS which by reason of their inequality must weaken rather than brace up the superior side. In America, as I have intimated before, tournament organisation produces different results, partly because the supply of young players is larger, progress swifter and new blood reveals itself more regularly, and partly because the governing body favours certain invitation tournaments at which players of recognised ability alone compete. The invitation tournament might well be systematised in this country. Many clubs rely on the proceeds from their annual gate to recoup their exchequer and to carry out necessary extensions ; they would lose nothing but probably gain a good deal by arranging a first-class programme daily. The benefit to the better players would be undeniable ; they would not be given the oppor- tunity to reduce the standard of their game. I am not suggesting that handicap events, which form the backbone of many holiday tournaments, should be curtailed. These are rightly open to all classes, and may be divided into sections in order to allow the adjustment of odds to be performed by a conscientious handicapper with some measure of equity. But talent does not develop very quickly in handicap events ; it will develop more slowly still as the flood of entries rises. When the player of promise has reached a certain standard, it should be the business of the organisers to invite him or her to compete in a restricted level event. The old theory that champions are only made by rich parents and ten years' apprenticeship has been falsified by Mile Lenglen and by several Americans. Boys and girls of the right physique and temperament (and both are improved by playing lawn tennis) may become champions if they produce their strokes correctly by private instruction, practise each THE LESSON OF MLLE LENGLEN 175 and every stroke in turn until all can be performed with equal facility, and regard tournaments as trials of strength already acquired. England may not have won the championship for a dozen years ; but it was her champions of the past who, by their skill and fortitude at home no less than by their missionary zeal abroad, inspired the players of other lands. I regard the competition of these oversea invaders as the greatest possible tribute the world could pay to a pastime invented by this country. It means that lawn tennis, alone among British sports, is the world's game. It also means that England will belie her history and Wimbledon its traditions if the leadership is not regained. INDEX Alexander, F. B., 71, 127 All England Club, i, 6, 90 Allegheny Country Club, 138 Allen, C. G., 45, 50, 79 E. R., 45, 47, 50, 78 Rev. H. B., 78 Aliens, the, 50, 78 Alonso, M., 60 Ambrose, C., 52 America, 28, 103, 136, 147, 151, 169, I 74 American championships, 8, 28, 109 Americans at Wimbledon, 4, 27, 29, 3i 33. i3> "5. 121, 131, 134 and Davis Cup, 10, 12, 21, 105 Antwerp, 62 Aspinall, Mr., 94 Atkinson, H. E., 81 Auckland, N.Z., 144 Australasia, 4, 124, 126, 136, 139, 155 American players in, 126 Australasians at Wimbledon, 4, 25, 33, 124 Australia, 26, 58, 104, 119, 128, 143 Austria, 63 Auteuil, 148 Baddeley, W., 4, 5 Baden-Baden, 63 Balfour, Mr. A. J., 27, 81, 162 Ball-Greene, G. C., 5, 50, 76 Barcelona, 61 Barlow, H. S., 37 Barrett, H. Roper, 12, 15, 18, 25, 28, 37. 39. 47. 5. 56, 119. 126, I34> 140 Base-line players, 147 Battersea Park, 41 Beamish, Mrs., 169 A. E., 43, 44, 85, 87, 92, 95, 101, 129, 150 Beaulieu, 82 Beau Site, Cannes, 72, 75, 80 Beckenham, 35, 37 Behr, K., 24, 125 Belgium, 61, 67, 104, 118, 143 Beloit, U.S.A., 108 Bersey, W. C., 39 Biarritz, 54 Biddle, Craig, 152 Birkenhead, Lord, 163 Bissing, Baron von, 60 12 Black, E. D., 119 Blackboard, C. R., 60 Blackmore, S. Powell, 52 Blanc, M., 68 Bloemfontein, 92 Bonar Law, Mr., 162 Bordighera, 81 Borman, P. de, 63 Boston, U.S.A., 13, 24, 28, 129, 137, 140 Bostrom, W., 153 Bostwick, A. C., 73 Boucher, J. M., 45 Boulogne, 54 Bourke, H. L., 52 Bournemouth, 50 Bremen, 152 Brighton, 46 Bristol, 48 courts, Beaulieu, 82 Brookes, N. E., 2, 8, 9, 13, 18, 23, 25, 28, 33, 36, 78, 103, 104, 112, 114, 122, 127, 129, 137, 141, 147. Brown, E. A., 46 Brugnon, J., 150, 164 Brussels, 62, 143 Budapest, 64 Bulawayo, 93 Bundy, T. C., 114 Burke, Tom, 80 Burrow, F. R., 46, 49 Buxton, 44 Cambridge, 5, 39, 75, 122 Canada, 90, 132, 133, 137 Cannes, 67, 74, 76, 80, 92, 167 Club, 81 Cape Town, 89, 90, 93, 95, 100, 165 Caridia, G. A., 9, 165 Carlton courts, Cannes, 81, 169 Carpentier, 51 Casdagli, X. E., 44 Centre court, the, 4, 9, 14, 147 Chambers, Mrs. Lambert, 36, 43, 168, 171 Championships, the, 3, 33, 175 Chicago, 1 08, 137 Chiswick Park, 35 Christchurch, N.Z., 129 Churchill, Mr. Harry, 34 Clarke brothers, 29 178 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Clothier, W. J., 30, 121 Cockran, F. E., 86, 101 Connaught, Duke of, 90 Continent, lawn tennis on the, 53 Covered courts, 146 championships, 28, 158 Cowdrey, 148 Craigside, 164 Crawford, F. R. L., 47, 48 Crawley, A. E., 52 Cricket and lawn tennis, 3 Crowther-Smith, H. F., 52 Croydon, East, 40 Crystal Palace, 164 Davis (S.A.), 99 Cup, 10, 16, 21, 28, 56, 86, 103, 118 Dwight F., 12, 103, 118 Davson, P. M., 28, 56 Deauville, 54, 143 De Beers mines, 100 Decugis, M., 60, 76, 77, 148, 152, 159 Denmark, 155 De Villiers, 86 Devonshire Park, Eastbourne, 18 Diemerkool, 62 Dieppe, 54 Dinard, 54 Dixon, C. P., 15, 21, 36, 48, 85, 90, 95, 129, 134. 155 Doherty, H. L., 7, 9, n, 13, 16, 24, 37, 7. 75. "5. "I, 12 3. 158, 168 R. F., 4, 7, 13, 70, 76, 82, 90, 116, I2i, 123, 158, 164, 168 Dohertys, the, 4, 5, 12, 18, 27, 33, 38, 69, 75, 76, 81, 115, 120, 123, 158 Dodd, G H., 101 Miss L., 167 Doust, S. N., 28, 43, 47, in, 138, 139 Drabble, G. C., 49 Drive Club, the, 41 Duckworth, Mr. J., 42 Dulwich, 150, 164 Dunlop, A. W., in, 123, 129, 139, 153 Durban, 89, 93 Dwight, Dr. J., 30, 67 Eastbourne, 17, 46 Eaves, W. V., 9, 23, 46, 50, 54, 68, 76,84 Edgbaston, 8, 18, 43 Edward, King, 38, 81 Elgood, C. A., 37 Elliott, Miss Maxine, 163 Escombe, L. H., 84 Evelegh, B. C., 38, 45, 49 Exmouth, 48 Fenner's, 27 Field, 49 Fisher, F. M. B., 35 Flavelle, J. M., 5, 132, 152 Fleming, Tom, 80 Folkestone, 16, 47 Forest Hills, New York, 3, 109, 142 France, 53, 56, 66, 104, 118, 143, 149, 157 at Wimbledon, 4, 16, 33 Froitzheim, O., 59, 63, 132, 138 Garfit, Miss, 44 Garland, C. S., 30, 44, 104 Gauntlett, V. R., 101 Geneva, 65, 152 George, King, 171 German players, 60, 63, 66, 76, 81 132, 138 Germans at Wimbledon, 33 Germot, M., 60, 152, 155 Gipsy Club, 39 Gobert, A. H., 16, 27, 28, 35, 53, 55, 59, 62, 104, 143, 144, 149, 155, 1 60 Goodbody, M. F., 149 Gore, A. W., 7, 9, 14, 18, 22, 24, 47, 119, 126, 152, 153, 159 Graham-White, Mr., 41 Greene, Miss A. N. G., 73 Greville, G., 24, 36 Groote Schuur, 99 Guest, Captain Frederick, 163 Gustav, King, 81, 152 Hackett, H. H., 21, 133, 134 Hamilton, W. J., 4 Hampton, G. C., 40 J. L., 40 Hardy, S., 144 Hartsbourne Manor, 163 Havre, 34 Heath, R. W., 129 Hendon, 41 Hillyard, G. W., 3, 7, 9, 24, 50, 70, 84, 113, 158 Holland, 62, 118 Homburg, 63, 75 Hopwood, Lord, 91 Hough, R. B., 148 Howard, Hon. Mrs. Geoffrey, 96 Hyde Park Club, 158 Hyeres, 81 Hythe, 47 India, 118 Ireland, 4, 165 Italy, 65 Jacob, S. M., 87 Japan, 4, 30, 38, 39, 62, 118, 144 INDEX 179 Joannis, M., 58 Johannesburg, 3, 86, 89, 93, 100, 101 Johnston, W. M., 4, n, 14, 1 8, 30, 38, 103, 107, 112, 115, 136, 143, 144 Kempe, C., 156, 157 Kimberley, 90, 92, 100 King, Lionel, 46 Kingscote. A. R. F., 28, 30, 37, 47, 56, 62, 65, 104, 137, 140, 143, 144 Kinzl, R., 60, 64, 122 Kissengen, 64 Kitson, H. A., 101 Kleinschroth, H., 60, 79, 133 R., 60, 79, 152 Kreuzer, O., 133, 138 Kumagae, I., 62 La Festa courts, 74 Ladies' play, 112, 167 Ladysmith, 93 Larcombe, D. R., 51 - Mrs., 43, 51 Larned, W. A., 8, 10, 30, 86, 114, 115, 120, 129 Larsen, E., 156 Latham, G. C., 97 Laurentz, W. H., 56, 60, 104, 149 Lausanne, 65 Lawford, H. F., 2, 80 Lawn Tennis Association, 32 growth of, 34, 1 08 Leamington, 44 Leicester, 14, 44, 50 Lenglen, M. Chas., 67, 166, 171 Mile, 4, 33, 52, 59, 62, 67, 69, 74, 80, 1 66 Lersner, Baron von, 64 Le Touquet, 54 Lille, 54 Little, R. D., 10, 18, 123 Liverpool, 42, 138 Livingstone, 97 Llandudno, 164 London championships, 38 Country Club, 41 Long, Melville, 128 Lowe, A. H., 137, 140, 143, 156 F. G., 36, 39, 62, 65, 78, 86, 88, 92, 95, 101, 129, 156, 160 Lyons, 151 McDonald, H. R., 52 McKane, Miss K., 62 McLoughlin, M. E., 3, 18, 21, 26, 30, 33, 43, i3, 107, IJ 4, I2I > I28 131, 132, 134, 141, 147, 163 McNair, Mrs, 62 Mahony, H. S., 24, 37, 148 Maida Vale Club, 158 Manchester, 42, 90 Margate, 47 Marienbad, 64 Marriott, C., 51 Martin, Miss L. t 43 Mavrogordato, E. E., 52 T. M., 28, 34, 43, 47, 78, 137, 141, 165 Meers, E. G., 13 Melbourne, 9, 28, 122, 127, 129, 136 Mentone, 65, 68, 74, 79, 167 Methuen, F. M. Lord, 85, 95 Michael, Grand Duke, 81 Milford, H. S., 40 Mishu, N., 40, 64 Monaco, 74 Monte Carlo, 8, 24, 68, 71, 75, 168 Morton, Miss A. M., 39 Munro, R., 164 Napoleon, 80 Neuilly, 150 Net-cord strokes, 7 Newcastle, 18, 43 Newport, Mon., 18, 44, 86 U.S.A., 8, no New York, 30, 86, 107, 136, 141 Zealand, 35, 104, 119, 126 Nice, 13, 67, 71, 74, 75 Club, 67, 73, 163 Nisbet, H. A., 12, 22 Norris, A. B. J., 148 Northern Championships, 17, 42 Norton, B. I. C., 47 Norwood, 20, 39 Nottingham, 44, 50, 132 Olympic Games, 62, 154 Ostend, 62 Paris, 27, 54, 64, 138, 148 Parke, J. C., 13, 43, 104, 112, 129, 134, 137, 141 Patterson, G. L., 3, 18, 19, 27, 36, 40, 62, 104, 143 Payn, F. W., 152 Pearce, Dr. F. H., 113 Pirn, J., 4, 5, 46, 120, 129 Pittsburg, U.S.A., 137 Port Elizabeth, 92, 94 Powell, K., 27, 39, 152, 153 R. B., 34, 43, 54, 7, $5, 89, 95, in, 133, 137, 141 Prebble, A. D., 48 Press and lawn tennis, 51 Pretoria, 93, 95 Price, Hamilton, 52 Punch, 52 Qa Kamba Club, 86 180 TWENTY YEARS OF LAWN TENNIS Queen's, 4, 20, 24, 35, 38, 56, 71, 147, 154. 157 Queenstown, 94 Racing Club, Paris, 151 Rahe, F. W., 60, 78, 80, 133 Raymond, L., 43, 62 Renshaw Cup, 148 Renshaws, the, 2, 4, 18, 67, 74, 80 Rhodes, Cecil, 99 D. P., 78, 152 Rhodesia, 66, 97, 100 Ridding, C. H., 82 Rieck, Frl., 74 Riseley, F. L., 9, 12, 13, 14, 23, 43, 69, 124 Ritchie, M. J. G., 13, 15, 24, 28, 36, 70. 7L 75. 83, 148, 153, 159 Riviera, the, 55, 66 Rochester, U.S.A., 108 Roehampton, 40, 163 Rome, 65 Rondesbosch, 90 Roosevelt, President, 143 Rootham, P. W., 164 Rowan, Dr., 91 Royal Club, Stockholm, 152 Russia, 67 Ryan, Miss, 169 St. Cloud, 3, 57, 65, 109, 150 St. Moritz, 65 Salisbury, S.A., 93 Salm, Count, 40, 64, 79, 152 San Francisco, 41, 107, 129 San Remo, 74, 81 Saxmundham, 50 Scarborough, 43 Scheveningen, 5 Schools, lawn tennis in, 42, 174 Schulenburg, Countess, 73 Schwengers, B. P., 133, 138 Scotland, 90 Scrivener, H. S., 49, 52 Setter wall, G., 152, 157 Shimidzu, Z., 30, 38, 60 Simond, G. M., 22, 58, 74, 78, 82, 148, 158 Smith, S. H., 9, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 36, 43. 45. 50, 69, 112, 120, 124 Sir Harold, 163 South Africa, 6, 60, 62, 84, 119, 144 South of England Championships, 46 Spain, 61, 65, 67, 118 Sporting Club de Paris, 150 Steevens, G. W., 93 Sterry, A., 36 Mrs., 36, 43, 44, 168 Stockholm, 54, 152, 161 Stutterheim, 98 Surbiton, 28, 35 Sutton, Miss M., 43 Sweden, 65, 81, 152* 160 Switzerland, 65, 152 Sydney, N.S.W., 28, 128, 129, 143 " Tennis Cabinet," 143 Tennis Club de Paris, 148 Thomas, R. V., 29 Tilden, W. T., 3, 4, 8, n, 14, 18, 29, 30, 38, 44, 52, 103, 112, 115, 121, 129, 136, 143, 162 Timmis, E. W., 113 Tournaments in Great Britain, 32 Tripp, Miss J., 73 Turnbull, O. G. N., 47, 62 Umpiring, 113 Vanderbilt, Mr., 77 Victoria Falls, 87, 93, 97 Vienna, 64 Voigt, C. A., 63, 68, 70, 148 Volleying, value of, 23 Wallace, Mr. A. L., 97 Wanderers' Club, Johannesburg, 3, 86, 101 War, effect on lawn tennis, 2, 20, 27, 32, 54, 63, 104, 146, 164 Ward, Holcombe, 10, 12, 18, 30, 115, 120 Webster, Tom, 52 Wesseley, C. von, 60, 64, 122 West Side Club, New York, no Whitman, M. D., 8 Wilding, A. F., 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23. 25, 27, 35, 39, 43, 55, 59, 63, 74, 75, 82, 103, 114, 116, 122, 125, 127, 134, 140, 149, 151, 155, 160, 163, 167, 173 Williams, R. N., 24, 30, 65, 103, 133, X 34 Wimbledon, r, 12, 53, 58, 61, 64, 65, 103, 109, 121, 124, 131, 175 Winslow, C. L., 44, 88 Wood, A. O'Hara, 104 P. O'Hara, 29 Woosnam, M., 47, 62 Worthing, 47 Wrenn, R. D., 30 Wright, Beals, n, 24, 30, 37, 75, 115, 120, 122, 125, 129 Irving, 75, 77 Zambesi, the, 87, 93, 97 Zerlendi, A., 63 PRINTED BY MORRISON AND CIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH V* LD2lA-20m-3,'T3 (Q8677slO)476-A-31 Berkeley UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES

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Arturo Marino Benitez international airport is in which country?

Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Guide (SCL) Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Guide (SCL) Airport info Casilla 79 Correo Aeropuerto Internacional, Santiago, Chile Location: Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport is located 15km (9.5 miles) northwest of central Santiago. No. of terminals: 2 Timezone: GMT -04:00 Map: Located a short distance from Chile’s capital, Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport is the county’s largest airport and is one of South America’s key transport hubs. Our Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport guide includes information on facilities, public transport options and nearby hotels. Airport news :  A master plan at the airport is underway that includes an expansion of the main terminal building and the construction of an additional terminal. Information :  Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport has two information desks (tel: +56 2 2690 1752), one on the first floor (Arrivals) and another on the third floor (Departures). A tourist information centre is located in the arrivals area of the international terminal. Website :  www.aeropuertosantiago.cl Transfer between terminals :  The domestic and international terminals are housed in the same building and are internally connected by a passageway, lifts, stairs and hallways. Driving directions :  The best route from central Santiago is west on Avenida Libertador B. O’Higgins (which turns into Route 68), then right onto Circunvalación Américo Vespucio, where Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport is located. There are plenty of signs signalling the entrance to the airport. From east and north Santiago, the best route to the airport is Circunvalación Américo Vespucio Norte. From south Santiago, take the Circunvalación Américo Vespucio Sur northwards. Public Transport Public transport road :  Bus:Two bus companies serve the airport and link to city centre destinations. The Centro Puerto bus (tel: +56 2 601 9883; www.centropuerto.cl ), which runs from both terminals, stops at the Los Héroes bus terminal (fare: CH$1,400), close to the Los Héroes metro station. The Tur-Bus (tel: +56 2 2822 7500; www.turbus.cl ) stops at the Alameda bus terminal and central Santiago (journey time: 30 minutes; fare: CH$1,700). Shuttle:TransVip (tel: +56 2 2677 3000; www.transvip.cl ) minibuses offer a door-to-door service to destinations throughout Santiago. Representatives are stationed throughout the terminal and tickets can be purchased in the domestic and international arrivals areas. Taxi:Taxi Oficial (tel: +56 2 2601 9880; www.taxioficial.cl ), which are marked blue with 'taxioficial' identification, are available from outside both terminals. These run to destinations such as Providencia, Las Condes, Viña del Mar and Santiago city centre. Terminal facilities Money :  Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport has banks, ATM machines and bureaux de change located within the terminals. Communication :  The post office is located on the first floor of the domestic area. Telephones and internet kiosks are situated throughout the airport. Food :  There are numerous bars, fast-food outlets, cafés, snack bars and restaurants at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. Shopping :  There is a large selection of shops at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. These include gift retailers, book shops, newsagents, wine merchants, jewellery and handicraft stores, as well as duty-free shops in the international terminal. Luggage :  Trolleys are free of charge in both terminals. A left-luggage service (tel: +56 2 690 1319) is in operation 24 hours a day in the international terminal. A lost property department (tel: +56 2 690 1707) is on hand to assist with missing luggage. Other :  There is a pharmacy on the third floor of the domestic terminal and a medical centre on the first floor of the international terminal. Airport facilities Conference and business :  A business centre equipped with a meeting room and café is located in the international terminal – this has videoconferencing, fax, internet and computer workstation services. In addition, a large meeting room for up to 40 people and a press room are available for hire. United Airlines, LAN Chile, American Airlines and Pacific Club all have VIP lounges in the terminal complex. Meeting facilities are also offered at the nearby Holiday Inn Santiago Airport (tel: +56 2 2799 9900; www.holidayinn.com ) and Hilton Garden Inn Santiago Airport (tel: +56 2 2964 1000; hiltongardeninn3.hilton.com ) hotels. Disabled facilities :  The terminal complex is designed with visual, hearing and tactile facilities. These include wheelchair-accessible Braille lifts and telephones, bathroom facilities and lifts with speakers and emergency lights. Wheelchairs are available on request from individual airlines: passengers should inform their airline prior to travel. Car parking :  Short- and long-term car parking is provided at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. Short-term car parking is located directly in front of the terminal complex. The long-term car park is served by a shuttle service. Car rental :  Car hire companies at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport include: Alamo, Avis, Budget, Europcar, Econorent, Hertz and Rosselot. Car hire desks are located in both domestic and international arrivals areas. Hotels There is one hotel at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, the 118-room Holiday Inn Santiago Airport, which is located immediately in front of the airport entrance. A small selection can be found in the near vicinity, while a greater accommodation choice can be found in Santiago. Where would you like to go?: Check-in:

Chile

What was Jane Russell's real first name?

SCEL airport information, location and details Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport - Santiago, CHILE SCEL airport information, location and details Information Airport Map Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport (SCEL) Charter Flights Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport in Santiago, CHILE is one of the more than 5,000 private jet airports you can access through PrivateJets.com. Unlike commercial air travel, utilizing a private jet charter service allows you to fly into the airport of your choice, on your schedule. Need a Charter Quote for Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport (SCEL)? If you would like a complimentary charter price estimate for a flight from Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport, simply fill in the details above in our Private Jet Travel Planner, and one of our expert Sales Directors will follow up promptly with your quote details.

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The Fabulous Cullinan diamond was cut into how many separate gems?

World's 10 Legendary Diamonds - Bridal Jewelry NewsBridal Jewelry News Posted on April 19, 2013 by admin The world’s most famous diamonds are its largest diamonds. At staggering weights up to thousands of carats, these diamonds have been cut, re-shaped and sold many times, contributing to their rich, interesting histories. Diamond symbolizes eternal love, purity and strength. A diamond is known by its 4 C’s . There are four different characteristics- the Carat, the Color, the Cut and the Clarity. A number of large or extraordinary diamonds have gained fame, as exquisite examples of the beautiful nature of diamonds, and because of the famous people who wore, bought, and sold them. A list of the most famous diamonds in history follows. 1. Spoonmaker’s Diamond Spoonmaker’s Diamond Source: Wadaphoto in JP The Spoonmaker’s Diamond the most valuable single exhibit of the Topkapi Palace Museum and part of the Imperial Treasury. It is an 86 carats (17 g) pear-shaped diamond. Surrounded by a double-row of 49 Old Mine cut diamonds and well spotlighted, it hangs in a glass case on the wall of one of the rooms of the Treasury. Various stories are told about the Spoonmaker’s Diamond. According to one tale, a poor fisherman in Istanbul empty-handed along the shore when he found a shiny stone among the litter, which he turned over and over not knowing what it was. After carrying it about in his pocket for a few days, he stopped by the jewelers’ market, showing it to the first jeweler he encountered. The jeweler  took a casual glance at the stone and appeared disinterested, saying “It’s a piece of glass, take it away if you like, or if you like I’ll give you three spoons. You brought it all the way here, at least let it be worth your trouble.” What was the poor fisherman to do with this piece of glass? What’s more the jeweler had felt sorry for him and was giving three spoons. He said okay and took the spoons, leaving in their place an enormous treasure. It is for this reason they say that the diamond’s name became the “Spoonmaker’s Diamond”. Spoonmaker’s Diamond Photo by Eric Feldman The pride of the Topkapi Palace Museum and its most valuable single exhibit is the 86-carat pear-shaped Spoonmaker Diamond, also known as the Kasikci. 2. Koh-i-Noor Diamond The-Queen-Mother’s-Crown-featuring-Koh-i-Noor-diamond The Queen Mother’s Crown © CORBIS The Kōh-i Nūr that means “Mountain of Light” is a 105 carat (21.6 g) diamond that was once the largest known diamond in the world. It is of great historical significance. It belonged to great Mughal Kingdom of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Hindus, Mughals, Persian, Afghan, Sikh and British rulers fought bitterly over it at various points in history and seized it as a spoil of war time and again. It was finally seized by the East India Company and became part of the British Crown Jewels when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877. Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Mother) wearing the Koh-I-Noor set in her crown on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, after the coronation of King George VI, with daughter Princess Elizabeth, now Queen Elizabeth II. Photo from Telegraph, UK Many lay claim to the Koh-i-Noor, including the Taliban, who trace its origin in India through Afghanistan in ancient days. Indian Sikhs have asked for the diamond back too, as they were the most recent holders before the British. For their part, the British are deaf to these claims, arguing since the diamond has passed through so many hands for so long, they have just as much right to the stone as anyone. 3. The Great Star of Africa The Great Star of Africa diamond The Great Star of Africa a.k.a Cullinan diamond is the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found, at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g), was discovered in 1905 in South Africa. It was named after the owner of the mining company. It was cut into 105 gems. Cullinan I, 530 carats is the largest of the cuts and is know as the Great Star of Africa. The Cullinan diamond was found by Thomas Evan Powell, a miner who brought it to the surface and gave it to Frederick Wells, surface manager of the Premier Diamond Mining Company in Cullinan, South Africa on January 26, 1905. The stone was named after Sir Thomas Cullinan, the owner of the diamond mine. The Cullinan was split and cut into 7 major stones and 96 smaller stones. Edward VII had the Cullinan I and Cullinan II set respectively into the Sceptre with the Cross and the Imperial State Crown, while the remainder of the seven larger stones and the 96 smaller brilliants remained in the possession of the Dutch diamond cutting firm of Messers I. J. Asscher of Amsterdam who had split and cut the Cullinan, until the South African Government bought these stones and the High Commissioner of the Union of South Africa presented them to Queen Mary on June 28, 1910. 4. Darya-ye Noor Diamond Perski Diament Darya Ye Noor Perski photo Diamenty The Darya-ye Noor “Ocean of Light”; weighing an estimated 182 carats (36 g). Its colour, pale pink, is one of the rarest to be found in diamonds. The Darya-ye Noor presently forms part of the Iranian Crown Jewels and is on display at the Central Bank of Iran in Tehran. In 1739, Nader Shah of Persia invaded Northern India, occupied Delhi and then massacred many of its inhabitants. As payment for returning the crown to the Mughal emperor, he took possession of the entire fabled treasury of the Mughals, including the Darya-i-noor, in addition to the Koh-i-noor and the Peacock throne. All of these treasures were carried to Iran by Nader Shah and the Darya-i-noor has remained there ever since. Darya-e Noor Diamond by Postnoon Reza Shah, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, wore the diamond as a decoration on his military hat during his coronation in 1926, and it was used in Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s coronation ceremony in 1967. 5. Tiffany Yellow Diamond Tiffany Yellow Diamond The Tiffany Diamond is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered. It was discovered at the Kimberlite mine in South Africa in 1878 and was originally 287 carats. The facet pattern features eight needle-like facets pointing outward from the culet (bottom) facet. Jewelry and diamond historian Herbert Tillander refers to this as a ‘stellar brilliant cut’, and lists the gem in his book “Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910” (1995) among other such diamonds: The Koh-I-Noor, the Polar Star, the Wittelsbach, among others. Tiffany Yellow Diamond Film poster of Breakfast at Tiffany’s After being cut and polished into a cushion shape, it measured 128.54 carats and was classified as a fancy yellow. The diamond is part of the collection at the Smithsonian Museum. The diamond is also part of the promotion material for the film Breakfast at Tiffany’s featuring Audrey Hepburn . 6. Orlov Diamond The Orlov diamond in the Russian Imperial Sceptre Image courtesy of Elkan Weinberg The Orlov (sometimes spelled Orloff) is a large diamond that is part of the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin . The origin of this resplendent relic – described as having the shape and proportions of half a hen’s egg – can be traced back to 18th century in southern India. The particulars of the Orlov’s story have been lost with time, but it is widely reported that the diamond once served as an eye of the statue in a temple in southern India. The man held responsible for its removal was a French deserter, a grenadier from the Carnatic wars who apparently died after touching the gem. The Orlov is a rarity among historic diamonds, for it retains its original Indian rose-style cut. Its colour is widely stated as white with a faint bluish-green tinge. 7. Hope Diamond Penland is a photographer for the Smithsonian and has taken photos of many of their gems. This photo by Dane Penland is the most well-known of the Hope Diamond in the world The Hope Diamond is the previous record holder for being the largest faceted diamond and is probably the most well known and historically interesting of all diamonds. The Hope Diamond was originally known as the Tavernier Blue which was a crudely cut triangular diamond. According to legend, it was stolen from an Indian statue of Sita and purchased by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier around 1660. The diamond was sold to King Louis XIV of France who had it cut into a 67.125 carat stone. It was renamed the French Blue and worn for ceremonial functions in France. The diamond was rarely seen until Louis XVI gave it to Marie Antoinette who added it to her jewelry collection. When the French Revolution started the diamond was stolen and resurfaced in La Havre four years later. The diamond disappeared for another 20 years (which coincidentally is exactly how long it took for the statute of limitations to run out on the crime) when it resurfaced in the hands of a London diamond merchant Daniel Eliason in 1812. Henry Philip Hope purchased the diamond in 1824, after his death his heirs fought over the diamond. It passed through three generations of the Hope family until Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton Hope fell into bankruptcy and was forced to sell the stone. The diamond continued to change hands until Pierre Cartier acquired it in 1910. They reset the stone and sold it to socialite Evelyn Walsh McLean. She left the stone to her heirs, however it had to be sold again to settle outstanding debt. Photo from the formal presentation of the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian on September 10th, 1958. From left to right Mrs. Harry Winston, wife of the donor; Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smithsonian; Dr. George S. Switzer, Cura The stone was purchased by legendary jeweler Harry Winston who had the lower portion of the stone cut to increase its brilliance. After having the diamond as part of his traveling exhibit known as “the court of jewels,” he donated it to the Smithsonian Institution where he sent it through the US postal service in plain brown wrapper. The diamond is said to have been cursed by the Hindu God from whose statue it was originally stolen because financial ruin or sudden death occurred to many who owned it. The diamond was also the inspiration for the fictional “Heart of the Ocean” in the movie Titanic. In 2005 new computer research proved that the Hope Diamond was indeed the French Blue that was stolen from the jewelry collection of Marie Antoinette. 8. Centenary Diamond Centenary Diamond 273.85 Carats, discovered at the Premier Mine, in July 1986. The ‘Centenary’ diamond weighed 599.10 carats in the rough. Together with a small select team, master-cutter  Gabi Tolkowsky took almost three years to complete its transformation into the world’s largest, most modern-cut, top-colour, flawless diamond. Gabi Tolkowsky holding Centenary Diamond Possessing 247 facets – 164 on the stone and 83 on its girdle – the aptly-named ‘Centenary’ diamond weighs 273.85 carats, and is only surpassed in size by the 530.20 carat ‘Great Star of Africa’ and the 317.40 carat ‘Lesser Star of Africa’, both of which are set into the British Crown Jewels. The ‘Centenary’ diamond was unveiled, appropriately at the Tower of London in May,1991. 9. Klopman diamond The Klopman diamond is a fabulous, legendaryand huge diamond, said to have a curse associated with it. Klopman diamond Image by Clip Art and Crafts The Klopman diamond was originally the subject of a traditional joke, a typical version of which is: A businessman boarded a plane to find, sitting next to him, an elegant woman wearing the largest, most stunning diamond ring he had ever seen. He asked her about it. “This is the Klopman diamond,” she said. “It is beautiful, but it’s like the Hope diamond; there is a terrible curse that goes with it.” “What’s the curse?” the man asked. She said “Mr. Klopman.” Due to the use of the name “Klopman” and the somewhat dark humor, and the fact that it was one of Myron Cohen’s standards, this joke is sometimes characterised as Yiddish in origin. Some commentators maintain that names other than Klopman would not be as funny, and point to the fact that this joke has survived essentially unaltered for decades. A later joke of Myron Cohen, similar in nature, goes as follows: The very same Mrs. Klopman was told by her doctor that she had a fatal condition and would never outlive her husband. She immediately commissioned a world-famous portrait artist to paint her portrait, which was to be hung above the mantel in the living room. As she posed for the portrait, she asked the artist “When you’re done…if you have some paints left….I vant you should add some things to the painting….. I vant you should paint on my wrist a three-tiered diamond tennis bracelet,” she said. “Also, paint on Tahitian black pearl earrings the size of grapes.” She continued in this vein, asking him to paint several rings on her fingers and a ruby and diamond tiara for good measure. The artist did as he was told, and turned out a dazzling portrait. When the job was finished, before he left, the artist said, “May I ask you a question, Mrs. Klopman?” “Sure, go ahead,” she replied. “Well,” said the artist, “painting the Klopman diamond was easy, but I had a heck of a time dreaming up all the other jewelry you wanted me to add on. Tell me, why did you want it?” A crafty gleam lit Mrs. Klopman’s eyes as she explained, “because when I’m dead and my husband brings the next Mrs. Klopman into this house, I want her to look at my portrait and go crazy trying to find all that stuff!” 10. The Sancy Diamond Sancy Diamond Image by Diamond Museum Little is known of the Sancy Diamond before the 14th century when it was most likely stolen from India. It was first recorded as measuring 100 carats when it was part of the dowry of Valentina, Galeazzo di Visconti’s daughter in 1389. She married Duke d’Orleans who was the brother of Charles VI of France. This began a long history of the diamond being used as collateral and going in and out of pawn over the next few hundred years. Duke John of Burgundy acquired the stone as a spoil of war victory and passed it down through his family for several generations including Charles the Bold. Charles brought the stone into battle believing it was good luck. This turned out not to be true as he lost the battle and his life and the stone was missing for 14 years. It then turned up in the possession of Jacob Fugger who sold it to the King of Portugal. When Phillip II of Spain Invaded Portugal he claimed the Sancy, however, the king escaped with several other jewels which he sold the French and English Crown. The Sancy found itself in the ownership of Elizabeth I, who also owned the Three Brothers stone which was also lost by Charles the Bold. Elizabeth secretly pawned the stone to finance a Dutch war against Spain. The diamond changed hands again and found a new owner Nicolas Harlay de Sancy whose wife had an appetite for diamonds. Elizabeth I wanted the diamond back and Sancy who eventually went bankrupt was convinced to sell it back to James I of the English Crown. The diamond went in and out of pawn again several times until 1660 when it was used to settle a debt and came into the ownership of Cardinal Mazarin. Upon his death the Cardinal gave it to the French Crown. It became part of Marie Antoinette’s collection until the French Revolution, when it was lost again. The stone found its way into the ownership of the Spanish Crown until it was “reclaimed” by Joseph Bonaparte. The diamond disappeared again for 25 years long enough for the statue of limitations to expire, when it surfaced to be purchased by Nicholas Demidov, who gave it to his wife. It was then sold to Sir Jamsetee Jeejeebhoy and eventually to William Astor in 1865. The Astor family kept possession of the stone until 1976 when they sold it for an undisclosed amount to the Louvre Museum where it still resides today. The diamond has a slightly unusual shape and is nearly flay on one side. This type of cut is very common in older diamonds. The stone measures 55.232 carats and has a slight yellow coloration. Most experts agree that the Sancy was part of a much larger diamond that was re-cut at some point, however there is no consensus which diamond it originally came from. Source: Wikipedia, Diamonds Eternal, Famous Diamonds, Time Share and Enjoy:

105

John and Mary Evans of Alaska grew the world's biggest what?

World's 10 Legendary Diamonds - Bridal Jewelry NewsBridal Jewelry News Posted on April 19, 2013 by admin The world’s most famous diamonds are its largest diamonds. At staggering weights up to thousands of carats, these diamonds have been cut, re-shaped and sold many times, contributing to their rich, interesting histories. Diamond symbolizes eternal love, purity and strength. A diamond is known by its 4 C’s . There are four different characteristics- the Carat, the Color, the Cut and the Clarity. A number of large or extraordinary diamonds have gained fame, as exquisite examples of the beautiful nature of diamonds, and because of the famous people who wore, bought, and sold them. A list of the most famous diamonds in history follows. 1. Spoonmaker’s Diamond Spoonmaker’s Diamond Source: Wadaphoto in JP The Spoonmaker’s Diamond the most valuable single exhibit of the Topkapi Palace Museum and part of the Imperial Treasury. It is an 86 carats (17 g) pear-shaped diamond. Surrounded by a double-row of 49 Old Mine cut diamonds and well spotlighted, it hangs in a glass case on the wall of one of the rooms of the Treasury. Various stories are told about the Spoonmaker’s Diamond. According to one tale, a poor fisherman in Istanbul empty-handed along the shore when he found a shiny stone among the litter, which he turned over and over not knowing what it was. After carrying it about in his pocket for a few days, he stopped by the jewelers’ market, showing it to the first jeweler he encountered. The jeweler  took a casual glance at the stone and appeared disinterested, saying “It’s a piece of glass, take it away if you like, or if you like I’ll give you three spoons. You brought it all the way here, at least let it be worth your trouble.” What was the poor fisherman to do with this piece of glass? What’s more the jeweler had felt sorry for him and was giving three spoons. He said okay and took the spoons, leaving in their place an enormous treasure. It is for this reason they say that the diamond’s name became the “Spoonmaker’s Diamond”. Spoonmaker’s Diamond Photo by Eric Feldman The pride of the Topkapi Palace Museum and its most valuable single exhibit is the 86-carat pear-shaped Spoonmaker Diamond, also known as the Kasikci. 2. Koh-i-Noor Diamond The-Queen-Mother’s-Crown-featuring-Koh-i-Noor-diamond The Queen Mother’s Crown © CORBIS The Kōh-i Nūr that means “Mountain of Light” is a 105 carat (21.6 g) diamond that was once the largest known diamond in the world. It is of great historical significance. It belonged to great Mughal Kingdom of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Hindus, Mughals, Persian, Afghan, Sikh and British rulers fought bitterly over it at various points in history and seized it as a spoil of war time and again. It was finally seized by the East India Company and became part of the British Crown Jewels when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877. Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Mother) wearing the Koh-I-Noor set in her crown on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, after the coronation of King George VI, with daughter Princess Elizabeth, now Queen Elizabeth II. Photo from Telegraph, UK Many lay claim to the Koh-i-Noor, including the Taliban, who trace its origin in India through Afghanistan in ancient days. Indian Sikhs have asked for the diamond back too, as they were the most recent holders before the British. For their part, the British are deaf to these claims, arguing since the diamond has passed through so many hands for so long, they have just as much right to the stone as anyone. 3. The Great Star of Africa The Great Star of Africa diamond The Great Star of Africa a.k.a Cullinan diamond is the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found, at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g), was discovered in 1905 in South Africa. It was named after the owner of the mining company. It was cut into 105 gems. Cullinan I, 530 carats is the largest of the cuts and is know as the Great Star of Africa. The Cullinan diamond was found by Thomas Evan Powell, a miner who brought it to the surface and gave it to Frederick Wells, surface manager of the Premier Diamond Mining Company in Cullinan, South Africa on January 26, 1905. The stone was named after Sir Thomas Cullinan, the owner of the diamond mine. The Cullinan was split and cut into 7 major stones and 96 smaller stones. Edward VII had the Cullinan I and Cullinan II set respectively into the Sceptre with the Cross and the Imperial State Crown, while the remainder of the seven larger stones and the 96 smaller brilliants remained in the possession of the Dutch diamond cutting firm of Messers I. J. Asscher of Amsterdam who had split and cut the Cullinan, until the South African Government bought these stones and the High Commissioner of the Union of South Africa presented them to Queen Mary on June 28, 1910. 4. Darya-ye Noor Diamond Perski Diament Darya Ye Noor Perski photo Diamenty The Darya-ye Noor “Ocean of Light”; weighing an estimated 182 carats (36 g). Its colour, pale pink, is one of the rarest to be found in diamonds. The Darya-ye Noor presently forms part of the Iranian Crown Jewels and is on display at the Central Bank of Iran in Tehran. In 1739, Nader Shah of Persia invaded Northern India, occupied Delhi and then massacred many of its inhabitants. As payment for returning the crown to the Mughal emperor, he took possession of the entire fabled treasury of the Mughals, including the Darya-i-noor, in addition to the Koh-i-noor and the Peacock throne. All of these treasures were carried to Iran by Nader Shah and the Darya-i-noor has remained there ever since. Darya-e Noor Diamond by Postnoon Reza Shah, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, wore the diamond as a decoration on his military hat during his coronation in 1926, and it was used in Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s coronation ceremony in 1967. 5. Tiffany Yellow Diamond Tiffany Yellow Diamond The Tiffany Diamond is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered. It was discovered at the Kimberlite mine in South Africa in 1878 and was originally 287 carats. The facet pattern features eight needle-like facets pointing outward from the culet (bottom) facet. Jewelry and diamond historian Herbert Tillander refers to this as a ‘stellar brilliant cut’, and lists the gem in his book “Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910” (1995) among other such diamonds: The Koh-I-Noor, the Polar Star, the Wittelsbach, among others. Tiffany Yellow Diamond Film poster of Breakfast at Tiffany’s After being cut and polished into a cushion shape, it measured 128.54 carats and was classified as a fancy yellow. The diamond is part of the collection at the Smithsonian Museum. The diamond is also part of the promotion material for the film Breakfast at Tiffany’s featuring Audrey Hepburn . 6. Orlov Diamond The Orlov diamond in the Russian Imperial Sceptre Image courtesy of Elkan Weinberg The Orlov (sometimes spelled Orloff) is a large diamond that is part of the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin . The origin of this resplendent relic – described as having the shape and proportions of half a hen’s egg – can be traced back to 18th century in southern India. The particulars of the Orlov’s story have been lost with time, but it is widely reported that the diamond once served as an eye of the statue in a temple in southern India. The man held responsible for its removal was a French deserter, a grenadier from the Carnatic wars who apparently died after touching the gem. The Orlov is a rarity among historic diamonds, for it retains its original Indian rose-style cut. Its colour is widely stated as white with a faint bluish-green tinge. 7. Hope Diamond Penland is a photographer for the Smithsonian and has taken photos of many of their gems. This photo by Dane Penland is the most well-known of the Hope Diamond in the world The Hope Diamond is the previous record holder for being the largest faceted diamond and is probably the most well known and historically interesting of all diamonds. The Hope Diamond was originally known as the Tavernier Blue which was a crudely cut triangular diamond. According to legend, it was stolen from an Indian statue of Sita and purchased by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier around 1660. The diamond was sold to King Louis XIV of France who had it cut into a 67.125 carat stone. It was renamed the French Blue and worn for ceremonial functions in France. The diamond was rarely seen until Louis XVI gave it to Marie Antoinette who added it to her jewelry collection. When the French Revolution started the diamond was stolen and resurfaced in La Havre four years later. The diamond disappeared for another 20 years (which coincidentally is exactly how long it took for the statute of limitations to run out on the crime) when it resurfaced in the hands of a London diamond merchant Daniel Eliason in 1812. Henry Philip Hope purchased the diamond in 1824, after his death his heirs fought over the diamond. It passed through three generations of the Hope family until Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton Hope fell into bankruptcy and was forced to sell the stone. The diamond continued to change hands until Pierre Cartier acquired it in 1910. They reset the stone and sold it to socialite Evelyn Walsh McLean. She left the stone to her heirs, however it had to be sold again to settle outstanding debt. Photo from the formal presentation of the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian on September 10th, 1958. From left to right Mrs. Harry Winston, wife of the donor; Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smithsonian; Dr. George S. Switzer, Cura The stone was purchased by legendary jeweler Harry Winston who had the lower portion of the stone cut to increase its brilliance. After having the diamond as part of his traveling exhibit known as “the court of jewels,” he donated it to the Smithsonian Institution where he sent it through the US postal service in plain brown wrapper. The diamond is said to have been cursed by the Hindu God from whose statue it was originally stolen because financial ruin or sudden death occurred to many who owned it. The diamond was also the inspiration for the fictional “Heart of the Ocean” in the movie Titanic. In 2005 new computer research proved that the Hope Diamond was indeed the French Blue that was stolen from the jewelry collection of Marie Antoinette. 8. Centenary Diamond Centenary Diamond 273.85 Carats, discovered at the Premier Mine, in July 1986. The ‘Centenary’ diamond weighed 599.10 carats in the rough. Together with a small select team, master-cutter  Gabi Tolkowsky took almost three years to complete its transformation into the world’s largest, most modern-cut, top-colour, flawless diamond. Gabi Tolkowsky holding Centenary Diamond Possessing 247 facets – 164 on the stone and 83 on its girdle – the aptly-named ‘Centenary’ diamond weighs 273.85 carats, and is only surpassed in size by the 530.20 carat ‘Great Star of Africa’ and the 317.40 carat ‘Lesser Star of Africa’, both of which are set into the British Crown Jewels. The ‘Centenary’ diamond was unveiled, appropriately at the Tower of London in May,1991. 9. Klopman diamond The Klopman diamond is a fabulous, legendaryand huge diamond, said to have a curse associated with it. Klopman diamond Image by Clip Art and Crafts The Klopman diamond was originally the subject of a traditional joke, a typical version of which is: A businessman boarded a plane to find, sitting next to him, an elegant woman wearing the largest, most stunning diamond ring he had ever seen. He asked her about it. “This is the Klopman diamond,” she said. “It is beautiful, but it’s like the Hope diamond; there is a terrible curse that goes with it.” “What’s the curse?” the man asked. She said “Mr. Klopman.” Due to the use of the name “Klopman” and the somewhat dark humor, and the fact that it was one of Myron Cohen’s standards, this joke is sometimes characterised as Yiddish in origin. Some commentators maintain that names other than Klopman would not be as funny, and point to the fact that this joke has survived essentially unaltered for decades. A later joke of Myron Cohen, similar in nature, goes as follows: The very same Mrs. Klopman was told by her doctor that she had a fatal condition and would never outlive her husband. She immediately commissioned a world-famous portrait artist to paint her portrait, which was to be hung above the mantel in the living room. As she posed for the portrait, she asked the artist “When you’re done…if you have some paints left….I vant you should add some things to the painting….. I vant you should paint on my wrist a three-tiered diamond tennis bracelet,” she said. “Also, paint on Tahitian black pearl earrings the size of grapes.” She continued in this vein, asking him to paint several rings on her fingers and a ruby and diamond tiara for good measure. The artist did as he was told, and turned out a dazzling portrait. When the job was finished, before he left, the artist said, “May I ask you a question, Mrs. Klopman?” “Sure, go ahead,” she replied. “Well,” said the artist, “painting the Klopman diamond was easy, but I had a heck of a time dreaming up all the other jewelry you wanted me to add on. Tell me, why did you want it?” A crafty gleam lit Mrs. Klopman’s eyes as she explained, “because when I’m dead and my husband brings the next Mrs. Klopman into this house, I want her to look at my portrait and go crazy trying to find all that stuff!” 10. The Sancy Diamond Sancy Diamond Image by Diamond Museum Little is known of the Sancy Diamond before the 14th century when it was most likely stolen from India. It was first recorded as measuring 100 carats when it was part of the dowry of Valentina, Galeazzo di Visconti’s daughter in 1389. She married Duke d’Orleans who was the brother of Charles VI of France. This began a long history of the diamond being used as collateral and going in and out of pawn over the next few hundred years. Duke John of Burgundy acquired the stone as a spoil of war victory and passed it down through his family for several generations including Charles the Bold. Charles brought the stone into battle believing it was good luck. This turned out not to be true as he lost the battle and his life and the stone was missing for 14 years. It then turned up in the possession of Jacob Fugger who sold it to the King of Portugal. When Phillip II of Spain Invaded Portugal he claimed the Sancy, however, the king escaped with several other jewels which he sold the French and English Crown. The Sancy found itself in the ownership of Elizabeth I, who also owned the Three Brothers stone which was also lost by Charles the Bold. Elizabeth secretly pawned the stone to finance a Dutch war against Spain. The diamond changed hands again and found a new owner Nicolas Harlay de Sancy whose wife had an appetite for diamonds. Elizabeth I wanted the diamond back and Sancy who eventually went bankrupt was convinced to sell it back to James I of the English Crown. The diamond went in and out of pawn again several times until 1660 when it was used to settle a debt and came into the ownership of Cardinal Mazarin. Upon his death the Cardinal gave it to the French Crown. It became part of Marie Antoinette’s collection until the French Revolution, when it was lost again. The stone found its way into the ownership of the Spanish Crown until it was “reclaimed” by Joseph Bonaparte. The diamond disappeared again for 25 years long enough for the statue of limitations to expire, when it surfaced to be purchased by Nicholas Demidov, who gave it to his wife. It was then sold to Sir Jamsetee Jeejeebhoy and eventually to William Astor in 1865. The Astor family kept possession of the stone until 1976 when they sold it for an undisclosed amount to the Louvre Museum where it still resides today. The diamond has a slightly unusual shape and is nearly flay on one side. This type of cut is very common in older diamonds. The stone measures 55.232 carats and has a slight yellow coloration. Most experts agree that the Sancy was part of a much larger diamond that was re-cut at some point, however there is no consensus which diamond it originally came from. Source: Wikipedia, Diamonds Eternal, Famous Diamonds, Time Share and Enjoy:

i don't know

Where is the University of New Hampshire located?

Maps & Directions » UNH | University of New Hampshire The University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824      •      (603) 862-1234 TTY Users: 7-1-1 or 800-735-2964 (Relay NH)

Durham

Who was the first person to win the Indianapolis 500 six times?

Undergraduate Admissions Undergraduate Admissions Our mission is to help you achieve your goals. This site is intended for undergraduate applicants on the main campus in Durham. Applicants for the Manchester campus should visit  UNH Manchester admissions. Quickfind Our mission is to help you achieve your goals. This site is intended for undergraduate applicants on the main campus in Durham. Applicants for the Manchester campus should visit  UNH Manchester admissions. Quickfind Outdoor Classroom Classes often meander outdoors, where lush lawns and shady groves invite quiet places for contemplation and conversation. Our mission is to help you achieve your goals. This site is intended for undergraduate applicants on the main campus in Durham. Applicants for the Manchester campus should visit  UNH Manchester admissions. Quickfind Our mission is to help you achieve your goals. This site is intended for undergraduate applicants on the main campus in Durham. Applicants for the Manchester campus should visit  UNH Manchester admissions. Quickfind Our mission is to help you achieve your goals. This site is intended for undergraduate applicants on the main campus in Durham. Applicants for the Manchester campus should visit  UNH Manchester admissions. Quickfind Keep in Mind... Closed majors for Spring 2017 Freshman Applicants Athletic Training; Health Management and Policy; Kinesiology: Exercise Science; Nursing; Occupational Therapy; Undeclared Health and Human Services Transfer Students International Students Veterans & Non-traditional Visit Our Campus Enjoy everything university life has to offer on our classic New England campus. Close to Boston, the beaches, and the White Mountains, the  University of New Hampshire  has the academics and student life you’ve been looking for. Watch the tour video UNH Tales-Student Blogs, Videos and More! Come to UNH and you’ll discover a vibrant, diverse undergraduate-oriented research university nestled in a classic New England setting. You’ll meet world-renowned professors—and here, even the greatest teach undergraduates. UNH attracts students with a hunger for learning, a love of the outdoors, and a drive to make a difference in their community. Experience more of our vibrant community by getting the student perspective at  www.unhtales.com  a student produced website. UNH Mobile App The UNH Mobile App Suite offers campus maps, dining menus, real-time bus transit predictions, wildcat athletics scores and schedules and much more! Now available for iOS and Android.  

i don't know

Gunn-toting Wyatt Earp survived to what age?

Tombstone History - The Earps and "Doc" Holliday PROFILES OF THE EARPS AND "DOC" HOLLIDAY   WYATT EARP is best known as the fearless frontier lawman of Wichita and Dodge City, Kansas, and as principal survivor of the Gunfight at the OK Corral. But the Marshall Earp of legend accounted for only about 5 years of Wyatt's long and eventful life.   Wyatt spent most of his years traveling and living in the deserts of the Southwest with his four brothers Virgil, Morgan, James and Warren, as well as his wife Josie. His lifelong passion for mining, gambling and sports led him from one boomtown to another across the span of the western frontier and into the 20th century.   Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was born in Monmouth, Illinois on March 19, 1848. In 1864 he moved with his parents to Colton, California near San Bernardino, where he was employed as a teamster and railroad worker. Wyatt returned east and married in 1870, but after the sudden death of his new bride, he drifted the Indian Territory working as a buffalo hunter and stagecoach driver.   In 1875 he arrived in Wichita, Kansas where he joined the police force. In 1876, he moved to Dodge City, Kansas where he became a faro dealer at the at the famous Long Branch Saloon and assistant marshal. It was here he met and became lifelong friends with Bat Masterson and Doc Holliday, as well as establishing his reputation as a notable lawman and gambler.   The photo at left comes from the National Archives of the United States. Taken around 1890, the picture posed past and present "Peace Commissioners" of Dodge City (Kansas). Left to right: Charles Bassett, W.H. Harris, Wyatt Earp, Luke Short, L. McLean, Bat Masterson, and Neal Brown. Masterson was a close friend of Wyatt and spent much time in Tombstone before returning to Kansas in 1882. Luke Short, another friend, and part-time lawman and part-time gambler, spent time in Tombstone and left a victim in Boothill.   Leaving Dodge City with his second wife, Mattie Blaylock, in 1878, Wyatt traveled to New Mexico and California, working for a time as a Wells Fargo agent. In 1879 he assembled with his brothers and their wives in the new silver mining town of Tombstone, Arizona.   Wyatt planned to establish a stage line here, but upon discovering that there were already two in town, he acquired the gambling concession at the Oriental Saloon. His brother VIRGIL (photo left) became town marshal, while Morgan took a job with the police department. It was here that Wyatt met his third wife JOSIE (Josephine Marcus Earp - photo right), who remained with him until his death.   On October 26, 1881, a feud that had developed between the Earp brothers and a gang led by Ike Clanton culminated in the most celebrated gun-fight in western folklore -- the Gunfight at the OK Corral. Three of the Clanton gang were killed, while Ike and another wounded member escaped. The three Earp brothers -- Virgil, Wyatt and Morgan -- along with Doc Holliday survived. Both Morgan and Virgil were wounded, and Virgil was later terminated as marshal for his role in the homicides.   In March, 1882 MORGAN EARP (photo right) was gunned down by unknown assassins. Wyatt, along with his brother Warren and some friends, embarked on a vendetta during which all four suspects were eventually killed.   After being accused of these murders, Wyatt and Josie fled Arizona to Colorado. then made the rounds of western mining camps over the next few years. They turned up in Coeur d' Alene, Idaho and in 1886, settled briefly in booming San Diego, where Wyatt gambled and invested in real estate and saloons.     In 1897 Wyatt and Josie headed for Nome Alaska where they operated a saloon during the height of the Alaska Gold Rush. They returned to the states in 1901 with an estimated $80,000 and immediately headed for the gold strike in Tonopah, Nevada, where his saloon, gambling and mining interests once again proved profitable.   Thereafter, Wyatt took up prospecting in earnest, staking claims just outside Death Valley and elsewhere in the Mojave Desert. In 1906 he discovered several veins that contained gold and copper near Vidal, California on the Colorado River and filed numerous claims there at the base of the Whipple Mountains.   Wyatt spent the winters of his final years working these claims in the Mojave Desert and living with Josie in their Vidal cottage. He and Josie summered in Los Angeles, where they befriended early Hollywood actors and lived off real estate and mining investments.   On Jan. 13, 1929 Wyatt Earp died in Los Angeles at the age of 80. Cowboy actors Tom Mix and William S. Hart were among his pallbearers. Wyatt's cremated ashes were buried in Josie's family plot in Colma, California, just south of San Francisco. When Josie died in 1944 at the age of 75, she was buried there beside him.   "THE LIFE OF DOC HOLLIDAY"   Dr. John Henry Holliday began his career as a Dentist in the south in the 1870's. After discovering he had tuberculosis and no one would visit his practice in fear that he might break into a horrific cough, "Doc" decided to come west. The Doctors had told John that the drier air of the west would be good for his disease. He was only given one year to live.   After discovering his natural instincts for the game of poker, he had found a new way to live. However, gambling in the west was nothing to mess with. Doc carried a six gun on his hip and one on his shoulder along with a knife and used them at will. Running from the law, Doc found himself in towns all over the west. His reputation was growing. Many believed that Doc liked to kill but this was not true.   Doc ran into a Lady friend who he had on and off affairs with throughout his life. "Big Nose" Kate, broke him out of jail and he felt he owed her for all of her help. So, he married her.   He ventured from Dodge City to Tombstone and through Colorado on several occasions. Many times running into people that wanted to prove themselves by taking him down. The price on his head was large and carried a big reputation. He had a strong relationship with Wyatt Earp. Wyatt and Doc would become friends after Doc shot down the two men who had planned to hang him. They later would become most famous for their showdown at the O.K. Corral. Wyatt said of Doc, "He was the most skillful gambler and the nerviest, fastest, deadliest man with a six-gun I ever saw."   No one succeeded in killing Doc in all his years including the law. Although he claimed that he almost lost his life nine times, four attempts to hang and ambushed five others.   After a long battle with Tuberculosis, Doc decided to go to Glenwood Springs, CO, to try the sulfur vapors. He spent his last fifty-seven days in bed. On November 8, 1887, he awoke and asked for a glass of whiskey. It was given to him and he drank it down with enjoyment. Then he said, "This is funny", and died.   He was buried in Glenwood Springs, Colorado at Pioneer Cemetery.  

eighty

Which sporting world championship has been held at the Kuusinski and Kitka Rivers in Finland?

About Wyatt Earp Mistakes In The Movie Tombstone For fallacies in the movie Tombstone please visit this web site: http://www.ferncanyonpress.com/tombston/movie.shtml He was a farmer, teamster, sometime buffalo hunter, officer of the law in various Western frontier towns, gambler, saloon-keeper, and miner. He is best known for his participation in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, along with Doc Holliday, and two of his brothers, Virgil Earp and Morgan Earp. On July 30, 1840, widower Nicholas Porter Earp wed local girl Virginia Ann Cooksey in Hartford, Kentucky. This second marriage for Nicholas produced eight children. Wyatt Earp was born in Monmouth, Illinois, on March 19, 1848. Wyatt Earp had an older half-brother, as well as a half-sister, who died at the age of ten-months. Nicholas Earp named his fourth son after his commanding officer during the Mexican-American War, Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp of the Illinois Mounted Volunteers. In March 1850, the Earps left Monmouth for California but settled instead in Iowa. Their new farm consisted of one-hundred and sixty acres, seven miles northeast of Pella, Iowa. On March 4, 1856, Nicholas sold his Iowa farm and returned to Monmouth, Illinois, but was unable to find work as a cooper or farmer, the work he knew best. Faced with the possibility of not being able to provide for his family, Nicholas chose to become a municipal constable, serving at this post for about three years. Reportedly, he had a second source of income from the selling of alcoholic beverages, which made him the target of the local Temperance movement. Subsequently, he was tried in 1859 for bootlegging, convicted for the crime and publicly humiliated. Nicholas was unable to pay his court-imposed fines, and on November 11, 1859, the Earp family's property was sold at auction. Two days later, the Earps left again for Pella, Iowa. Following their move, Nicholas made frequent travels back to Monmouth throughout 1860 to confirm and conclude the sale of his properties and to face several lawsuits for debt and accusations of tax evasion. During the family's second stay in Pella, the Civil War broke out. Newton, James, and Virgil joined the Union Army on November 11 , 1861 . Only thirteen years-old at the outbreak of the war, Wyatt was too young to join but later tried on several occasions to run away and join the army, only to have his father find him and bring him home. While Nicholas was busy recruiting and drilling local companies, Wyatt�with the help of his two younger brothers, Morgan and Warren�was left in charge of tending an eighty-acre crop of corn. James returned home in the summer of 1863 after being severely wounded in Fredericktown, Missouri . Newton and Virgil, however, fought several battles in the east and returned home at the end of the war. On May 12 , 1864 , the Earp family joined a wagon train heading to California. The 1931 book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal by Stuart N. Lake , tells of the Earps' encounter with Indians near Fort Laramie and that Wyatt reportedly took the opportunity at their stop at Fort Bridger to hunt buffalo with Jim Bridger . Later researchers have suggested that Lake's account of Earp's early life is embellished, since there is little corroborating evidence for many of its stories. By late summer 1865, Wyatt and Virgil had found a common occupation as stagecoach drivers for Phineas Banning �s Banning Stage Line in California's Imperial Valley . This is presumed to be the time Wyatt had his first taste of whiskey ; he reportedly felt sick enough to abstain from it for the next two decades. In the spring of 1866, Earp became a teamster , transporting cargo for Chris Taylor. His assigned trail for 1866-68 was from Wilmington , California, to Prescott , Arizona Territory . He also worked on the route from San Bernardino through Las Vegas , Nevada Territory, to Salt Lake City . In the spring of 1868, Earp was hired by Charles Chrisman to transport supplies for the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad . This is believed to be the time of his introduction to gambling and boxing ; he refereed a fight between John Shanssey and Mike Donovan . In the spring of 1868, the Earps moved again, this time back to the midwest, settling in Lamar, Missouri , where Nicholas became the local constable. When Nicholas resigned to become justice of the peace on November 17 , 1869 , Wyatt was appointed constable in place of his father. On November 26 and in return for his appointment, Earp filed a bond of $1,000. His sureties for this bond were his father Nicholas Porter Earp, his paternal uncle Jonathan Douglas Earp ( April 28 , 1824 - October 20 , 1900 ) and James Maupin. On January 10 , 1870 , Earp married his first wife, Urilla Sutherland (1849 - c.1870), the daughter of William and Permelia Sutherland, formerly of New York City . The marriage was short-lived. Urilla is believed to have died either a few months or about a year later. There are two reported versions of her cause of death: one version claims that she died of typhus , the other that she died in childbirth . In August 1870, Wyatt bought a house and land for $50. In November, he resold the house for $75. The later event has been used to estimate the death of Urilla, based on presumption that a widower has less need of permanent residence than a married man expecting children. That November, Earp ran for and won his constable's post, beating his older half-brother, Newton, 137 votes to 108. After his wife's death, Wyatt started to have some difficulties with the law. On March 14 , 1871 , Barton County, Missouri , filed a lawsuit against Earp and his sureties. He had been in charge of collecting license fees for Lamar, with the collected monies intended as funding for local schools; Earp was accused of failing to deliver the collected money. The action was eventually vacated, possibly because Wyatt and his father had moved out of the state. On March 31 , James Cromwell filed a lawsuit against Wyatt alleging that he had falsified court documents referring to the amount of money that Earp had hand collected from Cromwell to satisfy a judgment. To make up the difference between what Earp turned in and Cromwell owed (and claimed he had paid), the court seized Cromwell's mowing machine and sold it for $38. Cromwell's suit claimed that Earp owed him $75, the estimated value of the machine. The outcome of this case is not known. On April 1 , Earp was one of three men (along with Edward Kennedy and John Shown) facing accusations for horse theft. On March 28 , the accused had reportedly stolen two horses , "each of the value of one hundred dollars", from William Keys while in the Indian Country . On April 6 , Earp was arrested by Deputy United States Marshal J.G. Owens for the charges. The arraignment of the charges against him was read to him by Commissioner James Churchill on April 14 . Bail was set at $500. On May 15 , the indictment against Earp, Kennedy and Shown was issued. Anna Shown, wife of John Shown, claimed that Earp and Kennedy got her husband drunk and then threatened his life in order to earn his assistance. However on June 5 , Edward Kennedy was acquitted while the case against Earp and John Shown remained. Faced with two lawsuits and a trial, Earp apparently chose to flee the state of Missouri. An arrest warrant was issued. Both lawsuits and the horse theft case were eventually dropped, in part because of the disappearance of Earp. Researchers do not have enough evidence to conclude whether he was guilty of the charges; however the acquittal of one of his co-defendants may have been enough to cause the legal system to lose interest. For years, researchers had no reliable account of Earp's activities or whereabouts between the remainder of 1871 and October 28 , 1874 , when Earp made his reappearance in Wichita, Kansas . It has been suggested that he spent these years hunting American Bison (as is reported in the Stuart Lake biography) and wandering throughout the Great Plains . He is generally considered to have first met his close friend Bat Masterson around this period, on the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River . Nevertheless, the discovery of contemporary accounts that place Earp in Peoria, Illinois , and the surrounding area during 1872 have caused researchers to question these claims. Earp is listed in the city directory for Peoria during 1872 as living in the house of Jane Haspel, who operated a bagnio ( brothel ) from that location. In February 1872, Peoria police raided the Haspel bagnio, arresting four women and three men. The three men were Wyatt Earp, Morgan Earp, and George Randall. Wyatt and the others were charged with "Keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame." They were later fined twenty dollars and cost for the criminal infraction. Two additional arrests for Wyatt Earp for the same crime during 1872 in Peoria have also been found. Some researchers have concluded that the Peoria information indicates that Earp was intimately involved in the prostitution trade in the Peoria area throughout 1872. This new information has caused some researchers to question Earp's accounts of buffalo hunting in Kansas. In "Frontier Marshal," Lake claimed that while in Kansas, Earp met such notable figures as Wild Bill Hickok . Lake also identified Earp as the man who arrested gunman Ben Thompson [1] in Ellsworth, Kansas , on August 15 , 1873 . However Lake failed to identify his sources for these allegations. Consequently later researchers have expressed their doubt about them. Diligent search of the available records has uncovered no evidence that Wyatt Earp was in Ellsworth at the time of Thompson's trouble there. Proponents of Earp's arrest of Thompson, or even Earp's presence in Ellsworth in August of that year, point to unsubstantiated recollections that Earp registered at the Grand Central Hotel there. Research has shown Earp did not check into the hotel that summer. In particular, the activities of Benjamin Thompson during the year of his arrest were covered in detail by the local press without ever mentioning Earp. Thompson published his own accounts for the events in 1884, and he did not report Earp as the man responsible for his arrest. Deputy Ed Hogue of Ellsworth actually made the arrest. Like Ellsworth, Wichita was a train terminal which ended cattle drives from Texas . Such cattle boom towns on the frontier were a raucous places filled with drunken, armed cowboys, celebrating at the end of long drives. Earp officially joined the Wichita marshal's office on April 21 , 1875 , after the election of Mike Meagher as city marshal (the term causes confusion, since "city marshal" was then a synonym for police chief, a term also in use). One newspaper report exists referring to Earp as "Officer Erp" (sic) prior to his official hiring, making his exact role as an officer during 1874 unclear. Probably he served in an unofficial paid role. Earp received several public acclamations while in Wichita. He recognized and arrested a wanted horse thief (having to fire his weapon in warning but not hurting the man) and later a group of wagon thieves. He had a bit of public embarrassment in early 1876 when a loaded single action revolver dropped out of his holster while he was leaning back on a chair and discharged when the hammer hit the floor. The bullet went through his coat and out through the ceiling. It may be presumed from Earp's discussion of the problem in Lake's pseudobiography "Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal" (published after Wyatt's death) that Wyatt never carried a single-action with six rounds again. In Lake's version, Earp did not admit that he had first-hand knowledge of this error. Earp also had his nerves tested in Wichita in a situation which was not reported by the newspapers but which occurs in the Lake biography and is substantiated in the memoirs of his deputy Jimmy Cairns. Wyatt had angered drovers by acting to repossess an unpaid-for piano in a brothel and forcing the drovers to collect the money to keep the instrument in place. Later, a group of nearly 50 armed drovers gathered in Delano, preparing to "hoorah" Wichita across the river. ("Hoorah" was the Old West term for out-of-control drunken partying). Police and citizens in Wichita assembled to oppose the cowboys. Earp stood in the center of the line of defenders on the bridge from Delano to Wichita and held off the mob of armed men, speaking for the town. Eventually, the cowboys turned and withdrew, peace having been kept without a shot fired or a man killed. Years later Cairns wrote of Earp: "Wyatt Earp was a wonderful officer. He was game to the last ditch and apparently afraid of nothing. The cowmen all respected him and seemed to recognize his superiority and authority at such times as he had to use it." In late 1875, the local paper (Wichita Beacon) carried this item: "On last Wednesday (December 8), policeman Earp found a stranger lying near the bridge in a drunken stupor. He took him to the "cooler" and on searching him found in the neighborhood of $500 on his person. He was taken next morning, before his honor, the police judge, paid his fine for his fun like a little man and went on his way rejoicing. He may congratulate himself that his lines, while he was drunk, were cast in such a pleasant place as Wichita as there are but a few other places where that $500 bank roll would have been heard from. The integrity of our police force has never been seriously questioned." Wyatt's stint as Wichita deputy came to a sudden end on April 2 , 1876 , when Earp took too active an interest in the city marshal's election. According to news accounts, former marshal Bill Smith accused Wyatt of wanting to use his office to help hire his brothers as lawmen. Wyatt responded by getting into a fistfight with Smith and beating him. Meagher was forced to fire and arrest Earp for disturbing the peace, the end of a tour of duty which the papers called otherwise "unexceptionable." When Meagher won the election, the city council was split evenly on re-hiring Earp. With the cattle trade diminishing in Wichita, however, Earp moved on to the next booming cow-town, Dodge City, Kansas . Dodge City, Kansas became a major terminal for cattle driven from Texas along the Chisholm Trail from Texas after 1875. Earp was appointed assistant marshal in Dodge City, under Marshal Larry Deger, in 1876. There is some indication that Earp traveled to Deadwood in the Dakota Territory , during the winter of 1876-77. He was not on the police force in Dodge City in the later part of 1877, although he is listed as being on the force in the spring. His presence in Dodge as a private citizen is substantianted by a July notice in the newspaper that he was fined $1.00 for slapping a muscular prostitute named Frankie Bell, who (according to the papers) "...heaped epithets upon the unoffending head of Mr. Earp to such an extent as to provide a slap from the ex-officer..". Bell spent the night in jail and was fined costs of $20.00, while Earp's fine was the legal minimum. In October 1877, Earp left Dodge City for a short while to gamble throughout Texas. He stopped at Fort Griffin , Texas, where (according to Wyatt's recollection in the Stuart Lake biography) he met a young, card-playing dentist known as Doc Holliday . Earp returned to Dodge City in 1878 to become the assistant city marshal under Charlie Bassett [2] . Holliday moved to Dodge City in June 1878 and saved Earp's life in August. While Earp was trying to break up a bar-room brawl, a cowboy drew a gun and pointed it at Earp's back. Holliday yelled, "Look out, Wyatt," then drew his gun, scaring the cowboy enough to make him back off. In the summer of 1878, Texas cowboy George Hoy, after an altercation with Wyatt, returned with friends and fired into the Comique variety hall, outside of which stood police officers Wyatt Earp and Jim Masterson. Inside the theater, a great number of .45 bullets penetrated the plank building easily, sending Doc Holliday, Bat Masterson, comedian Eddie Foy and many others instantly to the floor. Masterson, Foy, and the National Police Gazette later all gave accounts of the damage to the building and danger to those inside. No one was hurt (Foy noted that a new suit, which remained hanging up, had three bullet holes in it). The lawmen both inside and outside the building returned fire, and Hoy was shot from his horse as he rode away, with a severe wound to the arm. A month later, he died of the wound. Whose bullet struck Hoy is unknown, but Earp claimed the shot. Earp, many years later, claimed Hoy was attempting to assassinate him at the behest of Robert Wright , with whom he claimed an ongoing feud. Earp said the feud between himself and Wright started when Earp arrested Bob Rachals, a prominent trail leader who had shot a German fiddler. According to Earp, Wright tried to block the arrest because Rachals was one of the largest financial contributors to the Dodge City economy. Earp claimed that Wright then hired Clay Allison to kill Earp, but Allison backed down when confronted by Earp and Bat Masterson. Allison was also a moderately famous character of the Old West, but current research cannot confirm the tale of Earp and Masterson confronting him. Bat Masterson was out of town when Allison tried to "tree" (scare) Dodge City on September 19 , 1878 , and witnesses, cowboy Charles Siringo and Chalkley M. Beeson (proprietor of the famous Long Branch Saloon), left written recollections of the incident. They said it was actually Texas cattleman Richard McNulty who faced down Allison. Siringo said Earp was nowhere to be found while Beeson said Earp was working behind the lines. A distant cousin of Earp's has speculated it may be that the incident both Siringo and Beeson remembered happened at another time, but no account of another incident has yet come to light. Celia Anne "Mattie" Blaylock, a former prostitute, arrived in Dodge City with Earp. She became Earp's companion until 1882. Earp resigned from the Dodge City police force on September 9 , 1878 and headed to Las Vegas , New Mexico , with Blaylock. �Buntline Special� Deputy Earp was known for pistol-whipping armed cowboys before they could dispute town ordinances against carrying of firearms. It is not known what kind of pistol Wyatt carried. The existence of Earp�s long-barreled pistol, for many years doubted, may have been a reality. The Lake biography, in describing its origin is probably incorrect, however. The story of the Buntline begins with the murder of actress Dora Hand in 1878. Hand was shot by a gentleman attempting to kill Dodge City Mayor James H. �Dog� Kelly. Dora was a guest in Kelly�s house and sleeping in his bed at the time while Kelly and wife were out of town. Dora was a celebrity in 1878, and her murder became a national story. Earp was in the posse which brought down the murderer. The story of the capture was reported in newspapers as far as New York and California. Five men were dispatched as a posse to capture the assassin: Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, a very young Bill Tilghman , Charlie Bassett and William Duffy . Earp shot the man�s horse, and Masterson wounded the assassin, James "Spike" Kenedy, son of Texas cattleman Miflin Kenedy. The Dodge City Times called them �as intrepid a posse as ever pulled a trigger." It is very likely that Dora�s murder and the tracking down of her assassin were the events which caused Ned Buntline to bestow the gift of the �Buntline Specials." Earp�s biography claimed the Specials were given to �famous lawmen� Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Bill Tilghman, Charlie Bassett and Neal Brown by author Ned Buntline in return for �local color� for his western yarns. The historical problem is that neither Tilghman nor Brown was a lawman then. Further, Buntline wrote only four western yarns, all about Buffalo Bill. So, if Buntline got any �local color," he never used it. Lake spent much effort trying to track down the Buntline Special through the Colt company and Masterson and contacts in Alaska. It was a Colt Single Action Army model with a 12-inch (30 cm) barrel, standard sights, and wooden grips into which the name �Ned� was ornately carved. Of those guns awarded, Earp was the only one who kept his the original length that it had when it was awarded to him. Masterson and the others cut the barrel down for easier concealment. Wyatt and his older brothers James (Jim) and Virgil moved to silver-mining boomtown Tombstone, in the Arizona Territory, in December 1879. Wyatt brought a wagon that he planned to convert into a stagecoach , but on arrival he found two established stage lines already running. Jim worked as a barkeep. Virgil was appointed deputy U.S. marshal, just prior to arriving in Tombstone. (The U.S. marshal for the Arizona Territory, C.P. Dake, was based in Prescott 280 miles [about 450 km] away, so the deputy U.S. marshal job in Tombstone represented federal authority in the southwest area of the territory.) In Tombstone, the Earps staked mining claims. Wyatt also went to work for Wells Fargo , riding shotgun for their stagecoaches when they held strongboxes. Eventually, in the summer of 1880, younger brothers Morgan and Warren Earp moved to Tombstone as well, and in September, Doc Holliday arrived. On July 25 , 1880 , U.S. Deputy Marshal Virgil Earp accused Frank McLaury , a "Cowboy," (often capitalized in papers as a local term for a cattle-dealer that often was synonymous with rustler) of taking part in the stealing of six Army mules from Camp Rucker . This was a federal matter because the animals were federal property. The McLaurys were caught changing the "U.S." brand to "D.8." by the Army representative and Earp. However, to avoid a fight, the posse withdrew on the understanding that the mules would be returned. They were not. In response, the Army's representative published an account in the papers, damaging Frank McLaury's reputation. This incident marked the beginning of animosity between the McLaurys and the Earps. About the same time, Wyatt was appointed deputy sheriff for the southern part of Pima County , which was at that time the surrounding country containing Tombstone. Wyatt served in the office only three months. On October 28 , 1880 , as Tombstone town-marshal (police chief) Fred White was trying to break up a group of late revelers shooting at the moon on Allen Street in Tombstone, he was shot in the groin as he attempted to confiscate the pistol of "Curly Bill" William Brocius , who was apparently one of the group. The pistol was later found to be loaded except for one expended cartridge. Morgan and Wyatt Earp, along with Wells Fargo agent Fred Dodge, came to White's aid. Wyatt hit Brocius over the head with a pistol borrowed from Dodge and disarmed Brocius, arresting him on a deadly weapon assault charge (Virgil Earp was not present at White's shooting or Brocius' arrest). Wyatt and a deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial, possibly saving him from being lynched (Brocius waived the preliminary hearing to get out of town faster, probably believing the same). White, age 31, died of his wound two days after his shooting, changing the charge to murder. On December 27 , 1880 , Wyatt testified in Tucson court regarding the Brocius-White shooting. Partly because of Earp�s testimony (and also a statement given by White before he died) that the shooting had not been intentional, the judge ruled the shooting accidental and set Brocius free. Brocius, however, remained a friend of the McLaurys and an enemy of the Earps. Wyatt Earp resigned as deputy sheriff of Pima County on November 9 , 1880 (just 12 days after the White shooting), because of an election vote-counting dispute. Wyatt favored the Republican challenger Bob Paul, rather than his current boss, Pima Sheriff Charlie Shibell. Democrat Shibell was re-elected after what was later found to be ballot-box stuffing by area cowboys. He appointed Democrat Johnny Behan as the new deputy undersheriff for the south Pima area to replace Earp. Several months later, when the southern portion of Pima County was split off into Cochise County , both Earp and Behan were applicants to be appointed to fill the new position. Wyatt, as former undersheriff and a Republican in the same party as Territorial Governor Fremont, assumed he had a good chance at appointment, but he also knew current undersheriff Behan had political influence in Prescott. Earp later testified that he made a deal with Behan that if he (Earp) withdrew his application, Behan would name Earp as undersheriff if he won. Behan testified there was never any such deal, but that he had indeed promised Wyatt the job if Behan won. However, after Behan gained appointment as sheriff of the new Cochise County in February 1881, he chose Harry Woods (a prominent Democrat) to be the undersheriff. This left Wyatt Earp without a job in Tombstone, even after Wyatt's friend Bob Paul won the disputed Pima sheriff election. However, about this time all the Earps were beginning to make some money on their mining claims in the Tombstone area. Wyatt had one of his branded horses stolen in late 1879, shortly after he arrived in Tombstone. More than a year later, after the election dispute court hearings began (probably in December 1880 or early January 1881), Wyatt heard that the horse was in the possession of Ike Clanton and Billy Clanton, who had a ranch near Charleston. Earp (a private citizen) and Holliday rode to Charleston (passing Deputy Sheriff Behan in a wagon with two other men, who were heading to serve an election-hearing subpoena on Ike Clanton) and recovered the horse. Wyatt testified later in disgust at the Spicer hearing that Billy Clanton had given up the horse even before being presented with ownership papers, showing that he knew it was stolen. The incident, while nonviolent, damaged the Clantons' reputations and convinced the Earps that the Clantons were horse thieves. This incident also began the Earps' public difficulties with Behan (at least according to Behan), who later testified that Earp and Holliday had put a scare into the Clantons by telling them that Behan was on his way with an armed posse to arrest them for horse theft. Such a mission would have had the effect of turning the Clantons against Behan, who badly needed the Clantons' political support since they were not afraid of him (according to Behan's testimony, Ike swore at the time that he would never stand for being arrested by Behan). Behan stated the incident was the reason he did not name Earp as his undersheriff. If Behan had served his subpoena on Ike Clanton, Clanton never responded to it, and Behan did not try to enforce the summons. In January 1881, Wyatt Earp became part owner, with Lou Rickabaugh and others, in the gambling concession at the Oriental Saloon. Shortly thereafter, in Earp's story, John Tyler was hired by a rival gambling operator to cause trouble at the Oriental to keep patrons away. After losing a bet, Tyler became belligerent, and Earp took him by the ear and threw him out of the saloon. Tensions between the Earps and both the Clantons and McLaurys increased through 1881. In March 1881, three cowboys attempted an unsuccessful stagecoach holdup near Benson, during which the driver and passenger were murdered in the gunfire. There were rumors that Doc Holliday (who was a known friend of one of the suspects) had been involved, though the formal accusation of Doc's involvement was started by Doc's drunken companion Big Nose Kate after a quarrel, and she later recanted after she sobered. Wyatt later testified that in order to help clear Doc's name and to help himself win the next sheriff's election, he went to Ike Clanton and Frank McLaury and offered to give him all the reward money for information leading to capture of robbers. According to Earp, both Frank McLaury and Ike Clanton agreed to provide information for the capture, knowing that if word got out to the cowboys that he had double-crossed them, that the lives of Frank and Ike would be worth little. Later, after all three cowboy suspects in the stage robbery were killed in unrelated violent incidents, and there was no reward to be made from them, Clanton accused Earp of leaking their deal to either his brother Morgan, or to Holliday. Clanton especially blamed Holliday. Meanwhile, tensions between the Earps and the McLaurys increased with the holdup of yet another stage in the Tombstone area ( September 8 ), this one a passenger stage in the Sandy Bob line, bound for nearby Bisbee. The masked robbers shook down the passengers (the stage had no strongbox) and in the process were recognized from their voices and language as Pete Spence (an alias) and Frank Stilwell , a business partner of Spence who was also at the time a deputy of Sheriff Behan's. Wyatt and Virgil Earp rode in the posse attempting to track the Bisbee stage robbers, and during the tracking, Wyatt discovered the unusual print of a custom repaired boot heel. Checking a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened bootheels led to identification of Stilwell as a recent customer, and a check of a Bisbee corral (Stilwell and Spence were business partners with interests in Bisbee) turned up both Spence and Stilwell. Stilwell was found with a new set of wide custom boot heels matching the prints of the robber. Stilwell and Spence were arrested by the sheriff's posse under sheriff's deputies Breakenridge and Nagel for the stage robbery, and later by U.S. deputy marshal Virgil Earp on the federal offense of mail robbery. However, despite the evidence, both Stilwell and Spence were released on bail. A month later ( October 8 ) came yet another stage robbery, this one near Contention city. Though five robbers were seen involved, again Spence and Stilwell were arrested October 13 , and taken by Virgil and Wyatt Earp to jail and arraignment in Tucson. The newspapers reported that they had been arrested for the Contention robbery, but they had actually been re-arrested by Virgil for the (new) federal charge of interfering with a mail carrier for the earlier Bisbee robbery. This final incident may have caused a misunderstanding among Spence and Stilwell's friends, making them look like scapegoats. Occurring less than two weeks before the O.K. Corral shootout, it had the immediate effect of causing Frank McLaury, who was a friend of Spence and Stilwell, to confront Morgan Earp, while Wyatt and Virgil were still out of town for the Spence and Stilwell hearing. Frank reportedly told Morgan that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest either man again, or the McLaurys. Virgil Earp requested that Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday support him and Morgan Earp in preparation for the gunfight. They were both deputized for the occasion. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the "marshals" while he acted as "deputy." Wyatt's testimony at the Spicer indictment hearing was in writing (as was permitted by law, which allowed statements without cross-examination at pre-trial hearings) and Wyatt therefore wasn't cross-examined. Wyatt testified that he and Billy Clanton began the fight after Clanton and Frank McLaury drew their pistols, and Wyatt shot Frank in the stomach while Billy shot at Wyatt and missed. The unarmed Ike Clanton escaped the fight unwounded, as did the unarmed Billy Claiborne. Wyatt was not hit in the fight, while Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, and Morgan Earp were wounded. Billy Clanton, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury were killed. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury were openly armed with pistols in gunbelts and holsters, and used them to wound Virgil, Morgan and Doc Holliday. Whether Tom McLaury was armed during the fight is unknown, but preponderance of evidence is that he was not armed. In his testimony, Wyatt stated that he believed Tom McLaury was armed with a pistol, but his language contains equivocation. The same is true of Virgil Earp's testimony. Both Earp brothers left themselves room for contradiction on this point, but neither one was equivocal about the fact that Tom had been killed by Holliday with a shotgun. From heroes to defendants On October 30 , Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Holliday. Wyatt and Holliday were arrested and brought before Justice of the Peace Wells Spicer, while Morgan and Virgil were still recovering. Bail was set at $10,000 apiece. The hearing to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial started November 1 . The first witnesses were Billy Allen and Behan. Allen testified that Holliday fired the first shot and that the second one also came from the Earp party, while Billy Clanton had his hands in the air. Then Behan testified that he heard Billy Clanton say, "Don't shoot me. I don't want to fight." He also testified that Tom McLaury threw open his coat to show that he was not armed and that the first two shots were fired by the Earp party. Behan also said that he thought the next three shots also came from the Earp party. Behan's views turned public opinion against the Earps. His testimony portrayed a far different gunfight than had been first reported in the local papers. Because of Allen's and Behan's testimony and the testimony of several other prosecution witnesses, Wyatt and Holliday's lawyers were presented with a writ of habeas corpus from the probate court and appeared before Judge John Henry Lucas. After arguments were given, the judge ordered them to be put in jail. By the time Ike Clanton took the stand on November 9 , the prosecution had built an impressive case. Several prosecution witnesses had testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed, that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers. They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight. The Earps and Holliday looked certain to be convicted until Ike Clanton inadvertently came to their rescue. Clanton's testimony repeated the story of abuse that he had suffered at the hands of the Earps and Holliday the night before the gunfight. He reiterated that Holliday and Morgan Earp had fired the first two shots and that the next several shots also came from the Earp party. Then under cross-examination , Clanton told a story of the lead-up to the gunfight which did not make sense. It told of the Benson stage robbery conducted to cover up stolen money that was actually not missing. Ike also claimed that Doc Holliday and Morgan, Wyatt, and Virgil Earp had all separately confessed to him their role in either the pre-robbery of Benson stage money, the Benson stage holdup, or else the cover-up of the robbery by allowing the robbers' escape. By the time Ike finished his testimony, the entire prosecution case had become suspect. The first witness for the defense was Wyatt Earp. He read a prepared statement detailing the Earps' previous troubles with the Clantons and McLaurys, and explaining why they were going to disarm the cowboys, and claiming that they fired on them in self defense . Because Arizona's territorial laws allowed a defendant in a preliminary hearing to make a statement in his behalf without facing cross-examination, the prosecution was not allowed to question Earp. After the defense had established doubts about the prosecution's case, the judge allowed Holliday and Earp to return to their homes in time for Thanksgiving . Justice Spicer eventually ruled that the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law (with Holliday and Wyatt effectively having been deputized temporarily by Virgil), and he invited the Cochise County grand jury to reevaluate his decision. Spicer did not condone all of the Earps' actions and he criticized Virgil Earp's choice of deputies Wyatt and Holliday, but he concluded that no laws were broken. He made special point of the fact that Ike Clanton, known to be unarmed, had been allowed to pass through the center of the fight without being shot. Even though the Earps and Holliday were free, their reputation was tarnished. Supporters of the cowboys (a very small minority) in Tombstone looked upon the Earps as robbers and murderers. However, on December 16, the grand jury decided not to reverse Spicer's decision. In December, Clanton went before the Justice of the Peace J. B. Smith in Contention and again filed charges against the Earps and Holliday for the murder of Billy Clanton and the McLaurys. A large posse escorted the Earps to Contention, fearing that the cowboys would try to ambush the Earps on the unprotected roadway. The charges were dismissed by Judge Lucas because of Smith's judicial ineptness. The prosecution immediately filed a new warrant for murder charges, issued by Justice Smith, but Judge Lucas quickly dismissed it, writing that new evidence would have to be submitted before a second hearing would be called. Because the November hearing before Spicer was not a trial, Clanton had the right to continue pushing for prosecution, but the prosecution would have to come up with new evidence of murder before the case could be considered. On December 28, while walking between saloons on Allen Street in Tombstone, Virgil was attacked by shotgun fire. His left arm and shoulder took the brunt of the damage. Ike Clanton's hat was found in the back of the building across Allen street, from where the shots were fired. Wyatt wired U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake asking to be appointed deputy U.S. Marshal with authority to select his own deputies. Dake responded by granting the request. In mid-January, Wyatt sold his gambling concessions at the Oriental when Rickabaugh sold the saloon to Milt Joyce, an Earp adversary. On February 2, 1882, Wyatt and Virgil, tired of the criticism leveled against them, submitted their resignations to Dake, who refused to accept them. On the same day, Wyatt sent a message to Ike Clanton that said he wanted to reconcile their differences. Clanton refused. Also on the same day, Clanton was acquitted of the charges against him in the shooting of Virgil Earp, when the defense brought in seven witnesses that testified that Clanton was in Charleston at the time of the shooting. After attending a theater show on March 18, Morgan Earp was assassinated by gunmen firing from a dark alley, through the door window into the lighted pool hall. Morgan was hit in the lower back while a second shot hit the wall just over Wyatt's head. The assassins escaped in the dark, and Morgan died less than an hour later. Based on the testimony of Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner�s inquest on the killing of Morgan, the coroners jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. Spence turned himself in so that he would be protected in Behan's jail. On Sunday, March 19, the day after Morgan's murder, Wyatt, his brother James, and a group of friends took Morgan's body to the railhead in Benson. They put Morgan's body on the train with James, to accompany it to the family home in Colton, California. There, Morgan's wife waited to bury him. The next day, it was Virgil and his wife Allie's turn to be escorted safely out of Tombstone. Wyatt had gotten word that trains leaving from Benson were being watched in Tucson, and getting the still invalid Virgil through Tucson to safety would be more difficult. Wyatt, Warren Earp, Holliday, Turkey Creek Jack Johnson, and Sherman McMasters took Virgil and Allie in a wagon to the train in Benson, leaving their own horses in Contention City and boarding the train with Virgil. As the train pulled away from the Tucson station in the dark, gunfire was heard. Frank Stilwell's body was found on the tracks the next morning. What Stilwell was doing on the tracks near the Earps' train has never been explained. Ike Clanton made his case worse by giving a newspaper interview claiming that he and Stilwell had been in Tucson for Stilwell's legal problems and heard that the Earps were coming in on a train to kill Stilwell. According to Clanton, Stilwell then disappeared from the hotel and was found later, blocks away, on the tracks. Wyatt, many years later, in the Flood biography, said that he and his party had seen Clanton and Stilwell on the tracks with weapons, and he had shot Stilwell. After killing Stilwell in Tucson and sending their train on its way to California with Virgil, the Earp party was afoot. They hopped a freight train back to Benson and hired a wagon back to Contention, riding back into Tombstone by the middle of the next day (March 21). They were now wanted men, because once Stilwell's killing had been connected to the Earp party on the train, warrants had been issued for five of the Earp party. Ignoring Johnny Behan and now joined by Texas Jack Vermillion, the Earp posse rode out of town the same evening. On March 22, the Earps rode to the woodcamp of Pete Spence at South Pass in the Dragoon Mountains, looking for Spence. They knew of the Morgan Earp inquest testimony. Spence was in jail, but at the woodcamp, the Earp posse found Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz. Earp said to his biographer Lake that he got Cruz to confess to being the lookout, while Stilwell, Hank Swilling, Curly Bill and Ringo killed Morgan. After the "confession," Wyatt and the others shot and killed Cruz. Two days later, in Iron Springs, Arizona, the Earp party, seeking a rendezvous with a messenger for them, stumbled upon a group of cowboys led by "Curley Bill" William Brocious. In Wyatt's account, he had jumped from his horse to fight, when he noticed the rest of his posse retreating, leaving him alone. Curley Bill was surprised in the act of cooking dinner at the edge of a spring, and he and Wyatt traded shotgun blasts. Curley Bill was hit in the chest by Wyatt's shotgun fire and died. Wyatt survived several near misses from Curley Bill's companions before he could remount his horse and was not hit. During the fight, another cowboy named Johnny Barnes received fatal wounds. The Earp party survived unharmed and spent the next two weeks riding though the rough country near Tombstone. Ultimately, when it became clear to the Earps that Behan's posse would not fight them, nor could they return to town, they decided to ride out of the territory for good. In the middle of April 1882, Wyatt Earp left the Arizona Territory. After the killing of Curley Bill, the Earps left Arizona and headed to Colorado. In a stop over in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Wyatt and Holliday had a falling out but remained on fairly good terms. The group split up after that, with Holliday heading to Pueblo and then Denver. The Earps and Texas Jack set up camp on the outskirts of Gunnison, Colorado, where they remained quiet at first, rarely going into town for supplies. Eventually, Wyatt took over a faro[1] game at a local saloon. Slowly all of the Earp assets in Tombstone were sold to pay for taxes, and the stake the family had amassed eroded. Wyatt and Warren joined Virgil in San Francisco in late 1882. While there, Wyatt rekindled a romance with Josie Marcus, Behan's one-time fianc�e. His common-law wife, Mattie, waited for him in Colton but eventually realized Wyatt was not coming back (Wyatt had left Mattie the house when he left Tombstone). Earp left San Francisco with Josie in 1883, and she became his companion for the next forty-six years (no marriage certificate has been found). Earp and Marcus returned to Gunnison where they settled down, and Earp continued to run a faro bank. In 1883, Earp returned, along with Bat Masterson, to Dodge City to help a friend deal with a corrupt mayor. What became known as the Dodge City War was started when the Mayor of Dodge City tried to run Luke Short first out of business and then out of town. Short appealed to Masterson who contacted Earp. While Short was discussing the matter with Governor George Washington Glick in Kansas City, Earp showed up with Johnny Millsap, Shotgun Collins, Texas Jack Vermillion, and Johnny Green. They marched up Front Street into Short's saloon where they were sworn in as deputies by constable "Prairie Dog" Dave Marrow. The town council offered a compromise to allow Short to return for ten days to get his affairs in order, but Earp refused compromise. When Short returned, there was no force ready to turn him away. Short's Saloon reopened, and the Dodge City War ended without a shot being fired. Earp spent the next decade running saloons and gambling concessions and investing in mines in Colorado and Idaho, with stops in various boom towns. In 1886, Earp and Josie moved to San Diego and stayed there about four years. On July 3, 1888, Mattie Earp committed suicide in Pinal, Arizona Territory, by taking an overdose of laudanum. The Earps moved back to San Francisco during the 1890s so Josie could be closer to her family and Wyatt closer to his new job, managing a horse stable in Santa Rosa. During the summer of 1896, Earp wrote his memoirs with the help of a ghost writer (Flood). On December 3, 1896, Earp was the referee for the boxing match to determine the heavyweight championship of the world. During the fight Bob Fitzsimmons, clearly in control, landed a low blow against Tom Sharkey. Earp awarded the victory to Sharkey and was accused of committing fraud. Fitzsimmons had an injunction put on the prize money until the courts could determine who the rightful winner was. The judge in the case decided that because fighting, and therefore prize fighting, was illegal in San Francisco, that the courts would not determine who the real winner was. The decision provided no vindication for Earp. In the fall of 1897, Earp and Josie chased another gold rush to Alaska. Earp ran several saloons and gambling concessions in Nome. While living in Alaska, Earp met and became friends with Jack London. Controversy continued to follow Earp, and he was arrested several times for different minor offenses. Earp eventually moved to Hollywood, where he met several famous and soon to be famous actors on the sets of various movies. On the set of one movie, he met a young extra and prop man who would eventually become John Wayne. Wayne later told Hugh O'Brian that he based his image of the Western lawman on his conversations with Earp. And one of Earp's friends in Hollywood was William S. Hart, a well-known cowboy star of his time. In the early 1920s, Earp served as deputy sheriff in a mostly ceremonial position in San Bernardino County. When Wyatt died of chronic cystitis in 1929 at age 80.  William S. Hart and Tom Mix were pallbearers at his funeral. Josie had Wyatt's body cremated and buried Wyatt's ashes in the Marcus family plot at the Hills of Eternity, a Jewish cemetery (Josie was Jewish) in Colma, California. When she died in 1944, Josie's ashes were buried next to Wyatt's. The original gravemarker was stolen in 1957 but has since been replaced by a new standing stone.   [1].Faro is a card game, a descendant of Basset. It enjoyed great popularity during the 18th century, particularly in England and France, and in the 19th Century in the United States, particularly in the Old West, where it was practiced by faro dealers such as Doc Holliday. It has since fallen out of fashion and is only practiced by dedicated Old West enthusiasts and Civil War reenactors. Its name is believed to be a corruption of pharaoh and refers to the Egyptian motif that commonly adorned French-made playing cards of the period. Faro is similar to the contemporary game of Mini-Baccarat. The layout of a Faro board. A game of faro was often called a "faro bank." It was played with an entire pack of playing cards and admitted an indeterminate number of players, termed "punters", and a "banker." Chips (called "checks") were purchased by the punter from the banker or house from which the game originated. Bet values and limits were set by the house. Usual check values were 50 cents to $10 each. The faro table was square, with a distinguished cut-out for the banker. A board with a standardized betting layout consisting of one card of each denomination pasted to it, called the "layout," was placed on top of the table. (Traditionally, the suit of spades was used for the layout.) Each player laid his stake on one of the 13 cards on the layout. Players could place multiple bets and could bet on multiple cards simultaneously by placing their bet between cards or on specific card edges. Players also had the choice of betting on the "high card" located at the top of the layout. A deck of cards was placed face-up inside a "dealing box," a mechanical shoe used to prevent manipulations of the draw by the banker, and was supposed to assure players of a fair game. Many sporting house supply companies sold gaffed dealing boxes that were designed so that the banker could cheat. The first card in the dealing box is called the "top card" and is "burned" off, leaving 51 cards in play. As the top card is pulled out of the dealing box, it exposes the first card in play, which is called the "banker's card," and placed on the right side of the dealing box in the other, called the carte anglaise, or English card, and simply called the "player's card" in the United States, for the players placed on the left. The banker draws two cards. The first is the "losing card", and all bets placed on that card are lost by the players and won by the bank. The second card is the "winning card", and all bets placed on that card are returned to the players with a 100% winning paid by the bank. The banker collects on all the money staked on the card laid on the right and pays double the sums staked on those on the card remaining on the left (in the dealing box). A player could "copper" their bet by placing an octagon shaped token called a "copper." Some histories claim a penny was sometimes used in place of a copper. This reversed the meaning of the win/loss piles for that particular bet. An abaccus-like device, called a "case keep" is employed to assist the players and prevent dealer cheating by counting cards. The operator of the case keep is called the "case keeper." Certain advantages were reserved to the banker: if he drew a doublet, that is, two equal cards, he won half of the stakes upon the card which equalled the doublet. In a fair game, this provided the only house edge. If the banker drew the last card of the pack, he was exempt from doubling the stakes deposited on that card. In most cases, when 3 cards remained, the dealer would offer a specialized bet called "betting the turn." This bet offers a 4 for 1 payout if the players can identify the exact order of the last 3 cards. Faro was one of the most popular card games of the 18th and 19th centuries. Although both faro and Basset were forbidden in France, on severe penalties, these games continued to be in England during the 18th century, apparently because it was easy to learn, quick, and when played honestly, the odds for a player were the best of all other gambling games. "Our life here," writes Gilly Williams to George Selwyn in 1752, "would not displease you, for we eat and drink well, and the Earl of Coventry holds a Pharaoh-bank every night to us, which we have plundered considerably." Charles James Fox preferred faro to any other game, as did 19th century American con man Soapy Smith. It was said that every faro table in Soapy's Tivoli Club in Denver, Colorado, in 1889 was gaffed (made to cheat). Indeed, the famed scam artist Canada Bill Jones loved the game so much that when he was asked why he played at one game that was known to be rigged, he replied, "It's the only game in town." Faro's detractors regarded it as a dangerous scam that destroyed families and reduced men to poverty, because of the rampant rigged of the dealing box. While the game became scarce after World War II, it continued to be played at a few Las Vegas casinos through the 1970s.  

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Which country does the airline Tower Air come from?

Donald Trump Transported Veterans on Tower Air? : snopes.com Donald Trump Transported Veterans on Tower Air? Hair Force One Donald Trump was never involved with Tower Air, nor could we find any evidence he ever transported stranded Gulf War soldiers. - - Claim: Donald Trump's Tower Air supplied flights home for Gulf War soldiers in 1991 when they faced otherwise long waits for military transportation. False Example: [Collected via e-mail, March 2016] Loyal by Ron Knouse In 1991, at the end of Desert Storm, a 19 yr old US Army Cavalry Scout Private who had just spent 8 months at war sat out on a street at Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia. He sat there on his duffle bag with his Battalion around him for 4 days waiting for the buses to come and take him to the King Fahad Airport so he could go home. Unfortunately, the politicians of the day never planned for how to bring so many soldiers home after the war ended so there was a shortage of planes. Politicians are great at talking, but terrible at doing. Finally, the buses came, and took the young man to the airport. The planes waiting were from Tower Air. The owner of Tower Air had volunteered his planes and staff to bring soldiers home for the cost of fuel only. Happily, the young veteran got home just in time for Easter weekend in 1991, and spent that time emotionally healing with friends and family surrounding him. That Private was me. The Airline owner - Donald J Trump. That is why I will vote Trump. Loyalty for loyalty, respect for respect. Any questions? Origin:An anecdote about Donald Trump, Tower Air, and stranded Gulf War soldiers appeared from the ether in February 2016.  The story, attributed to a veteran named "Ron Knouse," held that Trump stepped in with his airline (Tower Air, according to this story) to aid soldiers during that conflict when the military failed to do right by them, and seemed to  originate  from a web site called The Trump Times. Tower Air went out of business in 2000 , and we could find no evidence linking Trump to the company in any capacity during its operational years. A December 1994 New York Times  article  (about an incident of vandalism at John F. Kennedy Airport) named former El Al marketing official Morris K. Nachtomi as the airline's CEO and founder: Mr. Nachtomi, who founded Tower after retiring as a marketing official at El Al, said that no operational systems were disabled, only monitoring systems, like equipment that tells whether an engine is running too hot. A December 1985 New York Times article  included Tower among several airlines chartered to transport United States military servicemen: Altogether, the Military Airlift Command, which is the main long-range air transport unit for the American armed forces, will have chartered about 2,000 flights aboard commercial aircraft this year by the end of the month. Those chartered carriers will have moved 1.2 million passengers for the Defense Department between the United States and duty overseas, or between foreign nations, according to Air Force officers ... Air Force officers said the chartering of commercial aircraft to transport troops and other Defense Department personnel was a policy set by Congress in 1960. That policy, they said, was intended to keep the Government out of the military passenger business and to have the Military Airlift Command concentrate on carrying cargo. In the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30, the Government paid $422 million to airlines chartered to transport military personnel ... Among the other companies from which chartered flights are obtained, Air Force officers said, are well-known airlines like United, Continental, and Pan American, as well as less-known lines like Tower International, America Trans Air, and Evergreen International. The National Air Carrier Association provided further information about charters during the first Gulf War. The airlines' involvement (including that of Tower) was described as "commercial" in nature: NACA's member carriers were essential to the early and sustained success of the United States military in the Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm) in 1990 and 1991.  NACA's members were the first to volunteer to assist DOD as soon as the Iraqi invasion was discovered and more than a week before CRAF was activated. On August 8, 1990, World Airways, a NACA founding member, landed the first commercial airlift of U.S. troops to Dhahran Air Base, Saudi Arabia. American Trans Air, Evergreen, Southern Air Transport, and Tower offered similar early and frequent volunteer airlift. Early in the Operation, American Trans Air offered all of its long-range fleet DOD if DOD would promise to keep them gainfully occupied. NACA member carriers offered continuing strong support throughout the following year of operations, with members American Trans Air, Evergreen, Southern Air Transport, Tower Air, and World Airways flying more than 1500 of the approximately 5000 commercial missions to and from the Arabian Peninsula. A July 2015  article  in NYC Aviation detailed Trump's short-lived airline industry involvement, but with an entirely separate carrier , Eastern Air Shuttle (which he immediately rebranded Trump Shuttle): CEO Frank Lorenzo ... began selling off assets including the prized Shuttle operation. Donald Trump placed a winning bid for the Shuttle, its aircraft and landing slots at LaGuardia and National for $380 million dollars that was financed through no less than 22 banks. The newly branded Trump Shuttle took the skies on June 7, 1989. ... Timing is everything in business, and unfortunately for Trump he entered the airline game at the wrong time. The US entered an economic recession in the late-‘80’s leading many corporations to cut back on business travel. In addition, tensions in the Middle East leading up to the first Gulf war caused oil prices to spike. This 1-2 punch was devastating for the airline industry and led to the demise of a number of airlines including Eastern and Pan Am. Given these circumstances, the Trump Shuttle lost money, and with Trump continuing to accumulate debt in his other ventures it was becoming increasingly difficult to pay back the loans taken to purchase the airline ... In September of 1990 Trump defaulted on his loan and control of the airline went back to the banks led by Citibank. Trump did have a short-lived foray into commercial air travel, and it took place during the same timeframe as the first Gulf War conflict.  However, Trump Shuttle operated only domestically and was never in the Gulf region. Further, Trump was never a known investor or stakeholder in the now-defunct Tower Air, which was one of several airlines that contracted with the Department of Defense to provide charter flights to soldiers abroad (funded not by altruism, but by the United States government). A reader who identified herself as a former flight attendant for Tower Air told us that he had no connection with the company:  As a former Flight Attendant with Tower Air, I can confirm Donald Trump had no connection with Tower Air ... this is a [farce]. Morris Nachtomi was the owner. We did take troops in and out of the Gulf area as well as many other war areas. But not with or thru DT... It's possible the writer of this piece confused Tower Air as the airline with which Trump was briefly involved during the same period, mistakenly associating the "Tower" portion of the carrier's name with the prominent Trump Tower. It's also possible the author's gratitude about returning home in time for Easter created a rose-tinted (but inaccurate) memory that Donald Trump had saved the holiday for him in 1991. However, the chain of events detailed in rumors today doesn't match the records of ownership and DoD charter airline contracts from the 1980s and 1990s. In May 2016, syndicated talk radio host Sean Hannity aired a similar item , saying that Donald Trump had sent a plane to give 200 stranded U.S. marines a needed ride home after Operation Desert Storm in 1991: When Corporal Ryan Stickney and 200 of his fellow Marines prepared to return to their families after Operation Desert Storm in 1991, a logistics error forced them to turn to a surprising source for a ride home: Donald J. Trump. Today, Stickney would like to say "thank you." Stickney (left), was a squad leader in a TOW company of a Marine reserve unit based in Miami, FL and spent approximately six months in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War between 1990 and 1991. Upon his unit’s return to the United States, the former Marine says the group spent several weeks decompressing at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina before heading back to Miami. Stickney recalls being told that a mistake had been made within the logistics unit and that an aircraft wasn’t available to take the Marines home on their scheduled departure date. This — according to Stickney — is where Donald Trump comes in. "The way the story was told to us was that Mr. Trump found out about it and sent the airline down to take care of us. And that’s all we knew….I remember asking 'Who is Donald Trump?' I truly didn't know anything about him," the former Marine said. Corporal Stickney snapped a photo to remember the day by: The unit in question is the Anti-Tank (TOW) Company out of Broward County. They shipped out in late November, 1990 for Camp Lejeune using chartered commercial flights, which is actually quite relevant and will come up again. After serving and returning to Camp Lejeune, the TOW Company was scheduled to return on either the 21st or 22nd of April, 1991. They eventually made it back on the 22nd after experiencing flight delays, which seems to corroborate the story a bit from CPL Ryan Stickney. In fact, I was also able to confirm that there was a CPL “Stickey” in the unit and, due to the obvious issues with the scanning technology used to ingest the Command Chronology, there could have easily been a missed letter there or something to that nature. I’m fairly certain it’s him. So the story up until that point seems pretty much on-point. The photo in that article even had a plane with the TRUMP name on the side. So I started to think it might be legitimate. I then researched the other side of the equation: the “Trump Side”. First, that’s not Trump’s private 727 jet; it’s one of the jets in the Trump Shuttle fleet. I wondered if maybe Trump’s jet back in those days was painted differently, so I researched his private jet as of April 1991. I found that Trump was deep in the red, financially, and having to liquidate assets, one of which was his personal 727. The sale of that jet was finalized in the first week of May 1991, making it highly unlikely he was also flying reservists around while discussing the sale at the end of April. (Additionally, not that the source is incredibly reliable, but in the book TRUMPED! the author is quoted as saying that Trump “wouldn't let big-time gamblers fly to Atlantic City on his private jet because 'I don't want these high-roller slobs {urinating} on my toilet seat.'" If true, I have a hard time believing he would let Marines, to whom he had shown no prior affinity, do the same either.) Then, my thoughts turned to Trump Shuttle: could Trump have ordered one of the company jets to take on this mission? Even that turns out to be hardly plausible, because “In September 1990, Trump defaulted on the loan and the banks took over (Trump Shuttle). During 1991, the price of oil surged to $32 as war raged in Kuwait. The banks searched far and wide for a buyer before they reached a long-term agreement with US Air to manage the airline until 1996, and then to buy it.” So by April 1991, Donald Trump no longer even controlled the planes that flew with his name on them. My thought is that the Marine, CPL Stickney, flew back on a Trump Shuttle commercial flight that the folks at Lejeune were able to get to help them after experiencing logistical issues, but the association with Donald Trump himself seems to be purely hearsay from Stickney, who referenced "the way the story was told to us ..." but never stated who said it or where that information came from. I could understand if he simply misunderstood the underlying nature of things at play back in 1991 and has since attributed it to his now-favorite candidate. Last updated: 31 May 2016 Originally published: 01 March 2016 sources: Andino, Gabe.   "Remember That One Time Donald Trump Owned an Airline?"    NYC Aviation.   9 July 2015. Halloran, Richard.   "Charter Airlines Carry Many Military Travellers."   The New York Times.   19 December 1985. O'Donnell, John R. and Rutherford, James.     Trumped! The Inside Story of the Real Donald Trump-His Cunning Rise and Spectacular Fall.   Simon & Schuster: May 1991.   ISBN: 978-0671737351   "Our History."   National Air Carrier Association. Tags: Thank you for writing to us! Although we receive hundreds of e-mails every day, we really and truly read them all, and your comments, suggestions, and questions are most welcome. Unfortunately, we can manage to answer only a small fraction of our incoming mail. Our site covers many of the items currently being plopped into inboxes everywhere, so if you were writing to ask us about something you just received, our search engine can probably help you find the very article you want. Choose a few key words from the item you're looking for and click here to go to the search engine. (Searching on whole phrases will often fail to produce matches because the text of many items is quite variable, so picking out one or two key words is the best strategy.) We do reserve the right to use non-confidential material sent to us via this form on our site, but only after it has been stripped of any information that might identify the sender or any other individuals not party to this communication. Your Email

United States

In which country is the Bendorf bridge?

Tower Air Fryer -Tower - YouTube Tower Air Fryer -Tower Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 8, 2015 The Air Fryer from Tower (T14004) is the perfect addition to any home looking to eat healthily, easily. Featuring 1400W of power and a 3.2 litre capacity, the Heath Fry offers fast and convenient frying and uses less energy than conventional fryers. The rapid air-circulate cooking system shaves precious minutes from cooking times and the convection circulation allows for even heat distribution meaning you can enjoy convenient, fried foods but with up to 80% less fat. Take a look at the full range of Tower products at:

i don't know

Which pop singer blamed his cocaine addiction of the break0-up of his relationship with Victoria principal?

Robin Gibb's Death Latest Family Heartbreak - ABC News ABC News By EILEEN MURPHY and LUCHINA FISHER ( @luchina ) May 21, 2012 ABCNEWS.com Robin Gibb was feeling better than he had in more than 10 years. One of the founding members of the "Bee Gees," along with his brothers Barry and Maurice, the 62-year-old had been working on his first classical concert, "The Titanic Requiem," with his son Robin-John to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the disaster. Preparing for the concert, he said, distracted him from his "illness to such a degree that I truly believed it might have saved my life," according to the British newspaper, The Sun. In an interview with BBC radio in early February he proclaimed that he had made a "spectacular recovery" from cancer. But when the Titanic concert debuted in London in March, Robin Gibb wasn't there. He had another setback and fell into a coma after undergoing intestinal surgery. Gibb rallied once again, coming out of the coma to the relief of his family and fans. On May 20 his family announced "with great sadness that that Robin passed away Sunday following his long battle with cancer and intestinal surgery. The family have asked that their privacy is respected at this very difficult time." Photos: Bee Gees Through The Years After revealing his battle with cancer in October 2010, the disco icon had chemotherapy and underwent surgery to treat a twisted bowel, a congenital condition that killed his twin brother and fellow Bee Gee, Maurice, in 2003. In January of this year Robin's spokesman announced that doctors had found a growth in his colon but the singer was responding well to treatment despite his shockingly thin appearance. Gibb's wife Dwina, his children and his 65-year old-brother, Barry Gibb, were at his bedside. His mother, 91- year-old Barbara Gibb has now lost her third son. Andy Gibb, the youngest of the four Gibb boys, died unexpectedly at age 30. Robin Gibb's Unconventional Family "I sometimes wonder if all the tragedies my family has suffered, like Andy and Maurice dying so young and everything that's happened to me recently, is kind of a karmic price we are paying for all the fame and fortune we've had," Robin told the The Sun in March of this year. The Bee Gees were one of most successful pop groups of all time, selling more than 200 million albums. "Saturday Night Fever" reigned as the top-selling album in history until Michael Jackson's "Thriller" topped it in the 1980's. Robin was the lead singer of the original trio but Barry Gibb's signature falsetto sound on songs like "Nights on Broadway" dominated the group during their glory days. The group had exceptional success in the late 1960's and the 1970's, becoming a disco sensation with blockbuster hits "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever." The Brother's Gibb, as they were sometimes called, began to sing in harmonization and write songs together as young boys in England. But over their 50-year career they have seen their share of solo adventures, career slumps, suffered through the disco backlash, been the punch line of jokes and endured personal loss. Fin Costello/Redferns/Getty Images Andy Gibb "Tragedy," a hit song for the Bee Gees in 1979, has hit the family hard since 1988 when the youngest Gibb brother, Andy, a teen idol, died of heart failure at age 30. Andy was never an actual "Bee Gee" and was best known for his number-one single "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" written by Barry Gibb. Andy struggled with alcohol, drugs and relationships. His failed romance with actress Victoria Principal left him devastated. "I just fell apart and didn't care about anything. I started to do cocaine around the clock -- about $1000 a day", he told People magazine . His family supported him financially and emotionally, encouraging him to go to the Betty Ford clinic in 1985. After Andy's death Barry Gibb said that if there is anything to be learned it's "that nothing lasts at all." The Bee Gees later recorded "Wish You Were Here" in memory of Andy. Maurice Gibb told Larry King in 2002 that their father, Hugh Gibb "literally died when Andy died." It was a "guilt thing," according to Robin Gibb who told King that his father was "very bitter for three years" after Andy's death. Hugh Gibb died in 1992. Marty Temme/WireImage/Getty Images Maurice Gibb The passing of Maurice Gibb at age 53 in January 2003 of complications from surgery to fix his twisted intestine stunned the Gibb family, marked the end of the Brothers Gibb and caused a rift between the two surviving members. "It changed us radically," said Barry in an interview with The Telegraph in November 2009. He also revealed that the once simmering rivalry between him and Robin (Robin once walked out of the band because of Barry's dominance) spun out of control after Maurice died. "We've hardly spoken to each other for the past five years. A shock like that either brings everybody together or scatters everybody, and in our family it scattered everyone." The brothers worked it out eventually and vowed to continue making music together. Maurice was considered the outgoing Bee Gee but he also struggled with alcohol addiction and reportedly relapsed briefly after Andy's death. Ed Perlstein/Redferns/Getty Images Barry Gibb With his striking mane of long brown hair, now grey, Barry Gibb, now 65, is the enduring face of the Bee Gees. The eldest boy of the Gibb family holds the title of the second most successful songwriter in history next to Paul McCartney, according to the book of Guinness World Records. He not only penned songs for the group but wrote platinum-selling hits for Dionne Warwick, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton and Barbra Streisand. Barry managed to avoid the drug and alcohol problems of his younger brothers, perhaps by distancing himself from the music business. Barry's son Steve, the oldest of his five children, told People magazine in 2001 that his father "keeps mostly to himself. My mom's really his best friend." And when they do socialize, Steve said, it's "mostly with entrepreneur types" rather than musicians. "I don't take the show business part of my life seriously at all," Barry told People, "because I know what it does to people." In recent years he has continued to perform and write songs but has suffered from debilitating arthritis for more than a decade.

Andy Gibb

Who had a 70s No 1 hit with The Night Chicago Died?

Andy Gibb - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Andy Gibb   Wikis       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Andy Gibb Andy Gibb publicity photo for Solid Gold Background information Andy Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was a British / Australian singer , teen idol , and the youngest brother of Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb , also known as the Bee Gees . Contents 7 External links The early years Born Andrew Roy Gibb in Manchester , England, to Barbara (née Pass) and Hugh Gibb, Andy emigrated with his family to Australia six months after his birth. They settled in Cribb Island, adjacent to Redcliffe , north of Brisbane . He was the youngest of five children and had one older sister, Lesley (1945), and three older brothers, Barry (1946) and twins Maurice (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin (1949). Gibb began playing at tourist clubs around Spain 's coastal Island of Ibiza , and later on the Isle of Man , as a young teenager. The idea of his joining the Bee Gees was often suggested, but the age gap between him and his elder brothers (more than 11 years younger than Barry, slightly more than eight years younger than twins Robin and Maurice) made this difficult to achieve. After returning to Australia in 1975 to hone his craft as a singer and songwriter, Gibb began recording a series of his own compositions, one of which was released as a single on the ATA label, owned by veteran Australian performer, Col Joye . "Words and Music" would eventually reach Top Five on the Sydney music charts in 1976. This breakout would pave the way to an even greater milestone later that year — an invitation from Robert Stigwood (who, at the time, was also the Bee Gees' manager) to launch his international career signed to his label, RSO Records. Gibb soon moved to Miami Beach , Florida to begin working on songs with his brother Barry, and co-producers Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson. Prior to leaving Australia, Gibb had married his girlfriend, Kim Reeder. They had one child, a daughter named Peta Jaye, born 25 January 1978, but the couple was already separated at the time of Peta's birth and would divorce later that year. Gibb reportedly met his daughter only once, in 1981. As of 2007 Peta is known as Peta J. Reeder-Gibb and breeds Staffordshire Bull Terriers as well as being a respected dog show judge in New South Wales , Australia . [1] Rise to the top The single cover of "I Just Want To Be Your Everything" In the United States , Gibb became the first male solo artist to chart three consecutive Number One singles on the Billboard Hot 100. In July 1977, he had his first major hit, " I Just Want to Be Your Everything ", a song written by his brother Barry, just as his first album Flowing Rivers broke into the US Top 20, on its way to selling over a million copies. The album's second single " (Love Is) Thicker Than Water " broke in early 1978 amidst the commercial explosion caused by his brothers' contributions to the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack, replacing " Stayin' Alive " at the top of the US charts, and then surpassed by " Night Fever " when it reached the summit in mid-March. Continuing the momentum of his first successes, Gibb began work with the Gibb-Galuten-Richardson production team on his second album Shadow Dancing , which was released in April 1978. The title track , written by all four Gibb brothers, was released as a single in the US in April 1978, and in mid-June began a seven week run at number one, achieving platinum status. Two further Top Ten singles, "An Everlasting Love" (which reached number five) and " (Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away " (which reached number nine), a song also released by his brothers (in 1979), were extracted from the album, which became another million seller. Despite his impressive accomplishments, the pressures and excesses of such rapid success began to consume Gibb, and eventually he would succumb to drug addiction and the reality of a career in decline. In 1979, Gibb performed, along with the Bee Gees , ABBA , and Olivia Newton-John (duet with "Rest Your Love On Me"), at the Music for UNICEF Concert at the United Nations General Assembly , broadcast worldwide. He returned to the studio to begin recording sessions for his final full studio album, After Dark.In March 1980 the last of Gibb's Top Ten singles charted just ahead of the album's release. " Desire ", was recorded for the Bee Gees' 1979 album Spirits Having Flown, and featured their original track complete with Andy's original "guest vocal" track. A second single, "I Can't Help It", a duet with family friend Olivia Newton-John , reached the Top Twenty. Later in the year, Andy Gibb's Greatest Hits was released as a finale to his contract with RSO Records, with two new songs: "Time Is Time" (number 15 in January 1981) and "Me (Without You)" (Gibb's last Top Forty chart entry) shipped as singles. "After Dark" and " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " were non single songs added to the album, the latter of which was a duet with PP Arnold , who had previously worked with Barry Gibb , including singing uncredited backups on, "Bury Me Down By The River" from Cucumber Castle . Career Stall-out During his relationship with Victoria Principal , Gibb worked on several projects outside of the recording studio. These included performances in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat on Broadway , Gilbert & Sullivan 's The Pirates of Penzance in Los Angeles , and a stint from 1980-1982 as co-host of the television music show Solid Gold . As Gibb's drug use escalated, he became unreliable and was ultimately removed from said endeavours. However, most of those who worked with Gibb on the aforementioned projects seemed to agree that the trouble with him did not stem from his drug dependency...so much as from personal issues which included anxiety, insecurity, and the like. According to Broadway producer Zev Bufman, who financed Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat: "Every time Andy showed up, he was a joy. He just didn't show up often enough. Andy was all heart, but without enough nerve to follow through...It was painful for me to let him go because - among other reasons - of the five Josephs I'd worked with up to that time, Andy was far and away the best actor." Feedback from Solid Gold producer Brad Lachman had been similar: "Andy was a charming, vulnerable and charismatic performer who clearly meant well. He wasn't being difficult; he was experiencing deep-rooted problems and couldn't deal. Andy wanted everyone to love him. He had so much going on for him, and he just couldn't take it all in." Things got much worse when Gibb was slated to perform on a Bob Hope television special and backed out at the eleventh hour. Neither Hope nor his producers took this well, and Gibb's professional reputation suffered because of it. His romance with Principal also ended shortly thereafter, but not before he recorded and released a duet of the Everly Brothers ' classic "All I Have To Do Is Dream", in the summer of 1981. This would be Gibb's last official single, and his last US chart entry, peaking at number 51. The Gibb family claims Andy never recovered from his break-up with Victoria Principal and remain mute on the subject matter. Gibb had no other notable romances but was linked briefly to ice skater Tai Babilonia and Donna Rice . His family convinced him to seek treatment for his drug addiction; after a stint at the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s, Gibb toured small venues with a stage show of his greatest hits and covers. He also appeared in guest-starring roles on several television situation comedies...notably Gimme A Break! and Punky Brewster . He had a clandestine relationship with with one of the stars from "Gimme A Break", Kari Michaelsen for a brief period of time. His performances showed him to have (seemingly) recovered from his addiction. Following an expansive and popular East Asia tour, he regularly performed shows in Las Vegas and Lake Tahoe. In 1984 he was the headline performer at the famous Viña del Mar Festival in Chile, performing two nights in a row. Bootlegged videos of these two concerts are well known. He also enjoyed a two-week engagement at San Francisco's Fairmont Hotel in March 1986. It was there that the best bootleg recording of his live performances was allegedly made. Although Andy's work in his new lifestyle was well-received, he never managed to recapture the phenomenal success of his teens. In 1987, with his debts far outweighing his income, Gibb was forced to declare bankruptcy. Determined to revive his recording career, Gibb returned to work alongside brothers Barry and Maurice. Their series of demo recordings with engineer Scott Glasel would eventually secure him a contract with the UK branch of Island Records. One of the demos, "Man On Fire", was released posthumously on a self-titled 1991 Polydor anthology. Another demo, "Arrow Through The Heart" (though unreleased to the present day), would be featured on an episode of VH1 's series Behind the Music . It will be available for the first time on his brothers' upcoming Bee Gees Mythology collection, due to be released in 2010. Death In March 1988, Andy celebrated his 30th birthday in London while working on a new album. Soon after, he entered John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , complaining of chest pains. He died on March 10, 1988, just five days after his 30th birthday as a result of myocarditis , an inflammation of the heart muscle due to a recent viral infection. His brothers acknowledge that Andy's past drug and alcohol use probably made his heart more susceptible to the ailment. Just before Andy's death, it was decided by the group that Andy would join them, which would have made the group a quartet. This did not come to pass, however. The Bee Gees' following album, One (1989), featured a song dedicated to Andy, "Wish You Were Here". He is entombed at Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles . His father, Hugh, died four years later and was also entombed there. Discography Andrew Roy Gibb ( 1958 - 03-05 – 1988 - 03-10 ) was an English-born Australian singer. Sourced I definitely have a sexual ego thing. But if I'm suggestive, it's in a nice way. Luckily, no one's ever been hurt...a few girls have passed out, that's all. URL accessed on 2008 - 12-25 . Unsourced I grew up in a show business family, so we've always had a great sense of balance, being so close to my parents. I've always known what is and isn't reality. Even my older brothers' early success 10 years ago didn't change me since there was such an age difference. Girls are always running through my mind. They don't dare walk. The most embarrassing thing for me was the day Bob Hope called me up and I was spaced out on cocaine. I was supposed to do his TV special, and I didn't turn up. Consequently, I was blacklisted by NBC for a long time. I damaged my career, and almost ruined my whole life. External links

i don't know

What was Bob Hoskins' profession when he worked in the circus?

Bob Hoskins - Biography - IMDb Bob Hoskins Biography Showing all 81 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (42) | Personal Quotes  (28) Overview (5) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Bob Hoskins was born on October 26, 1942, in Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, where his mother was living after being evacuated as a result of the heavy bombings. He is the son of Elsie Lillian (Hopkins), a nursery school teacher and cook, and Robert William Hoskins, Sr., who drove a lorry and worked as a bookkeeper. Growing up, Hoskins received only limited education and he left school at 15, but with a passion for language and literature instilled by his former English teacher. A regular theatre-goer, Hoskins dreamed of starring on stage, but before he could do so he had to work odd jobs for a long time to make ends meet. His acting career started out more by accident than by design, when he accompanied a friend to watch some auditions, only to be confused for one of the people auditioning, getting a script pushed into his hands with the message "You're next". He got the part and acquired an agent. After some stage success, he expanded to television with roles in television series such as Villains (1972) and Thick as Thieves (1974). In the mid-'70s, he started his film career, standing out when he performed alongside Richard Dreyfuss in John Byrum 's Inserts (1975) and in a smaller part in Richard Lester 's Royal Flash (1975). Hoskins broke through in 1978 in Dennis Potter 's mini TV series, Pennies from Heaven (1978), playing "Arthur Parker", the doomed salesman. After this, a string of high-profile and successful films followed, starting with his true major movie debut in 1980's The Long Good Friday (1980) as the ultimately doomed "Harold Shand". This was followed by such works as The Cotton Club (1984), Mona Lisa (1986), which won him an Oscar nomination as well as a BAFTA award, Cannes Film Festival and Golden Globe), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (Golden Globe nomination), Mermaids (1990), Hook (1991), Nixon (1995), Felicia's Journey (1999) and Enemy at the Gates (2001). Hoskins always carefully balanced the riches of Hollywood with the labor of independent film, though leaned more towards the latter than the former. He worked at smaller projects such as Shane Meadows ' debut 24 7: Twenty Four Seven (1997), in which he starred as "Allen Darcy". Besides this, he found time to direct, write and star in The Raggedy Rawney (1988), as well as direct and star in Rainbow (1995), and contributing to HBO's Tales from the Crypt (1989) and Tube Tales (1999). Suffering from Parkinson's disease in later years, Hoskins died of pneumonia at age 71 in a London hospital. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Thomas Beekers Spouse (2) (1982 - 29 April  2014) (his death) (2 children) Jane Livesey Gravelly voice and strong cockney accent. Frequently played grouchy, short-tempered characters Short stature Trivia (42) Ranked #97 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Father of Rosa Hoskins (born 1983) and Jack Hoskins (born 1986) with Linda Banwell. Father of Alex Hoskins (born 1968) and Sarah Hoskins (born 1972) with Jane Livesey. Claimed to never have taken an acting lesson in his life and believes in the talent to be "all natural". Dropping out of school at age 15, he worked odd jobs, including a fire eater in a circus. He was Brian De Palma 's second choice for the role of Al Capone in The Untouchables (1987) if Robert De Niro was not available. Hoskins was reportedly given a six-figure paycheck by De Palma for "being a great standby". Adopted an American accent for the role of Eddie Valiant in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). Described himself as "Five-foot-six and cubic". He once described his face as looking like squashed cabbage. His grandmother was a Romani (Gypsy). His film, The Raggedy Rawney (1988), was based on stories his grandmother used to tell him. He was awarded the 1982 Critics' Circle Theatre Awards (Drama Theatre Award) for Best Actor of 1981 for his performance in "Guys and Dolls" and "True West". Spent several seasons with the Royal National Theatre and the Old Vic Theatre in London, where his credits included everything from a range of Shakespeare to Chechov to Shaw. Attended and graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama in London, England. Was considered for the role of Senator Ralph Owen Brewster in The Aviator (2004), before Alan Alda was cast. Replaced Danny DeVito as Mario Mario in Super Mario Bros. (1993). In his earlier years before acting, he wound up looking after camels in Syria and later packing fruit on a kibbutz in Israel, among many other odd jobs. According to Barry Letts in Beginning the End: Making 'The Time Warrior' (2007), Hoskins was his first choice for the role of Irongron in Doctor Who: The Time Warrior: Part One (1973). Hoskins was not available to take the part but recommended David Daker , who was cast instead. He was friends with actor/gangster John Bindon and gave a character reference at his Old Bailey murder trial. Bindon was acquitted. The first record he bought was "Your Eyes Are the Eyes of a Woman in Love" by Frankie Laine . He was a huge fan of jazz music and his favorite albums include "Kind of Blue" by Miles Davis and "Lambert, Hendricks, & Ross!". He played the role of Smee, Captain Hook's right hand man, in both Hook (1991) and Neverland (2011). (August 8, 2012) Announced his retirement from acting after the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in Autumn 2011. All the lines of the character Wermit in the film In Search of La Che (2011) are all quotes of Bob Hoskins. Spent a short period of time volunteering at Kibbutz Zikim in Israel when he was age 25. Worked as a porter, lorry driver and window cleaner before he discovered acting. Attempted a three-year accounting course, but dropped out. Did not start acting until he was 26 years old. His acting career began in 1969 at the Unity Theatre. One evening, he was waiting in the Unity Theatre bar for his friend, the actor Roger Frost, to finish an audition. Whilst drinking at the bar, he was given a script and told "You're next.". Was the original choice to play Buster Edwards in Buster (1988), but the filmmakers decided the role of a cockney villain was too close to roles he had played before in The Long Good Friday (1980) and Mona Lisa (1986), so singer Phil Collins was cast instead. Was the only child of a bookkeeper and nursery school teacher. Bob's body was cremated. His urn was given to his wife, Linda. He was considered for the role of The Penguin in Batman Returns (1992) that went to Danny DeVito . He was considered for the role of Dr. Weeks in American Friends (1991) that went to Alun Armstrong . He was considered for the role of Lt. Senna in Homicide (1991) that went to Vincent Guastaferro . He was considered for the role of Horace Slughorn in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) that went to Jim Broadbent . He was considered for the role of Salvatore Maroni in The Dark Knight (2008) that went to Eric Roberts . His father was a communist and brought up Hoskins to be an atheist. In 1967, aged 25, Hoskins spent a short period of time volunteering in kibbutz Zikim in Israel, and also herded camels in Syria. His favourite book was "Mr Norris Changes Trains", by Christopher Isherwood . He was considered for the role of Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man 2 (2004) that went to Alfred Molina . In 1983, Hoskins' voice was used in an advert for Weetabix and during the late 1980s and early 1990s, he appeared in advertising for the recently privatized companies of British Gas and British Telecom (now BT Group). He was offered the role of Jack Ruby in Ruby (1992), but he was busy working on Hook (1991) and had to turn it down. It would have been his third collaboration with John MacKenzie after The Long Good Friday (1980) and Beyond the Limit (1983). He was considered for the role of Leo Lemke in The Butcher's Wife (1991) that went to George Dzundza . Personal Quotes (28) On getting his first role: I was three parts pissed. We were going to a party. And this bloke comes around and says: "Right. You're next. Have you seen the script?" And I got the leading part. [in 1988] My life has taken off - my life, my career - everything. I can honestly say I've never been happier. I'm walking around thinking any minute now, 25 tons of horseshit is going to fall on my head. Most dictators were short, fat, middle-aged and hairless. Besides Danny DeVito , there's only me to play them. When you get to my age, what you want is the cameo. You get paid a lot of money. You fly in for a couple of weeks. Everybody treats you like the crown jewels. It's all great and if the film turns out to be a load of shit, nobody blames you. My own mum wouldn't call me pretty. I've watched films and even forgotten I'm in them. You don't end up with a face like this if you're hard, do ya? This comes from having too much mouth and nothing to back it up with. The nose has been broken so many times. You reach a point where the cameo is the governor. You go in there for a couple of weeks, you're paid a lot of money, everybody treats you like the crown jewels, you're in and out, and if the film's a load of shit, nobody blames you, y'knowwhadimean. It's wonderful. The worst thing I ever did? Super Mario Bros. (1993). It was a f**kin' nightmare. The whole experience was a nightmare. It had a husband-and-wife team directing, whose arrogance had been mistaken for talent. After so many weeks, their own agent told them to get off the set! F**kin' nightmare. F**kin' idiots. [on Robert De Niro ] De Niro has only shown me kindness. He's a real friend. He's helped me shop for my wife's and my kids' Christmas presents. He's invited me round to meet his granny and he's come to my house for a pot-luck dinner. That really knocked my wife out. I think she was finally impressed with me. [on director Francis Ford Coppola ] Coppola couldn't piss in a pot. [on Neil Jordan ] I think Neil is a magician. And I believe in magic. [on the acting profession] I came into this business uneducated, dyslexic, 5ft 6in, cubic, with a face like a squashed cabbage and they welcomed me with open arms. I realized one day that men are emotional cripples. We can't express ourselves emotionally, we can only do it with anger and humor. Emotional stability and expression comes from women. When they have babies they say "hello, you're welcome" and they mean it. It is an emotional honesty. [on Method acting] Method is a load of bollocks. Acting is a lark but I'm trying to work less. They say: "Bob I know you're trying to retire but we've got a little swan song here which is the business..." and I get talked into it. The more you don't want to work, the more work you get. I want to be at home with the wife, but she doesn't want me to retire, she wants me out of the house. Family's all I've got. I've got money, yeah, but it's my family that I care about. It's funny, going in a pub now and there's no smoke. It may be healthier but it doesn't feel right. Even the beer tastes different. [in his last-ever interview in August 2012] My greatest pleasure in life is a completely appointment-less day with nothing to do. It means I can read a book, listen to the radio and do exactly as I wish. If you are going to do a film properly you have to give yourself completely to it. You can't slip in and slip out again. You give it the business. My diary now is free, completely free. That's the way I like it. I only do what I want to do. There was a time when people said, "You've got to speak like you don't, walk like you don't, be like you aren't." I said, "Ere, 'ang on, who am I? I'd be lost if I did that. I'd be disappearing. I'd be ectoplasm!". [on the best kiss of his life] With Natasha Richardson , God bless her, on The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish (1991). She got hold of me and kissed me like I've never been kissed before. I was gobsmacked. [on what song he would like played at his funeral] Play what you like, I won't be there. [asked why he did a much-maligned series of adverts for British Telecom] For 500,000 reasons, all of them with the Queen's head on. [on moving in middle-class circles] There are four types of reaction. They lock up the silver. They talk to you slowly like you're an idiot. They think Hamlet in a cockney accent is the funniest thing in the world. Or they tell you most of their friends are working class and some are even black. (On what he owes his parents) Confidence. My mum used to say to me, "If somebody doesn't like you, fuck 'em, they've got bad taste." (On which living person he despises the most) Tony Blair - he's done even more damage than Thatcher. (On his earliest memory) The face of a cat looking into my cot at my home in Finsbury Park. (On the most valuable lesson life has taught him) It's your life, live it your way. See also

Fire eating

Which state was Peggy Lee born in?

Bob Hoskins | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos | AllMovie twitter Biography by Rebecca Flint Marx Although Bob Hoskins first became widely known to American audiences as a detective assigned to investigate a cartoon rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), the balding, burly actor had long been recognized in his native England as a performer of exceptional versatility, capable of playing characters from working-class toughs to Shakespearean villains. Born in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, on October 26, 1942, where his mother had been sent to get away from the then-raging London Blitz, Hoskins was sent back to London with his mother when he was only two weeks old. Growing up in a solidly working-class family in post-war London, Hoskins stayed in school until he was 15, and he then abandoned formal education in favor of a string of diverse jobs. Over the course of the next ten years, he worked as a Covent Garden porter, member of the Norwegian Merchant Marines, steeplejack, plumber's assistant, banana picker, circus fire-eater, trainee accountant, and even spent time working on a kibbutz in Israel. At the age of 25, having garnered a lifetime's worth of unusual experiences, Hoskins got into acting. Hanging out at a pub one night with a friend who was auditioning for a play, he was asked to read for a part in the production. He got the part, and in the course of performing, was approached by an agent who suggested that Hoskins take up acting professionally and began arranging auditions for him. From there, Hoskins began acting onstage, working throughout the '60s, '70s, and '80s with such theatres as London's Royal Court and National Theatre and as a member of such troupes as The Royal Shakespeare Company. Hoskins made his film debut in 1972 with a minor role in the comedy Up the Front . Three years later he got his first substantial film role in the forgettable Inserts , but in 1980, he made a significant breakthrough, turning in a brilliant portrayal of a successful gangster whose world suddenly begins to fall apart in The Long Good Friday . He found even greater success six years later portraying a gangster-turned-chauffeur assigned to a high-priced call girl in Mona Lisa . His performance earned him Best Actor awards from the British Academy, the Cannes Film Festival, and the New York Film Critics Circle, and a Best Actor Academy Award nomination. For all of the acclaim surrounding his work, it was not until he starred in the aforementioned Who Framed Roger Rabbit? in 1988 that Hoskins became known to a mainstream American audience. His American accent in the film was so convincing, that in addition to earning him a Golden Globe nomination, it led some viewers to assume that he was actually an American actor. Hoskins could subsequently be seen in a number of American films in addition to those he made in Britain, appearing in such features as Mermaids (1990), in which he played Cher 's love interest; Heart Condition (1990), in which he played an unhinged racist detective; and Nixon (1995), which featured him as another crazed law enforcement official, J. Edgar Hoover. In 1997, he returned to his roots in Twentyfourseven , earning a European Film Academy Best Actor Award for his portrayal of a man trying to set up an amateur boxing league for working-class young men in economically depressed, Thatcher-era England. Two years later, Hoskins turned in a similarly gripping performance as a caterer with a dangerous secret in Felicia's Journey , a psychological thriller directed by Atom Egoyan . Hoskins continued to work steadily into the beginning of the next decade in a variety of projects including acting opposite Michael Caine in Last Orders and playing a supporting role in the Jennifer Lopez romantic comedy Maid in Manhattan. He continued to appear in an eclectic series of films including Kevin Spacey's Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Seas, as a very bad guy in the martial-arts film Unleashed, the costume drama Vanity Fair, and earning strong reviews playing opposite an Oscar nominated Judi Dench in Mrs. Henderson Presents. He also lent his very distinctive voice to one of the animated characters in the sequel Gairfield: A Tale of Two Kitties. That same year he portrayed a movie studio chief who may have had something to do with the death of George Reeves in the drama Hollywoodland opposite Ben Affleck, Adrien Brody, and Diane Lane. He appeared in Disney's A Christmas Carol, Made in Dangenham, and 2012's Snow White and the Huntsman. In addition to acting, Hoskins has worked behind the camera in a number of capacities. In 1989, he made his directorial and screenwriting debut with The Raggedy Rawney, a drama about a band of gypsies set during World War II. He also served as an executive producer for The Secret Agent in 1996. In August of 2012 Hoskins announced his retirement from acting in part because he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He passed away after a bout of pneumonia in 2014, at age 71. Movie Highlights Left school at 15. Claimed to have never taken an acting lesson. Before getting into acting, worked as a steeplejack, plumber's assistant and fire eater in the circus. Studied to be an accountant. Got his first acting job by accident: he accompanied a friend on an audition, wound up auditioning himself, and got the part. Was Brian De Palma's second choice, after Robert De Niro, to play Al Capone in 1987's The Untouchables. Announced his retirement in 2012 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

i don't know

Who was the last man to win Wimbledon and the French open singles in the same year?

The History Of The Championships, Wimbledon, Wimbledon History   How did it all begin? The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club was founded in 1868 and is responsible for the world's leading tennis tournament.  Lawn tennis, originally known as ‘Sphairistike, was invented by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield and was introduced at the Club in 1875.  Two years later, the Club was renamed “The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club” and the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship took place.  A new code of laws was drawn up and most of these laws still stand today. During this first Championship, only one event took place; the Men’s Singles, which was won by Spencer Gore.  Around 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final. Just five years later, in 1882, the Club’s main activity became lawn tennis and so in 1884, the All England Club (by this point the word “croquet” had been dropped from their name) decided to add two further events; the Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles (Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles were added in 1913). By the early 1900s the Club had outgrown its home in Worple Road , Wimbledon , where it had been since its formation. A lot had changed since the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877 (in which the final attracted 200 spectators) and the old grounds were no longer able to cope with the huge crowds who flocked to the event each year. And so, in 1920, the decision to move was taken. A site was chosen just a mile or so from the Worple Road site – and the major undertaking of designing and constructing the new Centre Court began.  Well known architect Captain Stanley Peach was commissioned to design the new Centre Court .  To convince the Club’s Committee, he built a huge scale model of Centre Court .  His original blueprints for the Centre Court still exist (discovered recently in a basement storage area of the offices of Stanley Peach & Co). A driving force throughout the project was Commander George Hillyard, secretary of the Club since 1907 and once a men’s doubles finalist. Hillyard collaborated with Peach on the ambitious design and his mission for the Club was clear: ‘‘Let us look to it that we construct and equip our ground that it will immediately be recognised as the finest, not only in England Wimbledon is acknowledged to be the World’s premier tennis tournament and a Long Term Plan was unveiled in 1993 by the All England Lawn Tennis Club, which will improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours in years to come. The first stage of the Plan was completed in time for the 1997 Championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court, a Broadcast Centre, two extra grass courts, and a tunnel under the hill to link Church Road Somerset Road . The second stage involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex in order to make way for the new Millennium Building to provide extensive facilities for the players, press, officials and Members, and also the extension of the West Stand of Centre Court, creating a further 728 seats. The third stage is currently under way with the recent redevelopment of the turnstile area, the construction of the new Museum Building at Gate 3, a permanent 2,600 sq ft Wimbledon Shop, Club offices and Ticket Office, an increase in Centre Court capacity from 13800 to 15000, and a new restaurant and bars.  Rain has frequently interrupted play at The Championships and so this year, for the first time, a new retractable roof will be in use on Centre Court .  During The Championships, this roof is to be kept primarily closed in an attempt to protect play from inclement.  2009 also sees an increase in the court’s capacity to 15,000 and the installation of new, wider padded seating for the comfort of the spectators.  Wimbledon Over the years, Wimbledon has developed many unique traditions, including: strawberries and cream , royal patronage, a strict dress code for competitors, and ball boys and girls. However, one not so popular tradition of the rain stopping play should hopefully be avoided in 2009, with the installation of a retractable roof on Centre Court .  This will come as a relief after the 2008 Men’s Final lasted 7 hours, ending in darkness and making it the longest Men’s Final in history.  The British are very proud of the tournament and such unique traditions help emphasise this fact but something we are no doubt less proud of is the fact that the Singles event hasn’t actually been won by a British man since Fred Perry in 1936 or a British woman since Virginia Wade in 1977. Previous   FRED PERRY 1934, 1935, 1936 Ever since becoming world table-tennis champion as a 20-year-old in 1929 Fred Perry, the son a Labour MP, had set his sights on becoming as dominant on the larger stage.  He had been playing the game for only seven years when in 1934, aged 25, he won the first of his three consecutive singles titles at Wimbledon .  His 1934 victory was against Crawford, the holder, in three sets in the final. The following year, he mastered the German, Baron Gottfried von Cramm, in the final in three sets.  In 1936, Perry beat Don Budge in the semi-finals and in the final (the last singles Perry played in the Championships) he again beat von Cramm in straight sets. There never was a more effectively forceful British player. At Wimbledon he took three successive titles and won 21 consecutive singles. The record stood until Björn Borg, arrived on the scene in the 1970s and Perry was the first to congratulate him. BJöRN BORG 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 Never in the history of lawn tennis did any player accomplish so much and in so brief a time as the Swede, Björn Borg. He was more coolly dominating and ruthless at Wimbledon than any previous modern challenger, precociously successful in Paris and on clay courts, clinically efficient in the Davis Cup and entirely a sporting phenomenon. Only the US title was to escape his grasp: he lost in the final four times. Having won the junior tournament at Wimbledon in 1972 aged 16, it was in 1976 at his fourth attempt that Borg wove the first major strands in his unique Wimbledon tapestry. He lost a set to no-one, his victims including Guillermo Vilas, the hard serving Roscoe Tanner in the semis and the touch genius Ilie Nastase in the final. It would not be until 1981 that he next lost at Wimbledon . The span was from 1st July 1975, when Ashe beat him in the quarter finals, to 4th July 1981 with McEnroe his victor in the final: 41 matches in a continuity of victory and five successive titles! After the first Borg’s subsequent titles were more onerously gained. In 1977, he overcame the American Vitas Gerulaitis in a brilliant five set semi final. In the final he survived in a five-setter against Jimmy Connors. In 1978 Borg made an awkward start in his opening match but proceeded dominantly to the final beating Connors again, this time quite easily. In 1979, the final also had the champion against the ropes, before Borg beat Tanner in five sets. In 1980 Borg had his notable confrontation with McEnroe in the final. It was among the best ever played at that stage. Borg won the final set by 8-6 to be champion for the fifth time. In 1981, though McEnroe at last got his hands on the famous gold cup with a victory in four sets.  For Borg it was virtually the end. Only 25, the years of intense effort had taken their toll. Later, in 1981, he suddenly retired from the mainstream. Idolised by young spectators and awesomely admired by all, Borg’s legacy was immense. His example made the double fisted backhand and patience an orthodoxy. His coolness under pressure, his speed about the court, his utter dependability from the back of the court through the use of heavy topspin, his fast reflexes on the volley, his formidable serve, his bloody-minded refusal to lose – all these attributes, honed to perfection by coach Lennart Bergelin – pointed the way forward. Björn Borg ranks as one of the giants of the game. PAT CASH 1987 Born in Melbourne, Australia in 1965, Patrick Hart Cash first came into the tennis spotlight in the early 1980s, and in 1981, he was ranked the top junior tennis player in the world. The following year, Cash won the junior titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open and the same year, he turned professional, going on to win his first top-level singles title in Melbourne.  He soon established a reputation as a hard-fighting serve-and-volleyer and for wearing his trademark black-and-white checked headband and his cross earring.  In 1983, aged just 17, he became the youngest player ever to win a singles Davis Cup final and a year later he reached the men’s singles semi-finals at both Wimbledon and the US Open, losing to John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl respectively.  He was also the runner-up in the Men’s Doubles competition at Wimbledon with McNamee and again the following year with Fitzgerald. In 1986, Cash claimed a 3-2 victory over Swede, Mikael Pernfors, in the Davis Cup and just a year later came the crowning in moment of his career, his triumph at the 1987 Wimbledon Championship, beating World No.1, Ivan Lendl in straight sets.  This victory made him one of only a handful of players to win junior Wimbledon and senior Wimbledon singles titles (others include Stefan Edberg and Roger Federer). Pat Cash continued on the full-time circuit until his retirement in 1997, despite Achilles tendon, knee and back injuries.  Since retiring, Cash now lives in London and has coached many top players, including Greg Rusedski and Mark Philippoussis.  Also during his retirement, he has opened a number of tennis academies and for The 2009 Championships, Keith Prowse is delighted to offer the exclusive opportunity for our guests to play tennis with Pat Cash on the morning of their visit to The Championships at the Speakeasy venue ; thereafter, Pat will join guests to discuss the order of play, his thoughts on the current players and sign autographs. ROGER FEDERER 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 The career of Roger Federer is still unfinished. By the close of 2008, still only 27, the Swiss superstar has already achieved tennis immortality.  His total of 13 Grand Slam victories among the men is second only to Pete Sampras’s 14. By reaching the final of ten consecutive Grand Slam championships and winning Wimbledon and the US Open back-to-back four times in a row, he set records that may never be equalled. Until overtaken by Rafael Nadal in August 2008, Federer had been ranked number l in the world for 237 consecutive weeks.  There was early evidence that Roger had exceptional talent: in 1998 he won the junior singles and doubles titles at Wimbledon (only two others have done that).  He also beat 17 times champion Pete Sampras in the fourth round at Wimbledon Two years later he joined Björn Borg, Pat Cash and Stefan Edberg as Wimbledon ’s only junior champions who went on the win the men’s singles. His victories over Andy Roddick in the semi final and Mark Philippousis now placed him at the top of the game. Between 2004 and 2007, the confidence factor lifted Federer to another level. His further Wimbledon final victims have been Andy Roddick (2004 and 2005) and Rafael Nadal (2006 and 2007). His five wins in a row equalled Björn Borg’s record in the 1980s and the Swede was present on Centre Court in the Royal Box to witness Federer’s feat in 2007. Even when his reign came to an end in 2008 at the hands of an inspired Nadal, Federer produced a performance of heroic proportions as he came back from two sets down and saved two match points in the fourth-set tiebreak before going down 9 7 in the fifth set of a compelling battle full of glorious shot making. Two months later, a fifth consecutive US Open triumph saved Federer’s year.  A natural athlete, Federer’s speed of thought and movement, when allied to an abundant talent with the racket, give him options that others envy. Many consider that we have been witnessing the greatest striker of a tennis ball who ever lived. As with Sampras, however, there is one piece still missing; the French Open title on clay has eluded his grasp, losing three finals in a row to Rafael Nadal. Perhaps his two finest weapons are his serve and his forehand. Both are hit with easy grace; both are deadly. A strong right wrist allows him to apply fizzing topspin on the forehand when necessary to create sharp angles; it also produces heavy slice or topspin on the serve.  Federer has reminded us all how beautiful this game can be. British Tennis Players As one of the four major tennis tournaments, and possibly the toughest, Wimbledon is the tournament that all players set out to win during their career. Winning a singles title at the Championships automatically assures that a player goes down in Wimbledon tennis history. The first Wimbledon Men’s Singles champion was British player, Spencer Gore, who won the first title back in 1877 and for the next 40 years, British males dominated the title.  This was probably due to that fact that it was predominantly British males who entered the Championships in its early years.  However, between 1907 and 1912 this trend changed and Australian players, Norman Brookes and Arthur Wilding, kick-started the dominance of international male players.  Since then, few British tennis players have earned the title Men’s Singles Champion. Fred Perry was the last British Men’s Singles Champion, winning the title for the third and final time in 1936.  This is something which has become a long-standing joke among the British media in the weeks preceding the Championship as over the years, many British players have tried and failed to win the title. Virginia Wade was the last British tennis player to win Wimbledon , winning the Ladies Singles title in the tournament’s centenary year.  Throughout her long and successful career she won three Grand Slam singles titles and four Grand Slam doubles titles but winning Wimbledon in 1977 was the pinnacle of her career Since Wade, no British play has won the Championships but perhaps the player who has come closest to claiming the title in recent years is Tim Henman.  Henman appeared in four semi finals of Wimbledon ; however, he never managed to get into a final. Andy Murray is currently ranked the highest British player.  In 2006, Murray reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam for the first time and last year he was knocked out at the quarter finals stage by eventual champion, Rafael Nadal.  Could he become Britain ’s next Wimbledon Champion in 2009? When Does The Tournament Take Place ? Every year, the tournament begins on the Monday which falls between 20 and 26 June and is scheduled to last 14 days.  Traditionally, there is no play on the “Middle Sunday” as this is considered to be a rest day.  This tradition has only been broken three times in the history of the Championships; in 1991, 1997 and 2004, when rain forced play. The Grounds All of the nineteen courts which are used for Wimbledon are made of rye grass and the two main courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are usually only used for the two weeks of the Championships (although under exceptional circumstances, play can be extended into a third week).  The other seventeen courts are used throughout the year for other events.  Today, Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass courts.   opened in 1922 when the Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road .  It usually plays host to both the semi-finals and the finals of each of the main events, as well as many of the earlier matches.  At the south end of the court is the Royal Box from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries are able to watch. No.1 Court The second most important court is No. 1 Court.  The current court was built in 1997 with an increased capacity of 11,000 Ball boys and ball girls Each year, ball boys and girls play an essential role in the smooth running of The Championships and since 1969 have been provided by local schools, having an average age of 15.  Prospective candidates are nominated by their headteacher and must undergo and series of written and fitness tests before being selected Wimbledon Dark green and purple are the traditional colours of Wimbledon .  Until 2005, Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls but in 2006 a new navy blue and cream uniform designed by Ralph Lauren was introduced. Trophies The Men’s Singles champion receives a silver gilt cup.  This trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World." The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish".  The salver is decorated with figures from mythology. Winners of the Men's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. The runner-up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent, and by his sister, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy. Hospitality at

Björn Borg

Who directed the movie The Blues Brothers?

The History Of The Championships, Wimbledon, Wimbledon History   How did it all begin? The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club was founded in 1868 and is responsible for the world's leading tennis tournament.  Lawn tennis, originally known as ‘Sphairistike, was invented by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield and was introduced at the Club in 1875.  Two years later, the Club was renamed “The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club” and the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship took place.  A new code of laws was drawn up and most of these laws still stand today. During this first Championship, only one event took place; the Men’s Singles, which was won by Spencer Gore.  Around 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final. Just five years later, in 1882, the Club’s main activity became lawn tennis and so in 1884, the All England Club (by this point the word “croquet” had been dropped from their name) decided to add two further events; the Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles (Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles were added in 1913). By the early 1900s the Club had outgrown its home in Worple Road , Wimbledon , where it had been since its formation. A lot had changed since the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877 (in which the final attracted 200 spectators) and the old grounds were no longer able to cope with the huge crowds who flocked to the event each year. And so, in 1920, the decision to move was taken. A site was chosen just a mile or so from the Worple Road site – and the major undertaking of designing and constructing the new Centre Court began.  Well known architect Captain Stanley Peach was commissioned to design the new Centre Court .  To convince the Club’s Committee, he built a huge scale model of Centre Court .  His original blueprints for the Centre Court still exist (discovered recently in a basement storage area of the offices of Stanley Peach & Co). A driving force throughout the project was Commander George Hillyard, secretary of the Club since 1907 and once a men’s doubles finalist. Hillyard collaborated with Peach on the ambitious design and his mission for the Club was clear: ‘‘Let us look to it that we construct and equip our ground that it will immediately be recognised as the finest, not only in England Wimbledon is acknowledged to be the World’s premier tennis tournament and a Long Term Plan was unveiled in 1993 by the All England Lawn Tennis Club, which will improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours in years to come. The first stage of the Plan was completed in time for the 1997 Championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court, a Broadcast Centre, two extra grass courts, and a tunnel under the hill to link Church Road Somerset Road . The second stage involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex in order to make way for the new Millennium Building to provide extensive facilities for the players, press, officials and Members, and also the extension of the West Stand of Centre Court, creating a further 728 seats. The third stage is currently under way with the recent redevelopment of the turnstile area, the construction of the new Museum Building at Gate 3, a permanent 2,600 sq ft Wimbledon Shop, Club offices and Ticket Office, an increase in Centre Court capacity from 13800 to 15000, and a new restaurant and bars.  Rain has frequently interrupted play at The Championships and so this year, for the first time, a new retractable roof will be in use on Centre Court .  During The Championships, this roof is to be kept primarily closed in an attempt to protect play from inclement.  2009 also sees an increase in the court’s capacity to 15,000 and the installation of new, wider padded seating for the comfort of the spectators.  Wimbledon Over the years, Wimbledon has developed many unique traditions, including: strawberries and cream , royal patronage, a strict dress code for competitors, and ball boys and girls. However, one not so popular tradition of the rain stopping play should hopefully be avoided in 2009, with the installation of a retractable roof on Centre Court .  This will come as a relief after the 2008 Men’s Final lasted 7 hours, ending in darkness and making it the longest Men’s Final in history.  The British are very proud of the tournament and such unique traditions help emphasise this fact but something we are no doubt less proud of is the fact that the Singles event hasn’t actually been won by a British man since Fred Perry in 1936 or a British woman since Virginia Wade in 1977. Previous   FRED PERRY 1934, 1935, 1936 Ever since becoming world table-tennis champion as a 20-year-old in 1929 Fred Perry, the son a Labour MP, had set his sights on becoming as dominant on the larger stage.  He had been playing the game for only seven years when in 1934, aged 25, he won the first of his three consecutive singles titles at Wimbledon .  His 1934 victory was against Crawford, the holder, in three sets in the final. The following year, he mastered the German, Baron Gottfried von Cramm, in the final in three sets.  In 1936, Perry beat Don Budge in the semi-finals and in the final (the last singles Perry played in the Championships) he again beat von Cramm in straight sets. There never was a more effectively forceful British player. At Wimbledon he took three successive titles and won 21 consecutive singles. The record stood until Björn Borg, arrived on the scene in the 1970s and Perry was the first to congratulate him. BJöRN BORG 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 Never in the history of lawn tennis did any player accomplish so much and in so brief a time as the Swede, Björn Borg. He was more coolly dominating and ruthless at Wimbledon than any previous modern challenger, precociously successful in Paris and on clay courts, clinically efficient in the Davis Cup and entirely a sporting phenomenon. Only the US title was to escape his grasp: he lost in the final four times. Having won the junior tournament at Wimbledon in 1972 aged 16, it was in 1976 at his fourth attempt that Borg wove the first major strands in his unique Wimbledon tapestry. He lost a set to no-one, his victims including Guillermo Vilas, the hard serving Roscoe Tanner in the semis and the touch genius Ilie Nastase in the final. It would not be until 1981 that he next lost at Wimbledon . The span was from 1st July 1975, when Ashe beat him in the quarter finals, to 4th July 1981 with McEnroe his victor in the final: 41 matches in a continuity of victory and five successive titles! After the first Borg’s subsequent titles were more onerously gained. In 1977, he overcame the American Vitas Gerulaitis in a brilliant five set semi final. In the final he survived in a five-setter against Jimmy Connors. In 1978 Borg made an awkward start in his opening match but proceeded dominantly to the final beating Connors again, this time quite easily. In 1979, the final also had the champion against the ropes, before Borg beat Tanner in five sets. In 1980 Borg had his notable confrontation with McEnroe in the final. It was among the best ever played at that stage. Borg won the final set by 8-6 to be champion for the fifth time. In 1981, though McEnroe at last got his hands on the famous gold cup with a victory in four sets.  For Borg it was virtually the end. Only 25, the years of intense effort had taken their toll. Later, in 1981, he suddenly retired from the mainstream. Idolised by young spectators and awesomely admired by all, Borg’s legacy was immense. His example made the double fisted backhand and patience an orthodoxy. His coolness under pressure, his speed about the court, his utter dependability from the back of the court through the use of heavy topspin, his fast reflexes on the volley, his formidable serve, his bloody-minded refusal to lose – all these attributes, honed to perfection by coach Lennart Bergelin – pointed the way forward. Björn Borg ranks as one of the giants of the game. PAT CASH 1987 Born in Melbourne, Australia in 1965, Patrick Hart Cash first came into the tennis spotlight in the early 1980s, and in 1981, he was ranked the top junior tennis player in the world. The following year, Cash won the junior titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open and the same year, he turned professional, going on to win his first top-level singles title in Melbourne.  He soon established a reputation as a hard-fighting serve-and-volleyer and for wearing his trademark black-and-white checked headband and his cross earring.  In 1983, aged just 17, he became the youngest player ever to win a singles Davis Cup final and a year later he reached the men’s singles semi-finals at both Wimbledon and the US Open, losing to John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl respectively.  He was also the runner-up in the Men’s Doubles competition at Wimbledon with McNamee and again the following year with Fitzgerald. In 1986, Cash claimed a 3-2 victory over Swede, Mikael Pernfors, in the Davis Cup and just a year later came the crowning in moment of his career, his triumph at the 1987 Wimbledon Championship, beating World No.1, Ivan Lendl in straight sets.  This victory made him one of only a handful of players to win junior Wimbledon and senior Wimbledon singles titles (others include Stefan Edberg and Roger Federer). Pat Cash continued on the full-time circuit until his retirement in 1997, despite Achilles tendon, knee and back injuries.  Since retiring, Cash now lives in London and has coached many top players, including Greg Rusedski and Mark Philippoussis.  Also during his retirement, he has opened a number of tennis academies and for The 2009 Championships, Keith Prowse is delighted to offer the exclusive opportunity for our guests to play tennis with Pat Cash on the morning of their visit to The Championships at the Speakeasy venue ; thereafter, Pat will join guests to discuss the order of play, his thoughts on the current players and sign autographs. ROGER FEDERER 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 The career of Roger Federer is still unfinished. By the close of 2008, still only 27, the Swiss superstar has already achieved tennis immortality.  His total of 13 Grand Slam victories among the men is second only to Pete Sampras’s 14. By reaching the final of ten consecutive Grand Slam championships and winning Wimbledon and the US Open back-to-back four times in a row, he set records that may never be equalled. Until overtaken by Rafael Nadal in August 2008, Federer had been ranked number l in the world for 237 consecutive weeks.  There was early evidence that Roger had exceptional talent: in 1998 he won the junior singles and doubles titles at Wimbledon (only two others have done that).  He also beat 17 times champion Pete Sampras in the fourth round at Wimbledon Two years later he joined Björn Borg, Pat Cash and Stefan Edberg as Wimbledon ’s only junior champions who went on the win the men’s singles. His victories over Andy Roddick in the semi final and Mark Philippousis now placed him at the top of the game. Between 2004 and 2007, the confidence factor lifted Federer to another level. His further Wimbledon final victims have been Andy Roddick (2004 and 2005) and Rafael Nadal (2006 and 2007). His five wins in a row equalled Björn Borg’s record in the 1980s and the Swede was present on Centre Court in the Royal Box to witness Federer’s feat in 2007. Even when his reign came to an end in 2008 at the hands of an inspired Nadal, Federer produced a performance of heroic proportions as he came back from two sets down and saved two match points in the fourth-set tiebreak before going down 9 7 in the fifth set of a compelling battle full of glorious shot making. Two months later, a fifth consecutive US Open triumph saved Federer’s year.  A natural athlete, Federer’s speed of thought and movement, when allied to an abundant talent with the racket, give him options that others envy. Many consider that we have been witnessing the greatest striker of a tennis ball who ever lived. As with Sampras, however, there is one piece still missing; the French Open title on clay has eluded his grasp, losing three finals in a row to Rafael Nadal. Perhaps his two finest weapons are his serve and his forehand. Both are hit with easy grace; both are deadly. A strong right wrist allows him to apply fizzing topspin on the forehand when necessary to create sharp angles; it also produces heavy slice or topspin on the serve.  Federer has reminded us all how beautiful this game can be. British Tennis Players As one of the four major tennis tournaments, and possibly the toughest, Wimbledon is the tournament that all players set out to win during their career. Winning a singles title at the Championships automatically assures that a player goes down in Wimbledon tennis history. The first Wimbledon Men’s Singles champion was British player, Spencer Gore, who won the first title back in 1877 and for the next 40 years, British males dominated the title.  This was probably due to that fact that it was predominantly British males who entered the Championships in its early years.  However, between 1907 and 1912 this trend changed and Australian players, Norman Brookes and Arthur Wilding, kick-started the dominance of international male players.  Since then, few British tennis players have earned the title Men’s Singles Champion. Fred Perry was the last British Men’s Singles Champion, winning the title for the third and final time in 1936.  This is something which has become a long-standing joke among the British media in the weeks preceding the Championship as over the years, many British players have tried and failed to win the title. Virginia Wade was the last British tennis player to win Wimbledon , winning the Ladies Singles title in the tournament’s centenary year.  Throughout her long and successful career she won three Grand Slam singles titles and four Grand Slam doubles titles but winning Wimbledon in 1977 was the pinnacle of her career Since Wade, no British play has won the Championships but perhaps the player who has come closest to claiming the title in recent years is Tim Henman.  Henman appeared in four semi finals of Wimbledon ; however, he never managed to get into a final. Andy Murray is currently ranked the highest British player.  In 2006, Murray reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam for the first time and last year he was knocked out at the quarter finals stage by eventual champion, Rafael Nadal.  Could he become Britain ’s next Wimbledon Champion in 2009? When Does The Tournament Take Place ? Every year, the tournament begins on the Monday which falls between 20 and 26 June and is scheduled to last 14 days.  Traditionally, there is no play on the “Middle Sunday” as this is considered to be a rest day.  This tradition has only been broken three times in the history of the Championships; in 1991, 1997 and 2004, when rain forced play. The Grounds All of the nineteen courts which are used for Wimbledon are made of rye grass and the two main courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are usually only used for the two weeks of the Championships (although under exceptional circumstances, play can be extended into a third week).  The other seventeen courts are used throughout the year for other events.  Today, Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass courts.   opened in 1922 when the Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road .  It usually plays host to both the semi-finals and the finals of each of the main events, as well as many of the earlier matches.  At the south end of the court is the Royal Box from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries are able to watch. No.1 Court The second most important court is No. 1 Court.  The current court was built in 1997 with an increased capacity of 11,000 Ball boys and ball girls Each year, ball boys and girls play an essential role in the smooth running of The Championships and since 1969 have been provided by local schools, having an average age of 15.  Prospective candidates are nominated by their headteacher and must undergo and series of written and fitness tests before being selected Wimbledon Dark green and purple are the traditional colours of Wimbledon .  Until 2005, Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls but in 2006 a new navy blue and cream uniform designed by Ralph Lauren was introduced. Trophies The Men’s Singles champion receives a silver gilt cup.  This trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World." The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish".  The salver is decorated with figures from mythology. Winners of the Men's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. The runner-up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent, and by his sister, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy. Hospitality at

i don't know

In which country did the first Mickey Mouse comic appear?

Mickey Mouse | Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki Share Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse is a comic animal cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company . Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Chuck Jones [1] and voiced by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928 upon the release of Steamboat Willie . [2] The anthropomorphic mouse has evolved from being simply a character in animated cartoons and comic strips to become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. Mickey is currently the main character in the Disney Channel 's Playhouse Disney series " Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ." Mickey is the leader of the Mickey Mouse Club . Contents Edit One of the first Mickeys Mickey was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios . [3] When Disney asked for a larger budget for his popular Oswald series, Mintz announced he had hired the bulk of Disney's staff, but that Disney could keep doing the Oswald series, as long as he agreed to a budget cut and went on the payroll. Mintz owned Oswald and thought he had Disney over a barrel. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff, but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar . (A male frog, also rejected, would later show up in Iwerks own Flip the Frog series.) [4] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from his old pet mouse he used to have on his farm. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney. [5] " Mortimer Mouse " had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be. [6] [7] Actor Mickey Rooney has claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him. [8] Said Disney: "We felt that the public, and especially the children, like animals that are cute and little. I think we are rather indebted to Charlie Chaplin for the idea. We wanted something appealing, and we thought of a tiny bit of a mouse that would have something of the wistfulness of Chaplin — a little fellow trying to do the best he could. When people laugh at Mickey Mouse, it's because he's so human; and that is the secret of his popularity. I only hope that we don't lose sight of one thing — that it was all started by a mouse." [9] Plane Crazy Edit Mickey and Minnie debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy , first released on May 15, 1928. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was also the main animator for this short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation. The plot of Plane Crazy was fairly simple. Mickey is apparently trying to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh . After building his own aircraft , he proceeds to ask Minnie to join him for its first flight, during which he repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempts to kiss her, eventually resorting to force. Minnie then parachutes out of the plane. While distracted by her, Mickey loses control of the plane. This becomes the beginning of an out-of-control flight that results in a series of humorous situations and eventually in the crash-landing of the aircraft. Mickey as portrayed in Plane Crazy was mischievous, amorous, and has often been described as a rogue. At the time of its first release, however, Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho . Early landmarks Edit The Gallopin' Gaucho was again co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks, with the latter serving as the sole animator in this case. The short was intended as a parody of Douglas Fairbanks 's The Gaucho, a film first released on November 21, 1928. Following the original film, the events of the short take place in the Pampas of Argentina . The gaucho of the title was Mickey himself. He is first seen riding on a rhea , instead of a horse as would be expected (or an ostrich as is often reported). He soon encounters "Cantina Argentina", apparently serving as the local bar and restaurant . Mickey proceeds to enter the establishment and take a seat. He apparently just wants to relax with some drinking and tobacco smoking . Also present at the establishment are Pegleg Pete (later renamed Black Pete, or just Pete), a wanted outlaw and fellow customer for the time being, and Minnie Mouse, the barmaid and dancer of the establishment, at the time performing a tango . Both customers soon begin to flirt with Minnie and to rival one another. At some point Pete proceeds in kidnapping Minnie and attempts to escape on his horse. Mickey gives chase on his rhea. He soon catches up to his rival and they proceed to fight with swords . Mickey emerges the victor of this joust. The finale of the short has Mickey and Minnie riding the rhea into the distance. In later interviews, Iwerks would comment that Mickey as featured in The Gallopin' Gaucho was intended to be a swashbuckler , an adventurer modeled after Fairbanks himself. This short marks the first encounter between Mickey and Black Pete, a character already established as an antagonist in both the Alice Comedies and the Oswald series. Based on Mickey and Minnie acting as strangers to each other before the finale, it was presumably intended to feature their original acquaintance to each other as well. Modern audiences have commented that all three characters seem to be coming out of rough, lower class backgrounds that little resemble their later versions. Consequently the short is arguably of some historical significance. At the time of its original production though, Walt again failed to find a distributor. It would be first released on December 30, 1928, following the release of another Mickey short. Reportedly Mickey was at first thought to be much too similar to Oswald and this resulted in the apparent lack of interest in him. Walt would soon start to contemplate ways to distinguish the Mickey Mouse series from his previous work and that of his rivals. The result of his contemplations would be the third Mickey short to be produced, the second to be released and the first to really draw the attention of the audiences: Steamboat Willie. Addition of sound to the series Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie (1928) Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus has been cited as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons. The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence, when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie. The script had Mickey serving aboard Steamboat Willie under Captain Pete. At first he is seen piloting the steamboat while whistling . Then Pete arrives to take over piloting and angrily throws him out of the boat's bridge. They soon have to stop for cargo to be transferred on board. Almost as soon as they leave, Minnie arrives. She was apparently supposed to be their only passenger but was late to board. Mickey manages to pick her up from the river shore. Minnie accidentally drops her sheet music for the popular folk song " Turkey in the Straw ". A goat which was among the animals transported on the steamboat proceeds to eat the sheet music. Consequently Mickey and Minnie use its tail to turn it into a phonograph which is playing the tune. Through the rest of the short, Mickey uses various other animals as musical instruments . Captain Pete is eventually disturbed by all this noise and places Mickey back to work. Mickey is reduced to peeling potatoes for the rest of the trip. A parrot attempts to make fun of him but is then thrown to the river by Mickey. This served as the final scene of this short. Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson , was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat , and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result. [10] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen [11] Roles and design Edit The Barn Dance , first released on March 14, 1929, was the first of twelve Mickey shorts released during that year. It was directed by Walt Disney with Ub Iwerks as the head animator. This short is notable for featuring Mickey turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. It is also an unusual appearance of the Pete character; previously depicted as a menacing villain , he is portrayed here as a well-mannered gentleman. In addition, Mickey was not depicted as a hero but as a rather ineffective young suitor. In his sadness and crying over his failure, Mickey appears unusually emotional and vulnerable. It has been commented, however, that this only serves to add to the audience's empathy for the character. First gloved appearance "Ever wonder why we always wear these white gloves?" - Various characters (with minor variations) Mickey in gloves. The Opry House , first released on March 28, 1929, was the second short released during the year. This short introduced Mickey's gloves . Mickey can be seen wearing them in most of his subsequent appearances. Supposedly one reason for adding the white gloves was to allow audiences to distinguish the characters' hands when they appeared against their bodies, as both were black (Mickey did not appear in color until The Band Concert in 1935). The three black lines on the backs of the gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of kid glove design of the era. Depiction as a regular mouse Edit When the Cat's Away , first released on April 18, 1929, was the third Mickey short to be released that year. It was essentially a remake of one of the Alice Comedies, Alice Rattled by Rats, which had been first released on January 15, 1926. Kat Nipp makes his second appearance, though his name is given as "Tom Cat" (this describes his being a tom cat , and the character should not be confused with the co-star of the Tom and Jerry series). He is seen getting drunk on alcoholic beverages . Then he leaves his house to go hunting . In his absence an army of mice invade his house in search of food. Among them are Mickey and Minnie, who proceed to turn this gathering into a party . This short is unusual in depicting Mickey and Minnie as having the size and partly the behavior of regular mice. The set standard both before and after this short was to depict them as having the size of rather short human beings. On another note, it has been commented that Template:Weasel-inline since this short was released during the Prohibition era, the alcoholic beverages would probably have been products of bootlegging . Template:Fact Mickey as a soldier Edit The next Mickey short to be released is also considered unusual. It was The Barnyard Battle , first released on April 25, 1929. This short is notable as the first to depict Mickey as a soldier and the first to place him in combat. Mouse in transition In 1929, Disney began the first of what would later be many Mickey Mouse Clubs , which were located in hundreds of movie theaters across the United States. [12] First comic strip appearance Edit By this point Mickey had appeared in fifteen commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. So Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Walt accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Walt Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of Plane Crazy. Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930 and March 31 1930 have been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip[s], Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..." [13] Classical music performances Edit Meanwhile in animation, two more Mickey shorts had been released. The first of them was The Barnyard Concert, first released on March 3, 1930. It featured Mickey conducting an orchestra . The only recurring characters among its members were Clarabelle as a flutist and Horace as a drummer . Their rendition of the Poet and Peasant Overture (by Franz von Suppé ) is humorous enough; but it has been noted that several of the gags featured were repeated from previous shorts. The second, was originally released on March 14, 1930 under the title Fiddlin' Around but has since been renamed to Just Mickey. Both titles give an accurate enough description of the short which has Mickey performing a violin solo. It is only notable for Mickey's emotional renditions of the finale to the " William Tell Overture ", Robert Schumann 's "Träumerei" ("Reverie"), and Franz Liszt 's " Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2", the latter which would appear on a regular basis in shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker . In The Band Concert , the first Mickey Mouse cartoon filmed in Technicolor , Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but in the cartoon is swept up by a tornado, along with his orchestra. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. Mickey made his most famous classical music appearance in 1940 in the classic Disney film Fantasia . His screen "role" as The Sorcerer's Apprentice , set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas , is perhaps the most famous segment of the film. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski , who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Departure of a co-creator and consequences Edit They were followed by Cactus Kid , first released on April 11, 1930. As the title implies the short was intended as a Western movie parody. But it is considered to be more or less a remake of The Gallopin' Gaucho set in Mexico instead of Argentina. Mickey was again cast as a lonely traveler who walks into the local tavern and starts flirting with its dancer. The latter is again Minnie. The rival suitor to Mickey is again Pete though using the alias Peg-Leg Pedro. For the first time in a Mickey short, Pete was depicted as having a peg-leg. This would become a recurring feature of the character. The rhea of the original short was replaced by Horace Horsecollar. This is considered to be his last non-anthropomorphic appearance. The short is considered significant for being the last Mickey short to be animated by Ub Iwerks. Shortly before its release, Iwerks left the Studio to start his own bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers . Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point to the careers of both Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse. The former lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. The latter lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction and/or animation of several of the shorts released till this point, and some would argue Mickey's creator. Walt Disney has been credited for the inspiration to create Mickey, but Iwerks was the one to design the character and the first few Mickey Mouse cartoons were mostly or entirely drawn by Iwerks. Consequently some animation historians have suggested that Iwerks should be considered the actual creator of Mickey Mouse. It has been pointed that advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credit them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone. Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932, the Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members [14] and Walt would receive a special Oscar for creating Mickey Mouse as well; in 1935, Disney would also begin to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [15] Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short The Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye the Sailor was more popular than Mickey. [16] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had also earned $600,000.00 a year. [17] In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would also reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal; [14] in 1935, Walt would also receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey as well. However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesigned of the mouse; [18] the redesign between 1938 and 1940 also put Mickey at the peak of his popularity we all. [14] However, after 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline. [19] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with Pluto—for a short subject for Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. Appearances in comics Main article: Mickey Mouse (comics) In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Walt's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation. Walt proceeded to search for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. For unknown reasons he selected Floyd Gottfredson , a recently hired employee. At the time Floyd was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Walt had to assure Floyd that the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Floyd accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975. Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930. [13] Gottfredson's first task was finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930 and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse . The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents. Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy , the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot , Eega Beeva , Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales , Carson Van Osten , Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes ; writers included Ted Osborne , Merrill De Maris , Bill Walsh , Dick Shaw, Roy Williams , Del Connell, and Floyd Norman . The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics . His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey didn't become a speciality until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes , in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This reinnasance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson , David Gerstein , Noel Van Horn , Michael T. Gilbert and Cesar Ferioli . Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001. Later Mickey history Edit On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, he became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd. Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival involving a street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977). [20] Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill ; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!" [21] Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros. ' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Warner and Disney signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the micro-second. Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog . The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment , starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles. He also appeared on the video boxes in the 1980s. His most recent theatrical cartoon was 1995's short Runaway Brain , while in 1999-2004, he appeared in made-for-video features, like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas , Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers , and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas . He has yet to appear in an original Disney film that wasn't based on a classical work. Many television programs have centered around Mickey, such as the recent shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999—2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001—2003) and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons". Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. In the Disney on Ice play, Disney Presents Pixar's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom/Disneyland Adventure, Mickey and Minnie are kidnapped by an android replica of Syndrome , who seeks to create "his" own theme park in Walt Disney World/Disneyland's place. They are briefly imprisoned in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction's prison cell before an assault on the robot Syndrome by the Incredible Family forces "him" to place them in LASER prisons, but not without using a flamethrower in a botched attempt to incinerate their would-be superhuman saviors. After the robot Syndrome is congealed by Frozone, Mickey and Minnie are finally liberated, the magic and happiness of the Walt Disney World/Disneyland Resort is restored, and the Incredibles become Mickey and Minnie's newest friends. Video games Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games , including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse , Mickey's Ultimate Challenge , and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Sega Genesis , Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands on the Game Boy , and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance , while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a role in the Kingdom Hearts series , as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora . King Mickey wields the Keyblade , a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Toys and games In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic-talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder -released Talking Mickey Mouse . Design and voice Edit The character has gone through some major changes through his existence. The first one happened with The Pointer in 1939, where he was given pupils in his eyes, a skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind , where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in The Pointer, with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 50's, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons. Mickey's top trademark is his ears, and they have also become a trademark of the Disney company in general. Basic design of Mickey's ears is two very round ears that are attached to a very round head. Other than the 1940s Mickey, he and Minnie's ears have had the unusual characteristic of always being viewable with the same symmetry despite which direction that their respective head is facing. In other words, the ears are always generally in the same position as they are in a frontal view of the character, and appear to be sideways on their head when facing left or right. A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From his first speaking role in The Karnival Kid onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. (Carl Stalling and Clarence Nash allegedly did some uncredited ADR for Mickey in a few early shorts as well.) However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work (and it is speculated his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years), and during the recording of the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free , Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jim MacDonald . (Both Disney's and MacDonald's voices can be heard on the final soundtrack.) MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions of the original 1954—1959 "Mickey Mouse Club" TV series and the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the "Disneyland" TV series aired on September 11, 1958. 1983's Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the debut of the late Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the voice of Mickey until his death in 2009 [22] . Allwine was, incidentally, married to Russi Taylor , the current voice of Minnie Mouse . Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in the TV special Down and Out with Donald Duck released in 1987. Social impact A picture of several packaged products displaying pictures of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck dressed in traditional Japanese attire. Use in politics Edit In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot, or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of " None of the Above ", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote Template:Fact . Cartoon characters are typically chosen for this purpose Template:Fact ; as Mickey Mouse is the best-known and most-recognized character in America, his name is frequently selected for this purpose. (Other popular selections include Donald Duck and Bugs Bunny.) This phenomenon has the humorous effect of causing Mickey Mouse to be a minor but perennial contestant in nearly all U.S. presidential elections . Template:Fact A similar phenomenon occurs in the parliament elections in Finland and Sweden , although Finns and Swedes usually write Donald Duck or Donald Duck Party as a protest vote. Template:Fact Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, most recently in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . [1] [2] Pejorative use of Mickey's name Edit "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. In The Godfather: Part II , Fredo 's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo to take care of some Mickey Mouse night club somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks. In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky is quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice." [23] Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey. In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man , as Sylvester Stallone 's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake, now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!" [24] In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam , Bugs Bunny derogatorily referred to Daffy Duck 's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking, "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would call themselves 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Anaheim Mighty Ducks , a NHL team that was owned by Disney.) In the United States armed forces, actions that produce good looks, but have little practical use, (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings onboard ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work". In schools a "Mickey Mouse course" or "Mickey Mouse major" is a class or college major where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) and/or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market. [25] Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing). [26] "Mickey Mouse money" is a derogatory term for foreign currency, often used by Americans to describe indigenous currency in a foreign country in which they are traveling. The term also refers to fake banknotes, especially in UK. Template:Fact (Disney theme parks and resorts have an actual kind of Mickey Mouse money, Disney Dollars . This money is worthless outside the Disney property and stores). The software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft". [27] In card games, it is common for a "Mickey Mouse hand" to be played for instructional purposes. In such a hand all cards of all players that would normally be concealed are displayed, to demonstrate to new players the rules and procedures of the game. Template:Fact In motorsports , short road courses with tight corners, short straightways and no overtaking spots are sometimes called "Mickey Mouse tracks". Template:Fact In rhyming slang , a "Mickey" refers to a Liverpudlian or Liverpool FC supporter (ie. Mickey Mouser = Scouser ). It may also refer to someone's home (house = Mickey Mouse). Template:Fact The Los Angeles Mafia was known as the "Mickey Mouse Mafia," due to their disorganized behavior and mess-ups. Template:Fact In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence. [28] Britons call the MLS, or Major League Soccer , the "Mickey Mouse League." Template:Fact In the British sitcom Red Dwarf: After the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, one character pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" Another replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!" Because of Mickey's status as Disney's signature character, he is often jokingly referred to as the boss of The Walt Disney Company. Disney employees sometimes say they "work for the Mouse." [29] [30] In the South Park season 13 episode "The Ring," Mickey is portrayed as a greedy, sadistic and foul-mouthed head of the studio, who berates and beats the Jonas Brothers after they complain that their purity rings are overshadowing their music. Legal issues Edit A typical style of sign in Walt Disney World , showing one of many uses by Disney of the Mickey ears logo. It is sometimes erroneously stated that the Mickey Mouse character is only copyrighted . In fact, the character, like all major Disney characters, is also trademarked , which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain , the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization. However, within the United States, European Union and some other jurisdictions, the Copyright Term Extension Act (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' due to extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation has ensured that works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However a Los Angeles Times article explains that ambiguity and "imprecision" in early film credits copyright claims could invalidate Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character. [31] The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character, whose likeness is so closely associated with the company, with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters. [32] Censorship Edit In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited showing a Mickey Mouse film because they felt the kepi -wearing mouse negatively portrayed the Germans and would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War". [33] A mid 1930s German newspaper article even stated : "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filfth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross !" [34] [35] [36] Art Spiegelman used this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his comic Maus II . The 1935 Romanian authorities banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas after they feared that children would be scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre . [37] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned Mickey and other foreign Children's literature . [38] Farfour Edit Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and as of the United States itself. For this reason Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire , such as the infamous underground cartoon Mickey Mouse in Vietnam . There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the Mad Magazine parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity. ( http://johnglenntaylor.blogspot.com/2008_12_28_archive.html ) The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie , Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!". [39] . In the South Park episode The Ring Mickey Mouse is depicted as the sadistic, greedy boss of The Walt Disney Company , only interested in money. On September 20, 2008 Sheikh Muhammad Al-Munajid claimed that the sharia considers mice to be harmful vermin and that characters like Mickey Mouse and Jerry from Tom & Jerry are to be blamed for making mice such loveable characters. He issued a fatwa against Mickey, which made international headline news and was the subject of much controversy and ridicule. Sheikh Muhammed Al-Munajid issued a statement afterwards in which he stated that he was misquoted and translated badly. Filmography Kingdom Hearts II (2005), video game. Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006) - A television series made for preschoolers done in CGI. See also Edit Minnie Mouse , best known as the fellow Disney character, often portrayed as Mickey's significant other in animated shorts and features. Pluto , a canine character of the Disney series who is often portrayed as Mickey's dog in the animated shorts and features. Mickey Mouse universe , the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters. Mouse Museum , a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse. Mickey Mouse Adventures A short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist. Hidden Mickey , a phenomenon featuring throughout Disney films, theme parks and merchandise involving hiding images that are similar to a silhouette of Mickey's head and ears, another trademark of the Disney series, in non-related places. Celebration Mickey , a two foot tall, Template:Convert/lb Script error., 24-karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture, designed by Disney artist Marc Delle and produced in 2001 to commemorate Walt Disney's 100th birthday. Certified an authentic and one-of-a-kind piece by Disneyland Resort, it is the largest gold sculpture ever cast in the history of the Disney Company. References

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What was the name of the island off Iceland which appeared in 1963 as a result of an underwater volcano?

Mickey Mouse | Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki Share Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse is a comic animal cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company . Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Chuck Jones [1] and voiced by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928 upon the release of Steamboat Willie . [2] The anthropomorphic mouse has evolved from being simply a character in animated cartoons and comic strips to become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. Mickey is currently the main character in the Disney Channel 's Playhouse Disney series " Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ." Mickey is the leader of the Mickey Mouse Club . Contents Edit One of the first Mickeys Mickey was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios . [3] When Disney asked for a larger budget for his popular Oswald series, Mintz announced he had hired the bulk of Disney's staff, but that Disney could keep doing the Oswald series, as long as he agreed to a budget cut and went on the payroll. Mintz owned Oswald and thought he had Disney over a barrel. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff, but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar . (A male frog, also rejected, would later show up in Iwerks own Flip the Frog series.) [4] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from his old pet mouse he used to have on his farm. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney. [5] " Mortimer Mouse " had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be. [6] [7] Actor Mickey Rooney has claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him. [8] Said Disney: "We felt that the public, and especially the children, like animals that are cute and little. I think we are rather indebted to Charlie Chaplin for the idea. We wanted something appealing, and we thought of a tiny bit of a mouse that would have something of the wistfulness of Chaplin — a little fellow trying to do the best he could. When people laugh at Mickey Mouse, it's because he's so human; and that is the secret of his popularity. I only hope that we don't lose sight of one thing — that it was all started by a mouse." [9] Plane Crazy Edit Mickey and Minnie debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy , first released on May 15, 1928. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was also the main animator for this short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation. The plot of Plane Crazy was fairly simple. Mickey is apparently trying to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh . After building his own aircraft , he proceeds to ask Minnie to join him for its first flight, during which he repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempts to kiss her, eventually resorting to force. Minnie then parachutes out of the plane. While distracted by her, Mickey loses control of the plane. This becomes the beginning of an out-of-control flight that results in a series of humorous situations and eventually in the crash-landing of the aircraft. Mickey as portrayed in Plane Crazy was mischievous, amorous, and has often been described as a rogue. At the time of its first release, however, Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho . Early landmarks Edit The Gallopin' Gaucho was again co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks, with the latter serving as the sole animator in this case. The short was intended as a parody of Douglas Fairbanks 's The Gaucho, a film first released on November 21, 1928. Following the original film, the events of the short take place in the Pampas of Argentina . The gaucho of the title was Mickey himself. He is first seen riding on a rhea , instead of a horse as would be expected (or an ostrich as is often reported). He soon encounters "Cantina Argentina", apparently serving as the local bar and restaurant . Mickey proceeds to enter the establishment and take a seat. He apparently just wants to relax with some drinking and tobacco smoking . Also present at the establishment are Pegleg Pete (later renamed Black Pete, or just Pete), a wanted outlaw and fellow customer for the time being, and Minnie Mouse, the barmaid and dancer of the establishment, at the time performing a tango . Both customers soon begin to flirt with Minnie and to rival one another. At some point Pete proceeds in kidnapping Minnie and attempts to escape on his horse. Mickey gives chase on his rhea. He soon catches up to his rival and they proceed to fight with swords . Mickey emerges the victor of this joust. The finale of the short has Mickey and Minnie riding the rhea into the distance. In later interviews, Iwerks would comment that Mickey as featured in The Gallopin' Gaucho was intended to be a swashbuckler , an adventurer modeled after Fairbanks himself. This short marks the first encounter between Mickey and Black Pete, a character already established as an antagonist in both the Alice Comedies and the Oswald series. Based on Mickey and Minnie acting as strangers to each other before the finale, it was presumably intended to feature their original acquaintance to each other as well. Modern audiences have commented that all three characters seem to be coming out of rough, lower class backgrounds that little resemble their later versions. Consequently the short is arguably of some historical significance. At the time of its original production though, Walt again failed to find a distributor. It would be first released on December 30, 1928, following the release of another Mickey short. Reportedly Mickey was at first thought to be much too similar to Oswald and this resulted in the apparent lack of interest in him. Walt would soon start to contemplate ways to distinguish the Mickey Mouse series from his previous work and that of his rivals. The result of his contemplations would be the third Mickey short to be produced, the second to be released and the first to really draw the attention of the audiences: Steamboat Willie. Addition of sound to the series Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie (1928) Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus has been cited as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons. The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence, when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie. The script had Mickey serving aboard Steamboat Willie under Captain Pete. At first he is seen piloting the steamboat while whistling . Then Pete arrives to take over piloting and angrily throws him out of the boat's bridge. They soon have to stop for cargo to be transferred on board. Almost as soon as they leave, Minnie arrives. She was apparently supposed to be their only passenger but was late to board. Mickey manages to pick her up from the river shore. Minnie accidentally drops her sheet music for the popular folk song " Turkey in the Straw ". A goat which was among the animals transported on the steamboat proceeds to eat the sheet music. Consequently Mickey and Minnie use its tail to turn it into a phonograph which is playing the tune. Through the rest of the short, Mickey uses various other animals as musical instruments . Captain Pete is eventually disturbed by all this noise and places Mickey back to work. Mickey is reduced to peeling potatoes for the rest of the trip. A parrot attempts to make fun of him but is then thrown to the river by Mickey. This served as the final scene of this short. Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson , was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat , and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result. [10] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen [11] Roles and design Edit The Barn Dance , first released on March 14, 1929, was the first of twelve Mickey shorts released during that year. It was directed by Walt Disney with Ub Iwerks as the head animator. This short is notable for featuring Mickey turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. It is also an unusual appearance of the Pete character; previously depicted as a menacing villain , he is portrayed here as a well-mannered gentleman. In addition, Mickey was not depicted as a hero but as a rather ineffective young suitor. In his sadness and crying over his failure, Mickey appears unusually emotional and vulnerable. It has been commented, however, that this only serves to add to the audience's empathy for the character. First gloved appearance "Ever wonder why we always wear these white gloves?" - Various characters (with minor variations) Mickey in gloves. The Opry House , first released on March 28, 1929, was the second short released during the year. This short introduced Mickey's gloves . Mickey can be seen wearing them in most of his subsequent appearances. Supposedly one reason for adding the white gloves was to allow audiences to distinguish the characters' hands when they appeared against their bodies, as both were black (Mickey did not appear in color until The Band Concert in 1935). The three black lines on the backs of the gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of kid glove design of the era. Depiction as a regular mouse Edit When the Cat's Away , first released on April 18, 1929, was the third Mickey short to be released that year. It was essentially a remake of one of the Alice Comedies, Alice Rattled by Rats, which had been first released on January 15, 1926. Kat Nipp makes his second appearance, though his name is given as "Tom Cat" (this describes his being a tom cat , and the character should not be confused with the co-star of the Tom and Jerry series). He is seen getting drunk on alcoholic beverages . Then he leaves his house to go hunting . In his absence an army of mice invade his house in search of food. Among them are Mickey and Minnie, who proceed to turn this gathering into a party . This short is unusual in depicting Mickey and Minnie as having the size and partly the behavior of regular mice. The set standard both before and after this short was to depict them as having the size of rather short human beings. On another note, it has been commented that Template:Weasel-inline since this short was released during the Prohibition era, the alcoholic beverages would probably have been products of bootlegging . Template:Fact Mickey as a soldier Edit The next Mickey short to be released is also considered unusual. It was The Barnyard Battle , first released on April 25, 1929. This short is notable as the first to depict Mickey as a soldier and the first to place him in combat. Mouse in transition In 1929, Disney began the first of what would later be many Mickey Mouse Clubs , which were located in hundreds of movie theaters across the United States. [12] First comic strip appearance Edit By this point Mickey had appeared in fifteen commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. So Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Walt accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Walt Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of Plane Crazy. Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930 and March 31 1930 have been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip[s], Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..." [13] Classical music performances Edit Meanwhile in animation, two more Mickey shorts had been released. The first of them was The Barnyard Concert, first released on March 3, 1930. It featured Mickey conducting an orchestra . The only recurring characters among its members were Clarabelle as a flutist and Horace as a drummer . Their rendition of the Poet and Peasant Overture (by Franz von Suppé ) is humorous enough; but it has been noted that several of the gags featured were repeated from previous shorts. The second, was originally released on March 14, 1930 under the title Fiddlin' Around but has since been renamed to Just Mickey. Both titles give an accurate enough description of the short which has Mickey performing a violin solo. It is only notable for Mickey's emotional renditions of the finale to the " William Tell Overture ", Robert Schumann 's "Träumerei" ("Reverie"), and Franz Liszt 's " Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2", the latter which would appear on a regular basis in shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker . In The Band Concert , the first Mickey Mouse cartoon filmed in Technicolor , Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but in the cartoon is swept up by a tornado, along with his orchestra. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. Mickey made his most famous classical music appearance in 1940 in the classic Disney film Fantasia . His screen "role" as The Sorcerer's Apprentice , set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas , is perhaps the most famous segment of the film. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski , who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Departure of a co-creator and consequences Edit They were followed by Cactus Kid , first released on April 11, 1930. As the title implies the short was intended as a Western movie parody. But it is considered to be more or less a remake of The Gallopin' Gaucho set in Mexico instead of Argentina. Mickey was again cast as a lonely traveler who walks into the local tavern and starts flirting with its dancer. The latter is again Minnie. The rival suitor to Mickey is again Pete though using the alias Peg-Leg Pedro. For the first time in a Mickey short, Pete was depicted as having a peg-leg. This would become a recurring feature of the character. The rhea of the original short was replaced by Horace Horsecollar. This is considered to be his last non-anthropomorphic appearance. The short is considered significant for being the last Mickey short to be animated by Ub Iwerks. Shortly before its release, Iwerks left the Studio to start his own bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers . Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point to the careers of both Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse. The former lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. The latter lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction and/or animation of several of the shorts released till this point, and some would argue Mickey's creator. Walt Disney has been credited for the inspiration to create Mickey, but Iwerks was the one to design the character and the first few Mickey Mouse cartoons were mostly or entirely drawn by Iwerks. Consequently some animation historians have suggested that Iwerks should be considered the actual creator of Mickey Mouse. It has been pointed that advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credit them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone. Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932, the Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members [14] and Walt would receive a special Oscar for creating Mickey Mouse as well; in 1935, Disney would also begin to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [15] Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short The Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye the Sailor was more popular than Mickey. [16] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had also earned $600,000.00 a year. [17] In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would also reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal; [14] in 1935, Walt would also receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey as well. However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesigned of the mouse; [18] the redesign between 1938 and 1940 also put Mickey at the peak of his popularity we all. [14] However, after 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline. [19] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with Pluto—for a short subject for Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. Appearances in comics Main article: Mickey Mouse (comics) In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Walt's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation. Walt proceeded to search for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. For unknown reasons he selected Floyd Gottfredson , a recently hired employee. At the time Floyd was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Walt had to assure Floyd that the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Floyd accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975. Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930. [13] Gottfredson's first task was finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930 and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse . The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents. Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy , the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot , Eega Beeva , Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales , Carson Van Osten , Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes ; writers included Ted Osborne , Merrill De Maris , Bill Walsh , Dick Shaw, Roy Williams , Del Connell, and Floyd Norman . The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics . His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey didn't become a speciality until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes , in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This reinnasance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson , David Gerstein , Noel Van Horn , Michael T. Gilbert and Cesar Ferioli . Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001. Later Mickey history Edit On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, he became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd. Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival involving a street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977). [20] Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill ; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!" [21] Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros. ' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Warner and Disney signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the micro-second. Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog . The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment , starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles. He also appeared on the video boxes in the 1980s. His most recent theatrical cartoon was 1995's short Runaway Brain , while in 1999-2004, he appeared in made-for-video features, like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas , Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers , and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas . He has yet to appear in an original Disney film that wasn't based on a classical work. Many television programs have centered around Mickey, such as the recent shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999—2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001—2003) and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons". Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. In the Disney on Ice play, Disney Presents Pixar's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom/Disneyland Adventure, Mickey and Minnie are kidnapped by an android replica of Syndrome , who seeks to create "his" own theme park in Walt Disney World/Disneyland's place. They are briefly imprisoned in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction's prison cell before an assault on the robot Syndrome by the Incredible Family forces "him" to place them in LASER prisons, but not without using a flamethrower in a botched attempt to incinerate their would-be superhuman saviors. After the robot Syndrome is congealed by Frozone, Mickey and Minnie are finally liberated, the magic and happiness of the Walt Disney World/Disneyland Resort is restored, and the Incredibles become Mickey and Minnie's newest friends. Video games Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games , including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse , Mickey's Ultimate Challenge , and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Sega Genesis , Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands on the Game Boy , and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance , while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a role in the Kingdom Hearts series , as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora . King Mickey wields the Keyblade , a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Toys and games In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic-talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder -released Talking Mickey Mouse . Design and voice Edit The character has gone through some major changes through his existence. The first one happened with The Pointer in 1939, where he was given pupils in his eyes, a skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind , where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in The Pointer, with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 50's, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons. Mickey's top trademark is his ears, and they have also become a trademark of the Disney company in general. Basic design of Mickey's ears is two very round ears that are attached to a very round head. Other than the 1940s Mickey, he and Minnie's ears have had the unusual characteristic of always being viewable with the same symmetry despite which direction that their respective head is facing. In other words, the ears are always generally in the same position as they are in a frontal view of the character, and appear to be sideways on their head when facing left or right. A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From his first speaking role in The Karnival Kid onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. (Carl Stalling and Clarence Nash allegedly did some uncredited ADR for Mickey in a few early shorts as well.) However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work (and it is speculated his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years), and during the recording of the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free , Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jim MacDonald . (Both Disney's and MacDonald's voices can be heard on the final soundtrack.) MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions of the original 1954—1959 "Mickey Mouse Club" TV series and the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the "Disneyland" TV series aired on September 11, 1958. 1983's Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the debut of the late Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the voice of Mickey until his death in 2009 [22] . Allwine was, incidentally, married to Russi Taylor , the current voice of Minnie Mouse . Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in the TV special Down and Out with Donald Duck released in 1987. Social impact A picture of several packaged products displaying pictures of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck dressed in traditional Japanese attire. Use in politics Edit In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot, or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of " None of the Above ", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote Template:Fact . Cartoon characters are typically chosen for this purpose Template:Fact ; as Mickey Mouse is the best-known and most-recognized character in America, his name is frequently selected for this purpose. (Other popular selections include Donald Duck and Bugs Bunny.) This phenomenon has the humorous effect of causing Mickey Mouse to be a minor but perennial contestant in nearly all U.S. presidential elections . Template:Fact A similar phenomenon occurs in the parliament elections in Finland and Sweden , although Finns and Swedes usually write Donald Duck or Donald Duck Party as a protest vote. Template:Fact Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, most recently in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . [1] [2] Pejorative use of Mickey's name Edit "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. In The Godfather: Part II , Fredo 's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo to take care of some Mickey Mouse night club somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks. In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky is quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice." [23] Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey. In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man , as Sylvester Stallone 's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake, now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!" [24] In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam , Bugs Bunny derogatorily referred to Daffy Duck 's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking, "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would call themselves 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Anaheim Mighty Ducks , a NHL team that was owned by Disney.) In the United States armed forces, actions that produce good looks, but have little practical use, (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings onboard ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work". In schools a "Mickey Mouse course" or "Mickey Mouse major" is a class or college major where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) and/or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market. [25] Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing). [26] "Mickey Mouse money" is a derogatory term for foreign currency, often used by Americans to describe indigenous currency in a foreign country in which they are traveling. The term also refers to fake banknotes, especially in UK. Template:Fact (Disney theme parks and resorts have an actual kind of Mickey Mouse money, Disney Dollars . This money is worthless outside the Disney property and stores). The software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft". [27] In card games, it is common for a "Mickey Mouse hand" to be played for instructional purposes. In such a hand all cards of all players that would normally be concealed are displayed, to demonstrate to new players the rules and procedures of the game. Template:Fact In motorsports , short road courses with tight corners, short straightways and no overtaking spots are sometimes called "Mickey Mouse tracks". Template:Fact In rhyming slang , a "Mickey" refers to a Liverpudlian or Liverpool FC supporter (ie. Mickey Mouser = Scouser ). It may also refer to someone's home (house = Mickey Mouse). Template:Fact The Los Angeles Mafia was known as the "Mickey Mouse Mafia," due to their disorganized behavior and mess-ups. Template:Fact In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence. [28] Britons call the MLS, or Major League Soccer , the "Mickey Mouse League." Template:Fact In the British sitcom Red Dwarf: After the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, one character pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" Another replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!" Because of Mickey's status as Disney's signature character, he is often jokingly referred to as the boss of The Walt Disney Company. Disney employees sometimes say they "work for the Mouse." [29] [30] In the South Park season 13 episode "The Ring," Mickey is portrayed as a greedy, sadistic and foul-mouthed head of the studio, who berates and beats the Jonas Brothers after they complain that their purity rings are overshadowing their music. Legal issues Edit A typical style of sign in Walt Disney World , showing one of many uses by Disney of the Mickey ears logo. It is sometimes erroneously stated that the Mickey Mouse character is only copyrighted . In fact, the character, like all major Disney characters, is also trademarked , which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain , the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization. However, within the United States, European Union and some other jurisdictions, the Copyright Term Extension Act (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' due to extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation has ensured that works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However a Los Angeles Times article explains that ambiguity and "imprecision" in early film credits copyright claims could invalidate Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character. [31] The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character, whose likeness is so closely associated with the company, with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters. [32] Censorship Edit In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited showing a Mickey Mouse film because they felt the kepi -wearing mouse negatively portrayed the Germans and would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War". [33] A mid 1930s German newspaper article even stated : "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filfth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross !" [34] [35] [36] Art Spiegelman used this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his comic Maus II . The 1935 Romanian authorities banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas after they feared that children would be scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre . [37] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned Mickey and other foreign Children's literature . [38] Farfour Edit Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and as of the United States itself. For this reason Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire , such as the infamous underground cartoon Mickey Mouse in Vietnam . There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the Mad Magazine parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity. ( http://johnglenntaylor.blogspot.com/2008_12_28_archive.html ) The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie , Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!". [39] . In the South Park episode The Ring Mickey Mouse is depicted as the sadistic, greedy boss of The Walt Disney Company , only interested in money. On September 20, 2008 Sheikh Muhammad Al-Munajid claimed that the sharia considers mice to be harmful vermin and that characters like Mickey Mouse and Jerry from Tom & Jerry are to be blamed for making mice such loveable characters. He issued a fatwa against Mickey, which made international headline news and was the subject of much controversy and ridicule. Sheikh Muhammed Al-Munajid issued a statement afterwards in which he stated that he was misquoted and translated badly. Filmography Kingdom Hearts II (2005), video game. Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006) - A television series made for preschoolers done in CGI. See also Edit Minnie Mouse , best known as the fellow Disney character, often portrayed as Mickey's significant other in animated shorts and features. Pluto , a canine character of the Disney series who is often portrayed as Mickey's dog in the animated shorts and features. Mickey Mouse universe , the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters. Mouse Museum , a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse. Mickey Mouse Adventures A short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist. Hidden Mickey , a phenomenon featuring throughout Disney films, theme parks and merchandise involving hiding images that are similar to a silhouette of Mickey's head and ears, another trademark of the Disney series, in non-related places. Celebration Mickey , a two foot tall, Template:Convert/lb Script error., 24-karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture, designed by Disney artist Marc Delle and produced in 2001 to commemorate Walt Disney's 100th birthday. Certified an authentic and one-of-a-kind piece by Disneyland Resort, it is the largest gold sculpture ever cast in the history of the Disney Company. References

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Which band has featured Gregg Rolie, David Brown and Autlan de Bavarro?

Carlos Santana | Biography & History | AllMusic google+ Artist Biography by William Ruhlmann Mexican-born American guitarist Carlos Santana is best known as the leader of the band that bears his last name, which has toured and recorded successfully since the late '60s. He has also recorded a series of exploratory solo albums and collaborations with other musicians that expand upon his basic musical style. Carlos Santana grew up in Mexico, the son of a father who was a mariachi violinist. He took up the violin at five, but at eight switched to the guitar. The family moved to Tijuana, where he began playing in clubs and bars. In the early '60s, the family moved to San Francisco. Santana at first remained in Tijuana, but he later joined them and attended Mission High School, graduating in June 1965. In 1966, he was one of the founders of the Santana Blues Band. Despite the name, the group was at first a collective; it was required to name a nominal leader due to a provision of the musicians union. The name was eventually shortened to Santana and the band debuted at the Fillmore West theater in San Francisco on June 16, 1968. That September, Carlos played guitar at a concert held at the Fillmore West by Al Kooper to record a follow-up to the Super Session album that had featured him with Mike Bloomfield and Steve Stills. The result was The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper, which marked Santana's recording debut. Meanwhile, Santana was signed to Columbia Records and recorded a self-titled debut album. At this point, the group was a sextet consisting of Carlos (guitar), Gregg Rolie (keyboards and vocals), David Brown (bass), Michael Shrieve (drums), Jose "Chepito" Areas (percussion), and Michael Carabello (percussion). Santana toured the U.S. prior to the release of the album, including a notable appearance at the celebrated Woodstock festival in August 1969 that was filmed and recorded. Santana was released the same month, and it became a massive hit, as did its follow-ups Abraxas (1970) and Santana III (1971). After completing recording and touring activities in connection with Santana III , the original Santana band broke up. Carlos retained rights to the group's name and he proceeded to lead a band called Santana from then on, though it consisted of himself and a constantly changing collection of hired musicians. His first recording after the breakup of the original group was a live show performed in Hawaii with singer and drummer Buddy Miles , released in June 1972 as Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live! Consistent with the success of the Santana band, the album reached the Top Ten and eventually went platinum. Following the release of the Santana band album Caravanserai (1972), Carlos formed a duo with John McLaughlin , guitarist for the Mahavishnu Orchestra . The two shared a spiritual leader in guru Sri Chinmoy, who bestowed upon Carlos the name Devadip, meaning "the eye, the lamp, and the light of God." Devadip Carlos Santana and Mahavishnu John McLaughlin's duo album Love Devotion Surrender was released in June 1973. It reached the Top 20 and eventually went gold. After releasing another Santana band project, Welcome , Carlos next teamed up with another religious disciple, Turiya Alice Coltrane, widow of John Coltrane , for a third duo album. Their collaboration, Illuminations , was released in September 1974; it spent two months in the charts, peaking in the bottom quarter of the Top 100. Carlos focused on the Santana band for most of the rest of the 1970s, releasing a series of gold or platinum albums: Borboletta (1974), Amigos (1975), Festival (1976), Moonflower (1977), and Inner Secrets (1978). In February 1979, he finally released his first real solo album, the half-live, half-studio Oneness/Silver Dreams -- Golden Reality, actually credited to Devadip. Like Illuminations , it spent a couple of months in the charts and peaked in the bottom quarter of the Top 100. After another gold Santana band album, Marathon (1979), he returned to solo work with the double-LP jazz collection The Swing of Delight in August 1980. Featuring such guests as Herbie Hancock , Wayne Shorter , and Ron Carter , it sold a little better than his previous solo album. Two more Santana band albums, Zebop! (1981) and Shango (1982), followed before Carlos released a more pop-oriented solo effort, Havana Moon , in April 1983. Featuring Willie Nelson , Booker T. Jones , and the Fabulous Thunderbirds , the album reached the Top 40, actually a better showing than the next Santana band album, Beyond Appearances (1985). In 1986, Carlos undertook his first musical score, writing music for the Ritchie Valens film biography La Bamba. He then made another Santana band album, Freedom (1987), and followed it in October 1987 with a solo album, Blues for Salvador. The album did not sell well, but the title track won Carlos his first Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. After a final Santana band album for Columbia Records, Spirits Dancing in the Flesh (1990), Carlos left the label and signed to Polydor, which gave him his own custom label, Guts and Grace. The first Santana band album for the new company, Milagro , was followed by what was projected to be a series of releases of tapes from Carlos' own collection of his favorite musicians, Live Forever: Sacred Sources 1, featuring Jimi Hendrix , Marvin Gaye , Bob Marley , Stevie Ray Vaughan , and John Coltrane . Then came a Santana band live album (Sacred Fire - Live in South America, 1993) and in September 1994, Carlos released Santana Brothers , a trio album also featuring his brother Jorge Santana and their nephew, Carlos Hernandez. It charted briefly and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Carlos spent almost five years away from recording, not returning until June 1999 when he issued Supernatural on Arista Records. The Santana band album featured many tracks co-written by guest stars such as Rob Thomas of matchbox 20 , Eric Clapton , Lauryn Hill , and others. Paced by the number one singles "Smooth" and "Maria Maria," the album became the biggest hit of Santana's career, selling upwards of ten million copies. It also won Santana eight Grammy Awards.

Santana

Which US soap actress's real name is Patsy Mclenny?

Carlos Santana | Hollywood Walk of Fame Hispanic Carlos Augusto Alves Santana is a Mexican American rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered rock, salsa and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. Rolling Stone named Santana number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards. Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. His father was a mariachi violinist, and Carlos learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time when there were very few Latinos in American rock and pop music. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the border city between Mexico and California, and then San Francisco. Carlos stayed in Tijuana but joined his family in San Francisco later and graduated from James Lick Middle School and Mission High School there. He graduated from Mission High in 1965. Javier Bátiz, a famous guitarist from Tijuana, said to have been Carlos's guitar teacher who taught him to play a different style of guitar soloing. After learning Batiz's techniques, Santana would make them his own as well. In San Francisco, he got the chance to see his idols, most notably B.B. King, perform live. He was also introduced to a variety of new musical influences, including jazz and folk music, and witnessed the growing hippie movement centered in San Francisco in the 1960s. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, Santana decided to become a full-time musician. In 1966, he gained prominence by a series of accidental events all happening on the same day. Santana was a frequent spectator at Bill Graham's Fillmore West. During a Sunday matinee show, Paul Butterfield was slated to perform there but was unable to do so as a result of being intoxicated. Bill Graham put together an impromptu band of musicians he knew mainly from the Grateful Dead, Butterfield's own band and Jefferson Airplane, but he had not yet picked all of the guitarists at the time. Santana's manager, Stan Marcum, immediately suggested to Graham that Santana join the impromptu band and Graham assented. During the jam session, Santana's guitar playing and solo gained the notice of both the audience and Graham. During the same year, Santana formed the Santana Blues Band, with fellow street musicians, David Brown and Gregg Rolie. With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa, and African rhythms, the band gained an immediate following on the San Francisco strip club. The band's early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis.

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In England, who was Princess Diana referring to when she said her marriage was ' a bit crowded?'

Diana's personal struggles | UK | News | Daily Express UK Diana's personal struggles Throughout her life, Princess Diana appeared a tower of strength and energy. But privately she faced an ongoing battle with feelings of low self-esteem and unworthiness. 00:00, Thu, Feb 22, 2007 Diana, Princess of Wales In 1993 Diana gave a remarkably frank interview with the BBC in which she spoke about the breakdown of her marriage and her struggles with bulimia and post-natal depression. Her fairytale wedding to Prince Charles at the tender age of 19 bought with it an intense amount of pressure, not least from the media. She later spoke of how she did not receive enough preparation or support for such an overwhelming role. Having seen her own parents go through a bitter divorce, Diana desperately wanted her marriage to work. She was clearly in awe of Charles during their courtship, but it quickly became clear that the couple were ill-matched. The public and media showered Diana with attention and affection, but this only caused more problems for her marriage. It is said Charles grew to resent being constantly overshadowed by his popular new wife. After the birth of Prince William when Diana was 20, she experienced post-natal depression and turned to self-harm as an escape. She went on to suffer from the eating disorder bulimia for a number of years. I was crying out for help, but giving the wrong signals. Diana, Princess of Wales She later said, “I was crying out for help, but giving the wrong signals. ” Diana’s feelings of “being useless and hopeless” were compounded when Prince Charles resumed his relationship with Mrs Camilla Parker-Bowles in around 1986.   Diana famously said, “There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded. ” Desperately unhappy in her marriage and not feeling that she had enough support from the establishment, Diana found strength in helping others through her charity work. As Charles Spencer said at Diana’s funeral, “Diana remained throughout a very insecure person at heart, almost childlike in her desire to do good for others so she could release herself from deep feelings of unworthiness. ” Her turbulent private life was always the focus of intense speculation in the media. She admitted to having an affair with Life Guards officer James Hewitt, who published a book about their relationship. In 1989, a telephone conversation between her and car dealer James Gilby was recorded and leaked to the press. During the conversation, he infamously referred to her as “squidgy”. Diana was also linked to a married arts dealer called Oliver Hoare. She was accused of making up to 300 nuisance phone calls to his wife after their affair finished – something she always denied. In 1995, Diana struck up a relationship with Will Carling, the England rugby union  captain, who she had met at her exclusive London gym. Although he denied an affair, speculation heightened when Carling’s marriage broke up. In the last year of her life, Diana was linked with heart surgeon Dr. Hasnat Khan. She met him through her charity work at the Royal Brompton Hospital, where she watched a heart operation. But Khan was a shy and conservative man who found Diana’s fame and ‘baggage’ too overwhelming. Tragically, it seems Diana was killed at a time when she had finally found joy in her private life. Although we will probably never know the extent of her relationship with Dodi Fayed – there have been suggestions of an engagement and even pregnancy – the couple looked happy and relaxed in their final days together. Most read in UK

Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

What is Brad Pitt's real first name?

Queen Mother on 'abhorrent' Diana, Princess of Wales - Telegraph The Royal Family Queen Mother on 'abhorrent' Diana, Princess of Wales The late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, reacted with "utter abhorrence" to Diana, Princess of Wales's decision to "wash the dirty linen in public" by disclosing details of the breakdown of her marriage. Princess Diana Princess of Wales with Prince Harry and The Queen Mother Trooping The Colour Photo: TOM STODDARD By Gordon Rayner, Chief Reporter 8:00AM BST 17 Sep 2009 An official biography published today describes how Queen Elizabeth was "deeply shocked" when it emerged that Princess Diana had collaborated with Andrew Morton on the book Diana: Her True Story, which caused a sensation when it was published 17 years ago. She was also dismayed by the Prince of Wales's decision to discuss his private life with the broadcaster Jonathan Dimbleby for a TV programme in which he admitted he had been unfaithful. Queen Elizabeth revealed her thoughts about her grandson's divorce in a series of previously unpublished interviews with Sir Eric Anderson, the former Provost of Eton College, which were made available to the biographer William Shawcross. "It is always a mistake to talk about your marriage," she told Mr Anderson, who spent a total of 20 hours interviewing her. Details of Queen Elizabeth's thoughts on the Royal divorce are contained in Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: The Official Biography, which was commissioned by the Queen. Related Articles Queen Mother's verdict on King Edward VIII's abdication 17 Sep 2009 In 1992, Andrew Morton's book disclosed that the Princess of Wales had attempted suicide on at least five occasions in the 1980s, suffered from bulimia and felt rejected both by Prince Charles and other members of the Royal family, including the Queen. At the time of its publication, it was rumoured that the Princess herself had helped Mr Morton with the book, and after her death in 1997 Mr Morton confirmed that the Princess had indeed been the main source, and had even checked the proofs of the book for accuracy. In 1995 the Princess recorded a Panorama interview in which she talked about the Prince of Wales's affair with the then Camilla Parker Bowles, saying: "There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." Mr Shawcross notes: "(Queen Elizabeth) had been sympathetic to both the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of York over the enormous pressures they faced from the media. But the washing of dirty linen in public was utterly abhorrent to Queen Elizabeth. "Her entire life was based upon obligation, discretion and restraint. The Princess's public rejection of her husband and his life was contrary to everything that Queen Elizabeth believed and practised. She also regretted it when Prince Charles discussed his private life in a wide-ranging series of interviews with Jonathan Dimbleby." Queen Elizabeth talked to her daughter, the Queen, "almost daily" at that time, knowing she was "distraught" at the breakdown of three of her children's marriages. The Princess Royal had divorced in April 1992, and The Duke and Duchess of York were also having problems in their doomed relationship. "Is the Queen all right?" she would ask members of the Household. Her revulsion at the Princess of Wales's decision to go public contrasts sharply with the warm welcome she gave the then Lady Diana Spencer when she and the Prince of Wales became engaged in 1981. She gave Lady Diana a sapphire and diamond brooch as an engagement present. Lady Diana thought it a "staggering gift" and told her: "I have never owned piece of jewellery like that and will be proud to wear it when I'm with Charles - I only hope that I'll be able to do it justice...one of the nicest things of being married to Charles is that I will be able to see more of you!" Privately, however, Queen Elizabeth was concerned that Diana was struggling to adjust to the pressure she was under. She told Sir John Johnston, the comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Office who was in charge of protocol for the wedding: "I think she's having difficultly finding her way." After the wedding the Princess of Wales wrote to Queen Elizabeth to thank her for letting her stay at Clarence House on the night before the wedding. "I will try my hardest to make your grandson happy and give him all the love and support he needs and deserves," she wrote. "I still can't get over how lucky I am and it will take me the rest of my life to recover!" In her interviews with Sir Eric, Queen Elizabeth told him she did not understand Princess Diana's decision to give up most of her charitable works following the divorce. "I can't believe she won't come out and do some things," she said. "I may perhaps bully her into doing things. It's no good sitting back. Your devoir, your duty. There we are back again. It's the same old thing. Your devoir." Queen Elizabeth learnt of the Princess's death in 1997 in a note written by the Queen, given to her when she awoke at Birkhall, on the Balmoral estate. After attending the funeral in London, she immediately returned to Birkhall, to join friends who had already been invited to stay. "Characteristically she said very little about it to her guests," Mr Shawcross says.  

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Which label was responsible for John Lennon's final album made in his lifetime?

John Lennon | Rolling Stone artists > J > John Lennon > Bio John Lennon Bio John Lennon was the most iconic Beatle. He was group's most committed rock & roller, its social conscience, and its slyest verbal wit. With the Beatles, he wrote or co-wrote dozens of classics – from "She Loves You" to "Come Together" – and delivered many of them with a cutting, humane, and distinct voice that would make him one of the greatest singers rock has ever produced. Lennon's brutally confessional solo work and his political activism were a huge influence on subsequent generations of singers, songwriters and social reformers. After the Beatles' breakup, he and wife Yoko Ono recorded together and separately, striving to break taboos and to be ruthlessly, publicly honest in their music and public performances. When Lennon was murdered on December 8, 1980, he seemed on the verge of a new, more optimistic phase. In the years since, his image has become a staple of T-shirts and posters, used by rock fans and activists alike as a symbol of peace. He was born John Winston Lennon on October 9, 1940. Like the other three Beatles, Lennon grew up in a working-class family in Liverpool. His parents, Julia and Fred, separated before he was two (Lennon saw his father only twice in the next 20 years), and Lennon went to live with his mother's sister Mimi Smith; when Lennon was 17 his mother was killed by a bus. He attended Liverpool's Dovedale Primary School and later the Quarry Bank High School, which supplied the name for his first band, a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, which he started in 1955. In the summer of 1956 he met Paul McCartney, and they began writing songs together and forming groups, the last of which was the Beatles. As half of the official songwriting team Lennon/McCartney, Lennon himself penned some of the Beatles' most well-known songs over the next decade including "A Hard Day's Night," "Help!" "Nowhere Man," "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)," "Ticket To Ride," "All You Need Is Love," "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," "Strawberry Fields Forever," "Across the Universe," "Revolution," and "Come Together." Lennon, who had wanted to quit the Beatles just before the band's official breakup in 1970, began his career apart from the band in 1968 when he and Ono recorded Two Virgins. It was an album of avant-garde music most notable for its controversial cover featuring the couple fully nude; the album was shipped in plain brown wrapper. He would go on to record more than half of his solo albums with Ono. Lennon and Ono had been corresponding since he met the artist at a 1966 showing of her work at the Indica art gallery in London. The following year Lennon sponsored Ono's "Half Wind Show" at London's Lisson Gallery. In May 1968 Ono visited Lennon at his home in Weybridge, and that night they recorded the tapes that would be released as Two Virgins. (The nude cover shots, taken by Lennon with an automatic camera, were photographed then as well.) Lennon soon separated from his wife, Cynthia (with whom he had one child, Julian, in 1964); they were divorced that November. Lennon and Ono became constant companions. Frustrated by his role with the Beatles, Lennon, with Ono, explored avant-garde performance art, music, and film. While he regarded his relationship with Ono as the most important thing in his life, the couple's inseparability and Ono's influence over Lennon would be a source of great tension among the Beatles, then in their last days. On March 20, 1969, Lennon and Ono were married in Gibraltar; for their honeymoon, they held their first "Bed-in for Peace," in the presidential suite of the Amsterdam Hilton. The peace movement was the first of several political causes the couple would take up over the years, but it was the one that generated the most publicity. On April 22, Lennon changed his middle name from Winston to Ono. In May the couple attempted to continue their bed-in in the United States, but when U.S. authorities forbade them to enter the country because of an October 1968 arrest on drug charges, the bed-in resumed in Montreal. In their suite at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, they recorded "Give Peace a Chance," with background chanters including Sixties luminaries such as Timothy Leary and comic folksinger Tommy Smothers, as well as numerous Hare Krishnas. Soon afterward, "The Ballad of John and Yoko" (Number Eight, 1969) came out under the Beatles' name, though only Lennon and McCartney appear on the record. In September 1969, Lennon, Ono, Eric Clapton, Alan White, and Klaus Voormann performed live as the Plastic Ono Band in Toronto at a Rock 'n' Roll Revival show. The appearance, released as Live Peace in Toronto, 1969, was Lennon's first performance before a concert audience in the three years since the Beatles had stopped performing live. Less than a month later he announced to the Beatles that he was quitting the group, but it was agreed among them that no public statement would be made until after pending lawsuits involving the band's Apple record label and manager Allen Klein were resolved. In October the Plastic Ono Band released the searing song about heroin withdrawal, "Cold Turkey" (Number 30, 1969), which the Beatles had declined to record. The next month Lennon returned his M.B.E. medal to the Queen. In a letter to the Queen, Lennon cited as reasons for the return Britain's involvement in Biafra and support of the U.S. in Vietnam, and – jokingly – the poor chart showing of "Cold Turkey." The Lennons continued their peace campaign with speeches to the press; "War Is Over! If You Want It" billboards erected on December 15 in 12 cities around the world, including Hollywood, New York, London, and Toronto; and plans for a peace festival in Toronto. When the festival plans deteriorated, Lennon turned his attention to recording "Instant Karma!" which was produced by Phil Spector, and also editing hours of tapes into the album that would be the Beatles' last official release, Let It Be. In late February 1970 Lennon disavowed any connection with the peace festival, and the event was abandoned. In April, McCartney – in a move that Lennon saw as an act of betrayal – announced his departure from the Beatles and released a solo album. From that point on (if not earlier), Ono replaced McCartney as Lennon's main collaborator. The Beatles were no more. At the time, much attention was focused on Ono's alleged role in the band's end. An Esquire magazine piece with the racist title "John Rennon's Excrusive Gloupie" was an extreme example of the decidedly antiwoman, anti-Asian backlash against Ono that she and Lennon endured for years to come. As Ono told Lennon biographer Jon Wiener in a late 1983 interview for his book Come Together: John Lennon in His Time, "When John and I were first together he got lots of threatening letters: 'That Oriental will slit your throat while you're sleeping.' The Western hero had been seized by an Eastern demon." In late 1970 Lennon and Ono released their twin Plastic Ono Band solo LPs. Generally, Ono's '70s LPs were regarded as highly adventurous works and were thus never as popular as Lennon's. Lennon's contained some of his most personal and, some felt, disturbing work – the direct result of his and Ono's primal scream therapy with Dr. Arthur Janov. In March 1971 the non-album single "Power to the People" hit Number 11, and that September, Lennon's solo album Imagine came out and went to Number One a month later. By late 1971 Lennon and Ono had resumed their political activities, drawn to leftist political figures including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. Their involvement was reflected on Some Time in New York City (recorded with New York band Elephant's Memory), which included Lennon's most overtly political writing (his and Ono's "Woman Is the Nigger of the World" and his "John Sinclair," an ode to the political activist and leader of the anti-racist White Panther Party). The album sold poorly, only reaching Number 48. Over the next two years Lennon released Mind Games (Number Nine) and Walls and Bridges (Number One), which yielded his only solo Number One hit, "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night," recorded with Elton John. On November 28, 1974, Lennon made his last public appearance, at Elton John's Madison Square Garden concert. The two performed three songs, "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night," "I Saw Her Standing There," and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," released on an EP after Lennon's death. Next came Rock 'n' Roll, a collection of Lennon's versions of Fifties and early-Sixties classics like "Be-Bop-a-Lula." The release was preceded by a bootleg copy, produced by Morris Levy, over which Lennon successfully sued Levy. Rock 'n' Roll (Number Six, 1975) would be Lennon's last solo release except for Shaved Fish, a greatest-hits compilation. Meanwhile, Lennon's energies were increasingly directed toward his legal battle with the U.S. Immigration Department, which sought his deportation on the grounds of his previous drug arrest and involvement with the American radical left. On October 7, 1975, the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the deportation order; in 1976 Lennon received permanent resident status. On October 9, 1975, Lennon's 35th birthday, Ono gave birth to Sean Ono Lennon. Beginning in 1975, Lennon devoted his full attention to his new son and his marriage, which had survived an 18-month separation from October 1973 to March 1975. For the next five years, he lived at home in nearly total seclusion, taking care of Sean while Ono ran the couple's financial affairs. Not until the publication of a full-page newspaper ad in May 1979 explaining his and Ono's activities did Lennon even hint at a possible return to recording. In September 1980 Lennon and Ono signed a contract with the newly formed Geffen Records, and on November 15 they released Double Fantasy (Number One, 1980). A series of revealing interviews were published, "(Just Like) Starting Over" hit Number One, and there was talk of a possible world tour. But on December 8, 1980, Lennon, returning with Ono to their Dakota apartment on New York City's Upper West Side, was shot seven times by Mark David Chapman, a 25-year-old drifter and Beatles fan to whom Lennon had given an autograph a few hours earlier. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. On December 14, at Ono's request, a 10-minute silent vigil was held at 2 p.m. EST in which millions around the world participated. Lennon's remains were cremated in Hartsdale, New York. At the time of his death, he was holding in his hand a tape of Ono's "Walking on Thin Ice." Two other singles from Double Fantasy were hits: "Woman" (Number Two, 1981) and "Watching the Wheels" (Number 10, 1981). Double Fantasy won the 1981 Grammy for Album of the Year. Three months after Lennon's murder, Ono released Season of Glass, an album that dealt with Lennon's death (his cracked and bloodstained glasses are shown on the front jacket), although many of the songs were written before his shooting. Season of Glass is the best known of Ono's solo albums; it was the first to receive attention outside avant-garde or critical circles. In addition to pursuing her own projects, Ono has maintained careful watch over the Lennon legacy. In the mid-Eighties she opened the Lennon archives to Andrew Solt and David Wolper for their 1988 film biography Imagine (Ono and Solt's documentary on the making of Imagine, Gimme Some Truth, was released in 2000). Coming as it did just a few months after the publication of Albert Goldman's scurrilous The Lives of John Lennon, some observers saw Imagine as a piece of spin control. In fact, it had been in the works for more than five years by then. Ono's decision not to sue Goldman (she stated that her lawyers warned that legal action would only bring more attention to the discredited tome) was itself controversial. Paul McCartney urged a public boycott of Goldman's book, which was almost universally reviled. On September 30, 1988, a week before Imagine's release, Lennon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It is located near the Capitol Records building. On March 21, 1994, Ono, Sean Lennon, and Julian Lennon were present as New York City Mayor Ed Koch officially opened Strawberry Fields, a triangular section of Central Park dedicated to Lennon's memory and filled with plants, rocks, and other objects that Ono had solicited from heads of state around the world. That same year, an early tape of John and the Quarrymen performing two songs, made on July 6, 1957, the day he met McCartney, came to light. it was auctioned at Sotheby's in September 1994, fetching $122,900 from EMI. On the tape, Lennon sings British skiffle king Lonnie Donegan's "Puttin' on the Style" and "Baby Let's Play House," the Arthur Gunter song made famous by Elvis Presley that included a line ("I'd rather see you dead, little girl, than to be with another man") that Lennon later used in the Beatles' "Run for Your Life." Lennon's music has been anthologized heavily since his death, most notably on the four-CD Lennon, in 1990, and Anthology, a 1998 box set of his home recordings, demos and radio appearances. (In 2007 Lennon's solo catalog was the first Beatles-related music to be sold digitally on iTunes.) In 2000 a number of events commemorated Lennon's 60th birthday and the 20th anniversary of his death, including a major exhibition on Lennon and his work at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum. In 2002, Lennon's hometown renamed its airport Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Throughout the first decade of the 2000s, several countries erected monuments honoring Lennon including a sculpture in the John Lennon Park in Havana, Cuba, and the Imagine Peace Tower in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Geffen

What was Elton John's first album to enter the US charts at No 1?

John Lennon | Rolling Stone artists > J > John Lennon > Bio John Lennon Bio John Lennon was the most iconic Beatle. He was group's most committed rock & roller, its social conscience, and its slyest verbal wit. With the Beatles, he wrote or co-wrote dozens of classics – from "She Loves You" to "Come Together" – and delivered many of them with a cutting, humane, and distinct voice that would make him one of the greatest singers rock has ever produced. Lennon's brutally confessional solo work and his political activism were a huge influence on subsequent generations of singers, songwriters and social reformers. After the Beatles' breakup, he and wife Yoko Ono recorded together and separately, striving to break taboos and to be ruthlessly, publicly honest in their music and public performances. When Lennon was murdered on December 8, 1980, he seemed on the verge of a new, more optimistic phase. In the years since, his image has become a staple of T-shirts and posters, used by rock fans and activists alike as a symbol of peace. He was born John Winston Lennon on October 9, 1940. Like the other three Beatles, Lennon grew up in a working-class family in Liverpool. His parents, Julia and Fred, separated before he was two (Lennon saw his father only twice in the next 20 years), and Lennon went to live with his mother's sister Mimi Smith; when Lennon was 17 his mother was killed by a bus. He attended Liverpool's Dovedale Primary School and later the Quarry Bank High School, which supplied the name for his first band, a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, which he started in 1955. In the summer of 1956 he met Paul McCartney, and they began writing songs together and forming groups, the last of which was the Beatles. As half of the official songwriting team Lennon/McCartney, Lennon himself penned some of the Beatles' most well-known songs over the next decade including "A Hard Day's Night," "Help!" "Nowhere Man," "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)," "Ticket To Ride," "All You Need Is Love," "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," "Strawberry Fields Forever," "Across the Universe," "Revolution," and "Come Together." Lennon, who had wanted to quit the Beatles just before the band's official breakup in 1970, began his career apart from the band in 1968 when he and Ono recorded Two Virgins. It was an album of avant-garde music most notable for its controversial cover featuring the couple fully nude; the album was shipped in plain brown wrapper. He would go on to record more than half of his solo albums with Ono. Lennon and Ono had been corresponding since he met the artist at a 1966 showing of her work at the Indica art gallery in London. The following year Lennon sponsored Ono's "Half Wind Show" at London's Lisson Gallery. In May 1968 Ono visited Lennon at his home in Weybridge, and that night they recorded the tapes that would be released as Two Virgins. (The nude cover shots, taken by Lennon with an automatic camera, were photographed then as well.) Lennon soon separated from his wife, Cynthia (with whom he had one child, Julian, in 1964); they were divorced that November. Lennon and Ono became constant companions. Frustrated by his role with the Beatles, Lennon, with Ono, explored avant-garde performance art, music, and film. While he regarded his relationship with Ono as the most important thing in his life, the couple's inseparability and Ono's influence over Lennon would be a source of great tension among the Beatles, then in their last days. On March 20, 1969, Lennon and Ono were married in Gibraltar; for their honeymoon, they held their first "Bed-in for Peace," in the presidential suite of the Amsterdam Hilton. The peace movement was the first of several political causes the couple would take up over the years, but it was the one that generated the most publicity. On April 22, Lennon changed his middle name from Winston to Ono. In May the couple attempted to continue their bed-in in the United States, but when U.S. authorities forbade them to enter the country because of an October 1968 arrest on drug charges, the bed-in resumed in Montreal. In their suite at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, they recorded "Give Peace a Chance," with background chanters including Sixties luminaries such as Timothy Leary and comic folksinger Tommy Smothers, as well as numerous Hare Krishnas. Soon afterward, "The Ballad of John and Yoko" (Number Eight, 1969) came out under the Beatles' name, though only Lennon and McCartney appear on the record. In September 1969, Lennon, Ono, Eric Clapton, Alan White, and Klaus Voormann performed live as the Plastic Ono Band in Toronto at a Rock 'n' Roll Revival show. The appearance, released as Live Peace in Toronto, 1969, was Lennon's first performance before a concert audience in the three years since the Beatles had stopped performing live. Less than a month later he announced to the Beatles that he was quitting the group, but it was agreed among them that no public statement would be made until after pending lawsuits involving the band's Apple record label and manager Allen Klein were resolved. In October the Plastic Ono Band released the searing song about heroin withdrawal, "Cold Turkey" (Number 30, 1969), which the Beatles had declined to record. The next month Lennon returned his M.B.E. medal to the Queen. In a letter to the Queen, Lennon cited as reasons for the return Britain's involvement in Biafra and support of the U.S. in Vietnam, and – jokingly – the poor chart showing of "Cold Turkey." The Lennons continued their peace campaign with speeches to the press; "War Is Over! If You Want It" billboards erected on December 15 in 12 cities around the world, including Hollywood, New York, London, and Toronto; and plans for a peace festival in Toronto. When the festival plans deteriorated, Lennon turned his attention to recording "Instant Karma!" which was produced by Phil Spector, and also editing hours of tapes into the album that would be the Beatles' last official release, Let It Be. In late February 1970 Lennon disavowed any connection with the peace festival, and the event was abandoned. In April, McCartney – in a move that Lennon saw as an act of betrayal – announced his departure from the Beatles and released a solo album. From that point on (if not earlier), Ono replaced McCartney as Lennon's main collaborator. The Beatles were no more. At the time, much attention was focused on Ono's alleged role in the band's end. An Esquire magazine piece with the racist title "John Rennon's Excrusive Gloupie" was an extreme example of the decidedly antiwoman, anti-Asian backlash against Ono that she and Lennon endured for years to come. As Ono told Lennon biographer Jon Wiener in a late 1983 interview for his book Come Together: John Lennon in His Time, "When John and I were first together he got lots of threatening letters: 'That Oriental will slit your throat while you're sleeping.' The Western hero had been seized by an Eastern demon." In late 1970 Lennon and Ono released their twin Plastic Ono Band solo LPs. Generally, Ono's '70s LPs were regarded as highly adventurous works and were thus never as popular as Lennon's. Lennon's contained some of his most personal and, some felt, disturbing work – the direct result of his and Ono's primal scream therapy with Dr. Arthur Janov. In March 1971 the non-album single "Power to the People" hit Number 11, and that September, Lennon's solo album Imagine came out and went to Number One a month later. By late 1971 Lennon and Ono had resumed their political activities, drawn to leftist political figures including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. Their involvement was reflected on Some Time in New York City (recorded with New York band Elephant's Memory), which included Lennon's most overtly political writing (his and Ono's "Woman Is the Nigger of the World" and his "John Sinclair," an ode to the political activist and leader of the anti-racist White Panther Party). The album sold poorly, only reaching Number 48. Over the next two years Lennon released Mind Games (Number Nine) and Walls and Bridges (Number One), which yielded his only solo Number One hit, "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night," recorded with Elton John. On November 28, 1974, Lennon made his last public appearance, at Elton John's Madison Square Garden concert. The two performed three songs, "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night," "I Saw Her Standing There," and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," released on an EP after Lennon's death. Next came Rock 'n' Roll, a collection of Lennon's versions of Fifties and early-Sixties classics like "Be-Bop-a-Lula." The release was preceded by a bootleg copy, produced by Morris Levy, over which Lennon successfully sued Levy. Rock 'n' Roll (Number Six, 1975) would be Lennon's last solo release except for Shaved Fish, a greatest-hits compilation. Meanwhile, Lennon's energies were increasingly directed toward his legal battle with the U.S. Immigration Department, which sought his deportation on the grounds of his previous drug arrest and involvement with the American radical left. On October 7, 1975, the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the deportation order; in 1976 Lennon received permanent resident status. On October 9, 1975, Lennon's 35th birthday, Ono gave birth to Sean Ono Lennon. Beginning in 1975, Lennon devoted his full attention to his new son and his marriage, which had survived an 18-month separation from October 1973 to March 1975. For the next five years, he lived at home in nearly total seclusion, taking care of Sean while Ono ran the couple's financial affairs. Not until the publication of a full-page newspaper ad in May 1979 explaining his and Ono's activities did Lennon even hint at a possible return to recording. In September 1980 Lennon and Ono signed a contract with the newly formed Geffen Records, and on November 15 they released Double Fantasy (Number One, 1980). A series of revealing interviews were published, "(Just Like) Starting Over" hit Number One, and there was talk of a possible world tour. But on December 8, 1980, Lennon, returning with Ono to their Dakota apartment on New York City's Upper West Side, was shot seven times by Mark David Chapman, a 25-year-old drifter and Beatles fan to whom Lennon had given an autograph a few hours earlier. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. On December 14, at Ono's request, a 10-minute silent vigil was held at 2 p.m. EST in which millions around the world participated. Lennon's remains were cremated in Hartsdale, New York. At the time of his death, he was holding in his hand a tape of Ono's "Walking on Thin Ice." Two other singles from Double Fantasy were hits: "Woman" (Number Two, 1981) and "Watching the Wheels" (Number 10, 1981). Double Fantasy won the 1981 Grammy for Album of the Year. Three months after Lennon's murder, Ono released Season of Glass, an album that dealt with Lennon's death (his cracked and bloodstained glasses are shown on the front jacket), although many of the songs were written before his shooting. Season of Glass is the best known of Ono's solo albums; it was the first to receive attention outside avant-garde or critical circles. In addition to pursuing her own projects, Ono has maintained careful watch over the Lennon legacy. In the mid-Eighties she opened the Lennon archives to Andrew Solt and David Wolper for their 1988 film biography Imagine (Ono and Solt's documentary on the making of Imagine, Gimme Some Truth, was released in 2000). Coming as it did just a few months after the publication of Albert Goldman's scurrilous The Lives of John Lennon, some observers saw Imagine as a piece of spin control. In fact, it had been in the works for more than five years by then. Ono's decision not to sue Goldman (she stated that her lawyers warned that legal action would only bring more attention to the discredited tome) was itself controversial. Paul McCartney urged a public boycott of Goldman's book, which was almost universally reviled. On September 30, 1988, a week before Imagine's release, Lennon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It is located near the Capitol Records building. On March 21, 1994, Ono, Sean Lennon, and Julian Lennon were present as New York City Mayor Ed Koch officially opened Strawberry Fields, a triangular section of Central Park dedicated to Lennon's memory and filled with plants, rocks, and other objects that Ono had solicited from heads of state around the world. That same year, an early tape of John and the Quarrymen performing two songs, made on July 6, 1957, the day he met McCartney, came to light. it was auctioned at Sotheby's in September 1994, fetching $122,900 from EMI. On the tape, Lennon sings British skiffle king Lonnie Donegan's "Puttin' on the Style" and "Baby Let's Play House," the Arthur Gunter song made famous by Elvis Presley that included a line ("I'd rather see you dead, little girl, than to be with another man") that Lennon later used in the Beatles' "Run for Your Life." Lennon's music has been anthologized heavily since his death, most notably on the four-CD Lennon, in 1990, and Anthology, a 1998 box set of his home recordings, demos and radio appearances. (In 2007 Lennon's solo catalog was the first Beatles-related music to be sold digitally on iTunes.) In 2000 a number of events commemorated Lennon's 60th birthday and the 20th anniversary of his death, including a major exhibition on Lennon and his work at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum. In 2002, Lennon's hometown renamed its airport Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Throughout the first decade of the 2000s, several countries erected monuments honoring Lennon including a sculpture in the John Lennon Park in Havana, Cuba, and the Imagine Peace Tower in Reykjavík, Iceland.

i don't know

In which state was Quincy Jones born?

Quincy Jones - Academy of Achievement Quincy Jones Listen to this achiever on What It Takes What It Takes is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice. It’s like a melody. You can study orchestration, you can study harmony and theory and everything else, but melodies come straight from God. Grammy Legend Award Date of Birth March 14, 1933 Quincy Delight Jones, Jr., known to his friends as “Q,” was born on Chicago’s South Side. When he was ten he moved, with his father and stepmother, to Bremerton, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. He first fell in love with music when he was in elementary school, and tried nearly all the instruments in his school band before settling on the trumpet. While barely in his teens, Quincy befriended a local singer-pianist, only three years his senior. His name was Ray Charles. The two youths formed a combo, eventually landing small club and wedding gigs. Quincy Jones and his brother, Lloyd, 1935. (Courtesy Quincy Jones) At 18, the young trumpeter won a scholarship to Berklee College of Music in Boston, but dropped out abruptly when he received an offer to go on the road with bandleader Lionel Hampton. The stint with Hampton led to work as a freelance arranger. Jones settled in New York, where, throughout the 1950s, he wrote charts for Tommy Dorsey, Gene Krupa, Sarah Vaughan, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Dinah Washington, Cannonball Adderley and his old friend Ray Charles. By 1956, Quincy Jones was performing as a trumpeter and music director with the Dizzy Gillespie band on a State Department-sponsored tour of the Middle East and South America. Shortly after his return, he recorded his first album as a bandleader in his own right for ABC Paramount Records. Quincy Delight Jones Jr., 27-year-old musician and conductor, with his Big Band in Vienna, Austria. 1960. (Getty) In 1957, Quincy settled in Paris, where he studied composition with Nadia Boulanger and Olivier Messiaen, and worked as a music director for Barclay Disques, Mercury Records’ French distributor. As musical director of Harold Arlen’s jazz musical Free and Easy, Quincy Jones took to the road again. A European tour closed in Paris in February 1960. With musicians from the Arlen show, Jones formed his own big band, with 18 artists — plus their families — in tow. European and American concerts met enthusiastic audiences and sparkling reviews, but concert earnings could not support a band of this size, and the band dissolved, leaving its leader deeply in debt. After a personal loan from Mercury Records head Irving Green helped resolve his financial difficulties, Jones went to work in New York as music director for the label. In 1964, he was named a vice president of Mercury Records, the first African American to hold such an executive position in a white-owned record company. 1964: Jazz musician, arranger, and composer Quincy Jones works with legendary singer and actor Frank Sinatra. In that same year, Quincy Jones turned his attention to another musical area that had long been closed to blacks — the world of film scores. At the invitation of director Sidney Lumet, he composed the music for The Pawnbroker. Following the success of The Pawnbroker, Jones left Mercury Records and moved to Los Angeles. After his score for The Slender Thread, starring Sidney Poitier, he was in constant demand as a composer. His film credits in the next five years included Walk Don’t Run, In Cold Blood, In the Heat of the Night, A Dandy in Aspic, MacKenna’s Gold, Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice, The Lost Man, Cactus Flower, and The Getaway. To date he has written scores for 33 major motion pictures. For television, Quincy wrote the theme music for Ironside (the first synthesizer-based TV theme song), Sanford and Son, and The Bill Cosby Show. The 1960s and ’70s were also years of social activism for Quincy Jones. He was a major supporter of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Operation Breadbasket, an effort to promote economic development in the inner cities. After Dr. King’s death, Quincy Jones served on the board of Rev. Jesse Jackson’s People United to Save Humanity (PUSH). January 30, 2004: Quincy Jones with music legend Ray Charles, as he receives the Grammy President’s Merit Award at Ray Charles Enterprises in Los Angeles. In their hometown of Seattle, at the age of 14, Quincy Jones became lifelong friends with the 16-year-old Ray Charles. (Photo by George Pimentel/WireImage for NARAS) An ongoing concern throughout Jones’s career has been to foster appreciation of African American music and culture. To this end, he helped form IBAM (the Institute for Black American Music). Proceeds from IBAM events were donated toward the establishment of a national library of African American art and music. He is also one of the founders of the annual Black Arts Festival in Chicago. In 1973, Quincy Jones co-produced the CBS television special Duke Ellington, We Love You Madly. This program featured such performers as Sarah Vaughan, Aretha Franklin, Peggy Lee, Count Basie and Joe Williams performing Ellington’s music. Jones himself led the orchestra. The film composer/activist/TV producer had not abandoned his career as a recording artist, however. From 1969 to 1981, he recorded a series of chart-busting Grammy-winning albums, fusing a sophisticated jazz sensibility with R&B grooves and popular vocalists. These included Walking in Space, Gula Materi, Smackwater Jack, and Ndeda. In 1973, You’ve Got It Bad, Girl marked his recording debut as a singer. Its follow-up, Body Heat, sold over a million copies and stayed in the top five on the charts for six months. This extraordinary streak almost came to a sudden end in August 1974, when Jones suffered a near-fatal cerebral aneurysm — the bursting of blood vessels leading to the brain. After two delicate operations, and six months of recuperation, Quincy Jones was back at work with his dedication renewed. The albums Mellow Madness, I Heard That and The Dude finished out his contract with A&M Records as a performer, but new challenges lay just ahead. 1984: Michael Jackson won a record eight awards, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for Thriller — the bestselling album of all time — with record producer Quincy Jones during the Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. Jones went back into the studio to produce Michael Jackson’s first solo album, Off the Wall. Eight million copies were sold, making Jackson an international superstar and Quincy Jones the most sought-after record producer in Hollywood. The pair teamed up again in 1982 to make Thriller. It became the bestselling album of all time, selling over 30 million copies around the globe and spawning an unprecedented six Top Ten singles, including “Billie Jean,” “Beat It” and “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’.” Quincy Jones at Grammy Awards in New York City, March 1991. He received six awards, including Album of the Year for Back On The Block. (AP Photo/Susan Ragan) His debut as a filmmaker occurred in 1985 when he co-produced Steven Spielberg’s adaptation of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. The film won 11 Oscar nominations and introduced Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey to movie audiences. In 1993, Quincy Jones and David Salzman staged the concert spectacular “An American Reunion” to celebrate the inauguration of President Bill Clinton. The two impresarios decided to form a permanent partnership called Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment (QDE), a co-venture with Time-Warner, Inc. The company, in which Jones serves as Co-CEO and Chairman, encompasses multimedia programming for current and future technologies, including theatrical motion pictures and television. QDE also publishes Vibe magazine and produced the popular NBC-TV series Fresh Prince of Bel Air. At the same time, Jones runs his own record label, Qwest Records, and is Chairman and CEO of Qwest Broadcasting, one of the largest minority-owned broadcasting companies in the United States. Throughout the 1990s, he continued to produce hit records, including Back on the Block and Q’s Jook Joint. Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Quincy Jones at the 2006 Banquet of the Golden Plate reception in Los Angeles. The all-time most nominated Grammy artist, with a total of 79 nominations and 28 awards, Quincy Jones has also received an Emmy Award, seven Oscar nominations, and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. His life and career were chronicled in 1990 in the critically acclaimed Warner Bros. film Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones. In 2001, he published Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones. A richly illustrated volume of reflections on his life and career, The Complete Quincy Jones: My Journey & Passions, followed in 2008. Two years later, he released his first new album in 15 years, Soul Bossa Nostra, featuring an all-star cast of contemporary pop, R&B and hip-hop artists in what Quincy Jones calls “a family celebration.” In 2013, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Inducted in 1984 Date of Birth March 14, 1933 “I think African music is so powerful, and probably governs the rhythm of every music in the world, because it’s taken straight from nature. You know that the birds did not imitate flutes. It’s the reverse. And thunder didn’t imitate the drums. It was the reverse. And so, the elements of nature, what it comes from, that’s the most powerful force there is.” Shuffling pop, soul, hip-hop, jazz, classical, African and Brazilian music into unique and extraordinary fusions, Quincy Jones has also been dubbed “a master inventor of musical hybrids.” The list of additional titles he has garnered includes: stage performer, composer, arranger, conductor, instrumentalist, actor, record producer, motion picture and television producer, record company executive, magazine publisher and social activist. His remarkable versatility is paralleled only by the number of successes he has claimed. Jones’s career began with the music of the post-swing era and continues through today’s multimedia digital technology in the recording, film and television worlds. First publicly recognized in the 1950s as a young trumpeter with the Lionel Hampton and Dizzy Gillespie bands, today he stands alone as the most nominated Grammy artist of all time, with 79 nominations. He has composed over 50 major motion picture and television scores, earned international acclaim as producer of the historic We Are the World recording (the bestselling single of all time) and produced the bestselling album in the history of the recording industry, Michael Jackson’s Thriller. After over 50 years in show business, Quincy Jones has reached the essence of many different artists, and in doing so he has reached the essence of art itself: the ability to touch people’s feelings and emotions. Watch full interview London, England October 28, 2000 (Quincy Jones was first interviewed by the Academy of Achievement on June 3, 1995 at the Academy program in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia and again on October 28, 2000 at the Summit in London. The following transcript draws on both interviews.) You’ve said you had no musical training when you first met Ray Charles as a teenager in Seattle. Is that right? Quincy Jones: No training at all at that time, but after that I was probing and probing and waking up Ray Charles when he came to town, waking him up at 5:00 or 6:00 o’clock in the morning. Keys to success — Preparation I was 14 years old when Ray [Charles] came to town from Florida. He wanted to get away from Florida and he asked a friend of his — because he had sight until he was seven — to take a string from Florida and get him as far away from Florida as he could get and boy, Lord knows, that’s Seattle! If you go any further you’re in Alaska and Russia! So Ray showed up, and he was, at 16 years old, and he was like — God! You know! He had an apartment, he had a record player, he had a girlfriend, two or three suits. When I first met him, you know, he’d invite me over to his place. I couldn’t believe it. He was fixing his record player. He’d shock himself because there were glass tubes in the back of the record player then, and the radio. And, I used to just sit around and say, “I can’t believe you’re 16 and you’ve got all this stuff going,” because he was like he was 30 then. He was like a brilliant old dude, you know. He knew how to arrange and everything. And he used to — taught me how to arrange in Braille, and the notes. He taught me what the notes were because he understood. He said, “A dotted eighth, a sixteenth, that’s a quarter note,” and so forth. And, I’d just struggle with it and just plowed through it. 1961: The immortal American singer and musician Ray Charles performing at the Palais des Sports in Paris, France. So was Ray Charles your first music teacher? Quincy Jones: He was one of them. Bumps Blackwell was too and a barber named Eddie Lewis. Then we finally got a trumpet teacher named Frank Waldron. He was an African American with a bald head, and he used to wear striped pants, like the guys in the English Parliament. He looked like he stepped out of the Harlem Renaissance. He had a little flask of gin, and every night he’d take a sip three or four times and he said, “Let me hear you play something.” He was from a legit school of trumpet players, like Rafael Mendez. We had our be-bop thing, our little look and the swagger, and our fingers all the way over there — so incorrect! I played “Stardust” just like I played it in the nightclubs, because we were playing in nightclubs when we were 13 and 14. How did you learn to play in the first place? Quincy Jones: I just started playing. Just do it. Just blow in it and sound bad for about a year and then make it sound a little bit better, and you get a little band together, and then you get a few jobs. You take four guys that sound half bad, but if they’re 25 percent each, they can give 100 percent, you know? There were four guys, including Charlie Taylor and Buddy Catlett; we got together and we practiced every day. So how did you start performing, as a working musician? Keys to success — Preparation Quincy Jones: In 1947 we got our first job for seven dollars, and the year after that we played with Billie Holiday, you know, with the Bumps Blackwell-Charlie Taylor band, and our confidence was building, because we danced and we sang and we played all — we played modern jazz, we played schottisches, pop music at the white tennis clubs: “Room Full of Roses,” and “To Each His Own,” and all those things. And we played the black clubs at ten o’clock, and played rhythm and blues, and for strippers, and we’d do comedy and everything else. At 3:00 o’clock in the morning we’d go down to Jackson Street in the red light district and play be-bop free all night because that was really what we really wanted to play, like Charlie Parker, Miles Davis and Dizzy and all those people, and they’d come through town. And in the following year Bobby Tucker — who was Billie Holiday’s musical director — came back, and he liked what we did evidently, and we played with Billy Eckstine, and then Cab Calloway came through and we opened for Cab Calloway. So, our confidence was very strong. 1953: American bandleader and percussionist Lionel Hampton at a concert in Paris, France at Palais de Chaillot. I had written a suite called “From the Four Winds” that the Seattle University band played before I got out of high school. We came in from the high school and played it with the university band. They put our picture on the front page of the Seattle University paper. Lionel Hampton had heard about this “Four Winds” thing and he asked me to join the band when I was 15. I hurried up and got on the bus. I didn’t want to ask my parents or anybody. I wouldn’t take a chance of losing it. I just shut up like a little mouse and everybody got on the bus and it was almost ready to take off and Gladys Hampton got on and said, “What’s that child doing on this bus?” And I said, “Oh, my God!” She said, “Lionel, get that boy off. That’s a child. That’s not a grown-up. Put him back in school.” And she said, “I’m sorry, son, but, you know, you’re too young. Go back to school.” I was destroyed, so she said, “We’ll talk about it later.” My heart was broken. I got a scholarship to Seattle University and I was writing arrangements for singers and everybody. But the music course was too dry and I really wanted to get away from home. Keys to success — Perseverance We made $17 a night. You have to learn how to do that, too. And they had wash-and-wear shirts to carry in the sax case. I got one of those. And when they’d get in a hotel, we’d go to Father Divine’s for 15 cents, you know, have the stool and stuff and say “Peace” when you go in the door. You’d fold up your pants and put them underneath the mattress. We couldn’t afford to get them pressed. And you’d put your coat in the bathroom, turn the steam on, hang your wash-and-wear shirt there. Wash your handkerchief, put it on the mirror, and the next morning it’s dry and you pull it off and it’s already pressed, you know. And so I learned all these things from the guys that had been out there and I just watched. I really paid attention to what was going on, one thing leads to another and you grow. While I was in Boston, sure enough this lady, Janet Thurlow, who was in the Lionel Hampton band, kept reminding them of me, and they called me one day and I was so happy. I’m telling you, you have no idea. I told the Dean there, I said, “I’ll be back.” He knew I’d never be back, once I got out there with professional musicians. The band was working 70 one-nighters in a row all through the South, doing 700 miles a night, with these guys that had been out there 30 years. I used to watch the old guys. I really respected their wisdom. There was a guy named Bobby Plater who wrote “The Jersey Bounce.” He was like the musical director, a wonderful man. He was kind to me, too. A lot of the old guys wouldn’t talk to me because I was an arranger and a trumpet player, and they felt threatened. I guess that happens. But I used to watch him, and the guitar player who had been out there 30 years, and they knew all the cheap hotels. Keys to success — Courage I wanted to get out of that house. I didn’t want to be there. Eight kids and a stepmother, and I just wanted to be out of there. So, when I got a scholarship from Boston to the Schillinger House, which is now the Berklee School of Music, I couldn’t wait to get out of there. And my aunt sent me a ticket by train to go there. I stopped in Chicago and I went into Boston at night — the most terrifying thing I’ve ever seen in my life. Because it was pitch black and you get there and you’ve got your trumpet and this little bag, your bag of clothes, not much, no place to stay but I had a scholarship and that was sort of a blanket, a security blanket I could hold on to. And, one thing led to another. I walked around the neighborhood to try to find out where I could stay. I got a place for $10. What was it like for a black kid traveling in America at that time? Quincy Jones: Killer. Absolute killer. I had no idea because in Seattle, even though there was racism there, it was more on the level of a lower education basis, sailors and so forth. We just had our 50-year reunion at Garfield High School this year. That is the school that America dreams in its wildest dreams that they will have 50 years from now. That school had everything, Filipino, Jewish, black, Chinese, everything, all together and it was no big deal. I married one of the girls from that school. She talks about getting thrown out of all the top sororities and everything else, and I didn’t even know that until 50 years later, all the stuff that was going on. But regardless, that was one of the most progressive schools in America in 1947 and ’48. Keys to success — Courage Then we hit the road and we’d get to places like Texas. This is when every place had “white” and “colored” to wait in the bus stations and the water fountains, all over America. You couldn’t stay in a white hotel anywhere. We played dances in New Orleans, and they’d have chairs straight down the middle of the thing with chairs to go both ways, white on this side and that side. Then the places in North Carolina and South Carolina, they’d have $2.50 and $3.50 general admission for the black people, white spectators $1.50. I still have the signs, you know. And they’d sit upstairs and drink and watch the black people dance, you know. It was unbelievable. We played juke joints and people would get shot and we’d go through Texas. We always had a white bus driver because we couldn’t stop in the restaurants. And sometimes we’d see effigies — like black dummies — hanging by nooses from church steeples in Texas. That’s pretty heavy, on the church steeple, and they’ve got a black dummy, which means “Don’t stop. Don’t even think about coming here,” and the bus kept moving. And then they’d finally get to places where we’d get the driver — the white driver would go in and get food for the band. And sometimes in Newport News we slept — I remember Jimmy Scott and I slept in a funeral parlor where the bodies were. There was no hotel so this guy said, “I’ve got a place. You can stay here these two days.” We got $17 a night. You’re not thinking about some suite at the Waldorf. How does that affect you psychologically? Quincy Jones: It’s painful. It’s a killer. It slaps your dignity just right. I loved the idea of these proud, dignified black men, and I saw the older ones wounded, and it wounded me ten times as much because I couldn’t stand seeing them hurt like this. I knew their mentality, their sense of humor, their wit, their intelligence and everything, totally aware of it, and I’d see people with one-tenth of this, trying to degrade them, trying to be a giant and make a midget out of them to feel bigger. I saw it over and over and over again. When you’re unified you get a sense of humor about it or else. We had confrontations all the time. Please! We had police run us out of town many a time, you know. And, they’d have the joke. You go in a place, they’d always say, “We don’t serve niggers here.” We’d say, “That’s cool. We don’t eat them.” You just have to get an attitude about it. You can’t let it take you out. It doesn’t seem to have left you embittered in any way. Quincy Jones: It makes you angry. But I always thought, “Let’s harness that anger, let’s do something that’s going to mean something.” If you punch some dude out, that doesn’t do anything because they still say you’re a nigger. I’ve seen that happen. That doesn’t straighten it out, that’s why I get involved in all the battles there are, but on another level. I went with Lionel Hampton for three years. Out of that came a trip to Europe. I went to Europe at 19 and it turned me upside down in many ways. It gave you some sense of perspective of past, present and future. It took the myopic conflict between just black and white in the United States and put it on another level because you saw the turmoil between the Armenians and the Turks, and the Cypriots and the Greeks, and the Swedes and the Danes, and the Koreans and the Japanese. Everybody had these hassles, and you saw it was a basic part of human nature, these conflicts. It opened my soul, it opened my mind. I tried to learn 20 to 30 words in every language in the world. I came back to New York after playing with Hamp. I freelanced, wrote for almost every singer in the business. Then I went on a State Department trip in 1956. I organized it for Dizzy Gillespie. We toured all over the Middle East, and South America. When they send a black band around the world as ambassadors, you know you’re going to do a lot of kamikaze work, and we did. They have these categories. The plum jobs are in London and France and so forth. They sent us to what they call the hardship posts. So, we went to Tehran, and Dacha, Karachi, Istanbul and Damascus. It was very exciting. Some of these people had never seen western instruments before. We got a last-minute call one time from the White House to go immediately from Istanbul to Athens, Greece because the Cypriot students were stoning the embassy. Whenever that happened we got called immediately to go in there, and play for these same kids. That was pretty scary because you could feel the energy and the hostility against whatever policy was going wrong at that time, whether it was Beirut and Israel, or the Cypriots and the Greeks. And after that concert, they rushed the stage — the kids — and we thought we were in trouble. Instead, they put Dizzy Gillespie on their shoulders and they were just running around the auditorium singing to him and everything else. It was great! They sent us to South America, and back to the United States. I moved to Paris in 1957 to study with Nadia Boulanger, and to work for a record company called Barclay Records. That was an incredible experience. I went back in 1959, did a Broadway show and had a whole big band to play with the show. I was supposed to eventually pick Sammy Davis, Jr. up in London and come back to Broadway. My band was featured in the show with costumes and parts, and plans didn’t go that way. So, we got stranded in Europe for ten months after the show closed, which is the closest I ever came to suicide. And, we finally came home. I hocked everything I had in my publishing companies and got the band and all 30 people back home. A friend of mine who was the president of Mercury Records, which was about to merge with Philips Records of Holland, asked me to work there, so I could pay some of my debts back. I was vice president, and two years later got a chance to really learn what the record business was all about. I became a troubleshooter in Europe and Greece. It was a great education from the other side, the other perspective of our business. Because, for the most part, artists feel that all corporations get up at 7 o’clock in the morning figuring out how to get them. It’s not quite like that, but it’s a whole different perspective. I learned a lot about the inner workings of a business that I was going to be in for 48 years. From the beginning you attracted the interest, or the respect, of older musicians. What did they see in you? What did they see in Quincy Jones? Quincy Jones: I don’t know. They knew I wanted to do whatever I did well. They could tell that I hadn’t gotten it together yet, but they knew I wanted to, and they knew one day I would. I don’t know why they’d waste their time otherwise. Count Basie practically adopted me at 13. We became closer and closer and I ended up conducting for him and Sinatra. All my life Count Basie was there. He was like manager, mentor, father, brother, everything. He’d help me get jobs when I had my big band later. And, I remember we played up in New Haven, a job that he didn’t want to take, and he said, “Okay, I’ve got a job for your band. You got it.” And so they got the contracts. We were the same agency, Willard Alexander, and we got a third of what he would get naturally. It was a 12 or 1300-seat place and only about 700 people showed up, and I was really disappointed and hurt. I had a big band from New York. Basie showed up, and he said, “Okay, give the man half of the money back.” I said, “What do you mean, half of the money back?” He said, “He put your name down front and the people didn’t come. He will be important for you in the future and you shouldn’t hurt him because the people didn’t come. Give him half of his money back.” I gave half the money back. He always tried to teach me how to be a human being. A lot of the guys were like that — Oscar Pettiford — they just took me under their wing, and that’s why I automatically help young people. I just love it, because they did that for me. They were there. And Benny Carter, please! Benny Carter is one of the finest musicians on the planet. He was my idol. When I went to California, Benny puts you on his shoulders, gives you the target and helps you pull the bow strings. Just amazing. Benny and me are just beautiful close friends now. He’s 96 years old, with a mind just as sharp as a tack. People like Milt Hinton, the bass player that was so kind to me when I first went to New York. Some guys try to take advantage of you, some don’t pay any attention to you, and the others embrace you and put their arms around you and help you. You went from playing the trumpet to arranging, conducting, film composing, being a record company executive — you have done all these things. And you didn’t stop at being a jazz musician, you went on to do so many different kinds of music. Wasn’t that difficult? Quincy Jones: We started that in music very early. We had to play schottisches and boogie-woogie, blues or rhythm and blues or be-bop, pop music, concert music, Sousa, everything. From the beginning, we played it. That’s why a lot of the jazz musicians, when I did Michael Jackson, they said, “You sold out.” I said, “I’ve been doing this all my life. What do you mean, sold out?” It’s not even a stretch, you know, to go from different kinds of music. And, if you start out like that it’s not unusual at all. Everything feels good, whether it’s Wynonie Harris, Louis Jordan or Charlie Parker or Bartok, Alban Berg or whatever. Nadia Boulanger used to say, “There’s only 12 notes, so listen to what everybody does with those 12 notes.” That’s all there are really. You were born in Chicago. What was your life like when you were a child? Quincy Jones: We were in the heart of the ghetto in Chicago during the Depression, and every block — it was probably the biggest black ghetto in America — every block — it also is the spawning ground probably for every gangster, black and white, in America too. So, we were around all of that. We saw that every day. There was a policeman named Two Gun Pete, a black policeman, who used to shoot teenagers in the back every weekend and everything happened there all the time. A gang on every street: the Vagabonds, the Giles HC, the Scorpions, and just on and on. In each gang they had the dukes and duchesses, junior and senior, which accommodated everybody in the neighborhood. That was the whole idea, for unity, really. Our biggest struggle every day was we were either running from gangs or with gangs. And it was just getting to school and back home. Because if your parents aren’t home all day, you know, it’s a notorious trek. I still have the metals here from the switchblade through my hand, pinned to a tree. I had an ice pick here in the temple one time. But, when you’re young, nothing harms you, nothing scares you or anything. You don’t know any better. And in the summertime — the schools were the roughest schools probably in America. I saw teachers getting hurt and maimed and everything every day, and it was everyday stuff. It’s amazing. Young people get used to things very quickly. Some summers my father would take us down to visit our grandmother in Louisville, who was an ex-slave, Susan Jones, and she had a shotgun shack they call it, and no electricity, a well in the back, a coal stove, kerosene lamps. We used to take baths that had these big, heavy, black iron pots. They’d take the top off of the stove to get it heated quicker and wait and wait and wait until it boils, and then you pour it in the big tin tub on the floor, and then it would take you another 20 minutes to do that. I mean, I remember the process and all. The security system there was a big rusty bent nail over the back door. And when you’re seven, eight, nine years old, that’s all drama. She used to say, “Go down to the river and grab the rats that still have their tails moving.” She’d cook the rats. She’d take greens out of the back yard and cook the greens, fry the rats with onions and so forth on a coal stove, and you’d see — like almost ice on the floor at night, you know, it was so cold in the winter time in Kentucky. I asked my brother before he died, “Was this an aberration in my mind?” And he said, “What are you talking about? That’s the way it was.” He kind of affirmed everything that really happened. It doesn’t bother you until later. You say “How could you do that?” but at the time it was just another adventure and kept your tummy filled. You didn’t have too much choice. When I was about five or seven years old my mother was placed in a mental institution and so we were with our father who worked very hard, and we had to figure a lot of things out. In 1989 and 1990, I went back to Chicago because I was doing a documentary on my life. I hadn’t been back there in 50 years to this home where we lived in Chicago, and I got out and I was hoping it would be a supermarket, you know, or everything is gone. It was exactly like it was when we left. The paint job that my father left there was the same paint job. Every room, every radiator, every vent was exactly the same. The back yard, the same wooden fence where this happened was all there. And Lucy, this girl that was next door, 12 years old, when I got out of the car, she was like 63 or something in a wheelchair and it was explosive. It just blew my psyche — shattered it, you know. And, when we went upstairs Lucy — they helped her upstairs with the wheelchair and she said, “That’s the bed where they put the straitjacket on your mother.” I had totally blanked it out, but they say — the therapy I’ve had — said that trauma is frozen at the peak. And, as soon as she said it, I saw her that day with the four guys holding her down and she was trying to get away and they strapped her down and put the straitjacket on her. And, we were out front on the front step and Lucy held my brother in her arms and closed his eyes as they put her in the ambulance, and I sat on the other step and I had closed my eyes too, and I was crying and I was singing this song, “Oh, oh, oh, somebody touched me, it must have been the hand of the Lord.” It all came back, all of these things that you’ve totally blanked out of your mind. It’s a strange feeling to feel it reentering your soul, the reality that you blanked out conveniently. It is unforgettable stuff. My brother died of cancer two years ago (1998), renal cell carcinoma. He was my only real brother and I didn’t know what to do. I’d never been so desperate in my life. So we went everywhere, to Sloan Kettering, to UCLA, and we saw the best people we could, but it was too late. Dr. Dean Ornish is a good friend of mine; he had studied my brother’s case and he said, “We’re dealing with equal parts of medical disease, nutrition and psychology. There’s a balance. You have to play with all three almost on an equal level to deal with it properly.” My mother was out of the sanitarium then. She had followed us to Seattle and there was always a conflict between her and my stepmother. I didn’t particularly like either one, and I couldn’t deal with either one. She was not really a nice lady, the stepmother. Dean was trying to cure my brother, and this is key, he said, “You can never see your mother again,” because he knew my brother took everything in the chest. “You can’t deal with it,” he said. And my brother said, “I bet you I can,” and he stayed in Seattle. I asked Dean, “How did this happen? We came up in the same environment, how could he be so vulnerable to this and just eat it all and take it in and internalize it and have it turn against him like this and take his life? He’s younger than I am. I’d give half of my body right now to save his life. How did I miss it?” And he said, “Somehow, in trying to survive you found a way to totally transfer everything involving your mother into your music or your creativity.” I used to go in a little closet, a little tiny closet that had four barrels with some two-by-fours and a workbench on it, and just sit there and just turn the world off every time the pain came in and go inside and just — since I was very young — just to take all the negative things and the painful things and take that and convert it into something beautiful and positive. So, I could feel that if I turned it on myself, in toward bitterness, it would kill me, it would take me out like it did my brother. I had transferred all of the need of what we didn’t have, so I didn’t need it anymore because I had something else that was beautiful, it was mine, I could always depend on. I could always go there no matter what happened, racial things or whatever happened. I could go there and it would be okay. It was my own little world and I could make it what I wanted it to be. We spent most of our life almost like street rats just running around the street until we were ten years old. My father worked for Julian Black, the people that ran Joe Louis’s life. Joe Louis lived in one of the buildings we lived in. And after one of the fights he gave the gloves to my father. And a kid down the street had a BB gun that I wanted and so when my father went to work I took the gloves and traded the gloves for the BB gun. And my father wore my tail out and went over to get the gloves back, and when he came back, he came back with my stepmother who was his mother, who was not really a very charming lady. She was rough. She made our life pretty rough. My father was a carpenter, a very good carpenter. He also worked for the Jones boys. They were not family members, we weren’t related at all. They started the policy racket in Chicago, and they had the five and dime store. They used to call it the “V” — like the “V and X store,” you know, for roman numerals. We loved all this drama. All kids love that. We used to go to a place called Drexel Wine and Liquor. We would go up these big steps, and the administrative office was upstairs. You’d see everything you saw on Elliot Ness, The Untouchables. Two-way mirrors and so forth, tommy guns and hats and cigars. We loved it. You know, all kids love that. And, we couldn’t understand why daddy wanted to keep us away from that element. So one day he said, “Let’s get out of here.” And, I think what happened is Capone took over the policy racket from the Jones boys. The Jones boys had to leave town fast and we were right behind them because daddy worked with them. So, he came and picked us up from the barber shop. “I have to get — we have to go get our toys.” “Forget that. We’re going straight to a Trailways bus.” And, the bus took us out to Bremerton, Washington – Seattle Washington. We stopped in Idaho and we got out to eat, [but] they wouldn’t let us eat at the white places so we had to go find a black family. You have to remember, this is the day when there was no TV, no MTV. You had nothing to hold on to your identity with. The books were “See Jane Run. See Spot,” and so forth, and nothing about black history or anything. You’re talking about 1943. And radio was Blondie and Dagwood and Gabriel Heater, and I Love a Mystery. And, the black figures there were Rochester, Beulah and Amos and Andy, who were white, [Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll]. And so it was very — at the time you don’t recognize it, but you’re trying to say “Who the hell am I?” you know, “What are we about?” You know, if you don’t have a mother there that leads you down that road you’re trying to figure out who you are and so, we spent half of our life trying to figure out what was up, what we were all about. Now we go from the biggest ghetto in Chicago to being the only three black kids in Navy Yard City, and there’s a serious contrast. And, it dances on your head a little bit because we carried switchblade knives in those days and the kids in Bremerton didn’t know what they were. So we had — no, you couldn’t use fear anymore like they used on us in Chicago. You just keep going. We got into all the trouble you could ever imagine. We figured that if the Jones boys and all the gangsters ran Chicago, we had our own territory now. All the stores, all the crime, we were in charge of everything, my stepbrother and my brother. It’s amazing how much trouble you can get in when you don’t have anything else to do. We’d take chickens in the new apartments and we’d cook them. We didn’t know what we were doing. We stole a box of honey jars one time and went out in the woods and took care of the whole box. I don’t think I touched honey again for 20 years. I never wanted to see honey again. Was there room for anything but survival in your mind then? Quincy Jones: Nothing but survival. There was no medium ground. So in the search for your identity you had to be in constant action, trying to do something. We were so young the girls wouldn’t pay any attention to us. The girls loved all the young sailors who came through town, so we used to go visit the destroyers and battleships and aircraft carriers. It was a big navy town, and during the war America was very gung ho, and they were the heroes. The black sailors and soldiers were very stylish. They had the hats that were really cool, and bloused their pants down over their boots. They were always immaculate and had a lot of style. So the girls just walked all over us little bumpkins. I still have pictures of me waiting on the porch of this little girl named Sara Ann. She didn’t give me the time of day. We couldn’t get arrested. But you were trying to just figure out what you’re supposed to be doing in life. You don’t know. You can’t get a legitimate job. I finally got a job when I was 11; this guy named Roscoe asked me to press clothes. You know, I was some nice cheap labor there. And, I had a little raggedy bike and so after I pressed and did a pretty good job, he says, “Well, you know, why don’t you take them to be cleaned now and you can fill out the bills and put the paper sack over it and deliver them.” At 11 years old I was running that whole business for him, and I was proud of that and I was happy that I was capable of being responsible for something and useful. I hadn’t discovered music yet. It’s funny the things that you remember from those days. There was a big armory up there where everybody played basketball; it was a community center really. There was an army camp right there, because Seattle and Bremerton were hot spots during the war. That’s where the ships left to go to the Pacific, so things were happening all the time. We’d break into this armory at night, and we’d eat lemon meringue pie and ice cream, and when we got too tired of eating it we’d start to play — throw it at each other and whatever trouble you could get in, just awful. One night we went and broke in another door, and I broke into this door and there was a piano there, and I just walked around the room to see what was there first, and then hands kind of hit the keyboard and I remembered from Chicago next door when I was a kid, there was a little girl named Lucy that used to play piano, and it brought everything back because I was never very good at music when I was little. I never paid any attention to it in school. And, from that moment on when I touched those keys, I said, “This is it. I’m not going to do the other thing again. I’m going here.” And, that’s what happened. I got in the school band and the school choir. It all hit me like a ton of bricks, everything just came out. I played percussion for a while, and stayed after school forever just tinkering around with different things, the clarinets and the violins. I couldn’t get into that at all. I finally found the B flat baritone horn, Sousaphone, B flat alto peck horn. I chose the trombone because the trombone players in the marching band got to be up front with the majorettes (because of the slides) and I loved that! My heart was really with the trumpets, but they were too far back. I finally got to the trumpet and I said. “That’s what I really feel.” Were there any people who particularly inspired you? Quincy Jones: I was inspired by a lot of people when I was young, every band that came through town, to the theater, or the dance hall. I was at every dance, every night club, listened to every band that came through, because in those days we didn’t have MTV, we didn’t have television. The communication for music was through Downbeat magazine, or the grapevine, and what was happening in New York. Radio dealt with it a little bit. We used to pick up a few jazz stations from San Francisco. You could hear some of the new music that was out. The record stores in those days had big glass booths and you could go in and listen to the record, put earphones on. And I couldn’t afford to buy them, so I just stayed in the music store all day and just listened to all of the latest records. And in those days they had five record companies, only five record companies. So, anybody that was even recording was automatically a giant. On Decca Records, everybody was – Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald – just the greatest musicians that ever lived, on each label. So, there wasn’t too much Russian roulette going on in records those days. Whoever was signed and made records was really pretty phenomenal. How did you start composing? I was writing this thing called “A Suite from the Four Winds,” and on the trumpet parts I put a little asterisk and said, “Play all B naturals a half step lower because it sounds funny if you play it B natural straight.” I didn’t know there was a key signature of a flat on the third line that would take care of all that. But, you know, you just learn step by step. Somebody finally said, “Idiot! You know there are key signatures. There’s one flat, two flats, three flats.” And, “Oh yeah, key signatures. That’s a great concept.” It’s 500 years old, right? My grades in music were terrible before that, but then the love, this passion came forth, and that’s when somebody lit a flame, a candle inside, and that candle still burns, you know, it never went out. I’d stay up all night sometimes until my eyes bled to write the music. I was writing a suite, a Concerto in Blue for something at the school, for concert band, and I was fearless! How did you learn to read music? Quincy Jones: I don’t know. I just started and had to pay attention. It’s logical though. If you’re standing out from all the other people you know you’re playing it wrong, so you have to understand the value of each note. There’s only four beats in each bar, or six or three or whatever it is. You just use your mother wit, common sense really. So you learned on your own? Quincy Jones: Yeah. In school they had books and so forth. It’s easy to get next to music theory, especially between your peers and music classes and so forth. You just pay attention. I had a good ear, so I realized that printed music was just about reminding you what to play. A lot of people say, “Count Basie and Earl Hines don’t read music. That’s amazing!” It has nothing to do with it. Reading music is just a way to document it so you can remember what to play at the same time, but the creation of music has nothing to do with it. That’s a divine sense in a way. How did you get along in school? What gave you the confidence to do all this? Quincy Jones: I’ll tell you one thing. I went to Robert E. Koontz junior high school in Bremerton and there were just a few black kids in the school. There were 2,800 kids there. A little white kid named Robin Fields said, “I’d like to be your manager for you running for Boys Club president.” I said, “You’ve got to be out of your mind. What are you talking about? That’s never going to happen.” And I was wrong; I won. It was messed up, because in 1947 my family moved to Seattle and I had to get up at 5:00 o’clock in the morning to catch the ferry back to Bremerton every morning because I was Boys Club president. That really put a hurting on my sleeping time because I couldn’t write music late at night. You were one of the only black kids in a white school and you became Boys Club president. How do you account for that? Quincy Jones: I have no idea. It made me realize that I had to take everybody one on one. I couldn’t say, “This is this, and everybody is this, and they’re like this.” The things we usually do as human beings. I couldn’t do it, because Robin Fields was there and I couldn’t include him in that number. It was great for me. But how did you start getting gigs with your band when you were just a kid? We were big fish in a small pond. At one time in New York, most of the guys who were happening there were not from New York; they got their confidence in the small cities. If you started in New York you were dealing with the biggest guys in the world. You’re dealing with Charlie Parker and all the big bands and everything. We got more experience working in Seattle. We were in the National Guard band, which was an all black unit, which was funny, because Bumps Blackwell, who had the pop band we were in, he was the commanding officer, and we’d go out to Fort Lewis for about three months in the summer time with the band. And, we were master sergeants and all that stuff, and staff sergeants because we were musicians, definitely not because we were soldiers, because we didn’t really get that at all. You know, marching and the discipline of what the military thing was about, because we — it wasn’t real because we were National Guard. We were young kids in the National Guard. We put our ages up. We were 14 years old. One weekend we had a job with the band, the dance band, to play at Island Lake Park or some place like that, and we didn’t come home that night, we stayed over there. And, I was the company bugler, I was supposed to wake up the real troops, you know, for bivouac. And you know, the army doesn’t play that, and that was supposed to be at 7:00 o’clock. We didn’t get back until 11:00 o’clock. And as we got out of the car, the real army guys were saying, “Well sergeant, we hope you have an explanation for this.” I said, “We really don’t, sir.” He said, “Okay private. Stand over there.” We got demoted on the spot. These are things that really stick out in your mind because you feel like you’ve really blown it and you’ve failed somehow. Were there other teachers or musicians who had a big impact on you growing up? Quincy Jones: Clark Terry used to come through town with Count Basie. I’d say, “Mr. Terry, I’d really love to study trumpet with you.” He said, “Well, what’s a good time?” I said, “The only time I can do it is before I go to school at 6:30.” He said, “I don’t get home until 2:00 o’clock or 3:00 o’clock in the morning.” Clark Terry was a very important influence in my life. He taught me how to put the trumpet on top of my lip on high notes so it didn’t bleed when I played. Lionel Hampton’s band came through Seattle then too. That was a very significant thing in my life because as I said before we played with Bumps Blackwell’s band and Charlie Taylor’s band for Billie Holiday, and then Billy Eckstine, at 14 and 15 years old. So, Hamp came through there then, and that was my dream to be with that band, more than any band because I saw every band that came through: Stan Kenton, Basie, Duke, Louis Armstrong, everybody. I was out in front hypnotized every night. I just couldn’t believe it, that there is the way to be a man, to have your dignity, to be proud of what you do. And there were 18 musicians — there was something about that kind of unity, too — that were really playing good, and made military bands look like military bands, or the white traveling bands, you know. But, there was something about it that just really hit a serious chord in me, and I wanted to know everything about it. That’s why I wanted to write so quick. As soon as I picked up the trumpet I heard arrangements in my head of those ensembles. How do you write for 18 musicians, or eight brass and five saxes, and not have them playing the same notes? So there was a man named Joseph Powe, who was a military officer, and he had a dance band. He used to be with Wings over Jordan, which was a famous choir. And so he asked me to baby-sit for him, and I loved to baby-sit for him because I could read his Glenn Miller orchestration books, and he had a Frank Skinner book about underscoring movies. Bam! That was like walking into a wonderland. I got hung up on movies when I was 15. You worked incredibly hard for everything you’ve accomplished, but it’s obvious that you also had a great talent. Do you have any idea where it came from? Quincy Jones: No, not at all. I do now, later on in life. Alex Haley was a dear, dear friend of mine before he wrote Roots. We worked on Roots together. He asked me, “Where did the music come from in the family?” I said, “I don’t know. My mother played a little piano — religious piano because she was a religious fanatic — and I heard a little of that, but nobody else that I remember played in my family before.” And so Alex said, “I’ll tell you what. I’m going to call some friends of mine in Salt Lake City. The Mormons could have saved me ten years if they had done Roots because they are the greatest researchers.” That Christmas they sent me a book of information that just blew my head off. I couldn’t believe it. Number one, my mother’s family came from a plantation that was owned by James Lanier, who was a relative of Sidney Lanier, the poet. He had a baby with my great-grandmother, and my grandmother was born there. We traced this all the way back to the Laniers, same family as Tennessee Williams. They were originally Huguenots from France, who came over to England and then America. It turns out there were fourteen Laniers who were court musicians in France, Nicholas Lanier and so on. They worked for Henry the Fourth, the Third, and on. That was the musical strain, and it shocked me because I’ve always had this ridiculous passion for France. The first time I went there I couldn’t sleep. My heart was pounding. We were coming on the train from Switzerland and I couldn’t sleep. I had to get up and I just stood up in the back of the train all the way. We went into Palais D’Orsay. Palais D’Orsay was a train station — it’s a museum now, and a hotel — so we came in about 6:30 in the morning and the music almost came from my soul when we saw that crimson sunrise and the smell of Paris. I could feel something very strange and then it all became answered when Alex found these people, this Lanier family. It has been an amazing experience. I am very nosy so I am constantly exploring to find out what the hell happened, what is it all about. You spoke earlier of the battles you’ve been involved in. I wanted to ask you about that. Quincy Jones: When I was in France, Mandela asked me to come down. I’ve been involved with South Africa and Mandela for 30 years. It’s a way to really do something, whether it’s with Jesse Jackson — we helped him put together Operation Push in the ’70s, or with Dr. King in ’55. Malcolm X’s daughter is working for me now. We’re working with Julian Bond right now. Julian Bond and Kweisi Mfume called. We’re putting up $9 million and we’re doing a ten city bus tour — Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Detroit and those places — to try to get out the black vote. Why do you do it? Why is it important to you to do those things? Quincy Jones: Because you have to do something. You’re fighting for your dignity, the dignity of your children, your grandchildren, kids who shouldn’t even be subjected to this kind of a thing. What I’m also learning as I get older, is that so many times — to deal in semantics — the word “racism” just blurs into economics and vice versa. Slavery wasn’t about racism; slavery was about economics. It was about free labor, slave labor. You have to go down to the core to see what the real problem is, because sometimes we’re dealing with a superficial problem. You’ve got the funnel of America; if they block that funnel, you’ve got whites and blacks or Hispanics or Asians fighting at that funnel with other people, all at the $35,000 level. You don’t see the people with $3 million fighting at that level. That was a big lesson. You’ve got to try to improve the economic plight of black America, or any of the minority groups, so that this country can get as powerful as it really can be. Because if everybody in America had that thing we say we have in the constitution, this country would be hard to mess with. It’s hard to mess with anyway because it’s a powerful country, because we have that diversity. If we could learn to respect that diversity, that’s what makes us strong. I don’t care what you say, whatever the black kids in the ghetto are doing, two years later every kid in America is going to be doing it. What advice would you give to a young person who wants to be a musician? Quincy Jones: That’s a question that puzzles me a lot because it’s so different today. My son’s Quincy the third — he calls himself QV3 — and he’s done very well, because he’s a very hard worker and very talented. He is a hip-hop producer. He’s produces Ice Cube, and L.L. Cool J, and the Lynch Mob. He did Fresh Prince, and the Menace II Society scores. It frightens me because today is such a strange time to be in the music business, everything is different. The instruments are different. The experience of jam sessions, the experience of bands playing together, looking in each other’s eyes and transmitting thoughts with unspoken words — which is an incredible experience — is not happening anymore. Most big producers now stay in a little room. Take Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, or Baby Face and L.A. Reid, or whoever. They have drum machines, and mini synthesizers that you can sequence to do anything you want, and there’s hardly any contact with the outside world, except maybe two producers and a singer. You may do one live date with strings, or bass. It’s just so different. The converse side of what I see in a lot of young musicians who just want to be very famous and very rich, very quick — was a goal that we didn’t understand at all in those days, because our idols were not symbolic of that. It was Charlie Parker and people that almost died in poverty, and drugs, and they didn’t have that. They didn’t think of opulence or that kind of living, jet planes and limousines, and all those things. Today that’s a running thing. It’s a huge business now, where very young people make enormous amounts of money, and have to deal with an almost super-human position, trying to absorb that kind of adulation and recognition and fame, and adoration and money. It’s a very abnormal situation, and they’re trying to make it normal, ’cause it’s not normal, so we have a lot of casualties as a result of that. It’s a very difficult thing. I kid a lot about it, but I’m serious when I say that the music business should get together and start a University of Success, so they can see that there are patterns, and this is not the first person to ever be successful. I think young people need to learn a lot, because I’ve seen thousands come and go so quickly and in such a tragic way. They come up, they burn out, and have to live with some very unpleasant memories. On the positive side, there’s probably more opportunities now than ever. We’re going through a technological revolution that will be changing civilization, from a communications standpoint. The way people will receive information, through PCs, through fiber optics, through all the converging technology — it’s going to be quite sensational. We still have to remember, everything starts with two things, a song or a story. That drives everything. That’s the people with the blank page, no matter what platform it’s put on. That’s where we have to start. The outlets are enormous today, on a global level. It used to take four years for a record that was released in the United States to come out in Europe. It’s almost simultaneous now. Sometimes it will come out internationally before it comes out domestically. The throw of communications is so powerful, that communications alone have changed the course of our world. From Tiananmen Square to the Berlin Wall to South Africa. They weren’t governmental agencies that changed it. It was records and television and movies that changed that. What makes music so rewarding? So… Quincy Jones: Seductive? So far, I haven’t found any experience that is more pleasurable than trying to — it takes you three, two nights to sit down at the blank page of score paper and then try to imagine and hear that orchestra sound in your head and put what you think is going to sound like you think it sounds on that paper for each instrument. And, finally having the orchestra there, and when you do the down beat — to hear that sound — there’s no experience in the world like that. Still to this day I feel like I’m 12 years old when I bring my hand down to the orchestra. I guess what’s so strong about it is that — outside of you growing as an arranger, or a composer, or an orchestrator — it’s the idea that when you conduct a symphony orchestra, 110 people plus the conductor are thinking about exactly the same thing, at exactly the same time, down to the microscopic proportions — the 32nd and 64th notes. That’s a lot of energy because minds aren’t trailing off, thinking about the news, or what’s on the stock market or anything today, or what you have to get for groceries, or what’s for dinner. It’s exactly on what that thought is, the thought of the composer, whoever composed it, and the orchestrator, and performing it, reproducing it. It’s a very powerful experience. It’s a very rewarding, enriching experience, and it hits you in your soul. It goes through the ear, but it hits the soul. You can’t touch it, you can’t taste it, you can’t smell it, you can’t see it, and it’s just so powerful for the soul. What does it take to do what Quincy Jones has done? Quincy Jones: Obsession. Humility. Everybody I know that really does their thing — and I have a lot of friends that are like that — when I see the ones that really do it, they’re junkies, they really are. I mean their thing takes them over. It really does. There is some kind of subconscious attraction to everything, even things you’re not even aware of that you’re interested in. My biggest problem in the world is going into a bookstore because everything — every subject from psychology to history to cuisine — everything in there I’m interested in. I love technology, biographies, history. Somehow all of those things reinforce each other. I studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris; she introduced me to Stravinsky, who she was like a mentor to, and I called him a genius. She said it was a stupid word, and if it has to be applied it should be applied to somebody that has achieved the highest level of involving sensation, feeling, believing, attachment and knowledge. All those things have to be pulled together. Stravinsky used to say the most important part of an artist’s responsibility is to be a great observer. If it’s in human nature, or nature, or just to pay attention to see what it’s all about, because I think African music is so powerful, and probably governs the rhythm of every music in the world, because it’s taken straight from nature, you know. You know that the birds did not imitate flutes. It’s the reverse. And thunder didn’t imitate the drums. It was the reverse. And so, the elements of nature, what it comes from, that’s the most powerful force there is. It’s like a melody. You can study orchestration, you can study harmony and theory and everything else, but melodies come straight from God. There’s really no technique for melodies, really. I guess there’s something about music that’s always fascinated me and I apply what the essence of what that’s about in everything I do, whether we do film or magazines or whatever it is. You can’t touch it, you can’t taste it, you can’t smell it, you can’t see it. You just feel it and it hangs in the air. It owns — it dominates — every time period. String quartets had its own time period and nobody can ever change it, because it’s hanging up there in heaven some place. We use a 440 to tune up the A, and I hear that the pulse of the universe is 454, that’s pretty close. So that A has something to do with much more than just a note. It has got something to do with the natural rhythm of life. There are people who would say that Quincy Jones is a genius. Quincy Jones: Or crazy. Thank you. This was something.

Illinois

Which country does the airline Norontair come form?

Quincy Jones | The Story of an American Musician | American Masters | PBS The Story of an American Musician Quincy Jones: In the Pocket The Story of an American Musician June 22, 2005 PART I: THE LIGHTNING STRIKE OF EGO In the opening paragraph of his monumental essay on the first Ali-Frazier fight, Norman Mailer calls ego “the great word of the twentieth century.” But the magnitude of ego has long endured. Ego has probably been the great term for all human centuries, even before Freud invented the concept; for ego is the engine that drives human achievement, and, as Mailer wrote, “gives us authority to declare we are sure of ourselves when we are not.” Ego is the great cauldron of confidence, the design of daring. Still, Mailer has a point about the 20th century, the American Century. What society has so defined itself by the power of its inner desire, by its own yearning to accommodate the fantasies and impulses of its citizens? There is no French Dream, or Russian Dream, or African Dream, or British Dream, but everyone the world over knows about the American Dream. America is the place to come, so the myth goes, to get what the ego wants, to fulfill the longings of the self. No other period has given the ego bigger stages or platforms upon which to realize itself and its ambitions than the American century. And one of those outlets is American popular culture, the great circus, bazaar, and shell game of diversions and pastimes, the vast populist prairie and New World frontier of cheap yet captivating entertainment and mass-appeal art. Popular culture is where the leveling and liberating impulses of democracy and the voraciousness of capitalism meet to produce the sublime and the ridiculous. And there, African Americans have vaunted their egos and made their psychic need for expression and their unwavering cry for justice and power reverberate around the country and across the globe. In American popular culture, Quincy Delight Jones, Jr.-African American, musician, entrepreneur, handsome ladies’ man, and American dreamer-has become one of the realm’s grand princes, a monarch of all he surveys. And his success, his rise to greatness, is as much the result of ego as of the immensity of his talent. As music critic Nelson George points out, “. . . along with Miles Davis, [Quincy Jones] is the only survivor of the bebop era who has stayed contemporary and continued to have an impact on today’s music.” This is highly unusual for any musician. Most enter music emotionally and professionally at a young age and play the kind of music they explored then for the rest of their lives, either with small variations to acknowledge the passage of time or with none at all. The reason for this has a great deal to do with the inability of most people, even musicians, to listen to, let alone absorb and perform, a wide variety of music. Moreover, musicians who begin playing a kind of music when they form their identities as adults often continue to perform this type because it is so intricately and intimately tied to their sense of self when they reached that pivotal stage in life. And not only is it difficult emotionally and psychologically to play many widely different forms of music, but it is difficult technically as well-insecurities about limitations can bind even the most impressive player to a certain style. It takes an extraordinary amount of ego, or perhaps an extraordinary kind of ego, for a musician (or any artist) to think that he can influence his field over a period of several decades and learn to handle new expressions and aesthetic possibilities with the same ease as he did in his youth-that he can learn, in short, to speak to new audiences in their own tongues. And few musicians have the temerity to endlessly impose their will on any material at hand; to shape the world, artistically, not only on any terms but in any terms. It is interesting that of the beboppers who emerged after World War II only Miles Davis and Quincy Jones survived as major musical presences with fresh ideas beyond the age when anyone would have expected it of them. The careers of both men, in fact, ran parallel to each other, but in different directions. Davis, like Jones, a trumpeter, moved from style to style in jazz, from bebop to cool to a sort of semi-avant-garde in the 1960s to a kind of rock-funk sound in the 1970s that was mostly a furious and sometimes undisciplined extension of the avant-garde ideas he had been experimenting with. He was enormously attracted to youth, and when he became older, his sidemen continued to be young. In addition, Davis displayed his ego by being something of a disaffected exhibitionist and a street-oriented misanthrope, stances that he managed to make appealing and hip, rather than psychopathic and infantile (which, in some measure, they were), by infusing them with racial angst and masculine aggression. He was an extraordinarily proud black man but to some a disagreeable one. However, he never ceased to be a jazz musician, a soloist, a man consumed with the nature and meaning of his own sound. “All the musicians moan about the level of American popular music,” said Quincy Jones to Gene Lees in an article that appeared in Down Beat in 1960, “but all they do is moan about it. They wouldn’t think of going into it to improve it. Well, I’m going into it. I don’t want my band advertised as a jazz band, even though it is. I don’t want to scare the kids off. I want to try to do something about popular music.” And he was true to his word. Jones moved through various forms of popular music-not jazz-from swing to bebop to rhythm & blues to television and movie scoring to pop to soul to hip-hop. Jones was straddling different but related styles of music from the very beginning, when he was teenager. As he told Josef Woodard in a 1990 Down Beat interview: When I was 14 years old and Ray Charles was 16, our average night went like this: We played from seven to 10 at a real pristine Seattle tennis club, the white coats and ties, [playing] ‘A Roomful of Roses’ . . . From 10 to about one o’clock, we’d go play the black clubs: the Black and Tan, The Rocking Chair, and The Washington Educational and Social Club-which is a funny name, funkiest club in the world. We’d play for strippers and comedians and play all the Eddie “Cleanhead” Vinson and Roy Milton stuff, all that r&b. It was a vocal group. Then, at about 1:30 or 2 a.m., everybody got rid of their gigs and we went to the Elks Club to play hardcore bebop all night long . . . Jones never lost his love for a broad swath of African American popular music or his interest in wanting to play it, and this had a considerable impact on the shape of his career and the nature of his artistic ambitions. He was also not afraid to leave that form of music entirely and compose and arrange programmatic music that had no particular aesthetic connection to African American music. And he was fortunate to have had that opportunity. In addition, he did something only few other well-known jazz musicians have ever done-he made a name for himself in the production of sometimes highly artistic, avant-garde, and often blatantly commercial music or music for blatantly commercial enterprises, such as film and television. (Louis Armstrong, Fats Waller, Nat Cole, George Benson, and Duke Ellington also produced commercial music, but Armstrong, Waller, and Ellington were commercially viable when jazz was still popular. When Jones was young, jazz no longer had a mass audience; it had evolved into an esoteric music.) In the end, Quincy Jones became more than just a player. He probably would have never had the same impact on modern American music had he remained only a trumpeter. Though competent on the instrument, he could not attain the virtuosic heights of the players he most admired: Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, Fats Navarro, Art Farmer, and, especially, Clifford Brown. Instead, Jones became an arranger and composer. Had he only stopped there and worked strictly in jazz, he may have become someone like Bill Challis, the legendary arranger behind the Paul Whiteman sound; or Billy Strayhorn, Duke Ellington’s right arm; or Gerald Wilson, the eminent West Coast bandleader. All of these men were brilliant, but none were household names. In the end, Jones’ film and television writing exposed him in another way beyond what either Strayhorn or Wilson could have achieved. If he had stayed strictly in the realm of film music, though, he may have achieved the eminence of Nelson Riddle or Henry Mancini or Elmer Bernstein. But Jones, in his crusade to have an impact on popular music, became a producer and a record-industry mogul. By shifting not merely the context in which he wished to play but also the way he functioned within the music world, he made it much easier for himself to become a renaissance man in popular culture. As Stan Kenton’s arranger Bill Mathieu perceptively observed, “Quincy Jones is, both by his own description and by the nature of his music, a culminator rather than an innovator. His music contains nothing new; rather, it contains nearly everything of value that has been done before.” In short, Jones took the music around him and, to use Mathieu’s definition, restated it more completely than it had been done before. When Jones produced Lesley Gore’s 1963 teen hit, “It’s My Party,” he did not, as Nelson George asserts, “[invent] soap-opera pop.” After all, The Everly Brothers’ “Wake Up Little Susie” and “Bye Bye Love,” Johnny Mathis’ “Gina” and “What Will Mary Say,” The Shirelles’ “Soldier Boy” and “Mama Said,” and Dion And The Belmonts’ “A Teenager In Love” had already established the genre. What Jones did with Gore was give everything that had gone before greater technological polish and resonance. Thus, “It’s My Party” is a culminating record, not an innovative one. What is perhaps even more striking is that Jones achieved mass success with a white pop sound, a white singer, and with white audiences. In this way, he was an innovator. In fact, in the totality of his talent and in his daring to break down barriers and move across boundaries, Jones may very well be one of the most innovative people in the history of American popular music. It is hard to imagine anyone in America, regardless of age or background, not knowing some piece of music that he has either arranged, produced, or composed. There are few people in music about whom this can be said. “I once asked him,” wrote Gene Lees about Quincy Jones, “why there had been so few hassels [sic] in his life. He said he didn’t know. And then, after thinking about it a moment, he added: ‘It is probably because I never do anything, never make a move or an advance in my career, until I am ready and prepared for it.'” The care with which Jones has made his moves grants his career a sense of inevitability that detracts from the hassles he has encountered and diminishes the propulsive power of the ego that drives him. Miles Davis made an arrogant demeanor and a kind of demonstrative and apparent egotism his stock-in-trade, his myth of evil hipness, if you will. Part of Jones’ success is also linked to his personality, but in a very different way: Others have always found him accessible and warm, “a beautiful cat,” to use his own favorite phrase about others he likes. He has the reputation of an enabler, a nurturer, a cultivator, a deeply personable and devilishly charming man, with an enormous capacity for exhausting stints of concentrated work and endless rehearsals. As he once told Zan Stewart in a 1985 Down Beat article: Most of the time I try to put a musician in a situation where he should be comfortable. But there are times, like the world’s greatest guitarist who couldn’t read. You put him in a situation with 44 players, and there’s a psychological tendency to freak out. I used to have that problem with Basie. I mean, he’d see seven sharps and head for the bathroom. But it doesn’t matter, man, because there are guys who can read around the corner who couldn’t touch Basie with two notes he’d play. So once the musician learns to trust me, learns that he can go without the net, that I won’t let him fall, we have a great time. Such admissions make his ego seem, in essence, invisible or transparent. But there is a certain subtlety in the mind and heart of Quincy Jones. Take, for instance, the historic 1985 recording session he helped put together and produce to generate funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. Inspired by Bob Geldof’s Live Aid show, the recording of “We Are The World,” a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie, was one of the most unique moments in popular music, with participating stars ranging from Bruce Springsteen and Bob Dylan to Diana Ross and Willie Nelson to Stevie Wonder and Tina Turner. It spawned further popular humanitarian/pop-culture events like Hands Across America, Farm Aid, and Comic Relief. “We had only ten hours to do the whole thing,” Jones said about the recording in a 1990 Playboy interview, “and we had to get it right in one session, because there wasn’t going to be a second one. Lionel [Richie] and Michael [Jackson] and I knew all the things that could go wrong, so we planned it right down to where everybody would be standing and where every microphone would be positioned so that we’d pick up each voice distinctly. And we didn’t know what to expect with all those egos in the same room together. But they must have checked them at the door, because the mood in the studio was like a living embodiment of the idea behind the song.” The gathered egos and Jones’ ability to subdue and accommodate them became the event’s story in the press, making him seem egoless. But only someone with staggering confidence and ego would have ever attempted such a project. To the millions watching, Jones seemed to be the center of the “We Are The World” session and the others mere satellites. Jones, of course, had experienced more deeply satisfying moments in his career-surely less stressful ones-but for that event the world saw all of popular music assembled before one man as he literally and symbolically orchestrated the entire ensemble. “All men dream,” T. E. Lawrence wrote so strikingly, “but not equally.” And very few, as Lawrence suggested, except the most ego-driven, ever realize their dreams. Jones, as a youngster, wrote a poem about composing. The last stanza read: But as a composer dreams on and on And his dreams are hopeless it seems Even if the people don’t listen He can always thank God for his dreams For Jones, or any serious composer, dreaming is not enough. A composer must become good enough and important enough so that he can find a group of musicians who will play his music. And to become that important and that good in a commercial sense means that a composer must have a sufficient audience to make it worth someone’s while to pay for it. Jones could not escape the hard facts of commerce that surround the production of any art, but unlike many jazz musicians, he did not deplore them, rail against them, or pity himself because money wagged the dog’s tail more than merit or good taste. He chose to use this situation to become what he wanted to become, to obtain sufficient power and prestige so that he could have artistic freedom. This is an act of supreme ego. Some do dream in the hard light of day, and these are the individuals who accomplish their ends. Jones is such a person. Jones has asserted his ego not by making a myth or cult of his personality, as some great musicians have done, but by making a myth of the ubiquity of his presence in the diverse aspects of music-making. He is not a man consumed by his own sound, but by the transformative and organizational power of musical sound itself. After all, as Jones said about music in a 1995 Ebony article, “it’s only 12 notes.” But in that dozen Jones found endless diversity, whimsy, liberation, the whole range of human expressive possibility. “Art and nothing but art!” philosopher and composer Friedrich Nietzsche cried in The Will To Power, “It is the great means of making life possible, the great seduction to life, the great stimulant of life.” Quincy Delight Jones, Jr., discovered that as a child. “. . . for in the United States when traditions are juxtaposed they tend, regardless of what we do to prevent it, irresistibly to merge. Thus, musically at least each child in our town was an heir of all the ages. One learns by moving from the familiar to the unfamiliar . . .” -Ralph Ellison, “Living With Music” “Negro music is always RADICAL in the context of formal American culture.” -LeRoi Jones, Blues People PART II: TO SEATTLE, TO NEW YORK, TO EUROPE, TO HOLLYWOOD Quincy Jones was born on the South Side of Chicago on March 14, 1933. The South Side was the tough black ghetto of one of America’s biggest cities, the city of Carl Sandburg and Richard Wright. By 1933 America was steeped in the Great Depression, and Quincy and his younger brother, Lloyd, learned to survive during those lean times the way many kids did: by stealing, carrying weapons, playing hooky, and running around with street gangs. Like millions of other blacks since around 1915, his parents had come up from the South to make a better life for themselves in the North, where Jim Crow restrictions against African Americans were not quite so rigid and where burgeoning industrialization meant more employment opportunities, especially since the nation had limited European immigration. But like the South, the North had its share of racial violence, particularly right after World War I, a period referred to by historians as “the Red Summer” of 1919. In fact, Chicago experienced one of the worst race riots of the century that summer. These riots were typified by marauding gangs of whites-aided by the police-killing or maiming any blacks they saw and burning down black neighborhoods. Certainly, coming North was no journey to Dreamland for African Americans, but it was the start of a change that was to gather momentum and create profound political and social change in American life in the years ahead. Migrating North made it possible for African Americans to create vigorous political and artistic movements and to affect the growing popular culture of entertainment much more directly than they would have had they remained almost exclusively in the South. By the time Quincy Jones was born, the NAACP-the oldest and in many respects the most radical interracial organization dedicated to civil rights in this country-had been in operation for over 20 years, and the editor of its magazine, The Crisis, was one of the foremost intellectuals of his time, W. E. B. Du Bois. Writers such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Jessie Fauset, Countee Cullen, Nella Larsen, and intellectuals like Charles S. Johnson, Alain Locke, and James Weldon Johnson had spawned a literary movement that became known as the Harlem Renaissance. Marcus Garvey had galvanized blacks with his Universal Negro Improvement Association and his cry of “Africa for the Africans.” Du Bois, meanwhile, had organized Pan-African conferences in Europe in 1919, 1921, 1923, and 1927, in an effort to combat European colonialism. Jazz had become so popular in the 1920s that F. Scott Fitzgerald, one of the period’s key writers and famous personalities, dubbed the decade the Jazz Age. But African Americans also made their presence felt on the Broadway stage and in a music, mostly dominated by women singers, called the blues. The ’20s saw the emergence of Armstrong, Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, and Sidney Bechet, as well as Ethel Waters, Bessie Smith, Josephine Baker, and Florence Mills. There was Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle, Clarence Williams and W.C. Handy, Ida Cox, and a popular lesbian performer named Gladys Bentley. There were parties at the mansion of A’Lelia Walker, the daughter of Madame C. J. Walker, who made her fortune selling black women’s hair care products. And there were mass protests against lynching. Paul Robeson was the major star of the period, having appeared in Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones and All God’s Chillun Got Wings. Butterbeans and Susie were the rage, and a young comedienne named Jackie Mabley was knocking ’em dead. In addition, the year Jones was born, staunch socialist A. Philip Randolph, former publisher of The Messenger and considered by the U.S. Justice Department to be the most dangerous Negro in post-World War I America, was fighting to keep his union-the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids-together and to gain recognition from the Pullman Company. Quincy Jones was born during the Depression but right at the end of the New Negro Movement. He might never have heard of it-or of the people who made it possible-but those individuals’ lives made a profound difference in the options and possibilities he would experience in his own life. Matters did not work out well for Quincy’s parents in Chicago. His mother, a musically talented Christian Scientist, began to suffer from severe headaches and spells of irrational behavior that eventually landed her in a mental institution. Jones learned as an adult that his mother’s condition was probably the result of a vitamin B deficiency. (In his autobiography he describes a harrowing scene of being taken by his father with his brother to see his institutionalized mother.) A neighbor described Mrs. Jones this way: “She was a beautiful woman, Mrs. Jones, I mean physically beautiful, and smart. She went to Boston University. She taught me to type. She could type 100 words a minute. She spoke and wrote several languages, she knew stenography, religion, white history, colored folks history, all kinds of things. She was one of the smartest people I ever met in my life, till she got sick.” (Jones himself confirms this about his mother, saying that she could even speak Yiddish.) His father, who was a master carpenter, found it difficult to care for his sons as a single parent, so for a time Quincy and Lloyd lived in Louisville with their grandmother, who cooked rats and twisted the heads off chickens with her bare hands. “She was an ex-slave,” Jones recalled years later, “but she had moved up in the world since then. The lock on the back door of her little house was a bent nail, and she had a coal stove and kerosene lamps for light . . .” Eventually, the boys went back to Chicago with their father, who joined households with a woman who had several children of her own. In 1943, with job opportunities expanding for black craftsmen as a result of the war, the combined families moved to Bremerton, Washington, where Quincy Delight Jones, Sr., went to work in the naval shipyards. Quincy was introduced to music in Chicago by his mother, who was always singing religious songs, and by a next-door neighbor: “When I was five or six, back in Chicago, there was this lady named Lucy Jackson who used to play stride piano in the apartment next door, and I listened to her all the time right through the walls.” As Lucy Jackson herself recalled: “Our houses were connected, and he heard me playing stride piano through the walls one day, and I couldn’t keep him off my piano after that, though I tried. He made too much trouble for me. My mother would say, ‘That boy is seven years old, and you’re 12, and he marches in here and plays so easily! What am I wasting my time for?’ Even then Quincy had a gift. Music was in his soul. It came natural to him.” But when Jones moved to Washington, his musical education began in earnest. His father worked long hours, and his stepmother did not treat him warmly, preferring her own children from a previous marriage and ones she had with Quincy’s father. Food was not plentiful, and spending money hard to come by. So, in Bremerton, Jones hustled newspapers and shined shoes. For food he hung around a recreation center, where his musical interests intensified: “The rec center . . . was named ‘The Armory,’ after the base next door, and one night we [Jones and his brother] broke into the soda fountain area and found the freezer where they stored lemon meringue pie and ice cream. We were stuffing ourselves with pie when I wandered into a room next door. There was a stage in the room, and onstage was an old upright piano. I went up there and tinkled on for a moment. That’s where I began to find peace. I was 11.” He joined the school choir and the school band, learning “how to play drums, tuba, B-flat baritone horn, French horn, E-flat alto horn, Sousaphone, and piano.” Despite living in Sinclair Heights, the black section of town, he attended integrated schools, where he got along so well that he was elected president of Robert E. Coontz’s Jr. High School Boys Club and eventually married his high school sweetheart, the first of three interracial marriages for Jones. These early experiences enabled him to socialize with whites on whatever levels they permitted. Moving with ease in the white world would prove a great asset to his career. But Jones didn’t get really serious about music until his family moved to Seattle when he was a teenager. There he played in a small band led by Ray Charles, who would remain a close friend throughout his life and who would invite him to be his arranger and producer after Jones established a name for himself in the music business. Jones also sang in a gospel group and played R&B for Bumps Blackwell. It was on the trumpet that his father gave him that Jones centered his concentration: “. . . my main instrument [at first] was the trombone because the trombone player got to be near the girls in the marching band. . . . But inside my real love was trumpet and eventually I ended up staying with it,” Jones recalled in a 1989 Billboard interview. But he was never interested in being just a player. From his earliest days, he tried to write and arrange music, pestering professional musicians for guidance when they were in town on tour. One who took the 13-year-old Jones under his wing was trumpeter Clark Terry: “He taught me and talked to me and gave me the confidence to get out there and see what I could do on my own.” Jones met Count Basie around that time as well, forming a relationship that would endure until Basie’s death in 1984: “He was my uncle, my father, my mentor, my friend-the dearest man in the world.” Lionel Hampton was willing to take the young trumpeter and budding arranger on the road with his band before Jones had finished high school, but Gladys, Hampton’s wife and business manager, intervened. With diploma earned, Jones joined Hampton’s band and entered the world and discipline of the jazzmen, who, as Ralph Ellison put it, “lived for and with music intensely. Their driving motivation was neither money nor fame, but the will to achieve the most eloquent expression of idea-emotions through the technical mastery of their instruments . . . and the give and take, the subtle rhythmical shaping and blending of idea, tone and imagination demanded of group improvisation.” Quincy never looked back. What is clear about Jones’ youth is that he encountered a number of nurturing black male musicians who helped him enormously. There weren’t any conservatories that taught black dance music, and since no one in Jones’ family understood the life of a professional musician (his father supported his efforts but was always skeptical about the profession itself, as were many working-class people at the time, black and white), he had no choice but to ingratiate himself with these older men. Additionally, Jones understood quickly that it wasn’t just his talents and the fire of his ambition that would make him a success but also his personality. He discovered early in life how to charm people, how to operate as a youngster in an adult world, just as he had learned as a black how to move in a group of whites at school. This knowledge certainly contributed to his ability to motivate and cultivate talented yet insecure people. It also helped him convince those who questioned him because of his youth or race when he made his ascent as a bandleader, producer, and film scorer. Jones realized his musical ambitions and formed the rudiments of his musical tastes in the 1940s, when big band music was still around but dying out; small group jazz, known as bebop, was emerging; the entire identity of jazz itself was shifting toward art music; and rhythm & blues was becoming a major artistic expression among urban blacks, replacing jazz as black dance music. When he went on the road with Hampton, he was young enough to be intrigued by these new musical expressions while still being able to enjoy older big band swing. Since his youth, Jones never seemed interested in repudiating anything, so he was never a revolutionary in the sense of wanting to overturn something. But he was open to revolutionary ideas and new ways of conceiving music. He always expressed unease about musical categorization. He told Down Beat in 1955: “Actually, as arrangers we have a pretty hard time trying to do as good a job of categorizing music as do the fellows who make up the popularity charts. Truth is that you can take a rhumba beat, an opera singer, and a rhythm and blues guitar player and produce a record people will like if you do it sincerely and well.” In a 1954 Down Beat article, Jones adumbrated his own path: “A jazz musician now can either be an artist and do progressive things or he can work on pleasing the people. I know it’s a cliché, but I still think a happy medium between the two can be reached, and everybody has his own interpretation of what it can be.” Speaking to Billboard in 1989, Jones credited his sense of musical openness to his early days as a performer: “What’s so funny is that when people write about the music, jazz is in this box, R&B is in this box, pop is in this box. But we did everything. In Seattle you had to play everything. In fact, there was a song we played at [Jones’ 50th] birthday here just recently [with Ray Charles], ‘Big Fat Butterfly, which was a big part of the scene. In Seattle clubs, they had a kitty. . . . If you wanted to hear ‘Big Fat Butterfly,’ the customer would put $5 in the kitty. . . . So everybody had to know those songs.” It is clear that Jones remained remarkably consistent in his views about balancing art and commerce and about the need for the jazz musician to reach people. Jones, because of his involvement with various types of black music-both dance and art-saw a continuity between them all that perhaps some of his peers did not. Apparent, too, is his belief as a newcomer that desiring popularity was not a bad thing for a musician, as long as what the artist was doing was sincere, a word that Jones has used several times in interviews over the years to denote an essential aspect of any good music. For instance, he has spoken several times about how embarrassed he was by the costume he had to wear while playing in Hampton’s band because he feared his bebop acquaintances would laugh at him for not being hip. But he never seemed to mind playing Hampton’s music, some of which he said was basically rock ‘n’ roll, nor did he mind Hampton’s showmanship, which he believed essential for generating audience enthusiasm. Hampton’s band was, as Jones called it, “a 360-degree band,” which played all types of music and was quite capable of moving instantly from rock ‘n’ roll to something distinctly boppish. And he is very grateful to have been a part of a band with such a diversity of spirit. After graduating from high school, Jones received a scholarship from Seattle University, but knowing that staying in Seattle wouldn’t help him accomplish his musical goals, he applied for and accepted a scholarship to Schillinger House of Music in Boston, later known as Berklee College of Music. He did not stay there long, however-he yearned for New York, the center of bebop. While in Boston, Jones met bassist Oscar Pettiford, who hired him to write arrangements. In 1950 he went with Pettiford to New York. “See, I was spending a lot of time at the Hi Hat across the street [from where he stayed]. That’s where I met Horace Silver, G.G. [sic] Gryce, and Oscar Pettiford, who were so kind to me,” he told Nelson George in Billboard. “Pettiford heard a couple of my things and he said, ‘I want you to write two things for me and come to New York,’ Lord have mercy!” And there, through Pettiford, he met Charlie Parker, the most talked-about jazz musician of his generation; Miles Davis; Dizzy Gillespie; and the other young lions of bebop. He returned to Boston for a spell, but when Lionel Hampton called, he jumped immediately at the opportunity to work with him again. In New York and up close, Jones saw another aspect of the bebop world: heroin addiction. That he was never seduced by drugs is another striking aspect of his temperament. He experimented, “tried a little of everything,” as he said, but never developed any sort of habit. Despite his youth, Jones remained levelheaded. His composure earned him such respect from Lionel Hampton that when Jones suggested the bandleader hire Gigi Gryce, Benny Golson, and Clifford Brown from Tadd Dameron’s band, Hampton did. Jones especially admired trumpeter Brown, not only for his musicianship but also for his character: “In this generation where some well-respected and important pioneers condemn the young for going ahead, Brownie has a very hard job,” wrote Jones in a tribute shortly after Brown’s fatal automobile accident on June 26, 1956. “He constantly struggled to associate jazz . . . with a cleaner element, and held no room in his heart for bitterness about the publicity-made popularity and success of some of his pseudo-jazz giant brothers, who were sometimes very misleading morally and musically. As a man and a musician, he stood for a perfect example and the rewards of self-discipline.” Since he was mostly trying to make it as an arranger and composer, Jones’ livelihood, as it unfolded, depended on this reliability. It may have been possible for a player to enjoy a long career and also be a drug addict-as was the case with pianist Bill Evans, Miles Davis, drummer Art Blakey, and saxophonists Charlie Parker and Stan Getz-but addiction in the late 1940s and early 1950s damaged lives and careers with incredible voraciousness. It was impossible for an arranger and composer to indulge in drugs and be successful in the long run. The nature of the work required a certain precision and sobriety and efficiency in often hurried, stressful circumstances. No drug addict could be counted on to have these qualities. And if one developed a reputation for sloppiness or lateness, there was virtually no hope of ever thriving. The drug-free Jones, however, developed such a sense of responsibility and maturity that when Dizzy Gillespie did his 1956 U.S. State Department tour of the Middle East and South America, he hired the 23-year-old as his musical director and arranger. “He took care of organizing the band, the arrangements. All I had to do was play,” said Gillespie. After leaving Hampton’s band, he became a freelance arranger, working with singer Helen Merrill, Sonny Stitt, Billy Taylor, Ray Charles, Milt Jackson, Clifford Brown, Art Farmer, James Moody, King Pleasure, and Dinah Washington. He also worked with such rhythm & blues performers as Brook Benton, Chuck Willis, and Big Maybelle. But if New York opened certain doors for him to establish himself as an arranger, composer, and producer, and exposed him to the best young jazz innovators, Europe offered even more opportunity. In addition to freeing him from the racial tensions of the United States, the Continent offered him a place where jazz was more appreciated, even if it was not necessarily more lucrative. The 1950s were Jones’ European years. He first visited Europe in 1953 with Hampton’s band. Soon after, he recorded some arrangements with Art Farmer, Clifford Brown, and The Swedish All Stars in Sweden, which established his reputation in many quarters overseas. From 1957 to 1958 he returned as musical director for Barclay Records, owned by Eddie Barclay and Nadia Boulanger, the famous composition instructor whose students included Darius Milhaud and Aaron Copland. Jones became one of the few jazz musicians to study under Boulanger, largely to learn counterpoint, orchestration, and composition, knowledge that would become essential to him as a film scorer. One of the main reasons Jones accepted the job with Barclay was to learn how to work with strings. “In New York, they wouldn’t let blacks write for or arrange the strings. The record companies figured you could write for horns or rhythm sections but strings were from another domain,” he said. Actually, there were a few blacks writing for strings-Sy Oliver and William Grant Still, for example-but they were scarce. In general, black composers were largely limited to the musical palette they could work with. (The success that Barry White achieved with his Love Unlimited Orchestra and hits like “Love’s Theme” in the early 1970s demonstrated how far black popular composers had come since the 1950s.) Being in Paris also opened Jones to new artistic and intellectual life: “. . . I got to meet incredible people such as James Baldwin, Richard Wright, Françoise Sagan, Josephine Baker, Pablo Picasso, even Porfirio Rubirosa. That year was wonderful,” he told Playboy in 1990. In addition, Jones’ time with Boulanger gave him a measure of legitimacy that his jazz experience could not. It also made him a sophisticated man. He returned to Europe in 1959, this time as the musical director of a show by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer called Free And Easy. Instead of taking the usual route of holding tryouts in various U.S. cities, the producers decided to test the production in Europe for six months. Given a guarantee of two years’ work, Jones was able to attract such luminous players as alto saxophonist Phil Woods, trumpeter Clark Terry, trombonists Melba Liston and Quentin Jackson, French horn player Julius Watkins, and reedman Jerome Richardson. The two-year period planned for runs in Europe, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, with an opening on Broadway. It was a dream gig, and many thought it signaled the return of the big band as a viable commercial venture. Down Beat covered the formation of the show’s band with great fanfare in the spring and fall of 1959. “It’s a fabulous thing,” Jones said at the time. “We expect it’s going to run a long time on Broadway.” The show left for Europe at the end of 1959. But the play never made it to Broadway. It never made it back to the United States. Indeed, it never even finished its European run. It closed in Paris in March 1960. Instead of dissolving the band, Jones tried to meet the $4,000 to $5,000 per week payroll to keep the musicians working, believing that a group that solid would survive in Europe. In a timely gesture, Norman Granz hired the band for a three-week tour with Nat “King” Cole. There were other gigs, but they were not enough. By the end of 1960 Jones was over $100,000 in debt, a staggering sum of money at the time. Several years later he said, “It was the closest I ever came to suicide.” In the summer of 1961 Jones finally gave up, and the band folded. Keeping the group together was defeating his purpose for having it in the first place. “You’re out there for nothing, losing all your money; and your idea was to get a band to play your own music in a seasoned, developed way. You end up being a manager, a road manager, everything else but an arranger,” he told Down Beat in 1962. Even in Europe, where the music was supposedly loved and treated with great respect, jazz-at least big band jazz-could not pay its own way. It took Jones seven years to free himself from debt. He hocked his publishing companies and his songs in an attempt to keep the band afloat. Perhaps he had the last laugh: In the early 1970s, among college undergraduates, especially black undergraduates, some of the most popular records were Walking In Space (1969), Gula Matari, (1970), Smackwater Jack (1971), and Body Heat (1974). Jones had succeeded with a new generation of young people to create music written and arranged for a big band pop sound again-and he even managed to make some of it funky. After Jones returned from Europe in 1961, Irving Green at Mercury Records hired him as an A&R man (short for artists and repertoire and very much like a producer today). Green promoted him to Vice President the following year, making Jones the first black person with such a position at a white-owned label. In his new role, he worked doggedly as a producer, arranger, and a touring musical director for several artists. He also discovered Lesley Gore during this time and began producing her teen hits. In addition, between 1961 and 1965 Jones made records for Dizzy Gillespie, Dinah Washington, Brook Benton, Peggy Lee, Sarah Vaughan, Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Billy Eckstine. If Jones wasn’t busy enough during the Mercury years, he was also establishing himself as a composer of film music, a prospect that eventually lured him from the record company. In 1963 director Sidney Lumet, husband of Lena Horne’s daughter, asked Jones to write the music for his movie The Pawnbroker. Lumet specifically wanted a somber but searing jazzlike score, and Jones met his needs perfectly. After the job, Jones relocated to Hollywood in 1965 to make it as film scorer. That same year he worked on Mirage, a film starring Gregory Peck, and Walk, Don’t Run, Cary Grant’s last film. When one Hollywood executive learned that Jones was black, he resisted keeping Jones on his project, but Henry Mancini came to Jones’ defense. Still, the entrenched industry racism and skepticism about his ability to provide anything other than a jazz-derived arrangement meant Jones had to work his way slowly into the film-scoring game. Benny Carter, an established jazzman and another black then working in Hollywood, got him work doing the music for television shows in the interim. And then Jones scored his first Sidney Poitier film, The Slender Thread, which was also director Sydney Pollack’s first movie. Poitier’s stardom afforded Jones considerable opportunities: he scored several other pictures starring the talented African American actor, including 1967’s highly successful In The Heat Of The Night. In 1967 Jones was also hired by Richard Brooks for his film In Cold Blood, over author Truman Capote’s objection. (Capote wanted Leonard Bernstein.) Through the late ’60s and into the early ’70s the film and TV scoring offers kept coming, with Jones writing and producing the themes for Sanford & Son, Ironside, and the first Bill Cosby Show (debuting in 1969), among others. By 1970 he was established in the film industry as an important composer and as a major presence in popular music, with a slew of Grammy® and even a couple of Oscar® nominations. In 1972 he stepped away from the recording studio for a moment to help organize Chicago’s Black EXPO (an offshoot of Operation PUSH) with Jesse Jackson, who had become a good friend. Certainly because of the character of the time, Jones became firmly committed to the historical preservation of black music, helping to organize seminars on the subject as early as the 1970 Black EXPO. During this period, he was also involved in forming the Institute of Black American Music and spoke of starting a project that would chronicle the history of black music from Africa to the Americas, ancient to modern times. To deepen his knowledge, he was seriously and assiduously researching black music. Jones recalled a conversation he once had with Cannonball Adderley, Miles Davis, and Herbie Hancock about “expanding ourselves,” making jazz more accessible and stretching the format of bebop. With Hancock’s “Watermelon Man” and later work Head Hunters, Adderley’s hit singles “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy” and “The Country Preacher” and albums like Soul Of The Bible (featuring his brother, Nat), and Davis’ extraordinary Bitches Brew, all these musicians expanded themselves and modern American music and did so within a span of roughly ten years, from 1963 (“Watermelon Man”) to 1972 (Soul Of The Bible). Jones was arguably the most remarkable of the group. He was making a profit and had reestablished himself as a bandleader with a series of very popular albums in the early and mid-1970s. By 1974 he was unquestionably the most successful crossover artist, as well as the most ubiquitous, most commercially viable, and one of the hardest-working jazz musicians of his generation. He had learned the lesson of his own dictum: “Let music, each genre, stay true to its soul.” One evening in August 1974, while in bed with his wife, actress Peggy Lipton, Jones was suddenly stricken: “. . . I felt this blinding pain, like somebody had blown a shotgun through my brain. It was just the worst pain I’d ever felt in my whole life, and I was screaming, and I didn’t know what was happening to me. Peggy called the paramedics, but by the time they got there, I had blacked out and gone into a coma. . . . I’d had an aneurysm. The main artery to my brain had popped and blood was pouring into my brain, which had swollen up so big they had to wait eight days before they could operate on me,” he told Playboy in 1990. With a 1 in 100 chance of making it through, Jones managed to survive, not one, but two major neurological surgeries on both sides of his skull. He began to change his view on life as a result of this near-death experience. As he said in 1976, “I haven’t turned mean or anything like that, but I don’t ever again intend to hold all my feelings inside and refuse to get things out in the open. There’s going to be no more pretending about anything.” He became a devotee of Hatha Yoga, although adopting this new regimen had nothing to do with religion. “Since I was 15 years old I’ve had the chance to explore various religions, and I’ve tried to distill the best of all and make it work in my life,” he stated. Although Jones talked about slowing down, once he recovered from his surgery, he was soon working as relentlessly as he ever had. In 1977 he used his knowledge of African music to score the first episode of Roots, the television miniseries based on Alex Haley’s best-selling book of the same name and the most-watched television program of its time. Since he was discouraged from using more authentic African music, he decided to only contribute the music for the first installment. He reteamed with Sidney Lumet in 1978, this time scoring the film The Wiz. “I hated doing ‘The Wiz,’ he remembered. “I did not want to do it. Sidney knew that, too. I didn’t like the music, you know. And I didn’t like the script.” Jones did like a few songs from the show, however, including “Home” and “Ease On Down The Road.” And as a result of working on the movie, Jones got to know the young pop star who played the Scarecrow and whom he had met years before: Michael Jackson. Jones made his greatest impact on American popular culture in the 1980s-it was truly his breakthrough decade. He produced Michael Jackson’s Off The Wall for Epic Records in 1979. Considered one of the best dance records and one of the most cutting-edge pop albums of the time, it spawned four Top 10 hits and sold nearly 10 million copies. Jackson’s next collaboration with Jones, 1982’s Thriller, was more than an album; it was a major cultural moment. Thriller sold about 50 million copies, more than any other album in the history of recorded music. It generated a hysteria unseen in this country since the days of The Beatles in the 1960s and Elvis Presley the decade before. No record by anybody, black or white, in 20th century America, had caused the same stir as Thriller. About the making of the landmark album, Jones told Playboy: “All the brilliance that had been building inside Michael Jackson for twenty-five years just erupted. It’s like he was suddenly transformed from this gifted young man into a dangerous predatory animal. I’d known Michael since he was twelve years old, but it was like seeing and hearing him for the first time. I was electrified, and so was everybody else involved in the project.” For his Qwest label, Jones produced Frank Sinatra’s L.A. Is My Lady in 1984, one of Chairman of the Board’s more significant records during his later years. Then in 1985 Jones helmed the “We Are The World” single, which won a Grammy for Record of the Year. Even more significant than these accomplishments, however, was his entrance into film production with the screen adaptation of Alice Walker’s Pulitzer Prize-winning feminist novel, The Color Purple. “When Peter Guber brought me Alice Walker’s book to read, it was such a powerful experience for me that I could see it unfolding like a movie right inside my mind . . .” he recalls. “So I asked Steven Spielberg to direct it, because he’s one of the finest filmmakers we’ve ever seen, and The Color Purple deserved the best there is.” It was probably more than a little unusual for Jones, and surely a sign of the catholicity of his taste and temperament, to be so taken with a work that had caused consternation among black men who felt unfairly attacked by the novel. It was a much-discussed book in the black community upon publication, since the issue of black feminism was a topical one. In fact, the works of such writers as Nikki Giovanni, Gayl Jones, Toni Morrison, Toni Cade Bambara, Maya Angelou, Gloria Naylor, and June Jordan were gaining prominence, and a revival of older black women writers like Gwendolyn Brooks, Dorothy West, and Ann Petry was taking place. Certainly the film adaptation of The Color Purple gave these women writers more visibility than anything else could have in the history of American literary popular culture. (The only other film up to that time based on a black woman’s work was 1970’s The Landlord, from the Kristin Hunter novel.) The Color Purple catapulted the careers of both its leads, Danny Glover and Whoopi Goldberg. It also made a major star of a Chicago television talk-show hostess whom Jones wanted for the film the moment he spotted her: Oprah Winfrey. Like Berry Gordy-the Motown Records founder who had earlier turned to film and set the spotlight on a black woman when he made Diana Ross the star of Lady Sings The Blues, the only picture he directed-Jones must have felt that he could produce a movie, in part, because it involved skills similar to music production. As Diane K. Shah wrote in her profile on Quincy Jones for The New York Times Magazine: “[The record producer]’s role is like that of a film director-conceiving themes and putting together performers and songs in order to weave a musical plot.” And as Jones says about himself: “I’ve always been visually oriented.” But this enormous output of work, and the great success it generated, was not without costs. Jones’ marriage to Peggy Lipton ended in divorce in 1990. In 1986 he suffered an emotional breakdown, which the press called an “adrenal syndrome.” Eventually, he fled to an island in Tahiti owned by Marlon Brando to pull himself together. “Since I got back from Tahiti, I’ve learned that the only way to keep my flame bright is abandoning myself completely to every moment I’m alive,” Jones confessed. “I don’t know whether I’ll be here for another thirty years or another thirty minutes, so I want to just inhale my life-smell the roses and the butter and the seashore and everything else on the planet that I dearly love.” The 1990s saw Jones become a popular music/popular culture mogul. He has always been acutely aware of the business side of music since his European tour fiasco-Irving Green taught him well during his A&R days for Mercury back in the early 1960s. Since the middle of the decade, he has been the owner of five separate enterprises: Qwest Records, a label concentrated on recording a variety of gospel, jazz, rap, and pop albums; Quincy Jones Music Publishing, a music company with a stable of talented songwriters, producers, and artists, representing music from Brazilian to pop to hip-hop. Quincy Jones Entertainment, Inc. (QJE), a joint enterprise with Time Warner, which has produced such television shows as The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air, an enormous hit that made Will Smith a megastar; Vibe magazine, the hip-hop answer to Rolling Stone, jointly owned with Time Ventures and founded by Jones in 1992 because he thought Rolling Stone paid too little attention to black music and black youth culture; and Qwest Broadcasting, with the Tribune Company, which owns television stations in Atlanta and New Orleans. In addition, Jones and Marty Payson financed Harvard professor’s Henry Louis Gates, Jr.’s Africana multimedia program, one of the most ambitious projects of black scholarship in American history (fulfilling W. E. B. Du Bois’s long-cherished but unfulfilled dream of compiling a massive reference work that collects and chronicles the entire black experience from Africa to the present day). Jones is also a partner and investor in a new TV cable network called New Urban Entertainment (NUE) Television. He plans to produce more movies, including a live-action/animated remake of The Great Race, with Billy Gerber as coproducer, and The Godfather Of Rock ‘N’ Roll, a biopic of a famous pop culture impresario, with Robert De Niro as coproducer. No musician established in jazz-hardly any musician of any persuasion-has ever obtained this magnitude of ownership of American popular culture properties. This is not simply a testament to Jones’ endurance, tenacity, and will but also to his brilliance, his vision, and his sense of always being current. Had he remained in jazz or kept seeing the world through the music he had been making back in the 1940s or 1950s, he would never have had the presence of mind or the imagination to accomplish any of this. He’s had his disappointments, of course: His idea for a Jesse Jackson television show never came to fruition; The Color Purple did not win one of the 11 Oscars for which it was nominated, even though it was critically and commercially successful; his attempt to produce a late-night talk show fell short; and, despite his enormous popularity, Jones could not, even today, front a big jazz band, take it on the road, and have it break even by the end of the tour. But he has never forgotten how much black music’s radical, subversive power has inspired him, brought him out of the darkness of poverty and deprivation, and has also changed the world. What drove Jones, as much as anything, was his belief, his faith, in the expressive possibility of black music and black culture and his belief in himself to reach people. Jones has become a virtual epoch in American popular cultural history, a person of such importance and achievement that it is difficult to imagine the era without him. “It wasn’t like standing still was bein’ neutral. Standing still was going backwards. Standing still was impossible.” -Q uincy Jones “Pretty music, when you hear it,Keep on trying to get near it. . .” – Terry Callier, “Ordinary Joe” “I . . . thought Quincy was amazing . . . he really brought a lot of ideas to the thing. He went through the scores and really refined the stuff with a fine tooth comb. I think as much as the guys were playing for Gil and Miles, they were playing for Quincy too.” – Pianist Gil Goldstein, on the Miles Davis – Quincy Jones Sessions CODA: TO THE LIGHTHOUSE It is fitting that two months before he died in 1991, Miles Davis performed some of his classic Gil Evans charts with Jones conducting at the Montreux Jazz Festival. They were the two old warhorses of bebop, the youngsters-only five years apart in age-who had gone east for school, Davis to Juilliard and Jones to Schillinger’s-but who wound up tracking down Charlie Parker and Birdland instead, the two survivors who had each in his own way been so involved in the shaping of post-World War II American music. That they should wind up playing together was touching and, as much as anything, announced the end of an era in American cultural life. Things had come full-circle for the two men who had come so far and had run beyond the rest of the pack. Now, on this night in 1991, they were playing a version of the big band music they’d loved as young musicians. What Davis once said about Jones was equally true for himself during a certain period in his creative life: “Certain paperboys can go in any yard with any dogs and they won’t get bit. He just has it.” Jones and Davis were two of our best paperboys. They took us all the way to the lighthouse, to a source of illumination in both the world and in ourselves. It was almost as if, in this last concert for Davis, these old friends were looking back at that distance, at those they had left behind, and were saying, as Walt Whitman said at the end of his magnificent poem “Song Of Myself,” an extraordinary celebration of ego and the transcendent power of art and life: Failing to fetch me at first keep encouraged, Missing me one place search another, I stop somewhere waiting for you. Gerald Early is a Professor of English at Washington University in St. Louis. To order a copy of Quincy Jones, please visit the American Masters Shop .  

i don't know

Which incident escalated US involvement in Vietnam?

Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian Milestones: 1961–1968 U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: the Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964 In early August 1964, two U.S. destroyers stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam radioed that they had been fired upon by North Vietnamese forces. In response to these reported incidents, President Lyndon B. Johnson requested permission from the U.S. Congress to increase the U.S. military presence in Indochina. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. This resolution became the legal basis for the Johnson and Nixon Administrations prosecution of the Vietnam War. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara points out action in Gulf of Tonkin during a briefing at the Pentagon. (AP Photo/Bob Schutz) After the end of the First Indochina War and the Viet Minh defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the countries meeting at the Geneva Conference divided Vietnam into northern and southern halves, ruled by separate regimes, and scheduled elections to reunite the country under a unified government. The communists seemed likely to win those elections, thanks mostly to their superior organization and greater appeal in the countryside. The United States, however, was dedicated to containing the spread of communist regimes and, invoking the charter of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954), supported the South Vietnamese leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, when he refused to hold the elections. Diem held control of the South Vietnamese Government, but he could not halt the communist infiltration of the South. By 1959, the Viet Cong, South Vietnamese communist guerillas, and the Viet Minh, began a large scale insurgency in the South that marked the opening of the Second Indochina War. Ngo Dinh Diem failed to capture the loyalties of the people of South Vietnam the way that Ho Chi Minh had done among the population of North Vietnam. Despite U.S. support, Diem’s rural policies and ambivalent attitude toward necessary changes like land reform only bolstered support for the Viet Cong in the southern countryside. By 1963, Diem’s rule had so deteriorated that he was overthrown and assassinated by several of his generals with the tacit approval of the Kennedy Administration. Three weeks later, U.S. President John F. Kennedy was also assassinated, and the war continued under new leadership in both countries. Before his death, Kennedy had increased the U.S. advisory presence in South Vietnam in the hopes that a U.S.-supported program of “nation-building” would strengthen the new South Vietnamese government. However, South Vietnam continued to experience political instability and military losses to North Vietnam. By August, 1964, the Johnson Administration believed that escalation of the U.S. presence in Vietnam was the only solution. The post-Diem South proved no more stable than it had been before his ouster, and South Vietnamese troops were generally ineffective. In addition to supporting on-going South Vietnamese raids in the countryside and implementing a U.S. program of bombing the Lao border to disrupt supply lines, the U.S. military began backing South Vietnamese raids of the North Vietnamese coast. The U.S. Navy stationed two destroyers, the Maddox and the Turner Joy, in the Gulf of Tonkin to bolster these actions. They reported an attack by North Vietnamese patrol boats on August 2, and a second attack on August 4. Doubts later emerged as to whether or not the attack against the Turner Joy had taken place. Immediately after reports of the second attack, Johnson asked the U.S. Congress for permission to defend U.S. forces in Southeast Asia. The Senate passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution with only two opposing votes, and the House of Representatives passed it unanimously. Congress supported the resolution with the assumption that the president would return and seek their support before engaging in additional escalations of the war. The Gulf of Tonkin incident and the subsequent Gulf of Tonkin resolution provided the justification for further U.S. escalation of the conflict in Vietnam. Acting on the belief that Hanoi would eventually weaken when faced with stepped up bombing raids, Johnson and his advisers ordered the U.S. military to launch Operation Rolling Thunder, a bombing campaign against the North. Operation Rolling Thunder commenced on February 13, 1965 and continued through the spring of 1967. Johnson also authorized the first of many deployments of regular ground combat troops to Vietnam to fight the Viet Cong in the countryside.

Gulf of Tonkin incident

What was Michael Jackson's last UK No 1 of the 80s?

How the U.S. Got Involved In Vietnam "How the U.S. Got Involved In Vietnam" By Jeff Drake PREFACE This article was written by me about two years ago and was, for me, extremely cathartic. I have not had a war nightmare since I wrote it, and I used to get a good one every couple of months or so for the past twenty years. Perhaps it was not so much the writing of the article I found so helpful, as the actual research I did prior to writing it (and I did a lot of research). So much of the "insanity" I experienced during the war now makes a terrible kind of sense. I want to share the knowledge I have found - regarding how the U.S. initially got involved in Vietnam - with other veterans. Maybe someone else will start to understand the incredible contradictions they experienced. Jeff Drake HOW THE U.S. GOT INVOLVED IN VIETNAM Introduction This article tries to answer a special question... how did the US get involved in Vietnam? Though the question is an old one, it should still hold some interest, for the facts behind US involvement in Vietnam paint a very different history than the popular one taught in our schools, or the history of the war which is currently being rewritten to match the public's highly emotional memories of the Kennedy "Camelot" years. You may debate whether someone's intention was one thing or another, but the historical record speaks for itself. The information contained in this article did not come from unreliable sources. Much of it is contained within our government's own prehistory of the war which it fought so hard to keep from the American public - the documents which later became known as the Pentagon Papers. When one delves into the Pentagon Papers it becomes immediately clear why the government wanted them kept secret, for they expose the many lies that our government generated in order to get the American people strongly behind the war effort. Yet, the importance of these documents goes beyond their intrinsic historical value since they establish a precedence of governmental deceit that would be practiced again and again. The media, however, continues to ignore the contents of these documents when discussing Vietnam either in print or on the tube. And herein lies the danger - for history that is hidden or unreported, or ignored because it is unpopular, is destined to be repeated. Just ask the people of Grenada, Nicaragua, Panama, Iraq and Somalia. The Vietnam War, like any other war, was extremely ugly. But unlike other wars, there were many soldiers involved in the fighting who opposed it. There was also a tremendous cross-section of the American public that came to oppose it - not on the grounds that we were going to lose - but on the grounds that it was immoral and just plain wrong. This gathering of people from all walks of life and economic backgrounds together in cities all across the country to oppose immoral governmental foreign policy was, whether you agreed with it or not, a fantastic exercise of real democracy, and may well have been the most blatant exercise of democracy to occur in this century. Later, this type of democratic activity would be referred to by the Trilateral Commission as a "crisis of democracy," and decried by President's Reagan and Bush as the "Vietnam syndrome" - as if public opposition to war and corrupt foreign policy was somehow sick or deranged behavior, to be avoided or somehow "cured". As a soldier who initially supported the war effort full-heartedly and later came to oppose it, I, like many others, couldn't make sense of the military policy I was being ordered to carry out. Many of the troops rebelled against being treated as cannon fodder; others rebelled against the wanton destruction and murder that we were asked to carry out; but none of us soldiers in the field had a real understanding of why we were in Vietnam. We were told that we were there to stop the communist menace. We were also told that we were there because the South Vietnamese asked us to save them from this same communist menace. But what we experienced didn't add up to what we were being told. For twenty years I held the South Vietnamese soldier (ARVN) in contempt because I couldn't understand why so many of the ARVN's I saw obviously had no interest in fighting "their" war - the one they asked us to participate in. What I have learned through my research prior to writing this article has completely altered my perception of the Vietnam war and hence my understanding of this particular issue. Part of my overall misunderstanding was indeed correct. That is, many ARVNs did not want to have anything to do with fighting the Viet Cong. What was incorrect, however, was my belief that the South Vietnamese people had asked us to help them win the war. This request had not come from the South Vietnamese people, it had come from the South Vietnamese government, whose existence was due solely to American support and interests. The ARVNs, many under the age of 17, had no choice in fighting and were often sympathetic to the cause of the Viet Cong. Knowing the truth, I now feel little resentment towards the ARVNs I saw who were unwilling to fight, only sympathy. We, Americans and ARVNs, were all unwitting cogs in the same terrible war machine. Back home our government was busy proving that "disinformation" works. Although technically illegal when used against the American public by our own intelligence agencies, it was used continually through most of the Vietnam war to keep Congress towing the party line and the American public at bay. The disinformation campaigns and associated covert activities that were perpetrated over and over again to prevent a peaceful resolution to the Vietnam conflict are well documented, but like the Pentagon Papers, ignored in media discussions and most documentaries about the Vietnam war. In-depth media analysis on the subject of how the US got involved initially in Vietnam is almost nonexistent. This paper is not an effort to paint the North Vietnamese as heroes and the US as villains. In the jungle, it was hunt or be hunted. Reduced to animal behavior, soldiers on both sides reacted accordingly. Nor is this about guilt or accusations. I know that the blood I have on my hands will never wash clean. This is an effort to set the record straight, to enlighten, to do what I can to make a difference. There is more to the US involvement in Vietnam than we have ever been allowed to think or know. The war has continuously been presented to the American public as "insane" and "crazy", due in part to veterans like myself, who had no other words to describe our experiences. So labeled, people are discouraged from seeking the truth about the war. It is also easy to put aside a critical analysis when faced with the images of Marlon Brando in Apocalypse Now, or Oliver Stone's movie, Platoon. But to do so is wrong. We owe it to the future generations of young men and women who will be called on to fight and die in foreign lands, to not give up on the truth so easily. Be warned, the history disclosed in this article may not be the history you want to hear. The chances are high that you may not feel that it is in your interest to read my ramblings about how the US got involved in Vietnam. But here I would beg to differ. Already, the same type of arrogant mistakes the US made in Vietnam have been made again, costing the lives of thousands more innocent victims. I believe that it is imperative that more people understand how the US got involved in Vietnam so that we do not continue to repeat it. There is right now as I write this, a movement underway to bury and/or rewrite the past with regard to US intervention in Vietnam (and the rest of the 60's as far as that goes). It has been going on for some time, with a recent resurgence connected to the myth-building activities surrounding President John Kennedy. We would be remiss not to realize that there are people in positions of power in this country who would like the American public to forget the past, people who would like to take advantage of our forgetfulness. We owe it to the veterans of Vietnam, both Vietnamese and American, to make sure Vietnam doesn't happen again. Our government has a vested interest in not publicizing the truth about Vietnam, for the lies and misunderstandings about Vietnam give the government the support it needs to continue waging the economic war against Vietnam, a war we have already won. We cannot wait for the truth about Vietnam to be handed to us on a silver platter. We need to seek out the facts, and when we find them - understand them, expose them, spread them around. And it is the facts that I would like to share with you... THE BEGINNING Surprisingly, the story behind this paper doesn't begin in Vietnam. It began last spring in Washington, DC. It was an absolutely beautiful day to be visiting the nations' Capital. Warm sunshine washing over the huge white buildings; people bustling about with their necks craned upwards stretching to see the decorative architecture; blankets spread on the grass with kids begging for more pop, while their moms and dads try to rest their aching feet. My wife and I were resting our feet also. We had just ran the gauntlet of names at the Vietnam Memorial. Tired from a day of touring, we parked our butts on the topmost step of the Lincoln Memorial. Staring out across the grounds, the Washington Monument stood at attention, gleaming in its sun-bleached uniform. Struck dumb by my experience at the Memorial and my inability to remember the names of my dead friends, I just stared at the corner of the Vietnam Memorial that was visible from where I sat. Over and over I kept thinking, "How could we let this happen? There are 50,000 names on that wall. How could this happen? What did they die for?" Between my questions, I flashed back twentysome years as the nearby sound of a helicopter dragged me into the past... [Screaming down Vietnam's Highway One in a convoy, draped over the side of the Deuce-and-a-half truck, I watch in fascination as the picture-postcard scenery zips past. Rice patties and farm land as far as you can see. Periodically, the picturesque view is accented with Water Buffaloes pulling ancient farm equipment, while behind them a small figure in black pajamas struggles knee-deep in the mud and water to keep up. The villages we drive past are typical, and usually of little interest - except for today. As we push down the highway we notice thick black smoke coming up on our left, closer and closer. This village doesn't look any different than any other, except for the fires and smoke, and the fact that overhead circle several Army gunships. The alleyways between the huts are littered with bodies, some still burning. The machine-gun fire comes in intense bursts and everywhere there are men, women and children running, trying to escape. They fall to the ground in slow motion. None of them are armed. As we pass the scene, I imagine that I can hear their screams. I am imagining it, aren't I? The soldiers I am with cheer and wave from the back of our truck...] My reverie is broken by the sound of a jet overhead, it's plume providing a patriotic backdrop to the Washington Monument. Haunted by the fresh memory, I fight back the tears. Again, I wonder about the 50,000 American dead, and for the first time I allow myself to think about the 2,000,000+ Vietnamese dead. How did it all begin? I promise myself then and there that I am going to seek a full understanding of the war and how it all got started. This article is the result of my efforts at fulfilling my promise. For twenty years I have treated my Vietnam experience like a bad love affair - on again, off again. Sometimes embracing it with a fierce passion, other times attempting to distance myself from it but failing miserably. Often seeking to understand it, but being too close, too involved to see clearly - and in the end returning to it once again, hat in hand, to start over. In hope of a reconciliation, I have taken the time to do quite a bit of research on the subject of Vietnam, with a specific interest in answering the following questions: Why did the US get involved in Vietnam? Vietnam is thousands of miles away from the US. It was a backwards little country, almost primitive in comparison. What possible interest did the US have in such a place? The public was told from the very beginning that we had to stop the communist menace in Vietnam or other countries would follow suit; that we had to defend the democratic South Vietnamese government against the gathering Red hordes. Was that really true? Did our leaders really believe that? Who were the Vietcong? What was North Vietnam all about? I went through 19 months in Vietnam thinking that the Vietcong constituted an "uprising" against a democratically elected government; that the Vietcong were essentially some kind of insurgency, a group of "upstarts" and troublemakers, indoctrinated by the North to cause trouble in the South. Everyone I knew believed the same thing. Were we right? Repeatedly, US soldiers complained about the inability to determine friend from foe. Farmer or cab driver by day, guerrilla by night. We soldiers knew that the towns and hamlets were literally crawling with what we called, "Vietcong sympathizers," but that just seemed to be one more "crazy" thing about Vietnam. We were too busy with the day-to-day affairs of the war to worry about inconsistencies between what we were told and what we knew to be true. Besides, we weren't supposed to think about what we were doing. But who were the Vietcong? And why did they fight so hard for so little? Why were we lied to? With the release of the Pentagon Papers, which the government had fought so hard against, the truth about Vietnam could begin to be known. In the Pentagon Papers, all the details about the planning of the war, the scheming, the misguided reasoning, are laid bare. Memos and meeting notes are compiled for your perusal. A solid foundation for understanding our involvement in Vietnam can be found in those pages. Did our government lie to us about Vietnam? Most certainly. Why? Many believe that Russia was behind the North Vietnamese "invasion." But did you know that in the beginning of the war there was never any evidence connecting Russia with North Vietnamese military actions in the South? And as for the "invasion," there were never any confirmed sightings of North Vietnamese regular forces in South Vietnam until 1965, a full eleven years after the start of our involvement in the Vietnam war. So who were we fighting all this time? Who were we supporting and why? Who were we saving Vietnam from? A HISTORY OF HOW THE U.S. GOT INVOLVED IN VIETNAM Indochina Vietnam, as most everyone knows, is a country that has been no stranger to war. Many in fact, chalk up our own involvement in Vietnam as just another war in a long progression of warfare that has been Vietnam's history, as if the wars that have occurred there are somehow due to the "nature" of the Vietnamese, or just part of the existence of Southeast Asia. To be sure, warfare has been a mainstay of the Vietnamese for many years, but to assume that warfare is just a natural part of existence for the Vietnamese, like the monsoon season, and therefore look no further for the causes of these wars, does the Vietnamese a great injustice, borders on racism and in fact, denies history. To fully understand US involvement in Vietnam in a proper context, you need to go back into Vietnam's past, way, way back... Vietnam has China for its Northern border, and extends in an "S" shape all the way to the tip of the peninsula. On it's western borders are the countries of Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. There are rich delta areas in both the north and south of the country, and have been described as two rice baskets suspended on the ends of a peasant's carrying pole, for these two areas produce almost all of Vietnam's rice. Although these two regions only make up a quarter of Vietnam's total area, up to the early 1960's they supported almost all of the five-sixth's of the population of ethnic Vietnamese. Vietnam is a melting-pot. In the northern delta area, a hilly and mountainous region, are several groups of Tai who speak languages closer to Thai and Laos than to Vietnamese. The hill and plateau areas of Central Vietnam have other, distinctly non-Vietnamese groups. These people were originally displaced from the more fertile coastal regions by the Vietnamese as they pushed south centuries ago, from their original home in the northern Red River delta. These people, together with some Tai tribes in the North, and some smaller non-Vietnamese groups scattered throughout the interior, constitute what the French termed the Montagnards - mountain people living almost exclusively in the mountains and plateau areas that make up three-quarters of the country. (The Montagnard are a people I knew and had tremendous respect for during my two tours in Vietnam.) In the southern part of the peninsula, south of the Mekong delta, reside around 700,000 Cambodians, in a district that used to belong to the Kingdom of Cambodia. In addition, during the early 1960's, there were over a million Chinese in Vietnam, living mostly in the South, especially around Saigon (now called Ho Chi Minh City) and Cholon. Vietnam's close proximity to China naturally led to very close political and cultural ties between the two countries. Even as early as 221 B.C., the Chinese sent garrisons to the northern Red River delta area of Vietnam. In fact, a combined Sino-Vietnamese kingdom existed there from 207 B.C. until 111 B.C. The Vietnamese were influenced considerably by the Chinese, absorbing Confucian social and political values in addition to a hierarchical system of Mandarin bureaucracy which included a civil service examination system and the study of Chinese classics. Similar to experience in China, the Mandarin-style of administration adopted by the Vietnamese was ill suited to cope with rapid change and eventually led to problems. Although the Vietnamese obviously admired many facets of Chinese society, enough of their own culture remained active to build up resentment to Chinese rule and mount a revolt. And in 939 the Vietnamese won their freedom from the Chinese.(1) Later in the 13th century they would again fight off the invasion of Kublai Khan, and would continually repel subsequent efforts of the Chinese to regain control up through the 15th century.(2) For many centuries, the Vietnamese effort to win and stay free from the Chinese would form the basis of their own brand of nationalism. The ethnic Vietnamese originally lived only in the northern part of the country. Their efforts to move south were barred by an Indonesian kingdom called Champa. The Vietnamese defeated this kingdom in 1471, but it would be the 17th century before the Vietnamese would push as far as the Mekong River delta. (The Vietnamese occupation of the southern part of the country was still underway in the 18th and 19th century, when the French arrived.) In the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was ruled from the northern cities of Hanoi and Hue. It was difficult for the government located in Hue to govern the southern part of the country, but they finally managed it by the first half of the 19th century. Unfortunately, this brief period of north-south unification was brought to an end by the French. Enter: The French No strangers to world-affairs, the Vietnamese rulers watched as China was defeated by the French and the British. In an effort to avoid a similar fate, Vietnamese governors attempted to keep out Western influence and commerce by repressing the French missionaries already entrenched in Vietnam. Unfortunately, this was all the pretext the French needed to launch an attack against Vietnam (ever eager to expand their colonies). In 1857, the French attacked the Vietnamese city of Tourane (now called Da Nang), and soon followed this up with the capture of Saigon in 1859. By 1867, the French had completely conquered the southernmost part of Vietnam (then called Cochin China) and made it a French colony. In 1883, the French moved against the remainder of the Vietnamese state and subsequently took over the remainder of the south (then called Annam) and the north (then called Tonkin). The Vietnamese struggled to regain their freedom and fought the French with armed resistance until 1917. French rule was very authoritarian and concentrated in the cities (the Montagnards located in the hills were left relatively undisturbed by the French), and by 1930 there were as many French civil servants in Vietnam as British civil servants in India where the population was 12 times as large. The French left the Vietnamese economy much as it was... predominantly agrarian, with the peasantry constituting 80 percent of the population. The southernmost part of the country, Cochin China, was by far the most profitable of the three districts of the country (North, Central and South Vietnam) and therefore the place where the French put all of their money. The reason the south was so profitable was that most of the usable land was in this southern part of the country and owned by either the French or the Vietnamese aristocracy. The majority of the Vietnamese population worked either as laborers or tenant farmers, but they were all heavily taxed. Even with the heavy taxes, Vietnam was a financial debacle for the French government, as most of the profits of their plunder went into the pockets of French investors with good connections to the French Parliament. Although a few things such as communications, public health, and flood control, improved under the French occupation, there was one thing the French were not going to improve for the Vietnamese - their educational system. Granted, there were a few schools that some lucky Vietnamese could attend, but these educated Vietnamese were then discriminated against by the French and were refused jobs in the civil service or with French businesses. This blatant racism outraged the Vietnamese and created an atmosphere of resentment which contributed to the development of a Vietnamese-nationalist movement.(3) This movement would get unsolicited assistance from an unlikely source - the First World War. Over 1,000,000 Vietnamese fought for the French. Exposed to new political ideals and returning to a colonial occupation of their own country (by a ruler that many of them had fought and died for), resulted in some rightfully sour attitudes. Many of these troops sought out and joined the Vietnamese nationalist movement focused on overthrowing the French. The Vietnamese made some sincere efforts at changing the colonial government, but all ended in frustration. Nationalists who attempted to change things through legal political activity soon found themselves in jail or worse. And as more and more Vietnamese turned to the nationalist movement, the French repression became more and more severe. Eventually, the only method left to the nationalists for being effective was to go "underground." In the 1920's, the first underground nationalist party was formed. Called the Vietnamese Nationalist Party, it was patterned after the Chinese Nationalist Party (known as the Kuomintang). It had one major objective: overthrowing the French. Needless to say, the French weren't too keen on this idea and as soon as they found out about it they stomped this organization out of existence. Its leaders fled to China. Afterwards, the underground struggle for sovereignty and against colonialism was taken up by different clandestine communist organizations. (In 1930, three such groups would shed their disagreements and form a union called the Indochinese Communist Party, under a man named... Ho Chi Minh - then referred by his followers as (Nguyen the Patriot(4)) Ho Chi Minh To get a good understanding of Vietnam's political climate prior to US involvement requires some knowledge of Ho Chi Minh. No one personified the Vietnamese nationalist movement more than Ho. Ho was born in 1892 in the northern part of Vietnam. His father, a Mandarin official, had his life shortened by the French, who shot him down for anti-French activities. In 1911 at the age of 19, Ho left Vietnam on a French merchant ship.(5) He lived in London for a while, working as an assistant chef at the Carleton Hotel.(6) According to one of Ho's closest associates, Ho lived in the United States, in Harlem, for a short period of time. (Later, while living in Moscow, Ho wrote a pamphlet called "The Black Race," which was highly critical of American and European racial practices.(7)) Ho returned to France in 1917 or 1918 and worked as a photographers assistant. Soon, he became involved in the political activity of the Vietnamese community in France. Eventually he got some political articles published and joined the French Socialist Party. (The majority of this party, including Ho, would later break off and form the French Communist Party in 1920.(8)) Ho became the Party's specialist on colonial affairs and was sent as a delegate to Moscow for the Peasant's International meeting, representing the French colonial territories. Ho was well received and got promoted to the Soviet Comintern. He then became involved with Russian assistance to the Chinese Kuomintang. (Try and remember that this was an interesting period in history, when Russians, communists and non-communists alike, all worked together for common causes.) In 1925, while in Canton China, Ho Chi Minh shaped the Vietnamese refugees living there into what became known as the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth, the precursor to the Vietname se Communist Party. When the Chinese Kuomintang fell into disarray and split into the communists and Chiang Kai-shek's followers, Ho was forced to leave Canton and went to Moscow, where he stayed until 1928.(9) Ho then traveled to Siam (Thailand) and arrived in Hong Kong in 1930, when he reconciled the differences of the three competing communist groups and formed the Vietnamese Communist Party (later renamed the Indochinese Communist Party). Party headquarters was set up in Haiphong, a northern part of Vietnam. In 1931, Ho was arrested by the British in Hong Kong and spent the next eighteen months in jail. After his release, Ho went to Shanghai, China, and then returned to Russia.(10) While Ho was busy in Hong Kong, from May 1930 to September 1931, the Vietnamese farmers were also busy, and participated in several revolts against the French, especially in Ho's native province. Members of Ho's recently established Vietnamese Communist Party lent their assistance to the farmer revolutionaries by offering leadership, and were quite successful. Several of the peasant rebels would later rise to prominence as Ho's lieutenants later on - Pham Vong Dong, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Truong Chinh. These three got arrested along with a number of other communists and non-communist revolutionaries as the French brutally put down the resistance. During the 1930s, several thousand political prisoners were held in Vietnamese jails and penal settlements. By the time World War II began, despite intense pressure from the French, the communists still controlled the best organized and strongest anti-French underground groups. Being an effective nationalist organization, they naturally attracted a large number of people who were not communist, but shared the desire to rid their country of the French. This was the beginning of a fusion of communism and nationalism that would later develop much further during the Japanese occupation of Vietnam and the nine-year effort by the French to destroy the Vietnamese independence forces. The Japanese Occupation As World War II warmed up and the Japanese moved into Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh (living in China) moved to China's southern border, just north of Tonkin.(11) The Japanese occupation of Vietnam meant that Chiang Kai-shek and his generals had an important objective in common with Ho Chi Minh and his communist organization -- the undermining of the newly established Japanese power on China's southern flank. Following the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, the Japanese served a number of ultimatums to the French in Indochina. The French made numerous appeals to the Allies, but were unsuccessful, and eventually the French gave in to the Japanese. In their settlement, the Japanese recognized French authority in Indochina and left the French in charge of local administration and security functions. In return, the French gave the Japanese the right of passage through Indochina, as well as control over local military facilities and the country's economic resources. Not a bad deal... for the Japanese. Unlike other Japanese occupations, where the Japanese often offered the promise of independence in return for cooperation, the Japanese depended on the French administrative structure already in place. This meant that Vietnamese nationalists were not offered independence and still were relegated to seeking out underground organizations for support. The communists, with the most developed organization, fit the bill. And since Ho and his followers were strongly emphasizing nationalism over communism, they attracted a large number of non-communists. In fact, had Ho been closely associated with Chinese communism, the Vietnamese fear of a possible reassertion of Chinese domination might have worked against him and weakened his chances of attracting non-communists. However, since his communist development had happened in Russia, Ho was regarded as more pro-Russian than pro-Chinese. Plus, he had established himself as a Vietnamese leader well before the rise to power of Mao Tse Tung. For Ho, Vietnam came before any ideology.(12) All these factors worked to his favor. What was left of the Indochinese Communist Party met with Ho in May of 1941 in South China, near the border of Tonkin. Here they established the Vietnam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (Vietnamese Independence League), or the Vietminh, as it was generally called. (The Vietminh was a strongly nationalist party, led primarily by the Indochinese Communist party, but attempted to attract Vietnamese patriots of all political hues in a common struggle against the French. The Vietminh would become the principal vehicle of Vietnamese nationalism in the thirteen-year struggle that ended in France's defeat and the Geneva conference of 1954.) By the end of 1943, small groups of Vietminh commandos were penetrating into Tonkin, led by Vo Nguyen Giap,(13) the future strategist of Dienbienphu and eventual Commander in Chief of the armies of North Vietnam. By 1945, the Vietminh controlled wide regions of the northernmost provinces and had engaged the full attention of most of the Japanese 21st Division.(14) Being the only recognized force of some strength opposing the Japanese, the Vietminh received support from the American OSS (Office of Strategic Services). In return, the Vietminh helped rescue downed pilots and provided important intelligence information to OSS agents. A number of OSS officers voiced their admiration for the Vietminh and helped convince OSS leaders to back the Vietminh's struggle for independence.(15) The Vietnamese fully expected American support due to Roosevelt's Atlantic Charter, which emphasized self-determination for all peoples -- not merely Europeans. In addition, the Vietnamese listened to broadcasts from the US Office of War Information, which often cited US support for colonial peoples struggling for their freedom. In 1945, with an Allied victory apparent, the Japanese interned French troops and civil servants, and assumed the positions of authority they had previously left to the French. They also made some feeble attempts to establish a Vietnamese nationalist government, including offering a nominal grant of independence in order to secure some Vietnamese support. The Japanese appointed Bao Dai to head this "independent" state. Bao Dai had previously been the French-controlled emperor of the southern part of Vietnam. The Japanese didn't have much time or inclination to build support for Bao Dai which meant he was incredibly weak. With the French officials and troops locked up, the Japanese were unable to control the countryside and the Vietminh moved closer to Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh, apparently anticipating the fall of the Japanese, was prepared to strike when it occurred. Two days after the surrender of the Japanese to the Allies, pro-Vietminh elements in Hanoi staged an uprising. The next day, the Vietminh forces entered Hanoi and seized the city without resistance. A few days later, Bao Dai abdicated, turning over the Great Seal to the Vietminh and unabashedly offering to serve in Ho's government. On August 29, the Vietminh formed a "Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam," with its capital in Hanoi. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh formally proclaimed Vietnam's independence.(16) Meanwhile, Vietminh forces in the south moved to consolidate control over the area that was known as Cochin China. They sometimes used clumsy methods in this effort and sometimes were overly harsh. As a result, the Vietminh alienated several important groups. A prewar opponent, the Trotskyite communists resisted and were repressed by the Vietminh. Religious sects such as the Cao Dai and the Hoa Hoa blamed the Vietminh for the deaths of several leaders and were antagonized towards the Vietminh. These were important losses for the Vietminh because of these groups' well organized and clearly defined territorial bases and the fact that they had been trained and given arms by the Japanese. The French would later take advantage of this hostility by paying the sects' leaders subsidies to not support the Vietminh. Ho's other lieutenants showed better judgment and had a great deal of success with the population. Ho's primary interest was in gaining nationalist support for his organization. His nationalist desire was bigger than his desire to court communist support, and in November 1943, Ho disbanded the Indochinese Communist Party. Communists and procommunists retained key-positions in the government, but non-communists were given sufficient scope to insure their continued support. Soon, Ho Chi Minh gained the support and admiration of both communists and non-communists alike as their outstanding leader in Vietnam's struggle against the French, and as a symbol of the new Vietnamese nationalism. France and the Vietminh As Japan faced defeat at the hands of the Allies, the Vietminh looked forward to Allied support in any future struggle against French colonialism. After all, the Vietminh had given valuable support to the Allies, and Ho expected support and recognition for his newly-established government, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in turn. A statement to this effect was even included in his government's Declaration of Independence, established on September 2, 1945, which stated: "We are convinced that the Allied nations... will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Viet Nam." [Note that it is no accident that Ho would mention his expectation of US support in their Declaration of Independence. After all, Ho was a big fan of the United States. Ho reportedly had a picture of George Washington on his wall, and kept a copy of the American Declaration of Independence on his desk. The actual Vietnamese Declaration of Independence begins: "All men are created equal. They are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."(17) Americans were looked up to by the Vietnamese.] But France had other ideas. The French postwar government immediately undertook steps to regain control over Vietnam. The United States and Russia were apparently too interested in maintaining good relations with France (and dividing up the world) than supporting self-determination in Vietnam. Allied plans for postwar Vietnam became clear with the Potsdam Agreement in July 1945. This Agreement stipulated that British forces were to occupy the southern half of Vietnam, up to the 16th parallel. Chiang Kai-shek's forces were to take the country north of the 16th parallel. Under Potsdam, these forces were restricted to "the round-up and disarming of the Japanese, and the Recovery of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees." However, the actual behavior of the Allied occupation went way beyond this limited assignment. The Commander of the British occupation forces, Major-General Douglas Gracey, exceeded both the limits of the Potsdam Agreement and his superior, Admiral Mountebatten, who had specifically told him to confine his troops (British and Indian) to the "tasks which had been set." Gracey, with few troops of his own, relied upon the Japanese forces (he was supposed to be disarming) to control Saigon and the surrounding areas and keep the Vietminh forces at bay. Gracey also rearmed the 5,000 newly released French troops and permitted them to launch a coup d'etat on September 23, by which the French (once again) seized control of the Saigon government from the Vietminh. Combined British-Indian and Japanese forces joined in battle against the Vietminh until the French could take over. By this time, Gracey had enabled the French to take over several other districts, and eliminate the new Vietminh administration. By December 1945, French forces in the British occupation zone of the South had reached approximately 50,000, and General Gracey prepared to withdraw, having fulfilled what he regarded as his mission(18) (and having satisfied his own imperialistic tendencies). The Kuomintang army occupying the North also deviated from the Potsdam Agreement, but in a different way. Their forces of over 180,000 (far more than was required) showed more interest in looting the countryside than rounding up the Japanese. Yet, the Chinese recognized Ho's regime in Hanoi as the de facto government and allowed it to function with considerable freedom, although they had replaced some Vietminh administrators with their own in Northern Tonkin. But the weight of the Chinese occupation (both politically and economically) was enough to force the Vietminh into accepting some of France's demands in order to secure the evacuation of Chiang Kai-shek's forces from the northern part of the country. On February 28th, 1946, Chiang agreed to withdraw his forces within three months. With the British and the Chinese finally gone, the Vietminh came under direct pressure from the French. By this time it was obvious that Ho Chi Minh would be receiving no aid from either the US or Russia. Indeed, from Ho's perspective he had been abandoned by the international community and left alone to deal with France. Economic disaster, spurred by the Chinese occupational forces, and starvation due to Allied bombing of Northern damns, strengthened France's position. On March 6th, 1946, Ho Chi Minh felt compelled to reach a compromise with the French. Essentially, Ho was forced to make the maximum concessions possible short of forfeiting his dominant position within the Vietnamese nationalist movement. It took everything Ho could do to quell the dissatisfaction of other various nationalist groups with this agreement. [Note that during 1945 to 1946, Ho Chi Minh had written at least eight letters to Truman and the State Department, asking for America's help in winning Vietnam's independence from the French. Ho wrote that world peace was being endangered by French efforts to reconquer Indochina and he requested that the four powers (US, USSR, China and Great Britain) intervene in order to mediate a fair settlement and bring the Indochinese issue before the United Nations. This was a remarkable repeat of history, for in 1919 following the First World War, Ho Chi Minh had appealed to US Secretary of State Robert Lansing, to gain America's help in achieving basic civil liberties and an improvement in the living condition for the colonial subjects of French Indochina. This plea was also ignored and no admission was even made that the US had even received the letters.(19)] Under the 1946 agreement, France could (once again) reintroduce 15,000 troops into the Northern part of the country in order to relieve the few remaining Chinese occupation forces. The understanding was that every year, 3000 French troops would then withdraw, until by 1951 none would remain. In return for this concession, France recognized Ho's Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free state, having its own government, parliament, army and treasury, forming part of the Indochinese Federation and the French Union." The French also agreed to stand by the results of a referendum in Cochin China (South Vietnam) which would decide whether Cochin China would reunite with the central and northern regions of the country. Although this agreement resulted in an uneasy truce, it was soon made obvious that France had no intention of allowing Cochin China to unite with the rest of Vietnam. (Remember, that Cochin China is where France had made all of its investments and was making all of its profits). Thumbing their noses at the Vietminh, on June 1, 1946, the French set up a separate government in Cochin China and recognized it as a "free Republic." This move, together with France's recognition of North Vietnam only as a free republic within a French Union, clearly indicated that France intended to regain control of all of Vietnam. Ho had unfortunately entered into an armistice with France on the basis of promises that the French never intended to be fulfilled. During the summer of 1946, further negotiations between the French and the Vietnamese broke down and relations between them worsened rapidly, aggravated by small incidents. This tension peaked on November 23, when the French bombed Haiphong and killed at least 6,000 Vietnamese.(20) The outraged Vietminh retaliated with coordinated attacks against the French in Hanoi, which touched off major hostilities. These events marked the beginning of a war that would soon spread throughout Vietnam. The War with the French For the next eight years the French fought the Vietminh. The French, due to their superior fire power continued to control the cities, but the Vietminh controlled the countryside, and more and more of it as time went by. Question: Why did the French, who were losing money on Vietnam, continue to pour more money, time and effort into keeping it? After all, as early as 1950, the French military expenditure in Vietnam surpassed the total of all French investments in Vietnam, and although a few investors made enormous profits, they were not influential enough to determine French foreign policy. So why throw more good money down a hole? Answer: The official attitude in Paris toward Indochina had more to do with the psychological and political factors of the French imperialist ideology than economic reasons. Take a look. France had already experienced a major defeat in World War II. Most Frenchmen would have considered having one of their colonies throw them out on their ear as a further loss of national dignity. They also feared that if the Vietnamese won independence from them, restive nationalists in their other colonies such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia would be inspired to follow their example. By the end of 1947, the increase in popularity of Ho Chi Minh throughout all of Vietnam convinced the French that they would not defeat the Vietminh by pure military means. The French therefore attempted to establish an indigenous Vietnamese regime to compete with the Vietminh. Although France would pull the strings, they wanted this group to have enough of an appearance of independence to attract substantial nationalist support away from the Vietminh. So, the French chose Bao Dai, the former emperor of Annan (and Japanese favorite son). After much bargaining, Bao Dai agreed on the condition that all of Vietnam would be "independent... within the French Union." Additional negotiations concluded with the Elysee Agreements of March 1949, although the French didn't get around to ratifying these agreements until January 29, 1950. Under the Elysee Agreements, no real independence would be granted the Vietnamese, only a limited autonomy. France would retain actual control of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. These countries could all have their own armies, but in time of war France was given the right to take control and could use its army as it wished. In fact, so many controls were given to the French under this agreement that the new State of Vietnam was completely under French control. The result was that Bao Dai's government didn't have enough of an air of independence to attract many nationalists. The Vietnamese, being no dummies, knew that Bao Dai was under France's orders and therefore his rule meant French rule. This left the Vietnamese with a narrow band of choices: either the French or the Vietminh. This soon grew even narrower as the French, in a bungled effort to damage the Vietminh, started labeling everyone who opposed Bao Dai as "communist." For more and more of the people, the name "communist" soon came to mean something good , something patriotic, representing nationalism and opposition to the French. (One can't help but wonder if the French weren't hoping to attract American attention by appealing to our communist-threat paranoia). Meanwhile, the French military was failing miserably even though they had, by the end of 1949, poured $1.5 billion into the war effort. The Vietminh had the initiative and were destined to win even though they had inferior arms. This was due to their vast support and popularity, something the French could never muster (and the US military could never recognize or admit publicly). It wasn't until 1949 that the US showed any interest in Indochina. Up to this time, Washington was more interested in maintaining France's cooperation with the European defense alliances and major US support for the French did not come until mid-1949, when the Communists took over China. Later, when Chinese troops entered Korea, the US disposition to aid the French grew even more and Washington became adamantly opposed to any French-negotiated end to the war that would leave the Vietminh in power and the Chinese free to concentrate on their Korean border. A policy to contain the Chinese occupied the Truman administration and Paris endeavored with some success to convince Washington that the French campaign in Vietnam helped sustain that policy.(21) In 1952, the US exerted strong pressure on France to reject peace feelers extended by the Vietminh, and a French delegation scheduled to meet with the Vietminh in Burma was hastily recalled. (Bernard Fall, a renowned French scholar on Indochina, believed that the canceled negotiations "could perhaps have brought about a cease-fire on a far more acceptable basis" for the French "than the one obtained two years in the shadow of a crushing military defeat."(22) To strengthen its policy (and provide some substance to its paranoia), Washington assigned its intelligence services the task of demonstrating that Ho Chi Min was a puppet of Moscow or Peiping (either would do). However, despite diligent efforts, Vietnam was the only country they couldn't find evidence of "Kremlin-directed conspiracy," which made it kind of an "anomaly." Nor could any links with China be detected. So the intelligence service concluded that Moscow considered the Vietminh to be "sufficiently loyal to be trusted to determine their day-to-day policy without supervision." Thus, in a twisted-logic sort of way, the Vietminh's lack of contact with US enemies somehow proved the vast designs of the Evil Empire.(23) Truman linked his decision to send troops to Korea with increased arms shipments to the French in Indochina and assistance to Nationalist China in Formosa. In addition, France's position in Vietnam was now being described to the American public in terms of the Free World stance against communist expansionism, and Washington ceased to perceive the war in Vietnam as strictly a colonial conflict. Now linked to the Cold War, Vietnam was regarded as an area of strategic importance to the US. The Communist victory in China led Washington to exhibit less circumspection in assessing the nature of the political struggle in Vietnam. Anticommunist-fever preempted everything else. Although Washington had never considered Bao Dai capable of delivering national support for his movement, by mid-1949, the Truman Administration began to depict him as a staunch patriot, capable of standing up to Ho Chi Min and worthy of American respect and aid. Seven months before the Elysee Agreements had been ratified, the US indicated its support of the Bao Dai regime. On February 7, 1950, a week after the ratification, the US extended diplomatic recognition to Bao Dai's government. Military support also started. American bombers, military advisors and technicians by the hundreds were to follow. From 1950 to 1954, authorized US aid had reached $1.4 billion and constituted 78 percent of the French budget for the war.(24) The extensive written history of the American role in Indochina produced by the Defense Department, which later became known as the Pentagon Papers, concluded that the decision to provide aid to France "directly involved" the US in Vietnam and "set" the course for future American policy.(25) Only after it became clear that the Agreements were going to be ratified and that the international community was going to rally behind Bao Dai, did Ho request diplomatic recognition from Peking and Moscow. They responded promptly. The Cold War had now officially entered the Vietminh-French dispute. The significant aid that followed as a show of support for Bao Dai helped make the Vietnamese somewhat cynical about US protestations of its commitment to national self-determination and political freedom. The French insisted that all aid money flow to Bao Dai through France. Still representing Bao Dai to the American public as a popular figure with a sizable following, Washington continued to spin the French-Vietnamese war in a positive light, basing their information on unreliable French communiqus almost up to the very eve of Dienbienphu and publicly stating that the Vietminh's defeat was imminent. Due to Ho's being a communist, Congress and the American public were more susceptible to believing the myth about Bao Dai and less inclined to question the huge US aid commitment to France's war effort. What must be remembered here is that for anyone to claim that Ho Chi Minh's primary interest was the promotion and spread of communism is to deny his entire life's work. It is a lie, pure and simple. And the people at the topmost echelon of our government who were spreading this lie knew better. Despite France's own imminent defeat, the US kept up the pressure to make sure that France would not negotiate a settlement. The US used the threat of ending the tremendous US aid to encourage French compliance. (This prompted a French newspaper to comment that "the Indochina War has become France's number one dollar-earning export.")(26) By mid-1953, France had lost her authority over all but a small portion of the country to the Vietminh. In September, France, with strong US encouragement, tried one last military effort to achieve a position of strength for their negotiations with the Vietminh. This offensive soon evolved into a series of French military reverses and the loss of more territory to the Vietminh. The CIA airline, CAT, helped the French airlift 16,000 men into a fortified base the French had established in the north, called Dienbienphu. When the garrison was later surrounded and cut off by the Vietminh, CAT pilots, flying US Air Force C-119's, often through heavy anti-aircraft fire, delivered supplies to the French forces. In April 1954, when the French military defeat was obvious and negotiations were scheduled at Geneva, the National Security Council urged President Eisenhower to "inform Paris that French acquiescence in a Communist takeover of Indochina would bear on its status as one of the Big Three" and that "US aid to France would automatically cease."(27) A Council paper recommended that "It be US policy to accept nothing short of a military victory in Indo-China" and that the US "actively oppose any negotiated settlements in Indo-China at Geneva." The Council stated further that, if necessary, the US should consider continuing the war without French participation.(28) The Eisenhower Administration had, of course, been considering the use of American combat troops in Vietnam for some time. Apparently this move was not made only because of uncertainty about Congressional approval and the fact that every other country had refused to send even a token force to the area, as they had done in Korea, thus removing the appearance of a purely American operation.(29) "We are confronted by an unfortunate fact," lamented Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at a 1954 cabinet meeting. "Most of the countries of the world do not share our view that Communist control of any government anywhere is in itself a danger and a threat."(30) The Eisenhower Administration realized that "This need was particularly acute because there was no incontrovertible evidence of overt Red Chinese participation in the Indochinese conflict. Thwarted, Eisenhower refused to send the troops. Dienbienphu turned out to be the biggest battle of the war and ended in the French garrison being overrun. The whole world now realized that France's military power in Vietnam had suffered a significant defeat. Back home, Washington was buzzing with the fallout from the news. In May, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Radford, sent a memorandum to Defense Secretary Charles Wilson which stated that "The employment of atomic weapons is contemplated in the event that such course appears militarily advantageous."(31) General Charles Willoughby, MacArthur's director of intelligence, put it more poetically when he advocated the use of atomic bombs to create "a belt of scorched earth across the avenues of communism to block the Asiatic hordes."(32) By this time, two American aircraft carriers equipped with atomic weapons had been ordered into the Gulf of Tonkin, in the north of Vietnam, and Dulles is said to have offered his French counterpart, Georges Bidault, atomic bombs to save Dienbienphu. Bidault was obliged to point out to Dulles that the use of atomic weapons in such close conflict would destroy the French troops as well as the Vietminh.(33) The Geneva Conference As the time for the Geneva conference approached, a CIA propaganda team in Singapore began to disseminate fabricated news items to advance the idea that "the Chinese were giving full-armed support to the Vietminh" and to "identify" the Vietminh "with the world Communist movement." The CIA believed that such stories would strengthen the non-Communist side at the Geneva talks.(34) The Geneva Conference was held from April 26 to July 21, 1954 and officially registered France's defeat by the Vietminh. It was meant as a face-saving method for France to disengage from Vietnam. The conference agreements were designed to open the way for internationally supported accords by which outstanding problems between the contending parties could be peacefully resolved. By now, France was under considerable political pressure back home to get the hell out of Vietnam. The US was not happy with the whole idea of the Geneva conference since it precluded any further military effort to defeat the Vietminh. In fact, while the conference was still in session in June, the US began assembling a paramilitary team inside Vietnam. By August, just days after the close of the conference, the team was in place. This, of course, was strictly contrary to the spirit of the Geneva Conference and the agreements that were made. This team, under the guidance of Colonel Edward Lansdale (whose activities were later enshrined in two semi-fictional works, The Ugly American and The Quite American), carried out a campaign of military and psychological warfare against the Vietminh.(35) Washington was walking a political fence with regard to the Geneva conference. Congressional elections were coming up and everyone knew that Eisenhower had won his election as a Peacemaker in Korea. No one would relish another war so soon after Korea. On the other hand, Washington was determined not to allow Vietnam to go communist. This would have exposed the Republicans to the same charges they leveled against the Democrats in 1952, when the 'loss of China to communism" charge was prominent. So they decided to have it both ways -- appear to go along with the agreements while simultaneously working to undermine them. The US refused to give its full approval to the Geneva agreements, but did issue a "unilateral declaration" in which it agreed to "refrain from the threat or the use of force to disturb" the accords -- a bold-face lie. Washington had additional concerns about a negotiated settlement. As early as 1948, top policy makers were afraid that Vietnamese independence might fan "anti-Western Pan-asiatic tendencies in the region," undermining the "close association between newly-autonomous peoples and powers which have been long responsible [for] their welfare." In Indochina, the responsible authority was France, whose tender care had left the area devastated and starving. Washington also wanted to keep China from exerting any influence "so that the peoples of Indochina will not be hampered in their natural developments by the pressure of an alien people and alien interests," unlike the US and France, of course. The hypocrisy expressed here is quite incredible.(36) That the US had the right to restore the "close association" noted above is somehow taken for granted. It follows then that any problems in the area are going to come from nationalistic aspirations of the Vietnamese, not our own imperialistic tendencies. Thus, again in 1948, the CIA warned Washington that "The gravest danger to the US is that friction engendered by [anti-colonialism and economic nationalism] may drive the so-called colonial bloc into alignment with the USSR." In other words, we must make sure that the traditional "colonial economic interests" of the industrial countries must prevail if "friction" interferes with US global plans. The intent is that Indochina would have to remain under "its traditional subordination," as Melvyn Lefler observes, reviewing a broad scholarly consensus.(37) Another Washington concern was Japan, sometimes referred to as the "superdomino" (John Dower). The old order had to be restored following World War II, and Japan had to be protected from what the State Department called the "concealed aggression" of the Russians, referring to internal political developments that might threaten business rule. Japan had to be deterred from independent foreign and economic policies, from "the suicide of neutralism" (General Omar Bradley) and any accommodation to China. The only hope, according to George Kennan (US Global Planner and referred to as "the father of the Cold War"), lay in restoring for Japan "some sort of Empire toward the South." In effect, the US must provide Japan with its wartime "co-prosperity sphere," now safely within the US-dominated world system, with no fear that US business interests would be denied their proper place.(38) On April 7, 1954, President Eisenhower warned in a news conference that Japan would have to turn "toward the Communist areas in order to live" if Communist success in Indochina "takes away, in its economic aspects, that region that Japan must have as a trading area." The consequences would be "just incalculable to the free world." Walter LeFeber observed in 1968 that "This thesis became a controlling assumption: the loss of Vietnam would mean the economic undermining and probable loss of Japan to Communist markets and ultimately to Communist influence if not control." Eisenhower's public statements expressed the conclusion of NSC 5405 (January 16) that "the loss of Southeast Asia, especially of Malaya and Indonesia, could result in such economic and political pressures in Japan as to make it extremely difficult to prevent Japan's eventual accommodation to communism." Thus, Communist domination of Southeast Asia "by whatever means" would "critically endanger" US "security interests," understood in the usual se nse. The "loss of Vietnam" would therefore be of great significance. That it is somehow ours to "lose" is again taken for granted.(39) Given such doctrines, it is obvious why a diplomatic settlement at the 1954 Geneva conference was regarded as a disaster. Washington reacted vigorously. For six months, starting with the Geneva conference, Colonel Lansdale's paramilitary team carried out the following operations, all while the United States publicly was pretending to promise not to interfere with the conference agreements: Encouraged the migration of Vietnamese from the North to the South through "an extremely intensive, well-coordinated, and, in terms of its objective, very successful... psychological warfare operation. Propaganda slogans and leaflets appealed to devout Catholics with such themes as 'Christ has gone to the South' and 'Virgin Mary has departed from the North'"(40) Distributed other bogus leaflets, supposedly put out by the Viet Minh, to instill trepidation in the minds of people in the north about how life would be under Communist rule. The following day, refugee registration to move south tripled. This exodus of people moving to the south after the Geneva Accords was often cited by American officials in the 1960's, as well as earlier, as proof that the people did not want to live under communism. They claimed that "they voted with their feet." Other "Viet Minh" leaflets were aimed at discouraging people in the south from returning north. Infiltrated paramilitary forces into the north under the guise of individuals choosing to live there. Contaminated the oil supply of the bus company in Hanoi so as to lead to a gradual wreckage of the bus engines. Took "the first actions for delayed sabotage of the railroad (which required teamwork with a CIA special technical team in Japan who performed their part brilliantly)..." Instigated a rumor campaign to stir up hatred of the Chinese, with the usual stories of rapes. Created and distributed an almanac of astrological predictions carefully designed to play on the Vietnamese fears and superstitions and undermine life in the north while making the future of the south appear more attractive. Published and circulated anti-Communist articles and "news" reports in the newspapers and leaflets. Attempted, unsuccessfully, to destroy the largest printing establishment in the north because it intended to remain in Hanoi and do business with the Viet Minh. Laid some of the foundation for the future American war in Vietnam by: sending selected Vietnamese to US Pacific bases for guerrilla training; training the armed forces of the south who had fought with the French; creating various military support facilities in the Philippines; smuggling into Vietnam large quantities of arms and military equipment to be stored in hidden locations; developing plans for the "pacification of the Viet Minh and dissident areas."(41) At the same time, the US began an economic boycott against the North Vietnamese and threatened to blacklist French firms which were doing business with them. While the US was trying to appear aloof to the Geneva conference (while taking steps to undermine them), the Russians and the Chinese were pushing the Vietminh to come to a peaceful settlement. Both of these powers applied pressure to the Vietminh in order to get them to reduce their demands on the French. This restraint probably was induced by their recently adopted stance of "peaceful coexistence," which aimed at reducing international tension. Plus, they were both concerned that US support of the French might extend beyond Indochina. No doubt they realized that overly severe demands on the French would play into the hands of those US politicians who had advocated using the "bomb" at Dienbienphu. Germany was also on Russia's mind. The Soviet Union reportedly hoped that by moderating the Vietminh's demands on the French and upholding some of France's proposals, this might induce the French to stay out of the projected US-sponsored European Defense Community. As for China, her economic programs and newly-embarked upon moderation in foreign policy, demanded that she oppose any spread of the fighting in Indochina. Besides, after Korea, China didn't want to give the US any excuse for putting troops on her southern border. Thus, the Chinese joined the Russians in advising the Vietminh to settle for an incomplete victory over the French. The Vietminh also had their own reasons for negotiating a settlement with the French. The effort it would have taken to finish the French off completely would have been extremely costly, especially if the US were to enter the conflict. Vietminh political leaders were not willing to assume the responsibility for failing to come to a settlement. The Vietnamese people were war-weary and the Vietminh depended on their support for any continued conflict, so it was wise to end the fighting as soon as possible. And if the Geneva agreements were fully implemented, they would have met these objectives. Under the Geneva Agreement, the Vietminh could (and did) expect to win on a political plane the struggle it was already winning militarily. It could expect to regain control over the South. The firm pledge of nation-wide elections was of key importance in the Vietminh's agreement to the temporary surrender of the 17th parallel. Without this promise of elections, the Vietminh would never have agreed to withdraw their force into less than half the country's territory. By the time the Geneva conference opened, the Vietminh already dominated three-quarters of the country and was poised to take more. At Geneva, the Vietminh agreed to evacuate the rich rice-growing Mekong delta and the vast stretch of land between the 13th and 17th parallels that had constituted one of its major political bastions. Had the Vietminh any indication that this evacuation was going to be permanent, they would never have agreed to such a major concession. In withdrawing to the North, the Vietminh was not being asked to give up its struggle for all of Vietnam, but only to transfer their struggle from the military plane to the political plane. Either way, the Vietminh fully expected victory. This was an expectation also shared by most of the Western participants of the conference. The Geneva conference produced two important agreements: the bilateral armistice agreement between France and the Vietminh and the later and more publicized multilateral Final Declaration.(42) The "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Viet Nam" was signed on July 20, 1954, by Brigadier Henri Delteil, acting for the "Commander in Chief of the French Union forces in Indo-China" and by Ta Quang Buu, Vice-Minister of National Defense of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in behalf of the "Commander in Chief of the People's Army of Vietnam." It incorporated the following features: First, there was to be established a "provisional military demarcation line" (fixed at the 17th parallel) "on either side of which the forces of the two parties of the People's Army of Viet Nam [Vietminh] to the north of the line and the forces of the French Union to the south" (Article 1). The maximum period of this regrouping was not to exceed 300 days from the date of the armistice entered into force (Article 2). Civil administration of the north was to be in the hands of the Vietminh, and the area south of the parallel was to be in the hands of the French (Article 8). Article 14 detailed provisions for political and administrative control of the two regrouping zones pending general elections. Paragraph (a) states in full: "Pending the general elections which will bring about the unification of Viet Nam, the conduct of civil administration in each regrouping zone shall be in the hands of the party whose forces are to be regrouped there in virtue of the present Agreement." Paragraphs (c) and (d) of Article 14 provided that during the 300-day period allotted for regroupment of troops, civilians residing north and south of the parallel were to be "permitted and helped" to cross the parallel if they so desired. Both parties to the agreements promised "to refrain from any reprisals or discrimination against persons or organization on account of their activities during the hostilities and to guarantee their democratic liberties." Article 16 banned the introduction into any part of Vietnam, North or South, of "any troop reinforcements and additional military personnel" from the outside world. Article 17 banned "the introduction into Viet Nam of any reinforcements in the form of all types of arms, munitions and other war materiel, such as combat aircraft, naval craft, pieces of ordnance, jet engines and jet weapons, and armoured vehicles." Article 18 forbade the establishment of "new military bases." The purpose of Article 19 was the neutralization of all of Vietnam. It stated: "[N]o military base under the control of a foreign State may be established in the re-grouping zone of either party; the two parties shall ensure that the zone assigned to them do not adhere to any military alliance and are not used for the resumption of military hostilities or to further an aggressive policy." Article 29 and many others provided for the establishment of an International Commission (consisting of Canada, India and Poland) to oversee the implementation of the agreements and make sure that both sides were complying. (Its authority was undermined however, by the fact that a unanimous vote was required to get anything done.) The day after the signing of the above armistice agreement the Final Declaration was brought before the delegates. This agreement endorsed the preceding armistice agreement for Vietnam, together with those for Laos and Cambodia. Two particular paragraphs are important enough to be quoted in full. Paragraph 6 reads: "The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Viet Nam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary. The Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities creates the necessary basis for the achievement in the near future of a political settlement in Viet Nam." Paragraph 7 focused on the election and reunification: "The Conference declares that, so far as Viet Nam is concerned, the settlement of political problems, effected on the basis of respect for the principles of independence, unity and territorial integrity, shall permit the Vietnamese people to enjoy the fundamental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic institutions established as a result of free general elections by secret ballot. In order to ensure that sufficient progress in the restoration of peace has been made, and that all the necessary conditions obtain for free expression of the national will, general elections shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of an international commission composed of representatives of the Member States of the International Supervisory Commission, referred to in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities. Consultations will be held on this subject between the competent representative authorities of the two zones from July 20, 1955, onwards." This last paragraph is often misrepresented. Please note that in no way did it render the internationally supervised elections to be dependent on the prior establishment of "fundamental freedoms and democratic institutions" in either of the regrouped areas. Rather, consistent with Article 14a of the armistice, it stated that these freedoms and institutions were the anticipated benefits of a unified Vietnamese nation to be established as a result of the nation-wide elections. The Vietminh justifiably expected that the French would back the International Commission by arranging for the pre-election consultations and in supervising the actual balloting in mid-1956. The Vietminh had the further assurance that any administration succeeding the French prior to the 1956 elections would legally assume France's obligations and "be responsible for ensuring the observance and enforcement of the terms and provisions" of the agreements entered into between the Vietminh and France.(43) The declaration was endorsed by the recorded oral assent of the representatives of the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, the USSR, Cambodia, and Laos, as well as by France and the Vietminh. The delegates had to change to an oral declaration rather than a written at the last minute, due to the refusal of US Secretary of State Dulles to affix an American name to the settlement. The US and Bao Dai's State of Vietnam refused to register even an oral assent. The fact that the USSR, China and Great Britain all endorsed the basic provisions of the armistice no doubt further strengthened the Vietminh's belief that a feature as central as the promised elections would certainly be honored. And even though the US refused to endorse the agreements, it did make a unilateral declaration with regard to the elections. Under-Secretary of State Walter Bedell Smith stated: "In connection with the statement in the Declaration concerning free elections in Viet Nam, my government wishes to make clear its position which it has expressed in a Declaration made in Washington on June 29, 1954, as follows: 'In the case of nations now divided against their will, we shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections, supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly.'" With no indication whatsoever that the US would oppose the elections, the Vietminh felt confident that they would be held. The US also declared that it would "refrain from the threat or the use of force to disturb them" [the agreements] and "would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the aforesaid agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security." (Knowing what we know now, it's obvious that the US was only referring to Vietnamese aggression and not our own.) It is important to note that the US declaration made no reference at all to a "South" or "North" Vietnam. In fact, every reference in the US declaration referred to a single Vietnam. Many people believe today that the Geneva Conference split Vietnam into two separate pieces or states. It did not! What it did do is split the country into two contesting parties within a single national state. Both the Vietminh (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the French-supported Bao Dai (the State of Vietnam) continued after the Geneva accords to lay claim to the entire country. The difference after the conference was that the argument between the two contending parties would now, by agreement, be carried out politically rather than militarily. However, there was one important disparity in the positions of these two contestants: The Geneva Agreements authorized the Vietminh to administer the North while preparing for elections in both; on the other hand, the responsibility for administration of the South lay not with the Vietnamese party headed by Bao Dai, which was to compete in the elections, but with the French instead. This was an advantage for the Vietminh, for while they would be administrating their regroupment zone and preparing for elections in both zones, Bao Dai in the south would be partnered with the French, thus disadvantaged by its popular image as a semi-colonial subordinate of the French administration. The division of Vietnam was military, not a physical dismemberment of the country. There was nothing in the agreements preventing the peaceful political activity of either contestant in the zone of the other. In fact, the very scheduling of the elections demonstrated that political campaigning was to be expected. Had this not been the case, the Vietminh certainly would not have agreed to the concessions. France signed the armistice in Geneva on behalf of all Vietnamese in the areas it still controlled including the 369,000 members of the Vietnamese National Army that constituted part of the French Union. Bao Dai couldn't sign because the military he had command of only consisted of a personal bodyguard. Although nothing prevented the French from transferring political power to Bao Dai, remember that the Geneva Agreement specified that any successor to the French would have to comply with the agreements. Knowing this, later popular arguments that Bao Dai's refusal to assent to the Final Declaration therefore provided him with the right to reject selected aspects of the agreements don't hold up. In fact, the political "State of Vietnam" remained an artificial construction of France, quite devoid of any popular following. France, halfway through the Geneva Conference, did issue a statement promising more independence, but this was not to happen until well after the conference ended. Indeed, it was not until January 1, 1955 that Bao Dai's Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem could proclaim real independence from France, and it was another two months before the French handed control over the French Union forces to the Saigon government. Given the fact that Bao Dai's representatives at the Geneva Conference couldn't really play a role and lacked any genuine authority among the Vietnamese, it is understandable that they would oppose an agreement that had elections as its political keystone. They could easily foresee that an election would expose the meagerness of their following and demonstrate all the more clearly that the State of Vietnam owed its existence solely to French military power rather than the will of the Vietnamese people. Vietnamese politicians who owed their position to France would be facing men in the election who were regarded by all their countrymen as the victorious leaders of Vietnam's independence struggle. But, by now France wanted out of Vietnam so bad that she was willing to pay the political price. Of course, Washington was extremely upset about the prospect of elections in Vietnam, for Washington knew who would win. A high-ranking State Department official said: "it would be an understatement to say that we do not like the terms of the cease-fire agreement just concluded."(44) In 1961, the State Department "White Paper" declared: "It was the Communist's calculation that nationwide elections scheduled in the Accords for 1956 would turn all of Viet-Nam over to them. With total control over the more populous North in their hands, the Communists assumed they would be able to promote enough support in the South for their cause to win in any balloting. The primary focus of the Communists' activity during the post-Geneva period was on political action -- promoting discontent with the Government in Saigon and seeking to win supporters for Hanoi. The authorities in South Viet-Nam refused to fall into this well-laid trap."(45) Trap? What trap? In fact, this "trap" constituted an essential provision of the Geneva Agreements and was the major reason the Vietminh had accepted the armistice. More than willing to undermine the Geneva Agreements covertly, but unwilling to give the outward appearance of contradicting the agreements, Washington went about circumventing them by forming a defense treaty for the other Asian countries that might fall like "dominoes" after a successful Communist victory in Vietnam. The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and Protocol (signed at Manila, September 8, 1954) which became known as SEATO was supposed to serve as a barrier against the further spread of communist political power. It was meant to provide a cloak of protection for Cambodia and Laos against aggression from communist power and inhibit the Vietminh from establishing control over the rest of Vietnam. However, SEATO was never embraced by the major neutralist states of Burma, India and Indonesia. As a result it ended up as an arrangement dominated by the United States and its Western allies. The only Asian members it attracted were Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan (who saw the pact as a means of strengthening itself against India rather than support of American purposes in Southeast Asia). The other signatories to SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) were the US, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and New Zealand. On the day the treaty was signed, the same parties unanimously designated the states of Cambodia and Laos as "the free territory under the jurisdiction of the State of Vietnam" (Article IV of the treaty). This fell short of a commitment by the US to aid any government or state of South Vietnam, which would have been a direct violation of the Geneva Agreements, but definitely still violated the spirit of the agreements, implying that the 17th parallel had a political character and went against the neutral status of the southernmost regroupment zone. This was an early signal of the American intent to underwrite a separate state in southern Vietnam if, despite the inadmissibility of this under the Geneva Agreements, one could be established. Paragraph 3 of Article IV stipulated that should the states of Cambodia and Laos or "the free territory under the jurisdiction of the States of Vietnam" so request, they could be recipients of the same protection by SEATO as was accorded to the non-Indochina areas covered in the body of the agreement. Thus, Washington utilized SEATO negotiations to offset the results of the Geneva accords. Through SEATO, the US helped provide statehood for a territory that was in fact nothing more than one of two temporary zones, thereby ignoring the stipulation that the country was to be unified in two years time. By providing protection in advance to the southern regrouping area from an attack by indigenous forces based in the other half of the same country, SEATO encouraged Vietnamese with a vested interest in this artificial division to maintain it and transform the 17th parallel into a permanent political boundary. But SEATO was only one half of a two-pronged US effort to scuttle the Geneva accords. The other prong was the US effort to inject sufficient power into the regime headed by Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem in order to render it politically viable to stand as a separate state. Two Vietnams During the two year break in military action secured by the Geneva Agreements, a separate state was created out of the temporary regroupment zone in the southern half of Vietnam. This transformed the 17th parallel into the political, territorial boundary explicitly forbidden under the terms of the agreements. And as the French withdrew from the South, the American attempts to build up an anti-Communist state were no longer impeded by a colonial intermediary. By early 1955, the US could deal directly with the new Prime Minister, Ngo Dinh Diem, rather than the French.(46) In the struggle for power that began almost immediately in Saigon, the US backed Ngo Dinh Diem -- at first cautiously, but increasingly without limit or qualification. When Diem returned from the United States to be Prime Minister, he was greeted at the airport by non other than... Colonel Edward Lansdale, the CIA's man in South Vietnam who was at the time, head of the Agency's Saigon Military Mission (SMM). Diem was opposed by almost everyone - Bao Dai's followers, the pro-French religious groups, the Buddhists, the remnant nationalist organizations, and of course, the followers of Ho Chi Minh.(47) To help create Diem's government, Lansdale's men offered the Vietnamese peasants in the north, now frightened from all the anti-Communist propaganda Lansdale and his group had disseminated earlier, free transportation to the South in Civil Air Transport (CAT) aircraft (owned by the CIA) and on ships of the US Navy. Nearly a million Vietnamese had been frightened into fleeing to the south.(48) (This was a major disinformation campaign - that worked.) Lieutenant Tom Dooley (won't you come home?), who operated with the US Navy out of Haiphong, helped stimulate the flow of refugees to the south. As a medical doctor, Dooley was a fantastic propagandist whose primary audience seemed to be the US public. He himself wrote three books and numerous articles were also written about him. He concocted tales of the Vietminh disemboweling 1,000 pregnant women, beating a naked priest on the testicles with a bamboo club, and jamming chopsticks into the ears of children to keep them from hearing the word of God (a story repeated at the church I attended as a child in an effort to get donations and create anti-Communist fervor). The purpose of these lies was to get the American public angered and moved to action.(49) Dr. Dooley's reputation remained spotless until 1979, when his ties to the CIA were uncovered during a Roman Catholic sainthood investigation.(50) But, Dooley's and Lansdale's efforts worked. They convinced thousands of North Vietnamese Catholics to flee to the South, thereby providing Diem with a source of reliable political and military cadres, and in the process also duped the American public into believing that this flight of refugees was a massive condemnation of the Vietminh by the majority of Vietnamese (Note: CIA disinformation campaigns are technically illegal if carried out against the American public). While all of this was happening, the Vietminh were withdrawing to the North according to the Geneva Agreements and Diem went about establishing his control over the areas evacuated by the Vietminh. By spring 1955, the Vietminh had removed all of its army from the South (approximately 100,000 men) and regrouped them to the north of the 17th parallel. The areas abandoned were turned over to the French Union which then passed them off to Diem. Diem encountered little resistance in extending his administration to these areas since the only Vietminh who remained in the south were conducting themselves peacefully while preparing for the elections. Diem had a harder time in the larger southern regions where he came up against the Cao Dai and the Hoa Hoa religious sects. He responded with brutality and crushed those he couldn't bribe out of existence. It was said that "The total amount of American dollars spent on bribes during March and April 1955, by Diem may well have gone beyond $12 million."(51) Diem went on to abolish all other opposition and quickly earned a reputation as a very brutal ruler. To assist Diem, the United States sent 350 additional military men to Saigon in May 1956, an "example of the US ignoring" the Geneva Accords, stated the Pentagon Papers. Shortly afterwards, John Foster Dulles confided to a colleague: "We have a clean base there now, without a taint of colonialism. Dienbienphu was a blessing in disguise."(52) [As our politicians spent their time working up public fervor with anti-Communist rhetoric and lies to back up their paranoia, a number of activities were underway back home. For example, from 1955 to 1959, Michigan State University (MSU), under a US Government contract, conducted a covert police training program for the South Vietnamese. With full knowledge of MSU officials, five CIA operatives were concealed in the staff of the program and carried on the university's payroll as its employees. By the terms of a 1957 law, drawn up by the MSU group, every Vietnamese 15 years and older was required to register with the government and carry ID cards. Anyone caught without the proper ID was considered a National Liberation Front (Vietcong) suspect and subject to imprisonment or worse. At the time of registration a full set of fingerprints was taken and information about the person's political beliefs was recorded.](53) David Hotham, the Vietnam correspondent for the London Times and the Economist, wrote in 1959 that the Diem regime imposed by the United States "has crushed all opposition of every kind, however anti-Communist it might be. He has been able to do this, simply and solely because of the massive dollar aid he has had from across the Pacific, which kept in power a man who, by all the laws of human and political affairs, would long ago have fallen. Diem's main supporters are to be found in North America, not in Free Vietnam..."(54) But, American support was not just financial. The US Army began training Diem's army while the CIA concentrated on building his government and training his police. The CIA also fed American newspapers stories about Diem, his miraculous victory over the Hoa Hoa and Cao Dai sects, and even wrote a Special National Intelligence Estimate that explained how Diem's "success [was] achieved largely on his own initiative and with his own resources," which was a complete lie.(55) Even with all the American aid, after Diem's first year running the Saigon government he still could not risk internationally supervised elections due to lack of popular support. In mid-1955, when Ho Chi Minh's government sought to begin the pre-election "consultations" called for in the Geneva Agreements, Diem refused. On July 16, 1955, Diem declared: "We have not signed the Geneva Agreements. We are not bound in any way by these agreements, signed against the will of the Vietnamese people."(56) In 1956, Diem's interest in "free" elections was shown by a "referendum" he held in order to vest his regime with some semblance of public support. He received 98.2 percent of the bogus vote. Life Magazine later reported that Diem's American advisors had told him that a 60 percent margin would be sufficient and would look better, "but Diem insisted on 98 %."(57) The US clearly supported Diem in this stand, although they would have preferred Diem at least paying some lip-service to the Geneva Accords by going "through the motions of trying to organize free elections in cooperation with the Communist North."(58) This refusal to participate was a clear reflection of Diem's own estimate of his political strength. On September 21, Diem declared that "... there can be no question of a conference, even less of negotiations" with the Hanoi Government.(59) Meanwhile, the Hanoi government continued preparing for elections. After receiving Diem's refusal to meet for consultations, Hanoi sought international support for the elections and appealed to the Co-Chairmen of the Geneva Conference for help, and reminded France of its obligations. The French, embarrassed, replied by stating: "We are not entirely masters of our own situation. The Geneva Accords on the one hand and the pressure of the allies on the other creates a very complex juridical situation... France is the guarantor of the Geneva Accords... But we do not have the means alone of making them respected."(60) On May 8, 1956, the Co-Chairmen of the Geneva Accords invited both South and North Vietnam to transmit their view about the time required for opening consultations about nation-wide elections. Hanoi responded by sending Diem a letter requesting that consultations begin immediately. On June 4, Hanoi sent the Co-Chairmen a letter saying that their request had gone unanswered and if the South continued to reject living up to the Geneva Agreements, Hanoi would request a new Geneva Conference. In August, 1956, Hanoi again repeated its request for a new Geneva Conference. Knowing this, a statement 10 years later by the Assistant Secretary of State can best be understood as an obvious attempt to rewrite the history of this period, when he stated to the American public that "...when the issue arose concretely in 1956, the regime in Hanoi... made no effort to respond to the call of the Soviet Union and Great Britain." (They being the Geneva Co-Chairs). Hanoi continued pursuing the issue through all the accepted channels, but got nowhere. Hanoi wrote letters requesting a conference on the elections with Diem in June 1957, July 1957, March and December 1958, July 1959 and July 1960. Diem refused repeatedly and Moscow and Peking both confined their support for Hanoi to moral platitudes. Complicating things was the fact that the North was trying to renew its trading relations with the South while all of this election pleading and rejection was going on. In the past, the highly populated North was heavily dependent on the South's surplus rice. Hanoi offered to help "the population in the two zones in all economic, cultural, and social exchange advantageous for the restoration of the normal life of the people."(61) But, as with elections, Saigon refused to even discuss the matter. Rebuffed by Saigon and certainly unable to secure any trade relief from the US and its allies, the North had no choice but to look elsewhere for trade partners. The Soviet Union and China responded. Devastated economically by the war, Hanoi began to concentrate more on agrarian reform and the elections took a back seat to this overwhelming need. Foreign aid however, declined from 65.3 percent in 1955 to 21 percent by 1960. Historian Bernard Fall observed that Hanoi's "desire to avoid a new colonialism" was behind Hanoi's independent stance. Although receiving aid from both Moscow and Peking, Hanoi carefully played the middle of the road and never made any irrevocable commitments to either country. Although the artificial geographical partition had left the North weaker economically than the South, by 1960 the Northern government had become far less dependent upon outside economic aid than had Saigon. Removal of American aid would have collapsed the Saigon government. Removal of Chinese and Russian aid to the North would have crippled the country's industrialization program, but the North Vietnamese state could still have stood. The Civil War Begins While the North was busy preparing for the hoped-for elections, Diem and his followers were busy repressing the Vietminh in the South. Vietminh members were rounded up, jailed, executed, or sent to "re-education" camps. Estimates vary, but all state that by 1956 there were around 50,000 Vietminh in jail. In 1956, the conservative publication Foreign Affairs concluded: "South Vietnam is today a quasi-police state characterized by arbitrary arrests and imprisonment, strict censorship of the press and the absence of an effective political opposition... All the techniques of political and psychological warfare, as well as pacification campaigns involving extensive military operations have been brought to bear against the underground."(62) Diem also instigated a land reform plan that alienated much of the peasantry. Unlike the North, who had tried (and failed) to implement a Chinese-based agrarian reform, but then modified the program to better fit the people's needs successfully, Diem forced his new agrarian reform down the throats of the peasants with the predictable results. Additionally, in one fell swoop, Diem eliminated the autonomy of South Vietnam's 2,560 villages and put in place a centralized administration, out of touch with the problems of the villagers. Further antagonism was generated by Diem's treatment of the Montagnard people of the Central Highlands. Whereas the French had left the Montagnards to themselves more or less, in March 1955 the Montangards lost their autonomy and Diem attempted to force the Vietnamese culture on them. [This is in direct contrast to the North, who recognized the value of the Montagnards and other non-Vietnamese cultures. The North set up autonomous zones for the Montagnards to live in and helped standardize their written languages and created secondary schools in Hanoi with courses in their native languages.] Beginning in 1957, approximately 210,000 ethnic Vietnamese from the coast were regrouped in fortified villages that the Montagnards had always regarded as their own and as necessary to their support. Two years later the Montagnards themselves were regrouped and consolidated. These issues would later become major complaints by the Montagnards against the Saigon government (20 years later, I myself would hear the lament of the Montagnards about the loss of their land while drinking rice wine with them during my own tour in the Central Highlands). With all of this going on, it is amazing that there wasn't a Vietminh insurrection in the South earlier. There were essentially two reasons for the delay. First, Diem's repression of the Vietminh (with the help of the CIA) was very widespread. Southern Vietminh leaders were jailed or killed. It would take considerable time before new leaders could be capable of handling the smoldering rural discontent. Secondly, Hanoi continued in its unwillingness to encourage armed resistance to Diem's regime in the South. In September 1960, Hanoi finally gave its approval for the insurrection. By then the southern unrest had reached such a peak that if Hanoi had not given its approval, they may well have lost their influence over other future events south of the 17th parallel. But, long after the passing of the date set for elections, Hanoi continued to caution against the use of violence and urged peaceful reunification. Diem's repression led to a predictable uprising and renewed military confrontations in the South. Contrary to US policy assumptions, all available evidence shows that revival of Vietnam's civil war in the South in 1958 was undertaken by Southerners at their own -- not Hanoi's -- initiative. On April 26, 1960, a group of eighteen Vietnamese notables - ten of them former ministers - issued a public manifesto to Diem. Their statements referred to "anti-democratic elections" and to "continuous arrests that filled the jails and prisons to the rafters." All who signed the manifesto were subsequently arrested. On November 11, paratroop units of the army encircled Diem's palace and called on him to rid himself of his family advisors and follow a political course closer to the country's needs. After stalling, Diem had his loyalists overpowered the paratroops. This caused a number of political and military leaders to go underground. Opposition to Diem obviously penetrated Saigon itself. There was little chance of Diem wining the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese, for that would have required a social change of the kind Diem was unwilling to accept, the kind the United States has been unwilling to accept anywhere in the Third World. If either Diem or the US had been willing to accept it there would have been no need to cancel the 1956 election, but... canceled they were. Thus, there was no way for the US to avoid being seen by the Vietnamese people as just the latest arrival of imperialist occupiers, following in the footsteps of the Chinese, then the French, then the Japanese, then the French again. By postulating that the land to the north of the 17th parallel was a separate state, any Northern support of the insurgency in the South could be viewed as "external aggression," an opinion endorsed by those who considered the conflict as an example of communist expansion. Secretary Dean Rusk ignored the highly complex causes and history of the civil war in Vietnam and developed the theme of "aggression from the North," which was to become a prominent theme as American-supported efforts of the Saigon regime proved ineffective against the rebellion. In 1961, several fact-finding missions were embarked upon by Washington. Vice-President Johnson returned from his trip praising Diem and concluding that South Vietnam could be saved from Communism by prompt American action. He called for an increase in the size of the Vietnamese army, coupled with political and economic reform programs. Professor Eugene Staley returned from his fact-finding mission and advocated the establishment of "strategic hamlets" as part of a general strategy emphasizing local militia defense. This became known as the "Staley plan." General Maxwell Taylor and White House aide Walt Rostow led a delegation that "expressed a conscious decision by the Secretary of State to turn the Vietnam problem over to the Secretary of Defense."(63) The major theme of the Taylor-Rostow report was that the Vietnam problem was mainly a military one, which could be solved by a larger commitment of American power including, if necessary, American fighting men. These two plans would guide US policy over the next t two years. Despite the mounting threat to his regime, Diem refused to see the extent to which the insurgency was a direct response to his own brutal rule. He kept insisting that more brutal measures would fix the problem, and became increasingly agitated by American and Western representations of the conflict as a "civil war." To Diem's twisted logic, the uprising was due to communist subversion. In February 1962, Diem's government called upon foreign correspondents to stop referring to the Vietcong as "rebels" and "insurgents" and instead "use the following terms: Viet Cong, Communists, Hanoi's agents and aggressors from the North."(64) This attitude went hand-in-hand with the idea that social and political reforms would have to await the prior establishment of full security. Diem, like Washington, did not perceive that the war was first of all a political problem and could only be solved through primarily political means. During 1962, the United States undertook a major buildup in Vietnam in accordance with the Taylor-Rostow recommendations. The emphasis here was heavily on the military side of the program due to the unwillingness of the Saigon government to implement economic reforms. Beginning in January, large amounts of material began arriving in Vietnam along with larger numbers of American military advisors and helicopter pilots. The helicopters provided a great tactical mobility to the South Vietnamese and by mid-October 1962 the crews had begun to take the initiative in firing at the insurgents. Less than a year later, armed helicopters were often assigned to fly strafing missions.(65) Diem's repression finally reached the point where news of the many revolts reached the American public and Diem's true character was revealed. In May 1963, a Buddhist uprising raised the veil of myth surrounding Diem. He ordered his troops to fire into a crowd of Buddhists protesting Saigon's order against displaying the Buddhist flag. The protests spread to Saigon where younger and more militant Buddhists assumed leadership of the movement. On June 11, a Buddhist monk set himself on fire to dramatize their cause. A picture of this made the evening news. Diem reacted by having his Special Forces attack Buddhist pagodas in Saigon, Hue and other cities. Diem closed the universities and arrested over 4,000 students. Since many of these students were children of military and civil service people, Diem helped contribute to his own demise by further eroding his already-slender power base. Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu also irritated military leaders by making it appear that it was the army that had desecrated the pa godas. The Diem Coup When popular resistance to Diem reached the level where he was more of a liability than an asset, he was sacrificed. On November 1, 1963, some of Diem's generals overthrew him and then murdered both him and his brother after they had surrendered. The coup, wrote Time magazine "was planned with the knowledge of Dean Rusk and Averill Harriman at the State Department, Robert S. McNamara and Roswell Gilpatrick at the Defense Department and the late Edward R. Murrow at the US Information Agency.(66) Diem's death potentially opened up the chances for peace in Vietnam. General Duong Van Minh stepped in to fill Diem's shoes even though considerably less than half of South Vietnam was under Saigon's control. The NLF had virtually established a de facto alternative government in rural Vietnam. In most of the areas that Saigon considered its own, their authority was restricted to the daylight hours, with the nights being owned and controlled by the NLF. [This is a situation that would not change for the duration of the war.] Shortly after assuming power, General Minh received a manifesto from the NLF requesting that all parties concerned with South Vietnam sit down and negotiate with each other in order to achieve a cease fire and create a climate in which free elections could take place. The manifesto further advocated a policy of neutrality and friendly relations with all countries and suggested that the reunification of Vietnam be "realized step by step on a voluntary basis." Diem's death also encouraged talk of possible peace on the international front. The New York Times editorialized on November 10, 1963, that "a negotiated settlement and 'neutralization' of Vietnam are not to be ruled out," and that the time had come to restore the Geneval settlement by negotiations. UN Secretary General U Thant recommended that the US promote a coalition government in Saigon which would include noncommunist refugees living in France. After Kennedy's death, U Thant met with President Johnson and reportedly conveyed a message from Ho Chi Minh proposing talks on a settlement. By December, further pressure for neutralization of South Vietnam came from Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who (again) invited South Vietnam to join his country in a neutral confederation. However, the US quickly made it clear that it was against any kind of neutralist solution. By mid-December, Secretary of Defense McNamara told Saigon's leaders that Washington did not see neutralism in Vietnam's future and that President Kennedy's plans for withdrawing from Vietnam had been revised.(67) Any doubts regarding a US rejection of any kind of compromise and its intent on prosecuting the war were removed with Johnson's New Year message to General Duong Minh which stated: Neutralization of South Vietnam would only be another name for a Communist takeover...The US will continue to furnish you and your people with the fullest measure of support in this bitter fight...We shall maintain in Vietnam American personnel and material as needed to assist you in achieving victory.(68) Even though General Minh took stern measures against neutralism by suppressing several proneutralist newspapers and organizing anti-French, antineutralism demonstrations, he soon came under criticism from the United States and from his own generals for failing to stop the neutralist sentiment growing in Vietnam. On January 30, 1964, General Nguyen Khanh overthrew General Minh's junta in a coup. He justified this as a necessary step to halt the neutralist movement that had grown under General Minh. A week after Khanh's accession to power, the NLF again called for negotiations to end the war, but by then Saigon's course toward continuing the conflict had become more decided. The Khanh junta rejected both neutralism and negotiations and squarely aligned itself with the United States. The US, in turn, expressed its willingness to work with the new regime. However, during the first six months of Khanh's rule, previous ground loss to the Vietcong was not regained, and the areas it controlled even expanded. This led to increased frustration for American officials. The rise in military and economic aid and the modest influx of American forces was proving ineffective. Meanwhile, Barry Goldwater (on the stump for the Presidential election) was advocating more force by taking the fight into North Vietnam itself. This reinforced an argument the Pentagon had been making along the same lines for years. It also reinforced Khanh's position since he was also advocating an extension of the war into the North and delivered a major address called bac tien ("to the North"). Two days after this address, Nguyen Cao Ky, the commander of the Vietnamese Air Force, announced that it was prepared to bomb North Vietnam at any time and that they could destroy Hanoi. General Maxwell Taylor, the new US Ambassador, reportedly reprimanded Ky for making such a provocative statement (and Khanh for permitting it). Khanh responded by saying that as far as he understood the situation, there were no basic policy differences expressed, only differences about timing and about what to announce publicly.(69) Concerned about an escalation of the war, Secretary General U Thant again suggested a peaceful settlement. The first steps toward this, he said, could be taken at a reconvened Geneva Conference. France backed this recommendation. French President de Gaulle warned against the "tremendous risk" of a generalized conflict. He said that the impossibility of achieving a military decision meant "returning to what was agreed upon ten years ago and, this time, complying with it."(70) Both Moscow and Hanoi (as well as Paris) sent communications to the fourteen nations that had participated in the 1961-62 Geneva Conference on Laos, urging that it be reconvened in order to deal with the renewal of fighting there.(71) China, the NLF and Cambodia indicated their support quickly. Considering the mounting intensity of the Sino-Soviet dispute at the time, China's endorsement of the Soviet proposal was unusually prompt and positive. Peking appealed for a reconvening of the conference to "stop the US imperialist aggression and intervention in the Indochinese states, safeguard the Geneva agreements, and defend the peace of Indochina."(72) Neither the Secretary General of the UN, the French President, nor the Soviet government received any encouragement from the US. The Johnson administration quickly rejected the idea. (Indeed, there was no interest expressed at exploring any of the opportunities for peace which seemed to be opening up.) President Johnson stated that "We do not believe in conferences called to ratify terror,"(73) The next day the US announced that it would increase its military mission in South Vietnam 30 percent (from 16,000 to 21,000).(74) Johnson was no doubt eager to forestall any possibility of a Republican attack on him during the upcoming 1964 election. Being accused of being "soft on communism" wouldn't wash well with the public. In Vietnam, the war was entering a new phase. Air Vice-Marshal Ky stated publicly in a news conference of July 23 that South Vietnamese commando teams had been engaged in sabotage missions inside North Vietnam "by air, sea and land."(75) Two days later Hanoi Radio charged that the Americans and their "lackeys" had fired on North Vietnamese fishing craft, and the Hanoi government lodged a formal protest with the International Control Commission. On July 30 Hanoi accused the South Vietnamese naval vessels of again raiding its fishing boats in Tonkin Gulf under the protective cover of an American destroyer, and additionally bombarding two North Vietnamese islands. This elicited another North Vietnamese protest on July 31. On August 2, according to the official US version of events, North Vietnamese torpedo boats launched an unprovoked attack upon the US destroyer Maddox while it was engaged in a "routine patrol." Hanoi admitted to the attack, but said it was in reprisal for the bombardment of nearby North Vietnamese islands. [Senator Richard B. Russel suggested that the North Vietnamese might have been "confused" because there had been some South Vietnamese naval "activity" in the Gulf of Tonkin, but State Department officials rejected the explanation.] Hanoi and Washington thus both agreed that North Vietnamese PT boats had deliberately engaged the Maddox on August 2, but differed as to where the engagement took place, the reason for the attack, and its outcome. According to the US, on August 4, North Vietnamese torpedo boats launched a second attack, this time against the Maddox and another destroyer, the Turner Joy, at a time when they were 65 miles from shore. Neither destroyer suffered any damage or casualties and were reported to have destroyed the attacking boats. Hanoi insisted that this second attack never, in fact, occurred. As Senator Fulbright later observed: But this Gulf of Tonkin incident, if I may so, was a very vague one. We ere briefed on it, but have no way of knowing, even to this day, what actually happened. I don't know whether we provoked that attack in connection with supervising or helping a raid by South Vietnamese or not. Our evidence was sketchy as to whether those PT boats, or some kind of boats, that were approaching were coming to investigate or whether they actually attacked. I have been told there was no physical damage. They weren't hit by anything. I heard one man say there was one bullet hole in one of those ships. One bullet hole!(76) [This "Tonkin Gulf Incident" was indeed fabricated by the US, as was discovered in the early 1970's when the Maddox and Turner Joy logs and transmissions were revealed. There had been no attack by North Vietnamese patrol boats.] The American response, putting damage and doubt aside, was prompt. President Johnson went on television at 11:30 p.m. on the evening of August 4, thirteen hours after the attack. He informed the American public that retaliatory action was already underway. "Air action is now in execution against gunboats and certain supporting facilities in North Vietnam which have been used in these hostile operations." Prior to issuing this statement, he had met with the leaders of both parties in the Congress and informed them that "I shall immediately request the Congress to pass a resolution making it clear that our Government is united in its determination to make all necessary measures in support of freedom and in defense of peace in Southeast Asia." They had, he said, given him "encouraging assurance" that "such a resolution will be promptly introduced, freely and expeditiously debated, and passed with overwhelming support."(77) The next day President Johnson asked Congress to "join in affirming the national determination that all such attacks will be met," and to approve "all necessary action to protect our Armed Forces and to assist nations covered by the SEATO treaty." The resolution passed 466-0 in the House, 88-2 in the Senate (with only Senator Gruening and Morse opposing). It authorized the President to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The measure further stated that the United States was prepared "as the President determines to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom." The die was cast. The so-called Tonkin Gulf Incident was just one of many fabrications made by our government to further the cause for war. One such ridiculous fabrication was a 1966 US Army training film called, "County Fair," in which the sinister Vietcong were shown in a jungle clearing heating gasoline and soap bars thus creating a vicious "communist invention" called... napalm.(78) Arthur Sylvester, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, was the man most responsible for "giving, controlling and managing the war news from Vietnam." One day in July 1965, Sylvester told American journalists that they had a patriotic duty to disseminate only information that made the United States look good. When one of the newsmen exclaimed: "Surely, Arthur, you don't expect the American press to be the handmaidens of government," Sylvester replied, "That's exactly what I expect," adding: "Look, if you think any American official is going to tell you the truth, then you're stupid. Did you hear that? --- stupid." And when a correspondent for a New York paper began a question, he was interrupted by Sylvester who said: "Aw, come on. What does someone in New York care about the war in Vietnam?"(79) In order to support State Department claims about the nature of the war and the reasons for American military actions in Vietnam, further fabricated information had to be generated. A former CIA officer, Philip Liechty, stated in 1982 that in the early 1960's he had seen written plans to take large amounts of Communist-bloc weapons, load them into a Vietnamese boat, fake a battle in which the boat would be sunk in shallow water, then call in Western reporters to see the captured weapons as proof of outside aid to the Vietcong. In 1965, this is precisely what occurred. The State Department "White Paper," titled "Aggression From the North," which came out in February 1965 relates that a "suspicious vessel" was "sunk in shallow water" off the coat of Vietnam on 16 February 1965, after an attack by South Vietnamese forces. The boat was reported to contain at least 100 tons of military supplies "almost all of communist origin, largely from Communist China and Czechoslovakia as well as North Vietnam." The white paper noted that "Representatives of the free press visited the sunken North Vietnamese ship and viewed its cargo." Liechty said also that he had seen documents involving an elaborate operation to print large numbers of postage stamps showing a Vietnamese shooting down a US Army helicopter. Liechty stated that the professional way the stamps were produced was meant to indicate that they were produced by the North Vietnamese because the Vietcong would not have had the capabilities. Liechty claimed that letters, written in Vietnamese, were then mailed all over the world with the stamp on them "and the CIA made sure journalists would get hold of them." Life Magazine, in its issue of February 26 1965, did in fact feature a full color blow-up of the stamp on its cover, referring to it as a "North Vietnamese stamp." This was just two days before the State Department's white paper appeared. In reporting Liechty's statements, the Washington Post noted: "Publication of the white paper turned out to be a key event in documenting the support of North Vietnam and other communist countries in the fighting in the South and in preparing American public opinion for what was going to follow very soon: the large-scale commitment of the US forces to the fighting."(80) Part of the "large-scale commitment" to the war effort involved more operations conducted by the CIA on behalf of Washington. In 1965, William Colby oversaw the founding of the agency's Counter Terror (CT) program. In 1966, due to agency sensitivity to the word "terror," the name of the CT teams (there were multiple teams) was changed to Provincial Reconnaissance Units (PRUs). Wayne Cooper, a former Foreign Service officer who spent almost eighteen months as an advisor to South Vietnamese internal-security programs, described the operation: "It was a unilateral American program, never recognized by the South Vietnamese government. CIA representatives recruited, organized, supplied, and directly paid CT teams..."(81) The function of these teams was to use terror - assassination, abuses, kidnappings and intimidation - against the Viet Cong leadership. Colby also supervised the establishment of a network of Provincial Interrogation Centers. One center was built (with agency funds) in each of South Vietnam's forty- four provinces. An agency operator or contract employee directed the activities of each center's operation, which consisted of torture tactics against suspected Vietcong. Usually such torture was carried out by Vietnamese nationals. In 1967, Colby's office devised another program that would later be called Phoenix, to coordinate an attack against the Vietcong infrastructure. Again, CIA money was the catalyst. According to Colby's own testimony in 1971 before a congressional committee, 20,587 suspected Vietcong were killed under Phoenix in its first two and a half years.(82) Figures provided by the South Vietnamese government credit Phoenix with 40,994 VC kills. Colby admitted to this same committee that there was no proven method for knowing whether their victims were Vietcong or not. On January 27, 1973, the US signed the "Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" in Paris. Among the principles to which the US agreed was the one stated in Article 21 of the Agreement: In pursuance of its traditional policy, the United States will contribute to healing the wounds of war and to postwar reconstruction of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and throughout Indochina. Five days later, on February 1, President Richard Nixon sent a message to the prime Minister of North Vietnam reiterating and expanding upon this pledge. The first two principles put forth in the President's message were: 1) The Government of the United States of America will contribute to postwar reconstruction in North Vietnam without any political conditions. 2) Preliminary United States studies indicate that the appropriate programs for the United States contribution to postwar reconstruction will fall in the range of $3.25 billion of grant aid over 5 years. Other forms of aid will be agreed upon between the two parties. This estimate is subject to revision and to detailed discussion between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Since that time, the ONLY aid given to any Vietnamese people by the United States has been to those who have left Vietnam and those who have been infiltrated back to stir up trouble. People who have formed groups to provide aid to Vietnam have been targeted for harassment by the Federal government. Over 2,000,000 Vietnamese dead. But are the real victims of the Vietnam war yet to be born? The United States dropped tens of millions of pounds of herbicide on Vietnam. Included in this were large quantities of dioxin, which has been called the most toxic man-made substance known. Three ounces of dioxin placed in the New York water supply, it is claimed, could wipe out the entire populace. Studies done since the end of the war indicate abnormally high rates of cancers, particularly of the liver, chromosomal damage, birth defects, long-lasting neurological disorders, etc., in the heavily sprayed areas. The evidence is not yet conclusive, but further studies have been difficult to perform due to the US long-standing isolation of Vietnam. Thousands of American veterans of Vietnam have been fighting for disability compensation due to their own exposure to the toxins. For years, citing "lack of evidence," several herbicide manufacturers finally agreed to a settlement in 1984. It is extremely unfortunate that the "evidence" our veterans needed was waiting to be collected in Vietnam. Every year that passes pushes the possibility of collecting it farther and farther away. During the Vietnam war, many young Americans refused military duty on the grounds that the United States was committing war crimes in Vietnam, and that they too, if they took part in the war, would be guilty under the principles laid down at Nuremberg. These principles were generated after the Second World War, when the International Military Tribunal convened at Nuremberg, Germany. Created by the Allies, the Tribunal sentenced to prison or execution numerous Nazis who pleaded that they had been "only following orders." In an opinion handed down by the Tribunal, it declared that "the very essence of the [Tribunal's] Charter is that individuals have international duties which transcend the national obligations of obedience imposed by the individual state." In 1971, Telford Taylor, the chief Untied States prosecutor at Nuremberg, suggested rather strongly that General William Westmoreland and high officials of the Johnson administration such as Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk could be found guilty of war crimes under criteria established at Nuremberg.(83) Yet, every court and judge, when confronted by the Nuremberg defense, had dismissed it without according it any serious consideration whatsoever. "The West has never been allowed to forget the Nazi holocaust. For 40 years there has been a continuous outpouring of histories, memoirs, novels, feature films, documentaries, television series... played and replayed, in every Western language; museums, memorials, remembrances, ceremonies...Never Again! But who hears the voice of the Vietnamese peasant? Who can read the language of the Vietnamese intellectual? What was the fate of the Vietnamese Anne Frank? Where, asks the young American, is Vietnam?"(84) ********** Epilogue I cannot guess what affect, if any, the information contained in this article will have on you, the reader. I know that for myself, learning about the internal political situation in Vietnam; the pervasive internal support for the communists; the continued avoidance by the US of every possible chance for peace; the lies, propaganda and disinformation campaigns perpetrated not only against the Vietnamese, but against the American public by our own government; the incredible dishonesty of our own elected officials, saying one thing, doing another, agreeing to promises and commitments, but never intending to keep them; all these things have changed my fundamental understanding of the Vietnam war, and given me the answers as to how and why the US got involved in the first place. It is one thing to say, "Oh sure, everyone knows the Vietnam war was wrong." But, it's another thing to actually dig into the available information and find out just how wrong it was. The US attack on Vietnam (and can it be called anything else?) didn't have to happen. It was avoidable. The 58,000 Americans didn't have to die, nor did 2,000,000 Vietnamese. The anger American families, who lost loved ones, have directed toward the Vietnamese is misdirected. The US government is responsible for their deaths, and the anger of the American public should be directed at it and the people who orchestrated the war. The power to change the course of history was in our government's hands. Imperialistic arrogance, personal gain and prestige, greed, anti-Communist hysteria, and the desire to control, drove the decision-making process that led the US to war. The commanding officers and government officials who directed the war are indeed guilty of war crimes. But they will go unpunished. The facts about the Vietnam war are available, but are not discussed. As I said before, if the truth does not come out, we are doomed to repeat the same mistakes. And we already have. It appears as if the only people to have learned something from all the deception surrounding Vietnam, is the government. Our elected officials have learned that knowledge is power, and knowledge hidden and kept from the American public, provides the power to do what one wants, without oversight and second-guessing. Control the information and you control the way people think. Thus, you can convince the American public that tiny, backward countries like Grenada and Nicaragua pose a serious military threat to the United States; that the US does not carry out wars against the population of a country, but rather, against satanic individuals, like Gaddafi, Noriega, Hussein, and Aidid. The total number of people we kill is kept from us, lest the American public get weak of heart. That international law is meant to be broken by the US when it suits our needs is a given, as in Panama. The murder of several thousand fleeing Iraqis is a direct violation of the Geneva convention, but so what? It was, in the words of a jet pilot involved in the mass murder, "A real turkey shoot!"(85) If the issue is never discussed by our media, it never reaches the status of being an issue. My purpose in relating this all too brief history to you is to inform. My own ignorance of the facts led me willingly to the battlefields of Vietnam. When the next war comes, and it will, I want you to question everything the government tells you. This isn't the military, where you are trained not to question authority or think about the consequences of your actions. We owe it to the young men and women who will fighting and dying in the next war to hold our government and military officials responsible for their decisions. But more than this, we owe it to ourselves to seek out the history of our previous military interventions, learn the facts, teach our young, lest we forget... ********** FOOTNOTES: 1. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): This was after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, and it was from Nan Han, a small successor kingdom confined to South China, that the Vietnamese won their independence. 2. Ibid: For fuller accounts of this early period, see D. G. E. Hall; A History of Southeast Asia, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan 1963); John F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); Joseph Buttinger, The Smaller Dragon (New York: Praeger, 1958) 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. The most comprehensive biography of Ho Chi Minh available in English is to be found in Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Praeger, 1964), especially pp. 81-103. All subsequent citations from Fall's work refer to this book. Another substantial account is to be found in Jean Lacouture, Cinque hommes et la France (Paris: Editions du Deuil, 1961), pp. 11-108. A large part of Ho Chi Minh's writings for the period May 25, 1922 through September 10, 1960 are available in a four volume edition (Ho Chi Minh, Selected Works [Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960-62. 5. Ibid. Philippe Devillers, Histoire du Vietnam (Paris: Editions du Deuil, 1952), p. 57; Fall, op. cit., pp. 83-84. 6. Ibid. Fall, op. cit. p. 87; Donald Lancaster, The Emancipation of French Indochina (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 79. 7. Ibid. Fall, op. cit. pp. 87-88. This pamphlet is not included in Ho's Selected Works. For his ideas on race relations in the United States, see in Volume I of this series, "Lynching, a Little Known Aspect of American Civilization," pp. 99-105, and "The Ku-Klux-Klan," pp. 127-132. 8. Ibid. Lancaster, op. cit., p. 80; Fall, op. cit. p. 90. 9. Ibid. Lacouture, op. cit., p. 31; Devillers, op. cit., p. 59. 10. Ibid. Fall, op. cit. p. 97. There is considerable agreement that Ho spent this period in Moscow. 11. Ibid. Lacouture, op. cit., p. 36; Fall, op. cit., p. 97-98. 12. Ibid. According to a statement by Diem to Southeast Asia Seminar, Cornell University, February 20, 1953, it was Ho's leadership as a nationalist that enabled him to rally such wide Vietnamese support. 13. Ibid. Ellen J. Hammer, The Struggle for Indochina (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1954), pp. 112-113. 14. Ibid. Harold Isaacs, No Peace for Asia (New York: Macmillan, 1947), pp. 148-149. 15. Ibid. Devillers, op. cit., p. 152; Fall, op. cit., pp. 100-101; Lancaster, op. cit., p. 143; Hammer, op. cit., pp. 130-151; Isaacs, op. cit., pp. 148, 164. 16. See excerpt of the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam cited at the end of this article. 17. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History by William Blum; Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh working with the OSS, admirers of the US; Chester Cooper, The Lost Crusade: The Full Story of US Involvement in Vietnam from Roosevelt to Nixon (Great Britain, 1971) pp. 22, 25-7, 40. Cooper was a veteran American diplomat in the Far East who served as the Assistant for Asian Affairs in the Johnson White House. He was also a CIA officer, covertly, for all or part of his career; French collaboration with the Japanese: Fall, op. cit. pp. 42-9; Ho Chi Minh's desk: Blanche W. Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (New York, 1981), p. 184. 18. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): According to Harold Isaacs, General Gracey stated to him: "We have discharged our obligation to them. Now it is up to them to carry on." Isaacs, op. cit., p. 162. 19. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History by William Blum; Washington Post, 14 September 1969, p. A25. Lansing was the uncle of John Foster and Allen Dulles. He appointed them both to the American delegation at the Versailles peace Conference in 1918-19, where it was that Ho Chi Minh presented his appeal. 20. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): Estimate of the French naval officer who assumed command in the area in December 1946. Devillers, op. cit., p. 337. 21. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): The Vietminh had gained the military initiative well before the communists came into power in China. Their military strength against the French was already clearly established before they were able to secure even modest military assistance from Communist China, although during the final phases of the war, material supplied by the Chinese was to help considerably in major battles. The French did not allege a military-assistance agreement between the Vietminh and the Chinese communists until April 1950. See Ambassade de France, Service de Presse et d'Information, Document No. 26 (New York, November 10, 1950). 22. "The Two Vietnams," by Bernard Fall (New York, 1967), pp. 122, 124. 23. "Year 501, The Conquest Continues," by Noam Chomsky, South End Press, 1993 24. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History; US Global Interventions Since World War II by William Blum: Zed Books, Ltd. 1986 25. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): "The Pentagon Papers" (NYT edition), 1971; p. XI. 26. Ibid., Fall, pp. 43. 27. Ibid., The Pentagon Papers, p. 11. 28. Ibid., The Pentagon Papers, p. 36. 29. Ibid., The Pentagon Papers, pp. 5,11; D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, 1953-56 (NY, 1963) pp. 340-41; S. Adams, Firsthand Report (NY, 1960) pp. 121-2. 30. Ibid., Adams, p. 24. 31. Ibid., The Pentagon Papers, p. 46. 32. Ibid., The Times (London) 2 June 1954, quoting from an article by Willoughby. 33. Ibid., Bernard Fall, Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu (Great Britain, 1967) p. 307; Parade Magazine (Washington Post) 24 April 1966; Roscoe Drummond and Gaston Coblentz, Duel at the Brink (New York, 1960) pp. 121-2. 34. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History; US Global Interventions Since World War II by William Blum; Joseph Burkholder Smith: Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976) pp. 172-4. 35. Ibid. 36. Cited in Rethinking Camelot by Noam Chomsky: Melvyn Leffler, Preponderance, 166, 258; FRS, 32-3. See Year 501 by Chomsky, ch. 2.1-2 37. Ibid. 38. Cited in The United States In Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John Lewis (Delta, 1967): The Pentagon Papers, I 597, 434f. AWWA 33f. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid., Fall, (Two Vietnams), pp. 153-4 41. Cited in The CIA: A Forgotten History; All other actions: The Pentagon Papers, Document No. 15: 'Lansdale Team's Report on Covert Saigon Mission in '54 and '55,' pp. 53-66. 42. Cited in The United States in Vietnam by George Kahin and John Lewis: See Anthony Eden, Full Circle (London: Cassell, 1960), p. 142. 43. Cited in The United States in Vietnam by George Kahin and John Lewis: Article 27 of the Franco-Vietnamese Armistice Agreement. See also the treaty of June 4, 1954, between France and Bao Dai's State of Vietnam, which made clear that the latter's independence was to entail assumption of all obligations "resulting from international treaties or conventions contracted by France in the name of the State of Vietnam, and all other treaties and conventions concluded by France in the name of French Indochina insofar as these affect Vietnam." Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Vietnam, Bureau of Archives, Treaties on Vietnamese Independence and Franco-Vietnamese Association, cited in Ngo Ton Dat, "The Geneva Partition of Vietnam and the Question of Reunification during the First Two years (August University, 1963), pp. 452-453. The writer of this dissertation served at the Geneva Conference as aide to prince Buu Loc, who was Bao Dai's Prime Minister prior to Ngo Dinh Diem. 44. Ibid., Statement by Assist. Secretary Walter S. Robertson, Dept. of State Bulletin (Washington: Department of State, December 1961) 45. Ibid., A Threat to the peace (Washington: Department of State, December 1961), p. 3 46. Cited in The United States in Vietnam by George Kahin and John Lewis: Diem was from a Roman Catholic mandarin family that had served the vestigial and effectively French-controlled imperial Annamese court at Hue. After working in the imperial administration for four years, Diem resigned in 1933 because of a dispute with Emperor Bao Dai. In 1946, following a long period of political retirement and study, Diem was offered the premiership by Ho Chi Minh. He turned it down in part because he held the Vietminh responsible for the murder of his brother. After an unsuccessful attempt to develop a rival political force, he left Vietnam in August 1950. He spent the next four years abroad, mostly in the United States, where he lobbied for support among religious, political, and academic leaders. The influence of Cardinal Spellman and the American Friends of Vietnam, a group that has often been referred to as the "Vietnam lobby," is difficult to gauge, but it was probably significant in gaining support for Diem in th e United States. 47. Cited in Deadly Deceits, My 25 Years in the CIA by Ralph McGehee: p. 131 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid., Dr. Tom Dooley, Three Great Books (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc., 1960), pp. 48, 98, 100. 50. Ibid., Jim Winters, "Tom Dooley the Forgotten Hero," Notre Dame Magazine, May 1979, pp. 10-17 51. Ibid., Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Praeger, 1964), p. 246; Osborne, "The Tough Miracle man of Vietnam," Life, may 13, 1957; New York Herald Tribune, April 1, 1955. 52. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History by William Blum: Emmet John Hughes, The Ordeal of Power (London, 1963) p. 208; Hughes was a speech writer for President Eisenhower. 53. Ibid., Michael Klare, War Without End (New York, 1972) pp. 261-3; David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Espionage Establishment (New York, 1967) p. 152. 54. Cited in Manufacturing Consent by Noam Chomsky: In R. Lindholm, ed. Vietnam: The First Five Years (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1959), p. 346. 55. Cited in Deadly Deceits, My 25 Years in the CIA by Ralph McGehee: Department of Defense, United States Vietnam Relations 1945-1967 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1971) (Hereafter referred to as the Department of Defense Pentagon Papers)., Vol. 10, p. 958 56. Cited in The United States in Vietnam: Documents Relating to British Involvement in the Indochina Conflicts 1945-1965, Command 2834, (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1965), p. 107 57. Cited in The CIA, A Forgotten History by William Blum: Life Magazine, 13 May 1957. 58. Cited in The United States in Vietnam: New York Times, August 9, 1955. 59. Ibid., The Times (London), September 22, 1955. 60. Ibid., Le Monde, February 25, 1956; Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise, Debats Parlementaires, Conseil de la Republique, February 24, 1956. 61. Ibid., Vietnam News Agency, February 7, 1955. 62. Ibid., William Henderson, "South Viet Nam Finds Itself," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 2, January 1957, pp. 285, 288. 63. Ibid. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM (EXCERPTS) All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free. The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the Rights of Man and the Citizen also states: "All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights." Those are undeniable truths. Nevertheless, for more than eighty years the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow-citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice. They have enforced laws; they have set up three distinct political regimes in the North, the Centre and the South of Viet Nam in order to wreck our national unity and prevent our people from being united. They have built more prisons than schools. They have mercilessly slain our patriots; they have drowned our uprisings in rivers of blood. They have fettered public opinion; they have practised obscurantism against our people. To weaken our race, they have forced us to use opium and alcohol. In the field of economics, they have fleeced us to the backbone, impoverished our people and devastated our land. They have robbed us of our rice fields, our mines, our forests and our raw materials. They have monopolized the issuing of banknotes and the export trade. They have invented numerous unjustifiable taxes and reduced our people, especially our peasantry, to a state of extreme poverty. They have hampered the prospering of our national bourgeoisie; they have mercilessly exploited our workers... The truth is that we have wrested our independence from the Japanese and not from the French. The French have fled, the Japanese have capitulated, Emperor Bao Dai has abdicated. Our people have broken the chains which for nearly a century have fettered them and have won independence for the Fatherland. Our people at the same time have overthrown the monarchic regime that has reigned supreme for dozens of centuries. In its place has been established the present Democratic Republic. For these reasons, we, members of the provisional Government, representing the whole Vietnamese people, declare that from now on we break off all relations of a colonial character with France; we repeal all the international obligation[s] that France has so far subscribed to on behalf of Viet Nam and we abolish all the special rights the French have unlawfully acquired in our Fatherland. The whole Vietnamese people, animated by a common purpose, are determined to fight to the bitter end against any attempt by the French colonialists to reconquer their country. We are convinced that the Allied nations which at Teheran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Viet Nam. A people who have courageously opposed French domination for more than eighty years, a people who have fought side by side with the Allies against the fascists during these last years, such a people must be free and independent. For these reasons, we, members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, solemnly declare to the world that Viet Nam has the right to be a free and independent country - and in fact it is so already. The entire Vietnamese people are determined to mobilize all their physical and mental strength, to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their independence and liberty. copyright 1993 by Jeff Drake all rights reserved

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What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Tanzania?

Tanzania travel guide - Wikitravel History[ edit ] This is probably one of the oldest known continuously inhabited areas on Earth; fossil remains of humans and pre-human hominids have been found dating back over two million years. Tanzania is believed to have been populated by hunter-gatherer communities, probably Cushitic and Khoisan speaking people. About 2000 years ago, it is believed that Bantu-speaking people began to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations. Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the 18th century. Travelers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and Western India have visited the East African coast since early in the first millennium CE. Islam was practised on the Swahili coast as early as the eighth or ninth century CE. In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar), Rwanda, and Burundi, and incorporated them into German East Africa. The post-World War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, except for a small area in the northwest, which was ceded to Belgium and later became Rwanda and Burundi. British rule came to an end in 1961 after a relatively peaceful transition to independence. In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organization into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became officially independent in 1961. After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighboring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the island merged with mainland Tanganyika to form the nation of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. From the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse. Tanzania aligned with China, seeking Chinese aid. The Chinese were quick to comply, but with the condition that all projects be completed by imported Chinese labor. From the mid 1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. From the mid 1980s Tanzania's GDP per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced. Geography[ edit ] A large central plateau makes up most of the mainland, at between 900 m and 1800 m. The mountain ranges of the Eastern Arc and the Southern and Northern Highlands cut across the country to form part of the Great Rift Valley. A land of geographical extremes, Tanzania houses the highest peak (Mount Kilimanjaro), the lowest point (the lake bed of Lake Tanganyika), and a portion of the largest lake (Lake Victoria, shared with Uganda and Kenya ) on the African continent. Climate[ edit ] Tanzania's weather varies from humid and hot in low lying areas, such as Dar es Salaam, to hot during the day and cool at night in Arusha. There are no discernible seasons, such as winter and summer -- only the dry and wet seasons. Tanzania has two rainy seasons: The short rains from late-October to late-December, a.k.a. the Mango Rains, and the long rains from March to May. Climate 25 25 Many popular resorts and tourist attractions on Zanzibar and Mafia Island Marine Park close during the long rains season, and many trails in the national parks are impassable during this period. For that reason, in most cases tours are restricted to the main roads in the parks. Travelers should plan their trip accordingly. During the dry season, temperatures can easily soar to above 35°C in Dar. You should seek shelter from the sun during the midday heat and use copious amounts of sunblock, SPF 30+. Best times to visit are: June to August: This is the tail-end of the long rainy season and the weather is at its best at this time of year -- bearable during the day and cool in the evening. However, this is not necessarily the best time of year for safaris, as water is plentiful in the parks and animals are not forced to congregate in a few locations to rehydrate, as they do in the middle of the dry season right after Christmas. January to February: This is the best time to visit the Serengeti. It is usually at this time that huge herds of wildebeest, zebra and buffalo migrate to better grazing areas. You could observe some of the 1.5 million wildebeest that inhabit the Serengeti undertake their epic journey. Be advised this is most likely the hottest time of year in Tanzania, when even the locals complain about the heat. You've been warned! Visa[ edit ] No visa is required for stays of less than 3 months for citizens of Namibia , Romania , Rwanda , Hong Kong , Malaysia and all commonwealth member states (except the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , Bangladesh , New Zealand , Nigeria , India & South Africa ). A Tourist Visa costs US$50 or US$100 for a three-month single entry and a three-month double entry visa, respectively. The visa can be obtained upon landing in Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Mwanza and ports of entry. Be advised that the wait can be especially long if your flight arrives at the same time with other international flights. Obtaining a visa before arrival is recommended. Holders of a US passport can only obtain a US$100 multiple-entry visa. The website of Tanzania Embassy in the U.S. gives the current requirements, [2] . By plane[ edit ] There are two major airports; one in Dar es Salaam, Julius Nyerere International Airport ( IATA : DAR) (formerly known as Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere International Airport and Dar es Salaam International Airport), and one in Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro International Airport ( IATA : JRO) [3] , which is halfway between Arusha and Moshi . Tanzania is served Internationally from By train[ edit ] The Tanzania - Zambia train service, known as TAZARA [22] , operates trains twice a week between New Kapiri Mposhi , Zambia, and Dar es Salaam, leaving from Dar es Salaam on Tuesdays and Fridays. A domestic railroad network links the country's major cities, including Kigoma , Mwanza , Dodoma, Tabora , and Dar es Salaam. The domestic train service is usually reliable, and ticket prices are affordable. Ticket prices differ, however, according to 'class', typically first, second, and third. First and second classes offer cabins with two and four beds, respectively. Third class is open seating. Hot meals and beverages are usually available from the dining car. It is not uncommon for the train kitchen to purchase fresh produce at many of the stopping points along the way. It is also possible to purchase fruit and snacks directly from local vendors who frequent the many train stations on each of Tanzania's many train routes. By car[ edit ] Warning: You must be careful about driving in Tanzania, or throughout most of Africa, unless you have already experienced the driving conditions in developing countries. Drive on the left side of the road Tanzanians drive on the left (like in the UK, India, Australia, Japan, and other countries), as opposed to driving on the right, like in North America and most European countries. Experienced drivers from "right-hand drive" countries will need about half a day of driving around before adjusting to the change. Although the gear shift, windshield wipers and turn signal activators are reversed, luckily, the pedals are not. Just follow the traffic. However, even with some practice, you should always be vigilant, as you could easily find yourself disoriented, which could put you at risk of a head-on collision or hitting a pedestrian, if you are used to driving on the opposite side of the road. Choice of vehicle If you're hiring a car when you get here, your best option is a 4x4 sport utility vehicle with good road clearance, especially if you plan on going on safari in any of the national parks. Look for the Land Cruiser, Hilux Surf (4Runner), and Range Rover vehicles. Avoid mini-SUVs, such as the Toyota RAV4 and Honda CRV, because they can't always negotiate the poor road conditions in most of Tanzania's national parks. Another issue is 4-wheel drive options. Low-slung cars are not a good choice despite having 4-wheel drive. These vehicles were designed for driving in the snow on paved roads or through small mud holes. What you encounter in national parks in Tanzania is quite different and demands a proper 4-wheel drive vehicle capable of traversing large mud holes and sandy roads. Even then, you may still get stuck. Tanzania Car hire Agency and Tour Operators. You can rent 4 x 4 car in Arusha for Airport transfers, research, safari and outdoor travel. Most game drives roads in National parks are paved. Off road driving is allowed for special photographic permits. There are Open 4 x 4 car game drives and there are slide open roof safari cars. Tour Operators in Arusha provide cheap car rent to which suits your budget. If you want to hire a car for wildlife safaris in Tanzania, it is advised to get 4 x 4 car with professional safari guide. Some safari guides speak more than one language like English and German, English and French, Spanish and Italian. Benefits of going safari with a guide is knowledge of environment because they are used to, knowledge of species of wildlife, taking care of car because you are on holiday, you need not to hustle replacing flat tire. Navigation Nelles Maps of Tanzania, Rwanda & Burundi [23] is the best map. They've taken the time to locate the smallest of villages along the routes, which is great for navigating places where landmarks are scarce. There are markers and white concrete pillions along the main roads. They identify the next major city or town along the route and how many kilometers remain. Driving in the city This only applies to Dar es Salaam, since all other cities and towns are relatively small and easy to get around in. The city center is extremely congested from 9AM-6PM, Monday to Friday. There are few traffic lights, and the streets are very narrow. It's a dog-eat-dog kind of place, so offensive driving skills are a must, as no one will let you pass if you just sit and wait at stops signs. Streets are crowded with parked and moving cars, SUVs, lorries, scooters, and very muscular men pulling insanely overloaded carts. People can spend hours stuck in traffic jams, especially around Kariakoo Market. There are a few roundabouts in downtown, which the locals call "keeplefties" because they thought that the sign advising drivers to "Keep Left" when entering the roundabouts named this fascinating Mzungu invention. Mzungu is the Swahili word for "white" foreigners. It is not derogatory, and it's more along the lines of calling a white person a Caucasian. When parking on the street in Dar, find a spot to park, then lock your doors and leave. When you return, a parking attendant wearing a yellow fluorescent vest will approach you for payment. The fee is 300 Tsh for two hours. The attendant should either hand you a ticket, or the ticked will already be on your windshield. DO NOT leave without paying if there is a ticket on your windshield. The attendant will most likely be forced to make up for the missing money, as he probably earns, at best, a mere 3000 Tsh a day. Carjacking is uncommon but opening doors or jumping through open windows to steal valuables is not. Keep your windows closed and the doors locked. When vehicles are stopped at traffic lights or parked on unattended locations, thieves have been known to steal mirrors, paneling, spare tires, and anything that is not either engraved with the license plate number or bolted into the vehicle's body. Choose your parking spots carefully and don't leave valuables in plain sight. You can either offer the parking attendant a small tip to watch your vehicle, 500 to 1000 Tsh, or find a secured parking lot, especially if you are leaving your vehicle overnight. Routes The two main roads are the "Dar es Salaam to Mbeya" road (A7/A17), which takes you to the Southern Highlands through the towns of Morogoro , Iringa , and Mikumi National Park , and near the Selous and Ruhaha National Parks. The other road is the "Dar to Arusha and the Serengeti" road (B1), which takes you to the Northern Circuit by the towns of Tanga and Moshi , and Mount Kilimanjaro , Saadani, Tanrangire, Ngorongoro and Serengeti National Parks. Dangers and annoyances Tanzanians drive very fast and won't hesitate to overtake in a blind curve. Also, most commercial vehicles are poorly maintained and overloaded, and you'll see many of them broken-down along the main highways. NEVER assume their brakes are working or that the drivers have fully thought through the dangerous maneuver they are undertaking. Most roads in Tanzania are poorly maintained and littered with potholes and dangerous grooves formed by overloaded transport vehicles. All main roads cut through towns and villages, and often traffic calming tools (a.k.a. speed or road humps) ensure vehicles reduce their speed when passing through. Unfortunately, few are clearly marked while most are hard to see until you are right upon them, and if you are coming too fast, you could be thrown off the road. SLOW DOWN when entering any town, or you might not be able to avoid these and other hazards. This defensive driving attitude is also prudent because animals and children often bolt out into the street. If you are involved in an accident with a pedestrian, drive to the nearest police station to advise them. DO NOT exit your vehicle and attempt to resolve the situation, even if you are sure it was not your fault. Tanzanians are some of the nicest people you will ever meet in Africa, but they have been known to take matters into their own hands. This is largely due to their mistrust of the police and the belief that anyone with money, e.g. rich foreigners, can buy their way out of a problem. If you encounter a convoy of government vehicles, move out of the way. They have priority, although this is debatable, and will not hesitate to run you off the road if you don't give way. You could also be fined by the police for your failure to give way. FYI: In Tanzania, you can determine vehicle registration by the license plate colours. Yellow plates, starting with "T" and followed by three numbers, are privately owned vehicles. Official Tanzanian government plates are also yellow, but they display only letters and usually start with "S" (the fewer the letters, the higher up in the food chain the owner is). Green plates are diplomatic; Red are international development agencies; Blue are UN and similar organizations; White are taxis, buses and commercial (safari) vehicles, and Black are the military and the police. This coding does not apply in Zanzibar and Pemba. Passing Etiquette Drivers following you will activate their right turn signal light to indicate they wish to pass you. If the road is clear, activate your left turn signal; if not, activate your right turn signal. Look for this when attempting to pass. What to bring A large jerry can (20 liters) with emergency fuel. (FYI - Don’t enter a national park without a full tank of gas.) A shovel, a machete ("panga" in Swahili), and tow rope Good road maps By bus[ edit ] The bus is a great way to get into Tanzania. Fly to a place like Nairobi, then you can catch a bus down to Arusha, a great base for Mount Meru and Ngorongoro Crater. Also, you should not forget the south central part of Tanzania, away from tourist hawkers. Roads in Tanzania aren't in good condition; there are no highways, and there are very few multiple lane segments along main roads. Buses slow down or stop in most villages because of traffic, police, and speed calming tools. For your reference, the trip from Dar to Iringa takes at least 6 hours in a private vehicle. It's mostly a two-lane road, recently rebuilt by the Chinese, so it's in good condition for the most part. Westbound and northbound buses leaving from Dar ply the same road (A7) until you get to Chalinze, which is about halfway, less than two hours, between Dar and Morogoro. If you are going to Arusha, the bus will veer north on the A17. Other notable destinations along this route are Saandani National Park, Pangani, Tanga, Lushoto, Kilimanjaro, and Moshi. From Arusha, you can also take a bus to Mwanza and Kigoma, but once you've past the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, the roads are in extremely poor condition, and you are in for a bumpy ride. If you continue on past Chalinze you'll pass by Morogoro (also the turn off for Dodoma), the entry point into the Selous Game Reserve, Mikumi National Park, the old main gate to Udzungwa Mountains Parks, and Iringa, which is the turn off for Ruaha National Park. Iringa is the place to explore the southern circuit, with a new campsite at the Msosa gate to the Uduzungwas (the Iringa side of the park) and the gateway to Ruaha (possibly Tanzania's best park). It is a great place to stay for a few days. After Iringa, you'll either go west, to Mbeya, or south, to Songea. Head to Mbeya if you want to either visit Lake Tanganyika, enter into Malawi, or head north to Kigoma. North of Mbeya, the roads aren't sealed, so it will be a long and very unpleasant trip. If you want to see Lake Nyasa (a.k.a. Lake Malawi), take the bus to Songea. Although you are within a stone's throw of Mozambique, there are no official entry points into Mozambique. Finally, if you're headed south of Dar, then you'll take the B2. This is the main route to the Selous and the Rufiji River. Along the way, you can also stop in Kilwa, Lindi, and, finally, Mtwara. The road isn't sealed the whole way, so, again, bring on a cushion. Outside Dar, roads between other cities and villages are in very poor condition, although they are slowly being improved. For instance, traveling from Arusha to Dodoma is slow. It can be faster to return to Chalinze and then board a bus to Dodoma. This is pretty much the case for any travel between cities that are not located along the road to Dar. The border town of Namanga is a hectic outpost that epitomizes much of Africa. The bus even waits here for you to cross the border. You can even get off on the Kenyan side, walk across the border, and get on the bus again on the Tanzanian side. From Dar by bus it is also possible to travel to Malawi, Uganda, and Rwanda. Useful information on the Dar Es Salaam bus stand ("Ubungo") and some specific bus lines can be found in the Dar_es_Salaam article. See specific cities for more information about the bus lines that serve them. Tahmeed Buses connect Mombasa with Tanga and Dar in Tanzania. Royal Coach travels to Arusha, and is one of the nicest buses available. Dar Express services many cities, including Nairobi , Kenya. Sumry connect the beautiful southern part of Tanzania, Iringa and Mbeya to Dar and further S.W. By boat[ edit ] Azam Marine and Fast Ferries connect Dar es salaam and Zanzibar. And it's about 90 minutes sail. Get around[ edit ] The bus is the most common way to travel around in Tanzania. Most buses have a simple design, and the roads are poor, although 1st class air-con buses are available on the Dar-Moshi-Arusha route (Dar Express - ticket office on Libya Street downtown or office no. 45 at Ubungo). Nearly all buses go in and out of Dar es Salaam. The main bus station in Dar (where all buses go), Ubungo, is 8 km west of the city center. A number of the better "intercity buses" provide you with complimentary drinks and biscuits. In Dar, minibuses called Dala-Dalas can be taken cheaply to most places within the city. The fare is written on the front next to the door - currently it's usually TSH 250 for adults (2011) except for longer distances. The route of the bus is also stenciled on the front and sides of the bus, e.g. 'Posta-Mwenge' and there's a colour coding system. Posta (outside the central post office on Azikiwe/Maktaba Street) is the main downtown daladala hub. Others are Kariakoo, Mwenge, Buguruni, Ubungo etc. Hop on the daladala, take a seat if there is one, and pay the conductor ('konda') when he shakes his pile of coins at you in a meaningful way. The konda shouts the names of the stops - if you don't know where you are, or don't know the name of your destination stop, it'll be hard to know where to get off. If possible, it's worth asking someone at your destination, since the stops sometimes have no signs at all - people 'just know' that certain street corners are the daladala stop and the names are not obvious (e.g. 'Sudani' on the Masaki-Posta line - near the Sudanese ambassador's residence on Toure Drive). When you hear/see your stop and want to get off, shout 'Shusha!' (let me off), the konda will knock on the chassis twice, and the driver will immediately swerve to the side and stop. The daladalas don't run very late; on the east side of town the latest ones are the Msasani and Mwenge routes. There are also three-wheeled tuktuks/baby taxis/CNGs/bajajis that zoom around. They are cheaper than a taxi, and can get past traffic jams. Probably not the safest option but I haven't heard of any bajaji-related problems. You can negotiate the fare in advance, but sometimes the driver doesn't know your destination 8there's no Dar es Salaam 'knowledge') and won't know how much to charge. The drivers I've taken have generally quoted pretty fair prices (maybe with a reasonable 'skin tax' for white people) at the destination and if they're trying to rip you off you can usually tell by the leer. It may be handy to know 'right' and 'left' in Swahili: kulia (right), kushoto (left), moja kwa moja (straight), simama (stop), asante kaka (thanks brother). Private taxis are also a convenient choice, but be sure to negotiate the price before you use them. Fellow travelers might be able to offer advice about a reasonable fare. Some places (e.g. Dar Es Salaam Airport) have a strong taxi cartel and post fixed prices. If you can afford it, flying around Tanzania is faster and safer. See Tanzania#By_plane section above. Even the busiest roads are in poor condition, and bus drivers are not known for their patience or great driving skills. Road accidents claim more lives in Tanzania than any other cause of death. There are several local Tour Operators which have fleet of cars for hire in major airports like Dar es Salaam Julius Nyerere Airport, Kilimanjaro International Airport, major cities and all towns which are peripheral to tourist destinations like Moshi, Mwanza, Arusha, and Karatu around Ngorongoro. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Safari While you are in Tanzania you may organize your safari to Serengeti and other National parks at an affordable price. If there's one trip that will change your perspective on life, it's an African safari. Contact some of the tour operators for Safari Details. Cultural Tours Touring Tanzania for culture is interestingly great as it encompasses more than 150+ ethnic groups. There is plenty of traditional food, cultural practices (such as hunting with bushmen, beeskeeping, traditional medicine) that one enjoys within the boundaries. You will also get to visit a number of locations that normally people would be completely unaware of. If you happen to be a person who loves to explore the world and meet new people in order to gain knowledge about different customs, a cultural tour is definitely the best type of vacation for you.The services are not expensive and can turn out to be cheaper than expected provided you get the right information on where to stay, best tour companies and just knowledge of what you want. This way, it will save you time and costs as well. There are loads of National Parks for those wanting to watch Tanzania's wildlife. You can gain entry for around $100 US and benefit from a tour (and perhaps a night's accommodation). The better parks, though packed with tourists, are found in the north of the country. Ruaha National Park is the best in the south (locals actually say this is the best park, especially if you want to see wild animals as opposed to semi-tame ones in the northern parks). Don't just be sucked into the tourist circuit in the north; the south offers great parks and towns (base yourself out of Iringa), and you will feel less of a tourist and more of a guest if you travel this way. Scuba diving in and around Pemba and Zanzibar is another good experience. You can also visit numerous historical Slave Trade sites, which could make for an interesting, if a little depressing, excursion. Beaches: Did you know that Tanzania has some of the best, most unspoiled beaches in the world? They are stunning, with their white sand, palm trees, and cool Indian Ocean water! Kayak the beautiful coastal waters with a tour operator. Tanzania has two of the best Stone Age sites in the world: Isimila Gorge (near Iringa) and the earliest known examples of human art among the rock paintings, near Kolo, north of Dodoma -- some of which are reckoned to be around 30,000 years old. Kilimanjaro is one of Tanzania's main attractions. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa. Many visitors come to Tanzania to summit this great mountain. The main peak is estimated to be 5895m high making it a real challenge for mountaineers. See[ edit ][ add listing ] Tanzania is a country with great national parks, where you can see some of the finest African flora and fauna . Tanzania is home to several national parks and game reserves. Safaris in Tanzania can be put into two categories, the Northern Circuit (Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Manyara and Tarangire) and the Southern Circuit (Selous, Mikumi and Ruaha). This is certainly an oversimplification and does not include other interesting but harder to reach parks such as Katavi and Gombe, just to name two. For tourist, the two first groupings are more acces Camping safaris Tanzania: Camping safari is accommodation option preferred by colonialists during Medieval time because at that time Lodges and Hotels were not well developed. Adventure people traveled across the world to discover major Geographical features in Africa like Mount Kilimanjaro, Great Rift valley, Ngorongoro crater and more used tented camps. Camping safari uses tents as a shelter for outdoor travel and wilderness research. Nowadays camping safari is used as accommodation for wildlife safaris in Tanzania and Africa at Large. There are types of camping safaris such as luxury tented camps, mobile camping safaris and budget camping safaris. Budget camping safari is also known as basic tented camps and low cost safaris Tanzania. Budget camping safari is cheap wildlife safari trips and adventure tours in Africa. To see places you need to Move, Car hire is a deal. Car hire in Tanzania will help you move from one place to another for sight seeing tours or wildlife tours. Several car hire agencies offer car rental for varies purposes. You can rent car for Town sight seeing or game park safaris. Price The cost of a safari can range from the basics (fly-tents, self-catering and guides with vehicles) to smaller parks like Manyara and Tarangire, to luxury lodges and tented camps in the Serengeti which can cost anywhere from US$250 to US$1,500 per person per night. You can use your own vehicle, provided it's a 4x4 with adequate clearance. There is a benefit to hiring a guide and a vehicle as safari vehicles are equipped with open rooftops which provide a much better vantage point for animal viewing. Also, many park will require that you hire a certified guide before you enter the park, even if you're using your own vehicle. Guides can cost around US$35 a day plus tip. Guides are good to have since they know the park and can help you locate some of the more sought after animals such as lions, leopards, rhinos, cheetahs and hyenas. Budget camping safaris[ edit ] This is basic camping safari where tourists visit national parks and game reserves and the accommodation is on budget tented camps. Budget camping safari differ from one Tour Operator to another. For Kilimanjaro Travel Adventure Safaris Co.Ltd budget camping safaris is organized in different way as explained below. Tourists travel in 4WD Landcruisers or Landrover safari car together with cook and driver guide. Camping equipments, cooking materials, water and food will be in same car. On Arrival at Camp ground means cook, TENT CREW and driver guide will start erecting tented for tourists. Camp grounds in National parks are usually at Public campsites. Public campsites have kitchen, bathroom and toilet. Public campsites are usually for shared for all travelers there especially budget camping safari. The cook and camp crew will prepare food and warm water for bathing. Tourists will sleep on mattress on ground, mattresses, bedsheets and blankets will be provided. Tourists are advised to bring sleeping bags. Budget camping safaris is comfort, enjoyable and bring tourists close to nature experiencing real wildlife safari in the wilderness of African bush. Park fees for Manyara and Tarangire for 2015 US$45 per person and US$10,- for vehicle/driver fees. For Ngorongoro there is a US$200 vehicle fee as well, a $50 per person park fee as well as a $10,- vehicle/driver fee. For the Serengeti it's US$60 per person with and a $10,- vehicle/driver fee. These fees are valid for 24 hours. If you arrive in the afternoon, you can return in the morning the next day and not pay again. Some of the more popular safari companies are Warrior Trails, Ranger tours & Leopard tours. Other popular companies rated by the Tanzania Association of Tour Operators include Congema Tours&Safaris , Ajabu Adventures , Bush2Beach Safaris , Bushmen Expeditions, Fay Safaris, Natural High Safaris and Tanzania Expeditions . While [Shrike safaris] [24] specialize in tailor-made safari. Serena and Sopa are popular lodging spots and have facilities throughout the Northern Circuit. However, don't discount using smaller tours and lesser known lodging facilities which are just as good if not better than the larger tours and lodges. This is due to their greater focus on on the client as each client greatly matters to their success. One smaller but great company is Meru Wellness Retreat [25] who offers a more personalized tour as well as fair pay to their employees and eco lodging. Other companies include EH Blessed Safaris For better prices and some of the most beautiful parks avoiding the traffic jams of safari vehicles, head for the southern circuit, particularly Ruaha National Park where fees are still only $20 per person and the range of wildlife is much greater and the scenery spectacular. Iringa is a great place to base yourself to explore this area and sort out your safari trips. Wildlife Viewing in Tanzania : Serengeti National Park, made famous by numerous Discovery Channel specials, hosts a wide range of wildlife, including lions, cheetahs, leopards, hippopotamuses, elephants, zebra, buffalo, water buck, crocodiles, gazelle, warthogs, and wildebeest. One major attraction is the wildebeest migration, which occurs continuously between the Serengeti and Masai Mara (Kenya). Park fees are $50/person/day as of July 2008, and a guide with a 4-wheel drive vehicle is required. If the migration is your main purpose for visiting the Serengeti, you should advise your tour company as this may require travel much further afield and could be more costly. Ngorongoro Conservation Area also hosts an abundance of wildlife, particularly in the Ngorongoro crater. Formed by the same volcanic activity that generated Kilimanjaro and the Great Rift Valley, Ngorongoro consists of the highlands around the crater (rich in elephants) and the crater itself (similar animals to Serengeti, but at higher densities and with a small population of black rhino). Park fees are $50/day/person as of July 2007, plus $200 per vehicle for a six-hour game drive in the crater. Ruaha National Park and Selous Game Reserve are far less popular but very enjoyable. You will find much greater variety of wildlife than you would in the Serengeti, if you're looking for a destination with fewer tourists these parks are for you. Ruaha is known for having the largest elephant and giraffe population of any park in Africa and often goes by the name 'Giraffic Park', it is also a good place to see large prides of lion and the elusive and rare hunting dogs. Additionally, Selous is the only other place besides Ngorongoro where you may see a rhino. You can also visit the Uduzungwa Mountains Park for a truly wilderness hike through unspoiled and spectacular scenery. There are few places left in the world like this one. With new gates opened up on the Iringa side of the park with great camping it is a great addition to any visit to Tanzania. Tarangire National Park is in the northern circuit of Tanzania and was named after the Tarangire river flowing within the park. The park area is approximately 2,600 sq km. Similar to Serengeti, the park has a high concentrations of wildlife during the dry seasons. Also, over 570 bird species have been identified, and the place is surely a birdwatchers' paradise. Safari accommodation is available in quality safari lodges and campsites. *When visiting wildlife parks be sure to stay as close to the viewing areas (center of the parks) as possible and leave as soon as you can in the morning as animals are typically most active soon after sunrise. Islands: Zanzibar is an island off the coast of Tanzania; it includes both Zanzibar and Pemba. Zanzibar has beautiful beaches and a historical Stone Town. Zanzibar is great for scuba diving, snorkeling, and swimming with dolphins. Other attractions include spice tours and the Jozani Forest, which shelters a small population of red Colobus monkeys. Mafia Island Marine Park is south of Zanzibar and boasts some fantastic scuba diving and snorkeling. You may also get to swim with whale sharks, as this is one of the few areas in the world where they congregate annually. Bongoyo Island is easy to get to with a boat from slip way. It is has a remarkable beach with excellent snorkeling in clear water, although you may be better off taking your own snorkels as renting is costly. The island is not tide dependent therefore you can swim at any time. There is a residence price and a 'muzungu' price' but still quite reasonable. Sinda Island is a small uninhabited island of ínner sinder' and outer sinder'. Mbudya Island can be accessed from silver sands hotel. The water is amazing although it looks clear you cannot snorkel in it as it is surprisingly murky underneath the surface. Lazy Lagoon There are just 12 rooms on the private 9km long white sandy island with deserted beaches. It boasts swimming at all tides in clear azure blue water, ideal for snorkelling to be mesmerized by the shoals of iridescent tropical fish hiding among the pristine coral gardens that protect the island. The island is accessed from the mainland, just south of Bagamoyo town 70km north of Dar es Salaam. It is home to bushbabies, wild pigs, genets, baboons, duiker and Suni antelope. The bandas were well appointed and have solar powered hot water, a large shady verandah with spacious rooms and big windows. Mountains: Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa and one of the highest freestanding mountains in the world. Many people travel to Tanzania just to climb this mountain. Does tend to be crowded with tourists. You can either organize your trek up the mountain from your home country through a travel agency, but you'll pay a lot more for this convenience, or, if you've got a bit of time, hop on plane and save some money by organizing it in Arusha, Moshi or in Dar. Be advised that there are as many incompetent and dishonest trek organizers as there are good ones. Ask around to make sure your guide will deliver on his promises. Mount Kilimanjaro importance increased recently after entering to 7 natural wonders Africa competition in August 2012 among 12 natural attractions in Africa. In February 2013, Mount kilimanjaro was announced as one of 7 natural wonders Africa and hence pinnacle of Africa. [Mount Meru] Second highest mountain in Tanzania (4562m)is located in the center of Arusha National Park, a beautiful area with a wide range of habitats teeming with wildlife. On the lower slopes of the mountain and inside the park, there is a good chance of spotting animals. An armed ranger will accompany your party on the first stage to protect against any wildlife threats. The trail follows the north rim of the crater, along a dramatic ridge line. Once at the summit, the views of Mount Kilimanjaro and down into Meru crater are unforgettable. Many people who climb both mountains have a quiet preference for the humble Mount Meru. Although about 4,000 feet lower than Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Meru is still a very tall mountain. Do not underestimate Mount Meru. Altitude acclimatization is still the key to a successful summit. Things to do in Tanzania mountains include climbing, trekking, rock climbing, hiking, walking safaris and game drives Talk[ edit ] The predominant official language and lingua franca is Swahili , which is spoken by over 90% of the population. English has some official status - it is used in foreign trade, diplomacy, the higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education, although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether. Arabic is widely spoken on Zanzibar. Many languages are spoken at the local level. Most Tanzanians learn their local tribal language first. Then, in primary school, they learn Swahili. When they go to secondary school, they are taught English. As elsewhere, English is more commonly spoken in larger cities and tourist destinations. Time of Day This is where a little knowledge of Kiswahili can cause some inconveniences. Tanzanians don't function on the same time as Westerners. This doesn't mean Africa time, which is the notion that appointments are flexible and people can arrive when they please. For Tanzanians, it's illogical that the day would start in the middle of the night. Since sunrise and sunset happen pretty much at the same time all year round, 6a.m. and 6p.m., the day starts at 6a.m.which is 0 hours. So when telling time in Kiswahili, Tanzanians always subtracted 6 hours for western time. 11 a.m. is 5a.m to a Tanzanian. To avoid any confusion, a Tanzanian will tell time in English if they want to use the western standard and in Kiswahili if they use local standard. If you want to practice your Kiswahili, just keep this in mind if you discuss appointment times with a Tanzanian. If you say Saa tano asubuhi (11 a.m.), instead of Saa kumi na moja asubuhi(5 a.m.), you'll end up waiting for 6 h if the person arrives on time, plus however long it takes to arrive fashionably late! Currency[ edit ] Money The currency of Tanzania is known as the Tanzanian Shilling (TSH, /=). There are 5 notes and 6 coins: Notes - 10000 (Red); 5000 (Violet); 2000 (Brown); 1000 (Blue), and 500 (Green) denominations. Coins - 500, 200, 100, and 50 denominations. Notes and coins vary in size and color. In descending size order, 10000 is the largest note, and 500 is the smallest. In May 2015, one US dollar was worth about 2050 Tsh. [26] Note that Tanzanian currency exchangers usually have a different exchange rate for different US$ denominations, larger and newer bills having a better exchange rate than older and smaller bills. The difference in exchange rate between $1/$5 bills and $50/$100 bills may exceed ten percent. Older US $100 notes are no longer accepted in Tanzania, and any note older than 2003 will most likely be refused everywhere. Also, it's best to avoid attempting to exchange notes with pen marks or any writing on them. Finally, be advised that if you withdraw a large amount of money, in the range of $400 US, you'll have to carry over 40 notes around! The 10000 and 5000 notes can be difficult to break when shopping in small shops, a.k.a. dukas. In Tanzania, it's usually the customer's responsibility to provide exact change. But if they do agree to provide change, you could be left with several 1000 and 500 notes of very poor quality. However, you won't have such problems in the large hotels and restaurants catering to foreigners. In general, stores, restaurants, and hotels in Tanzania expect payment in Tsh. Exceptions include payment for travel visas, entry fees to national parks (which must be paid in US dollars by non-residents), and payments for safaris and Kilimanjaro treks, which are generally priced in US dollars (though payment will be also accepted in other currencies). On Zanzibar, prices are generally in US dollars (including the ferry fare from Dar es Salaam to Zanzibar), and non-residents are required to pay for hotels with foreign currency (although the hotel will change Tsh for you). Make sure your US currency is current--US dollars older than 2001 will not accepted by most places in East Africa. Most hotels will exchange US dollars, Euros and British Pounds for Tanzanian Shillings. Other currencies, such as Canadian or Australian dollars, may be accepted but at rates far below the going rate. ATMs are mostly located in the city center and on the Msasani Peninsula. For those wishing to withdraw money from bank accounts back home, in general, Barclay's, Standard Charter, "'Exim"', CRDB and NBC ATMs work with PLUS and Cirrus compatible cards. Additionally, if you have a PIN code for your credit card, almost all Tanzanian banks with ATMs will allow cash advances on credit cards like Visa, Mastercard, and American Express. If the ATM reports your home balance in TSh, you may be pleasantly surprised to find that you're a "shillionaire". Traveler's Checks have become virtually impossible to cash in almost all banks in Tanzania. For some odd reason, banks will only accept those TCs they have issued. Only hotels will accept checks from their guests, but at a far lesser rate than hard currency -- usually at the same rate they give for US$1/$5 notes. Since ATMs are much more prevalent, using credit cards and withdrawals from your personal accounts is much easier and less time consuming. Credit Cards can only be used in large hotels, resorts, and with certain travel agents. In short, Tanzania is still a cash society. Shopping[ edit ] There are many markets in tourist cities that sell standard "African" goods. Beaded jewelry, carved soapstone, and Masai blankets make interesting gifts. Be aware that most "ebony" wood is fake (shoe polish) - the exception being in the far south-east of the country, where the Makonde tribe of Tanzania and Northern Mozambique create masks and other carvings from ebony and mpingo wood. Be prepared to bargain for everything. Masks are not typical of most East African groups, and the ones you find in the markets are either imported from West Africa or are strange things made just for tourists, with the exception of the Makonde masks. Tinga Tinga paintings, named after the painter who originated that style, are for sale everywhere. Their distinctive style and colors make for attractive souvenirs. A standard size painting can be had for TS 5,000 - 10,000. There is a Tinga Tinga school in Dar es Salaam, where you can purchase paintings from the artists themselves. Air freight[ edit ] If you happen to buy too many goodies during your travels, it is possible to send them home air freight. Many airlines will allow you to check additional parcels when you fly, for a fee, which probably makes the most sense if you're going straight home. But if you're continuing on, air freight might be the way to go. Note that many listed rates do not include 20% VAT, or a "fuel surcharge", 13.5% as of December 2008. DHL, [27] . Offers quite pricey service (e.g. about $300 for a 10kg package to the US) but is conveniently located in Dar city center, as well as in a bunch of other cities (see web site). Will deliver direct to the recipient in most countries.   edit KLM, (go to the old terminal at DAR airport), [28] . Offers slightly more reasonable rates than DHL (e.g. about $100 for a 10kg package to the US) but requires a trip to the airport and about 1 hour of paperwork & waiting. You must pay cash, in US dollars, plus some fees in shillings. Customs will want to go through the package, so bring something to (re)seal it. You can first go to the KLM freight office (look for the sign), then to the cargo building further down the same road, or call ahead and be met at cargo. If you just arrive at cargo you will be swarmed by freight forwarders - to find the KLM staff, look for the KLM logo (e.g. on a lanyard) or call ahead to Sameer (+255.714.474.617) who is quite helpful. Note that, despite what you might be told, someone will need to go to the destination airport to pick up the package - it will not be delivered to an address by KLM. Storage charges will accrue if it's left for very long.   edit EMS. EMS is a branch of the Tanzanian postal service, and is the cheapest way to send packages. It's available at most larger town post offices. But shipping time can be quite long, and delivery is not always reliable. Also there are size/weight restrictions. Packages will be transferred to the local postal service at destination, which usually provides direct delivery.   edit FEDEX. FEDEX currently have offices in Arusha, Dar-es-salaam, Shinyanga and Mwanza, and like DHL, they are also pricey.   edit Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Produce is often of very poor quality. Meat and milk can prove difficult for western taste and diets, so be sure that all meat is cooked through. At hotels, you won't have any trouble, but if you venture into small villages, make sure that all water is filtered or boiled before drinking and all fruits and vegetables are peeled before eating. Local dishes include Mtori - cooked beef and bananas - and Mchicha, a vegetable stew with meat or fish in it. If there is anything that can be called Tanzania's national dish, then Ugali would most likely win out. A polenta-style dish made with corn flour, it accompanies cooked meat and a variety of stews, and it's eaten with your hands. Recipes vary from village to village, and everyone has their own way of making it. Many foreigners find it bland and unappealing, but it's worth a try, and some upscale establishments serve it. Chai Maziwa (chai with milk) is a local favorite and well worth trying if you can handle the large amounts of sugar added to this drink. Street food is also cheap and plentiful. Barbecued maize on the cob is very nice, as are the chipped potatoes (fries), cooked over a roaring fire. Mandazi is a sweet doughnut-styled food that is mostly made fresh each morning. Great with coffee in the morning, it makes an ideal snack. Tanzania's large South Asian community ensures that a great variety of restaurants offer cuisine from all parts of that region of the globe. All eateries near Hindu temples (particularly in Dar) are a good bet. Just watch where the local Indians go to eat, and you won't be disappointed. Most of the food is cooked in large amounts of Ghee, clarified butter, which can be hard for some people to digest. Chips Mayai (chips cooked in an omelet) are served at nearly every African food stand in Tanzania and are considered a Tanzanian specialty. They're quite good with pili pili (hot sauce). Northern Tanzania has a number of great coffee plantations. Although coffee does not have the same popularity in Tanzania as it has in Ethiopia, with a bit of searching you can find a decent cup of java, instead of the instant "Africa" coffee that is served in most restaurants. All large hotels in Dar make good coffee. If you want to brew your own cup, Msumbi Coffee Shop, +255 22 260 0380, Sea Cliff Village, sells Tanzanian coffee beans ground or whole, roasted on the premises. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] The legal drinking/purchasing age of alcoholic beverages is 18. Bottled water is cheap and widely available throughout the country. You shouldn't drink the tap water unless you have no other option, and it must either be filtered with a high quality filter and purifier or kept at a rolling boil for at least 10 minutes before consumption. Recent tests on tap water have found it contaminated with the e-coli bacteria. Konyagi is a wonderful gin-like beverage, sold only in Tanzania. Domestic beers are Kilimanjaro, Serengeti and Safari, which are western-style and very good. Imports include Tusker, Stella Artois, and Castle. Tanzania is home to some of the most exotic drinks in the world. Locally produced banana-beer is also available at times, but questionably safe to drink. Traditionally, you will drink this out of a hollowed gourd. First drink the guests, who then pass it to the elders. In some parts of of Tanzania, fermented bamboo juice (Pombe) is the common tipple. Passion fruit, mango, and orange juices are available in many restaurants, and excellent when the fruits are in season. Soft drinks are widely available; Stoney Tangawizi (ginger ale - tangawizi means 'ginger', in Swahili) is one of the most popular. Other popular beverages are Orange Fanta, Bitter Lemon, Soda Water, Tonic Water, and Lassi (a sweet or salty yogurt drink). Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] Sunrise and sunset are always the same time (about 7) at the equator. Be sure to avoid touts. If you are travelling as a couple, a good idea is for one person to sit in a lobby or restaurant with the bags, while the other scopes out rooms. You are likely to get a cheaper price without the bags, and not be targeted by sneaky touts that will raise the price $5-$10 for you for their commission. Learn[ edit ] Various schools and volunteer programs offer courses ranging from Beginners Swahili to Economic Development. Dar es Salaam also has a well-established University, which has exchange programs with several universities in the US and other countries. Work[ edit ] There is a wide assortment of volunteer organisations sending volunteers and interns to Tanzania to do work in health care, orphanages, education, and development projects. Finding a paying job may be more of a daunting task, taking more time and making use of local connections, but a job could be certainly obtainable when sought hard enough. Theft[ edit ] Caution should always be exercised, particularly in tourist areas, such as Arusha, Stone Town (Zanzibar), and Dar es Salaam. Violent crime against foreigners is not uncommon, particularly against those walking alone at night, which is not recommended. Pickpocketing and con artists are also common. Pickpockets work crowded markets, like Kariakoo, and bus stations. Don't be fooled by small children who are often forced into a life of crime by older kids or parents -- never carry anything of value in your pockets and don't let expensive camera equipment dangle from your neck. Don't leave bags unattended or even out of your sight when on the beach. See specific area or city articles for details. In general, avoid isolated areas, especially after dark. Travelling in large groups is safer. If there are many people or security guards around (e.g. city center areas) you should be relatively safe. The safest way to travel is by taxi with a driver you know, especially when it's dark out (late night or early morning). Although it's uncommon, taxi drivers have been known to rob tourists. Taxi drivers are a major security weak link in Dar es Salaam. Get the number for a taxi you trust, from your hotel or a local. If you are in a situation where you have to take a taxi that has not been recommended, take the number and send it to your relative so that it can be tracked if something happens. Most of the taxi drivers in Dar know the criminals who hang out in their parking area but turn a blind eye to their activities. Buses have infrequently been stopped by robbers on long-distance (often overnight) routes. If you have to travel a long distance by bus, it might be better to break it into multiple day-only trips, or to travel by plane or train. In the event of an incident, the police may or may not make a strong effort to identify the culprits, but obtaining a police report is necessary if you plan on filing an insurance claim later, or if important documents are stolen. Make sure the police report indicates if your papers were stolen; otherwise you may have difficulty leaving the country. You should immediately contact your local embassy or consulate in the event that your passport is taken. Walking[ edit ] There are very few sidewalks in Tanzania, always pay careful attention to the traffic and be prepared to move out of the way, as vehicles do not make much effort to avoid pedestrians. In Tanzania, cars have priority. The best way to avoid touts, sellers, dealers etc, when they inevitably come up to you and say "jambo" is to either say nothing, or to say "thank you" or "asante", and to keep moving. Some may be offended by 'no', and persistent touts will be encouraged by any kind of interaction at all. Walking safaris is a part of Ecotourism whereby tourists walk to see natural scenery of tourist destinations to minimize impacts on tourist destinations. Ecotourism is travel to natural places which are virgin while conserving environment and improving well being of people. Ecotourism activities include walking safaris, game drives, bird watching, trekking, cultural tourism and mountain climbing. Ecotourism is a responsible travel whereby all tourist destinations visited are left intact and ecotourism is guided by naturalist guides. Naturalist guides include safari guides and mountain climbing guides. In Tanzania ecotourism hotspots are Mount Kilimanjaro, Serengeti national park, Ngorongoro conservation area, Selous game reserve, Ruaha national park, Udzungwa and Mafia Island. To organize ecotourism trips, local tour operators know better places and private Tanzania tours. KILIMANJARO TANZANITE SAFARIS Co.Ltd offer best travel deals on climbing mount Kilimanjaro, wildlife safaris, photographic safaris, nature safaris, camping safaris, eco lodges, cheap travel packages, budget camping safaris and beach holidays. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href=" http://www.kili-tanzanitesafaris.com/ ">[2]</a> Mount Kilimanjaro climbing trips, wildlife safaris, African safaris, Kilimanjaro trekking expeditions, Kilimanjaro climbing routes, machame route, Rongai route, budget camping safaris and photographic safaris Tanzania. Corruption[ edit ] Tanzania, like many developing countries, suffers from corruption. Police are poorly paid - many make less than $40/month. You may be solicited for a bribe by an official willing to turn a blind eye to your infraction, fabricated or otherwise. Some travellers are very much averse to paying bribes to anyone, especially in a country with so many needy but honest citizens. Fraudsters are known to impersonate police, sometimes in the guise of an "immigration official" who identifies a problem with your documents. They will flash official-looking papers at you. But there are many plainclothes officers as well. And if you are confronted with someone in uniform, they are almost certainly an actual officer. On-the-spot-fine is one term used for a bribe. Those words are meant to initiate a conversation about money. You may be told that the real fine is TSh40,000 or more and that for TSh20,000 or 30,000, paid immediately, you can be on your way and avoid a trip to the Police Station to pay a higher fine. If you are certain you are in the right, and do not want to pay a bribe, some strategies are: Involve other people. Fraudsters or corrupt officials are unlikely to pursue their schemes near an audience. You can ask bystanders for help on the pretext of not understanding the officer. Invoke higher powers. Insisting on going to the local police station is a good way to make an illegitimate issue go away. Suggesting a visit to your country's embassy (e.g. to have an official there help translate the conversation, due to one's poor knowledge of the local language and laws) is also effective. At this point, they usually have a look of horror on their face, since they don't want any real officials involved. Asking for bribes is illegal, and there is an office of corruption where they can be reported. Play dumb. Politely explain to the person that you don't understand the nature of the infraction, even if you do. Tanzanians are not direct, and prefer to imply what they want, instead of asking outright. Tell them you've only just arrived in the country, even if it's your 100th visit. If you know some Kiswahili, I wouldn't mention it. It may only make things harder. Insist a receipt with an official stamp -- a request that is most likely to be met with confusion and concern. The idea is to show that you don’t know that this is actually a bribe and that you simply try to play by the rules. Hopefully, after 10 or 20 minutes of a circular, but always polite, conversation, they may send you on your merry way. A word of caution about this approach. Corrupt officials have become wise to this and in one case a person requesting a receipt was told the cashier's office was closed and would not open until the next morning. The options were to pay the fine or spend the night in prison. It appears this was not a bluff on the part of the officer. The fine was paid and no receipt was issued. Be aware that the game is constantly changing. Also keep in mind that: Discussing money or negotiating the fine may encourage the perception that you understand the nature of the conversation (i.e. you are willing to pay a bribe). Directly accusing the officer of corruption is likely to be counter-productive; it is important that you allow the officer to save face. If you insist on going to the police station, you may be expected to give the officer a ride. If you are alone, and especially if the "officer" is plainclothes, this may not be a good idea. If you are approached by multiple people and are alone, under no circumstances get in their vehicle - insist on taking a taxi. And once you get to the station, just pay whatever fine is quoted and insist on a receipt. This may end up costing you more than the bribe, but at least this cop won't get any money out of you, and he/she may think twice before flagging down other foreigners. Also, demonstrate respect for their authority, never raise your voice, and never swear or insult them. Whether you are right or not does not matter at that point. Finally: Incidents of excessive force involving tourists are rare, but that doesn’t mean it cannot happen. For instance, police have been known to be drunk on the job, which can seriously inhibit their ability to reason. As in any situation where someone is trying to get money out of you, by force or threat of force, it's better to be safe than sorry; it's only money. Stay healthy[ edit ] Illnesses and diseases[ edit ] As in most African countries, the AIDS/HIV infection rate is high. Tanzania's HIV/AIDS infection rate was 9% at the end of 2003 UNAIDS [29] . This figure is deceiving, however, since several distinct segments of the population, such as artisanal miners, itinerant fisherman, truck drivers, and sex workers, have HIV infection rates significantly higher than the national average. Do not have unprotected sex in Tanzania or anywhere else, for that matter. After food-borne illnesses, malaria should be your greatest concern. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and is endemic to Tanzania. You may find yourself at risk in almost every part of the country, although this risk is diminished at altitudes above 2000 m. Care should always be taken between sunset and sunrise, especially during the rainy season. Always sleep under a treated net; wear trousers and closed footwear, and use an effective repellent. It's amazing, but many large hotels don’t automatically install mosquito nets in their rooms. However, a call to the reception requesting one is seldom ignored. In some cases, the nets have several large holes, but a bit of adhesive tape or tying a small knot to cover the hole should do the trick. Prior to leaving for Tanzania, you may also wish to consult a physician about taking some anti-malarial medication -- before, during, and after your trip. If, in spite of your best efforts, you do contract malaria, it is usually easily treated with medication that is readily available throughout most of the country. If you plan on being in isolated locations, you may wish to drop by a clinic and purchase a batch. Note that symptoms associated with malaria can take up to two weeks before manifesting themselves. The rule of thumb for ex-pats living in Tanzania is this: Any fever lasting more than a day should be cause for concern and necessitate a trip to the clinic for a malaria test. Upon your return home, should you show signs of a possible malaria infection, notify your doctor that you’ve visited a malaria-infected country. Other major illnesses to avoid are typhoid and cholera. In theory, typhoid can be avoided by carefully selecting food and drink and by avoiding consumption of anything unclean. Typhoid infection, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [30] , is marked by 'persistent, high fevers...headache, malaise, anorexia, splenomegaly, and relative bradycardia.' Cholera infection is marked by vomiting and sudden, uncontrollable bowel movements, which can dehydrate and ultimately kill the sufferer within 48 hours. It is important to seek medical attention as quickly as possible. Cholera is more or less a seasonal phenomenon in Zanzibar, where outbreaks frequently occur during the rainy seasons. Vaccines and/or oral prevention are available for both typhoid and cholera. Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted through the bite of a particular mosquito. Although not as common as malaria, it is nonetheless a serious disease, and travelers to Africa should consult a physician about being vaccinated against it. If you plan on traveling to other countries after your stay in Tanzania, be advised that some countries, such as South Africa , may require proof that you’ve been vaccinated against Yellow Fever before allowing you to enter the country. If you aren’t or can’t prove it, you will be offered two options: 1) receive the Yellow Fever vaccination at the airport, and 2) immediately leave the country. The Yellow Fever vaccine (as any cavvine) can have side effects for some people, so you may wish to get the vaccine in your home country, under controlled conditions. Most physicians will not administer the Yellow Fever vaccine to children under the age of 1 year, and a letter from a physician explaining this will ensure that your infant child will not receive the vaccine at the airport. - People travelling to Tanzania from INDIA, There is acute shortage of the yellow fever vaccine in India so please get yourself vaccinated at the airport in Dar-ES-Salaam as soon as you land there. Gastrointestinal Distress, a.k.a. traveler’s diarrhea, is the result of one, some, or all the following factors: Unhygienic food preparation and storage, changes in diet, fatigue, dehydration, and excessive alcohol consumption. Prevention is your best defense. Eat only raw vegetables and fruits you can peel and which have been rinsed in clean water. Avoid street or restaurant food that appears to have been left in the open for an extended period of time. Eat only freshly fried or steamed food. You should drink only bottled water, which is available throughout the country. You should even brush your teeth with it. If you must drink tap or well water, boil it for a minimum of 10 minutes or use a high quality filter. Rift Valley Fever: In January 2007, there was an outbreak of RFV in the Kilimanjaro area. Consumption of unpasteurized milk and improperly cooked meat from infected cows led to a number of deaths in the area. Following the deaths, beef sales dropped sharply all over the country, despite the limited scope of the infection. In general, meat served in upscale restaurants is of superior quality. However, care should be taken when indulging in street foods or when eating in remote areas. Insects and Animals[ edit ] Tanzania has its fair share of venomous and deadly insects and animals, such as Black and Green Mambas, scorpions, spiders, stinging ants, lions, sharks, and others. You should take care when walking through high grass; when visiting national parks, or when shoving your hand under rocks or into dark holes -- unless you know what you are doing. In actuality, the likelihood of encountering these and other similar dangers is remote. The insect/animal most residents fear is the mosquito. Medical Facilities[ edit ] Hospitals and dispensaries in Tanzania do not meet western standards. If you require surgery or any complex medical procedure you will have to be evacuated to Kenya, South Africa or Europe. You should ensure your medical insurance covers such expenses. Outside of Dar es Salaam, and especially outside of the larger cities and towns, you will be hard pressed to get even basic medical help as many doctors are poorly trained and/or have limited equipment and medication. You should ensure you have your own medical kit to hold you over in case of an emergency. Misdiagnoses are frequent for even common ailments such as malaria, as high as 70% of the cases. Dar es Salaam is served by a few clinics staffed by western trained physicians. However, some surgical procedures still require evacuation out of Tanzania. IST Medical Clinic: Just off Haile Selassie Road past the Chole Road intersection, behind the International School of Tanganyika, Msasani Pinensula, Tel: +255 22 260 1307, Emergency: +255 754 783 393. Premier Care Clinic Limited: 259 Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Namanga, Kinondoni, P.O. Box 220, Dar es Salaam, Tel: +255 22 266 8385, Mobile: +255 748 254 642. Aga Khan Hospital: Corner of Ocean Road & Sea View Road, Tel: +255 22 211 5151. Government Hospitals[ edit ] Bugando Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania Tel: +255 68 40610, [31] . The University College of Health Sciences at Bugando Medical Center is established as a Catholic college having four schools: Medical, Nursing, Pharmacotherapy and Dental. Mbeya Referral Hospital, PO Box 419, Mbeya, Tanzania Tel: +255 65 3576. Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, PO Box 338, Zanzibar, Tanzania Tel: +255 54 31071. Other Government run hospitals used for electives: Hindu Mandal Hospital, PO Box 581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 51 110237/110428. Agha Khan Hospital, PO Box 2289, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 51 114096. Nachingwea District General Hospital, Nachingwea, Lindi, South Tanzania Teule District Designated Hospital, Muheza, Tanga Region, Tanzania. Mission Hospitals[ edit ] Berega Mission Hospital, Berega, Morogoro, Tanzania. St Anne’s Hospital, PO Box 2, Liuli (via Songea), Tanzania (connected via USPG charity). St Francis Hospital, Kwo Mkono, Handeni District, Tanzania. A flying doctor service is based in Arusha, Tel: +255 2548578. For any medical issues please don't hesitate to contact: Ministry of Health, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam Tel: +255 51 20261 Fax: 51 39951 In Moshi Municipality (Kilimanjaro Region) there is the renowned KCMC - Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre which is in the foothills of the snow capped, Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. It was opened in March 1971 by the Good Samaritan Foundation, who planned and raised large funds to build and equip it. Respect[ edit ] In general, tourists should wear modest or conservative attire, especially in Zanzibar, which is a conservative Muslim society. Western women should not wear clothing that reveals too much skin. 'Kangas', brightly-colored wrap-around cloth, are affordable, available throughout the country, and can serve as a discreet covering. The Masai people, with their colorful clothing, are tempting targets for any tourist with a camera. However, they expect to be paid for it, and you should always ask before taking pictures. It is common practice among Swahili-speakers to use 'shikamoo' (prounounced 'she ka moe' and literally meaning, 'I hold your feet') when greeting elders or superiors. The usual response from an elder will be 'marahaba'. In Zanzibar, the equivalent of 'shikamoo' is 'chei chei'. The traveler will get along very well when using these verbal expressions of respect. In addition, a title after the 'shikamoo' is also a useful indicator that you are not just a dumb tourist -- 'shikamoo bwana' for the gents, and, when addressing a female elder, 'shikamoo mama'. Tanzanians will also comment if you are doing any work while they are not, with the phrase "pole na kazi". It literally means "I'm sorry you have to work". A simple "asante", or "thanks", will suffice in reply. Many Tanzanian sellers are persistent and, ordinarily, a simple head shake, accompanied by "asante sana", should settle it. However, as a last resort, a firm "hapana", meaning "no", will do the trick. Tanzanians find the word "hapana" quite rude, so please don't use it casually -- only as a last resort. Whatever you plan to do, do not tell someone you will come back to buy from them later when you have no such intention; better to be honest and say 'no' than having to avoid someone for days. They somehow have a funny way of finding you when you promised to visit their stall or shop! The most polite way to refuse something is to say "sihitaji" (pronounced see-hih-tah-jee)- "I don't need it". Contact[ edit ] Keeping in touch while traveling in Tanzania is rarely a problem. You can get decent mobile phone reception even in some national parks. Telephone calls[ edit ] The "Tanzania Telecommunications Company Ltd" (TTCL) is the state owned telecom, operating all pay phones and landlines in Tanzania. As it is the case with most developing countries, telephone fixed-lines are not affordable for many ordinary people. However, the mobile network has blossomed throughout Africa in the past five years, and this is equally true of Tanzania. With many used mobile phones for sale and the very low cost of getting a SIM card, 2000 Tsh, this is the popular choice of most Tanzanians. For many, a mobile phone is the first large purchase when they get a job. The major mobile service providers operate all over the country, even in some of the most remote areas, although service interruptions are common. If you find a taxi driver or tour guide that you like, ask for his/her mobile number. This is often the best way to reach them. Using a mobile phone If you have an "unlocked" GSM 900/1800mhz frequency mobile phone (the same frequency as used in the rest of the world, apart from USA and Canada), you can purchase a local SIM card for 500 Tsh from a series of Tanzanian service providers. The most popular are Celtel [32] , Vodacom [33] , and Tigo [34] . Zantel [35] is a new arrival on the mainland and, through the national roaming agreement with Vodacom, currently has the largest network coverage. Air Time You can recharge your "Prepaid" mobile phone account by using "scratch-cards", which are available everywhere. Just look for shops or even small tables set up along the road, with posters for the various mobile service providers. Those cards come in the following denominations: 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 20000, and 50000 Tsh. If you plan on making frequent calls outside of Africa, you will need at least a 10000 Tsh-card. Making calls within Tanzania to a mobile phone Dial "0 & (telephone number)" or "+255 & (telephone number)" Making calls within Tanzania to a landline Dial "0 & (city code) & (telephone number)" or "+255 & (city code) & (telephone number)" Telephone codes for the Tanzanian cities (These numbers are only used when calling landlines) Dar es Salaam (22), Morogoro & Mtwara (23), Zanzibar & Pemba (24), Mbeya (25), Iringa (26), Arusha & Tanga (27), and Mwanza (28). Making international calls Dial "+ & ( country code ) & (area code, if any) & (telephone number)" or "000 & ( country code ) & (area code, if any) & (telephone number)" In October 2006, Vodacom changed the second digit, not counting the first "0" or the "+255" country code, in their phone numbers from "4" to "5", e.g.: 744 is now 754. Some magazines, books, travel guides, and advertisements may not have made the necessary corrections. All Vodacom mobile numbers starting with 744, 745, or 746 should be changed to 754, 755, and 756. Internet[ edit ] Internet cafés are more and more common throughout Tanzania. They are easy to find in major urban areas, like Dar es Salaam and Arusha. International telecommunications have low capacity, and can be unreliable. Some mobile providers have started offering wireless internet service. Zantel, Vodacom, and Zain are the main providers. All urban areas and many rural areas that have mobile phone coverage also have mobile internet coverage. Wireless 3G coverage is available in many areas of Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Zanzibar town. For the Zanzibar Archipelago Zantel seems to be the best option. On the continent there is more competition between the operators. To use this service you can use your phone's mobile browser. To use it with a computer, you must first purchase a CDMA PC Card or USB mobile receiver which plugs into your computer. This will set you back about 200,000 Tsh. If you have an unlocked CDMA phone with a modem cable, that will also work. Airtime is obtained using scratch cards just like mobile phones. Connection rates are dropping dramatically and there are packages of "unlimited" access for some period of time. For example, Zantel offers 3 days of unlimited transfer for 5000 TSh. Emergency[ edit ] Emergency Services: 112 In 2006, there was a huge scandal involving the emergency service number, a scandal that saw the resignation of the Chief of Police. During an armed robbery at a popular Indian restaurant, an employee dialed 112 to notify the police that a crime was in progress. He let the phone ring for over 30 minutes before hanging up. The following day, the media reported that the emergency number had been disconnected for over a month, and the police had not advised the public. Luckily, the emergency number has been reactivated; however, if you can, it's probably better to go straight to the nearest police station, instead of dialing 112.

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Tanzania Send me a copy Subject: Email addresses provided here will be used solely to email the link indicated. They will not be saved, shared, or used again in any manner whatsoever. The CAPTCHA code you entered is not valid, please reenter the CAPTCHA code Tanzania Official Name: United Republic of Tanzania Last Updated: June 14, 2016 Embassy Messages One page required for visa and entry stamp  TOURIST VISA REQUIRED: Yellow fever required if traveling from a yellow fever endemic country CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR ENTRY: Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(255) 22-229-4000, dial '1' for an emergency operator Fax: +(255) 22-229-4721 See the Department of State Fact Sheet on Tanzania for information on U.S. – Tanzania relations. Entry, Exit & Visa Requirements Visas for U.S. citizens traveling to Tanzania are mandatory.  The U.S. Embassy recommends that U.S. citizens obtain visas before traveling Tanzania, but visas are also available at ports of entry upon arrival.  A passport valid for a minimum of six months beyond visa issuance and/or date of entry, and at least one blank visa page is required.  Visitors who enter on visas must present a roundtrip ticket and demonstrate they have sufficient funds for their stay.  Be prepared to show your passport and explain your visa status when entering or departing Zanzibar or when traveling around the mainland. Volunteer activity – even if the traveler is paying for the opportunity – is prohibited on a tourist visa.  If you plan to engage in business or commercial transactions in Tanzania, please consult with the Embassy of Tanzania in Washington, D.C. before applying for a visa.  Visit the Embassy of Tanzania website for the most current visa information.  Read the page on visas and immigration to ensure you will have the correct status during your visit to Tanzania. Yellow fever vaccination is required for all travelers arriving from, or having transited through, yellow fever endemic countries.  Direct arrivals from non-endemic countries, including all countries in Europe and North America, are not required to show the certificate.  Refer to the CDC website for yellow fever vaccination recommendations for Tanzania, and a list of yellow fever endemic countries. If a public official attempts to solicit the payment of a fine from you, ask to travel to the nearest police station to file a report regarding the incident. Obtain a receipt and a written report of any such transactions. If your passport is seized, ask for a receipt, note the officer’s name, location, and contact details and report it immediately to the U.S. Embassy. For information on obtaining a residence permit, please contact the Tanzanian Immigration Department's Ministry for Home Affairs website or by telephone. Dar es Salaam:  +255 (0) 22 2850575/6 Zanzibar:  +255 (0) 24 223 9148 HIV/AIDS restrictions:  The U.S. Department of State is unaware of any HIV/AIDS entry restrictions for visitors to or foreign residents of Tanzania.   Find information on  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction and customs regulations on our websites. Safety and Security Terrorist incidents, including the 1998 bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi more recent attacks on civilians in Arusha, highlight the threat posed by terrorism in East Africa and underscore the capacity of terrorist groups to carry out such attacks against Westerners. Avoid political rallies and public gatherings in Tanzania.  Peaceful demonstrations can turn violent with little or no warning.  It is important for visitors and residents to be mindful of their safety, especially in public areas, and to review the Worldwide Caution . U.S. citizens should take precaution when traveling between Julius Nyerere International Airport and Dar es Salaam.  There have been incidents of robberies while cars are stopped at traffic lights.  Drivers should lock their doors and keep windows up at all times To stay connected: Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program so we can keep you up to date with important safety and security announcements. Follow the Bureau of Consular Affairs on Twitter and Facebook . Bookmark the Bureau of Consular Affairs website , which contains the current Travel Warnings and Travel Alerts as well as the Worldwide Caution . Follow the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam on Twitter and visiting the Embassy’s website . In the event of an emergency, contact us at 1-888-407-4747 toll-free within the United States and Canada, or via a regular toll line, 1-202-501-4444, from other countries. Take some time before traveling to consider your personal security and checking for useful tips for traveling safely abroad . Crime: We urge you to report any crimes to the closest police station and request a copy of the report to use for any insurance claims. Muggings, Robberies, and Assaults:  Do not accept candy, food or drinks from strangers on long-distance busses. Stay alert on when walking on beaches, footpaths, and roads, especially on Zanzibar, in Dar es Salaam, and Arusha.  Avoid carrying a bag, wearing flashy jewelry, or using personal electronics while in public. If you must carry a bag, hold it by the handle loosely so you can let go quickly and not be injured if someone in a passing vehicle attempts to it.  Do not put the strap across your chest as you can be dragged and badly injured. While on safari, visiting parks, hiking, or mountain climbing remain alert to your surroundings and report anything unusual to your tour guide, park ranger or the police. If you are in a dangerous situation, hand over all your valuables immediately, comply with the demands, and do not to make eye contact with the aggressors. We have received reports of assaults originating at the Tazara train station, Ubungo bus station, Dar es Salaam airport, downtown ferry terminal area, and the Slipway on the Msasani Peninsula in Dar es Salaam. Please follow this link for more information on taxis. ATM/Bank Fraud:  To reduce your vulnerability: Minimize the amount of cash you carry.   Avoid using stand-alone ATMs.   Monitor your account balance regularly and immediately report unusual activity.   Avoid using debit cards if possible.   Have sufficient cash or traveler’s checks for your trip if you will be spending time outside of the large cities.   Reputable financial institutions will require the bearer of a traveler’s check to present the original receipt for the checks and proof of identity before completing a transaction. Home Invasions:  U.S. citizens residing in Arusha and Dar es Salaam report a steady increase in crimes targeting the homes of expatriates. These armed home invasions usually involve some violence and some victims have been seriously injured. If you live in Tanzania, ensure that your home has a safe haven, a secure area with reinforced barriers where you can retreat and remain safe if intruders enter. Residents in Arusha and Dar es Salaam strongly recommend retaining a professional security company with 24-hour guards and roving patrols. If you have access to a house alarm, use it. Hotel Safety:  Consider a hotel’s safety protocols when booking your stay: Is entry restricted to guests and staff? Are there gates? Can you lock the windows and doors? Do uniformed security guards patrol the grounds? If you use a hotel safe, ensure it is bolted and secured to the furniture. Avoid Carjackings: Drive with doors locked and windows rolled up. Do not to stop in unpopulated areas. Travel in convoys if possible. Be wary of drivers of stopped cars flagging motorists down for assistance. Dar es Salaam:  Be very careful in the Coco Beach area of Touré Drive on Msasani Peninsula, the scenic beachfront road leading from the Sea Cliff Hotel into town. The U.S. Embassy receives regular reports of muggings, pick-pockets, and thefts from cars. This road is a concern any time of day or night, whether you are on foot or in a vehicle. U.S. government personnel are cautioned against walking or running along Touré Drive and Haile Selassie Road on the Msasani Peninsula due to the prevalence of assaults. Avoid areas where there aren't houses or buildings on both sides of the road as assailants like to hide in areas covered by brush. Be cautious about walking on paths near the water, as serious erosion has degraded the soil.  Zanzibar:  Beware of pickpockets, assaults, and bag snatching in Zanzibar. Wear modest dress and keep a low profile, especially on Friday afternoons, the traditional time to attend mosque. Arusha:  In Arusha, the high number of foreign tourists attracts pickpockets and bag snatchers.  You are strongly discouraged from walking around at dusk or at night, and to avoid the section of Arusha on the far side of the Themi River at all times when on foot. Many muggings have occurred near the clock tower in the center of town. Tanga: Criminals use the Amboni Caves north of Tanga City to hide from authorities. Police and military perform raid operations to apprehend criminal suspects in the cave system. Additionally, armed robberies in the shopping establishments of the Mzizima Ward of Tanga Rural District, has increased. Mwanza: Violence and attacks by armed groups in and around the city of Mwanza has increased. You should remain alert and avoid large gatherings when travelling to Mwanza.  In many countries around the world, counterfeit and pirated goods are widely available. Whether transactions involving such products are legal or illegal under local law, bringing them back to the United States may result in forfeitures and/or fines. See the Department of State and the FBI pages for information on scams. Victims of Crime:  U.S. citizen victims of sexual assault should report crimes to the local police at 111 and contact the U.S. Embassy at 255 22 229 4122 and at 255 22 229 4000, dial ‘1’ for an emergency operator. Some police stations in Dar es Salaam (such as Oysterbay and Selander Bridge) offer a special desk for tourists to report crimes. However, they have limited daytime hours. In general, police stations may not have an English-speaker available or be staffed to make a written report even during opening hours. Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting the crime. help you find appropriate medical care assist you in reporting a crime to the police contact relatives or friends with your written consent explain the local criminal justice process in general terms provide a list of local attorneys provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution help you find accommodation and arrange flights home replace a stolen or lost passport Domestic Violence:  U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence may contact the Embassy for assistance. For further information: Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program ( STEP ) to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.  Call us in Washington at 1-888-407-4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada or 1-202-501-4444 from other countries from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). Maintain a safe distance from animals Stay in the vehicle or protected enclosure when venturing into game parks. Mountains:   Know the signs of altitude sickness. Heed the advice of the professionals organizing the ascent . Don't try to save money by selecting a tour guide who offers a faster ascent - your body needs the extra day(s) to acclimate to the altitude. If you experience altitude sickness, descend immediately and seek medical help. What to Wear: While visiting Tanzania, you should dress modestly (upper arms and legs covered and no exposed midriffs) outside of the hotel or resort and when arriving and departing the island.   Ramadan: During the holy month of Ramadan, when Muslims fast during daylight hours, avoid eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing gum in public except in hotels or restaurants. Scams: U.S. businesspersons have been victims of scams involving the alleged sale of gold, diamonds, gemstones, minerals, and other natural resources. You should be very cautious of seemingly lucrative business opportunities offered by agents based in, or with ties to, Tanzania and neighboring countries. There are also scams involving offers to arrange volunteer visas and safari excursions. Vet anyone offering to provide you such a service and check their references carefully.  Remember, if a deal seems too good to be true, it probably is. Faith-Based Travelers:  See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report . LGBT Rights: Consensual same-sex activity is illegal both on the mainland and on Zanzibar, and is punishable by long prison sentences.  Public displays of affection between persons of the same sex may be met with harassment or violence. Members of the LGBTI community may be targeted, harassed, and/or charged with unrelated offenses. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that support the LGBTI community and their staff may also be targeted and harassed by local authorities. We do not pay medical bills. Be aware that U.S. Medicare does not apply overseas.   Click here to access the list of medical facilities in Tanzania from the Embassy website. Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas.  Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments.   See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .  We strongly recommend supplemental insurance (our webpage) to cover medical evacuation.  Carry prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription.  The following diseases are prevalent: dengue malaria Vaccinations: Be up-to-date on all vaccinations recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Further health information:

i don't know

Who designed the New York pink skyscraper with the Chippendale-style cabinet top?

Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Phillip Johnson Last update of this page: July 24th 2005 Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 - January 2005) U.S.A. Architect Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he studied philosophy and architecture at Harvard University. As coauthor of The International Style: Architecture Since 1922 (1932) and director of the architecture department (1932-;34, 1946-57) at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, he did much to familiarize Americans with modern European architecture. He gained fame with his own Glass House (1949), which struck a balance between the influence of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (later his collaborator on the Seagram Building) and Classical allusion. In 1979 Johnson became the first recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize. His style took a striking turn with the AT&T headquarters, New York (1982), a controversial postmodernist landmark, a pink skyscraper with a Chippendale-style cabinet top. While never completely hiding his long term relationship with curator David Whitney, which began in 1960, Johnson did not officially "come out" publicly until 1994, when his biography by Franz Schulze was released. Johnson's long-time lover was David Whitney, a major mover on the New York art scene of the 1960s and '70s. Works:

Philip Johnson

Who was the original host of The Price Is Right?

Postmodernism? London's V&A museum attempts a definition | Art and design | The Guardian Postmodernism? London's V&A museum attempts a definition Andy Warhol, Grace Jones, Karl Lagerfeld and Ridley Scott to be represented at Style and Subversion exhibition American artist Jenny Holzer, whose work includes Monument (2008), will be represented at Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970-1990 at London's V&A museum. Photograph: Mark Pinder for the Guardian Close This article is 5 years old If, in the 1980s, you were making tea with your Alessi kettle, checking the time on your Swatch and humming along to your new Eurythmics album you may be able to call yourself a postmodernist. But then there is another question – did you have an ironic smile on your face as you filled the shiny, expensive, piece of kit? The definition of postmodernism is a thorny one and is not lost on the curators of the biggest style show dedicated to the movement. "We talked about it endlessly for three years," said Jane Pavitt. "There were many, many definitions that we put forward." Pavitt and co-curator Glenn Adamson have unveiled details of the V&A's big autumn exhibition, Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970-1990, which will encompass music, art, film, fashion and architecture. It completes a series of shows at the London museum dedicated to 20th-century style movements that has included art deco and modernism. Postmodernism is tricky because of its enormous variety and lack of distinctive look. Some people even consider it a term of abuse. Or praise. Pavitt conceded it might "seem strange or perhaps perverse, foolhardy even," for the V&A to put on a big postmodernism show. "After all, here is a subject that, at its moment, defied categorisation and resisted authority. Many of its protagonists even denied its existence." What can be said is that postmodernism was loud colours, bold patterns, historical quotation and a good degree of wit. Adamson said: "We are not saying that postmodernism looked like this, because postmodernism looked like many things and incited debate above all. What we can say is that postmodernism was an attack on what had come before; it was an attack on modernism." The curators insist the subject is ripe for exploration and plan to show how postmodernism helped change the look of cities as well as having a profound effect on popular culture and fashion. There will be a strong architectural element to the show and the launch was held in one of London's most stridently postmodernist buildings: James Stirling's No 1 Poultry. Featuring in the show will also be designs for Stirling's Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, an excellent example of postmodern architectural pastiche. There will be 6ft-high presentation drawings of the designs for Philip Johnson's controversial AT&T building in New York. "It's the ultimate postmodern joke," said Pavitt, "a glitzy, pink-pink granite clad skyscraper topped with a Chippendale style pediment and adorned with historicist quotations. One can't underestimate the level of outrage in response to this project." Visual art will be represented by Jeff Koons, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer and popular culture highlights including a reconstruction of singer/actor Grace Jones's extraordinary maternity dress (right), an angular, colourful, bump-hiding affair designed by her lover and guru Jean-Paul Goude. Other fashions on show include creations by designers Karl Lagerfeld and Vivienne Westwood and baggy, oversized clothes from the label Comme de Garçons. Examples of postmodern film will include Derek Jarman's Last of England and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner, with its remarkable mixing of genres and styles. In the final room, visitors will be able to leave on a high by watching the pop video made by Robert Longo for 1986 New Order single Bizarre Love Triangle. • Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970-1990 is at the V&A from 24 September 2011-8 January 2012.

i don't know

Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

beau roger moore

What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

i don't know

Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

lenny schulz

Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

i don't know

In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

billy manucci

Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

i don't know

The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

elliott gould married barbra streisand

Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

i don't know

The Flying Nun was based on which book?

The Flying Nun - ABC promo with Sally Field - YouTube The Flying Nun - ABC promo with Sally Field Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 14, 2007 Get classic TV series on DVD: http://astore.amazon.com/retroload-20 The Flying Nun was a sitcom produced by ABC based on the book The Fifteenth Pelican, by Tere Rios. The sitcom ran for three seasons, and produced 82 color episodes from 1967 until 1970. Developed by Bernard Slade, it centered on the adventures of a group of nuns in the Convent San Tanco in Puerto Rico. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the flying ability of a novice nun, Sister Bertrille, played by Sally Field. She could be relied upon to solve any problem that came her way by her ability to catch a passing breeze and fly (attributed to her small stature and heavily starched cornette—the headgear for her habit). Her flying talents caused as many problems as they solved. She once explained her ability to fly as, "When lift plus thrust is greater than load plus drag, anything can fly." The unusual premise caught the attention of the public and the program was a success, yet the storylines were limited, and by the end of the show's run, the writers were struggling to create new situations that would allow the heroine to take flight. Critics never responded favorably to the show, and credited most of its success to the appeal of Sally Field. Madeleine Sherwood played the Mother Superior, Marge Redmond played Sister Jacqueline, Shelley Morrison played Sister Sixto, and Alejandro Rey played local playboy Carlos Ramirez, who Sister Bertrille would run into with alarming frequency. Visit our RETRO BLOG:

Tere Ríos

The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument?

Collecting Children's Books: Nun of the Above I'm not an "expert" on collecting children's books -- just someone with a hobby. This is a place for discussing older children's books, as well as sharing info and opinions on new books that might become collectable in the years ahead. Wednesday, February 25, 2009 Nun of the Above Back in the 1960s, there was a double-bill of Tennessee Williams plays on Broadway called SLAPSTICK TRAGEDY. I've always loved that title because it seems to sum up so much of life. Sad events sometimes contain a touch of dark or irreverent humor -- and there is often an element of pathos in comedy. Today's blog started with a silly topic -- airborne nuns. I was going to talk about how a children's book that nobody knows became a TV sitcom that everyone knows...but the more I researched the topic, the sadder I became. The sitcom is THE FLYING NUN, which premiered in the fall of 1967 starring future Oscar-winner Sally Field. Our gal Sal played a novice nun assigned to a convent in Puerto Rico where the combination of her huge headgear (which kind of looked like a paper airplane on steroids) and the prevailing local winds frequently sent the sister soaring. It was a mixed blessing for Sister Bertrille. The opening credits did, after all, show her crash-landing through a stained glass window, though it certainly sounded like she was having fun when she sang the show's theme song : Who needs wings to fly? Certainly not I. I prefer to take up on the breeze, Follow any swallow that may please my fancy! I just close my eyes, Tiptoe through the skies. 'Long as there's a heaven standing by, Who needs things like wings to fly? Okay, I'll admit it: I once actually owned a copy of the Flying Nun album. Something else I'll admit: for many years I didn't know the series was based on a book. I just figured the idea was dreamed up by some wacky scriptwriter. Remember, it was the sixties -- a time when a lot of Hollywood types didn't need wings to fly either. But it turns out that Sister Bertrille was actually created by a writer named Marie Teresa Rios Versace, an American of Puerto Rican descent. The wife of a U.S. Army colonel and mother of five, Ms. Versace wrote under the name "Tere Rios." The author, who had written two previous novels (AN ANGEL GROWS UP, 1957; BROTHER ANGEL, 1963), got the idea for this character when a friend spoke of seeing a nun with a large headpiece almost fly off her feet on a Paris street. Ms. Versace, who knew something about aerodynamics after spending the war with the Civil Air Patrol, soon invented the "flying nun." However, it took ten years before she could figure out the plot. She explained: "To write a good story, you have to get your character in trouble, and in those days, there wasn't much trouble you could get a nun in. Landing her in a nudist colony would have changed the tone I wanted and it wasn't until 1962...that it came to me to land her in an Army Security Area. That put her under the Espionage Act, which put her really in trouble, so I had my book. I thought." See, just after the book was accepted for publication, the religious order featured in the story, the Daughters of Charity, announced that they were changing from big bonnets to little veils. The publishers felt that this dated the book and changed their mind about releasing the novel. Ms. Versace then submitted the book to Doubleday with a clever cover letter suggesting that the real reason the Daughters of Charity were no longer wearing the large headpieces could be because the high-flying events depicted in her book really happened! THE FIFTEENTH PELICAN : THE ADVENTURES OF A FLYING NUN was published in 1965. I am still trying to figure out if this book was published by Doubleday's adult or juvenile division. I've never seen this title in any children's library, yet it's commonly referred to as a "children's book" and the New York Times Book Review recommended it for ages eight to eleven. I do know that years later the paperback edition was published under Avon's children's imprint, Camelot. But that was after the TV show had become a big hit with kids. How did such an obscure book get made into a television series anyway? Part of it had to do with the times. It was the era of THE SOUND OF MUSIC and THE SINGING NUN, so there was already a built-in audience for a show about nuns. Besides, the United States was confronting many difficult issues during the sixties: civil rights, intergenerational conflicts, drugs, and, particularly, the war in Vietnam. There was a need for silly, escapist entertainment -- and what could be more absurd than a nun zooming around overhead like an airplane? But here's where the story gets sad. Marie Versace herself was likely unable to truly enjoy the success of her Flying Nun character. When THE FIFTEENTH PELICAN was published in 1965, she dedicated the book ""FOR THE ROCK and the children and sugar people of NamCan." "The Rock" was a nickname for her oldest son, Humbert Roque, a West Point-educated Army Captain, then serving in Vietnam as a military advisor. After the war he planned to attend seminary, become a priest, and return to Vietnam to help that country's orphaned children. But that was not to be. During a military mission, he and two other soldiers were captured and spent the next two years being tortured in a Viet Cong prison camp. He was executed on September 26, 1965. The last time his fellow prisoners heard his voice, he was loudly singing "God Bless America." In the late sixties, while American audiences were still laughing at the antics of the Flying Nun on TV, its author traveled to Paris hoping to meet with a delegation from North Vietnam that had arrived in France for peace talks. Marie Versace wanted them to personally tell her what had happened to her son. She was not allowed to meet with them. Another of her sons, former Indiana Pacers coach Steven Versace would later say, "My mother, she never gave up. <...> Until she died, she thought he'd come walking out of those jungles any day." Marie Versace died in 1999. Three years later, Humbert Roque Versace -- the Rock -- was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in a White House Ceremony. Because his remains were never found, his headstone marks an empty grave at Arlington National Cemetery, where both his parents are also buried. This statue of the Captain and two Vietnamese children is on display at the Captain Rocky Versace Plaza and Vietnam Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia. THE FIFTEENTH PELICAN by "Tere Rios" is a fun, silly book and the TV show it inspired is even sillier. It was the kind of escapist fare the country needed at the time. But the book's single-line dedication -- from a mother to her son -- tells another, more somber, story about what our country was really going through during that time. Posted by

i don't know

In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role?

Adam’s Rib Adam’s Rib 1 9 7 3 (USA) 12 x 30 minute episodes 1 x 60 minute episode An attempt to generate a weekly sitcom based upon the 1949 Oscar-nominated hit comedy movie of the same name, in which Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn played husband and wife attorneys Adam and Amanda Bonner, their opposite positions in a court case unleashing a witty battle of the sexes. The show concerned a young Assistant DA (played by Ken Howard) and his wife, a junior partner in a law firm (played by Blythe Danner). They tangled over such thorny questions as whether women should wear skirts or slacks, and whether the football player or his estranged wife should get custody of their Yorkshire terrier. Adam's Rib made overtures to the  Women's Lib movement by building many stories around Amanda's crusades for women's rights (50% of the show's writers were women), but the programme never really found an audience. Dena Dietrich ("Mother Nature" of commercials fame) played Amanda's secretary, and Edward Winter her law partner, while Norman Bartold and Ron Rifkin were on Adam's side. The TV series lacked both the sophistication of the George Cukor-directed movie and the big names to carry off the script, and lasted only 13 episodes, debuting on Friday 14 September 1973 on ABC. Adam Bonner

Ken Howard

What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey?

Adams Rib - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I am a simple man trying to live a simple life !!!!!! Adams Rib Writer  Ruth Gordon, Garson Kanin Release date  November 18, 1949 (1949-11-18) Cast  Spencer Tracy (Adam Bonner), Katharine Hepburn (Amanda Bonner), Judy Holliday (Doris Attinger), Tom Ewell (Warren Attinger), David Wayne (Kip Lurie), Jean Hagen (Beryl Caighn) Similar movies  Sexual Chronicles of a French Family, Wall Street, Intolerable Cruelty, Trespass, Poltergeist, ...And Justice for All. Tagline  Funniest Picture in 10 Years! Adam s rib 1949 licorice Sponsored Links A courtroom rivalry finds its way into the household when prosecuting lawyer Adam Bonner (Spencer Tracy) faces off against his wife, Amanda (Katharine Hepburn), who happens to be a defense attorney. Working on opposite sides of a lawsuit where a woman (Judy Holliday) has shot her cheating husband (Tom Ewell), Adam and Amanda are both determined to win the case, and their home becomes the setting for comical showdowns, with neither spouse willing to relent. Adams Rib is a 1949 American film written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin and directed by George Cukor. It stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers who come to oppose each other in court. Judy Holliday co-stars as third lead in her second credited movie role. The music was composed by Miklos Rozsa, except for the song "Farewell, Amanda", which was written by Cole Porter. Sponsored Links The film was well received upon its release and is considered a classic romantic comedy by some. When a woman attempts to kill her uncaring husband, prosecutor Adam Bonner gets the case. Unfortunately for him his wife Amanda (who happens to be a lawyer too) decides to defend the woman in court. Amanda uses everything she can to win the case and Adam gets mad about it. As a result, their perfect marriage is disturbed by everyday quarrels. Adam s rib 1949 trailer Plot Doris Attinger (Judy Holliday) follows her husband (Tom Ewell) with a gun one day after suspecting he is having an affair with another woman (Jean Hagen). In her rage, she fires at the couple multiple times. One of the bullets hits her husband in the shoulder. The following morning, married lawyers Adam and Amanda Bonner (Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn) read about the incident in the newspaper. They argue over the case. Amanda sympathizes with the woman, particularly noting the double standard that exists for men and women regarding adultery. Adam thinks Doris is guilty of attempted murder. When Adam arrives at work, he learns that he has been assigned to prosecute the case. When Amanda hears this, she seeks out Doris and becomes her defense lawyer. Amanda bases her case on the belief that women and men are equal, and that Doris had been forced into the situation through her husbands poor treatment of her. Adam thinks Amanda is showing a disregard for the law, since there should never be an excuse for such behavior. Tension increasingly builds at home as the two battle each other in court. The situation comes to a head when Adam feels humiliated during the trial when Amanda encourages one of her witnesses, a woman weightlifter, to lift him overhead. Adam, still angry, later storms out of their apartment. When the verdict for the trial is returned, Amandas plea to the jury to "judge this case as you would if the sexes were reversed" proves successful, and Doris is acquitted. That night, Adam sees Amanda and their neighbor Kip Lurie (David Wayne), who has shown a clear interest in Amanda, through the window. He breaks into the apartment, pointing a gun at the pair. Amanda is horrified, and says to Adam, "Youve no right to do this nobody does!" Adam feels he has proven his point about the injustice of Amandas line of defense. He then puts the gun in his mouth. Amanda and Kip scream in terror. Adam then bites down on the gun and chews off a piece; it is made of licorice. Amanda is furious with this prank, and a three-way fight ensues. Adam and Amanda, in the midst of a divorce, reluctantly reunite for a meeting with their tax accountant. They talk about their relationship in the past tense. They become emotional when talking about the farm they own, and realize how much they love each other. They go to the farm, where Adam announces that he has been selected as the Republican nominee for County Court Judge. Amanda jokes about running for the post as the Democratic candidate. Cast Spencer Tracy as Adam Bonner Katharine Hepburn as Amanda Bonner Judy Holliday as Doris Attinger Tom Ewell as Warren Attinger David Wayne as Kip Lurie Jean Hagen as Beryl Caighn Hope Emerson as Olympia La Pere Eve March as Grace Clarence Kolb as Judge Reiser Emerson Treacy as Jules Frikke Polly Moran as Mrs. McGrath Will Wright as Judge Marcasson Elizabeth Flournoy as Dr. Margaret Brodeigh Production The film was written specifically as a Tracy-Hepburn vehicle (their sixth film together) by friends of the couple, Garson Kanin and Ruth Gordon. The pair, who were married to each other, got their inspiration for the story from the real life case of William and Dorothy Whitney, who were married lawyers who ended up divorcing and marrying their respective clients in a case. Kanin saw great potential in the idea of married lawyers as adversaries, and the plot for Adams Rib was developed. The original title for the film was Man and Wife, but the MGM front office quickly vetoed it as dangerously indiscreet. Although set in New York, Adams Rib was filmed mainly on MGMs stages in Culver City, Los Angeles. Hepburn and Kanin encouraged Judy Holliday to play the role of Doris in the movie, which was used by Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn as a screen test for the chance to re-create on film her Broadway success in Kanins play Born Yesterday. Receiving positive notices for Adams Rib, Holliday was cast in the 1950 film version of Born Yesterday, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. It has been noted that in several scenes of the film, there are unusually long takes, where the camera does not move for minutes at a time. Most of these scenes happen when the principal characters are arguing. Reception According to MGM records the film earned $2,971,000 in the US and Canada and $976,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $826,000. Awards and honors Ruth Gordon (later of Rosemarys Baby and Harold and Maude fame) and Garson Kanin were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Screenplay in 1950. In 1992, Adams Rib was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". American Film Institute Lists AFIs 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated AFIs 100 Years...100 Laughs - #22 AFIs 100 Years...100 Passions - Nominated AFIs 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated AFIs 10 Top 10 - #7 Romantic Comedy (Also Nominated Courtroom Drama) AFI has also honored the films stars, naming Katharine Hepburn the greatest American screen legend among females, and Spencer Tracy #9 among males. TV adaptation Adams Rib was adapted as a television sitcom in 1973, with Ken Howard and Blythe Danner. The series was cancelled after 13 episodes.

i don't know

Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties?

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

ned keaton

"Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, ""Here comes the judge""?"

TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES TRIVIA - TV AND THE MOVIES What TV show lost Jim Carrey when he stepped into the movies? In Living Color. Who plays a paleontologist on Friends? David Schwimmer. What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged? Paul McCartney. What segment of the TV industry receives ACE Awards? Paul McCartney. What classic quiz show was originally titled Occupation Unknown? What's My Line? What 1966 TV show theme by Lalo Schifrin made a comeback in a 1996 blockbuster move? Mission: Impossible. Consumer News and Business Channel. How many fingers does Homer Simpson have? Eight. What sitcom character moved from a Boston barstool to a Seattle radio station? Dr. Frasier Crane. What Saturday Night Live cast member played Kap'n Karl on Pee-wee's Playhouse? Phil Hartman. What M*A*S*H principal won Emmys for acting, writing and directing? Alan Alda. What cable network drew twice its usual audience for a show called The Wonderful World of Dung? The Discovery Channel. What TV host went gold with the CD Romantic Christmas? John Tesh. What sitcom spawned the hit song I'll Be There For You? Friends. What MTV twosome are known as "The Bad Boys" in Mexico? Beavis and Butt head. What Indianapolis weatherman of the 1970s once forecast hail "the size of canned hams"? David Letterman. What kid's show's interracial cast needed riot police protection during a 1969 trip to Mississippi? Sesame Street's. What gritty 1990's TV drama series is subtitled Life on the Street? Homicide. What entertainer's wedding prompted NBC to order 10,000 tulips from Holland? Tiny Tim's. What sitcom helped John Larroquette earn three straight supporting actor Emmy Awards? Night Court. Who once observed: "This is America. You can't make a horse testify against himself"? Mr. Ed. What Marx Brother's name spelled backwards is the name of a daytime talk show host? Harpo's.  Who began his radio shows with: "Good evening, Mr. ad Mrs. America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press"? Walter Winchell. What TV star said of his worldwide fame: "I didn't know I could top Knight Rider"? David Hasselhoff. What sitcom was among the top 20 most watched shows every season during its entire run, form 1984 to 1992? The Cosby Show. Who inherited Tom Snyder's CNBC talk-show slot in 1995? Charles Grodin. What was the fist sitcom to be broadcast from videotape, in 1971? All in the Family. What blond bombshell had a hankerin' for NYPD Blue detective Gegory Medavoy? Donna Abandando. What animated characters are known as Smolf in Stockholm? The Smurfs. What 1980s sitcom was credited with pulling NBC from third to first in overall ratings? The Cosby Show. What Muppet advised: "Never eat anything at one sitting that you can't lift"? Miss Piggy. What former TV anchorman made headlines by attending two Grateful Dead concerts? Walter Cronkite. What animated kitty was the first cartoon character licensed for use on merchandise? Felix the Cat. What's the "dimension of imagination, "according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER? George Clooney. What 250-pound star of Hairspray shed half her weight to host a TV talk show? Ricki Lake. What Mayberry resident once hijacked a bull when he'd had too much to drink? Otis Campbell. What four-word TV slogan did Sting add to the Dire Straits hit Money for Nothing? "I want my MTV". What Mary Tyler Moore Show character's blue blazer made it into the Smithsonian? Ted Baxter's. Who was a cheerleader for the San Francisco 49ers before she became TV's Lois Lane? Teri Hatcher. What was Redd Foxx's last name before show business beckoned? Sanford. Who's been Saturday Night Live's most frequent host? Steve Martin. What town did Howdy Doody live in? Doodyville. What sitcom star advised: "It's okay to be fat. So you're fat. Just be fat and shut up about it"? Roseanne. What Richard Chamberlain vehicle is second only to Roots in total viewers for a miniseries? The Thorn Birds. What media award was derived from the slang term for the 1945 "image orthicon tube"? The Emmy. What TV cop badgered unwitting suspects with the line, "Just one more thing..."? Columbo. What late night talk show host asks viewers to "sit back and fire up the colortinis"? Tom Snyder. What happy homemaker chirps on TV: "It's a good thing"? Martha Stewart. Which two Saturday Night Live characters broadcast from an Aurora, Illinois basement? Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. What's the "dimension of imagination," according to the host of a classic TV series? The Twilight Zone. What TV star did 500,000 people show up to watch sing at the Berlin Wall? David Hasselhoff. What quiz show champ of the 1950s received 500 marriage proposals and helped increase sales of Geritol by 40 percent? Charles Van Doren. What sitcom's scripts were penned with the help of an Army handbook and map of Korea? M*A*S*H Who died last--Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, William Frawley or Vivian Vance? Lucille Ball. What future talk show host could have played the lead in The Graduate if he hadn't argued with producers over his salary? Charles Grodin. What two cartoon mice attempt every night to take over the world from their cages in Acme Labs? Pinky and the Brain. What long-lasting NBC show was originally titled The Rise and Shine Revue? Today. Who was the first feline featured on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous? Morris the Cat. What TV role was John Astin offered under the condition he grow a mustache? Gomez Addams. Who appeared in Return of the Killer Tomatoes before he landed a role on ER?                                                        George Clooney.                  Where does Roseanne have a tattoo of a pink rose?                                                             Her foot. Which future Hollywood star got her break as Wonder Girl, Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla?                                               Debra Winger. Who was the original host of The Price Is Right? Bill Cullen. In which Series did Happy Days' Joanie find fame? Daktari. Mickey Braddock in the 50s series Circus Boy found fame with which surname in which pop band? Mickey Dolenz (The Monkees). Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007? Beau (Roger Moore). What was the name of the bar in Ace Crawford Private Eye? The Shanty. What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer? I Love Violence. Which Laugh In catchphrase was said on the show by Richard Nixon? Sock It To Me! Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons? Lenny Schulz. Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show? The Gong Show. Which 1992 sitcom was based in Venice Beach, Ca.? Pacific Station. In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character? Billy Manucci. In the pilot show of Fish, who played Bernice? Doris Belack. Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons? Fred MacMurray. Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop? Tom Selleck. The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar? Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand. What US sitcom was the first exported to Britain? Amos 'N' Andy. In Hanna and Barbera's TV cartoons base on The Addams Family who was the voice of Gomez? John Astin. Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo? Phil Silvers. The Flying Nun was based on which book? The Fifteenth Pelican. The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument? Guitar. Who played the hero of the show based on the movie Coogan's Bluff? Dennis Weaver (McLoud). In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role? Ken Howard. What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey? One of The Boys. Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties? Ned Keaton. Who was the famous brother of the writer of American Gothic? David Cassidy's brother Shaun. What are Buddy Ebsen's real first names? Christian Rudolf. Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, "Here comes the judge"? Sammy Davis Jr. Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III? Mr. T. Who was the only female victim to be killed off in the opening credit sequence in Police Squad? Florence Henderson. Who said in which series, "And hey let's be careful out here"? Phil Esterhaus, Hill Street Blues. Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show? The Dick Powell Show. Where was Running the Halls set? Middlefield Academy. In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo? Marvin Kaplan. Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV? Gene Anthony Ray. Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie? Gary Burghoff. What 1975 blockbuster sees Roy Scheider utter: "We need a bigger boat"? A: Jaws. What screen character has played opposite Maud Adams, Claudine Anger, Kim Basinger, Britt Eklund and Ursula Andress? A: James Bond. What Adam Sandler comedy featured Bob Barker's screen debut? A: Happy Gilmore. Whose earnings increased from $150,000 for Pulp Fiction to $3.5 million for Get Shorty to $7 million for Broken Arrow? A: John Travolta's. What statuesque actress earned a living by standing still in department store windows prior to her film debut in Tootsie? A: Geena Davis. What movie's first victim was played by a skinny-dipping actress named Susan Backlinie? A: Jaws. Who was the first female to direct a movie that raked in over $100 million? A: Penny Marshall. What movie has Bob Hoskins seething: "A toon killed my brother"? A: Who Framed Roger Rabbit? What movie gave Julie Andrews the chance to portray a man? A: Victor/Victoria. What 1996 movie was hyped with the line: "It Will Blow Audiences Right Out of the Theater"? A: Twister. What movie did Mel Brooks say he wishes he'd never made, as he then became overly concerned with filling theater seats? A: Blazing Saddles. What Pulp Fiction star once served as Bill Cosby's stand-in on The Cosby Show? A: Samuel L. Jackson. What one city must a movie play in to be eligible for an Oscar? A: Los Angeles. What model appeared topless on the self-penned 1993 novel Pirate? A: Fabio. What movie has Anjelica Huston coo to Raul Julia: "You frightened me. Do it again"? A: The Addams Family. Who shared a room and bed with Eli Wallach while filming The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? A: Clint Eastwood. What two-word term does The Cynic's Dictionary call: "A movie seen about 50 times by about that many people"? A: Cult film. What 1995 blockbuster movie was created by the computer animation company Pixar? A: Toy Story: What did the shortstop become in Abbott and Costello's "Who's On First" routine when censors objected to "I don't give a damn"? A: "I don't care". What movie theme was Barbra Streisand's first chart-topping single? A: They Way We Were. What actor sighed: "If I had known Michael was going to be so successful, I would have been much nicer to him when he was young"? A: Kirk Douglas. What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members? A: Babe. What Caddyshack star spent two years as an assistant greens supervisor? A: Bill Murray. What Oscar-winning actress made her final appearance in the movie Nobody's Fool? A: Jessica Tandy. Who had a thick-gummed best friend named Bubba Blue? A: Forrest Gump. How many hubcaps does Steve McQueen's car lose in the famed chase scene from Bullitt? A: Six.

i don't know

Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III?

Mr. T | Rocky Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Born in Chicago, Illinois as the youngest son in a family with twelve children, his father, Nathaniel Tureaud Sr., was a minister. [2] Tureaud, with his four sisters and seven brothers, grew up in a three-room apartment in one of the city's housing projects, the Robert Taylor Homes, in a poorly constructed building, in an area with high levels of environmental pollutants and the largest concentration of poverty in America. [3] While growing up, Tureaud regularly witnessed murder, rape, and other crimes, but attributes his survival and later success to his will to do well and his mother's love. [4] Tureaud attended Dunbar Vocational High School, [5] where he played football, wrestled, and studied martial arts. While at Dunbar he became the city-wide wrestling champion two years in a row. He won a football scholarship to Prairie View A&M University, where he majored in mathematics, but was expelled after his first year. [6] He then enlisted in the United States Army and served in the Military Police (MP) Corps. In November 1975, Tureaud was awarded a letter of recommendation by his drill sergeant, and in a cycle of six thousand troops Tureaud was elected "Top Trainee of the Cycle" and was also promoted to squad leader. [7] In July 1976, Tureaud's platoon sergeant punished him by giving him the detail of chopping down trees during training camp at Fort McCoy in Wisconsin, but did not tell him how many trees, so Tureaud single-handedly chopped down over seventy trees from 6:30 am to 10:00 am, until a shocked major superseded the sergeant's orders. [8] After his discharge, he tried out for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League, but failed to make the team due to a knee injury. Tureaud next worked as a bouncer. It was at this time that he created the persona of Mr. T. [9] His wearing of gold neck chains and other jewelry was the result of customers losing the items or leaving them behind at the night club after a fight. A customer, who may have been banned from the club or trying to avoid another confrontation, would not have to re-enter the club if Mr. T wore their jewelry as he stood out front. When a customer returned to claim the item, it was readily visible and available with no further confrontation required. Along with controlling the violence as a doorman, Tureaud was mainly hired to keep out drug dealers and users. During his bouncing days, Mr.T was in over 200 fights and was sued a number of times, Template:Vague but won each case. "I have been in and out of the courts as a result of my beating up somebody. I have been sued by customers whom I threw out that claimed that I viciously attacked them without just cause and/or I caused them great bodily harm as a result of a beating I supposedly gave them," Mr. T once remarked. He eventually parlayed his job as a bouncer into a career as a bodyguard that lasted almost ten years. During these years he protected, among others, sixteen prostitutes, nine welfare recipients, five preachers, eight bankers, ten school teachers, and four store owners. [10] As his reputation improved, however, he was contracted to guard, among others, seven clothes designers, five models, seven judges, three politicians, six athletes and forty-two millionaires. [10] He protected well-known personalities such as Muhammad Ali, Steve McQueen, Michael Jackson, Leon Spinks, Joe Frazier and Diana Ross, charging $3,000 per day, [11] to a maximum of $10,000 per day, depending on the clientele's risk-rate and traveling locations. Mr. T as Clubber Lang in Rocky III. Acting roles and work Edit While reading National Geographic , Mr. T first noticed the unusual hairstyle for which he is now famous, on a Mandinka warrior. [12] He decided that adoption of the style would be a powerful statement about his African origin. It was a simpler, safer and more permanent visual signature than his gold chains, rings, and bracelets. The gold jewelry was worth about $300,000 at the time and took him about an hour to put on. Most nights, Mr. T spent even more time cleaning them using an ultrasonic cleaner . Occasionally, he slept with the heavy neck chains and bracelets on, "to see how my ancestors, who were slaves , felt." [13] In 1980, Mr. T was spotted by future Rocky III castmate Sylvester Stallone while taking part in NBC's "America's Toughest Bouncer" competition, a segment of NBC's Games People Play. [14] Although his role in Rocky III was originally intended as just a few lines, Mr. T was eventually cast as Clubber Lang, the primary antagonist. His catchphrase "I pity the fool!" comes from the film; when asked if he hates Rocky, Lang replies, "No, I don't hate Balboa, but I pity the fool." Subsequently, after losing out on the role of the title character's mentor in The Beastmaster, Mr. T appeared in another boxing film, Penitentiary 2, and on an episode of the Canadian sketch comedy series Bizarre, where he fights and eats Super Dave Osborne, before accepting a television series role on The A-Team Wrestling Edit Mr. T entered the world of pro wrestling in 1985. He was Hulk Hogan's tag-team partner at the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) first WrestleMania which he won. Hulk Hogan wrote in his autobiography that Mr. T saved the main event of WrestleMania I between them and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper and "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff because when he arrived, security would not let his entourage into the building. Mr. T was ready to skip the show until Hogan personally talked him out of leaving. Piper has said that he and other fellow wrestlers disliked Mr. T because he was an actor and had never paid his dues as a professional wrestler. Remaining with the WWF (now known as the WWE), Mr. T became a special "WWF boxer" in light of his character in Rocky III. He took on "Cowboy" Bob Orton on the March 1, 1986 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event, on NBC. This boxing stunt ultimately culminated in another boxing match against Roddy Piper at WrestleMania 2. Mr. T returned to the World Wrestling Federation as a special guest referee in 1987 as well as a special referee enforcer confronting such stars as the Honky Tonk Man. On July 21, 1989, Mr. T. made an appearance in World Class Championship Wrestling, seconding the late wrestler Kerry Von Erich. [15] Five years later, Mr. T reappeared as a special referee for a Hogan-Ric Flair match, in October 1994, at WCW's Halloween Havoc, and then went on to wrestle again, defeating Kevin Sullivan at that year's Starrcade 1994. Another seven years later Mr. T appeared in the front row of the November 19, 2001, episode of WWF Raw. [16] Personal life Edit Now a born-again Christian. [17] Mr.T gave up virtually all his gold, one of his identifying marks, after helping with the cleanup after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He said, "As a Christian, when I saw other people lose their lives and lose their land and property...I felt that it would be a sin before God for me to continue wearing my gold. I felt it would be insensitive and disrespectful to the people who lost everything, so I stopped wearing my gold." [18] References

Mr. T

Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show?

Rocky III (1982) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After winning the ultimate title and being the world champion, Rocky falls into a hole and finds himself picked up by a former enemy. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 30 titles created 26 Apr 2014 a list of 40 titles created 15 Aug 2014 a list of 27 titles created 30 Sep 2014 a list of 36 titles created 08 Jul 2015 a list of 23 titles created 8 months ago Search for " Rocky III " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 2 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Rocky struggles in family life after his bout with Apollo Creed, while the embarrassed champ insistently goads him to accept a challenge for a rematch. Director: Sylvester Stallone After iron man Drago, a highly intimidating 6-foot-5, 261-pound Soviet athlete, kills Apollo Creed in an exhibition match, Rocky comes to the heart of Russia for 15 pile-driving boxing rounds of revenge. Director: Sylvester Stallone Reluctantly retired from boxing, and back from riches to rags, Rocky takes on a new protege who betrays him, as the champ's son must adjust to his family's new life after bankruptcy. Director: John G. Avildsen Thirty years after the ring of the first bell, Rocky Balboa comes out of retirement and dons his gloves for his final fight; against the reigning heavyweight champ Mason 'The Line' Dixon. Director: Sylvester Stallone Rocky Balboa, a small-time boxer, gets a supremely rare chance to fight heavy-weight champion Apollo Creed in a bout in which he strives to go the distance for his self-respect. Director: John G. Avildsen John Rambo is released from prison by the government for a top-secret covert mission to the last place on Earth he'd want to return - the jungles of Vietnam. Director: George P. Cosmatos Former Green Beret John Rambo is pursued into the mountains surrounding a small town by a tyrannical sheriff and his deputies, forcing him to survive using his combat skills. Director: Ted Kotcheff In Thailand, John Rambo joins a group of missionaries to venture into war-torn Burma, and rescue a group of Christian aid workers who were kidnapped by the ruthless local infantry unit. Director: Sylvester Stallone Colonel Trautman is captured by Soviets during a mission in Afghanistan and Rambo sets out to rescue him while taking on the invading Russian forces. Director: Peter MacDonald The former World Heavyweight Champion Rocky Balboa serves as a trainer and mentor to Adonis Johnson, the son of his late friend and former rival Apollo Creed. Director: Ryan Coogler A botched mid-air heist results in suitcases full of cash being searched for by various groups throughout the Rocky Mountains. Director: Renny Harlin Two cops are framed and must clear their names. Directors: Andrey Konchalovskiy, Albert Magnoli Stars: Sylvester Stallone, Kurt Russell, Teri Hatcher Edit Storyline Three years and 10 successful title defenses after beating Apollo Creed, with whom he has become great friends, a now wealthy Rocky Balboa is considering retirement. Fame and complacency soon cause Balboa to lose his title to Clubber Lang, who inadvertently causes the death of Rocky's trainer Mickey. Rocky sinks into a depression, and Apollo decides to train Rocky for a rematch against Lang so Rocky can try to win the title back. Written by Todd Baldridge Rocky III - An American Tradition... See more  » Genres: 28 May 1982 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Rocky, Part 3 See more  » Filming Locations: $16,015,408 (USA) (4 June 1982) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Thunderlips ( Hulk Hogan ) is billed at a height of seven feet, despite Hogan only being 6'8". This was because in the first two films, Rocky was billed as 6'1", whereas Sylvester Stallone is only 5'10". Because Hogan is genuinely ten inches taller than Stallone, to maintain the illusion that Rocky was over six feet tall, Thunderlips had to be billed as being taller than the actor portraying him. See more » Goofs In the beginning of the film, there's an overhead shot (of Rocky and "Thunderlips" facing one another) where the shadow of the boom mic is visible on the back of Thunderlips's head. See more » Quotes Clubber Lang : [before the rematch with Rocky] Hey, boy. Hey, boy. After I crucify him, you next. Apollo Creed : Just stay outta my face, chump. [turns his back on Clubber] Clubber Lang : Don't turn your back on me, sucka! [he shoves Apollo and a melee breaks out] Rocky Balboa : [after the scuffle is broken up] I thought you said be cool! See more » Crazy Credits "Rocky" is actually displayed on screen three separate times at the start of the film (first scrolling onto the screen from right to left (along with the number III), then spelled out with fireworks, and finally in simple text at the bottom right of the screen (again with III), several minutes later). See more » Connections An OK sequel to the first two but lost a lot of its umfph 28 February 2015 | by breakdownthatfilm-blogspot-com (United States) – See all my reviews For the character of Rocky Balboa, success always seemed miles away. Struggling to make it through on a daily basis on the urban streets was never an easy task. His sluggish yet innocent personality made him an obvious target to individuals who wanted to take advantage of him. For all that, everything would change when he went toe-to-toe (twice) with the latest heavyweight boxing champion Apollo Creed. Even after the first fight, Rocky had become nothing short of legend. As for the rematch, it was what solidified his image as the rising star that he was. Rocky (1976) and Rocky II (1979) are the two films that book-ended this story so nicely. Of course there would be a continuation that would be in the form of this feature but did it maintain the same level of quality? It's there, but not as much. It's still a well-made and captivating entry but it lacks the substance that made the first two so gratifying to see. The film begins like it did with its first sequel by recapping the finale of its predecessor and showing how much of a beating Rocky could really take. After winning the title, Rocky then becomes engrossed in his fame by covering promo ads, photo shoots, celebrity show cameos and interviews. Despite this, Rocky ends up confronting a new opponent named Clubber Lang (Mr. T) and discovers he may not be as prepared as he thought, so Apollo Creed returns to get Rocky in shape one last time. As for Stallone's direction on how he wanted Rocky to develop as a character, the idea was absolutely fine. When someone becomes famous and is offered riches beyond their imagination, who wouldn't indulge? The lesson behind it all is that you can't let your guard down, no matter how comfortable you feel. Nonetheless, Stallone's writing misfires a number of times in compensation for his directing. The problems in the screenplay are that unlike its forerunners, there are a couple of scenes that do not add any meaning to the story at hand. Right at the start, Rocky has to confront his Brother-in-law Pauly (Burt Young) about his reckless behavior. Turns out that Pauly is jealous over Rocky's fame, yet the matter is resolved all within the same scene. Another is the charity match between Rocky and Thunderlips (Hulk Hogan). There's nothing wrong with this match up; who wouldn't want to see it? But the fact that it did not move the plot a long in any way other than for the spectacle of Hogan Vs Stallone had no use. These kinds of instances are wasteful. Meanwhile, the audience could have had more sentimental scenes between Rocky and his family. That's not the case though. The audience barely views any family time between Rocky, his wife Adrian and young son. Instead, fans see Pauly constantly complaining and Adrian saying almost nothing important until close to the final act. Along with developing Rocky and his family, his opponent Clubber Lang receives little treatment either. It's hard to say if Clubber Lang's personality is actually Mr. T being himself or not. It's also another thing when a character is determined by something, but Lang doesn't seem to have a reason. Lang has hatred so strong that there's got to be more of a motive than just Rocky ignoring his demands for a match. No one holds that much resentment for a reason like that. Lang really just appears to be fuming out of nowhere for very little reason. Burgess Meredith as Mickey, Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed and Tony Burton as Creed's coach were really the only true redeeming character additions. Meredith is able to provide a touching scene with Rocky and seeing Creed and his former coach team up with Rocky is also a plus. This particular element helps humanize Creed and his followers and makes them even more likable as characters. The other remaining components that do work like before were the music and match fights. The way the fights are choreographed still have life in them and keep the sequences moving at a brisk pace as if to emulate how fast the fists are flying. Credit also goes to Bill Butler, who also was director of photography for Rocky II (1979) and Jaws (1975). Also, because this film represents how far Rocky drifted from his original life (living style), numerous shots contain everything from floor to ceiling of glam and riches galore. It's definitely flashy and displays how much wealth Rocky acquired but it's all style over substance (as explained before). The music composed again by Bill Conti did another efficient job. This time when it came to contemporary music of the time, "Eye of the Tiger" is emphasized more than anything else. "Gonna Fly Now" is still in there but "Eye of the Tiger" was given more priority. The Rocky theme is still played throughout as well along with the softer moments that occur. It's still a decent movie but wasn't executed entirely right. Sylvester Stallone had the right idea on how to continue Rocky's story but his screenplay misses the point by including scenes that go nowhere instead of developing all of its characters like the first two films. Mr. T as Clubber Lang was certainly the right choice for an antagonist but he too barely has much depth. The music and fight sequences all still please to a point with Carl Weathers returning but without all of its developed characters, the heart of the story doesn't feel as strong. 1 of 1 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

i don't know

In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo?

Amazon.com: Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats: Top Cat & The Beverly Hills Cats: Movies & TV Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats DVD $12.61 Sling Television: 7 days FREE Watch Live TV Programming Any Time and Anywhere. Simple monthly pricing, no long-term contracts or hidden fees. Watch now See all buying options $14.99 Free Shipping for Prime Members | Fast, FREE Shipping with Amazon Prime Only 6 left in stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Frequently Bought Together One of these items ships sooner than the other. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats DVD $14.99 Only 6 left in stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Top Cat by Rob Schneider DVD $6.95 Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Page 1 of 1 Start over Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon.com. When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it. To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here . Ad feedback Special Offers and Product Promotions Your cost could be $0.00 instead of $14.99! Get a $50 Amazon.com Gift Card instantly upon approval for the Amazon Rewards Visa Card Apply now Editorial Reviews How did alley cats Top Cat, Choo-Choo, Brain, Fancy-Fancy and Benny the Ball end up in the swanky mansion of Gertrude Vandergelt? What's Benny doing in a dog pound? And why are the conniving butler Snerdly and his mad wolfhound Rasputin out to get Benny? Get the breathless answers to these and other nutty questions in the fabulous feature-length animated caper Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats. What starts off as an another ordinary day in Hoagie Alley's turns into an adventurous romp through Beverly Hills, with Top Cat and the gang riding in limos, attending lavish costume parties and saving the heir to the Vandergelt fortune! Original Top Cat series voice actors Arnold Stang (T.C.), Marvin Kaplan (Choo-Choo), Leo De Lyon (Spook and Brain) and John Stephenson (Fancy-Fancy) memorably reprise their roles. When sold by Amazon.com, this product will be manufactured on demand using DVD-R recordable media. Amazon.com's standard return policy will apply. Special Features DVD Release Date: October 10, 2011 Run Time: 92 minutes

Marvin Kaplan

Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV?

Amazon.com: Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats: Top Cat & The Beverly Hills Cats: Movies & TV Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats DVD $12.61 Sling Television: 7 days FREE Watch Live TV Programming Any Time and Anywhere. Simple monthly pricing, no long-term contracts or hidden fees. Watch now See all buying options $14.99 Free Shipping for Prime Members | Fast, FREE Shipping with Amazon Prime Only 6 left in stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Frequently Bought Together One of these items ships sooner than the other. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:Top Cat And The Beverly Hills Cats DVD $14.99 Only 6 left in stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Top Cat by Rob Schneider DVD $6.95 Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Page 1 of 1 Start over Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon.com. When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it. To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here . Ad feedback Special Offers and Product Promotions Your cost could be $0.00 instead of $14.99! Get a $50 Amazon.com Gift Card instantly upon approval for the Amazon Rewards Visa Card Apply now Editorial Reviews How did alley cats Top Cat, Choo-Choo, Brain, Fancy-Fancy and Benny the Ball end up in the swanky mansion of Gertrude Vandergelt? What's Benny doing in a dog pound? And why are the conniving butler Snerdly and his mad wolfhound Rasputin out to get Benny? Get the breathless answers to these and other nutty questions in the fabulous feature-length animated caper Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats. What starts off as an another ordinary day in Hoagie Alley's turns into an adventurous romp through Beverly Hills, with Top Cat and the gang riding in limos, attending lavish costume parties and saving the heir to the Vandergelt fortune! Original Top Cat series voice actors Arnold Stang (T.C.), Marvin Kaplan (Choo-Choo), Leo De Lyon (Spook and Brain) and John Stephenson (Fancy-Fancy) memorably reprise their roles. When sold by Amazon.com, this product will be manufactured on demand using DVD-R recordable media. Amazon.com's standard return policy will apply. Special Features DVD Release Date: October 10, 2011 Run Time: 92 minutes

i don't know

"Who did Mrs. Thatcher describe as ""a man we can do business with?"""

TV Interview for BBC (“I like Mr Gorbachev. We can do business together”) | Margaret Thatcher Foundation TV Interview for BBC (“I like Mr Gorbachev. We can do business together”) Document type: 1200-1245. Film of the item can be seen here . Importance ranking: 3672 Themes: Conservative Party (organisation), Defence (arms control), Employment, Industry, Privatised and state industries, Foreign policy (Asia), Foreign policy (development, aid, etc), Foreign policy (USSR and successor states), Leadership, Terrorism, Strikes and other union action, Voluntary sector and charity, Famous statements by MT John Cole Prime Minister, after meeting Mr. Gorbachev, are you more or less optimistic about detente and world peace in 1985? Prime Minister I am cautiously optimistic. I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business together. We both believe in our own political systems. He firmly believes in his; I firmly believe in mine. We are never going to change one another. So that is not in doubt, but we have two great interests in common: that we should both do everything we can to see that war never starts again, and therefore we go into the disarmament talks determined to make them succeed. And secondly, I think we both believe that they are the more likely to succeed if we can build up confidence in one another and trust in one another about each other's approach, and therefore, we believe in cooperating on trade matters, on cultural matters, on quite a lot of contacts between politicians from the two sides of the divide.[fo 1] John Cole Mr. Gorbachev has been mentioned as a possible successor to the present leadership and also as a more flexible and, in Soviet terms, a liberal man. Did you form any impression about him personally like that? Prime Minister [ Mikhail Gorbachev] He was very ready to enter into full, detailed discussion; not to stick to prepared statements. So we had a genuine discussion. As a matter of fact, I also had a genuine discussion with Mr. Chernenko, President Chernenko, when I visited Moscow in February last year, and I also got on very well with President Chernenko, so the two things, really, were very very well worthwhile doing and I am very pleased he is here, and I hope he has an extremely successful visit. John Cole Now, you will be seeing President Reagan at the end of the week. Do you think there is any chance of a Summit meeting in the New Year between President Chernenko and President Reagan? Prime Minister I should not hurry along a Summit meeting too fast. I think the most important thing is to try to decide what[fo 2] form the disarmament talks shall take; what shall be discussed; in which group of Ministers; and to try to make progress there. I am sure that both sides want to make progress, because it is in both of our interests to do so, and I think it is important that some progress is made first and then perhaps to think of a Summit later. But I think it is wrong to raise expectations too high at the beginning, because then people might be disappointed. If they approach it in the framework that we both want to succeed and then take the progress steadily, that will be better in the longer run. John Cole So the arms talks first, and what about Star Wars? Prime Minister Well that, of course, is part of the disarmament talks. Obviously, you cannot stop research going ahead, but I think one does not want to go into a higher and higher level of armaments because between the two main power blocs, the Warsaw Pact countries and NATO, we have got to have balance if we are both to feel secure, but we are only going to feel secure on the basis of a balance of armaments, and obviously, it does not make sense to have balance at a higher and higher level. We want to get the level of balance down and that is why we are entering into the talks; because we want that level of balance down[fo 3] and also because I think both of us feel that more monies should be spent towards raising the standard of living of people and perhaps less on armaments, provided we can keep that balance and that mutual respect for one another's security. John Cole Now, Mrs. Gorbacheva, you had her as a guest to lunch at Chequers yesterday. Is she more involved in her husband's work than previous Soviet leaders' wives you have met? Prime Minister I do not know. [ Raisa Gorbachev] She is a person of very much her own interests. As you know, she is very interested in political philosophy and she was delighted to spend some time going round Chequers' library, which she found very very fascinating, and we were very pleased that she came along too and my husband and a number of other people looked after her while Mr. Gorbachev and I and his advisers and mine were talking. John Cole Now, you are leaving this afternoon for China and you are going to sign the Hong Kong Agreement. What hope do you have that after 1997 the Chinese will maintain the present status of Hong Kong or even a more democratic Hong Kong?[fo 4] Prime Minister I believe that that Agreement will be honoured. We are both committed to it and we are trying to demonstrate the commitment of both China and of the United Kingdom to the future of Hong Kong in its present life style by going and having it signed at Prime Ministerial level. The Chinese have negotiated in detail, again to show that they are committed to the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong in the future, and it continuing as it is now, and they put in the period of fifty years. I think there is also one other very encouraging thing: there will be a Liaison Committee, so that we can keep closely in touch with the Chinese, although we shall be absolutely in administrative control until 1997. That Liaison Committee, on which we consult one another, will continue after 1997 until the year 2000, and I hope that that will give some extra confidence to the people of Hong Kong that the Agreement will be fully honoured and that we are both committed to it. John Cole Now, 1984, I imagine, is a year you will want to put behind you, with the Brighton bomb, with the high unemployment, with the troubles with your backbenchers ... Prime Minister ... and, of course, with the prolonged coal strike.[fo 5] John Cole ... the prolonged coal strike. Many ordinary people found it a fairly depressing year. Do you share that depression? Prime Minister The two things that obviously stand out to me have been the coal strike which, when it started, none of us would have expected that it would go on this long—and also the way in which it has been conducted with the violence and intimidation which has gone to the root of everything that is unBritish. We did not expect it and we do not like it. The Brighton bomb, of course, was absolutely terrible and we lost many many dear friends, and we keep our very firm attitude to terrorism. It does not affect our views and will not be seen to affect our views. The ballot is the way to make for differences and not either terrorism or intimidation. So in that respect, I hope it is a year that one does not see again. Certain good things always emerge out of bad things. Out of the coal strike, we have seen the moderate trade union members reassert leadership, a sense of responsibility for the future of their union, a sense of responsibility to see that the union rules are upheld, and that, I think, is the thing—the reassertion of responsibility of moderate trade unionism—which will last far longer than the effects of the coal strike. Obviously, I am the first person to want the coal[fo 6] strike to end. I never wanted it to start. We gave the very best deal to miners that they have ever had in this country, and I want it to end, but that can only end by negotiations between the National Coal Board and those who are on strike in exactly the same way as we had effective negotiations between the National Coal Board and NACODS. John Cole Nevertheless, Prime Minister, we have all heard these arguments from Mr. Scargill and yourself over a strike that has gone on now for nine months. Now, can you—looking in the crystal ball—see how this strike is going to end in 1985? Up to now, the Government has been relying on it crumbling away. It does not seem that that is going to happen sufficiently quickly. Prime Minister Well now, there are more people at work than there were at the beginning of the strike—quite a lot more—and they are very widely spread in a lot more mines. John Cole But there is still a substantial strike going on! Prime Minister Oh yes, indeed, but over 36%; of the members of the NUM are at work, most of them producing coal. The strike[fo 7] will not end while the National Union of Mineworkers' leadership has as its proud boast that it has not budged an inch. So long as that is so, there can be no effective negotiations and then, this strike can only end by more and more people coming back to work. It is not up to me to say which way will be chosen, but negotiations cannot be effective so long as the National Union of Mineworkers' leadership boast that it has not budged an inch. It is not good enough to say: “We are prepared to go to a negotiating table” if that is the attitude they take with them. John Cole So there is no point in you yourself intervening in this strike, with the TUC, with anyone else? Prime Minister No, indeed not! The coal mines are managed by the National Coal Board under the objectives given to them by Government and therefore any decisions have to be taken at the level of the National Coal Board, and by negotiations with them. Those can be successful, as they were with NACODS, and the NACODS Agreement is a good one and if we just work out what they had as an independent local review body as part of the colliery review procedure, then they could go back to work tomorrow.[fo 8] John Cole Prime Minister, leaving these industrial issues aside, do you feel any human sympathy for the miners and their families as they face a rather cheerless Christmas? Prime Minister Yes, of course I do! Not merely human sympathy, but some anger that there are people who, for their own political ends, are prepared to put the striking miners under privation, when they could in fact be earning a good living for their families and having a very good Christmas and having a really prosperous future to look forward to. John Cole Now, your backbenchers have revolted over a number of issues during the past year, and particularly perhaps during the past few months—overseas aid, student grants, the GLC, and so on—but I think their underlying anxiety, you would agree, is unemployment. Can you give them and the country any sort of hope of a reduction in the unemployment level in 1985? Prime Minister I wish I could give you a forecast as to when. I can only say that in the past months, in the last year, something like a quarter of a million new jobs have been created. Ironically enough, they have not taken a lot of people off the unemployment register—they have taken some—but not a lot, because a number of people who have not been on the[fo 9] register and who have not been working previous, married women for example, have come in and taken those jobs because they are, a lot of them, part-time jobs and require people prepared to work very very varied hours, and married women are prepared to do that and, of course, are very very good employees; very loyal, very hardworking. And so, the hope is that there are new jobs being created. There are, of course, Mr. Cole, unfortunately, still redundancies coming out, but also the strikes are stopping jobs. They are finishing jobs. All of those supply industries which supply the coal mines, they are not working very much now or much less, and it is thought that if the strike goes on some 30,000 of those will not have jobs. I had a letter from someone who has garment shops in Yorkshire. He is having to close his shops because the miners are not earning and therefore they are not spending. So, as hard as we are trying to go to create jobs, there are still some redundancies coming as companies become more and more efficient as they take on the new technology, but there are also some people who blame us about unemployment, but who are themselves creating unemployment by encouraging every single strike in the country—the miners strike, the strike in various industries—and if they would stop supporting strikes we would do far better about keeping the customers we have and getting more. In the meantime, we will do everything we can to help reduce unemployment. That is one of the most important things both from the economic viewpoint but, of course, from the human viewpoint, most[fo 10] important of all! John Cole If you do not succeed in reducing unemployment before the next general election, do you think that will sadly, badly damage your chances of being re-elected? Prime Minister I think our task is to get across to people that we are doing every single thing we can. You see, unless you can get more business started up and successful and other businesses expanding, which depend upon winning more customers, and all you can do is shuffle round the business and shuffle round the shekels, and frankly, that is not good enough. So you have got to have the right framework of taxation, incentives, getting rid of a lot of regulations, to encourage the people who want to start up business to start. I think it is very ironic that there are far fewer people in this country who have as their ambition to start up a business and build up a business than there are, for example, in Japan and the United States. But we are getting back to that. We are getting back to that. But that, in the end, is the only way to provide more jobs. New businesses, expanding business. How do you get it? By embracing change, creating tomorrow's products, doing the things in all the service industries that people want, because do not forget leisure means business for quite a lot of people. Maybe new things in sports, maybe new things in[fo 11] Disneyland; maybe new things in culture and entertainment. It is business. But we have to go into those things and only by getting more business shall we get more jobs. So we have got to compete with others. We have got to go out into the world's markets and we have got to win them. John Cole But you yourself mentioned a moment or so ago the human side of unemployment. Now, it is now reported you are intending to stop the benefits of school leavers. Do you not think that that divides the nation and gives an impression of a hard approach? Prime Minister No, Mr. Cole, I do not. I think most parents would join me in saying that unemployment ought not to be a choice up to the age of eighteen. It certainly ought not to be a choice. Young people ought not to be idle. It is very bad for them. It starts them off wrong. We have been waiting for a time until we could make certain that there are enough places for training. But young people, if they want to leave school at sixteen and can find a job—and many of them do ... the unemployment among school-leavers is actually lower than it was this time last year—then they can leave and go to a job. But they ought not just be able to leave and go to a job. But they ought not just be able to leave and go to unemployment. If they cannot find a job, they have the option to go into[fo 12] many forms, different forms, of higher education—maybe in further education colleges, it may be in taking more advanced qualifications, I hope of the kind where skills are short, because there is still a skill shortage among unemployment, in those skills that we need to help them get a job. So, either get a job —and many of them do—get some form of further education qualification in the skills that are short, particularly in computer work, or go to training. We can give training for every young person up to the age of eighteen and when we are absolutely sure we can do that. They should not have the option of being unemployed. It is bad for them, bad for the country, bad for future skills, and I believe most parents would be absolutely with me on that. John Cole You said to your backbenchers last week that your door was always open, but the criticism one hears from them is that you do not always listen, that you are too domineering in style and perhaps too strident. What would you say to those criticisms? Prime Minister I cannot change my style. There are many many people who are reasonably pleased that one gives a firm lead. My job also is to persuade and I do that, and that is why, we always when they come, we will argue things out. Sometimes, many many times, we take just exactly what they say and[fo 13] incorporate it into our future policy. This has always been done and there have always been a certain amount of differences among numbers of backbenchers. When I came into the House in 1959, there was what was known as the Suez Group. In my first Parliament, there were very considerable battles on resale price maintenance. In Government again later, on negotiating with the European Community, there were very considerable differences of opinion on that. Indeed, we only got that Bill through—the second reading of that Bill through—by eight, so of course, there is nothing unusual in having discussion with one's backbenchers. Of course, there is not. That is what makes a party! John Cole But Prime Minister, in this Parliament surely, there has been much more dissension than in your first Government? That is the difference isn't it? Prime Minister No, I do not think it is. We had a number of differences. Of course you have differences. I do not think there has been much more dissension in this Parliament than in my first Government or in the Government between 1970 to 1974 or in the Government between 1959 to 1964. My goodness me, I can remember some battles then! I can remember them, for example, on the widowed mothers' earnings rule,[fo 14] something about which a number of us felt very very strongly. No, I do not think there is more dissension now than there was then. John Cole So you do not propose to change your style of running the Party or the Government? Prime Minister I cannot change my style. I do hold to things very very firmly, as you know. I am always not merely prepared to explain, but anxious to explain what I am doing and why. Anxious to take other people along with us because ... John Cole

Mikhail Gorbachev

How is Tenzin Gyatso better known?

Margaret Thatcher: Russians united in praise for an old nuclear foe - Telegraph Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher: Russians united in praise for an old nuclear foe While Britain is likely to wrangle over Baroness Thatcher’s legacy for years to come, there was little but praise for the “Iron Lady” in Moscow on Monday. 30 March 1987: Mrs Thatcher poses with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the start of talks at the Kremlin in Moscow Photo: AFP/GETTY By Tom Parfitt, in Moscow 5:57PM BST 08 Apr 2013 Margaret Thatcher death: latest reaction Plaudits spread across the political spectrum – from hard-bitten street protesters against the rule of Vladimir Putin to Kremlin-linked billionaires. Leading the way was Mikhail Gorbachev, the 82-year-old former Soviet leader, whose series of meetings with the UK prime minister in the 1980s helped pave the way for the end of the Cold War. Mr Gorbachev called his former sparring partner “a politician whose word carried great weight” and a “striking person”. “She will remain in our memories, and in history,” he said. Mrs Thatcher’s tough, uncompromising delivery and her ultra-patriotic stance won her many admirers in the Soviet Union and later Russia, where such qualities are highly valued – even in a foe. Related Articles Fearless in face of annihilation 08 Apr 2013 The Iron Lady earned her moniker in 1976 when a young journalist for the Red Star newspaper, Captain Yury Gavrilov, used it in an article about a speech she had made, warning the Soviet Union was “bent on world dominance”. (Mr Gavrilov himself later admitted: “I always found her attractive as a woman. If I hadn't, maybe I would have used a harsher label to describe her. She was possessed with a kind of aristocratic beauty.”) Mr Gorbachev said in an autobiography last year that his first discussion with Mrs Thatcher in London in 1984 was “sharp” - but things improved after both leaders put away their official papers – the UK PM in her handbag – and spoke off the cuff. Mrs Thatcher famously said of the then Politburo member: “We can do business together.” By time she made it to Moscow three years later, Mr Gorbachev was already general secretary. A combative interview that she gave to state media on that visit inspired the growing democratic opposition. But as the Soviet Union collapsed, Mrs Thatcher also won official sympathy for a lack of triumphalism, recognising Mr Gorbachev – as she would later say – as “a man of goodwill who stepped forward from the ruins” of the crumbling USSR. Elsewhere in the former Soviet bloc on Monday, in countries once subjected to Kremlin rule, there was even more effusive praise. “Lady Thatcher, fearless champion of liberty, stood up for captive nations, helped free world win the Cold War,” tweeted Radoslaw Sikorski, Poland’s foreign minister. The former president of the Czech Republic, Vaclav Klaus said: “Thatcher was one of the greatest politicians of our time. In the Czech Republic she was our hero.” "Margaret Thatcher was an outstanding politician," said Dmitri Medvedev, the Russian Prime Minister. "Her political views invited varied opinions but her political will commanded respect." In Moscow, there were a few lone voices of criticism. Communist Party members inevitably grumbled about her role in destroying the Soviet state, although one senior MP from the party, Leonid Kalashnikov could not help himself, telling journalists Lady Thatcher was “a great woman, a great politician; as an opponent, as an enemy, I always respected her.” Boris Nemtsov, a former deputy prime minister of Russia and one of the leaders of anti-Kremlin street demonstrations in the last two years, was another of the cheerleaders. He recalled a meeting with Mrs Thatcher at her Chester Square home after she had left Downing Street. “I asked her why she was so interested in Russia – a far off, hard-to-understand place, never close to Britain,” he wrote. “Thatcher replied: ‘Our countries are united by a lost status of empire; it’s just that we have got over the complex, while all that still lies ahead of you.’”  

i don't know

How was Nguyen that Tan better known?

Rushford Report How Hanoi Buys Influence in Washington, D.C. posted by Greg Rushford on August 4, 2015  U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry arrives in Hanoi this Thursday for a two-day visit. Expect much talk of how the United States and Vietnam have been developing closer security and economic ties — and how Vietnam’s praiseworthy “progress” in improving its human-rights record is making this possible. Hopefully, Vietnam’s feared Ministry of Public Security will be on better behavior this week than back in May. Then, Kerry’s top human-rights advisor, Tom Malinowski, held what he characterized as “productive” meetings in Hanoi with senior Vietnamese officials. On May 11, two days after Malinowski’s visit, thugs wielding metal pipes bloodied a courageous Vietnamese political dissident named Anh Chi. Malinowski deplored the incident, while still insisting that Vietnam has been making commendable “progress” on human rights. Kerry’s Aug. 6-8 trip comes on the heels of a successful visit to Washington last month by Nguyen Phu Trong, the general secretary of the Communist Party. Trong had a “productive” meeting with President Barack Obama in the Oval Office on July 7, after which the two leaders issued a joint “vision” statement that said each country recognized the importance of protecting human rights. The next day, Trong made a major speech at an influential U.S. think tank, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (better known by its acronym, CSIS). “Protecting and promoting human rights is the main objective of our development,” Trong declared. “We want to ensure, promote and protect the rights of all people in Vietnam.” Well, maybe not all. Once again, a familiar pattern emerged: Shortly before Trong’s speech before a CSIS audience of mainly well-connected Washington insiders, there was another ugly incident behind the scenes. The incident illustrates what’s really going on when American and Vietnamese officials praise Vietnam’s “demonstrable” human-rights progress. Moreover, the CSIS embarrassment offers a glimpse into how the Communist Party has been quietly buying influence to advance its foreign policy agenda in Washington — a sophisticated lobby campaign that appears to be working. Hanoi, it appears, has learned that in Washington, money talks. But that’s getting ahead of this story, which begins with Trong’s July 8 historic speech — the first-ever such appearance for a senior Communist Party leader — at CSIS’ gleaming modern headquarters a few blocks from the White House. As the secretary general was preparing to speak about his deep interest in protecting human rights, Vietnamese security officials were quietly demonstrating otherwise, even on American soil. It seems that Hanoi’s intelligence operatives had a file on one of the invited CSIS guests — like Anh Chi, another enemy of the state. Persona Non Grata When Dr. Binh T. Nguyen, a prominent Vietnamese-born physician (and an American citizen) showed up to hear the secretary general’s speech, she was informed that she was persona non grata. Binh, an invited guest, cleared CSIS security at the entrance, as she had on several previous occasions. But when she went upstairs to join the audience, a CSIS senior fellow was waiting. Murray Hiebert, accompanied by a CSIS security guard, insisted that Binh leave the premises. An obviously uncomfortable Hiebert explained that he was so sorry, but the communist security operatives simply would not permit Binh to hear Trong’s speech. The apologetic Hiebert told Dr. Binh that he had tried his best to reason with the Vietnamese security officials, but to no avail. They were not interested in negotiating, and were adamant that Binh would not be allowed to hear Trong’s speech, Hiebert related. Hiebert apologized sincerely to Binh, admitting that it was wrong for CSIS to have given into the pressure. Ejecting her had ruined the event for him, Hiebert told the doctor. I spoke with Binh twice, for nearly an hour, going over the facts carefully, in great detail. Subsequently I was able to substantiate that the doctor’s account was the same as how Hiebert explained the incident to one of his colleagues at CSIS, Benjamin Contreras, the program director for CSIS’ Southeast Studies section. Dr. Binh told me that Hiebert was characteristically polite. Still, it was intimidating that he had a guard with him to make sure she left the premises, the doctor added. Binh said she does not seek publicity, and looked forward to being invited to future CSIS events. She asked not to be quoted directly in this article. The Canadian-born Hiebert, 66, is a soft-spoken former journalist with the Far Eastern Economic Review and the Wall Street Journal. He is perhaps the last person one would expect would get caught up in a dubious human-rights episode. In 1999, Hiebert, then the Review’s Kuala Lumpur bureau chief, was jailed for writing an article that raised disturbing questions about the integrity of Malaysian courts. Even though his report was accurate, Hiebert was convicted of “scandalizing” the judiciary, and spent a month in a Malaysian jail. At CSIS, Hiebert has spoken out against human rights practices in Thailand and Malaysia. Hiebert notes that he approved several recent blogs written for CSIS by respected Vietnam watchers that have been critical of Vietnamese human-rights practices, including curbs on the media. But at the same time, Hiebert seems to have become careful not to cause too much offense to authorities in Hanoi. He co-authored a 2014 study, for example, that treated Vietnam’s human-rights practices rather gently, while not being entirely forthcoming about the fact that the Vietnamese government had paid for it (more on that later in this article). CSIS Gives Its Side of the Story Hiebert declined to be interviewed, but he did answer some (but far from all) questions that were submitted in writing — until a CSIS public-relations spokesman sent me an e-mail saying that he had advised Hiebert to cut off the communications. Hiebert’s written responses did not directly dispute Dr. Binh’s account about what happened. But he attempted to minimize the incident, not mentioning the main human-rights point: how he had been pressured by the Vietnamese security officials to escort Binh from the building, and that did so, knowing that it was wrong for CSIS to give into such pressure. The CSIS spokesman, H. Andrew Schwartz, first claimed that “Murray’s side of the story is quite different from what you have recounted.” But Schwartz had no further response after being informed that Dr. Binh’s account was, word-for-word, the same as Hiebert had related to his CSIS colleague, Benjamin Contreras. (Schwartz was formerly a spokesman for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, known for its hard-nosed dealings with inquiring reporters. Before that, Schwartz was a producer for Fox News.) While acknowledging that Dr. Binh had indeed been an invited guest, Hiebert seemed to brush off the incident as a sort-of bureaucratic snafu. “No one makes decisions about who attends events at CSIS but CSIS,” Hiebert wrote. “Dr. Binh was not on the initial RSVP list…CSIS made a mistake by allowing her to RSVP late to the event when the registration process had already been closed.” But Binh should have been allowed to attend, Hiebert agreed. Enemies of the State A public-record search shows why the Communist Party would have a file on Binh. She is chief of the thoracic radiology section at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and has received awards for her professional accomplishments. Being affiliated with one of the most respected medical institutions in the world, of course, wouldn’t send up any red flags in Hanoi. But what Binh does away from the office definitely would. On her private time, Binh has worked on human rights issues in Asia with high-profile organizations including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. She has testified before the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, among other respected panels. She serves on the Virginia Asian Advisory Board, which advises the governor “on ways to improve economic and cultural links between the Commonwealth and Asian nations, with a focus on the areas of commerce and trade.” And on July 1, Binh joined several other respected human-rights champions who were invited to the White House. There, Binh and her colleagues gave advice to the National Security Council on how President Obama might want to handle human rights when Secretary General Trong came to the Oval Office on July 7. Also, during the Obama-Trong White House meeting, Binh may well have been photographed by communist officials across Pennsylvania Avenue in Lafayette Park, where she joined several hundred Vietnamese-Americans who peaceably protested Vietnam’s lack of democracy. Vietnam’s ambassador to the United States, Pham Quang Vinh, did not respond to an e-mail asking if he would care to join Hiebert by apologizing to Dr. Binh. It didn’t take much digging to understand why. On May 24, Amb. Vinh had appeared on a CSIS panel moderated by Hiebert. Vinh was visibly upset when he was questioned by a former political prisoner, Cu Huy Ha Vu. Ha Vu made a short statement criticizing Vietnam’s human rights record, asking when Vietnam would stop its practice of incarcerating citizens whose only crimes were to criticize the Communist Party. The angry diplomat retorted that Vietnam has no political prisoners — avoiding eye contact with Vu. (Asserting that Vietnam has no political prisoners is like claiming that there is no cheese in Paris.) Vu told me that he was not invited to the July 8 CSIS event with General Secretary Trong. Hiebert declined to explain, but it’s easy to surmise that the Communist Party chief had made it clear he would brook no awkward questions. Vu is no ordinary political prisoner. He is one of Vietnam’s most prominent pro-democracy advocates today — especially because of his family’s elite revolutionary background. Vu’s father, the poet Cu Huy Can, was close to Ho Chi Minh during the Vietnam War, and served in Vietnam’s first national assembly. The well-educated Vu also earned his doctorate in law from the University of Paris. Vu became an enemy of the state when he started challenging senior Communist Party officials for their lack of accountability. He even filed lawsuits against Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung on several occasions in 2009 and 2010, charging Dung with complicity in abuses of the environment, and for banning Vietnamese citizens from pressing complaints against the national government. Vu was imprisoned after being convicted in a 2011 show trial. His “crimes” included criticizing the Communist Party in interviews with the Voice of America and Radio Free Asia. Vu was released from prison last year, and exiled to the United States, where he continues to advocate peaceably for the Communist Party to enact democratic reforms. While he was not on the invitation list to hear Secretary General Trong proclaim his deep interest in protecting human rights at CSIS’s July 8 event, Vu has been welcomed at the White House. On July 1, Vu joined Dr. Binh and several other pro-democracy advocates who were invited to brief the National Security Council ahead of Trong’s visit. Imagine what Vietnamese intelligence officers thought, if they spotted press accounts of that White House meeting. Also present in the White House that day were two U.S.-based leaders of the Viet Tan, Angelina Huynh and Hoang Tu Duy. Viet Tan — shorthand for the Vietnam Reform Party — is particularly feared in Hanoi because of its skills in using social media to reach its followers inside Vietnam. The organization is also known for its peaceable advocacy of democracy for Vietnam. The Communist Party considers the Viet Tan to be a “terrorist” organization. The Vietnamese government has admitted that it has imprisoned citizen journalist/bloggers for the “crime” of being associated with the group. A Lobby Plan Comes Together While the U.S. government respects the Viet Tan’s legitimacy, Hiebert ducked the issue. Asked repeatedly whether he agreed with Hanoi that the Viet Tan is a terrorist group, Hiebert did not respond. That’s about when CSIS spokesman Andrew Schwartz cut off the communications, asserting that “Hiebert has answered all of your questions.” Why would a respected CSIS political analyst avoid direct questions concerning Vietnam’s human rights record? The suspicion arises that it has something to do with money. Hanoi has been paying $30,000-a-month to the Podesta Group, a high-powered lobby firm with close ties to major U.S. political figures. David Adams, who has been working on Vietnam’s behalf for the Podesta Group, was Hillary Clinton’s chief of legislative affairs when she served as President Obama’s first secretary of state. Adams would be valuable to Hanoi because he has an insider’s knowledge to sell: he knows firsthand how U.S. officials at the State Department and the Pentagon tend to think about Vietnamese issues. For instance, when Adams was with Clinton on Foggy Bottom, David Shear was the U.S. ambassador to Hanoi. Shear is now an assistant secretary of Defense, where he is helping shape U.S. military policies regarding Asia — including the issue of how to respond to Vietnam’s request for U.S. sales of lethal weapons that Hanoi wants to help fend off Chinese intimidation in the South China Sea. (Shear, when he was the U.S. ambassador, routinely assured Vietnamese-American audiences that before Vietnam would be allowed to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, Hanoi must make “demonstrable progress” on human rights. He never explained what that might mean. The Podesta Group and Amb. Vinh declined comment on the Vietnamese foreign policy agenda they have been advancing. But it doesn’t take much digging to discover the three top priorities: Hanoi wants the U.S. arms embargo lifted. The Vietnamese also want to convince Obama and Congress that they have indeed been making enough “demonstrable progress” on human rights to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal. And they have been lobbying for Obama to visit Vietnam, hopefully by the end of 2015. Is it a coincidence that Hanoi’s agenda is generally shared by CSIS? The Podesta Group’s website boasts of its ability to help controversial clients boost their credibility. “We recruit allies from left-and right-leaning think tanks…to validate our clients’ messages and build an echo chamber of support,” Podesta boasts. It’s far from an unusual practice in today’s Washington lobbying scene. Hiebert insists that he is unaware that the Podesta Group has been lobbying for the Vietnamese government. But Hiebert knew enough to invite someone from the Podesta Group to hear Trong speak on July 8; he says that CSIS does not disclose its invitation list. (Hidden) Money Talks Nor is CSIS completely transparent about where it gets its financing. CSIS is one of 150-plus think tanks around the world that are rated by an impressive non-profit named Transpacific on their willingness to disclose — or not — where they get their money. The well-regarded Transparify, based in Tibilisi, Georgia, is part of the Open Society Foundations that were founded by George Soros. In 2014, Transparify gave CSIS poor marks, awarding it One Star, near the opaque bottom of a Five-Star transparency scale. This year, CSIS earned Three Stars from Transparify — neither fully opaque nor transparent, but at least moving in the right direction. The CSIS website now lists donors on a general range. It discloses that the Vietnamese government gave CSIS somewhere between $50,000 and $500,000 in 2014. But the site does not disclose what the money was intended for. Hiebert co-authored a major 2014 CSIS study of U.S.-Vietnamese relations: “A New Era in U.S.-Vietnam Relations. So who might have paid for that? Readers couldn’t tell from the study’s acknowledgments. “We would like to acknowledge the thoughtful and generous support and counsel received from the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Embassy in Hanoi, and the U.S. Consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.” But who, exactly, paid for it? Hiebert — after being asked twice — confessed that the Vietnamese government paid for the study. He said that there was no U.S. government funding for that study. CSIS spokesman Andrew Schwartz insisted that it is “mean-spirited” to suggest that anyone who read the acknowledgment would not have known that it was “clearly” the Vietnamese who paid for A New Era. “[I]f you decide to write that CSIS didn’t acknowledge the support of the government of Vietnam, you will be in error,” Schwartz declared. CSIS always discloses the sources of funding for its studies, the CSIS media analyst declared. Mostly always, might be more apt. A recent CSIS study focusing on human rights in countries like Russia, Venezuela and Ethiopia was forthright about where the money came from: “This report is made possible by the generous support of the Oak Foundation” it discloses. And still another CSIS study on U.S.-Japan relations discloses that the money came from Japan’s Sasakawa Peace Foundation. The contrast with the misleading acknowledgment to Hiebert’s New Era study is about as clear as it gets. In that study Hiebert criticizes U.S. congressional human-rights champions for being an ineffectual name-and-shame crowd. He further criticized many Vietnamese-American pro-democracy advocates for being out of touch with realities in today’s Vietnam. But when it came to Vietnam’s human-rights record, Hiebert seemed to pull his punches. There is no mention of Hanoi’s non-compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Vietnam is a signatory to. There is no mention of the provisions of Vietnam’s penal code that criminalize free speech and assembly — and criticizing the Communist Party. Instead, the study basically acknowledges the obvious: that human rights is the most difficult issue between the U.S. and Vietnamese governments. Instead of suggesting that Vietnam could help improve its credibility by modernizing its offensive penal code, Hiebert merely recommended more meetings between the U.S. government and Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Security. Hiebert vehemently denied that he softened his tone because of who paid for that study. Meanwhile, Hanoi’s lobby agenda seems to be working. The U.S. government and Congress are leaning toward allowing Vietnam to purchase the lethal arms it seeks. There is little talk in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal about Vietnam’s first making “demonstrable progress” on the core human-rights issues involving the freedoms of speech, assembly, religion — and the offending provisions of the penal code that mock the international rights covenants that Hanoi has signed. (The precise details of the TPP deal, which has not been finalized, remain classified.) President Obama has said he would like to accept Secretary General Trong’s invitation to visit Vietnam, although the president has not yet set a date. Hiebert pointed out in our exchange of e-mails that he has recommended that when Obama does fly to Vietnam, he speak forcefully on human rights. A skeptic might observe that this is what Assistant Secretary of State Tom Malinowski, Secretary John Kerry, and so many other U.S. officials have done — so many times, over so many years, to such little avail.

Ho Chi Minh

Who did the Americans recognize as ruler of Vietnam in 1950 when the Soviets acknowledged Ho Chi Min?

Rushford Report posted by Greg Rushford on May 23, 2016 By Greg Rushford  Monday, May 23, Washington, D.C. —Air Force One touched down yesterday evening in Hanoi. The White House and influential Washington think-tank scholars are spinning President Barack Obama’s three-day Vietnam visit as a “legacy” moment, validating the president’s “pivot” to Asia. Expect much warm talk of how America is forging ever-closer economic- and security ties with a modernizing Vietnam. Expect the usual heartwarming television images of happy people —including peasants toiling in lush rice fields, wearing their iconic conical hats. Don’t expect any admissions from Vietnamese Communist leaders of the suffering they continue to inflict upon some of their country’s best citizens. As former prisoner of conscience Cu Huy Ha Vu rightly notes, today’s Vietnam is “a kleptocracy.” Intrepid pro-democracy advocates stand in the way. Courageous men like Dang Xuan Dieu, Ho Duc Hoa, and Tran Vu Anh Binh, three of Vietnam’s 100-plus current political prisoners. They languish behind bars, while some Washington insiders have averted their eyes. Some of those insiders are Southeast Asian analysts who work inside the gleaming $100 million headquarters of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, just a few minutes from the White House — and who have undisclosed sidelines as business consultants. They know that to speak forthrightly on Vietnam’s shameful human rights record would threaten their easy access to senior communist officials. Their corporate benefactors who depend upon that political access to win lucrative business contracts in Vietnam could lose the big bucks. Moreover, Vietnam’s ambassador to the United States has a team of $30,000-a-month Washington lobbyists on his payroll. Their assignment is basically not to let awkward questions about political prisoners interfere with enhanced U.S.-Vietnamese commercial- and security ties, especially the sale of lethal weapons to fend off Chinese maritime intimidation. One wonders what Dieu, Hoa, and Binh, locked away in their cells, would have to say — if they were free to speak. Dieu, a devout Catholic citizen journalist, has been imprisoned since 2011. He committed the “crime” of exercising free speech. Dieu has been living “in hell” — beaten, humiliated, and treated like a “slave” for refusing to wear a uniform with the word “criminal” — his brother has told Radio Free Asia. Hoa, also a blogger whose crime was his free speech, has been incarcerated since 2011. Binh, a songwriter, lost his liberty in 2012. His crime was writing music that offended the Communist Party. While Binh’s term is scheduled to end next year, Dieu and Hoa could languish behind bars until 2024. All three men are associated with the Viet Tan, a U.S.-based political party that is highly effective in using the social media to advocate democratic freedoms of speech and assembly. The Viet Tan reaches a wide audience, both inside Vietnam and in the Vietnamese diaspora. For its skilled high-tech advocacy, the Hanoi’s feared Ministry of Public Security brands Viet Tan as a “terrorist” organization. Binh, Hoa and Dieu were amongst a group of 17 political prisoners who have been represented by Stanford law professor Allen Weiner, a former high-powered U.S. State Department official. Weiner won a United Nations panel determination that his clients — all either Viet Tan members, supporters or friends — had been unjustly imprisoned. While 14 of Weiner’s clients have been released, that’s unfortunately not quite a happy ending. “Some of those who have been released, however, continue to suffer severe harassment and intimidation at the hands of the Vietnamese security services,” Weiner reports. “They continue to pay a heavy price.”  That’s the sort of glaring injustice that no credible analyst of today’s Vietnam would want to downplay. Meet CSIS Asia analyst Murray Hiebert — a man who doesn’t deny that Vietnam has human rights issues, yet is careful never to use clear language that would anger senior Vietnamese officials. Nine months ago, I brought Allen Weiner’s brave clients to Hiebert’s attention, asking if perhaps this would be an opportunity to highlight the injustice by holding a public forum. The CSIS analyst brushed off the inquiry — at the time I had not realized that CSIS has never held such an event. He also declined to say whether he agreed with Hanoi’s characterization of the Viet Tan as a “terrorist” organization. (The White House and State Department are better informed than CSIS. Not only do they respect the Viet Tan for its peaceable advocacy, but Obama’s national security officials have maintained close ties with the Viet Tan leadership. Radio Free Asia reported that on May 17 representatives of the Viet Tan, along with other respected Vietnamese pro-democracy advocates including Boat People SOS and Vietnam for Progress, were briefed on Obama’s upcoming Vietnam trip in the White House on May 17.) A few weeks ago, Hiebert once again did not respond to a request to be interviewed on the imprisoned Viet Tan supporters. I then tried to register for a May 17 press briefing that Hiebert and two other CSIS scholars held on the Obama visit. I had hoped to ask about Binh, Hoa and Dieu. But CSIS spokesman Andrew Schwartz — who also had not responded to a recent e-mail inquiry — denied me admission, asserting that the event was “oversubscribed.” While the briefing room was indeed rather crowded, even full, according to people who were present, Schwartz found room for Vietnam Television. VTV is a Hanoi-controlled media tool that the Communist Party finds useful for spreading the party line. These days, VTV’s best “scoop” has been in warning Vietnamese independent journalists — and specifically the Viet Tan — to stay away from linking corrupt communist officials to a Taiwanese steel mill that somehow obtained environmental clearance to discharge toxic wastes into the sea, which has resulted in a massive fish kill. (At the May 17 CSIS briefing, a Television Vietnam correspondent asked if the next American president would continue Obama’s “pivot” to Asia — which at least drew laughter. It is perhaps also worth noting that while “journalists” from Vietnam Television are welcome to peddle their propaganda in the United States, authorities in Hanoi continue to jam Radio Free Asia’s Vietnamese language service. And while the BBC is free to broadcast its English-language programs in Vietnam, the BBC’s celebrated Vietnamese Language Service frequently has run into problems.) As it turns out, CSIS has a history of making life uncomfortable for guests at the think tank’s public events who might pose awkward questions. On May 24, 2015, former political prisoner Ha Vu angered the Vietnamese ambassador to the U.S., Pham Quang Vinh, by asking how Vietnam justified persecuting its political prisoners. Vinh, visibly upset, retorted that Vietnam has no political prisoners — which was pretty rich, considering that at that moment, the ambassador was busy trying to avoid making eye contact with one of Vietnam’s most famous political prisoners. Moreover, CSIS analyst Hiebert, who chaired the panel, did not challenge the ambassador’s absurd claim. (The CSIS event discussed a study on U.S.-Vietnamese relations that Hiebert had co-authored; that study had not disclosed that the Vietnamese government had secretly financed it, Hiebert subsequently admitted to me. And last July, Hiebert went to extraordinary lengths to accommodate Vietnamese security officials when Communist Party Secretary General Nguyen Phu Trong spoke at CSIS. Hiebert summoned a guard, escorting Dr. Binh Nguyen, a prominent Vietnamese-American physician, from the premises. Hiebert apologized to Binh, who had been invited, but said that the communist security officials insisted that she be ejected (for details see: How Hanoi Buys Influence in Washington, D.C., www.rushfordreport.com). Turns out that there are other reasons to doubt Hiebert’s independence. While his official CSIS bio does not disclose it, Hiebert is also a senior advisor to a prominent business consultancy, the Bower Group Asia. Conflicted interests Hiebert’s boss at CSIS, Ernie Bower, runs the Bower Group Asia. “Our clients include the world’s best global enterprises,” the BGA website proclaims. “We understand the nexus between politics and economics.” Bower has more than 60 employees in his Washington, D.C. headquarters and in 21 Asian countries (including Vietnam). Another CSIS analyst, Chris Johnson, is a BGA managing director for China. Like Hiebert, Johnson does not disclose his business affiliations on his CSIS website. Bower, who formerly chaired the CSIS Southeast Studies chair, responded angrily last year when I asked him which was his real day job: CSIS or his business consultancy. He said he was “saddened” that I had suggested he appeared to have conflicts of interest. But perhaps aware that others might also wonder, Bower now identifies himself on the CSIS website as a “non-resident” advisor. The chair remains vacant. CSIS spokesman Schwartz and John Hamre, the think tank’s CEO and one of Washington’s most acclaimed fundraisers, have not responded to persistent inquiries to explain the apparent conflicts. Here’s how the conflict works: At CSIS Hiebert has advocated the TPP trade deal. The Bower Group is actively seeking TPP business. Hiebert has strongly contended that the U.S. lethal arms embargo on Vietnam has outlived its usefulness, and should be lifted. Lockheed, which wants to sell Hanoi its P-3 Orion and C-130 Hercules surveillance planes, has a seat on Hiebert’s CSIS board. So does Boeing, which has been peddling its P-8 Poseidon military surveillance aircraft in Hanoi. Imagine how the giant defense contractors would feel if the money they dole out to CSIS would be used to shine a spotlight on issues involving corruption and human-rights abuses in Vietnam. Coca-Cola, a Bower Group client, got into Laos a few years ago, thanks to Ernie Bower’s understanding of “the nexus” between business and politics. Coke also has a seat on the CSIS Southeast Asia board. Chevron, another major CSIS benefactor, also has a representative on CSIS’s Southeast Asia board. Hiebert authored a November 2014 column for the Wall Street Journal defending Chevron in bitter litigation the oil giant had in Indonesia. In his column, Hiebert identified himself only as a CSIS analyst. Then Ernie Bower got busy on the Bower Group’s Facebook page, touting the Journal piece: “BGA’s Murray Hiebert provides much-needed analysis of the court case against Chevron in Indonesia” in the Wall Street Journal. [Full disclosure: I have been an occasional contributor to the Wall Street Journal’s Asian edition for more than two decades.] In recent months, Hiebert has been quoted widely by major news outlets including CNN, Reuters, the Associated Press, Forbes, Politico, the Financial Times, the Washington Times, and the Voice of America — always only identified as a CSIS analyst. Readers would not know that Hiebert also works for a business consultancy. They would not know that corporations that fund Hiebert’s CSIS programs have serious financial interests at stake. One wire-service report that quoted Hiebert about Vietnam’s new top leadership was picked up by the New York Times in April. This gave Ernie Bower another opportunity to twitter to his clients about how “BGA Senior Advisor Murray Hiebert” had made the pages of the Times. And earlier today, CNN quoted Hiebert’s approving views of enhanced U.S. weapons sales to Vietnam, identifying him only as a CSIS scholar. Viewers were not aware that this “scholar” is funded at CSIS by major U.S. defense contractors, and has taken money from the Vietnamese government for co-authoring a study that called for the lifting of the U.S. weapons embargo to that country. Nor would viewers know that Hiebert also works for the Bower Group, which also touts its interest in facilitating arms deals. A little digging illustrates how Bower mixes his CSIS affiliations with business. In 2014, for example, Bower opened some important doors in Washington to a Manila wheeler-dealer named Antonio “Tony Boy” Cojuangco. Tony Boy also sits on CSIS’s Southeast Asia board. Bower brought him to town as the head of an “eminent persons” group — such flattery can go a long way in certain Asian circles. CSIS arranged appointments for the Filipino eminences in the White House, the Export-Import Bank, on Capitol Hill and of course at CSIS headquarters, where they had a scheduled appointment with the think tank’s president, John Hamre. That was during the day. That night, the Bower Group hosted a lavish dinner for Tony Boy and his associates at the posh Jefferson Hotel. Bower, Hiebert, Chris Johnson, and other CSIS/Bower Group operatives were present. To judge from photos I’ve seen, it was a good night all around, lubricated by bottles of Pomerol. (Hamre has not responded to repeated requests to comment. On the CSIS website, the CSIS head asserts that some unnamed journalists who have questioned CSIS ethical practices have ignored evidence to the contrary that he has provided.) Agents of Influence Speaking of influence peddling, if one looks closely, the Washington lobbyists on that $30,000-a-month retainer from Vietnamese Ambassador Vinh unwittingly illustrate how the official spin surrounding the Obama visit to Vietnam doesn’t tell the whole story. The most recent foreign agent’s disclosure form that the Podesta Group has filed with the U.S. Department of Justice lists some of what the firm did to earn its $180,000 for the last six months of 2015. One is left wondering exactly what the lobbyists did to earn their keep. The lobbyists disclosed only seven meetings, mostly with congressional aides. The only elected representative who met with Podesta representatives was Matt Salmon, an Arizona Republican who is retiring from Congress at the end of this year. Rep. Salmon had already met with Vietnamese Amb. Vinh earlier in the year and had been to Vietnam in May. The congressman already had supported an enhanced U.S.-Vietnam trade relationship. Do the math: $180,000 for seven meetings. That’s about $25,000 a meeting, throwing in about 50 e-mails and five phone calls that the Podesta lobbying form mentions. David Adams, the Podesta lobbyist who has been working to facilitate the Obama visit to Vietnam this week, is a former close aide to Hillary Clinton when she was secretary of state. Asked what he had really done to each the money, Adams declined to comment. This week, when the television screens show images of happy Vietnamese peasants with their conical hats, toiling in their rice paddies, think of David Adams. The average Vietnamese citizen would have to work 13 years to earn enough money to pay for just one $25,000 Podesta Group meeting with congressional aides. From the days of French colonialism to the present Communist kleptocracy, the Vietnamese central government has always stolen from its poorest people. Amb. Vinh’s lobbyist Adams proudly styles himself as a part-time “gentleman farmer” in Virginia’s wine country. Wonder what those Vietnamese peasants would say, if they knew that their stooped labor is helping subsidize such a lifestyle?   How Hanoi Buys Influence in Washington, D.C. posted by Greg Rushford on August 4, 2015  U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry arrives in Hanoi this Thursday for a two-day visit. Expect much talk of how the United States and Vietnam have been developing closer security and economic ties — and how Vietnam’s praiseworthy “progress” in improving its human-rights record is making this possible. Hopefully, Vietnam’s feared Ministry of Public Security will be on better behavior this week than back in May. Then, Kerry’s top human-rights advisor, Tom Malinowski, held what he characterized as “productive” meetings in Hanoi with senior Vietnamese officials. On May 11, two days after Malinowski’s visit, thugs wielding metal pipes bloodied a courageous Vietnamese political dissident named Anh Chi. Malinowski deplored the incident, while still insisting that Vietnam has been making commendable “progress” on human rights. Kerry’s Aug. 6-8 trip comes on the heels of a successful visit to Washington last month by Nguyen Phu Trong, the general secretary of the Communist Party. Trong had a “productive” meeting with President Barack Obama in the Oval Office on July 7, after which the two leaders issued a joint “vision” statement that said each country recognized the importance of protecting human rights. The next day, Trong made a major speech at an influential U.S. think tank, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (better known by its acronym, CSIS). “Protecting and promoting human rights is the main objective of our development,” Trong declared. “We want to ensure, promote and protect the rights of all people in Vietnam.” Well, maybe not all. Once again, a familiar pattern emerged: Shortly before Trong’s speech before a CSIS audience of mainly well-connected Washington insiders, there was another ugly incident behind the scenes. The incident illustrates what’s really going on when American and Vietnamese officials praise Vietnam’s “demonstrable” human-rights progress. Moreover, the CSIS embarrassment offers a glimpse into how the Communist Party has been quietly buying influence to advance its foreign policy agenda in Washington — a sophisticated lobby campaign that appears to be working. Hanoi, it appears, has learned that in Washington, money talks. But that’s getting ahead of this story, which begins with Trong’s July 8 historic speech — the first-ever such appearance for a senior Communist Party leader — at CSIS’ gleaming modern headquarters a few blocks from the White House. As the secretary general was preparing to speak about his deep interest in protecting human rights, Vietnamese security officials were quietly demonstrating otherwise, even on American soil. It seems that Hanoi’s intelligence operatives had a file on one of the invited CSIS guests — like Anh Chi, another enemy of the state. Persona Non Grata When Dr. Binh T. Nguyen, a prominent Vietnamese-born physician (and an American citizen) showed up to hear the secretary general’s speech, she was informed that she was persona non grata. Binh, an invited guest, cleared CSIS security at the entrance, as she had on several previous occasions. But when she went upstairs to join the audience, a CSIS senior fellow was waiting. Murray Hiebert, accompanied by a CSIS security guard, insisted that Binh leave the premises. An obviously uncomfortable Hiebert explained that he was so sorry, but the communist security operatives simply would not permit Binh to hear Trong’s speech. The apologetic Hiebert told Dr. Binh that he had tried his best to reason with the Vietnamese security officials, but to no avail. They were not interested in negotiating, and were adamant that Binh would not be allowed to hear Trong’s speech, Hiebert related. Hiebert apologized sincerely to Binh, admitting that it was wrong for CSIS to have given into the pressure. Ejecting her had ruined the event for him, Hiebert told the doctor. I spoke with Binh twice, for nearly an hour, going over the facts carefully, in great detail. Subsequently I was able to substantiate that the doctor’s account was the same as how Hiebert explained the incident to one of his colleagues at CSIS, Benjamin Contreras, the program director for CSIS’ Southeast Studies section. Dr. Binh told me that Hiebert was characteristically polite. Still, it was intimidating that he had a guard with him to make sure she left the premises, the doctor added. Binh said she does not seek publicity, and looked forward to being invited to future CSIS events. She asked not to be quoted directly in this article. The Canadian-born Hiebert, 66, is a soft-spoken former journalist with the Far Eastern Economic Review and the Wall Street Journal. He is perhaps the last person one would expect would get caught up in a dubious human-rights episode. In 1999, Hiebert, then the Review’s Kuala Lumpur bureau chief, was jailed for writing an article that raised disturbing questions about the integrity of Malaysian courts. Even though his report was accurate, Hiebert was convicted of “scandalizing” the judiciary, and spent a month in a Malaysian jail. At CSIS, Hiebert has spoken out against human rights practices in Thailand and Malaysia. Hiebert notes that he approved several recent blogs written for CSIS by respected Vietnam watchers that have been critical of Vietnamese human-rights practices, including curbs on the media. But at the same time, Hiebert seems to have become careful not to cause too much offense to authorities in Hanoi. He co-authored a 2014 study, for example, that treated Vietnam’s human-rights practices rather gently, while not being entirely forthcoming about the fact that the Vietnamese government had paid for it (more on that later in this article). CSIS Gives Its Side of the Story Hiebert declined to be interviewed, but he did answer some (but far from all) questions that were submitted in writing — until a CSIS public-relations spokesman sent me an e-mail saying that he had advised Hiebert to cut off the communications. Hiebert’s written responses did not directly dispute Dr. Binh’s account about what happened. But he attempted to minimize the incident, not mentioning the main human-rights point: how he had been pressured by the Vietnamese security officials to escort Binh from the building, and that did so, knowing that it was wrong for CSIS to give into such pressure. The CSIS spokesman, H. Andrew Schwartz, first claimed that “Murray’s side of the story is quite different from what you have recounted.” But Schwartz had no further response after being informed that Dr. Binh’s account was, word-for-word, the same as Hiebert had related to his CSIS colleague, Benjamin Contreras. (Schwartz was formerly a spokesman for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, known for its hard-nosed dealings with inquiring reporters. Before that, Schwartz was a producer for Fox News.) While acknowledging that Dr. Binh had indeed been an invited guest, Hiebert seemed to brush off the incident as a sort-of bureaucratic snafu. “No one makes decisions about who attends events at CSIS but CSIS,” Hiebert wrote. “Dr. Binh was not on the initial RSVP list…CSIS made a mistake by allowing her to RSVP late to the event when the registration process had already been closed.” But Binh should have been allowed to attend, Hiebert agreed. Enemies of the State A public-record search shows why the Communist Party would have a file on Binh. She is chief of the thoracic radiology section at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and has received awards for her professional accomplishments. Being affiliated with one of the most respected medical institutions in the world, of course, wouldn’t send up any red flags in Hanoi. But what Binh does away from the office definitely would. On her private time, Binh has worked on human rights issues in Asia with high-profile organizations including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. She has testified before the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, among other respected panels. She serves on the Virginia Asian Advisory Board, which advises the governor “on ways to improve economic and cultural links between the Commonwealth and Asian nations, with a focus on the areas of commerce and trade.” And on July 1, Binh joined several other respected human-rights champions who were invited to the White House. There, Binh and her colleagues gave advice to the National Security Council on how President Obama might want to handle human rights when Secretary General Trong came to the Oval Office on July 7. Also, during the Obama-Trong White House meeting, Binh may well have been photographed by communist officials across Pennsylvania Avenue in Lafayette Park, where she joined several hundred Vietnamese-Americans who peaceably protested Vietnam’s lack of democracy. Vietnam’s ambassador to the United States, Pham Quang Vinh, did not respond to an e-mail asking if he would care to join Hiebert by apologizing to Dr. Binh. It didn’t take much digging to understand why. On May 24, Amb. Vinh had appeared on a CSIS panel moderated by Hiebert. Vinh was visibly upset when he was questioned by a former political prisoner, Cu Huy Ha Vu. Ha Vu made a short statement criticizing Vietnam’s human rights record, asking when Vietnam would stop its practice of incarcerating citizens whose only crimes were to criticize the Communist Party. The angry diplomat retorted that Vietnam has no political prisoners — avoiding eye contact with Vu. (Asserting that Vietnam has no political prisoners is like claiming that there is no cheese in Paris.) Vu told me that he was not invited to the July 8 CSIS event with General Secretary Trong. Hiebert declined to explain, but it’s easy to surmise that the Communist Party chief had made it clear he would brook no awkward questions. Vu is no ordinary political prisoner. He is one of Vietnam’s most prominent pro-democracy advocates today — especially because of his family’s elite revolutionary background. Vu’s father, the poet Cu Huy Can, was close to Ho Chi Minh during the Vietnam War, and served in Vietnam’s first national assembly. The well-educated Vu also earned his doctorate in law from the University of Paris. Vu became an enemy of the state when he started challenging senior Communist Party officials for their lack of accountability. He even filed lawsuits against Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung on several occasions in 2009 and 2010, charging Dung with complicity in abuses of the environment, and for banning Vietnamese citizens from pressing complaints against the national government. Vu was imprisoned after being convicted in a 2011 show trial. His “crimes” included criticizing the Communist Party in interviews with the Voice of America and Radio Free Asia. Vu was released from prison last year, and exiled to the United States, where he continues to advocate peaceably for the Communist Party to enact democratic reforms. While he was not on the invitation list to hear Secretary General Trong proclaim his deep interest in protecting human rights at CSIS’s July 8 event, Vu has been welcomed at the White House. On July 1, Vu joined Dr. Binh and several other pro-democracy advocates who were invited to brief the National Security Council ahead of Trong’s visit. Imagine what Vietnamese intelligence officers thought, if they spotted press accounts of that White House meeting. Also present in the White House that day were two U.S.-based leaders of the Viet Tan, Angelina Huynh and Hoang Tu Duy. Viet Tan — shorthand for the Vietnam Reform Party — is particularly feared in Hanoi because of its skills in using social media to reach its followers inside Vietnam. The organization is also known for its peaceable advocacy of democracy for Vietnam. The Communist Party considers the Viet Tan to be a “terrorist” organization. The Vietnamese government has admitted that it has imprisoned citizen journalist/bloggers for the “crime” of being associated with the group. A Lobby Plan Comes Together While the U.S. government respects the Viet Tan’s legitimacy, Hiebert ducked the issue. Asked repeatedly whether he agreed with Hanoi that the Viet Tan is a terrorist group, Hiebert did not respond. That’s about when CSIS spokesman Andrew Schwartz cut off the communications, asserting that “Hiebert has answered all of your questions.” Why would a respected CSIS political analyst avoid direct questions concerning Vietnam’s human rights record? The suspicion arises that it has something to do with money. Hanoi has been paying $30,000-a-month to the Podesta Group, a high-powered lobby firm with close ties to major U.S. political figures. David Adams, who has been working on Vietnam’s behalf for the Podesta Group, was Hillary Clinton’s chief of legislative affairs when she served as President Obama’s first secretary of state. Adams would be valuable to Hanoi because he has an insider’s knowledge to sell: he knows firsthand how U.S. officials at the State Department and the Pentagon tend to think about Vietnamese issues. For instance, when Adams was with Clinton on Foggy Bottom, David Shear was the U.S. ambassador to Hanoi. Shear is now an assistant secretary of Defense, where he is helping shape U.S. military policies regarding Asia — including the issue of how to respond to Vietnam’s request for U.S. sales of lethal weapons that Hanoi wants to help fend off Chinese intimidation in the South China Sea. (Shear, when he was the U.S. ambassador, routinely assured Vietnamese-American audiences that before Vietnam would be allowed to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, Hanoi must make “demonstrable progress” on human rights. He never explained what that might mean. The Podesta Group and Amb. Vinh declined comment on the Vietnamese foreign policy agenda they have been advancing. But it doesn’t take much digging to discover the three top priorities: Hanoi wants the U.S. arms embargo lifted. The Vietnamese also want to convince Obama and Congress that they have indeed been making enough “demonstrable progress” on human rights to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal. And they have been lobbying for Obama to visit Vietnam, hopefully by the end of 2015. Is it a coincidence that Hanoi’s agenda is generally shared by CSIS? The Podesta Group’s website boasts of its ability to help controversial clients boost their credibility. “We recruit allies from left-and right-leaning think tanks…to validate our clients’ messages and build an echo chamber of support,” Podesta boasts. It’s far from an unusual practice in today’s Washington lobbying scene. Hiebert insists that he is unaware that the Podesta Group has been lobbying for the Vietnamese government. But Hiebert knew enough to invite someone from the Podesta Group to hear Trong speak on July 8; he says that CSIS does not disclose its invitation list. (Hidden) Money Talks Nor is CSIS completely transparent about where it gets its financing. CSIS is one of 150-plus think tanks around the world that are rated by an impressive non-profit named Transpacific on their willingness to disclose — or not — where they get their money. The well-regarded Transparify, based in Tibilisi, Georgia, is part of the Open Society Foundations that were founded by George Soros. In 2014, Transparify gave CSIS poor marks, awarding it One Star, near the opaque bottom of a Five-Star transparency scale. This year, CSIS earned Three Stars from Transparify — neither fully opaque nor transparent, but at least moving in the right direction. The CSIS website now lists donors on a general range. It discloses that the Vietnamese government gave CSIS somewhere between $50,000 and $500,000 in 2014. But the site does not disclose what the money was intended for. Hiebert co-authored a major 2014 CSIS study of U.S.-Vietnamese relations: “A New Era in U.S.-Vietnam Relations. So who might have paid for that? Readers couldn’t tell from the study’s acknowledgments. “We would like to acknowledge the thoughtful and generous support and counsel received from the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Embassy in Hanoi, and the U.S. Consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.” But who, exactly, paid for it? Hiebert — after being asked twice — confessed that the Vietnamese government paid for the study. He said that there was no U.S. government funding for that study. CSIS spokesman Andrew Schwartz insisted that it is “mean-spirited” to suggest that anyone who read the acknowledgment would not have known that it was “clearly” the Vietnamese who paid for A New Era. “[I]f you decide to write that CSIS didn’t acknowledge the support of the government of Vietnam, you will be in error,” Schwartz declared. CSIS always discloses the sources of funding for its studies, the CSIS media analyst declared. Mostly always, might be more apt. A recent CSIS study focusing on human rights in countries like Russia, Venezuela and Ethiopia was forthright about where the money came from: “This report is made possible by the generous support of the Oak Foundation” it discloses. And still another CSIS study on U.S.-Japan relations discloses that the money came from Japan’s Sasakawa Peace Foundation. The contrast with the misleading acknowledgment to Hiebert’s New Era study is about as clear as it gets. In that study Hiebert criticizes U.S. congressional human-rights champions for being an ineffectual name-and-shame crowd. He further criticized many Vietnamese-American pro-democracy advocates for being out of touch with realities in today’s Vietnam. But when it came to Vietnam’s human-rights record, Hiebert seemed to pull his punches. There is no mention of Hanoi’s non-compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Vietnam is a signatory to. There is no mention of the provisions of Vietnam’s penal code that criminalize free speech and assembly — and criticizing the Communist Party. Instead, the study basically acknowledges the obvious: that human rights is the most difficult issue between the U.S. and Vietnamese governments. Instead of suggesting that Vietnam could help improve its credibility by modernizing its offensive penal code, Hiebert merely recommended more meetings between the U.S. government and Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Security. Hiebert vehemently denied that he softened his tone because of who paid for that study. Meanwhile, Hanoi’s lobby agenda seems to be working. The U.S. government and Congress are leaning toward allowing Vietnam to purchase the lethal arms it seeks. There is little talk in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal about Vietnam’s first making “demonstrable progress” on the core human-rights issues involving the freedoms of speech, assembly, religion — and the offending provisions of the penal code that mock the international rights covenants that Hanoi has signed. (The precise details of the TPP deal, which has not been finalized, remain classified.) President Obama has said he would like to accept Secretary General Trong’s invitation to visit Vietnam, although the president has not yet set a date. Hiebert pointed out in our exchange of e-mails that he has recommended that when Obama does fly to Vietnam, he speak forcefully on human rights. A skeptic might observe that this is what Assistant Secretary of State Tom Malinowski, Secretary John Kerry, and so many other U.S. officials have done — so many times, over so many years, to such little avail.

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Who was the defeated Presidential candidate in the 1900 US election?

United States presidential election of 1900 | United States government | Britannica.com United States presidential election of 1900 United States government United States presidential election of 1900, American presidential election held on November 6, 1900, in which Republican incumbent Pres. William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , winning 292 electoral votes to Bryan’s 155. Results of the American presidential election, 1900… Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A question of imperialism In March 1898, two years into William McKinley’s first term as president, he gave Spain—which was in the midst of a brutal campaign of repression in Cuba—an ultimatum. Spain agreed to most of McKinley’s demands, including the cessation of hostilities against Cubans, but balked at giving up its last major New World colony. On April 25 Congress passed a formal declaration of war in the interest of securing Cuban independence. In the brief Spanish-American War —“a splendid little war,” in the words of Secretary of State John Hay —the United States easily defeated Spanish forces in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico . The subsequent Treaty of Paris , signed in December 1898 and ratified by the Senate in February 1899, ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States; Cuba became independent. William McKinley (holding broadsheet) with Vice Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in a campaign poster for … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The conflict proved to be the defining issue of the election. McKinley—who was renominated by the Republicans at their national convention in Philadelphia in June 1900—continued to emphasize an expansionist foreign policy, arguing that the anti-American rebellion occurring in the Philippines had to be quelled and that American dominion there had to be “supreme.” He employed typical empire-building logic in justifying continued military intervention in the Philippine archipelago, claiming that the United States had a moral and religious obligation to “civilize and Christianize” its residents. His position was enhanced by the selection as his running mate of then New York governor Theodore Roosevelt , who won all but one vote on the first ballot. ( Garret Hobart , vice president during McKinley’s first term, had died in office the previous year.) Roosevelt had made his name during the war by leading a charge of Rough Riders that took Kettle Hill (frequently referred to as San Juan Hill, which was nearby) in Cuba; he had returned home a national hero. His rise to the nomination was assisted by New York’s political bosses, who were unhappy with his gubernatorial reform efforts—particularly in regard to patronage—and sought to rid themselves of his meddlesome influence. Campaign propaganda poster showing Republican presidential incumbent William McKinley and his vice … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Campaign image of presidential incumbent William McKinley and his vice presidential candidate … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. United States presidential election of 1988 William Jennings Bryan, McKinley’s Democratic opponent in 1896, was again nominated at the party’s convention in July in Kansas City , Missouri . Adlai Stevenson , who had served as vice president to Grover Cleveland , was selected as his running mate. The Democrats vehemently decried the Republican pursuit of empire and resurrected the contentious issue of freely coining silver at a 16:1 ratio to gold (at Bryan’s behest). The campaign and the election Ohio industrialist Mark Hanna , who had run McKinley’s campaign and filled his coffers during his first presidential bid in 1896 and whom McKinley had appointed to a vacant Senate seat in 1897, again stumped for the incumbent. Also actively campaigning was Roosevelt, who proved himself to be a powerful orator and formidable debater as he traveled throughout the country. The two men were the primary faces of the Republican ticket; McKinley absented himself from campaigning. In addition to defending and exhorting the policy of expansionism, the Republicans called for the maintenance of the Dingley Tariff , instituted under McKinley in 1897; it was the highest protective tariff instituted in the United States up to that point. They cited the relative prosperity of the previous four years, using the campaign slogan “Four more years of the full dinner pail.” In a reversal of their previous position, the Republicans, though still in favour of a canal through the Central American isthmus, pointedly declined to specify that it should cut through Nicaragua. They instead favoured a Panamanian route, a position influenced by large donations from the New Panama Canal Company. (The Democrats were left with little choice but to continue in favour of the Nicaraguan route.) The platform also included a relatively tepid condemnation of efforts by Southern states to stonewall the enfranchisement of black voters established by the Fifteenth Amendment . Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Though Bryan campaigned feverishly, delivering over 600 speeches and visiting over half of the 45 states, he floundered in his efforts to combat imperialist sentiment . His calls for the independence of the Philippines were unpopular; many saw the country as being in a position of moral custodianship of the newly acquired territories. When Bryan shifted to the issue of trusts, Republicans, also officially antitrust, merely flipped the issue back to him, citing Democrat Cleveland’s poor record on the issue. U.S. Presidential Elections In the end, McKinley prevailed, taking 51.7 percent of the popular vote and capturing 292 votes in the electoral college . Bryan captured 45.5 percent of the popular vote and garnered only 155 electoral votes. Candidates from smaller parties, including the Socialists and the Prohibition Party , had little effect on the race.

William Jennings Bryan

Who was the first leader of the Belgian Congo?

1900 presideential election -- historical background political parties elections United States Elections: Presidential Elections (1900) Figure 1.--Williams Jennings Bryan was a gifted orator and perenial campaigner who mesmerized the Democratic Pary for more than a dcade. Unfortunaley for the Democrats he did not prove very successful at winning elections. This photograph was taken during one of his a presidential campaigns. He was a strenous campaigner, traveling the country by rail, delivering stemwinding speeches sometimes lating hours. Here he is the balding man to the left of the woman who we asume is his wife Mary. The photograph is unidentified. We believe it was taken in 1900, perhaps somewhere in the South, in part because it was so common for boys to go barefoot there. The boy is unidenyified, but may be his son William Jennings Bryan Jr. who would have been about 10-years old in 1900. The 1900 election was a rematch between President McKinley and former Congressman William Jennings Bryan. Bryan had an unimpressive political history. He had served two terms in Congress (the second with a narriow victory) and had been defeated in a senate race. McKinnely has soundly defeated Bryan in 1896, but Bryan with his oritorical skills retained control over the Democratic Party. He had traveled the country giving speeches in support of Democratic candidates. While Bryan inveighed against imperialism, McKinley quietly stood for "the full dinner pail." The election was important because New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt obtained the Republican vice presidential election--largely because Republican Party stalwart Mark Hannah and New York Senator Conklin wanted him out of New York. The election was also notable because Bryan had begun his campaign within weeks of losing the 1896 election. Bryan and his wife and political confident, Mary, published an inpassioned account of their losing campaign. The title, The First Battle left no doubt how Bryan viewed politics and his plans for 1900. Their book proved to be a run-away best seller. Thousand of people wrote to Bryan. Mary and his brother made a list of the correspondants to build an index card (the principal data organizing system before computers) list of supporters througout the country. Bryan began approaching important figures in the state Democratic organization in 1897. The outcome was another stunning defeat for Bryan. The Democrats were becoming a largely sectional party. Vryan carried a few Western states, but only the solid South voted strongly for Bryan. This was true in most post-Civil war elections, but rarely had a Democratic candidate carried so few states outside the South. President McKinnely The 1900 election was a rematch between President McKinley and former Congressman William Jennings Bryan. William McKinley was the 25th United States President. He was not a man of great vision, but was an astute politican and reflected America at the turn of the century. The McKinley presidency was a turning point for America. Under McKinley the Nation gained its first overseas possessions. Presidents from even before the Civil War had been advocating American expansion into the Cariibean with a variety of motives, some related to slavery. This occurred during the McKinley presidency, but more importantly America acuqired extensive Pacific possessions. This made America a major Pacific power and would provide the eventual basis for the resisting the agressive expansion of the Japanese militarists within only a few decades. McKinley is a president often overlooked by historians, in part because of the formidable stature of his sucessor. Mckinnley is, however, the first 20th century president--not only in the chronological sence, but in the fact that he created a great realignment in American politics. Beginning with Mc Kinnely the Republicans, with the exception of the Wilson Administration, dominated the Federal Government until Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan was of Scotts-Irish and English origins. Religion played a very important role in his life from an early age. He was one of the most influential American politicans of turn-of-the century America, He had an unimpressive political history, at least in running for office. He had served two terms in Congress (the second with a narriow victory) and had been defeated in a senate race. McKinnely has soundly defeated Bryan in 1896, but Bryan with his oritorical skills retained control over the Democratic Party. He had traveled the country giving speeches in support of Democratic candidates. His campaigns were highly moralistic in tone and substance. His most famous political campaign was based on a moralistic approach to economic. At the Democratic Convention in 1896, promoting free silver, he thundered, "You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold." He never excplained why America prospered economically after his economic policies were rejected in 1896, rather he went on to other moral isues. In 1900 his moral issue was imperialism. He never won the presidency, but President Wilson appointed him Secretary of State. Bryan would resign over moral issues, what he saw as overly aggressive American policies folloing the German sinking of the 'Lusitania' during World War I (1915). His campaiging for prohibition helped bring about the 18th Amendment. And in the Roaring-20s he took on evolution on moral (religious) grounds, most famouly at the Scopes 'Monkey' Trial (1925). His career is an instructive example of deciding public issues on largely moral grounds. Different people have varying concepts of morality. And secondly morality while certainly laudible in the ideal may not be the best guide as to economic, political, social, and scientific policies. While Bryan was never elected president, he did, however, have a major impact on the Democratic Party. Non-stop Campaigning (1897-1900) The 1900 election was notable because Bryan had begun his campaign within weeks of losing the 1896 election. Bryan and his wife and political confident, Mary, published an inpassioned account of their losing campaign. The title, The First Battle left no doubt how Bryan viewed politics and his plans for 1900. Their book proved to be a run-away best seller. Thousand of people wrote to Bryan. Mary and his brother made a list of the correspondants to build an index card (the principal data organizing system before computers) list of supporters througout the country. Bryan began approaching important figures in the state Democratic organization in 1897. Republican Convention (June 1900) The Republicans met in Philadelphia (June 1900). Popular president William McKinnely was easily renominated. The principal question that the Republicans faced was who would be their vice presidential candidate. The election was important because New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt obtained the Republican vice presidential election--largely because Republican Party stalwart Mark Hannah and New York Senator Conklin wanted him out of New York. Roosevelt was reluctant to give up the governorship to New York, Theodore Roosevelt accepted the nomination. Democratic Convention (July 1900) The Democratic Convention was held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri during the week of July 4. William Jennings Bryan was still wildy popular within the Democratic Party. Bryan had little opposition for the nomination. Spanish-American War hero Admiral George Dewey did lunch a campaign, but dropped out before the Convntion (May 1900). He told a reporter that he thought the President's job would be an easy one because the president simply followed Congressional instructions and enforce the law. The only important opposition at the Convention was offered by Richard Croker of New York's Tammany Hall. The Convention easily nominated Bryan despite his descisive loss to McKinnely in 1896. The Convention chose Illinois politican and former vice-president Adlai E. Stevenson as the vice-presidential candidate. The major issue considered by the Convention was whether to continue supporting the silver plank that Bryan had made such an issue in 1896. As America had recovered from the Depression of 1893 and enjoying a return of prosperity, there was much less enthisiam for it. Campaign The 1900 campaign at least in style was essentially a replay of the 1896 campaign. Bryan campaigning strenously. His campaigning was legendary. A typical day of campaigning might consist of four hour-long speeches and shorter talks that could total six hours of speaking. One study estimted that the he spoke at an average rate of 175 words a minute. That mean about 63,000 words--about 52 columns of a standard newspaper. One day while campaigning in Wisconsin, he delivered 12 speeches in 15 hours. [Coletta, Vol. I, p. 272.] McKinley in contrast rarely ventured from the White House. The issues were, however, different. Bryan decided to shift his emphasis in 1900. Throughout his political career, morality was at the center of his beliefs and cmpsign. In 1896 he had turned economics into a moral issue, campaigning for free silver. Here we do not mean to say that free silver was a moral matter, only that Bryan believed it was. With the economy improving, he decided to shift his camoaign. He never explained how if free silver was so important why the economy was so prosperous without it. He decided in 1900 to again campaign on moral issues--this time the issue was he chose was imperialism. He deciced to take issue with McKinnely's foreign policy, especially the Spanish-American War (1898-99) which he had opposed. The issue he chose was imperialism. The candidates differeed on whether the United States should give independence immediately to the territories seized frfom Spain. While the centralm issue was Cuba, the United States also seized control of Puerto Rico and various Pacific territories--especially the Philippines Islands. Byran advocated immediate independence. Governor Roosevelt, an authentic war hero, did not sit on his porch conducted an equally strenuous campaign. He argued that the United States had a duty to 'civilize' the new territories before granting independence. This was not, however, the issue that resonated with most voters. The essential issue which Bryan failed to understand was prosperity. McKinley quietly stood for "the full dinner pail". The continued prosperity of the McKinley era decsively decided the election. Third Parties Third parties were of only minor importance in 1900, but they are notable politically. The most important was the Prohibition Party headed by John Wooley. He would garner only v2 percent of the popular vote. But like many third parties, the Prohibition Party would influence the two main parties. Bryan waa a strong advocate of prohibition. Eventually popular sentiment would lead after World war I to the passage of the 18th Amendment hich would introduce prohibition. Nothing could be more instructive in examining the difference betweem American and Europe. Eugene V. Debs headed the Socialist ticket, but unlike Europe, there was almost no appeal for socialism in America. Results The outcome was another decisive victory for Mc Kinnely and he won by an even higher margin than in 1896. He carried 52 percent of the popular vote. Bryan managed only 46 percent because of the third party candidates. McKinnely carried 65 percent of the electoral votes. The Democrats were becoming a largely sectional party. Bryan carried a few Western states, but only the solid South voted strongly for Bryan. Some states in the Deep South vioted morecthan 90 percent for Bryan. Of course at the time, African-Americans were prevented from voting throughout the South. The Solid South was the case in most post-Civil war elections, but rarely had a Democratic candidate carried so few states outside the South. Preident McKinnely Assasination (1901) resident Mc Kinley's second term began auspiciously, but came to a tragic end only months later at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. The President delivered a speech (September 5). He announced that he was reconsidering his views on tariff policy. His major domestic achievement had been enacting a high, protective tariff. Now he was consudering the negotistion of recipricol tariff agreements with other countries. In the crowd was Leon Czolgosz, a Detroit-born anarchist of Polish immigrant parents. Anarchists at the time were attacking European leaders with varying success. Czolgosz was not only an archist, but he was mentally deranged. He had been stalking the President. Secret Service agents pevented him from getting near the stage where McKinley delivered his speech. The following day, the president appeared at a public reception in the Temple of Music on the Exposition grounds. A crowd had assembled to meet the president, an opportunity to shake hands and exchange a few words. This was Czolgosz's opportunity. He stood close to the front of the line. He wrapped his right hand in a handkerchief to make it look like he had been injured. In fact he was using it to conceal a .32 caliber revolver. When the President approched, Czolgosz extended his left hand and rapidly fired two shots at point-blank range. McKinely died 8 days later--to the horror of Republican leaders who thought they had effectively side lined Govenoor Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt thus became president. With the passing of McKinley the United States also passed from one era to another--from an era of internal growth and expansion to one of growing participation in world affairs.

i don't know

Who was Greece's first socialist Prime Minister?

The End of the Center-Left? Greece's Socialist Party Loses to Both Hard Left and Neo-Nazis - Breitbart by Frances Martel 26 Jan 2015 0 26 Jan, 2015 26 Jan, 2015 SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER The European left is in party mode. After the decisive victory of Greece’s Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza) in parliamentary elections last night, Greek leftists took to the streets  and their analogs in Spain and the UK warned that their nations would be next. But while the hard left has much to celebrate, “moderate” socialists on the continent should take the news with a grain of salt, as the leftist party that ruled Greece as recently as 2011  appears to have lost almost all support. SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER The BBC reports , using Greek government statistics, that, with 74% of the vote counted, Syriza won 36%. Such a victory is historic for the nascent party and its leader, Alexis Tsipras, now expected to be the nation’s next prime minister. Syriza decisively defeated the only party to pose a real challenge against them– the incumbent center-right New Democracy–which received 28.1% of the vote. One would expect that, given the enormous victory for the nation’s most prominent leftist party, that the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok), the largest center-left party in the country, would have come in third. They did not. Golden Dawn, a neo-Nazi party whose leadership is almost entirely behind bars , took third place. Nor did Pasok make fourth place– that went to “ The River ,” a populist leftist experiment starved out of the competition by the growth of Syriza. Pasok was not in fifth place. That went to the Greek Communist Party. Pasok made a sixth-place showing in the Greek elections, with 4.7% of the vote. Even more marked for the party: George Papandreou, Pasok leader and former Prime Minister, will no longer be in Parliament. It will be the first time a Papandreou will not be in Parliament in 92 years , as the party’s founder and current leader’s father, Andreas Papandreou, also served a long tenure in Parliament. The younger Papandreou left the party to run for his seat with a new party, the Socialist Democrats Movement (KIDISO), after failing to reach agreements with other Pasok leaders on how to cooperate with New Democracy, the center-right party. Kidiso failed to garner a high enough percentage of the vote to keep Papandreou in office. The combined indignity of losing the elections to not one, but three other leftist groups– Syriza, The River, and the Greek Communist Party– as well as losing to Golden Dawn may have been the last nail in the coffin for Pasok. The party’s death knell had been ringing for years in the height of the debt crisis that Papandreou failed to solve. In an article in 2013, Greek supporters of the party told the BBC that uttering “Pasok” is “like a dirty word.” “Now the party has destroyed our national identity, our social and business environment. It has destroyed everything,” said one man who identified himself as a former loyal Pasok supporter in the port city of Patras. He now supports Syriza. Pasok is not a “center-left” party the way that the Democratic Party in America is. The younger Papandreou also served as president of the Socialist International during his tenure as Prime Minister. They are hard economic and political leftists– simply slightly less hard left than the radicals in Syriza, and, as establishment figures, less appealing than even Greek Communist Party. Observers of the January 25 elections may see a victory for left in Greece and only allow their analysis to reach a certain level of depth within the political organization of Greece: the far left has won, so the Greek people are moving left. But the Greek people have also by and large abandoned the dominant centrist leftist party of the past century, preferring to bank on the wildly unpredictable Syriza/Golden Dawn upstarts. The only establishment party to make a decent showing is the right-wing New Democracy. This is something to keep in mind in the coming months as other European nations face similar decisions. In Spain, for example, the leader of the new radical left party Podemos has taken to using Syriza to warn the Spanish right that their time is near. Like Greece until 24 hours ago, Spain is governed by the center-right party, the Popular Party in their case. Podemos leader Pablo Iglesias has begun trying to draw parallels between Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras and Spanish President Mariano Rajoy, hoping to himself become Spain’s Alexis Tsipras. “2015 will be the year of change in Spain and Europe. We will start in Greece. Let’s go Alexis, let’s go!” Iglesias tweeted last month , subsequently making public appearances with Tsipras. A Podemos victory would be significantly more damaging to Spain than the Syriza victory to Greece, simply because Spain has more to lose. Under the center-right party, the economy is slowly but surely growing  after years of mismanagement under former Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. In a world where Podemos routs the Popular Party, the first institutional pillar to go would be the Socialist Workers’ Party of Spain (PSOE), which, like Pasok, has become something of a laughingstock among Spanish leftists. Like Pasok, the PSOE was routed in 2011, when Rajoy’s Popular Party soundly defeated opponent Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, successor to Zapatero. Several years and a native “Occupy-style” movement later, Podemos (“We Can”) was born, and the PSOE appears to be in its dying throes. The death of a party like PSOE would look very much like Greece today. Podemos would take the place of Syriza, with competing leftist groups nibbling at its heels. The Popular Party, like New Democracy, would remain a formidable, if not victorious opponent. And as for the neo-Nazis, Golden Dawn itself has established a chapter in Spain, though nowhere near as popular as the original Greek faction. Mainstream media observers in the United States will likely sell the Syriza win as good news for the left, including the relatively centrist American Democratic Party. But Syriza’s greatest victory is not against the center-right party it has ousted; it is against the center-left party it has destroyed. Democratic Party observers of the Occupy movement in America would be wise to take notice. Read More Stories About:

Papandreou

Who was Pope during World War II?

George Papndreou quits as Greek Prime Minister | Daily Mail Online comments Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou stepped down tonight without naming his successor as the nation lurched closer towards economic disaster. Parties from left and right seemed to have settled on veteran socialist Filippos Petsalnikos, the speaker of parliament, after ditching a plan to recruit a former top European Central Bank official. But talks have hit a last-minute snag, with political leaders leaving a top-level meeting without naming a new PM. Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou has officially stood down but there is no word yet on who will succeed him Mr Papndreou leaves the presidential palace after quitting over the crisis Greeks and the nation's international lenders have watched in growing horror for three days as party leaders feuded over a shrinking list of credible candidates to lead a national unity coalition after Papandreou's government imploded. The president's office said the talks, which have already lasted three days, would resume tomorrow morning. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Earlier, Giorgos Karatzaferis, the head of a small right-wing party, had stormed out of the meeting, accusing the heads of the two main parties of using 'trickery' but not giving any details. Farcically, the breakdown in talks came less than hour after Mr Papandreou said in his televised resignation speech agreement had been reached. They need to form a unified secure a new 130 billion euro (£111.5 billion) debt deal from the eurozone and keep the country in the single currency. Greece will run out of money next month unless the new government comes to an agreement with the European Union and International Monetary Fund, Greece's last remaining lenders. In a television address before heading to meet the president, Papandreou wished the new prime minister well without giving any name and declared that Greece had avoided bankruptcy - even though Greeks are pulling their savings out of local banks due to the political turmoil. Enlarge   Speaker Filippos Petsalnikos was expected to take over as Prime Ministers but there were problems in discussions today Savers have been pulling huge sums of money from their bank accounts in case the country reverts back to the drachma They withdrew as much as 5 billion euros - nearly 3 percent of total deposits - after Papandreou's shock call last week for a referendum on the euro zone bailout, said one banker, who declined to be named. 'Many people withdrew their money from banks on Thursday and Friday and money couriers had a hard time supplying banks with cash to satisfy the emergency demand,' said another banking source, who also requested anonymity. Many wealthy Greeks moved their money into foreign banks last year as the crisis deepened. Now other people are demanding sometimes large amounts in euro banknotes, fearing that any bank savings might be converted into devalued new drachma if Greece is forced to revert to its national currency. 'We got to the point where customers ordered amounts of up to 600,000 to 700,000 euros in cash to take home - unbelievable,' the first banker said. Papandreou also said the new government would win approval for Greece's 130 billion euro bailout deal and secure the nation's membership of the euro zone despite its crisis. 'I am proud that, despite the difficulties, we avoided bankruptcy and ensured the country stayed on its feet,' he said. 'I want to wish the new prime minister success, I will support the new effort with all my strength. 'Today, despite our differences - political and social differences do exist - we have put aside our fruitless conflict and disagreement,' Papandreou said. Right-wing party (LAOS) leader George Karatzaferis stormed out of talks at the Greek Presidential Palace today It was left to the party sources to give Greeks some idea of who their leader will be until early elections are held in February. They named speaker Filippos Petsalnikos, 60, who founded the PASOK party in 1974 along with Papandreou's late father Andreas, Greece's first socialist prime minister. However, they warned against taking anything for granted. 'We have agreed on Petsalnikos but things can change between now and when the prime minister sees the president,' a source close to the discussions between PASOK and the conservative opposition New Democracy told Reuters on condition of anonymity. Earlier optimistic reports proved premature as the parties bickered over who should take the poisoned chalice and lead a government that will impose yet more crippling financial austerity on an angry electorate. Some Greeks had put their faith in a plan for Lucas Papademos, a former vice-president of the European Central Bank, to head the new government as a technocrat and give it the credibility that politicians lost long ago. But that idea stalled in the small hours, apparently over politicians' refusal to let Papademos pick his own team to tackle Greece's overwhelming debt and budget problems. With Greeks and the European Union clamouring for an end to the game of political cat-and-mouse, the central bank governor earlier made a rare intervention to say a new coalition was imperative for securing the euro zone bailout. 'Political uncertainty has added to the stress facing the economy and the banking system,' Bank of Greece Governor George Provopoulos said in a statement. 'Any delay in forming a new government threatens to damage further the country's credibility.'

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Who was the youngest US Vice President of the 20th century?

Presidents - The 20th century The 20th century The Presidents of the 1900's The facts and fun facts of the 20th century presidents. (This video does not include McKinley, but he IS a 20th century president. His last year as president was 1901.) The Facts If you don't feel like reading all the information below please watch our video! It only states the common information on the 20th century presidents and what they did during their presidency. William McKinley 25th President 1897-1901, Republican. Vice Presidents: Garret A. Hobart(1897-99) and Theodore Roosevelt(1901) Born: January 29, 1843 Occupation before President: Lawyer Married: Ida Saxton Early Years: He went to school in Ohio and attended Allegheny College in Pennsylvania. He left to teach in a country school, fought in the Civil War, studied law and opened an office in Ohio. His Presidency: He reluctantly agreed to declare war on Spain when the USS Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor and 260 Americans were killed. In less than four months, the United States won the war and gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Cuba gained its independence. McKinley was a popular president, but was assassinated after being reelected the second time. Died: September 14,1901 Fun Fact: McKinley could shake hands at the rate of 2,500 per hour. He may hold the record among the presidents for handshaking. Theodore Roosevelt 26th President 1901-1909, Republican Vice President: Charles Warren Fairbanks Born: October 27,1858 Occupation before President: Author, Public Official, Rancher  Married: Alice Hathaway Lee, Edith Kermit Carow Early Years: Roosevelt overcame poor health through sports and exercise. He was tutored at home until he went to Harvard where he was a Phi Beta Kappa honor student. He later became an author. His Presidency: Roosevelt's first term brought about the Square Deal to regulate big business and provide favorable conditions for workers. His second term brought the regulation of railroads, meat inspection, the Pure Food and Drug Act and employers' liability legislation. Roosevelt also made great progress in the conservation of natural resources. Died: January 6, 1919 Fun Fact: Roosevelt could read a page as quickly as someone else could read a sentence. He had a photographic memory. William Taft 27th President 1909-1913, Republican Vice President: James S. Sherman Born: September 15, 1857 Occupation before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Helen "Nellie" Herron Early Years: Taft's father was a judge whose family dated back to the Puritan settlers. Taft was an excellent student and second in his graduating class at Yale. He became a successful lawyer. His Presidency: Taft was able to accomplish several major reforms. The Postal Savings System provided safety for small depositors. The Interstate Commerce Commission gained greater control over the railroads. Taft expanded antitrust actions to break up large monopolies. He had excellent management skills and was a good administrator. Died: March 8, 1930 Fun Fact: Taft started the custom of the first baseball of the season being thrown by the president. Woodrow Wilson 28th President 1913-1921, Democrat Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall Born: December 28, 1856 Occupation before President: Teacher, Public Official Married: Ellen Louise Axson and Edith Bolling Galt Early Years: Wilson was educated in private schools and later went to the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University. He became lawyer but was unsuccessful. He then studied history and political science, earned a Ph.D. and became a teacher. His Presidency: Wilson pushed many bills through Congress which affected tariff rates, income tax, banking, business, child labor and other domestic public policies. He helped write the peace treaty after World War I and advocated establishing a League of Nations to help prevent wars in the future. Wilson won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in creating a lasting peace following World War I. Fun Fact: Wilson enjoyed golf so much, he even played in the snow, using black balls. Warren G. Harding 29th President 1921-2923, Republican Vice President: Calvin Coolidge Occupation Before President: Editor, Publisher Married: Florence Kling DeWolfe Early Years: Harding worked at many different jobs as a boy, one of which was a printer's apprentice. At 14 he entered Ohio Central College and became a schoolteacher. He tried studying law and selling insurance before becoming a newspaperman. His Presidency: Under Harding, the high tariff was reinstated, immigration was greatly restricted, taxes were cut and a federal budget system was created. Harding stayed out of the League of Nations and called an international conference to reduce naval armaments. He tried to please everyone, but died before his term ended. Died: January 5, 1933 Fun Fact: Harding was the first president who'd been a businessman, the first to ride in an automobile to his inauguration and the first to own a radio. Calvin Coolidge 30th President 1923-1929, Republican Vice President: Charles G. Dawes Born: July 4, 1872 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Governor Married: Grace Anna Goodhue Early Years: Coolidge attended a one-room school until he entered Black River Academy at 13. He graduated with honors from Amherst College in Massachusetts, decided to become a lawyer and passed the bar examination in less than two years. His Presidency: As president during the Roaring 20s, Coolidge was a symbol of prosperity. He was thrifty, conservative regarding economics, and had common sense which people admired. He was not very interested in foreign affairs, but took measures to protet American interests in Nicaragua and improve relations with Mexico. Died: January 5, 1933 Fun Fact: Coolidge slept over eight hours a night, and took long naps in the afternoon. Herbert Hoover 31st President 1929-1933, Republican Vice President: Charles Curtis Occupation Before President: Engineer Married: Lou Henry Early Years: Hoover was orphaned by age 9. He lived with his uncle and attended a Quaker academy, then worked his way through Stanford University showing a great talent for business. His goal was to be a mining engineer. His Presidency: During Hoover's first year in office the stock market crashed and the country headed toward a major depression. Hoover took many measures to bring relief to out-of-work and hungry people, but with 10 million people jobless, nearly everyone blamed him for the difficult times. He lost the 1932 election by a large margin. Died: October 20, 1964 Fun Fact: During his first three years as president, Hoover and his wife dined alone only on their wedding anniversary. Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President 1933-1945, Democrat Vice President: John N. Garner(1933-41), Henry A. Wallace(1941-45), Harry S Truman(1945) Born: January 10, 1882 Occupation Before President: Public Official, Lawyer Married: Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Early Years: At 14 Roosevelt went to Groton School in Massachusetts and then to Harvard. He went to law school at Columbia University, passed the bar and worked at a law firm on Wall Street. At the age of 39, he was stricken with polio, which permanently deprived him of the use of his legs. His Presidency: During his first term, Roosevelt introduced the New Deal program to bring relief to the poor and help the economy recover from the Great Depression. His second term continued recovery measures. His third term was concerned with foreign affairs and World War II. Shortly after his fourth election he died in office. Died: April 12, 1945 Fun Fact: Roosevelt was the first president to appear on television. Harry S. Truman 33rd President 1945-1953, Democrat Vice President: Alben W. Barkley Born: May 8, 1884 Occupation Before President:  Farmer, Public Official Married: Elizabeth "Bess" Virginia Wallace Early Years: Truman went to school in Independence, Missouri, but could not afford college, so he worked at several jobs and on his father's farm. He got his education the hard way, in the army. His Presidency: Truman took office when President Roosevelt died just before the end of World War II, and it was Truman who made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan. Seeing the need to stop the spread of Communism, he established the Truman Doctrine to support nations that were "threatened by armed minorities and outside pressure." He proposed the Marshall Plan to help war-torn countries and helped form NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Died: December 26, 1972 Fun Fact: The letter S in Truman's name does not stand for anything. His parents could not decide which grandfather to name him after. Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President 1953-1961, Republican Vice President: Richard M. Nixon Born: October 14, 1890 Occupation Before President: Soldier Married: Marie "Mamie" Geneva Doud Early Years: Eisenhower went to school in Abilene, Kansas, and then worked to help a brother through college. He took the Naval Academy exam, placing first, and the West Point exam, placing second, but entered West Point because he was too old for the Naval Academy. During World War II he served as commander of all U.S. forces in Europe. His Presidency: Eisenhower enforced racial integration of public schools and pushed through programs for the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway and expansion of the Interstate Highway System. During both his terms he took many measures to protext the world from Communism and was well loved by people at home and abroad. Died: March 28, 1969 Fun Fact: Eisenhower was the only president who served in both world wars, and the first with a pilot's license. John F. Kennedy 35th President 1961-1963, Democrat Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Born: May 29, 1917 Occupation Before President: Author, Public Official Married: Jacqueline Bouvier Early Years: Kennedy attended private schools in Massachusetts and New York, then Choate School in Connecticut to prepare for college. He went to Princeton, then to Harvard, and graduated with honors. His Presidency: Kennedy supported the civil rights movement and encountered resistance from his own party in the South. He supported anti-Castro Cubans in an attempt to establish a beachhead at the Bay of Pigs and resisted Communist pressures in West Berlin. He also established the Peace Corps to bring education and a variety of skills to underdeveloped countries. He was assassinated his third year in office. Died: November 22, 1963 Fun Fact: At 43 Kennedy was the youngest president elected to office and the first who had served in the U.S Navy. Lyndon Baines Johnson 36th President 1963-1969, Democrat Vice President: Hubert H. Humphrey Born: August 27, 1908 Occupation Before President: Teacher, Public Official Married: Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Early Years: Johnson lived on a farm and went to school in Johnson City. He sold newspapers and shined shoes for spending money. After high school, he worked at many different jobs before entering Southwest Texas State Teachers College where he studied history and became a teacher. His Presidency: Under Johnson, a great deal of legislation was passed reducing taxes and benefiting education, the Appalachian population, the elderly with Medicare, as well as increased voting rights for African Americans. Foreign concerns were Panama, the Dominican Republic and the Middle East. The most controversial issue of his term was the American participation in the Vietnam War. Died: January 22, 1973 Fun Fact: When the Johnsons married, the wedding ring was purchased at Sears for $2.50. Richard M. Nixon 37th President 1969-1974, Republican Vice Presidents: Spiro T. Agnew (1969-1973) and Gerald R. Ford (1973-1974) Born: January 9, 1913 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Early Years: Nixon worked on his family's lemon farm and in their general store and gas station. He attended local public schools and Whittier College, went to Duke University Law School on a scholarship and placed third in his graduating class. His Presidency: Under Nixon's administration, there was a cease-fire agreement with Vietnam. Nixon began the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviet Union. The Watergate controversy led to his resignation, but he was granted "a full, complete and absolute pardon." He was later known as an expert in international affairs. Died: April 22, 1994 Fun Fact: Nixon was a Quaker, and his mother wanted him to become a missionary. Gerald R. Ford 38th President 1974-1977, Republican Vice President: Nelson A. Rockefeller Born: July 14, 1913 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Elizabeth "Betty" Bloomer Warren Early Years: Ford when to grade school and South High School in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was a star football player in high school and an Eagle Scout. After graduating from the University of Michigan, he turned down offers to play professional football and later received his law degree from Yale Law School. His Presidency: Ford succeeded Richard Nixon after he resigned. He granted Nixon a pardon regarding Watergate and gave conditional amnesty to Vietnam war resisters. He fought inflation with a tax cut and reduction of federal spending. Ford was not elected to another term, but served as a consultant in Reagan's administration. Died: December 26, 2006 Fun Fact: Ford was the first vice president to assume the presidency because the Chief Executive resigned. James (Jimmy) Earl Carter, Jr. 39th President 1977-1981, Democrat Vice President: Walter F. Mondale Born: October 1, 1924 Occupation Before President: Farmer, Public Official Married: Rosalynn Smith Early Years: Carter worked on his family's farm and got high grades in school. He spent a year at the Georgia Institute of Technology before entering the Naval Academy where he graduated in the top ten percent of his class. His Presidency: At the start of his term, Carter faced domestic problems of inflation and an energy crisis. He was acclaimed for his efforts toward peace in the Middle East, but his inability to free American hostages in Iran and to solve problems at home and abroad cost him support in the 1980 election. Since his term in office, Carter has mediated international disputes and worked with Habitat for Humanity. Died: STILL LIVING!! :) Fun Fact: Carter made a living by farming, processing and warehousing peanuts. Ronald Wilson Reagan 40th President 1981-1989, Republican Vice President: George Bush Occupation Before President: Actor, Public Office Married: Jane Wyman and Nancy Davis Early Years: Reagan went to school in Dixon, Illinois, and then to Eureka College where he majored in economics. He had strong interests in sports, drama and politics. Reagan became a Hollywood actor and made over 50 movies. His Presidency: Under Reagan, defense spending and a tax cut led to record budget deficit. The national debt rose from $900 billion to more than $2 trillion, but his leadership style raised the country's optimism about our national strength. His foreign affairs policies were instrumental in ending the cold war. Reagan's greatest achievement was the banning of intermediate-range nuclear arms through a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1987. Died: June 5, 2004 Fun Fact: Reagan was elected at age 70, making him our country's oldest president. George Bush 41st President 1989-1993, Republican Vice President: Dan Quayle Occupation Before President: Businessman, Public Official Married: Barbara Pierce Early Year: Bush grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. He attended Phillips Academy in Massachusetts and served as a pilot in the Navy during World War II. He then majored in economics at Yale and became a supplier of oil drilling equipment. His Presidency: Bush faced problems of a huge national debt, the savings and loan bailout, a sluggish economy and rising inflation. Budget problems and taxes damaged his popularity, but his leadership in foreign affairs, especially the Persian Gulf War in 1991, helped improve his image greatly. He was not reelected, but remained active in politics. Died: STILL LIVING!!! :)  Fun Fact: Bush, at 19, became the youngest pilot to serve up to that time in the U.S. Navy. He took part in 58 combat missions during World War II. William Jefferson Clinton 42nd President 1993-2001, Democrat Vice President: Albert Gore, Jr. Born: August 19, 1946 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Hillary Rodham Early Years: Clinton went to school in Little Rock, Arkansas. He graduated from Hot Springs High School and then Georgetown University with a degree in international affairs. After two years in England on a Rhodes Scholarship, he received a law degree at Yale University. His Presidency: During his first term, Clinton's efforts centered around the economy, health care reform and trade agreements with Mexico and Canada. But foreign affairs often took center stage, as civil war rocked Eastern Europe and American troops were dispatched to help keep the peace. During his second term in office, enormous growth in Internet technology and the economy led to a huge budget surplus. But in the last days of his presidency, foreign affairs again captured his attention as fighting erupted in explosive Middle East. Died: STILL LIVING!!! :) Fun Fact: Clinton is a saxophone player and the first president from the "Baby Boom" generation. 20th century presidents: Don't Stop Believing Lyrics: William McKinley, First of this century,  Theodore Roosevelt, Flew in the first plane William H. Taft, Got stuck in the bath Woodrow Wilson, enjoyed the theater, Warren Harding, known as the worst president,  Calvin Coolidge, governor of Massachusetts  Herbert Hoover, caused the great depression Franklin D. Roosevelt, Saved us from World war 2 Harry S. Truman, Loved reading books Dwight Eisenhower, Promoted Atoms for peace, John F Kennedy, was shot and killed in public  Lyndon B. Johnson, passed the civil rights Richard Nixon rigged the system to become the president Gerald R. Ford, was 38 Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia  Ronald Regan was the oldest president George H. W. Bush survived 4 different plane crashes Bill Clinton played the saxophone George W. Bush collected over 250 signed baseball cards Barrack Obama is the first African American president. (George W. Bush and Barack Obama are NOT 20th century presidents.) SO WHat?!?! This is important to know because this gives us a background on what the presidents have done in their lives and what they have done to America.... whether it was good or bad. Create a free website

Richard Nixon

Who was mayor of New York during the race riots of 1996?

Presidents - The 20th century The 20th century The Presidents of the 1900's The facts and fun facts of the 20th century presidents. (This video does not include McKinley, but he IS a 20th century president. His last year as president was 1901.) The Facts If you don't feel like reading all the information below please watch our video! It only states the common information on the 20th century presidents and what they did during their presidency. William McKinley 25th President 1897-1901, Republican. Vice Presidents: Garret A. Hobart(1897-99) and Theodore Roosevelt(1901) Born: January 29, 1843 Occupation before President: Lawyer Married: Ida Saxton Early Years: He went to school in Ohio and attended Allegheny College in Pennsylvania. He left to teach in a country school, fought in the Civil War, studied law and opened an office in Ohio. His Presidency: He reluctantly agreed to declare war on Spain when the USS Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor and 260 Americans were killed. In less than four months, the United States won the war and gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Cuba gained its independence. McKinley was a popular president, but was assassinated after being reelected the second time. Died: September 14,1901 Fun Fact: McKinley could shake hands at the rate of 2,500 per hour. He may hold the record among the presidents for handshaking. Theodore Roosevelt 26th President 1901-1909, Republican Vice President: Charles Warren Fairbanks Born: October 27,1858 Occupation before President: Author, Public Official, Rancher  Married: Alice Hathaway Lee, Edith Kermit Carow Early Years: Roosevelt overcame poor health through sports and exercise. He was tutored at home until he went to Harvard where he was a Phi Beta Kappa honor student. He later became an author. His Presidency: Roosevelt's first term brought about the Square Deal to regulate big business and provide favorable conditions for workers. His second term brought the regulation of railroads, meat inspection, the Pure Food and Drug Act and employers' liability legislation. Roosevelt also made great progress in the conservation of natural resources. Died: January 6, 1919 Fun Fact: Roosevelt could read a page as quickly as someone else could read a sentence. He had a photographic memory. William Taft 27th President 1909-1913, Republican Vice President: James S. Sherman Born: September 15, 1857 Occupation before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Helen "Nellie" Herron Early Years: Taft's father was a judge whose family dated back to the Puritan settlers. Taft was an excellent student and second in his graduating class at Yale. He became a successful lawyer. His Presidency: Taft was able to accomplish several major reforms. The Postal Savings System provided safety for small depositors. The Interstate Commerce Commission gained greater control over the railroads. Taft expanded antitrust actions to break up large monopolies. He had excellent management skills and was a good administrator. Died: March 8, 1930 Fun Fact: Taft started the custom of the first baseball of the season being thrown by the president. Woodrow Wilson 28th President 1913-1921, Democrat Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall Born: December 28, 1856 Occupation before President: Teacher, Public Official Married: Ellen Louise Axson and Edith Bolling Galt Early Years: Wilson was educated in private schools and later went to the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University. He became lawyer but was unsuccessful. He then studied history and political science, earned a Ph.D. and became a teacher. His Presidency: Wilson pushed many bills through Congress which affected tariff rates, income tax, banking, business, child labor and other domestic public policies. He helped write the peace treaty after World War I and advocated establishing a League of Nations to help prevent wars in the future. Wilson won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in creating a lasting peace following World War I. Fun Fact: Wilson enjoyed golf so much, he even played in the snow, using black balls. Warren G. Harding 29th President 1921-2923, Republican Vice President: Calvin Coolidge Occupation Before President: Editor, Publisher Married: Florence Kling DeWolfe Early Years: Harding worked at many different jobs as a boy, one of which was a printer's apprentice. At 14 he entered Ohio Central College and became a schoolteacher. He tried studying law and selling insurance before becoming a newspaperman. His Presidency: Under Harding, the high tariff was reinstated, immigration was greatly restricted, taxes were cut and a federal budget system was created. Harding stayed out of the League of Nations and called an international conference to reduce naval armaments. He tried to please everyone, but died before his term ended. Died: January 5, 1933 Fun Fact: Harding was the first president who'd been a businessman, the first to ride in an automobile to his inauguration and the first to own a radio. Calvin Coolidge 30th President 1923-1929, Republican Vice President: Charles G. Dawes Born: July 4, 1872 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Governor Married: Grace Anna Goodhue Early Years: Coolidge attended a one-room school until he entered Black River Academy at 13. He graduated with honors from Amherst College in Massachusetts, decided to become a lawyer and passed the bar examination in less than two years. His Presidency: As president during the Roaring 20s, Coolidge was a symbol of prosperity. He was thrifty, conservative regarding economics, and had common sense which people admired. He was not very interested in foreign affairs, but took measures to protet American interests in Nicaragua and improve relations with Mexico. Died: January 5, 1933 Fun Fact: Coolidge slept over eight hours a night, and took long naps in the afternoon. Herbert Hoover 31st President 1929-1933, Republican Vice President: Charles Curtis Occupation Before President: Engineer Married: Lou Henry Early Years: Hoover was orphaned by age 9. He lived with his uncle and attended a Quaker academy, then worked his way through Stanford University showing a great talent for business. His goal was to be a mining engineer. His Presidency: During Hoover's first year in office the stock market crashed and the country headed toward a major depression. Hoover took many measures to bring relief to out-of-work and hungry people, but with 10 million people jobless, nearly everyone blamed him for the difficult times. He lost the 1932 election by a large margin. Died: October 20, 1964 Fun Fact: During his first three years as president, Hoover and his wife dined alone only on their wedding anniversary. Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President 1933-1945, Democrat Vice President: John N. Garner(1933-41), Henry A. Wallace(1941-45), Harry S Truman(1945) Born: January 10, 1882 Occupation Before President: Public Official, Lawyer Married: Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Early Years: At 14 Roosevelt went to Groton School in Massachusetts and then to Harvard. He went to law school at Columbia University, passed the bar and worked at a law firm on Wall Street. At the age of 39, he was stricken with polio, which permanently deprived him of the use of his legs. His Presidency: During his first term, Roosevelt introduced the New Deal program to bring relief to the poor and help the economy recover from the Great Depression. His second term continued recovery measures. His third term was concerned with foreign affairs and World War II. Shortly after his fourth election he died in office. Died: April 12, 1945 Fun Fact: Roosevelt was the first president to appear on television. Harry S. Truman 33rd President 1945-1953, Democrat Vice President: Alben W. Barkley Born: May 8, 1884 Occupation Before President:  Farmer, Public Official Married: Elizabeth "Bess" Virginia Wallace Early Years: Truman went to school in Independence, Missouri, but could not afford college, so he worked at several jobs and on his father's farm. He got his education the hard way, in the army. His Presidency: Truman took office when President Roosevelt died just before the end of World War II, and it was Truman who made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan. Seeing the need to stop the spread of Communism, he established the Truman Doctrine to support nations that were "threatened by armed minorities and outside pressure." He proposed the Marshall Plan to help war-torn countries and helped form NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Died: December 26, 1972 Fun Fact: The letter S in Truman's name does not stand for anything. His parents could not decide which grandfather to name him after. Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President 1953-1961, Republican Vice President: Richard M. Nixon Born: October 14, 1890 Occupation Before President: Soldier Married: Marie "Mamie" Geneva Doud Early Years: Eisenhower went to school in Abilene, Kansas, and then worked to help a brother through college. He took the Naval Academy exam, placing first, and the West Point exam, placing second, but entered West Point because he was too old for the Naval Academy. During World War II he served as commander of all U.S. forces in Europe. His Presidency: Eisenhower enforced racial integration of public schools and pushed through programs for the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway and expansion of the Interstate Highway System. During both his terms he took many measures to protext the world from Communism and was well loved by people at home and abroad. Died: March 28, 1969 Fun Fact: Eisenhower was the only president who served in both world wars, and the first with a pilot's license. John F. Kennedy 35th President 1961-1963, Democrat Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Born: May 29, 1917 Occupation Before President: Author, Public Official Married: Jacqueline Bouvier Early Years: Kennedy attended private schools in Massachusetts and New York, then Choate School in Connecticut to prepare for college. He went to Princeton, then to Harvard, and graduated with honors. His Presidency: Kennedy supported the civil rights movement and encountered resistance from his own party in the South. He supported anti-Castro Cubans in an attempt to establish a beachhead at the Bay of Pigs and resisted Communist pressures in West Berlin. He also established the Peace Corps to bring education and a variety of skills to underdeveloped countries. He was assassinated his third year in office. Died: November 22, 1963 Fun Fact: At 43 Kennedy was the youngest president elected to office and the first who had served in the U.S Navy. Lyndon Baines Johnson 36th President 1963-1969, Democrat Vice President: Hubert H. Humphrey Born: August 27, 1908 Occupation Before President: Teacher, Public Official Married: Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Early Years: Johnson lived on a farm and went to school in Johnson City. He sold newspapers and shined shoes for spending money. After high school, he worked at many different jobs before entering Southwest Texas State Teachers College where he studied history and became a teacher. His Presidency: Under Johnson, a great deal of legislation was passed reducing taxes and benefiting education, the Appalachian population, the elderly with Medicare, as well as increased voting rights for African Americans. Foreign concerns were Panama, the Dominican Republic and the Middle East. The most controversial issue of his term was the American participation in the Vietnam War. Died: January 22, 1973 Fun Fact: When the Johnsons married, the wedding ring was purchased at Sears for $2.50. Richard M. Nixon 37th President 1969-1974, Republican Vice Presidents: Spiro T. Agnew (1969-1973) and Gerald R. Ford (1973-1974) Born: January 9, 1913 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Early Years: Nixon worked on his family's lemon farm and in their general store and gas station. He attended local public schools and Whittier College, went to Duke University Law School on a scholarship and placed third in his graduating class. His Presidency: Under Nixon's administration, there was a cease-fire agreement with Vietnam. Nixon began the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviet Union. The Watergate controversy led to his resignation, but he was granted "a full, complete and absolute pardon." He was later known as an expert in international affairs. Died: April 22, 1994 Fun Fact: Nixon was a Quaker, and his mother wanted him to become a missionary. Gerald R. Ford 38th President 1974-1977, Republican Vice President: Nelson A. Rockefeller Born: July 14, 1913 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Elizabeth "Betty" Bloomer Warren Early Years: Ford when to grade school and South High School in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was a star football player in high school and an Eagle Scout. After graduating from the University of Michigan, he turned down offers to play professional football and later received his law degree from Yale Law School. His Presidency: Ford succeeded Richard Nixon after he resigned. He granted Nixon a pardon regarding Watergate and gave conditional amnesty to Vietnam war resisters. He fought inflation with a tax cut and reduction of federal spending. Ford was not elected to another term, but served as a consultant in Reagan's administration. Died: December 26, 2006 Fun Fact: Ford was the first vice president to assume the presidency because the Chief Executive resigned. James (Jimmy) Earl Carter, Jr. 39th President 1977-1981, Democrat Vice President: Walter F. Mondale Born: October 1, 1924 Occupation Before President: Farmer, Public Official Married: Rosalynn Smith Early Years: Carter worked on his family's farm and got high grades in school. He spent a year at the Georgia Institute of Technology before entering the Naval Academy where he graduated in the top ten percent of his class. His Presidency: At the start of his term, Carter faced domestic problems of inflation and an energy crisis. He was acclaimed for his efforts toward peace in the Middle East, but his inability to free American hostages in Iran and to solve problems at home and abroad cost him support in the 1980 election. Since his term in office, Carter has mediated international disputes and worked with Habitat for Humanity. Died: STILL LIVING!! :) Fun Fact: Carter made a living by farming, processing and warehousing peanuts. Ronald Wilson Reagan 40th President 1981-1989, Republican Vice President: George Bush Occupation Before President: Actor, Public Office Married: Jane Wyman and Nancy Davis Early Years: Reagan went to school in Dixon, Illinois, and then to Eureka College where he majored in economics. He had strong interests in sports, drama and politics. Reagan became a Hollywood actor and made over 50 movies. His Presidency: Under Reagan, defense spending and a tax cut led to record budget deficit. The national debt rose from $900 billion to more than $2 trillion, but his leadership style raised the country's optimism about our national strength. His foreign affairs policies were instrumental in ending the cold war. Reagan's greatest achievement was the banning of intermediate-range nuclear arms through a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1987. Died: June 5, 2004 Fun Fact: Reagan was elected at age 70, making him our country's oldest president. George Bush 41st President 1989-1993, Republican Vice President: Dan Quayle Occupation Before President: Businessman, Public Official Married: Barbara Pierce Early Year: Bush grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. He attended Phillips Academy in Massachusetts and served as a pilot in the Navy during World War II. He then majored in economics at Yale and became a supplier of oil drilling equipment. His Presidency: Bush faced problems of a huge national debt, the savings and loan bailout, a sluggish economy and rising inflation. Budget problems and taxes damaged his popularity, but his leadership in foreign affairs, especially the Persian Gulf War in 1991, helped improve his image greatly. He was not reelected, but remained active in politics. Died: STILL LIVING!!! :)  Fun Fact: Bush, at 19, became the youngest pilot to serve up to that time in the U.S. Navy. He took part in 58 combat missions during World War II. William Jefferson Clinton 42nd President 1993-2001, Democrat Vice President: Albert Gore, Jr. Born: August 19, 1946 Occupation Before President: Lawyer, Public Official Married: Hillary Rodham Early Years: Clinton went to school in Little Rock, Arkansas. He graduated from Hot Springs High School and then Georgetown University with a degree in international affairs. After two years in England on a Rhodes Scholarship, he received a law degree at Yale University. His Presidency: During his first term, Clinton's efforts centered around the economy, health care reform and trade agreements with Mexico and Canada. But foreign affairs often took center stage, as civil war rocked Eastern Europe and American troops were dispatched to help keep the peace. During his second term in office, enormous growth in Internet technology and the economy led to a huge budget surplus. But in the last days of his presidency, foreign affairs again captured his attention as fighting erupted in explosive Middle East. Died: STILL LIVING!!! :) Fun Fact: Clinton is a saxophone player and the first president from the "Baby Boom" generation. 20th century presidents: Don't Stop Believing Lyrics: William McKinley, First of this century,  Theodore Roosevelt, Flew in the first plane William H. Taft, Got stuck in the bath Woodrow Wilson, enjoyed the theater, Warren Harding, known as the worst president,  Calvin Coolidge, governor of Massachusetts  Herbert Hoover, caused the great depression Franklin D. Roosevelt, Saved us from World war 2 Harry S. Truman, Loved reading books Dwight Eisenhower, Promoted Atoms for peace, John F Kennedy, was shot and killed in public  Lyndon B. Johnson, passed the civil rights Richard Nixon rigged the system to become the president Gerald R. Ford, was 38 Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia  Ronald Regan was the oldest president George H. W. Bush survived 4 different plane crashes Bill Clinton played the saxophone George W. Bush collected over 250 signed baseball cards Barrack Obama is the first African American president. (George W. Bush and Barack Obama are NOT 20th century presidents.) SO WHat?!?! This is important to know because this gives us a background on what the presidents have done in their lives and what they have done to America.... whether it was good or bad. Create a free website

i don't know

Vaclav Havel and British King George VI both lost what part of their bodies?

Vaclav Havel who became Czech Republic's first elected president dies aged 75 | Daily Mail Online comments Vaclav Havel, pictured in 2005, died at his weekend this morning, according to his assistant Vaclav Havel, who became the first Czech president after leading the bloodless Velvet Revolution against communist rule, died yesterday aged 75. The dissident playwright was instrumental in opening the door to democracy in Eastern Europe by loosening the Soviet grip. Tributes flooded in from world leaders who hailed him as ‘the greatest European of our age’. Havel was invited by Margaret Thatcher to 10 Downing Street  during his first official visit to the UK after the collapse of communism in 1989. As well as steering his country towards freedom, he also oversaw the peaceful 1993 split of Czechoslovakia into two separate countries – the Czech Republic and Slovakia. David Cameron said he was ‘deeply saddened’ at his death. ‘Havel devoted his life to the cause of human freedom,’ said the Prime Minister. ‘For years, communism tried to crush him and to extinguish his voice. But Havel, the playwright and the dissident, could not be silenced. ‘No one of my generation will ever forget those powerful scenes from Wenceslas Square two decades ago. Havel led the Czech people out of tyranny. And he helped bring freedom and democracy to our entire continent. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share ‘Europe owes Vaclav Havel a profound debt. Today his voice has fallen silent. But his example and the cause to which he devoted his life will live on.’ Thousands of people gather in Venceslaw's Square in Prague as a flag is passed over the crowd of mourners Soldiers stand guard next to a portrait of Havel, set in his memory at the Prague Castle today A man takes in the news from a commemorative issue of DNES that was handed out to mourners Hundreds of candles have been lit this evening in tribute to Havel at Wenceslas Square in Prague this evening Foreign Secretary William Hague said: ‘Cold War hero, playwright and president. He opened the door to democracy in Eastern Europe and will always be remembered.’ He added: ‘He played a pivotal role in the development of freedom in Europe.’ Havel never won the Nobel Peace prize despite being nominated several times for the honour. But he was bestowed with America’s highest civilian award by then President George W. Bush who called him ‘one of liberty’s great heroes’. Revolutionary: Havel waves to massive crowds of demonstrators in Prague's Wenceslas Square in 1989, following the collapse of communism and introduction of a new government National hero: President Havel and his wife Dagmar wave from the balcony of Prague Castle after Havel was sworn in for a second term as president in 1998 The former chain smoker, who survived several operations for lung cancer and a burst intestine that nearly killed him, died at his country home north-east of the Czech capital Prague. He had a history of chronic respiratory problems dating back to his years locked in dank communist prisons. In recent public appearances recently he appeared thin and drawn. Born in 1936 to a wealthy family  in Czechoslovakia, he began co-writing plays during his military service in the 1950s. His first  solo play, The Garden Party, was staged in 1963. Respected: Havel in discussion with former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in April 2002 Rise to power: Pictured in his days as a dissident playwright, Havel, right, jokes with a member of the Polish dissident union 'Solidarity' in June 1989 A lover of jazz and theatre he famously ridiculed the communist state as ‘Absurdistan’. His revolutionary motto was: ‘Truth and love must prevail over lies and hatred.’ But his works were banned after the 1968 uprising was crushed by a Soviet invasion when tanks rolled into Wenceslas Square.

Lung

Who was Oliver North's immediate boss who admitted authori8zing funding the Contra rebels in Nicaragua?

Vaclav Havel who became Czech Republic's first elected president dies aged 75 | Daily Mail Online comments Vaclav Havel, pictured in 2005, died at his weekend this morning, according to his assistant Vaclav Havel, who became the first Czech president after leading the bloodless Velvet Revolution against communist rule, died yesterday aged 75. The dissident playwright was instrumental in opening the door to democracy in Eastern Europe by loosening the Soviet grip. Tributes flooded in from world leaders who hailed him as ‘the greatest European of our age’. Havel was invited by Margaret Thatcher to 10 Downing Street  during his first official visit to the UK after the collapse of communism in 1989. As well as steering his country towards freedom, he also oversaw the peaceful 1993 split of Czechoslovakia into two separate countries – the Czech Republic and Slovakia. David Cameron said he was ‘deeply saddened’ at his death. ‘Havel devoted his life to the cause of human freedom,’ said the Prime Minister. ‘For years, communism tried to crush him and to extinguish his voice. But Havel, the playwright and the dissident, could not be silenced. ‘No one of my generation will ever forget those powerful scenes from Wenceslas Square two decades ago. Havel led the Czech people out of tyranny. And he helped bring freedom and democracy to our entire continent. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share ‘Europe owes Vaclav Havel a profound debt. Today his voice has fallen silent. But his example and the cause to which he devoted his life will live on.’ Thousands of people gather in Venceslaw's Square in Prague as a flag is passed over the crowd of mourners Soldiers stand guard next to a portrait of Havel, set in his memory at the Prague Castle today A man takes in the news from a commemorative issue of DNES that was handed out to mourners Hundreds of candles have been lit this evening in tribute to Havel at Wenceslas Square in Prague this evening Foreign Secretary William Hague said: ‘Cold War hero, playwright and president. He opened the door to democracy in Eastern Europe and will always be remembered.’ He added: ‘He played a pivotal role in the development of freedom in Europe.’ Havel never won the Nobel Peace prize despite being nominated several times for the honour. But he was bestowed with America’s highest civilian award by then President George W. Bush who called him ‘one of liberty’s great heroes’. Revolutionary: Havel waves to massive crowds of demonstrators in Prague's Wenceslas Square in 1989, following the collapse of communism and introduction of a new government National hero: President Havel and his wife Dagmar wave from the balcony of Prague Castle after Havel was sworn in for a second term as president in 1998 The former chain smoker, who survived several operations for lung cancer and a burst intestine that nearly killed him, died at his country home north-east of the Czech capital Prague. He had a history of chronic respiratory problems dating back to his years locked in dank communist prisons. In recent public appearances recently he appeared thin and drawn. Born in 1936 to a wealthy family  in Czechoslovakia, he began co-writing plays during his military service in the 1950s. His first  solo play, The Garden Party, was staged in 1963. Respected: Havel in discussion with former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in April 2002 Rise to power: Pictured in his days as a dissident playwright, Havel, right, jokes with a member of the Polish dissident union 'Solidarity' in June 1989 A lover of jazz and theatre he famously ridiculed the communist state as ‘Absurdistan’. His revolutionary motto was: ‘Truth and love must prevail over lies and hatred.’ But his works were banned after the 1968 uprising was crushed by a Soviet invasion when tanks rolled into Wenceslas Square.

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Which ex-president died shortly after he death of Harry S. Truman?

President Truman's Obituary President Truman's Obituary [From page 1 of The New York Times, December 27, 1972] [With grateful thanks to Michael Elsner for transcription!] TRUMAN, 33D PRESIDENT IS DEAD; SERVED IN TIME OF FIRST A-BOMB, MARSHALL PLAN, NATO AND KOREA Funeral to Be Tomorrow In Independence Library By B. Drummond Ayers Jr. Special To The New York Times     KANSAS CITY, Mo., Dec 26 -- Harry S. Truman, the 33d President of the United States, died this morning. He was 88 years old.      Mr. Truman, an outspoken and decisive Missouri Democrat who served in the White House from 1945 to 1953, succumbed at 7:50 A.M., central standard time, in Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center.      He had been a patient there for the last 22 days, struggling against lung congestion, heart irregularity, kidney blockages, failure of the digestive system and the afflictions of old age.      In the more than seven years he was President, from the time Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death suddenly elevated him from the Vice Presidency until he himself was succeeded by Dwight David Eisenhower, Mr. Truman left a major mark as a world leader.      He brought mankind face to face with the age of holocaust by ordering atomic bombs dropped on Japan, sent American troops into Korea to halt Communist aggession in Asia, helped contain Communism in Europe by forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and speeded the postwar recovery of Europe through the Marshall Plan.      His domestic record was somewhat less dramatic, for his proposals were often premature. He ended up on the losing sides of fights other Presidents later won -- Federal health care, equal rights legislation, low income housing.      His other legacies were perhaps less tangible but no less remembered -- the morning walk, the "Give 'em hell" campaign that nipped Thomas E. Dewey at the wire, the desk plaque that proclaimed "The Buck Stops Here!" and the word to the timid and indecisive "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen."      Towards the end of his struggle for life, the former President weakened steadily. Early yesterday his doctors warned that death might come "within hours."      When it came, the doctors announced that the cause was "a complexity of organic failures causing a collapse of the cardiovascular system."      A state funeral will be held Thursday in nearby Independence, Mr. Truman's hometown, to mark his passing. Much of the ceremony will be subdued and private at the family's request.      State funerals are conducted only for former commanders in chief, although the President can direct that a state funeral be held for an individual. Modifications in state funerals, which usually cover 4 or 5 days with considerable ceremony, are made at the request of the family, as in this case.      President Nixon has declared the day of burial, Thursday, to be a day of national mourning. The American flag is to be flown at half-mast for thirty days.      The former President's body will lie in state at the Truman Library in Independence from 1:35 P. M. tomorrow until 11 A. M. Thursday. Burial will follow on the Library grounds at a spot chosen by Mr. Truman himself.      President Nixon will fly to Kansas City tomorrow afternoon, then go to the library to lie a wreath at the base of Mr. Truman's coffin. Although it was understood that the President's name was included on the official list of persons invited to attend the funeral, it was expected that, in keeping with the subdued and private nature of the ceremony, he would not stay overnight for the funeral service and burial.      Tomorrow morning the coffin will be transported to the Library on a route that will pass the Victorian Truman home on the way from the Carson Funeral Home a few blocks away.      The service, scheduled to begin at 2 P. M. Thursday, will be held in the Library's 250-seat auditorium. Attendance will be by invitation. Burial will follow immediately.      A memorial service for Mr. Truman here will be held at the National Cathedral in Washington for Federal and foreign dignitaries. No date has been set, but the State Department said it would be within two weeks. Mrs. Truman At Home      The Truman family has asked, that in lieu of flowers, friends make donations to the Library or charities.      At the time of his death, Mr. Truman's wife, Bess, 87, was at their home in Independence, having spent most of yesterday at the hospital. She was told of her husbands passing by his personal physician and long-time friend, Dr. Wallace Graham.      Mr. Truman's only child, Mrs. Clifton Daniel of New York also was at the home. She flew to Kansas City last night for a brief visit with her father.      Today, Mr. Daniel, an associate editor of the New York Times, was met at the Kansas City airport by his wife and Mrs. Truman. The four Daniel boys, Thomas Washington, 4; Harrison Gates, 7; William Wallace, 11, and Clifton Truman, 13 -- are to arrive tomorrow.      The only other immediate Truman survivor is the former President's 83-year-old sister, Miss Mary Jane Truman, of Grandview, a town southeast of Kansas City. She has been a patient of Research Hospital since suffering a fall several weeks ago and was notified of her brothers death in a nearby room within minutes.      The hospital announcement of Mr. Truman's death was released at 8:10 A. M by Wayne E. Conery, an assistant administrator. It was the 80th bulletin concerning the former President's illness and stated:      "The Hon. Harry S. Truman, the 33d President of the United States, died at 7:50 A. M. at Research Hospital and Medical Center.      "The cause of death has not been determined. Dr. Wallace Graham was present.      "Mrs. Truman and Mrs. Clifton Daniel were notified at 7:52.      "Funeral arrangements have not been finalized. It is the wish of the family that friends make donations to the Harry S. Truman Library Institute, Independence, Mo or the charities of their choice." Eighth Illness      Mr. Truman's final illness was the eighth to put him in Research Hospital. The others involved four cases of intestinal infection, a broken rib, a hernia and appendicitis.      The final period of illness began in late November as a case of minor lung congestion. Doctors initially treated him at home.      But they ordered him hospitalized on Dec. 5 when the congestion grew worse and his heart, already weakened by a long struggle with hardening of the arteries, began to beat irregularly under the strain.      At the time he was admitted to Research, Mr. Truman's condition was termed "fair." The next night, however, he became critically ill when his blood pressure dropped to 80/60, his pulse soared to 120 beats a minute, his temperature rose to 102.83 degrees and his breathing became labored.      But the former President fought back and was moved up to the "serious" list near the end of his first week of hospitalization. Asked how he felt, he told a doctor, "Better."      A few days later, just as his heart and lung condition seemed to be stabilizing, his kidneys began to fail under the strain of prolonged illness. His condition was described as "very serious" as impurities began to appear in his blood.      But again he fought back, telling his doctors near the end of his second week of hospitalization that he felt "all right," even though they had ruled out the use of a kidney machine because of his hardened arteries. Mrs. Daniel returned to New York.      At that point, Mr. Truman's doctors began feeding him a special solution designed to reduce the impurities that were still building in his blood. There was an immediate reduction and a hospital bulletin reported:      "President Truman is showing remarkable strength and tenacious physiological reactions which are a reflection of his attitudes of life. We believe that we have begun a favorable trend.      But the trend was not to last.      At daybreak of the 18th day of his hospitalization, Mr. Truman went through was doctor's called a "dangerous period" as his blood pressure dropped and his temperature rose.      Mr. Truman's condition was changed from "very serious" to "critical" and his doctor's and nurse's began to monitor him almost constantly, particularly as his breathing became labored, his kidney output decreased, fluid built in his lungs and his heart began to flutter.      On Christmas morning, the former President was so weak that that his doctor's said that death could come "within hours."      Today, it finally came.      The room in which the former President died is on the sixth floor of Research Hospital, a 500-bed facility he helped dedicate in 1963. Two red and green Christmas bells hang in the window, which looks east toward Independence and the recently completed baseball and football stadium of the Harry S. Truman sports complex.      The room cost $59.50 a day. In Mr. Truman's case it was paid for by private medical insurance and Medicare. Long an advocate of Federal Health plans, Mr. Truman held Medicare card number 1. He had not been able to push such a plan through during his own presidency, but Lyndon B. Johnson was more successful and came to Independence in 1965 to sign the Medicare Act in the Truman Library, enrolling the former President as the first member.      It was a final political victory for Harry S. Truman. President's Proclamation      Key Biscayne, Fla., Dec. 26 -- Following is the text of a proclamation by President Nixon on the death of former President Harry S. Truman: The White House

Lyndon B. Johnson

Who was the first Democrat President of the 20th century?

President Truman's Obituary President Truman's Obituary [From page 1 of The New York Times, December 27, 1972] [With grateful thanks to Michael Elsner for transcription!] TRUMAN, 33D PRESIDENT IS DEAD; SERVED IN TIME OF FIRST A-BOMB, MARSHALL PLAN, NATO AND KOREA Funeral to Be Tomorrow In Independence Library By B. Drummond Ayers Jr. Special To The New York Times     KANSAS CITY, Mo., Dec 26 -- Harry S. Truman, the 33d President of the United States, died this morning. He was 88 years old.      Mr. Truman, an outspoken and decisive Missouri Democrat who served in the White House from 1945 to 1953, succumbed at 7:50 A.M., central standard time, in Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center.      He had been a patient there for the last 22 days, struggling against lung congestion, heart irregularity, kidney blockages, failure of the digestive system and the afflictions of old age.      In the more than seven years he was President, from the time Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death suddenly elevated him from the Vice Presidency until he himself was succeeded by Dwight David Eisenhower, Mr. Truman left a major mark as a world leader.      He brought mankind face to face with the age of holocaust by ordering atomic bombs dropped on Japan, sent American troops into Korea to halt Communist aggession in Asia, helped contain Communism in Europe by forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and speeded the postwar recovery of Europe through the Marshall Plan.      His domestic record was somewhat less dramatic, for his proposals were often premature. He ended up on the losing sides of fights other Presidents later won -- Federal health care, equal rights legislation, low income housing.      His other legacies were perhaps less tangible but no less remembered -- the morning walk, the "Give 'em hell" campaign that nipped Thomas E. Dewey at the wire, the desk plaque that proclaimed "The Buck Stops Here!" and the word to the timid and indecisive "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen."      Towards the end of his struggle for life, the former President weakened steadily. Early yesterday his doctors warned that death might come "within hours."      When it came, the doctors announced that the cause was "a complexity of organic failures causing a collapse of the cardiovascular system."      A state funeral will be held Thursday in nearby Independence, Mr. Truman's hometown, to mark his passing. Much of the ceremony will be subdued and private at the family's request.      State funerals are conducted only for former commanders in chief, although the President can direct that a state funeral be held for an individual. Modifications in state funerals, which usually cover 4 or 5 days with considerable ceremony, are made at the request of the family, as in this case.      President Nixon has declared the day of burial, Thursday, to be a day of national mourning. The American flag is to be flown at half-mast for thirty days.      The former President's body will lie in state at the Truman Library in Independence from 1:35 P. M. tomorrow until 11 A. M. Thursday. Burial will follow on the Library grounds at a spot chosen by Mr. Truman himself.      President Nixon will fly to Kansas City tomorrow afternoon, then go to the library to lie a wreath at the base of Mr. Truman's coffin. Although it was understood that the President's name was included on the official list of persons invited to attend the funeral, it was expected that, in keeping with the subdued and private nature of the ceremony, he would not stay overnight for the funeral service and burial.      Tomorrow morning the coffin will be transported to the Library on a route that will pass the Victorian Truman home on the way from the Carson Funeral Home a few blocks away.      The service, scheduled to begin at 2 P. M. Thursday, will be held in the Library's 250-seat auditorium. Attendance will be by invitation. Burial will follow immediately.      A memorial service for Mr. Truman here will be held at the National Cathedral in Washington for Federal and foreign dignitaries. No date has been set, but the State Department said it would be within two weeks. Mrs. Truman At Home      The Truman family has asked, that in lieu of flowers, friends make donations to the Library or charities.      At the time of his death, Mr. Truman's wife, Bess, 87, was at their home in Independence, having spent most of yesterday at the hospital. She was told of her husbands passing by his personal physician and long-time friend, Dr. Wallace Graham.      Mr. Truman's only child, Mrs. Clifton Daniel of New York also was at the home. She flew to Kansas City last night for a brief visit with her father.      Today, Mr. Daniel, an associate editor of the New York Times, was met at the Kansas City airport by his wife and Mrs. Truman. The four Daniel boys, Thomas Washington, 4; Harrison Gates, 7; William Wallace, 11, and Clifton Truman, 13 -- are to arrive tomorrow.      The only other immediate Truman survivor is the former President's 83-year-old sister, Miss Mary Jane Truman, of Grandview, a town southeast of Kansas City. She has been a patient of Research Hospital since suffering a fall several weeks ago and was notified of her brothers death in a nearby room within minutes.      The hospital announcement of Mr. Truman's death was released at 8:10 A. M by Wayne E. Conery, an assistant administrator. It was the 80th bulletin concerning the former President's illness and stated:      "The Hon. Harry S. Truman, the 33d President of the United States, died at 7:50 A. M. at Research Hospital and Medical Center.      "The cause of death has not been determined. Dr. Wallace Graham was present.      "Mrs. Truman and Mrs. Clifton Daniel were notified at 7:52.      "Funeral arrangements have not been finalized. It is the wish of the family that friends make donations to the Harry S. Truman Library Institute, Independence, Mo or the charities of their choice." Eighth Illness      Mr. Truman's final illness was the eighth to put him in Research Hospital. The others involved four cases of intestinal infection, a broken rib, a hernia and appendicitis.      The final period of illness began in late November as a case of minor lung congestion. Doctors initially treated him at home.      But they ordered him hospitalized on Dec. 5 when the congestion grew worse and his heart, already weakened by a long struggle with hardening of the arteries, began to beat irregularly under the strain.      At the time he was admitted to Research, Mr. Truman's condition was termed "fair." The next night, however, he became critically ill when his blood pressure dropped to 80/60, his pulse soared to 120 beats a minute, his temperature rose to 102.83 degrees and his breathing became labored.      But the former President fought back and was moved up to the "serious" list near the end of his first week of hospitalization. Asked how he felt, he told a doctor, "Better."      A few days later, just as his heart and lung condition seemed to be stabilizing, his kidneys began to fail under the strain of prolonged illness. His condition was described as "very serious" as impurities began to appear in his blood.      But again he fought back, telling his doctors near the end of his second week of hospitalization that he felt "all right," even though they had ruled out the use of a kidney machine because of his hardened arteries. Mrs. Daniel returned to New York.      At that point, Mr. Truman's doctors began feeding him a special solution designed to reduce the impurities that were still building in his blood. There was an immediate reduction and a hospital bulletin reported:      "President Truman is showing remarkable strength and tenacious physiological reactions which are a reflection of his attitudes of life. We believe that we have begun a favorable trend.      But the trend was not to last.      At daybreak of the 18th day of his hospitalization, Mr. Truman went through was doctor's called a "dangerous period" as his blood pressure dropped and his temperature rose.      Mr. Truman's condition was changed from "very serious" to "critical" and his doctor's and nurse's began to monitor him almost constantly, particularly as his breathing became labored, his kidney output decreased, fluid built in his lungs and his heart began to flutter.      On Christmas morning, the former President was so weak that that his doctor's said that death could come "within hours."      Today, it finally came.      The room in which the former President died is on the sixth floor of Research Hospital, a 500-bed facility he helped dedicate in 1963. Two red and green Christmas bells hang in the window, which looks east toward Independence and the recently completed baseball and football stadium of the Harry S. Truman sports complex.      The room cost $59.50 a day. In Mr. Truman's case it was paid for by private medical insurance and Medicare. Long an advocate of Federal Health plans, Mr. Truman held Medicare card number 1. He had not been able to push such a plan through during his own presidency, but Lyndon B. Johnson was more successful and came to Independence in 1965 to sign the Medicare Act in the Truman Library, enrolling the former President as the first member.      It was a final political victory for Harry S. Truman. President's Proclamation      Key Biscayne, Fla., Dec. 26 -- Following is the text of a proclamation by President Nixon on the death of former President Harry S. Truman: The White House

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Who was North Vietnam's chief negotiator at the '73 Paris peace talks?

American Experience | Return With Honor | People & Events People & Events: Paris Peace Talks In 1967, with American troop strength in Vietnam reaching 500,000, protest against U.S. participation in the Vietnam War had grown stronger as growing numbers of Americans questioned whether the U.S. war effort could succeed or was morally justifiable. They took their protests to the streets in peace marches, demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience. Despite the country's polarization, the balance of American public opinion was beginning to sway toward "de-escalation" of the war. This was the backdrop as the United States and Hanoi agreed to enter into preliminary peace talks in Paris in 1968. However, almost as soon as the talks were started, they stalled. When President Lyndon Johnson turned over the presidency to Richard Nixon eight months into the talks, the only thing the two sides had agreed on was the shape of the conference table. Despite candidate Nixon's promise of "peace with honor," the deadlock would continue for three-and-one-half years of public and secret meetings in Paris. Two key issues had locked both parties. Washington wanted all northern troops out of South Vietnam; Hanoi refused any provisional South Vietnamese government that involved its leader, Nguyen Van Thieu. In June 1969 the first troop withdrawals were made by the U.S., as part of its "Vietnamization" plan, whereby the South Vietnamese would gradually assume complete military responsibilities in the war while continuing to be supplied by U.S. arms. In February 1970, national security advisor Henry Kissinger began secret one-on-one meetings with North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho outside Paris while the formal peace process continued in the city. Still, little progress would be made until the summer of 1972. By then, Nixon was pursuing détente with both China and the Soviet Union and was eager to put Vietnam behind him before the next election. Both sides wanted peace. Hanoi feared political isolation if the U.S. had a rapprochement with China and the Soviet Union. They also knew that peace would end the fearsome U.S. bombing and might finally mean the complete withdrawal of the military giant. Nixon wanted to move to other foreign policy initiatives. Kissinger assured the North that their troops would be able to remain in the South after the cease-fire. Kissinger also backed down on the U.S. support of the Thieu regime by agreeing to an electoral commission made up of neutralists, Viet Cong and members of the Saigon government that would oversee the political settlement in the South. In return, the North withdrew its condition of Thieu's removal, and agreed the future flow of Vietnamese troops to the South would stop. By October 1972, a tentative cease-fire agreement was reached. The accord called for the simultaneous withdrawal of U.S. troops and freedom for American POWs , to be followed by a political settlement of South Vietnam's future. Washington would extend postwar economic assistance to help Vietnam rebuild its destroyed infrastructure. On October 22, Nixon suspended all bombing north of the twentieth parallel and four days later Kissinger proclaimed that "peace was at hand." The celebration was premature. Thieu, who had not been consulted during the secret negotiations, demanded changes that infuriated Hanoi, and talks broke off on December 13. Nixon, caught between a stubborn ally and a tough enemy, took action. He promised Thieu $1 billion in military equipment that would give South Vietnam the fourth largest air force in the world and assured Thieu that the United States would re-enter the war if North Vietnam did not abide by the peace. They were promises that Thieu had no reason to doubt; Nixon had just won a landslide election and the Watergate affair was nearly invisible on the political landscape. As for the stick, Nixon resolved to punish the North. During 12 days of the most concentrated bombing in world history, called the Christmas bombing, American planes flew nearly 2,000 sorties and dropped 35,000 tons of bombs against transportation terminals, rail yards, warehouses, barracks, oil tanks, factories, airfields and power plants in the North. In two short weeks, 25 percent of North Vietnam's oil reserves and 80 percent of its electrical capacity were destroyed. The U.S. lost 26 aircraft and 93 air force men. When peace talks resumed in Paris on January 8, 1973, an accord was reached swiftly. The peace agreement was formally signed on January 27, 1973. It closely resembled what had been agreed to back in October of the previous year. Kissinger later justified the accord by saying, "We believed that those who opposed the war in Vietnam would be satisfied with our withdrawal, and those who favored an honorable ending would be satisfied if the United States would not destroy an ally." America's longest war was over.

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Who was the first president to be elected for a third four-year term?

Nixon announces peace settlement reached in Paris - Jan 23, 1973 - HISTORY.com Nixon announces peace settlement reached in Paris Share this: Nixon announces peace settlement reached in Paris Author Nixon announces peace settlement reached in Paris URL Publisher A+E Networks President Nixon announces that Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the chief North Vietnamese negotiator, have initialled a peace agreement in Paris “to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.” Kissinger and Tho had been conducting secret negotiations since 1969. After the South Vietnamese had blunted the massive North Vietnamese invasion launched in the spring of 1972, Kissinger and the North Vietnamese had finally made some progress on reaching a negotiated end to the war. However, a recalcitrant South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu had inserted several demands into to the negotiations that caused the North Vietnamese negotiators to walk out of the talks with Kissinger on December 13. President Nixon issued an ultimatum to Hanoi to send its representatives back to the conference table within 72 hours “or else.” The North Vietnamese rejected Nixon’s demand and the president ordered Operation Linebacker II, a full-scale air campaign against the Hanoi area. This operation was the most concentrated air offensive of the war. During the 11 days of the attack, 700 B-52 sorties and more than 1,000 fighter-bomber sorties dropped roughly 20,000 tons of bombs, mostly over the densely populated area between Hanoi and Haiphong. On December 28, after 11 days of intensive bombing, the North Vietnamese agreed to return to the talks. When the negotiators met again in early January, they quickly worked out a settlement. Under the terms of the agreement, which became known as the Paris Peace Accords, a cease-fire would begin at 8 a.m., January 28, Saigon time (7 p.m., January 27, Eastern Standard Time). In addition, all prisoners of war were to be released within 60 days and in turn, all U.S. and other foreign troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam within 60 days. With respect to the political situation in South Vietnam, the Accords called for a National Council of Reconciliation and Concord, with representatives from both South Vietnamese sides (Saigon and the National Liberation Front) to oversee negotiations and organize elections for a new government. The actual document was entitled “An Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam” and it was formally signed on January 27. Related Videos

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Which Secretary of State under Truman helped formulate the Marshall Plan?

US Stamp Gallery >> Dean Acheson Dean Acheson Dean Acheson Dean Acheson was U.S. secretary of state under President Harry Truman and a major architect of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. He helped formulate an active role for the United States in the postwar world, reversing early isolationist policies. During a period as undersecretary of state to George C. Marshall, Acheson helped develop a policy of containment toward communism and to secure aid for Turkey and Greece against Communist-back insurgents in 1947. Acheson also helped to draft the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe. As secretary of state, he supported the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Relative to Asia, he helped distance the United States from the Chinese Nationalist regime on Taiwan, while rejecting recognition of the Communists regime on the mainland.

Dean Acheson

Senator Joe McCarthly representred which state?

History of the Marshall Plan - George C. Marshall George C. Marshall George C. Marshall » The Marshall Plan » History of the Marshall Plan History of the Marshall Plan The Need Europe was devastated by years of conflict during World War II. Millions of people had been killed or wounded. Industrial and residential centers in England, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Belgium and elsewhere lay in ruins. Much of Europe was on the brink of famine as agricultural production had been disrupted by war. Transportation infrastructure was in shambles. The only major power in the world that was not significantly damaged was the United States. Aid to Europe From 1945 through 1947, the United States was already assisting European economic recovery with direct financial aid. Military assistance to Greece and Turkey was being given. The newly formed United Nations was providing humanitarian assistance. In January 1947, U. S. President Harry Truman appointed George Marshall, the architect of victory during WWII, to be Secretary of State. Writing in his diary on January 8, 1947, Truman said, “Marshall is the greatest man of World War II. He managed to get along with Roosevelt, the Congress, Churchill, the Navy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and he made a grand record in China. When I asked him to [be] my special envoy to China, he merely said, ‘Yes, Mr. President I’ll go.’ No argument only patriotic action. And if any man was entitled to balk and ask for a rest, he was. We’ll have a real State Department now.” In just a few months, State Department leadership under Marshall with expertise provided by George Kennan, William Clayton and others crafted the Marshall Plan concept, which George Marshall shared with the world in a speech on June 5, 1947 at Harvard. Officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), the Marshall Plan was intended to rebuild the economies and spirits of western Europe, primarily. Marshall was convinced the key to restoration of political stability lay in the revitalization of national economies. Further he saw political stability in Western Europe as a key to blunting the advances of communism in that region. The European Recovery Program Sixteen nations, including Germany, became part of the program and shaped the assistance they required, state by state, with administrative and technical assistance provided through the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) of the United States. European nations received nearly $13 billion in aid, which initially resulted in shipments of food, staples, fuel and machinery from the United States and later resulted in investment in industrial capacity in Europe. Marshall Plan funding ended in 1951. Results Marshall Plan nations were assisted greatly in their economic recovery. From 1948 through 1952 European economies grew at an unprecedented rate. Trade relations led to the formation of the North Atlantic alliance. Economic prosperity led by coal and steel industries helped to shape what we know now as the European Union. Chronology Introduction and Chronology of the Marshall Plan from June 5 to November 5, 1947 – Thorsten V. Kalijarvi. (U.S. Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service) November 6, 1947. Chronology with excellent coverage of the committees established by President Truman and House of Representatives to analyze the initial report of the Committee of European Economic Co-operation and study the impact on the U.S. economy of aid to Western Europe.   Origins of the Marshall Plan – Memorandum by Charles P. Kindleberger , Chief of the Division of German and Austrian Economic Affairs, Department of State.   Studies Prior to Implementation of the Marshall Plan Studies Undertaken Prior to and in Preparation for the Marshall Plan – The Harriman, Herter, Krug, and Nourse committee reports. Excerpts from U.S. AID “Certain Reports and Proposals on Foreign Aid.” Excerpts about the committees from The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning (Harriman, Krug, and Nourse Committees and Herter Committee.) Pages 3-5 of Introduction and Chronology of the Marshall Plan from June 5 – November 5, 1947 list the membership of the three committees.   Committee Reports European Recovery and American Aid – The “Harriman Committee” report by the President’s Committee on Foreign Aid. The committee “was asked to determine the limits within which the United States could safely and wisely extend aid to Western Europe.” Republican Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg (Chairman Senate Foreign Relations Committee) stated that the Harriman Committee’s “ultimate report is one of the most comprehensive ever made to a public problem.”   Marshall Plan Funding Statistics The Economic Cooperation Administration, 1948-1952 – The Economic Cooperation Administration, an agency of the United States Government tasked to administer the European recovery program, was created by the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, approved April 3, 1948, as Public Law 472, 80th Congress, 2d session. Marshall Plan Payments in Millions to European Economic Cooperation Countries from April 3, 1948 to June 30, 1952 (Color chart) Mutual Security Agency Monthly Report – Data from April 3, 1948, the date of enactment of the Economic Cooperation Act (The Marshall Plan), to June 30, 1952   The Plan’s Relevance Today After Twenty Years by Milton Katz – Six-page Foreign Service Journal article by Ambassador Milton Katz on the 20th anniversary of the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan 1947-1951 by Theodore Wilson – Pamphlet, marking the 30th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, originally published in the Headlines Series by the Foreign Policy Association. Blueprint for Recovery by Michael J. Hogan – Article published on the U.S. Embassy website in Germany celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Marshall Plan. The article, by the former editor of Diplomatic History, reviews the origins of the Marshall Plan, why the plan succeeded, and lessons learned. Reflections on the Marshall Plan by Henry A. Kissinger (May, 2015)   The Marshall Plan Volume A one-of-a-kind 3700-page volume containing the President Truman’s Message to Congress, public laws and accompanying reports authorizing programs and appropriating monies, and testimonies by General Marshall and other influential people before Congress. It was compiled by Mr. Kenneth Sprankle, Clerk and Staff Director, Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, at the request of Virginia Congressman  J. Vaughn Gary . Congressman Gary served as Chairman, Special Subcommittee on Foreign Aid Committee on Appropriations during the congressional hearings on the European Recovery Program. The volume was presented to the Marshall Foundation in 1968 by  Congressman Gary  in the belief that it would be “better preserved and of more use in the Memorial library.” The searchable PDF volume was digitized by the Virginia Tech office of  Digital Imaging and Archiving  whose focus is on “digitizing and preserving collections of importance to the people of the Commonwealth of Virginia.” Listen to the WVTF Public Radio broadcast, “ Digitizing History ,” by Robbie Harris about the digitization of the Marshall Plan Volume.   Selected Bibliography for the Marshall Plan DOCUMENTARY AND OFFICIAL SOURCES U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Emergency Foreign Aid: Hearings. 80th Cong., 1st sess. [November 1947]. Washington: GPO, 1947. United States Foreign Policy for a Post-War Recovery Program: Hearings. 80th Cong., 1st and 2d sess. [December 1947-March 1948]. Washington: GPO, 1948. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Interim Aid for Europe: Hearings. 80th Cong., 1st sess. [November 1947]. Washington: GPO, 1947. European Recovery Program: Hearings. 80th Cong., 2d sess.[January 1948]. Washington: GPO, 1948. U.S. Department of Commerce. Foreign Aid by the United States Government, 1940-51. Washington: GPO, 1952. U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. 8 vols. Washington: GPO, 1971-73.The key published American documents for any study of the Marshall Plan. See especially volumes 2 and 3 for this year. U.S. Economic Cooperation Administration. Country Data Book: [country]. Washington: GPO, 1950. The ECA issued one of these extremely useful books for each of the sixteen countries participating in the Marshall Plan. Report to Congress. Washington: GPO, 1948-51. These thirteen quarterly reports (June 30, 1948-June 30, 1951) are valuable for their statistics and descriptions of Marshall Plan activities. MEMOIRS AND BIOGRAPHIES Acheson, Dean G. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: Norton, 1969. A magisterial account of the postwar years by the former Secretary of State who was one of the principal architects of U.S. foreign policy in the postwar period. Adenauer, Konrad. Memoirs, 1945- 1953. Translated by Beate Ruhm von Oppen. Chicago: Regnery, 1966. The foremost German statesman of the postwar period, Chancellor between 1949 and 1963. The book was generally poorly reviewed, but has some valuable material. Attlee, Clement R. As It Happened. New York: Viking, 1954. The British Prime Minister who replaced Churchill in 1945 and was the head of government during the Marshall Plan years. A dry, but occasionally useful account. Bidault, Georges. Resistance: The Political Autobiography of Georges Bidault. Translated by Marianne Sinclair. New York: Praeger, 1967. The French Foreign Minister during the Marshall Plan years and a subsequent Premier. A highly tendentious account of Bidault’s career, markedly anti-Gaullist. Bohlen, Charles E. Witness to History, 1929-1969. New York: Norton, 1973. One of America’s premier diplomats who drafted much General Marshall’s Harvard Speech. In the words of a contemporary reviewer, “[his memoirs] read like silk.” Bullock, Alan. Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951. New York: Norton,1984. A biography of the British Foreign Minister who was the first European to take up Marshall’s call for Europeans to develop their own plan. Not for the casual reader, but a superb study by one of Britain’s great biographers. Clay, Lucius D. Decision in Germany. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1950. The military governor of the American sector of Germany after the war; regrettably a dull book for the general reader, but necessary for a student of the period. Fossedal, Gregory. Our Finest Hour, Will Clayton, The Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1993. Clayton was an Under Secretary of State who played a key role in developing the Marshall Plan. He deserves greater recognition for his contributions to postwar U.S. foreign policy. Hoffman, Paul G. Peace Can be Won. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1951. Hoffman was head of the Economic Cooperation Administration which administered the Marshall Plan. Not a memoir, but a plea for a level-headed foreign policy which reveals why Hoffman was a master salesman. Isaacson, Walter and Thomas. The Wise Men, Six Friends and the World They Made. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986. A gripping account of six friends who shaped the postwar world: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy. Probably the best single biographical work of the period for a general reader. Jones, Joseph M. The Fifteen Weeks (February 21-June 5, 1947). New York: Viking, 1955. A lively account by a State Department insider of how the Marshall Plan came into existence. It is warped in its assessment of George Kennan’s contribution. Kennan, George F. Memoirs, 1925- 1950. Boston: Atlantic, Little Brown, 1967. An expert in Soviet-American relations, he was head of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff, 1947-49. An unconventional memoir which deals more with ideas than with personalities. A gifted urbane writer and deep thinker, Kennan’s memoir is an elegant tour de force. Kindleberger, Charles P. Marshall Plan Days. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987. The reflections of a noted academic economist and State Department official about the Marshall Plan and its implementation. Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall, Statesman, 1945-1959. New York: Viking, 1987. Volume 4 in the four-volume definitive biography of the man who was Secretary of State (1947-49) during the development of the Marshall Plan and for whom it was named. Monnet, Jean. Memoirs. Translated by Richard Mayne. Gerden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, 1978. The autobiography of a founder of postwar European unification, and the instigator and first president of the Coal and Steel Community. Raucher, Alan R. Paul G. Hoffman: Architect of Foreign Aid. Lexington:University Press of Kentucky, 1985. A brief but useful study of business and politics in the postwar world, when Hoffman was head of the Marshall Plan program (1948-50) and the UN’s economic development program (1958-71). Spaak, Paul Henri. The Continuing Battle; Memoirs of a European. Boston: Little Brown, 1971. Spaak was the Belgium Foreign Minister who sought unsuccessfully to head the OEEC. His book reflects the concerns and aspirations of the smaller nations of Europe whose viewpoints are often lost in the battles of larger states. Truman, Harry S. Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope. New York: Doubleday,1955. President Truman’s account reflects the man-candid, direct, self-confident and with little perspective. Vandenberg, Arthur, Jr., ed. The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952. Vandenberg was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who did more than any other legislator to assure passage of the Marshall Plan. Acheson considered him pompous, but James Reston considered him a complex and fascinating human being. Walton, Richard J. Henry Wallace, Harry Truman and The Cold War. New York: Viking, 1976. Vice President Wallace opposed the Marshall Plan and virtually every U.S. postwar foreign policy initiative. This is a sympathetic account of a passionate, but misguided American. SECONDARY SOURCES ON THE MARSHALL PLAN Arkes, Hadley. Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972. Seeks to show how the foreign policy interests of the United States, the character of America’s political regime, and the makeup of the national bureaucracy came together in the Marshall Plan. Brown, William Adams, Jr., and Redvers Opie. American Foreign Assistance. Washington: Bookings Institution, 1953. A good general survey covering the period 1940 to 1952. Carew, Anthony. Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987. This volume seeks a middle ground between those who viewed the Marshall Plan as pure philanthropy and those who saw it as a massive project aimed at insuring world domination by American capitalism through the export of its economic and social values. A major theme is the Marshall Plan’s role in developing a new labor-capital relationship in participating nations. Donovan, Robert J. The Second Victory: The Marshall Plan and the Postwar Revival of Europe. Foreword by Clark M. Clifford. New York: Madison Books, 1987. A large-format book dominated by illustrations, it was issued to commemorate the Marshall Plan’s fortieth anniversary. The author manages to synthesize succinctly the scholarly materials available. Dulles, Allen W. The Marshall Plan. Edited and with an introduction by Michael Wala. Providence, R.I.: Berg, 1993. Originally written in 1948 as a part of the campaign to convince skeptical or hostile Americans that the European Recovery was a necessary and proper commitment of U.S. resources and prestige to foreign–and in some cases recent enemy–nations. Esposito, Chiarella. America’s Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948- 1950. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994. An in-depth study of the Marshall Plan’s implementation in the second and third largest beneficiary countries. The author concludes that America achieved little through the Marshall Plan that the French and Italians did not already wish to achieve themselves, although their leaders were happy to use Marshall Plan funds to achieve these goals. Both governments shared U.S. strategic-ideological goals, and American corporatist ideology was not decisive in reshaping policy. Gimbel, John. The Origins of the Marshall Plan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976. The author believes that the Marshall Plan flowed from U.S. efforts to circumvent French, not Soviet, obstruction of Germany’s economic revival. He is especially good at presenting the contemporary bureaucratic antagonisms inside the Truman administration. Hoffmann, Stanley, and Charles Maier, The Marshall Plan; A Retrospective. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984. Contains papers and remarks by scholars and former policy makers at a 1982 conference commemorating the thirty-fifty anniversary of Marshall’s Harvard address in 1947. Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947- 1952. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Perhaps the best single book on the Marshall Plan, its historical antecedents, and its role in the early Cold War. The book’s themes include European resistance to Americanization and U.S. acceptance of British views of their world responsibilities. Maier, Charles S., ed. The Marshall Plan and Germany: West German Development within the Framework of the European Recovery Program. With the assistance of Günter Bischof. New York: Berg, 1991. A collection of eleven essays by some of the best-known scholars of the Marshall Plan. Some authors see the plan as crucial to West European recovery in the face of Soviet hostility and others cast doubts on the plan’s necessity. Mee, Charles L., Jr. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana.New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. A book for the general reader, it is fulsome in its praise of the Marshall Plan. It is also good on the personalities of the European and American actors. Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51.Berkeley and Los Angeles; University of California Press, 1984. The author, a British economic historian, is one of the chief critics of the idea that the Marshall Plan was necessary or essential to European recovery. Organisation for European Cooperation and Development. The European Reconstruction, 1948-1961: Bibliography on the Marshall Plan and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). Paris: OECD, 1996. In French and English. Pelling, Henry. Britain and the Marshall Plan. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988. The British author finds that although lip-service was paid to American generosity and British gratitude at the time, there was serious friction between the U.S. and U.K. and also within the respective governments about the Marshall Plan’s methods and goals. The book is a case-study of the problems of foreign aid, the American political system, and Anglo-American relations. Pisani, Sallie. The CIA and the Marshall Plan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991. A pioneering study of the Office of Policy Coordination, a covert organization run by a group of “determined interventionists” who sought to counter what they saw as Soviet-inspired subversion of the Marshall Plan. Price, Harry Bayard. The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning. Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press, 1955. The first substantial evaluation of the Marshall Plan and its impact. The book was a part of the debate over the efficacy and level of U.S. foreign aid in the 1950s. Wexler, Imanuel. The Marshall Plan Revisited: The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. A useful book, heavy on economic statistics. The author concludes that the Marshall Plan was modestly successful when measured against its own ambitious goals, but it helped to lay a firm foundation for the boom of the 1950s and 1960s and was thus “one of the great economic success stories of modern time.” Whelan, Bernadette. Ireland and the Marshall Plan , 1947-57.Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 2000. Additional Resources Marshall Plan Research Subject Guide – This research subject guide, curated by Foundation librarians, is a collection of resources from the Marshall Research Library and Archives. George C. Marshall

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Who did Roosevelt defeat when he won the 1932 election?

Franklin D. Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections—Miller Center About the Administration The Campaign and Election of 1932: Political observers in the early 1930s were of decidedly mixed opinion about the possible presidential candidacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Many leaders of the Democratic Party saw in Roosevelt an attractive mixture of experience (as governor of New York and as a former vice presidential candidate) and appeal (the Roosevelt name itself, which immediately associated FDR with his remote cousin, former President Theodore Roosevelt.)FDR's record as governor of New York—and specifically his laudable, if initially conservative, efforts to combat the effects of the depression in his own state—only reinforced his place as the leading Democratic contender for the 1932 presidential nomination. Under the watchful eyes of his political advisers Louis Howe and James Farley, FDR patiently garnered support from Democrats around the country, but especially in the South and the West. In preparation for his presidential bid, Roosevelt consulted a group of college professors, dubbed the "Brains Trust" (later shortened to the "Brain Trust"), for policy advice. Other observers, however, were not so sanguine about his abilities or chances. Walter Lippmann, the dean of political commentators and a shaper of public opinion, observed acidly of Roosevelt: "He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be president." FDR's Democratic Party, moreover, was both factionalized and ideologically splintered. Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). The party further split on two key social issues: Catholicism and prohibition. Smith was a Catholic and wanted to end prohibition, which pleased Democrats in the Northeast, but angered those in the South and West. In 1932, though, the key issue was the Great Depression, not Catholicism or prohibition, which gave Democrats a great opportunity to take the White House back from the Republicans. While FDR did not enter the Democratic convention in Chicago with the necessary two-thirds of the delegates, he managed to secure them after promising Garner the vice-presidential nomination. FDR then broke with tradition and flew to Chicago by airplane to accept the nomination in person, promising delegates "a new deal for the American people." FDR's decision to go to Chicago was politically necessary: he needed to demonstrate to the country that even though his body had been ravaged by polio, he was robust, strong, and energetic. Roosevelt's campaign for president was necessarily cautious. His opponent, President Herbert Hoover, was so unpopular that FDR's main strategy was not to commit any gaffes that might take the public's attention away from Hoover's inadequacies and the nation's troubles. FDR traveled around the country attacking Hoover and promising better days ahead, but often without referring to any specific programs or policies. Roosevelt was so genial—and his prescriptions for the country so bland—that some commentators questioned his capabilities and his grasp of the serious challenges confronting the United States. On occasion, though, FDR hinted at the shape of the New Deal to come. FDR told Americans that only by working together could the nation overcome the economic crisis, a sharp contrast to Hoover's paeans to American individualism in the face of the depression. In a speech in San Francisco, FDR outlined the expansive role that the federal government should play in resuscitating the economy, in easing the burden of the suffering, and in insuring that all Americans had an opportunity to lead successful and rewarding lives. The outcome of the 1932 presidential contest between Roosevelt and Hoover was never greatly in doubt. Dispirited Americans swept the fifty-year-old FDR into office in a landslide in both the popular and electoral college votes. Voters also extended their approval of FDR to his party, giving Democrats substantial majorities in both houses of Congress. These congressional majorities would prove vital in Roosevelt's first year in office. The Campaign and Election of 1936 FDR entered the 1936 election with a strong, but not invincible, hand. The economy remained sluggish and eight million Americans still were without jobs. Critics from various points on the political spectrum—such as Father Coughlin and Dr. Francis Townsend—had spent much of the previous two years attacking the President. (They supported Representative William Lemke of the newly formed Union Party in the 1936 election.) Likewise, by 1936 FDR had lost most of the backing he once held in the business community because of his support for the Wagner Act and the Social Security Act. Republicans, though, had few plausible candidates to challenge FDR in 1936. They settled on Alfred "Alf" Landon, a two-term governor of Kansas who was the only Republican governor to win reelection in 1934. Nominated on the first ballot at the Republican convention in Cleveland, Landon was a moderate conservative—and notoriously lackluster public speaker—who the party hoped could take votes from FDR in the rural Midwest. Unfortunately for Landon, his moderation was often drowned out during the campaign by the conservative clamor emanating from the Republican Party, as well as from his running mate, Chicago publisher Frank Knox. Roosevelt seemed to relish the attacks of Republicans, maintaining that he and his New Deal protected the average American against the predations of the rich and powerful, Referring to "business and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking," FDR crowed, "Never before have these forces been so united against one candidate as they stand today. They are unanimous in their hate for me—and I welcome their hatred." Roosevelt's supporters believed their candidate understood and sympathized with them. As one worker put it in 1936, Roosevelt "is the first man in the White House to understand that my boss is a son of a (expletive.)" FDR won the election in a walk, amassing huge majorities in the popular vote and in the Electoral College. What the 1936 election made most clear was that because of FDR and the New Deal, the Democratic Party was now the majority party in the nation. Roosevelt had put together what came to be called the "New Deal Coalition," an alliance of voters from different regions of the country and from racial, religious and ethnic groups. The coalition combined southern Protestants, northern Jews, Catholics and blacks from urban areas, labor union members, small farmers in the middle west and Plains states, and liberals and radicals. This diverse group, with some minor alterations, would power the Democrats for the next thirty years—and it was Roosevelt who put it together. The Campaign and Election of 1940 In 1940, Roosevelt decided to run for an unprecedented third term, breaking the tradition set by George Washington that limited Presidents to eight years in office. FDR had been coy about his future for most of his second term, but finally told confidantes that he would run only if the situation in Europe deteriorated further and his fellow Democrats drafted him as their candidate. Nazi Germany's successful invasion of Western Europe and defeat of France in the spring of 1940 took care of the former condition; FDR's political operatives, especially Chicago mayor Ed Kelly, arranged for the latter. Not all Democrats, most notably long-time political adviser James Farley and Vice President John Garner, were pleased with FDR's decision to break from Washington's precedent. And conservative southern Democrats strenuously objected to FDR's vice presidential choice, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace, a former progressive Republican, but now a staunch liberal New Dealer. Republicans chose Wendell L. Willkie of Indiana, a corporate lawyer and president of a utility company, as their candidate. It was an unconventional choice. Willkie had voted for FDR in 1932 and had been a Democrat until 1938. While he opposed FDR's public power policies, especially the TVA, Willkie actually supported much of the New Deal's domestic legislation and was an internationalist in foreign affairs—controversial positions in a party with its share of vigorous New Deal opponents and isolationists. In many respects, Willkie was just the type of liberal Republican that FDR wanted to lure into the Democratic PartyDuring the initial weeks of the election season, FDR looked strong even though he campaigned only from the White House. Willkie proved lackluster on the stump and he seemed to agree with much of FDR's domestic and foreign agenda. In late September, though, Willkie began to tighten the race, largely by charging that if FDR won a third term, "you may expect that we will be at war." Roosevelt countered that he would not send Americans to fight in "any foreign war." Over its last month, the campaign degenerated into a series of outrageous accusations and mud-slinging, if not by the two candidates themselves then by their respective parties. On election day, FDR won 55 percent of the popular vote and the electoral votes of thirty-eight states. Willkie gained only ten states, but for Republicans even this was an improvement over their dismal showing in 1936. The Campaign and Election of 1944 In 1944, in the midst of war, Roosevelt made it known to fellow Democrats that he was willing to run for a fourth term. Democrats, even conservative southerners who had long been suspicious of FDR's liberalism, backed Roosevelt as their party's best chance for victory. FDR received all but 87 of the votes of the 1,075 delegates at the Democratic National Convention. The real intrigue came with the Democratic nomination for vice president. FDR decided against running with his current vice president, the extremely liberal Henry Wallace, fearing that Wallace's politics would open a rift in the party between liberals (concentrated in the northeast) and conservatives (largely hailing from the south.) Instead, Senator Harry Truman of Missouri, who had the backing of the south, the big-city bosses in the party, and at least the tacit approval of FDR, took the vice-presidential nomination. Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey, the popular governor of New York State, chosen with only one Republican delegate voting against him. Dewey ran as a moderate Republican, promising not to undo the social and economic reforms of the New Deal, but instead to make them more efficient and effective. Dewey, like Willkie four years earlier, was an internationalist in foreign affairs, voicing support for a postwar United Nations. One of Dewey's most effective gambits was to raise discreetly the age issue. He assailed the President as a "tired old man" with "tired old men" in his cabinet, pointedly suggesting that the President's lack of vigor had produced a less than vigorous economic recovery. FDR, as most observers could see from his weight loss and haggard appearance, was a tired man in 1944. But upon entering the campaign in earnest in late September, 1944, Roosevelt displayed enough passion and fight to allay most concerns and to deflect Republican attacks. With the war still raging, he urged voters not to "change horses in mid-stream." Just as important, he showed some of his famous campaign fire. In a classic speech before the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, FDR belittled the Republican attacks on him. Recalling the charges from a Minnesota congressman who accused FDR of sending a battleship to Alaska to retrieve his dog Fala, FDR nearly chortled "These Republican leaders have not been content with attacks on me, or my wife, or my sons. No, not content with that they now include my little dog Fala. Wll, of course, I don't resent attacks, and my family don't resent attacks, but Fala does resent them." With his audience abuzz, FDR delivered his punch-line: "I am accustomed to hearing malicious falsehoods about myself . . . But I think I have a right to resent, to object to libelous statements about my dog."On election day, voters returned Roosevelt to the White House. He garnered almost 54 percent of the popular vote—to Dewey's 46 percent—and won the Electoral College by a count of 432 to 99. Even though the Republicans had improved their totals in both the popular and electoral votes, they could not unseat FDR. Franklin D. Roosevelt Essays Citation Information Chicago Style Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “Franklin D. Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections.” Accessed January 19, 2017. http://millercenter.org­/president/biography/fdroosevelt-campaigns-and-elections. Consulting Editor William E. Leuchtenburg Professor Leuchtenburg is the William Rand Kenan Jr. Professor Emeritus of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His writings include: The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson (Louisiana State University Press, 2005) The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy (Columbia University Press, 1995) The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-32 (University of Chicago Press, 1993) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (Harper Collins, 1963)

Herbert Hoover

Which President gave the go-ahead to build an H Bomb?

Election of 1932: Changing the Guard Blog Election of 1932: Changing the Guard In June 1932, Republican delegates convened in Chicago to choose their condidates for the fall election. Spirits were not high. The nation was in the depths of its worst depression and more than 13 million Americans were out of work. Without enthusiasm, the party turned to the incumbents, Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis, who were renominated without meaningful opposition. The 1932 Republican platform reflected Hoover's desire to stay the course and rely primarily on voluntarism to solve the nation's ills. The platform called for the following: Sharp cutbacks in federal expenditures; adherence to the gold standard ; further curbs on immigration; the payment of pensions to war veterans; U.S. participation in a scheduled international monetary conference; on prohibition, no meaningful direction was provided; the party realized that the Eighteenth Amendment was not working as intended, but the platform did not endorse repeal. Later in June, the Democrats assembled in the same city, but the mood was entirely different. Several prominent figures had been angling for the 1932 nomination, including Alfred Smith , the former governor of New York and the presidential nominee in 1928 , and Texan John Nance Garner, the Speaker of the House and the favorite of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst . The frontrunner, thanks to skillful maneuvering by campaign manager James A. Farley, was Franklin Delano Roosevelt , sitting governor of the Empire State. Roosevelt had entered easily onto the political stage by capitalizing on his distant relationship to Theodore Roosevelt and gaining further notice by marrying the former president's favorite niece, Eleanor. Franklin Roosevelt had served in the New York assembly and during World War I was selected by Woodrow Wilson to be the assistant secretary of the Navy. In 1920, Roosevelt was the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, but was swept under by a Republican tide that continued throughout the decade. His rapid rise was stopped short by infantile paralysis in 1921, an illness that required years of therapy and steely determination to resume political life. Roosevelt managed to gain the nomination on the 1932 convention's fourth ballot. A disappointed Smith, Roosevelt's former friend and political ally, was unable to overcome his bitterness and would oppose Roosevelt and his programs in the future. "Cactus Jack" Garner was the vice-presidential nominee, but would later remark that the office "wasn't worth a bucket of warm spit." The 1932 Democratic platform, while avoiding many specifics, presented a sharp contrast to their opponents in calling for: A "competitive" tariff designed for revenue, not for protection; a "sound" currency, but no mention was made of adhering to the gold standard; extensive banking and financial reform, including regulation of the stock exchanges; support for veterans' pensions; aid programs for farmers; a reduction of federal expenditures and a balanced budget. In an effort to create an air of urgency, Roosevelt broke with tradition and did not wait for formal notification of his nomination from the convention. Instead, he boarded a plane and flew to Chicago, where on July 2 he delivered an acceptance speech in which he stated, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." The "new deal" tag was later applied to his legislative offensive to combat the nation's economic ills and was a grateful nod to TR's "square deal" of 30 years earlier. Throughout the summer and fall, Roosevelt waged a vigorous campaign and traveled more than 25,000 miles by train, hoping to lay to rest any concerns about his health. Crowds gathered in towns and villages to greet the ever-smiling and optimistic candidate, and brass bands played Happy Days Are Here Again at nearly every stop. As the weeks went by, Roosevelt gradually and sketchily laid out the basic form of the New Deal, drawing on the ideas of his closest advisors — dubbed the "brains trust" by reporters. One recurring theme was Roosevelt's pledge to help the "forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid." Hoover began his campaign convinced that the return of prosperity was at hand. He was initially content to allow surrogates to take his message to the voters, but as fall approached and the economy remained in the doldrums, the president took to the stump. He was sharply critical of Roosevelt's inclination to have the federal government act to solve the nation's problems. He viewed such solutions as contrary to American tradition and believed that only free enterprise would restore prosperity. Shortly before election day, Hoover warned that if Roosevelt were elected, then "the grass will grow in the streets of a hundred cities, a thousand towns; the weeds will overrun the fields of a thousand farms...." Both candidates used the radio to reach the voters during the 1932 campaign. Hoover's addresses were logical and competently delivered, but lacked enthusiasm. Roosevelt, by contrast, had a magnificent radio voice and was able to convey a sense of competence and hope to the listeners. In the end, Hoover had the impossible task of defending failed policies and strategies. The Democratic victory took on landslide proportions, prevailing as expected in the Solid South and the major urban areas, but also doing well throughout the West. The triumph spread to both houses of Congress, where the Democrats achieved sizable majorities, and to the governors' mansions and assemblies in many states. The electorate had clearly provided the president-elect with a mandate for change. Relations between Hoover and Roosevelt had been and remained chilly. Several times during the campaign, Hoover sought public reassurances from Roosevelt that, if elected, he would not undertake untraditional initiatives. Hoover believed that the business community needed to be reassured and, when Roosevelt refused to commit himself, Hoover believed his opponent was undermining the nation's chances for recovery. In early 1933, Hoover renewed his requests for pledges from the president-elect during the so-called lame duck period prior to the inauguration. A major banking crisis had developed, but Roosevelt again declined to detail his plans for the future. When Inauguration Day arrived on March 4, the president and president-elect rode together down Pennsylvania Avenue in stony silence. Roosevelt waved enthusiastically to the crowds while Hoover stared straight ahead, convinced that a national disaster was about to occur. Election of 1932

i don't know

Who was the oldest US President before Ronal Reagan?

Ronald Reagan: Life Before the Presidency—Miller Center About the Administration Ronald Wilson Reagan, the son of Jack and Nelle Reagan, was born in a small apartment above the Pitney General Store on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, His family, which included older brother Neil, moved to a succession of Illinois towns as his salesman father searched for a well-paying job. In 1920, the Reagans settled in Dixon. Jack Reagan was a gregarious man with a grade-school education who made his way as a salesman, usually of shoes. He was a dreamer and also an alcoholic. Years later, Ronald Reagan recalled the searing experiences of being the child of an alcoholic father, including an incident where he dragged a "passed out" Jack Reagan into the house from the snow. Jack and Nelle were both Democrats; in religion he was a Roman Catholic, and she an active member of the Disciples of Christ. After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected President in 1932, Jack Reagan was rewarded for his Democratic activism by being named the local director of the Works Progress Administration, a federal agency created by Roosevelt to provide work for jobless Americans. Neil Reagan was also employed by the WPA. Ronald Reagan remembered his father as being fiercely opposed to racial and religious intolerance. He refused to allow his children to see the film Birth of a Nation, because it glorified the Ku Klux Klan. Jack Reagan died in 1941. Ronald's mother, Nelle Wilson Reagan, nurtured and encouraged her sons. She taught them that alcoholism was a disease and urged them not to blame their father for succumbing to it. She had married Jack Reagan in a Catholic ceremony, and the older son Neil was raised as a Catholic. Both boys believed that Neil took after his father and Ronald more after his mother. Nelle raised Ronald in her church, the Disciples of Christ. She was a relentless do-gooder, visiting prisoners, poorhouse inmates, and hospital patients. She also organized drama recitals—some of which featured her sons—and worked as a salesclerk and seamstress in the 1930s. As an adult, Ronald often reminisced fondly about his mother's compassion and generosity. He moved her to Hollywood after Jack died; she died in 1962. Youth and College Years As a boy, Reagan's life was filled with scrapes and adventures. He once narrowly escaped death while playing under a train that suddenly began moving. Reagan graduated from Dixon High School in 1928, where he played on the football and basketball teams, became president of the student body, acted in school plays, and wrote for the yearbook. Reagan, an accomplished swimmer since early boyhood, worked six summers as a lifeguard in Lowell Park in Dixon on the treacherous Rock River. According to newspaper reports of the time and later research, he saved 77 people from drowning. Reagan enrolled in 1928 at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois. He majored in economics but was an indifferent student, graduating with a "C" average in 1932. At Eureka, he played football and was a member of the college swim team, performed with the drama club, joined the debate club, worked as a reporter on the school newspaper, edited the college yearbook, and served as president of the student council. Admitted to college on a partial football scholarship, Reagan washed dishes at his fraternity house, Tau Kappa Epsilon, and at a girl's dormitory, and worked as a lifeguard and a swimming coach to pay the rest of his college costs and sent money home to his economically hard-hit family. He also had an early taste of politics: while still a freshman he made a dramatic oration on behalf of Eureka students who were striking to restore classes that the school administration had eliminated because of financial strains caused by the Great Depression. After the strike, the college president resigned. Radio, Film, and Television Career After graduation, Reagan landed a job as a radio sportscaster at WOC in Davenport, Iowa, for $10 per game and transportation expenses. His lively imagination and resonant radio voice compensated for his inexperience in radio. He found that if he memorized the first line of a commercial, everything he read would sound "natural," a technique he used in radio for the rest of his life. With his newfound mastery of commercials, Reagan became staff announcer and within two years transferred to WHO in Des Moines, Iowa, a powerful clear-channel NBC radio outlet. By 1936, he was earning a substantial salary with his recreations of Chicago Cubs baseball games and his sportscasts of Big Ten football. Standing six-foot, one-inch tall, with wavy brown hair, blue eyes, and an inviting broadcaster's voice, Reagan possessed many attributes that portended a successful movie career. Moreover, he had enjoyed acting since his teenage years. In 1937, he went to California to cover the spring training of the Chicago Cubs—and to meet a Hollywood agent. By chance, Warner Brothers was seeking a new actor to replace a promising young star who had died in a car accident, and Reagan vaguely resembled him. He took a screen test for Warner Brothers, and the studio immediately offered him a then-munificent $200-a-week contract. As a Hollywood movie actor from 1937 to 1957, Reagan appeared in 52 films. (A 53rd film, The Killers, was never shown in theaters but was released for television in 1964.) His breakthrough film was Knute Rockne—All American (1940), the story of Notre Dame's legendary football coach. Rockne was played by the actor Pat O'Brien, who secured the small but vital role of George Gipp for his friend Reagan. Gipp is a talented but rakish football player who is terminally ill. In the movie version, Gipp on his deathbed tells Rockne: "Someday, when things are tough, maybe you can ask the boys to go in there and win just once for the Gipper." After he went into politics Reagan sometimes quoted Rockne's words to rally his own followers. He told the story so often in his presidential campaigns that reporters accompanying him gave Reagan the nickname of "The Gipper."Reagan and many film critics believed that his best acting performance came in the screen version of the Henry Bellaman novel Kings Row. Reagan played Drake McHugh, a playboy, who awakens to find that his legs have been amputated by a sadistic surgeon. "Where's the rest of me?" cries McHugh upon discovering that he is legless. The line clung to Reagan, who called his 1965 autobiography, Where's the Rest of Me?Reagan was a competent actor who pleased directors because he was punctual and quickly memorized his lines. He did his best work in light comedies and action movies and self-deprecatingly called himself "the Errol Flynn of the B's," referring to the low-budget films that were big money-makers for Warner Brothers and other studios. Reagan absorbed the craft of filmmaking, and especially the art of staging a scene effectively. It was a skill that he used repeatedly during his political career. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Reagan, who had been a member of the U.S. Army Cavalry Reserve since the 1930s, was called to active duty and commissioned a second lieutenant. His nearsightedness kept him out of combat, and he spent most of the next three years in the Army Air Corps First Motion Picture Unit. Reagan narrated training films for new recruits and appeared in several patriotic films designed to aid the war effort. Perhaps the most important of these was Rear Gunner (1943) made at the request of the Air Corps, which had a surfeit of pilots and a shortage of gunners. Other movies included Mr. Gardenia Jones (1942), Jap Zero (1943), and For God and Country (1943). Reagan was relieved from duty for several weeks to participate in the highly popular Irving Berlin musical, This Is the Army (1943), which raised millions for wartime charities. Hollywood changed Ronald Reagan's world, on- and off-screen. He met the talented Jane Wyman during the filming of Brother Rat (1938), Reagan's ninth film and one of the best of his B-division efforts. Their romance blossomed, encouraged by the influential Hollywood columnist Louella Parsons, who took a special interest in Reagan's career because she was also from Dixon, Illinois. Reagan and Wyman married on January 26, 1940, and were promoted by Hollywood as the "ideal couple." They had a daughter Maureen in 1941 and adopted a son Michael in 1945. While Reagan was making training films in the Army, his wife's film career skyrocketed. In her early Hollywood years, Wyman had been cast in minor roles that displayed her physical attractiveness, but in 1945 she won plaudits for a serious role as an alcoholic's fiancé in The Lost Weekend. She received favorable notices for this film and for The Yearling (1946), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. Two years later, in what critics consider her best role, she won the Oscar for best actress in a stunning portrayal of a raped teenager, deaf and mute, in Johnny Belinda. While Wyman scaled the top rungs of film stardom and Reagan battled to recapture his pre-war popularity, their marriage fell apart. They were divorced in 1948. Four years later, after a period that Reagan described as the unhappiest of his life, he began seeing actress Nancy Davis. She had been moderately successful in ten films and had received good reviews for The Next Voice You Hear (1950) and Night into Morning (1951). But she gave up her acting career for Reagan: they were married on March 4, 1952. They had two children: Patricia, known as Patti Davis, born in 1952 and Ronald Prescott, born in 1958. Reagan's optimistic nature reasserted itself after his marriage to Nancy Davis. But he struggled with his career. Reagan had signed a million-dollar, multi-year contract with Warner Brothers on the strength of Kings Row, which was released in 1942 when Reagan was in the Army. The movie audience that had come of age during the war years barely knew Reagan, who battled with Warner Brothers over his film roles and eventually left the studio. Reagan saw himself as a dramatic actor but was more effectively cast in lighter films, winning good notices for his performances in The Voice of the Turtle (1947) and The Girl From Jones Beach (1949). He gave a convincing performance as the epileptic baseball pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander in The Winning Team (1952) at a time the name of the disease could not be mentioned on the screen. In 1954, with his film career all but ended and his finances low, Reagan was offered a unique contract by General Electric. The company hired him to narrate (and occasionally act) on its new program, General Electric Theater, which soon dominated the Sunday night television ratings. Reagan received a $150,000 annual salary and was required to make several annual trips to GE plants, where he spoke to workers and executives. General Electric Theater kept Reagan's name and face in public view, and trips to the GE plants enabled Reagan to hone his speaking message and technique. General Electric canceled the contract in 1962 because Reagan would not agree to a new format for the program, which had been overtaken in the ratings by Bonanza. But in 1962, his brother Neil, an advertising executive, landed Reagan a contract to host Death Valley Days, a popular western series. Shifting Politics: Union and Anti-Communist Leader Throughout his life, Ronald Reagan displayed a strong interest in politics. Reagan's national political outlook was shaped by his parents, both Democrats, and especially by the onslaught of the Great Depression. The entire Reagan family supported Franklin D. Roosevelt for President in 1932 and backed his New Deal. Roosevelt's resonant optimism dazzled Reagan, who imitated the President's 1932 inaugural speech on a broomstick microphone to college friends. Reagan was grateful to FDR for providing work for his father and brother in New Deal relief programs. He voted for FDR each of the four times he was elected President and continued to speak well of him even after he became a conservative Republican. In Hollywood, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, Reagan also identified with Roosevelt's internationalism, especially his opposition to the aggressions of Nazi Germany and imperial Japan. After World War II, Reagan aligned with the dominant faction in the Democratic Party: anti-Communist liberals, whose ranks included President Harry Truman, former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Senator Hubert Humphrey, and labor leader Walter Reuther. Reagan joined the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) in 1937, became a member of the union's board in 1941 and its president in 1947 and continued to serve on the board after stepping down from the presidency in 1954. During that period, SAG was involved in a myriad of battles, including repeated efforts to purge itself of Communist influence. Reagan opposed the Communists and their allies; in 1953 he became a secret informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), reporting on Communist activities in Hollywood. Reagan, however, was wary of the indiscriminate anti-Communism then sweeping the country in the early days of the Cold War. He worried that SAG's programs designed to root out Communists might harm innocent actors and actresses. He was skeptical of the House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities, which in the late 1940s investigated Communist infiltration of Hollywood. But as president of SAG, Reagan helped implement the blacklist of suspected Communists that had been agreed to by movie producers frightened by the congressional investigations. Reagan did, however, work to clear the names of actors whom he thought had been wrongfully accused or had only dabbled with leftist groups, as he had done in the 1940s. He continued in the 1950s to campaign for Democratic candidates, including the liberal Helen Gahagan Douglas, who in 1950 lost a U.S. Senate race in California to Richard Nixon. Reagan's Political Odyssey Reagan's politics changed in the 1950s. Still an influential member of SAG—he resumed its presidency in 1959—Reagan and the SAG leadership continued to win better pay and benefits for actors. In partisan politics, however, Reagan identified more frequently with Republicans. He was a participant in the Democrats-for-Eisenhower campaigns in 1952 and 1956, which attracted many other Democrats. But in 1960, when many of these "Eisenhower Democrats" returned to the party fold and supported John F. Kennedy, Reagan championed the candidacy of Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon. Reagan did not especially like Nixon; he was motivated more by a distrust of Kennedy and the national Democratic Party, which Reagan saw as moving to the left. Reagan, still a nominal Democrat, delivered more than 200 speeches for Nixon, whom Kennedy narrowly defeated. When Nixon ran for governor of California in 1962 against Democrat Pat Brown, Reagan again supported him and this time changed his registration to Republican. Reagan's political conversion in part reflected the change in his economic status. In 1945, his agent secured him a $1 million multi-year contract, more than $11 million in today's dollars, and Reagan became financially well off for the first time in his life in a day when marginal tax rates were the highest in U.S. history and individuals were not allowed to average their income. Reagan resented paying high taxes—it was a short step from there to the view that the federal government was violating his freedom. Reagan's critical attitude toward government was enhanced by his speaking trips for General Electric, which exposed him to company middle managers who shared his concerns. These anti-government views crept into Reagan's GE speeches, which at the beginning tended to be platitudinous, combining patriotic themes with stories of Hollywood. Over time, his speech evolved into a generalized message of freedom. Reagan, who in the 1940s excoriated "Big Business" now attacked "Big Government" and sang the praises of American business in talks titled "Encroaching Control" and "Our Eroding Freedoms." During the eight years of his contract with General Electric, Reagan spoke at every one of the company's 135 plants and to many of GE's 250,000 employees in trips that served as a valuable political apprenticeship. Because he was afraid to fly, Reagan's contract specified that he travel by train. He made good use of the long trips between plants to write his speeches in longhand on legal pads, transcribing them onto 3x5 (and later larger) cards. In these speeches, Reagan carefully reworked his themes of individual freedom and anti-Communism, surrounding his message with homey stories drawn from local newspapers or Reader's Digest. The result was a basic address—known as "The Speech"—that expressed Reagan's core convictions and was sprinkled with topical anecdotes. Reagan's affable manner and genial optimism lightened the sternness of his warning that Americans were in danger of losing their individual freedoms. Reagan's GE years coincided with a decline in the Democratic coalition that had been forged by Roosevelt and continued by President Truman. This was a coalition that knit together disparate elements on economic issues; in the 1950s it was tested by the cultural, racial, and regional issues that would tear apart the Democrats the 1960s. The arc of the nation's politics traversed a similar path to the one that Reagan had followed in his political evolution. Even though the Democrats under John F. Kennedy won the White House in 1960 and expanded their majority under Lyndon Johnson, millions of Americans were gradually becoming receptive to a conservative message. Presidential Speech Archive The leader of the emergent Republican conservatives was Barry Goldwater, U.S. senator from Arizona, whose 1960 book, The Conscience of a Conservative, largely written by Brent Bozell of the National Review, had crystallized the movement's message. Long before Reagan became a convert, Goldwater preached that the federal government was too intrusive domestically and too accommodating to the Soviets, who Goldwater believed were waging a proxy war in Vietnam. Goldwater contended that the Republican Party, dominated by its Eastern establishment, had become a "me-too" institution offering no clear alternatives to the Democrats. In 1964, Goldwater set out to change this. He won the Republican presidential nomination but in the general election was demonized by Johnson and his operatives as an "extremist" who would lead the nation into war. Johnson won the 1964 general election in a landslide. Goldwater, however, had succeeded in his principal objective of transforming the GOP into a conservative party. It needed only a messenger to compete effectively with the Democrats and on October 27, 1964, a week before LBJ's landslide victory, found one in the person of Reagan. In his nationally televised speech for Goldwater, Reagan called for leadership that would reduce the domestic reach of the federal government while simultaneously bolstering its military establishment and resisting the worldwide spread of Communism. Borrowing phrases used by Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln in national crises, Reagan declared: "You and I have a rendezvous with destiny. We can preserve for our children this, the last best hope of man on earth, or we can take the first step into a thousand years of darkness." Specifically, Reagan called for America to abandon the "Great Society" domestic programs of Lyndon Johnson and for a foreign policy that vigorously opposed Soviet expansionism. These became dominant themes as Reagan moved center stage in national politics. The 1964 campaign also foreshadowed the Republican resurgence in the South, where whites backed Goldwater and later Reagan because they opposed civil rights bills on what both men said were constitutional grounds. Reagan emerged from the GOP ruins of 1964 as the leading standard-bearer of Republican conservatives. Governor of the Golden State Reagan was simultaneously ambitious and cautious about his political future. His interest was in national politics but with no passageway at hand into federal office, Reagan and his wife Nancy explored other possibilities with a small group of friends and entrepreneurs. Los Angeles automobile dealer Holmes Tuttle, the leader of this group, insisted that the path to Washington went through the California state capitol of Sacramento. After some hesitation, the Reagans agreed. They recruited the state's leading political consulting firm, Spencer-Roberts, to advise them in an attempt to win the governorship of California in 1966. Stuart K. Spencer and Bill Roberts, the consultants, had supported Nelson Rockefeller against Goldwater in 1964; they were Republican pragmatists without a defining ideology. The employment of Spencer-Roberts sent a message to Republican moderates that Reagan was similarly pragmatic; it also deprived Reagan's foes of Spencer-Roberts' services. In setting out to become governor, Reagan faced first the hurdle of the Republican primary and then what appeared to be the formidable task of defeating the incumbent, two-term, Democratic governor Edmund G. (Pat) Brown of San Francisco. Brown was seen as a political giant-killer after defeating nationally known Republicans in 1958 and 1962, but he suffered from the ravages of incumbency and a party deeply split over civil rights issues and the Vietnam War. Many voters thought that the Brown administration had responded ineffectually to the Watts Riots of 1965 and to radical demonstrations at the University of California at Berkeley. Additionally, Brown had balanced the state budget with an accounting gimmick; Californians realized that this was a ploy to avoid new taxes. Brown and his strategists dismissed Reagan as a lightweight—an opinion based almost solely on the fact that he was an actor—and a right-winger. Since labeling Goldwater an "extremist" had been an effective tactic for LBJ, Brown believed this line of attack would work against Reagan. So Brown and his operatives tried to help Reagan win the GOP nomination by leaking damaging information about his Republican opponent George Christopher to columnist Drew Pearson. This bizarre strategy backfired. Reagan defeated Christopher, who was so angry at Brown for what he believed was a smear that he backed Reagan and helped unify the Republicans. The attempt to pin the "extremist" label on Reagan also failed; Reagan said that if members of the John Birch Society supported him, they were buying his philosophy rather than the other way around. Brown had a more valid argument that Reagan was lacking in government experience, but Reagan defused this by saying that it would be good to have sometime take a look at the state budget with "fresh eyes." Reagan was helped, as he would be in other campaigns, by his self-deprecating humor. Asked what kind of governor he would be, Reagan responded: "I don't know, I've never played a governor." In the November election, Reagan rolled to an overwhelming victory, winning by nearly a million votes and carrying 53 of the state's 58 counties. Four years later, Reagan won a second term. After early stumbles, Reagan became a largely successful governor. He surprised liberal Democrats and alienated the far right of the Republican Party by showing a proclivity for compromise. He preferred partial victories to, as he put it, "going off the cliff with all flags flying." His rhetoric remained conservative, and he used student demonstrators and others who objected to his policies as a foil. Speaking of student protesters whom he encountered on college campuses, Reagan quipped, "Their signs said, 'make love, not war,' but it didn't look like they could do either." Repeatedly, he reiterated a campaign theme: Campus demonstrators should "obey the rules or get out."Reagan promised in his campaign that he would "squeeze, cut, and trim" the growth of state government. This was not easy to do, and Reagan had inherited what was at the time the largest budget deficit in California history. He tried initially to cut spending in each department and agency of the state 10 percent across the board; the state legislature said this penalized departments that were already economizing and rewarded those that were not. Reagan had to withdraw the budget and submit a more realistic one. To balance the budget, as required by the state constitution, Reagan proposed massive increases in individual and corporate income taxes and many other taxes as well. The price tag for these tax increases, which passed the legislature with bipartisan support against the opposition of a handful of conservative Republicans, came to a state-record $1 billion. Beyond fiscal policy, most of Reagan's achievements as governor came in his second term. In 1971, he worked with the Democratic speaker of the Assembly, Bob Moretti, to win passage of the Welfare Reform Act, which tightened eligibility requirements and increased benefits. Welfare rolls declined; the liberal Urban Institute later said this was one of the most successful programs of the Reagan governorship. Reagan also worked with Democrats in the legislature in 1971 and 1972 to obtain property-tax relief, which both he and the Democrats had promised. Some conservatives grumbled, but most Republicans supported their popular governor. By negotiating and compromising with his opponents, Reagan often achieved part of his policy objectives. And because as governor he commended attention from the media to a degree that the Democratic legislators did not, Reagan usually was given most of the political credit. Reagan also displayed a winning mix of accommodation and stubbornness in dealing with the many problems confronting California's state-supported universities and colleges. In 1967, he urged the Board of Regents of the University of California to institute a tuition charge for in-state students. Traditionally, the university offered free tuition to the upper rung of academically qualified in-state students; in fact, as Reagan and his allies pointed out, the policy had been maintained only by huge increases in student fees. But the regents balked at discarding tradition; after much negotiation they ultimately imposed a small tuition. Reagan took a hard line in dealing with the endemic student unrest that afflicted the state's campuses. While he acknowledged the right of students to protest peacefully, he cracked down on student violence at the University of California and at San Francisco State College on grounds that militant protesters were preventing the majority of students from attending classes. At the request of administrators, Reagan sent in the National Guard to quell violence and keep open University of California campuses at Berkeley in 1969 and Santa Barbara in 1970. Public opinion backed Reagan, but even some of the governor's supporters believed that his rhetoric on this issue was on occasion unnecessarily provocative. Reagan's most unexpected achievements as governor were in the environmental arena. Environmentalists distrusted him because of his pro-business positions and because he had scoffed at the importance of redwood trees during his campaign, but Reagan appointed a progressive resources director, Norman (Ike) Livermore, at once a lumberman and member of the Sierra Club, who persuaded him to accept creation of a Redwood National Park in northern California. With Livermore's encouragement, Reagan blocked a high dam proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers that would have destroyed one of California's most scenic valleys and subsequently supported and signed into law a bill protecting wild rivers on the state's north coast. He also broke with the administration of President Richard Nixon and blocked a proposed trans-Sierra highway that would have bisected the John Muir Trail. Reagan for President? As soon as he became governor, Reagan became a conservative favorite for the 1968 Republican presidential nomination. This political goal split Reagan's advisers, some of whom saw the governorship as largely a stepping-stone and others who believed that Reagan should write a strong record in Sacramento before seeking the presidency. Reagan hesitated in the face of this divided counsel; by the time he launched his candidacy, Nixon was well on his way to sewing up the nomination. After leaving the governor's office at the end of 1974, Reagan stayed in the limelight by writing a column that appeared in 175 newspapers, recording commentaries that aired on more than 200 radio stations, and giving speeches. He dodged the question of his political future to avoid giving the appearance of undermining President Gerald Ford, who had in August 1974 succeeded President Nixon after he resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal. In truth, Reagan, who had given Nixon every benefit of the doubt as the scandal unfolded, gave almost none to Ford, who had enraged conservatives by selecting former New York governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. As conservatives saw it, their liberal nemesis was now a heartbeat away from the presidency and would have a head start over Reagan for the nomination if Ford were elected and served out his term. Ford tried, too late, to appease conservatives by dropping Rockefeller from the ticket when he ran for election in 1976. By the time this happened, Reagan had decided to oppose Ford for the Republican presidential nomination. Reagan ran a strong race after an uncertain start but lost narrowly in a contest where most of the party establishment backed the incumbent President. (A more detailed account of the Ford-Reagan contest for the 1976 Republican presidential nomination appears in the Campaigns and Elections section.) Ronald Reagan Essays

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dan Quayle was Senator form which state when he was chosen as George Bush's Vice President?

Ronald Reagan Timeline The Life of Ronald Reagan: A Timeline Feb. 6, 1911 Ronald Wilson Reagan is born in Tampico, Ill., to Nelle Wilson Reagan and John Edward Reagan. The Reagans already had one previous son, Neil. 1920 After a series of moves in rural northern Illinois, the Reagans settle in Dixon, Ill., which Reagan considered his hometown. Ronald Reagan as a lifeguard in 1927. Photo: Reagan Presidential Library 1926 Reagan begins work as a lifeguard at Lowell Park, near Dixon. He was credited with saving 77 lives during the seven summers he worked there. 1928 Reagan graduates from Dixon High School, where he was student body president and participated in football, basketball, track, and school plays. 1928-1932 Reagan attends Eureka (Illinois) College, where he majored in economics and sociology. During his sophomore year, Reagan becomes interested in drama. Reagan also serves as student body president. 1932 Reagan receives a temporary sports broadcasting job with WOC, a small radio station in Davenport, Iowa. After WOC consolidates with WHO in Des Moines, "Dutch" recreates Chicago Cubs baseball games from the studio. WHO, an NBC affiliate, gives Reagan national media exposure. 1937 Reagan enlists in the Army Reserve as a private but is soon promoted to 2nd lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry. An agent for Warner Brothers "discovers" Reagan in Los Angeles and offers him a seven-year contract. 1940 Reagan plays Notre Dame football legend George Gipp in his most acclaimed film, Knute Rockne, All American, The role earns Reagan the nickname "the Gipper." Reagan marries actress Jane Wyman, whom he met while making the movie Brother Rat. Jan. 4, 1941 Daughter Maureen is born. 1942 Reagan is called to active duty by the Army Air Force. He is assigned to the 1st Motion Picture Unit in Culver City, Calif., where he makes over 400 training films. 1945 After the war, Reagan resumes his acting career, which continues for 20 years. Reagan makes 53 motion pictures and one television movie during his career. March 1945 The Reagans adopt Michael. 1947 Elected president of the Screen Actors Guild for the first of five consecutive terms, Reagan testifies as a friendly witness before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. The hearings result in the blacklising of many writers and directors thought to have ties to the Communist Party. 1948 Reagan supports Harry Truman for president. 1949 Reagan and Wyman divorce. 1950 Reagan campaigns for California Democrat Helen Gahagan Douglas in her bid for the U.S. Senate against Richard Nixon. 1952 Reagan campaigns as a Democrat for Eisenhower. Newlyweds Ronald and Nancy Reagan in 1952. Photo: Reagan Presidential Library Reagan and movie actress Nancy Davis wed. Oct. 21, 1952 Daughter Patricia (Patti) is born. 1954 Reagan is hired to host the General Electric Theater on television, a job he holds for eight years. Reagan tours the country giving speeches as a GE spokesman. 1956 Reagan campaigns as a Democrat for President Dwight Eisenhower's re-election. May 20, 1958 Son Ronald Prescott (Ron) is born. 1960 Reagan campaigns as a Democrat for Richard Nixon for president. 1962 Reagan officially changes his party registration to Republican. Oct. 27, 1964 Reagan gives a television address supporting Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater. The speech, called "A Time for Choosing," launches Reagan's political career. Watch or listen to that speech. 1965 Reagan's autobiography, Where's the Rest of Me? -- the title is a line from his 1942 movie King's Row -- is published. 1966 Reagan defeats incumbent California Gov. Edmund G. "Pat" Brown in a landslide. 1968 Reagan makes a tentative run for the presidency, waiting until the Republican National Convention in Miami to announce his candidacy. He later joins in supporting nominee Richard Nixon. 1969 Reagan sends in the National Guard to break up protests at the University of California at Berkeley after university officials block activists' efforts to create a "Peoples Park". 1970 Reagan is re-elected California governor. 1974 For several months after his gubernatorial term ends, Reagan writes a syndicated newspaper column and provides commentaries on radio stations across the country. Nov. 20, 1975 Reagan announces his candidacy for the Republican nomination for president. 1976 He loses the Republican Party's nomination to Gerald Ford, but a strong showing sets the stage for Reagan's election in 1980. In the meantime, Reagan works on his ranch, gives speeches, does radio commentaries and writes a weekly newspaper column. Hear Reagan's comments after narrowly losing the 1976 Republican nomination . Nov. 13, 1979 Reagan announces his candidacy for president. After winning the party's nomination, he chooses George Bush as his running mate. The platform calls for "a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work, neighborhood, peace, and freedom." Nov. 4, 1980 Reagan is elected president in a landslide victory over incumbent Jimmy Carter. Ronald and Nancy Reagan wave at inaugural parade in 1981. Photo: Reagan Presidential Library Jan. 20, 1981 Reagan is sworn in as the 40th president of the United States. On the same day, Iran releases the 52 remaining hostages who had been held at the U.S. embassy in Tehran for 444 days. March 30, 1981 Reagan is shot in the chest upon leaving a Washington hotel but makes a full recovery after surgery. Three other people, including Reagan press secretary James Brady, are wounded in the assassination attempt. John Hinckley Jr. is charged but found not guilty by reason of insanity. April 28, 1981 Reagan appears before Congress for the first time since the assassination attempt. He receives a hero's welcome and overwhelming support for his economic package, which includes cuts in social programs and taxes, and increases in defense spending. July 29, 1981 Congress passes Reagan's tax bill. Instead of a 30% tax cut over three years, Reagan accepts 25%. Aug. 3, 1981 Air traffic controllers go on strike. Reagan gives them 48 hours to get back to work, and fires those who refuse. Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Oct. 18, 1981 Reagan concedes that the United States is in "a slight recession" but predicts recovery by the spring. Nov. 10, 1981 Budget Director David Stockman charges that the 5% economic growth rate that the administration had assumed was a "rosy scenario," and pans "supply side" economics as a way to benefit the rich. June 8, 1982 In a speech to the British House of Commons, Reagan predicts "the march of freedom and democracy...will leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash heap of history ..." Listen to an excerpt of Reagan's remarks on the Soviet Union . Fall 1982 The nation sinks into its worst recession since the Great Depression. Reagan fears budget deficits as high as $200 billion. On Nov. 1, more than 9 million Americans are officially unemployed. Reagan during a 1983 meeting with members of Congress. Photo: Reagan Presidential Library Jan. 31, 1983 Reagan submits his fiscal 1984 budget to Congress. The recession, tax cuts and increased defense outlays are blamed for a projected $189 billion budget gap. Reagan vows to "stay the course," rejecting advice to raise taxes or cut defense. March 8, 1983 In a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals, Reagan warns against ignoring "the aggressive impulses of an evil empire," the U.S.S.R. Listen to a highlight of Reagan's comments on the "evil empire" . March 23, 1983 Reagan unveils his proposal for a Strategic Defense Initiative, later dubbed "Star Wars," in a national speech: "I call upon the scientific community in our country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents now to the cause of mankind and world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete." Listen to a key portion of Reagan's SDI speech . Sept. 1, 1983 A Soviet fighter downs Korean Air Lines flight (KAL 007), killing all 269 people aboard, including 61 Americans. Reagan denounces it as a "crime against humanity." Oct. 23, 1983 A suicide truck bomber crashes into the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut, killing 241 members of the peacekeeping force. Oct. 25, 1983 U.S. troops invade Grenada to oust Marxists who had overthrown the government, and to protect U.S. medical students on the Caribbean island. Jan. 16, 1984 Reagan calls for a return to arms talks with the U.S.S.R. May 9, 1984 In a televised speech, Reagan urges helping the Contra "freedom fighters" in Nicaragua. June 6, 1984 Reagan gives an emotional speech in Normandy, France, commemorating the 40th anniversary of D-Day. July 19, 1984 Walter Mondale accepts the Democratic presidential nomination and promises to raise taxes. Aug. 11, 1984 While checking a microphone prior to a radio broadcast, Reagan jokes: "...I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." In a debate with Mondale, Reagan's poor performance raises the "age issue." Oct. 10, 1984 Congress outlaws funding for military aid to the Nicaragua Contras. Oct. 21, 1984 In his second debate with Mondale, Reagan quips: "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Nov. 4, 1984 Reagan defeats Mondale in landslide. Reagan carries 49 states -- 525 electoral votes to Mondale's 10, and 59% of the popular vote. Jan. 20, 1985 Listen to Reagan deliver his second inaugural address . June 1985 TWA Flight 847 from Athens is hijacked by terrorists. The pilot is forced to fly to Beirut, where hijackers beat and kill a Navy diver. The plane is flown to Algiers, then back to Beirut again. Most passengers are released; 39 are held captive in Lebanon. Reagan vows that the U.S. will never give in to terrorists' demands. The remaining hostages are freed after 17 days. July 13, 1985 Reagan undergoes surgery for colon cancer and is released from the hospital a week later. Nov. 19, 1985 Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev hold a "fireside" summit in Geneva. The leaders disagree on the Strategic Defense Initiative but pledge to meet again and seek a 50% cut in nuclear arms. Jan. 17, 1986 Reagan undergoes surgery for polyps on his colon. Jan. 28, 1986 The U.S. space shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after liftoff, killing all on board -- six astronauts and teacher Christa McAuliffe, the first civilian to go into space. April 14, 1986 Reagan orders air strikes against Libya in retaliation for the bombing of a West Berlin disco in which two U.S. servicemen were killed and more than 200 people were injured. Oct. 11, 1986 A Reagan-Gorbachev arms summit in Reykjavik, Iceland, ends without agreement after a rift over SDI. Nov. 13, 1986 Reagan admits sending some defensive weapons and spare parts to Iran but denies it was part of an arms-for-hostages deal. Listen to Reagan's denial of a deal . Nov. 25, 1986 National Security Adviser John Poindexter resigns and national security aide Col. Oliver North is fired in the widening Iran-Contra affair. In a press conference, Attorney General Edwin Meese announces that $10-$30 million of profits from the sale of U.S. arms to Iran had been diverted to the Nicaraguan Contras. Feb. 26, 1987 The Tower Commission report on Iran-Contra concludes that Reagan's passive management style allowed his staff to mislead him about the trade of arms to Iran for hostages held in Lebanon and to pursue a secret war against the Nicaraguan government. Feb. 27, 1987 Reagan yields to pressure from his advisers (including wife Nancy) to fire Chief of Staff Donald Regan. March 4, 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan sign a nuclear arms treaty at the White House in 1987. Photo: Reagan Presidential Library December 1987 In a Washington summit, Reagan and Gorbachev sign Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty to eliminate 4% of the superpowers' nuclear arsenals. It is the first U.S.-Soviet treaty to provide for destruction of nuclear weapons and to provide for on-site monitoring of the destruction. March 16, 1988 Oliver North, John Poindexter, and two others are indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring to defraud the U.S. government by secretly providing funds and supplies to the Contras. April 14, 1988 The Soviet Union agrees to begin withdrawing troops from Afghanistan. May 5, 1988 In his memoir For the Record, Donald Regan reveals that Nancy Reagan relied on an astrologer to set the dates for her husband's public appearances. May 27, 1988 The Senate ratifies the INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement since 1972's Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) to receive Senate approval. Nov. 8, 1988 Vice President George Bush defeats Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis to become the 41st president of the United States. Jan. 11, 1989 Reagan gives his farewell address to the nation, in which he says the so-called Reagan revolution "made a difference." Hear Reagan's farewell address . Jan. 20, 1989 George Bush is inaugurated. Reagan leaves the White House with the highest approval rating of any president since FDR. Reagan retires to California, travels, meets with various world leaders, and gives public speeches in support of charitable organizations, Republican candidates and causes. September 1989 Reagan undergoes surgery to remove fluid on his brain attributed to an incident a few months earlier in which he was knocked off a horse in Mexico. November 1989 The Berlin Wall comes down, allowing free movement between East and West Germany. February 1990 Reagan gives videotaped testimony in the Iran-Contra trial of former aide John Poindexter. December 1991 The Soviet Union is formally dissolved. Nov. 5, 1994 Reagan discloses in a letter that he has Alzheimer's disease. "I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life," he writes. "I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead." Read Reagan's letter . January 2001 Reagan undergoes surgery for broken hip he suffers in a fall at his Bel Air, Calif., home. Aug. 8, 2001 Maureen Reagan, Reagan's oldest daughter, dies at 60 after a long struggle with cancer. June 5, 2004 Ronald Reagan dies in California at the age of 93. Sources: Reagan Presidential Library, PBS's The American Experience, PBS Online

i don't know

Where did Reagan and Gorbachev have their Star Wars summit in October 19865?

Reagan and Gorbachev: Warming of a Relationship - latimes Reagan and Gorbachev: Warming of a Relationship June 02, 1988 |STANLEY MEISLER | Times Staff Writer MOSCOW — A handclasp and a walk in the woods in Geneva. Frigid stares and tight lips in the blustery cold of Reykjavik. The signing in Washington of a historic treaty on medium-range nuclear weapons. And now in Moscow, a walk through the heart of the "evil empire." The moods and images of the four summits of Ronald Reagan and Mikhail S. Gorbachev have differed in ways both subtle and striking. And the pattern tells the tale of the evolving relationship between the two men and the long-antagonistic nations they lead. Both leaders proclaimed Wednesday that they have built up trust over four meetings in less than three years. Any doubt about this surely vanished when President Reagan put his arm around Gorbachev in Moscow's Red Square this week and told a group of Russians nearby, "I'm glad we are standing here together like this." Unsteady Growth But the line of trust has not grown steadily from summit to summit. The mood, in fact, turned so down and dark at the second summit, in Reykjavik, that anyone there could hardly imagine the two men meeting again, let alone embracing each other in genuine warmth less than two years later. President Reagan met Gorbachev for the first time on Nov. 19, 1985, the first day of their celebrated summit in Geneva. Reagan was 74 years old, a politician who had built his career on rigid, steadfast anti-communism. Four years earlier, in one of his first presidential speeches, he had described the Soviet Union as "the evil empire" and had never seemed to change his mind. But in his second term as President, he was hoping to fix a place in history for himself by starting a disarmament dialogue with America's most powerful antagonist. Gorbachev, then 54, had taken over half a year earlier as leader of the Soviet Union. Not much was known about him. He seemed more sophisticated than previous leaders. He had a shrewd sense of public relations, and he had pledged to transform Soviet society. American Kremlinologists believed he needed a breather in the arms race to salvage his economy. The image of that first meeting was etched by a handshake and a walk. Gorbachev, wearing a coat and clutching his hat on a wind-chilled morning, rushed to the portico of a mansion by Lake Geneva to take the outstretched hand of President Reagan. The President smiled and seemed to joke. Gorbachev pointed at Reagan, a show of polite wonder at the hardiness of the President standing in the cold without a topcoat. Later in the afternoon of the wintry, clouded day, Reagan led Gorbachev in a tranquil walk in the woods by the lake. Their sessions, it was learned later, sometimes bristled with sharpness and bite and produced little, but the cordial handshake and the peaceful walk seemed to tell the world that two very different men had made contact, a start, and that seemed to count for something. In Moscow on Wednesday, Gorbachev could not keep from reminding Reagan of one of those images. When photographers called on the two leaders to shake hands for the cameras, Gorbachev told the President: "This recalls our first handshake in Geneva. The spontaneous handshake. The photographers at that time captured the atmosphere. It was a very interesting photo." American officials billed the second meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev at Reykjavik, Iceland, in October, 1986, as a mini-summit, a kind of trial run for an expected major summit a few months later. But Gorbachev came to Reykjavik prepared to do major business. The two men, extending their talks for several hours, came close to a dramatic agreement to eliminate half their long-range nuclear weapons in five years and all of them by the end of the century. But the deal foundered on Reagan's refusal to give up testing for his Strategic Defense Initiative, his cherished plan for a space-based "Star Wars" defense against nuclear weapons. Two Glum Men Failure and anger lined their features as they stepped out of the Icelandic government mansion where they had negotiated for two days. The smiles, the joking, the banter--all were gone in the cold dusk. The two men could manage no more than a perfunctory handshake, a cold stare with tight, rigid lips as they turned away from each other. In the gloom of an Icelandic capital shivering under wind and rain, summitry seemed over for the two glum men. Gorbachev and Reagan would not meet again until their lieutenants finally negotiated a treaty eliminating all the ground-launched intermediate-range missiles of the two superpowers. Gorbachev came to Washington last December, 14 months after Reykjavik, to sign the treaty with Reagan. In ceremonies that symbolized the third summit, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the treaty in the East Room of the White House on a heavy wooden table that once served Abraham Lincoln and his Cabinet. A new mood was set as well. Until then, whether in the first cordiality of Geneva or in the rancor of Reykjavik, the two men had always addressed each other by formal title, "Mr. General Secretary" and "Mr. President."

Iceland

Who was Walter Mondale's running mate in the 1984 election?

The Reykjavik Summit: The Story — The Reagan Vision The Reykjavik Summit   On October 11, 1986, halfway between Moscow and Washington, D.C., the leaders of the world’s two superpowers met at the stark and picturesque Hofdi House in Reykjavik, Iceland.  Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev had proposed the meeting to President Ronald Reagan less than thirty days before. The expectations for the summit at Reykjavik were low. Reagan and Gorbachev had established a personal relationship just one year before at their Geneva Summit. In Geneva they attempted to reach agreement on bilateral nuclear arms reductions. Since then, their negotiators had reached an impasse. Both leaders hoped a face to face meeting at Reykjavik might revive the negotiations. The talks between Reagan and Gorbachev at Reykjavik proceeded at a breakneck pace. Gorbachev agreed that human rights issues were a legitimate topic of discussion, something no previous Soviet leader had ever agreed to.  A proposal to eliminate all new strategic missiles grew into a discussion, for the first time in history, of the real possibility of eliminating nuclear weapons forever. Aides to both leaders were shocked by the pace of the discussions. A summit that began with low expectations had blossomed into one of the most dramatic and potentially productive summits of all time. At one point Reagan even described to Gorbachev how both men might return to Reykjavik in ten years, aged and retired leaders, to personally witness the dismantling of the world’s last remaining nuclear warhead. But one point of contention remained. Reagan was committed to see his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to completion.  Gorbachev, fearing an imbalance of power, was equally determined to make sure SDI would never be implemented. Reagan offered assurances to Gorbachev that the missile defense shield, which he had championed and funded despite widespread criticism at home,  was being developed not to gain an advantage, but to offer safety against accidents or outlaw nations. Reagan offered many times to share this technology with the Soviets, which Gorbachev refused to believe. Toward the end of the long and stressful final negotiations Gorbachev would accept continued development of SDI as long as testing was confined to the laboratory for the next ten years. Reagan would not agree. He could not and would not allow the division of his two-part strategy of the simultaneous elimination of nuclear weapons with the creation of a missile defense shield. After the negotiations broke down without a final agreement, Reagan wrote that he left the meeting knowing how close they had come to achieving his long goal of eliminating the threat of nuclear destruction, and that this was the angriest moment of his career. Despite failing to achieve either man’s ultimate goal, Reykjavik will be recorded as one of the most important summits in history.  A year after Reykjavik the U.S. and Soviet Union signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), for the first time eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons.  The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) was signed a few years later during President H.W Bush’s term. None of this progress would have been possible without the courage of two leaders to look beyond past hostilities and forge a new and lasting relationship, that would soon provide greater security for people around the world.        

i don't know

What was Ronald Reagan's last movie?

Ronald Reagan - Biography - IMDb Ronald Reagan Biography Showing all 174 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (96) | Personal Quotes  (66) | Salary  (4) Overview (5) 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (1) Ronald Reagan is, arguably, the most successful actor in history, having catapulted from a career as a Warner Bros. contract player and television star, into serving as president of the Screen Actors Guild, the governorship of California (1967-1975), and lastly, two terms as President of the United States (1981-1989). Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, to Nelle Clyde (Wilson) and John Edward "Jack" Reagan, who was a salesman and storyteller. His father was of Irish descent, and his mother was of half Scottish and half English ancestry. A successful actor beginning in the 1930s, the young Reagan was a staunch admirer of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (even after he evolved into a Republican), and was a Democrat in the 1940s, a self-described 'hemophilliac' liberal. He was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1947 and served five years during the most tumultuous times to ever hit Hollywood. A committed anti-communist, Reagan not only fought more-militantly activist movie industry unions that he and others felt had been infiltrated by communists, but had to deal with the investigation into Hollywood's politics launched by the House Un-Amercan Activities Committee in 1947, an inquisition that lasted through the 1950s. The House Un-American Activities Committee investigations of Hollywood (which led to the jailing of the "Hollywood Ten" in the late '40s) sowed the seeds of the McCarthyism that racked Hollywood and America in the 1950s. In 1950, U.S. Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas (D-CA), the wife of "Dutch" Reagan's friend Melvyn Douglas , ran as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate and was opposed by the Republican nominee, the Red-bating Congresman from Whittier, Richard Nixon . While Nixon did not go so far as to accuse Gahagan Douglas of being a communist herself, he did charge her with being soft on communism due to her opposition to the House Un-Amercan Activities Committee. Nixon tarred her as a "fellow traveler" of communists, a "pinko" who was "pink right down to her underwear." Gahagan Douglas was defeated by the man she was the first to call "Tricky Dicky" because of his unethical behavior and dirty campaign tactics. Reagan was on the Douglases' side during that campaign. The Douglases, like Reagan and such other prominent actors as Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson , were liberal Democrats, supporters of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, a legacy that increasingly was under attack by the right after World War II. They were NOT fellow-travelers; Melyvn Douglas had actually been an active anti-communist and was someone the communists despised. Melvyn Douglas, Robinson and Henry Fonda - a registered Republican! - wound up "gray-listed." (They weren't explicitly black-listed, they just weren't offered any work.) Reagan, who it was later revealed had been an F.B.I. informant while a union leader (turning in suspected communists), was never hurt that way, as he made S.A.G. an accomplice of the black-listing. Reagan's career sagged after the late 1940s, and he started appearing in B-movies after he left Warners to go free-lance. However, he had a eminence grise par excellence in Lew Wasserman , his agent and the head of the Music Corp. of America. Wasserman, later called "The Pope of Hollywood," was the genius who figured out that an actor could make a killing via a tax windfall by turning himself into a corporation. The corporation, which would employ the actor, would own part of a motion picture the actor appeared in, and all monies would accrue to the corporation, which was taxed at a much lower rate than was personal income. Wasserman pioneered this tax avoidance scheme with his client James Stewart , beginning with the Anthony Mann western Winchester '73 (1950) (1950). It made Stewart enormously rich as he became a top box office draw in the 1950s after the success of "Winchester 73" and several more Mann-directed westerns, all of which he had an ownership stake in. Ironically, Reagan became a poor-man's James Stewart in the early 1950s, appearing in westerns, but they were mostly B-pictures. He did not have the acting chops of the great Stewart, but he did have his agent. Wasserman at M.C.A. was one of the pioneers of television syndication, and this was to benefit Reagan enormously. M.C.A. was the only talent agency that was also allowed to be a producer through an exemption to union rules granted by S.A.G. when Reagan was the union president, and it used the exemption to acquire Universal International Pictures. Talent agents were not permitted to be producers as there was an inherent conflict of interest between the two professions, one of which was committed to acquiring talent at the lowest possible cost and the other whose focus was to get the best possible price for their client. When a talent agent was also a producer, like M.C.A. was, it had a habit of steering its clients to its own productions, where they were employed but at a lower price than their potential free market value. It was a system that made M.C.A. and Lew Wasserman, enormously wealthy. The ownership of Universal and its entry into the production of television shows that were syndicated to network made M.C.A. the most successful organization in Hollywood of its time, a real cash cow as television overtook the movies as the #1 business of the entertainment industry. Wasserman repaid Ronald Reagan's largess by structuring a deal by which he hosted and owned part of General Electric Theater (1953), a western omnibus showcase that ran from 1954 to 1961. It made Reagan very comfortable financially, though it did not make him rich. That came later. In 1960, with the election of the Democratic President John F. Kennedy , the black and gray lists went into eclipse. J.F.K. appointed Helen Gahagan Douglas Treasurer of the United States. About this time, as the civil rights movement became stronger and found more support among Democrats and the Kennedy administration, Reagan - fresh from a second stint as S.A.G. president in 1959 - was in the process of undergoing a personal and political metamorphosis into a right-wing Republican, a process that culminated with his endorsing Barry Goldwater for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964. (He narrated a Goldwater campaign film played at the G.O.P. Convention in San Francisco.) Reagan's evolution into a right-wing Republican sundered his friendship with the Douglases. (After Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, Melvyn Douglas said of his former friend that Reagan turned to the right after he had begun to believe the pro-business speeches he delivered for General Electric when he was the host of the "G.E. Theater.") In 1959, while Reagan was back as a second go-round as S.A.G. president, M.C.A.'s exemption from S.A.G. regulations that forbade a talent agency from being a producer was renewed. However, in 1962, the U.S. Justice Department under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy successfully forced M.C.A. - known as "The Octopus" in Hollywood for its monopolistic tendencies - to divest itself of its talent agency. When Reagan was tipped by the California Republican Party to be its standard-bearer in the 1965 gubernatorial election against Democratic Governor Pat Brown, Lew Wasserman went back in action. Politics makes strange bedfellows, and though Wasserman was a liberal Democrat, having an old friend like Reagan who had shown his loyalty as S.A.G. president in the state house was good for business. Wasserman and his partner, M.C.A. Chairman Jules Styne (a Republican), helped ensure that Reagan would be financially secure for the rest of his life so that he could enter politics. (At the time, he was the host of "Death Valley Days" on TV.) According to the Wall Street Journal, Universal sold Reagan a nice piece of land of many acres north of Santa Barbara that had been used for location shooting. The Reagans sold most of the ranch, then converted the rest of it, about 200 acres, into a magnificent estate overlooking the valley and the Pacific Ocean. The Rancho del Cielo became President Reagan's much needed counterpoint to the buzz of Washington, D.C. There, in a setting both rugged and serene, the Reagans could spend time alone or receive political leaders such as the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , Margaret Thatcher, and others. Reagan was known to the world for his one-liners, the most famous of them was addressed to Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. "Mister Gorbachev, tear down this wall" said Reagan standing in front of the Berlin Wall. That call made an impact on the course of human history. Ronald Reagan played many roles in his life's seven acts: radio announcer, movie star, union boss, television actor-cum-host, governor, right-wing critic of big government and President of the United States. Spouses William Holden and Brenda Marshall served as Best Man and Matron of Honor at his wedding to Nancy Reagan in 1952. 40th president of the United States (20 January 1981 - 20 January 1989). Governor of California. Term of service: 2 January 1967 - 6 January 1975. President of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and 1959-1960. Graduate of Eureka College (1932). Son of John Edward Reagan and Nelle Clyde Wilson Reagan. Was a sports announcer in Des Moines, Iowa, before becoming an actor in 1937. Member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Was presented with George Gipp's letterman's sweater by the University of Notre Dame football team on January 18, 1989, two days before leaving the White House, and his two-term Vice President, 'George Herbert Walker Bush', became President. Younger brother of Neil Reagan (1908-1996). When he was a young man, he had a part-time job as a lifeguard. He once had to retrieve an old man's dentures at the bottom of the pool and did so without hesitating. On Thursday, October 11th, 2001, he became the oldest ex-president in U. S. history, surpassing the previous record-holder, of John Adams . His own record was surpassed on Sunday, November 12, 2006, by Gerald Ford . While President of the USA, his Secret Service codename was "Rawhide". (May 16th 2002) Awarded the United States Congressional Gold Medal for ending the "Cold War" against Russia, along with his wife Nancy Reagan , for fighting substance abuse among American youths. When Reagan's long-time friend and first Hollywood agent, studio mogul Lew Wasserman , died on 3 June 2002, AP reported that their friendship was the subject of a controversial book called "Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA and the Mob" (1988). The book reviewed the federal investgation into the Reagan- Wasserman relationship and charges that alleged payoffs were made in the 1950s by Wasserman's mammoth MCA agency to Reagan and some of his fellow officers of the Screen Actors Guild. Ultimately, Reagan was cleared in the inquiry. Because of his Alzheimer's disease, he was unaware that his daughter Maureen Reagan had died. Wife Nancy Reagan chose not to tell him. Was the first guest of honor on the Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, in 1973. Although he was 30 when the United States entered World War II, he volunteered for military service. He was turned down for combat duty due to his poor eyesight. For two weeks in 1954, Reagan opened as a stand-up comic at the Ramona Room of the Hotel Last Frontier in Las Vegas, Nevada. Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1989. On Tuesday, March 14, 1972, during his second term as governor of California, he expunged the criminal record of country-western singer Merle Haggard , granting him a full pardon. Influenced by the Martin Scorsese film Taxi Driver (1976), John Hinckley --the son of a prominent Republican family from Colorado--tried to assassinate Reagan in 1981 in order to impress actress Jodie Foster . Foster had won her first Oscar nomination for the film, in which Robert De Niro 's character, "Travis Bickle", tried to assassinate a liberal Democratic presidential candidate to impress Betsy ( Cybill Shepherd ), the woman he is obsessed with. Hinckley was acquitted by a jury on reasons of insanity and (as of 2010) remains incarcerated in a psychiatric facility. He was the first president to beat the "zero factor." Before him, every president elected in a year ending in zero (beginning with 1840) had died in office. Originally was a very liberal member of the Democratic Party, but eventually converted to the Republican Party in 1962, when he was fifty-one. He gave a highly acclaimed speech in support of Barry Goldwater during the 1964 Presidential election. At the time of his death he was the longest-living President of the United States, at age 93 years and 120 days. This record was broken by former President Gerald Ford on Monday, November 12, 2006. Their age difference, in days alone, was only 45 days. Reagan's lifetime lasted 34,088 days, and Ford's lasted 34,133 days. Amidst the panic at the hospital after Reagan's assassination attempt, a Secret Service agent was asked information for Reagan's admission forms. The intern asked for Reagan's last name. The agent, who was quite surprised at the question, responded "Reagan". The intern then asked for Reagan's first name. The agent, again surprised, responded "Ronald". The intern didn't look up, instead he unassumingly asked for Reagan's address. The agent paused for a few moments in great surprise before saying "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue". That got the intern's attention. Became the first president to have a state funeral in Washington, D.C. since Lyndon Johnson in 1973. Had a photographic memory. In 1978, after having served as governor of California but before running for President, Reagan came out against The Briggs Initiative, a ballot initiative introduced by a right-wing Republican state senator named John Briggs, which would have made it illegal for homosexuals to be employed as teachers in the California school system. Reagan strongly and vocally opposed the measure, saying that it infringed upon basic human rights and bordered on being unconstitutional. He is largely credited for turning public opinion against the measure and it was defeated in the election. He never actually broadcast Cubs games, he re-created them from telegraph reports while working for Des Moines radio station WHO in the 1930s. He demonstrated the technique of making it sound like he was actually at the games to Cubs broadcaster Harry Caray when he made a guest appearance during part of a Cubs telecast in the 1980s. He was offered, a role, in animation, of a guest appearance and an off screen voice, on The Simpsons (1989), but refused their offer. In the film, American Beauty (1999), the Fitts family ( Chris Cooper , Allison Janney and Wes Bentley ) can be seen watching one of Reagan's wartime films, This Is the Army (1943). He played Chicago Cubs hurler Grover Cleveland Alexander in the film, The Winning Team (1952). He also served temporarily, as a broadcaster for WGN Radio, which broadcasts Cubs baseball games. A month after his death, items from his burial and week-long public viewing were selling fast on the online auction site eBay. The company has sold 780 pieces of Reagan funeral memorabilia since June 11, 2004, for a total of $66,000. The items range from programs (sold for up to $1,525 each) from the interment at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, CA, to gratitude cards given to mourners who visited his casket. Pictured on a 60¢ memorial postage stamp issued by the Republic of the Marshall Islands 4 July, 2004, the first memorial to be issued in his honor. The first President since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms in office. The former President was buried at his presidential library in Simi Valley, California. Only United States President to have appeared in a shirt advertisement. Pictured on a USA 37¢ commemorative postage stamp issued 9 February 2005. When the first-class letter rate was raised to 39¢ in January 2006, the US Postal Service received an unprecedented number of requests to reissue the stamp at the higher value. The 39¢ postage stamp was issued on 14 June 2006, using the same design as the earlier stamp. He was the first former American president to die in the 21st century. Rumored studio publicity claimed that he was scheduled to play Rick Blaine in Casablanca (1942); however, this was never the case. His first bid for the Presidency was actually in 1968, when he finished 3rd in the balloting at the GOP national convention behind Richard Nixon and Nelson Rockefeller . As the Constitution, in practical terms, forbids the president and vice president from being from the same state (a rule that binds the electoral college), Reagan was not considered for the vice presidency when Spiro Agnew resigned in 1973. Besides, though Reagan supported his fellow Californian Nixon for president, the two were never close. In 1976, he challenged incumbent Gerald Ford (the man whom Nixon appointed Vice President to replace Agnew) for the Republican nomination, won several primaries, but narrowly lost the nomination at the convention. Though Ford confided in people he was considering a run for the presidency in 1980 to forestall Reagan's ascendancy, he never did and Reagan won the nomination and the presidency. Received more electoral votes than any other president in history, winning by 525 (out of 538) in his 1984 re-election campaign when he racked up 49 of 50 states in beating Jimmy Carter 's vice president Walter Mondale . Was considered to be the most conservative United States President since Herbert Hoover . Member of the Eureka College cheerleading squad. His last public appearance was at Richard Nixon 's funeral in April 1994. Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences (AMPAS). knighted by Queen Elizabeth II , received an honorary British knighthood, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. This entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters GCB, but did not entitle him to be known as "Sir Ronald Reagan". [June 1989] During the 1980 Presidential campaign, incumbent President Jimmy Carter publicly criticized Reagan for launching his campaign with a speech on states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi, the site of the 1964 murder of three civil rights workers immortalized in the film Mississippi Burning (1988). Carter, a former governor of the Deep South state of Georgia who had run as a racial moderate in 1970, noted that the phrase "states' rights" was a code word for segregation, as Southerners opposed to federally mandated integration of the races under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 claimed that such mandates "violated" state laws and local customs and were unconstitutional abrogations of the rights of their states to police themselves. Reagan, who had used his opposition to state equal housing laws to defeat Gov. Edmund G. Brown in the 1965 California governor's race, disavowed any racist intent and the issue was ignored by most voters and pundits. After his presidency he and Nancy Reagan moved to 666 St. Cloud Road in Bel Air, California which Ronald lived in until his death. Nancy had the address changed from 666 to 668 due to the fact 666 is known as the devil's number. The house is down the street from 805 St. Cloud Road, the house used in the TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990). While as an actor he is thought of mostly as a Western/Action-Adventure star, his two best-remembered lines were from straight dramatic roles and delivered while he was flat on his back in bed, his character either dying or horribly crippled: "Win just one more for the Gipper!" in Knute Rockne All American (1940) and "Where's the rest of me?" in Kings Row (1942). His famous nickname "The Great Communicator", was not earned but was requested. Reagan asked for it during his farewell address in 1989. His state funeral service took place on the 25th anniversary of the death of his close friend and ally John Wayne . Spent World War II making Army training films for Hal Roach Studios. Reagan and his wife Nancy were close friends of Rock Hudson , whose death in 1985 spurred the President to provide funds for AIDS research. His closest friend in Hollywood was Robert Taylor . Reagan was the first "true blue" conservative to win the Republican nomination and be elected President since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Underwent hip replacement surgery in January 2001. Although Reagan did not formally become a Republican until 1962, he never endorsed a Democrat after Helen Gahagan 1950 and voted for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. He also actively campaigned for Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. Continued to play golf with several friends including Bob Hope and Kevin Costner until 1996. The oldest man to serve as US President, he took office only 17 days before his 70th birthday and left office 17 days before his 78th. He was, in fact, older than four of the previous five presidents: John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and Jimmy Carter . Emceed the first PATSY Awards show (1951) where Francis the Talking Mule was the very first winner. PATSY is an acronym for: Picture Animal Top Star of the Year. As Captain in the U.S. Army, Reagan signed Major Clark Gable 's discharge papers in June 1944. He was of Irish descent on his father's side, and of Scottish and English descent on his mother's side. His paternal grandfather, John Michael Reagan, was born in Peckham, co. Kent, England, to Irish parents, and his paternal grandmother, Jennie Cusick, was born in Dixon, Illinois, also to Irish parents. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Wilson, also an Illinois native, was of Scottish descent (partly by way of Canada), and his maternal grandmother, Mary Ann Elsey, was English, from Epsom, co. Surrey. His paternal great-grandfather, Michael Regan, emigrated to the US from Ballyporeen, Ireland, in the 1860s. Ballyporeen, a tiny rural farming town in County Tipperary, is located in the south-central part of the country and its inhabitants are frequently referred to as "Midlanders". The Regans were one of three primary families, or "clans", that populated St. Mary's Parish in the village of Ballyporeen. The Ronald Reagan Visitors Centre was built down the street from St. Mary's Church following his visit to his ancestral home in the mid-1980s. The spelling of the family name Regan was changed to Reagan after they arrived in the US. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume 7, 2003-2005, pages 446-452. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2007. Honored world champion surfer David Nuuhiwa with a gold medal for Merit. Although Reagan advertised cigarettes during his time in Hollywood, he is believed never to have taken up the habit in real life. Some early photographs show him holding a pipe, but it never seems to have been lit. In later life he was very anti-smoking, especially since his best friend Robert Taylor died of lung cancer at the age of 57, and his older brother Neil Reagan lost a vocal chord in cancer surgery. Only US President to head a labor union (as president of the Screen Actors Guild 1947-1952/1959-1960). To date (2013), first (and only) divorced US President (from Jane Wyman in 1948). Both of his children with Nancy Reagan , Ron Reagan and Patti Davis , became liberal Democrats. The first US President since John F. Kennedy to die before his predecessor. Erroneously attributed the "Ten Cannots" to Abraham Lincoln during the 1992 Republican National Convention ("You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong, etc.") Lincoln has been widely and inaccurately credited with the list, but it was actually written by Rev. William J.H. Boetcker in 1916, over 60 years after Lincoln's assassination. Maryland Lieutenant Governor (and future RNC chairman) Michael Steele made the same mistake during his speech to the 2004 Republican Convention. Pictured on a nondenominated 'forever' USA commemorative postage stamp issued 10 February 2011, four days after the 100th anniversary of his birth. The original issue price was 44¢. Reagan and Jane Wyman had a daughter Christine who was born June 26, 1947, and lived 9 hours. As a child, Reagan's daughter Patti Davis hated political talk so much that whenever politics came up at the dinner table she would deliberately fall out of her seat. This always changed the topic. Inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 2011. He hosted Warren Beatty at the White House for a screening of the latter's film Reds (1981). Despite their vast political differences, Reagan and Beatty were old friends as Hollywood actors. Was a Boy Scout. Richard Nixon may have been the only US President to have actually met Elvis Presley , but Reagan's daughter Maureen Reagan appeared with Presley in Kissin' Cousins (1964). While married to actress Jane Wyman , the couple resided at 9137 Cordell Drive in Los Angeles (CA). The estate, built in 1942, fetched $8.5 million when sold in September 2012. Favorite film was High Noon (1952). He is mentioned in the lyrics of the Sting song "Russians" from his first solo album "The Dream of the Blue Turtles". Released in 1985 while Reagan was President, the song is about the escalating tensions of the Cold War and was a criticism of the way politicians on both sides were refusing to back down. It includes the line "Mr. Reagan says we will protect you, I don't subscribe to this point of view". The song became a top 20 hit in the UK and the USA, as well as a chart hit in many other countries. Inducted into the Eureka College Athletics Hall of Fame in 1982. Doug McClelland's 1983 book, "Hollywood on Ronald Reagan" contains comments from Reagan's show business colleagues. Virginia Christine, famous as Mrs. Olson, TV's spokeswoman for Folger's Coffee, worked with the future President as recently as "The Killers." She tersely commented on her co-star, "I just can't place him.". Favorite drink was fine wine from west coast vineyards. Announced the Strategic Defense Initiative as "Star Wars" after Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977). The Stephen King novel Doctor Sleep has one of the characters describe Reagan as "still having an actor's hair after becoming President, and an actor's charming but untrustworthy smile". His surname comes from an Irish surname, an Anglicized form of Ó Ríagáin meaning "descendant of Riagán", meaning "impulsive". His name is a Scottish form of the Old Norse name Ragnvaldr, meaning "advisory ruler" or "ruling council". According to Soviet spy Jack Barsky, the Russians were afraid of three things: AIDS, Jewish people and Ronald Reagan; with Reagan taking the top spot. His support for the UK during the Falklands War violated the Monroe Doctrine. Personal Quotes (66) [at the Berlin Wall, 1987] Mr. Gorbachev [Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev ], tear down this wall! The best view of government is seen on a rear view mirror as one is driving away from it. [in the 1980 campaign] Recession is when your neighbor loses his job. Depression is when you lose yours. Recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his. [1964] I love three things in life: drama, politics and sports and I'm not sure they always come in that order. [1980] I remember some of my own views when I was quite young. For heaven's sake, I was even a Democrat! [to his wife after the assassination attempt] Honey, I forgot to duck. [to his doctors prior to going into surgery after being shot] I hope all of you are Republicans. [semi-consciously, to the nurse who hauled him on the gurney] Does Nancy [wife Nancy Reagan ] know about us? [1980] I know what it's like to pull the Republican lever for the first time, because I used to be a Democrat myself, and I can tell you it only hurts for a minute and then it feels just great. [1985] I've been criticized for going over the heads of the Congress. So, what's the fuss? A lot of things go over their heads. America is too great to dream small dreams. [from the Alzheimer's letter] I now begin the journey that will lead me to the sunset of my life. I know that for America, there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards; if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book. You can tell a lot about a fellow's character by his way of eating jellybeans. Government is not the solution to our problems. Government IS the problem! [in a 1984 presidential debate, referring to Walter Mondale (born 1928), who was age 56, 17 years younger than Reagan] I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience. All the waste in a year from a nuclear power plant can be stored under a desk. Fascism was really the basis for the New Deal. [on Vietnam] I have a feeling that we are doing better in the war than the people have been told. [Carmel, CA, June 1990] You may think this a little mystical, and I've said it many times before, but I believe there was a Divine Plan to place this great continent here between the two oceans to be found by peoples from every corner of the earth. I believe we were preordained to carry the torch of freedom for the world. I have left orders to be awakened at any time in case of national emergency - even if I'm in a Cabinet meeting. [During a microphone check on August 11 1984, unaware that he was being broadcast] My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes. Trees cause more pollution than automobiles. They say hard work never hurt anybody, but I figure why take the chance. Well, I learned a lot . . . I went down to Latin America to find out from them and [learn] their views. You'd be surprised. They're all individual countries. We are trying to get unemployment to go up and I think we're going to succeed. When I go in for a physical, they no longer ask how old I am. They just carbon-date me. [from a 1950s interview] Nobody ever "went Hollywood". They were already that way when they got here. Hollywood just brought it out in them. Approximately 80% of our air pollution stems from hydrocarbons released by vegetation, so let's not go overboard in setting and enforcing tough emission standards. Abortion is advocated only by persons who have themselves been born. Tonight is a very special night, although at my age, every night is a special night. [His opinion of the Klingon warriors he saw during a visit to the set of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)] I like them. They remind me of Congress. [During his re-election campaign in 1984] America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside our hearts; it rests in the message of hope in songs of a man so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen . And helping you make your dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about. [confirming his 1984 re-election victory to the crowd chanting "Four more years"] I think that's just been arranged. A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. I can't do a damn thing until I'm elected! If I could paraphrase a well-known statement by Will Rogers that he never met a man he didn't like, I'm afraid we have some people around here who never met a tax they didn't like. [at the 1980 presidential debate, when Jimmy Carter accused him of opposing Medicare] There you go again. [from his Presidential Farewell Address] I've spoken of the shining city all my political life, but I don't know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it. But in my mind it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace; a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity. And if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. That's how I saw it, and see it still. [in 1992, regarding Bill Clinton , in a paraphrase of Lloyd Bentsen from the 1988 presidential election] This fellow they've nominated claims he's the new Thomas Jefferson . Well, let me tell you something: I knew Thomas Jefferson. He was a friend of mine. And governor, you're no Thomas Jefferson. Of the four wars in my lifetime, none came about because the U.S. was too strong. If we ever forget that we're one nation under God, then we will be a nation gone under. The taxpayer: that's someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take the civil service examination. No arsenal or no weapon in the arsenals of the world is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women. [Notre Dame University. 17 May, 1981] The years ahead will be great ones for our country, for the cause of freedom and the spread of civilization. The West will not contain Communism, it will transcend Communism. We will not bother to denounce it, we'll dismiss it as a sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages are even now being written. [in a 1981 videotaped Oscar tribute] Film is forever. I've been trapped in some films forever myself. [comparing politics to prostitution, known as the world's oldest profession] Politics is supposed to be the second-oldest profession. I have come to understand that it bears a very close resemblance to the first. It isn't that liberals are ignorant. It's just that they know so much that isn't so. The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and "slipped the surly bonds of earth" to "touch the face of God." Freedom and Security go together. [speech at the Republican National Convention, Aug. 17, 1992.] Whatever else history may say about me when I'm gone, I hope it will record that I appealed to your best hopes, not your worst fears; to your confidence rather than your doubts. My dream is that you will travel the road ahead with liberty's lamp guiding your steps and opportunity's arm steadying your way. I know in my heart that man is good, and that what's right will always - eventually - triumph. And that there's purpose and worth to each and every life. Status quo, you know is Latin for "the mess we're in". [To Warren Beatty ] I don't know how anybody can serve in public office without being an actor. All great change in America starts at the dinner table. Government's view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: if it moves, tax it; if it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidize it. Republicans believe every day is the fourth of July, but the Democrats believe every day is April the 15th. We have some hippies in California. For those of you who don't know what a hippie is, he's a fellow who has hair like Tarzan, who walks like Jane and who smells like Cheetah. We can't help everyone but everyone can help someone. Economists are people who wonder if what works in reality can also work in theory. Government is a like a baby: an alimentary canal with a big appetite at one end and no sense of responsibility at the other. [on the death of Rita Hayworth from Alzheimer's disease, a disease which Reagan would be afflicted with just a few years after Hayworth's death] Rita Hayworth was one of our country's most beloved stars. Glamorous and talented, she gave us many wonderful moments on the stage and screen and delighted audiences from the time she was a young girl. [to the viewers at the 1980 presidential debate] Are you better off now than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we're as strong as we were four years ago? And if you answer all of those questions "yes", why then, I think your choice is very obvious as to whom you will vote for. If you don't agree, if you don't think that this course that we've been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have. [In 1985 after having his nose surgery he arrived at the White House briefing with a patch on his nose he opened the news conference saying (with a smile)] Not wanting you to lose any sleep at night, let me explain the patch on my nose [In 1985, after having additional cancer cells removed from his nose] Yesterday afternoon, when we came back from Chicago, I went over there in the White House to the doctor's office and he did the additional work, and biopsy revealed there were some cancer cells and now I have a verdict of, my nose is clean. The most terrifying words in the English Language are: I'm from the Government and I'm here to help. Salary (4)

The Killers

Who was Ronald Regan's first Secretary of State?

Ronald Reagan - Biography - IMDb Ronald Reagan Biography Showing all 174 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (96) | Personal Quotes  (66) | Salary  (4) Overview (5) 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (1) Ronald Reagan is, arguably, the most successful actor in history, having catapulted from a career as a Warner Bros. contract player and television star, into serving as president of the Screen Actors Guild, the governorship of California (1967-1975), and lastly, two terms as President of the United States (1981-1989). Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, to Nelle Clyde (Wilson) and John Edward "Jack" Reagan, who was a salesman and storyteller. His father was of Irish descent, and his mother was of half Scottish and half English ancestry. A successful actor beginning in the 1930s, the young Reagan was a staunch admirer of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (even after he evolved into a Republican), and was a Democrat in the 1940s, a self-described 'hemophilliac' liberal. He was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1947 and served five years during the most tumultuous times to ever hit Hollywood. A committed anti-communist, Reagan not only fought more-militantly activist movie industry unions that he and others felt had been infiltrated by communists, but had to deal with the investigation into Hollywood's politics launched by the House Un-Amercan Activities Committee in 1947, an inquisition that lasted through the 1950s. The House Un-American Activities Committee investigations of Hollywood (which led to the jailing of the "Hollywood Ten" in the late '40s) sowed the seeds of the McCarthyism that racked Hollywood and America in the 1950s. In 1950, U.S. Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas (D-CA), the wife of "Dutch" Reagan's friend Melvyn Douglas , ran as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate and was opposed by the Republican nominee, the Red-bating Congresman from Whittier, Richard Nixon . While Nixon did not go so far as to accuse Gahagan Douglas of being a communist herself, he did charge her with being soft on communism due to her opposition to the House Un-Amercan Activities Committee. Nixon tarred her as a "fellow traveler" of communists, a "pinko" who was "pink right down to her underwear." Gahagan Douglas was defeated by the man she was the first to call "Tricky Dicky" because of his unethical behavior and dirty campaign tactics. Reagan was on the Douglases' side during that campaign. The Douglases, like Reagan and such other prominent actors as Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson , were liberal Democrats, supporters of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, a legacy that increasingly was under attack by the right after World War II. They were NOT fellow-travelers; Melyvn Douglas had actually been an active anti-communist and was someone the communists despised. Melvyn Douglas, Robinson and Henry Fonda - a registered Republican! - wound up "gray-listed." (They weren't explicitly black-listed, they just weren't offered any work.) Reagan, who it was later revealed had been an F.B.I. informant while a union leader (turning in suspected communists), was never hurt that way, as he made S.A.G. an accomplice of the black-listing. Reagan's career sagged after the late 1940s, and he started appearing in B-movies after he left Warners to go free-lance. However, he had a eminence grise par excellence in Lew Wasserman , his agent and the head of the Music Corp. of America. Wasserman, later called "The Pope of Hollywood," was the genius who figured out that an actor could make a killing via a tax windfall by turning himself into a corporation. The corporation, which would employ the actor, would own part of a motion picture the actor appeared in, and all monies would accrue to the corporation, which was taxed at a much lower rate than was personal income. Wasserman pioneered this tax avoidance scheme with his client James Stewart , beginning with the Anthony Mann western Winchester '73 (1950) (1950). It made Stewart enormously rich as he became a top box office draw in the 1950s after the success of "Winchester 73" and several more Mann-directed westerns, all of which he had an ownership stake in. Ironically, Reagan became a poor-man's James Stewart in the early 1950s, appearing in westerns, but they were mostly B-pictures. He did not have the acting chops of the great Stewart, but he did have his agent. Wasserman at M.C.A. was one of the pioneers of television syndication, and this was to benefit Reagan enormously. M.C.A. was the only talent agency that was also allowed to be a producer through an exemption to union rules granted by S.A.G. when Reagan was the union president, and it used the exemption to acquire Universal International Pictures. Talent agents were not permitted to be producers as there was an inherent conflict of interest between the two professions, one of which was committed to acquiring talent at the lowest possible cost and the other whose focus was to get the best possible price for their client. When a talent agent was also a producer, like M.C.A. was, it had a habit of steering its clients to its own productions, where they were employed but at a lower price than their potential free market value. It was a system that made M.C.A. and Lew Wasserman, enormously wealthy. The ownership of Universal and its entry into the production of television shows that were syndicated to network made M.C.A. the most successful organization in Hollywood of its time, a real cash cow as television overtook the movies as the #1 business of the entertainment industry. Wasserman repaid Ronald Reagan's largess by structuring a deal by which he hosted and owned part of General Electric Theater (1953), a western omnibus showcase that ran from 1954 to 1961. It made Reagan very comfortable financially, though it did not make him rich. That came later. In 1960, with the election of the Democratic President John F. Kennedy , the black and gray lists went into eclipse. J.F.K. appointed Helen Gahagan Douglas Treasurer of the United States. About this time, as the civil rights movement became stronger and found more support among Democrats and the Kennedy administration, Reagan - fresh from a second stint as S.A.G. president in 1959 - was in the process of undergoing a personal and political metamorphosis into a right-wing Republican, a process that culminated with his endorsing Barry Goldwater for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964. (He narrated a Goldwater campaign film played at the G.O.P. Convention in San Francisco.) Reagan's evolution into a right-wing Republican sundered his friendship with the Douglases. (After Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, Melvyn Douglas said of his former friend that Reagan turned to the right after he had begun to believe the pro-business speeches he delivered for General Electric when he was the host of the "G.E. Theater.") In 1959, while Reagan was back as a second go-round as S.A.G. president, M.C.A.'s exemption from S.A.G. regulations that forbade a talent agency from being a producer was renewed. However, in 1962, the U.S. Justice Department under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy successfully forced M.C.A. - known as "The Octopus" in Hollywood for its monopolistic tendencies - to divest itself of its talent agency. When Reagan was tipped by the California Republican Party to be its standard-bearer in the 1965 gubernatorial election against Democratic Governor Pat Brown, Lew Wasserman went back in action. Politics makes strange bedfellows, and though Wasserman was a liberal Democrat, having an old friend like Reagan who had shown his loyalty as S.A.G. president in the state house was good for business. Wasserman and his partner, M.C.A. Chairman Jules Styne (a Republican), helped ensure that Reagan would be financially secure for the rest of his life so that he could enter politics. (At the time, he was the host of "Death Valley Days" on TV.) According to the Wall Street Journal, Universal sold Reagan a nice piece of land of many acres north of Santa Barbara that had been used for location shooting. The Reagans sold most of the ranch, then converted the rest of it, about 200 acres, into a magnificent estate overlooking the valley and the Pacific Ocean. The Rancho del Cielo became President Reagan's much needed counterpoint to the buzz of Washington, D.C. There, in a setting both rugged and serene, the Reagans could spend time alone or receive political leaders such as the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , Margaret Thatcher, and others. Reagan was known to the world for his one-liners, the most famous of them was addressed to Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. "Mister Gorbachev, tear down this wall" said Reagan standing in front of the Berlin Wall. That call made an impact on the course of human history. Ronald Reagan played many roles in his life's seven acts: radio announcer, movie star, union boss, television actor-cum-host, governor, right-wing critic of big government and President of the United States. Spouses William Holden and Brenda Marshall served as Best Man and Matron of Honor at his wedding to Nancy Reagan in 1952. 40th president of the United States (20 January 1981 - 20 January 1989). Governor of California. Term of service: 2 January 1967 - 6 January 1975. President of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and 1959-1960. Graduate of Eureka College (1932). Son of John Edward Reagan and Nelle Clyde Wilson Reagan. Was a sports announcer in Des Moines, Iowa, before becoming an actor in 1937. Member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Was presented with George Gipp's letterman's sweater by the University of Notre Dame football team on January 18, 1989, two days before leaving the White House, and his two-term Vice President, 'George Herbert Walker Bush', became President. Younger brother of Neil Reagan (1908-1996). When he was a young man, he had a part-time job as a lifeguard. He once had to retrieve an old man's dentures at the bottom of the pool and did so without hesitating. On Thursday, October 11th, 2001, he became the oldest ex-president in U. S. history, surpassing the previous record-holder, of John Adams . His own record was surpassed on Sunday, November 12, 2006, by Gerald Ford . While President of the USA, his Secret Service codename was "Rawhide". (May 16th 2002) Awarded the United States Congressional Gold Medal for ending the "Cold War" against Russia, along with his wife Nancy Reagan , for fighting substance abuse among American youths. When Reagan's long-time friend and first Hollywood agent, studio mogul Lew Wasserman , died on 3 June 2002, AP reported that their friendship was the subject of a controversial book called "Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA and the Mob" (1988). The book reviewed the federal investgation into the Reagan- Wasserman relationship and charges that alleged payoffs were made in the 1950s by Wasserman's mammoth MCA agency to Reagan and some of his fellow officers of the Screen Actors Guild. Ultimately, Reagan was cleared in the inquiry. Because of his Alzheimer's disease, he was unaware that his daughter Maureen Reagan had died. Wife Nancy Reagan chose not to tell him. Was the first guest of honor on the Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, in 1973. Although he was 30 when the United States entered World War II, he volunteered for military service. He was turned down for combat duty due to his poor eyesight. For two weeks in 1954, Reagan opened as a stand-up comic at the Ramona Room of the Hotel Last Frontier in Las Vegas, Nevada. Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1989. On Tuesday, March 14, 1972, during his second term as governor of California, he expunged the criminal record of country-western singer Merle Haggard , granting him a full pardon. Influenced by the Martin Scorsese film Taxi Driver (1976), John Hinckley --the son of a prominent Republican family from Colorado--tried to assassinate Reagan in 1981 in order to impress actress Jodie Foster . Foster had won her first Oscar nomination for the film, in which Robert De Niro 's character, "Travis Bickle", tried to assassinate a liberal Democratic presidential candidate to impress Betsy ( Cybill Shepherd ), the woman he is obsessed with. Hinckley was acquitted by a jury on reasons of insanity and (as of 2010) remains incarcerated in a psychiatric facility. He was the first president to beat the "zero factor." Before him, every president elected in a year ending in zero (beginning with 1840) had died in office. Originally was a very liberal member of the Democratic Party, but eventually converted to the Republican Party in 1962, when he was fifty-one. He gave a highly acclaimed speech in support of Barry Goldwater during the 1964 Presidential election. At the time of his death he was the longest-living President of the United States, at age 93 years and 120 days. This record was broken by former President Gerald Ford on Monday, November 12, 2006. Their age difference, in days alone, was only 45 days. Reagan's lifetime lasted 34,088 days, and Ford's lasted 34,133 days. Amidst the panic at the hospital after Reagan's assassination attempt, a Secret Service agent was asked information for Reagan's admission forms. The intern asked for Reagan's last name. The agent, who was quite surprised at the question, responded "Reagan". The intern then asked for Reagan's first name. The agent, again surprised, responded "Ronald". The intern didn't look up, instead he unassumingly asked for Reagan's address. The agent paused for a few moments in great surprise before saying "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue". That got the intern's attention. Became the first president to have a state funeral in Washington, D.C. since Lyndon Johnson in 1973. Had a photographic memory. In 1978, after having served as governor of California but before running for President, Reagan came out against The Briggs Initiative, a ballot initiative introduced by a right-wing Republican state senator named John Briggs, which would have made it illegal for homosexuals to be employed as teachers in the California school system. Reagan strongly and vocally opposed the measure, saying that it infringed upon basic human rights and bordered on being unconstitutional. He is largely credited for turning public opinion against the measure and it was defeated in the election. He never actually broadcast Cubs games, he re-created them from telegraph reports while working for Des Moines radio station WHO in the 1930s. He demonstrated the technique of making it sound like he was actually at the games to Cubs broadcaster Harry Caray when he made a guest appearance during part of a Cubs telecast in the 1980s. He was offered, a role, in animation, of a guest appearance and an off screen voice, on The Simpsons (1989), but refused their offer. In the film, American Beauty (1999), the Fitts family ( Chris Cooper , Allison Janney and Wes Bentley ) can be seen watching one of Reagan's wartime films, This Is the Army (1943). He played Chicago Cubs hurler Grover Cleveland Alexander in the film, The Winning Team (1952). He also served temporarily, as a broadcaster for WGN Radio, which broadcasts Cubs baseball games. A month after his death, items from his burial and week-long public viewing were selling fast on the online auction site eBay. The company has sold 780 pieces of Reagan funeral memorabilia since June 11, 2004, for a total of $66,000. The items range from programs (sold for up to $1,525 each) from the interment at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, CA, to gratitude cards given to mourners who visited his casket. Pictured on a 60¢ memorial postage stamp issued by the Republic of the Marshall Islands 4 July, 2004, the first memorial to be issued in his honor. The first President since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms in office. The former President was buried at his presidential library in Simi Valley, California. Only United States President to have appeared in a shirt advertisement. Pictured on a USA 37¢ commemorative postage stamp issued 9 February 2005. When the first-class letter rate was raised to 39¢ in January 2006, the US Postal Service received an unprecedented number of requests to reissue the stamp at the higher value. The 39¢ postage stamp was issued on 14 June 2006, using the same design as the earlier stamp. He was the first former American president to die in the 21st century. Rumored studio publicity claimed that he was scheduled to play Rick Blaine in Casablanca (1942); however, this was never the case. His first bid for the Presidency was actually in 1968, when he finished 3rd in the balloting at the GOP national convention behind Richard Nixon and Nelson Rockefeller . As the Constitution, in practical terms, forbids the president and vice president from being from the same state (a rule that binds the electoral college), Reagan was not considered for the vice presidency when Spiro Agnew resigned in 1973. Besides, though Reagan supported his fellow Californian Nixon for president, the two were never close. In 1976, he challenged incumbent Gerald Ford (the man whom Nixon appointed Vice President to replace Agnew) for the Republican nomination, won several primaries, but narrowly lost the nomination at the convention. Though Ford confided in people he was considering a run for the presidency in 1980 to forestall Reagan's ascendancy, he never did and Reagan won the nomination and the presidency. Received more electoral votes than any other president in history, winning by 525 (out of 538) in his 1984 re-election campaign when he racked up 49 of 50 states in beating Jimmy Carter 's vice president Walter Mondale . Was considered to be the most conservative United States President since Herbert Hoover . Member of the Eureka College cheerleading squad. His last public appearance was at Richard Nixon 's funeral in April 1994. Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences (AMPAS). knighted by Queen Elizabeth II , received an honorary British knighthood, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. This entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters GCB, but did not entitle him to be known as "Sir Ronald Reagan". [June 1989] During the 1980 Presidential campaign, incumbent President Jimmy Carter publicly criticized Reagan for launching his campaign with a speech on states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi, the site of the 1964 murder of three civil rights workers immortalized in the film Mississippi Burning (1988). Carter, a former governor of the Deep South state of Georgia who had run as a racial moderate in 1970, noted that the phrase "states' rights" was a code word for segregation, as Southerners opposed to federally mandated integration of the races under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 claimed that such mandates "violated" state laws and local customs and were unconstitutional abrogations of the rights of their states to police themselves. Reagan, who had used his opposition to state equal housing laws to defeat Gov. Edmund G. Brown in the 1965 California governor's race, disavowed any racist intent and the issue was ignored by most voters and pundits. After his presidency he and Nancy Reagan moved to 666 St. Cloud Road in Bel Air, California which Ronald lived in until his death. Nancy had the address changed from 666 to 668 due to the fact 666 is known as the devil's number. The house is down the street from 805 St. Cloud Road, the house used in the TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990). While as an actor he is thought of mostly as a Western/Action-Adventure star, his two best-remembered lines were from straight dramatic roles and delivered while he was flat on his back in bed, his character either dying or horribly crippled: "Win just one more for the Gipper!" in Knute Rockne All American (1940) and "Where's the rest of me?" in Kings Row (1942). His famous nickname "The Great Communicator", was not earned but was requested. Reagan asked for it during his farewell address in 1989. His state funeral service took place on the 25th anniversary of the death of his close friend and ally John Wayne . Spent World War II making Army training films for Hal Roach Studios. Reagan and his wife Nancy were close friends of Rock Hudson , whose death in 1985 spurred the President to provide funds for AIDS research. His closest friend in Hollywood was Robert Taylor . Reagan was the first "true blue" conservative to win the Republican nomination and be elected President since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Underwent hip replacement surgery in January 2001. Although Reagan did not formally become a Republican until 1962, he never endorsed a Democrat after Helen Gahagan 1950 and voted for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. He also actively campaigned for Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. Continued to play golf with several friends including Bob Hope and Kevin Costner until 1996. The oldest man to serve as US President, he took office only 17 days before his 70th birthday and left office 17 days before his 78th. He was, in fact, older than four of the previous five presidents: John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and Jimmy Carter . Emceed the first PATSY Awards show (1951) where Francis the Talking Mule was the very first winner. PATSY is an acronym for: Picture Animal Top Star of the Year. As Captain in the U.S. Army, Reagan signed Major Clark Gable 's discharge papers in June 1944. He was of Irish descent on his father's side, and of Scottish and English descent on his mother's side. His paternal grandfather, John Michael Reagan, was born in Peckham, co. Kent, England, to Irish parents, and his paternal grandmother, Jennie Cusick, was born in Dixon, Illinois, also to Irish parents. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Wilson, also an Illinois native, was of Scottish descent (partly by way of Canada), and his maternal grandmother, Mary Ann Elsey, was English, from Epsom, co. Surrey. His paternal great-grandfather, Michael Regan, emigrated to the US from Ballyporeen, Ireland, in the 1860s. Ballyporeen, a tiny rural farming town in County Tipperary, is located in the south-central part of the country and its inhabitants are frequently referred to as "Midlanders". The Regans were one of three primary families, or "clans", that populated St. Mary's Parish in the village of Ballyporeen. The Ronald Reagan Visitors Centre was built down the street from St. Mary's Church following his visit to his ancestral home in the mid-1980s. The spelling of the family name Regan was changed to Reagan after they arrived in the US. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume 7, 2003-2005, pages 446-452. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2007. Honored world champion surfer David Nuuhiwa with a gold medal for Merit. Although Reagan advertised cigarettes during his time in Hollywood, he is believed never to have taken up the habit in real life. Some early photographs show him holding a pipe, but it never seems to have been lit. In later life he was very anti-smoking, especially since his best friend Robert Taylor died of lung cancer at the age of 57, and his older brother Neil Reagan lost a vocal chord in cancer surgery. Only US President to head a labor union (as president of the Screen Actors Guild 1947-1952/1959-1960). To date (2013), first (and only) divorced US President (from Jane Wyman in 1948). Both of his children with Nancy Reagan , Ron Reagan and Patti Davis , became liberal Democrats. The first US President since John F. Kennedy to die before his predecessor. Erroneously attributed the "Ten Cannots" to Abraham Lincoln during the 1992 Republican National Convention ("You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong, etc.") Lincoln has been widely and inaccurately credited with the list, but it was actually written by Rev. William J.H. Boetcker in 1916, over 60 years after Lincoln's assassination. Maryland Lieutenant Governor (and future RNC chairman) Michael Steele made the same mistake during his speech to the 2004 Republican Convention. Pictured on a nondenominated 'forever' USA commemorative postage stamp issued 10 February 2011, four days after the 100th anniversary of his birth. The original issue price was 44¢. Reagan and Jane Wyman had a daughter Christine who was born June 26, 1947, and lived 9 hours. As a child, Reagan's daughter Patti Davis hated political talk so much that whenever politics came up at the dinner table she would deliberately fall out of her seat. This always changed the topic. Inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 2011. He hosted Warren Beatty at the White House for a screening of the latter's film Reds (1981). Despite their vast political differences, Reagan and Beatty were old friends as Hollywood actors. Was a Boy Scout. Richard Nixon may have been the only US President to have actually met Elvis Presley , but Reagan's daughter Maureen Reagan appeared with Presley in Kissin' Cousins (1964). While married to actress Jane Wyman , the couple resided at 9137 Cordell Drive in Los Angeles (CA). The estate, built in 1942, fetched $8.5 million when sold in September 2012. Favorite film was High Noon (1952). He is mentioned in the lyrics of the Sting song "Russians" from his first solo album "The Dream of the Blue Turtles". Released in 1985 while Reagan was President, the song is about the escalating tensions of the Cold War and was a criticism of the way politicians on both sides were refusing to back down. It includes the line "Mr. Reagan says we will protect you, I don't subscribe to this point of view". The song became a top 20 hit in the UK and the USA, as well as a chart hit in many other countries. Inducted into the Eureka College Athletics Hall of Fame in 1982. Doug McClelland's 1983 book, "Hollywood on Ronald Reagan" contains comments from Reagan's show business colleagues. Virginia Christine, famous as Mrs. Olson, TV's spokeswoman for Folger's Coffee, worked with the future President as recently as "The Killers." She tersely commented on her co-star, "I just can't place him.". Favorite drink was fine wine from west coast vineyards. Announced the Strategic Defense Initiative as "Star Wars" after Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977). The Stephen King novel Doctor Sleep has one of the characters describe Reagan as "still having an actor's hair after becoming President, and an actor's charming but untrustworthy smile". His surname comes from an Irish surname, an Anglicized form of Ó Ríagáin meaning "descendant of Riagán", meaning "impulsive". His name is a Scottish form of the Old Norse name Ragnvaldr, meaning "advisory ruler" or "ruling council". According to Soviet spy Jack Barsky, the Russians were afraid of three things: AIDS, Jewish people and Ronald Reagan; with Reagan taking the top spot. His support for the UK during the Falklands War violated the Monroe Doctrine. Personal Quotes (66) [at the Berlin Wall, 1987] Mr. Gorbachev [Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev ], tear down this wall! The best view of government is seen on a rear view mirror as one is driving away from it. [in the 1980 campaign] Recession is when your neighbor loses his job. Depression is when you lose yours. Recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his. [1964] I love three things in life: drama, politics and sports and I'm not sure they always come in that order. [1980] I remember some of my own views when I was quite young. For heaven's sake, I was even a Democrat! [to his wife after the assassination attempt] Honey, I forgot to duck. [to his doctors prior to going into surgery after being shot] I hope all of you are Republicans. [semi-consciously, to the nurse who hauled him on the gurney] Does Nancy [wife Nancy Reagan ] know about us? [1980] I know what it's like to pull the Republican lever for the first time, because I used to be a Democrat myself, and I can tell you it only hurts for a minute and then it feels just great. [1985] I've been criticized for going over the heads of the Congress. So, what's the fuss? A lot of things go over their heads. America is too great to dream small dreams. [from the Alzheimer's letter] I now begin the journey that will lead me to the sunset of my life. I know that for America, there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards; if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book. You can tell a lot about a fellow's character by his way of eating jellybeans. Government is not the solution to our problems. Government IS the problem! [in a 1984 presidential debate, referring to Walter Mondale (born 1928), who was age 56, 17 years younger than Reagan] I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience. All the waste in a year from a nuclear power plant can be stored under a desk. Fascism was really the basis for the New Deal. [on Vietnam] I have a feeling that we are doing better in the war than the people have been told. [Carmel, CA, June 1990] You may think this a little mystical, and I've said it many times before, but I believe there was a Divine Plan to place this great continent here between the two oceans to be found by peoples from every corner of the earth. I believe we were preordained to carry the torch of freedom for the world. I have left orders to be awakened at any time in case of national emergency - even if I'm in a Cabinet meeting. [During a microphone check on August 11 1984, unaware that he was being broadcast] My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes. Trees cause more pollution than automobiles. They say hard work never hurt anybody, but I figure why take the chance. Well, I learned a lot . . . I went down to Latin America to find out from them and [learn] their views. You'd be surprised. They're all individual countries. We are trying to get unemployment to go up and I think we're going to succeed. When I go in for a physical, they no longer ask how old I am. They just carbon-date me. [from a 1950s interview] Nobody ever "went Hollywood". They were already that way when they got here. Hollywood just brought it out in them. Approximately 80% of our air pollution stems from hydrocarbons released by vegetation, so let's not go overboard in setting and enforcing tough emission standards. Abortion is advocated only by persons who have themselves been born. Tonight is a very special night, although at my age, every night is a special night. [His opinion of the Klingon warriors he saw during a visit to the set of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)] I like them. They remind me of Congress. [During his re-election campaign in 1984] America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside our hearts; it rests in the message of hope in songs of a man so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen . And helping you make your dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about. [confirming his 1984 re-election victory to the crowd chanting "Four more years"] I think that's just been arranged. A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. I can't do a damn thing until I'm elected! If I could paraphrase a well-known statement by Will Rogers that he never met a man he didn't like, I'm afraid we have some people around here who never met a tax they didn't like. [at the 1980 presidential debate, when Jimmy Carter accused him of opposing Medicare] There you go again. [from his Presidential Farewell Address] I've spoken of the shining city all my political life, but I don't know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it. But in my mind it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace; a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity. And if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. That's how I saw it, and see it still. [in 1992, regarding Bill Clinton , in a paraphrase of Lloyd Bentsen from the 1988 presidential election] This fellow they've nominated claims he's the new Thomas Jefferson . Well, let me tell you something: I knew Thomas Jefferson. He was a friend of mine. And governor, you're no Thomas Jefferson. Of the four wars in my lifetime, none came about because the U.S. was too strong. If we ever forget that we're one nation under God, then we will be a nation gone under. The taxpayer: that's someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take the civil service examination. No arsenal or no weapon in the arsenals of the world is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women. [Notre Dame University. 17 May, 1981] The years ahead will be great ones for our country, for the cause of freedom and the spread of civilization. The West will not contain Communism, it will transcend Communism. We will not bother to denounce it, we'll dismiss it as a sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages are even now being written. [in a 1981 videotaped Oscar tribute] Film is forever. I've been trapped in some films forever myself. [comparing politics to prostitution, known as the world's oldest profession] Politics is supposed to be the second-oldest profession. I have come to understand that it bears a very close resemblance to the first. It isn't that liberals are ignorant. It's just that they know so much that isn't so. The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and "slipped the surly bonds of earth" to "touch the face of God." Freedom and Security go together. [speech at the Republican National Convention, Aug. 17, 1992.] Whatever else history may say about me when I'm gone, I hope it will record that I appealed to your best hopes, not your worst fears; to your confidence rather than your doubts. My dream is that you will travel the road ahead with liberty's lamp guiding your steps and opportunity's arm steadying your way. I know in my heart that man is good, and that what's right will always - eventually - triumph. And that there's purpose and worth to each and every life. Status quo, you know is Latin for "the mess we're in". [To Warren Beatty ] I don't know how anybody can serve in public office without being an actor. All great change in America starts at the dinner table. Government's view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: if it moves, tax it; if it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidize it. Republicans believe every day is the fourth of July, but the Democrats believe every day is April the 15th. We have some hippies in California. For those of you who don't know what a hippie is, he's a fellow who has hair like Tarzan, who walks like Jane and who smells like Cheetah. We can't help everyone but everyone can help someone. Economists are people who wonder if what works in reality can also work in theory. Government is a like a baby: an alimentary canal with a big appetite at one end and no sense of responsibility at the other. [on the death of Rita Hayworth from Alzheimer's disease, a disease which Reagan would be afflicted with just a few years after Hayworth's death] Rita Hayworth was one of our country's most beloved stars. Glamorous and talented, she gave us many wonderful moments on the stage and screen and delighted audiences from the time she was a young girl. [to the viewers at the 1980 presidential debate] Are you better off now than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we're as strong as we were four years ago? And if you answer all of those questions "yes", why then, I think your choice is very obvious as to whom you will vote for. If you don't agree, if you don't think that this course that we've been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have. [In 1985 after having his nose surgery he arrived at the White House briefing with a patch on his nose he opened the news conference saying (with a smile)] Not wanting you to lose any sleep at night, let me explain the patch on my nose [In 1985, after having additional cancer cells removed from his nose] Yesterday afternoon, when we came back from Chicago, I went over there in the White House to the doctor's office and he did the additional work, and biopsy revealed there were some cancer cells and now I have a verdict of, my nose is clean. The most terrifying words in the English Language are: I'm from the Government and I'm here to help. Salary (4)

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How many 'points for peace' did President Wilson announce in 1918?

Wilson announces his 14 Points - Jan 08, 1918 - HISTORY.com Wilson announces his 14 Points Share this: Wilson announces his 14 Points Author Wilson announces his 14 Points URL Publisher A+E Networks In an address before a joint meeting of Congress, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson discusses the aims of the United States in World War I and outlines his “14 Points” for achieving a lasting peace in Europe. The peace proposal called for unselfish peace terms from the victorious Allies, the restoration of territories conquered during the war, the right to national self-determination, and the establishment of a postwar world body to resolve future conflict. The speech was translated and distributed to the soldiers and citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary and contributed significantly to their agreeing to an armistice in November 1918. After the war ended, Wilson traveled to France, where he headed the American delegation to the conference at Versailles. Functioning as the moral leader of the Allies, Wilson struggled to orchestrate a just peace, though the other victorious Allies opposed most of his 14 Points. The final treaty called for stiff reparations payments from the former Central Powers and other demanding peace terms that would contribute to the outbreak of World War II two decades later. However, Wilson’s ideas on national self-determination and a postwar world body were embodied in the treaty. In 1920, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Price for his efforts. Related Videos

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Who inflicted Nigel Benn's first defeat as a professional?

Woodrow Wilson | whitehouse.gov Air Force One Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson, a leader of the Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to "make the world safe for democracy." Like Roosevelt before him, Woodrow Wilson regarded himself as the personal representative of the people. "No one but the President," he said, "seems to be expected ... to look out for the general interests of the country." He developed a program of progressive reform and asserted international leadership in building a new world order. In 1917 he proclaimed American entrance into World War I a crusade to make the world "safe for democracy." Wilson had seen the frightfulness of war. He was born in Virginia in 1856, the son of a Presbyterian minister who during the Civil War was a pastor in Augusta, Georgia, and during Reconstruction a professor in the charred city of Columbia, South Carolina. After graduation from Princeton (then the College of New Jersey) and the University of Virginia Law School, Wilson earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University and entered upon an academic career. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson advanced rapidly as a conservative young professor of political science and became president of Princeton in 1902. His growing national reputation led some conservative Democrats to consider him Presidential timber. First they persuaded him to run for Governor of New Jersey in 1910. In the campaign he asserted his independence of the conservatives and of the machine that had nominated him, endorsing a progressive platform, which he pursued as governor. He was nominated for President at the 1912 Democratic Convention and campaigned on a program called the New Freedom, which stressed individualism and states' rights. In the three-way election he received only 42 percent of the popular vote but an overwhelming electoral vote. Wilson maneuvered through Congress three major pieces of legislation. The first was a lower tariff, the Underwood Act; attached to the measure was a graduated Federal income tax. The passage of the Federal Reserve Act provided the Nation with the more elastic money supply it badly needed. In 1914 antitrust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. Another burst of legislation followed in 1916. One new law prohibited child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. By virtue of this legislation and the slogan "he kept us out of war," Wilson narrowly won re-election. But after the election Wilson concluded that America could not remain neutral in the World War. On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany. Massive American effort slowly tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. Wilson went before Congress in January 1918, to enunciate American war aims--the Fourteen Points, the last of which would establish "A general association of nations...affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." After the Germans signed the Armistice in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris to try to build an enduring peace. He later presented to the Senate the Versailles Treaty, containing the Covenant of the League of Nations, and asked, "Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?" But the election of 1918 had shifted the balance in Congress to the Republicans. By seven votes the Versailles Treaty failed in the Senate. The President, against the warnings of his doctors, had made a national tour to mobilize public sentiment for the treaty. Exhausted, he suffered a stroke and nearly died. Tenderly nursed by his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt, he lived until 1924. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about President Wilson's first wife, Ellen Axson Wilson, who died during her term.

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Which movie star was an Austrian Junior Olympic Weightlifting Champion?

..GUEST.. Jeopardy Template Which team Won for the last NBA Championship? Mavericks which movie did the president Obama came out ? NONE-_- This question word refers to time. When Which movie star was an Austrian Junior Olympic Weight lifting Champion? Arnold Schwarzenegger. What character did Leonardo DiCaprio play in the movie Titanic? Jack Dawson This question word asks about a person who

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Who was non-playing captain of the US Davis Cup team in '81 and '82?

Arnold Schwarzenegger: A Tribute To A Great Champion. Arnold Schwarzenegger: A Tribute To A Great Champion. By David Robson Last updated: Nov 04, 2016 No other bodybuilder in the history of the sport has made the same impact. Indeed, Arnold Schwarzenegger remains the greatest, and most influential, bodybuilder of all time in the eyes of many. No other bodybuilder in the history of the sport has made the same impact. Indeed, Arnold Schwarzenegger remains the greatest, and most influential, bodybuilder of all time in the eyes of many. In many ways, Arnold helped to change public attitudes toward a sport regarded as deviant and on the margins of what was acceptable social practice at the time. Indeed, prior to the 1970's, the period in which Arnold made his mark as the greatest bodybuilder of all time, bodybuilding and its adherents were together seen as a strange and somewhat insular subculture of social deviants. These attitudes still prevail in some sectors, but due in large part to Arnold's popularization of the sport, bodybuilding has become not only accepted as a legitimate sporting choice, but as a way of life for many. Appointed chairman of the inner City Games and the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness, in addition to stanch advocate and mover and shaker of the Special Olympics Movement, Arnold has always been a big supporter of sport and active living as life changing pursuits. Arnold has also shown that bodybuilders, to belie [ define ] their often narcissistic and insular reputation, can be multi-dimensional, and succeed in all facets of life, while helping others in the process. "2004 Mr. Olympia Contest With Ronnie Coleman." By 1983, Arnold had achieved the American dream; had become a successful actor, one of the worlds greatest athletes, and a wealthy businessman. Still, he never lost touch with the foundational element of his success: the bodybuilding lifestyle. Wherever possible, Arnold would promote bodybuilding and, practicing what he preached, kept himself in great shape - the kind of shape that could be seen in the many films he acted in. In 1989, Arnold's dream of promoting his own show came to fruition, and The Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic ( The ASC ) was born. The many great bodybuilders who have competed in the ASC over subsequent years have been granted the opportunity to realize their dreams through the efforts of the man who started it all, a man who will remain the backbone of the sport. Arnold has become an icon, a symbol of a cultural movement, one who has defined, and re-defined, what it means to become one of the few - a bodybuilder, proud of ones healthy physique and the concomitant benefits. We at Bodybuilding.com salute Arnold and his contribution to bodybuilding and hope he will continued to be respected as a great bodybuilder, and, more importantly, a great human being. LIfe and TImes of the Worlds greatest bodybuilder In 1947, in the small Austrian village of Thal, just outside of Graz, born to parents Gustav and Aurelia, Arnold Schwarzenegger made his way into the world. He would go on to become a household name and revolutionise the fitness industry. Arnold's desire to become a great athlete emerged early when in 1953, at the age of six, his father took him to Graz to see Olympic swimming champion Johnny Weissmuller [ More Info ]. Arnold was impressed by the physical prowess of Weissmuller and decided to emulate his example. Indeed, Arnold went on to become a multitalented athlete, running, swimming, boxing , throwing shot-put and javelin, but excelling in Soccer . It was during his soccer playing days, at age 13, that Arnold first began his quest for physical supremacy. In 1960, Arnold's soccer coach took Arnold along with the rest of his team to a local gym, to gain strength for future games. "Arnold With Dave Draper, Mike Katz & Franco Columbo." Arnold picked up a barbell for the first time and, as they say, the rest is history. Arnold said at the time, "it was something. I suddenly just seemed to reach out and find, as if I had been crossing a suspended bridge and finally stepped onto solid ground". Arnold found his body morphing into something quite spectacular. "I was six-feet-tall and slender weighing 150lbs, but I did have a good athletic physique and my muscles responded surprisingly quickly with weight-training" More importantly, at the time, girls began to notice his results. Around this time, Arnold decided that his new goal was to become the "most pumped up guy in the world". Fascinated by the physiques of cinematic heroes Reg Park and Steve Reeves, Arnold made it his overarching goal to become the most phenomenally built man in the world and conquer the film industry in the process - he knew exactly where he was going at such a young age. In 1961, Arnold began a friendship with professional bodybuilder and former Mr. Austria, Kurt Marnul, who invited Arnold to train with him at the Athletic Union in Graz. Under Marnuls guidance Arnold's physique blossomed. Bodybuilding formed a major part of Arnold's life in the early sixties, so much so, his father, Gustav, imposed a limit on the frequency of Arnold's gym training sessions. Gustav became concerned with Arnold's "obsessional" interest in "Austria's least favorite sport" and limited Arnold to three-sessions-per-week. To negate this training shortfall, Arnold built a gym at home and continued to train with a vengeance. In 1965 Arnold, very muscular and strong for his age, won the Austrian Junior Weightlifting championships. After this win, Arnold enlisted in the Austrian army, at 18, for mandatory service, only to go A.W.O.L to win the Junior Mr. Europe bodybuilding championships. He would serve 7-days in the big house for this 'aberration' but interestingly enough, following this time inside, Arnold would resume his military training with the added status of bodybuilding hero, and receive commensurate treatment - extra time off to train for his next big show. A year later Arnold took his, by this stage, massive physique, to the Mr. Europe competition, and won. A week after this win, Arnold would go on to win Europe's best built man. The same year, Arnold competed in the amateur Mr. Universe, finishing second. However, the following year Arnold was to become the youngest man ever, at 20, to win the NABBA Mr. universe. Winning was some thing Arnold would become accustomed to over subsequent years. People often questioned Arnold in light of his involvement in what was at the time considered a strange sport. Arnold, however, had already planned his life over a long-term and knew exactly what he was doing. "My involvement had a lot to do with the discipline, the individualism, and the utter integrity of bodybuilding. In two or three years I had changed my body entirely. That told me something. If I had been able to change my body that much. I could also, through the same discipline and determination, change anything else I wanted, I could change my whole outlook on life." The year 1968 is a definite milestone in Arnold's quest for greatness, for it is the year he arrived in America. He arrives with $20 and can barely speak English. However, this was not to stop him from achieving the American dream. During 1968 Arnold would win the IFBB Mr. international, start a mail-order business and gain sponsorship from Joe Weider . Poignantly, Arnold would suffer a defeat at the American Mr. Universe, at the hands of the ripped and symmetrical Frank Zane - a defeat that would help to propel Arnold to bodybuilding immortality. "I'm going to pay them back. I will show them who is really the best" said Arnold at the time. Arnold's words would prove prophetic as he came back, the following year, to win both the IFBB and NABBA Mr. universes in one weekend. Arnold, again won the Mr. Universe in 1970, defeating his boyhood idol Reg Park in the process. Arnold's bodybuilding and entertainment careers were advanced during this year, as he won both the Mr. Olympia and the main role in the low-budget film " Hercules in New York ". Arnold would go on to win a further six Olympia's and star in some of the best action films of the 80's and 90's - indeed he would become a household name the world over. 1974 would prove to be monumental year for Arnold, both in entertainment and bodybuilding terms: cast as a good-guy in the film Stay Hungry , as himself in the highly successful cult-classic Pumping Iron , and to top it off, the winner of a fifth Olympia, beating the popular Franco Columbu and massive Lou Ferrigno. In 1976 Arnold officially retired from bodybuilding, opting to focus more on the promotional side of the sport - prize money would exceed $100,000 due, in part, to Arnold's efforts as a promoter. Life was not any less hectic for Arnold following his retirement; in 77 he writes bestseller " The Education of a Bodybuilder ", poses nude for Cosmopolitan Magazine, wins a Golden Globe for Stay Hungry, begins an involvement with the Special Olympics and meets future wife Maria Shriver. Arnold achieves his academic goal and graduates from the University of Wisconsin Superior with a B.A. in Business and International Economics in 1979. "Arnold & Dave Draper Working Out." The same year he inauspiciously appears in the movie The Villain - regarded by some reviewers as the worst film of the seventies. However, Arnold would redeem himself with arguably two of his best films, Conan the Barbarian and The Terminator , in 80 and 81 respectively. By 1983 Arnold had achieved what many thought to be the impossible: status as a successful actor, the greatest bodybuilder of all time, and one of the most astute businessmen in America. Arnold becomes an American citizen. In 1984, Arnold treats his Conan fans to a follow-up: Conan the Destroyer . The same year, the Terminator is released to rave reviews. In 85 the successfulness of Arnold's acting career is cemented when he receives the National Association of Theatre Owners International Star of the Year Award. Another of Arnold's classic films opens in 1986: Commando . Also in 86, Arnold marries the woman he proposed to the previous year, Maria Shriver. Arnold's cinematic prowess reigns in 1987, with the opening of both Predator and The Running Man . The Hollywood Walk of Fame star (Arnold's was the 1847th star) is a fitting testimony to a wonderful acting career. Read Heat and Twins open the following year. 1989 is a busy year in a business sense for Arnold, as, along with Sylvester Stallone and Bruce Willis, he opens the first planet Hollywood. Around this time, Arnold's first child, Katherine, is born, and, most importantly for bodybuilding fans, the first Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic in Columbus Ohio (the richest bodybuilding tournament to date) showcases some of the greats of the modern era. In 1990, Arnold is appointed as both the chairman of the Inner-City games and the Chairman of the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness. This is also the year Arnold makes his debut on the other side of the camera, directing Tales From the Crypt. On the acting front, Total Recall and Kindergarten Cop open. Arnold's second child, Christina, is born in 1991, the year the most expensive film ever made up until that time opens: Terminator 2 . In 92, Arnold opens his restaurant Shatzi on Main and appears again in the directors chair for Christmas in Connecticut. Between 93 and 00 Arnold appears in many films including, The Last Action Hero , True Lies , Junior , Eraser , Terminator 2: 3D, Jingle All The Way , Batman and Robin , End of Days and The 6th Day . In 2001, Arnold is awarded with a lifetime achievement award (presented by Muhammad Ali) at the World sports Awards in London and is honoured as the AFMA World Box Office Champ for his contribution to film. The year is capped off with Arnold leading a delegation of statesmen, celebrities and Special Olympics athletes to South Africa to further the Special Olympics cause. Arnold assumes his well entrenched role as an action hero in Collateral Damage in 2002. He also receives and honorary degree (a Doctor of Humane Letters) from Chapman University - the second such degree he has received, the first given by Arnold's alma mater, the University of Wisconsin Superior, in 1996. Prop 49, the After School Safety and Recreational Act, was passed in the California election in 02. Arnold considered this a victory for the whole state of California. In 2003 Terminator 3 opens and Arnold the action hero is back. Arnold is also back as a major political force: the newly elected Governor of California. On October 8 2003, Arnold's political yearnings came to fruition as, at the age of 56, he becomes the chief executive of Americas most populus state, and the worlds fifth largest economy. Looking back on Arnold's life it is inspiring to see how one man, having begun with so little, could achieve so much. Sport in general, and bodybuilding in particular, have undoubtedly helped to elevate Arnold to the amazing heights he reached. Indeed, bodybuilding and the fitness movement still factor heavily into Arnold's life: he promotes his successful Arnold Classic bodybuilding contest annually, supports numerous sporting events including the Special Olympics and maintains a fit and healthy body and mind as he approaches age 60. Truly a life worth aspiring to. The Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic 1970 IFBB Mr. Olympia (USA) 1971 IFBB Mr. Olympia (France) 1972 IFBB Mr. Olympia (Germany) 1973 IFBB Mr. Olympia (USA) 1974 IFBB Mr. Olympia (USA) 1975 IFBB Mr. Olympia (South Africa) 1980 IFBB Mr. Olympia (Australia) As a promoter, Arnold tried to make bodybuilding accessible to the public, while creating a spectacular event that everyone could enjoy. The Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic (ASC), established in 1989, is a prime example of Arnold's ability to showcase professional bodybuilders in the best possible light and provide the paying audience with much more than your average bodybuilding show. From 1976, following his official retirement from bodybuilding, Arnold, teamed with current promotional partner Jim Lorimer, and began promoting the Mr. Olympia, Mr. World and Mr. Universe. Arnold eventually wanted to establish a contest, of his own, with the title bearing his name. In 1989, his wish came true and the Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic became reality. Since this time, thousands have gathered in Columbus Ohio, to watch not only the best professional male and female bodybuilders battle it out, but enjoy a three-day fitness weekend which includes woman's fitness and figure competitions, a martial arts festival, strength events, a major fitness expo and Arnold training seminar. New this year will be an archery challenge, youth dance-sport classic, fencing, table-tennis and yoga. However, the biggest event remains the men's bodybuilding and this year it proves to be anything but a foregone conclusion. The first ASC was won by Rich Gaspari . Subsequent years have seen the emergence of spectacular athletes such as Vince Taylor , Flex Wheeler , and Mike Francois . The reigning champion is Jay Cutler , who has won this show for the past three years. This year it is wide open. The top three are touted to be, in no particular order, Lee Priest , Gustavo Badell, and Dexter Jackson . However, Chris Cormier , Melvin Anthony and Victor Martinez are all expected to present a strong challenge. Stay tuned. Past & Current Champions Salute Arnold When Arnold made his mark on the world of bodybuilding in the 60's and 70's, a whole new generation of bodybuilders were watching and waiting to make a similar impression, inspired by the example Arnold had set. Today it would be hard to find a single bodybuilder who doesn't credit their success to Arnold in some way. Champions, past and present, commend and respect Arnold as being the one who opened the door for them to pursue their bodybuilding goals. Arnold's phenomenal success as a bodybuilder, coupled with his contribution to the sport both as a promoter and spokesman, cement his position as the greatest bodybuilding identity of all time. Hear what bodybuilding's champions have to say: Shawn Ray "Arnold opened the door for the Bodybuilders to be seen outside of the gyms. He paved the way for the Pro athletes to be recognized by the masses by way of his cross over into Hollywood. After winning his Arnold Classic Contest in 1990 & 1991, my credibility went higher as a top notch Pro. Definitely a man's man who stayed true to the sport in spite of his successes away from it. Truly a credit to the game". Danny Padilla "As far as Arnold is concerned. I have nothing but respect for him. He was and still is a great inspiration for me. Bodybuilding lucked out because we have the greatest ambassador representing our sport. God bless Arnold and family, and I wish him nothing but the best for his future. His good friend Danny Padilla." Casey Viator "I first met Arnold in 1970, in Florida. I could see right away why Joe Weider crowned him as king of bodybuilding. He had the type of personality, that I knew would carry him far, in any endeavour he attacked. For instance, I've seen him at parties, and the party always seemed to evolve around him. If he moved from one room to the other, the whole party would move with him. He has that type on magnetism that everyone cannot resist, this is why he is now the Gov. of CA. There's no telling what goal he will win next. He's a one of a kind standout, and I feel no other bodybuilder will ever be able to match him, in his success." Dave Draper "Arnold arrived in town when I was packing up my gear, heading out the gym door and leaving the competition scene. Give me the barbells and dumbbells -- you guys can have the posing trunks and baby oil. 1968. Bodybuilding was heating up, the fuse was lit, but the explosion had not yet taken place. Arnold, with his largeness in all ways, accelerated the process. He was the perfect double-extra-large extrovert to carry the load on his back. Putting aside the incredible physique, the man was at once serious, funny, without luggage, issues and hang-ups, non-American, yet fast to become one, naive (not really) and hip, a child and an adult beyond his age. Arnold also had and has secret antennae and x-ray vision." "I liked Arnold then and now cuz he's honest around people who don't worship him. Bodybuilders who have slept with the weights share a brotherhood unlike most other areas of identification -- something about iron and pain and solitude and bull-doggedness. I was impressed with his total absence of shyness and abundance of confidence... he had pretty good arms, too. At Joe Gold's gym in Venice during the late sixties and early seventies we all in someway groomed Arnold and watched him transform." "Remember, as I was making these observations, so were the muscle-magazine magnets who reported the bodybuilding gossip in a fantastic (Arnie's favorite adjective), larger-than-life style, pumped up with inflatable imaginations and exaggerated grandeur. Every little bit helps." Along comes Pumping Iron, Conan, lovely Maria, The Terminator and so on and so forth. Today, the Governor; tomorrow, who knows? Dave Hawk "There are many exceptional things I could say about Arnold. What makes him such an icon to me is his passion and God given determination to never ending self-improvement. Due to his leadership, I too follow a similar path in life from family values to business. If it was not for Arnold's dream and success in bodybuilding I may have never known or had the opportunity to live my bodybuilding dream and work within this industry as I do today. Thank you Arnold." Yohnnie Shambourger "Arnold has had an enormous influence on the sport and to me as a businessman. I studied how Arnold used his success and his own money to repackage the sport. He started the Arnold Classic which is now the bench mark for how a show should look, increase the prize money for men and women, started drug testing for the IFBB Pro's and so much more. Can you imagine where the sport would be if Arnold Schwarzenegger never became a bodybuilder? I'm just glad we don't have too." Dean Madzarovich "Arnold is like Bruce lee was in the martial arts sport. He is the living legend. He will always be remembered like the most known bodybuilder in the world and one of the best. Arnold had a big impact in my career. I was always inspired by his early photos in magazines and even more i was inspired when I saw him in his movies. I liked his charismatic personality and his sense of humour. I think that Arnold is so respected mostly of his personality. We have a lot of muscular guys, but that is not enough. It is the charisma, the feelings, the way of talking, etc....that is what makes you a big person. Arnold make incredible thing in his live. Coming to America with nothing, becoming number one in the sport, then becoming an actor, then becoming the world known actor and in the end becoming the governor of California. And he always stayed involved with bodybuilding. My favorite quote is: make your dreams come true. and Arnold do just that. What else can I say. Arnold is Arnold. Only one. best wishes." Stan McQuay "It is obvious what Arnold has done for the sport of bodybuilding, but what amazes me is what he has done outside of bodybuilding. I admire the man he has become and all of the accomplishments he has made. I hope to pattern myself after him!" Richard Baldwin "Arnold made the public aware that bodybuilders are normal people, not necessarily narcissistic creeps and bums. His articulate defence of the sport coupled with his fascinating personality changed the whole attitude toward the sport. He's smart, ambitious, and successful. He hasn't forgotten his friends and where he came from. He proudly proclaims his love of this country and the opportunities it offers everyone who has ambition and the drive to succeed. In addition, he has a zest for life that lifts everyone around him. Arnold doesn't see problems, he sees challenges and opportunities. He made it an acceptable sport. He continues to prove that just because one chooses to be a bodybuilder does not mean one isn't smart enough to succeed in other areas of life." Delbert Hickman "Arnold was instrumental in bringing bodybuilding to the "mainstream". Once Arnold arrived on the scene, bodybuilding became a quintessential sport and, as a result, attracted multitudes of dedicated, committed and tenacious athletes. His candor, confidence, and obvious commitment to success demands the respect of anyone who understands what he has managed to achieve (so far!). What is also interesting is how Arnold seems to be like a "normal" person. Many people can relate to his struggles and/or success. Without Arnold, bodybuilding would have never flourished in the way it has. His existence has given me the opportunity to "compete" as a bodybuilder. Without question, Arnold has opened the doors for many men and women to enjoy the bodybuilding experience." Read the latest Delbert Hickman Articles here . The Fans Salute Arnold As well as many professional athletes, Arnold has opened the door for countless bodybuilding enthusiasts. Here the fans express what Arnold has meant to them: Bill Dobbins "Arnold Schwarzenegger is the most successful bodybuilder of the modern era and the first to become well known among the general public since Steve Reeves. Arnold was a first rate competitor but, even more than that, had great instincts when it came to publicizing and promoting both himself and the sport of bodybuilding. Joe Weider brought Arnold to the United States in the late 1960's and the combination of Joe and Arnold working together created a synergy that lead to the remarkable popularity of bodybuilding beginning in the 1970's. Bill Dobins and Arnold. Joe publicized Arnold and Arnold, in turn, promoted Joe's magazines and the whole "Weider Empire" and the entire sport. Arnold has always had an ability to determine what he wants to achieve as well as to understand the best means of achieve his goals. He has combined the "authority of size" given him by his physique with a charismatic personality and a keen understanding of human nature. He understands how the world works and how people think and this has allowed him to move from physique competitor to movie star to successful politician. It is rare to find an individual possessing such a blend of different skills and abilities. Certainly, a number of great generals, politicians and businessmen have been blessed with comparable gifts and talents. But nobody like Arnold has ever been seen in bodybuilding, and it isn't likely the sport will ever see his like again." Isaac Hinds "Arnold IS bodybuilding, he has made it what it is today. The man is a legend and an icon in the sport. He has charisma - plain and simple his attitude has made him who he is today. Arnold is the guy you look up to as a kid and always want to become him, emulating his posing, his training - he has a significant impact on it." Dan Solomon "Arnold has blessed the bodybuilding industry with his unyielding desire to stay close to the sport. The true purpose of life is to reach our genetic potential. Arnold's passion for bodybuilding has inspired countless young athletes to challenge themselves to reach their potential in the gym and in life." Jason Morgan "There is no question that Arnold opened the world's eyes to bodybuilding. He has never forgotten his roots and in turn has given back a thousand times over to the sport that gave him opportunity. Arnold is very down to earth and yet strangely charismatic. He epitomizes what we all see as the American Dream. He gives a sense that anyone can achieve great successes in life no matter how many challenges or obstacles they may Face. I remember looking at my father's copy of Pumping Iron the book, and seeing Arnold for what I believe was the first time. I marvelled at how much he resembled the comic book heroes I wanted to be. As I grew older and understood more about what Arnold was to bodybuilding, I began to want to model my upper body after his in his prime. To this day I still believe that "look" is the crowning example of perfect shape and symmetry." Daniel Gastelu "Arnold put bodybuilding on the map in the eyes of the public. His mass-appeal attracted more and more people's attention to the sport, and eventually helped bodybuilding, sports nutrition and related industries to grow big-time. His 100% life-long dedication to bodybuilding is what I find most inspiring about Arnold. Reading about Arnold starting back in 1969 turned me on to bodybuilding for health and athletic performance reasons. This inspiration, along with the Weiders', eventually lead me to pursue a career in the sports nutrition industry. Arnold's extreme commitment to be #1 in anything he puts his mind to is an important lesson we all can learn from to help achieve our goals. I can state without hesitation that Arnold is indeed one of my HERO'S." Sara Morin "The most prominent contribution that comes to mind is how popular Arnold has made bodybuilding. His name is synonymous with the sport. Although there are dozens of truly amazing legends that have contributed to the sport, Arnold's star power, intelligence and charm has led both the American public and the world to embrace this culture. Arnold has worked to convey to the general public that bodybuilding is no longer the freaky strongman side show from the turn of the century. He has helped to make it a legitimate and respected sport. Being able to build and manipulate the body is a science and an art. The supplement industry and gym attendance is booming in part to the increased popularity of bodybuilding. Arnold has the uncanny ability to adapt to any role he sets his mind to. From setting bodybuilding title records to starring in blockbuster films, he is one of the most recognized faces in the world. He has used his popularity from the beginning of his career for the good of the public. In the eighties and early nineties, he was the man in charge of the Presidential Fitness Tests. (I remember them very well in grade school!) He's been involved with countless charities and worthwhile organizations. The roles he has chosen in film are always bigger than life, even as a "Kindergarten Cop". Most notably, Arnold is the epitome of the American Dream. He came to this country, speaking little English and no money, worked his tail off and became this amazing entity. He also practices what preaches to this day - he looks amazing. Growing up in a neighbourhood of 7 boys, I watched movies like "Conan the Barbarian". I was captivated by this hulking man from the first moment, instantly becoming a huge fan. A little over two years ago, my husband bought me Arnold's "Encyclopaedia of Bodybuilding" and I've nearly worn it out. Learning about his drive, workout techniques, mind games with the other competitors and most importantly his work ethic made me want to compete. I often find myself quoting from the book when I teach a strength training class my local fitness club. I look forward to many more years of wisdom and motivation from this amazing legend." Dave DePew "Arnold is the example of the American dream come true. He has helped shape bodybuilding into a professional sport and helped bodybuilders see the sport as an opportunity to catapult them into other professional carriers. Relentless commitments to turn his weaknesses into strengths and an insatiable appetite to be the best. Arnold has been a powerful figure in my mind. He has long been a strong example for me physically, as a business man and as both a husband and father." Jim Cipriani "What hasn't he contributed? He was the catalyst in bodybuilding achieving such mass appeal. He was the poster child all through the 70's and by the end of his reign, you saw bodybuilding reaching it's height which continued to increase through the 80's. He brought physical fitness for children to the forefront of the public eye in the 90's under the first President Bush. Still to this day, he takes care of his own. With the mass prize pool of the Arnold Classic and his new endeavour of editor in chief of the two biggest bodybuilding/fitness magazines, Arnold has never left his roots. Arnold is, for one, the perfect example of the American Dream. He left his world, tormented under a communist regime, when he was a young man. He reached the pinnacle of both bodybuilding and movie success, and now he is serving in the public arena as governor. Arnold is the ultimate in setting goals, working hard, and achievement. Any look into Arnold's mindset and one has to take note of how special he is. We can all learn from Arnold...not just bodybuilders. Still to this day, Arnold's physique is what I personally strive for. Although, genetically, my build is much different. I enjoy the look of the bodybuilders of yesteryear. The Franco Columbo's, the Mike Mentzer's, the Arnold's, even the Lee Labrada's and Lee Haney's. A time before drugs got out of control. I am not preaching from my soapbox. What other's want to do is fine. I just personally feel the physiques of the past were more appealing and achievable." Aaron Links "Arnold Schwarzenegger is the reason I continue to pursue bodybuilding and constantly look for ways to "think outside the box" regarding muscle growth and overall health/fitness. Yes, Arnold used steroids. They were not illegal when he was using them. I'm sure if I had been put in the same position, I would have done the same. I now pursue natural muscle--lifetime natural muscle. Arnold's advice has helped me stay the course in this area. Arnold's life story is the most inspirational I have ever heard. It is because of Arnold that bodybuilding is what it is today, and whether you're natural in the sport or not, Arnold is one of the most influential bodybuilders of all time. Arnold had a dream, and never gave up. It is his mental fortitude that gives him the revered status he has today. It is because of his die-hard attitude that his dreams were accomplished. Arnold came, Arnold saw...and Arnold conquered. Arnold and his achievements are the reason I refuse to give up until I reach my goals. Not only in bodybuilding, but in life. He is the reason I was encouraged to perform squats for 5 hours, just for example. I train because I know it can be done. I know because Arnold did it. If this crazy Austrian can do it, then an all-natural American boy can do it too. Maybe not in the same way, but in my own self-chosen arena." Peter Knopfler "Up until Arnold the bodybuilding world was more localized in the USA and UK, Arnold took it to the Global level. Superb Mkt. plans, a phenomenal mind and body. Most people forget, that the mind creates the body, all that arises, arises from our thoughts, with our thoughts we make the World, both personal and Global. So Arnold, knew how to use his mind to make his dreams come true. Another profound contribution, was the ability to concentrate, To focus his attention to the internal workings of the muscle, to where the concentration became a form of meditation, and the results are obvious. To be single minded in your goals and reaching them in timely sequences, with the patience of endurance, to see it through, to start something and finish it! What Bruce Lee did for Martial Art forms, Arnold did for Bodybuilding, brought it to an Art Form, where time and eternity stands still, for one more breath taking pose. Arnold like myself, we are immigrants from another land, with older principles, and Historical understandings. Growing up in Austria gave him many tools, that would serve him well, throughout his life. To gain freedom with hard work, success through failure is the way of the lifter, and very Austrian format, study the history, you'll see the House of Hapsburg, the Kaiser. 100% class, a self made Man who found freedom in his work. It's not only an American dream, but Man's dream of freedom, freedom to express himself, in order to help others. Unselfish, generous dedication to Mankind, Yes to heal the public, Yes to share the wealth of health. That's why he is so revered, he does what he says he is going to do. Arnold, if he was born in England he would be Knighted, if he was born in Arabia, he be a King, But He lives in the USA, a citizen, let's be grateful." Jon Huston "Arnold has contributed style, class, and meaning to the sport of bodybuilding. He brought bodybuilding into the mainstream during a period in our recent history when it was seen as a sub-culture of knuckleheads without personalities. Through his appearances in competitions, television, and the big screen he has shown that bodybuilders can also be charismatic, intelligent, and, more importantly, real people. In his interviews he answers questions succinctly and with knowledge of all sorts of topics not limited to bodybuilding. He has created bodybuilding to be a mainstream and accepted way of life for thousands of people across the globe. He has always been well-dressed, articulate, and polite to those who ask him questions regarding the sport. He has brought it to life and continues to give it life to this day. He is a revered figure because of many of the reasons above. But he also demonstrated to the world that a young immigrant boy with large goals and dedication to obtaining those goals can be successful in the United States. He is revered because he has been successful in all ventures he has taken. Whether it be starring in a multi-million dollar movie, creating a professional competition, or running for governor he has obtained his goals. Not only has he obtained them, he has set a higher standard for all those who will follow in his footsteps one day. He is revered because of his intellect and his ability to cross all boundaries set up in our culture. He is the ultimate success story!! Because of seeing his movies, reading articles about him and by him, I ventured into the sport of bodybuilding. I know that I will never reach the level of success he has because only one in one hundred billion people have his genetics, but that doesn't cause me to waver in my endeavours. His movie Pumping Iron was a staple for me as I was deciding whether or not to compete. It served as motivation for me. It served as a staple to my everyday activities. Every time I see his picture on my wall I think "If I work hard enough perhaps one day I will achieve 1/10 the success he has". He is the ultimate motivational factor." References

i don't know

In which sport did Andy Thomson become a world champion?

World indoor bowls champion Andy Thomson no fan of clock watch bowls - Sport - Norwich Evening News World indoor bowls champion Andy Thomson no fan of clock watch bowls 17:42 11 January 2013 Andy Thomson prepares for his defence of the world indoor singles title at Potters. Picture: James Bass Archant Norfolk Photographic © 2013 Defending world indoor bowls champion Andy Thomson has hit out at the sport’s new ‘Shot Clock’, which will be in action at the Fred Olsen Cruise Lines World Championships for the first time at Potters Leisure Resort next week. Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in. One major change which Hopton will instantly notice are large digital clocks placed at each end of the famous blue rink. They will come into use for the world singles, which Thomson won for the third time last year, when it gets under way on Monday, clicking down from 30 seconds as soon as a wood comes to rest. If the next wood is not bowled when the 30 seconds is up, a loud horn will sound and that delivery will be deemed to be dead. World Bowls Tour chief Richard Maddieson insists the idea was a success when pioneered at the Scottish Open in November, the added tension making the game more exciting for spectators and – more importantly – TV audiences. But Thomson, who was made an MBE in the New Year’s Honours list for services to sport, believes it is a bad move – and has data to back up his case. “I don’t like it at all,” he said. “I personally don’t think it’s a good innovation to the sport. “I feel I’m speeding my game up and I’m not by any means a slow player. I’ve had a look at my tapes from last year and it was taking me on average 26 seconds to go down to the other end, quickly look at the head and get on to the mat and play my bowl. So that gives me a four second gap. “Basically now, when my opponent’s bowl comes to rest, I can only quickly look at it. Normally we are giving ourselves a quick check of the angles we need to play etc, but we just don’t have time to do that now. I just feel it’s rushing the game a little bit.” Thomson feels the game clock becomes a particular issue for the decisive final bowls of each end – and also when the tournament gets towards its climax with the pressures of a world title and potential £45,000 winner’s cheque at stake. “I had a look at the tape of last year’s final against Jason Greenslade and for that the majority of last bowls were way beyond 30 seconds,” said the man who bridged a 17-year gap to claim his third title at the age of 56. “When it’s a big shot, in a final with a lot on the line, you want a chance to think things through and compose yourself – and unfortunately you won’t have that. “As a professional sportsman you’ve got to be able to adapt to any conditions and I will. But I don’t like it.” Maddieson, however, says the feedback from fans has been almost wholly positive. “A lot of people thought I brought it in to speed the game up,” he said. “Not so. I brought it in because we thought there needed to be a bit more excitement for the audience and TV viewers. It gives the players an extra dimension to have to think about but it also gives the audience something to focus on when deliveries are being made. It adds a measure of excitement to the match as well. “Some players like it, some players don’t. But most acknowledge that it’s something the sport needs to make it more visually exciting and thrilling, which we hope will give us more TV in the future and add to spectators but also add to the number of people coming in an joining local bowls clubs. “One thing we noticed in Scotland was that at the start of the week on BBC Scotland the viewing figures were where they normally were. Towards the end of the week our viewing figures had gone up 25pc. We did a poll of the audience daily and out of the whole week we only received one negative comment. We noticed that the audience paid a lot more attention during the match when the shot clock was ticking down. So we think on the whole the idea is working.” Maddieson points out that players do have four time outs in each set of 60 seconds, which can be used at any time and that they are now free to visit the head at any stage rather than have to ask the umpire for permission. Thomson is not against innovation, being a firm supporter of the tie break system, which was itself controversial when first introduced. He recalls going close to a first round exit in one last year but says: “You’ve got to have them, like penalty shoot-outs in football. When I first won the title it was best of five sets and no tie breaks so games could be going on for three or four hours, which was way too long. I think the format we have now is quite good.” The Anglo-Scot is also a huge fan of the Norfolk venue, saying: “Potters is now established as the Crucible or Wembley of our sport. All bowlers want to sample the special atmosphere that Potters brings to the event. “If I’m honest my form has been only average since I won the title. But I’ve been practising quite hard and I’m hoping that special atmosphere will bring the best out of me. “The first time I won the title I managed to do it again the following year – so hopefully history can repeat itself.” Thomson, fittingly, is first on the blue rink this year with new partner Mark Royal in the men’s pairs. He partners Ellen Falkener in the mixed pairs but has to wait until January 21 to start his defence of the singles crown against qualifier Phil Bennett.

Bowls

Which legendary American golfer played his last British Open in 1995?

Winner of World Indoor Bowls Championships at Norfolk’s Potters resort is set for a cash bonanza - Sport - Norwich Evening News Winner of World Indoor Bowls Championships at Norfolk’s Potters resort is set for a cash bonanza 06:30 09 January 2014 Fred Olsen Cruise Lines. World Indoor Bowls Championships at Potters Leisure Resort, Hopton. Men's 2013 final , Stewart Anderson (red) v Paul Foster (green) Stewart Anderson reaction to his win. Picture: James Bass (C) Archant Norfolk 2013 A record pay-day lies in store for the winner of the Just Retirement World Indoor Bowls singles title at Potters Leisure Resort in Hopton-on-Sea on Sunday, January 26 – the 16th time the sport’s flagship event has been played at the five-star resort. Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in. This year’s champion will pocket the biggest first prize ever offered in Drake’s ancient sport, and will depart from the International Arena £50,000 richer – but tens of thousands of bowls will be hurled in anger down the famous blue portable rink before the cheque is handed over. Today is United Nations Day at Potters – a venue that has become known as the Wembley or Wimbledon of bowls – with preliminary rounds of the pairs involving players from Australia, Canada, the USA, South Africa, Israel, Hong Kong – and Ireland. The event starts officially tomorrow, when last year’s singles winner, Stewart Anderson, will launch his bid for the pairs title in tandem with fellow Scot Darren Burnett, and veteran John Price teams up with his Welsh team-mate Jason Greenslade. Saturday sees the arrival of stars like reigning world pairs champions Paul Foster and Alex Marshall, Commonwealth Games champion Robert Weale, City of Ely aces Nicky Brett and Greg Harlow, and world number three Rob Paxton. Foster, who won the pairs and mixed pairs last year, but was denied what would have been an unprecedented treble when he lost to Anderson in the singles final, will have been boosted by the news that he had been made an MBE in the New Year’s Honours List. The now traditional World Bowls Tour Awards evening is scheduled for Saturday, when a glittering ceremony will pay tribute to the great and good in what is becoming known as the ‘Bowls Oscars’. And there will be plenty of local interest on Sunday, when Norfolk’s own Mervyn King, pictured, who won the world indoor singles title in 2006, teams up in the pairs with Scottish legend David Gourlay, who is busy masterminding Scotland’s challenge at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, but is still a force to be reckoned with on the rink. King has already won the title three times – once with Tony Allcock, and twice with Aussie Kelvin Kerkow – and the Gallow estate manager should stand a great chance of making it four titles with Gourlay at skip. Also on show on Sunday will be Suffolk star Mark Royal, who lines up with the 2011 world indoor singles champion Andy Thomson, England’s Fife-born team captain, who still talks with an unmistakable Scottish accent. Monday will see the start of the singles, with former world champion Greg Harlow facing a challenge from Ireland’s 24-year-old star Gary Kelly, who won a bronze medal at the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi four years ago. A big crowd is expected on Tuesday, when the 23-year-old Jake Willgress, from the Norfolk club in Norwich, takes on the evergreen Welsh ace John Price. Willgress was delighted to be given a wildcard invitation to compete for the biggest prize in bowls, and is raring to go. Next week provides local supporters with another appetising treat, with Mervyn King partnering Norfolk’s Bex Field in the mixed pairs, while Field is hoping to find her form of last year, and retain the World Bowls Tour women’s Matchplay title. Bowls, of course, is neither a young nor an old man’s game – it is truly a sport for all. So, while elder statesmen like Thomson and Price quite rightly have their place at the table, it is great to see youngsters like Willgress and Field taking up the challenge. Dorset’s Rebecca Bilson, who faces Field, and Katherine Rednall, from Ipswich, who meets Cumbria’s Eleanor Gass, in the field for the women’s Matchplay. BBC TV cameras will again be focusing on the action during the final stages, but most of the games will be streamed, and can be viewed online. Preliminary rounds (today) Pairs Group 1: Steve Halmai & Jason Carpenter (Aus) v Kevin Jones & Laura Hudson (Can); Can v Neil Furman & Bill Briault (USA); Aus v USA; USA v Ken Chan & Robin Chok (HK); Can v HK. Pairs Group 2: Shawn Nell & Anselm McLean (RSA) v Harris Green & Daniel Alonin (Isr); Isr v Stuart Bennett & Mark McPeak (Ire); RSA v Ire. Singles: Shirley Ko (Can) v Neil Furman (USA); Ko v Ruti Gilor (Isr); Ken Chan (HK) v Steven Allan (WIBC). Main draw Just Retirement WBT World Indoor Championships at Potters Leisure Resort, Hopton-on-Sea (January 10-25) Singles – first round (seeded positions in brackets): (1) Stewart Anderson (Scotland) v Josh Grant (England); (16) Robert Weale (Wales) v Mike Stepney (Scotland); (9) Greg Harlow (England) v Gary Kelly (Ireland); (8) Darren Burnett (Scotland) v Bart Robertson (New Zealand); (5) Andy Thomson (England) v John Carswell (Scotland); (12) John Price (Wales) v Jake Willgress (England); (13) Jason Greenslade (Wales) v Billy Jackson (England); (4) Rob Paxton (England) v Matt Whyers (England); (3) David Gourlay (Scotland) v Les Gillett (England); (14) Jonathan Ross (Scotland) v play-off winner; (11) Nick Brett (England) v Grant Nichol (Australia); (6) Mervyn King (England) v Shawn Nell (South Africa); (7) Alex Marshall (Scotland) v Julie Forrest (Scotland); (10) Mark Royal (England) v Gary R Smith (England); (15) Simon Skelton (England) v Danny Denison (England); (2) Paul Foster (Scotland) v Daniel Salmon (Wales). Pairs – quarter-finals: Paul Foster & Alex Marshall (Scotland) v Darren Burnett & Stewart Anderson (Scotland) or Robert Chisholm & Ross Owen (Wales); Rob Paxton & Simon Skelton (England v John Price & Jason Greenslade (Wales) or England qualifiers; Andy Thomson & Mark Royal (England) v Jonathan Ross (Scotland) & Rob Weale (Wales) or overseas qualifiers; David Gourlay (Scotland) & Mervyn King (England) v Greg Harlow & Nick Brett (England) or Andrew Barker & Mike Stepney (Scotland). Mixed pairs – quarter-finals: Laura Thomas (Wales) & Paul Foster (Scotland) v Bex Field & Mervyn King (England); Victoria Bilson & Rob Paxton (England) v Eleanor Gass (England) & David Gourlay (Scotland); Katherine Rednall & Andy Thomson (England) v Ali Merrien (Guernsey) & Alex Marshall (Scotland); Karen Murphy (Australia) & Darren Burnett (Scotland) v Janice Gower & Greg Harlow (England). Women’s matchplay singles – quarter-finals: Bex Field (England) v Victoria Bilson (England); Julie Forrest (Scotland) v Janice Gower (England); Katherine Rednall (England) v Eleanor Gass (England); Ali Merrien (Guernsey) v Karen Murphy (Australia).

i don't know

In which decade did Martina Navratilova take US citizenship?

Martina's Moment | TENNIS.com Martina's Moment by: Steve Tignor April 29, 2013 The biggest story in sports today is Jason Collins's: The NBA veteran, in an article for Sports Illustrated, became the first male athlete in a major professional team sport in the U.S. to declare publicly that he's gay. It's a big deal, and something that many of us have been waiting for. But "male athlete in a major professional team sport" is also a pretty big qualifier. This year we've already had a female athlete in a major team sport, Baylor basketball star Brittney Griner, come out. And it has been more than three decades since tennis's Martina Navratilova did the same, in 1981. The post below was originally meant to be Chapter 19 (of 20) of my book, High Strung , which revolves around the 1981 U.S. Open. The chapter tells the story of Navratilova at that tournament, which turned out to be a crossroads moment in her life. She had become a U.S. citizen that summer, and around the same time had, with some trepidation, made her sexuality public. Navratilova played the Open as an American for the first time, and for the first time was accepted as one. The tournament ended in defeat and tears for her that year, but in many ways it was the start of her great, career-transforming run through the 1980s. The clip above is from Martina's breakthrough win at the event, a three-set semifinal win over Chris Evert. It was a sign of things to come. ***** “Go back to Russia!”—advice screamed in the direction of Martina Navratilova (formerly of Czechoslovakia) by an upper-deck U.S. Open heckler in 1981 “I don’t think I would take a vacation at Flushing Meadows,” Martina Navratilova told the press at the U.S. Open with a laugh. 1981 had been a year of change and tumult for the newly minted American citizen, but she was in a good mood at the moment. She had just beaten her longtime rival Chris Evert, the tournament’s top seed and the world’s No. 1 player, in a classic three-set semifinal. Now Navratilova would get a chance to play her first U.S. Open final, in front of 18,000 of her adopted countrymen. But as Navratilova intimated in her press conference, Louis Armstrong Stadium hadn’t been a pleasant place for her or her opponent that afternoon. In the middle of the third set, a raffish, tipsy crew of “known scalpers and gamblers” in Row Q of the upper deck began to get rowdy. They were drinking, they were screaming, they were cursing, they were brawling with security guards.  They were so annoying to the spectators and disruptive to the players that play had to be halted to shut them up. One of them, an Englishman named Philip Greenwood, began to taunt Navratilova obscenely. She answered him with a yell: “Go have another beer and shut up during the points!” Finally an all-out chase scene began. Police, security guards, and even ushers tore across the bleachers, as everyone else in the stadium, including Evert and Navratilova, stopped to watch. It ended when an usher and St. John’s student by the name of Ron Calamari took a flying leap and took one of the rowdies down. When play ensued, it was, to the surprise of most tennis observers, the high-strung Navratilova who recovered her concentration more quickly than the eternally even-keel Evert. Navratilova came back from 2-4 down in the third set to win 6-4. “That scuffle in the stands could easily have put me away,” Navratilova said afterward. Maybe she was finally beginning to feel at home at the Open. As of 1981, Navratilova was the women’s version of Bjorn Borg in New York. She had won Wimbledon twice and been a dominant player for nearly a decade, but she had never reached the final at Forest Hills or Flushing Meadows. Like her countryman and fellow U.S. transplant Ivan Lendl, she had been stamped with the choker’s label. In the previous four years, she had been upset in the semifinals by Wendy Turnbull, Pam Shriver, Tracy Austin, and, in the fourth round in 1980, by her younger countrywoman Hana Mandlikova. Always ready to speak her mind, Navratilova had complained about the swirling winds, the roaring airplanes, and the “fans shouting their lungs out.” She compared Flushing to a “medieval marketplace.” It seemed that, like Borg, she was another sensitive European who wasn’t tough enough to handle tennis in the Big Apple. Navratilova’s emotional history with the Open went deeper, though, back to the days at Forest Hills. It was there that, as an 18-year-old high school student in 1975, she had announced her defection to the United States from communist Czechoslovakia at a packed and chaotic press conference on the grounds. The media gathering had been hastily thrown together to keep Czech agents from grabbing her and taking her back home before the world could find out about her decision. One year later, Forest Hills had been the sight of another public trauma for Navratilova. Everywhere she went in New York that summer, she was asked about her defection. The truth of her decision and her new life began to hit her: At 19, she was alone in the West, cut off from her family back in Prague forever. By the time she played her second-round match against the little-known Janet Newberry, it was all too much. Navratilova, before a meager late-day audience, lost in three sets. After shaking hands, she sat down, put her head in her hands, and started to cry. She never stopped. Finally, Newberry herself walked over and helped her off the court, like someone helping an old lady across the road. “I hope I never see anyone in that condition again,” Newberry said. Navratilova had spent much of her first year in the U.S. doing what patriotic citizens of the American empire do: going on shopping sprees and pigging out on junk food. By December 1975, just three months after her defection, the New York Times scolded that she had “become a walking delegate for conspicuous consumption. She wears a raccoon coat over designer jeans and a floral blouse from Giorgio’s, the Hollywood boutique. She wears four rings and assorted other jewelry . . . She owns a $20,000 Mercedes-Benz sports coupe . . . As an undisciplined gourmand, she is overweight.” With the binge came the hangover. After a year of non-stop travel, Navratilova was quickly burnt out. By the time she got to Forest Hills in ’76, “It all kicked in,” she told the Washington Post. “I had nobody to lean on. I couldn’t see my family, they couldn’t see me. I was all alone . . . . I felt like the whole world was against me.” Over the next five years, Navratilova would go through many more highs and lows, triumphs and disasters, coaches and relationships, phases and fads. The stateless star was always in search of something better, something new; the answer was always around the next corner. Like Lendl, she became more American than most Americans. But where he embraced law and order conservatism, Navratilova, a native of Prague who had witnessed the Soviet invasion of 1968, embraced the American tradition of questioning authority—so much so that she earned a self-described reputation as “Martina the Complainer.” In that time, she would win two Wimbledons, but the consensus was that even then she hadn’t tapped all of her sky’s-the-limit potential. Few other women players had ever moved or played the sport as fluidly and instinctively as Navratilova. Like McEnroe and Nastase, her mix of grace and power left most of her opponents looking drably earthbound (Rod Laver had singled her out for her potential when he saw her play as a 16-year-old). But as with Nastase and McEnroe, her genius for the game came with an acute, hair-trigger sensitivity to everything around her. The young Navratilova too often let her emotions get the best of her. By early 1981, she had hit another low point. As the year began, she remained stuck at two major titles, while Evert’s total had climbed to 11. The discrepancy between them was underlined in humiliating fashion at Amelia Island in March, when the American showed no mercy in drubbing a listless Navratilova 6-0, 6-0. But what appeared to be the bottom was in reality a turning point. During that tournament, Navratilova had met women’s basketball star Nancy Lieberman. The two hit it off immediately, and Lieberman began the arduous task of changing Navratilova’s attitude toward the game and her talent. Lieberman had been the ultimate anomaly as an athlete. She was a Jewish girl from deep Queens whose hero was Muhammad Ali, and who rode the subway through the city at night to play basketball against the toughest male competition in Harlem. She had transformed herself into “Lady Magic,” the best women’s basketball player in history. But after dominating the college game at Old Dominion, Lieberman had been left with nowhere to play when the nascent women’s professional basketball league folded in 1980. Now she had a new project, and she set about infusing the sensitive, lackadaisical Navratilova with her hard-eyed passion for training, as well as her confrontational competitive style. It was, in the words of Evert, the start of the “Kill Chris” campaign. It wasn’t only Navratilova whose world was being rocked in 1981. Women’s tennis had been shaken by the news in May that a Los Angeles hairdresser named Marilyn Barnett had filed a “palimony”—“galimony” in tabloid speak—suit against Billie Jean King, alleging that they had had a long affair in the 1970s (Barnett sat between King and her husband, Larry, on the sidelines at the Battle of the Sexes in Houston in 1973). King held a somber press conference a few days later confirming the relationship. This wasn't the “Mother Freedom” who had taken on and taken down Bobby Riggs eight years earlier. It was one thing to proclaim women’s power, but in 1981 it was quite another to proclaim lesbian power. King and her husband posed for a damage-control profile in People soon after. “I hate being called a homosexual,” she told the magazine. “I don’t feel homosexual.” Along with the rightward political shift that Ronald Reagan’s election had swept in that year, the country at large was experiencing a conservative cultural moment. 1973, when King played Riggs, had been the high-water mark of 60s-style liberalism—it was the year of Roe vs. Wade, Watergate, and the end of the draft. 1981, by contrast, was marked by the rise of Reagan and the growing influence of the Moral Majority, which had been founded by Jerry Falwell two years earlier. King and others in women’s tennis feared a backlash among fans and sponsors. They were right to be nervous. By summer there were rumors that one of those sponsors, Avon, was likely to discontinue its $16 million commitment because of the Barnett controversy. While Navratilova had never hidden her own sexuality, she feared the repercussions of it for the tour, and for herself. At her citizenship hearing in California, she had told the INS agent conducting her interview that she was “bisexual” and been relieved when nothing had made of the revelation. On July 20, 1981, Navratilova learned that her application for citizenship had been approved. Ten days later, she opened the New York Daily News to see an article entitled, “Martina Fears Avon’s Call If She Talks,” by Steve Goldstein. Months earlier, Navratilova had spoken with Goldstein about her sexual relationship with American writer Rita Mae Brown. Navratilova had asked him not to go public with it in light of the publicity surrounding the King-Barnett suit. But Goldstein’s paper didn’t want to wait any longer. In the article, Navratilova was quoted saying, “If I come out and start talking, women’s tennis is going to be hurt. I have heard that if I come out—if one more top player talks about this—then Avon will pull out as a sponsor.” The following year, Avon pulled out. From the start, Navratilova had been stunned by how much image meant in the U.S.—“look at Ronald Reagan, always smiling,” she said. By ’81, though, she had begun to take control of her own image and soften it for public consumption. She arrived at the Open that August with highlights and a ponytail that made her look like a country schoolgirl. More important, the work with Lieberman, which had begun in earnest when Navratilova had lost early at Wimbledon, was starting to pay off. “I haven’t been so pumped since I won Wimbledon two years ago,” Navratilova said as the tournament began. She was also thinking in a new way on court. At the start of the tournament, Renée Richards, the transsexual player and eye doctor who had caused so much controversy at recent U.S. Opens, had lost in the first round in 1981. She asked Navratilova if she could help her for the rest of the tournament. While she wouldn’t be formally made her coach until after the Open, Richards hit with Navratilova, watched her practices and matches, and began to give her strategic pointers. Like Lieberman when she had first glimpsed Navratilova’s tepid practice efforts, Richards was appalled to find out how little tactical thought she gave to her game. Under her tutelage, that changed quickly at the Open. “I’m thinking about it, instead of just going out and hitting the ball,” Navratilova said after her semifinal win over Evert, crediting Richards by name. “I don’t know if I could have beaten Chris if she hadn’t helped me.” The Lieberman-Richards combination would become known, somewhat derisively, as Team Navratilova. Yet while it garnered laughs at the time, Navratilova’s new, holistic approach to training would mark was another advance in the Open era. While pros like Vilas and Borg had coaches and svengalis in the 70s, Navratilova was the first to have a support team—one person to work on her physical training, another to help with strategy, yet another to monitor her nutrition. (In the ensuing years, her “coterie,” as she called it—she hated the word “entourage”— would grow into a traveling road show that filled the player’s guest box inside Centre Court.) While it seemed over the top at the time, Team Navratilova would be an unprecedented success. For the rest of the 1980s, she would dominate the sport like no other player before or after; from ’81 to ’89, Navratilova would win 442 matches while losing just 32. The run began at the ’81 Open, when Richards and Lieberman watched her beat Evert and break her semifinal jinx. “I was so excited, it felt like a final,” Navratilova said after that win. “Now I have to come back tomorrow.” Her opponent would be a familiar one: 18-year-old American Tracy Austin. A blonde-haired, blue-eyed Southern Californian and the youngest of eight tennis-playing siblings, Austin had been another pure product of the Open era: She was the original tennis prodigy, the first in a line of precocious young women who would take the game by storm as teenagers only to leave it prematurely. Austin made the cover of World Tennis at age 4, and the cover of Sports Illustrated at 13. She was the youngest player to win a pro tournament, the youngest to be ranked in the Top 10, the youngest to enter Wimbledon and the U.S. Open, the youngest Open champ and the youngest athlete to earn $1 million. She was also, in all likelihood, the youngest to receive a call from the President of the United States. During Austin’s Open debut as a 14-year-old at Forest Hills in 1977, Jimmy Carter had rung her up to have a congratulatory chat. Austin was also the first of the “Chris Clones,” the grinding, ultra-consistent baseliners with two-handed backhands who flooded the sport over the next two decades. If anything, Austin was even tougher than Evert, an assassin in braces and a homemade pinafore dress. “She was a mental giant,” said Austin’s coach, Robert Lansdorp, who also worked with Pete Sampras and Maria Sharapova. “The toughest player I ever had.” Two years earlier, the clone had conquered the original when Austin stunned Navratilova and Evert in succession to win the Open at Flushing Meadows. The first signs of trouble had begun to appear at the beginning of 1981. Austin had suffered a sciatic nerve injury and been unable to pick up a racquet for two months. But by mid-year she had recovered and had come to New York as a strong pick for the title. Riding the high of her win over Evert, Navratilova came out “like gangbusters,” according to Austin. “I’ve never seen someone come out of the blocks so fast.” Rather than being heckled from the upper deck, Navratilova, who had never been a favorite in the land of Chrissie, felt an unfamiliar emotion coming toward her from the Open audience. They were pulling hard for their new fellow American. It made Navratilova, the famous choker, even more nervous. Tennis history had refused to turn a corner earlier in the week, when Vitas Gerulaitis had held off Ivan Lendl in their fourth-round classic. Now the sport had come to another defining moment: Navratilova, like Lendl, would be the future of the women’s game, while Austin’s back injury would put her out of the sport in two years—unbelievably, at 18 years old, she was playing her last Grand Slam final. Once again, though, the future would be denied. Martina, deep down, was still the unsure child of the 70s, not the swaggering killer of the 80s. She won the first set 6-1, with a dazzling display of hook serves; lunging, perfectly placed volleys; and surprising drop shots. All of her high-flying athleticism, all of her potential, was on display at last. In the second set, though, the old annoyances crept in. She started to be bothered by the wind. She began to talk to herself. She missed easy forehand volleys. She whiffed on an overhead. She eventually double-faulted 13 times. In the end, when the match reached a third-set tiebreaker—it was the first Open final to be decided by one—Navratilova was out-thought by Austin. After aiming her forehand crosscourt all match, she suddenly saw that there was an opening down the line. She would hit three winning forehands in that direction in the tiebreaker, shocking Navratilova and bringing her, by match point, to tears. Navratilova later said that if Richards had been her coach before the tournament began, she would have won it. As it was, she came up agonizingly short in front of her new American supporters and countrymen. “I wanted it too much,” she said. “I froze on some volleys that might have won me the match.” The crowd didn’t care. They never stopped cheering for her, even in defeat. They cheered as she sat on the sidelines, crying. They cheered when her name was announced as the runner-up. They kept cheering as she pressed her hands to her face, spun away from the microphone, speechless, and, not knowing what else to do, banged her hands together in a show of raw emotion. “They weren’t cheering Martina the Complainer,” she wrote later, “or Martina the Czech, Martina the Loser, Martina the Bisexual Defector. They were cheering me. I had never felt anything like it in my life. Acceptance, respect, maybe even love.” Underneath the bluster, New Yorkers, Navratilova realized then, were just as sentimental, just as emotional, as she was. Whatever Avon and the WTA believed, the fans were with her. The cheers that Saturday afternoon at Flushing Meadows in 1981 were loud and long enough to send Navratilova soaring through the rest of the decade. Her ex-partner, Rita Mae Brown, believed that her honesty about her identity during that year's King-Barnett controversy was what had finally set her free. “The reason that Martina today has been transformed,” Brown would write years later, “is because once and for all she has said who she is, period.”

1980s

"How was Mildred ""Didrikson better known?"

Martina Navratilova facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Martina Navratilova COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Martina Navratilova Martina Navrotilova (born 1956) was ranked number one in female tennis. She has won 17 grand slam titles and broken the record for total victories. The clouds gathered, the sky darkened, and the summer rain fell on the grass, center court in the suburbs of London, England. This was early in the summer of 1988, late in the fortnight at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. In progress: the championship match of the women's competition between Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. Navratilova, 31, was the defending champion. A native of Czechoslovakia who is now an American citizen, she was seeking her seventh straight English crown and ninth there in the past 11 years. On the other side of the net was Graf, 19, a West German who had lost the previous year's title match to Navratilova but seemed on her way to her first victory here. When the rains came, each woman had won one set of the best-of-three finale. Navratilova had won the first, 7-5, but Graf had rebounded with an impressive 6-2 victory in the second set and had taken a 3-1 lead in the third. At one point, Graf had won nine straight games and had broken Navratilova's service five straight times. To borrow a cliche from another individualist sport, boxing, Graf had Navratilova on the ropes. "No one had treated Navratilova so rudely in years," wrote Paul Attner of the Sporting News. Would Navratilova, queen of this court through most of the 1980s, use the unplanned rest to gather her strength, adjust her strategy, prepare a dramatic comeback, and keep her title? With time on her hands, would Graf dwell on the enormity of her opportunity, lose her momentum, and squander what seemed in reach? Perhaps it would happen in dreams, in fairy tales, or in movie scripts, but not on the lawn at Wimbledon in 1988. "In truth," wrote Curry Kirkpatrick of Sports Illustrated," it was a reign stoppage." When they returned to the court, Graf quickly won the next three games to take the final set, 6-1, and leave with the silver plate that is presented to the champion by the Duchess of Kent. "It wound up being a sad scene for [Navratilova]," Graf said, "but a special one for me." Admitted Navratilova: "I got blown out. This is definitely the end of a chapter…. Pass the torch, I guess." Although the defeat at Wimbledon meant the end of a chapter, it certainly didn't close the book on the career of Navratilova, one of the world's most successful, colorful, and controversial athletes of her generation. Top female players in the past have excelled well into their late thirties, and Navratilova intends to join that list. "Retirement is still a ways off," Navratilova wrote in her autobiography, Martina, co-authored by George Vecsey, in 1985. "People say I can play until I'm forty, and I don't see any reason why I can't…. Robert Haas used to claim that with all the work I was doing on myself, I could be winning Wimbledon at the age of forty. People scoffed, but that's really not unreasonable when you look at Billie Jean King, who reached the 1982 and 1983 semifinals at Wimbledon at age thirty-nine and forty. Barring an injury or lack of motivation, I can see myself doing it." Certainly, she always has shown determination, motivation, and a-willingness to shape her future for herself. Even if she hadn't been a tennis champion, Navratilova would have been an unusual and interesting person for at least two reasons. First, she is a political defector from Czechoslovakia, a communist country of the Soviet Eastern Bloc, who was outspoken about her desire to become a citizen of the United States; and second, she says she is a bisexual and has often discussed the sometimes taboo subject of lesbian love in interviews and in her autobiography. Even in terms of tennis, she has been unique in that she has shown more willingness than others of her generation to seek technical, physical, and emotional coaching from other persons inside and outside her sport. While Navratilova isn't the first to do such things, some experts feel her dedication to coaching and training has influenced the approach of other tennis players for the next generation. "I'm not saying she's the first to do it," said Mary Carillo, a former player who is now a television commentator, in an interview for Newsmakers." Margaret Court did it and Billie Jean King did it. But when Martina did it, everybody followed her lead. A lot of players now go to sports psychologists. Martina soared so far beyond everybody else, the only thing to do was to follow her lead. She did more than dominate the early 1980s. She set a whole new standard. She changed her diet and her fitness status. She made it scientific. She made it specific." Navratilova was born on October 18, 1956, in Prague, Czechoslovakia and was raised in the suburb of Revnice by her mother and her stepfather. (Her real father committed suicide after the divorce.) As a lean, small child, Navratilova excelled in many sports, including hockey and skiing. She often competed against boys. "I'm not very psychologically oriented and I have no idea how I was affected by my real father's abandonment, the secrets and the suicide, or my feeling about being a misfit, a skinny little tomboy with short hair," she wrote in her autobiography. "In Czechoslovakia, nobody ever put me down for running around with boys, playing ice hockey and soccer. From what I've been told, people in the States used to think that if girls were good at sports, their sexuality would be affected." As a teenager, Navratilova's tennis skills allowed her to tour foreign countries, including the United States. She felt stifled in Czechoslovakia and defected at the U.S. Open in 1975, shortly before her 19th birthday. At the time, she said it was strictly a matter of tennis. "Politics had nothing to do with my decision," she said in an Associated Press story. "It was strictly a tennis matter." In Prague, a reporter told her grandfather, who was quoted as replying, "Oh, the little idiot, why did she do that?" The defection was prompted in part, she said, by an incident early in 1975 when she was playing in a tournament at Amelia Island off the coast of Florida. She received a telegram from the officials of the Czech Sports Federation demanding that she return home. "I was in the middle of the tournament," she said. "I had to call upon the U.S. Tennis Association to help get me permission to play. That was when I really decided that I should leave Czechoslovakia." Life in a capitalist country brought wealth-and problems. "I didn't do it for the money, but it's nice to have," she told the Detroit Free Press more than two years after the defection. She began to buy cars and houses, often owning several of each at the same time. She maintains a home in Fort Worth, Tex., and a townhouse in Aspen, Colo. Among the problems were loneliness and a fondness for the fattening foods sold in fast-food restaurants in the United States. "I miss my family badly," she told Bud Collins of the New York Times Magazine. " I worried for awhile that there would be retaliation against them, but there wasn't much." Her weight grew to 167 pounds shortly after her defection. She is five feet, seven and one-half inches tall. A decade later, after undergoing her physical conditioning program, she was 145 pounds of lean muscle. Her physique stood in contrast to that of many American female athletes of the past who tried to maintain the-unlikely combination of round, soft, "feminine" curves and the athletic ability that comes with muscle tone and conditioning. Her appearance and personal behavior quickly led to public discussions of her sexual preference. "I never thought there was anything strange about being gay," she wrote in her book. "Even when I thought about it, I never panicked and thought, Oh, I'm strange, I'm weird, what do I do now?" The book details many of Navratilova's relationships and living arrangements with women and how some soured and ended in bitterness. She tells of her professional relationship with Renee Richards, a female tennis player and coach who at one time was a man but had undergone a sex-change operation. Another one of her professional aides was Nancy Lieberman, a basketball player who Navratilova used for training and motivational purposes. At times, her many coaches and associates didn't get along. "Things got worse at Wimbledon when Renee was not invited to a surprise birthday party for Nancy, planned by some friends of Nancy's," Navratilova wrote in her book. "Renee thought it was Nancy's idea, but that was ridiculous. I knew the party was being planned, but I had other things on my mind." Navratilova's break-up with girlfriend Judy Nelson sparked considerable media attention when Nelson sued for half of Navratilova's earnings. A settlement was eventually reached between the two women. The political side of her life story came to the fore in the summer of 1986, when she returned for the first time to Czechoslovakia. As an American citizen, she represented the United States in the Federation Cup in Prague. The return was a major media event as soon as she stepped off the plane. "Lights. Shouts. Rudeness. Pushing. Shoving," wrote Frank Deford in Sports Illustrated." How Kafka must have chuckled in his nearby grave as Navratilova beat a retreat." As she played well and won, she became a favorite of the fans, if not of Czech tennis officials. "Everyday the lady from Revnice was winning more hearts," Deford wrote. "Young men dashed on the court to give her roses. The crowds began to acclaim her, and she grew more responsive—first waving shyly, then giving the thumbs-up sign and, last, blowing kisses. Why, it almost seemed as if the Statue of Liberty had gone on tour, turning in her torch for a Yonex racket. Czech officials grew so enraged that on Friday they ordered the umpire not to introduce Navratilova by name. She became 'On my left the woman player from the United States."' Although her personal life is interesting, there are other persons who are defectors from Czechoslovakia and others who overcame obesity and others who are bisexual. What makes Navratilova a famous person is her ability to play tennis consistently with the best in the world. She holds the racket in her left hand and plays aggressively. "The pattern of attack is a vital factor in Martina's supremacy," Shirley Brasher wrote in Weekend Magazine of Canada." She gives her opponents no time to find their own rhythm, no time to play at a safe speed. Instead, she rushes them and pushes them around the court, hitting out for the lines and blanketing the next with her reach, power and speed." As the years went by and her victory totals grew, Navratilova became a favorite subject of sports writers who watched her grow from an emotional teenager to a more self-assured adult. "She has evolved in the eyes of many," John Ed Bradley wrote in the Washington Post," into a strong-armed automaton with a mean top spin forehand … and a tough, insensitive attitude that has wiped clean the memory of her emotional loss to Tracy Austin in the 1981 U.S. Open. Has the world forgotten that she wept violently at center court after dropping the third-set tie breaker?" As her career peaked, late in 1986, Peter Alfano wrote in the New York Times: " For the fifth consecutive year, Ms. Navratilova will finish as the No. 1 player in the world in the computer rankings. Her hold is so strong that a rare defeat is celebrated like a holiday on the tour, her victorious opponent treated like a conquering hero. Then come the whispers: Is Martina slowing down?" Two years later, the whispers were common conversation. Her computer ranking fell to No. 2 and held there for 1988. Going into competition in 1988, she had won 17 Grand Slam titles. (A Grand Slam event is one of the four major tournaments: Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open.) Only three women had won more: Margaret Court (26), Helen Wills Moody (19), and Chris Evert (18). Prior to 1988, Navratilova had won at least one Grand Slam singles title in seven consecutive years. But the year 1988 was difficult for her with no Grand Slam titles. After being upset by Zina Garrison in the U.S. Open in suburban New York, Navratilova said, "If this year were a fish, I would throw it back." Navratilova continued to play singles tennis despite constant retirement rumors. In 1992 she won her one hundred and fifty-eighth professional tennis title. With this win, Navratilova broke the record for more tennis titles than any other man or woman. Playing with Jonathan Stark, the pair won the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon in 1995. A second attempt at a mixed doubles title at Wimbledon was squelched by a loss to Lindsay Davenport and Grant Connell in 1996. Reporters continue to ask Navratilova what her plans are and if she will return for another match. Her answer remains that she does not know when she will retire from the professional tennis tour. Navratilova has devoted some of her time off of the tennis court to writing. Her autobiography Martina chronicles her life from growing up in the former Czechoslovakia to her defection to the United States and subsequent rise to greatness and reveals much about trials and triumphs she has experienced along the way. Her mystery novels The Total Zone and Breaking Point were released in 1994 and 1996 Further Reading The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Martina Navratilova (märtē´nə năv´rətĬlō´və), 1956–, Czech-American tennis player, b. Prague. After holding the Czech singles title (1972–74), she defected (1975) to the United States. Known for her aggressive serve-and-volley style, she won the women's singles at Wimbledon a record nine times (1978–79, 1982–87, 1990) and also won a record 20 titles there overall. She holds four U.S. Open titles (1983, 1984, 1986–87), three Australian Open titles (1981, 1983, 1985), and two French Open titles (1982, 1984). With her partner Pam Shriver, she also dominated women's doubles competitions, winning 110 consecutive matches from 1983 to 1985. In a career spanning more than three decades, Navratilova became the all-time leader, male or female, in singles titles (168); she also holds 178 doubles titles. See her autobiography, written with G. Vecsey (1985). Cite this article

i don't know

Who beat Carl Lewis's best time of 9.86 seconds for the 100 meters?

ESPN.com: King Carl had long, golden reign King Carl had long, golden reign By Larry Schwartz Special to ESPN.com Carl Lewis has always amazed us. By distinguishing himself in two seemingly simple actions -- jumping and running -- for the longest time, he became unlike any competitor. With his unsurpassed talent in the long jump and his speed in the sprints, he has gone places where no other track and field athlete has ever visited.     Carl Lewis capped his remarkable Olympics career by winning gold in the long jump at Atlanta in 1996. He didn't lose in the long jump for a decade, winning 65 consecutive competitions. He won four gold medals at the 1984 Olympics, equaling the 1936 accomplishment of his hero, Jesse Owens. He sped to a world record in the 100 meters. And then, when it appeared to be time for him to leave the jumping to younger athletes, he fooled us. "You try to give a man a gold watch, and he steals your gold medal instead. You ask him to pass the torch, and he sets your Olympics on fire," Sports Illustrated's Rick Reilly wrote about Lewis, at the age of 35, winning his fourth consecutive Olympic long jump in 1996. That unexpected and stunning victory gave Lewis his ninth Olympic gold medal, tying him for the largest gold collection with U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz, Finnish long-distance runner Paavo Nurmi and Soviet gymnast Larysa Latynina. Yet, through all his triumphs, Lewis never came to be embraced by the country. He never became his sport's ambassador, his sport's Magic Johnson. He came across as haughty and arrogant, cold and calculating, aloof and abrasive. We like our heroes to display at least a minimum of modesty (see Michael Jordan), though it is not necessary to have the unpretentiousness of a Lou Gehrig. The quest for perfection in most athletes is seen as a positive. In Lewis, it came across as a negative. "He rubs it in too much," said Edwin Moses, two-time Olympic gold medalist in the 400 hurdles. "A little humility is in order. That's what Carl lacks." That lack of humility never made up for Lewis being handsome and articulate, of having stayed clean in a dirty sport, of being a crusader against steroid use. Lewis, like Frank Sinatra, did it his way. But unlike Sinatra, he didn't have the charm to go with the talent. ZONE POLL   "Lewis' liberating cool liberates him, not necessarily us," wrote Sports Illustrated's Kenny Moore. "We might understand him best as forged by the 100, holding on to his solitude until the pack falls away." Frederick Carlton Lewis was born July 1, 1961, in Birmingham, Ala., and raised in Willingboro, N.J., a suburban, middle-class, racially mixed environment. Bill and Evelyn Lewis raised Carl and his three siblings with the premise that they didn't have to bend to authority just because it's authority. "We don't like outside influence," said Carl's older brother Cleve, "and we don't like control." Carl was seven when Bob Beamon set the remarkable record - 29 feet, 2½ inches at the 1968 Olympics -- that would possess Lewis for his career. He competed in track on the town club his parents coached. When he was 10, he and a cousin had their picture taken with Owens, who advised him to have fun. Small for his age (his younger sister Carol called him "Shorty") and shy, Lewis sprouted so suddenly at 15 (2½ inches in a month) that he had to walk with crutches for three weeks while his body adjusted. As a high school senior, his 26-8 leap broke the national prep long-jump record. Lewis went to the University of Houston, instead of local track power Villanova, to become more independent. By 1981 he was No. 1 in the world in the 100 meters as well as the long jump. Two years later, he won the 100, 200 and long jump at the U.S. national championships, the first person to achieve this triple since Malcolm Ford in 1886. The 6-foot-2, 173-pound Lewis had even grander plans for the 1984 Olympics: four gold medals. First came the 100 meters. With a burst that was clocked at 28 mph at the finish, Lewis won by an incredible eight feet -- the biggest margin in Olympic history -- in 9.9 seconds. Lewis captured the long jump with his first leap -- 28-¼ into the wind. After fouling on his second attempt, Lewis, who had six races behind him and five more to go, passed on his last four jumps. The fans in Los Angeles didn't care about his heavy schedule; they booed him for not challenging Beamon's record. Lewis won the 200 in a then-Olympic record 19.80 seconds and completed his quest by running a 8.94 anchor leg on the victorious 4x100 relay team. But that L.A. gold didn't turn into as much green as Lewis had expected. The endorsements he had counted upon didn't come (at least in the U.S.; he did much better in Europe and Japan). Lewis was hurt by his own attitude, as well as by his agent comparing him to Michael Jackson. No one had ever successfully defended either the long jump or 100-meter title in the Olympics. Lewis won both in 1988. Competing in the long jump final just 55 minutes after he qualified in the preliminaries of the 200, Lewis finished first with a leap of 28-7¼. In the 100, Lewis was beaten to the finish line by Ben Johnson, who ran a remarkable 9.79 seconds. But the steroid-using Canadian was stripped of the gold medal for failing a drug test, and Lewis was moved up to first. His 9.92 seconds was listed as the world record. Lewis, whose two-year winning streak in the 200 had been snapped at the Olympic Trials when he was beaten by training partner Joe DeLoach, was overtaken in the '88 Olympic 200 by DeLoach with 30 meters left and lost by .04 seconds. Lewis never got an opportunity to go for the gold in the 4x100 as the U.S. was disqualified in the first round (without Lewis) for an improper baton pass. The 1991 World Championships in Tokyo were quite incredible -- in both the 100 meters and long jump. Lewis won one and lost the other. In the 100, six runners broke 10 seconds, with Lewis leading the pack after a mighty finish. "He passed us like we were standing still," said runner-up Leroy Burrell. For the first time in his life, after going undefeated in the long jump for a decade, after winning six Olympic gold medals, Lewis had at last set an untainted, unshared world record (since broken) with his 9.86 seconds. "The best race of my life," Lewis said. "The best technique, the fastest. And I did it at 30." But Lewis' 10-year unbeaten streak in the long jump came to an end five days later, even though he put together the greatest series of jumps in history. Lewis had never before reached 29 feet, and this day he did it three times, including 29-2¾ (wind-aided) and 29-1¼ (against the wind). But Mike Powell, who had lost 15 consecutive times to Lewis, unleashed the longest jump in history -- 29-4½. At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Lewis exacted revenge on Powell, who had the record that Lewis craved, when he edged him by 1¼ inches with a leap of 28-5½. Lewis won his eighth gold medal by anchoring the record-setting 4x100 relay team. But eight wasn't enough for him. Lewis, who qualified third in the 1996 Olympic Trials in the long jump, showed he still had one huge leap left in him. His 27-10¾ at Atlanta was his longest jump at sea level in four years. "Lewis beat age, gravity, history, logic and the world at a rocking Olympic Stadium in Atlanta to win the Olympic gold medal in the long jump," Reilly wrote. "It was quite possibly his most impossible moment in an impossibly brilliant career."

Leroy Burrell

Who won a record ninth Wimbledon singles title in 1990?

TRACK AND FIELD - Drummond Aims to Dethrone the Kings of Sprinting - NYTimes.com TRACK AND FIELD; Drummond Aims to Dethrone the Kings of Sprinting By FILIP BONDY Published: May 19, 1993 The presence of the others glowed so fiercely, they commanded the entire oval. When Jon Drummond lined up to sprint against Carl Lewis and Leroy Burrell, he saw only what others saw: Lewis and Burrell. "I was just this little light shining in the background," Drummond said. "A utility man." He is more than that now, and Drummond believes he can beat the stars of track and field, beginning Saturday at the New York Games in Wien Stadium. "I've been told for years that I'm up-and-coming," Drummond said. "Well, I don't think I'm up-and-coming anymore. I've arrived." If the entries don't change, Drummond will get his first shot of the early season at two mainstays of the Santa Monica Track Club: Lewis, the world record-holder at 100 meters in 9.86 seconds; and Mike Marsh, the Olympic champion at 200 meters. This is something that Drummond is looking forward to with the gusto of a talented upstart. Drummond Is Ready Drummond already has captured a 100-meter race this spring, at the Penn Relays in Philadelphia, and been clocked in a wind-aided 10 seconds flat to win a race in Modesto, Calif. Drummond also set a personal-best time of 6.54 seconds two months ago, indoors, at 60 meters in the USA/ Mobil indoor championships at Madison Square Garden. At age 24, it appears that Drummond is finally ready to step forward as part of America's next generation of sprinters. "Guys don't want to compete against each other too early in the year, and it's too early to run too fast," Drummond said. "But it would be nice if people knew there are other athletes besides Carl and the Santa Monica crew." Joe Douglas, the coach of the Santa Monica Track Club, seemed confident, meanwhile, of his runners' chances. "I don't think anybody is going to beat Carl Lewis or Mike Marsh right now," said Douglas. "They're just running too fast." Drummond, now training with the Nike International team in Los Angeles, starred at Overbrook High School in Philadelphia, where he ran the 100, 200 and 400, and dabbled in the long jump. He didn't enjoy the longer races, and decided that long-jumping hurt too much. "If God had wanted me to jump," said Drummond, "He'd have given me kangaroo feet." A Motivational Tool He attended Texas Christian University for five years, then discovered that life was not all that much fun out of school. There were limited opportunities for a while, and Drummond wondered whether life would ever become easier again. "The attention you used to get, you don't get anymore," Drummond said of life after college. "You suddenly have to worry about how you're going to get to the track." He trained in Philadelphia with George Williams, his former high school coach, then hooked up last month with John Smith and Nike International in Los Angeles. Smith has tried to use Lewis and the Santa Monica team as a motivational tool for Drummond, not as an end in itself. "You try to shoot at Santa Monica, but then you try to become the one to shoot at," Smith said. "It's a wonderful motivation, but it's not an elixir. That's within yourself. Once he dethrones the king, then Jon will have to deal with the legend of being king." Meanwhile, there are some kinks to work out. Drummond has a tendency to raise his head, bobbing up and down, as he reaches the midpoint of his races. "I'm running fast, but raggedy, doing so many things wrong," he said. He is also relatively small at 5 foot 8 1/2 inches, and has discovered that this can be a liability at windblown tracks like Wien Stadium, which is at the the northern tip of Manhattan. In two previous appearances at the New York Games, Drummond fought headwinds and finished fourth over all. "I thought that fat is what blocks the wind but, evidently, I've got air pockets," Drummond said. "The wind blows me back on the track." Drummond won't guarantee a victory on Saturday. He respects Lewis too much for that, even though he is certain that Lewis can no longer dominate him, as he once did. "I'm not being cocky," Drummond said. "But if you don't have confidence, you shouldn't be in track and field." SPIKE MARKS GWEN TORRENCE pulled a muscle in her right leg during a 100-meter race last weekend in Brazil, and was scratched from what would have been a dream 100-meter race at the New York Games. Other sprinters who plan to compete in the race are GAIL DEVERS, EVELYN ASHFORD, MICHELLE FINN, CARLETTE GUIDRY and OLGA BOGOSLAVSKAYA of Russia. Photo: Jon Drummond feels ready to take on Carl Lewis and Mike Marsh. (Steven E. Sutton/Duomo)  

i don't know

On which course does the Kentucky Derby take place?

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Churchill Downs

Which American was the youngest male Olympic gold medalist when he won in 1948?

Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby | Thoroughbred horse racing in Louisville, Kentucky | | Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby Home of the Kentucky Derby Sign up for Churchill Downs Information Submit © 2016 Churchill Downs Incorporated . All Rights Reserved. Churchill Downs, Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Oaks, the “twin spires design”, and Churchill Downs Incorporated related trademarks are registered trademarks of Churchill Downs Incorporated.

i don't know

In women's field hockey, which country has won the most World Cups?

India and World Cup Hockey Home > Sports > Indian Hockey > Hockey in India > India and World Cup Hockey India and World Cup Hockey Hockey World Cup better known as Hockey World Championship is a most popular international field hockey competition organized by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). 2014 Hockey World Cup is hosted in Netherlands. Next world Cup will be in 2018, which will be in India. Subscribe to Free E-Magazine on Sports   Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organized by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament commenced in the year 1971. It is also known as the Hockey World Championships. Hockey World Cup is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics. Five countries have dominated the event's history. Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands have won three titles, and Germany and Australia have each won two titles. India won the tournament once. There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organized by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation in 1982. The 2010 Hockey World Cup was held in India from February 28 to March 13 at New Delhi 's Dhyan Chand National Stadium. Australia defeated Germany in 2-1 in the final, to win their second World Cup title. And in the 2014, the Hockey World Cup is hosted in Netherlands, with the name "Rabobank Hockey World Cup The Hague 2014". Next World Cup Hockey will be in India. History of Hockey World Cup The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH under the name of Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on October 26, 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on April 12, 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan. However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup. Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site. The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date. The remaining 9 World Cups have featured 12 nations. The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 Cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous tournament. Since 1982, the tournament has been held every four years, halfway between the Summer Olympics field hockey competition. The 2006 Hockey World Cup was held at the Warsteiner Hockey Park, Germany from September 6 to September 17. Germany won for the second time, defeating Australia 4-3 in the final. India's Performance at the Hockey World Cup It has been 27 years since India won any medal at the World Cup. Only 3 Indians, Mohinder Singh, Rajinder Singh and Mukesh Kumar have scored more than 2 goals in a single World Cup match. Only 2 Indians, Ashok Kumar, son of legendary Dhyan Chand , and Dhanraj Pillai, have participated in 4 World Cup tournaments. In the first 3 World Cups, India lost only one match during the entire tournament. In the 1986 and 1990 World Cups, India won only one match during the entire tournament. India has won only one Hockey World Cup to date, in 1975. A capacity crowd of 40,000 turned up at Merdeka Stadium for the semi-final between India and Malaysia. Malaysia led 2-1 well into the game. With only 8 minutes left in the game Ashok Kumar brought about the penalty corner for India and Aslam Sher Khan sent the ball in for the goal. It was 2-2 at the end of regulation. In the third minute of extra-time, V. J. Philips sprinted down the right flank and sent in a sizzling cross to Harcharan, who made no mistake. The game was over for the spirited Malaysians, and India took her place in the final to play with traditional rivals Pakistan. Pakistan had beaten India in the 1971 World Cup, but lost to India in the 1973 World Cup semi-final. For the first time since 1964, India had won a world title. It was only the 5th victory against Pakistan in 15 encounters. They had scored two goals against Pakistan for the first time. Millions of fans followed the dramatic final on All India Radio . Even Doordarshan showed the final later. India's victory in the World Cup was celebrated with great joy with the entire team parading in different parts of the country. Indian Hokey obtained a whole generation of young fans by that one world title, and it remains one of Indian hockey's most memorable games. Hockey World Cup in 1982 The Hockey World Cup in 1982 was the fifth episode of the Men's Hockey World Cup Tournament. Hockey World Cup took place from December 12th 1981 to January 12th 1982 in Mumbai India. The twelve teams competed in it. The final match was played between Pakistan and West Germany. In that World Cup, Pakistan won the tournament. Hockey World Cup in 2010 World Cup Tournament of Hockey 2010 was the 12th edition of Hockey World Cup for men. It was held from 28 February to 13 March 2010 in New Delhi, India. In that tournament, Australia won the tournament after defeating Germany 2-1 in the final match. By that, they collected their second World Cup, after the title obtained in 1986. Netherlands won the third place match by defeating England 4-3. In that World Cup Tournament, India ranked 8th. Hockey World Cup in 2014 World Cup Tournament of Hockey 2014 was the 13th edition of Hockey World Cup for men. This world cup is currently hosting in Netherlands. And the next World Cup will be on 2018. 2018 World Cup will be in India. (Last Updated on : 07/06/2014)

Netherlands

Name France's last Wimbledon men's singles winner of this century.

Top Ten Best Hockey Countries - TheTopTens® Top Ten Best Hockey Countries The Top Ten 1 Canada Canada is a country in North America that is next to the United States, and it's the 2nd largest country in the world (size is 9 . 985 million km²).This country has 10 provinces, and 3 territories. Canada declared independence from Great Britain on July 1, 1867. Its 10 provinces are: Ontario, British ... read more . Hockey is our game! We live, breathe, and crap hockey. - SeanyFens Canada has enough good players to put a different team up against every country that competed in 2010 Olympics and still win a majority its games. (Over 60% of NHL players come from Canada) Moreover, in a best of seven series featuring best players on best, Canada would win every time. There can be no doubt whatsoever that Canada is, by far, the best hockey nation in the world. When you are born in Canada you are born into hockey. It doesn't matter if you play it or even watch it, you are born into it because it is our sport. We invented and we play it the best. When you ask random people from other countries about Canada, there minds instantly go to Hockey because it's our sport and we play it the best. After the 2016 World Cup of hockey I think we can all agree we need not no longer ask the question "who owns hockey? " V 253 Comments 2 Sweden So, who cares who got the most players / population? It's the medals that counts, now doesn't it? In all, I'd say Russia, Canada, Sweden, Czech or Finland. It's sad to see all you kids rating Finland over Sweden, since the difference between medals in all are like 30 medals. Sweden's national team is one of the few teams that actually play as a team. Team spirit and a lot of sacrifice on the ice are features that characterize the Swedish ice hockey teams for sure, but especially Sweden's male national team. Today there's no better team than Sweden. Look how we run over all our opponents. It's obvious. 9 millions and still the best hockey team. Much better than US V 56 Comments 3 Russia They are really good at it and it's such a shame that happened in the plane crush with the Russian team. Rest in peace comrades! I am Bulgarian and I think Russia is really a powerful team. Canada and Russia are the strongest in the world. I'll always be rooting for Russia Russia won the world cup this year for the 26th time a record. - ratingman The world cup means absolutely nothing. All of the good players are still playing in the NHL playoffs. Russia is the best because they win everyone. V 48 Comments 4 United States The United States of America, or the U.S.A for short, is a federal republic composed of 50 states. 48 of them are contiguous states. There are two other states, Alaska and Hawaii, which are north and south of the contiguous states, respectively. The United States declared its independence from the British ... read more . How can a team that won the SILVER medal be ranked 6th They deserve to be at number 5, a SILVER medal in 2010 does not get you to the top of the list like Canada and Sweden Usa stats - 98 offense,95 defense,95 goalie. Canada stats-100 offense,98 defense,94 goalie. only 4 difference - ifgy I play hockey and every in my school likes it V 82 Comments 5 Finland Only one country besides Canada has more than one per cent of its general population listed as registered hockey players and that is Finland. Also, ever since the NHL has been involved in the Winter Olympics (beginning in 1998) the country winning the most medals in men's hockey has been Finland. Indeed, since 1988 (the last seven Winter Olympics), Finland has won more Olympic medals than any other in men's hockey. It also gets the most attention of any sport in the Finnish media and fan support is very strong. So, in my opinion, there are only two great hockey nations on earth: Canada and Finland. The USA and Russia don't even come close. For the last 25 years Finland has won 2 gold, 6 silver and 3 bronze medals in Ice Hockey World Championships and also 2 silver and 4 bronze medals in Olympic games, and by far better like USA has done in these past 25 years. Also at the Women's Championships Finland has won 10 bronze medals and 2 bronze medals in Olympic games and they are third best country after Canada and USA. Every year Finland doesn't have nowhere the best roster of the games, but still they beat harder opponents in paper and do it in a great way. In NHL they have good solid players and top goaltenders playing year after another. Now Canadians says that: "Ice Hockey is their hobby and game." I believe that is true, but I am considered that it is (at least someways) Finland game as well. I am not sure if Finland BEST ice hockey country in a world, but I definitely think it is at least in top 5. Finland has great ice hockey players and they have possibilities to defeat USA, Sweden, Russia and Canada which are strong ice hockey countries as well. Consider this: Finland is about size of Minnesota and it keeps product great players and making process in World Championship and Olympics. I am from Finland myself and I am always proud of our Finland team. I follow our SM and when its possible: World Championship even when its not about Finland match. Because I like Ice Hockey and good matches. Finland is also number one in junior hockey V 51 Comments 6 Czech Republic The Czech Republic, per capita, in regard to medals, blows away all 5 countries ranked above them. Only 10 million people in this country and they still rank in top 3 in medals in world competition. If the two countries of former Czechoslovakia were still together they would have the Gold or Silver in the Olympics and World Championships for the last 20 years. And that's still with under 18 million people! Russia is great at hockey only because during the communist occupation of Czechoslovakia they made Czechoslovakian coaches train them to be good. Canadians have hockey, hockey and hockey. So, yes, if you have a huge country with a huge population where it's freezing 9 months out of the year. I hope you are at least good at one thing... If the Czech Republic was as big and had that population the world would stop player competitive hockey because they would be tired of the Czechs winning gold every year... USA, Sweden and Finland are good too, but again, look at the results for the ... more Country only of 10 millions people and yet the most medals won in the history of hockey... Along with Russia.. (which has 30x more people)... Therefore The Czech Republic/Czechoslovakia is the true best hockey country in the world. Also a large portion of NHL players are Czech and Slovaks. How can a team that is historically third best nation in hockey, be ranked 6th? Czech Republic has the most medals won in the history of hockey. In the ranking of gold medals is ranked 3rd behind Canada and Russian. In the past 20 years the because won on World Cups the gold medals 6 times. No other country won more times in last 20 years. Czechs even won the gold medal from Olympic Games in Nagano 1998 and was bronze in Turin in 2006. Czech Republic shoudl be ranked on 3rd position, not worse. Should be higher on the list. It's a top 5 hockey country for sure while Sweden certainly isn't. V 13 Comments 8 Switzerland Switzerland is good goal keeper, name Patrick Aebischer, Martin Gerber and and and. Team Switzerland have red and white dress and in center of dress is have beautiful cross. Most up and coming nation... will be part of the "Big 7" soon displacing Slovakia. 13 NHL players in 2015-2016 season and counting. Switzerland is good at hockey and I appreciate that. Because I like the cheese V 4 Comments 9 Germany Germany was formally united in 1871 under the initiative of Bismarck with King Wilhelm of Prussia as emperor. The previous 'Holy Roman Empire', basically a continuation of the empire of Charlemagne/Karl der Grosse was dissolved in 1806. ... read more . Germany has the potential to reach more athletes because of there high population. They seem more like soccer (football) people. Germany belongs to soccer world not hockey world! Germany is about soccer (football) and shouldn't be in championships because they're a disgrace to the game. V 7 Comments 10 Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. What the butt is India and Morocco and Australia doing on this list Philippines too they don't even play hockey - ketchup A country with the best hockey fans in the world! I'm Latvian, and proud of it. Ice hockey is like our religion. We live, breath and dream ice hockey! Latvia is pro at hockey The Contenders 11 India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. If talking about land hockey, it is difficult to beat the team We have alway's been one of the best hockey playing nations of the world and I believe on terms of skill we are still the best surpassing australia and the european countries. India have won 8 olympic gold and numerous tournaments. They are the Asian powerhouse compared to Malaysia. INDIA is the best country in the world and also galaxy. I AM PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN V 60 Comments 12 China China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous state, with a population of over 1.381 billion. It was established in 1949. Its capital is Beijing. The other major cities are Hong Kong and Shanghai. Chinese (Mandarin) is the only official ... read more . China sucks. they don't play very good hockey. They lost 28-6 to Russia - ifgy That's sad. They scored 6 times on Russia - Zachywaky Their not very good but they play fair China just got a team in the KHL. They are a hockey program on the rise and I am already looking forward to the Bejing winter olympics in 2022. V 7 Comments 13 North Korea The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, also known as North Korea, is a country in Eastern Asia. Its capital is Pyongyang. It is currently ruled by the dictator Kim Jong-Un, after inheriting the title from his father, Kim Jong-Il, who inherited it from his father, Kim Il-Sung. ... read more . The United Kingdom is way! better than the North Korea team The United Kingdom is WAY better than the North Korea! Canada is way better than the United Kingdom and North Korea! Canada is totally the best! V 15 Comments 14 United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state which consists of the political and economic union of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It was a member of the European Union (EU) from 1973 to 2016. The UK is well known for ancient and modern literature, its influence in world music, its historical ... read more . The United Kingdom invented the game of Hockey and Ice Hockey as we know it today... Interesting fact they won a World Championship in Ice Hockey 1956. Unfortunately due to lack of funding they now only play the field version. Would like to see them competing again with the bigger Ice Hockey nations. The people of the United Kingdom gave us so many amazing sports, shame they're not as competitive as before... United Kingdom invented the game of Hockey and Ice Hockey as we know it today. Here's an interesting fact they won a World Championship in Ice Hockey 1956! The sad thing is now they only play the field version, would like to see them competing again with the bigger Ice Hockey nations... They gave the world so many amazing sports! I am a huge fan of the United Kingdom because I'm british and they created the game of hockey and they are one of the best playing teams in the world and they are better than many other countries that play hockey. The reasons that they are the best team is because... 1) There awesome V 19 Comments 15 Belarus They only lost to Canada 10-0 and Russia 8-1 in the world juniors but granted, they did beat Sweden and Finland. - Zachywaky This needs to be in top ten and they are much better than India Small population and good team should be higher I can't believe everybody forgot the bells 16 Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Europe. The southernmost of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Although not a very good team, they are way better than United Kingdom, China, Netherlands and Japan for sure. They should be placed higher Why the heck is Denmark down here!? They aren't good but they're better than half these teams that basically don't even play hockey! (okay Denmark doesn't really either) and where's Norway? Norways should be higher than Denmark!...one Canadians point of view They have some good players like Lars eller and a few different player and they should be ranked 9 not 18th Denmark should be higher! V 2 Comments 18 Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia in the Pacific Ocean which has a huge capital city called Tokyo . Other cities in Japan include Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Osaka, Nagoya and Sendai . It's close to South Korea, which is on the North West of it . It has a large population of 127 . 3 million people (in ... read more . V 3 Comments 19 South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. South Korea IS amazing they do a lot of sports but they also have the most cutest guys and singers such as kpop like exo BTs seventeen etc. I bet you can beat Canada if you could keep that score up V 10 Comments 20 Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia. Ruled by the Dutch for over 300 years, the country gained independence in 1945 . Jakarta is the capital city, located in the island of Java . Major languages are Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian), Sundanese and Minangkabau ... read more . Are you kidding me.. Indonesia is weak at hockey. In southeast Asia, Malaysia is the best hockey team. I'm from Canada and I can tell you Canada is the best way better than this team. Indonesia is by far the best country in hockey

i don't know

Who was the oldest US Open golf champion of the 20th century?

US Open Golf | US Open History| US Open Past Winners| US Open Courses History US Open Championship History The first ever US Open took place in 1895 and was played at the nine-hole Newport Golf and Country club in Rhode Island, USA. It was played over 36 holes with only 11 players taking part. The eventual winner was an Englishman named Horace Rawlins who scored a total of 173. For the next three years the US Open maintained the same format of four rounds around a nine-hole golf course before moving to four rounds around an 18-hole course in 1898, the format that is maintained still today. Despite very modest beginnings the US Open really began to capture the interest of the American people during the early part of the 20th century. The US Open Championship had been dominated by professional golfers from England and Scotland playing amongst American amateurs. This was until an American amateur named John McDermott won the Championship back-to-back in 1911 and 1912. These victories kick started an American dominance, which has been maintained ever since, with home born players winning 84 US Open Championships since 1911. The US Open was first opened up to spectators in 1922 at the Skokie Country Club (Illinois) but it was the preceding years that would really spark interest from the general public. Between 1923 and 1930 the US amateur Bob Jones won the US Open Championship four times, and as his style of play began to impress fans the profile of the competition increased. The US Open is now firmly established as one of the best known golf championships in the world and has been one of the four majors since the inception of professional golf during the 1950s. Over the years some of the best known names in the history of golf have had their name inscribed on the US Open trophy. Famous US Open Winners Jack Nicklaus, probably the most famous golfer of them all, won the US Open a joint record four times during a career which saw him play in 44 consecutive Championships between 1957 and 2000. Nicklaus was very unlucky not to make it five victories in the US Open when he lost out to Lee Trevino in the 1971 Championship. Other US Open players who have won the Championship four times include Willie Anderson, Bob Jones and Ben Hogan. Tiger Woods will be attempting to join this illustrious list of great players in 2011 as he bids for his 15th Major. The Tiger of old resurfaced in the final few rounds at the Masters and he'll be aiming to take his new found form to the Congressional County Club on June 16th. In more recent memory, Hale Irwin won the Championship a total of three times between 1974 and 1990 and on his final victory become the oldest ever US Open champion at the age of 45. The South African Ernie Els threatened to dominate the title when winning it in 1994 and 1997 but has since failed to make an impact. The Big Easy can never be ruled out and it would be no surprise to see him come back to Major form at the 2013 US Open. Free Bets & Betting Offers

Hale Irwin

Who did Hubert Green beat to win the US PGA Championship in 1985?

US Open Golf | US Open History| US Open Past Winners| US Open Courses History US Open Championship History The first ever US Open took place in 1895 and was played at the nine-hole Newport Golf and Country club in Rhode Island, USA. It was played over 36 holes with only 11 players taking part. The eventual winner was an Englishman named Horace Rawlins who scored a total of 173. For the next three years the US Open maintained the same format of four rounds around a nine-hole golf course before moving to four rounds around an 18-hole course in 1898, the format that is maintained still today. Despite very modest beginnings the US Open really began to capture the interest of the American people during the early part of the 20th century. The US Open Championship had been dominated by professional golfers from England and Scotland playing amongst American amateurs. This was until an American amateur named John McDermott won the Championship back-to-back in 1911 and 1912. These victories kick started an American dominance, which has been maintained ever since, with home born players winning 84 US Open Championships since 1911. The US Open was first opened up to spectators in 1922 at the Skokie Country Club (Illinois) but it was the preceding years that would really spark interest from the general public. Between 1923 and 1930 the US amateur Bob Jones won the US Open Championship four times, and as his style of play began to impress fans the profile of the competition increased. The US Open is now firmly established as one of the best known golf championships in the world and has been one of the four majors since the inception of professional golf during the 1950s. Over the years some of the best known names in the history of golf have had their name inscribed on the US Open trophy. Famous US Open Winners Jack Nicklaus, probably the most famous golfer of them all, won the US Open a joint record four times during a career which saw him play in 44 consecutive Championships between 1957 and 2000. Nicklaus was very unlucky not to make it five victories in the US Open when he lost out to Lee Trevino in the 1971 Championship. Other US Open players who have won the Championship four times include Willie Anderson, Bob Jones and Ben Hogan. Tiger Woods will be attempting to join this illustrious list of great players in 2011 as he bids for his 15th Major. The Tiger of old resurfaced in the final few rounds at the Masters and he'll be aiming to take his new found form to the Congressional County Club on June 16th. In more recent memory, Hale Irwin won the Championship a total of three times between 1974 and 1990 and on his final victory become the oldest ever US Open champion at the age of 45. The South African Ernie Els threatened to dominate the title when winning it in 1994 and 1997 but has since failed to make an impact. The Big Easy can never be ruled out and it would be no surprise to see him come back to Major form at the 2013 US Open. Free Bets & Betting Offers

i don't know

Who devised the Breeder's Cup?

Evolution of the Breeders' Cup 21dMatt Hegarty | Daily Racing Form Evolution of the Breeders' Cup • Paul Moran is a two-time winner of the Media Eclipse Award among several other industry honors. He also has been given the Red Smith Award for his coverage of the Kentucky Derby. • You can email him at [email protected] comment There was no shortage of stars, from Kelso and beyond to Secretariat, Forego, Spectacular Bid and John Henry. Racing may have given up its place on the front burner of American sport as the NFL, driven by ingenious marketing and, the NBA gained market share alongside Major League Baseball. But, even though the milk-and-honey era that was racing in the '70s saw three winners of the Triple Crown, the sport flagged, began to fray at the edges, yield to shadows cast by the soaring NFL. Change was heavy with an ill wind that still blows cold. Television was -- and remains -- the most valuable of marketing tools, but they reasoned that exposure of racing on television would keep patrons away from the racetrack. It was an entirely different sporting world in the early '80s with a playing field level at first but landscaped by insight, foresight, vision and money not universally shared. Almost none of what applies now was germane then. Cable television was in its infancy and primarily local. Legal gaming was local and restricted to Nevada and Atlantic City. Simulcasting was an experiment. The Internet no more than a foreshadowing of what it would become. Personal computers were crude, limited and widely expensive. Phones were still dumb. Twitter was a speech impediment and a blog was something unspeakable sucked from deep in a clogged pipe. Social media was a top-end sound system, a bottle of good wine and a Saturday night date. The nation came to a standstill for "Monday Night Football." The Super Bowl was becoming an international holiday. A heavyweight championship fight was a huge, pay-per-view spectacle that dominated the news weeks in advance. But if someone wished to see a horse race, bet on a horse or spend an afternoon in the company of kindred spirits, the local racetrack was the only game in town and often required travel. Off-track betting was established widely only in New York and even there it was crude and distasteful. Racing's movers and shakers of that era surveyed the landscape and neither moved nor shook. Television was -- and remains -- the most valuable of marketing tools. But, they reasoned, employing a sort of pre-Neanderthal brain freeze, the availability of racing on television would keep patrons away from the racetrack. The metamorphosis of the shrinking media did not happen overnight. At the outset of the '80s, the print media remained robust and racing remained prestigious with most sports editors, a key source for entries, results, selections and daily coverage. News cycles were limited. Sports sections sold papers and racing information was important to the product, particularly in established markets. Press boxes in New York, California, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey and Kentucky were vibrant -- travel destinations as these tracks hosted major races in a seasonal rotation. Others -- Cleveland, Detroit and San Francisco were staffed by writers and handicappers. Racing's print media was still a long way from passing the wrong way through the looking glass. The destination was, however, inevitable. But newspapers, as decision makers the media grew younger and timid, followed television's lead. Racing's most important leaders eschewed television outside the Triple Crown. Racing depended upon newspapers, and newspapers had already begun to decline. It made no sense to a handful of Kentucky breeders, led by John Gaines and John Nerud, that as other sports built dramatic momentum toward a finale, racing's various titles were decided piecemeal and primarily in New York. There was no equivalent to the Super Bowl or World Series, only occasional television exposure. It didn't get better than a seven-game series, but racing allowed for no such drama. Racing's most marketable and popular events were confined to the spring. Finally, moving and shaking in racing actually resulted in things being shaken and moved. In 1982, Gaines announced the formation of Breeders' Cup Ltd., and outlined what they envisioned as the resultant: Best Day of Racing Ever. If it is true that a prophet is last recognized in his own homeland, Gaines' struggle to win support for the Breeders' Cup concept is a sterling example. The concept was neither immediately nor universally embraced, and the execution was not assured until NBC signed on to broadcast the Breeders' Cup live over a span of five hours. Those who supported Gaines saw an exciting, long-overdue enhancement of an ancient, moribund sport. Those who did not support his vision sat back and waited for failure, a posture not unfamiliar in the racing industry. Gaines first faced a daunting challenge -- to win over major commercial breeders to support the idea, as they would fund a large part of the program's expenses through stallion and foal nomination fees. With a sufficient portion of industry supporting him, he announced a master plan for an unprecedented $10 million race day for the world's best horses headlined by the $3 million Classic, which would be the richest horse race in the world. To keep smaller breeders from withdrawing their support, Gaines also devised the Breeders' Cup National Stakes program, a series of races across North America with part of the purse funded by the Breeders' Cup to be paid out only to nominated horses. In February 1983, Hollywood Park was named the host of the inaugural Breeders' Cup, selected since the board felt the first running should be in a warm climate for the benefit of television, a similar strategy employed by the Super Bowl. By September, the final contract was signed with NBC, forming a partnership that would last and thrive until 2006. Nevertheless, the industry at large was hesitant to stand behind the most important innovation racing has ever seen. Most racetracks chose to simulcast only a few races, including many of the nation's largest ovals. Still, the world's racing media, lured by a collection of American and international stars, both equine and human, gathered in Los Angeles. The American racing media remained robust in 1984 and many larger newspapers dispatched more than one reporter to Hollywood Park. That wait for vindication, in both supportive and negative camps, would come to a sudden end in a distinctly personal and unique eureka moment at Hollywood Park in November 1984. The Breeders' Cup was judged unanimously to have been a huge success carried by unforgettable performances and enthusiastically endorsed by the elite of the Hollywood entertainment community, It was the first racing event made for television, and it worked in every sense; the best of the best meet the best of the best. That was then; this is now. If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, Gaines' vision was acute and well ahead of the curve, but not for long. The first Breeders' Cup was an explosion of the most that thoroughbred racing had to offer condensed into five breathless hours that would become moments frozen in time. Those who witnessed those seven races each arrived at a point at which it became obvious that the game had been profoundly and forever changed, its character and purpose transformed. The sport of kings could be better, but it never had been. The American racing media remained robust in 1984, and many larger newspapers dispatched more than one reporter to Hollywood Park. The event evolved into its present form in small steps while retaining the character of the moveable feast its founders envisioned -- after Hollywood Park, it was hosted by Aqueduct, Belmont Park, Santa Anita, Churchill Downs, Gulfstream Park, Arlington Park, Woodbine, Lone Star Park and Monmouth Park. The Filly & Mare Turf was the first expansion of what has become two days of wall-to-wall racing that has grown in size and scope of competition while at the same time contracting in generally available media coverage. It is now designed to maximize duration and scope for cable television and a global social media audience. Only the Classic is blessed with network exposure on Saturday night. It has also become anchored at Santa Anita, as most other potential venues have for various reasons become unsuitable. Many have shifted focus to alternative gambling; others in the East no longer fit the prime-time Saturday format. Alternative wagering platforms and the expansion of simulcasting and Internet-based wagering and international wagering participation have tilled a deep field for bettors. Still, 30 years after the first Breeders' Cup, it is doubtful the John Gaines would look upon this anniversary with approval. He would no doubt marvel at technological advances he dared not imagine in the '80s. Like those who recall the first Breeders' Cup as the perfect and personal racing event, Gaines would likely rail at the expansion to 14 races run over two days, regardless of the marketing advantages, carp at the inclusion of races meaningless to the determination of championships and almost certainly make known his disapproval of what his 30-year-old child had become in maturity. Age has its curmudgeonly privilege. The Internet has changed the world, altered every part of life and the only wonder remaining rests in things we have not yet imagined. Likely, Gaines would recognize this, too.

John Gaines

Which team lost the first Super Bowl of the 1980s?

Evolution of the Breeders' Cup 21dMatt Hegarty | Daily Racing Form Evolution of the Breeders' Cup • Paul Moran is a two-time winner of the Media Eclipse Award among several other industry honors. He also has been given the Red Smith Award for his coverage of the Kentucky Derby. • You can email him at [email protected] comment There was no shortage of stars, from Kelso and beyond to Secretariat, Forego, Spectacular Bid and John Henry. Racing may have given up its place on the front burner of American sport as the NFL, driven by ingenious marketing and, the NBA gained market share alongside Major League Baseball. But, even though the milk-and-honey era that was racing in the '70s saw three winners of the Triple Crown, the sport flagged, began to fray at the edges, yield to shadows cast by the soaring NFL. Change was heavy with an ill wind that still blows cold. Television was -- and remains -- the most valuable of marketing tools, but they reasoned that exposure of racing on television would keep patrons away from the racetrack. It was an entirely different sporting world in the early '80s with a playing field level at first but landscaped by insight, foresight, vision and money not universally shared. Almost none of what applies now was germane then. Cable television was in its infancy and primarily local. Legal gaming was local and restricted to Nevada and Atlantic City. Simulcasting was an experiment. The Internet no more than a foreshadowing of what it would become. Personal computers were crude, limited and widely expensive. Phones were still dumb. Twitter was a speech impediment and a blog was something unspeakable sucked from deep in a clogged pipe. Social media was a top-end sound system, a bottle of good wine and a Saturday night date. The nation came to a standstill for "Monday Night Football." The Super Bowl was becoming an international holiday. A heavyweight championship fight was a huge, pay-per-view spectacle that dominated the news weeks in advance. But if someone wished to see a horse race, bet on a horse or spend an afternoon in the company of kindred spirits, the local racetrack was the only game in town and often required travel. Off-track betting was established widely only in New York and even there it was crude and distasteful. Racing's movers and shakers of that era surveyed the landscape and neither moved nor shook. Television was -- and remains -- the most valuable of marketing tools. But, they reasoned, employing a sort of pre-Neanderthal brain freeze, the availability of racing on television would keep patrons away from the racetrack. The metamorphosis of the shrinking media did not happen overnight. At the outset of the '80s, the print media remained robust and racing remained prestigious with most sports editors, a key source for entries, results, selections and daily coverage. News cycles were limited. Sports sections sold papers and racing information was important to the product, particularly in established markets. Press boxes in New York, California, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey and Kentucky were vibrant -- travel destinations as these tracks hosted major races in a seasonal rotation. Others -- Cleveland, Detroit and San Francisco were staffed by writers and handicappers. Racing's print media was still a long way from passing the wrong way through the looking glass. The destination was, however, inevitable. But newspapers, as decision makers the media grew younger and timid, followed television's lead. Racing's most important leaders eschewed television outside the Triple Crown. Racing depended upon newspapers, and newspapers had already begun to decline. It made no sense to a handful of Kentucky breeders, led by John Gaines and John Nerud, that as other sports built dramatic momentum toward a finale, racing's various titles were decided piecemeal and primarily in New York. There was no equivalent to the Super Bowl or World Series, only occasional television exposure. It didn't get better than a seven-game series, but racing allowed for no such drama. Racing's most marketable and popular events were confined to the spring. Finally, moving and shaking in racing actually resulted in things being shaken and moved. In 1982, Gaines announced the formation of Breeders' Cup Ltd., and outlined what they envisioned as the resultant: Best Day of Racing Ever. If it is true that a prophet is last recognized in his own homeland, Gaines' struggle to win support for the Breeders' Cup concept is a sterling example. The concept was neither immediately nor universally embraced, and the execution was not assured until NBC signed on to broadcast the Breeders' Cup live over a span of five hours. Those who supported Gaines saw an exciting, long-overdue enhancement of an ancient, moribund sport. Those who did not support his vision sat back and waited for failure, a posture not unfamiliar in the racing industry. Gaines first faced a daunting challenge -- to win over major commercial breeders to support the idea, as they would fund a large part of the program's expenses through stallion and foal nomination fees. With a sufficient portion of industry supporting him, he announced a master plan for an unprecedented $10 million race day for the world's best horses headlined by the $3 million Classic, which would be the richest horse race in the world. To keep smaller breeders from withdrawing their support, Gaines also devised the Breeders' Cup National Stakes program, a series of races across North America with part of the purse funded by the Breeders' Cup to be paid out only to nominated horses. In February 1983, Hollywood Park was named the host of the inaugural Breeders' Cup, selected since the board felt the first running should be in a warm climate for the benefit of television, a similar strategy employed by the Super Bowl. By September, the final contract was signed with NBC, forming a partnership that would last and thrive until 2006. Nevertheless, the industry at large was hesitant to stand behind the most important innovation racing has ever seen. Most racetracks chose to simulcast only a few races, including many of the nation's largest ovals. Still, the world's racing media, lured by a collection of American and international stars, both equine and human, gathered in Los Angeles. The American racing media remained robust in 1984 and many larger newspapers dispatched more than one reporter to Hollywood Park. That wait for vindication, in both supportive and negative camps, would come to a sudden end in a distinctly personal and unique eureka moment at Hollywood Park in November 1984. The Breeders' Cup was judged unanimously to have been a huge success carried by unforgettable performances and enthusiastically endorsed by the elite of the Hollywood entertainment community, It was the first racing event made for television, and it worked in every sense; the best of the best meet the best of the best. That was then; this is now. If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, Gaines' vision was acute and well ahead of the curve, but not for long. The first Breeders' Cup was an explosion of the most that thoroughbred racing had to offer condensed into five breathless hours that would become moments frozen in time. Those who witnessed those seven races each arrived at a point at which it became obvious that the game had been profoundly and forever changed, its character and purpose transformed. The sport of kings could be better, but it never had been. The American racing media remained robust in 1984, and many larger newspapers dispatched more than one reporter to Hollywood Park. The event evolved into its present form in small steps while retaining the character of the moveable feast its founders envisioned -- after Hollywood Park, it was hosted by Aqueduct, Belmont Park, Santa Anita, Churchill Downs, Gulfstream Park, Arlington Park, Woodbine, Lone Star Park and Monmouth Park. The Filly & Mare Turf was the first expansion of what has become two days of wall-to-wall racing that has grown in size and scope of competition while at the same time contracting in generally available media coverage. It is now designed to maximize duration and scope for cable television and a global social media audience. Only the Classic is blessed with network exposure on Saturday night. It has also become anchored at Santa Anita, as most other potential venues have for various reasons become unsuitable. Many have shifted focus to alternative gambling; others in the East no longer fit the prime-time Saturday format. Alternative wagering platforms and the expansion of simulcasting and Internet-based wagering and international wagering participation have tilled a deep field for bettors. Still, 30 years after the first Breeders' Cup, it is doubtful the John Gaines would look upon this anniversary with approval. He would no doubt marvel at technological advances he dared not imagine in the '80s. Like those who recall the first Breeders' Cup as the perfect and personal racing event, Gaines would likely rail at the expansion to 14 races run over two days, regardless of the marketing advantages, carp at the inclusion of races meaningless to the determination of championships and almost certainly make known his disapproval of what his 30-year-old child had become in maturity. Age has its curmudgeonly privilege. The Internet has changed the world, altered every part of life and the only wonder remaining rests in things we have not yet imagined. Likely, Gaines would recognize this, too.

i don't know